Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Gene editing is completely risk-free with no side effects. [SEP] Text: 2021. Plasmodium falciparum LipB mutants display altered redox and carbon metabolism in asexual stages and cannot complete sporogony in Anopheles mosquitoes. for Parasitology 51:441-453. 2017. Functional profiling of a plasmodium genome reveals an abundance of essential genes. Cell 170:260-272. 2011. Methionine transport in the malaria parasite Plasmodium falciparum. for Parasitology 41:125-135. 1985. Nutritional requirements of Plasmodium falciparum in culture. I. Exogenously supplied dialyzable components necessary for continuous growth. of Protozoology 32:59-64 Espino-ía---. 2023. Direct tests of cytochrome c and c1 functions in the electron transport chain of malaria parasites. Proceedings of the of Sciences of the of America 120:e2301047120. 2004. Structures of the N-terminal modules imply large domain motions during catalysis by methionine synthase. Proceedings of the of Sciences of the of America 101:3729-3736 ña. 2021. Prioritization of molecular targets for antimalarial drug discovery. ACS 7:2764-2776 -Rubio J-J. 2014. Genome editing in the human malaria parasite Plasmodium falciparum using the -Cas9 system. 32:819-821 -Luís. 2023. Sexual differentiation in human malaria parasites is regulated by competition between phospholipid metabolism and histone methylation. . 2019. Plasmodium Niemann-Pick type C1-related protein is a druggable target required for parasite membrane homeostasis. ELife 8:e40529. 2017. Generating conditional gene knockouts in Plasmodium—a toolkit to produce stable recombinase-expressing parasite lines usingCas9. 7:3881. 1989. Characterization of cobalamin-dependent methionine synthase purified from the human malarial parasite, Plasmodium Falciparum. 75:512-517. 2023. OrthoDB v11: annotation of orthologs in the widest sampling of organismal diversity. Research 51:D445-D451 Mancio-. 2022. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by providing multiple references to research involving gene editing in the malaria parasite Plasmodium falciparum. The implications of gene editing, especially in sensitive biological contexts such as disease-causing organisms, inherently suggest potential risks and side effects, which directly contradicts the assertion that gene editing is completely risk-free.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Disruption of circadian rhythms can lead to health issues. [SEP] Text: After the seven-day recording session, they returned the device for data analyses. In addition to wearing the Daysimeter, participating nurses provided urine samples, obtained every four hours, for subsequent melatonin assay and filled out a chronotype questionnaire [Horne-Östberg Morningness-(MEQ)] and a lighting survey. The nurses were also asked to keep a sleep log, writing down the times they went to bed and any other information about their sleep schedules. These sleep logs were used to match the exact time nurses started wearing the device. Presented here are only the Daysimeter data. Measuring and characterizing circadian behavioral entrainment patterns in nocturnal rodents Data collection Forty albino female Sprague-Dawley rats (Rattus norvegicus) were housed in individual cages illuminated by a lighting system previously developed by Bullough et al. [24] to determine the spectral and absolute sensitivities of another nocturnal rodent (murine). Based upon the mouse phase response curve (PRC) obtained in that study, a spectral power distribution (nearly monochromatic green light; λmax = 525 nm, half-bandwidth = 35 nm) and irradiance (approximately 5 μW/cm2 on the cage floor) were selected to provide the light stimulus to the Sprague-Dawley rats. This particular light stimulus for nocturnal rodents was estimated to be above threshold and below saturation for stimulation of the rat circadian system. The light stimulus for the rats was precisely controlled using a light-emitting diode (LED) light-delivery system fabricated and installed in every cage. The light-delivery system provided better controlled and more biologically meaningful circadian light stimulation to the rats than the fluorescent ceiling lighting traditionally used to provide bright, ambient illumination throughout an animal colony [21]. As with the nurse data, the rat data were obtained from two experimental groups: 20 rats were exposed to a consistently repeating pattern of 12 hours of light (12L) followed by 12 hours of darkness (12D), and another 20 rats (the "jet-lagged" group) were exposed to a 12L:12D pattern where the phase of the light-dark cycle was reversed every 48 hours (as if this group of rats instantly travelled back and forth from Asia to the Americas every other day). Animals were housed individually and allowed to eat and drink ad libidum. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not directly address the claim regarding the health issues resulting from the disruption of circadian rhythms. Instead, it provides information about an experiment involving light stimuli on rats and the methodology for collecting data, which does not mention health outcomes or issues stemming from circadian disruptions.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: 3D printing allows for customized, on-demand manufacturing. [SEP] Text: Multi-material bio-fabrication of hydrogel cantilevers and actuators with stereolithography. 2012;12(1):88–98;CrossrefPubMed55. Fully 3D-printed soft robots with integrated fluidic circuitry. 2021;7(29):eabe5257;CrossrefPubMed56. 3D printing for soft robotics—A review. 2018;19(1):243–262;CrossrefPubMed57. . 3D printing of soft robotic systems. Mater 2018;3(6):84–100;Crossref58. . A review on stereolithography and its applications in biomedical engineering. Biomaterials 2010;31(24):6121–6130;CrossrefPubMed59. Additive manufacturing with stimuli-responsive materials. J A 2018;6(42):20621–20645;Crossref60. Continuous liquid interface production of 3D objects. Science 2015;347(6228):1349–1352;CrossrefPubMed61. Design and optimization of a light-emitting diode projection micro-stereolithography three-dimensional manufacturing system. Instrum 2012;83(12):125001. CrossrefPubMed62. Two-photon polymerization initiators for three-dimensional optical data storage and microfabrication. Nature 1999;398(6722):51–54;Crossref63. One-step volumetric additive manufacturing of complex polymer structures. 2017;3(12):eaao5496;CrossrefPubMed64. High-precision stereolithography of biomicrofluidic devices. Technol 2019;4(6):1800395;CrossrefPubMed65. Projection micro stereolithography based 3D printing and its applications. 2020;2(2):022004;Crossref66. Li ZX, Diller E. Multi-for. In: 2022 5th on Manipulation, Automation, and Robotics at Small Scales. IEEE: Toronto, ON, Canada; 2022; 6. Crossref67. , Highly stretchable hydrogels for UV curing based high-resolution multimaterial 3D printing. J B 2018;6(20):3246–3253;CrossrefPubMed68. Recent trends and innovation in additive manufacturing of soft functional materials. Materials 2021;14(16):4521;CrossrefPubMed69. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text discusses various applications and advancements in 3D printing, specifically highlighting the multi-material bio-fabrication and the creation of soft robotic systems. This suggests that 3D printing is being utilized for innovative manufacturing processes which can be tailored to specific needs, thus corroborating the claim that 3D printing allows for customized, on-demand manufacturing.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Gene editing is completely risk-free with no side effects. [SEP] Text: is Open Access? is an initiative that aims to make scientific research freely available to all. To date our community has made over 100 million downloads. It’s based on principles of collaboration, unobstructed discovery, and, most importantly, scientific progression. As PhD students, we found it difficult to access the research we needed, so we decided to create a new publisher that levels the playing field for scientists across the world. How? By making research easy to access, and puts the academic needs of the researchers before the business interests of publishers. are a community of more than 103,000 authors and editors from 3,291 institutions spanning 160 countries, including winners and some of the world’s most-cited researchers. Publishing on IntechOpen allows authors to earn 10. 5772/intechopen. 85499 this 1. Choose citation style Select style to clipboard Get citation 2. Choose citation style Select format Bibtex RIS Download citation Intech by Yuan-From the - Technologies and by Yuan-and Shiu-purchase hard copies of this book, please contact the representative in India: CBS Publishers & Distributors Pvt. Ltd. www. cbspd. com | customercare@cbspd. com 1. Choose citation style Select style to clipboard Get citation 2. Choose citation style Select format Bibtex RIS Download citation Impact of this 1. IntroductionGene editing is a type of genetic engineering in which DNA is inserted, deleted, modified, or replaced in the genome of a living organism. Unlike traditional methods that randomly insert genetic material into a host genome, current gene editing technologies target and change the specific genome locations. Zinc finger nucleases (ZFNs), transcription activator-like effectors nucleases (TALENs), and clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats ()/Cas9 nuclease system are the three common gene editing technologies. These technologies have been widely used in genome engineering to enable a broad range of mutation by inducing DNA breaks that stimulate error-prone repairs such as homologous recombination (HR) or nonhomologous end joining (NHEJ). They successfully make it possible to achieve site-specific editing, modification, and manipulation at specific genomic sites (Table 1) [1]. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing gene editing technologies and their nature of inducing mutations through error-prone repairs. It mentions that gene editing involves inserting, deleting, modifying, or replacing DNA in an organism's genome, which implies that there are inherent risks and potential side effects associated with these processes.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Disruption of circadian rhythms can lead to health issues. [SEP] Text: The activity and the transformed CS data can be considered as two time-varying signals whose time-matched values can be multiplied together and then the products at every time of data acquisition integrated into a single value. This value is proportional to the covariance of the two signals. When normalized by dividing by the number of data samples, subtracting the product of the individual signal means, and dividing by the product of the standard deviations of each signal, the result will always be limited to values between -1 and 1 (i. e. , a correlation coefficient). The multiply-and-integrate operation can be repeated following a small shift in time by one of the signals (e. g. , the activity trace, Figure 4a) with respect to the other (e. g. , the transformed CS trace, Figure 4c) and a new correlation coefficient computed. Continuously repeating this process for the entire recording period yields a new time-varying function, the circular cross-correlation, bounded by -1 and 1, that reveals the degree to which the two signals are systematically related to one another for all possible alignments of phase between the two signals. This operation is adapted from standard signal processing techniques [25], and when performed on the periodic light and activity data, yields what are termed, for the purposes of this paper, behavioral entrainment-correlation functions. Figure 6 shows two behavioral entrainment-correlation functions relating the transformed CS data to the activity data: one for the day-shift nurse (Figure 6a) and one for the rotating-shift nurse (Figure 6b) in Figure 4. As can be readily appreciated from Figure 6a, the activity of the day-shift nurse is highly entrained to her light-dark pattern throughout the seven days, as exhibited by the regularly oscillating, 24-hour period of her behavioral entrainment-correlation function. More specifically, this nurse, typical of almost all day-shift nurses, has a peak correlation near the zero-phase marker and again at every 24-hour multiple. This day-shift pattern is in marked contrast to the behavioral entrainment-correlation pattern for the rotating-shift nurse (Figure 6b). Her pattern is aperiodic, exhibiting minor correlation peaks at times other than at the 24-hour phase markers. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text discusses complex signal processing related to behavioral entrainment-correlation functions in the context of nursing shifts and light-dark patterns. While it touches upon aspects of correlation between activity and light exposure, it does not directly address the claim about health issues arising from disrupted circadian rhythms. Therefore, it is considered irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: 3D printing allows for customized, on-demand manufacturing. [SEP] Text: IntroductionConstruction 3D printing has evolved into a comprehensive research field during the last two decades and has started impacting the building industry. What began as an appropriation of rapid prototyping for disaster relief is today a thriving community of academic and commercial actors who advance the technology and materials, achieving new records of printed structures at an accelerating pace. 1,2 The primary motivation behind these efforts relies on the potential offered by construction 3D printing and robotic fabrication to help mitigate the biggest challenges in the building industry and reduce material use, embodied carbon emissions, hazardous labor, and costs. 3,4Concrete 3D printing is a disruptive technology in this context because of the high compressive strength of the resulting prints and the potential to save resources by fabricating geometrically optimized, material-efficient structures that were previously cost-prohibitive with conventional building techniques. 5 Although these are urgent and laudable developments, concrete 3D printing has still not expressed its full potential. In fact, printed structures commonly feature simple geometric shapes that are not optimized for material efficiency, print materials often have a higher carbon footprint than regular concrete, and printing equipment is not readily available or only at a high initial cost. 6In contrast to construction applications requiring pure strength, foam 3D printing (F3DP) enables the automated and moldless fabrication of lightweight and insulating building elements. 7 Using the properties of porous printing materials allows to create novel building components that require fewer materials to make, have a lower embedded carbon footprint and mass, and help to decrease the operational energy for heating and cooling. Therefore, F3DP can contribute to significantly reduce the emissions of both material and energy consumption in the building industry. State-of-the-artAutomated construction techniques involving foamed materials have been documented since the early 1960s. The porous insulating materials used in the field of F3DP can be categorized into two distinct types: organic and inorganic foams. The first is commonly recognized as plastic foams, such as polystyrene (PS) or polyurethane (PU), and the second encompasses various cementitious, clay-based, and geopolymer foams. Regarding environmental sustainability, inorganic foams are regarded as the superior choice due to their reliance on nonpetroleum-based raw materials. In addition, they conventionally do not present any toxic emissions and are inherently nonflammable. Several recent projects explored F3DP in construction with plastic foams. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing various aspects of construction 3D printing, particularly its potential for customization and efficiency in creating geometrically optimized structures. It mentions that concrete 3D printing can produce material-efficient structures that were previously cost-prohibitive with conventional methods, which aligns with the idea of customized manufacturing. Furthermore, foam 3D printing (F3DP) is highlighted for its ability to create lightweight and insulating building elements, indicating an adaptation to specific demands in construction.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Gene editing is completely risk-free with no side effects. [SEP] Text: /Cas9SourceExtensively exists in the naturePlant pathogenic bacteria XanthomonasAn adaptive immune system in bacteriaTargeting specificity determinantZinc finger protein9Restriction for a target sequenceRich in cytosineNo special restrictionPAMTarget siteTwo (left and right)Two (left and right)Only oneLength of target gene12–18 bp12–18 bp18–23 bpMode of actionTwo proteins act on two target sitesTwo proteins act on two target sitesRNA and Cas9 act on one target siteCleavage siteDSB with a sticky endDSB with a sticky endDSB with a blunt endEfficiencyMediumMediumHighEase of engineeringLowMediumHighEase of characterizationtargetYesYesYesTable 1. Comparison of different gene editing technologies. Abbreviations: clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeat; DSB, double-strand break; Fok, Flavobacterium okeanokoites; PAM, protospacer adjacent motif; TALE, transcription activator-like effector; sgRNA, single guide RNA; and ZFN, zinc finger nuclease. 1. 1 are artificial restriction enzymes generated by fusing a zinc finger-specific DNA-binding domain to a nonspecific DNA cleavage domain. The specific binding domains of individual ZFNs typically contain between three and six individual zinc finger repeats and can each recognize between 12 and 18 base pairs. If the zinc finger domains are specific for their intended target site, then even a pair of three-finger ZFNs that recognize a total of 18 base pairs can target a single locus in a mammalian genome. The nonspecific cleavage domain from the restriction endonucleaseis typically used as the cleavage domain in ZFNs. This cleavage domain must form a dimer in order to cleave DNA, and thus a pair of ZFNs are required to target nonpalindromic DNA sites [2] (Figure 1). Figure 1. ZFNs are chimeric nucleases consisting of specific DNA-binding modules linked to a nonspecific cleavage domain. Right and left ZFNs containing endonucleases link to an array of 3–6 zinc fingers that have been designed to specifically recognize target sequences (12 green and 12 purple boxes), respectively. The ZFN targets are separated by typically 5 or 6 bp. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the complexity and mechanisms of gene editing technologies such as ZFNs (zinc finger nucleases) but does not suggest they are without risk or side effects. The mention of 'nonspecific cleavage' and the requirement for pairs of ZFNs to target specific DNA sites implies potential for off-target effects and associated risks, undermining the assertion that gene editing is completely risk-free.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Disruption of circadian rhythms can lead to health issues. [SEP] Text: This shift reflects the expected difference between a diurnal and a nocturnal species; diurnal nurses are active during the day and inactive at night, whereas nocturnal rats are inactive during the light phase and active in the dark. Figure 6d shows a typical behavioral entrainment-correlation function for one rat in the "jet-lagged" group. Again, there is a marked similarity between the entrainment-correlation functions for the rotating-shift nurse in Figure 6b and for the "jet-lagged" rat in Figure 6d. Phasor representations of circadian behavioral entrainment Plots of the behavioral entrainment-correlation functions for the day-shift nurses generally exhibit smooth, oscillating curves whereas those of the rotating-shift nurses exhibit much more irregular patterns. Estimates of the relationship between activity-rest and light-dark in terms of magnitude and phase can be determined for both groups of nurses through Fourier decomposition and spectral analysis of the behavioral entrainment-correlation functions. Phasors represent the magnitude and phase relationship between the activity-rest data and the light-dark data that underlie the entrainment-correlation functions for a particular spectral component obtained from the Fourier decomposition [26]. Since the 24-hour spectral component is of special interest in studies of circadian entrainment, the activity and light data for every nurse were first parsed into seven equal 24-hour periods. The behavioral entrainment-correlation functions were then calculated for each of these seven periods after which the seven corresponding phasors representing the frequency component corresponding to a 24-hour periodicity, f(24) for every one of the 43 nurses were determined. It should be noted that a systematic investigation of periods ranging from 22 to 26 hours in 10-minute increments was conducted for the day-shift nurse data. While the range of peak phasor amplitudes occurred for periods ranging from 23. 7 to 24. 56 hours as determined from quadratic curve-fits to the phasor magnitude versus period data, the mean was 24. 035 hours, supporting the significance of the 24-hour period for this analysis. Complex arithmetic [27] was then used to determine the average (n = 7) phasor for a given nurse and these average phasors for all the nurses are plotted in Figure 7a in polar coordinates. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it primarily discusses specific data on behavioral entrainment-correlation functions in diurnal and nocturnal species, specifically in relation to nurses and rats. It does not address health issues or the consequences that may arise from disruption of circadian rhythms.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: 3D printing allows for customized, on-demand manufacturing. [SEP] Text: Researchers developed an autonomous robotic fabrication platform, including a PU spray printing system, and demonstrated the fabrication of an architectural-scale hemi-ellipsoidal dome section spanning 14. 6 m in diameter. 8 In Nantes, researchers of the BatiPrint project printed the stay-in-place molds for concrete casting of a 95 m2 building using automatic spray printing of PU foam. 9 Plastic foams are often used as filler in printed structures such as hollow walls and spatial lattices to increase the thermal resistance of the finished building component. Alternatively, bio-based, renewable alternatives are investigated in research on large-scale F3DP of composite structures and are envisioned to solve the sourcing problem of organic foams. 10Complementary to organic foams, inorganic counterparts have also found their way into large-scale F3DP research. Cement foams are the most commonly investigated material, and their formulations, properties, and applications are extensively explored. 11 Researchers used lightweight cement-based foams to fabricate wall elements with cellular cross-sections to optimize their insulation properties. 12 Functional grading with different densities of cement foams was demonstrated for robotic F3DP with the potential application for ribbed slab and cavity wall elements. 13However, the cement content significantly increases the embedded carbon footprint of these structures, and alternatives could be researched. For example, clay-based foams sintered for consolidation were used with F3DP in another study to produce hierarchical porous ceramic bricks with programmed thermal insulation and evaporative cooling effects. 14 Sintered mineral foams were utilized with F3DP to show their potential combined with concrete for facade and beam structures. 15 The energy-intensive sintering step could be omitted using set-on-demand geopolymer-hardened mineral foam to 3D print the functional stay-in-place formwork of a ribbed concrete slab prototype. 16ContributionThis 2. Consequently, the base slurry can be prepared as a big batch and used gradually for a day-long F3DP experiment. FIG. 1. (a) The effect of retarder addition measured with calorimetry. The FX_ref is the reference slurry without retarders. FX_r1 and FX_r2 mixes contain different amounts of retarder. (b) Slump tests over time of hardening slurries (Representation with lines as visual guides). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing various advancements and applications of 3D printing technologies, including the development of an autonomous robotic fabrication platform. It highlights the flexible capabilities of 3D printing, such as creating stay-in-place molds for concrete casting and producing building components with varying materials and properties, which aligns with the notion of customized, on-demand manufacturing.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Gene editing is completely risk-free with no side effects. [SEP] Text: I work as a homodimer to cleave the sense strand 1 bp and antisense strand 5 bp downstream of the binding site. 1. 2 activator-like effectors (TALEs) are proteins secreted by bacteria Xanthomonas via type III secretion system when they infect various plant species. TALEs are important virulence factors that act as transcriptional activators in the plant cell nucleus [3]. Each TALE contains a central repetitive region consisting of varying numbers of repeat units (about 17. 5 repeats) of 34 amino acids [3, 4]. The DNA-binding domain contains a highly conserved 34 amino acid sequence with the exception of the 12th and 13th amino acids [3]. Only the 12th and 13th amino acids in TALEs are changeable and variable, the other amino acids are constant and stable. These two locations—repeat variable di-residues (RVD) are highly variable and show a strong correlation with a specific nucleotide recognition by different frequency, for example, NI recognize A (55%), NG recognize T (50%), NN recognize G (7%), and HD recognize C(69%) [3]. Two amino acids have known to recognize one nucleotide after the breaking of code of DNA-binding specificity of TALEs [3, 4]. The restriction endonuclease consists of an N-terminal specific DNA-binding domain and a C-terminal nonspecific DNA cleavage domain. The nonspecific DNA cleavage domain of cleaves the double-strand DNA (DSB) at a fixed distance of 9 and 13 nucleotides downstream of the recognition site [5]. TALENs are artificial restriction enzymes generated by fusing the specific -binding domain to a nonspecific DNA cleavage domain [6, 7, 8] (Figure 2). Figure 2. The specific repeat variable Di-residues (RVDs) used to recognize each base are defined in the key (NI:A, NG:T, NN:G, and HD:C). Left and right TALEs recognize their target sequences and allow their associated endonucleases to work as a homodimer to cleave the sense strand 9 bp and antisense strand 13 bp downstream of the binding site. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by detailing the complexity and specificity of gene editing processes, particularly involving TALEs and TALENs. It explains the mechanics of how gene editing occurs, including the mention of DNA-binding domains and nonspecific cleavage. This suggests that gene editing is a sophisticated process that may entail risks and potential side effects, directly contradicting the notion that it is completely risk-free.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Disruption of circadian rhythms can lead to health issues. [SEP] Text: Phasors compared to other measures of circadian behavioral entrainment Considering only the degree of behavioral entrainment, Figure 9 shows the distribution of the f(24) phasor magnitudes for the two groups of nurses (Figure 9a) and for the two groups of rats (Figure 9b). Figure 9a shows a clear and statistically significant difference between the day-shift and rotating-shift nurse groups with widely separated group means and medians. Nevertheless, there is some overlap of the distributions, perhaps reflecting a true continuum of the degree of circadian behavioral-entrainment among individuals. The data from the rats in Figure 9b also show a clear and statistically significant separation, but undoubtedly because of the two radically different light-dark patterns, there is no overlap in the phasor amplitudes for these two groups of rats. Figure 9 Phasor magnitudes for the day-shift, and rotating-shift nurses (a) and for the two groups of rats (b). The interdaily stability (IS) and the intradaily variability (IV) statistics [29] have been used in numerous studies as measures of behavioral entrainment, or more precisely the coupling between rest-activity rhythms and assumed exogenous zeitgebers, or time givers [30 - 32]. Unlike the phasor analysis, these two statistics are computed based solely on activity and cannot be used to assess the phase relationship between measured activity and the actual light zeitgeber. It is possible, however, to compare phasor magnitudes (Figure 9) and IS values by using the same sets of activity data as estimates of circadian entrainment. The distribution of the IS statistic was calculated from the activity data from nurses (Figure 10a) and from rats (Figure 10b). The two groups of nurses and the two groups of rats were significantly different in terms of their IS values. The ratio of the mean IS values for the two groups of nurses (2. 6) and the ratio of the mean IS values for the two groups of rats (2. 0) are similar to, but smaller than the ratios of the mean phasor magnitudes for the comparable groups shown in Figure 9 (3. 2 for nurses and 4. 9 for rats). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text discusses various measures of circadian behavioral entrainment and the statistical significance of phasor magnitudes between different groups of nurses and rats. However, it does not provide any information regarding the health issues associated with the disruption of circadian rhythms, thus making it irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: 3D printing allows for customized, on-demand manufacturing. [SEP] Text: com/25255-3d-printing-made-usa. html (last accessed 10/30/2013). 22. Davidson P. 3D printing could remake U. S. manufacturing. USA Today; July 10, 2012; (last accessed 10/30/2013). 23. “3D Printing and the Future of Manufacturing. ” Forum; Fall 2012; at 10. (last accessed 10/30/2013). 24. Freedman DH. Layer by layer: with 3-D printing, manufacturers can make existing products more efficiently—and create ones that weren't possible before. MIT Technology Review; January/February 2012; (last accessed 10/30/2013). 25. Park R. Going large on 3D printed aerospace parts. 3D Printing Industry; January 24, 2013; (last accessed 10/30/2013). 26. GE Aviation acquires Manufacturing. November 20, 2012; www. geaviation. com/press/other/other_20121120. html (last accessed 10/30/2013). 27. Zelinski P. The future of manufacturing. Shop; July 3, 2012; www. mmsonline. com/28. ; “? ”; Shop; January 2, 2013; www. mmsonline. com/columns/why-did-ge-aviation-acquire-morris-technologies (last accessed 10/30/2013). 29. Peels J. is going to 3D print aircraft engines. i. Materialise; December 24, 2010; (last accessed 10/30/2013). 30. “3D Printing and the Future of Manufacturing. ” Forum; Fall 2012; at 12. (last accessed 10/30/2013). 31. Staff writer. World's first 3D printed Formula race car tested in Hockenheim. 3D Printing Industry; August 31, 2012; (last accessed 10/30/2013). 32. Vesanto J. 3D printed DB5 replicas. 3D Printing Industry; November 16, 2012; (last accessed 10/30/2013). 33. “3D Printing and the Future of Manufacturing. ” Forum; Fall 2012; at 12–13. (last accessed 10/30/2013). 34. Maxie K. Chinese Dr. creates 3D printed skull implant. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing various applications and advancements in 3D printing technology, particularly in manufacturing. It mentions that 3D printing can make existing products more efficiently and can create previously impossible products, indicating a level of customization and on-demand capabilities intrinsic to 3D printing.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Gene editing is completely risk-free with no side effects. [SEP] Text: Binding of TALEs to the target sites allows to dimerize and create a double-strand break (DSB) with sticky ends within the spacer. 1. 3Cas9/Cas9 system, originally found in the bacteria, functions as an adaptive immune system against foreign virus or plasmid DNA. are DNA loci containing short repetitions of base sequences. Each repetition is followed by short segments of spacer DNA from previous exposures to the foreign DNA. -associated protein (Cas9) is a DNA endonuclease whose structure is bilobed, composed of target recognition domain and nuclease lobes. The nuclease lobe contains nucleases RuvC, HNH, and a carboxyl-terminal domain for the protospacer adjacent motif (PAM) recognition [9]. system is currently limited to target sequences that are N12-20NGG, where NGG represents the PAM sequence [10]. Any potential target sequence must have a specific PAM sequence on its 3′ end. locus consists of Cas9 endonucleases, (crRNAs), trans-activating crRNAs (tracrRNAs), and precursor crRNAs (pre-crRNAs). tracrRNA is partially complementary to and pairs with a pre-crRNA to form an RNA duplex cleaved by RNase III. The crRNA/tracrRNA hybrid acts as a single guide RNA (sgRNA) for the Cas9, which cleaves the invading DNA. The DNA target sites can appear in multiple locations, all of which will be targeted by the Cas9 for cleavage. By delivering the Cas9 protein and appropriate sgRNAs into a cell, the organism’s genome can be cut at most locations with the only limitation of PAM availability (Figure 3). Figure 3. A crRNA/tracrRNA hybrid acts as a single guide RNA (sgRNA) to recognize their target sequences and allow Cas9 endonucleases to cleave the sense strand 3 bp and antisense strand 3 bp upstream of the protospacer adjacent motif (PAM) sequence. Binding of sgRNAs to the target sites makes Cas9 create a double-strand break (DSB) with blunt ends on target sequences. Advertisement 2. Application2. 1 Tools for basic research2. 1. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by describing the complexities and mechanisms involved in gene editing, specifically mentioning how the Cas9 system creates double-strand breaks (DSB) in DNA. This indicates that gene editing involves intricate biological processes that are not without risk, as the mention of cutting the DNA suggests potential unintended effects or errors could occur, thereby refuting the notion that gene editing is completely risk-free.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: The suprachiasmatic nucleus is the master regulator of circadian rhythms. [SEP] Text: Activity patterns of grass rats were monitored in 12:12 light-dark (LD) conditions (300 lux of white light during the light phase) for at least 10 days prior to surgery. Animals were randomly assigned to either a vSPVZ-lesioned group or a sham control group and allowed to recover from surgery for at least 2 weeks under a 12:12 LD cycle. Animals were then tested for their masking response to light using a previously described procedure (Shuboni et al. , 2012). Briefly, animals were placed in constant darkness (DD) for 2 days and received a 1-h light pulse (LP) on the second day in DD. They were returned to a 12:12 LD cycle for 2 days, and the procedure was repeated for the other 3 LPs. Each animal received a total of 4 LPs at circadian times (CTs, CT0 = activity onset) 6, 14, 18, and 22. The order of LPs was randomized. Next, animals were exposed to an ultradian light-dark cycle, in which they received 3. 5 h of light followed by 3. 5 h of darkness repeatedly for 9 days. Finally, animals were placed back in a 12:12 LD cycle until all animals reentrained. Then, circadian rhythms were examined by placing animals in DD for at least 2 weeks, followed by constant light (LL) for at least 2 weeks. Animals were then sacrificed and brains were collected for histological assessment of the lesions. Surgical ProceduresGrass rats were anesthetized with isoflurane (2. 5%-5%; ) and secured in a stereotaxic apparatus (Stoelting Co. , ) with the tooth bar set to −4. 5 mm. Animals were injected subcutaneously with ketoprofen (5 mg/kg body weight). The top of the head was shaved, disinfected with betadine, and injected subcutaneously with lidocaine (0. 03 mL). An incision was made in the scalp to expose the surface of the skull. Using a surgical drill, 2 small holes were made at the following coordinates: anterior-posterior (AP): +0. 16 mm from bregma; medial-lateral (ML): ±0. 05 mm from the midline; dorsal-ventral (DV): –6. 0 to −6. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it details a study on grass rats' activity patterns and surgical procedures without mentioning the suprachiasmatic nucleus or its role in circadian rhythms. There are no references to the regulatory functions of neural structures related to circadian rhythms.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: 3D printing allows for customized, on-demand manufacturing. [SEP] Text: Engineering. com 3D Printing; September 9, 2013; www. engineering. com/3DPrinting/3DPrinting35. Staff writer. A custom artificial heart. Maker Faire; 2013; (last accessed 10/30/2013). 36. Heater B. Cornell scientists 3D print ears with help from rat tails and cow ears. Engadget; February 22, 2013; www. engadget. com/2013/02/22/3d-printed-ear/ (last accessed 10/30/2013). 37. Maxie K. Artificial human ear printed from sheep cells. Engineering. com 3D Printing; August 5, 2013; www. engineering. com/3DPrinting/3DPrinting38. Molitch-Hou M. The “six million dollar” ear. 3D Printing Industry; May 6, 2013; (last accessed 10/30/2013). 39. Kuneinen E. Medical application: 3D printing a new nose. 3D Printing Industry; November 12, 2012; (last accessed 10/30/2013). 40. “3D Printing and the Future of Manufacturing. ” Forum; Fall 2012; at 13. (last accessed 10/30/2013). 41. Park R. New micro DSP 3D printing solution for the hearing aid market. 3D Printing Industry; October 27, 2012; (last accessed 10/30/2013). 42. Pirroni R. Clear3D printed digital orthodontics capacity by 30%. 3D Printing Industry; May 10, 2013; (last accessed 10/30/2013). 43. Staff writer. Medical success with 3D printing. 3D Printing Insider; (last accessed 10/30/2013). 44. Clark L. Bioengineers 3D print tiny functioning human liver. Wired. co. uk; April 13, 2013; www. wired. co. uk/news/archive/2013-04/24/3d-printed-liver; www. organovo. com (last accessed 10/30/2013). 45. Molitch-Hou M. 3D bioprinting: now with human embryonic stem cells. 3D Printing Industry; February 6, 2013; (last accessed 10/30/2013). 46. Kuneinen E. 3D printing a vaccine? [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text provides numerous instances of 3D printing technology being applied to create custom medical devices and biological structures, such as 'a custom artificial heart' and '3D print ears.' This supports the claim that 3D printing enables customized, on-demand manufacturing, as these examples illustrate the capacity for tailoring production to specific requirements in the medical field.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Gene editing is completely risk-free with no side effects. [SEP] Text: 1 Genetic cloning of living organismsFor conventional genetic cloning of animals, plants, and microbes, the target genes in the specific genome are cut using restriction enzymes. It usually takes lots of work and long time to clone and screen for the desired ones. Current gene editing technologies can be used to achieve the desired clones both quickly and accurately, without the limitation of restriction site availability [11]. 2. 1. 2 Establishment of animal modelsGenetic cloning, gene knock-in, and gene knockout are the most common methods to make induced or experimental animal models. The efficient approaches include andCas9. By these new gene editing technologies, specific animal models of many diseases for which there are no animal models available previously have been established with unprecedented efficiency and precision [12, 13, 14]. 2. 1. 3 Development of testing tools and reagents/Cas9 can be optimized by bacterial genotypes to be more adaptive to the variation of food pathogens, compared with traditional methods. locus of different bacterial species show high variance to be an ideal basis for genotyping [15]. /Cas12a(Cpf1) (DNA endonuclease targeted trans reporter) system can be used to diagnose gene mutations, cancers, and microbial infections and test microbial antibiotic resistance by analyzing specimens [16]. 2. 1. 4 Discovery of drugsThe screening and identification of target sites are critical to drug discovery; thus, excellent and suitable platforms are needed. Gene editing technologies can work for the editing of functional genes and the screening of target sites. For example,Cas9 was used to target the exons encoding functional protein domains. A screen of 192 chromatin regulatory domains in murine acute myeloid leukemia (AML) cells identified 6 known drug targets and 19 additional dependencies [17]. 2. 2 Nonhuman therapeutics2. 2. 1 Agricultural productsThe gene editing technology can be used to produce agricultural products in accordance with the need of humans. For example, crops were produced with high yield and resistant to diseases, insects, herbicides, and harsh environment [18, 19]; domesticated animals (pig, buffalo) were produced with double muscle phenotype [20]; and aquatic products (catfish) were produced with high level myostatin (MSTN) gene expression [21]. 2. 2. 2 FoodWe can make food more productive or have longer shelf-life by gene editing technologies. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by outlining the complexities and work involved in gene editing and genetic cloning. It highlights multiple steps and challenges in the gene editing process, implying that it is not a straightforward or risk-free endeavor. There is no assertion within the text that suggests gene editing is free from risks or side effects, rather it implies a systematic approach with substantial effort and highlights various applications that may contain inherent uncertainties.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: The suprachiasmatic nucleus is the master regulator of circadian rhythms. [SEP] Text: 2 mm ventral to the dura. Injections were made using a 0. 5-µL Hamilton syringe () filled with either 0. 3 M NMA (Sigma, St. ) dissolved in 0. 2 M saline or a vehicle control, which consisted of 0. 2 M saline alone. The needle was lowered into the brain slowly until it reached the target coordinates and allowed to rest for 1 min before and after injection. Then, 180 nL of either NMA or saline was injected bilaterally using a manual stereotaxic microinjector (Stoelting Co. ) given over a 5-min period. The incision was closed using autoclips and the animals were injected subcutaneously with 2. 0 mL of 0. 9% sterile saline. At 24 and 48 h following surgery, all animals received Meloxicam (0. 1 mg/kg body weight) orally via a piece of apple. HistologyAt the end of the experiment, animals were euthanized at ZT2 with intraperitoneal injections of sodium pentobarbital () and perfused transcardially with 0. 01 M phosphate-buffered saline (PH), pH 7. 2, followed by 4% paraformaldehyde (PFA; Sigma-Aldrich) with 75 mM lysine (Sigma-Aldrich) and 10 mM sodium periodate (Sigma-Aldrich) in 0. 1 M phosphate buffer to make a periodate-lysine-paraformaldehyde solution (PLP). The brains were postfixed for 4 h in PLP, then transferred to a 20% sucrose solution (J. T. ) and stored at 4 °C for at least 24 h. Brains were sectioned in 30-µm coronal sections using a sliding microtome, separated into 3 series, and stored in cryoprotectant at −20 °C. One series was mounted onto gelatin-coated slides, stained for Nissl using a thionin protocol, and coverslipped with Permount (). The extent of the lesions was determined by 2 experimenters, who independently analyzed the tissue; brain sections were analyzed using a light microscope (Leitz, Wetzlar, Germany) equipped with a drawing tube at 5× magnification. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it provides a detailed description of a surgical procedure involving the injection of substances into the brain, along with subsequent histological analysis, but it does not mention the suprachiasmatic nucleus or its role in regulating circadian rhythms.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: 3D printing allows for customized, on-demand manufacturing. [SEP] Text: utm_source=iContact&utm_medium=email&utm_campaign=Hub%20Health&utm_content (last accessed 10/30/2013). 60. Staff writer. 3D printers could create customised drugs on demand. BBC New Technology; April 18, 2012; www. bbc. co. uk/news/technology-17760085 (last accessed 10/30/2013). 61. PARC. Printable and flexible electronics. www. parc. com/services/focus-area/flexible-and-LAE/ (last accessed 10/30/2013). 62. Wilson S. Printing of high quality transistors gets closer thanks to the University of Cambridge. Blorge; November 25, 2011; (last accessed 10/30/2013). 63. Kuneinen E. 3D printing personal electronics in the future with “Carbomorph”? 3D Printing Industry; December 20, 2012; (last accessed 10/30/2013). 64. Park R. The guys behind RepRap—always thinking ahead and now it's graphene. 3D Printing Industry; March 21, 2013; accessed 10/30/2013). 65. Staff writer. First demonstration of inkjet-printed graphene electronics. MIT Technology Review; November 24, 2011; (last accessed 10/30/2013). 66. Park R. Chiplets—3D printed electronic micro materials. 3D Printing Industry; April 10, 2013; accessed 10/30/2013). 67. Somasekharappa M. Additive manufacturing—the voxel method. 3D Printing Industry; April 30, 2013; (last accessed 10/30/2013). 68. Staff writer. Inside 3D brings reality to the hype. 3D Printing Insider; (last accessed 10/30/2013). 69. Anderson G. The future of 3D printing with Terry Wohlers. Engineering. com 3D Printing; September 9, 2013; www. engineering. com/3DPrinting/3DPrinting70. Kirsner S. A 3D printer in every home? BostonGlobe. com; October 20, 2013; www. bostonglobe. com/business/2013/10/19/printer-every-home/ttvYYbjw6zHxb0YrScn6mJ/story. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text supports the claim by mentioning that '3D printers could create customised drugs on demand.' This illustrates the potential of 3D printing technology to facilitate customized, on-demand manufacturing, as mentioned in the claim.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Gene editing is completely risk-free with no side effects. [SEP] Text: For example,Cas9 was used to edit thermophilic bacteria Streptococcus thermophilus as a bacteriophage-insensitive mutant to improve the product (e. g. , yogurt, cheese) yield by refraining from the infection of phages [22]. The white button mushroom Agaricus bisporus was engineered to resist browning usingCas9. The effect was achieved by targeting to knock out the genes that encodes polyphenol oxidase—an enzyme that causes browning [23]. 2. 2. 3 Industrial products/Cas9 has been used to establish marine algae (e. g. , diatoms) as useful in industrial applications as the carbon neutral synthesis of fuels, pharmaceuticals, health foods, biomolecules, materials related to nanotechnology, and bioremediations of contaminated water [24, 25]. /Cas9 was used to encode the pixel values of black and white images and a short movie into the living bacterial genomes. /Cas9, the technical limits of this information storage system can be optimized to be minimal. /Cas9 can capture and stably store many real data within the genomes of living cells [26]. 2. 2. 4 Environmental protectionMarine microalgae are in charge of about 40% of primary production on earth and capture more CO2 than rain forests. Diatoms are the most important unicellular eukaryotic microalgae and have dominant ecological significance. /Cas9 can be used to modify the diatom genome to achieve more effects in reducing the global warming [25]. 2. 2. 5 Restoration of extinct animalsWoolly mammoths are different from current living elephants by adapting to the extreme cold environment. The mammoth TRPV3 gene, which encodes a temperature-sensitive transient receptor potential (thermoTRP) channel involved in thermal sensation and hair growth, could be achieved by modifying genes of Asian elephants [27]. The mammoth may be restored usingCas9, if the modified embryo can be successfully transferred into the uterus of living elephants. 2. 3 Human therapeutics2. 3. 1 Medicine screeningThe therapeutic strategies of Parkinson’s disease (PD) are quite variable including drug and nondrug treatment. Therefore, it is necessary to find a suitable strategy to treat PD safely, efficiently, and quickly. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by detailing the process and applications of gene editing using Cas9 in various organisms, but it does not provide evidence to support that it is completely risk-free or without side effects. The mention of gene edits for improving yields in bacteria and mushrooms, restoring extinct animals, and screening for treatments reflects high potential benefits but does not address the inherent risks or possible side effects associated with gene editing, thus countering the notion that it is risk-free.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: The suprachiasmatic nucleus is the master regulator of circadian rhythms. [SEP] Text: The lesioned area was drawn by both experimenters in one brain section that was rostral to the SCN; 3 sections that included the rostral, middle, and caudal SCN; and a fifth section caudal to the SCN. These drawings were compared between the 2 independent experimenters, and animals were classified as bilateral lesion, unilateral lesion, or miss. The experimenters were in 100% agreement in the classification of groups. To quantify the extent of the SCN and vSPVZ lesions, the number of Nissl-stained cells was counted bilaterally in the same 3 sections by an experimenter blind to condition using the Plugin in ImageJ software (version 1. 49; of ). The counting box for the vSPVZ (215-µm × 160-µm rectangle) was placed dorsal to the SCN (Shuboni et al. , 2015). The SCN of sham animals was traced and the average size for rostral, middle, and caudal sections was used to delineate the SCN in lesioned animals. We compared the total number of cells that remained in lesioned animals in the vSPVZ and SCN to the average number of cells counted in sham animals in these areas. In addition to the total number of cells, cell size was quantified by randomly selecting 50 cells and measuring the cell size using ImageJ’s Analyze P1. Histology from representative animals with bilateral vSPVZ damage (A), bilateral SCN + vSPVZ damage (B), and sham-operated grass rats (C). Thionin stained coronal sections through the extent of the SCN from rostral (left) to caudal (right). Outlined regions in black indicate the lesioned area. Scale bar represents 1 mm. Abbreviations: ocx = optic chiasm; SCN = suprachiasmatic nucleus; vSPVZ = ventral subparaventricular zone; 3V = third ventricle. Figure 2. Smallest and largest chemical lesions that destroyed the ventral subparaventricular zone bilaterally (A) and misses that left this area intact (B), seen in 4 coronal sections. Gray shaded areas indicate the largest sized lesion in each group; black shaded areas indicate the smallest sized lesion in each group. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim directly. It describes a study involving the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) and details methods for analyzing lesions in the SCN and surrounding areas, but it does not provide any information about the role of the SCN in regulating circadian rhythms.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: 3D printing allows for customized, on-demand manufacturing. [SEP] Text: (c) Final prototype. ResultsUsing the techniques described above, we successfully fabricated the following prototypes that showcase the type of geometries and print path geometries that can be achieved. The implementation of our work is available in the open-source python package compas_slicer,45 based on the libraries compas46 and libigl. 47 The geometries of the shapes were generated using the Grasshopper48 library Axolotl. 49The single-shell print method with continuous paths that we are using makes sense for printing at a larger scale of furniture or architectural components. The prototypes that we present in this section are scaled studies that address only the geometric aspects of the design of paths. The scale of the prototypes ranges from a height of 10 to 40 cm. The scale indication in the photos of prototypes represents centimeters. The models were sliced with an average layer height of ∼1. 4 mm, considering a constant layer width of 2. 5 mm. The different combination operations were tested on a simple bifurcating shape (Fig. 9). The paths generated using the standard union (Fig. 9a) have an abrupt change in orientation and layer height around the saddle point, which can be realized with significantly slower print speed around that area. The paths generated using the smooth union (Fig. 9b) are a lot easier to fabricate as their orientation and layer height vary smoothly; therefore, constant speed can be kept in the print process. The chamfer union (Fig. 9c) poses challenges due to the risk for collisions, as the almost-straight paths created from the chamfering meet in an extended area around the saddle point, where the tool can collide with paths from the other side. To avoid these collisions, the area around the saddle point was printed with an almost vertical tool orientation. Finally, the stairs' union (Fig. 9d) also poses fabrication challenges due to the nonsmooth changes in orientation and layer height around the peaks of the stair pattern. Another challenge in this union comes from the two additional maxima that appear, which create disconnected islands that need to be printed separately with lower print speed. However, with the correct tuning of print speed and print orientation, all combination operations are feasible, creating an aesthetic result that would not be possible with traditional slicing methods. FIG. 9. Fabrication of paths generated with different union operations. (a) Standard union. (b) Smooth union. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by describing how various prototype geometries were successfully fabricated using 3D printing techniques, emphasizing customization in the design and the ability to create complex shapes that traditional methods could not achieve. It discusses the use of advanced slicing methods and the challenges that these new approaches address, indicating a flexibility that aligns with the concept of on-demand manufacturing.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Gene editing is completely risk-free with no side effects. [SEP] Text: A novel tool was established for monitoring endogenous alpha-synuclein (α-SYN) transcription by NanoLuc luciferase tag insertion at the 3′ end usingCas9, and thus making it possible to screen for strategies rapidly that can be used for PD therapy efficiently [28]. 2. 3. 2 Preparation for cell therapy or immunotherapyThe gene-editing technology can be applied to engineer induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells and chimeric antigen receptor T (CART) cells. /Cas9 has been used to engineer iPS cells to evade immune rejection in full immunocompetent allogeneic recipients [29]. Because the CD19 CAR was successfully used in treatment,Cas9 may further enhance the efficacy and safety of CART cells by engineering therapeutic T cells [30]. 2. 3. 3 Potential application for disease treatment2. 3. 3. 1 Virus latent infectionDiseases caused by viruses are difficult to treat due to their high mutation rates and latent infections. It is almost impossible to eradicate latent viruses in the human host. andCas9 have been found to provide good strategies in targeting viruses and limiting their productive and latent infections ex vivo and/or in vivo, such as herpes simplex virus 1 (HSV-1), Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), human cytomegalovirus (HCMV), human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), and hepatitis B virus (HBV) [31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36]. 2. 3. 3. 2 Genetic diseaseGenetic diseases can be cured by gene therapies such as sickle cell anemia, β-thalassemia, muscular dystrophy, α1-antitrypsin deficiency, Leber congenital amaurosis, and cystic fibrosis [37]. The gene editing technologies (e. g. ,Cas9) potentially facilitate the progress of gene therapy, because many experiments have been successful ex vivo and in vivo, and some of them are being under clinical trials. 2. 3. 3. 3 Neurodegenerative diseaseBy applying the Interactions by (PRISM) to a yeast model of PD, sgRNAs were identified to modulate transcriptional networks and protect cells from α-Syn toxicity [38]. The APPswe (Swedish) mutation in the amyloid precursor protein (APP) gene causes Alzheimer’s disease (AD). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by highlighting the complexities and challenges associated with gene editing. It discusses the various applications and potential benefits of gene editing technologies, such as Cas9, for treating genetic and viral diseases, but it does not assert that these methods are entirely risk-free or without side effects. Furthermore, it implies that gene therapies involve risks, particularly with diseases that are difficult to treat due to mutation rates and latent infections, indicating that gene editing is not without challenges.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: The suprachiasmatic nucleus is the master regulator of circadian rhythms. [SEP] Text: Abbreviations: f = fornix; ocx = optic chiasm; ot = optic tract; PVN = paraventricular nucleus; SCN = suprachiasmatic nucleus. Statistical AnalysisActivity data from VitalView software (Mini-Mitter) were viewed in (Microsoft Corp. , ) and analyzed statistically with SPSS (version 21; SPSS, Inc. , an ). To evaluate the effects of light pulses, activity counts from the same 1-h interval from the pulse day and preceding baseline day in DD were compared. A 3-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) was used to analyze the data with a 2 × 2 × 4 factorial design (surgical condition [sham vs. bilateral lesion] × lighting condition [baseline vs. 1-h pulse] × time of day [CT6, 14, 18, and 22]; surgical condition as the between-group factor and both lighting condition and time of day the within-group factors). This was followed up by analyzing each surgical group separately using 2-way repeated-measures ANOVAs to assess within-subject effects of lighting condition (darkness vs. light pulse) and time-of-day (CT6, 14, 18, and 22). Significant interactions were followed by evaluation of simple main effects of lighting condition using paired-samples t tests; simple main effects of time of day were evaluated using Tukey’s honestly significant difference test. Masking behavior during the ultradian LD cycle (3. 5 h light/3. 5 h dark) was assessed by comparing the total amount of activity that occurred during the light period with the total activity that occurred during the dark period. For the ultradian LD cycle, a 2-way mixed ANOVA was used to assess within-subjects effects of lighting condition (light vs. dark) and the between-subjects effects of surgical condition (sham vs. bilateral lesion). Significant interactions were followed by the evaluation of simple main effects of lighting condition and surgical condition using paired-samples t tests and independent-samples t tests, respectively. Masking behavior during DD and LL was assessed by comparing the total amount of activity that occurred in DD with the total activity that occurred in LL and dividing by the total amount of days in each condition. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not provide any direct information about the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) serving as a master regulator of circadian rhythms. Instead, it focuses on statistical analysis methods for evaluating activity data and effects of lighting conditions. The mention of SCN is only as an abbreviation within a longer research context and does not address the claim directly.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Quantum computing could revolutionize data encryption and processing. [SEP] Text: AbstractWe propose a homomorphic search protocol based on quantum homomorphic encryption, in which a client Alice with limited quantum ability can give her encrypted data to a powerful but untrusted quantum server and let the server search for her without decryption. By outsourcing the interactive key-update process to a trusted key center, Alice only needs to prepare and encrypt her original data and to decrypt the ciphered search result in linear time. Besides, we also present a compact and perfectly secure quantum homomorphic evaluation protocol for Clifford circuits, where the decryption key can be calculated by Alice with polynomial overhead with respect to the key length. Similar content being viewed by others Experimental quantum homomorphic encryption 1. In the quantum context, Sun proposed a quantum symmetric searchable encryption scheme for classical inputs2, in which encryption and decryption are rotations along a coordinate axis, and the secret key composes of random rotation angles. The search procedure of this scheme is to linearly check and compare the encrypted items, which is inefficient for a large search space. Intuitively, linear search on encrypted data could be accelerated by Grover’s algorithm3, provided that there exists an encryption method allowing quantum operations without the encryption key. Fortunately, quantum homomorphic encryption (QHE) satisfies this requirement, which intrigued us to take advantage of its merits and to construct a quantum homomorphic search protocol. The notion of QHE was first introduced by Liang4 in 2013, who observed the commutation rules between the encryption operators of quantum one-time pad (QOTP)5 and a universal set of quantum gates (containing rotation operators and CNOT gate) and demonstrated a symmetric one-party QHE scheme where homomorphic evaluations require the secret key. Later, he presented an interactive two-party scheme6 based on commutation rules for another universal gate set (consisting of and T gates). Aside from QHE, there are many other closely related constructions based on the combination of QOTP and commutation rules, such as secure assisted quantum computation7, quantum computing on encrypted data8, and delegating private quantum computations9, which could be considered as early forms of QHE. In 2014, Yu et al. 10 came up with a no-go result on QHE, which concludes that “quantum mechanics does not allow for efficient information-theoretically-secure fully homomorphic encryption scheme”. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing quantum homomorphic encryption (QHE), which allows encrypted data to be processed without decryption. This capability enables secure data processing and supports the notion that quantum computing can significantly enhance data encryption methods, as suggested by phrases like 'the client Alice with limited quantum ability can give her encrypted data to a powerful but untrusted quantum server.' The text also mentions how quantum operations can occur without the encryption key, indicating a revolutionary advancement in data processing and encryption.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Gene editing is completely risk-free with no side effects. [SEP] Text: The mutant APPSW allele can be selectively disrupted usingCas9 both ex vivo and in vivo and thereby decrease pathogenic amyloid-β (Aβ) [39]. 2. 3. 3. 4Cas9 were tried to inhibit hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). miR-125b can suppress the expression of SIRT6 by directly targeting the seed-matching region of its 3′UTR. After the expression of SIRT6 knocked out throughCas9, HCC cells showed the decreased viability and invasiveness, which had the similar function upon the overexpression of the miR-125b [40]. /Cas9 was also tried to inhibit breast cancer. Cyclin-dependent kinases (CDKs) are established anti-cancer drug targets, and a new generation of CDK inhibitors provides clinical benefits to the patients. Breast cancer cells were genetically manipulated using a deactivatedCas9 (d) approach to strengthen the endogenous CDK18 promoter to express highly to exhibit an increased sensitivity [41]. Advertisement 3. ConclusionThe gene editing technologies, especiallyCas9, have been extensively used as tools in basic research for genome encoding, silencing, enhancing, and modification. Currently, they are further applied in manufacturing nonhuman therapeutic products and medicinal products. Particularly, the discovery of medicinal products using gene editing technologies will open a new era for human therapeutics and expect to bring a hope for patient recovery from being seriously sick. Many biotechnology companies and pharmaceutical plants have successfully produced products using gene editing technologies. For example, has become an industry which is prosperously developing recently. Nonhuman therapeutic products are usually manufactured nonexclusively, while human therapeutic products are manufactured exclusively because they are highly technical, ethically concerned, and more profitable. Gene editing technologies are very promising in applications, though there are still many technical (e. g. , off target effects, option of delivery tools, localization of function) and ethical challenges (e. g. , evaluation of benefits and risks, compatibility of private interests and the public good, random manipulation of genes, commercialization of human therapy) unsolved. More and more products based on these technologies are approved for marketing. We also expect the challenges of safety concerns (e. g. , genetically modified organism, tumorigenesis, etc. ) and ethical issues will be overcome in the near future. 1. . Applications ofCas9 for gene editing in hereditary movement disorders. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing various challenges and risks associated with gene editing technologies, including 'off target effects,' 'safety concerns,' and 'ethical challenges' such as 'tumorigenesis.' The mention of unsolved technical and ethical challenges indicates that gene editing is not risk-free and has associated side effects.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: The suprachiasmatic nucleus is the master regulator of circadian rhythms. [SEP] Text: A 2-way mixed ANOVA was used to assess within-subjects effects of lighting condition (DD vs. LL) and between-subjects effects of surgical condition (sham vs. bilateral lesion). Significant interactions were followed by the evaluation of simple main effects of lighting condition and surgical condition using dependent- and independent-samples t tests, respectively. For the 1 animal that free ran through all lighting conditions, a paired-samples t test was used to assess the effect of lighting condition (light vs. dark). In addition, activity counts from 12-h light periods and 12-h dark periods for this animal were averaged across the 21-day interval before surgery and the 21-day interval that began 2 weeks after surgery. The activity counts after surgery began 2 weeks after surgery, to allow time for the animal to recover from surgery. Daily mean activity counts were calculated during the light phase and compared to the dark phase. To analyze circadian rhythmicity, actograms were first viewed using ClockLab software (). We determined the daily onsets and offsets of activity and the period of the rhythm using ClockLab, but when visual inspection indicated that ClockLab detected these improperly, these measures were manually corrected (Schrader et al. , 2009; Gall et al. , 2013). We also calculated alpha (i. e. , the duration of the active period). was used to assess the between-subjects effects of surgical condition (sham vs. bilateral lesion) on alpha and period. Finally, to analyze total activity in LD conditions, we examined day-night activity by averaging the total activity during the day and night for 21 days for each animal prior to surgery and comparing it to the average activity during the day and night, also for 21 days, at 14 days after surgery. A 3-way ANOVA was used to analyze the data with a 2 × 2 × 2 factorial design (surgical condition [sham vs. bilateral lesion] × lighting condition [dark vs. light] × surgical time [surgical time]; surgical condition as the between-group factor and both lighting condition and surgical time as the within-group factors). Significant interactions were followed by the evaluation of simple main effects of lighting condition and surgical condition using paired-samples t tests and independent-samples t tests, respectively. For all comparisons, differences were considered significant when p < 0. 05 (2-tailed for all t tests). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim regarding the suprachiasmatic nucleus and its role in regulating circadian rhythms. It discusses a statistical analysis involving various experimental conditions and methodologies without directly addressing the function or significance of the suprachiasmatic nucleus in circadian rhythm regulation.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Quantum computing could revolutionize data encryption and processing. [SEP] Text: In view of this result, Broadbent and Jeffery devised two remarkable T gadgets for non-Clifford circuits and presented three efficient QHE schemes based on classical q-IND-CPA secure homomorphic encryption (CHE), one of which is designed for Clifford circuits and the other two are for non-Clifford circuits with a limited number of T gates11. They also formally defined an important property—compactness—for QHE. In outline, a QHE scheme is compact if the circuit complexity of the decryption procedure for any allowed evaluation C is independent of the circuit complexity of C; the decryption procedure is the task being performed by the client to recover the outcome evaluated by the server. For example, the interactive schemes4,6,7,8,9 based on QOTP are not compact, and some non-interactive ones—the CL scheme for Clifford circuits and the AUX scheme for circuits with constant T-depth—provided by Broadbent and Jeffery11 are compact. Subsequently, Dulek and Schaffner extended Broadbent’s work and proposed a QHE scheme for polynomial-sized T gates utilizing another kind of T gadget12. In addition, other issues, such as multi-party decryption, circuit privacy, quasi-compactness, and generalization to classical encrypted data are also investigated in various QHE schemes13,14,15. It should be noted that introducing CHE (combining with some sophisticated techniques) into QHE is double edged: it not only reduces the communication complexity and gains compactness or quasi-compactness but also compromises security and narrows the schemes’ applicability. These hybrid QHE schemes cannot reach perfect security as many pure quantum cryptosystems do, and they become inefficient for circuits with a large number of T gates (e. g. the circuit of Grover’s search). Apart from the foregoing QHE schemes based on CHE and QOTP, constructions utilizing other techniques are explored, such as a private-key QHE protocol based on the centralizer of a subgroup of operations16, a practical somewhat-secure QHE on coherent states17, a QHE scheme for circuits with constant number of T gates based on quantum codes18, and a QHE scheme with multiple evaluators based on (k,n)-threshold quantum state sharing19. These schemes only apply to limited circuit families. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing various quantum homomorphic encryption (QHE) schemes that utilize quantum computing techniques to improve aspects of encryption, such as reducing communication complexity and enhancing compactness. It describes how these quantum innovations, while having certain trade-offs, are being developed to advance the security and efficiency of data processing, thus supporting the notion that quantum computing could significantly transform encryption and processing capabilities.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Gene editing is completely risk-free with no side effects. [SEP] Text: 1038/495050a12. Development of muscular dystrophy in a -engineered mutant rabbit model with frame-disrupting ANO5 mutations. and Disease. 2018;9(6):609. DOI: 10. 1038/s41419-018-0674-y13. Generation and characterization of a hypothyroidism rat model with truncated thyroid stimulating hormone receptor. Scientific Reports. 2018;(1):4004. DOI: 10. 1038/s41598-018-22405-714. . Current understanding of the molecular mechanisms in Parkinson’s disease: Targets for potential treatments. Translational Neurodegeneration. 2018;6:28. DOI: 10. 1186/s40035-017-0099-z15. . The basic building blocks and evolution of -CAS systems. Transactions. 2013;41(6):1392-1400. DOI: 10. 1042/BST2013003816. -Cas12a target binding unleashes indiscriminate single-stranded DNase activity. Science. 2018;360(6387):436-439. DOI: 10. 1126/science. aar624517. . Discovery of cancer drug targets by -Cas9 screening of protein domains. Nature Biotechnology. 2015;33(6):661-667. DOI: 10. 1038/nbt. 323518. Mutation in rice Abscisic Acid2 results in cell death, enhanced disease-resistance, altered seed dormancy and development. Frontiers in Plant Science. 2018;9:405. DOI: 10. 3389/fpls. 2018. 0040519. ZmCCT9 enhances maize adaptation to higher latitudes. Proceedings of the of Sciences of the of America. 2018;115(2):E334-E341. DOI: 10. 1073/pnas. 171805811520. Efficient genome editing in cultured cells and embryos of Debao pig and swamp buffalo using theCas9 system. Cellular & Animal. 2018;54(5):375-383. DOI: 10. 1007/s11626-018-0236-821. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text provides various examples of genetic editing in animal models and discusses the implications of gene editing through multiple studies. While it does not explicitly state that gene editing is risky, the mention of specific mutations leading to phenotypes such as muscular dystrophy and hypothyroidism implies that gene editing can have consequences, thus contrasting the claim that it is completely risk-free.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: The suprachiasmatic nucleus is the master regulator of circadian rhythms. [SEP] Text: ResultsQuantification of LesionsNissl staining demonstrated the drastic change in cell size and number within the lesioned area compared to shams (Suppl. Figure S1). The size of these cells was significantly smaller in the lesioned tissue within both the vSPVZ (t98 = 18. 1, p < 0. 05) and SCN (t98 = 16. 4, p < 0. 05; Suppl. Figure S1). In the vSPVZ, an average of 23. 9% of the cells survived in lesioned animals compared to shams (range, 0. 0%-53. 1%). Importantly, an average of only 3. 3% (range, 0. 0%-7. 9%) of the surviving cells were in the size range of those from shams (Suppl. Figure S1). In the SCN, an average of 32. 5% of the cells survived in lesioned animals compared to shams (range, 3. 6%-53. 1%). Importantly, an average of only 21. 1% (range, 9. 8%-30. 6%) of the surviving cells were in the size range of those from shams (Suppl. Figure S1). The smaller cells observed following lesions to either the vSPVZ or SCN are likely to be glia rather than surviving neurons. MaskingLight PulsesThe effects of 1-h light pulses given to shams and those with bilateral lesions of the SCN/vSPVZ were assessed using a 3-way ANOVA, which revealed a significant lighting condition × time interaction (F3,63 = 4. 8, p < 0. 005; within-subjects effect) but no significant difference in surgical condition (F1,21 =. 063, p = 0. 805; between-subjects effect). When the SCN-lesioned animals were compared to the vSPVZ-lesioned animals, no significant differences were detected between the groups for masking (F1,10 = 1. 6, p = 0. 227; between-subjects effect). In addition, neither group was significantly different from shams (F1,21 = 1. 1, p = 0. 347; between-subjects effect). Therefore, the vSPVZ and vSPVZ/SCN animals are analyzed as a single “lesion” group. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses findings related to cellular changes and masking light pulses in the SCN and vSPVZ without explicitly confirming the role of the suprachiasmatic nucleus as the master regulator of circadian rhythms.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Quantum computing could revolutionize data encryption and processing. [SEP] Text: Entropically secure encryption with faster key expansion üseyin : orcid. org/0000-0002-7386-63961 & Boris Škorić2 554 all metrics AbstractEntropically secure encryption is a way to encrypt a large plaintext with a small key and still have information-theoretic security, thus in a certain sense circumventing Shannon’s result that perfect encryption requires the key to be at least as long as the entropy of the plaintext. Entropically secure encryption is possible when a lower bound is known on the entropy of the plaintext from the adversary’s point of view. The typical implementation is to expand the short key to the size of the plaintext, e. g. by multiplication with a public random string, and then use one-time pad encryption. This works in the classical as well as the quantum setting. In this paper, we introduce a new key expansion method that is faster than existing ones. We prove that it achieves the same security. The speed gain is most notable when the key length is a sizeable fraction of the message length. In particular, a factor of 2 is gained in the case of approximate randomization of quantum states. In the classical case, we obtain a reduction of the ciphertext size. Similar content being viewed by others for Encryption to Multi-1. 1 Entropic securityAn encryption scheme is called perfect if the ciphertext reveals no information whatsoever about the plaintext. For perfect encryption of classical plaintexts, the length of the key needs to be at least the entropy of the plaintext, and the simplest implementation is the One-(OTP) or Vernam cipher [1] applied to compressed plaintext. In the quantum setting, perfect encryption of an n-qubit plaintext state requires a key length of 2n bits and the simplest cipher achieving this kind of encryption is the Quantum One-(QOTP) [2,3,4]. If one does not aim for perfect security, it is possible to get information-theoretic guarantees about the encryption even with shorter keys, as long as a lower bound is known on the min-entropy of the plaintext. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing entropically secure encryption, which can be implemented in both classical and quantum settings, thereby demonstrating how quantum computing can enhance data encryption. It mentions a faster key expansion method that not only maintains high security but also significantly benefits from quantum state randomization, supporting the assertion that quantum computing could revolutionize encryption methods.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Gene editing is completely risk-free with no side effects. [SEP] Text: Generation of myostatin gene-edited channel catfish (Ictalurus punctatus) via zygote injection ofCas9 system. Scientific Reports. 2018;7(1):7301. DOI: 10. 1038/s41598-017-07223-722. provides acquired resistance against viruses in prokaryotes. Science. 2007;315(5819):1709-1712. DOI: 10. 1126/science. 113814023. Waltz E. Gene-edited mushroom escapes US regulation. Nature. 2016;532(7599):293. DOI: 10. 1038/nature. 2016. 1975424. . Diatoms in biotechnology: Modern tools and applications. and Biotechnology. 2009;82(2):195-201. DOI: 10. 1007/s00253-008-1804-825. . /Cas9 system adapted for gene editing in marine algae. Scientific Reports. 2016;6:24951. DOI: 10. 1038/srep2495126. . -Cas encoding of a digital movie into the genomes of a population of living bacteria. Nature. 2017;547(7663):345-349. DOI: 10. 1038/nature2301727. Lynch VJ, Bedoya-- Elephantid genomes reveal the molecular bases of woolly mammoth adaptations to the arctic. Cell Reports. 2015;12(2):217-228. DOI: 10. 1016/j. celrep. 2015. 06. 02728. . A novel tool for monitoring endogenous alpha-synuclein transcription by NanoLuciferase tag insertion at the 3′ end using -Cas9 genome editing technique. Scientific Reports. 2017;8:45883. DOI: 10. 1038/srep4588329. Hypoimmunogenic derivatives of induced pluripotent stem cells evade immune rejection in fully immunocompetent allogeneic recipients. Nature Biotechnology. 2019;37(3):252-258. DOI: 10. 1038/s41587-019-0016-330. . Reprint of: Building a safer and faster CAR: Seatbelts, airbags, and. Biology of Blood and Marrow Transplantation. 2018;24(3S):S15-S19. DOI: 10. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by suggesting that various gene editing techniques are being applied in different organisms and contexts, indicating that there are ongoing investigations and applications of gene editing that do not imply it is risk-free or without side effects. The mention of multiple studies and applications shows the complexity and possible risks associated with gene editing, countering the assertion of it being completely risk-free.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: The suprachiasmatic nucleus is the master regulator of circadian rhythms. [SEP] Text: LevelsFor total activity counts (Figure 7), a 3-way ANOVA found a significant main effect of lighting condition (F1,21 = 13. 1, p < 0. 005; within-subjects) but no significant main effects of surgical time (F1,21 =. 646, p = 0. 431; within-subjects) or surgical condition (F1,21 =. 057, p = 0. 814; between-subjects) and no interactions between any variables. Therefore, activity levels were higher in the light than during the dark of an LD cycle, but no difference was found between these activity levels in shams versus bilaterally lesioned animals. Figure 7. Total activity counts presurgery and postsurgery in shams and animals with bilateral lesions. Both prior to surgery and after surgery, average total activity counts were significantly higher during the light phase (gray bars) than the dark phase (black bars) of a 12:12 LD cycle. No significant differences were found for shams compared to lesioned animals. *p < 0. 05. Means are presented along with SEM. Free-Running AnimalOne unique animal with significant damage to the SCN, vSPVZ, and optic chiasm free-ran through all lighting conditions (Figure 8). Even though this animal was not capable of entraining to light, it was still capable of masking to acute pulses of light. A paired t test revealed that activity counts were significantly higher during the light pulse intervals than during the equivalent intervals in the dark (t3 = 3. 2, p < 0. 05). In addition, average daily activity counts in this animal were higher during the light phase of an LD cycle (397. 5 ± 26. 4) compared to the dark phase (247. 9 ± 25. 1), with 61. 6% of the activity occurring during lights-on and 38. 4% of activity occurring during lights-off, suggesting that the animal was still capable of masking. Figure 8. A unique grass rat with damage to the ventral subparaventricular zone (vSPVZ), SCN, and the optic chiasm that free-runs through all lighting conditions. Histology is presented in (A), which shows significant damage to the vand optic chiasm. Outlined regions in black indicate the lesioned area. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim that 'The suprachiasmatic nucleus is the master regulator of circadian rhythms.' It discusses statistical results from an experiment related to activity levels in different lighting conditions and does not provide any direct information about the suprachiasmatic nucleus or its regulatory role in circadian rhythms.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Drones are being used in agriculture for monitoring crop health. [SEP] Text: Journal of 23. 12. 2022 Özyurt Hüseyin Duran İlker H Çelen Cited By: 2 Abstract Hazelnut, which has the most common cultivation area after almonds and walnuts among the shell fruits in the world, contains high levels of fat, protein, carbohydrates, various minerals and vitamins. Hazelnut has a broad growing area around the world, and Turkey accounts for 58% of world production with 776,000 tons annually. With this production capacity, Turkey ranks first in hazelnut production over the world. Harmful insects in hazelnut trees are the main factors that reduce hazelnut yield and quality. Pesticides are sprayed with backpack sprayers in the fight against these pests in hazelnut trees. Farmers are directly exposed to pesticides in these practices, which use high amounts of pesticides and water. In recent years, the use of unmanned agricultural vehicles in agriculture has increased. Drones are also used in pesticide applications in agriculture. In this study, the suitability of pesticide applications with the drone in hazelnut fields in Giresun province in terms of field conditions and spraying efficiency was investigated. 2021, applications were made with -1P model spraying drone in a selected hazelnut orchard in Uzgur village of Giresun province. The drone has 4 Teejet XR11001VS fan jet nozzles. Water-sensitive papers were placed on different regions on the hazelnut trees to be sprayed for drop measurements. In the experiments, hazelnut trees were sprayed using water at different heights and spraying rates. 6 flights were carried out at 1. 5 and 2 meters altitudes and 1, 2 and 3 L. da-1 spray rates, and three hazel trees were sprayed as three repetitions in each flight. After the flight trials, the water-sensitive papers were scanned on the scanner, and the volume median diameters and the number of droplets per square centimetre were calculated in the DepositScan software. As a result of the analyses done, it was observed that the applications performed at 1 L. da-1 and 2 L. da-1 spray rates would not be sufficient in terms of spraying efficiency. As the drone flight altitude increased, the accumulation of the drops on the inner leaves decreased. In terms of drop distribution, the most homogeneous application parameter was found to be 1. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by stating that 'drones are also used in pesticide applications in agriculture' which implies their role in monitoring crop health. While the primary focus of the text is on pesticide application, the mention of drones in agricultural practices supports the assertion that drones are indeed employed in agricultural monitoring.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Gene editing is completely risk-free with no side effects. [SEP] Text: 1016/j. bbmt. 2017. 12. 78931. van ürch AC, van Ham PM, et al. /Cas9-mediated genome editing of herpesviruses limits productive and latent infections. PLoS Pathogens. 2016;12(6):e1005701. DOI: 10. 1371/journal. ppat. 100570132. Modern biotechnology-based therapeutic approaches against HIV infection. Biomedical Reports. 2017;7(6):504-507. DOI: 10. 3892/br. 2017. 100633. Suppression of Epstein-Barr virus DNA load in latently infected nasopharyngeal carcinoma cells byCas9. Virus Research. 2018;244:296-303. DOI: 10. 1016/j. virusres. 2017. 04. 01934. /Cas9 system facilitates clearance of the intrahepatic HBV templates in vivo. Molecular Therapy--Nucleic Acids. 2014;3:e186. DOI: 10. 1038/mtna. 2014. 3835. An efficient antiviral strategy for targeting hepatitis B virus genome using transcription activator-like effector nucleases. Molecular Therapy. 2014;22(2):303-311. DOI: 10. 1038/mt. 2013. 21236. . Targeted disruption of EBNA1 in EBV-infected cells attenuated cell growth. BMB Reports. 2016;49(4):226-231. DOI: 10. 5483/BMBRep. 2016. 49. 4. 26037. Cohen J. The birth of. Science. 2017;355(6326):680-684. DOI: 10. 1126/science. 355. 6326. 68038. . -Cas transcriptional perturbation screening reveals protective genes against alpha-synuclein toxicity. Molecular Cell. 2017;68(1):247. e5-257. e5. DOI: 10. 1016/j. molcel. 2017. 09. 01439. György B, LöövCas9 mediated disruption of the Swedish APP allele as a therapeutic approach for early-onset Alzheimer’s disease. Molecular Therapy--Nucleic Acids. 2018;11:429-440. DOI: 10. 1016/j. omtn. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contradicts the claim by not providing evidence that supports the notion of gene editing being completely risk-free. Instead, it lists various studies and methods related to gene editing without mentioning or implying the absence of risks or side effects, suggesting that there are complexities and potential risks associated with these techniques.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: The suprachiasmatic nucleus is the master regulator of circadian rhythms. [SEP] Text: Skip to main content Intended for healthcare professionals Search this journalSearch all journalsEnter search terms. . . Searchsearch Enter search terms. . . Searchsearch Search Access/ProfileAccessView access optionsView profileCreate profile Cart 0 by discipline Select discipline: All disciplines All disciplines Life & & Sciences & HumanitiesSelect subject: All subjects All subjects Cardiology & Medicine & Endocrinology & -legal & Orthopaedics & Medicine & & & & Methods & & & & & Criminology & Economics & & & Management & Marketing & & & & & & & & PlanningBrowse journals Sage publishes a diverse portfolio of fully journals in a variety of disciplines. you can explore our Disciplines Hubs, including: Journal portfolios in each of our subject areas. Links to Books and content from across Sage. for/ Reviewers SocietiesFrequently asked questions In this journal Journal of Impact Factor: 2. 9 5-Factor: 3. 5 email alertsYou are adding the following journal to your email alertsNew contentJournal of Biological RhythmsCreate email alert Free accessLetterFirst published online February 27, 2015of Active GSK3 in the Suprachiasmatic NucleusRachel C. Besing, Jodi R. Paul, […], Lauren M. Hablitz, Courtney O. Rogers, Russell L. Johnson, Martin E. Young, and Karen L. Gamble [email protected]+4-4View all authors and affiliations, Issue 2 Furthermore, chronic pharmacological inhibition of GSK3 with 20 µM CHIR-99021 enhanced the amplitude and shortened the period of PER2::luciferase rhythms in organotypic SCN slice cultures. These results support the model that GSK3 activity status is regulated by the circadian clock and that GSK3 feeds back to regulate the molecular clock amplitude in the SCN. At the cellular level, 24-h timing is maintained by transcriptional-translational feedback loops resulting in rhythmic expression of core “clock genes,” in which the activators (CLOCK and BMAL1) are expressed in antiphase to the suppressors (PERs and CRYs; Partch et al. , 2014, for review). A secondary feedback loop consists of CLOCK-BMAL1 activation of a nuclear orphan receptor REV-ERBα, which feeds back to transcriptionally repress Bmal1. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses various aspects of research related to the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) and gene rhythmic expression without explicitly confirming or denying the assertion that the SCN is the master regulator of circadian rhythms. It includes technical details about GSK3 inhibition and feedback loops in clock gene expression but lacks a direct statement on the role of the SCN as the master regulator.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Drones are being used in agriculture for monitoring crop health. [SEP] Text: 5 meters high above the upper leaves of the hazel trees and 3 L. da-1 spray rate. Keywords Hazelnut, Drone, Spraying, Volume median diameter, Pesticide, Droplet, Drone 03. 02. 2022). Anonymous (2020b). Institute (), (accessed date: 03. 02. 2022). Anonymous (2022a). Protection AG, (accessed date:03. 02. 2022). Anonymous (2022b). Stewardship (PES), (Accessed date: 03. 02. 2022). Ateş, S. , Kaçar, G. (2021). Sakarya ili fındık bahçelerinde fındık yeşil kokarcası (Palomena prasina L. ) ve fındık kurdu (Curculio nucum L. )’nun popülasyon gelişimleri. KSÜ Tarım ve Doğa Dergisi, 24(2): 362-371. Chojnacki, J. , Pachuta, A. (2021). Impact of the parameters of spraying with a small unmanned aerial vehicle on the distribution of liquid on young cherry trees. Agriculture, 11(11): 1094. Çelen, İ. H. (2016). Hava emişli yelpaze hüzmeli püskürme memelerinde püskürtme dağılımının ilerleme hızına bağlı olarak değişimi. Tekirdağ Ziraat Fakültesi Dergisi, 13(1): 99-106. Çelen, I. H. , Önler E. , Özyurt H. B. (2020). Drone technology in precision agriculture. Engineering Sciences, 121. Irfan, M. , Ahmad, F. , Kahliq, A. , Awais, M. , Hamid, S. (2021). ıng Pollution. of Abstracts (p. 295). Kılıç, B. (2014). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text supports the claim by discussing various studies and articles that indicate the application of drone technology in agricultural settings. Specifically, it mentions the use of drones for purposes such as spraying and monitoring crops, which aligns with the claim of drones being employed to monitor crop health.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Gene editing is completely risk-free with no side effects. [SEP] Text: 1 a TradeoffThe first plant breeding technique was the selection and propagation of plants with improved heritable traits, which were based on the cumulative net positive outcome of genetic changes. In more modern breeding, Loci (QTL) studies have led to the discovery of alleles responsible for the improvement of traits. Molecular breeding was then developed to cross such alleles into the crop variety of interest, thereby increasing speed and accuracy of the breeding process. Studying the effects that these alleles had on a trait made apparent how common pleiotropic effects are due to the introduction of an allele from a wild donor to a receiving elite line: often the improvement of one trait goes hand in hand with negative effects on other traits. The association between breeding values of linked traits can be positive or negative so that if one trait changes, other traits will change as well. A positive value indicates a win-win situation. For example, shorter plants have been shown to be easier for the mechanical harvest and also lead to a yield gain because plants put more energy into seed production. A negative value indicates a tradeoff: for example, an average increase in seed number often leads to a decrease in average seed weight. Genome wide association study (GWAS) experiments are very effective in indicating which genes or alleles are important for a given trait. Trait correlations are often caused by a set of genes that form the connection between two traits. However, some alleles have been discovered which cause breaks in trait associations. They can be the key to overcoming tradeoffs. However, such findings are rare and can often not be translated to crop plants. Transgenic approaches can be used to introduce these alleles. Alternative approaches to influence trait associations include selection of novel alleles from mutant populations or targeted mutagenesis with genome editing. Mutant populations have been created by random mutagenesis with a mutagen such as ethyl methanesulfonate (EMS), and such populations are very expensive to make because they require thousands of chemically treated individuals that are grown for multiple generations. Therefore, targeted mutagenesis is attractive as it can make targeted mutations in the gene or promoter of interest, so that only a few plants need to be edited instead of a large population. A few types of editing are discussed here: editing to create genetic variation including knockouts, editing to alter expression of target genes and cutting DNA to induce crossovers in recombination cold spots. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the tradeoffs and potential negative effects associated with genetic changes and allele modifications. It specifically indicates that the implementation of certain alleles can lead to negative effects on other traits, highlighting that improvements in one area often come with detrimental consequences elsewhere. This suggests that gene editing is not exempt from risks and side effects, thereby failing to support the assertion that it is completely risk-free.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: The suprachiasmatic nucleus is the master regulator of circadian rhythms. [SEP] Text: The length of the molecular clock cycle can be regulated by posttranslational events, including phosphorylation by kinases such as casein kinase I enzymes (Partch et al. , 2014). We know much less about how other kinases, such as glycogen synthase kinase 3 (GSK3), regulate the period and/or amplitude of the molecular clock, especially in neurons of the central circadian pacemaker, the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) of the hypothalamus. Given that dysregulated GSK3 signaling has been implicated in psychiatric and neurological disorders (Hooper et al. , 2008; Li and Jope, 2010; Duncan and Zee, 2013), and many therapeutic drugs target GSK3 (e. g. , lithium, valproate, risperidone, etc. ; Li and Jope, 2010), important questions to address are how GSK3 activity varies over the course of the day and how the molecular clock is affected by these rhythms. A key feature of GSK3 is that it is active in its default state and that its 2 isoforms are inactivated by phosphorylation (at Ser-21 for GSK3α [S21-GSK3α] and Ser-9 for GSK3β [S9-GSK3β]). This critically important phosphorylation state balance of S9-GSK3β changes across the light-dark cycle in the SCN (Iwahana et al. , 2004; Iitaka et al. , 2005). In some brain regions, the 2 distinct GSK3 isoforms can have functional differences, such as differences in substrate recognition, axonal growth, regulation of synaptic plasticity, and formation of senile plaques in an Alzheimer mouse model (Castaño et al. , 2010; Soutar et al. , 2010; Hurtado et al. , 2012; Shahab et al. , 2014). Therefore, it is important to determine whether phosphorylation of S21-GSKα also varies across the subjective day-night cycle in the SCN. Because rhythmic phosphorylation of S9-GSK3β is dependent on the molecular clock in peripheral tissues such as the heart (Durgan and Young, 2010), we hypothesized that rhythmic phosphorylation of GSK3α and GSK3β persists in constant darkness in the SCN. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is largely irrelevant to the claim about the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) being the master regulator of circadian rhythms. It discusses the role of glycogen synthase kinase 3 (GSK3) and its phosphorylation in relation to the molecular clock, but does not directly substantiate or refute the claim regarding the SCN's role as the master regulator.