Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Natural selection drives evolution through differential survival. [SEP] Text: The values of upper quartile, median, and lower quartile are indicated in each box, whereas the bars outside the box indicate semi-quartile ranges. D, D/d4, D/di, d4 and di were computed based on mouse-human alignments. Pairwise comparisons showing significant differences in D, D/d4, D/di, d4, or di are connected with gray lines (Mann-test). (PDF 248 KB)12918_2012_971_MOESM2_ESM. pdfAdditional file 2:Supplementary figure S2. Evolutionary rates of enhancers. Rates of evolution calculated for mouse enhancers of embryonic forebrain (FB), midbrain (MB), limb (LM), and heart (HT), included D (A), normalized evolutionary rates D/d4 (B) or D/di (C), and neutral substitution rates d4 (D) or di (E). The values of upper quartile, median, and lower quartile are indicated in each box, whereas the bars outside the box indicate semi-quartile ranges. D, D/d4, D/di, d4 and di were computed based on mouse-rat-human multiple alignments. Pairwise comparisons showing significant differences in D, D/d4, D/di, d4, or di are connected with gray lines (Mann-test). (PDF 259 KB)12918_2012_971_MOESM3_ESM. pdfAdditional file 3:Supplementary table S1. The proportions of enhancers that underwent selection based on mouse-human alignments (neutral reference: fourfold degenerate sites) (PDF 7 KB)12918_2012_971_MOESM4_ESM. pdfAdditional file 4:Supplementary table S2. The proportions of enhancers that underwent selection based on mouse-human alignments (neutral reference: intron sites) (PDF 7 KB)12918_2012_971_MOESM5_ESM. pdfAdditional file 5:Supplementary figure S3. Enhancers with a highly expressed adjacent gene evolve more rapidly. Evolutionary rates are represented by D (A) or D/d4 (B). Gene expression level was defined by the maximum expression signal of the 61 mouse tissues. Spearman's rank correlation coefficient is (C) 0. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it does not address the concept of natural selection or its role in evolution. Instead, it discusses statistical analysis and evolutionary rates of specific enhancers within the context of mouse and human alignments, which does not directly relate to the assertion that natural selection drives evolution.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Malnutrition remains a major issue in many low-income countries. [SEP] Text: The evaluation of lean body mass increase ‐ in comparison to fat body mass increase ‐ would be an accurate measure to assess body composition (Jensen 2012) and to evaluate possible side effects of energy‐dense foods, in particular, foods with very high lipid content such as LNS. Unfortunately, there is little evidence on the effect of different foods on fat‐free mass compared to fat‐mass, and on long‐term outcomes of treatment with foods characterised by high lipid content in malnourished children. 5) Assessing cost‐effectiveness of foods was not an objective of this review. However, the cost of foods was reported whenever available in the trials (Table 6; Table 7; Table 9). In general, LNS are considerably more costly than blended foods (Table 7). With an estimated 40 to 55 million children in the world suffering from MAM, and prevalence rates above 15% in several countries, cost‐effectiveness is clearly an issue that needs to be carefully considered. Based on available evidence, it is questionable whether the additive cost of LNS compared to other foods is justified, and whether the use of LNS is sustainable on a large scale and in the long term. 6) In this review, some of the outcomes with overlapping definitions (for example, recovered versus not recovered versus relapsed to SAM versus died) did not always result in consistent findings. For example, LNS compared to blended foods did improve the number of children recovering, but not the number of children progressing to SAM or dying. This may be for several reasons. First, studies with larger sample sizes are needed to increase the power of the meta‐analysis for rare outcomes such as death. Second, despite one food being better than another for improving recovery rate, this review shows that a considerable percentage of children (about 8%) progress into severe malnutrition (SAM) anyway. These children were not followed up for a long time so we are unsure of their final outcomes. However, the observation that such a high percentage of children progress to SAM suggests that foods are not enough for these children, and more comprehensive care (such as routine HIV and TB testing and treatment) is needed. 7) Finally, evidence on the impact of foods on children with MAM is limited by a general tendency to report only short‐term follow‐up. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by highlighting the significant prevalence of moderate acute malnutrition (MAM), with an estimated 40 to 55 million children suffering from it worldwide and prevalence rates over 15% in several countries. Additionally, it indicates that despite some improvements in recovery rates through certain food interventions, a considerable percentage of children (about 8%) still progress to severe malnutrition (SAM). This suggests that malnutrition continues to be a critical issue that requires more comprehensive care, further supporting the claim.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Certain types of seaweed farming can reduce methane emissions in livestock when used as a feed additive. [SEP] Text: There may be disruptions to fermentation due to CH4 inhibition which is the most likely cause of depressed DMI as Algae 1. 0 increased, although that response has not been consistent across studies. Table 2. Open in new tab Effect of Alga 1. 0 inclusion on intake and digestibility when fed at 0, 69, or 103 g/d to Jersey cows fed a feedlot finishing diet Intake and Digestibility. Treatment1. SEM. Contrasts. Control. 69 g. 103 g. Linear. Quadratic. DM Intake, kg/d9. 968. 958. 640. 64<0. 010. 74 Digestibility, %71. 369. 769. 51. 770. 280. 83OM Intake, kg/d 9. 478. 498. 200. 606<0. 010. 71 Digestibility, %75. 875. 275. 31. 310. 700. 82CP Intake, kg/d1. 361. 241. 190. 089<0. 010. 92 Digestibility, %70. 570. 870. 30. 920. 940. 76Starch Intake, kg/d5. 094. 534. 410. 32<0. 010. 57 Digestibility, %91. 792. 492. 61. 220. 500. 91aNDFom Intake, kg/d1. 711. 561. 480. 112<0. 010. 95 Digestibility, %39. 936. 837. 73. 030. 400. 56Intake and Digestibility. Treatment1. SEM. Contrasts. Control. 69 g. 103 g. Linear. Quadratic. DM Intake, kg/d9. 968. 958. 640. 64<0. 010. 74 Digestibility, %71. 369. 769. 51. 770. 280. 83OM Intake, kg/d 9. 478. 498. 200. 606<0. 010. 71 Digestibility, %75. 875. 275. 31. 310. 700. 82CP Intake, kg/d1. 361. 241. 190. 089<0. 010. 92 Digestibility, %70. 570. 870. 30. 920. 940. 76Starch Intake, kg/d5. 094. 534. 410. 32<0. 010. 57 Digestibility, %91. 792. 492. 61. 220. 500. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by indicating that while algae (referred to as Alga 1.0) has effects on intake and digestibility in Jersey cows, there are disruptions to fermentation possibly leading to depressed dry matter intake (DMI) due to methane (CH4) inhibition. This suggests that the relationship between seaweed farming as a feed additive and the reduction of methane emissions may not be consistently positive, as the effects are not consistent across studies.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Natural selection drives evolution through differential survival. [SEP] Text: Skip to Content eLife home page your research Search by keyword or author Reset form my search to Research 10. 7554/eLife. 43606 Open access Copyright information Version of RecordApril 29, 2019 Version of RecordMarch 20, 2019 Accepted ManuscriptFebruary 26, 2019 Open annotations (there are currently 0 annotations on this page). 8,999 views 804 downloads 76 3606. Copy to clipboard Download BibTeX Download. RIS Full text Figures and data Peer review Side by side Peer review process Decision letter Author response Peer review process This 2004. They need to spell out their assumptions about Ne etc… in doing so. More importantly, they also need to calculate a similar quantity for rubella. Otherwise, a number of statements in the manuscript seemed overstated (e. g. , the last sentence of the Abstract). 3) Balancing selection is operating in the outcrosser and variation was introduced into the selfer by introgression. They entertain this possibility for rubella in the Discussion section. They label it as "adaptive introgression" but it seems to me that it could just as well be neutral, if introgression is more likely to introduce a different haplotype due to balancing selection in the outcrosser. In this regard, I note that it is not correct that (1) and (3) cannot be distinguished, as they predict different genealogies. Given that the selfers are mostly homozygous at these positions, can they build trees for e. g. , 100 regions, and see whether they support (1) or (3)? If not, they should at least explore diversity and divergence levels around the tsSNPs. More generally, I was confused by what specific models the authors had in mind at a number of points in the manuscript. Because they focus on selfers, their study design seems aimed at picking up balancing selection due to fluctuating selection pressures not heterozygote advantage. Moreover, they repeatedly state that they are looking for a form of selection that favors rare types. Why then expect a positive Tajima's D (subsection “A high density of tsSNPs around immunity-related loci”)? I think a discussion of the mode of balancing selection they expect to detect is missing. The frequency spectrum for orientalis in Figure 5A seems quite odd. And the observation about the low interchromosomal LD among ts3_SNPs is likewise disconcerting. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text provided does not directly address or discuss the claim regarding natural selection driving evolution. It appears to be an excerpt about research processes, peer review comments, and specific findings related to balancing selection and models, which do not explicitly confirm or deny the role of natural selection in evolution. Therefore, it is categorized as irrelevant.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Malnutrition remains a major issue in many low-income countries. [SEP] Text: Based on the available data, about 30% to 40% of the children recovered from MAM relapse into malnutrition in relatively a short time (six to 12 months). This suggests that while it is relatively easy to increase weight of children, the physiological and immune status is not restored to normal. Children with MAM may need longer treatment with adequate foods, integrated packages of care (such as HIV/TB treatment, deworming), change in diet habits, and regular follow‐up. The provision of food supplements is a short‐term solution (necessary because sick children must get treated), but unless focus is put on the real problems of food access, dietary habits, and underlying diseases, a substantial number of children will relapse into malnutrition. In order to be considered really effective, each treatment programme should incorporate a package of preventive strategies that will ensure that results are maintained in the long term. Quality of the evidence In general, the risk of bias in the included trials was low, with the exception of two trials (Hossain 2011; Delchevalerie [pers comm]), which presented a high risk of attrition bias. We evaluated the quality of the body of evidence with the GRADE methodology for the main comparisons (GRADE 2010). The overall quality of the evidence was from very low to moderate for the comparison 'foods versus standard care' (summary of findings Table for the main comparison). For the comparisons 'lipid‐based nutrient supplements full dose versus blended foods full dose' and 'lipid‐based nutrient supplements versus CSB++', the quality of evidence was from moderate to high, except for the safety outcomes, for which evidence was low (summary of findings Table 2; summary of findings Table 3). Potential biases in the review process We were aware of the possibility of introducing bias at every stage of the review process and we tried to minimise this in a number of ways: two review authors independently assessed eligibility for inclusion, carried out data extraction and assessed the risk of bias of the trials. Although we contacted a long list of researchers and implementing agencies as part of the search strategy, we cannot exclude a publication bias. We were unable to construct funnel plots to look for evidence of publication bias as none of the outcomes had sufficient numbers of trials to do this. Agreements and disagreements with other studies or reviews There is no previous systematic review on foods for treating children with MAM. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the high relapse rates of malnutrition among children who have recovered from moderate acute malnutrition (MAM). It highlights that merely increasing weight is insufficient without addressing underlying issues such as food access and dietary habits. This aligns with the claim that malnutrition is a persistent problem, particularly in low-income areas where comprehensive long-term strategies are necessary to combat it.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Certain types of seaweed farming can reduce methane emissions in livestock when used as a feed additive. [SEP] Text: (2021) analyzed the impact of seaweed inclusion on DMI over the entire feeding period, reporting a tendency for 8. 0% reduction in DMI for 0. 25% OM seaweed inclusion, and 14. 0% reduction in DMI for 0. 50% OM seaweed inclusion. Dissimilar to results reported by Kinley et al. (2020) and Roque et al. (2021), a meta-analysis evaluating the effect of algae on enteric CH4 emission by Lean et al. (2021) reported no effect of algae inclusion in the diet on DMI in dairy and beef cattle. Dry matter digestibility was not impacted (P ≥ 0. 28) by the inclusion of Alga 1. 0 in the current experiment and averaged 70. 2% across the three treatment inclusion levels (Table 2). There was a 2% unit decrease (71. 3% to 69. 5% DM digestibility) as Algae 1. 0 increased which is likely due to increased minerals in the Algae treatments that are not digested as OM digestibility was not impacted statistically (P ≥ 0. 70) and were almost identical across treatments. Krizsan et al. (2023) reported similar results where DM digestibility did not differ with the inclusion of A. taxiformis at 0. 50% of OM intake in a grass silage diet. Stefenoni et al. (2021) compared varying inclusions at 0%, 0. 25%, and 0. 50% DM A. taxiformis, reporting a quadratic effect on DM digestibility with 61. 7% and 65. 2% DM digestibility for 0. 25% and 0. 50% DM, respectively, and reported no difference for 0% and 0. 50% inclusion levels. Similar to the linear reduction observed for DMI (kg/d), OM, starch, aNDFom, and CP intake (kg/d) linearly decreased (P ≤ 0. 01) as Alga 1. 0 inclusion increased in the diet (Table 2) which is driven by DM intake as the composition of diets were similar across treatments. All nutrient intakes reported by Stefenoni et al. (2021) were similar to the current experiment; however, they utilized dairy cows consuming a high-forage (60%) diet compared to the high-concentrate diet utilized in this experiment. Krizsan et al. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text discusses the impact of seaweed inclusion in livestock diets and presents results where a meta-analysis reported 'no effect of algae inclusion in the diet on DMI in dairy and beef cattle.' This indicates that seaweed does not effectively reduce methane emissions as a feed additive, contradicting the claim that certain types of seaweed farming can reduce these emissions.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Natural selection drives evolution through differential survival. [SEP] Text: That said, I have several questions and comments that should be considered before publication: 1) The shared IBD segments and genome-wide D-statistic suggested past and ongoing gene flow between sympatric C. rubella and C. grandiflora. Are there shared IBD segments and significant D-statistic values for the regions with strong evidence of balancing selection? The presence of introgression does not change the conclusion that most tsSNPs are retained ancestral variation, as long as western C. rubella and C. grandiflora still share the polymorphisms, but I am wondering if some of the sharing by eastern C. rubella and C. grandiflora could be attributed to recent gene flow. 2) To exclude the possibility of spurious tsSNPs due to cryptic paralogs, the authors compared the coverage and read concordance. Although the overall distribution of the two metrics looks similar for tsSNPs and ssSNPs, it is not clear whether there could be a few regions with excess coverage or reduced concordance. It will be helpful to plot these two metrics along the chromosome coordinate for the regions with strong evidence for balancing selection. Another way to rule out the concern of the cryptic paralogs is to compare the proportion of heterozygotes for tsSNPs and ssSNPs (controlling for allele frequency). If some of the tsSNPs are due to cryptic paralogs, the proportion of heterozygotes is expected to be higher than that for ssSNPs. 3) The presence of tsSNPs shared by all three species of Capsella provides strong evidence for balancing selection, but I am slightly concerned by the quality of the C. orientalis data because of a couple of puzzling patterns: (A) why is the allele frequency spectrum of ssSNPs in C. orientalis multi-modal? (B) Why is the average divergence between the two main Capsella lineages higher near sites adjacent to the three-way tsSNPs? 4) The interchromosomal LD for three-way tsSNPs is significantly lower than that of random polymorphisms in C. rubella and C. grandiflora. The authors speculated that this might be due to selection promoting new combinations of tsSNPs. However, I found this explanation implausible unless strong and prevalent epistasis is involved. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text discusses various aspects of genetic data and gene flow between species but does not directly address the concept of natural selection or differential survival as a mechanism of evolution. It focuses more on specific genetic markers and selection in a technical context without supporting or contradicting the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Malnutrition remains a major issue in many low-income countries. [SEP] Text: 5 in 12 weeks WFH > 85% WHZ > ‐2 in 12 weeks WHZ > ‐2 in 8 weeks WHZ > 85% in 16 weeks TIME • Duration of follow‐up 12 weeks variable 12 weeks 8 weeks 16 weeks, follow‐up 6 months • Compliance with the interventions 82% (LNS); 53% (CSB) Abbreviations: CHW = community health worker; MMN = Multiple micronutrients; NR = not reported; WFH = weight for height; WFP = Programme; WHZ = weight‐for‐height z‐score. 1Medical treatment as for IMCI and national Mali protocol on malnutrition. 2Vitamin A/folic acid supplementation. Other medical treatment: measles vaccination; deworming; systematic malaria testing at admission, treatment when indicated; malaria testing. 3once, folic acid once, if Hb < 9gr/dl: iron plus folic weekly; if Hb 9‐11gr/dl: iron weekly. Other medical treatment: measles vaccination; deworming; malaria testing; medical evaluation and treatment weekly. Nutriset's later changed its name to Plumpy'Sup. Figures and Tables - Table 6. Characteristics of the studies: LNS full dose vs blended foods Navigate to table in 7. Characteristics of the studies: LNS complementary dose vs Blended foods Karakochuk 2012 Nikiema [pers comm] • Definition of MAM W/H < %70 and > ‐80% median and MUAC > 110 WHZ < ‐2 and > ‐3 • Reference growth standards 2006 • Age 6 months to 5 years < 2 years • Breastfeeding NR Mixed • Included • Acute complications Acute complications excluded, children not screened for TB or HIV Excluded • • • Study site • Rural • Level of food insecurity • Prevalence of wasting Moderate (12%) Moderate (10. 9%) • Prevalence of stunting High (51%) High (69. 7%) • Prevalence of HIV Low (1. 7%) Low (1. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by providing data points regarding the prevalence of malnutrition indicators such as wasting and stunting rates in children, which are significant issues in low-income countries. For example, it mentions a 'Prevalence of wasting Moderate (12%)' and 'Prevalence of stunting High (51%)', highlighting the serious state of malnutrition.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Certain types of seaweed farming can reduce methane emissions in livestock when used as a feed additive. [SEP] Text: 0 product was mixed with MDGS and placed in airtight bags, and subsequently fed to cattle within 3 d of mixing. A potential loss of bromoform concentration and therefore, reduced potential for CH4 reduction, may have been due to the dietary intake pattern variation between cows, where some cattle would require longer lengths of time throughout the day to consume their allotted feed, subsequently increasing time that Alga 1. 0 was exposed to air and allowing for bromoform volatilization. Increased bromoform volatilization may result in a reduced impact on enteric CH4 emission, as there would be reduced active bromoform ingredients in the feed additive. Production of CO2 reported in g/d linearly decreased (P = 0. 03) up to 585 g/d or 6. 9% for cattle receiving 69 g/d and by 8. 3% or 701 g/d for cattle fed 103 g/d of Alga 1. 0, however, CO2 did not differ between treatments (P = 0. 23) when normalized for the amount of feed intake (calculated as g/kg DMI; Table 5). These results differ from CO2 production and yield reported by Roque et al. (2021), who observed no difference in g/d of CO2 but an increase in CO2 g/kg of DMI when comparing 0. 50% OM inclusion of macroalgae (A. taxiformis) compared to a negative control. Roque et al. (2019) reported a decrease in CO2 (g/d) of 13. 9% when comparing cattle fed a macroalgae (A. Armata) at 1. 0% inclusion compared to a negative control, similar to what was observed in the current experiment; however, they did observe a significant increase in CO2 when normalized for amount of feed intake (g/kg of DMI) with increasing inclusions of A. armata. Oxygen consumption amounts did not differ between treatments when measured as g/d (P ≥ 0. 19) and g/kg DMI (P ≥ 0. 21). RQ (a measure of basal metabolic rate) was not significantly impacted (P ≥ 0. 17) by treatments and averaged 1. 03. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by indicating potential issues with the effectiveness of bromoform, an ingredient intended to reduce methane emissions, when used in cattle feed. It states that increased bromoform volatilization may reduce its effectiveness, leading to decreased impact on enteric methane emissions. This suggests that the seaweed additive may not consistently perform as expected in reducing methane levels in livestock.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Natural selection drives evolution through differential survival. [SEP] Text: Could the authors run simulations to show that the "reshuffling" hypothesis is able to explain the reduced LD and estimate how much epistasis is required to generate the observed pattern? In addition, why is the interchromosomal LD for three-way tsSNPs significantly higher for that of random polymorphisms in C. orientalis? Could this be due to technical issues? [Editors’ note: what now follows is the decision letter after the authors submitted for further consideration. ] Thank you for resubmitting your work entitled "Long-term balancing selection drives evolution of immunity genes in Capsella" for further consideration at eLife. Your revised 2004. 3) Based on Figure 3B, haplogroup C differs by only 1 SNP from the second haplotype in group B. Why is C classified as the separate haplogroup instead of a subtype of B? 4) In subsection “Insights into balancing selection from de novoassembly of MLO2”, the authors concluded that the shared haplotypes did not result from recent gene flow, because of similar within-haplotype divergence levels of A and B haplogroups. However, this evidence is insufficient: the authors need to demonstrate that the within-haplogroup divergence is at least as high as the genome-wide average (which seems to be the case by comparing Figure 6—figure supplement 1 to Figure 5D). 5) The reconstructed trees in Figure 6C are very small, and haplotypes need to be labeled in order to show the pattern of clustering by haplogroup. Author response [Editors’ note: the author responses to the first round of peer review follow. ] Since additional analyses are needed, and the authors may want to collect more data to respond to the concern about possible artifacts in C. orientalis, it may not be feasible for the revisions to be completed within two months. We leave it to the discretion of the authors whether they think this timeline is feasible, or would prefer to work on revisions at more length and resubmit the manuscript to be considered anew. In terms of the analysis, the three main points are that: 1) The data for C. orientalis seems a bit troubling, and should probably be further inspected for possible artifacts. The reviewers main concern regarding the C. orientalis data was that the allele frequency spectrum was unusual which may indicate elevated error rates. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not provide any information that directly supports or contrasts the claim regarding natural selection driving evolution through differential survival. Instead, it discusses technical aspects of research and peer review processes related to specific genetic analysis and data concerning the species C. orientalis. There are no explicit references to natural selection, evolution, or differential survival in the text.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Malnutrition remains a major issue in many low-income countries. [SEP] Text: J > (4);2016 > 275. Published online: August 31, 2016 DOI: Physical therapy guideline for children with malnutrition in low income countries: clinical commentary Abey Bekele*, Department of Physiotherapy, School of Medicine, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia *Corresponding author: Abey Bekele, Department of Physiotherapy, School of Medicine, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Gondar, PO Box No. 196, Gondar, Ethiopia, Tel: +251-91-118-2090, Fax: +251-58-114-1240, E-mail: abeybekele@gmail. com 04, 2016 14, 2016Copyright © 2016 of This is an 4. 0/) which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. therapy intervention along with nutritional rehabilitation has recently become an inevitable combo after recent evidences suggesting a strong interaction between malnutrition and neuro-muscular disabilities which contribute to a significant burden in global settings. Recent studies confirm that appropriate physical assessment of neuro-musculo skeletal system, developmental assessment or cognitive tools along with nutritional assessments followed by exercise rehabilitation will yield positive results in children with malnutrition. There is an obvious need to make available a simple physical therapy exercise guidelines with simple measure and exercise to be used in resource limited settings of developing countries. The purpose of this clinical commentary is to summarize simple assessment tools to evaluate activity impairment, participation restriction, gross motor activity and simple physical therapy intervention program for children with disability secondary to malnutrition. Keywords: Malnutrition, Physical therapy, Exercise, Play therapy prevalence of malnutrition is continuously decreased, however it still remains as a major cause of preventable morbidity and mortality among the young children in many developing countries, especially in African continent. About 50% of all deaths among children aged less than 5 yr can be traced back to under nourishment (Prentice et al. , 2016). In most parts of the world malnutrition divulges in the form of undernourishment, which is caused by diet lacking in adequate calories and protein. Child under nourishment is a critical problem in Africa and elsewhere (Harttgen et al. , 2013). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by stating that malnutrition is a major cause of preventable morbidity and mortality among young children in many developing countries, particularly in Africa, where child undernourishment is identified as a critical problem. It emphasizes the significant impact of malnutrition on health outcomes, confirming that it remains an important issue in low-income countries.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Certain types of seaweed farming can reduce methane emissions in livestock when used as a feed additive. [SEP] Text: HivatkozásokVálaszd ki a számodra megfelelő hivatkozásformátumot:Harvard (2022): Magyar Tudomány 2022/10. : Akadémiai Kiadó. Letöltve: (2024. 11. 03. )Chicago. 2022. Magyar Tudomány 2022/10. : Akadémiai Kiadó. (Letöltve: 2024. 11. 03. (2022). Magyar Tudomány 2022/10. Akadémiai Kiadó. (Letöltve: 2024. 11. 03. . F. – Bedere, N. – Douhard, F. et al. (2021): of High-yielding toward Systems in a World. Animal, 15, 100292. DOI: 10. 1016/j. animal. 2021. 100292, : Akadémiai Kiadó. Letöltve: (2024. 11. 03. )Chicago. 2022. Magyar Tudomány 2022/10. : Akadémiai Kiadó. (Letöltve: 2024. 11. 03. (2022). Magyar Tudomány 2022/10. Akadémiai Kiadó. (Letöltve: 2024. 11. 03. . L. – Cady, R. A. – Bauman, D. E. (2009) Impact of Dairy Production: 1944 Compared with 2007. Journal of Animal Science, 87, 2160–2167. DOI: 10. 2527/jas. 2009-1781, : Akadémiai Kiadó. Letöltve: (2024. 11. 03. )Chicago. 2022. Magyar Tudomány 2022/10. : Akadémiai Kiadó. (Letöltve: 2024. 11. 03. (2022). Magyar Tudomány 2022/10. Akadémiai Kiadó. (Letöltve: 2024. 11. 03. . – Veerkamp, R. F. – de Jong, G. et al. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim, as it does not discuss seaweed farming, methane emissions, or any related subject matter. Instead, it primarily lists citations and references from different authors published in a journal. There are no statements or evidence that support, contrast, or clarify the claim about seaweed farming and its impact on methane emissions.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Natural selection drives evolution through differential survival. [SEP] Text: The unusual appearance of the spectrum is the result of having 16 samples, and binning allele frequencies into 10 bins. Because we had differing numbers of individuals from each species, we chose to compare everything using the same binning, which happens to mathematically introduce an uneven spectrum as observed in the original Figure 5. We replotted these spectra using different bin sizes for each species and show that the uneven pattern is largely removed. To further alleviate the reviewers’ concerns, we generated a draft genome assembly for one of our C. orientalis samples using an alternative sequencing technology and recalled variants at tsSNP sites in our C. orientalis samples. In the updated manuscript, only SNPs identified in both approaches were considered “high quality”. 2) The hypothesis that balancing selection is currently acting in C. rubella needs to be better supported. In particular, the authors need to exclude the possibility that the observed signatures persisted since the ancestral species. The reviewers questioned our assertion that balancing selection has retained genetic diversity in selfing lineages and suggested that the historical molecular signature of balancing selection in the outcrossing C. grandiflora, might result in the appearance of balancing selection in C. rubella. Specifically, if immunity related genes are under balancing selection in the outcrosser, then a random sample of alleles during the C. rubella founding event might result in higher genetic variation in subsequent generations. We agree with the reviewers that these two possibilities are difficult to tease apart in the recent C. rubella C. grandiflora speciation event. We based our original conclusion that balancing selection is operating in C. rubella based on the following arguments: 1) The allele frequencies in the proposed regions are far less diverged between C. grandiflora and C. rubella then expected by random chance under an explicit demographic model which includes gene flow. 2) These regions show many classic indications of balancing selection in C. rubella including: a) Increased allele frequency b) Increased genetic diversity c) between subpopulations d) Elevated Tajima’s D 3) In C. grandiflora, genetic diversity is high throughout the genome, and balanced regions show only subtle deviation from the global pattern very near to the candidate targets. Therefore, a random sample of alleles anywhere in the genome would generate peaks of outstandingly high genetic diversity in C. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim regarding natural selection and evolution directly. Instead, it discusses genetic diversity and selective pressures in specific plant species without establishing a clear relationship to the concept of natural selection driving evolution through differential survival.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Malnutrition remains a major issue in many low-income countries. [SEP] Text: For instance, poor nutritional status has been a serious problem in Ethiopia for many years and till recent only 4% of children aged between 6–23 months are fed appropriately based on recommended infant and young child feeding. There is also delay in introduction of complementary food to the children (Disha et al. , 2012). For children under 59 months the world wide prevalence are 25%, 8%, and 15% for stunted, wasted and/or underweight respectively. Children in the least developed countries are even more at risk and numbers increase up to 37%, 9%, and 22% for stunting, wasting and underweight respectively (Requejo et al. , 2015). Among the overall children in Ethiopia aged between 6–9 months, only half of them receive complementary food. These negative effects are carried into the adult population in this country, where 27% women aged 15–49 yr are thin, with body mass index below 18. 5 kg/m2 and 9% are moderately or severely thin. This in turn would lead to more birth of malnourished children. A recent fact sheets indicates that Ethiopia is one of the countries with abundant malnourished children. Moderate-to-severe malnutrition during infancy is associated with a significantly elevated incidence of impaired intelligent quotient (IQ) in adulthood, even when physical growth is completely rehabilitated (Berhan and Berhan, 2014). But it is worth mentioning that in 2013, Ethiopia achieved the child survival millennium developmental goal by reducing deaths among under-5-yr-olds by two-thirds. So, now it is the appropriate time to focus on curbing physical and neuro-disabilities among malnourished children. of early childhood malnutrition or under nutrition may lead long-term effects like impairment of gross and fine motor skills, easy fatigue, loss of flexibility, impaired rapid sequence movements, behavioural problems, and cognitive impairment like lower attention spans, language impairment, learning disabilities, low IQ scores (Waber et al. , 2014). These effects are most likely to be continued into adulthood (Galler et al. , 2012). Hence, clinical judgements and rehabilitation program limited to identifying nutritional risk and nutritional supplementations are inadequate in addressing developmental skill of children. are ample documentation reporting interplay between neuro-physical disabling conditions and malnutrition. Many studies have reported the effect of malnutrition on growth, cognition, mental and systemic development in children with malnutrition. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by detailing the severe problem of malnutrition in Ethiopia, highlighting that only 4% of children aged between 6–23 months are fed appropriately and that globally, prevalence rates of stunted, wasted, and underweight children are notably high in the least developed countries. It emphasizes that malnutrition affects both children and adults, with a significant proportion of women in Ethiopia being underweight and the long-term detrimental effects on growth and cognitive abilities. This evidence supports the assertion that malnutrition is a major issue in low-income countries.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Certain types of seaweed farming can reduce methane emissions in livestock when used as a feed additive. [SEP] Text: We referred to that in the last paragraph of the discussion. We have referred to rather old-dated studies because we aim to mention the role of rice in the context of the history of the study for paddy fields CH4 emission. The sentence indicates common sense; therefore, we would like to change as follows: "Rice is understood to enhance methane emissions from paddy fields as mentioned in IPCC guidelines. " We would like to change the sentence ", all studies. . . these studies". to "rice enhances overall CH4 emissions from paddy fields. In addition, previous studies". We added the formula, and we clarified the sentences in the results section. We think the soil carbon contents is important; however, that is out of range of this study and we don’t have the map. Thank you so much! We had used an English editing service, but that was not enough. We have revised the English. Competing Interests: No competing interests were disclosed. a concern 0 to cite this report: Tariq A. For: Rice plants reduce methane emissions in high-emitting paddies [version 3; peer review: 2 approved, 1 approved with reservations]. F1000Research 2019, 7:1349 ( The direct URL for this report is: The authors of "Rice cultivation reduces methane emissions in high-emitting paddies" present an effort in collecting and measuring the CH4 emissions, in three rice cropping cycles during the 100 days of the field experiment. The overall paper has been written. . . Continue reading authors of "Rice cultivation reduces methane emissions in high-emitting paddies" present an effort in collecting and measuring the CH4 emissions, in three rice cropping cycles during the 100 days of the field experiment. The overall paper has been written in good English and in a logical manner. The major concern in this manuscript is the methodology and conclusion. The methodology is not clear enough, for example the authors do not make clear the explanation of water treatments in fields with rice and without rice. The authors claimed lower CH4 emissions due to absence of rice plants, but the difference in the first week (Fig. 1) after seeding when there will be hardly any significant role of rice seedlings is not justified. Furthermore, the methodology section is much confusing with the use of decomposition of straw and addition of straw (study site section). It is hard to follow the inputs of straw in fields with and without rice. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses the impact of rice cultivation on methane emissions in paddy fields, rather than addressing seaweed farming or its effects on livestock emissions. The focus is entirely on rice plants and their role in methane emissions, which does not support, contrast, or relate to the claim regarding seaweed.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Natural selection drives evolution through differential survival. [SEP] Text: rubella we think that gene flow has contributed to the modern pattern of variation, and that this variation is maintained for longer than expected by chance in regions near immunity related loci. For the older split, we find no evidence for recent introgression. We further explored these ideas by looking for IBD regions inside and outside of balanced regions and find a pattern consistent with the above hypothesis. With respect to the mechanism of balancing selection, we believe that definitive statements about this issue are beyond the scope of the current manuscript, however we have tried to make it clear that we think heterozygote advantage is unlikely. 3) The analysis would be more interpretable if more of the highlighted regions were investigated individually, rather than always treating all tsSNPs jointly. We have reported statistics individually for these regions. In terms of the writing, all reviewers agreed that the paper is unrelated to the origin of sex or mating system evolution, and that these topics are not always discussed accurately. The discussions of these points should be removed. We have removed this emphasis throughout the manuscript. All reviewers also felt that a number of claims were too strong, and relevant literature is missing. We have softened claims that were pointed out by the reviewers as too strong and added relevant literature where requested. We hope you will find these comments useful in revising your manuscript, should you choose to do so. Reviewer #1: The idea of looking for balanced polymorphisms in selfers, in which the footprints are frozen by the lower effective recombination rate, is really nice, and I was convinced by the findings that increased diversity and other signs of balancing selection were enriched for host-pathogen genes. Thank you for the positive feedback. Less clear to me is when/where the balancing selection is occurring. There are at least three possibilities: 1) The hypothesis the authors privilege: long-term balancing selection is ongoing in the selfers as well as the outcrossing species. 2) Balancing selection occurred only in the ancestor of the two selfers, increasing the probability that more than one lineage was retained in the selfer. In a parenthetical comment, they dismiss this possibility for orientalis based on a calculation from Wiuf et al. , 2004. They need to spell out their assumptions about Ne etc… in doing so. We have added a comment on the Ne assumption for the C. orientalis calculation. More importantly, they also need to calculate a similar quantity for rubella. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text primarily discusses gene flow, balanced selection, and diversity in relation to host-pathogen interactions but does not directly address the claim regarding natural selection's role in evolution through differential survival. As such, it is irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Malnutrition remains a major issue in many low-income countries. [SEP] Text: Literatures even suggest that if malnutrition occurs in the vulnerable period of brain development, it can result in motor impairment (Andrew and Sullivan, 2010; Grantham-McGregor et al. , 2007; Kuperminc and Stevenson, 2008). In Africa, however clinical application of assessments of children with physical and neuro-disabilities is seldom practised. In addition evaluating the impact of infantile malnutrition on development in developing countries is inevitably complicated by social context. It is of paramount importance that clinicians in developing countries soon realise that early detection of motor impairments in malnutrition children, followed by early physical rehabilitation will help prevent, minimize and effectively treat physical impairments and motor delay. A recent audit conducted at Hospital, Ethiopia where 362 children were admitted in pediatric ward for severe malnutrition and then referred to physical therapy department for treatment for impairments of which 82. 1% were <5 yr old. These children were intervened by developmental stimulation (play therapy), the results showed improvement in self-care domain, mobility domain and aggregate outcomes of the pediatric evaluation of disability inventory (PEDI) score (Gordon et al. , 2013). With scarcity of expertise in physical rehabilitation and trained community based rehabilitation (CBR) workers along with resource limiting settings in developing countries, it is vital that the clinicians understand the scope and requirement of clinical physical rehabilitation practice guidelines to screen, refer, and treat malnourished children (Table 1). Despite the fact there are encouraging clinical outcomes and development of exercise rehabilitation protocols, a tailored exercise rehabilitation guideline for malnourished children in developing countries is notably lacking. At present, physical rehabilitation practice protocols for malnourished children appears to be based on early evidences and conceptions. 2. 5–4 kg), period of breast feeding (normal, ≥6 months), absence of infection, early medical interventions, care giver factors, effectiveness of nutritional programs and quality of life (Campos et al. , 2016; Puett and Guerrero, 2015). Recently, physical activity appears to be an earlier indicator for successful rehabilitation than weight gain. Crookston et al. (2010) observed that children who recovered from stunting in infancy were likely to experience catch-up growth and show no differences in development compared to healthy children (Pulakka et al. , 2015). well integrated holistic assessment which includes medico-nutritional plans of management or advice along with physical therapy intervention plans is most likely to improve outcomes (Gladstone et al. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing severe malnutrition in children, particularly in developing countries, and how it affects motor development and impairments. It highlights the challenges faced in managing malnutrition and stresses the importance of early detection and rehabilitation efforts in low-income settings, thus supporting the assertion that malnutrition is a significant issue in these regions.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Certain types of seaweed farming can reduce methane emissions in livestock when used as a feed additive. [SEP] Text: In contrast, the estimates of MCF using the model with and without BW showed a similar trend during the lactation stage and parity. The estimates of the variances and R for Farm 1 are shown in Table 4. R values were moderate to high for production traits (ranging from 0. 42 to 0. 73) and moderate for methane-related traits (ranging from 0. 40 to 0. 51). values for CH4, CH4/ECM, and RM were slightly increased when BW was included in the model, whereas no difference was observed in MCF. Genetic parameters and potential indicators Since BW could not be measured on Farm 2, only MCFe from methane-related traits, which is independent of the presence or absence of BW in the model, was used in the analyses. Table 5 shows the h2 and R estimated for Farm 2. The h2 values were low and ranged from 0. 10 to 0. 15 for all traits, while the R values were moderate ranging from 0. 38 to 0. 47. values were similar to those of Farm 1. The estimated genetic correlation of AMY with CH4/CO2 was low (0. 07), and that with MCF was moderate (−0. 53). Regarding the environmental factors affecting CH4/CO2 and MCFe, the estimates for the lactation stage and parity in both farms are shown in Figure 3. Both these traits exhibited a similar trend in both the farms as the lactation stage and parity increased. of genetic selection for low methane emissions from cows Genetic selection for mitigating CH4 emissions from cows is an effective method for sustainable livestock production, and is also cost-effective because it produces permanent and cumulative changes in performance [8–10]. However, genetic selection requires CH4 data from a large number of samples measured at the commercial farm level. One way to overcome this problem of data measurement is to use predicted values for methane-related traits. Previous studies have estimated the genetic parameters from methane-related traits predicted using the model with DMI, milk yield, and BW [21–23], milk fat composition [24], and mid-infrared spectra of milk [25] in dairy cattle. However, predicted methane-related traits are expected values that are indirectly associated with feed efficiency and production traits. When considering genetic improvement for mitigating CH4 without depending on these traits, the actual values of CH4 are required. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing genetic selection as a method to mitigate methane emissions from cows, without mentioning seaweed farming as a feed additive. It emphasizes the need for CH4 data from large sample sizes and mentions that genetic selection for low methane emissions is a separate strategy for sustainable livestock production, thus implying that the specific claim regarding seaweed farming is not supported.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Natural selection drives evolution through differential survival. [SEP] Text: Otherwise, a number of statements in the manuscript seemed overstated (e. g. , the last sentence of the Abstract). We are unsure whether the reviewer is suggesting that we calculate this probability for C. rubella-C. grandiflora or C. rubella-C. orientalis. The C. grandiflora-C. orientalis calculation is conservative relative to the later. However, we have modified the Abstract extensively to account for the reviewer’s criticism. 3) Balancing selection is operating in the outcrosser and variation was introduced into the selfer by introgression. They entertain this possibility for rubella in the Discussion section. They label it as "adaptive introgression" but it seems to me that it could just as well be neutral, if introgression is more likely to introduce a different haplotype due to balancing selection in the outcrosser. We refer the reviewer to our response to the general comments. In this regard, I note that it is not correct that (1) and (3) cannot be distinguished, as they predict different genealogies. Given that the selfers are mostly homozygous at these positions, can they build trees for e. g. , 100 regions, and see whether they support (1) or (3)? If not, they should at least explore diversity and divergence levels around the tsSNPs. We have removed this statement and have included additional analysis of IBS regions to address the reviewer’s comment, and we present trees as suggested in our analysis of MLO2 where complete data on a single gene could be produced. More generally, I was confused by what specific models the authors had in mind at a number of points in the manuscript. Because they focus on selfers, their study design seems aimed at picking up balancing selection due to fluctuating selection pressures not heterozygote advantage. Moreover, they repeatedly state that they are looking for a form of selection that favors rare types. Why then expect a positive Tajima's D (subsection “A high density of tsSNPs around immunity-related loci”)? I think a discussion of the mode of balancing selection they expect to detect is missing. We have heavily modified our introduction and removed some of the 4. 3) Can the authors provide some estimates for the age of the IBD segments based on their lengths to support their conclusion of "very recent co-ancestry"? [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim directly related to natural selection driving evolution. Instead, it discusses specific comments and revisions regarding balancing selection and statistical analyses in a manuscript. While it mentions concepts related to selection, it does not confirm or deny the claim regarding differential survival as a mechanism of evolution.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Malnutrition remains a major issue in many low-income countries. [SEP] Text: , 2014; Trehan and Manary, 2015). Very little is known about parenting practices in Ethiopia, most studies report low level of education and unawareness among mother in many African countries. Many researchers reported maternal-child interaction as an important factor in childhood malnutrition and also recommend as a suitable assessment tool for African settings (Cooper et al. , 2009; Stewart et al. , 2011). Subjective assessments are important domain in guiding the physical examination and anthropometric measurements. Tools like subjective global assessment (SGA), mini nutritional assessment, and subjective global nutritional assessment (SGNA) score for children can be used (Secker and Jeejeebhoy, 2012; Steenson et al. , 2013). The SGNA is a simple pediatric nutritional risk score; consisted of nutrition oriented physical examination and information on the child’s recent and current height and weight, parental heights. The SGA tool consisted of features identifying nutritional risks, gastrointestinal symptoms, functional capacity, and physical examination like loss of subcutaneous fat, muscle wasting, ankle edema, sacral edema, and ascites. From a clinical point of view, these tools allow a quick and valid assessment suitable for practice. With recent evidences reporting association between neuro developmental delay, neuro disabilities and malnutrition (Gladstone et al. , 2014). Programs to improve malnutrition will be most effective if they also target the neurodevelopment of children. Depending on the type of malnutrition brain is affected in different ways; for example chronic malnutrition (stunting is manifested as low height for age), acute malnutrition (formerly known as protein-energy malnutrition and manifested as either kwashiorkor or wasting, low middle-upper arm circumference [MUAC] or low weight for height), or a specific micronutrient deficiency such as iron or zinc. Some deficiencies, such as chronic malnutrition, will affect global functioning of the brain and are assessed best through general developmental assessment tools (Aly and Taj, 2010; de Moura et al. , 2010). The quality of stimulation at home can be better measured by the modified version of the Infant/Toddler HOME (for Measurement of the Environment) inventory developed by Bangladeshi scholars suitable for many low resource settings. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the role of various factors, including parenting practices, education level, and assessments in relation to childhood malnutrition in African countries, particularly Ethiopia. It highlights how certain tools are recommended for assessing malnutrition and emphasizes the importance of addressing the neurodevelopment of children as part of malnutrition programs. This indicates a recognition of malnutrition as a significant concern in low-income settings.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Digital literacy rates are rising due to smartphone accessibility in developing countries. [SEP] Text: Log in or new issue alertsGet alerts Submit a your Email address: Subscribe to e2022. | DOI: 10. 4103/aihb. aihb_148_21 rising caesarean delivery rate is a global concern and is believed by many as a problem in low-income countries exclusively. It has been observed that utilisation of this lifesaving procedure is unusually high in many middle- and high-income countries. Caesarean section (CS) is indicated to save both the mother's and child's life in certain situations. When chosen in the proper indication, it is helpful towards reducing morbidity and mortality in both. There is a vast number of papers evidencing the injudicious use of this necessary procedure. There is an evident disparity in the utilisation of the process too. In some sub-countries, women do not have access to or have very minimal access to caesarean delivery due to many factors. On the other hand, certain countries overutilise it. Being a country, Bangladesh is no different from many other countries, with rising caesarean delivery rates in rural and urban populations. It is of great concern for the Bangladeshi general community and the healthcare workers. There have been claims that it is overutilised injudiciously by the Bangladeshi health force. This review aims to find the facts related to the CSs and compare between the high-, middle- and low-income countries. Being healthcare professionals and medical educators by origin, the authors were explicitly interested in Bangladesh. They conducted the review to contribute to the development of the country's healthcare system. problem A caesarean section (CS) is a surgical procedure to deliver one or more babies by making an incision on the anterior abdominal wall of the pregnant mother. [1] It is usually performed when normal vaginal delivery (NVD) puts a mother's or baby's life at risk. Other accepted indications may include obstructed labour, breech or abnormal foetal presentation, excessive foetal size, non-reassuring foetal heart rate, increased maternal age and history of previous cesarean delivery. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text provided discusses the rising rates of caesarean deliveries in various countries and does not mention digital literacy or smartphone accessibility at all. Therefore, it does not provide relevant information to support, contrast, or otherwise address the claim.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Natural selection drives evolution through differential survival. [SEP] Text: We changed “very” to “more”. We think that estimating the age of IBD segments might be possible, however this would not be trivial given the differing recombination rates and population structure of our sample. Since our goal is not to estimate the rate of gene flow accurately, but to show that balancing selection is acting in the selfer regardless of the origin of the allele, we feel that this analysis is beyond the scope of the current work. 2) Figure 4 is one of the key results showing enrichment in immunity-related genes, but it is unclear what each panel shows exactly, as some details or labels are missing. 1) Panel A: What does each dot mean? I guess each point represents a gene, but this is not clear from the text, figure or legend. What is the y-axis in each sub-panel? How is this number calculated? To clarify the figure, we have added the following text to the figure legend “Each point represents values calculated for an individual gene. For example, in the upper subplot each point is the number of tsSNPs identified in a gene divided by the total number of SNPs identified for a gene”. 2) Panel B: what do the thick line and the shaded area mean, respectively? Does the legend of panel C apply to panel B? The text “For (B-C) the…” has been added to clarify the legend. 3) The authors use simulation data to argue against the possibility that the diversity patterns near Bal loci result from historical balancing selection in the ancestor population. Did the simulations include effects of balancing selection? If so, how is balancing selection simulated in practice? If balancing selection is not simulated, are the results based on neutral simulations sufficient to rule out the possibility of historical balancing selection? The principal effect of balancing selection, increased diversity, was approximated in simulations by recalculating the probability of the observed values in the selfer using only simulations that showed outstandingly high diversity in C. grandiflora. The observed values could not be explained under these conditions. We acknowledge that this is only an approximation of balancing selection. We note that the reviewer’s previous concerns were that increased founding diversity due to balancing selection could potentially increase the probability of sampling multiple haplotypes during speciation of C. rubella. We feel that this specific concern is well addressed by our method. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim directly, as it discusses balancing selection, gene flow, and simulation data without explicitly mentioning natural selection or differential survival. Therefore, it is considered irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Malnutrition remains a major issue in many low-income countries. [SEP] Text: Infant and young child feeding (IYCF) practices in Ethiopia and Zambia and their association with child nutrition: analysis of demographic and health survey data. . 2012;12:5895–5914. Dumas HM, Fragala-. of Test (PEDI-CAT) and (AIMS): validity and responsiveness. Phys Ther. 2015;95:1559–1568. . Infant malnutrition predicts conduct problems in adolescents. Nutr Neurosci. 2012;15:186–192. . Assessment of neurodisability and malnutrition in children in Africa. Neurol. 2014;21:50–57. . Mid-upper arm circumference based nutrition programming: evidence for a new approach in regions with high burden of acute malnutrition. PLoS One. 2012;7:e49320. Prevalence and burden of diseases presenting to a general pediatrics ward in Gondar, Ethiopia. J Trop Pediatr. 2013;59:350–357. Grantham-. Group. Developmental potential in the first 5 years for children in developing countries. Lancet. 2007;369:60–70. . Economic growth and child undernutrition in sub-Saharan Africa. Rev. 2013;39:397–412. . Cross-cultural adaptation of the System into Brazilian-Portuguese (GMFCS). Fisioter. 2010;14:537–544. . Establishing minimal clinically important differences for scores on the pediatric evaluation of disability inventory for inpatient rehabilitation. Phys Ther. 2003;83:888–898. . Growth and nutrition disorders in children with cerebral palsy. Res Rev. 2008;14:137–146. Laillou A, Prak S, de. Optimal screening of children with acute malnutrition requires a change in current WHO guidelines as MUAC and WHZ identify different patient groups. PLoS One. 2014;9:e101159. Motor development of preterm and term infants: using the Motor Scale. Enferm. 2011;24:670–675. -. Effects of psychosocial stimulation on improving home environment and child-rearing practices: results from a community-based trial among severely malnourished children in Bangladesh. BMC Public Health. 2012;12:622. Growth monitoring and the prognosis of mortality in low-income settings. Clin Nutr. 2016;103:681–682. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by highlighting multiple references to malnutrition-related issues in low-income countries, particularly in regions like Ethiopia and Zambia. For instance, it mentions 'assessment of neurodisability and malnutrition in children in Africa' and 'growth monitoring and the prognosis of mortality in low-income settings', which directly supports the assertion that malnutrition is a significant problem in these environments.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Digital literacy rates are rising due to smartphone accessibility in developing countries. [SEP] Text: As the use of smartphones increases, negative outcomes such as physical and psychological problems reveal, and smartphone addiction is becoming a social issue [3-8]. Smartphone addiction is defined as excessive use of smartphones despite the negative effects of smartphones, which are more important than other activities in one’s daily life [3,4]. According to a survey by the (NIA) [9], the percentage of risk group of smartphone addiction in was 20% as of 2019 and is increasing annually. Most of the prior research on smartphone addiction is focused on exploring the variables related to smartphone addiction for children, adolescents, and college students. On the other hand, studies on adults are very insufficient, and there are few studies on the elderly in particular. This may be due to the idea that the problem of smartphone use will not be serious in the case of the elderly and that they will not have difficulty controlling smartphone use. However, a recent survey by the NIA [9] suggests that smartphone addiction among the elderly can become a social problem. In particular, the risk group of smartphone addiction in people in their 60s was 17. 5%, a significant increase compared to 16. 8% in 2020. Considering that the total smartphone addiction risk group was 24. 2% in 2021, this is a high score. Likewise, the elderly cannot be free from smartphone addiction. In particular, at the age of 60s, the use of smartphones may increase due to the reduction of social roles and weakening of offline relationships, which can lead to smartphone addiction. Despite the fact that the proportion of the elderly’s smartphone addiction risk group cannot be overlooked, little is known about the characteristics of the elderly’s smartphone addiction. The type (or purpose) of smartphone use is considered one of the key factors on smartphone addiction. According to the uses and gratifications theory, individuals actively use media to satisfy their specific needs [10,11]. Type of smartphone use depends on individual characteristics, which may affect their smartphone addiction. Although the types of smartphone use vary among researchers, they can generally be classified as information seeking, entertainment seeking, and communication seeking [12-16]. In addition, recent research suggests life service has arisen as another type of smartphone use [15,17]. The use of smartphones to search for and use information may increase the habitual use of smartphones, which may lead to addiction [13,18]. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by highlighting the negative consequences of increased smartphone use, specifically the rise of smartphone addiction, which suggests that the proliferation of smartphones may not necessarily lead to improved digital literacy. It emphasizes the increase of smartphone addiction among various age groups, particularly the elderly, and indicates that addiction can have detrimental effects that could overshadow potential gains in digital literacy.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Natural selection drives evolution through differential survival. [SEP] Text: Still, we recognize that it is difficult to prove beyond all doubts that balancing selection is ongoing in C. rubella. Even if we were to explicitly model balancing selection in these two species, it would be difficult if not impossible to consider all possible relevant scenarios. We try to illustrate this challenge throughout the manuscript. For example: “Although evidence for balancing selection at immunity-related loci in C. rubella is much stronger than in C. grandiflora, it is difficult to completely exclude the effect of founder diversity at these loci on the observed patterns. ” This was exactly the reason we analyzed C. orientalis and found considerable additional evidence that the same regions were targets of balancing selection in a much older selfer. 4) MLO2b region 1) Why is the haplotype structure of MLO2b not discussed on C grandiflora? Since the tsSNPs are shared by C grandiflora, it seems the selection pressure is preserved in this species. Would the higher recombination rate in C grandiflora help narrow down the causal variant(s)? Our data is unphased Illumina short read data. We can assemble high confidence haplotypes in the sellers because they have very low observed heterozygosity. Accurate haplotype assembly in C. grandiflora might be possible with a larger sample size, and it is possible this data might narrow down causal variants. However, it is important to point out that the C. rubella and C. grandiflora haplotypes have had nearly identical amount of time to recombine since the split with C. orientalis (the shift to selfing in C. rubella is much more recent in comparison to the larger divergence). 2) How long are the shared haplotypes between C rubella and C orientalis? Is maintenance of such long haplotypes expected, given plausible split time and recombination rate, if there is no epistasis? It will be helpful to estimate this using the formula in Wiuf et al. , 2004. This is a very interesting question. Intuitively, it does not seem probable that now recombination has occurred. Epistasis is a fantastic hypothesis, and one that would certainly be worth exploring in the future. Another possibility is that local variation in recombination rate, potentially further reduced by divergence, is involved. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not directly address the claim about natural selection driving evolution through differential survival. Instead, it discusses challenges in modeling balancing selection in specific plant species, exploring haplotype structure, recombination rates, and genetic diversity. Therefore, it is irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Malnutrition remains a major issue in many low-income countries. [SEP] Text: Puett C, Guerrero S. Barriers to access for severe acute malnutrition treatment services in Pakistan and Ethiopia: a comparative qualitative analysis. Nutr. 2015;18:1873–1882. . Effect of 12-month intervention with lipid-based nutrient supplements on physical activity of 18-month-old Malawian children: a randomised, controlled trial. Clin Nutr. 2015;69:173–178. de. Countdown to 2015 and beyond: fulfilling the health agenda for women and children. Lancet. 2015;385:466–476. . How to perform in children. J Diet. 2012;112:424–431. e6. . Inter-rater reliability of the Assessment: a systematic literature review. Nutrition. 2013;29:350–352. . A prospective study of psychological distress among mothers of children admitted to a nutritional rehabilitation unit in Malawi. Health Dev. 2011;37:55–63. Trehan I, Manary MJ. Management of severe acute malnutrition in low-income and middle-income countries. Child. 2015;100:283–287. . Impaired IQ and academic skills in adults who experienced moderate to severe infantile malnutrition: a 40-year study. Nutr Neurosci. 2014;17:58–64. Fig. 1 System (GMFCS) descriptors and illustrations for children between their 6th and 12th birthday. Table 1 Key points absence of agreed and evidence based guidelines for physical therapy interventions in developing countries for malnutrition children, timely physical therapy intervention are not yet incorporated into routine of pediatric care in hospitals of developing countries. It is very important to establish an appropriate clinical practice guideline for physical rehabilitation based on setting resources. What is added? Simple, reliable assessments on participation and activity level of malnutrition children. Physiotherapy interventions based on the phase. based at the same time simple and cost effective assessment, referral inputs and physical therapy treatment protocols can be more beneficial and easy to implement in resource limited pediatric care settings. Table 2 Adverse complications associated with malnutrition Increased mortality Weight loss and sarcopenia Impaired immunity and susceptible to infections Decreased physical ability Decreased mental ability Developmental delay Poor quality of life Lower intelligent quotient and stunted growth Risk of social isolation Falls, hospital stay Table 3 Aims of physical activities in malnutrition children To stimulate the child in physical activity as soon as the child is physically stable. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing various aspects of malnutrition and its treatment in low-income countries. It highlights barriers to access for malnutrition treatment services in Pakistan and Ethiopia, suggests the importance of establishing clinical practice guidelines for physical rehabilitation of malnourished children, and outlines the adverse complications associated with malnutrition, such as increased mortality and developmental delays. These points reinforce the notion that malnutrition is a significant problem in these regions.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Digital literacy rates are rising due to smartphone accessibility in developing countries. [SEP] Text: However, other studies argue that using smartphones for information seeking is negatively related to smartphone addiction [19]. For example, using a smartphone to search for health information can improve life satisfaction [20]. Previous studies have suggested that excessive use of smartphones for entertainment seeking, including online games, watching videos, listening to music, and reading e-books, can increase smartphone use [16,21]. The communication type of smartphone usage type includes messenger, E-mail, and SNS use. People use smartphones to communicate with others, which may strengthen offline social relationships [8,22]. However, a number of studies have shown no significant correlation between smartphone use for communication and smartphone addiction [22,23]. Recently, life service has become an area of attention as digital consumption, financial transactions, and big data increase. Jang [17] argued that smartphone addiction increases as the elderly use smartphones for life services such as financial transactions and online transactions. Compared to previous research, which focused on limited areas of life service, this study included a variety of areas of life service such as purchasing goods/services, selling, financing, life management, and health care. With smartphones replacing the functions of traditional personal computers, digital literacy has become increasingly important. Digital literacy refers to an individual’s ability to acquire and utilize information online using digital devices [24]. Digital media is a necessity for everyone in a digital society, regardless of age or sex, but digital literacy research is important because the results of digital device use vary depending on how digital media is used [25-28]. Digital literacy is associated with age and socioeconomic level, and higher digital literacy may relate to increased smartphone use [29-31]. Recent studies on the relationship between digital literacy and smartphone addiction have been mixed. Some studies indicate that digital literacy is not related to smartphone addiction [32], while others argue that digital literacy is positively related to smartphone addiction [29,33]. In this study, we assume that digital literacy has a positive effect on smartphone addiction in older adults. The higher the digital literacy level of the elderly individual, the more likely the individual is to participate in a variety of online activities, which can lead to the excessive use of digital devices [34,35]. Among socio-demographic variables, sex, age, and income are related to smartphone addiction [7,36]. While some studies have shown an association between sex and smartphone addiction, other studies have found they are not related [37,38]. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by presenting evidence that increases in smartphone use may not correlate positively with digital literacy rates. It highlights mixed findings regarding the relationship between digital literacy and smartphone addiction, suggesting that while digital literacy may enhance participation in online activities, it does not necessarily result in improved digital literacy rates. The text emphasizes that digital literacy depends on how digital media is used, which complicates the assertion that smartphone accessibility is directly driving increased digital literacy in developing countries.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Natural selection drives evolution through differential survival. [SEP] Text: differential evolutionary algorithm by utilizing this information management mathematical model as a foundation. This enhancement involves leveraging the principles of the differential evolutionary algorithm, incorporating adaptive variation and dynamic cross-factor operators. Consequently, we construct a multiobjective differential evolutionary algorithm tailored explicitly for solving power system multiobjective optimization. Figure 1: Overall model structure. Download full-size image DOI: 10. 7717/peerjcs. 2023/fig-1 Furthermore, we employ the adaptive grid method and cyclic congestion degree to ensure population diversity and govern the distribution of the Pareto frontier. This endeavor aims to realize the electric power financial system’s information management model design based on the multiobjective differential evolutionary algorithm. Mathematical model of information management This 2. The process involves retaining dominant individuals for the subsequent generation, ultimately acquiring the Pareto optimal solution set after continuous evolution. Figure 2: Crossover, variation and selection process of differential evolution algorithm. Download full-size image DOI: 10. 7717/peerjcs. 2023/fig-2 Based on the scope and characteristics of the target space, a set of grids is initialized, and each solution in the population is assigned to the corresponding grid. The mesh size is dynamically adjusted according to the distribution and density of the solutions. If the solutions in a grid are too dense, you can reduce the grid size to increase the search detail. If there are no or few solutions in a grid, you can increase the grid size to expand the search scope. In a selection operation, such as selecting the next-generation population, the solution located in the sparse grid is preferentially chosen to preserve the diversity of the population. Each non-dominated solution’s degree of crowding in the target space is calculated. The degree of crowding can be calculated by considering the difference in the target value of a solution between its neighbors. The non-dominated solutions are then sorted according to the degree of crowding. When selecting the next-generation population, the solution with a greater crowding degree is preferentially chosen to ensure the uniform distribution of solutions on the Pareto front. In the process of algorithm iteration, the congestion value is constantly updated to reflect the distribution of solutions, and this can be done by recalculating the congestion level after each iteration. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim regarding natural selection and evolution. Instead, it discusses a differential evolutionary algorithm related to optimization in power systems, without reference to biological concepts of survival or evolution.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: HIV treatment can reduce viral load to undetectable levels. [SEP] Text: Log in or to journalnew issue alertsGet alerts Submit your manuscript Enter your Email address: Subscribe to e4. 0 License, where it is permissible to download and share the work provided it is properly cited. The work cannot be changed in any way or used commercially. AIDS 30(11):p 1745-1759, July 17, 2016. | DOI: 10. 1097/QAD. 0000000000001104 Abstract Objective: To assess, among people with HIV, the association of self-reported antiretroviral treatment (ART) and viral load status with condomless sex with an HIV-serodifferent partner (CLS-D). Design: Cross-sectional study of 3258 HIV-diagnosed adults in the United Kingdom, 2011–2012. Methods: CLS-D in the past 3 months and self-reported ART/viral load were ascertained by questionnaire. Clinic-recorded viral load was documented. HIV-transmission risk sex (CLS-D-HIV-risk) was defined as CLS-D together with either not on ART or clinic-recorded viral load more than 50 copies/ml. Results: Of 3178 participants diagnosed more than 3 months ago, 2746 (87. 9%) were on ART, of whom self-reported viral load was ‘50 copies/ml/ or less/undetectable’ for 78. 4%; ‘more than 50 copies/ml/detectable’ for 8. 3%; ‘do not know/missing’ for 13. 3%. CLS-D prevalence was 14. 9% (326/2189), 6. 4% (23/360) and 10. 7% (67/629) among men who have sex with men, heterosexual men and women, respectively. Among men who have sex with men, CLS-D prevalence was 18. 8% among those not on ART; 15. 2% among those on ART with undetectable self-reported viral load; 9. 8% among those on ART without undetectable self-reported viral load. Compared with ‘on ART with undetectable self-reported viral load’, prevalence ratios (95% confidence interval) adjusted for demographic/HIV-related factors were: 0. 66 (0. 45, 0. 95) for ‘on ART without undetectable self-reported viral load’, and 1. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by providing statistical evidence that among participants on antiretroviral treatment (ART), 78.4% had a self-reported viral load of '50 copies/ml or less/undetectable'. This supports the assertion that HIV treatment can effectively reduce viral load to undetectable levels.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Digital literacy rates are rising due to smartphone accessibility in developing countries. [SEP] Text: In a study of adults in their 20s, mobile shopping was significantly related to smartphone addiction [38], but a study on all ages showed that smartphone use for life services did not significantly impact smartphone addiction [15]. The results of this study are similar to those of Jang [17], who verified a significant positive relationship between life service type and smartphone addiction in the elderly. This study suggests that excessive use of smartphones for life services may increase the risk of elderly addiction to smartphones [17,41], and more research on this topic is needed in the future. Third, digital literacy may be an important predictor of elderly addiction to smartphones. The results of this study are similar to those of past studies on adolescents and early adults, and suggest that digital literacy is likely to be positively related to smartphone addiction among the elderly [28,33]. As the level of digital literacy increases, people spend more time online and participate in more diverse activities [29]. In particular, smartphone addiction has a significant positive relation with smartphone usage time, and digital literacy is more likely to increase proficiency and may lead to smartphone addiction because digital literacy is related to media usage proficiency [28,42]. The elderly who participate in these diverse activities online will spend more time using their smartphones, which may problems such as physical problems [33]. In previous studies, the relationship between digital literacy and smartphone addiction is not clearly revealed. Future study needs to examine in detail how digital literacy affects the lives of the elderly [41]. The main contributions of this study are as follows: first, this study confirmed through a national sample the relationship between the types of smartphone use and smartphone addiction in the elderly. Second, this study clarified the role of digital literacy in smartphone addiction in the elderly. This study has the following implications. The degree of smartphone addiction may vary as a type of smartphone use; therefore, it is necessary to identify the main types of smartphone use in individuals and to provide education on smartphone use to prevent smartphone addiction. In addition, it is necessary to educate older people on digital literacy to protect them from smartphone addiction. This study has the following limitations: first, this research was only conducted on a sample of people in their 60s. In future research, it is necessary to further verify the relationship between types of smartphone use, digital literacy, and smartphone addiction, in participants in their 70s and older participants. Second, since this study used a cross-sectional design, it is difficult to infer the causal relationship between variables. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the relationship between digital literacy and smartphone addiction, particularly among the elderly, rather than addressing rising digital literacy rates. It suggests that while increased digital literacy may lead to more smartphone use, it also poses a risk for smartphone addiction. The focus is on addiction and the need for education regarding smartphone use and digital literacy, rather than the overall increase in digital literacy rates due to smartphone accessibility.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Natural selection drives evolution through differential survival. [SEP] Text: We set the formula for the crossover as shown below: (8) V i t + 1 = X r 1 t + F ⋅ X r 2 t − X r 3 t wherein V represents the vector of newly generated individuals, X denotes the vector containing individuals within the population, i signifies the i-th generated individual, t denotes the t-th iteration, and ‘F’ represents the variation factor. The variables ‘r1’, ‘r2’, and ‘r3’ are distinct positive integers selected randomly to denote three different vectors of individuals chosen from the population. One of these vectors serves as the base vector. In contrast, the difference vectors of the other two individuals are weighted and added to the base vector to derive the mutated individuals’ vector. The randomness in selecting individuals from the parent population contributes to varied combinations, augmenting the population’s diversity. Notably, during the initial iterations, the disparity among individuals is substantial, thereby bolstering robust global search capabilities. However, as iterations progress, the discrepancy between individuals diminishes, enhancing the algorithm’s aptitude for local convergence. To further augment the population’s diversity, individuals slated for crossover predominantly comprise the mutated individuals described earlier and those within the original population. The crossover formula is articulated as follows: (9) u i j t + 1 = v i j t + 1 r a n d j ≤ C R o r j = h x i j t r a n d j > C R o r j ≠ h where ‘u’ denotes the individual after the crossover operation, ‘v’ denotes the individual after the mutation operation, and ‘x’ denotes the individual within the parent population. CR represents the crossover probability factor, ‘t’ represents the t-th iteration, ‘i’ signifies the ith individual, where the total number of individuals equals the population size; ‘j’ denotes the j-th dimensional component, and ‘h’ is chosen as an integer ranging from 1 to the number of variable dimensions and this ensures that the crossover-operated individual retains at least one-dimensional component from the mutated individual. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text discusses a formula related to genetic algorithms and the crossover operation in a population of individuals, focusing on mathematical aspects of mutation and selection processes without mentioning natural selection or differential survival. Therefore, it is irrelevant to the claim about natural selection driving evolution.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: HIV treatment can reduce viral load to undetectable levels. [SEP] Text: 08 (0. 78, 1. 49) for ‘not on ART’ (global P = 0. 021). Among heterosexual men and women (combined), ART/self-reported viral load was not associated with CLS-D [corresponding adjusted prevalence ratios: 1. 14 (0. 73, 1. 79) for ‘on ART without undetectable self-reported viral load’; 0. 88 (0. 44, 1. 77) for ‘not on ART’, P = 0. 77]. CLS-D-HIV-risk prevalence was 3. 2% among all participants; 16. 1% for ‘not on ART’; 0. 6% for ‘on ART with undetectable self-reported viral load; 4. 2% for ‘on ART without undetectable self-reported viral load. ’ Conclusion: Use of ART was not associated with increased prevalence of CLS-D, and was associated with greatly reduced prevalence of HIV-transmission risk sex. of HIV in the continues to be high among men who have sex with men (MSM) [1–3]. Among heterosexual men and women, transmission within the is also ongoing, despite a decline in overall number of new diagnoses because of migration patterns [1]. Although it is estimated that most new HIV infections in the are transmissions from people unaware that they have HIV [3,4], a significant proportion (an estimated 18% among MSM [3]) are transmissions from people already diagnosed, indicating that prevention issues in this group remain important. Understanding patterns of sexual behaviour according to antiretroviral treatment (ART) use among people diagnosed with HIV has implications for clinical care and public health. Recommendations on when (at what CD4+ cell count) an individual with HIV should start ART have shifted, over time, towards earlier initiation of ART. For some years, interest has focused on a strategy of offering ART to all people with HIV, from diagnosis, irrespective of CD4+ cell count [4,5], and such a policy was recommended in the in 2012 [6]. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by mentioning that individuals on ART (antiretroviral treatment) who had an undetectable self-reported viral load had a significantly reduced prevalence of HIV-transmission risk, indicated by the prevalence rate of 0.6% for those on ART with undetectable viral load compared to those not on ART. This supports the claim that HIV treatment can reduce viral loads to undetectable levels.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Vaccination programs have significantly reduced the global incidence of diseases like measles and polio. [SEP] Text: However, measles continues to be a major public health problem among children in developing nations, with measles deaths predominantly occurring among children aged below five years. Children living in developing countries with low income and poor health infrastructure are at the highest risk of measles-related morbidity and mortality. Most of the world’s measles-related deaths occur in nations with the lowest measles vaccine uptake [4, 5]. In 2008 two-thirds of the 22. 7 million children who missed receiving measles vaccine in lived in India, Nigeria, China, of Congo, Pakistan, Ethiopia and Indonesia [4]. although the measles vaccination uptake increased to 70% in 2008, measles mortality is high, with about 300 children estimated to be dying from measles-related complications every day. The major factors influencing measles and other childhood vaccinations operate at five different levels; (1) Intra-personal – Individual child’s characteristics; (2) Inter-personal – parental and household factors; (3) Community – community characteristics and service delivery factors; (4) Institutional: international coordination of vaccination efforts (5) Public policy – quality, coverage and enforcement of policies [6]. This study focuses on the interpersonal factors influencing vaccination, Our findings have implications for the other four levels which influence childhood vaccination. Variables such as maternal education and occupation and household’s economic status, have consistently been shown to influence measles vaccination at an interpersonal level in developing countries [7–9]. However, much of this research has focused on the role of maternal education status, despite the patriarchal nature of most nations with low measles vaccination uptake. The few studies on the impact of paternal education on vaccination uptake were largely based on small samples in limited settings. For example, a study based on a 2006 survey of slum children in Bangladesh showed that paternal occupation significantly influenced vaccination uptake, with children with fathers in a business or service occupation being 1. 059 times and 1. 107 times more likely to vaccinate their children, relative to children whose fathers were labourers [9]. A recent study from Pakistan found that while maternal education status was influential in improving child nutritional outcomes, father’s education was a more important factor in one-off type health decisions such as receiving vaccination, in comparison to day-today decisions related to nutrition [10]. A study based on data from the 1992 Family and found that, in rural areas, children with literate fathers were more likely to be vaccinated, even if the mothers are illiterate [11]. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by illustrating that, despite the existence of vaccination programs, measles remains a significant public health issue, especially in developing countries where vaccination uptake is low. It states, 'measles continues to be a major public health problem among children in developing nations' and highlights that the majority of measles-related deaths are occurring in countries with the lowest vaccine coverage, contradicting the assertion that vaccination programs have significantly reduced disease incidence.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Natural selection drives evolution through differential survival. [SEP] Text: The crossover probability factor determines the selection of components: if the random number is less than or equal to CR, the element from the variant individual is utilized; otherwise, the component from the original individual is retained for the operation. Finally, a selection operation akin to genetic algorithms ensues, wherein the fitness of individuals produced by the crossover-mutation operation is compared to the fitness of the original individuals within the population. Superior individuals are selected to progress into the subsequent generation. The algorithm iterates until it reaches the upper limit of iteration, leading the population toward or approximating the optimal solution. Throughout these operations—crossover, mutation, and selection—we introduce an adaptive mutation operator within the differential evolution algorithm. This adaptation aims to prevent the algorithm from converging into a local optimum owing to a reduction in population diversity: (10) λ = exp 1 − T T + 1 − t F = F 0 × 2 λ. In the formula, T denotes the total number of iterations, and t represents the current number. F denotes the variation operator; when the algorithm is initialized with t being 0, F is close to 2F0, and as the iterations proceed, F decreases gradually and finally approaches F0. Secondly, when its value is significant, the proportion of variation in the crossed individuals is larger, which is suitable for local search, and relatively, when its value is small, the proportion of the original population is larger. The diversity of the population is better for global search. Therefore, the dynamic crossover factors we took are as follows: (11) C R = C R min − t ⋅ C R max − C R min T. The formula CRmaxCRmin contains the crossover factor’s maximum and minimum values. Upon initialization of the algorithm, the cross-factor CR begins at its minimum value. Throughout subsequent iterations, CR progressively approaches its maximum value. This progressive adjustment prioritizes global search in the algorithm’s initial stages while focusing on local search in its later stages. Electric power financial system Next, we combine ‘Mathematical model of information management’ and ‘Improved multiobjective differential evolutionary algorithm’ to carry out multiobjective optimization of the electric power financial system. The specific process is shown in Fig. 3, and its operations are as follows: Figure 3: Flow chart of solving multi-objective optimization problem. Download full-size image DOI: 10. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is primarily focused on a computational algorithm related to differential evolution and optimization processes, which does not address the biological concept of natural selection or its role in evolution. Therefore, it is irrelevant to the claim about natural selection driving evolution.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: HIV treatment can reduce viral load to undetectable levels. [SEP] Text: Until very recently, the main impetus for this strategy was the potential impact on transmission, based on compelling results regarding the profound reduction in infectiousness to sexual partners for HIV-positive people taking ART with suppressed viral load [7–13], in particular from the HPTN052 trial in 2011 [12], and the recent study [13]. 2015, landmark results of the international START trial demonstrated that earlier ART also confers clinical prognostic benefit to the individual [14]. Consequently, treatment guidelines worldwide are being changed to recommend immediate ART for all people diagnosed with HIV [15,16]. Such a strategy should reduce HIV-related morbidity, and reduce HIV transmission. A longstanding question is whether taking ART may influence an individual's sexual behaviour. This question is becoming increasingly relevant, as knowledge about the protective effect of ART on HIV infectiousness becomes established and widespread. The ‘Swiss statement’ [17] in 2008 marked the first fundamental change in advice about ‘safe sex’ for HIV-positive people, asserting (with caveats) that an HIV-positive person on ART with viral suppression is not sexually infectious. Subsequent results from the Swiss HIV Cohort study suggested higher levels of condomless sex (CLS) with stable partners of HIV-negative/unknown status among participants who were virally suppressed [18]. However, most studies carried out before [19–29] and soon after [30–33] the have not found higher prevalence of CLS among people on ART or those with viral load suppression. There have been few studies of sexual behaviour among people with HIV in the since the Swiss statement, and none that have examined associations of CLS with perceived (self-reported) viral load status – the crucial measure when considering impact on behaviour. If ART use or perceived suppressed viral load was found to be associated with substantially higher levels of condomless sex (CLS), this could undermine the full impact of early ART on HIV transmission. This could occur if individuals on ART were not accurately assessing their viral load status (and therefore infectiousness to sexual partners) and modifying sexual behaviour accordingly. Also of importance is that lower condom use among people on ART may have an adverse effect on transmission of sexually transmitted infections other than HIV (STIs), the infectivity of which would not be lessened by ART use. Occurrence of STIs is high among HIV-diagnosed MSM [34,35]. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by explaining that ART (antiretroviral therapy) can lead to suppressed viral load, which decreases the infectiousness of HIV-positive individuals. It specifically mentions that studies have shown 'profound reduction in infectiousness' for those on ART with suppressed viral load and references the Swiss statement that asserts an HIV-positive person on ART with viral suppression is not sexually infectious. This indicates that treatment can effectively reduce viral load to undetectable levels, supporting the claim.