Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Climate resilience can solve global warming without reducing carbon emissions. [SEP] Text: of Forthcoming and 10. 1504/IJGW. 2024. 10060563 from Multi-Buildings: A Sustainable and Novel Closed-to and Biogas by Policherla, K. Abstract: One of the most challenging issues in underdeveloped nations is the treatment of domestic blackwater. This study adopts environmentally conscious solar ETC powered MED technology to treat wastewater and biogas digester for handling human waste. This study proposes an integrated solution for a 100-family neighbourhood, processing 3,900 litres of wastewater and 160 kg of faeces each day. In April, the MED unit achieves a 49. 25% recovery rate during 5 hours/day operation, yielding 13. 22 tonnes of distillate annually. It also generates 1,875. 37 kg methane and 55. 27 tonnes of organic fertiliser each year. System performance is analysed using a 2020a-based mathematical model. Keywords: domestic waste; multi-effect distillation; MED; reusable water; biogas digester; fertiliser; decentralised unit. DOI: 10. 1504/IJGW. 2024. 10060569 Process and Analysis for Assessment of Sources by Müjgan Bilge Eriş, Kemal Tepret, Hande Çavuş Arslan, Çağrı Özgün Kibiroğlu Abstract: Most of the energy resources consumed today come from fossil fuels which are non-renewable and cause harmful effects on the environment. Technological improvements and increasing energy deficit have made countries to prioritize the exploration of alternative options and place greater emphasis on renewable energy resources. In this research, the analytic hierarchy process (AHP) and data envelopment analysis (DEA) techniques are used to assess the relative efficiency and generate priority rankings for a set of renewable energy resources in T Keywords: analytic hierarchy process; AHP; data envelopment analysis; DEA; energy efficiency; renewable energy resources; multi-criteria decision making. DOI: 10. 1504/IJGW. 2024. 10062237 Investigation of the effect of solar energy use in buildings on reducing carbon dioxide emissions by Ebru Hancioğlu Abstract: The aim of this study was to examine the reduction in CO2 emissions by using solar modules. In the 63. 58% of the facilitys electricity needs would be met by PV panels. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the importance of reducing carbon emissions through the use of solar energy. Specifically, it states, 'the aim of this study was to examine the reduction in CO2 emissions by using solar modules,' indicating that addressing global warming requires reductions in greenhouse gas emissions, rather than relying solely on climate resilience strategies.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Bioengineered yeast can produce biofuels from sugars. [SEP] Text: The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript. 2000. The ecological significance of toxic nectar. Oikos 91:409-420 äffer. 1997. and PSI-BLAST: a new generation of protein database search programs. Research 25:3389-3402 Álvarez Pérez S, Herrera CM. 2013. Composition, richness and nonrandom assembly of culturable bacterial—microfungal communities in floral nectar of Mediterranean plants. 83:685-699. 2010. Patterns of diversity in marine phytoplankton. Science 327:1509-1511 -Brenes F, Fukami T. 2014. Temporal variation in fungal communities associated with tropical hummingbirds and nectarivorous bats. 12:44-51. 2012. Flowers as islands: spatial distribution of nectar-inhabiting microfungi among plants of Mimulus aurantiacus, a hummingbird-pollinated shrub. 63:711-718 Brysch-Herzberg M. 2004. Ecology of yeasts in plant–bumblebee mutualism in Central Europe. 50:87-100 Canto A, Herrera CM. 2012. Micro-organisms behind the pollination scenes: microbial imprint on floral nectar sugar variation in a tropical plant community. Annals of Botany 110:1173-1183 ía IM, Pérez R, Vaz M. 2011. Intraplant variation in nectar traits in Helleborus foetidus (Ranunculaceae) as related to floral phase, environmental conditions and pollinator exposure. Flora 206:668-675 érez R, García IM. 2008. Pollinator foraging modifies nectar sugar composition in Helleborus foetidus (Ranunculaceae): an experimental test. of Botany 95:315-320 Chan-Vermont C, Rico-Gray V, Flores JS. 2002. Guía ilustrada de la flora costera representativa de la Península de Yucatán. 19:1-133. 2014. Rarefaction and extrapolation with Hill numbers: a framework for sampling and estimation in species diversity studies. 84:45-67 Chao A, Jost L. 2012. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim regarding bioengineered yeast producing biofuels from sugars. It contains references to various studies and ecological observations but does not provide any information relating to yeast or biofuel production.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Vaccines help in preventing the spread of infectious diseases. [SEP] Text: RV1 compared to placebo for preventing rotavirus diarrhoea in high‐mortality countries Patient or population: children Settings: high‐mortality countries (WHO strata D and E) Intervention: RV1 Comparison: placebo or no intervention comparative risks* (95% CI) Relative effect (95% CI) Number of participants (studies) Certainty of the evidence (GRADE) risk Corresponding risk Placebo or no intervention RV1 Severe cases of rotavirus diarrhoea Follow‐up: up to 1 year 60 per 1000 22 per 1000 (14 to 36) RR 0. 37 (0. 23 to 0. 60) 6114 (3 studies) ⊕⊕⊕⊕ high RV1 reduces severe rotavirus diarrhoea compared to placebo or no intervention at up to one year follow‐up. We did not downgrade for inconsistency as the heterogeneity observed in the pooled data (I2 statistic = 57%) was due to within‐study heterogeneity (RV1 Madhi 2010‐AF results split by country) Severe cases of rotavirus diarrhoea Follow‐up: up to 2 years 43 per 1000 28 per 1000 (22 to 35) RR 0. 65 (0. 51 to 0. 83) 13,768** (2 studies) ⊕⊕⊕⊕ high RV1 reduces severe rotavirus diarrhoea compared to placebo or no intervention at up to two years follow‐up. Sensitivity analysis excluding the cluster‐RCT (RV1 Zaman 2017‐BGD) that contributed data to this outcome showed no significant change in effect estimate or 95% CI (RR 0. 58, 95% CI 0. 42 to 0. 79, n = 2764, 1 RCT) Severe cases of all‐cause diarrhoea Follow‐up: up to 1 year 176 per 1000 129 per 1000 (99 to 167) RR 0. 73 (0. 56 to 0. 95) 5639 (2 studies) ⊕⊕⊕⊕ high RV1 reduces severe all‐cause diarrhoea compared to placebo or no intervention at up to one year follow‐up. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by presenting evidence that the RV1 vaccine significantly reduces severe rotavirus diarrhoea as measured by relative risks (RR) compared to placebo. It highlights specific findings such as a reduction from 60 per 1000 to 22 per 1000 in the severe cases of rotavirus diarrhoea after one year (RR 0.37) and a reduction from 176 per 1000 to 129 per 1000 in severe all-cause diarrhoea (RR 0.73). These outcomes indicate that the RV1 vaccine is effective in preventing the spread of rotavirus and associated diarrhoeal diseases, supporting the claim about vaccines preventing infectious diseases.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Climate resilience can solve global warming without reducing carbon emissions. [SEP] Text: It was revealed that by using the use of PV panels, an improvement of 6. 98% in primary energy, 12. 27% in CO2 emissions and 7. 51% in PER would be achieved. The repayment period is calculated as 7. 1 years. Keywords: energy analysis; solar energy; energy consumption; CO2 emission. DOI: 10. 1504/IJGW. 2024. 10062931 Assessment of within Blockchain and Subfield of Artificial Intelligence: a Review by : How can blockchain and AI revolutionise carbon trading? This 10. 1504/IJGW. 2024. 10064244 Cells: Recycling Fluorine-for by Elif Damgaci, Ayşe Seyhan, Emre Kartal, Furkan Güçlüer Abstract: The limited lifetime of perovskite solar cells raises concerns about disposal, recycling, and environmental impact. Recycling perovskite materials, including crucial components like fluorine-doped tin oxide (FTO) substrates, offers an opportunity to mitigate environmental impacts and production costs. This research focuses on chemically and physically cleaning and recycling FTO substrates, crucial for reducing the overall manufacturing cost of perovskite solar cells. Comparative analysis between RecFTO glasses and commercial FTO counterparts encompassed structural, morphological, optical, and electrical properties. This approach fosters sustainability in perovskite solar cell production by effectively addressing environmental concerns and cost challenges through FTO recycling. Keywords: recycling; perovskite solar cells; PSC; fluorine-doped tin oxide; FTO. DOI: 10. 1504/IJGW. 2024. 10064776 and Power with or Engines using nearly for Decarbonisation by Birol I. Kilkis Abstract: The carbon footprint of fuel-cells and internal combustion engines for cogeneration with green hydrogen are compared. A new definition based on the exergy destructions by the renewable energy systems is introduced for the green hydrogen concept. With six rating and evaluation metrics, 11 major emission-responsible points were identified in comparing fuel cell and internal combustion engine type of combined heat and power. Flat-plate solar panels, and geothermal energy are considered for temperature peaking to replace heat pumps. Results show that they cannot meet the emission minimisation objective. Case studies provide ways and for minimum carbon dioxide emissions responsibility. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by emphasizing that solutions involving technologies like PV panels result in a reduction in CO2 emissions, specifically mentioning a 12.27% decrease. This indicates that addressing climate resilience cannot solely rely on improvements in technology without also aiming to reduce carbon emissions, as the text discusses emission minimization objectives.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Bioengineered yeast can produce biofuels from sugars. [SEP] Text: Coverage-based rarefaction and extrapolation: standardizing samples by completeness rather than size. Ecology 93:2533-2547. 2012. Models and estimators linking individual-based and sample-based rarefaction, extrapolation and comparison of assemblages. Journal of 5:3-21 Dafni A. 1992. Pollination ecology, a practical approach. Oxford: Press. de Vega C, Herrera CM. 2013. Microorganisms transported by ants induce changes in floral nectar composition of an ant-pollinated plant. of Botany 100:792-800 de. 2009. Yeasts in floral nectar of some plants: quantification and associations with pollinator type and sugar concentration. Journal of Botany 75:798-806. 1980. Rhodosporidium paludigenum sp. nov. , a Basidiomycetous yeast from intertidal waters of South Florida. of 30:658-659. 2008. A latitudinal diversity gradient in planktonic marine bacteria. Proceedings of the of Sciences of the of America 105:7774-7778 Good AP, Gauthier M-. 2014. Honey bees avoid nectar colonized by three bacterial species, but not by a yeast species, isolated from the bee gut. 9:e86494. 2016. Simple, multiple and joint correspondence analysis. Version 0. 64 Vienna: R Foundation for Statistical Computing. software Heil M. 2011. Nectar: generation, regulation and ecological functions. Trends in 16:191-200. 2010. Inhospitable sweetness: nectar filtering of pollinator-borne inocula leads to impoverished, phylogenetically clustered yeast communities. Proceedings of the B: 277:747-754 Herrera CM, de. 2009. Yeasts in floral nectar: a quantitative survey. Annals of Botany 103:1415-1423 Herrera CM, García IM, Pérez R. 2008. Invisible floral larcenies: microbial communities degrade floral nectar of bumble bee-pollinated plants. Ecology 89:2369-2376 Herrera CM, Pérez R, Alonso C. 2006. Extreme intraplant variation in nectar sugar composition in an insect-pollinated perennial herb. of Botany 93:575-581. 2014. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text provided does not relate to the claim about bioengineered yeast producing biofuels from sugars. Instead, it discusses a variety of unrelated topics including pollination ecology, microbial communities in floral nectar, and various studies in botany and ecology without addressing any aspect of bioengineering or biofuels.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Vaccines help in preventing the spread of infectious diseases. [SEP] Text: Low‐certainty: further research is very likely to have an important impact on our confidence in the estimate of effect and is likely to change the estimate. Very low‐certainty: we are very uncertain about the estimate. aDowngraded by one for imprecision. The total number of events was very low. bDowngraded by one for inconsistency. We found substantial heterogeneity (I2 statistic = 44%). Consistency was restored when removing the one study carried out only in a very low‐mortality (stratum A) country, with results then showing a slightly smaller effect (RR 0. 22, 95% CI 0. 13 to 0. 36, 6291 participants, 3 studies). cDowngraded by two for imprecision. These trials were not powered to detect an effect on mortality. dDowngraded by two for imprecision. There was a 1:10,000 to 1:32,000 increased risk of intussusception with a previous rotavirus vaccine (Bines 2005), so these trials were not powered to detect an association between RV1 and intussusception. Open in table viewerSummary of findings 4. RV5 compared to placebo for preventing rotavirus diarrhoea in high‐mortality countries Patient or population: children Settings: high‐mortality countries (WHO strata D and E) Intervention: RV5 Comparison: placebo comparative risks* (95% CI) Relative effect (95% CI) Number of participants (studies) Certainty of the evidence (GRADE) risk Corresponding risk Placebo RV5 Severe cases of rotavirus diarrhoea Follow‐up: up to 1 year 30 per 1000 13 per 1000 (9 to 19) RR 0. 43 (0. 29 to 0. 62) 5916 (2 studies) ⊕⊕⊕⊕ high RV5 reduces severe rotavirus diarrhoea compared to placebo at up to one year follow‐up. Severe cases of rotavirus diarrhoea Follow‐up: up to 2 years 63 per 1000 37 per 1000 (27 to 51) RR 0. 59 (0. 43 to 0. 82) 5885 (2 studies) ⊕⊕⊕⊕ high RV5 reduces severe rotavirus diarrhoea compared to placebo at up to two years follow‐up. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by presenting evidence that the RV5 vaccine reduces severe rotavirus diarrhoea among children in high-mortality countries. It details the comparative risks between RV5 and placebo, showing a significant reduction in severe cases. Specifically, the relative effect reported (RR 0.43 for one-year follow-up and RR 0.59 for two-year follow-up) supports the assertion that vaccines contribute to preventing the spread of infectious diseases, particularly rotavirus.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Climate resilience can solve global warming without reducing carbon emissions. [SEP] Text: Keywords: CO2 emissions; exergy destruction; fuel cell; combined heat and power; solar and geothermal energy; heat pump. DOI: 10. 1504/IJGW. 2024. 10064824 Experimental study of precursor greenhouse gas reduction in biofilter systems using by Andac Akdemir, Ümmükülsüm ÖZEL Akdemir Abstract: Benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, ethylbenzene and xylene (BTEX), emitted in animal farms, were measured in this study for 84 days. To reduce precursor VOC emission, poultry litter were covered with nanomaterial (graphene oxide, single-walled carbon nanotubes, multi-walled carbon, activated carbon, and graphite) as daily cover. The adsorbent material performances between the cabinets were compared statistically using Mann-Whitney U, H and Wilcoxon tests. It was concluded that a decrease in pollutant emission was observed when adding carbon nanotubes. Different materials did not cause a difference in pollutant release between benzene, toluene, xylene and ethylbenzene. Keywords: poultry litter; volatile organic compound; VOC; BTEX; nanomaterials; air pollution; climate change. DOI: 10. 1504/IJGW. 2024. 10065079 Intelligence? for Climate Change: A Review by H. Can Barutcu, Serra Çelik, Abstract: Climate change is a significant problem that requires urgent action to identify and mitigate its causes. While artificial intelligence (AI) algorithms offer a promising tool to identify these causes, black box constructs often obscure the meaning and impact of essential elements. At this point, explainable artificial intelligence (XAI), which illuminates algorithms and allows understanding of which factors significantly affect climate change, can be a saviour. This study focuses on applying XAI to reveal the factors affecting climate change, starting with identifying the areas that AI technologies can affect based on the existing literature. The pros and cons of artificial intelligence are discussed before delving into the concept of XAI and its potential in climate change research. This research aimed to clarify how AI can be effectively leveraged to address the complexities of climate change through XAI, highlighting the role of XAI in making AI insights into climate change understandable and actionable. Keywords: Intelligence; Climate Change; Artificial Intelligence. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing various methods to reduce greenhouse gas emissions, specifically through experimental studies that aim to lower VOC emissions. This implies that addressing emissions is essential to tackle climate change, rather than solely relying on climate resilience measures.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Bioengineered yeast can produce biofuels from sugars. [SEP] Text: Nonrandom genotype distribution among floral hosts contributes to local and regional genetic diversity in the nectar-living yeast Metschnikowia reukaufii. 87:568-575. 2013. Yeasts in nectar of an early-blooming herb: sought by bumble bees, detrimental to plant fecundity. Ecology 94:273-279. 2002. Conflicting results obtained by RAPD-PCR and large-subunit rDNA sequences in determining and comparing yeast strains isolated from flowers: a comparison of two methods. of Systematic and 52:1423-1433 Hill MO. 1973. Diversity and evenness: a unifying notation and its consequences. Ecology 54:427-432 Hillebrand H. 2004. On the generality of the latitudinal diversity gradient. Naturalist 163:192-211 Hillebrand H, Blenckner T. 2002. Regional and local impact on species diversity-from pattern to processes. Oecologia 132:479-491. 2016. iNEXT: an R package for rarefaction and extrapolation of species diversity (Hill numbers) Methods in Ecology and Evolution 7:1451-1456. 2013. Microbial diversity in the floral nectar of seven Epipactis (Orchidaceae) species. MicrobiologyOpen 2:644-658. 1998. Identification and phylogeny of ascomycetous yeasts from analysis of nuclear large subunit (26S) ribosomal DNA partial sequences. Leeuwenhoek 73:331-371. 1999. Kodamaea kakaduensis and Candida tolerans, two new ascomycetous yeast species from flowers. of Microbiology 45:172-177. 2016. A stable phylogeny of the large-spored Metschnikowia clade. Yeast 33:261-275. 2008. Kurtzmaniella gen. nov. and description of the heterothallic, haplontic yeast species Kurtzmaniella cleridarum sp. nov. the teleomorph of Candida cleridarum. of Systematic and 58:520-524. 2001. Biogeography of the yeasts of ephemeral flowers and their insects. 1:1-8. 2015. Microbiology of sugar-rich environments: diversity, ecology and system constraints. 17:278-298. 2015. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim since it discusses various aspects of yeast biodiversity, phylogeny, and ecological impacts without mentioning bioengineering or biofuel production. It does not provide information supporting or contradicting the claim about bioengineered yeast and biofuels.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Vaccines help in preventing the spread of infectious diseases. [SEP] Text: Moderate‐certainty: further research is likely to have an important impact on our confidence in the estimate of effect and may change the estimate. Low‐certainty: further research is very likely to have an important impact on our confidence in the estimate of effect and is likely to change the estimate. Very low‐certainty: we are very uncertain about the estimate. aDowngraded by one for indirectness. Single trial conducted in three African countries (Mali, Ghana, and Kenya), so generalization to any high‐mortality country is difficult. bDowngraded by two for imprecision. These trials were not powered to detect an effect on mortality. cDowngraded by one for imprecision. The 95% CI includes both no effect and appreciable harm. dDowngraded by two for imprecision. There was a 1:10,000 to 1:32,000 increased risk of intussusception with a previous rotavirus vaccine (Bines 2005), so these trials were not powered to detect an association between RV1 and intussusception. Open in table viewerSummary of findings 5. Rotavac compared to placebo for preventing rotavirus diarrhoea in high‐mortality countries Patient or population: children Settings: one high‐mortality country (India) (WHO stratum D) Intervention: Rotavac Comparison: placebo comparative risks* (95% CI) Relative effect (95% CI) No of Participants (studies) Certainty of the evidence (GRADE) risk Corresponding risk Severe cases of rotavirus diarrhoea follow‐up: up to 1 year 31 per 1000 13 per 1000 (9 to 19) RR 0. 43 (0. 30 to 0. 60) 6799 (1 study) ⊕⊕⊕⊝ moderatea due to indirectness Rotavac probably reduces severe rotavirus diarrhoea compared to placebo at up to one year follow‐up. Severe cases of rotavirus diarrhoea follow‐up: up to 2 years 47 per 1000 21 per 1000 (16 to 28) RR 0. 46 (0. 35 to 0. 60) 6541 (1 study) ⊕⊕⊕⊝ moderatea due to indirectness Rotavac probably reduces severe rotavirus diarrhoea compared to placebo at up to two years follow‐up. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by stating that the Rotavac vaccine probably reduces severe rotavirus diarrhoea compared to placebo, indicating the effectiveness of the vaccine in preventing illness caused by infectious diseases. This demonstrates the role of vaccines in controlling the spread of diseases, which supports the original claim.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Climate resilience can solve global warming without reducing carbon emissions. [SEP] Text: DOI: 10. 1504/IJGW. 2024. 10065140 A for Reduction of Emissions from Groundwater Treatment: Biochar derived by by Pelin Yapicioglu, Mehmet İrfan Yesilnacar, Nurdan Büyükkamaci Abstract: This study has aimed to recommend an innovative approach which is biochar adsorption process to mitigate greenhouse house gas (GHG) emissions resulted from groundwater treatment. This study has showed a point of view to present the potential of biochar application on the mitigation of GHG emissions from groundwater treatment. There is a limited point of view to minimise the GHG emissions due to water resources treatment. This study has proposed to mitigate nitrous oxide (N2O) and carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions originated from groundwater treatment using biochar derived from pomegranate (Punica granatum) peels, carob (Ceratonia siliqua) seeds and Turkish coffee (Coffea Turkish) residue generated by solar assisted pyrolysis. A GHG emission calculation and mitigation index () based on biochar adsorption process has been developed and validated in this study. According to the simulation, the recommended indicator () has been meaningful in the range of 89 Keywords: Groundwater treatment; GHG emissions; biochar; mitigation. DOI: 10. 1504/IJGW. 2024. 10065385 A Review and Classification of Conventional, Advanced, Smart and Technologies for Low-and Applications by : In this study, various smart window technologies are introduced, examined in terms of energy efficiency, and their advantages over existing conventional windows are presented. Smart window technologies used today are more energy efficient than traditional single and double-glazing windows. It is possible to achieve up to 80% energy savings in building heating/cooling costs compared to traditional window technologies, with a correctly selected and applied smart window technology depending on various external factors such as building facade, climatic conditions and window area. Therefore, smart windows technologies play a leading role in the realisation of nearly/zero energy building goals. Keywords: smart glazing; multifunctional glazing; glazing coating; U-value; low-carbon buildings. DOI: 10. 1504/IJGW. 2024. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing various methods that focus on mitigating greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, specifically mentioning that the biochar adsorption process is intended to reduce emissions from groundwater treatment. This indicates that addressing emissions is critical for climate solutions and directly contradicts the claim that climate resilience alone can solve global warming without tackling carbon emissions.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Bioengineered yeast can produce biofuels from sugars. [SEP] Text: Skip to main content Explore journals Get published About BMC My account Search all BMC 6. 2%. The resultant strain, RH15, was capable of producing 121. 9 g/L l-lactic acid at high yield (95. 3%) after 40 h of fermentation from a mixture of glucose and xylose. When a lignocellulosic hydrolysate was used as the substrate, 99. 3 g/L l-lactic acid was produced within 40 h, with a specific productivity of 2. 48 g/[L h] and a yield of 94. 6%. ConclusionsOur engineered strain B. licheniformis RH15 could thermophilically produced l-lactic acid from lignocellulosic hydrolysate with relatively high concentration and productivity at levels that were competitive with most reported cases of l-lactic acid-producers. Thus, the engineered strain might be used as a platform for the production of other chemicals. In addition to engineering the B. licheniformis strain, the “dual-channel” process might serve as an alternative method for engineering a variety of other strains. BackgroundLignocellulosic biomass—one of the most abundant and attractive second-generation resources—is regarded as an economical substrate for sustainable bioprocesses [1]. Hydrolysis of lignocellulose yields a mixture of sugars, with glucose and xylose as the two main components [2]. Although the production of several biofuels and chemicals, such as ethanol, isobutanol, n-butanol, butane-2,3-diol (2,3-BD), and acetone, has been achieved from lignocellulose, most bacteria and yeasts cannot efficiently utilize glucose and xylose simultaneously due to the so-called carbon catabolite repression (CCR) [3, 4]. Glucose-mediated CCR always prefer sugar in the form of glucose via repressing the consumption of other sugars such as xylose, resulting in low efficiency during mixed-sugar fermentation processes [5]. Other reasons for such inefficient processes include the lack of robust genes involved in xylose metabolism or use of the hetero-phosphoketolase pathway, which leads to the generation of equal amounts of byproducts (mainly formic acid, acetic acid, and ethanol) [6]. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text discusses the production of l-lactic acid from a mixture of sugars, specifically glucose and xylose, using an engineered strain of bacteria, B. licheniformis RH15. While it touches upon the utilization of sugars, it does not explicitly support or provide evidence regarding bioengineered yeast producing biofuels. Instead, it focuses on the challenges of using sugars and producing byproducts in bacterial fermentation, making it irrelevant to the specific claim about yeast and biofuels.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Vaccines help in preventing the spread of infectious diseases. [SEP] Text: We excluded 78 studies for the reasons given in the Characteristics of excluded studies section. Included studies The 55 included trials enrolled about 216,480 participants (approximate number, as some trials provided only the number evaluable), and each trial compared a rotavirus vaccine with a placebo. The vaccines tested were RV1 (36 trials reported in 171 publications or reports; 119,114 participants), RV5 (15 trials reported in 60 publications or reports; 88,934 participants), and Rotavac (4 trials reported in 13 publications or reports; 8432 participants). The trials were conducted in Africa, Asia, Europe, and the Americas, and the location can be identified in the study reference: AF, Africa; AS, Asia; EU, Europe; INT, several international locations; LA, Latin America; NA, North America; or country three‐letter acronym according to ISO 3166‐1 Alpha‐3 (e. g. BGD for Bangladesh) from www. all‐acronyms. com/special/countries_acronyms_and_abbreviations, if the study was conducted in a single country. 1. RV1 The 36 RV1 trials were published between 1998 and 2017. Five of the trials are unpublished and were located on the GlaxoSmithKline website through clinicalstudyresults. org or clinicaltrials. gov. One trial (RV1 Madhi 2010‐AF) provided country‐specific data for efficacy outcomes but not for safety outcomes, and was consequently split into RV1 Madhi 2010‐MWI and RV1 Madhi 2010‐ZAF for the Malawi‐ and South Africa‐specific data. Twenty‐five trials enrolled around 500 participants or fewer, three trials enrolled around 1000 participants, seven trials enrolled between 2155 and 12,318 participants, and one large trial enrolled 63,225 participants. Most children were aged between one and three months at the time of the first vaccination. trials included healthy infants. Two trials included HIV‐infected or ‐exposed infants (RV1 Madhi 2010‐AF; RV1 Steele 2010a‐ZAF), one trial included premature infants (RV1 Omenaca 2012‐EU), and one trial included children aged two to six years (RV1 Li 2013a‐CHN). Outcome measures Each trial reported on one or more of the outcome measures specified for this review (see 4. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by detailing multiple trials that tested rotavirus vaccines against placebos, ultimately supporting the idea that vaccines are assessed for their efficacy in preventing infections. The mention of trials enrolling participants, including healthy infants and even some with vulnerabilities (like HIV-exposed infants), suggests a broad focus on how vaccines provide a preventative measure against infectious diseases, reinforcing the claim.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Climate resilience can solve global warming without reducing carbon emissions. [SEP] Text: 10065478 Assessment and Costing of a in UAE: A in the Region by Rami Alsodi, Abstract: Global warming is a major challenge for engineers, researchers, governments, and the entire world. Buildings have a huge contribution to global greenhouse gas emissions, especially from the continuous electricity production and consumption of fossil fuels. Net-zero energy buildings (nZEBs) are emerging as a promising solution for an efficient and gradual transition toward clean energy utilisation. Within UAE's vision toward net zero energy in 2050, the Department of in Sharjah built Sharjah Ports, Customs, and as an nZEB. This paper performs a life cycle assessment aiming to evaluate the global warming and ozone layer depletion potentials of nZEB building compared to a standard building mode. The results show a reduction of around 70% in these potentials compared to the traditional building model. A further analysis using life cycle costing shows that the nZEB model has 38% less expenditure on electrical energy over 25 years. Keywords: net-zero energy buildings; nZEB; life cycle assessment; LCA; global warming; ozone depletion; carbon neutrality; carbon footprint; climate change; solar energy. DOI: 10. 1504/IJGW. 2024. 10065490 Assisted with a PVT Collector in a by : In the hot climate of (Algeria), the thermal comfort of tramway cabins is investigated. In July, achieving a thermal comfort of 25 Keywords: tramway cabins; desert climate; air conditioning; PV/T panels. DOI: 10. 1504/IJGW. 2024. 10066157 in Indonesia: Assessing the Impact of on and CO2 Emissions by : This study examined the impact of fertiliser use on crop production and CO2 emissions in Indonesia from 1991 to 2020 using the ARDL model. The findings revealed that fertiliser use increased crop production in the long-term, with a coefficient of 0. 578. However, excessive fertiliser use negatively impacted crop production in the short term, with a coefficient of 1. 092. High fertiliser usage, especially potassium oxide (K2O), significantly raised CO2 emissions, with long-term and short-term coefficients of 0. 553 and 0. 717, respectively. Nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P2O5) fertilisers showed long-term coefficients of 0. 484 and 0. 301. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by highlighting that net-zero energy buildings (nZEBs) can significantly reduce greenhouse gas emissions. It states that these buildings contribute to a reduction of around 70% in global warming and ozone layer depletion potentials compared to traditional buildings. This evidence implies that without the active reduction of carbon emissions through energy-efficient practices like nZEBs, solving global warming is not achievable.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Bioengineered yeast can produce biofuels from sugars. [SEP] Text: licheniformis was maintained at 4 °C on a GSY agar slant [21], which contains 10 g/L yeast extract, 5 g/L soybean peptone, 20 g/L glucose and 10 g/L CaCO3. The fermentation medium contained 10 g/L yeast extract, 5 g/L soybean peptone, and different concentrations of glucose and/or xylose or lignocellulosic hydrolysates. In short, for xylose fermentation, the initial concentration of xylose was approximately 57. 0 g/L. For mixed-sugar fermentation, the initial concentration of glucose and xylose were approximately 60. 0 and 20. 0 g/L, respectively, in both batch and fed-batch fermentations. The seed culture was prepared as follows: a loop of cells from a fully grown slant was inoculated into a 100-mL Erlenmeyer flask containing 30 mL of GSY medium and was incubated statically at 50 °C for 24 h. The seed culture was then amplified in an Erlenmeyer flask with an inoculum volume of 10% (v/v). Genetic manipulation in B. licheniformis MW3All primers used for construction are listed in supplementary Table S1, and the constructed plasmids and strains are listed in Table 1. The DNA fragment (termed as P als) upstream of the start codon (300 bp) of the alsS gene (GenBank: 52350029) from B. licheniformis MW3 was used. The genes encoding thermophilic xylose isomerase (xylA) were from B. coagulans 36D1 (termed as xylA Bc GenBank: AEO99969), Thermoanaerobacterium xylanolyticum (termed as xylA Tx GenBank: WP_013788598), Thermobacillus composti (termed as xylA Tc GenBank: WP_015253490), and Muricauda lutaonensis (termed as xylA Ml GenBank: WP_045800855), respectively. The ldh Bc gene encoding thermophilic l-lactate dehydrogenase was from B. coagulans 2–6. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text describes the maintenance and fermentation conditions for B. licheniformis, including its growth medium and genetic manipulation, but it does not provide any evidence or discussion regarding the ability of bioengineered yeast to produce biofuels from sugars. Therefore, it is irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Vaccines help in preventing the spread of infectious diseases. [SEP] Text: One trial was conducted in high‐mortality India (RV5 Dhingra 2014‐IND). Four trials were conducted in several low‐ and high‐mortality countries. RV5 Armah 2010‐AF was conducted in three high‐mortality countries, Ghana, Kenya, and Mali, and when available the data were split into RV5 Armah 2010‐GHA, RV5 Armah 2010‐KEN and RV5 Armah 2010‐MLI. RV5 Levin 2017‐AF was conducted in four high‐mortality countries (Botswana, Tanzania, Zambia and Zimbabwe). RV5 Vesikari 2006b‐INT was conducted mainly in European and low‐mortality countries, but also in Guatemala, a high‐mortality country, and was placed in the low‐mortality group. RV5 Zaman 2010‐AS was conducted in one high‐mortality country (Bangladesh) with 1136 participants, and in one low‐mortality country (Vietnam) with 900 participants, and was placed in the high‐mortality group, except when data could be split into RV5 Zaman 2010‐BGD and RV5 Zaman 2010‐VNM. Vaccine schedule Each trial used three doses of RV5 vaccine, with intervals between doses of four and 10 weeks (see 3. identified four trials of Rotavac vaccine. The earliest was reported in 2006 and the most recent in 2017. Overall, 8432 participants were included in the trials; the largest trial included 6799 participants (VAC Bhandari 2014‐IND) and the smallest included 90 participants (VAC Bhandari 2006‐IND). trials included healthy infants. Trials enrolled infants aged between six weeks and nine weeks. Outcome measures Three trials were safety studies (4. Open in figure viewer Figure 3 Risk of bias graph: review authors' judgements about each risk of bias item presented as percentages across all included studies. Open in figure viewer Figure 4 Methodological quality summary: review authors' judgements about each methodological quality item for each included study. RV1 Since the previous update of this review, detailed clinical study reports of most of the GlaxoSmithKline‐sponsored studies (another five, totaling 27 of the 36 trials) have been published online (gsk‐clinicalstudyregister. com). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text discusses multiple trials involving the RV5 vaccine conducted in various high- and low-mortality countries. By detailing the trials and including thousands of participants, it indirectly supports the claim by indicating that vaccines were administered to infants, which aligns with efforts to prevent the spread of infectious diseases through vaccination.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Climate resilience can solve global warming without reducing carbon emissions. [SEP] Text: The study evaluates five different System (ILS) categories to determine the necessity and type of ILS system required based on point-specific climatic conditions. The study showed that patchy fog and mist reduce visibility below 2,000 metres at airports, while heavy rain and mist affect visibility below 10,000 metres. Keywords: aviation; meteorological parameters; low visibility; runway visual range; instrumental landing system; aviation activities. DOI: 10. 1504/IJGW. 2025. 10067153 Investigating the Knowledge of Stakeholders in the Chain to Establish a System by Abstract: Addressing the impacts of climate change on the supply chain requires the preparedness of all stakeholders. This study aims to assess stakeholder perspectives on climate change in the healthcare supply chain, focusing on environmental sustainability and risk reduction. A questionnaire was prepared and 1290 respondents were examined. Krejcie and Morgan method was used to determine the appropriate sample size. The results showed that stakeholders in five different categories have increased their understanding of the risks of climate change. However, most of them have not implemented sufficient preventive measures that require effective action by macro decision makers. Keywords: Climate awareness; Questionnaire survey; Stakeholder theory; Statistical analysis; Healthcare supply chain. DOI: 10. 1504/IJGW. 2024. 10067399 Analysing the Propagation in India under Scenarios by Maaz Abdullah, Abstract: The alteration of weather patterns due to global warming has resulted in an unprecedented impact on the environment. This study analyses increasing temperature and heat wave frequency in India under two representative concentration pathways (RCP) scenarios. By the end of the 21st century, RCP 4. 5 and 8. 5 anticipate a significant rise in mean temperature of 6. 0 Keywords: weather pattern; heat wave; climate change; policy intervention; mitigation. DOI: 10. 1504/IJGW. 2024. 10067407 Research on win-win Mode of from the Perspective of Low-Development by : Low-carbon emissions protect the environment and sustain economic growth. Green growth and economic improvement data are tailored to on-demand economic development. This 10. 1504/IJGW. 2024. 10067435 of CHP with by : With concerns on the increasing greenhouse gas emissions, CO2 capture is the extensive interests in the world. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the significant impact of climate change on environmental conditions and emphasizing the need for preventive measures and policy intervention. It highlights the rising temperatures and increasing frequency of heat waves due to global warming, thereby indicating that mitigating climate change may require reducing carbon emissions rather than relying solely on climate resilience.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Bioengineered yeast can produce biofuels from sugars. [SEP] Text: All four xylA genes were codon-optimized (Text 1) for B. licheniformis ATCC 14580 and were synthesized by Co. , Ltd. To knock out alsS and alsD (GenBank: 52350028), the flanking regions 749 bp upstream and 659 bp downstream were amplified using the primer pairs AlsSD-up-F/AlsSD-up-R and AlsSD-dn-F/AlsSD-dn-R and were then seamlessly assembled into the EcoRI/BamHI sites of plasmid pKVM1, resulting in plasmid pKVM01 (Figure S1A). Similarly, the vectors for deletion of genes ptsG, xylR, pflA, adhB, and ackA were constructed and called pKVM03, pKVM06, pKVM12, pKVM13, and pKVM14, respectively (Additional file 1: Figure S1C, F, L, M, and N). To construct the vector for the replacement of the ldh gene with ldh Bc the flanking regions 737 bp upstream and 667 bp downstream of the ptsG gene were amplified from the genomic DNA of strain MW3 using the primer pairs Ldh-up-F/Ldh-up-R and Ldh-dn-F/Ldh-dn-R. These two flanking regions were ligated along with ldh Bc (cloned from B. coagulans 2–6 using primer pairs Ldh-F/Ldh-R) into the EcoRI/BamHI sites of plasmid pKVM1 via the seamless cloning and assembly method, creating pKVM02 (Additional file 1: Figure S1B). Plasmids pKVM04, pKVM05, pKVM07, pKVM08, pKVM09, pKVM10, and pKVM11 were generated using the same procedure as for pKVM02 (Additional file 1: Figure S1B, D, E, G–K). Escherichia coli S17-1 cells harboring pKVM plasmids were used as the donors in conjugation with B. licheniformis MW3. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses the genetic modification of bacteria, specifically B. licheniformis, and does not mention bioengineered yeast or its ability to produce biofuels from sugars. Thus, there is no support or contradiction to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Vaccines help in preventing the spread of infectious diseases. [SEP] Text: Trials were performed in low‐mortality countries (RV1 Bernstein 1999‐USA; RV1 Kawamura 2011‐JPN; RV1 Li 2014‐CHN; RV1 Phua 2005‐SGP; RV1 Phua 2009‐AS; RV1 Ruiz‐Palac 06‐LA/EU; RV1 Salinas 2005‐LA; RV1 Tregnaghi 2011‐LA; RV1 Vesikari 2004b‐FIN; RV1 Vesikari 2007a‐EU), and high‐mortality countries (RV1 Colgate 2016‐BGD; RV1 Madhi 2010‐MWI; RV1 Madhi 2010‐ZAF; RV1 Steele 2010b‐ZAF; RV1 Zaman 2017‐BGD). Data below are grouped accordingly. Low‐mortality countries (WHO strata A and B) RV1 reduced severe rotavirus diarrhoea cases by 84% after one year (RR 0. 16, 95% CI 0. 09 to 0. 26; 43,779 participants, 7 trials) and by 82% after two years (RR 0. 18, 95% CI 0. 14 to 0. 23; 36,002 participants, 9 trials; Analysis 1. 2). After three years there was no statistically significant difference between RV1 and placebo (RR 0. 10, 95% CI 0. 01 to 1. 52; 12,109 participants, two trials (RV1 Phua 2009‐AS and RV1 Vesikari 2007a‐EU; data not shown)). Pooled results showed statistical heterogeneity at one‐year (I2 statistic = 61%, Analysis 1. 1) and three years (I2 statistic = 69%, data not shown) follow‐up. High‐mortality countries (WHO strata D and E) RV1 reduced severe rotavirus diarrhoea cases by 63% during the first year of follow‐up (RR 0. 37, 95% CI 0. 23 to 0. 60; 6114 participants, 4 comparisons from 3 trials) and by 35% after two years (RR 0. 65, 95% CI 0. 51 to 0. 83; 7113 participants, 3 comparisons from 2 trials; Analysis 1. 2). Pooled results showed statistical heterogeneity at one‐year follow‐up (I2 statistic = 57%, Analysis 1. 1). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text supports the claim by presenting data on how the RV1 vaccine significantly reduced severe rotavirus diarrhoea cases in both low‐mortality and high‐mortality countries. Specifically, it indicates a reduction of 84% in severe cases after one year in low‐mortality countries and 63% in high‐mortality countries, thereby demonstrating the vaccine's effectiveness in preventing the spread of this infectious disease.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Telemedicine can reduce patient wait times for certain consultations. [SEP] Text: Full size image Since the hire of additional nephrologists might be expected to reduce wait times, through diluting the demand for services among more physicians, we examined wait times within health authorities that both added and did not add nephrologists. Results are shown in Table 4. There was no correlation between addition of nephrologists and reduction in wait time. Table 4 Change in actual wait times within health authorities that did or did not add nephrologists between 2010-2012 Full size table DiscussionIn this study, we implemented a Provincial change strategy, which invested physicians in the wait time management process. This intervention associated with a significant reduction in waiting for out-patient nephrologist consultations. Multiple factors may influence wait time dynamics, including time-varying referral rates, number of nephrologists, pooled versus individual triage systems, and practice sizes (Figure 2). We found that the proportion of patients seen within the recommended timeframes improved in the interval spanning the 2010 and 2012 data collection cycles. The fact that the magnitude of improvement aligned with referral priority (the greatest percentage reduction in wait times was for priority 1 patients), suggests that our intervention exerted an influence over nephrologists’ triaging behavior. The 35% reduction in actual wait times (from median 98 to 64 days) was proportionately greater than the 22% reduction in total referrals (from 518 to 402, Table 1), which refutes the possibility that a reduction in referral rate fully accounts for the change in wait times. The reasons for observing a lower referral rate are unknown, but seasonal variation is not implicated because the post-implementation data collection was done over the same annual two-week period in both instances. Ongoing efforts to educate referring physicians about appropriate nephrology consultation criteria could have played a role in reducing referrals, but this effect has not been measured. There was a net addition of five nephrologists in the Province between 2010 and 2012, which could have impacted upon wait times. However, Health authority 1 experienced a near 60% reduction in wait time, despite no net change in the number of nephrologists between 2010 to 2012, while health authority 2 had wait times increase 4% despite adding a nephrologist. Health authorities in BC are mostly closed systems with respect to patient flow, thus it is likely that nephrologist flux did not have a major impact on wait times. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by presenting findings that indicate there was no correlation between the addition of nephrologists and the reduction in wait times. Specifically, it states, 'there was no correlation between addition of nephrologists and reduction in wait time,' which implies that simply adding more physicians does not necessarily translate into shorter waiting periods for consultations. Furthermore, the study highlights that a substantial reduction in wait times occurred regardless of changes in the number of nephrologists, suggesting that external factors might have influenced wait times more significantly than the availability of telemedicine.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Bioengineered yeast can produce biofuels from sugars. [SEP] Text: The conjugation and gene knockout with pKVM plasmids were performed as described previously [22]. All the deletion and insertion mutations were verified by PCR amplification of the genomic DNA with appropriate primers, followed by sequencing of the amplified products. Enzyme activity assaysTo assay the enzymatic activities of the crude extracts, strains were grown for 12 h, and cells were harvested via centrifugation (8000×g, 10 min), washed twice with 50 mM PBS buffer (pH 7. 0), and resuspended in the same buffer. The cells were then disrupted by sonication in an ice bath. The cell extract was centrifuged at 14,000×g for 30 min at 4 °C, and the supernatant was used for the enzyme assay. Total protein concentration was determined according to the method of Bradford using bovine serum albumin as the standard [23]. The activities of l- and d-LDH were assayed in a reaction mixture containing 50 mM pyruvate, 20 mM NADH and 0. 1 mg/mL cell extracts for 10 min. Thereafter, the LDH activities were inactivated by boiling for 5 min. Then, l-lactic acid and d-lactic acid were detected by HPLC with a chiral column. The l- and d-LDH activities in B. licheniformis strains were calculated according to the corresponding concentrations of l- and d-lactic acid [24]. One unit of protein activity was defined as the amount of enzyme that catalyzed the consumption of 1 μmol NADH per minute, as previously described [9]. Batch and fed-batch fermentationsThe fermentations were conducted in a 5-L bioreactor (. ) containing 2. 5 L of fermentation medium. The seed culture prepared was inoculated (10%, v/v) into the fermentation medium. The cultivation was conducted at 50 °C and 80 rpm. The pH was maintained at 7. 0 by the automated addition of 25% (w/v) Ca(OH)2. In fed-batch fermentation, a mixture of glucose and xylose (ratio of glucose to xylose approximately 3:1) or corn stover hydrolysate (700 g/L of sugars) was fed into the bioreactor to maintain the sugar concentration when the reducing sugar concentration was below 20. 0 g/L. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not directly address the claim regarding bioengineered yeast producing biofuels from sugars. Instead, it contains detailed methods related to enzyme activity assays and fermentation processes without specific mention of biofuel production from sugars.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Vaccines help in preventing the spread of infectious diseases. [SEP] Text: 71; 39,091 participants, 2 trials; Analysis 1. 6). One trial reported on severe all‐cause diarrhoea after three years follow‐up (RV1 Phua 2009‐AS); RV1 reduced the number of severe cases by 27% (RR 0. 73, 95% CI 0. 61 to 0. 88; 10,519 participants; data not shown). High‐mortality countries (WHO strata D and E) RV1 reduced the number of severe cases of all‐cause diarrhoea by 27% at one year follow‐up (RR 0. 73, 95% CI 0. 56 to 0. 95; 5639 participants, 3 comparisons from 2 trials; Analysis 1. 3), and by 17% at two years follow‐up (RR 0. 83, 95% CI 0. 72 to 0. 96; 2764 participants, 2 comparisons from 1 trial; Analysis 1. 4). Pooled results showed statistical heterogeneity at one‐year follow‐up (I2 statistic = 75%). 1. 1. 3. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text provides statistical evidence on the effectiveness of the RV1 vaccine in reducing severe cases of all-cause diarrhea, especially in high-mortality countries. It mentions that RV1 reduced the number of severe cases by 27%, indicating a role in preventing severe disease outcomes, which supports the claim that vaccines help in preventing the spread of infectious diseases.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Telemedicine can reduce patient wait times for certain consultations. [SEP] Text: We also have poorly integrated health information technology that creates a lot of administrative burdens and decreases the number of patients we can take on. The amount of time I spend on administrative work has increased over the years to the point that I’m now doing close to one hour [of paperwork] for every hour I spend doing direct patient care. McGee: Often there are profound failures of understanding and communication. A third of referrals may not make it to specialists. Error is rife — errors in process, in communication, and in practice. My access to care was delayed all three times I’ve been diagnosed with cancer. The third time, I found out my cancer was worsening on March 17, the very day of the COVID-19 lockdown. It took weeks of effort to communicate with my cancer doctors. There was no getting through. I waited three months for treatment of any kind, when normally chemotherapy should be initiated within weeks, and five months to even speak to a surgeon. CMAJ: Is part of the problem that Canadians accept these waits as the price of publicly funded health care? Premji: The fact that the United States, our closest neighbour, has such a problematic health care system creates a bit of complacency at every level, from the patients to the physicians to the policymakers and administrators. I also think some people don’t realize how long the queues are until they’re in one — it’s an abstract concept until you hear, like one of my patients did recently, it’s going to take two years to get cataract surgery. Simpson: Canadians have accepted that some delay is reasonable in order to have an equitable health care system, and that’s not necessarily a bad thing. But one of the things we’re doing in Kingston now is a major project to guarantee that every patient who is referred to a specialist waits no more than three months. In my view, this is what organizations need to take on — a sense that we have a responsibility to the patients we serve and if we can’t provide a three-month guarantee, then we’re not doing it right. We just haven’t put our feet to the fire on this stuff as much as we could. McGee: In the United Kingdom, [certain] urgent cancer cases must receive treatment in two weeks. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by detailing significant challenges in the healthcare system that result in long patient wait times, such as poorly integrated health information technology and increased administrative burdens. The speaker mentions waiting three months for treatment and prolonged communication efforts with cancer doctors, which contradicts the assertion that telemedicine can effectively reduce wait times.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Bioengineered yeast can produce biofuels from sugars. [SEP] Text: Samples were collected periodically to determine the cell density and concentrations of sugar, l-lactic acid, and byproducts. Analytical methods2,3-BD was analyzed using a gas chromatograph (GC; GC2014c, Shimadzu). Samples were centrifuged at 12,000×g for 10 min and were then extracted with an equal volume of ethyl acetate after the addition of benzyl alcohol as the internal standard. The GC system was equipped with capillary GC columns (AT SE-54; inside diameter, 0. 32 mm; length, 30 m; Center, of Chemical Physics, China), and nitrogen was used as the carrier gas. The injector temperature and detector temperature were both 280 °C. The column oven was maintained at 40 °C for 3 min, after which it was programmed to increase to 80 °C at a rate of 1. 5 °C/min. The temperature was then raised to 86 °C at a rate of 0. 5 °C/min and finally to 200 °C at a rate of 30 °C/min. The injection volume was 1 μL. The concentrations of glucose, xylose, and fermentation products, including lactic acid, formic acid, acetic acid, succinic acid, and ethanol, were measured in an HPLC (Agilent 1200 series, Hewlett-Packard, USA) equipped with a Bio-HPX-87H column (300 × 7. 8 mm) and a refractive index detector. Analysis was performed with a mobile phase of 5 mM H2SO4 at a flow rate of 0. 5 mL/min at 55 °C. Stereoselective assays of l-lactic acid and d-lactic acid were performed in an HPLC equipped with a chiral column (10 W, Japan) and a tunable UV detector at 254 nm. The mobile phase was 2 mM CuSO4 at a flow rate of 0. 7 mL/min and 25 °C. The optical purity of d-lactic acid was described as the enantiomeric excess (ee) value, defined as [(d-lactic acid) − (l-lactic acid)]/[(d-lactic acid) + (l-lactic acid)] × 100%. ResultsConstruction of an l-lactic acid producer from B. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not provide any information that directly supports or refutes the claim about bioengineered yeast producing biofuels from sugars. It focuses on different analytical methods used for measuring sugar concentrations and fermentation products, but does not mention bioengineered yeast or its role in biofuel production.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Vaccines help in preventing the spread of infectious diseases. [SEP] Text: 1 Serious adverse events: Kawasaki disease Three trials reported four cases of Kawasaki disease among 7701 children allocated to RV1 compared to no cases in 5416 children allocated to placebo (RV1 Phua 2005‐SGP; RV1 Phua 2009‐AS; RV1 Salinas 2005‐LA). We did not observe a statistically significant difference between the intervention and placebo groups (RR 1. 79, 95% CI 0. 30 to 10. 61; 13,117 participants, 3 trials; Analysis 1. 10). 1. 2. 2. Serious adverse events requiring hospitalization Two trials reported serious adverse events requiring hospitalization (RV1 Ruiz‐Palac 06‐LA/EU; RV1 Steele 2008‐ZAF) and found fewer events in the RV1 group than the placebo group (RR 0. 88, 95% CI 0. 81 to 0. 96; 63,675 participants, 2 trials; Analysis 1. 11). 1. 2. 3 Rotavirus diarrhoea of any severity Eighteen trials provided data for the efficacy of RV1 to prevent rotavirus diarrhoea in children; see Analysis 1. 12 for two‐months safety trial follow‐up, Analysis 1. 13 for one‐year follow‐up and Analysis 1. 14 for two‐year follow‐up. Trials were performed in low‐mortality countries (RV1 Anh 2011‐PHL; RV1 Anh 2011‐VNM; RV1 Bernstein 1999‐USA; RV1 GSK[041] 2007‐KOR; RV1 GSK[101555] 2008‐PHL; RV1 Kerdpanich 2010‐THA; RV1 Omenaca 2012‐EU; RV1 Phua 2005‐SGP; RV1 Rivera 2011‐DOM; RV1 Salinas 2005‐LA; RV1 Vesikari 2004b‐FIN; RV1 Vesikari 2007a‐EU; RV1 Vesikari 2011‐FIN), and in high‐mortality countries (RV1 Madhi 2010‐MWI; RV1 Madhi 2010‐ZAF; RV1 Narang 2009‐IND; RV1 Steele 2010a‐ZAF; RV1 Steele 2010b‐ZAF; RV1 Zaman 2009‐BGD). Data below are grouped accordingly. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text provides evidence of the efficacy of the RV1 vaccine in preventing rotavirus diarrhea, which is a significant infectious disease in children. It discusses trial results that demonstrate the vaccine's ability to reduce disease incidents compared to placebo groups. This supports the claim that vaccines help in preventing the spread of infectious diseases.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Telemedicine can reduce patient wait times for certain consultations. [SEP] Text: Original PaperZia Agha1,2, MD MS; Roter3, PhD; Schapira4,5, MD1and 2Department of Medicine, University of 3Department of and Management, School of 4Division of Pulmonary and Medicine, of 5:3350 (111N-1)San Diego, CA 92161USAPhone: +1 858 552 8585 ext 7674Fax:+1 858 642 1295Email: zia. agha@va. govAbstractBackground: The quality of physician-patient communication is a critical factor influencing treatment outcomes and patient satisfaction with care. To date, there is little research to document the effect of telemedicine (TM) on physician-patient communication. Objective: The objectives of this study are to measure and describe verbal and nonverbal communication during clinical TM consultations and to compare TM with in-person (IP) consultations in terms of the quality of physician-patient communication. Methods: Veteran patients (n = 19) requiring pulmonary medicine consultations were enrolled into the study. The study group included 11 patients from the Hospital (VAMC) remote site. Patients had individual TM consultations with a pulmonary physician at the Milwaukee VAMC hub site. A control group of 8 patients had IP consultations with a pulmonary physician at the Milwaukee VAMC. Video recordings of medical consultations were coded for patient-physician verbal and nonverbal communication patterns using the (RIAS). Results: There were no differences in the length of TM consultations (22. 2 minutes) and IP consultations (21. 9 minutes). Analysis of visit dialogue indicated that the ratio of physician to patient talk was 1. 45 for TM and 1. 13 for IP consultations, indicating physician verbal dominance. Physicians were more likely to use orientation statements during IP consultations (P =. 047). There were greater requests for repetition from patients during TM consultations (P =. 034), indicating perceptual difficulties. Conclusions: The study findings indicate differences between TM and IP consultations in terms of physician-patient communication style. Results suggest that, when comparing TM and IP consultations in terms of physician-patient communication, TM visits are more physician centered, with the physician controlling the dialogue and the patient taking a relatively passive role. Further research is needed to determine whether these differences are significant and whether they have relevance in terms of health outcomes and patient satisfaction with care. J Res 2009;11(3):e36doi:10. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing a study that found no significant differences in the length of telemedicine (TM) consultations compared to in-person (IP) consultations, indicating that TM may not reduce wait times. Specifically, it states that TM consultations averaged 22.2 minutes while IP consultations averaged 21.9 minutes, suggesting that time efficiency may not be achieved.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Bioengineered yeast can produce biofuels from sugars. [SEP] Text: licheniformis MW3 and its utilization of xylose B. licheniformis MW3 is a natural producer of 2,3-BD. To produce l-lactic acid in this strain, the genes responsible for 2,3-BD synthesis (alsS and alsD) were knocked out (Table 1, Additional file 1: Figure S1). The resulting strain, designated RH01, was used to test the biosynthesis of l-lactic acid from xylose. Fed-batch fermentation was performed in a 5-L fermenter with an initial xylose concentration of approximately 55 g/L [19]. In our previous study, d-lactic acid production by strain MW3 was distinctly affected by the pH of the incubation medium and exhibited a maximum productivity at pH 7. 0 [9]. Thus, in this study, pH 7. 0 was chosen for the engineered strain RH01. As shown in Fig. 2a, no 2,3-BD was detected in RH01, and 73. 4 g/L l-lactic acid was obtained from 113. 1 g/L xylose after 62 h. The productivity was 1. 2 g/[L h], and the yield was 64. 9% of the theoretical yield. The concentrations of acetic acid, ethanol, and succinic acid were 6. 7, 5. 5, and 0. 31 g/L, respectively. A large amount of formic acid (20. 1 g/L) was detected in the medium, suggesting that the native l-lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) might not be sufficiently robust to compete with other enzymes in consuming pyruvate. Fig. 2Time-course of fed-batch fermentation by strains RH01 and RH02 from xylose. a RH01; b RH02. The fermentations were conducted in a 5-L bioreactor with 2. 5 L of initial medium. The initial concentration of xylose was approximately 57. 0 g/L. The cultivation was performed at 50 °C with stirring at 80 rpm. The pH was maintained at 7. 0 by automatic addition of 25% (w/v) Ca(OH)2. Xylose was added to the medium when its concentration was lower than 20. 0 g/L. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim regarding bioengineered yeast producing biofuels from sugars. Instead, it discusses specific fermentation results and the production of l-lactic acid from xylose using strain RH01, without mentioning biofuels or relevant yeast strains that convert sugars into biofuels.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Vaccines help in preventing the spread of infectious diseases. [SEP] Text: Low‐mortality countries (WHO strata A and B) Safety trials (up to two months follow‐up): RV1 was not superior to placebo in the prevention of rotavirus diarrhoea in the trials assessing outcomes up to two months after vaccination (RR 1. 28, 95% CI 0. 66 to 2. 50; 3537 participants, 9 trials). These trials, although reporting cases of rotavirus diarrhoea, were not designed to measure efficacy. Efficacy trials (one to three years follow‐up): RV1 reduced rotavirus diarrhoea by 78% at up to one year (RR 0. 22, 95% CI 0. 13 to 0. 40; 9083 participants, 4 trials) and 65% at the second year of follow‐up (RR 0. 35, 95% CI 0. 25 to 0. 48; 10,441 participants, 6 trials). Pooled results, however, showed statistical heterogeneity at one year (I2 statistic = 80%, Analysis 1. 13) and two years (I2 statistic = 55%, Analysis 1. 14) of follow‐up. At the third year of follow‐up, there were very few reported cases of rotavirus diarrhoea of any severity. Based on a single trial (RV1 Vesikari 2007a‐EU, 1590 participants), there was no difference between RV1 and placebo groups (data not shown). High‐mortality countries (WHO strata D and E) Safety trials (up to two months follow‐up): Three trials found no difference in the RV1 group compared to placebo when outcomes were assessed up to two months after vaccination (RR 1. 00, 95% CI 0. 41 to 2. 41; 757 participants, 3 trials). Efficacy trials (one to two years follow‐up): RV1 reduced rotavirus diarrhoea by 51% during the first year of follow‐up (RR 0. 49, 95% CI 0. 35 to 0. 68; 6114 participants, 4 comparisons from 3 trials), and by 59% during the second year (RR 0. 41, 95% CI 0. 28 to 0. 62; 1251 participants, 1 trial). Pooled results showed statistical heterogeneity at one‐year follow‐up (I2 statistic = 76%, Analysis 1. 13). 1. 2. 4. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by providing evidence from clinical trials that vaccines, specifically RV1, significantly reduced the incidence of rotavirus diarrhoea, which is a preventable infectious disease. The efficacy results indicate that RV1 reduced rotavirus diarrhoea by 78% within the first year of follow-up, demonstrating the vaccine's role in preventing disease spread. Additionally, the overall reduction in small increments at different follow-up intervals supports the assertion that vaccines contribute to controlling infectious diseases.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Telemedicine can reduce patient wait times for certain consultations. [SEP] Text: Inter-rater reliability, calculated as percentage agreement by double coding of 20% random sample by 2 independent and blinded coders, ranged from 87% to 100%. Resultsof the Visit DialogueVisit length is associated with communication quantity (number of utterances) and was measured for each IP and TM consultation. There were no significant differences in the length of consultations (P = 0. 96), with IP visits averaging 21. 9 ± 7. 6 minutes compared to 22. 2 ± 12 minutes for TM visits. Descriptive analyses of the visit dialogue can be presented in several ways. First, an overall “profile” of the visits in terms of physicians’, nurses’, and patients’ communication is presented in terms of counts of utterances (“utterance” is defined as a statement or complete thought). The total number of utterances (ie, “all talk”) across all participants (physician, patient, nurse, and patient companion) was similar in the two consultation modes (344 ± 170 utterances during IP and 354 ± 233 during TM). During IP visits, there were an equal number of physician utterances (166 ± 80) and patient utterances (166 ± 88). However, during TM visits, physicians accounted for a higher number of utterances (178 ± 118) as compared to patients (142 ± 127). As noted previously, the nurse was present during TM visits only and, on average, contributed 21 utterances (6%) to the dialogue. The largest categories of nurse contribution included orientations (5 utterances), agreements (3 utterances), biomedical information (3 utterances), and closed medical questions (2. 5 utterances). A patient companion was equally likely to be present in both IP and TM consultations: 3 of 8 (38%) IP visits and 5 of 11 (45%) TM visits. The verbal contribution of the companion was similar in the two encounter modes, accounting for an average of 7% (31 utterances) of dialogue during IP visits and 9% (28 utterances) during TM visits (P =. 8). Most of the companion’s contribution to the dialogue was in the provision of information to the physician about the patient’s medical symptoms (12 utterances), therapeutic regimen (4. 5 utterances), lifestyle and psychosocial status (3 utterances), and agreements (3 utterances). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the comparison of consultation lengths between in-person (IP) and telemedicine (TM) visits, indicating there were no significant differences in the length of consultations (P = 0.96). Specifically, IP visits averaged 21.9 minutes, while TM visits averaged 22.2 minutes, suggesting that telemedicine does not substantially reduce wait times for consultations.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Bioengineered yeast can produce biofuels from sugars. [SEP] Text: Each fermentation condition was repeated at least twice, and typical fermentation kinetics are shown hereFull size image To verify this assumption, LDH activity in the crude extract of strain RH01 was tested. As expected, a relatively low LDH activity of 0. 31 U/mg was observed. To enhance LDH activity, the native LDH encoding gene ldh (GenBank: AAU39324) was replaced with ldh Bc (GenBank: AEH52590) from a thermophilic l-lactic acid-producer B. coagulans 2–6 [25] to construct strain RH02 (Table 1, Additional file 1: Figure S1). As shown in Fig. 2b, both the l-lactic acid titer (96. 9 g/L) and yield (85. 2%) of strain RH02 expressing ldh Bc were higher than those of RH01. Increased LDH activity (0. 94 U/mg) was also detected in this strain, which might have helped to divert the carbon flux of the major byproduct, formic acid, to the formation of l-lactic acid. In addition, the concentrations of acetic acid, ethanol, and succinic acid were significantly decreased (Table 2). Thus, the results suggested that strain RH02 could efficiently use xylose and might be a good candidate for the production of enantiopure l-lactic acid from lignocellulosic hydrolysates. Table 2 Cell growth, sugar consumption, products, and LDHs activities of different strainsFull size table Co-utilization of glucose and xylose by engineered B. licheniformis MW3Hydrolysis of lignocellulose, such as corn stover, generates a solution primarily consisting of glucose and xylose at a ratio of approximately 3:1 (w/w) [1]. Thus, we tested the capability of strain RH02 to ferment a mixture of glucose and xylose (3:1, w/w). Strain RH02 used glucose preferentially over xylose, the latter of which could hardly be consumed when glucose was present (Fig. 3a, Table 2). As a result, only 0. 72 g/L of xylose was consumed at the end of the fermentation. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not directly address the claim regarding bioengineered yeast producing biofuels from sugars. Instead, it discusses the fermentation kinetics and metabolic engineering of a specific strain for producing l-lactic acid from sugars like glucose and xylose, without mentioning biofuels or their production process.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Vaccines help in preventing the spread of infectious diseases. [SEP] Text: RV1 was more immunogenic than placebo when measured by vaccine virus shedding after the final vaccine dose (RR 10. 94, 95% CI 4. 90 to 24. 43; 2638 participants, 16 trials), although the results showed statistical heterogeneity (I2 statistic = 76%, Analysis 1. 29). RV1 was also more immunogenic when measured by seroconversion at all time points (Analysis 1. 30); although the pooled data showed statistical heterogeneity after one dose (I2 statistic = 57%), after two doses (I2 statistic = 79%), and after three doses (I2 statistic = 51%). 1. 4. Dropouts before the end of trial Twenty‐eight trials reported on the number of participants who dropped out of the trial before it ended. Overall, there was no statistically significant difference between the RV1 and placebo or no‐intervention groups (RR 0. 95, 95% CI 0. 90 to 1. 00; 93,106 participants, 28 trials; Analysis 1. 31). 1. 5. Subgroup analyses 1. 5. 1. G type Rotavirus diarrhoea: of any severity Six trials reported on rotavirus diarrhoea of any severity by different G types. There were significantly fewer episodes of rotavirus diarrhoea of any severity in the group receiving RV1 when compared to placebo, regardless of G type (G1, G2, G3, G4, or G9); however, the pooled data for G1 (I2 statistic = 81%) and G9 (I2 statistic = 63%) types showed statistical heterogeneity, see Analysis 1. 32. Rotavirus diarrhoea: severe There were significantly fewer severe episodes of rotavirus diarrhoea in the RV1 groups compared with placebo in episodes attributed to the G1, G2, G3, G9, and G12 types; see Analysis 1. 33. Results were not statistically significant for G4 and G8 types. The pooled data for G8 types showed statistical heterogeneity (I2 statistic = 63%). 1. 5. 2. Malnourished children Rotavirus diarrhoea: of any severity One trial provided data separately as the number of cases of rotavirus diarrhoea of any severity in a subgroup of malnourished children (RV1 Salinas 2005‐LA). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by providing evidence that the RV1 vaccine was found to be more immunogenic compared to a placebo, suggesting that it effectively generates an immune response. Moreover, it reports that there were significantly fewer episodes of rotavirus diarrhea, both of any severity and severe cases, in the group receiving the RV1 vaccine compared to the placebo group. This implies that the vaccine contributes to the prevention of rotavirus infection, which is an infectious disease.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Telemedicine can reduce patient wait times for certain consultations. [SEP] Text: Overall, patients made few orientation statements (eg, requests for instructions related to flow of the visit and physical exam) and there was no difference when comparing the two visit types (TM = 0. 9 vs. IP = 1. 6; t = 0. 78, P =. 46). Requests for Repetition and Unintelligible UtterancesRequests for repetition are statements (eg, “What? ” “Come again? ” “How is that? ” “Would you repeat that? ”) in response to instances in which one participant has not clearly heard or understood another’s words or statements. Such requests are indicative of perceptual difficulties. Utterances are coded as “unintelligible” when the coder is unable to understand what a participant (eg, patient or physician) has said. These two categories are not part of the subsuming Roter categories (Table 1) used in this study. However, we coded and analyzed TM vs IP data for these categories to detect any differences in clarity of physician-patient verbal communication, as the effect of TM technology on the quality of communication is an area of concern. Patients made significantly more requests for repetition during TM visits (TM = 1. 64 vs. IP =. 38; t = -2. 33, P =. 034). Physicians also made more requests for repetition during TM, although the difference was not statistically significant (TM =. 45 vs. IP =. 00; t = -2. 19, P =. 053). Unintelligible utterances in physician dialogue were more common during IP visits (TM =. 27 vs. IP = 3. 75; t = 2. 66, P =. 031). There was no significant difference in the number of unintelligible utterances by patients, when comparing the two consultation modes (TM =. 91 vs. IP = 2. 38; t = 1. 16, P =. 28). was used for global ratings of the emotional tone (nonverbal communication) of both the patient and physician. Based on vocal qualities, coders captured the global ratings (ie, a single rating for the entire visit) of emotional affect for both the patient and physician on 11 affective dimensions (anger, anxiety, sadness, distress, dominance, interest, friendliness, responsiveness, sympathy, hurried, and respectful) for each IP and TM visit. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it does not discuss patient wait times at all. Instead, it focuses on the quality of communication and the number of requests for repetition in telemedicine (TM) compared to in-person (IP) visits. While it might touch on some aspects of telemedicine, it does not support or contrast with the claim regarding wait times.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Bioengineered yeast can produce biofuels from sugars. [SEP] Text: To eliminate CCR, we constructed strain RH03 by the deletion of the ptsG gene (GenBank: AAU40497), which encodes the major glucose transporter in PTS in strain RH02 (Table 1, Additional file 1: Figure S1). As shown in Fig. 3b, although strain RH03 could use glucose and xylose simultaneously, the gene deletion has slowed the cell growth and l-lactic acid production upon glucose. After 29 h of fermentation, up to 13. 4 g/L xylose was consumed, with 26. 5 g/L glucose remaining (Table 2). Fig. 3Time course of batch fermentation by B. licheniformis strains RH02, RH03, RH04, and RH05 from a glucose and xylose mixture (3:1). a RH02; b RH03; c RH04; d RH05. The fermentations were conducted in a 5-L bioreactor with 2. 5 L of initial medium. The initial concentrations of glucose and xylose were approximately 60. 0 and 20. 0 g/L, respectively. The cultivation was performed at 50 °C with stirring at 80 rpm. The pH was maintained at 7. 0 by automatic addition of 25% (w/v) Ca(OH)2. Each fermentation condition was repeated at least twice, and typical fermentation kinetics are shown hereFull size image To recover glucose consumption, the previously reported galactose permease encoded by the galP gene (GenBank: AFM61492) [1] was integrated into the genome locus of ptsG of strain RH03 (Table 1, Additional file 1: Figure S1). The resulting strain, RH04, exhibited significantly enhanced glucose consumption and l-lactic acid production rates. As a result, 56. 4 g/L l-lactic acid was produced via the consumption of 51. 8 g/L glucose and 12. 5 g/L xylose (Fig. 3c, Table 2). It can be seen that the consumption rate of glucose was slow compared with that of strain RH02. To further resolve this point, the promoter of the glucokinase gene glck (GenBank: AAU41533) was substituted with the strong promoter Pals from the 2,3-BD gene cluster to construct strain RH05 (Table 1, Additional file 1: Figure S1). As shown in Fig. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim because it focuses on the genetic modifications of specific yeast strains and their impact on glucose and xylose consumption as well as l-lactic acid production. It does not provide any information regarding the production of biofuels from sugars, which is the core of the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Vaccines help in preventing the spread of infectious diseases. [SEP] Text: RV1 was significantly better than placebo in preventing rotavirus diarrhoea for this subgroup at one year of follow‐up (RR 0. 39, 95% CI 0. 19 to 0. 79; 287 participants, 1 trial, Analysis 1. 34). 1. 5. 3. Children infected with HIV Rotavirus diarrhoea: of any severity One safety trial included only confirmed HIV‐positive, asymptomatic or mildly symptomatic children (RV1 Steele 2010a‐ZAF). At one‐month follow‐up, no statistically significant difference between the RV1 and placebo arms for rotavirus diarrhoea was reported (RR 1. 00, 95% CI 0. 26 to 3. 78; 100 participants, 1 trial; Analysis 1. 35). One efficacy trial included children who were infected with HIV or children that had been exposed to HIV, as long as they were not clinically immunosuppressed (e. g. AIDS) at the age of vaccination (six weeks) (RV1 Madhi 2010‐AF). HIV tests were performed on approximately 46% of children from Malawi and 23% of children from South Africa. We did not conduct a specific analysis for this population, but the authors stated that demographic characteristics and the proportion of children who were infected with HIV were similar across the study groups. 1. 6 Sensitivity analysis 1. 6. 1 Primary outcomes with high heterogeneity according to allocation concealment To investigate heterogeneity for primary outcomes with pooled results where I2 statistic > 75%, we planned to pool data only from studies with low risk of bias for allocation concealment in a sensitivity analysis. We rated all trials at low risk of bias for allocation concealment for the two outcomes where heterogeneity was high (I2 statistic > 75%); see Analysis 1. 3 (I2 statistic = 75%) and Analysis 1. 4 (I2 statistic = 90%). 1. 6. 2 Cluster‐randomised trials Two outcomes (serious adverse events: intussusception, and rotavirus severe diarrhoea at two years) included one cluster‐randomised trial carried out in a high‐mortality country (RV1 Zaman 2017‐BGD). When we excluded data from this trial there was a small but non‐significant change to the effect estimate and 95% CI for Rotavirus diarrhoea: severe (up to 2 years follow‐up) (RR 0. 58, 95% CI 0. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text provides evidence supporting the claim by detailing a study where RV1, a rotavirus vaccine, was significantly better than a placebo in preventing rotavirus diarrhoea in a subgroup of children. This demonstrates the vaccine's efficacy in preventing an infectious disease, thereby corroborating the claim that vaccines help in preventing the spread of infectious diseases.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Telemedicine can reduce patient wait times for certain consultations. [SEP] Text: Clinical TM consultations fundamentally differ from IP encounters due to the physical separation of physician and patient. Direct physical examination and interview are not possible, and a virtual environment replaces the familiar physician’s office. It is possible that the physical separation and the lack of the hands-on physical examination reinforce a “physician-centered” interview style observed during TM consultations. Whether such differences in communication, particularly in the absence of the hands-on examination, have an effect on quality of care, health outcomes, and future patient utilization of TM is not known. We observed patients to be less engaged (less talkative) and more likely to take on a passive role during TM as compared to IP visits. It is possible that poor patient participation and communication during TM visits are due to the lack of familiarity with technology and the perception of physician detachment due to the inherent physical separation. Patient concerns about privacy and confidentiality during TM consultations may further inhibit patient participation, especially if the dialogue involves collecting data on sensitive or personal topics (eg, sexual history). Clinical TM consultations frequently involve a three-party communication exchange between a specialist at a tertiary site, and a patient and second provider at a remote site. In Street’s study, the presence of a referring primary care physician was linked to inhibited patient communication and lack of direct engagement with the consulting physician [6]. While it is possible that the presence of a second provider may result in poor patient participation [6], it is also possible that this presence helps promote confidence during TM, as patients feel they are getting attention from two health care professionals (two physicians or a physician and a nurse) versus only one physician during IP visits [20]. In our study, a trained clinical nurse assisted the patient during each TM consultation. On average, the nurse contributed only 6% of all utterances during the TM visit and was the least verbally active participant. It appears that the presence of a trained nurse provider instead of a referring physician may be less detrimental to communication between the patient and the TM physician. The present study results suggest that TM visits are less patient centered than IP visits. In contrast, results of studies that use patient self report to measure patient satisfaction often indicate high patient satisfaction with TM [21]. We believe that a number of patient factors may explain these differences between third-party evaluation of communication during TM, as in the present study, and patient self report of satisfaction. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing various aspects of telemedicine (TM) consultations that may hinder patient engagement and communication compared to in-person (IP) encounters. It suggests that TM visits are less patient-centered and cites potential issues such as physical separation leading to a passive patient role and inhibited communication. These implications suggest that TM may not necessarily reduce wait times if patient engagement is compromised, unlike the claim that it can.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Bioengineered yeast can produce biofuels from sugars. [SEP] Text: 3d, strain RH05 used glucose more rapidly and had a consumption rate similar to that of strain RH02. The final concentration of l-lactic acid produced by RH05 was 61. 1 g/L, which was 47. 9% higher than that of strain RH03 (Table 2). Further enhancement of xylose utilization via engineering of the xylose metabolic pathwayThe xylose assimilation pathway enables the isomerization of xylose to xylulose followed by phosphorylation to xylulose-5-phosphate, which is encoded by the xyl operon, containing xylose repressor (xylR, AAU42862), xylulose isomerase (xylA, AAU42861), and xylulose kinase (xylB, AAU42860). Although strain RH05 can use glucose and xylose simultaneously, the consumption rate of xylose was still relatively low, especially after recovering the glucose utilization compared with strain RH03 (Table 2). It has been reported that XylR could specifically repress the d-xylose pathway genes in some Gram-positive organisms [26]. To enhance xylose utilization in strain RH05, the gene xylR was deleted (Table 1, Additional file 1: Figure S1). As shown in Table 2, only a slight increase in xylose utilization was noted in the mutant strain RH06, indicating that deregulation of XylR-mediated repression could not enhance the xylose consumption rate. Considering that the transcription of the xyl operon is also catabolite-repressed by the cis-acting catabolite-responsive element (CRE) located in the xylA gene in Bacillus sp. [27], the xylA gene from strain RH06 was replaced with xylA Tc (GenBank: WP_015253490) from a thermophilic Gram-negative (GN) Thermobacillus composti. However, the utilizations of both glucose and xylose were slower in mutant strain RH07 than in strain RH06. The result suggested that optimization through substituting the GN-derived xylA Tc was not effective at lifting the catabolite repression in B. licheniformis (Table 2). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses the metabolic pathways and utilization of glucose and xylose in specific strains of bacteria (RH05, RH06, RH07) but does not mention bioengineered yeast or their ability to produce biofuels from sugars. It focuses on the performance of these strains with xylose utilization and does not provide information on biofuels or yeast.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Vaccines help in preventing the spread of infectious diseases. [SEP] Text: 42 to 0. 79, 2764 participants, 1 trial; analysis not shown), and there were no changes to effect estimates or 95% CIs for serious adverse events: intussusception. ‘Summary of findings' Summary of findings of primary outcomes according to country mortality rate (WHO strata A to E) are presented in summary of findings Table for the main comparison (RV1, low‐mortality countries), and in summary of findings Table 2 (RV1, high‐mortality countries). 2. RV5 2. 1. Primary outcomes 2. 1. 1. Rotavirus diarrhoea: severe Seven trials provided data for the efficacy of RV5 to prevent severe rotavirus diarrhoea in children; see Analysis 2. 1 for one‐year follow‐up and Analysis 2. 2 for two years follow‐up. Trials were performed in low‐mortality countries (RV5 Clark 2004‐USA; RV5 Vesikari 2006a‐FIN; RV5 Vesikari 2006b‐INT; RV5 Block 2007‐EU/USA; RV5 Iwata 2013‐JPN; RV5 Mo 2017‐CHN), one trial was split between low‐mortality Vietnam in stratum B (RV5 Zaman 2010‐VNM) and high‐mortality Bangladesh in stratum D (RV5 Zaman 2010‐BGD), and another between high‐mortality Ghana and Mali in stratum D (RV5 Armah 2010‐GHA; RV5 Armah 2010‐MLI) and high‐mortality Kenya in stratum E (RV5 Armah 2010‐KEN). Data below are grouped accordingly. Low‐mortality countries (WHO strata A and B) RV5 reduced the number of severe rotavirus diarrhoea cases by 92% at one year (RR 0. 08, 95% CI 0. 03 to 0. 22; 4132 participants, 5 trials) and 82% by two years (RR 0. 18, 95% CI 0. 08 to 0. 39; 7318 participants, 4 trials). Pooled results showed statistical heterogeneity at two‐year follow‐up (I2 statistic = 44%); see Analysis 2. 2. High‐mortality countries (WHO strata D and E) RV5 reduced the number of severe rotavirus diarrhoea cases by 57% at one year (RR 0. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by presenting data on the efficacy of the RV5 vaccine in preventing severe rotavirus diarrhoea. It states that RV5 reduced the number of severe diarrhoea cases by 92% at one year and by 82% at two years in low-mortality countries. This indicates that vaccines can effectively reduce the incidence of infectious diseases, supporting the claim that vaccines help in preventing the spread of such diseases.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Telemedicine can reduce patient wait times for certain consultations. [SEP] Text: “Anyone interested in ED operations lives and breathes wait times like door-to-doc, which is reported to the Centers for Medicare and and publicly available,” she said. “Many other organizations do this for EDs. But this model takes federal regulation to yet another level, with another bureaucracy to manage and regulators financially penalizing poor performers. There is a lot known about EDs that are nonidentical, and these authors ignore the concept of volume bands and performance. ” Research led by Dr. Welch has identified volume-based differences in ED performance, indicating that ED volume is the strongest predictor of operational performance on metrics, with higher-volume EDs having longer patient lengths of stay and a higher percentage of patients who left before treatment was complete. (. 2012;38[9]:395. ) “ED performance measures should take ED volume, acuity, and other characteristics into account,” she noted. Whether a target is top-down, like the U. K. 's four-hour window, or based on a formula like that proposed by the authors, it can still create disordered incentives. “When the U. K. adopted the four-hour window with very strong incentives, while the average person did not spend less time in the ED, what occurred was that they ended up trimming off a lot of the outlier cases,” said Jesse Pines, MD, an adjunct professor of emergency medicine and health policy and management at of Medicine and in Washington, D. C. “But these very strong incentives—where the hospital administrators were reprimanded if less than 98 percent of patients had a stay less than four hours—resulted in rushed decisions, particularly with a spike in clinical decisions in the last 20 minutes before the window closes. ” No major adverse outcomes or deaths have been publicly tied to the U. K. policy, but Dr. Pines argued that rush decisions almost certainly compromise patient care. An analysis of the policy found that time to clinician only improved minimally and overall length of stay actually increased. (Med. 201259[5]:341; “We hoped that the target would have led to improved processes, resulting in patients being treated sooner and leaving earlier across the four hours, without diminishing time for physician-patient interactions and care. We did not observe this pattern,” wrote the authors led by of the University of Sheffield in England. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the operational performance metrics of emergency departments (EDs) and suggesting that policies, such as the U.K.'s four-hour window, did not result in reduced wait times for patients. It explicitly states that 'time to clinician only improved minimally and overall length of stay actually increased,' which directly undermines the idea that telemedicine or similar interventions can effectively reduce wait times.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Bioengineered yeast can produce biofuels from sugars. [SEP] Text: As shown in Table 3, although less than 0. 1 g/L of formic acid was detected in the resultant strain RH12, the cell growth and sugar utilization of the mutant strain were both slowed. In contrast, strain RH13, with a deletion of adhB (encoding alcohol dehydrogenase; GenBank: AAU42647), produced no ethanol, and strain RH14, with a knockout of ackA (encoding acetate kinase; GenBank: AAU41949), produced only 0. 51 g/L acetic acid; meanwhile, cell growth and l-lactic acid production were negligibly affected by disruption of the ethanol and acetic acid biosynthetic pathway genes. After eliminating both adhB and ackA genes, the yield of l-lactic acid produced by the new strain RH15 increased from 88. 9 to 95. 1%, and only a small amount of formic acid was observed as the main byproduct, rendering strain RH15 a good candidate for l-lactic acid fermentation. Table 3 Effect of different genes knocked out on l-lactic acid productionFull size table Fed-batch fermentation of glucose and xyloseTo reduce the probable inhibitory effects of high substrate concentrations and to achieve a higher l-lactic acid concentration, fed-batch fermentation was conducted in a 5-L fermenter using strain RH15. The initial total sugar concentration used was approximately 80 g/L. As shown in Fig. 4a, 121. 9 g/L of l-lactic acid (purity > 99. 7%; see Additional file 1: Figure S2) was obtained from 97. 4 g/L glucose and 30. 5 g/L xylose after 40 h of fermentation, resulting in a l-lactic acid productivity of 3. 05 g/[L h] and a yield of 95. 3% of the theoretical yield. The concentration of formic acid increased to 8. 2 g/L in the first 14 h and then decreased to 4. 3 g/L at 40 h. The concentration of acetic acid was less than 0. 2 g/L, while ethanol and succinic acid were not detected at the end of the fermentation. Fig. 4Time course of fed-batch fermentation of l-lactic acid by B. licheniformis strain RH15. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses the fermentation process of l-lactic acid by a specific strain (RH15) of bacteria rather than bioengineered yeast producing biofuels from sugars. It details yeast and sugar utilization but does not provide evidence or arguments regarding biofuels.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Vaccines help in preventing the spread of infectious diseases. [SEP] Text: Rotavirus diarrhoea: of any severity Nine trials provided data for the efficacy of RV5 to prevent rotavirus diarrhoea of any severity in children; see Analysis 2. 8 for one‐year follow‐up and Analysis 2. 9 for two‐year follow‐up. Trials were performed in low‐mortality countries (RV5 Block 2007‐EU/USA; RV5 Clark 2003‐USA; RV5 Clark 2004‐USA; RV5 Iwata 2013‐JPN; RV5 Mo 2017‐CHN; RV5 Vesikari 2006a‐FIN; RV5 Vesikari 2006b‐INT), and in high‐mortality countries (RV5 Armah 2010‐GHA; RV5 Armah 2010‐KEN; RV5 Armah 2010‐MLI; RV5 Zaman 2010‐AS). Data below are grouped accordingly. Low‐mortality countries (WHO strata A and B) RV5 reduced the number of cases of rotavirus diarrhoea by 70% at one year (RR 0. 30, 95% CI 0. 25 to 0. 37; 8644 participants, 5 trials; Analysis 2. 8) and by 66% during the second year (RR 0. 34, 95% CI 0. 26 to 0. 43; 6144 participants, 3 trials; Analysis 2. 9). High‐mortality countries (WHO strata D and E) RV5 reduced the number of cases of rotavirus diarrhoea by 48% at one year (RR 0. 52, 95% CI 0. 28 to 0. 94; 4806 participants, 3 comparisons from 1 trial; Analysis 2. 8) and by 39% during the second year (RR 0. 61, 95% CI 0. 45 to 0. 83; 6744 participants, 4 comparisons from 2 trials; Analysis 2. 9). Pooled results were significantly heterogenous at one‐year (I2 statistic = 67%; see Analysis 2. 8) and at two‐year (I2 statistic = 69%; see Analysis 2. 9) follow‐up. 2. 2. 2. All‐cause diarrhoea: of any severity One trial performed in high‐mortality Kenya (RV5 Armah 2010‐KEN) provided data for the efficacy of RV5 to prevent all‐cause diarrhoea of any severity; see Analysis 2. 10 for one‐year and Analysis 2. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text provides evidence that the RV5 vaccine significantly reduces the incidence of rotavirus diarrhoea in both low-mortality and high-mortality countries, with reductions of 70% and 66% in low-mortality countries, and 48% and 39% in high-mortality countries over one and two years respectively. These findings support the claim that vaccines help in preventing the spread of infectious diseases.