Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: The brain's visual cortex processes visual information in a hierarchical manner. [SEP] Text: 5 793807. 46. MJIsonMormann. F. CerfM. KochC. FriedI. QuirogaR. Q. 2011 Selectivity of and Interneurons in the Temporal Lobe. J Neurophysiol. 106 17131721. 47. Wilson FA, O’Scalaidhe SP, Goldman-Rakic PS 1994 Gamma-Aminobutyrate- in Prefrontal Cortex. . 91 40094013. 48. Gilbert CD 1977 in Properties of Cells in Visual Cortex. J Physiol. 268 391421. 49. MarshanskyS. ShumikhinaS. Molotchnikoff 2011, Shumikhina S, (2011) of Tuning in Visual Cortex. Neuroscience. 172 355365. 50. 1976 Receptive-field Characteristics of Neurons in Cortex: Changes with Eccentricity. J Neurophysiol. 39 512533. 51. JDPettigrewNikara. T. BishopP. O. 1968 Responses to by in Cortex. Res. 6 373390. 52. DasA. GilbertC. D. 1995 Long-range in Revealed by of Visual Cortex. Nature. 375 780784. 53. SompolinskyH. GolombD. Kleinfeld 1990, (1990) of in a of Coupled Oscillators. . 87 72007204. 54. Ts’o 1986 in Cortex as Revealed by Cross-correlation Analysis. J Neurosci. 6 11601170. 55. (1991) between by Cross-correlation Analysis in the Cat. J Physiol. 441: 593-614. 56. (2000) Properties of Horizontal and to in the of the Cortex. J Neurosci. 20: 1931-1940. 57. StratfordK. J. Tarczy-HornochK. 1996 Inputs to Cells in Cortex. Nature. 382 258261. 58. 1996 Firing in Cells of the Nucleus. Nature. 383 815819. 59. De WeerdP. VandenbusscheE. De BruynB. OrbanG. A. 1990 in the Cat. Res. 39 117. 60. BravoM. BlakeR. Morrison 1988 (1988) Subjective Contours. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not provide relevant information about the hierarchical processing of visual information in the brain's visual cortex. Instead, it consists of references and citations to various studies and scientific articles without directly addressing the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: The body requires both macronutrients and micronutrients for proper functioning. [SEP] Text: Until recently, the use of micronutrients on crops was considered as an additional and optional technological measure. However, in some studies, the importance of all nutrients in shaping plant productivity was shown (Safdarian et al. 2014; de et al. 2011; Karlen et al. 1985). Therefore, both macronutrients and micronutrients play the key role in the fertilisation of crops, including maize. Maize is susceptible to low Zn in soils (Alloway 2008). A very positive response of maize plants to increasing soil Zn application was pronounced in the case of ZnSO4 application (Grujcic et al. 2021). The use of concentrated stilbite (650 g) or natural zeolite (470 g) with urea increases the dry matter yield of maize for silage and the concentration of nitrogen in the leaves (de et al. 2011). The use of micronutrients and growth regulators in maize crops has a positive effect on plant growth and, in turn, on crop formation. Regardless of the maturity group of hybrids, the application of micronutrients increases the grain yield of the maize hybrids by 0. 38–1. 26 t/ha by 3. 8–10. 0% (Lavrynenko et al. 2016). Amon et al. (2007) revealed the regression dependence of the specific methane yield of maize silage on the content of crude protein, crude fat, cellulose, and hemicellulose. The maturity phase of maize significantly affects the content of dry matter in the silage and the ratio of individual groups of organic compounds in its composition. The methane yield per hectare of late ripening maize varieties in different stages of vegetation is estimated to be in the range of 6000 to 9000 Nm3CH4/ha (Amon et al. 2007). The specific methane yield decreased towards full ripeness, from 312–365 NlCH4/kgVS (milk ripeness) to 268–286 NlCH4/kgVS (full ripeness) (Amon et al. 2007). Szempliński and Dubis (2011) noted the dry matter yield (DM) of 23. 8 t ha−1 and energy intensity of maize cultivation of 21. 7 GJ ha−1 with fertilization of 180 kg N ha−1, while Barbanti et al. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by emphasizing the importance of both macronutrients and micronutrients in plant growth and productivity, specifically in maize crops. It mentions that studies have shown the role of all nutrients in shaping plant productivity and that the application of micronutrients significantly increases grain yield. This supports the idea that both macronutrients and micronutrients are essential for proper functioning, reflecting the claim's assertion.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Self-driving technology makes human drivers obsolete immediately. [SEP] Text: 3Gesture of offeringFull size image 4 Implications of on Traffic SafetyAt first glance, informal signals such as eye contact, gestures, or anticipatory behavior seem less clear-cut than standardized signals such as turn signals, the horn, headlight flashing, etc. In fact neither is entirely clear-cut. Interestingly, the philosopher Heidegger, who investigates the nature of symbols in his treatise Being and Time [9], chooses cars as an example: “Motor cars are equipped with an adjustable red arrow whose position indicates which direction the car will take, for example, at an intersection” (cit. after Frerichs, [10], p. 138. Perhaps this symbol was still crystal-clear and situation-independent in those early days of cars, but it quickly becomes apparent that symbols take on different meanings in different contexts. All symbols, both verbal and non-verbal, can only be understood in relation to their context. [11] explains, a distinction must be made between the signal and the intended meaning. Headlight flashing may have different intended meanings depending on the situation. If a driver who has right-of-way slows down and flashes her headlights, it is interpreted as an offer to yield right-of-way; if she is accelerating or maintaining speed when she makes the same signal, it means that she is asserting her right-of-way. Likewise, a right-turn signal might mean “I’m turning” or “I’m looking for a parking space—go ahead and pass me. ”To consider the vulnerable road users, let us take a look at the interesting example of cyclists. Cyclists still use signals from the early days of motorized driving to indicate their intended change in direction. This means that for pattern recognition outside of highway traffic, an automated system needs the ability to identify both cyclists’ presence and the signals they make. What are the implications for traffic safety? Initially we may assume that autonomous vehicles will not be familiar with the assorted context-dependent meanings of signals and must therefore behave very cautiously. As long as visual recognition or a pedestrian’s hand signals cannot be reliably perceived and interpreted based on the situation, any pedestrians located on a potential collision course with the vehicle must be treated as hazards and trigger a suitable reaction by the autonomous vehicle. So when autonomous vehicles identify pedestrians on the roadway, they will stop. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the limitations of autonomous vehicles in interpreting non-verbal signals and contextual meanings in traffic situations. It suggests that self-driving technology cannot immediately replace human drivers because it must navigate complex social cues and behaviors on the road. The text highlights the need for autonomous vehicles to behave cautiously until they can reliably interpret and respond to these context-dependent signals, indicating that human drivers are still necessary for safety and nuanced decision-making.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: The brain's visual cortex processes visual information in a hierarchical manner. [SEP] Text: Vision Res. 28 861865. 61. GhisovanN. NemriA. ShumikhinaS. Molotchnikoff 2009humikhina S, (2009) of in Visual Cortex. Neuroscience. 164 12741283. 62. DragoiV. SharmaJ. Sur 2000 (2000) Adaptation-induced Plasticity of in Cortex. Neuron. 28 287298. 63. NemriA. GhisovanN. ShumikhinaS. Molotchnikoff 2009humikhina S, (2009) of During Adaptation-induced Plasticity of in VI. BMC Neurosci. 10: 147 EOF. 64. GhisovanN. NemriA. ShumikhinaS. Molotchnikoff 2008humikhina S, (2008) : Plasticity of Orientation Selectivity. PLoS One. 3: e3689 EOF. 65. DragoiV. RivadullaC. Sur 2001 (2001) Foci of in Visual Cortex. Nature. 411 8086. 66. . NeveR. L. BearM. F. 2006 of in Cortex. Neuron. 51 339349. 67. VoussoughiA. ShumikhinaS. MilleretC. Molotchnikoff 2010humikhina S, Milleret C, (2010) the Organization of in Visual Cortex. II. Pinwhell Reorganization. Soc. Neurosci:371. 2268. 1967 Trains and Processes. I. Spike Train. Biophys J. 7 391418. 69. KönigP. EngelA. K. 1995 in Sensory-Motor Systems. Neurobiol. 5 511519. 70. SingerW. . RoelfsemaP. R. 1997 Neuronal Assemblies: Necessity, Signature and Detectability. Sci. 1 252261. 71. 2002 Conditional Cross-correlation Analysis of Thalamocortical Neurotransmission. Res. 135 191196. 72. SingerW. GrayC. M. 1995 Integration and the Hypothesis. Neurosci. 18 555586. 73. (2004) of Synchronization to in the Cortex. Res. 158: 223-232. 74. KönigP. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not contain information that directly relates to the hierarchical processing of visual information in the brain's visual cortex. Instead, it consists of a list of references and citations from various neuroscience studies without any context or discussion that supports or contradicts the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: The body requires both macronutrients and micronutrients for proper functioning. [SEP] Text: At the same time, these crops have lower biodegradability and methane yields compared to maize silage. Currently, there are not enough studies on the impact of fertilizers on energy and economic efficiency of biogas production from energy crops, including maize. In addition, most of these studies reduce the role of fertilisation level to a helpful effect on biomass yield. Meanwhile, it was found that differentiated fertilization rates affect not only biomass yield, but also biomass chemical composition and biodegradability, and thus biogas production efficiency (Kacprzak et al. 2012). Oleszek and Matyka (2020) proved that increasing the level of nitrogen fertilization increases biogas yield due to positive changes in the chemical composition of biomass, mainly due to a decrease in lignin content and improved digestibility. Therefore, this study aims to assess the influence of macro- and micronutrients on the quality indicators of maize hybrids, their productivity, methane yield, and the economic and energy efficiency of their cultivation. Materials and methodsField experimentFor cultivation and further analysis, 4 different maize hybrids of the company & Co, Germany were selected, namely: the mid-early hybrid Amaros (FAO 230), the mid-early hybrid Bogatyr (FAO 290), the mid-ripening KWS 381 (FAO 350) and the mid-late hybrid Carifols (FAO 380). During 2019–2021, a 3-factor field experiment was conducted with 4 maize hybrids and macro fertilizers (NPK), as well as additional seed treatment and spraying of plants with micro fertilizers. For each type of maize hybrid, 9 different combinations of exposure factors were applied, as shown in Table 1. Table 1 Staging an experiment*Full size tableIn four replicates, the total area was 224 m2, the accounting area — 186 m2, in a randomised complete block design in a ‘split plot’ system. The macro fertilizer was used as complex fertilizer under the trademark “nitroamophoska” (N18P18K18), applied in the fall for ploughing. Nitrogen fertilisation in the form of ammonium nitrate (N33) was applied before maize sowing. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by detailing a study that assesses the influence of macro- and micronutrients on maize hybrids. It emphasizes the importance of both macronutrients (like NPK) and micronutrients (through additional seed treatment and spraying) in producing quality maize. The context provided suggests that these nutrients are crucial for the productivity and efficiency of maize cultivation, which aligns with the idea that both types of nutrients are necessary for proper functioning.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Self-driving technology makes human drivers obsolete immediately. [SEP] Text: What happens if the pedestrian is a police officer directing traffic? For one thing, the police officer must be identified as an upright obstacle that the robotic vehicle must steer around. Beyond that, though, the vehicle needs to interpret the police officer’s signals. If the police officer holds strictly to the rules, as shown in the photographs Figs. 7. 4 and 7. 5, an autonomous vehicle can learn the associated meanings. Experience has shown, however, that police officers directing traffic or parking lot attendants assigning parking spaces use very dynamic gestures to speed up traffic, such as waving their arms or hands or making rowing motions with their arms. See Figs. 7. 6, 7. 7 and 7. 8. Humans usually understand these signals from context. Alongside the ability to recognize patterns of gestures and postures, autonomous vehicles would need to have contextual knowledge allowing them to identify and evaluate gestures correctly. Fig. 7. 4Traffic police officer: traffic flowing. Image rights: Full size image Fig. 7. 5Traffic police officer (North Korea): chest facing driver means “stop”. Image rights: Full size image Fig. 7. 6Police officer in Minneapolis signals that traffic can start moving on one side of the street. Image rights: Full size image Fig. 7. 7Police officer in Bangkok gestures to a vehicle to turn. Image rights: Full size image Fig. 7. 8Police officer (Sweden) gestures to vehicle to move forward. Image rights: Olle NebendahlFull size image One exceptional case is the need to accommodate vehicles with special rights, such as police cars, fire trucks, or ambulances. These vehicles draw attention to themselves using auditory signals. Visual and auditory signals (such as sirens and flashing lights) obligate the rest of traffic to stop, cede right of way at an intersection, or move aside to create a rescue lane. In everyday road traffic, vehicles do not stop right away when they hear this type of auditory signal in the distance. Such a reaction would severely inconvenience traffic, especially near a hospital for instance. It is also impossible from a distance to precisely identify the direction the auditory signal is coming from. Likewise, the functionality to identify special vehicles from a distance and to determine the best way to rearrange the lanes would be difficult to design. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the complexities and challenges autonomous vehicles face in interpreting human signals and gestures, particularly in dynamic environments. It highlights that self-driving technology needs to learn contextual knowledge and recognize human interactions, which suggests that human drivers are still needed for specific tasks that autonomous vehicles may not be able to manage immediately.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: The brain's visual cortex processes visual information in a hierarchical manner. [SEP] Text: EngelA. K. Singer 1996 (1996) Integrator or Coincidence Detector? of the Revisited. Trends Neurosci. 19 130137. 75. Softky WR, Koch 1993 (1993) of is Inconsistent with of Random EPSPs. J Neurosci. 13 334350. 76. AbelesM. 1982 Local cortical circuits: an electrophysiological study. 6769 Berlin:Springer-Verlag. 77. TakahashiN. KitamuraK. MatsuoN. MayfordM. KanoM. MatsukiN. Ikegaya 2012 (2012) Synaptic Inputs. Science. 335 353356. 78. DuretF. ShumikhinaS. Molotchnikoff 2006humikhina S, (2006) in a Synchrony-encoding Assembly. BMC Neurosci. 7: 72 EOF. 79. BarthóP. HiraseH. MonconduitL. ZugaroM. HarrisK. D. Buzsáki 2004 (2004) Characterization of Cells and Interneurons by. J Neurophysiol. 92 600608. 80. YoshimuraY. CallawayE. M. 2005 Fine-scale Specificity of Depends on Type and Connectivity. Nat Neurosci. 8 15521559. 81. CsicsvariJ. HiraseH. CzurkoA. Buzsáki 1998 (1998) Reliability and of Pyramidal Cell-interneuron Synapses in the Hippocampus: Approach in the Behaving Rat. Neuron. 21 179189. 82. GhisovanN. NemriA. ShumikhinaS. Molotchnikoff 2008humikhina S, (2008) Synchrony between Orientation-selective Neurons is Adaptation-induced Plasticity in Cortex. BMC Neurosci. 9: 60 EOF. 83. HeH. Y. HodosW. QuinlanE. M. 2006 in Cortex. J Neurosci. 26 29512955. 84. (1992) for in the Cortex. J Neurophysiol. 67: 197-20285. YakaR. YinonU. Wollberg 1999 (1999) of Areas in Deprivation. Neurosci. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim regarding the hierarchical processing of visual information by the brain's visual cortex. Instead, it appears to list references and studies related to neurological functions without directly relating to how the visual cortex operates. Therefore, it is irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: The body requires both macronutrients and micronutrients for proper functioning. [SEP] Text: 3%, depending on the use of macronutrients and microfertilizers. The leading indicator that affected the yield of green mass was the amount of precipitation from April to August. In 2019, the amount of precipitation for April–August was 193. 8 mm, and the average yield of green mass, according to the experiment, was 29. 2 t/ha. In 2020, it was 48. 9 t/ha (sum of precipitation 332. 7 mm), and in 2021 — 46. 0 t/ha (sum of precipitation 300. 6 mm). From Fig. 2, the clear dependence of the yield of green mass on the amount of precipitation by year can be seen. Fig. 2Maize crop yield vs the amount of precipitation (2019–2021)Full size imageA better moisture supply in 2021 led to an increase in the yield of green mass of maize by 50. 6–67. 3%, and in 2020 by 50. 6–80. 1%, compared to 2019 (Supplementary information S. 1). At the same time, most of the increase in yields is characteristic of the later stages of maturity of maize (R4 and R5), which is especially noticeable in the most the moisture-reliable year of 2020. The second most influential factor on maize yield was macronutrient application (Fig. 3). Fig. 3Maize crop yield (stage R3), average value for 2019–2021Full size imageIn phase R4 on the variant without fertilizer application, the yield of fresh mass was 36. 6, 38. 1, 40. 5, and 40. 7 t/ha for hybrids Amaros, Bohatyr, KWS 381, and Karifols, respectively, while N90P60К60 application increased the FM yield on average by 11. 4–15. 5%, and N120P90К90 application — by 15. 8–21. 0%. The use of micronutrients in the F3 scheme increased the yield of the green mass of maize by 1. 4–2. 9% compared to unfertilized options. When applying micronutrients according to the F4 scheme, the FM yield increased by 2. 1–3. 6%. It should be noted that there is no significant difference (LSD, P < 0. 05) between F3 and F4 variants of micronutrient application in all studied hybrids. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the influence of both macronutrients and micronutrients on the yield of maize. It mentions that the application of macronutrients increased the fresh mass yield, while the use of micronutrients also enhanced the yield, indicating their importance for growth and functioning.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Self-driving technology makes human drivers obsolete immediately. [SEP] Text: For that reason, autonomous vehicles would need to stop upon all of these signals for safety reasons so as not to put traffic in danger. The following section will delve more deeply into the implications of the above on public acceptance. 5 Is the Ability to Communicate a Requirement for the Users to Vehicles? In terms of public acceptance, we must once realize again the effect of informal communication in “negotiating situations. ” In keeping with the aforementioned Sect. 1 of the Highway Code, drivers communicate in negotiating situations in order to resolve situations that are rule-governed in principle but where blindly following the rules would disturb traffic considerably. Example 1 If a vehicle is parking or idling in your lane, it is sometimes necessary to cross over to the opposite lane and, in extreme cases, even to cross a solid center line. In busy traffic, this requires coordinating with the oncoming vehicles. Apart from (unauthorized) crossing of the solid center line, the situation can be solved without a “negotiation” if oncoming traffic becomes sparse enough that the opposite lane can be used without vehicles communicating. The busier the traffic, the more likely a negotiation is necessary. How does the driver of an oncoming vehicle signal willingness to cooperate? First of all, by slowing down in order to leave room for you to cross onto the opposite lane. Yet in most cases slowing down alone is not enough of a signal because there are many reasons why a vehicle might keep a larger-than-usual following distance. That is why approaching drivers would usually signal this kind of offer by both slowing down and flashing their headlights. If the autonomous vehicle did not recognize this signal, it would be seen as a “traffic obstacle,” which would certainly not encourage public acceptance. Example 2 As shown above, autonomous vehicles will generally behave more cautiously than human drivers as they have a limited grasp of the context and informal signals. Yet they can also perform driving maneuvers that are normally not performed by a human driver. For one thing, they react more quickly than human drivers. Since they tend not to have a “moment of shock,” their reaction time is much faster. That is one reason why autonomous vehicles would cause fewer accidents. Furthermore, accident research has shown that many drivers do not make the most of their cars’ braking capabilities and, even when swerving, tend not to reach the physical limits based on the circle of forces. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the limitations of autonomous vehicles in understanding informal communication signals that human drivers use. It highlights examples where human negotiation is required in traffic situations that autonomous vehicles may not effectively handle. The text suggests that while autonomous vehicles can react more quickly than human drivers, they lack the ability to interpret complex social cues necessary for safe driving in various situations, indicating that they cannot immediately replace human drivers.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: The brain's visual cortex processes visual information in a hierarchical manner. [SEP] Text: receptive fields are large enough that they can contain more than one perceptible stimulus. How, then, can the brain encode information about each of the stimuli that may be present at a given moment? We recently showed that when more than one stimulus is present, single neurons can fluctuate between coding one vs. the other(s) across some time period, suggesting a form of neural multiplexing of different stimuli (Caruso et al. , 2018). Here, we investigate (a) whether such coding fluctuations occur in early visual cortical areas; (b) how coding fluctuations are coordinated across the neural population; and (c) how coordinated coding fluctuations depend on the parsing of stimuli into separate vs. fused objects. We found coding fluctuations do occur in macaque V1 but only when the two stimuli form separate objects. Such separate objects evoked a novel pattern of V1 spike count (‘noise’) correlations involving distinct distributions of positive and negative values. This bimodal correlation pattern was most pronounced among pairs of neurons showing the strongest evidence for coding fluctuations or multiplexing. Whether a given pair of neurons exhibited positive or negative correlations depended on whether the two neurons both responded better to the same object or had different object p10. 7554/eLife. 76452. sa0 Decision letter Reviews on Sciety eLife's review process population coding has been widely explored in motor systems, where neurons show broad activity profiles and are thought to ‘vote’ for the movement typically associated with their peak activity (e. g. , Georgopoulos et al. , 1986; Lee et al. , 1988). However, individual motor systems only generate one movement at a time. Such a coarse coding/population voting scheme cannot work in sensory systems where there are generally many stimuli to be represented rather than a single (e. g. , arm or eye) movement to be specified. It has been assumed that sensory receptive fields are small enough that coarse coding does not apply, but this seems questionable. For example, the letters on the page you are reading now are probably <0. 25° apart, but foveal V1 receptive fields are approximately 0. 5–2° in diameter (Dow et al. , 1981; Alonso and Chen, 2009; Xing et al. , 2009; Dubey and Ray, 2016; Keliris et al. , 2019). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text discusses the coding fluctuations of stimuli in the visual cortex, specifically in macaque V1, and addresses how receptive fields and neural responses function in response to multiple stimuli. However, it does not directly address the hierarchical processing of visual information, making it irrelevant to the specific claim about hierarchical organization.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: The body requires both macronutrients and micronutrients for proper functioning. [SEP] Text: 3 and 55. 1%, in leaves — 33. 5 and 32. 5%, in stalks — 23. 2 and 22. 5%, in cobs + husks — 31. 0 and 29. 9%, and hybrids KWS 381 and Karifols — 56. 3 and 56. 5, 33. 5 and 33. 9, 23. 1 and 23. 3 and 33. 5 and 33. 9%, respectively. On average, the Bogatyr hybrid was marked with the highest DM content — 39. 2%, and for the Amaros, KWS 381 and Karifols hybrids, this indicator was − 37. 1, 38. 8 and 38. 4%, respectively (Fig. 5). Fig. 5Total dry matter content in the studied maize hybrids at different maturity stagesFull size imageIn phase R3, the Amaros and Bogatyr hybrids in the variant without fertilizer use had a DM yield of 11. 1–12. 4 tDM/ha, in phase R4 — 13. 0–14. 6 tDM/ha, and in phase R5 — 12. 6–14. 3 tDM/ha. Medium-ripe hybrids KWS 381 and Carifols yielded 12. 7–13. 2 tDM/ha, 14. 8–15. 2, 14. 6–14. 9 t/ha, in phases R3, R4, and R5, respectively (Supplementary information S. 2). With N90P60K60 application, DM yield increased, on average for hybrids, by 1. 3–2. 0 t/ha or by 11. 4–15. 5%, and with N120P90K90 application — by 1. 7–2. 9 t/ha or 12. 8–17. 0%, compared to options without their use. The effect of applying macronutrients on the yield of DM was higher than that of microfertilizers, as it was established for the fresh mass of maize. According to the data received by Çarpici et al. (2010), increasing nitrogen rates increased the forage maize dry matter yield, with a peak value occurring at 300 and 400 kg N ha−1. The use of micronutrients according to the F3 scheme provided an increase in the yield of DM by 1. 2–2. 9%, and according to the F4 scheme by 2. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the application of macronutrients and micronutrients in agricultural contexts. It mentions that the application of macronutrients (like N, P, K) significantly increases the dry matter (DM) yield of maize, indicating their essential contribution to plant functioning. Additionally, it states that micronutrients also have a positive effect, although to a lesser extent than macronutrients, which supports the idea that both types of nutrients are necessary for optimal growth and functioning.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Self-driving technology makes human drivers obsolete immediately. [SEP] Text: Driver assistance systems such as automatic emergency brakes or emergency steer assist are intended to compensate for these deficiencies. On that basis, not only would an autonomous vehicle act more quickly in an emergency situation, but it would be able to take advantage of the physical limits of forward and lateral acceleration. How other road users will react is largely unknown at this point. The following section discusses a simple approach to solving this. 6 to Autonomous Vehicle’s Driving Errors? Closely related to the questions of interaction and negotiation discussed earlier is the issue of compensating for other road user’s errors. Apart from avoiding immediate collisions with swerving trajectories, accommodating other driver’s errors is normal in everyday road traffic. First let us clarify how “driving errors” is defined. From a human driver’s perspective, “driving errors” might include purely rule-abiding behavior that is not ideally adapted to the situation. For example, a human-driven car with right-of-way on a main road might let an autonomous vehicle from a side street turn first if the human-driven car wouldn’t otherwise be able to turn onto the side street. In other words, if the human driver yields despite having right-of-way, the autonomous vehicle would need the ability to recognize that reliably. Driving errors might also result from deficiencies in the autonomous vehicle’s repertoire of strategies for resolving special situations or might be caused by reaching system boundaries. autonomous vehicle operating in “traffic jam pilot” mode enters a safe state because the system’s boundaries have been reached. In other words, the vehicle slows down to a stop. Although slowing down to a stop is common in a traffic jam, the other road users will be confused at the least if all other vehicles are moving and only the autonomous vehicle is stopped. If the maneuver occurs fairly abruptly for a reason that other drivers do not understand, this can pose a danger. However, we should keep in mind that road users do not drive without errors either in current road traffic and other drivers usually compensate for their errors. This raises the question of which characteristics humans will ascribe to autonomous vehicles. Will they be seen as less competent than human drivers or treated as flawless machines? One goal of a deployment strategy must be to disseminate a positive yet realistic conception of autonomous vehicles among all road users. Then, and only then, will autonomous vehicles play an appropriate role in the traffic system. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing various limitations and interactions between autonomous vehicles and human drivers. It suggests that human drivers still play a significant role in the traffic system and that there are complexities in the interaction between human drivers and autonomous vehicles. For example, it notes situations where human drivers may yield the right-of-way, and it emphasizes that both autonomous and human drivers can make errors, highlighting that human drivers will not be made obsolete immediately.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: The brain's visual cortex processes visual information in a hierarchical manner. [SEP] Text: Receptive fields get even larger at later stages along the visual processing stream (e. g. , Alonso and Chen, 2009). In the auditory system, mammalian neurons may be responsive to nearly any location in space (e. g. , Woods et al. , 2001; Groh et al. , 2003; McAlpine and Grothe, 2003; Werner-Reiss and Groh, 2008; Grothe et al. , 2010; Higgins et al. , 2010) and even frequency tuning is broad at conversational sound levels (Bulkin and Groh, 2011; Willett and Groh, 2022). Such breadth of tuning means that there can be overlap in the population of neurons activated by individual stimuli, making it unclear how information about multiple objects is preserved. Logic suggests that information about each distinct stimulus must be segregated within the neural code in some fashion, either into exclusive neural subpopulations, different epochs of time, or some combination of both. We have recently presented the hypothesis that the nervous system might employ a form of neural turn-taking (time division multiplexing) in which individual neurons fluctuate between responding to each of the items in or near their receptive fields across various epochs of time (Caruso et al. , 2018; Mohl et al. , 2020). Such a coding scheme could preserve information about each stimulus across time and/or across neural subpopulations. This theory raises three key open questions. First, is multiplexing a general phenomenon that occurs across a range of different brain areas? Our original study tested one subcortical auditory area (the inferior colliculus) and one extrastriate visual cortical area (area MF of the inferotemporal [IT] face patch system). More areas need to be tested to understand how such a coding scheme might operate. Second, in brain areas that exhibit such coding fluctuations, do neurons fluctuate together, and if so, how? Pairs of neurons might show positive, negative, or no correlations with each other. The pattern of such correlations across the population can reveal whether the population as a whole retains information about both stimuli and whether there is bias favoring one stimulus over another. Third, does the pattern of fluctuations depend on the parsing of the scene into separate objects? Individual stimuli can fuse into one object or be perceived as distinct from each other. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text discusses various aspects of neural processing in the auditory system and introduces the concept of neural turn-taking as a coding scheme but does not address the claim regarding the hierarchical processing structure of the visual cortex specifically. Therefore, it is irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: The body requires both macronutrients and micronutrients for proper functioning. [SEP] Text: 2–3. 9%, compared to the options without their use. At the same time, no significant difference between micronutrient variants F3 and F4 was found. The highest DM yield was obtained for the Carifols maize hybrid in the R4 phase in the F2 and F4 variants — 17. 7 t/ha. Chemical compositionThe key factors for the release of methane from energy crops and other substrates are the chemical composition of the substrate and its ability for biodegradation. The content of crude fat, crude protein, cellulose, hemicellulose, starch, crude fiber and sugars affect the formation of methane (Amon et al. 2007). There is a fairly significant number of models that predict the output of methane based on the chemical properties of the substrates. Lignin is the main inhibitor of methane formation (Thomsen et al. 2014). Dandikas et al. (2014) established a significant negative correlation between biogas and methane yields (r = 0. 90) under acid detergent lignin content below 10% of total solids. The crude protein content in the maize samples was 7. 8–10. 0% to DM, crude fat — 1. 3–2. 5%, cellulose — 23. 6–29. 6, hemicellulose — 24. 5–32. 4% (Fig. 6). Fig. 6Chemical composition of dry matter of different maize hybridsFull size imageTsavkelova and Netrusov (2012) established a negative correlation between biogas yield and ash and protein content in the studied samples. The maize hybrids KWS 381 and Karifols have a higher starch content, crude protein, and fat content. |In addition, the hybrid KWS 381 is characterized by the highest cellulose content among the studied samples (28. 4–29. 6% to DM). The application of macronutrients and micronutrients led to a relative increase in the content of starch, crude protein, and cellulose (Fig. 7). Fig. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by stating that the application of macronutrients and micronutrients led to a relative increase in the content of starch, crude protein, and cellulose. This implies that both types of nutrients contribute to the proper functioning and enhancement of crop yields, supporting the idea that nutrients are essential for biological processes.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Self-driving technology makes human drivers obsolete immediately. [SEP] Text: In general, the conditions for this are in place. For example, surveys of new technologies such as robotics have shown that Europeans have positive attitudes towards robots [12]. Likewise, driver assistance systems—as precursors of highly automated and ultimately autonomous vehicles—already enjoy a strong reputation as useful aids and are seeing increasing demand from consumers [13]. Apart from people’s general attitudes towards technological systems, the capabilities and characteristics ascribed to new technological systems depend on the user’s level of background knowledge. People who are less well-versed technically tend to apply naïve behavioral models that ascribe more capabilities to technological systems than they actually possess. Current demonstrations of autonomous vehicles in the media, largely conducted for marketing purposes, invite the impression that these vehicles are masters of all situations. This raises the expectations of autonomous vehicles so high that any driving errors would cause at least irritation, if not safety concerns. For that reason, in order to generate a realistic understanding of potential issues, it is essential to publicize autonomous vehicles’ capabilities and limitations early on. 7 Cultural DifferencesA number of questions arise related to cultural differences: Are there universal rules for non-verbal behavior that can simply be adapted? How can cultural differences in communication and expectations be reflected in a robotic vehicle’s communicative and decision-making behavior? If they can, how can they be adapted? What modes of behavior are there in different countries? The best-known culturally comparative studies on non-verbal “utterances” based on facial expressions were produced by Ekman [14]. Across cultures, he found common facial expressions for the basic emotions of fear, disgust, happiness, sadness, surprise, anger, and contempt. Most of these basic emotions do appear in road traffic, but their significance for communication among vehicles is rather restricted. For instance, the gestures for yes and no are crucial in negotiation situations. In central and northern Europe as well as the US, nodding means “yes” and shaking one’s head means “no. ” However, in countries such as India, Pakistan, and Bulgaria, wobbling one’s head sideways, a motion akin to the European and American “no” gesture, actually signifies agreement. Finally, there is an additional way to indicate yes and no non-verbally in countries such as Greece, Turkey, and southern Italy. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the public perception and limitations of autonomous vehicles. It highlights that while driver assistance systems are gaining popularity, there are significant challenges and misperceptions about the capabilities of autonomous vehicles that prevent them from making human drivers obsolete 'immediately.' The text also emphasizes the need to communicate the limitations of autonomous vehicles to manage expectations effectively, indicating that the transition to full autonomy is gradual, not instantaneous.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: The brain's visual cortex processes visual information in a hierarchical manner. [SEP] Text: In the two-object case, the distribution of spike count correlations was markedly different from previous reports involving individual stimuli (Table 1, Cohen and Kohn, 2011), and encompassed a range spanning many negative correlations in addition to positive ones. Whether the correlations tended to be positive vs. negative depended on whether the two neurons in the pair preferred the same stimulus (median correlation + 0. 25) or preferred different stimuli (median correlation –0. 05). The distribution of spike count correlation values was even more widely spread among pairs of neurons that showed demonstrably fluctuating activity across stimulus presentations (same preference: +0. 49 and different preference: –0. 14). In contrast, in the single stimuli and fused object (superimposed gratings) cases, positive correlations predominated (single stimuli: median value 0. 15–0. 19; fused object: median value +0. 15). Distinct tuning-preference-related distributions of spike count correlations for adjacent stimuli but not for superimposed/fused stimuli were also seen in a smaller additional dataset in V4. Table 1 Summary of included data. Analyses were conducted on ‘triplets,’ consisting of a combination of A, B, and AB conditions. If the spikes evoked by the A and B stimuli failed to follow Poisson distributions with substantially separated means, the triplet was excluded from analysis. This table shows the numbers of triplets that survived these exclusion criteria for each brain area and type of stimulus condition (last column), as well as the numbers of monkeys, distinct units, and sessions that they were derived from (columns 6–9). 1. Stimuli2. Brain area3. Task4. Monkeys5. Available sessions6. Sessions for which at least one triplet was included7. Available units8. Units for which at least one triplet was included9. Triplets passing exclusion criteria for analysisAdjacentV1AttentionST, BR161616049351389V4FixationBA, HO1717991274456SuperimposedV1FixationST, BR252323047701686V4FixationJD, SY212117448171529 Table 2 Trial counts for included sessions. The values reported are calculated for individual recording sessions for which at least one triplet was included for the analysis; the numbers of trials are the same for all simultaneously recorded units within a session. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not provide information about the hierarchical processing of visual information in the brain's visual cortex. Instead, it focuses on spike count correlations among neuronal pairs with different preferences in response to stimuli, which is not directly related to the claim that discusses hierarchical processing.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: The body requires both macronutrients and micronutrients for proper functioning. [SEP] Text: 7Relative difference in organic substances in comparison with “blank” (w/o NPK, w/o micronutrients) test, mean values for 4 hybridsFull size imageIn the research of Schittenhelm (2008), ash concentration was higher in late-ripening maize hybrids, and fat concentration increased until the end of the growing season in all hybrids. The differences in fat content in the whole plant between maize hybrids were more pronounced at later stages of development. A decrease in protein content was observed at late harvest dates. At the same time, higher values of these indicators correspond to higher doses of applied macronutrients (NPK). In the case of cellulose, its average value increases with an increase in the dose of macronutrients and with the application of microfertilizers. Application of N120P90K90 in combination with YaraCocktail seed treatment and Yaraspray of maize plants provided the greatest increase in cellulose content, up to 7%, on average in the experiment. Lamptey et al. (2018) established that application of N300, and to a lesser extent N200 decreases acid detergent fiber and neutral detergent fiber but increases crude protein compared to unfertilized plots. Simultaneously, with an increase in cellulose content, there is an almost proportional decrease in fibre content under the influence of macronutrients and microfertilizers. There is also a noticeable increase in ash content in variants using macrofertilizers. However, no clear dependence of their content in DM was observed for the rest of the parameters with the application of macro- and micronutrients. Theoretical biogas yield estimationThe methane yield per hectare is predominantly influenced by the maize variety and the harvesting time (Amon et al. 2007; Zhao et al. 2016). The general range of theoretically estimated CH4 specific yield based on the data on crude protein, crude fat, cellulose, and hemicellulose content in maize DM is 272. 1 to 356. 6 Nm3CH4 t−1VS. In terms of the fresh mass of maize, this amounts to 97. 2–129. 2 Nm3CH4 t−1FM. Therefore, the specific methane yield based on 1 ha of land area, with a yield of 13. 8–18. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the role of macronutrients and micronutrients in the growth and development of maize hybrids. It mentions that higher doses of applied macronutrients (NPK) and the application of microfertilizers lead to important changes in the composition of the maize plants. For example, it states that higher doses of macronutrients correspond to higher cellulose content, indicating that both types of nutrients contribute to the proper functioning and growth of the plants.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Self-driving technology makes human drivers obsolete immediately. [SEP] Text: In Germany, at any rate, it is commonplace to insist on one’s right-of-way so it would be unusual to attempt to merge without obtaining the other road user’s “consent,” as that would involve risking a collision. Traffic in the is characterized by more steady, lane-based driving. Aside from the official signals, informal signals play less of a role there. Traffic in China is—at least so far—marked by a low level of rule-abidance and by communication that is difficult for foreigners to interpret. Chinese drivers are masters of surprise, ignoring traffic rules and honking merely as a “friendly greeting” [16]. Communication between cars and pedestrians is especially critical. Pedestrians make themselves understood by gesturing with their hands, stepping onto the crosswalk, or waiting there until a car stops. What are the implications of this for the behavior of autonomous vehicles? For one thing, autonomous vehicles will predict whether a pedestrian intends to cross the street based on the pedestrian’s trajectory and acceleration. Apart from that, there are other modes of behavior that are more ambiguous, such as standing at a crosswalk without intending to cross (e. g. while having a conversation) or hesitating without making a clear signal of intending to cross. In all of these cases, the autonomous vehicle will need to stop for safety reasons. A consequence of this may be “unwarranted stopping” or the danger that children or teens catch on and begin to force vehicles to stop at crosswalks for fun. Yet the regulations and the actual behavior alike vary widely from country to country. For instance, Italy did not have a rule requiring cars to stop at crosswalks until recently. According to reports from visitors to China, it is only advisable to cross at a crosswalk there as part of a crowd because traffic is highly unlikely to stop for a lone pedestrian. While pedestrians who use hand gestures to communicate assume that their gestures are seen, they usually would not cross the street if an oncoming car did not slow down. 8 Means of CompensationIn the first stage, there is an easy antidote to the dilemma of robotic vehicles’ inability to communicate informally in “negotiation situations. ”Clearly and visibly marking autonomous vehicles as such would announce the vehicles’ uniqueness to the other road users and make their deviant behavior more understandable. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the complexities and nuances of traffic behaviors and regulations in various countries that self-driving vehicles must navigate. It highlights the need for communication between pedestrians and autonomous vehicles, suggesting that rather than making human drivers obsolete immediately, these vehicles will have to adapt to human behaviors and rules, which vary significantly from place to place. The mention of 'negotiation situations' illustrates that there is still a need for human-like interactions which indicates that self-driving technology cannot simply replace human drivers immediately.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: The brain's visual cortex processes visual information in a hierarchical manner. [SEP] Text: The values for ‘A’ and ‘B’ trials indicate the values for either A or B; that is, there were on average 21 ‘A’ trials and 21 ‘B’ trials for each triplet in the adjacent V1 dataset. StimuliBrain areaNumber of ‘A’ and ‘B’ trialsNumber of ‘AB’ trials121. 012. 365617. 812. 8659V472. 830. 3513672. 230. 76132SuperimposedV125. 415. 477423. 312. 1764V4131. 342. 020196184. 564. 620270 Overall, this pattern of results is consistent with the possibility that when two visual objects are presented in close proximity, a subpopulation of visual cortical neurons fluctuates in a coordinated fashion, generally retaining information about segregated objects and suggesting an account for why they can be perceived at once. experimental design The activity of neurons in visual cortex was recorded in three experimental designs in six monkeys (N = 2 per experiment per brain area), using chronically implanted multielectrode arrays (Figure 1a, Table 1). In the ‘superimposed’ dataset, the activity of neurons in V1 and V4 was recorded while monkeys passively fixated (for details, see Ruff et al. , 2016). In the ‘adjacent’ datasets, the activity of V1 and V4 neurons was recorded while monkeys either passively fixated (V4 recordings) or fixated while performing an orientation change discrimination task involving either one of these stimuli or a third stimulus presented in the ipsilateral hemifield (V1) (for details, see Ruff and Cohen, 2016). In the ‘superimposed’ dataset, the gratings were large, spanning the receptive fields of the recorded neurons, and were presented either individually or in combinations of two orthogonal gratings at a consistent location on every trial (Figure 1c). When the two gratings were presented, they superimposed and formed one fused ‘plaid’ object. In the ‘adjacent’ datasets, the stimuli were smaller Gabor patches (V1, V4, Figure 1d and e) or natural images (V4, Figure 1e, stimuli from Long et al. , 2018) and were presented either individually or adjacent to one another as two separate objects. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not directly address the claim about the hierarchical processing of visual information by the brain's visual cortex. Instead, it provides details about experimental designs and results concerning the activity of neurons in V1 and V4 when different visual stimuli are presented. While it discusses how visual cortical neurons retain information about segregated objects, it does not confirm or deny the hierarchical nature of visual processing, making it irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: The body requires both macronutrients and micronutrients for proper functioning. [SEP] Text: 6 tVS ha−1, will be within 3860–6630 Nm3CH4 ha−1. The highest methane output potential was obtained for the Karifols maize hybrid — 5338–6630 Nm3CH4 ha−1, slightly less for the KWS 381 hybrid — 5062–6128 Nm3CH4 ha−1, for the Bohatyr hybrid — 4681–5856 Nm3CH4 ha−1 and the lowest potential was for the Amaros hybrid — 3861–4849 Nm3CH4 ha−1 (Fig. 8). In variants using macro- and micronutrients, the Karifols hybrid had a 36. 6% higher CH4 output potential per 1 ha, compared to the Amaros hybrid. Fig. 8Methane yield per hectare from maize hybridsFull size imageThis corroborates with the data obtained by Oechsner et al. (Oechsner et al. 2003), where methane yield per 1 ha is assumed to be consistent with an increasing maturity group of maize hybrids. The highest methane yield of 9370 Nm3 ha−1 was obtained for the hybrid with the latest maturity. Therefore, it appears that late-energy maize can take full advantage of the growing season. According to Oslaj (2010), the late maturity hybrids of maize give higher methane yields — 7768. 4 Nm3 ha−1 (FAO 400) and 7050. 1 Nm3 ha−1 (FAO 500). Among the maize hybrids of maturity classes FAO 300–400, the hybrid PR38F70 gives the highest biomethane output per hectare (7646. 2 Nm3 ha−1). Among the hybrids of FAO 400–500 maturity classes, the Pixxia hybrid achieved the highest biomethane output (9440. 6 Nm3 ha−1). Among the hybrids of maturity classes FAO 500–600, the highest production of biomethane gives the Codistar hybrid (8562. 7 Nm3 ha−1). Biomethane production varied with maize hybrids from 50 to 60%. The application of macronutrients provides the most significant increase in CH4 output potential. Thus, the use of N90P60K60 allows to increase this indicator by 11. 2–16. 9%, compared to non-fertilized options. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by indicating that the application of macronutrients provides a significant increase in methane output potential, which implies that both types of nutrients (macro and micronutrients) play a crucial role in enhancing biological processes, as referenced in the statement 'the application of macronutrients provides the most significant increase in CH4 output potential.' This suggests their essential role in proper functioning, consistent with the claim.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Self-driving technology makes human drivers obsolete immediately. [SEP] Text: This would indicate to other road users that they cannot expect the usual behavior and would consequently increase acceptance in the sample situations described above. After all, vehicles for learner drivers are identified very visibly in order to inform other road users and excuse behavior that might be either excessively rule-abiding or overly hesitant. Especially in the introductory phase, several considerations support including identifying markings. If vehicles drive without a person sitting in the driver’s seat, as envisioned by the “valet parking” scenario, this might irritate the other road users. “Is that car moving autonomously or is it just driving out of control? ” With identifying markings, there is no need to ask. Marking autonomous vehicles can also have a marketing effect that will help give rise to rapid adoption. For example, when ABS was introduced, there were ABS stickers available that read “This vehicle has ABS brakes” to indicate that the braking distance was shorter. Technically that is not quite correct because ABS mainly makes it easier to steer while braking, but from a marketing viewpoint the sticker was a great success. There are also some reasons not to give autonomous vehicles identifying markings. Because they must strictly adhere to the rules, due to their limited ability to negotiate among other things, they might also be targets for unwanted external interventions. A simple example:Pedestrians would not cross a street if a car was approaching due to uncertainty as to whether the car sees them or whether it will stop. In the case of an autonomous vehicle, pedestrians can be positive that the vehicle will stop no matter what (within physical limits). As a result, stopping autonomous cars could become a game for teenagers or cause adults to cross the street without paying attention to the flow of traffic. “It has to stop—it’s programmed that way. ” Neither development would be good for the flow of traffic and this would not have a positive affect on the acceptance of autonomous vehicles. Whether it has an outright negative effect is hard to predict. That is highly dependent on how exactly autonomous vehicles are introduced. If they are seen as a positive technological innovation and excused for having certain imperfections, a negative effect would be scarcely likely. On the other hand, if they are seen as an elite status symbol, envy will predominate and attempts to disrupt the system will be more common. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts with the claim by discussing various considerations surrounding the introduction of autonomous vehicles and their impacts on human drivers. It highlights the importance of acceptance and identification of autonomous vehicles and suggests that drivers (both human and autonomous) will coexist for some time as society adapts to the technology. The possibility of confusion for pedestrians and traffic flow suggests that the integration of self-driving cars will not be immediate or straightforward, which goes against the notion of human drivers becoming obsolete instantly.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: The brain's visual cortex processes visual information in a hierarchical manner. [SEP] Text: Together they spanned the receptive fields of the V1 or V4 neurons being recorded in a fashion similar to the ‘superimposed’ experiment. For data collected during performance of the attention task (V1), we focused our analyses on trials in which the monkeys attended to the third stimulus and judged its orientation, that is, attention was consistently directed away from either of the two adjacent Gabor patches that elicited responses in the neurons under study (Figure 1d). Trials in which the monkey was required to attend to one or the other of the adjacent Gabor patches were excluded from the analyses, as were incorrectly performed trials. Figure 1 with 3 supplements see all Download asset Open asset Experimental design. (a) Multiunit activity was recorded in V1 and V4 using chronically implanted 10 × 10 or 6 × 8 electrode arrays in six monkeys (see ‘Methods’). (b) In both ‘superimposed’ and ‘adjacent’ datasets, the stimuli were positioned to overlap with (‘adjacent’ dataset) or completely span (‘superimposed’ dataset) the centers of the receptive fields of the recorded neurons. (c) In the ‘superimposed’ dataset, gratings were presented either individually or in combination at a consistent location and were large enough to cover the V1 and V4 receptive fields (stimulus diameter range: 2. 5–7o). The combined gratings appeared as a plaid (rightmost panel). Monkeys maintained fixation throughout stimulus presentation and performed no other task. (d) In the V1 ‘adjacent’ dataset, Gabor patches were smaller (typically ~1o, see Figure 1—figure supplement 1) and were presented individually or side-by-side roughly covering the region of the V1 receptive fields. Monkeys maintained fixation while performing an orientation change detection task. The data analyzed in this study involved trials in which the monkeys were attending a third Gabor patch located in the ipsilateral hemifield to perform the orientation change detection. (e) In the V4 ‘adjacent’ dataset, the stimuli consisted of either Gabor patches or natural image stimuli, and monkeys performed a fixation task. Incorrectly performed trials and stimulus presentations during which we detected microsaccades were excluded from all analyses. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text provides a detailed account of an experimental setup involving neurons in the visual cortex but does not explicitly address the claim regarding the hierarchical processing of visual information in the brain. It discusses stimulus presentation and the tasks monkeys performed without explaining the hierarchical nature of the processing in the visual cortex.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: The body requires both macronutrients and micronutrients for proper functioning. [SEP] Text: (2020), mineral fertilizers are the important source of energy (72–73%) in the cultivation of maize, mainly due to the high energy value of mineral fertilizers (65–70%) and to a lesser extent due to the energy requirement during fertilization. Due to the high energy demand for macronutrients and the increase in costs for their preparation and application, an increase in energy consumption (EI) was observed when using N90P60K60 by 34. 8–53. 0%, compared to the option without its use. Increasing the dose of macronutrients from N90P60K60 to N120P90K90 requires an additional 36. 2–43. 9% energy expenditure (EI). The application of micronutrients requires additional energy expenditure (EI) of 3. 2–7. 3%. When applying macronutrients, a decrease in energy use efficiency (EUE) is observed. Thus, in the variant without the application of macronutrients, this indicator was 4. 5–5. 0, with N90P60К60 EUE decreased to 3. 5–4. 1, and with N120P90К90 EUE decreased to 2. 9–3. 5. When using scheme F3 with microfertilizers, energy output from biogas (Eo) increased by 1. 3–4. 4%, and energy consumption (EI) increased by 1. 5–3. 4%, compared to the option without their use. However, energy use efficiency (EUE) did not change practically. When using the F4 scheme of micronutrients, the energy production of biogas (Eo) and energy consumption (EI) were 200. 5–339. 5 GJ ha−1 and 26. 2–46. 0 GJ ha−1, respectively. At the same time, the EUE was 3. 0–4. 8, which is 1. 4–4. 2% higher than the option without micronutrients. It should be noted that most of the studied schemes of applying macro- and micronutrients make it possible to obtain from 0. 4 to 16. 4% of additional energy in biomethane compared to options without their application. Our results corroborate with the research of other scientists. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the significance of both macronutrients and micronutrients in energy consumption and efficiency in agricultural practices. It highlights that macronutrients require a high energy expenditure and that the application of micronutrients can also positively impact energy production, thus supporting the idea that both types of nutrients play crucial roles in proper functioning.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Self-driving technology makes human drivers obsolete immediately. [SEP] Text: 9 of Communication for an of Information from Autonomous vehicles must generally be able to recognize and interpret other road users’ gestures and trajectories. In order to interpret them, they will need situational knowledge allowing them to put signals in the correct context. The “official” signals such as turn signals, the horn, and headlight flashing would probably suffice in most situations in order to convey information to other vehicles or road users. Kent Larsen’s research group at MIT proposed an interesting approach for communication between autonomous vehicles and pedestrians [17]. A prototype with a variety of sensors but only remotely resembling an actual car was fitted with a number of devices. Swiveling, blinking LEDs designed to look like an eye turn towards a pedestrian, signaling “I’ve seen you. ”Additionally, directional speakers point towards pedestrians and tell them that it is okay to cross the street. If any pedestrians are identified, color-coded LEDs in the wheels could change from green to yellow to red in order to acknowledge pedestrians or warn them (Fig. 7. 13). Fig. 7. 13:. Image rights: Nicholas Pennycooke, Changing places group, MIT (copyright belongs to author)Full size image Another signal that autonomous vehicles can use to communicate with others is “explicit driving. ”For example, if another vehicle would like to merge and the autonomous vehicle wants to cooperate, the autonomous vehicle should visibly slow down in order to accentuate the gap and assure the other driver that it is safe to merge. Communication and informal rules are in constant flux. To illustrate this point with a verbal example, take the expression that something “sucks. ” Not too long ago, this word was understood as a direct sexual reference, provoking understandable consternation when young people began generalizing it. Similarly, the non-verbal signal “thumbs up” recently spread to countries where it was unfamiliar due to its iconic use in social media. From one angle, that means that autonomous vehicles will need to periodically learn new signals of non-verbal behavior, for instance by regularly updating their visual “vocabulary” along with associated meanings. Yet another effect can also be anticipated. The increased presence in road traffic of autonomous vehicles practicing a distinct, particularly rule-based set of behavior could also encourage other road users to adopt such behavior. This would make traffic more standardized, but not necessarily more efficient. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the ongoing need for communication between autonomous vehicles and human road users. It explains that autonomous vehicles must recognize and interpret human gestures, emphasizing that they are not currently able to operate independently from human drivers and require situational knowledge to navigate effectively. Therefore, it indicates that self-driving technology does not make human drivers obsolete immediately.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: The brain's visual cortex processes visual information in a hierarchical manner. [SEP] Text: Any potential contribution of eye movements and/or fixation variation to visually evoked activity was minimized as follows: (1) fixation windows were small, ±0. 5° horizontally and vertically, and trials with broken fixations were excluded from further analysis. (2) Any trials with microsaccades during the stimulus presentations (defined as eye velocity exceeding 6 standard deviations above the mean velocity observed during steady fixation; Engbert and Kliegl, 2003) were excluded from further analysis. (3) Only a 200 ms period after stimulus onset was analyzed. Our reasoning is that any stimulus-evoked modulation in eye position would have a latency of 150–350 ms (Engbert and Kliegl, 2003). This would have limited the consequences of any potential stimulus-evoked fixational modulation to at most only roughly the last 50 ms of the 200 ms spike counting window. In addition, we verified that there actually was no difference in eye position variation based on the stimulus conditions (Figure 1—figure supplement 2), so even this slim possibility was not borne out. Finally, we assessed the responses of individual units to ascertain what proportion of units showed a correlation between firing rate and fixational scatter; this proportion was small overall (4–9%) and did not co-vary with the outcomes of the main analyses of the study (see Figure 1—figure supplement 3 for details). Two objects evoke fluctuating activity patterns in V1 We first evaluated the response patterns for evidence of fluctuating activity profiles consistent with multiplexing of information on multistimulus trials. Figure 2a illustrates three V1 example units from the adjacent-stimuli dataset, each of which showed spike count distributions on dual stimulus presentations (black lines, 200 ms spike-counting window) that reflected a mixture of the distributions evident on the corresponding single-stimulus presentations (red and blue lines). The dual-stimulus distributions of spike counts are over-dispersed compared to what would be expected if the spikes on dual-stimulus presentations were generated from a similar Poisson process as the single- stimulus presentations, and a tendency for bimodality with modes near the modes for each of the individual stimulus presentations is evident. Figure 2 with 1 supplement see all Download asset Open asset Examples of V1 units showing fluctuating activity pattern and formal statistical analysis. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text primarily discusses the methodologies used in a study to eliminate the influence of eye movements and fixation variations on visual processing in the cortex. It details the exclusion criteria for trials, the analysis of response patterns in area V1, and the statistical relationships observed during the stimulus presentations. While related to visual processing, it does not specifically address whether the processing occurs in a hierarchical manner, thereby making it irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: The body requires both macronutrients and micronutrients for proper functioning. [SEP] Text: For example, in Poland, the energy output from maize silage ranged from 197 to 290 GJ ha−1, whereas the average energy output of sorghum silage was 61 GJ ha−1 lower. The energy efficiency ratio and the energy gain for maize were determined at 7. 7–11. 3 and 172–265 GJ ha−1, respectively (Jankowski et al. 2020). In Belgium, the energy output of maize biomass ranged from 319 to 363 GJ ha−1. In different production technologies maize biomass grown in Germany accumulated 300 − 368 GJ ha−1 of energy (Boehmel et al. 2008). According to the experiment, operational expenditures for the cultivation and harvesting of maize were 208. 1–605. 8 euros ha−1 or 5. 8–13. 5 euros t−1 of silage. Conditionally, the gross income from selling biomethane from maize silage ranges from 307–757 euros/ha at a biomethane price of 200 euros per 1000 m3 to 3226–5364 euros ha−1 at a biomethane price of 1000 euros per 1000 m3. Figure 10 shows that from an economic point of view, at a cost of biomethane of 400 euros/1000 m3, the use of macronutrients and micronutrients to grow maize hybrids becomes profitable. Fig. 10Relative difference in “net” profit “in the field” in comparison with “blank” test (w/o macronutrients, w/o micronutrients)Full size imageAt a biomethane price of 1000 euros/1000 m3, applying only micronutrients according to the F3 scheme (Bogatyr hybrid) allows for increasing profitability by 3. 8% only, and by 5. 3%, according to the F4 scheme. The application of N90P60K60 macronutrients allows for increasing profitability by 7. 9–15. 8%. Using macronutrients according to the F1 scheme and micronutrients according to F3 is economically impractical, as it leads to an increase in profitability by only 0. 5% (KWS 381 hybrid). The application of micronutrients according to the F4 scheme is more economically feasible and increases the profitability of growing maize for biogas production by 2. 2–7. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by emphasizing the economic feasibility of using both macronutrients and micronutrients for growing maize hybrids. It illustrates that the application of these nutrients significantly impacts profitability, suggesting that both nutrient types are necessary for optimal plant growth and production efficiency. It specifically notes that relying solely on either type is not as beneficial, highlighting the necessity of a balanced approach to nutrient application for economic gain.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Self-driving technology makes human drivers obsolete immediately. [SEP] Text: Flexible cooperation between road users becomes more important when the traffic is busier. The distances narrow between vehicles, the complexity increases, and more informal signals are exchanged. Car-to-car communication could provide another technological solution. This would require all road users—not only autonomous vehicles—to be fitted with the corresponding technology. Car-to-car communication has undergone years of research and there have already been a number of demonstrations, some of them on large test sites such as simTD [20]. The proliferation of vehicle-to-vehicle (V2V) or vehicle-to-x (V2X, vehicle to infrastructure) technology could significantly facilitate solving the communication issues between autonomous vehicles and human drivers. Frost & Sullivan [21] project that by the year 2030, 40 % of vehicles will be equipped with V2V or V2X technology due to the major advantages these technologies offer users, including reducing traffic jams and enhancing safety. The rapid spread of this technology, initially with a different focus in mind, could thus mitigate communication problems between autonomous vehicles and those driven by humans. Yet even then there will still be some situations that autonomous vehicles cannot solve, either because the other road users do not have the necessary communication devices or because the situation cannot be resolved through communication alone. If the autonomous vehicle operates without a driver to take over driving on short notice (although not immediately), a remote driver or guidance system would have to step in. 10 ConclusionsBecause vehicle-to-vehicle communication options are currently very limited and unreliable, a wide variety of glances, actions, and action sequences are used to communicate with unprotected road users. Depending on the circumstances and the state of mind of the people involved, interpersonal negotiations can have varying levels of intensity. The rules applied in these cases are highly culturally specific. In particular, the expectations placed on the other person vary widely from culture to culture, so it would not be possible to compile universal rules for robotic vehicles. Another problem arises merely due to the fact that the vehicle’s driver, the robot, is unrecognizable. This is evident for driverless cars, at any rate. If a person is sitting in the driver’s seat of the autonomous vehicle, any communication would likely be misdirected at the presumed human driver. Mixed traffic including cyclists and other vehicle types would be difficult to implement without the ability to recognize other road users’ glances and gestures. This is especially true in low-speed settings. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by outlining that self-driving technology, while beneficial, does not make human drivers obsolete immediately. It emphasizes the importance of flexible cooperation between road users, noting that communication issues exist due to the limited reliability of vehicle-to-vehicle (V2V) technology. Furthermore, it mentions that situations may arise where autonomous vehicles cannot operate without human intervention, implying that human drivers will continue to play a role in traffic for the foreseeable future.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: The brain's visual cortex processes visual information in a hierarchical manner. [SEP] Text: (a) Distribution of spike counts on single stimuli (red, blue) and dual adjacent stimulus presentations (black) for three units in V1 tested with adjacent stimuli. Spikes were counted in a 200 ms window following stimulus onset. (b) Bayesian model comparison regarding spike count distributions. We evaluated the distribution of spike counts on combined stimulus presentations in relation to the distributions observed on when individual stimuli were presented alone. Four possible models were considered as described in the equations and text. Only one case each of the ‘single’ (B-like) and ‘outside’ (λAB > max(λA, λB) is shown. (c, d) Best spike count models for the adjacent (c) and superimposed (d) stimulus datasets, meeting a minimum winning probability of at least 0. 67, i. e. , the winning model is at least twice as likely as the best alternative. Pie chart insets illustrate proportion of tested conditions that met this confidence threshold. While ‘singles’ dominated in the adjacent stimulus dataset and ‘singles’ and ‘outsides’ dominated in the superimposed stimulus datasets, we focus on the presence of a ‘mixtures’ as an important minority subpopulation present nearly exclusively in the ‘adjacent’ stimulus dataset. While it is visually evident that the spiking responses of these three V1 example units on combined AB stimulus presentations appear drawn from a mixture of the A-like and B-like response distributions, evaluating this systematically across the population requires a formal statistical assessment. We developed such an assessment in our previous work concerning fluctuating activity in the context of encoding of multiple simultaneous stimuli (Caruso et al. , 2018; Mohl et al. , 2020; Glynn et al. , 2021). In particular, we can model the firing rate behavior of neurons when two simultaneous grating stimuli A and B are presented in relation to the firing rates that occur when stimuli A and B are presented individually. We assume that each single-stimulus condition induces Poisson-distributed spike counts and we exclude cases where this assumption is violated (see ‘Methods’ for details). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim directly and instead focuses on technical details related to spike count distributions and statistical assessments of neuronal firing rates when presented with visual stimuli. It discusses comparative evaluations of stimulus presentation but does not confirm or deny the hierarchical nature of visual processing in the brain's visual cortex.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: The body requires both macronutrients and micronutrients for proper functioning. [SEP] Text: 0%. Increasing the dose of macronutrients from N90P60K60 to N120P90K90 provides a slight economic effect, increasing profitability by 0. 5–5. 6%. Using macronutrients according to the F2 scheme and micronutrients according to the F3 scheme allows for increasing profitability of maize cultivation up to 1. 3% (Carifols hybrid). When applying micronutrients according to the F4 scheme, the yield increases to 4. 7% (Carifols hybrid). Thus, for most of applied experimental schemes, the use of macronutrients and micronutrients is appropriate both from the energy point of view and from the economic point of view. The profitability of their use begins to appear at the price of biomethane of 300–400 euros/1000 m3. At the same time, the highest economic profit among the studied maize hybrids can be obtained from Bogatyr and Amaros maize hybrids when using N120P90K90 in combination with the use of micronutrients according to the F4 scheme. The KWS 381 maize hybrid provides the lowest economic efficiency. In Ukraine, it was determined that the use of macro and micronutrition when growing corn for silage to obtain biogas is economically and energetically appropriate. At the same time, according to various data (Černý et al. 2012; Houshyar et al. 2015; Dilip and Bao-Luo 2016), the use of fertilizers in the cultivation of corn for silage as a forage crop is not always ineffective. Therefore, more research is needed to study new combinations of macro and micronutrients when growing corn for silage. ConclusionThe use of macronutrients (NPK) leads to an increase in maize fresh mass productivity by 11. 4–21. 0%, DM productivity by 11. 4–17. 0%, and an increase in CH4 output potential by 11. 2–30. 9%, compared to options without their application. The use of micronutrients makes it possible to increase these indicators by 1. 4–3. 6%, 1. 2–3. 9%, and 1. 8–3. 6%, respectively. No clear dependence of the effect of macronutrients and micronutrients on the content of DM was found in the investigated maize hybrids. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by stating that the use of both macronutrients and micronutrients is appropriate for maximizing the productivity and profitability of maize cultivation. It indicates that applying both types of nutrients leads to significant increases in yield and efficiency, supporting the notion that both are necessary for optimal functioning.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Self-driving technology makes human drivers obsolete immediately. [SEP] Text: As the speed increases, this form of communication plays a less significant role for a variety of reasons: It is not 100 % explicit. It requires feedback from the other person, which would take too long. At high speed there is a limited ability to assess the other road user’s reaction. There is not enough time to evaluate another driver’s gaze, for instance. What requirements does this create for ensuring functionality based on communication with other road users? As such, autonomous vehicles must initially behave as if there were no informal communication, in other words, abiding completely by the rules. In the event of an unresolvable situation, either a human driver must take over, or in the absence of one, a centralized authority would need to intervene. Traffic management would be organized similarly to air traffic, in which air traffic control coordinates all aircrafts’ movements both in the sky and on the tarmac. Instead of a pilot executing air traffic control’s instructions, the robotic vehicle would receive instructions about how to maneuver and independently ensure the vehicle’s stability as it carried them out. It remains unclear how an autonomous vehicle would recognize that the situation cannot be resolved or how the traffic control authority would be informed of the relevant details. 25. 7. 2014 77. Köln: Bundesanstalt für Straßenwesen 310. 11. Auflage 1967 2. 2. 26. 8. 2014Ekman, P. Universals and in of Emotion. In: J. Cole (Hrsg. ): on Motivation 1971. Bd. 19, University of Nebraska Press, Lincoln 1975. 7313. html last accessed on 7. 8. 2014 last accessed on 8. 9. 2014ICTTP’08 – Proceedings of the of Traffic and Transport Psychology, Washington 2008 7261. pdf zuletzt besucht 29. 07. 2014simTD delibrable D5. 5 (2013) of the for V2V and V2I (2014) cited from Download 4. 0 ( which permits use, duplication, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, a link is provided to the license and any changes made are indicated. The images or other third party material in this 10. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by highlighting the complexities and uncertainties involved in the transition to autonomous vehicles. It explains that autonomous vehicles must initially follow strict rules without relying on informal communication with human drivers. Furthermore, it indicates that in certain situations, a human driver may still need to take over or that centralized traffic authority may have to intervene, suggesting that human drivers aren't rendered obsolete immediately.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: The brain's visual cortex processes visual information in a hierarchical manner. [SEP] Text: We use a Bayesian model comparison framework to consider four hypotheses concerning the combined AB stimulus presentations (Figure 2b): (1) the responses to A and B together appear drawn from the same distribution as either A or B and consistently so on every stimulus presentation, as if the unit responded to only one of the two stimuli (‘single’). (2) Responses to A and B together appear drawn from a distribution ‘outside’ the range spanned by the A and B response distributions; this is the predicted pattern if neurons generally exhibited enhanced responses to combined AB stimuli than either stimulus alone, or if one stimulus strongly suppressed the response to the other. (3) The responses to A and B together are drawn from a single distribution with a mean at an ‘intermediate’ value between the A-like and B-like response rates. This is the response pattern that would be expected under theories such as divisive normalization in which the responses of an individual neuron to a more favored stimulus are reduced when other stimuli are also present, but can also represent fluctuating activity on a fast, sub-stimulus-duration timescale, as shown for some neurons in the IT face patch system and inferior colliculus (Caruso et al. , 2018). (4) The responses to A and B together appear to be drawn from a ‘mixture’ of the A-like and B-like response distributions. Mixtures are the category of interest for this analysis as they indicate the presence of activity fluctuations at the stimulus-presentation timescale. The overall presence of ‘mixtures’ in V1 differed substantially depending on whether one object or two was presented (the superimposed vs. adjacent grating datasets). Figure 2c shows the results for conditions that produced a winning model that was at least twice as likely as its nearest competitor (‘win prob >0. 67,’ the full results are provided in Figure 2—figure supplement 1). We found that ‘mixtures’ were evident in a third of V1 units (33%) when two objects were presented (adjacent gratings, Figure 2c), but were very rare when only one ‘object’ was present (superimposed gratings, Figure 2d, 2%). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses hypotheses related to the responses of neurons to combined stimuli in a Bayesian model comparison context. Although it touches on visual processing ('V1' units), it does not address whether this processing occurs in a hierarchical manner, which is the essence of the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: The body requires both macronutrients and micronutrients for proper functioning. [SEP] Text: The application of macro- and micronutrients results in an increase in the content of starch, crude protein, ash and cellulose, and in a decrease in the fibre content. The use of macro- and micronutrients is expedient from both an energy and an economic point of view. The profitability of their use begins to appear at the price of biomethane of 300–400 euros/1000 m3. In further research, it is recommended to study new corn hybrids and different combinations of macro- and micronutrients. Data availability The datasets used and/or analysed during the current study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request. 39. Growth and yield response of maize (Zea mays L. ) to foliar NPK-fertilizers under moisture stress condition. 33(2):116–123 182. Zuchtertagung der Vereinigung der Pflanzen Züchter und Saatgutkaufleute Osterreichs, 25. bis 27. 2003:59–68(2014) Anaerobic digestion of annual and multi-annual biomass crops. Prod 56:137–144. 12:153–161. Comparing annual and perennial energy cropping systems with different management intensities. 96:224–236. Energy and CO2 balance of maize and grass as energy crops for anaerobic digestion. 99(7):2620–2627. M (1969) Determination of moisture and oil in the seed of winter rape (Brassica napus) II. Comparison of extraction methods for the estimation of oil. J Agric 20(12):745–747. 161. Title: Official methods of analysis of the Association of official analytical chemists/Ed. by Sidney Williams. Edition: 14th ed. , Publisher, Arlington (Va. ): Association of official analytical chemists, 1984(2015) Determining efficiency of energy input for silage corn production: an econometric approach. 93(2):2166–2174. W, (2011) Preliminary studies on yielding and energetical efficiency of selected crops grown for biogas generation. 28(1):77–86 (in Polish). W, Parzonka A, (2014) Yield and energy efficiency of biomass production of some species of plants grown for biogas. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text discusses the application of macro- and micronutrients and indicates that their use leads to an increase in crucial components such as crude protein and starch, supporting the idea that both types of nutrients are needed for proper functioning. By emphasizing how both macro- and micronutrients contribute positively to growth and yield, the text corroborates the claim that the body requires both for proper functioning.


Input:
Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Autonomous vehicles require no human oversight or intervention in any scenario. [SEP] Text: 0 SU Add to content 1 Введение
Введение

Введение
 2 В настоящее время широкому распространению беспилотных транспортных средств (БТС) препятствуют известные технические проблемы, относящиеся в основном к снижению качества систем принятия решений при маневрировании БТС в интенсивном потоке и в условиях ухудшения характеристик внешней среды, в частности, при резком сни� [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by highlighting existing technical problems that hinder the widespread adoption of autonomous vehicles (БТС), specifically mentioning issues related to decision-making systems when navigating in high-traffic conditions and severe environmental degradation, which implies that human oversight may still be necessary in those scenarios.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: The brain's visual cortex processes visual information in a hierarchical manner. [SEP] Text: The incidence of ‘mixtures’ in V1 for the adjacent stimuli was slightly below that observed in the MF face patch in IT cortex (38%) and about half the rate observed in the inferior colliculus (67%; IT and IC data reanalyzed from Caruso et al. , 2018 to use similar winning model criteria as shown here for this study). The remainder of the tested conditions were best explained by the ‘single’ hypotheses for the adjacent stimuli, indicating winner (or loser)-take-all response patterns, or a blend of ‘single’ and ‘outside’ for the superimposed plaid stimuli, indicating the predominance of winner/loser-take-all and either enhancement or suppression in this dataset (see also Figure 2—figure supplement 1). This ‘single’ vs. ‘single-or-outside’ difference almost certainly stems from differences in the size of the stimuli being presented in these two datasets – typically only one of the two adjacent gratings was located within the classical receptive field of a given V1 unit, whereas this was often not the case for the superimposed dataset. This difference is a side note to our main focus on the fluctuating activity patterns that do occur in V1 in response to multiple objects but not in response to individual objects. Possible ways fluctuating activity might be coordinated across the population Our next question concerns how fluctuating activity patterns are coordinated at the population level, and the implications for preserving information about each of the stimuli that are present. To assess such coordination, we computed Pearson’s correlation between the spike count responses observed during presentations a given stimulus combination for pairs of units in each data set (spike count correlation, rsc, also commonly called a noise correlation). We begin by discussing the possible results and their interpretation schematically in Figures 3 and 4. The overall point is that the activity of pairs of neurons might be either positively or negatively correlated, and the interpretation of such correlation patterns will depend on the turning p0. 05). All of the ‘incongruent’ pairs exhibited negative correlations, and 1 of 5 was individually significant (p<0. 05). (c) Overall, neural pairs in which both units met the ‘mixture’ classification showed distinct positive and negative patterns of correlation in response to adjacent stimuli. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text appears irrelevant to the claim as it discusses the activity patterns in various brain areas but does not address the hierarchical processing of visual information within the visual cortex. It focuses on specific stimuli and neuronal interactions rather than confirming or contrasting with the claim about the hierarchical structure of visual processing.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: The body requires both macronutrients and micronutrients for proper functioning. [SEP] Text: Intakes of energy, macronutrients and micronutrients of a population in severe food insecurity risk in online by Press: 08 November 2019 Stefanie Eugênia dos da Costa andauthor details Stefanie Eugênia dos Kubo* Affiliation: Department of Nutrition, Faculty of Health Science, University of Brasília, ília, DF 70910-900, for in Health and Nutrition, University of Brasília, Brasília, da Costa Affiliation: Department of Nutrition, Faculty of Health Science, University of Brasília, ília, DF 70910-900, Affiliation: Department of Nutrition, Faculty of Health Science, University of Brasília, ília, DF 70910-900, for in Health and Nutrition, University of Brasília, Brasília, Brazil * *Corresponding author: Email stefaniecoelho@hotmail. com 0. 35 mb) View PDF [Opens in a new window] Save to to Save to & Permissions [Opens in a new window] Abstract Objective:To analyse usual intakes of energy, macronutrients and micronutrients, and their percentage of inadequacy, in a Brazilian population at severe food insecurity (SFI) risk, determined from a predictive model using two national databases. Design:Cross-sectional study. Our study used a statistical model to predict SFI using the 2009 Household Survey, where the measured SFI. Setting:Brazil. Participants:The model was applied in a probabilistic sample of 34 003 Brazilians aged 10 years or older that participated in a national dietary survey during 2008–2009. The application of the model generated the probability of each individual being in SFI. The probability of SFI was grouped into quartiles (first quartile with the lowest SFI risk, fourth quartile with highest probability of SFI risk). Results:The intakes of macro- and micronutrients were associated with SFI. The amount of energy and nutrients in the diet tended to be lower among individuals in the fourth quartile, with highest probability of SFI. The average intake of all studied minerals (Ca, Fe, Na, Mg) was less in individuals in the fourth quartile. presented a higher percentage of inadequacy in the first quartile, the one with a lower chance of SFI. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the intakes of macronutrients and micronutrients in a population at severe food insecurity risk. It emphasizes that lower intakes of these nutrients are associated with higher risks of food insecurity, suggesting that both types of nutrients are vital for proper bodily function.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Autonomous vehicles require no human oversight or intervention in any scenario. [SEP] Text: В настоящее время широкому распространению беспилотных транспортных средств (БТС) препятствуют известные технические проблемы, относящиеся в основном к снижению качества систем принятия решений при маневрировании БТС в интенсивном потоке и в условиях ухудшения характеристик внешней среды, в частности, при резком снижении видимости на дорогах, неожиданном появлении агентов с аномальным поведением, например, агентов-пешеходов «возникающих» перед БТС, при [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by highlighting the existing technical issues that hinder the widespread adoption of autonomous vehicles (БТС). It specifically notes that there are decision-making challenges in critical situations, such as maneuvering in heavy traffic or adverse weather conditions, which implies that human oversight may be necessary in these scenarios.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: The brain's visual cortex processes visual information in a hierarchical manner. [SEP] Text: Positive correlations were more likely to occur among pairs of neurons that responded more strongly to the same individual stimuli (‘congruent,’ green bars, median rsc = 0. 486), and negative correlations were more likely to occur among pairs of neurons that responded more strongly to different individual stimuli (‘incongruent,’ brown bars, median rsc = –0. 14, p<0. 0001, see ‘Methods’). This bimodal distribution did not occur when only a single stimulus was presented (dashed orange line). (d, e) This pattern of results held even when all the unit pairs were considered in aggregate (d, ‘congruent preference’ pairs, median rsc = 0. 252; ‘incongruent preference’ pairs, median rsc = –0. 052, p<0. 0001), and also occurred for well-isolated single units (e). (f) However, among pairs recorded during presentation of superimposed gratings, this pattern was not apparent: unit pairs tended to show positive correlations in both cases (‘congruent-preference’ median rsc = 0. 159, ‘incongruent-preference’ median rsc = 0. 144), and there was little evident difference compared to when a single grating was presented (orange line). 4—source data 1 for additional information. Figure 4—source data 1 Median spike count correlations for additional subgroups of the V1 adjacent stimuli dataset. The top two rows show the median spike count correlations observed for dual stimuli for various types of pairs of units, and correspond to the data shown in Figure 4 and Figure 5 in the main text (gray background). The next three rows show the same analyses conducted for trials involving single stimuli. Here, the ‘congruent’ group was subdivided according to whether the presented stimulus was the one that elicited the stronger response (‘driven’) or the weaker one (‘not driven’). The bottom two rows show the differences in the medians observed for the relevant congruent and incongruent groups (lines 1 minus 2 and lines 3 minus 5; green background). Download elife-76452-fig4-data1-v1. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not directly address whether the brain's visual cortex processes visual information in a hierarchical manner. Instead, it focuses on correlation patterns among pairs of neurons in response to stimuli, noting differences in response to congruent and incongruent stimuli. Thus, the discussion is more about neural response patterns rather than the specific hierarchical processing of visual information, making it irrelevant to the claim.