Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Attention can be selectively focused, altering cognitive processing. [SEP] Text: Log in or new issue alertsGet alerts Submit a your Email address: Subscribe to e4. 0 License, which allows others to remix, tweak, and build upon the work non-commercially, as long as appropriate credit is given and the new creations are licensed under the identical terms. Research 7(1):p 73, | DOI: 10. 4103/abr. abr_170_17 Abstract Background: Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is the most common behavioral problems that cause hyperactivity, attention deficits, academic failure, and emotional and behavioral problems in preschool and elementary school that is often hidden from the parents' eyes. The aim of this study was to determine the effectiveness of parent-based cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) on ADHD symptoms (including attention deficit disorder, restlessness, and impulsivity), overweight and self-esteem of 6–11-year-old obese children with attention deficit hyperactivity in Isfahan. Materials and Methods: This quasi-experimental study was carried out on 40 children aged 6–11 years with ADHD and overweight or obesity (above the 85th percentile in weight for age, height, and sex diagram) that their parents referred to Isfahan child and adolescent psychiatric clinic of Hospital in 2015. For twenty patients, only ADHD treatment was applied, and they received no other intervention, but the others in experimental group participated in CBT sessions. Analysis tools were Coppersmith Self-conners' test, and the body mass index (BMI). Data were analyzed using analysis of variance with repeated measurements. Results: CBT by teaching parents had a significant effect on ADHD symptoms, the self-esteem of overweight and obese children with ADHD in posttest and follow-up. The results also showed that had a significant effect on ADHD symptoms, overweight and self-esteem of the obese children with ADHD (P < 0. 001). Conclusions: Parents focused CBT can be considered as a complementary treatment for reducing ADHD symptoms and BMI and increased self-esteem in the obese ADHD children. deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is the most common neurobehavioral disorder among children. [1] The number of children diagnosed with ADHD has significantly increased over the past decade, and almost 50% of children referring to psychiatrists have been diagnosed with ADHD. [2] Recent studies have reported that the prevalence of ADHD is 3%–9% among children and 4%–5% among adults. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim directly regarding selective attention's impact on cognitive processing. Instead, it focuses on ADHD and the effectiveness of cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) for symptoms associated with ADHD in children, making it irrelevant to the claim that attention can be selectively focused.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Climate change is causing more extreme weather events worldwide. [SEP] Text: 985 Floods water loggings 3. 274 Water scarcity 3. 161 If Other. Then please 2. 585 specify? Leaks freezing Source: through questionnaire Table 7: Impacts of EWEs on premises. In total, respondent stated that the market they operate in had been slightly affected by the impact of severe weather in the last 2 years. Some respondents also pointed out that extreme weather had affected their customers in some ways (2. 341) and brought demand fluctuations (2. 109) while there was very less impact on decrease in sales (1. 676) (Table 8). Most of the respondents agreed with increase in marginal costs during EWEs (4. 141) leading to income or revenue loss (3. 983) (Table 9). Client’s/vendor’s affected 2. 341 Demand fluctuations 2. 109 Decrease in Sales 1. 676 Source: through questionnaire Table 8: Impacts of EWEs on Markets. Increase in Marginal costs 4. 141 during EWEs Income/Revenue loss 3. 983 Slow/lost business 1. 211 Source: through questionnaire Table 9: Impacts of EWEs on Finance. “We supply more sweaters, coolers, fans, etc. to site for our staff at the times of heat and cold waves. ” “Demand increase as parts break more often. ” “We still had to pay the staff even though they were not at work. ” ”Our turnover and profitability dropped. ” Following results were obtained on when respondents were asked about how much they are concerned about extreme weather events on their businesses (Figure 5). Figure 5: Impacts of EWEs. Almost all respondents who were somewhat concerned about impact of EWEs were treating it same as traditional risks problems and taking simple steps like distributing sweaters and providing more facilities like liquid stamina drinks to the workers at the time of heat waves. The respondents who marked “Very Concerned” have started incorporating new risk assessment methods including policy level changes and insurance related changes. On asking about factors that enable them to initiate action on Climate change and EWEs and build resilience most of them rated cost savings (3. 376) as the important factor followed by improved competitiveness (3. 376) and customer demands (3. 423) (Table 10). Cost savings 4. 137 Improved PR as a result 2. 147 Improved competitiveness as a 3. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the impacts of extreme weather events (EWEs) on businesses, indicating that respondents have experienced fluctuations in demand and increased costs due to severe weather in the last two years. It mentions that most respondents agreed with the increase in marginal costs during EWEs, leading to income or revenue loss, suggesting a direct effect of climate change on extreme weather events and their subsequent impacts on the economy.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Globalization has increased interconnectedness in trade and labor markets. [SEP] Text: Third, removing or weakening the minimum wage legislations, many countries have decreased the income security of the employed. As a result, low-wage employment became the norm leading to “a substitution of women for men”. Fourth, increasing emphasis on trade liberalization and export-led industrialization has had implications for women's labor force participation especially in less-developed countries. As mentioned above, Standing emphasizes the search of firms for much lower labor costs giving priority to the type of workers who are ready or willing to be employed with low wages: In industrialized and industrializing countries, firms have turned to forms of labor offering the prospect of minimizing fixed non-wage costs. As a result, they have turned increasingly to casual labor, contract labor, outsourcing, home-working and other forms of subcontracting. As part of this flexibilization, there has been an “informalization” of employment across the world. Although the dichotomy of “formal” and “informal” sectors has always been misleading, a growing proportion of jobs possess what may be called informal characteristics, i. e. , without regular wages, benefits, employment protection, and so on. Such forms of employment have been compatible with characteristics presumed to be associated with women workers - irregular labor force participation, willingness to work for low wages, static jobs requiring no accumulation of technical skills and status, etc. The informalization could thus be expected to be a major factor stimulating the growth of female employment across the world. (Standing, 1999: 585) 16Fifth, Standing stresses the changing skill and job structures due to the recently introduced production techniques around the world. He remarks two trends concerning the changes in skill and job structures, first being the decline in the share of jobs that require “craft skills learned through apprenticeship or prolonged on-the-job learning” and second being the “skill polarization”. Since it has been conventional to perceive crafts as the field of men, the step-down of them together with the modified character of skill are expected to have affected the gender division of labor. Skill polarization refers to the requirement that a minority of workers dominate specialist skills while a majority “possess minor training, typically imparted through modules of employable skill, in which docility, application, rote learning and related capacities figure prominently” (Standing, 1999: 585). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not directly address the claim regarding globalization and its impact on interconnectedness in trade and labor markets. Instead, it focuses on the implications of legislative changes on low-wage employment, informal labor practices, and skill structures, which may relate to issues surrounding labor globalization but does not explicitly corroborate or contrast with the claim.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Attention can be selectively focused, altering cognitive processing. [SEP] Text: [3,4] Attention deficit, hyperactivity, and impulsivity, which are the most common childhood psychological disorders, are characteristics of ADHD. [5] People with inattentive ADHD have difficulty paying attention to details; they make careless mistakes when doing their tasks; it seems that they cannot hear when directly addressed; they do not follow instructions and have trouble organizing activities; they often hate and avoid being involved in tasks requiring sustained mental effort; they often lose their things and forget things due to irrelevant environmental stimuli; these people are suffering from memory loss when performing their daily tasks. [5] Behavioral and cognitive impulsivity in these people make them unable to control their thinking, verbal and behavioral processes; they express their feelings without considering the possible consequences; in such cases, they are unable to control themselves and find the appropriate behavior. [6] On the other hand, results of previous studies have shown a relationship between symptoms of ADHD and overeating. [7] In fact, people with ADHD have weakness in executive function, self-regulation, and self-control. [8] Overweight children suffer from psychological and social problems, such as depression and low self-esteem. [9] Due to their mobility problems, inattention and the lack of concentration, children with ADHD have negative self-concepts leading to low levels of self-esteem. Indeed, overweight children suffer from low self-esteem and children with ADHD are prone to obesity; hence, the problem of low self-esteem is more severe in obese or overweight children with ADHD. [10] These children have trouble keeping attention on tasks or activities and barely can finish their assignments; they cannot stop overeating, causing parents to spend more time monitoring their behaviors. This type of monitoring puts more pressure on parents, especially mothers, making them prone to depression. [11] The previous studies have shown that mothers of children with ADHD have a poor relationship with their children. Research also suggests that ADHD may have genetic components; so that, parents of children with ADHD may have similar symptoms to those of their children. It is obvious that such a situation can negatively affect parent–child interactions because these parents are unable to modify and improve their children's behaviors. [5,12] Unfortunately, the most commonly used stimulants for the treatment of ADHD are not available in Iran. However, it should be noted that medication alone can rarely satisfy the needs of children with ADHD. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim directly regarding selective attention and its influence on cognitive processing. Instead, it focuses on ADHD and its characteristics, detailing issues related to attention deficit, impulsivity, and the implications on self-regulation and self-esteem among children with ADHD. This does not provide evidence for or against the claim about selective attention.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Climate change is causing more extreme weather events worldwide. [SEP] Text: AbstractThis study investigates the extreme weather pattern accompanying the widespread flash flooding in unpredicted areas during mid-March to April of 2019 in Iran. During this time, the active weather frontal system with heavy and insistent rainfalls drenched Iran (mostly north, west and southern), Iraq and Turkey (eastern part). The climatological mean and anomalies of the meteorological datasets from the for (NCEP) reanalysis model are examined, and synoptic and dynamical patterns are compared. The anomaly weather maps are created for different parameters to show the abnormal features during the study period (months of March and April 2019) presenting significant differences from the thirty-year climate normals of the period 1981–2010. This research shows an intensified pressure gradient, strong vertical motion and strengthened 500 hPa mid-tropospheric westerly currents during the study period. The relative humidity at 850 hPa shows on average ~ 4–11% higher values than the climate normal. The surface wind vector analysis reveals the intensified south flows originated from Oman sea and the providing rather warmer and wet air mass encounters with an abnormal regional colder surface air mass. Upper level wind vectors at 250 hPa and vertical profile of the meridional wind anomalies exhibit a wavy jet pattern compared to the climate normal structure along with the significant vertical meridional wind shear as the sign of climate change. These abnormal atmospheric changes can contribute to forming extreme weather development over the study area during the study period. Also, understanding the recent extreme atmospheric changes in the study area may contribute to a better future forecast when such floods may happen again. Similar content being viewed by others Synoptic conditions triggering extreme flood events in in early January 2021 1. 5 times faster rather than the mean global temperature [1, 15]. Iran as a part of the MENA locates between 25–40°N and 45–63°E covering an area of about 1,648,000 km2. Iran has different climate zones covering approximately an area around 35. 5% hyper-arid, 29. 2% arid, 20. 1% semi-arid, 5% Mediterranean, and 10% wet in the cold mountainous regions and the southern coastal regions of its total areas [2, 31]. Iran has faced human-induced climate change problems such as droughts, dust storms and severe floods both in the event severity and the occurrence frequency. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by providing evidence of extreme weather patterns associated with climate change, specifically noting the 'abnormal atmospheric changes' that contribute to 'extreme weather development' during the flooding events in Iran. It describes heightened humidity and unconventional atmospheric behaviors as signs of climate change's impact on weather events, reinforcing the assertion that climate change is linked to increased severity and frequency of such extreme phenomena.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Globalization has increased interconnectedness in trade and labor markets. [SEP] Text: This polarization has brought together greater reliance on external rather than internal labor markets, “since fewer workers are in progressive jobs while more are in static jobs involving little upward mobility or returns to on-the-job continuity”. This diminishing return to on-the-job continuity has been one reason for resorting to casual or temporary labor, or for job-rotating, and has been a determinant of the tendency to collapse job classifications into more broadly based job clusters, such that workers can be shifted from one set of tasks to another from time to time. This has been a trend in many labor markets, and has represented a growth of job insecurity that has accompanied the growth of income and employment insecurity marking the shift to more flexible labor markets. So, the primary hypothesis is that the growing labor market flexibility and the diverse forms of insecurity have encouraged greater female labor force participation and employment. (Standing, 1999: 585) 17In line with what Standing (1999) proposes above, (2004) addresses that more and more women are likely to be in non-regular or atypical employment, even among wage and salaried workers. Whereas men are more likely to be hired in core, regular and better-paid positions, women are increasingly being hired in peripheral, insecure, less-valued jobs including home-based, casual or temporary work. These jobs are normally characterized by very low pay, irregular income, little or no job or income security and lack of social protection (2004: 5). 18Bayes (2005) also summarizes the influences of globalization on women mainly as the feminization of the labor force and changes in the family structure. She also points to the increasing inequalities among women as a consequence of the liberal orientation of the state, the erosion of welfare and income distributions and privatization policies. She also recalls the arguments made by Standing (1999) regarding the feminization of labor. 19A report by the on the of Globalization confirms that globalization has led to serious gender imbalances in some countries. It argues that the level of gender equality prevailing in the norms, institutions and policies of a country at the time of integration into the global economy determines the extent of this imbalance. The report further adds that integration into the global economy affects women from different social groups in a particular country in different ways. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing how globalization has led to increased gender imbalances and labor market insecurity, rather than a straightforward increase in interconnectedness. It highlights that globalization has caused a reliance on external labor markets and has resulted in a rise of precarious work conditions, particularly for women, indicating that while globalization may connect markets, it has also led to issues that undermine the stability of labor markets.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Attention can be selectively focused, altering cognitive processing. [SEP] Text: Furthermore, medication has adverse effects on natural processes of transformation of the central nervous system; it leads to increased appetite, interferes with satiety mechanism and results in weight gain and obesity. Indeed, medicines used for the treatment of ADHD cannot cure the disease, and their effects are only temporarily. Accordingly, using a combination of pharmacological and psychological therapies seems a more effective treatment for ADHD. It is also important that parents, psychiatrists, psychologists, and teachers simultaneously try to help each other create a favorable environment for these children. In fact, the best-established method for the treatment of ADHD is cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) plus medication. Since the ultimate goal in the treatment of ADHD is enabling children to overcome their lives' problems, which cannot be achieved only by medication or forcing children to observe the rules, a parents-focused CBT is quite essential. [13] In CBT, concepts are presented operationally, and validity of treatment is established experimentally. For this purpose, group or single subject experiments are used in research conditions or clinical trials. Furthermore, for the sake of test-retest reliability, the treatment must be operationalized, and hence that its effects can be assessed using common reliability and validity criteria. A main part of the treatment process is based on the “here and now” approach, and it is assumed that the main goal of the treatment is to help patients create desirable changes in their lives. Thus, the focal point in CBT is providing opportunities for patients to learn new adaptive skills and make necessary changes outside the clinical domains. Therapist, child, and parents try to interact effectively and create strategies to deal with specific problems. [14] ADHD therapists believe that emotions/feelings have an interactive nature and it is necessary to simultaneously consider ADHD symptoms and comorbidities along with weaknesses and strengths of children, their parents and their social lives. As mentioned, medication alone is not a treatment for ADHD; hence, nonmedication treatments, such as individual and group psychotherapy, behavior therapy, and parents/teachers education are needed. [15] It is obviously necessary to conduct studies investigating more efficient treatments for ADHD with minimal adverse effects and maximum recovery. On the other hand, the number of children and adolescents diagnosed with ADHD is increasing making it more necessary to find an appropriate nonmedication treatment for the disease. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim directly or provide relevant information regarding selective attention and its impact on cognitive processing. Instead, it discusses the treatment of ADHD, medication, and cognitive-behavioral therapy without mentioning the specific concept of selective attention.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Climate change is causing more extreme weather events worldwide. [SEP] Text: For example, the coastal areas flooding, with the worst one happening on August 2001 in Golestan province with 247 killed people [17, 23, 33, 36] and recent deadly flash floods which affected 25 out of 31 provinces (83. 8%) in mid-March to April of 2019. At this time, the active frontal system with heavy and insistent rainfalls drenched Iran (mostly north, west and southern), Iraq and Turkey (eastern part). The heavy rainfall events caused several devastating flooding in three-quarters of Iran’s provinces including Golestan, Mazandaran, Fars, Lorestan and Chaharmahal and Bakhtiari and 10 million people were affected and around two million people were severely affected and half of them were children [25]. Also, some rural regions of Basra, Ninevah, Wasit and Babil provinces in Iraq suffered from flash floods [24]. This study investigates the anomalies in meteorological parameters in comparison with the normal mean climatological values for months of March and April 2019 over Iran. This work aims to see the possibility of climate variability role for this individual weather extreme pattern that led to flooding events in Iran. 2 The flood statistics in Iran and some characteristic of the widespread flooding of March–April 2019Flood is one of the frequent common disasters which has been increased both in frequency and severity in Iran. Based on the Organization report, the number of flooding events in Iran has been considerably increased since 1951–2017 with a maximum of 2097 during a period of 1991–2000 Fig. 1. Climate change is one of the important anthropogenic causes which can impact on the flood pattern and dynamics. The flooding events of March–April 2019 in Iran constitute unprecedented flooding cases which can be related to climate change. The heavy rainfall events covered three major periods including 17–19 March, mostly over west of Golestan province and east of Mazandaran province, 23–36 March over south west and west areas and 30 March–1 April, mostly over west and south west areas (mostly in river flooding form). The heavy rainfall events caused 140 river flooding from twelve watersheds and various floods were observed in seven basin areas including Caspian Sea, Persian Gulf-Oman Sea, Urmia Lake, Ardestan-Yazd-Kerman, Qaraqorum Desert, Hamun and Salt Lake. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by detailing specific flooding events in Iran during March-April 2019, which are linked to climate variability and attributed to climate change. It states that the frequency and severity of flooding disasters in Iran have increased, and that these particular flooding incidents were unprecedented and could be related to climate change. This aligns with the notion that climate change is influencing the occurrence of extreme weather events.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Globalization has increased interconnectedness in trade and labor markets. [SEP] Text: What still remains as a fact is that gender inequalities in many developing countries are so deep-rooted and so long-standing that the social cost of globalization continues to fall disproportionately on women. One example is the increase in the amount of imported subsidized agricultural products and consumer goods, leading to declining livelihoods of formerly women producers. Another example is the increased entry of foreign firms that has wiped out women from their lands or displaced them for raw materials essential to their productive activities (on the of Globalization, 2004: 47). To sum up, economic globalization has had serious and mostly negative implications on women’s employment and standards of life. 4. of the World’s in 20The economic activity patterns in recent years show that world employment-to-population ratios are more or less stagnant for both sexes since the year 1998. But there is a huge gap between the female and male employment-to-population rates for the all years recorded below (Table III). For instance, the male employment-to-population ratio was 64,8% in 2007, while the female employment-to-population ratio was only 49,4% in developed economies and the European Union. The gaps are even more striking in. The male employment-to-population ratios were respectively 69% and 68%, whereas the female employment-to-population ratios were only 21,7% and 23,4% in the in 2007. The ratios differ also from region to region noticeably. has strikingly the lowest female employment-to-population ratio (22%) in 2008, while has the highest female employment-to-population ratio (67,1%) for the same year. The ratio including both sexes is also the highest in mounting up to 71,4% in 2008. Table III: World and regional estimates of employment-to-population ratios(jpeg, 344k) Source: *2008 preliminary estimates. 21Among different regions, significant changes in total employment-to-population ratios from 1998 to 2008 have been observed in and the Caribbean. The total increase in the ratio has been 3,3% in the last ten years. has experienced a decrease of 3,2% in its male employment-to-population ratio between the same ten years, while a significant 7,1% increase of female employment-to-population ratio in and the Caribbean has been observed (see Table III). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the negative implications of globalization on gender inequalities and women's employment. It highlights that, rather than creating positive interconnectedness, economic globalization has led to a decline in women's livelihoods and displacement. It mentions specific examples such as the increase in imported goods harming local women producers and the stagnant employment-to-population ratios for women, indicating that globalization has not improved women's roles in labor markets as the claim suggests.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Attention can be selectively focused, altering cognitive processing. [SEP] Text: Accordingly, the present study was conducted to investigate the effectiveness of a parents-focused CBT in reducing ADHD symptoms, increasing self-esteem and improving weight loss in children with ADHD. Materials and present quasi-experimental study with a pretest-posttest design was conducted on 40 obsess children (6–11 years of age) with ADHD and their parents referring to for Children and Adolescents in Isfahan (Iran) in 2015. Using convenience sampling method, the participants were selected and randomly divided into two groups of experimental and control (20 parent–child pairs in each) [Figure 1]. Figure 1: The study flowchartThe inclusion criteria for children included being diagnosed with ADHD according to the diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (DSM)-5 criteria by a psychiatrist and having a body mass index (BMI) above the 85th percentile in the weight chart by age and gender. The inclusion criteria for parents included having a high school diploma or a higher than high school degree, living in the city of Isfahan (for follow-ups) and being interested in complete participation until the end of the study. The exclusion criteria for children included having other psychiatric disorders or other diseases negatively affecting the study, pharmaceutical changes based on the changes in the patients' situations, being absent for more than two sessions and not being interested in continuing the treatment process. Parents were excluded if being diagnosed with a major mental disorder according to DSM-5 criteria by a psychiatrist. At the beginning of the study, gender, age, weight, height, and BMI of every participant were recorded. Then, children and parents, respectively, completed the Coopersmith Self-(SEI) (1987) and the Conner's Scales-Revised (CPRS-R) (1996) as the pretests. For weight measurement, a seca scale was used. The children's weights were measured and recorded in kilograms when they were wearing thin clothes and no shoes. Their weights were controlled every session using a 5 kg control weight. For height measurement, a measuring tape was used. The children's heights were measured and recorded in meters, when they were wearing no shoes and standing straight with their back of the heads, shoulder blades, buttocks, and heels touching the wall. Ultimately, the children's BMIs were calculated and recorded. SEI (1987) was used to assess children's self-esteem. This inventory consists of 58 items, eight of which are lie detectors. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim, as it discusses a study on the effectiveness of a parents-focused cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) for reducing ADHD symptoms in children, without addressing attention's selective focus or its effects on cognitive processing.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Climate change is causing more extreme weather events worldwide. [SEP] Text: During the first period, Qarahsu and Gorganrood river basins faced heavy rainfall during mid-March of 2019, so that according to meteorological data 74–354 mm of rain fell in different parts of the Golestan province almost continuously for five days and nights. The average rainfall in the Gorganrood basin was estimated at 150 mm. The volume of rainfall has been more than 2. 2 billion cubic meters in Gorganrood basin and above Aqqala city. On the other hand, the volume of runoff caused by this rainfall is estimated at 327 million cubic meters which was reported by Company. During the second period, on March 24, 2019, only in Shiraz city, the intensity of 15-min thundershowers was recorded at 76 mm per hour which was unprecedented during a long-term statistical period (51 years). It was almost 1. 8 times the maximum intensity of a 15-min rainfall occurring in the last 15 years. The rainfall on the fifth day totaled 9. 26 mm, which was 9 times the long-term average rainfall of the same day. Also, the first weather system entered the country of Iran from the west during the days of March 24–30, 2019 and caused heavy rain showers and canal and river flooding. This flood was accompanied by many damages in Kohgiluyeh and Boyer-Ahmad, Chaharmahal and Bakhtiari and Ilam, especially Lorestan provinces reported by Iran national flood of 2019 report. Also, the weather system caused a maximum daily precipitation of 187. 8 mm at in Chahar Mahal-Bakhtiari province. The total amount of precipitation during March 17–31 was recorded ~ 28% of total annual Iran precipitation. The western Iran provinces and the northern provinces in the southern part of have reported at around 30–60% of the total annual rainfalls during mid-late March 2019. The amount of rainfall in Lorestan province from March 26 to April 1, 2019 was recorded 314 mm, which is equivalent to 57% of normal rainfall in one year. During the case of April 4–7, the average amounts of rainfall in the basin of "Dez" dam, basin of Karun river dam and in the basin of Karkheh dam were recorded 168 mm, 99 mm and 87 mm, respectively. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by detailing instances of extreme weather events in Iran during March 2019, including unprecedented heavy rainfall and flooding. It describes specific weather data, such as rainfall totals and intensities well above historical averages, indicating an increase in extreme weather patterns which aligns with assertions related to climate change.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Globalization has increased interconnectedness in trade and labor markets. [SEP] Text: In most of the countries, firms investing in EPZs are exempt from employment legislation and, moreover, national labor laws are not implied in most of the countries (e. g. Dominican Republic, Philippines and Mexico). For instance, six EPZs in Bangladesh are exempt from laws establishing freedom of association and the right to bargain collectively. EPZ workers in Kenya were not allowed to join trade unions until the year 2003. Union activity causes dismissal from jobs and in some cases violence towards workers in many EPZs. It is further claimed that women are considered less likely to join a union since they are seen as more disciplined, careful and more obedient than men (ICFTU, 2004: 9). 38Gender discrimination, lack of health and safety conditions and excessive working hours are the norm in most EPZs. on Zones (2003) has staggering observations and detections about the situation of woman workers in EPZs. The report asserts that women are often subject to various forms of discrimination that influence their day-to day work and career development. Most EPZ-based companies take no account of the specific needs of women workers, such as suitable working hours, rights during pregnancy, maternity leave or crèche facilities. In some cases, they are forced to resign when reaching the fourth month of pregnancy, or are not allowed to return to work after the child is born. The pregnancy tests imposed by some employers in the maquilas of Mexico are a striking example of the serious discrimination suffered by women workers. In the factories located along the US border, women are often forced to show used sanitary towels to prove that they are not pregnant. Pregnant workers are placed under such pressure that they are forced to resign, or are illegally dismissed. (ICFTU, 2003: 11) 39The report further exemplifies these conditions in the EPZs of China, Bangladesh, Haiti, Honduras and many other countries with case studies and interviews. 40Commission (KHRC), “of Poverty: Story of EPZs in Kenya", reports: Commonly hired on short-term contracts – or with no contract at all – women work at high speed for low wages, in unhealthy conditions, and they are forced to put in long hours to earn enough just to get by. Most get no sick leave or maternity leave, few are enrolled in health schemes and almost none have savings for the future. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by highlighting negative aspects of globalization in export processing zones (EPZs), where workers face exploitation and are often deprived of their rights. It notes that many workers are exempt from national labor laws, experience discrimination, particularly women, and endure poor working conditions that contradict the notion of increased interconnectedness and fairness in labor markets.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Attention can be selectively focused, altering cognitive processing. [SEP] Text: The rest of the items assess four subscales. The rest of the items assess four subscales of general self-esteem, social self-esteem (social), home self-esteem (home), and school self-esteem (school). Each item in the SEI is answered and scored by either 0 (no) or 1 (yes), and higher total scores indicate higher levels of self-esteem. The SEI is initially developed for children ages 6–10 years, but its items can be rephrased for being used in different age groups. Previous studies have confirmed both validity and reliability of the SEI. Validity and reliability of the SEI have been, respectively, reported 0. 58 and 0. 84 in studies outside Iran and 0. 60 and 0. 92 in studies inside Iran. [16,17] Considering that the SEI is a standard test, its validity was accepted, and its reliability was measured in the present study using the Cronbach's alpha (0. 83). The CPRS-R (1996) was used to assess ADHD symptoms in children. The CPRS-R is used to assess the effectiveness of stimulant drugs in the treatment of hyperactivity and the severity of ADHD symptoms and children's misconducts. The CPRS-R is a 48-item questionnaire assessing five subscales of behavioral problems, learning problems, psychosomatic problems, hyperactivity/impulsivity, and anxiety/passivity. The CPRS-R is scored on a 4-point Likert scale ranging from 0 (not true at all) to 3 (very much true). Previous studies have confirmed both validity and reliability of the CPRS-R. Validity and reliability of the CPRS-R have been, respectively, reported 0. 57 and 0. 90 in studies outside Iran and 0. 85 and 0. 84 in studies inside Iran. [18,19] Considering that the CPRS-R is a standard test, its validity was accepted, and its reliability was measured in the present study using the Cronbach's alpha (0. 89). Children in the experimental group received a CBT-based intervention. The used intervention in the present study was a combination of a family-focused program, cognitive-behavioral treatment for obesity (Cooper, Fairburn, and Hawker, 2003) and an intensive weekly program. Cognitive-behavioral strategies were taught to parents during six 90-min sessions. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim about selective attention or cognitive processing. Instead, it discusses the SEI and CPRS-R assessments related to self-esteem and ADHD symptoms, along with their validity and reliability. Therefore, it is irrelevant to the claim regarding attention.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Climate change is causing more extreme weather events worldwide. [SEP] Text: 24–27, 2019, the average rainfall amounts of Dez, Karun and Karkheh dam basins were recorded at 111 mm, 35 mm and 108 mm, respectively. The total rainfall in the first month of spring 2019 in and Karkheh basin was recorded equal to 234 mm and 223 mm, respectively. The highest amount of precipitation occurred in Karkheh dam basin in the southeastern regions of the basin and in Nurabad and Poldakhtar stations, at around 340 and 320 mm, respectively. In the Basin, however, in the last two consecutive waves of rainfall, the received 175 mm of rainfall, in other words, the magnitude of this recent event was about 1. 2 times that of the largest event in the last five decades. During this time Karkheh received 179 mm, which is 1. 5 times the largest event in the last five decades. The peak discharge of the flood entering at Karkhe's dam in Khuzestan province was recorded at 8400 m3 s−1, in the area of Dez 6700 m3 s−1 were measured and at Karun branch (before connecting to the Dez branch and assuming the absence of dams) discharge was recorded about 5000 m3 s−1. Fig. 1Flooding cases in Iran increasing from 1951 to 2017Full size imageIran map which shows the observed total precipitation including the most severe floods which affected the provinces of Golestan, Fars, Khuzestan and Lorestan, during March–April 2019, is presented in Fig. 2. The highest precipitation (more than 200 mm) has been recorded in the south part of Hamedan, south part of Ilam and south east part of Golestan provinces. Fig. 2Observed total precipitation during March–April 2019 (figure was reported from Monitoring and of Organization)Full size image3 Methodology and data collectionThis work uses the NCEP/NCAR datasets produced by the for Environmental Prediction/for Atmospheric Research. The NCEP/NCAR reanalysis model is a global assimilation model for the surface land, buoy, satellite and other data fields resulted in the atmospheric data fields. The NCEP monthly datasets [19] are available from 1948 onwards. The model with a resolution of T62 (209 km) has 28 vertical sigma levels, and the results are accessible at 6 h intervals. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing recent significant rainfall and flooding events in Iran, indicating that the magnitude of these events was unprecedented compared to the last five decades. It highlights increased precipitation and severe flooding cases, which aligns with the idea that climate change is contributing to more extreme weather events.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Globalization has increased interconnectedness in trade and labor markets. [SEP] Text: The insecurity of these jobs is not only material: they work under threats of sexual harassment. Traditionally, women are the care-givers in the home – raising children and caring for sick and elderly relatives. Women are still forced to play that role even when they have become cash-earners. Doubly burdened, and with little support from their governments or employers to manage, the stress can destroy their own health, break up their family lives and undermine their children’s chances of a better future. (KHRC, 2004: 11) 41Being firstly established in the 1980s, China has many special economic zones even in the form of cities and millions of workers are employed in these zones. Recalling the documentary film of sweatshop workers “China Blue”, directed by Micha X. Peled (2005), including children at the age of 14-15, millions of woman employees work in factories, usually without occupational safety and health, for long hours, at low wages, often not paid on time, and migrant workers live in poor conditions and without humane treatment. 42Although firms investing in EPZs continue to hire women to give them unskilled, repetitive tasks in the highly labor-intensive industries, this state of affairs might change in the future if EPZ production shifts to higher-technology, employing the more skilled male workers in detriment of female workers. 5. Conclusion 43The increased liberal orientation of trade policies and the recent trends in production, investment and trade patterns have had a significant impact on the labor markets. Growing labor market flexibility and income insecurity has pushed more women into the labor force (feminization). However, more people are unemployed year by year, although unemployment rates seem to be stagnant around 6% in the last ten years. Female unemployment rates are still higher than that of males. Nevertheless, we should note here that it is not the number of employed women that is of the highest importance, but their working environment, health and safety conditions and the extent to which labor rights are implied. 44Increased demand for women in export industries has led to rising female shares of employment in non-agricultural sector. Growth of subcontracting, outsourcing, offshore production and EPZs has demanded more labor force, especially female. Unfortunately, women have no job security, they encounter terrible working conditions, disparities in wages and increased mobility. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by highlighting negative aspects of globalization, such as job insecurity, poor working conditions for women, and increasing unemployment despite the rise in female labor force participation. It points out that while globalization may have led to more women entering the workforce due to increased demand in export industries, it has also resulted in significant downsides like low wages, lack of job security, and inadequate labor rights, which undermines the benefits suggested in the claim.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Attention can be selectively focused, altering cognitive processing. [SEP] Text: At the end of each session, next week's assignments were specified, covered issues were practiced, and parents' questions were answered. Descriptions of all sessions are presented in Participants in the control group did not receive any intervention except ADHD routine treatment. At the end of the intervention, weight, and BMI of every participant were recorded again. Then, every child completed the SEI, and every parent completed the CPRS-R as the posttests. Two months after the intervention, weight, and BMI of every participant were recorded and they completed the SEI and the CPRS-R for the third time. Finally, the collected data were analyzed using the SPSS-version 22 (SPSS Inc. Chicago, Illinois) software: Mean and standard deviation were used to describe the data; Kolmogorov–Smirnov test was used to check the normality of the data; was used to determine the effects of the intervention on each variable (i. e. , self-esteem and BMI); independent t-test was conducted to compare the average self-esteem scores and BMIs in each group at different pairwise intervals; independent t-test was also used to compare the average self-esteem scores and BMIs between the two groups at each of the examined time (before, immediately after, and 2 months later) (P < 0. 05). to the results, the average age of the children was 8. 4 ± 1. 8 years; nearly 67. 5% of the children were male and 32. 5% were female; the average age of children in the experimental group was 8. 2 ± 1. 8 years and of children in the control group was 8. 6 ± 1. 7 years (P = 0. 43); there were 13 (65%) boys and 7 (35%) girls in the experimental group and 14 (70%) boys and 6 (30%) girls in the control group (P = 0. 74) [Table 1]; accordingly, there was no significant difference in age and gender between the two groups. Table 1: Comparison of the mean age and gender distribution between children in the two groupsThe results of comparing the examined variables between the two groups are presented in Table 2. Accordingly, BMI was significantly lower immediately after the intervention (P = 0. 001) and 2 months later (P = 0. 01) in the experimental group. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses the methodology and outcomes of an intervention study focusing on children’s weight, BMI, and self-esteem, without mentioning attention or cognitive processing. The details provided about participant demographics, data collection, and statistical analysis do not contribute to the understanding of selective attention in cognitive processing.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Climate change is causing more extreme weather events worldwide. [SEP] Text: For example, in the south east of the in Golestan province, the warmer surface temperature accompanies with rather colder atmosphere column. This may cause an increase in the locally (i. e. , Golestan Province) unstable atmospheric condition. However, the study areas have been influenced by active frontal system during the study period. Also, in April 2019, the entire area of Iran has been colder than normal except a small part in the south east where no change is detected. Fig. 6Long-term normal climatology mean for surface temperature (a and b) and anomalies (c and d) for months of March and April 2019, respectivelyFull size image8 Climate normal and anomalies of 500 hPa vertical velocities (omega)Long-term climate normal of 500 hPa vertical velocity for months of March and April is presented in Fig. 7a and b, and the anomaly maps for the same months during the study period relative to climate normal are shown in Fig. 7c, d. The anomaly maps show an intensification of abnormally strong vertical velocities associated with the active extreme weather system with a maximum difference at − 0. 03 Pa/s in month of March in the west, central and south east areas, whereas during the month of April, the maximum difference has been shifted to the eastern part of Iran. Since pressure decreases upward, a negative omega presents a rising motion, whereas a positive omega shows a subsiding motion. Fig. 7Long-term normal climatology mean of 500 hPa omega for months of March (a) and April (b), 2019 and anomalies (c and d), respectivelyFull size image9 Climate normal and anomalies of precipitationsLong-term climate normals of precipitation resulting from precipitation data in the (GPCP) for months of March and April are presented in Fig. 8a, b. The composite anomaly maps during the study period are depicted in Fig. 8c, d. During the study period, there have been significant changes in the precipitation amounts mostly during March 2019 in the north-east, west, south-west and south of Iran with a maximum increase at around 120 mm in the west part of Iran associated with the extreme weather system. Fig. 8Long-term normal climatology precipitations for months of March (a) and April (b) 2019 and anomalies (c and d), respectivelyFull size imageFig. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing how increased surface temperatures and unstable atmospheric conditions in Golestan Province can lead to extreme weather events. It specifically mentions significant changes in precipitation amounts during March 2019 associated with extreme weather systems in various regions of Iran, indicating a link between climate change and weather extremes.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Globalization has increased interconnectedness in trade and labor markets. [SEP] Text: Wage inequality and poverty still remain as the norm in the era of globalization despite the high levels of output growth, international trade and investment. This brings to mind the question whether recent neoliberal policies and free trade expansion have improved, as promised, people’s lives, or not. If not, what kind of policies do we need for more equitable growth and development? 45The problem of non-availability of reliable statistics to compare labor market characteristics such as wages, gender wage gap, work hours and so forth continues to be of crucial importance hindering the possibility of seeing the real picture of the labor market. While the international community has made a commitment to achieving full employment and decent work for all, this goal seems ever more distant in view of recent trends such as growing unemployment and underemployment, the phenomenon of ‘jobless growth’, the growing ‘casualization’ of employment relations, the promotion of labor flexibility at the expense of welfare security, de-industrialization and the continued decline of peasant agriculture. (Ocampo and Jomo, 2007) 46The gender dimensions of these problems thus remain of crucial importance to be further studied. Organization (WTO) (2008), Report – 2008, accessed on 13/06/2009, Topo da página Bibliografia Baldwin, R. (2006), Globalization: Unbundlings. Helsinki: of Finland. Baslevent, C. and Onaran, O. (2004), “of Export-on in Turkey”, World Development, 32 (8). Bayes, J. (2005), “Gender, Globalization and Democracy: for Feminism since Beijing”. Conference held at the University of Iceland in Reykjavik, Iceland, 21 October. Beneria, L. (1979), “Reproduction, Production and the of Labor”, of Economics, 3, 203-225. Blau, F. et al. (1998), of Women, Men and Work, Prentice Hall. Cagatay, N. and Ozler, S. (1995), “Feminization of the Labor Force: of Long-”, World Development, 23 (11): 1883-1894. Cagatay, N. (2001), Trade, Gender and Poverty. New York:. and Erturk, K. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing issues such as wage inequality, poverty, and the failure of neoliberal policies to improve people's lives despite globalization. It suggests that interconnectedness in trade and labor has not translated into equitable benefits, evidenced by 'growing unemployment and underemployment,' questioning the premise that globalization has improved labor market conditions.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Attention can be selectively focused, altering cognitive processing. [SEP] Text: However, it was significantly higher in the control group 2 months after the intervention (P = 0. 02). At the end of the intervention, BMI was significantly higher in the control group; but, no significant difference was observed between the two groups 2 months after the intervention. The results of repeated measures ANOVA, comparing BMI changes over time, showed no significant difference between the two groups (P = 0. 84). Table 2: Comparison of body mass index, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder symptoms and self-esteem scores of children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder at different timesThe average CPRS-R scores at the end of the intervention and 2 months later were significantly lower than the average CPRS-R scores at the beginning of the intervention in both groups (P = 0. 001). Comparing the two groups, the average CPRS-R score was significantly lower in the control group immediately after the intervention (P = 0. 001). Similarly, the average CPRS-R score was significantly higher in the experimental group 2 months after the intervention (P = 0. 001). However, changes in the average CPRS-R scores were significantly different between the two groups at the end of the intervention (P = 0. 007). Changes in the CPRS-R scores are presented in Figure 2, indicating a significant difference between the two groups (P = 0. 001). The average SEI score was significantly higher in the experimental group immediately after the intervention and 2 months later (P = 0. 001). In none of the groups, the average SEI scores were not significantly different at the end of the intervention and 2 months later compared to the beginning of the intervention. However, changes in the average SEI scores were significantly different between the two groups at the end of the intervention (P = 0. 001). Changes in the SEI scores are presented in Figure 2, indicating a significant difference between the two groups (P = 0. 001). Figure 2: Study flowchart. Linear graphs of body mass index, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder symptoms, self-esteem scores of children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder at different timesresults of this study showed that BMIs of children who received the intervention significantly decreased immediately after the intervention and 2 months later, whereas, BMIs of children in the control group significantly increased in the same period. Accordingly, it can be stated that a parents-focused CBT can positively affect BMI of children with ADHD. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text discusses the effects of an intervention on body mass index (BMI) and self-esteem in children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). However, it does not provide any direct evidence or discussion regarding the concept of selective attention or its impact on cognitive processing, making it irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Climate change is causing more extreme weather events worldwide. [SEP] Text: During the study period, over the north-east side of the jet (in the study area), the abnormal cyclonic curvature has been developed, and then the westerlies flows have turned to the south-westerly and south wind flows. The red arrow shows the upper-tropospheric anomaly direction during the study period. When the jet stream turns to form a wavy pattern (jet meandering), the extreme weather tends to be shaped on the sides of ridges or troughs which have been amplified with higher amplitudes and rather slower motion. The results from the comprehensive climate models such as CMIP5 multimodels mostly forecast the poleward storm tracks shift due to climate change and global warming [4, 13, 37]. Fig. 11Long-term normal climatology wind vectors at 250 hPa for March (a) and April (b) and anomalies (c and d), respectivelyFull size image13 Vertical cross section of the meridional windsFigure 12 shows long term longitude-height cross section of the meridional wind for months of March (a) and April (b) and anomalies (c and d) during the study period averaged for latitudes (25–40°N) where the longitudinal region is between 40° and 63°E. The anomalies figure for both March and April presents the abnormal vertical south flows over ~ 50–63°E and the abnormal north vertical flows in ~ 40–48°E. Also, significant wind shear can be seen between them. The wind shear is defined as a rapid change in wind speed or/and direction. Fig. 12Long-term normal mean (a and b) and anomalies (c and d) of the meridional winds vertical cross section for months of March and April, respectivelyFull size image14 Summary and conclusionsThis work has revealed the existence of the abnormal weather pattern associated with the frontal system during March–April 2019 leading to the severe and devasting flooding events in Iran. This work has compared the climate normal and anomalies of the meteorological parameters by examining the NCEP/NCAR reanalysis datasets. This research has shown the occurrence of abnormal and intensified the active frontal weather systems during the study period over most of Iran with the increase in the pressure gradient, enhanced vertical motion along with strong 500 hPa mid-tropospheric westerly currents. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the relationship between climate change and the observed abnormal weather patterns, noting that comprehensive climate models, such as CMIP5, forecast a shift in poleward storm tracks due to climate change. It highlights the abnormal weather patterns, including severe flooding events in Iran, linked to amplified storm systems, thereby supporting the assertion that climate change is leading to more extreme weather events.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Globalization has increased interconnectedness in trade and labor markets. [SEP] Text: As literaturas africanas de língua portuguesa em perspetiva comparada 25 | 2016Vítimas, Estado e processos institucionais: uma visão multidisciplinar 24 | 2015As mulheres nas profissões jurídicas: experiências e representações 23 | 2015Espaços de Justiça e arquitetura dos tribunais 22 | 2014Reflexões sobre mulheres palestinianas e cinema 21 | 2014Dez anos da Convenção do Património Imaterial: ressonâncias Norte e Sul 20 | 2013Acesso ao direito e à justiça da família e das crianças 19 | 2013Novos olhares sobre o espaço pós-soviético 18 | 2012Epistemologias feministas: ao encontro da crítica radical 17 | 2012Desigualdades ambientais: conflitos, discursos, movimentos 16 | 2012A manipulação xenófoba e política dos direitos das mulheres 15 | 2012Debates contemporâneos: Jovens cientistas sociais no CES 14 | 2011Discursos e representações de mulheres hoje 13 | 2011Secularismos hoje 12 | 2011Outras Áfricas 11 | 2011Saberes em diálogo 10 | 2010Debates contemporâneos: Jovens cientistas sociais no CES 09 | 2010Desafios aos direitos humanos e à justiça global 08 | 2010Rituais contemporâneos 07 | 2010Identidades, cidadanias e Estado 06 | 2009Peacekeeping: actores, estratégias e dinâmicas 05 | 2009As fundações institucionais da economia 04 | 2009Representações sobre o aborto 03 | 2009O imaginário europeu a partir da controvérsia dos "cartoons" 02 | 2008Novos mapas para as ciências sociais e humanas 01 | 2008Debates contempor [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim regarding globalization's impact on trade and labor markets. Instead, it contains a list of titles related to various social and political issues that do not explicitly support or contrast with the claim of increased interconnectedness due to globalization.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Attention can be selectively focused, altering cognitive processing. [SEP] Text: In line with results of the present study, several other studies have shown that family-based interventions are suitable for weight loss maintenance and the treatment of obesity. [19,20,21,22] Similarly, results of other studies done by Bayat et al. and Sadeghi et al. have shown the effectiveness of family-based CBT in children's weight loss. [23,24] These studies have indicated that family-based behavioral therapies integrated with cognitive skills are the most effective treatments for obesity in childhood. In fact, CBT is known as an appropriate therapeutic approach for the treatment of obesity. It has been proven that family-based interventions that involve parents in the process of treatment are very effective in weight control and development of healthy habits. Studies have shown that almost every effective intervention includes a family component, such as separate training programs for children and parents. [25,26] Vos et al. showed the effectiveness of parents-based CBT in obese children's weight loss. [20] The only problem here is that this type of therapy has not been considered seriously by researchers studying obesity in children with ADHD. In fact, most studies have examined the causes of obesity in children with ADHD and reported that a possible reason is a close relationship between impulsivity and loss of control over food intake. These studies have shown that children with ADHD are 12 times more prone to the loss of control eating syndrome (LOC-ES) than normal children and that overweight children with LOC-ES are 7 times more likely to have ADHD than normal children. [27] Therefore, the development of an appropriate treatment that can be added to drug therapy seems quite essential to treat children with ADHD. This accompanying treatment can be achieved by conducting further clinical trials. Self-esteem of children in the experimental group increased after the intervention and 2 months later; however, the difference was not statistically significant (P > 0. 05). Self-esteem of children in the control group did not change (P > 0. 05). At the beginning of the intervention, the average SEI scores were not statistically different between the two groups, but the average SEI score of children in the experimental group was significantly higher than the average SEI score of children in the control group immediately after the intervention and 2 months later (P < 0. 001). These results were in line with results of various studies on increasing perception of self-esteem in children with ADHD and some studies inside and outside Iran. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim about selective attention and cognitive processing. It focuses on family-based interventions for weight loss and the treatment of obesity in children, particularly those with ADHD, which is unrelated to the mechanism of attention and cognitive processing.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Climate change is causing more extreme weather events worldwide. [SEP] Text: 1 IntroductionIt has become widely recognized that hot spells/heat waves, heavy precipitation, and severe winter and summer storm events may increase over most land areas of the globe due to a changing climate (Cubasch et al. 1995; Zwiers and Kharin 1998; Last and Chiotti 2001; Meehl and Tebaldi 2004; Riedel 2004; Kharin and Zwiers 2005; Medina-Ramón and Schwartz 2007). of the on (4) has indicated that the frequency and intensity of these extreme weather events are projected to very likely increase globally in this century (IPCC 2007a). It is further projected that climate change could induce elevated mortality/morbidity from heat waves, floods, and droughts as well as the heavy rainfall-related flooding risks (IPCC 2007b). It is also expected that many of these risks may be felt at the local to regional scales. In light of these concerns at a local scale for the area of south–central Canada, has completed several research projects to project changes in the frequency and intensity of future extreme weather events and their impacts. For example, a three-year research project on climate change and human health was completed for four cities (Montreal, Ottawa, Toronto, and Windsor) in south–central Canada, in partnerships with and the Agency of Canada. This project, funded by the of Health Canada, attempted to evaluate differential and combined impacts of extreme temperatures and air pollution on human mortality under current and future climates (Cheng et al. 2007a, b, 2008a, b). Another three-year research project investigated climate change and extreme rainfall-related flooding risks in four river basins (Grand, Humber, Rideau, and Upper Thames) of southern Ontario, Canada. This project was led by and funded by the Government of Canada’s Impacts and (CCIAP), in partnerships with Conservation Ontario, of the Environment, of Natural Resources, and CGI Insurance Business, with the aim of projecting changes in the frequency and intensity of future daily heavy rainfall and high-/low-streamflow events (Cheng et al. 2008c, 2010, 2011a). Another study was completed to project the possible impacts of climate change on freezing rain in 15 cites of south–central Canada, as shown in Fig. 1 (Cheng et al. 2007c, 2011b). Fig. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by stating that there is a recognition that extreme weather events, such as heat waves and heavy precipitation, are likely to increase due to climate change. It specifically mentions projections by the IPCC that the frequency and intensity of these events will very likely increase globally in this century, supporting the assertion that climate change is contributing to more extreme weather.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Small businesses are crucial to local economies and job creation. [SEP] Text: The result that business density is statistically insignificant in explaining variations in poverty reduction directly could be attributed to the fact that poverty in developing countries is highly gender-bias hence once a significant proportion of business ownership is male-dominated, mere increases in business density might not necessarily impact on poverty reduction but rather widen the income inequality and the poverty gap. This result also buttresses the point that entrepreneurship in itself might not be a panacea for poverty reduction unless it passes through other channels such as inclusive job creation in favour of the most marginalised unemployed population. Meanwhile, the relatively low explanation power of the estimated empirical model and the high coefficients of the constant terms suggest that there are more Table 4. Results of panel least squares estimation. Source: Author’s estimation. important factors that account for poverty reduction in low-income economies. Invariably, more than 80 percent of the factors that determine poverty reduction have remained unexplained. Consequently, it is important to identify other crucial factors that explain poverty in these low-income economies. This can be best carried out in micro-level studies due to the fact that most influential determinants of entrepreneurship and poverty are personal and qualitative in nature. 6. Conclusions and The role of entrepreneurship in national development cannot be overemphasized. Entrepreneurship is the key to economic growth through job creation, income generation and empowerment as well as poverty reduction in low-income economies. Entrepreneurship does not only create jobs, generate income, and reduce poverty; it is the catalyst for innovation and creativity, income redistribution, knowledge, and technological advancement. Unfortunately, economic growth which can be largely attributed to entrepreneurship is not a sufficient condition for income equality and poverty reduction at the macro level. For sustainable poverty reduction, aside the empowerment of the capitalist class, it is imperative to implement specific policies aimed at: · sequentially and systematically creating the ideal avenue for the presence and access to adequate and quality determinants of entrepreneurship which will lead to increased factor productivity, higher rate of employment, higher incomes per capita, higher consumption per capita, and manifestation of poverty reduction on sustainable basis; · motivating the very poor of society who may be risk-averse and investment-shy to cultivate the necessary mindset and drive for entrepreneurship; · establishing microfinance and venture capital institutions purposely to provide funds for the establishment of businesses. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the limited impact of business density on poverty reduction in developing economies, suggesting that entrepreneurship alone may not significantly contribute to local economies or job creation unless specific inclusive policies are implemented. It highlights that mere increases in business density do not guarantee improvements in poverty or economic conditions, indicating that other factors must also be considered for entrepreneurship to effectively reduce poverty and create jobs.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Attention can be selectively focused, altering cognitive processing. [SEP] Text: [10,28,29] In other words, results of the present study along with results of other studies have shown that training the parents can decrease impulsivity and hyperactivity positively affect behavioral problems and aggressiveness and lead to increased levels of self-esteem in children with ADHD. Such education can positively affect parents as well because it can lead to reduced levels of stress and boosted self-esteem. A child' self-esteem is the basis of his perceptions of life experiences and therefore, is of great importance. Resulting from positive self-assessments, socialemotional competence can help children overcome their future problems. Children who feel good about themselves can overcome their problems more effectively. Accordingly, it can be concluded that CBT can improve self-image; reduce dysfunctional beliefs; and enhance levels of self-esteem in children with ADHD. ADHD symptoms were similar between the two groups at the beginning of the intervention; but, those symptoms significantly decreased in the experimental group after the intervention (P < 0. 001). Although children in the control group did not receive any intervention, their ADHD symptoms decreased as well (P < 0. 001). However, ADHD symptoms decreased more significantly in the experimental group than in the control group (P < 0. 001). Therefore, it can be stated that ADHD symptoms may decrease over time, but CBT can speed up this process. In this regard, various studies have shown that CBT is an effective method for the treatment of ADHD symptoms. [6,30,31] In fact, rising parental awareness-without focusing on reducing the behavioral problems-can lead to positive parent–child interactions; improve parents' behaviors; and decrease hyperactivity and aggressiveness in children. [30] In this regard, Montoya et al. has emphasized the importance of ADHD treatment as it provides a basis for future learning quality; leads to positive educational experiences; and prevents secondary problems such as obesity, sleep disorders, emotional complications, and interactional/educational/behavioral problems. [31] However, these findings are not consistent with results of a study conducted by Rueda et al. in 2004. [32] These different results may be explained by considering the differences between parental behaviors, perceptions, and styles along with other various factors affecting ADHD symptoms. In any case, most studies have confirmed that combination therapy and medication are more effective than behavioral therapy alone. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text discusses the effects of interventions such as CBT on ADHD symptoms and parental behaviors. However, it does not address the claim regarding selective attention and its impact on cognitive processing. As a result, the text is irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Climate change is causing more extreme weather events worldwide. [SEP] Text: Three major steps or analysis procedures were required to complete each study: (1) historical analysis and/or simulation modeling to verify the historical extreme weather events, (2) regression-based downscaling involving the projection of station-scale future hourly/daily climate information, and (3) future projections of changes in the frequency and intensity of daily extreme weather events under a changing climate. The methodologies of each part are briefly described as follows. Table 2 Research steps and methodologies used in the projectsFull size table 3. 1 Historical analysisTransfer functions involved in future projections are typically used to relate historical climate variables to relevant outputs or impacts of interest to decision-makers. The historical analysis to obtain the transfer functions is comprised of: (1) an automated synoptic weather typing approach to classify daily weather types or air masses and (2) development of daily within-weather-type simulation models to verify historical extreme weather events. Synoptic weather typing approaches have become popular in evaluating the impacts of climate change on a variety of environmental problems. One of the reasons is its ability to categorize a complex set of meteorological variables as a coherent index (Yarnal 1993; Cheng and Kalkstein 1997), which facilitates climate change impacts analysis. The synoptic weather typing approaches include principal components analysis, average linkage clustering procedure, and discriminant function analysis (Table 2) and attempt to develop suitable classification solutions that minimize within-category variances and maximize between-category variances. Although the approaches of synoptic weather typing used in the studies are the same, the input data are different among the studies. For example, in the climate change and freezing rain study, hourly surface meteorological observations and six-hourly U. S. for (NCEP) upper-air reanalysis data listed in Table 1 were used to classify daily weather types (Cheng et al. 2004, 2007c, 2011b). However, for the heavy rainfall-related flooding project, only hourly surface observations were used (Cheng et al. 2010, 2011a). The climate change and human mortality project used six-hourly surface meteorological data observed at 03:00, 09:00, 15:00, and 21:00 local standard time (Cheng et al. 2007a, 2008a). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by outlining methodologies used to analyze historical extreme weather events and project future changes in their frequency and intensity under a changing climate. The mention of 'future projections of changes in the frequency and intensity of daily extreme weather events under a changing climate' directly supports the assertion that climate change is influencing extreme weather phenomena.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Automation will eliminate all low-skilled jobs within the next decade. [SEP] Text: The problem we have in the is that we are almost as a local area at full capacity employment, so we don't have enough local people applying for jobs when we advertise them. We also explored issues of work ethic and orientation to work, an issue which attracts media interest, but on which evidence is mixed. When we asked how the job performance of EU migrants compares to that of British workers, employers’ most common response was there is no difference on measures such as productivity, work ethic and commitment. These differences were seen to be individual rather than attributable to nationality or migration status. Rates of turnover were also reported to be similar between EU workers and their British colleagues. As an employer in the hospitality sector remarked: I think there's a lot of anecdotal stereotyping goes on. . . We've got lots of great migrants with great work ethic and great attitude and values and also have English workers like that as well. Where any differences in attitude were noted, these were explained with reference to migrants’ motivations to improve their lives or because of their higher levels of education. It was not uncommon for EU migrants to be reported as working beneath their level of qualification, at least initially. Differences in attitude and effort were also noticed where hard physical work was involved, particularly in construction. Employers also see disadvantages in recruiting migrants, particularly language skills and company image. The flexibility of migrants aligns closely with business models While employers did not see significant differences in productivity or value added by the EU migrants they employed, compared to UK workers, they did identify an important difference in the degree to which EU workers work flexibly. We found the main benefit of EU migrants to employers in low-skilled sectors to be their flexibility rather than their cost or productivity. Flexibility, particularly in working hours, is of benefit where operations are subject to fluctuations in demand. All three of our sectors experienced such swings which were best accommodated by employing labour in flexible ways, pushing hours up and down according to business needs. This has been noted by existing research on the food and drink industry, which has linked the growth in migrant employees, in response to seasonality in demand (Ci Research, Reference Research2008), to around 2005, coinciding with the first arrivals from Central and Eastern Europe. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the employment situation local to the author, where there is full capacity employment and a lack of applicants for advertised jobs. It emphasizes the importance of flexibility among workers, particularly EU migrants who are highlighted as beneficial for low-skilled sectors due to their flexibility and ability to accommodate fluctuations in demand. This counters the idea that automation will entirely eliminate low-skilled jobs, suggesting instead that the job market for these positions is influenced by human factors, such as work ethic, availability, and the need for flexibility.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Attention can be selectively focused, altering cognitive processing. [SEP] Text: Furthermore, parents have reported that combination therapy is more effective than behavioral therapy, but it is not better than medication. On the other hand, concerning the reduction of basic symptoms of ADHD, there is no difference between combination therapy and medication. Hence, although medication can adequately reduce ADHD symptoms, combination therapy is necessary to improve other functional domains. Accordingly, other than medication, children with ADHD need a variety of psychosocial interventions, such as verified parents' education programs. To explain the results of this study, it can be pointed out that people can better understand their behaviors when they are more knowledgeable and conscious. This increased awareness naturally causes more appropriate behaviors and less inappropriate behaviors. [33] One of the limitations of the study was not able to control the parents' behavior according to the study protocol and training session and also it may affect by their socioeconomic and educational status. Considering the results of this study, CBT can be considered a simple and low-cost treatment for obesity, ADHD, and low self-esteem. Among the limitations of the present study, studying a single age group, having a small sample size, short interval between the end of the intervention and its follow-up and not examining mothers' mental states can be mentioned. As a result, it is recommended to conduct future similar studies on bigger sample sizes, various age groups and over longer time intervals to become able to generalize the results confidently. of the present study indicated that parents-focused CBT is effective in the treatment of obesity, ADHD, and low self-esteem of overweight children with ADHD (ages 6–11). Therefore, if parents' education can enrich families, it can also improve children's attention. Moreover, many social and economic problems can be prevented by conducting psychological-educational interventions which play an important role in the treatment of ADHD. Financial support and sponsorship of Khorasgan. Conflicts of interest There are no conflicts of interest. 1. Association. Diagnostic and of Mental Disorders. 2000 2. . Synopsis of Sciences/Kluwer tEPW. 2014 3. Lufi D, Parish-Plass J. Sport-based group therapy program for boys with ADHD or with other behavioral disorders Behav Ther. 2011;33:217–30 4. Validation of the adult ADHD investigator symptom rating scale (AISRS) J Atten Disord. 2010;14:57–68 5. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text discusses various therapies and interventions for children with ADHD, mentioning parents' education and cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT), but it does not directly address the concept of selective attention or its effect on cognitive processing. Therefore, it is irrelevant to the specific claim regarding the nature of attention.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Climate change is causing more extreme weather events worldwide. [SEP] Text: Similar to the development of extreme-weather-event simulation models, a number of linear and nonlinear regression methods, as listed in Table 2, were used to develop the downscaling “transfer functions”. Once again, the different regression methods were employed for different meteorological variables since a given regression method is suitable only for a certain type of data with a specific distribution. As described in the study (Cheng et al. 2008c), the downscaling results showed that regression-based downscaling transfer functions performed very well in deriving daily and hourly station-scale climate information for all weather variables. For example, most of the daily downscaling transfer functions possess model R2s greater than 0. 9 for surface air temperature, sea-level air pressure, upper-air temperature and winds; the corresponding model R2s for daily surface winds are generally greater than 0. 8. The hourly downscaling transfer functions for surface air temperature, dew point temperature, and sea-level air pressure possess the highest model R2 (>0. 95) of the weather elements. The functions for south–north wind component are the weakest model (model R2s ranging from 0. 69 to 0. 92 with half of them >0. 89). For total cloud cover, hourly downscaling transfer functions developed using the cumulative logit regression have concordances ranging from 0. 78 to 0. 87 with over 75% >0. 8. For more detailed information on the development and performance of downscaling transfer functions, refer to Cheng et al. (2008c). 3. 3 Future projectionsFollowing downscaling of future hourly climate data, the synoptic weather typing and regression techniques were able to project changes in the frequency and intensity of future extreme weather events and their impacts. To achieve this, future daily weather types are needed and projected by applying synoptic weather typing methods using the downscaled future hourly climate data (Cheng et al. 2007b, c, 2008b, 2011a). To remove GCM model biases, future downscaled climate data were standardized using the mean and standard deviation of the downscaled GCM historical runs (1961–2000). As described by Cheng et al. (2008b, 2011a), the synoptic weather typing approach is appropriate for changing climate conditions since it can assign projected days with conditions above a threshold beyond the range of the historical observations into more extreme weather types. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the projection of changes in the frequency and intensity of future extreme weather events, as mentioned in the 'Future projections' section. It notes that synoptic weather typing and regression techniques were utilized to project these changes, linking climate data to trends in extreme weather, thereby supporting the idea that climate change is leading to more extreme weather events.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Automation will eliminate all low-skilled jobs within the next decade. [SEP] Text: They also saw a challenge for the UK Government in developing policies which take account the need for low-skilled labour when, as we described earlier, policies designed to meet such needs ended some years ago. While initially, statements following the referendum focused strongly on skills, the Government has informally indicated that provisions will be made for low-skilled labour needs, with the Brexit secretary quoted as saying that future immigration policy will need to consider: all levels of skill. . . what's necessary for universities, what's necessary for business, and what's necessary for fruit picking. (Guardian, December 2016) Other recent comments by the Prime Minister, Chancellor and also indicate a recognition that low-skilled labour needs will need to be considered (Portes and Forte, and Forte2016). Our post-referendum interviews suggest that employers are willing, in principle, to work with any new immigration system which retains their access to the labour they need. While concerned about the cost and bureaucracy that might be involved in sector-based schemes or a visa-based system, their main concerns were that the supply might be severely restricted, and that they would lose many of their current employees. These discussions also highlighted an issue for employers, that is the mobility power of their EU workers, which, as Alberti (Reference Alberti2014) argues, gives migrants the ability to act strategically (Batnitzky and Mcdowell, and Mcdowell2013) and which could therefore be exercised should the terms of new immigration policies be seen as unfavourable to EU citizens. In particular, some employers were concerned that lengthy and costly visa application processes would discourage potential migrants from considering the UK over other options within the EU. The manager of a budget holiday chain remarked: At the minute [the UK is] very popular because overall we have a good living standard. But when you throw other factors in to the decision making, i. e. it is difficult to get a visa, it takes too long to get a visa, is it worth it if I just want to come and work for three months? Therefore, any new immigration arrangements, for example restrictions on settlement, on the rights of dependents might have the effect of deterring prospective migrants, at least from within the EU. Additional factors which might impact on future migration from EU countries include exchange rate changes, reduced opportunities resulting from Brexit's impact on employment and additionally legal and psychological factors surrounding uncertainty about migrants’ rights to stay. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the ongoing need for low-skilled labor in the UK and the government's informal acknowledgment that provisions will be made for such labor needs in future immigration policies. Specifically, it mentions that employers are concerned about the potential restriction of low-skilled labor supply and are willing to adapt to new immigration systems to retain access to workers. This highlights a recognition of the sustained demand for low-skilled jobs, which directly contradicts the assertion that automation will eliminate all such jobs.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Attention can be selectively focused, altering cognitive processing. [SEP] Text: Barkley RA Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder: A handbook for diagnosis and treatment. 2014 6. Ramsay JR. CBT for adult ADHD: Adaptations and hypothesized mechanisms of change J Cogn Psychother. 2010;24:37–45 7. Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and obesity: A systematic review of the literature Nutr. 2008;48:524–37 8. Co-occurring weight problems among children with attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder: The role of executive functioning Obes (Lond). 2012;36:567–72 9. Kaplan K, Suddok B. A Summary of Psychiatry 20033rd edition Here 10. . Increasing perception of self-esteem in children with ADHD and peer problem? J Psychopharmacol. 2003;9:85–94 11. . Parent–child negative emotion reciprocity and children's school success: An emotion-attention process model Social Development. 2017;26:560–74 12. from Childhood to Adulthood. 1999 Here 13. . Perceptions of methylphenidate effects on hyperactive children's peer interactions J Psychol. 1993;21:535–49 14. for a Practice Guides. 2001 Mighty on 15. Effect of stimulant medication on children with attention deficit disorder: A “review of reviews” Except Child. 1993;60:154–62 16. Herz L, Gullone E. The relationship between self-esteem and parenting style a cross-cultural comparison of Australian and adolescents J Psychol. 1999;30:742–61 17. . Effectiveness of cognitive behavior-based play therapy on anxiety and self-steem of children with attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) children Res. 2013;8:165–82 18. Isanezhad O, Chahardoli D. The effectiveness of the Adults and Children Together-Program in reducing behavioral and emotional problems among preschool children International journal of behavioral sciences. 2017;11:23–9 19. . Revision and restandardization of the conners teacher rating scale (CTRS-R): Factor structure, reliability, and criterion validity J Psychol. 1998;26:279–91 20. . The effect of family-based multidisciplinary cognitive behavioral treatment in children with obesity: Study protocol for a randomized controlled trial Trials. 2011;12:110 21. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is a list of references and studies related to Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and does not directly address the claim regarding selective attention and cognitive processing. Therefore, it does not support or contradict the claim, rendering it irrelevant.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Climate change is causing more extreme weather events worldwide. [SEP] Text: Using projections of daily synoptic weather types under a changing climate, the approach is able to project changes in the frequency and intensity of future extreme weather events and their impacts. As described in Table 2 and to reduce the uncertainties for decision-making, two independent methods were used in each study to project the possible impacts of climate change on extreme weather events. The first method was based on changes in the frequency of future extreme weather types relative to the historical weather types. The frequency and intensity of future daily extreme weather events were assumed to be directly proportional to change in frequency of future relevant weather types. The second method applied within-weather-type simulation models with downscaled future climate data to project changes in the frequency and intensity of future daily extreme weather events. Cheng et al. (2007b, c, 2008b, 2011a, b) provide more detailed information on these methodologies for projections of future extreme weather events and their impacts. 3. 4 Model validationAll steps and principal methods described above, namely synoptic weather typing, extreme-weather-event simulation modeling, and regression-based downscaling, were validated against an independent dataset to ensure the models performed well and were not over-fitted (e. g. , could be duplicated with another dataset). To achieve this, as indicated in Table 2, two validation methods were employed: 1) randomly selecting one-fourth to one-third of the total years as an independent dataset and 2) apply a “leave-one-year-out” cross-validation scheme. For both methods, the validation dataset was independent from the data sample used in the development of synoptic weather typing, the simulation models of the extreme weather events, and downscaling transfer functions. The first validation method was used for verification of synoptic weather types and validation of within-weather-type simulation modeling in heavy rainfall, freezing rain, air quality, and human health studies. The second method was used for validation of impacts and related physical variables such as streamflow simulation models and downscaling transfer functions. In these studies, the validation approaches were applied using synoptic weather typing and the simulation models to verify historical weather types and extreme weather events (Table 2). The results of the verification, based on historical observations of the outcome variables or impacts (e. g. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by projecting changes in the frequency and intensity of future extreme weather events in relation to a changing climate. It mentions two methods used to assess the impact of climate change on extreme weather, indicating a clear connection between climate change and an increase in extreme weather events. Additionally, it highlights the validation of these methods, reinforcing the reliability of the projections concerning extreme weather.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Automation will eliminate all low-skilled jobs within the next decade. [SEP] Text: Within the primary sector, mobility distinguishes between horizontal, e. g. change of employer or position within the company, as well as vertical mobility in form of promotion or acquiring an additional qualification. Within the secondary sector, there are no restrictions on horizontal mobility due to the loose ties between employer and employee (Sengenberger 1987). An important factor in the context of mobility is non-standard employment. Results suggest that non-standard employment, especially part-time employment, decreases vertical mobility and lead to so-called lock-in effects (Dütsch and Struck 2014). In addition, according to Blossfeld and Mayer (1988), segmentation of the labour market is mainly the result of qualification barriers, especially between primary and secondary sectors. These results from life course perspective imply, that entry into a segment highly interrelates with qualification level of employees and the affiliation to a segment remains stable over the course of their employment (Blossfeld and Mayer 1988). Garz (2013) also confirms that the boundaries between primary and secondary sectors remain. Against this background, we observe changes of the qualification structure within low-skilled work. The share of workers performing low-skilled activities with at least a medium level of qualification, i. e. vocational training, has steadily increased. To date, more than three quarters of workers in low-skilled jobs have a medium or high level of education (Kaboth et al. 2022; Kutzner et al. 2019; Friedrich-Ebert-Stiftung 2006). Studies agree that low-skilled work is affected by a transformation of the work that manifests itself in an increase in more complex activities, in more autonomy and in increasing work demands (e. g. communication skills; (Abel et al. 2009; Abel et al. 2011; Bosch and Weinkopf 2011; Jaehrling and Weinkopf 2005)). According to several authors, the main indication of a change within low-skilled work and the associated increase in more complex activities are noticeable, in particular, in the differentiation of the qualification structure of employees (Abel et al. 2009; Bosch and Weinkopf 2011; Jaehrling and Weinkopf 2006). Findings by Hall and Sevindik (2020) show that the share of more complex activities in low-skilled work are proportionately higher than that of activities with less complexity (Hall and Sevindik 2020). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by highlighting that low-skilled work is experiencing a transformation that includes an increase in complexity and demands for communication skills. It states that a significant portion of low-skilled workers now possess medium or high levels of education, indicating that low-skilled jobs are evolving rather than being entirely eliminated by automation. The text emphasizes the ongoing changes in qualification structure and job demands, which contradicts the idea that automation will simply eliminate all such jobs.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Attention can be selectively focused, altering cognitive processing. [SEP] Text: Kitzman- The integration of a family systems approach for understanding youth obesity, physical activity, and dietary programs Rev. 2010;13:231–53 22. . Adolescent outcomes of childhood attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder in a diverse community sample. 2010;49:595–605 23. . Effect of family-based cognitive behavioral therapy in modification of self-image associated with obesity among children J Med Sci. 2016;26:115–27 24. . Effectiveness of cognitive-behavioral therapy in treating patients with obesity Psychol. 2010;16:107–17 25. Testing a new cognitive behavioural treatment for obesity: A randomized controlled trial with three-year follow-up Ther. 2010;48:706–13 26. . The role of parents in pre-adolescent and adolescent overweight and obesity treatment: A systematic review of clinical recommendations Obes Rev. 2011;12:759–69 27. Cortese S, Morcillo Peñalver C. Comorbidity between ADHD and obesity: Exploring shared mechanisms and clinical implications Postgrad Med. 2010;122:88–96 28. . Effects of self esteem group training on students'social adjustment J Behav. 2006;13:49–56 29. . Investigating the Relationship between Self-Esteem, Assertiveness and in of current Medical and Applied sciences. 2016;11(1):51–56 30. . Mindfulness training for parents and their children with ADHD increases the children's compliance J Stud. 2010;19:157–66 31. . Is psychoeducation for parents and teachers of children and adolescents with ADHD efficacious? A systematic literature review Eur Psychiatry. 2011;26:166–75 32. Development of attentional networks in childhood Neuropsychologia. 2004;42:1029–40 33. Multimodal treatment of ADHD in the MTA: An alternative outcome analysis. 2001;40:159–67 Keywords:Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder symptoms; attention deficit-hyperactivity disorder; cognitive-behavioral therapy; overweight; self-esteem _07_01_2023_02_26__17017_SDC017. tif; [Other] (583 KB) © 2018 Research | Published by – MedknowView full 2018. Full-+ View in to Colleague Colleague's E-mail is Name: Colleague's Email: Separate multiple e-mails with a (;). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text discusses various studies and topics related to attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and obesity, but does not directly address the claim regarding selective attention and cognitive processing. It provides a list of references and findings that may relate to attention within the context of ADHD, yet it does not specifically discuss how attention can be selectively focused or its effects on cognitive processing.