Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Vaccines help in preventing the spread of infectious diseases. [SEP] Text: In year 2, trial results were more variable, with the vaccine probably preventing between 45% and 69% of typhoid cases (year 2: 59%, 95% CI 45% to 69%; 4 trials, 194,969 participants; moderate‐certainty evidence). These data included participants aged 2 to 55 years of age. The three‐year cumulative efficacy of the vaccine may be around 55% (95% CI 30% to 70%; 11,384 participants, 1 trial; low‐certainty evidence). These data came from a single trial conducted in in the 1980s in participants aged 5 to 15 years. Compared with placebo, this vaccine probably did not increase the incidence of fever (3 trials, 132,261 participants; moderate‐certainty evidence) or erythema (3 trials, 132,261 participants; low‐certainty evidence); however, swelling (3 trials, 1767 participants; moderate‐certainty evidence) and pain at the injection site (1 trial, 667 participants; moderate‐certainty evidence) were more common in the vaccine group. Vi‐rEPA vaccine (two doses) Administration of two doses of the Vi‐rEPA vaccine probably prevents between 50% and 96% of typhoid cases during the first two years after vaccination (year 1: 94%, 95% CI 75% to 99%; year 2: 87%, 95% CI 56% to 96%, 1 trial, 12,008 participants; moderate‐certainty evidence). These data came from a single trial with children two to five years of age conducted in Vietnam. Compared with placebo, both the first and the second dose of this vaccine increased the risk of fever (1 trial, 12,008 and 11,091 participants, low‐certainty evidence) and the second dose increase the incidence of swelling at the injection site (one trial, 11,091 participants, moderate‐certainty evidence). Vi‐TT vaccine (two doses) We are uncertain of the efficacy of administration of two doses of Vi‐TT (PedaTyph) in typhoid cases in children during the first year after vaccination (year 1: 94%, 95% CI −1% to 100%, 1 trial, 1625 participants; very low‐certainty evidence). These data come from a single cluster‐randomized trial in children aged six months to 12 years and conducted in India. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by providing evidence that various vaccines, such as the Vi-rEPA and Vi-TT vaccines, likely prevent a significant percentage of typhoid cases. Specific efficacy rates are mentioned, such as 94% during the first year and between 50% and 96% over a period of two years after vaccination, highlighting the vaccines' effectiveness in preventing infectious diseases.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Every crop can be grown sustainably in any environment. [SEP] Text: “Most of these systems evolved and adapted with grazing animals and fire. They can benefit from good livestock management practices. If you’re doing it right, and you’re doing it in the right places, you can have good outcomes for conservation. ”For all these reasons, some experts say, the world is better off with some meat and dairy than it would be with none at all — though clearly, a sustainable livestock system would have to be much different, and smaller, than the one we have today. But suppose we did it right? How much meat could the world eat sustainably? The answer, most studies suggest, may be enough to give meat-eaters some hope. For many traditional groups, such as the Maasai, livestock are culturally important and represent a major source of wealth for otherwise poor people. This can be an important reason to keep some animal products in the global diet. : at the whole plateInterdisciplinary researcher of the University of Manitoba got the ball rolling in 2013 with a back-of-the-envelope calculation published in his book, Eat Meat? Let’s assume, he reasoned, that we stop clearing forest for new pastureland, let 25 percent of existing pastures revert to forest or other natural vegetation and feed livestock as much as possible on forage, crop residues and other leftovers. After making those concessions to sustainability, Smil’s best guesstimate was that this “rational” meat production could yield about two-thirds as much meat as the world was producing at the time. Subsequent studies suggest that the real number might be a bit lower, but still enough to promise a significant place for meat on the world’s plate, even as the population continues to grow. Personal choices Whether to eat meat, and if so, how much, is a deeply personal choice with global implications. asked a few sustainable-meat experts about their own dining decisions. Here are their lightly edited responses:Matin Qaim, agricultural economist, University of Bonn: “I’m not a vegetarian, but we don’t eat meat at home. I eat meat perhaps once in two weeks or so. Our two daughters turned vegetarian two years ago, and even if my wife and I used to eat meat now and then at home, now we don’t. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the complexities surrounding sustainable livestock production and the need for specific conditions to achieve sustainability. It emphasizes that sustainability varies by context, referencing grazing, fire management, and livestock practices, suggesting that not every type of livestock or crop can be grown sustainably everywhere, which contradicts the notion that every crop can thrive sustainably in any environment.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Bioengineered yeast can produce biofuels from sugars. [SEP] Text: AbbreviationsCBP: consolidated bioprocessing CMC: carboxymethyl cellulose PASC: phosphoric acid-swollen cellulose EG: endoglucanase CBH: exoglucanase BGL: β-glucosidase GFP: green fluorescent protein DSMZ: von Mikroorganismen und Zellkulturen ATCC: : Luria–Bertani IPTG: isopropyl-β-d-thiogalactopyranoside YNB: yeast nitrogen base SC: synthetic complete PBS: phosphate-buffered saline BSA: bovine serum albumin α: enhancement coefficient F SU : the GFP displayed on the EBY100 surface F IN : the GFP localized in the cell cytoplasm F*: the total fluorescence intensity of the yeast cells suspended in PBS (A600 nm = 1) with enhancer treatment F: the total fluorescence intensity of the yeast cells suspended in PBS (A600 nm = 1) without enhancer treatment DNS: 3, 5-dinitrosalicylic acid α-factor: a yeast secretion signal CohII: type II cohesin domain ScaII: miniscaffoldin II His-ScaII: His-tag-fused ScaII His-EngY: His-tag-fused EngY His-cbhB: His-tag-fused cbhB LPMOs: lytic polysaccharide monooxygenases CDHs: cellobiose dehydrogenases 60. 33. 3. 3490. 83. 88. 8153. 12. 60. 5. 21. 84. 20. 89. 14. 81. 28. 61. CAS 54. 5. CAS 9. 6. 9. 5. 41. 9. 8. 1. J Bacteriol. 2007;189:7127–33. 77. 64. 9. 64. 9512. 45. 9. 14. 1. Supplementary figures, tables and sequences. A file containing all the supplementary figures, tables and sequences referred to in the text. Rights and permissions This 4. 0 ( which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the license, and indicate if changes were made. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it primarily lists abbreviations and terms related to yeast and biochemical processes without providing any support or contradiction regarding the ability of bioengineered yeast to produce biofuels from sugars.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Vaccines help in preventing the spread of infectious diseases. [SEP] Text: For single dose Vi‐TT (Typbar‐TCV), we found no efficacy trials evaluating the vaccine with natural exposure. There were no reported serious adverse effects in RCTs of any of the vaccines studied. Authors' conclusions The licensed Ty21a and Vi polysaccharide vaccines are efficacious in adults and children older than two years in endemic countries. The Vi‐rEPA vaccine is just as efficacious, although data is only available for children. The new Vi‐TT vaccine (PedaTyph) requires further evaluation to determine if it provides protection against typhoid fever. At the time of writing, there were only efficacy data from a human challenge setting in adults on the Vi‐TT vaccine (Tybar), which clearly justify the ongoing field trials to evaluate vaccine efficacy. model is widely used and taught in evidence-based health care as a strategy for formulating questions and search strategies and for characterizing clinical studies or meta-analyses. PICO stands for four different potential components of a clinical question: Patient, Population or Problem; Intervention; Comparison; Outcome. See more on using PICO in the Cochrane Handbook. Plain language summary available in English Español فارسی Français Русский ภาษาไทย Vaccines for preventing typhoid fever What was studied in this review? Typhoid fever is a bacterial infection found mainly among children and adolescents in southern and eastern Asia, Africa, Latin America, and the Caribbean. Typhoid fever spreads through contaminated food, drink, or water. It is usually characterized initially by fever, headache, and abdominal symptoms, although other non‐specific symptoms may be present. The infection also sometimes causes confusion or psychosis. In late stages of the infection, intestinal perforation or massive intestinal haemorrhage may occur. Treatment normally consists of antibiotics, but problems with drug‐resistant bacteria strains have been reported. Improved sanitation and food hygiene are important control measures. However, these are associated with socioeconomic progress that has been slow in most affected areas. Therefore vaccination is an effective way to try to prevent this disease. What are the main results? [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by stating that vaccination is an effective way to try to prevent typhoid fever, a bacterial infection that spreads through contaminated food, drink, or water. This aligns with the claim that vaccines help prevent the spread of infectious diseases.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Every crop can be grown sustainably in any environment. [SEP] Text: ”Kristen Johnson, animal scientist, University: “I eat meat most nights, generally from animals raised at WSU to support student learning of animal husbandry. ” Sasha Gennet, program manager, the Nature Conservancy: “I was a vegetarian for many years but am not currently. do always try to learn more about where my food is coming from, and how it was grown and raised. ” Matthew Hayek, agricultural economist, University: “I’ve found over the years that my own habits become a distraction for the conversation that we need to have about pressing in the right direction: Crowd out the meat off your plate by exploring more vegetarian options; learn more about the sourcing of the meat and dairy you do eat; and make your voice heard to improve our shared food choice environment. The last part includes things like asking your favorite restaurant or your workplace to carry and serve more vegan options. ”—If so, there are several surprising implications. For one thing, the total amount of meat or dairy that could be produced in this way depends strongly on what else is on people’s plates, says van Zanten. If people eat a healthy, whole-grain diet, for example, they leave fewer milling residues than they would on a diet heavy in refined grains — so a world full of healthy eaters can support fewer livestock on its leftovers. And little choices matter a lot: If people get most of their cooking oil from canola, for example, they leave less nutritious meal for feed after pressing out the oil than if they get their oil from soy. A second surprise is the nature of the meat itself. Sustainability experts typically encourage people to eat less beef and more pork and chicken, because the latter are more efficient at converting feed into animal protein. But in the “livestock on leftovers” scenario, the amount of pork and chicken that can be raised is limited by the availability of milling residues, food scraps and other food wastes. In contrast, cattle can graze on pasture, which shifts the livestock balance back somewhat toward beef, mutton and dairy products. Much would have to change to make such a world possible, van Zanten notes. To maximize the flow of food wastes to pigs and chickens, for example, cities would need systems for collecting household wastes, sterilizing them and processing them for feed. countries are well ahead on this already. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by suggesting that the sustainability of raising livestock and the production of animal protein is context-dependent. Specifically, it highlights that the amount of meat or dairy that can be produced sustainably depends on diet choices (e.g., a healthy, whole-grain diet leaves fewer milling residues) and emphasizes the necessity of systems in place to process food wastes into livestock feed. This implies that not all crops or livestock can be grown sustainably in every environment, as different regions and practices influence the sustainability of agricultural production.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Bioengineered yeast can produce biofuels from sugars. [SEP] Text: Skip to main content Explore journals Get published About BMC My account Search all BMC 115. 6 mg/g pretreated corn stover. When biomass hydrolysis and lipid production were integrated, the amounts of cellulase and xylanase were reduced and no β-glucosidase was required. The simultaneous saccharification and lipid production process gave a lipid coefficient of 129. 4 mg/g pretreated corn stover. A higher lipid coefficient of 159. 4 mg/g pretreated corn stover was obtained using the simultaneous saccharification and enhanced lipid production (SSELP) process. Furthermore, cellulolytic enzymes were found recoverable and reusable upon recycling the spent supernatants of the SSELP process, which could reduce enzyme consumption and wastewater discharge. process was superior to other processes in terms of converting alkaline-pretreated corn stover into lipids by C. curvatus, as it required less cellulolytic enzymes and had a higher lipid coefficient. Moreover, the process facilitated easy enzyme recycling that should lead to further reduction of enzyme consumption. These results provide valuable information for cost-effective lipid production from lignocelluloses, which should be particularly important in achieving a sustainable production of biodiesel. IntroductionLignocellulose-derived microbial lipids are considered as a potential alternative to vegetable oil as a solution to the feedstock shortage problem that prevents the large-scale production of biodiesel [1]. Three major processes are generally required in order to make lipids from lignocellulosic biomass, namely pretreatment, hydrolysis and lipid production [2],[3]. The hydrolysis process uses various enzymes to produce synergistic effects [4]. Although the cost of enzymes has been continuously dropping due to improved specific enzymatic activities, enhanced stability and increased production efficiency, it remains a major obstacle to reaching that required for viable commercial production of biofuels and commodity chemicals from lignocellulosic biomass. Pretreatment technologies which break biomass recalcitrance can reduce the amounts of enzymes for hydrolysis [5]. In another aspect, enzyme recycling has been widely investigated in biomass hydrolysis studies. Cellulases can either remain bound to the solid residues or be free in the supernatant after the hydrolysis process. Free enzymes in the aqueous fraction are recovered by re-absorption with fresh substrates or by an ultrafiltration procedure [6],[7]. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text discusses various processes involved in converting lignocellulosic biomass into lipids for biodiesel production, but it does not specifically mention bioengineered yeast or its role in producing biofuels from sugars. Therefore, it is irrelevant to the claim about bioengineered yeast's capability.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Vaccines help in preventing the spread of infectious diseases. [SEP] Text: We found 18 relevant trials that evaluated four vaccines: 9 reported on vaccine effectiveness only, 4 reported on effectiveness and side effects, and 5 reported on side effects only (we could not analyse one additional trial on adverse events that met the inclusion criteria as it did not provide enough information). The two main vaccines currently licensed for use, Ty21a and Vi polysaccharide, were effective in reducing typhoid fever in adults and children over two years in endemic countries; adverse events such as nausea, vomiting, and fever were rare. Other vaccines, such as new, modified, conjugated Vi vaccines called Vi‐rEPA and Vi‐TT, are in development. These could be given to infants, which would be helpful as they are probably at higher risk for infection, although further evidence for these vaccines is still needed. How up‐to‐date is this review? We searched for studies published up to 14 February 2018. Visual summary Authors' conclusions available in English Español Implications for practice Based on the available evidence from natural exposure, the currently licensed Ty21a and Vi polysaccharide vaccines are efficacious for preventing typhoid fever in children aged two years or older and in young adults living in typhoid‐endemic regions. Factors such as costs, availability and convenience of administration may determine which vaccine is chosen for use. We are uncertain of the effects of Vi‐TT on typhoid fever, and further data are needed to assess PedaTyph and Typbar‐TCV efficacy in adults and children evaluated through natural exposure. The recent approval of conjugate typhoid vaccine Typbar‐TCV for use in endemic countries by the WHO and SAGE; together with the formation of the (TyVAC); results of some seroefficacy studies (Voysey 2018); and the pending results of Typbar‐currently being conducted in Malawi (NCT03299426), Nepal (43385161), and Bangladesh (11643110), will help establish the firm knowledge base required for the introduction of typhoid conjugate vaccines to endemic countries (Meiring 2017). Implications for research An effective typhoid vaccine is still needed for children under two years of age. The new Vi‐TT vaccines are promising; however, at present there was only one trial available, which we judged to have very low certainty‐evidence. Further efficacy data are pending and are likely to change this certainty when available. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by providing evidence that two licensed vaccines, Ty21a and Vi polysaccharide, are effective in reducing typhoid fever in both adults and children in endemic regions. It highlights that these vaccines contribute to the prevention of an infectious disease, typhoid fever, thus supporting the claim that vaccines help in preventing the spread of infectious diseases.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Every crop can be grown sustainably in any environment. [SEP] Text: “They have this whole infrastructure ready,” van Zanten says. “In Europe, we don’t. ” And much of our current animal agriculture, based on grain-fed livestock in feedlots, would have to be abandoned, causing significant economic disruption. Moreover, people in wealthy countries would have to get used to eating less meat than they currently do. If no human-edible crops were fed to livestock, van Zanten and her colleagues calculated, the world could only produce enough meat and dairy for everyone to eat around 20 grams of animal protein per day, enough for a three-ounce piece of meat or cheese (about the size of a deck of cards) each day. By comparison, the average now chows down on about 70 grams of animal protein a day — well above their protein requirement — and the average European on 51. That’s a hefty reduction in meat — but it would bring significant environmental benefits. Because livestock would no longer eat feed crops, the world would need about a quarter less cropland than it uses today. That surplus cropland could be allowed to regrow into forest or other natural habitat, benefitting both biodiversity and carbon balance. A “circular food economy” provides a way to sustainably include meat in the world’s diet. In this scenario, livestock eat no crops edible to people. Instead, they graze on grasslands and eat crop residues and food waste that people cannot or will not eat. Such a system would allow everyone in the world to eat a small serving of meat or other animal products a few times each week, researchers have calculated. There’s another dimension to meat’s sustainability, though. The gut microbes that let grazing animals digest grasses and other human-inedible forage release methane in the process — and methane is a potent greenhouse gas. Indeed, methane from ruminants accounts for about 40 percent of all livestock-related greenhouse gas emissions. Animal scientists are working on ways to reduce the amount of methane produced by grazers (see box). At present, however, it remains a serious problem. Paradoxically, raising cattle on grass — better for other dimensions of sustainability — makes this problem worse, because grass-fed cattle grow more slowly. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the limitations and the specific requirements for sustainable crop production and livestock management. It indicates that not every crop can be grown sustainably in every environment, noting that abandoning current grain-fed livestock practices would cause significant economic disruptions, and that producing sufficient meat for the population would require changes in current agricultural practices. The text emphasizes the need for a 'circular food economy' and mentions that livestock should not eat crops that are edible for humans, which directly challenges the claim that any crop can be sustainably grown in any environment.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Bioengineered yeast can produce biofuels from sugars. [SEP] Text: Bound enzymes are recyclable by direct contact with fresh substrates [8] or by desorption into the aqueous phase through various methods such as pH adjustment and surfactant treatment [9],[10]. When biomass hydrolysis, cell growth and product formation were integrated, fewer cellulolytic enzymes and less time was required [11]. Furthermore, when the production hosts were able to produce cellulolytic enzymes such as β-glucosidase, the amounts of exogenous enzymes required could be further reduced [12],[13]. Nonetheless, there were fewer examples on enzyme recovery when integrated processes were involved for the conversion of cellulosic biomass [14]. Microbial lipid production by oleaginous yeasts has been demonstrated using biomass hydrolysates as the feedstock [15]-[17], but has suffered from low lipid coefficient and prohibitively high costs. To integrate biomass hydrolysis and lipid production processes and enhance the overall efficiency, different processes, namely, separated hydrolysis and enhanced lipid production (SHELP), simultaneous saccharification and lipid production (SSLP) and simultaneous saccharification and enhanced lipid production (SSELP) may be explored. In a recent study, ionic liquid-pretreated corn stover was converted into lipids by the oleaginous yeast Cryptococcus curvatus according to the SSELP process, and the lipid coefficient was 112 mg/g regenerated corn stover in the presence of adequate amounts of cellulase, xylanase and β-glucosidase [18]. More recently, we found that C. curvatus had the unique feature of converting oligomeric sugars of biomass origin into lipids in the absence of exogenous cellulolytic enzymes, and that oligomeric sugars were transported into C. curvatus cells and then hydrolyzed by cytoplasmic enzymes [13]. To further advance microbial lipid technology, three different strategies were tested in this study, using C. curvatus as the lipid producer and alkaline-pretreated corn stover as the model material. Special emphases were put on reducing enzyme loading as well as enabling enzyme recovery. Attempts were also made to use recycled enzymes from the SSELP process. Our results provide valuable information for cost-effective lipid production from lignocelluloses, which should be of particular importance in achieving a sustainable production of biodiesel. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not directly address the claim about bioengineered yeast producing biofuels from sugars. Instead, it discusses various processes for lipid production using oleaginous yeasts, specifically Cryptococcus curvatus, but does not explicitly confirm or refute the potential of bioengineered yeast to produce biofuels from sugars.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Vaccines help in preventing the spread of infectious diseases. [SEP] Text: Neither the Vi polysaccharide vaccine nor the Ty21a vaccine is licensed for children younger than two years of age. Future trials should be sufficiently powered to present results stratified by age group. This would mean that vaccine efficacy in different groups could be analysed and would ensure that vaccine delivery can be targeted appropriately (for example, via a school‐based programme or through the expanded programme of immunization (EPI)). None of the included trials compared different types of vaccines used to prevent typhoid fever. Such future comparisons may be helpful in allowing direct conclusions regarding the relative efficacy of the vaccines, although such evidence would not necessarily promote the introduction of vaccines against typhoid fever to new settings and would require substantial resources. Future trials should conduct analyses suited to their design; cluster‐randomization should be accounted for in sample size calculations and in analyses of results. Summary of findings Open in table viewerSummary of findings for the main comparison. Ty21a vaccine (three doses) versus control for preventing typhoid fever Ty21a vaccination (three doses) versus placebo for typhoid fever Patient or population: adults and children aged 5 years of age and older Settings: any Intervention: oral Ty21a (3 doses) ‐ liquid, enteric capsule, or gelatin capsule Comparison: placebo comparative risks* (95% CI) Relative effect (95% CI) Number of participants (studies) Certainty of the evidence (GRADE) risk Corresponding risk Placebo Ty21a (3 doses) Cases of typhoid fever, Year 1 Medium‐risk population RR 0. 55 (0. 35 to 0. 86) 76,296 (3 studies) ⊕⊕⊕⊝ Moderatea,b,c,d Due to imprecision Cases of typhoid fever are probably reduced with vaccination 4 per 10,000 2 per 10,000 (1 to 3) High‐risk population 59 per 10,000 32 per 10,000 (21 to 51) Cases of typhoid fever, Year 2 Medium‐risk population RR 0. 41 (0. 29 to 0. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by presenting evidence that the Ty21a vaccine reduces the incidence of typhoid fever. It states that 'Cases of typhoid fever are probably reduced with vaccination,' which directly supports the assertion that vaccines contribute to preventing the spread of infectious diseases.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Every crop can be grown sustainably in any environment. [SEP] Text: Grass-fed Brazilian cattle, for example, take three to four years to reach slaughter weight, compared to 18 months for US cattle finished on grain in feedlots. And that’s not all: Because the grain-fed animals eat less roughage, their microbes also produce less methane each day. As a result, grass-fed beef — often viewed as the greener option — actually emits more methane, says Jason Clay, senior vice president of markets for the Fund-US. Even so, raising livestock on leftovers and marginal grazing lands not suitable for crops eliminates the need to grow feed crops, with all their associated emissions, and there will be fewer livestock overall. As a result, greenhouse gas emissions may end up lower than today. For Europe, for example, van Zanten and her colleagues compared expected emissions from livestock raised on leftovers and marginal lands against those from animals fed a conventional grain-based diet. Livestock on leftovers would produce up to 31 percent less greenhouse gas emissions than the conventional approach, they calculated. Most animal products generate more emissions of greenhouse gases than plant foods do. Grazers such as cattle, sheep or goats are the biggest emitters even after discounting the methane they produce. Pigs and, especially, chickens generate much smaller amounts of greenhouse gases for a given weight of meat. Some sustainability experts also argue that as long as grazing herds aren’t increasing, methane may be less of a worry than previously thought. Molecule for molecule, methane contributes about 80 times more warming than carbon dioxide does in the short term. However, CO₂ persists in the atmosphere for centuries, so newly emitted CO₂ always makes the climate crisis worse by adding to the stock of CO₂ in the atmosphere. In contrast, methane lasts only a decade or so in the atmosphere. If livestock levels remain constant over the span of decades, then the rate at which old methane washes out of the atmosphere will be about equal to the rate at which new methane is emitted, so there would be no additional burden on climate, says Qaim. But with climate experts warning that the world may be fast approaching a climate tipping point, some experts say there’s good reason to reduce meat consumption well below what’s sustainable. Completely eliminating livestock, for example, would allow some of the land now devoted to feed crops and pastures to revert to native vegetation. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the complexities and environmental impacts of raising livestock versus growing feed crops. It emphasizes that certain practices, like raising livestock on marginal lands, may lower emissions but does not support the idea that every crop can be sustainably grown in any environment. Instead, it suggests a nuanced view of land use and its effects on sustainability.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Bioengineered yeast can produce biofuels from sugars. [SEP] Text: Materials and methodsStrain, enzymes and materialsC. curvatus ATCC 20509 was purchased from the (Manassas, USA), stored at 4°C and propagated every two weeks on yeast peptone dextrose (YPD) agar slants (yeast extract 10 g/L, peptone 10 g/L, glucose 20 g/L, agar 15 g/L, pH 6. 0). Yeast extract and peptone were obtained from Aoboxing Biotech. Co. Ltd. (Beijing, China). Yeast inoculum was prepared in the YPD liquid medium (yeast extract 10 g/L, peptone 10 g/L, glucose 20 g/L, pH 6. 0). Cellulase from the fungus Trichoderma reesei was purchased from Zesheng Ltd. (Shandong, China). The filter paper activity and cellobiase activity of the cellulase sample were 175. 3 filter paper unit (FPU)/mL and 26. 1 cellobiose unit (CBU)/mL, respectively [19],[20]. β-Glucosidase from Aspergillus niger was purchased from Sigma (St. Louis, USA) and had an activity of 674. 7 CBU/mL. Xylanase, with an activity of 33. 3 kU/g, was obtained from Bio-Technology Co. , Ltd. (Yinchuan, China). One unit of xylanase (U) was defined as the amount of enzyme which produces 1. 0 μM xylose from 1% xylan solution within 1 minute at pH 5. 0 and 50°C. Corn stover harvested from the countryside of Changchun, China, was milled and passed through an 18 mesh screen (1 mm size screen). The milled materials were washed to remove field dirt, dried at 105°C to a constant weight, and pretreated with 0. 5 M NaOH at 80°C for 75 minutes at a solid-to-liquid ratio of 1:8 (w/v) according to a previously published procedure [21]. The solid residues were collected by filtration, washed with water three times to reach a neutral pH, dried at 105°C to a constant weight, and stored in a desiccate. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text provides detailed information on the materials and methods used for culturing the yeast strain C. curvatus ATCC 20509 and does not mention anything about bioengineered yeast producing biofuels from sugars. Therefore, it is irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Vaccines help in preventing the spread of infectious diseases. [SEP] Text: 57) 76,296 (3 studies) ⊕⊕⊕⊝ Moderatea,b,d,e Due to imprecision Cases of typhoid fever are probably reduced with vaccination 4 per 10,000 2 per 10,000 (1 to 2) High‐risk population 59 per 10,000 24 per 10,000 (17 to 34) Cases of typhoid fever, Year 3 Medium‐risk population RR 0. 44 (0. 25 to 0. 76) 76,296 (3 studies) ⊕⊕⊕⊝ Moderatea,b,d,e Due to imprecision Cases of typhoid fever are probably reduced with vaccination 4 per 10,000 2 per 10,000 (1 to 3) High‐risk population 59 per 10,000 26 per 10,000 (15 to 45) Cumulative cases of typhoid fever at 2. 5 to 3 years Medium‐risk population RR 0. 50 (0. 39 to 0. 65) 235,239 (4 studies) ⊕⊕⊕⊝ Moderatea,b,d,f Due to imprecision Cases of typhoid fever are probably reduced with vaccination 4 per 10,000 2 per 10,000 (2 to 3) High‐ risk population 59 per 10,000 30 per 10,000 (23 to 38) *The incidence of typhoid in a medium ‐risk setting is taken from the control group in a study from China (Yang 2001 CHN). The incidence of typhoid in a high‐risk setting is taken from a study in India (Sur 2009 IND). This is consistent with the incidence levels described by a global epidemiological study (Crump 2004). Abbreviations: CI : confidence interval; RR: risk ratio. grades of evidence High certainty : further research is very unlikely to change our confidence in the estimate of effect. Moderate certainty : further research is likely to have an important impact on our confidence in the estimate of effect and may change the estimate. Low certainty : further research is very likely to have an important impact on our confidence in the estimate of effect and is likely to change the estimate. Very low certainty: we are very uncertain about the estimate. aNo serious risk of bias detected. bNo serious indirectness detected: studies based in Chile, Indonesia, and Egypt. cNo serious inconsistency I2 = 33%. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by stating that cases of typhoid fever are probably reduced with vaccination, supporting the idea that vaccines play a role in preventing the spread of infectious diseases.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Every crop can be grown sustainably in any environment. [SEP] Text: Over 25 to 30 years of regrowth, this would tie up enough atmospheric CO₂ to completely offset a decade’s worth of global fossil fuel emissions, Matthew Hayek, an environmental scientist at University, and his colleagues reported in 2020. Add to that the rapid reduction in methane no longer emitted by livestock, and the gains become even more attractive. “We need to be moving in the opposite direction than we are now,” says Hayek. “The things that are going to do that are aggressive, experimental, bold policies — not ones that try to marginally reduce meat consumption by 20 or even 50 percent. ” : against methane Enteric methane — that is, emissions from the guts of cattle and other grazers — is the main source of greenhouse gas emissions from the livestock industry. Not surprisingly, researchers are hard at work searching for ways to reduce per-cow emissions. “This is the first time I’ve been really positive that we’re going to figure it out,” says Kristen Johnson, an animal scientist at University in Pullman, “because it’s the first time there’s been enough sustained interest to really get to the bottom of it. ” Some promising strategies include: Selectively breeding grazers to produce less methane. This has been done successfully in sheep, but there’s a catch: Low-methane sheep pass food through their stomachs faster, so they extract less nutrition from it and therefore gain weight more slowly, Johnson says. Vaccinating grazers against the gut microbes that generate methane. The strategy seems to work in the short term, Johnson says, but long-term effects are not yet known. Using feed additives that reduce methane emissions. The most promising, 3-nitroproxypropanol, blocks a microbial enzyme and prevents methane from being produced, write Guan, an animal scientist at the University of Alberta, and her colleagues in the 2020 of Animal Biosciences. However, such additives are only practical when livestock are fed in confinement, such as in a feedlot or a dairy. Moving cattle more frequently so they graze on young, nutritious vegetation, which generates less methane than dry grass. Researchers at University plan to start testing a system of “virtual fencing” in 2023 as a way to do this. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing specific strategies related to livestock emissions and their environmental impact, which implies that not every crop can be grown sustainably in any environment. The mention of selective breeding, feed additives, and grazing management highlights that different agricultural practices require specific approaches and conditions, suggesting that sustainability is dependent on various factors rather than a universal applicability to all crops.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Bioengineered yeast can produce biofuels from sugars. [SEP] Text: Enzymatic hydrolysis of alkaline-pretreated corn stoverThe alkaline-pretreated corn stover was loaded at 10% (w/v) solid loading in 50 mM citrate (pH 4. 8) and hydrolyzed at 50°C for 48 hours in the presence of different amounts of cellulase, β-glucosidase and xylanase. Recovered enzymes were used under identical conditions, but different amounts of cellulase and xylanase were supplemented when necessary. Separated hydrolysis and enhanced lipid production processCorn stover hydrolysates were prepared in 50 mM potassium phosphate (pH 4. 8) under identical conditions for enzymatic hydrolysis. C. curvatus ATCC 20509 pre-cultures were grown in YPD liquid medium for 24 hours at 30°C and 200 rpm. Cells were collected by centrifugation and used as inocula. One unit optical absorbance at 600 nm (OD600) for such inocula was equivalent to a cell density of 0. 36 g of cell dry weight (CDW) per liter. Experiments were performed in 500 mL conical flasks with 50 mL of corn stover hydrolysates (pH 5. 5) supplemented with 2. 0 g/L Tween 80 and 50 mg/L ampicillin (Co. Ltd. , Beijing, China). Cultures were initiated by resuspending inocula cells equivalent to 0. 36 g of CDW in the corn stover hydrolysates, and then held for 71 hours at 30°C and 200 rpm. Simultaneous saccharification and lipid production processExperiments were carried out in 500 mL conical flasks in 50 mM potassium phosphate (pH 5. 2), or a nutrient solution (pH 5. 2) with 5. 0 g of corn stover at 10% (w/v) solid loading supplemented with 2. 0 g/L Tween 80, 50 mg/L ampicillin, 10 FPU/g cellulase and 80 U/g xylanase. Cultures were initiated by 5. 0 mL of the pre-culture (corresponding to 45 mg CDW cells), and held for 72 hours at 30°C and 200 rpm. The nutrient solution was composed of yeast extract 1. 0 g/L, KH2PO4 2. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not provide information specific to bioengineered yeast or its production of biofuels from sugars. Instead, it describes a methodological approach involving enzymatic hydrolysis and culturing of yeast in the context of corn stover without explicitly confirming or denying the ability of bioengineered yeast to produce biofuels.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Vaccines help in preventing the spread of infectious diseases. [SEP] Text: dDowngraded for imprecision: cluster‐adjusted trials added, estimated ICC = 0. 0015 (from Sur 2009 IND). eNo serious inconsistency, no heterogeneity I2 = 0%. fThere is moderate heterogeneity (I2 = 50%), which is not explained by stratifying into type of preparation. However, the CIs fall within a clinically important threshold, meaning the heterogeneity is unlikely be clinically significant, so we have not downgraded for this. Open in table viewerSummary of findings 2. Vi polysaccharide vaccine (1 dose) versus control for preventing typhoid fever Vi polysaccharide vaccine (1 dose) versus control for preventing typhoid fever Patient or population : adults and children of 2 years of age and older Settings : any Intervention : Vi polysaccharide vaccine (1 dose) Comparison: control; efficacy comparative risks* (95% CI) Relative effect (95% CI) No of participants (studies) Certainty of the evidence (GRADE) risk Corresponding risk Control; efficacy Vi polysaccharide vaccine (1 dose) Incidence of typhoid fever – year 1 Blood culture Moderatea RR 0. 31 (0. 26 to 0. 37) 99,797 (3 studies) ⊕⊕⊕⊕ Highb,c,d,e Reduces incidence of typhoid fever 4 per 10,000 1. 2 per 10,000 (1. 0 to 1. 5) Higha 59 per 10,000 18. 29 per 10,000 (15. 34 to 21. 83) Incidence of typhoid fever – year 2 Moderatea RR 0. 41 (0. 31 to 0. 55) 194,969 (4 studies) ⊕⊕⊕⊝ Moderateb,f,g,e Due to inconsistency Probably reduces incidence of typhoid fever 4 per 10,000 1. 6 per 10,000 (1. 2 to 2. 2) Higha 59 per 10,000 24. 19 per 10,000 (18. 29 to 32. 45) Incidence of typhoid fever –year 3 Moderatea RR 0. 5 (0. 32 to 0. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text supports the claim by providing statistical evidence that the Vi polysaccharide vaccine significantly reduces the incidence of typhoid fever. Specifically, it states 'Reduces incidence of typhoid fever' with a relative risk (RR) of 0.31 (0.26 to 0.37), indicating that the vaccine is effective in preventing this infectious disease. Moreover, it presents data across multiple years, reinforcing the idea that vaccines contribute to the prevention of disease transmission.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Every crop can be grown sustainably in any environment. [SEP] Text: Genotype and of Potato(Solanumtuberosum L)in * Research Center, Horticulture division, Author : division, Ethiopia Tel: +251 116 187 346 E-mail: miheretufufag@gmail. com 17, 2013; 04, 2013; 06, 2014 Citation: (2014) Genotype and of Potato (Solanumtuberosum L) in Bale Highlands, Southeastern Ethiopia. 1: 121. doi: 10. 4172/2329-8863. 1000121 Copyright: © 2014 Miheretu F. This is an open-access 0. 05) variation in genotype x environment interaction in marketable tuber yield. Genotype, environment and genotype x environment interaction respectively explained 18. 86%, 51. 88% and 29. 26% of the total sum of squares in marketable tuber yield (t/ha). Most of the total sum of squares in marketable tuber yield is contributed by environment. The AMMI analysis for marketable tuber yield (t/ha) indicated that IPCA1, IPCA2 and IPCA3 were highly significant (p<0. 01) while IPCA4 showed non-significant interaction. The first and second principal component axis captured 40. 37% and 30. 8% of the GEI sum of squares in marketable tuber yield. Genotype 394640-539 gave high mean marketable tuber yield that is the most stable across environments. It was, thus, selected and recommended for wide production across locations. Keywords AMMI stability; GEI; Potato (Solanumtuberosum L. ) (Solanumtuberosum L. ), belonging to the family Solanaceae, is an important food and cash crop ranking fourth after maize, wheat and rice in annual production in the world [1,2]. It is the world’s number one none-grain crop to ensure food security due to its growing demand [3]. It is a high biological value crop that gives an exceptionally high yield with more nutritious content per unit area per unit time than any other major crops. Thus, it can play a remarkable role in human diet as a supplement to other food crops such as wheat and rice [4]. Furthermore, the contribution of potato to the diversification of the cereal mono-cropping in Bale is great. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by illustrating that the genotype and environment significantly interact to affect the marketable tuber yield of potatoes. Specifically, it mentions that 'most of the total sum of squares in marketable tuber yield is contributed by environment,' implying that not all crops can be grown sustainably in every environment, as environmental factors heavily influence the yield.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Bioengineered yeast can produce biofuels from sugars. [SEP] Text: 7 g/L, Na2HPO4 · 7H2O 2. 4 g/L, MgSO4 · 7H2O 0. 2 g/L, ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid 0. 1 g/L, Tween 80 2. 0 g/L, 1% (v/v) trace element solution and various amounts of (NH4)2SO4. The composition of the trace element solution contained (g/L): CaCl2 · 2H2O 4. 0, FeSO4 · 7H2O 0. 55, citric acid · H2O 0. 52, ZnSO4 · 7H2O 0. 10, MnSO4 · H2O 0. 076 and H2SO4 0. 18 [22]. Simultaneous saccharification and enhanced lipid production processExperiments were performed in 500 mL conical flasks in 50 mM phosphate buffer (pH 5. 2) with 5. 0 g of corn stover at 10% (w/v) solid loading supplemented with 2. 0 g/L Tween 80, 50 mg/L ampicillin and various amounts of cellulolytic enzymes. Cultures were initiated by inocula cells equivalent to 0. 36 g of CDW, and then held for 72 hours at 30°C and 200 rpm. Simultaneous saccharification and enhanced lipid production process with enzyme recyclingEnzyme recycling experiments were done using broth samples of the SSELP process supplemented with 10 FPU/g cellulase and 80 U/g xylanase. The broths were centrifuged at 20,000 g to separate the solids and the supernatants. The solids were mixed thoroughly with about 9 mL of 50 mM phosphate (pH 5. 2), centrifuged, and the supernatants were combined to a total volume of 50 mL. The second round SSELP process was done using the spent supernatants with no extra enzyme loading under otherwise identical conditions. All experiments were done in triplicate and data were presented as mean value · standard deviation. Analytical methodsGlucose was determined using an SBA-50B glucose analyzer (of Sciences, Jinan, China). Total reducing sugars (TRS) were quantified according to the 2,4-dinitrosalicylate method with glucose as standard [23]. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it provides detailed experimental setup and results related to enzyme recycling and sugar quantification, but does not mention bioengineered yeast or its capacity to produce biofuels from sugars.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Vaccines help in preventing the spread of infectious diseases. [SEP] Text: Vi‐rEPA vaccine (2 doses) versus control for preventing typhoid fever Vi‐rEPA vaccine (2 doses) versus control for preventing typhoid fever Patient or population : adults and children of 2 years of age and older Settings : any Intervention : Vi‐rEPA vaccine (2 doses) Comparison: control; efficacy comparative risks* (95% CI) Relative effect (95% CI) Number of participants (studies) Certainty of the evidence (GRADE) risk Corresponding risk Control; efficacy Vi‐rEPA vaccine (2 doses) Incidence of typhoid fever – year 1 Follow‐up: 1 year Moderatea RR 0. 06 (0. 01 to 0. 25) 12,008 (1 study) ⊕⊕⊕⊝ Moderateb,c Due to indirectness Probably reduces incidence of typhoid fever 4 per 10,000 0. 24 per 10,000 (0. 04 to 1) Higha 59 per 10,000 3. 5 per 10,000 (0. 6 to 14. 8) Incidence of typhoid fever – year 2 Moderatea RR 0. 13 (0. 04 to 0. 44) 12,008 (1 study) ⊕⊕⊕⊝ to indirectness Probably reduces incidence of typhoid fever 4 per 10,000 0. 52 per 10,000 (0. 16 to 1. 8) Higha 59 per 10,000 7. 7 per 10,000 (2. 4 to 26. 0) Cumulative cases of typhoid fever at 2 years Moderatea RR 0. 09 (0. 04 to 0. 22) 12,008 (1 study) ⊕⊕⊕⊝ to indirectness Probably reduces incidence of typhoid fever 4 per 10,000 0. 36 per 10,000 (0. 16 to 0. 88) Highb 59 per 10,000 5. 31 per 10,000 (2. 36 to 12. 98) Cumulative cases of typhoid fever at 3. 8 years Moderatea RR 0. 11 (0. 05 to 0. 23) 12,008 (1 study) ⊕⊕⊕⊝ to indirectness Probably reduces incidence of typhoid fever 4 per 10,000 0. 44 per 10,000 (0. 2 to 0. 92) Highb 59 per 10,000 6. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by providing evidence that the Vi‐rEPA vaccine probably reduces the incidence of typhoid fever. It presents various data points indicating a significant reduction in the number of typhoid fever cases among vaccinated individuals compared to those in the control group, suggesting that vaccines effectively prevent the spread of this infectious disease.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Every crop can be grown sustainably in any environment. [SEP] Text: Despite the importance of potato in the country agriculture, its productivity has shown a decreasing trend even if its production is expanding steadily [5,6]. One of the major factors contributing to reduction in yield of potato is inadequacy of improved cultivars with wide adaptability and stability in tuber yield. Thus, evaluating genotypes across various environments for their stability of performance and range of adaptation is crucial and is an important component of the research activity of the national as well as regional research program. Evaluating genotypes over diverse environments is universal practice to ensure the stability of performance of the genotypes [7]. Stability in performance is one of the most desirable properties of a genotype to be released as a variety for wide cultivation [8]. However, the activity of identification, selection and recommendation of superior genotypes is complicated and severely limited by genotype × environment interaction that is inevitable in multi-environmental trails [9-13]. The presence of genotype x environment interaction may confound the genotypic performance with environmental effects [14]. Several statistical models and procedures have been developed and exploited for studying the genotype x environment interaction effects, stability of genotypes and their relationships in varietal development process [9-11,15]. A combined analysis of variance (ANOVA) can quantify the interactions and describe the main effects. However, it is uninformative for explaining genotype x environment interaction. To increase accuracy, additive main effects and multiplicative interaction (AMMI) is the model of first choice when main effects and interaction are both important [13]. It is a powerful tool for effective analysis and interpretation of multi-environment data structure in breeding programs and is useful for understanding genotype x environment interaction [7,9]. Plant breeders frequently apply AMMI model for explaining genotype x environment interaction and analyzing the performance of genotypes and test environments [16,17]. Therefore, this paper assesses genotype x environment interaction and marketable tuber yield stability of potato genotypes under Bale highlands, Southeastern Ethiopia. Materials and genotypes of potato were evaluated for their adaptability and stability in marketable tuber yield across locations in Bale highlands at Sinana, Shallo and Dinsho during 2009, 2010 and 2011. Sinana is located at an altitude of 2400 m. a. s. l. with a range of mean annual rainfall of 563-1018 millimeter and minimum and maximum temperature of 7. 9°C and 24. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by highlighting the challenges associated with growing potato genotypes sustainably across different environments. It emphasizes the importance of evaluating genotypes for their adaptability and stability due to the presence of genotype x environment interaction, which indicates that not every crop can be grown sustainably in any environment. The discussion around the complex interactions between genotypes and their environments suggests that successful cultivation is contingent on specific conditions, thereby refuting the claim.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Bioengineered yeast can produce biofuels from sugars. [SEP] Text: Sugar mixtures were analyzed by ion chromatography (IC) on the Dionex ICS2500 system with a CarboPac PA10 analytical column and an ED50 electrochemical detector (Dionex, Sunnyvale, USA). The column was washed with an isocratic elution of NaOH at a speed of 1 mL/min at 30°C. Structural carbohydrates and lignin content of corn stover were analyzed according to the procedures of the [24]. Total lipids of cells prepared by the SHELP process were extracted according to the chloroform/methanol method [13]. Total lipids of the SSLP and SSELP processes were obtained by extraction according to the chloroform/methanol method followed by a petroleum-ether partition step. Briefly, total mass containing cells and corn stover residues was harvested by centrifugation, washed twice with distilled water and determined gravimetrically after drying at 105°C for 24 hours. Crude lipids were extracted from dried total mass, dissolved again with petroleum ether and filtrated to recover the petroleum-ether solution. The solvents were removed by rotary evaporation, and the residue was dried at 105°C for 24 hours to give the total lipids [14]. Lipid content was expressed as gram total lipids per gram CDW. The lipid coefficient was defined as milligram total lipids produced per gram corn stover supplied, as has been adopted by others in this field [3]. Lipid fractionation was performed according to a published method, with minor modifications [25]. About 100 mg of the lipid sample was loaded on a silica gel column (Waters Sep-Pak™ Vac 6 cc Slilca-1 g (), eluted by 100 mL of 1,2-dichloroethane, 70 mL of 1,2-dichloroethane/acetone (1:10, v/v) and 35 mL of methanol in sequence. The solvents from each fraction were evaporated in a vacuum, and the weight of the residual lipid was determined. The fractions, in the order of elution, were neutral lipids (N), glycolipids plus sphingolipids (G + S) and phospholipids (P). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim regarding bioengineered yeast producing biofuels from sugars. It primarily discusses methods for analyzing sugar mixtures and extracting lipids from corn stover. There is no mention of bioengineered yeast or its capability to produce biofuels, making the text unrelated to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Vaccines help in preventing the spread of infectious diseases. [SEP] Text: However, a recent systemic review found inadequate sensitivity and specificity for these as well (Thriemer 2013). Effective and early treatment with antibiotics shortens disease course and reduces the risk of complications (Kariuki 2015). A multi‐drug resistant (MDR) strain of S. Typhi to chloramphenicol, ampicillin and co‐trimoxazole emerged in the late 1980s in Asia, and later in Africa. This has declined with widespread use of fluoroquinolones. Unfortunatley, S. Typhi strains with reduced sensitivity and resistance to fluoroquinolones developed in the 1990s, mainly in the Indian subcontinent (Wain 2015). Third generation cephalosporins (such as ceftriaxone and cefotaxime) are often used, particularly in patients admitted to hospital. Sporadic reports of emerging resistance to these antibiotics is of serious concern (Kariuki 2015). Azithromicyn is being used increasingly as a first‐line oral treatment option. Potential control measures Given the route of transmission and the fact that humans are the only source of infection, improved sanitation and food hygiene are important control measures. However, these measures are associated with socioeconomic progress, which has been slow in most endemic areas. Furthermore, achieving control of typhoid fever by antimicrobial treatment alone requires well‐functioning medical services and is hindered by the increasing problem of antibiotic‐resistant S. Typhi. Therefore vaccination against typhoid fever is a key control measure in high‐risk areas (WHO 2008). In addition to the populations residing in areas in which typhoid fever is endemic, travellers to these regions as well as household contacts of typhoid fever carriers and laboratory workers may benefit from an effective vaccine (Parry 2002). Description of the intervention Vaccination against typhoid fever is a key control measure; however, despite their evaluation in populations in endemic low‐ and middle‐ income countries, travellers from high‐income countries are the primary users of typhoid fever vaccines. This situation is changing, thanks to the availability of high‐quality burden of disease data from endemic countries (Ochiai 2008); to the experience of typhoid vaccination programmes in Thailand, China, Vietnam, and India (DeRoeck 2008); and to vaccine demonstration projects in five Asian countries (Ochiai 2007). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by stating that 'vaccination against typhoid fever is a key control measure in high‐risk areas' and discusses the importance of vaccination for populations in endemic regions, indicating that vaccines play a crucial role in controlling the spread of infectious diseases like typhoid fever.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Every crop can be grown sustainably in any environment. [SEP] Text: 3°C, respectively. The soil type is darkbrown with slightly acidic reaction [18]. The experiment was laid out in randomized complete block design with three replications. The genotypes were planted on a plot area of 9m2 with spacing of 75 cm and 30cm between rows and plants respectively. All agronomic and cultural practices were followed as per the general recommendation: the fertilizer rate of 90Kg/ha P2O5 and 110 Kg/ha N was used without fungicide application. At physiological maturity, the tubers were harvested from two middle rows and washed with clean tap water to remove soils. The clean tubers were sorted and graded into large, medium and small based on their size. The weight of the tubers per plot (kg) was recorded and their mean was subjected to analysis. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) was carried out on marketable tuber mean (t/ha) on plot basis and pooled over locations and seasons using the Model (GLM) procedures of the System version, 9. 2 [19]. (AMMI) statistical model and biplot were produced using Irristat software [20]. Furthermore, AMMI’s stability value (ASV) was calculated in order to rank genotypes in terms of stability using the formula suggested by Purchase [21] as shown below: where, SS = Sum of squares; IPCA1 = interaction principal component analysis axis 1and IPCA2 = interaction principal component analysis axis 2. Genotype by environment interaction Results and combined analysis of variance indicated that there is significant variation (p<0. 05)in genotype x environment interaction for marketable tuber yield (t/ha) (Table 1). The significant variation in genotype x environment interaction indicate that there is a need to undertake additive main effects and multiplicative interaction(AMMI) analysis to distinguish which genotypes are stable in their marketable tuber yield. The analysis of variance for additive main effect and multiplicative interaction model of marketable tuber yield (t/ha) of the 12 potato genotypes was indicated in Table 2. Genotypes, environment and genotype x environment interaction respectively explained 18. 86%, 51. 88% and 29. 26%of the total sum of squares in marketable tuber yield (t/ha). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by demonstrating that there is significant variation in genotype x environment interaction for marketable tuber yield. This indicates that not all crops (in this case, potato genotypes) can be grown sustainably in every environment, as the yield performance depends on specific environmental factors. The analysis highlights the necessity of considering these interactions for sustainable crop production.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Bioengineered yeast can produce biofuels from sugars. [SEP] Text: The fatty acid compositional profiles of lipid samples were determined on a 7890 F gas chromatography instrument (Instrument Co. Ltd. , Shanghai, China) after transmethylation according to a published procedure [26]. Statistical analysisAn analysis of variance (ANOVA) and multiple comparisons were performed to identify the significant differences of the experimental data. Tukey’s post hoc test was conducted to compute significant differences among the experimental data of various culture modes. Bonferroni’s post hoc test was adopted to calculate multiple comparisons of experimental data obtained under different hydrolysis or culture conditions. A P value of less than 0. 05 was considered statistically significant. Results and discussionSeparated hydrolysis and enhanced lipid production processThe chemical composition of raw corn stover samples used in this study contained 37. 9% glucan, 20. 1% xylan, 2. 3% arabinan, 0. 9% galactan, 0. 3% mannan and 20. 8% lignin. The alkaline pretreatment was efficient at removing lignin by disrupting the ester bonds cross-linking lignin and hemicellulose, as well as enhancing the enzyme accessibility of cellulose [21]. In a typical alkaline pretreatment process, the regenerated corn stover was received in a yield of 61. 6%. The chemical composition of the regenerated sample contained 56. 2% glucan, 16. 5% xylan, 3. 1% arabinan, 0. 5% galactan, 0. 5% mannan and 8. 2% lignin, indicating that more than 75% of lignin was removed. To ensure complete hydrolysis of the regenerated corn stover, different amounts of cellulolytic enzymes were used, and final concentrations of glucose and TRS after 48 hours are shown in Figure 1. It was clear that higher enzyme loadings afforded more products. When cellulase, β-glucosidase and xylanase were loaded at 5 FPU, 10 CBU and 40 U/g regenerated corn stover, glucose and TRS were only 26. 3 g/L and 53. 3 g/L, respectively. When enzymes loadings were all doubled, glucose and TRS increased significantly (P <0. 05) to 36. 3 g/L and 68. 6 g/L, respectively. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim regarding bioengineered yeast producing biofuels from sugars. Instead, it focuses on the chemical composition of raw corn stover, the efficiency of alkaline pretreatment, and the effects of cellulolytic enzymes on glucose production without mentioning yeast or biofuels.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Vaccines help in preventing the spread of infectious diseases. [SEP] Text: A 2008 Organization (WHO) position paper on the use of typhoid vaccines concluded that given the continued high burden of disease and increasing antibiotic resistance, countries should consider the programmatic use of typhoid vaccines for controlling endemic disease (WHO 2008). Despite this recommendation, very few typhoid endemic countries have implemented a typhoid vaccination programme (Maurice 2012). Up until recently, there were no typhoid vaccines effective for children younger than two years, who carry a large disease burden in developing countries. More recently, newer typhoid conjugate vaccines (TCV) have entered use, with evidence of immunogenicity in children from six months old. These show a potential for inclusion in the infant expanded programme on immunization (Date 2015). The following typhoid vaccines have been developed. Inactivated whole‐cell typhoid vaccine Although vaccines of this type were introduced in 1896 (WHO 2005), their efficacy was established only in 1960 in controlled trials in Yugoslavia, the Soviet Union, Poland, and Guyana. The 1998 version of this demonstrated that two doses of this type of vaccine resulted in 73% efficacy over three years (95% confidence interval (CI) 65% to 80%) (Engels 1998a). Different methods of inactivating S. Typhi cells have been used to prepare these vaccines: acetone‐inactivated, alcohol‐inactivated or heat‐inactivated and phenol preserved. In field trials, the vaccine has been associated with fever and systemic reactions in 9% to 34% of recipients, and with short absences from work or school in 2% to 17% of cases (WHO 2000). Therefore, the inactivated whole‐cell typhoid vaccine is considered unsuitable for use as a public health vaccine, and, although licensed, it is no longer available for use (Garmory 2002). Consequently, we have not included killed whole‐cell vaccines in this update. Ty2la vaccine Ty21a is a live oral vaccine derived from an attenuated strain of S. Typhi, approved for use in children aged six years or older. It is available as an enteric‐coated capsule and is given in three doses (four doses in North America) every other day. The liquid formulation, which was approved in children over two years old, is not currently available (WHO 2018b). It elicits protection that starts 10 to 14 days after the third dose. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the role of typhoid vaccines in controlling endemic disease. It cites the WHO's position on the use of these vaccines for managing the high burden of typhoid, a significant infectious disease, thereby supporting the argument that vaccines are effective in preventing the spread of infectious diseases.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Every crop can be grown sustainably in any environment. [SEP] Text: Most of the total sum of squares are contributed by environment indicating that environment is diverse, with large difference among the environmental means causing most of the variation in marketable tuber yield (t/ha). The magnitude of genotype x environment interaction sum of squares was 1. 551 times larger than that of genotypes in marketable tuber yield, implying that there was difference among genotypic response across environments (Table 1). This variability may be due to the variability of soil and rainfall across locations. AMMI stability analysis of marketable tuber yield The AMMI analysis for marketable tuber yield (t/ha) indicated that IPCA 1, IPCA2 and IPCA3 were highly significant (p<0. 01) while IPCA 4 showed non-significant variation (Table 2). The first principal component axis captured 40. 37 % of the interaction sum of squares while second principal component axis explained 30. 80% of the GEI sum of squares. IPCA 1 and IPCA 2 together had greater contribution (71. 17%) to the total sum of squares than that of genotypes. The mean and AMMI stability values of marketable tuber yield were indicated in Table 3. The highest (28. 42t/ha) and the lowest (9. 94t/ha) mean marketable tuber yield were recorded by genotype 387967-3 and the local cultivar respectively. Genotypes 387967-3, 394640-539, 90147-41, Jalane, Ararsa, 90170-37, 390012-2 and Hunde gave mean marketable tuber yield higher than the grand mean. On the other hand, 90147-15, 392637-500, 90147-46 and local gave mean yield lower than the grand mean. The most stable genotype in marketable tuber yield was 394640-539 based on AMMI stability value while the local, 90147-41 and Jalane are the most unstable genotypes. Based on the AMMI stability value, genotype 394640-539 was selected for wide production as it gave high mean marketable tuber yield that is stable across environments. AMMI biplot analysis of marketable tuber yield Both genotypes and environments differed in their interaction as well as main effects for marketable tuber yield (Figure 1). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by illustrating that there is significant interaction between genotype and environment for marketable tuber yield, indicating that environmental variability affects crop performance. It mentions that 'the magnitude of genotype x environment interaction sum of squares was 1.551 times larger than that of genotypes,' which suggests that different crops (genotypes) respond differently to the variations in environments (e.g., soil and rainfall), ultimately implying that not every crop can be grown sustainably in any environment.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Bioengineered yeast can produce biofuels from sugars. [SEP] Text: When cellulase, β-glucosidase and xylanase increased further to 20 FPU, 40 CBU and 160 U/g, glucose and TRS reached 45. 7 g/L and 82. 8 g/L, respectively. As the initial corn stover concentration was 10% (w/v), the formation of 82. 8 g/L TRS suggested that over 95% polymeric carbohydrates were hydrolyzed to soluble reducing sugars. Therefore, the combination of 20 FPU/g cellulase, 40 CBU/g β-glucosidase and 160 U/g xylanase was sufficient to hydrolyze the regenerated corn stover sample. Figure 1Effects of enzyme dosage on corn stover hydrolysis. CBU, cellobiase unit; FPU, filter paper unit; TRS, total reducing sugars. Full size imageThe hydrolysates were prepared with the highest enzyme loadings, separated by centrifugation, and used to culture C. curvatus according to the SHELP process. After 71 hours, glucose concentration was below the limit of detection and residual TRS was only 2. 8 g/L in the culture broth. Cell mass, lipid content, lipid coefficient and lipid productivity were 27. 7 g/L, 43. 6%, 155. 9 mg/g initial TRS and 3. 75 g/L/d, respectively. The lipid coefficient was equivalent to 115. 6 mg/g alkaline-pretreated corn stover. Simultaneous saccharification and lipid production processAs glucose and cellobiose are strong inhibitors for cellulase, hydrolysis of biomass usually requires relatively large amounts of enzymes due to markedly slowing down the reaction over time [27]. The SSLP process may be applied to overcome product inhibition and reduce enzyme usage for the conversion of cellulosic biomass into lipids. In fact, cellulose was effectively converted into lipids by C. curvatus in the presence of cellulase, but without the addition of exogenous β-glucosidase [13]. When alkaline-pretreated corn stover was directly used according to the SSLP process with C. curvatus in potassium phosphate buffer, lipid titre, lipid coefficient and lipid productivity were only 6. 2 g/L, 67. 2 mg/g and 2. 10 g/L/d, respectively (Table 1, Entry 1). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not directly address the claim about bioengineered yeast producing biofuels from sugars. Instead, it discusses the hydrolysis of corn stover to produce reducing sugars and describes the cultivation conditions of C. curvatus, but it does not specify that this yeast is bioengineered or explicitly state that it produces biofuels from sugars. Consequently, the text is considered irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Vaccines help in preventing the spread of infectious diseases. [SEP] Text: Travellers should be revaccinated every three to five years with continued or repeat exposure and those living in disease endemic areas every three years. A theoretical question associated with the Ty21a vaccine is whether it reverts to virulence; however, none of the multiple large field trials conducted have documented such hypothetical effects, which are considered exceptionally unlikely given the degree of attenuation (WHO 2008). M01ZH09 vaccine A human challenge trial has assessed a new live attenuated oral typhoid vaccine, M01ZH09 (Darton 2016). M01ZH09 is constructed from a parent Ty2 strain. Following vaccination with M01ZH09 or placebo in a double‐blind randomized trial, participants were artificially infected with S. Typhi. A single dose was not found to be effective in preventing infection (RR 1. 81, 95% CI 0. 66 to 5). However, as this was a human challenge, its clinical effects remain unknown. Vi polysaccharide vaccine Vi polysaccharide is based on a purified capsular polysaccharide of S. antigen (Date 2015). Given in a single parenteral dose, protection begins seven days after injection, with maximum protection achieved at 28 days, when the highest antibody concentration is attained (Garmory 2002). This vaccine is approved for people aged two years and older. It is not immunogenic in younger children, Revaccination every three years is recommended. Typhoid conjugate vaccines Typhoid conjugate vaccines (TCV) are injectable subunit vaccines where Vi capsular polysaccharide antigen is linked to a protein carrier (Date 2015). Vi‐rEPA, a modified Vi vaccine conjugated to a nontoxic recombinant Pseudomonas aeruginosa exotoxin A (rEPA), is given as two parenteral doses. Although theoretically immunogenic from six months old, it has only been used in children over two years (Lin 2001 VNM). This vaccine has not been commercialized. Vi‐TT a new conjugated Vi‐polysaccharide linked to tetanus toxoid carrier protein, has been licensed in India in two preparations: (two doses, children six months and above; Mitra 2016 IND) and Typbar‐TCV (one dose, children six months and above; Jin 2017; Mohan 2015). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by detailing various vaccines, including the Ty21a and M01ZH09 vaccines, and discusses their effects on preventing infections. It highlights the importance of vaccination, such as repeated vaccinations recommended for individuals in disease endemic areas and the effectiveness of vaccines like the Vi polysaccharide vaccine, which provides protection against typhoid fever after injection. The mention of vaccines' role in providing immunogenic responses supports the idea that vaccines help in preventing the spread of infectious diseases.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Every crop can be grown sustainably in any environment. [SEP] Text: Genotype3 (Local) was the lowest in its mean marketable tuber yield while genotype 5 (387967-3) and 2 (394640-539) were higher in their marketable tuber yield. and B were highly productive while environment D was poor in marketable tuber yield. Genotypes 3 (Local), 6 (90147-46), 10 (90170-37), 2 (394640-539) and 5 (387967- 3) showed positive interaction with environment B, D, E and F. On the other hand, genotypes 4 (392637-500), 7 (90147-15), 1 (Hunde), 8 (390012-2), 9 (Ararsa), 11(Jalane) and 12 (90147-41)showed negative interaction with environment G, C, A and H. Genotype 3 (Local) was found adaptable to poor environment (D). On the other hand, genotypes 5 and 2 were found suitable to productive environments. Figure 2 indicates the interaction pattern of the 12 potato genotypes with 9 environments for their marketable tuber yield (kg/ ha). The distance from the origin (0,0) is indicative of the amount of interaction that was exhibited by genotypes either over environments or environments over genotypes [22]. The genotypes 5(387967-3), 11 (Jalane), 3 (Local), 12 (90147-41), 7 (90147-15) and 6 (90147-46) expressed a highly interactive behavior (positively or negatively) while genotype 2 (394640-539) show low interaction and thus stable in its marketable tuber yield (Kg/ha) (Figure 2). The environments H, E and F were highly interactive while B, I and D showed low interaction. combined analysis of variance of marketable tuber yield (t/ha) indicated that there was significant (p<0. 05) genotype x environment interaction. Most of the total sum of squares in marketable tuber yield was explained by environment than genotype. cultivar was found adaptable to poor environment while genotypes 394640- 539 and387967-3were found suitable to productive environments. Genotype 394640-539 was selected for wide production for it had stable and high mean marketable tuber yield across the environments. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the genotype and environmental interactions that affect marketable tuber yield. It states that certain potato genotypes (e.g., Genotype 3) were adaptable to poor environments, while others (e.g., Genotype 5 and 2) were suited for productive environments, indicating that not every crop can grow sustainably in any environment. The text suggests significant genotype x environment interactions, thus challenging the idea that all crops have the same potential for sustainability across varying environments.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Bioengineered yeast can produce biofuels from sugars. [SEP] Text: Full size imageIt should be emphasized that no β-glucosidase was used, and cellulase and xylanase were loaded only 10 FPU and 80 U, respectively, per gram of alkaline-pretreated corn stover in the SSLP process, which were dramatically less than those in the SHELP process. Yet, lipid coefficient was increased by 12% compared to that of the SHELP process. A similar example with acid-pretreated corn stover using Trichosporon cutaneum as the lipid producer was recently reported [14], but lipid coefficient and lipid productivity were 32. 3 mg/g and 0. 86 g/L/d, respectively, which were much lower than our results. Simultaneous saccharification and enhanced lipid production processTo further improve lipid production efficiency, we tested the SSELP process, and the results are shown in Table 2. The evolution of glucose and TRS in the culture broth shared similar trends (Figure 3). There was an apparent sugar formation burst, followed by a short plateau and then a gradual decline. Higher enzyme loadings afforded longer plateau time and higher sugar concentrations. When enzyme loadings were relatively low, glucose was below the limit of detection for a longer culture time period. When cellulase, β-glucosidase and xylanase loadings were 5 FPU/g, 10 CBU/g and 40 U/g, the concentrations of glucose and TRS after 12 hours were 4. 0 g/L and 8. 6 g/L, respectively. Glucose was below the limit of detection and TRS was 2. 9 g/L after 36 hours, suggesting that the sugars became limiting for yeast utilization. TRS was only 1. 0 g/L at the end of the culture, indicating that C. curvatus had an exceptional capacity of assimilating different sugar components generated by enzymatic hydrolysis. Lipid titre, lipid coefficient and lipid productivity were 13. 2 g/L, 137. 9 mg/g and 4. 06 g/L/d, respectively (Table 2, Entry 1). When cellulase, β-glucosidase and xylanase were all doubled, the concentrations of glucose and TRS were 8. 0 g/L and 19. 3 g/L, respectively. At the end of the culture, no glucose was observed and TRS was only 1. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not directly support or refute the claim regarding bioengineered yeast's ability to produce biofuels from sugars. It discusses the enzymatic processes and sugar concentrations during cultivation but does not explicitly mention biofuels or yeast production in the context of biofuels. Therefore, it is considered irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Vaccines help in preventing the spread of infectious diseases. [SEP] Text: WHO has approved Typbar‐TCV for infants and children over six months of age in endemic areas (WHO 2018a). Why it is important to do this review This update of the 2014 Cochrane Review, Anwar 2014, provides an updated assessment of the efficacy and safety of vaccines to prevent typhoid fever by incorporating data from new trials and vaccines and incorporating cluster‐randomized controlled trials in the meta‐analyses. Objectives available in English Español To assess the effects of vaccines for preventing typhoid fever. Methods available in English Español Criteria for considering studies for this review Types of studies Randomized and quasi‐randomized controlled trials. Types of participants Adults and children. Types of interventions against S. Typhi include the following. Live oral vaccine Ty2la or genetic modifications of this strain. Vi polysaccharide vaccine. Conjugate vaccines. vaccine, placebo or typhoid‐inactive agents (vaccine for a different disease) Other typhoid vaccines For the secondary outcome of adverse events, we included only placebo‐controlled trials. Excluded interventions We excluded studies focusing on the following types of interventions. Trials that evaluated killed whole‐cell vaccines, because these vaccines are no longer in use. Trials that reported only on immunogenicity. Trials that assessed only adverse events but not clinical efficacy of vaccines that have not yet been evaluated for clinical efficacy. Human challenge studies where participants were artificially infected withS. Typhi at a certain time point following vaccination, since the bacterial inoculum in challenge trials is constant and the timing of infection relative to vaccination is highly controlled compared to the real life situation. We therefore believe these trials to be less relevant for clinicians and policy‐making. Types of outcome measures Primary outcomes Typhoid fever Typhoid fever defined by isolation of S. Typhi from blood cultures. Secondary outcomes Adverse events Serious adverse events, defined as leading to death, requiring inpatient hospitalization or prolonged existing hospitalization, life threatening, or resulting in persistent or significant disability or incapacity. Other adverse events, including fever, erythema at injection site, vomiting, and diarrhoea. When the occurrence of adverse events was reported after each of several doses, we extracted the occurrence following each dose separately. When reports provided estimates of the incidence of adverse events for different time points after vaccination, we presented the data corresponding to 24 hours after vaccination. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the approval of the Typbar‐TCV vaccine for preventing typhoid fever. It indicates that there is an updated assessment of the efficacy and safety of vaccines specifically aimed at preventing typhoid, thus supporting the broader assertion that vaccines play a role in preventing infectious diseases.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Every crop can be grown sustainably in any environment. [SEP] Text: : 2329-8863 Advances in and for Manuscript 10. 4172/2329-8863. 1000358 and Stability of in Bale, Miheretu Fufa*31, Ziway, Ethiopia *Corresponding Author: 31, Ziway, Ethiopia, Tel: +251911530715, Email: miheretufufag@gmail. com Received: 09-Mar-2018 Accepted Date: 28-Apr-2018 Published Date: 05-May-2018 DOI: 10. 4172/2329-8863. 1000358 genotypes were evaluated across locations to assess their agronomic performance, genotype by environment interaction and seed yield stability during 2011 and 2012 at Sinana, Goro and Ginir in randomized complete design with three replications. Except the number of capsules per plant, the analysis of variance indicated that there was highly significant variation (p<0. 01) among the genotypes in days to flower, plant height, primary branches, days to maturity, biomass yield and seed yield. The combined analysis of variance indicated that the genotype x environment interaction was highly significant (p<0. 01) indicating that there is a need to know which component of the interaction is contributing to the variation. The genotype by environment interaction explained contributed to the majority (79. 16%) of the variation while the genotype and environment respectively explained 19. 72 and 1. 12% of the total sum of squares. The variation is majorly contributed by the genotype x environment interaction than genotype indicating that there was substantial difference in genotypic response across environments. AMMI stability analysis revealed that all the four AMMI components are highly significant. The first and second principal components contributed 70. 85% and 17. 0% of interaction sum of squares respectively. The PCA1 and PCA2 had sum of squares greater than that of genotypes and cumulatively contributed to 87. 86% of the total GEI. Based on the calculated AMMI stability value, BC-DM-9 was the most stable genotypes followed by ACBC- 6 and AC-BC-19. On the other hand, genotype AC-BC-10 was the most unstable followed by MAB-057, ACBC- 8, Local and AC-BC-4. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by highlighting that there is a significant genotype by environment interaction affecting the agronomic performance of crops. It states that 'the genotype x environment interaction explained contributed to the majority (79.16%) of the variation,' indicating that different environments can drastically affect crop performance and suggesting that not every crop can be grown sustainably in any environment.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Bioengineered yeast can produce biofuels from sugars. [SEP] Text: It was interesting to note that the best results were obtained in the absence of exogenous β-glucosidase (Table 2, Entry 2). The maximal glucose concentration was only 2. 9 g/L, and TRS was 1. 8 g/L at the end of culture. Lipid titre, lipid coefficient and lipid productivity reached 15. 1 g/L, 159. 4 mg/g alkaline-pretreated corn stover and 4. 69 g/L/h, respectively. Lipid coefficient was improved by 37. 9% and 23. 2% compared to that of the SHELP and SSLP processes, respectively. Such good results might be due to optimal nutrient limitation because of less enzyme loadings, and to well-matched rates between enzymatic hydrolysis and lipid production. Enzyme recoveryTo test enzyme stability during the culture process, enzyme samples were first incubated under identical conditions for 71 hours, and then loaded with 10% (w/v) alkaline-pretreated corn stover samples for hydrolysis. Glucose and TRS reached 42. 0 g/L and 73. 7 g/L after 36 hours, while the corresponding fresh enzymes gave glucose and TRS at 43. 7 g/L and 76. 9 g/L, respectively. These results suggested that the culture process had minor detrimental effects on enzyme stability. When the corn stover samples were treated by the spent culture supernatants of the SSELP process initially loaded with 10 FPU/g cellulase and 80 U/g xylanase, concentrations of glucose and TRS after 48 hours were 9. 3 g/L and 31. 2 g/L, respectively. However, hydrolysis with identical amounts of fresh enzymes gave glucose and TRS at 23. 3 g/L and 55. 5 g/L, respectively. These results indicate that substantial enzyme activities were recovered. To further demonstrate the possibility of enzyme recovery, the spent supernatants were loaded with 10% (w/v) alkaline-pretreated corn stover and C. curvatus cells equivalent to 0. 36 g of CDW for the second SSELP run. Lipid titre and lipid coefficient were 4. 9 g/L and 44. 1 mg/g, which were 32. 7% and 27. 9%, respectively, of those from the fresh enzymes used in the first run. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not provide any information specifically supporting or opposing the claim related to bioengineered yeast producing biofuels from sugars. It discusses enzyme stability and results related to lipid production but does not address biofuels or directly reference yeast or sugars.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Vaccines help in preventing the spread of infectious diseases. [SEP] Text: A three‐dose schedule of Ty21a vaccine provided vaccine efficacy of 45% at year 1 (95% CI 14% to 65%; 76,296 participants; Analysis 1. 1), 59% at year 2 (95% CI 43% to 71%; 76,296 participants; Analysis 1. 2) and 56% at year 3 (95% CI 24% to 75%; 76,296 participants; Analysis 1. 3). The cumulative efficacy of the Ty21a vaccine over 2. 5 to 3 years was 50% (95% CI 35% to 61%; 235,239 participants; Analysis 1. 4). Cumulative efficacy of the three‐dose schedule of Ty21a vaccine for over three years is available from two of the adjusted cluster‐RCTs (Levine 1987ii CHL; Levine 1990i CHL). Cumulative efficacy was 77% at five years (95% CI 60% to 86%; Table 1) and 63% at seven years (95% CI 42% to 76%; Table 1). We were unable to conduct subgroup analysis by age, as trials evaluating the efficacy of the Ty21a vaccine did not stratify results according to this variable. In the cumulative analysis there is moderate heterogeneity that is not explained by stratifying results by type of preparation. In direct randomized comparisons between liquid and enteric capsules (Analysis 2. 1) and between enteric and gelatin capsules (Analysis 3. 1), the heterogeneity was too high to pool the results, so we were unable to conduct a meta‐analysis. Adverse events None of the individual‐ or cluster‐randomized trials reported any serious adverse events (5 trials, 235,239 participants: Levine 1986i CHL; Levine 1986ii CHL; Olanratmanee 1992 THA; Wahdan 1980a EGY; Wahdan 1980b EGY; Simanjuntak 1991i IDN; Simanjuntak 1991ii IDN; 4. 2), diarrhoea (2 trials, 2066 participants; Analysis 4. 3), nausea or abdominal pain (2 trials, 2066 participants; Analysis 4. 4), headache (1 trial, 1190 participants; Analysis 4. 5), or rash (1 trial, 1190 participants; Analysis 4. 6) compared with control. However, fever was more common after vaccine delivery (RR 1. 84, 95% CI 1. 02 to 3. 05; 2 trials, 2066 participants). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text supports the claim by providing efficacy statistics for the Ty21a vaccine, indicating that it has a cumulative efficacy of 50% over 2.5 to 3 years, 77% at five years, and 63% at seven years. This evidence demonstrates that the vaccine is effective in preventing the spread of the targeted infectious disease, thereby corroborating the claim that vaccines help in preventing the spread of infectious diseases.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Every crop can be grown sustainably in any environment. [SEP] Text: AMMI biplot of seed yield indicated that BC-DM-11 Xereta-1, AC-BC-9 and MAB-018 expressed a highly interactive behavior while genotype 394640-539 showed low interaction and thus stable in its seed yield (kg/ha). : Black cumin; GXEI; Stability and agronomic performance Cumin (Nigella sativa L. ) is an annual herbaceous plant belonging to the family Ranunculacea [1]. It has been used since antiquity for culinary, seasoning, medicinal and pharmacological purposes [2]. Its seed constituents have unique chemical properties with more than one hundred different chemical components [3]. It is also a valuable source of carbohydrates, proteins, essential fatty acids, vitamins, and minerals. Because of its characteristic properties, there is an increasing demand in the domestic and international markets [1]. is one of the seed spices grown in Ethiopia with a great capacity in income generation at local as well as international market. Owing to this, is included in the crops prioritized in the agricultural strategy and specialization program of Ethiopia with a potential of fulfilling the agriculture-led industry development policy of the country. Even though the crop is with a great potential contribution in the economic development of the country, its productivity and production was too low. One of the reasons that contributed to its low production and productivity is lack of stable improved cultivar with wider adaptability in the past for it has been neglected in the research system of the country. As a result, the country was not getting the benefit that would be incurred from the genetic potential and diversity the crop had. Since 2003, however, the crop was included in the crop improvement research of the country to evaluate the available landraces and generate improved cultivars that are stable and have wide adaptability in their performance. Crop performance depends on the genotype and environment as well as their interaction. Thus, testing genotypes over diverse environments is universal practice to ensure the stability of performance of the genotypes [4]. Generally, genotypes that perform well over a wide range of environmental conditions are preferred [5]. This can be achieved through the evaluation of performance of genotypes across locations and years [6]. However, identification and recommendation of superior genotypes is complicated and severely limited by genotype x environment interaction [7]. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by stating that crop performance is influenced by both genotype and environment, as well as their interaction. It emphasizes that testing genotypes over diverse environments is a universal practice to ensure stable performance, highlighting that not all crops can be successfully grown in every environment due to the complexities of genotype x environment interaction.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Bioengineered yeast can produce biofuels from sugars. [SEP] Text: It should be noted that alkaline-pretreated corn stover contained about 8. 2% lignin, which might entrap some enzymes and reduce enzyme recovery efficiency. Interestingly, desorption strategies were known to improve enzyme recovery from the biomass hydrolysis mixtures [29]. Therefore, it is expected that more enzymes can be recycled from the SSELP process upon further optimization. Comparison between processes for lipid production from corn stoverMicrobial lipid samples from different processes were analyzed and the results are shown in Table 3. It was found that fatty acids with 16 and 18 carbon atoms were the majority, and the fatty acid compositional profiles were similar to those of vegetable oils, suggesting that microbial lipids were suitable for biodiesel production [30]. Lipid samples from the SSLP and SSELP processes contained neutral lipids around 95%, which were apparently higher than that of the SHELP process. The difference was likely caused by an additional petroleum-ether extraction step used to extract lipids in the SSLP and SSELP processes, which removed major polar lipids including glycolipids, sphingolipids and phospholipids because of their poor solubility in petroleum ethers. Also, higher contents of unsaturated fatty acids, including oleic acid and linoleic acid, were found in lipid samples from the SSLP and SSELP processes. However, direct comparison on fatty acid compositional profiles were not appropriate because these samples were from different cultivation and extraction processes. Table 3 Lipid fractions and fatty acid compositions of lipid samples produced from corn stover by Cryptococcus curvatus under different culture modes Full size tableResults of three processes for lipid production from alkaline-pretreated corn stover by C. curvatus are summarized in Figure 4. A one-way ANOVA followed by Tukey’s post hoc test demonstrated that lipid coefficients increased significantly among different processes following the order of and SSELP (P <0. 05). The highest lipid coefficient of 15. 9 g/100 g alkaline-pretreated corn stover, equal to 9. 8 g/100 g raw corn stover, was obtained for the SSELP process, when 1. 0 kFPU cellulase and 8. 0 kU xylanase were used (Route C). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it primarily discusses the lipid production from alkaline-pretreated corn stover using specific microbial processes, without mentioning bioengineered yeast or their capacity to produce biofuels from sugars. Therefore, it does not support, refute, or touch upon the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Vaccines help in preventing the spread of infectious diseases. [SEP] Text: 07 to 34. 22; 3 trials, 1767 participants; Analysis 6. 3) and pain at the injection site (RR 7. 98, 95% CI 3. 69 to 17. 24; 1 trial, 667 participants; Analysis 6. 4) were more common after delivery of the Vi polysaccharide vaccine. See summary of findings Table 2. Vi‐rEPA vaccine trial in children aged two to five years, conducted in Vietnam, evaluated the efficacy of this vaccine (Lin 2001 VNM), reporting that it was 94% at year 1 (95% CI 75% to 99%; 12,008 participants; Analysis 7. 1) and 87% in year 2 (95% CI 56% to 96%; 12,008 participants; Analysis 7. 1), with a two‐year cumulative efficacy of 91% (95% CI 78% to 96%; 12,008 participants; Analysis 7. 1). The cumulative efficacy of the Vi‐rEPA vaccine after 3. 8 years was 89% (95% CI 77% to 95%; 12,008 participants, Analysis 7. 1). The planned vaccine schedule was two doses of vaccine approximately six weeks apart. Although 388 children in the vaccine group received only one dose of vaccine instead of two, authors still analysed them along with those who had received two doses. The cumulative two‐year efficacy for two doses of vaccine was the same as for one or two doses of vaccine, so this did not seem to undermine the validity of the results. No trials assessed the efficacy of this vaccine in children older than five or in adults. Adverse events One trial evaluated adverse events associated with this vaccine, reporting no serious events (Lin 2001 VNM). Fever was more common following delivery of both the first and second vaccinations with Vi‐rEPA compared with placebo (dose 1: RR 2. 54, 95% CI 1. 69 to 3. 82, 12,008 participants, 1 trial, Analysis 8. 1; dose 2: RR 4. 39, 95% CI 2. 85 to 6. 77, 11,091 participants, 1 trial, Analysis 8. 2). After the first dose of Vi‐rEPA, no participants in either the test or placebo group reported erythema or swelling at the injection site (Analysis 8. 3; Analysis 8. 5). After the second dose, there was no significant difference between the vaccine and placebo for erythema (Analysis 8. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by providing evidence of the Vi‐rEPA vaccine's efficacy in preventing disease, reporting a cumulative efficacy of 91% after two years and 89% after 3.8 years. These efficacy rates indicate the vaccine's effectiveness in reducing infection, thus supporting the claim that vaccines help in preventing the spread of infectious diseases.