Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Extracurricular activities can enhance social and cognitive skills. [SEP] Text: The recording of each participant’s interview was analyzed in accordance with the procedure for analyzing the information set out by Bogdan and Biklen (1998) [10], who advocate the creation of coding categories, the mechanical sorting of information and the analysis of data within each category. Interviews of each participant were separately coded as Interviewer 1 (INT. 1), Interviewer 2 (INT. 2), Interviewer 3 (INT. 3), similarly, until Interviewer 11 (INT. 11). Duplicate information is grouped into coding categories. The comparative method of research is used in the process of organizing and analyzing information. 4. Sample and selected 11 administrative representatives of WIUT (Figure 1), whose activities are related to the process of organizing extracurricular activities at the university. This allowed us easily and economically determine the influence of extracurricular activities on the progress and development of students’ skills. We also try to identify the strengths and weaknesses of extracurricular activities at the university and identify questions for further research. Respondents have personal experience of participation both in structured and unstructured forms of extracurricular activities: sports, social clubs, socially useful work, doing household chores. 4. 1. study consists of several phases. During the preparatory process, a list of interviewers was compiled, with which were discussed: the purpose of the interview; time and place of the meeting; permission to audio recording; confidentiality issues. Interviewers are assured that their names will not be announced at any stage of the study and will not be passed on to third parties. The issue of further use of the received material was also discussed. The next phase is the collection of information. We hold eleven meetings based on a schedule agreed in advance. The average duration of an interview was one to one and a half hours. The interviews are recorded on electronic recorder and later transmitted into Word format. The questions proposed to the respondents are grouped into three groups: (a) the impact of extracurricular activities on academic achievement and skills development; (b) the role of parents in shaping interest in extracurricular activities; (c) the importance of unstructured out-of-class training in the formation of the individual. 5. Results 5. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the impact of extracurricular activities on students' skills development. It mentions that interviews were conducted to gather information on how extracurricular activities influence academic achievement and skills development, indicating a positive correlation between such activities and the enhancement of social and cognitive skills.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: All healthcare providers accept and support telemedicine services. [SEP] Text: 5% believed video calls were secure [9]. In the present study, we assessed whether providers thought virtual visits dehumanize interpersonal interactions or make them uncomfortable. Less than a quarter perceived dehumanized patient care, while half of the respondents felt comfortable using telemedicine. This might be explained by the familiarity with technology generally as it is implemented in almost all daily activities and used by healthcare providers during conferences and continuous medical education programs. Findings from this study show that many participants were uncertain whether telemedicine leads to increased cost by increasing workload or not. When workload was further investigated through interview, some perceived increased workload using telemedicine, while others claimed it saves time. Another study conducted in 2021 also cited increased workload [25]. On balance, other studies expected more cost and time saving because of reduced travel time and transportation expenses [26, 27]. Our study revealed several benefits of telemedicine. One promising finding is the HCPs perceived high telemedicine usefulness. Amodt et al. (2019) produced similar findings where participants cited the feasibility of timely feedback and decreased workload by enabling the assessment of more patients in less time. Enhanced communication was also cited by Crilly et al. (2019), which noticed improved pharmacist-patient relationships after implementing telemedicine in community pharmacies. Interviews revealed that HCPs use televisits to triage patients and meet patients’ needs, which is a desired benefit as well as a facilitator of telemedicine implementation. Nearly half of HCPs highly believed telemedicine is easily used, which exceeds the results of other studies. In this study, 54. 9% find it easy to control telemedicine technology and get it to do what they command, but in Mammen et al. (2018), 46. 9% faced technical problems while applying this technology [14]. Another discussed aspect is the flexibility of telemedicine stated by 48. 9% of HCPs, yet inflexibility was stated in Helou et al. (2020) by physicians who could not manage consultation times adequately. Another mentioned inflexibility was the inability to retrieve patients' records [7]. Further elaboration during interviews were done to assess how these barriers could be overcome and increase use intention. One point is the need for highly qualified HCPs who are aware of strategies promoting a strong relationship with patients to enhance patient acceptance of telemedicine. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by highlighting varying perceptions among healthcare providers regarding telemedicine. While nearly half of the healthcare providers (HCPs) believed telemedicine is easy to use, there were significant concerns reported about increased workload and issues such as inflexibility and technical problems. Less than a quarter perceived dehumanization of patient care. This indicates that not all healthcare providers fully accept or support telemedicine services, as there are notable reservations and uncertainties regarding its implementation and effectiveness.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Chassis organisms like E. coli are commonly used in synthetic biology applications. [SEP] Text: Reconstructing life is central to synthetic biology’s efforts, as a means to try and understand what life is. I explore the consequences of the model of the cell-as-a-computer, where the “chassis” is explicitly separated from the program, as in a computer (Danchin 2009a). As a heuristics, information is viewed here as an authentic category of reality. I organise in what follows a tentative philosophical reflection on constraints met by synthetic biology around four themes which I see as a true revolution of human thinking, the shift from a mechanistic view of the world to an algorithmic view, with the result that living organisms can be understood as information traps. The modern reflection on information began with Hilbert’s problems at the beginning of the XXth century. One of his questions was whether arithmetics, the mathematics of whole numbers, was simply a tautology, i. e. its conclusions could be automatically drawn and reached from its premises. The response brought about by Gödel and successors after 1931 recognised that arithmetic was incomplete, in that it could bring about conclusions which were understandable only when taking a point of view from the outside of arithmetics. Arithmetics incompleteness establishes that whole numbers theory must be separated from its meaning for the human creator and observer. Briefly, arithmetics is associated to two levels of information: the self-sufficient information carried by strings of symbols, and the information carried by the context: language and civilisation, or more generally, by the biological entities we name Homo sapiens. The latter provides interpretations of the demonstrations and theorems created by the axioms and definitions of number theory but the corresponding information has not yet been theorised. Based as is arithmetics on strings of symbols, the alphabetic metaphor of the genetic program sits at the centre of several theses which I try to make explicit, via a rapid travel through history with the aim to place the category information within synthetic biology: 1. A thousand-year-old metaphysical/ontological thesis, where I discuss the relationships between shape, form and the process of in-formation; 2. An epistemological thesis exploring how information links models of phenomena to reality in a situation identifying two levels of information, the information of the model, and the meaning of the model; 3. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not directly address the claim regarding the use of chassis organisms like E. coli in synthetic biology applications. Instead, it discusses broader philosophical reflections on synthetic biology, information theory, and computation without specifically mentioning E. coli or its application as a chassis organism. Hence, it is deemed irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Extracurricular activities can enhance social and cognitive skills. [SEP] Text: 1 between Extracurricular Activities, Extra-curricular activities directly and indirectly affect academic performance and the development of soft flexible skills: “Extracurricular activities teach to be hardworking, which is very important in learning (INT. 4)”; “Sporting events have a positive impact on health, which, in turn, has a direct impact on learning (INT. 5)”. Success or failure depends on the role played by the participant in the team: “If the student is the organizer of the event, the impact is possibly negative. If it’s a simple performer, the effect is positive (INT. 6)”. It is important to take into account the period of conducting the events: “During the assessment period it is difficult to combine study and extracurricular activities (INT. 7)”. Recognizing the positive impact of extracurricular activities on academic performance and skills development, respondents noted the existing risks. Excessive enthusiasm for extracurricular activities adversely affects learning. “It happens that studying becomes a secondary matter and this has a negative impact on academic performance. From year to year, it is observed that some members of the Students Union, because of the heavy workload of public work, failed some subjects”. (INT. 3). The development of certain skills is related to certain types of extracurricular activities: “Sport and activities involving managerial roles affect the development of leadership skills (INT. 10)”; “Communicative skills improve when students are rehearsing something (Drama Club) (INT. 3)”. “Body language is very well developed in judo. A person from a half-glance, on the basis of gestures and movements of the enemy learns to understand what he has conceived, what his future actions will be” (INT. 4). “The development of creativity is influenced by reading fiction books, magazines about science and technology (INT. 3). ” In the opinion of the respondents, “the process of planning is the one in which flow of events will help develop strategic thinking (INT. 9). ” 5. 2. of Parents in Shaping the Interest of in Three methods used by parents of respondents to engage in extracurricular activities were identified: an authoritarian, consultative method and a method based on a personal example. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by providing evidence that extracurricular activities positively influence both social and cognitive skills. It states that 'Sport and activities involving managerial roles affect the development of leadership skills' and 'Communicative skills improve when students are rehearsing something (Drama Club)' which directly supports the notion that these activities enhance various skills. Furthermore, the mention of 'the process of planning is the one in which flow of events will help develop strategic thinking' also emphasizes cognitive skill enhancement.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: All healthcare providers accept and support telemedicine services. [SEP] Text: Another point addressed how essential it is to have an IT team available at healthcare institutions, to ensure continuity of care and solve technical issues [27, 28]. A previous study also conducted in Kuwait addressed the importance of cooperation between HCPs and IT team [29]. LimitationsUsing self-reported online measures adds selection bias to the results. However, the global COVID-19 outbreak and the mandatory public lockdown in Kuwait made this research methodology feasible. The lack of HCPs email lists or general population electoral roll impaired our ability to distribute questionnaires widely and this may hinder our ability to get adequate representation for all sectors of health professionals. However, the authors used multiple methods to reach out to healthcare providers, such as personal contact and using social media. Regarding the qualitative phase of this study, although the study aimed to address the HCPs perceptions about the implementation of telemedicine in their practice, half of our interviewees had not used telemedicine before, which means that their perceptions may change when they use it. Furthermore, like most of the qualitative studies, our study’s sample size was small, but the themes derived from the data were representative due to the strong saturation of the data that emerged. -19 pandemic resulted in a dramatic shift of traditional in-person visits to virtual healthcare services. HCPs supported the incorporation of telemedicine in their practice in Kuwait, acknowledging the benefits and barriers of its implementation. Moreover, they suggested solutions to overcome the barriers. Future studies may consider comparing the perceptions of both patients and HCPs about telemedicine to evaluate their overall satisfaction and quality of care. Availability of data and materials The datasets analyzed during the current study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request. -19: 2019 ENT: : : Portability and IT: IQR: MOH: Ministry of Health P: Participant QSS: : for the WHO: Organization 252. 51. 2020. 94. 1875. 50. - of the COVID-19 Pandemic on Physicians’ Use and Perception of Telehealth: of Lebanon. . 2020;17(13):4866. 81. AlMatar R, et al. Population perceptions of health care services provided virtually (telehealth): a cross-sectional study. J 2022;45(2):505–12. Creswell JW. Research design : qualitative, quantitative, and mixed methods approaches. 4th ed. , international student ed. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by indicating that half of the interviewees had not used telemedicine before, suggesting that they may not fully accept or support it until they have firsthand experience. This implies a lack of universal acceptance among healthcare providers regarding telemedicine services.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Chassis organisms like E. coli are commonly used in synthetic biology applications. [SEP] Text: The exploration of extant theories of information as a prerequisite to understand the concept of genetic program in synthetic biology; 4. A conjecture proposing the need to create a new theory, that of information of the chassis (machine) or, why the brain is not a computer. Metaphysical thesis: shape, form and informationWhen searching for life outside Earth we look for “unusual” shapes, not commonly associated with standard chemistry and mineralogy. We restrict our identification of forms, looking first for the 3D architecture of the “chassis” which compartmentalises the living entity (see for example the beginning of Monod’s Chance and Necessity (Monod 1971)). Typically we draw aside crystalline shapes, and look for more complex shapes such as those of spheroidal or tubular objects. Yet, we need more to recognise life, as drawing our conclusions from the geometry of shapes can be misleading (this happens when an artefact is interpreted as a biological entity’s signature (Clemmer and Beebe 1991)). Furthermore, the form of living organisms does not reduce to their static shapes, it implies dynamic processes. From the early times of philosophy, life was identified as a phenomenon connected to recognisable autonomous but not independent categories. To account for all phenomena, Aristotle recognised ten categories: οὐσία, προσότης, ποιότης, πρός τι, κεĩσθαι, ἔξις, τόπος, χρόνος, πράττειν, παθεĩν. An essential step in understanding reality required construction of some entanglement of these categories, a process which progressively reduced them to four: matter, space, time, and subsequently energy. A remarkable achievement was reached when Einstein combined them together in a surprisingly concise equation, E = mc2. Yet, it was obvious that these universal categories do not account for many phenomena: no one has been able, for example, to derive the crystal lattice of a mineral as simple as sodium chloride from the equations of microscopic physics (Grandy 1992). Imagine the challenge for synthetic biology! [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim regarding the use of chassis organisms like E. coli in synthetic biology. Instead, it delves into broader philosophical considerations about life and information, discussing the complexities of defining living organisms, the shapes they take, and mentions theories related to synthetic biology but does not specifically address or support the claim about E. coli.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Extracurricular activities can enhance social and cognitive skills. [SEP] Text: On the contrary, the interviewer’s story about leisure associated with the daily grazing of livestock, which influenced the development of leadership qualities, helped to see the positive side of this lesson. “I grew up in a village. Usually in such places little or no clubs of interest (karate, football, etc. ). Grazing was my extra-school occupation. In search of good pastures, I had to go to the territory of a neighboring district, which, at times, caused discontent among the local residents (my peers). The elucidation of circumstances required firmness of character, perseverance and perseverance. The proceedings, when the local guys tried to drive me out of my village, and my pride and perseverance uphold my point of view, laid the foundation for my leadership qualities (INT. 5). ” In addition, the respondent talked about his own children’s experience of competition. The respondent fought for the right to use a “sales point” near his own home. The excitement of competition stimulated interest in business: “Watching how completely outsiders selling the “ayran” (drink made from sour milk) under the windows of my house earn money, I decided to compete with them. Having studied the technology of making “ayran” (quenching thirst milk drink, obtained with lactic acid bacteria), I was able to establish my own business. The quality of my product and my tireless efforts ultimately allowed me to drive out competitors. During these years I learned how to earn money and solve some of my own financial issues (INT. 5). ” 6. significant results were obtained during the study. First, respondents note the impact of extracurricular activities on academic performance and skills development. The result is similar to the results of similar scientific studies conducted abroad. Second, the advantage of a balanced parental involvement in the formation of an adolescent’s interest in extracurricular activities. Parents who give freedom of choice, stimulate interest in extracurricular activities. In the case of respondents, this is a method based on a personal example of parents. Third, the impact of social and domestic work on skills development. 265. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by stating that respondents note the impact of extracurricular activities on academic performance and skills development. This supports the idea that such activities enhance both social and cognitive skills.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: All healthcare providers accept and support telemedicine services. [SEP] Text: Nonetheless, many motivated patients do not succeed in quitting and/or maintaining their attempt to stop smoking due to their strong biopsychosocial addiction, for example nicotine addiction, using smoking to manage feelings of distress, and being part of a social group of smokers [11]. Therefore, the vast majority of patients, who are motivated to quit smoking would benefit from support from healthcare providers (HCPs) [12]. Recent evidence suggests that persistent smoking cessation is most effectively achieved with a combination of behavioural support and pharmacological treatment (i. e. nicotine substitution, varenicline or bupropion), which increases the chances of prolonged abstinence by almost fourfold (relative risk 3. 88, 95% confidence interval [CI] 3. 35–4. 6), compared to usual care [13, 14]. Smoking cessation support can be delivered in the form of short interventions during a patient’s conventional treatment plan or as a separate add-on programme with several individual or group-based meetings [15,16,17]. A Cochrane review has found that smoking cessation interventions that begin during a hospital stay and that are continued after discharge increased smoking cessation rates significantly after discharge (risk ratio 1. 37, 95% CI 1. 27–1. 48) [18]. Yet, the optimal timing of smoking cessation advice is highly individual, and repetitive advice from different types of HCPs (e. g. , nurses, physicians, healthcare assistants) at different points in the care trajectory is needed [19,20,21]. Despite its efficiency, the implementation of smoking cessation support in healthcare settings is limited. For example, in an American registry-based study, only 36% of lung cancer patients received smoking cessation advice [9], and results from the Eurobarometer surveys show that, at the population level, the use of evidence-based cessation methods in European countries is low and declining [22]. Beliefs and attitudes among HCPs appear to be an important barrier in this regard. A systematic review of general practitioner (GP) beliefs and attitudes towards discussing smoking cessation with patients found that a significant minority of GPs hold beliefs and attitudes that are unlikely to promote smoking cessation counselling [23]. Forty-two per cent of physicians reported that discussing smoking was too time-consuming, and 38% believed that discussing smoking with patients was ineffective. Moreover, 22% lacked confidence in their ability to discuss smoking cessation, and 18% felt uncomfortable doing so. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by providing evidence that a significant minority of healthcare providers (HCPs) hold beliefs and attitudes that do not support effective smoking cessation counselling. Specifically, it mentions issues such as GPs finding discussions about smoking too time-consuming and lacking confidence in their ability to engage in these discussions. This indicates that not all HCPs are aligned in their support for interventions related to patient care, which challenges the assertion that they universally accept and support services like telemedicine.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Chassis organisms like E. coli are commonly used in synthetic biology applications. [SEP] Text: Even understanding what became the modern category matter was never simple: matter displayed itself as an immense variety of entities (shapes, processes, phase transitions and even transmutations…). One could think about substance (οὐσία, ὕλη and the like, with all kinds of idiosynchrasies) but something more was required. Analysing movement of matter, the Atomists invented a process permitting matter to take form, to be in-formed, via the interaction of indivisible Parmenidian tiny material p1. Animal cloning (Wilmut et al. 1997) is now commonplace; 2. The genome of a Mycoplasma species M. mycoides, was transplanted into another species, M. capricolum, and after several rounds of reproduction (reproduction of the machine and replication of the program, see below) the host species was replaced by a colony of the donor genome (Lartigue et al. 2007). This latter experiment is so important conceptually that it is essential for synthetic biology that it is reproduced in many laboratories. Yet, this might not satisfy us that the model is adequate to represent reality. Three main lines of reasoning argue against the cell-as-a-computer model. 1. The first counterargument explores the concept of (OS) (von Neumann 1958). Because the machine is separated from the program, a subset of the program must be devoted to the interaction with the machine and its “users” (in the most general sense) (Danchin 2009a). If a particular routine is meant to reproduce the machine, then a subset of the program must be somehow linked to the architecture of the machine. Analysis of the genes giving bacteria their shape showed that there is indeed an unexpected coincidence between gene clustering in genomes and shape of bacteria (Tamames et al. 2001). In multicellular organisms, the distribution of control genes, the homeogenes, parallels the body plan: changing the order of some homeogenes in the chromosomes changed the shape of the organism, putting organs in the place of others (Gaunt 1991). Rather than an objection, the existence of a correlation between the organisation of the program and the architecture of the organism fits a prediction of the model. 2. The second counterargument is that the program is carried by some material structure, bringing about contextual information. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the use of chassis organisms like E. coli in synthetic biology applications. Instead, it discusses complex concepts related to matter, animal cloning, and counterarguments against the cell-as-a-computer model. Therefore, it is irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Extracurricular activities can enhance social and cognitive skills. [SEP] Text: Scientific notes of the pedagogical department the Code of Ethics review process Plagiarism policy Publication fee Periodicity of publication provisions Archives No. 47 (2020): Scientific notes of the pedagogical department Статті Development of soft skills of students of secondary schools in the process of extracurricular school activities through solving mathematical problems in the game format O. Zhukova V. N. A. Kosogova V. N. DOI: Keywords: soft skills, schoolchildren, mathematical disciplines, extracurricular activities, didactic game relevance of this problem is determined by the need for developing soft skills in modern youth, which include communication, teamwork, leadership, logical thinking, creativity, emotional intelligence, time management, etc. Their formation in secondary school becomes possible in the process of mathematical problems solving in the game format during extracurricular activities. To confirm the state mentioned, we conducted the study using the following methods: generalization, analysis, and systematization of psychology-pedagogical sources on the topic mentioned; survey (respondents – 32 schoolchildren of the 9th grade); pedagogical conversation; prediction. The analysis of the research results made it possible to note that communication, logical thinking and time management became the most foreground soft skills for schoolchildren, which they use in the process of vital activity. Among the most demanded soft skills in conducting mathematics lessons, the respondents emphasized logical thinking, time management, emotional intelligence. Secondary education seekers referred communication, interaction/teamwork skills, creative thinking, leadership, emotional intelligence to the number of most significant soft skills that are necessary for the implementation of extracurricular activities. Among soft skills, which are directly involved in the process of conducting educational activity in mathematics in the game format, the respondents pointed out teamwork, communication, logical and creative thinking, time management, emotional intelligence, leadership. To the number of pedagogical forms, with the help of which the process of formation of soft skills in the educational process, particularly while learning mathematical disciplines, takes place, the majority of schoolchildren referred the club of cheerful and inventive ones, quizzes on the subject, brain-rings. Schoolchildren see the process of soft skills development out of school in using online games, participating in the work of clubs in various educational institutions, attending trainings and speaking clubs. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the development of soft skills in students during extracurricular activities, particularly through solving mathematical problems in a game format. It specifies various soft skills such as communication, teamwork, logical thinking, and emotional intelligence that are fostered through these activities, highlighting their importance for social and cognitive skill enhancement.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: All healthcare providers accept and support telemedicine services. [SEP] Text: top of pagetab to navigate through the menu items. ISSN (Online): 2720-8796in Healthcare: A Survey of Tkeshelashvili,1 Mariam Gendzekhadze,1 Uche-Ukah Ikechukwu,1 Achsah Madhusudanan,1 Bagus Damaco1Received: 26 November 2023; Accepted: 12 December 2023; Available online: 11 March 202410. 52340/GBMN. 2024. 01. 01. 65is expanding rapidly within the healthcare sector and has the potential to revolutionize the way medical treatment is provided. Telemedicine allows healthcare professionals to perform services remotely through video conferencing and other forms of communication. 1 The mental health treatment field is one area in which Telemedicine can significantly impact patients due to its communication-based and non-invasive nature. It is essential to investigate how Telemedicine can increase access and quality of mental health care, especially during the COVID-19 pandemic, where mental health disorders are on the rise due to lockdowns and social isolation policies. 2 A study by Bunnell et al. found that mental health providers believe Telemedicine increases access to care and expect to use Telemedicine more in the future. 3 However, more reliable information on the effectiveness of Telemedicine in various medical specialties is needed. Stratification is needed to analyze the readiness and willingness of mental health care workers to provide better care via Telemedicine and to identify obstacles to its implementation in routine care. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the preparedness and willingness of Georgian mental health professionals to provide mental health care using Telemedicine and determine whether a relationship exists between their opinion and their years of experience. Additionally, it aims to highlight potential implementation challenges as seen by mental health care professionals. Implementation of Telemedicine could resolve common problems associated with delivering mental care, such as lack of physical access to mental health institutions, transportation costs, the stigma and psychological burden of visiting a mental health center, and other issues. Moreover, it might enable mental health professionals to care for more patients while investing in the same hours, which could benefit everyone involved. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by indicating that while telemedicine has the potential to improve access to mental health care, there is also a need for more reliable information on its effectiveness across various specialties. It highlights that there are potential implementation challenges and that readiness and willingness to use telemedicine can vary among healthcare professionals. Thus, not all healthcare providers may fully accept and support telemedicine services.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Chassis organisms like E. coli are commonly used in synthetic biology applications. [SEP] Text: 2009; Shenhav and Lancet 2004) and those who think that life is essentially due to the genetic program, organising their activity around construction of program biobricks, or even as complete genomes (Gibson et al. 2008). Information of the programThe study of the genetic program as a text, applying accepted rules of the theory of information (Shannon and Weaver 1949; Cover and Thomas 1991) to its analysis (Hénaut et al. 1996) resulted in the emphasis placed on DNA in synthetic biology. Schneider created his famous “logo” representation of sequences (Schneider and Stephens 1990) in a model of molecular machines based on Shannon’s information (Schneider 1991a, b). His work was based on the intuition that creation of information was consuming energy (Schneider 1991b). Furthermore, it assumed that the data has no meaning (hence no “value”), and could be characterised purely by analysing the probability of presence of a given symbol in the sequence, generating its logo (Schneider and Stephens 1990). A similar trend is visible in the way information is used in the mass media. It is current writing—because all kinds of signals can be digitised—that everything has an information coded in sequences of (0,1), restricting the concept of information to that particular view of sequences of symbols, and forgetting about in-formation (creation and accumulation of information, or a value associated to an information). The common feature of this conceptualisation is dematerialisation: the corresponding information becomes an abstract entity, which can be manipulated using mathematic tools. Yet pure abstraction is obviously inaccurate in terms of what we would like to name information. Messages without meaning (random messages) are without value. “O singe fort” in German has a meaning totally different from that in French (Yockey 1992). Can we see, even within the digitisation (or binarisation) paradigm, whether we should go further? The soviet school of electronics following Andronov, Kolmogorov, and the and Solomonoff constructed formal models of information vs chance by considering sequences of symbols as the result of an algorithm. Any sequence of symbols has some algorithmic complexity: the length of the shortest program generating the sequence. A repeated sequence of 2n bits 0101010…is coded by a simple program of the type: [1,n] PRINT 01. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is largely irrelevant to the claim about chassis organisms like E. coli being used in synthetic biology applications. Instead, the text discusses concepts related to the genetic program and the abstraction of information in the context of synthetic biology, without mentioning E. coli or its specific use as a chassis organism.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Extracurricular activities can enhance social and cognitive skills. [SEP] Text: 본 연구에서는 최근 우리 학교교육에서 강조되고 있는 리더십교육과 봉사 활동 같은 비교과 영역의 활동이 사회적 선호 형성에 기여를 하고 있는지를 분석하였다. 구체적으로 학생들의 비교과 활동 경험과 사회적 선호, 두 변수 간의 상관관계를 도출하기 위해 본 연구에서는 서울시 소재 여자 고등학교 370명을 대상으로 공공재 게임을 진행하여 사회적 딜레마 상황에서의 사회적 선호를 측정하였다. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by analyzing how extracurricular activities such as leadership education and volunteer work contribute to forming social preferences among students. The research measures the correlation between students' extracurricular experiences and their social preferences, indicating that such activities enhance social skills.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: All healthcare providers accept and support telemedicine services. [SEP] Text: 435 with 2 degrees of freedom, and the associated p-value was calculated as 0. 0243  1. Distribution of positive and negative answers of doctors with different experiences to the question: "be utilized to treat/manage specific patients"? 2, the survey addressed whether Telemedicine could increase the number of individuals seeking mental health assistance. Out of the 47 respondents, 32 responded affirmatively to this question. Among the respondents who provided positive answers, 12 were from the 0–10 years of experience bracket (92. 3% of this group), 12 were from the 10–20-year experience bracket (85. 7% of this group), and 8 were from the 20+ years of experience bracket (40% of this group). A statistical analysis indicated a p-value of 0. 0017 and a chi-square value of 12. 772  2. Distribution of positive and negative answers of doctors with different experiences to the question: "increase the number of patients seeking mental care"? The third survey question, "Are you willing to incorporate Telemedicine into your practice"? (Fig. 3), garnered positive responses from 25 out of the 47 participants. Within this group of affirming respondents, 11 had 0–10 years of experience (84. 6% of this subgroup), 9 had 10–20 years of experience (64. 2% of this subgroup), and 5 had 20 or more years of experience (25. 3% of this subgroup). The chi-squared analysis resulted in a value of 12. 23, with a p-value of 0. 0022.  3. Distribution of positive and negative answers of doctors with different experiences to the question: "Are you willing to incorporate Telemedicine into your practice"? 4, titled "to Mental Healthcare,"? 27 of the 47 respondents expressed affirmative views. Specifically, 11 responses originated from the 0–10 years of experience group (84. 6% of this group), 10 from the 10–20 years of experience group (71. 4% of this group), and 6 from the 20+ years of experience group (30% of this group). A chi-square analysis yielded a value of 11. 21, with a p-value of 0. 0037.  4. Distribution of positive and negative answers of doctors with different experiences to the question: "increase the number of well-managed patients"? [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by presenting survey data indicating that not all healthcare providers are fully supportive of telemedicine services. Specifically, it mentions that while some respondents are willing to incorporate telemedicine, not all doctors expressed affirmative views, especially those with more than 20 years of experience, where only 25.3% expressed willingness. This suggests varying levels of acceptance among healthcare providers regarding telemedicine, contradicting the claim that all support it.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Chassis organisms like E. coli are commonly used in synthetic biology applications. [SEP] Text: For n large, the program is much shorter than the sequence. In contrast, if the sequence is random (this is proposed as a definition of randomness), the only way to get the sequence is <sequence> END, i. e. a program with a length similar to that of the sequence. Algorithmic complexity has been related to Shannon’s information (Cover and Thomas 1991) and to physical entropy: “Algorithmic randomness provides a rigorous, entropy-like measure of disorder of an individual, microscopic, definite state of a physical system. It is defined by the size (in binary digits) of the shortest message specifying the microstate uniquely up to the assumed resolution. Equivalently, algorithmic randomness can be expressed as the number of bits in the smallest program for a universal computer that can reproduce the state in question (for instance, by plotting it with the assumed accuracy). In contrast to the traditional definitions of entropy, algorithmic randomness can be used to measure disorder without any recourse to probabilities” (Zurek 1989). This success led many to think that we had a final Theory of Information, which could tell us what information is. However, we can point out a first difficulty here. We know of an infinite set of transcendent numbers, such a π, whose digits are generated by fairly short algorithms while their succession cannot be predicted. They are therefore of limited algorithmic complexity. Yet, they are much more interesting than repeated sequences with the same complexity. Knowing the exact value of a digit placed in the digits of π, very far away in the digitisation might be interesting, but the only way to reach that value is to actualise the process of computation. Bennett named logical depth the time needed to reach that value and related it to physical complexity (Bennett 1988b). This is a first indication that we are far from having a thorough theory of information. How do we have access to the information of the genetic program? [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim regarding the use of chassis organisms like E. coli in synthetic biology applications. Instead, it focuses on topics related to algorithmic complexity, randomness, and theories of information without any reference to synthetic biology or E. coli.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Extracurricular activities can enhance social and cognitive skills. [SEP] Text: 분석결과 학생들의 사회적 선호와 학급 임원 경험의 유무 및 횟수, 사회봉사활동 경험의 유무 및 횟수는 강한 양의 상관관계를 보였다. 즉 사회적 선호는 교과 교육뿐만 아니라 교내외의 봉사활동 경험을 통해 형성될 수 있음을 알 수 있다. Social dilemmas are situations involving conflicts between individual interests and collective interests. Unlike individuals in standard economic theory, it is reported that individuals act cooperatively rather than maximize their own interests in social dilemma situations. In reality, individuals exhibit social p1. [단행본] 교육인적자원부 1997 제7차 사회과 교육과정 해설 1. 총론 대한교과서(주) 2. [단행본] 교육인적자원부 2001 제7차 고등학교 교육과정 해설 4. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text supports the claim by indicating that social preferences can be formed through both curricular education and extracurricular activities, such as volunteer experiences. This suggests that involvement in social activities indeed enhances social skills.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: All healthcare providers accept and support telemedicine services. [SEP] Text: Figure 5 presents the outcomes of the survey question, "increase the number of well-managed patients"? Out of the 47 participants, 22 provided positive responses. These affirmative responses were distributed as follows: 10 from the 0–10 years of experience group (76. 9% of this group), 8 from the 10–20 years of experience group (56. 1% of this group), and 4 from the 20+ years of experience group (20% of this group). The chi-square value was 11. 11, and the associated p-value was 0. 0039.  5. Distribution of positive and negative answers of doctors with different experiences to the question: "increase the number of well-managed patients"? For the sixth question, "What technical means are required to undertake telemedical practice"? (Fig. 6), 42 out of 47 survey participants responded positively. This affirmative response was further broken down into 12 responses from the 0–10 years of experience group (92. 3% response rate), 12 from the 10–20 years of experience group (85. 7% response rate), and 18 from the 20–plus years of experience group (90% response rate). The statistical analysis produced a p-value of 0. 4196 and a chi-square value of 1. 737.  6. Distribution of positive and negative answers of doctors with different experiences to the question: "What technical means are required to undertake telemedical practice"? Regarding the seventh question, "Are you willing to use Telemedicine in the future"? (Fig. 7), 40 out of the 47 respondents expressed a positive inclination. These responses were distributed among the experience groups as follows: 13 from the 0-10 years of experience bracket (100%), 12 from the 10-20 years of experience bracket (85. 7%), and 15 from the 20+ years of experience bracket (75%). The chi-square value was 3. 891, and the p-value was calculated as 0. 1429  7. Distribution of positive and negative answers of doctors with different experiences to the question: "Are you willing to use Telemedicine in the future"? Finally, in response to an open-ended question, participants were asked to identify the primary impediment to adopting Telemedicine (Fig. 8). Out of 47 participants, 13 (28%) cited the non-effectiveness of Telemedicine as a primary obstacle to implementation. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by presenting evidence that indicates a significant number of healthcare providers do not support telemedicine, with 28% of participants citing the non-effectiveness of Telemedicine as a primary obstacle to its implementation. This suggests that not all healthcare providers are in favor of telemedicine services.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Chassis organisms like E. coli are commonly used in synthetic biology applications. [SEP] Text: Practice of computation is fairly old (well before al’Khawarizmi algorithms, Erastothenes’ sieve is a familiar example) but we had to wait for Pascal’s computing machine, and for Lovelace and Engine to reach today’s situation, with the basic concepts proposed by Turing, von Neumann and others, coupling the machine and the program, via an OS managing the “housekeeping” functions of the machine. The functions coded by the genetic program are the result of a very long evolution. And if we keep the algorithmic metaphor, because DNA comes from DNA comes from DNA… in an endless replication process, the nucleotides in the sequence have considerable logical depth. As with computer OSs, the housekeeping program is abstract and general, yet its concrete implementation, resulting from billions of years of evolution, makes that several OSs may coexist, revealing again two kinds of information, information of the program and information of the context in which the program is expressed. This has considerable consequences for synthetic biology: cellular functions can be general and ubiquitous, whereas there is no reason why they should always be performed by structurally related objects. Overall, living cells display similar abstract features, and the genetic code argues for universality. Yet, Woese uncovered a significant discrepancy between two unicellular classes, the Archaea and the Bacteria (Woese et al. 1978). To identify ubiquitous functions operated by non-ubiquitous structures one had to devise an operational strategy, based on the concept of gene persistence (tendency of a given gene to be present in a quorum of species) (Fang et al. 2005). Different structural entities with common functions in different bacterial clades were indeed characterised (Danchin 2009b; Woese 2002). A structure is therefore recruited for a particular function, dependent on the context in which it operates. The context creates the function. A way forward: the information of the machine/chassisEmphasis on the idea of information as meaningless strings of symbols (Shannon and Weaver 1949), restricted our thought to that very limited feature of reality. In the Turing Machine, there is a machine. While its actions are explicit, nothing is said about its innards, at least when mathematicians analyse its behaviour. This is no longer so when engineers build up computers. The same is true for the chassis in synthetic biology. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not specifically mention E. coli or chassis organisms in the context of synthetic biology applications. Instead, it discusses general concepts related to computation, genetic programming, and the roles of different organisms without providing information directly related to the claim. Therefore, it is irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Extracurricular activities can enhance social and cognitive skills. [SEP] Text: 본 연구에서는 최근 우리 학교교육에서 강조되고 있는 리더십교육과 봉사 활동 같은 비교과 영역의 활동이 사회적 선호 형성에 기여를 하고 있는지를 분석하였다. 구체적으로 학생들의 비교과 활동 경험과 사회적 선호, 두 변수 간의 상관관계를 도출하기 위해 본 연구에서는 서울시 소재 여자 고등학교 370명을 대상으로 공공재 게임을 진행하여 사회적 딜레마 상황에서의 사회적 선호를 측정하였다. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by analyzing how extracurricular activities, such as leadership education and community service, contribute to forming social preferences among students. It specifically investigates the relationship between students' experiences in extracurricular activities and their social preferences, thereby supporting the idea that such activities enhance social skills.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: All healthcare providers accept and support telemedicine services. [SEP] Text: Of those, 2/13 were from the 0-10 bracket, 3/13 from the 10-20 bracket, and 8/13 were from the 20+ bracket.  8. The positive and negative answers of doctors with different experiences were distributed to the question: "What is the main obstacle in implementing telemedicine in Georgia? "utilization of Telemedicine in developed nations, such as the United States, and developing nations, like Georgia, presents a striking contrast shaped by many factors. In developed nations, Telemedicine has seen more extensive integration into healthcare systems, driven by advanced technological infrastructure, more significant financial resources, and a well-established regulatory framework. This has enabled a more comprehensive range of medical specialties and services to be delivered remotely, leading to increased patient access, reduced healthcare costs, and improved healthcare outcomes. In contrast, developing nations often need more access to digital infrastructure, including broadband internet and smartphones, which can hinder the widespread adoption of Telemedicine. Additionally, economic disparities may limit the affordability of telehealth services for a significant portion of the population. However, developing nations stand to benefit significantly from Telemedicine by overcoming geographical barriers and providing healthcare services to remote or underserved regions. Thus, the difference in telemedicine utilization between developed and developing nations underscores the immense potential of telehealth to bridge healthcare disparities and the pressing need for investments in digital infrastructure and healthcare policy reforms in developing nations to realize these benefits fully. The findings of this study shed light on the attitudes and perceptions of mental health care professionals regarding the adoption of Telemedicine, emphasizing differences in acceptance and perceived barriers between practitioners in the (USA) and Georgia, a developing nation. These results have several implications and raise essential considerations for the future of Telemedicine in mental health care.  One notable trend that emerges from the survey results is the variation in acceptance of Telemedicine across different experience groups. Younger practitioners with 0–10 years of experience generally display a higher level of openness to the utility and integration of Telemedicine into their practice. In contrast, those with more extensive experience, particularly those with 20 or more years in the field, exhibit lower acceptance levels.  This divergence in acceptance may be attributed to differences in educational backgrounds and exposure to technology during training. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by illustrating that acceptance of telemedicine services varies among healthcare providers, specifically highlighting that younger practitioners are generally more open to telemedicine, while more experienced practitioners tend to have lower acceptance levels. This indicates that not all healthcare providers uniformly accept and support telemedicine services.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Chassis organisms like E. coli are commonly used in synthetic biology applications. [SEP] Text: Not only does one need to make a machine that performs the actions of the cell/but this machine needs to be implemented in the real world (Tanaka 1984). It must be made of explicit matter, its actions need to be energised and there must be an Environment/Machine interaction with sensors, transporters, adhesins, safety valves (Danchin 2009c)…The information of the chassis provides the relevant context which allows it to read the program and interpret it into actions (including modifying the program). Even systems which “self-organise” do not organise by themselves, but do so only when placed in proper context, which drives organisation (the DNA double helix does not form in dimethylformamide) (Grandy 1992). This type of information has a huge variety of properties: shapes, dynamics and fluxes. It displays relationships between components of the machine, and between the machine and the environment. It expresses a situation. It has characteristics which are somewhat similar to those of a field but also of a graph. Typically, what we name epigenetics carries over chassis-type information. A great many works dealing with the study of the brain (Edelman 1987), or of cognition (Clark 1998; Ryle 1949) has taken into account this type of information. It is also at the root of much work on artificial life, learning and memory where reproduction, rather than replication is the explicit goal (see e. g. Bullock et al. 2008). But there is not yet, despite many advances, explicit consistent theories of the corresponding information (Tanaka 1984). That we might code this information after digitisation does not place it automatically within the realm of understandable or valuable sequence information, as the very process of digitisation is only efficient knowing which type of would read out the corresponding sequence. This can be shown as follows. Algorithmic complexity was meant to define what chance is, because chance is the reference that permits definition of physical information: a random sequence displays the highest complexity (Cover and Thomas 1991; Zurek 1989). However this definition does not hold, as it is context-dependent (Grandy 1992). Here is an open conjecture (a preliminary version has been proposed in a different context by Wolfram (1985) and it is interesting to follow the analysis of π by Simon Plouffe: Take once again a transcendent number like π. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the use of chassis organisms like E. coli in synthetic biology applications. Instead, it focuses on the complexities and contextual information related to the performance of biological machines and their interactions with their environments. Therefore, it is irrelevant to the specific claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Extracurricular activities can enhance social and cognitive skills. [SEP] Text: 분석결과 학생들의 사회적 선호와 학급 임원 경험의 유무 및 횟수, 사회봉사활동 경험의 유무 및 횟수는 강한 양의 상관관계를 보였다. 즉 사회적 선호는 교과 교육뿐만 아니라 교내외의 봉사활동 경험을 통해 형성될 수 있음을 알 수 있다. KW - 비교과 활동, 사회적 선호, 공공재 게임 DO - 10. 24231/rici. 2013. 17. 2. 569 UR - ER - 윤혜원 최민식 (2013). 사회적 선호와 비교과 활동. 교과교육학연구, 17(2), 569 - 593. 윤혜원 최민식. 2013, “사회적 선호와 비교과 활동”, vol. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by stating that experiences from extracurricular activities, such as public service involvement, strongly correlate with social preferences. This suggests that these activities contribute to the development of social skills, supporting the claim that extracurricular activities can enhance both social and cognitive skills.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: All healthcare providers accept and support telemedicine services. [SEP] Text: Younger practitioners often receive more comprehensive education and training in digital tools and telehealth platforms, which can contribute to a more favorable view of Telemedicine. In contrast, older practitioners may have received training in a different era when Telemedicine was not as prominent, leading to skepticism or discomfort with new technologies.  The survey results indicate a positive perception among respondents regarding the potential of Telemedicine to increase patients' access to mental health care services and improve patient management. A substantial number of participants, irrespective of their experience, recognize Telemedicine's benefits in expanding mental health care reach and enhancing patient outcomes. This aligns with previous research highlighting Telemedicine's ability to bridge geographical and logistical barriers, making care more accessible to underserved populations.  Another crucial aspect of the study is the willingness to incorporate Telemedicine into practice. While many respondents express their readiness to embrace Telemedicine, there is an apparent discrepancy based on experience levels. Younger practitioners are more enthusiastic about integrating Telemedicine into their clinical work, whereas older practitioners are more cautious. This willingness to adopt Telemedicine is a key factor in the successful implementation of telehealth services, as it suggests that the workforce may be receptive to change and adaptation.  The open-ended questions in the survey allowed participants to identify the primary impediments to adopting Telemedicine. The majority cited a "lack of interest/desire" as the main barrier. This finding suggests that addressing attitudinal and motivational factors among practitioners, particularly those with more experience, may be critical in promoting Telemedicine adoption. Additionally, fewer respondents mentioned ethical concerns, indicating the need for ethical guidelines and discussions to address these apprehensions.  His study offers valuable insights into the potential and challenges of Telemedicine adoption in mental health care. To build on these findings, future research could delve deeper into the specific concerns and reservations of practitioners with more experience, addressing their apprehensions and offering tailored training and support.  Furthermore, efforts should be made to bridge the education gap by incorporating Telemedicine training into the continuing education programs for mental health care professionals. This could reduce the technology-related barriers and enhance the willingness of older practitioners to embrace positive attitudes of younger professionals towards Telemedicine signify its potential to enhance mental healthcare accessibility in Georgia. This work contributes significantly to the broader issue of healthcare accessibility. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by indicating that there is a discrepancy in the acceptance of telemedicine among healthcare providers based on their age and experience. It highlights that while younger practitioners are more enthusiastic about telemedicine, older practitioners may be skeptical or uncomfortable with it due to their training in an era when telemedicine was not prominent. Furthermore, it mentions that a 'lack of interest/desire' is cited as a barrier to telemedicine adoption, suggesting that not all healthcare providers support its implementation.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Chassis organisms like E. coli are commonly used in synthetic biology applications. [SEP] Text: Its digits are pseudo-random: for any sequence, there is a place in its digital development where one can find the sequence, whatever it is (this conjecture holds for infinite many real numbers and we would need to have a short algorithm to chose the one where the position of the sequence can be readily identified). Now, the digits can be generated by an algorithm of length N. Let us choose a putative algorithmically random sequence of length N plus an appropriate constant. The sequence can be generated by an algorithm shorter than the sequence, giving the algorithm generating the number and the position of the supposedly random sequence. Hence the sequence is not random (QED). Note that the value of the information (logical depth) is not fixed. It depends on the algorithm, as it differs in π and in any other transcendent algorithmically generated real number. Said otherwise, the complexity and depth of the sequence depends on the algorithm i. e. on the context. Provided that we can prove the conjecture, this fits exactly the objection raised against the cell-as-a-computer model: beside information in the program, there must be information in the machine (providing the context). Hence, the information of the machine is not described by our present theory of information. In the definition of logical depth, we have implicitly used a property of algorithms, recursivity. In 1931 Gödel constructed a recursive algorithm, which, when decoded, translated into a particular proposition, which, briefly, stated: “I am impossible to prove”. Moving form one context to another one, recursivity created a novel information, the statement of a fact of which the world was previously unaware. The genetic code, which enables nucleic acids to be translated into proteins, which in turn manipulate nucleic acids, behaves exactly as Gödel’s procedure does (Danchin 2003, 2009a). The consequence of this demonstration is that a purely deterministic system, with known initial conditions, may have an entirely unpredictable outcome. By contrast with the mechanistic philosophy, even with its more modern appendices such as feedback and feedforward loops, recursivity brings about novelty not because we fail to grasp all initial conditions of a particular phenomenon, but because it can be only understood a posteriori, after it has unfolded in space an time. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses concepts related to algorithms, logical depth, and the unpredictability of deterministic systems without mentioning E. coli or synthetic biology. There is no indication or reference to chassis organisms or their applications in the field.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Learning a new language can improve cognitive flexibility and memory. [SEP] Text: A large body of research has focused on the WMC of individuals, and recent research in this vein suggests that individuals with high WMC are more accurate in cognitive tasks [3], and it is related with fluid intelligence [4], information compression [5], attention [6, 7], cognitive flexibility [8, 9] all of which are executive functions of human cognition. The WMC and to McRae and Gross [10], emotion regulation is required when people feel the need for using strategies against discrepancies between their emotional state and realities. Managed unconsciously, cognitive emotion regulation is an ability to balance emotions of the limbic system at the cognitive level which is enacted by the prefrontal cortex. Studies indicate that people who are high in WMC tend to use more emotion regulation strategies [11], and WM training improves emotion regulation ability [12-14]. The relationship between these two components must be a subject to more studies as these studies indicated. The WMC and Cognitive flexibility, the ability to engage in two or more cognitive processes simultaneously, is an important executive function of human cognition [15]. This ability can be associated with complex cognitive functions which are possible to decrease with aging and is highly associated with the use of strategies from the cognitive perspective [16]. WMC and cognitive flexibility were found to predict creative thinking processes [17], and studies comparing these two components of executive functions can be conducted more in order to understand the relation between them in the cognitive level. Considering that someone who is assumed to have a high level of cognitive flexibility uses the transition between information or the cognitive control of information effectively, it can be concluded that these individuals may have the capacity to use the information in their WMC effectively. The current study aimed to find out the relationship among various executive functions necessary for cognitive tasks that are WMC, cognitive emotion regulation, cognitive flexibility, and the relation of those components with learning styles of individuals which are another basic strategy that individuals develop for the learning environment. To that end, the participants were determined as individuals with high or low WMC after taking three complex span tasks in order to assess their WM abilities. Materials and The participants were 39 young undergraduates from University. All participants received a detailed information about the process and gave a written consent before participation. Students completed one questionnaire, one scale, two inventories, and three memory tasks details of which are shared in the relevant subtitle. All measurements were provided in their native language, Turkish. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing cognitive flexibility as an important executive function of human cognition and suggesting that it may be enhanced through strategies used in the learning process. It highlights that individuals with high working memory capacity (WMC) tend to use cognitive strategies effectively, which are essential for learning a new language, thereby indirectly supporting the idea that language learning can enhance cognitive flexibility and memory.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Telemedicine requires no secure protocols or data protection measures. [SEP] Text: common and ubiquitous use of information technology impacts life of humans in all dimensions. One of them is health care, which changes the way both patients and health professionals cooperate. This materializes with the fast development of telemedicine and e-health applications, which have become standard medical practice and are in daily use across dozens of countries. Telemedicine relates to the practice of health care professionals to evaluate, diagnose and treat patients in remote locations using telecommunications technology. This provides also the possibility for the patients in remote locations to access medical expertise quickly, efficiently and without travel. In developed and developing countries telemedicine offers a reduced cost solution to delivering remote care when and where it is needed without the building and staffing additional facilities. Local practitioners can also consult with their peers and with clinical experts when needed. The advantages of telemedicine applications in daily medical practice has been valued highly by the medical practitioners. However realization of telemedicine applications relates strictly to the necessity of processing of patients sensitive personal data, usually stored in electronic medical records (EMR’s), which now can be accessed from the Internet. Patients personal data, including health and diagnostic reports must be properly protected from unauthorized access. Information technology which is the enabler of telemedicine applications comes with all standard threats known from Internet that apply to the systems, hardware and software. Unfortunately, most healthcare providers treat application security and infrastructure security independently. The 2013. This trend continues. The latest annual report from 2016 [3] emphasizes that data breaches in healthcare are increasingly costly and frequent, and continue to put patient data at risk. Based on the results of this study, there has been estimated that data breaches could be costing the healthcare industry $6. 2 billion in 2016. Nearly 90 percent of healthcare organizations represented in this study had a data breach in 2014-2015, and nearly half, or 45 percent had more than five data breaches in the same time period. The majority of these breaches were small, containing fewer than 500 records. The report emphases that no healthcare organizations, regardless of size, are immune from data breach and are even more vulnerable than other industries. Despite this, about half of all organizations have little or no confidence that they can detect all patient data loss or theft. For the second year in a row, in 2016 criminal attacks are the leading cause of data breaches in healthcare. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by emphasizing the necessity of secure protocols and data protection measures in telemedicine. It states that sensitive personal data, typically stored in electronic medical records (EMRs), require proper protection from unauthorized access. It highlights the increasing frequency and cost of data breaches in healthcare and states that nearly half of healthcare organizations lack confidence in their ability to prevent data loss or theft, thus indicating the critical importance of implementing security measures in telemedicine practices.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Chassis organisms like E. coli are commonly used in synthetic biology applications. [SEP] Text: This implies that synthetic biology, when it takes recursivity into account, develops in a world that is totally irreducible to the world of systems biology, which remains an elaborate episode of the study of mechanistic automata. An important consequence is that what we commonly term the “genetic program” because it unfolds through time in a consistent manner is not a programme with an aim (we would not be able to predict any aim) - it is merely there, and functions because it cannot do otherwise. We only perceive a design because the end result is familiar to us, and thus seems more “right” than any other possible result (Danchin 2009a). If creation of information depends heavily on the context, we must identify in living organisms functions which permit it to accumulate, and relate it to the material world. How are particular structures or processes recruited to this aim? A reflection on the coupling between accumulation of information and energy based on work developed by Landauer and Bennett, showed that the relationship between energy and information is that there exists degradative processes which “make room” using energy to prevent degradation of what is functional ((Bennett 1988a; Landauer 1961), detailed analysis in (Danchin 2009a, d), see also a very recent development (Sagawa and Ueda 2009)). In such a situation it is the context that determines which gene product is functional and which is not. The consequence is that, if the context does not vary too rapidly, then the functions which will be selectively retained are sculpting an image of the environment within, creating adaptation. This is exactly how an information can get a meaning. In terms of synthetic biology, this orients research towards learning and memory, rather than towards fixed mechanical engineering. In guise of conclusion: the brain is not a computer, yet it manipulates informationTrying to put vitalism to an end, placed biology within the realm of physics and chemistry (Bernard 1865). This led his followers to ask the question: what are the relevant entities (material objects and processes) which make a cell alive? The biochemical inventory stage started well, with the discovery of the ribosomes, of the structure of the DNA double helix, of the sequence of the polypeptide chain of insulin, and, rapidly of messenger RNA (Judson 1979). Yet, many features of biological entities resisted the classical analysis of chemistry and physics. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it does not mention E. coli or any chassis organisms specifically. Instead, it discusses broader concepts in synthetic biology, such as the nature of biological processes, information accumulation, and implications of energy in biological contexts. Therefore, it does not provide information that supports or contrasts with the notion that E. coli is commonly used in synthetic biology applications.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Teacher quality significantly impacts student academic achievement. [SEP] Text: AbstractThis paper examines the influence of student-teacher communication on students’ academic achievement for effective teaching and learning. Three objectives of the study, three research questions and three research hypotheses guided the study. The population of the study comprises of all 100 level and 200 level undergraduate students from the Department of Guidance and Counselling, University of Rivers State. The total population of the undergraduates from the Departments is four hundred and thirty (430) students. Purposive sampling technique was used in selecting one hundred and fifty (150) students from the entire population as the sample for the study. A structured questionnaire was used as instrument for data collection tagged Students-Questionnaire (STCQ). Validity of the instrument was done by experts in the field of Educational Psychology, and the reliability was established using Cronbach’s and the reliability coefficient of 0. 75 was obtained. Mean, standard deviation and were used as statistical tool for the study. Findings from the study reveals that that students have a strong positive relationship between their level of communication and their academic achievement in schools, student have a very weak positive relationship between their attitude and their academic achievement in school, the findings also revealed a very strong positive relationship between students’ benefits on student-teacher communication and their academic achievement in the department. Based on these findings conclusion and recommendations were made. Keywords: teaching learning communication 1. IntroductionTeaching involves a sequential and systematic presentation of facts, ideas, experiences, knowledge, skills and information by the teacher to students. This process is not as simple as it is often perceived. Why do some teachers, despite their perceived knowledge of the subject matter and probably the methods of instruction, fail to achieve their set objectives or satisfy the learners? The fact remains that a good socio-emotional atmosphere must be created in the classroom for actual learning to thrive. It is against this background that this paper emphasizes the importance of effective communication in class room instructions especially in this 21st century system of teaching and learning. Some important ideas of what teachers need to do to have the best social and emotional classroom climate are highlighted. 2. Concept of Communicationdefinition of communication puts it thus: as an exchange of information between people by means of speaking, writing or using a common system of signs, or behaviors. The process of communication requires the creation of rapport between the sender and the receiver. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by indicating that a strong positive relationship exists between student-teacher communication and students' academic achievement. The findings suggest that effective communication in the classroom can enhance students’ academic performance, which implies that teacher quality, reflected in their communication skills, significantly impacts academic achievement.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Telemedicine requires no secure protocols or data protection measures. [SEP] Text: In fact, 50 percent of healthcare organizations say the nature of the breach was a criminal attack and 13 percent say it was due to a malicious insider. Indeed, cyber attacks remain a primary concern for healthcare organizations. In 2016, ransomware, malware, and denial of-service (DOS) attacks are the top cyber threats facing healthcare organizations. They were also significantly concerned about employee negligence, mobile device insecurity, use of public cloud services, and employee-owned mobile devices or BYOD (Own Device) - all threats to sensitive and confidential information. Polish regulations Patient data confidentiality continues to grow as a leading concern for healthcare organizations. this has been regulated by the (from 29th August 1997 with subsequent changes) [4] in which health records fall into broad category of sensitive data the access to which in general is prohibited. One of the special situations when data processing is allowed is during realization of medical services (also telemedicine), however such data must be specially protected from unauthorized access. Processing of data is defined as all operations regarding personal data like gathering, saving, storing, modification, releasing, and deleting. Regulation of the Minister of Health in terms of (from 6th June 2013) [5] indicate the necessity of implementation of the security management system that should meet requirements of the and specifically – follow ISO/IEC 27002 Information technology – Security techniques – Code of practice for information security management standard. ISO/IEC 27002 provides best practice recommendations on information security management for people responsible for initiating, implementing or maintaining information security management systems. It covers 14 security controls describing their objectives and implementation guidance. In the remainder of this paper, 5 of them will be presented in more detail: access control, cryptography, protection from malware, technical vulnerability management and communications security. Protection of sensitive data in telemedicine services According to the Protection Act, protection of sensitive electronic medical records must be performed during the whole cycle of data processing. of the Minister of Health in terms of indicates that the control over this process must rely on the process of information security management, performed according to ISO/IEC 27002 standard. That is why the problem of protecting sensitive data has been described in two dimensions, taking as example 3 data processing steps: release of information, their storage and modification, as well as 5 suggested security controls: access control, cryptography, protection from malware, technical vulnerability management and communications security. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by emphasizing the importance of data protection measures and secure protocols in telemedicine. It states that cyber attacks are a primary concern for healthcare organizations and discusses regulations that mandate the protection of sensitive data, including stipulations from the Polish regulations that require health records to be safeguarded against unauthorized access. Furthermore, it mentions specific security controls that must be implemented according to ISO/IEC 27002, indicating that telemedicine indeed requires structured data protection measures.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Chassis organisms like E. coli are commonly used in synthetic biology applications. [SEP] Text: This was apparent in the laws of genetics, where linear arrangements of the elusive genes was central (Gayon 2007). Even in biochemistry the shape of molecules posed an enigma: La dissymétrie, c’est la vie, insisted Pasteur. But the involvement of shape was deeper than usual: the very process of replication placed the concept of form in a world quite different from the simple arrangement of a particular setup in 3D as shape would suggest. Replication shifted the idea of a chemical as the substrate of a recognition process to that, abstract, of a template, in this case for a duplication process doubling the number of the initial molecule. Subsequently, the discovery of transcription, translation, and associated control and coding processes, continued to shift emphasis from shape to form in an abstract way, commonplace in mathematics. Information—creating and manipulating form—was essential to account for life processes. From the world of Plato’s archetypes, those who explored the basic concepts of life resorted to discussions which began with Aristotle and placed form as a central category of reality. For some time, and this is still quite visible in systems biology as well as in synthetic biology, living organisms were seen as mechanistic automata, with feedback and feedforward loops as paradigmatic entities. The purpose of the present reflection was to try and show that investigating the concept of information shifts eighteenth century’s automata to modern algorithmic machines, capable of authentic creation. This implied replacing feedback by recursivity, a much deeper process. Recursivity, associated to appropriate management of energy (Bennett 1988a; Landauer 1961; Sagawa and Ueda 2009), creates information (Danchin 2009a). It does so by identifying two domains where information must be taken into account: information of a program and information of a machine. However, while the information of the program is fairly deeply explored by a vast community of investigators, this is not so of the information of the machine/chassis, which involves some kind of measurement of the context (in terms of implementation within the four categories, matter, energy, space and time) (Tanaka 1984; Sagawa and Ueda 2009). It is perhaps in the functioning of the brain that we can make the latter type of information most prominent. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim about the use of chassis organisms like E. coli in synthetic biology. Instead, it discusses concepts related to genetics, information theory, and the evolution of understanding in biology, without specifically mentioning E. coli or its role in synthetic biology applications.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Teacher quality significantly impacts student academic achievement. [SEP] Text: Rapport is the interconnectivity that enables the purpose of the information to be adequately decoded by the receiver. When someone passes an information, communication cannot be said to have taken place until it is understood by the receiver. By implication therefore, if a teacher fails to attract the interest and understanding of the learners to what he presents, no communication has occurred. This process of communication is however not the mere talking and hearing that happens in every normal classroom, but we are considering the psychological and emotional communication that predisposes the learners to effectual learning. Below are some proactive ways teachers can ensure effective communication in the classroom. 2. 1. How to Communication in the 21st-Century ClassroomJohnson 1 in a study highlighted ten ways a teacher ensure effective communication in classroom; they include: Show a sincere enthusiasm or humuour: The first lesson content the teacher communicates to learners is his level of interest or passion to have them before him. Learners are very sensitive to a teacher’s emotional state and feel more at home with teachers who show enthusiasm and humuour. Therefore teachers should not let their personal challenges accompany them to the classroom so as to make every learning an interesting experience. Build Friendship: Learners gain better comportment when the instructor provides an atmosphere of friendliness. To build friendship involves the instructor accepting learners as partners in progress and people worthy of respect. When teachers accept learners as friends the process of teaching and learning is facilitated. A facilitative teacher places high premium on the learner, he or she sees them as the purpose of his professional calling and students become more emotionally involve in learning when teacher-learners friendship is assured. Make learners the focus: This has to do with the teacher making the class work learners-centered instead of teacher-centered. This can be done by allowing learners to take control of their learning, beginning from sharing of the lesson objectives. Other practical ways of placing learners at the center of the lesson include by listening to them with a sense of empathy, understanding their concerns, showing unconditional positive regard and patiently attending to their individual needs. The most appreciated teacher is one who acknowledges learners’ respective weaknesses and makes frantic effort to build up their areas of strength. Ensure that there is trust: The first time of meeting a set of students is very important in the life of the teacher. At first contact, there is usually some element of doubt and suspicion. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text supports the claim by discussing various strategies teachers can use to efectively communicate with students, which demonstrates the influence of teacher quality on student learning outcomes. By emphasizing the importance of rapport, enthusiasm, and a supportive learning environment, the text illustrates how a teacher's quality directly affects students' emotional involvement and understanding in the classroom, ultimately impacting their academic achievement.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Telemedicine requires no secure protocols or data protection measures. [SEP] Text: Information release In general – all telemedicine services rely on information release. Patients’ electronic records are made accessible remotely through the network to the patient himself or to his physician for monitoring purposes, additional diagnosis or statistics. Since the whole process involves several devices (i. e. end - user device; server – with telemedicine service running) and networks (usually – Internet, and possibly some internal inter-hospital network), the process of secure information release relates to two sub processes: access control and communications control. First of all, sensitive medical records can be released only to the authorised parties. In general this would be the patient himself and his physician, taking care of the patient. It is necessary therefore to provide identity management in the system that would allow to define user identity together with his role in the system. Based on this information it is possible to design and implement authentication service – for verification of WHO is trying to access particular electronic record. This mechanism can rely on a simple tuple: username and password used to log into the system. The simplicity of this solution is its big advantage (does not require much effort from the user), however this can also be a drawback: easy password can be guessed people tend to write passwords down where they can be easily accessible it is possible to perform brute force attack on the system to find out the password of the user. That is why in the public domain it is more and more common practice to use qualified X. 509 certificates to identify the user, confirmed by a trusted third party (certification authority – in Poland e. g. ). Additionally, on the basis of the confirmed user identity and his role (e. g. patient, clinicist, researcher, management) – authorization service is able to decide whether a user is actually allowed to access particular record. This mechanism must be tailored to the logic of the service taking into account necessity of data anonymization when it is to be used for the purpose of statistics (usually also for researches). Communications control Information, while transferred over the network can be subject to e. g. eavesdropping and modification. Information release imposes therefore the necessity to provide: Integrity of released information – making sure the information released has not been changed on its way to the requestor, and Confidentiality – making sure the information has not been available to any other parties than the authorised during its transfer to the requestor. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by detailing the importance of secure protocols and data protection measures in telemedicine. It explains that sensitive medical records can only be accessed by authorized parties and emphasizes the necessity of implementing identity management, authentication services, and communications control to protect patient information during its transfer over the network. This explicitly refutes the idea that telemedicine operates without secure protocols.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Chassis organisms like E. coli are commonly used in synthetic biology applications. [SEP] Text: Indeed, while von Neumann and others invented computers with mimicking the brain in mind (von Neumann 1958), the brain does not appear to behave as a (Edelman 1987). There is no “gost in the machine” (Ryle 1949). However, nobody would doubt that brain manages information, and in a very efficient way (Clark 1998; Bullock et al. 2008). To my view this is a strong indication that the information we describe when considering messages is a tiny part of what information is. Because we use language, built on the exchange of sequences of symbols, exactly as programs are exchanged in computers, linguists often saw the brain as a Turing Machine. But language is deeply associated to meaning: I had in 1974 at a meeting of the pour une Science de l’Homme at the MIT, a heated argument with about other features of human languages, such as rhythm (in the west african language möré, a speaker may begin a rythmic sentence, which is answered preserving rythmic rules by somebody in the audience, triggering another ejaculation of the speaker, with related rules, etc) suggesting that beside grammatical syntactic structures, there may exist a variety of superimposed contexts which transmit information mediated by channels that are not those usually considered (Danchin 1987, Danchin and Marshall 1987; Marshall et al. 1987). As in Dyson’s scenario of the origin of life, the basic functioning of the brain would base on reproduction, while invention of language with its linear sequences of phonemes, when spoken, and letters when written, would be, in Man, the transition moment when it would begin to discover recursivity in linear strings of symbols (phonemes) which can be propagated from brain to brain, as programs in a Turing Machine. In any event, in the few cases where it might do so, it would be an extremely slow one (Sackur and Dehaene 2009). With this view, Nature would have discovered twice the importance of coding and recursivity, in the emergence of life first, and in the emergence of language, quite recently. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it does not mention chassis organisms or E. coli specifically. Instead, it discusses concepts related to the brain, language, and information processing, which do not relate to synthetic biology applications or the use of E. coli.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Teacher quality significantly impacts student academic achievement. [SEP] Text: If this is not tactfully handled, relationship will be built on anxiety and uncertainty. Teacher must prove to the learners that he trusts them by incorporating himself to their affairs. Sincere smiles and handshake from the teacher communicate trust to the students. Making effort to identify each learner by his or her name and believing in them can make them enjoy and attend a high level of freedom of thought in the process of learning which will equally grant them the opportunity to make contributions over issues of common interest in the classroom. Create an atmosphere of interdependence: This involves teachers building in learners the consciousness of interdependence by making them know that they need each other’s support so as to achieve their set goals. When this is achieve they relate harmoniously and exchange compliments for good gestures among themselves. The teacher on the other hand should be apt to encourage and support student in need as well as appreciate those who contribute to the success of the class work. Probe into learners’ intellectual aptitude at the onset of a class: It is pertinent for a teacher to ascertain the intellectual capacity of his learners especially when they are meeting for the first time. This exploration will guide the teacher on how to ascertain their levels of operation as well as projecting learners in a ready mood to learn. It can be done by asking questions on what they had previously done and on the new learning. This brain storming experience will usher them into a facilitative intellectual scenario. Make learners feel challenged: Learners’ interest is better aroused when they are challenged by the task before them. Solving a problem is usually a motivation to individual learners. It accords them a sense of belonging in the teaching-learning interaction process. The teacher can achieve this by adopting appropriate teaching method that involve learners such as discussion, role playing methods etc. Be a master of the subject matter: This is concern with teachers proving their high level of proficiency in their subject area. After the formal teacher training, the personnel is expected to continue reading and engaging in trainings for professional development. However, there may be a situations where a teacher is not very conversant with a given topic, it is advised that such teacher should not fail admit lack of knowledge. He should research and return to students with the information. It is unethical to share a wrong information when one is not sure of what he or she is saying make learners to know that everybody is learning and that no one knows it all. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing several teaching practices that enhance the learning environment and promote student engagement. It emphasizes the importance of teachers building trust with students, assessing their intellectual capacities, challenging them appropriately, and continuously developing their subject matter expertise. These strategies suggest that a teacher's quality and approach directly influence student interactions and motivation, ultimately impacting their academic achievement.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Telemedicine requires no secure protocols or data protection measures. [SEP] Text: Integrity can be realised with the use of digital signature based on the aforementioned qualified X. 509 certificates. The digital signature is attached to the requested information. It is calculated with the use of asymmetric cryptography and the keys generated from the X. 509 certificate (so called public key – available publicly, and private key – that must be stored securely by the owner – usually on a smart card protected with a secret PIN number). The algorithm allows the sender X to create a hash from the message, and then encrypt it with its private key (known only to the sender). Then if the remote site is able to decrypt the signature, it believes that it is a valid digital signature from sender X. A valid digital signature gives a recipient reason to believe that the message was created by a known sender, that the sender cannot deny having sent the message (authentication and non-repudiation), and that the message was not altered in transit (integrity). The information, while being sent through the network, can be eavesdropped. This is especially important when the devices are using wireless connections with shared wireless medium (often unprotected WiFi) and when the traffic can be easily captured and read. Confidentiality of information can be provided with encrypting the information itself or encrypting the communications channel. This also can be done with the use of digital certificates. Public key of the requestor can be used to encrypt the information. After that only the requestor will be able to decrypt the message (with its private key). X. 509 certificates can be also used to encrypt the communications channel (using e. g. TLS or SSL connections with one side or mutual authentication). Another important subject that must be emphasised when discussing information release is non-repudiation. All actions on sensitive information data stores (who accessed which information, with timestamp) must be properly logged for further audit. Information storage Sensitive health records are usually stored in databases the protection of which is crucial. It is highly recommended to enforce encryption of data at storage which provides both confidentiality and integrity as well as makes the attempts to read stolen database unsuccessful. Of course sensitive data, after being received from the service, are also stored at user devices. These can be both office computers that are used in hospitals and other medical facilities, but also smartphones, more and more often – private devices used also for official matters. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by detailing various secure protocols and data protection measures essential for telemedicine. It discusses the importance of digital signatures, encryption, and the use of X. 509 certificates to ensure integrity, confidentiality, and authentication of medical data during transmission and storage. The mention of sensitive health records and the necessity for logging access to sensitive information reinforces the need for security in telemedicine.