Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Symbiotic relationships between microbes and plants can improve nutrient uptake. [SEP] Text: For example, Arnon and Johnson (1942) reported that increasing calcium concentration improved tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) and lettuce growth at pH 4. 0 and 5. 0. Another example by Smith et al. (2004) showed that the higher fertilizer concentrations ameliorated leaf chlorosis of geranium (Pelargonium ×hortorum) plants caused by nutrient deficiencies at pH 7. 0 to 7. 5. In the present study, we investigated how pH lower than the conventional range influences spinach plant growth and whether high nutrient concentrations can mitigate growth inhibition and nutrient disorders. Because interactions among uptake of different ions are complex and increasing hydronium ion concentrations (i. e. , low pH) further complicates the relationship, we took a simple approach of increasing the strength of nutrient solution as the first step toward optimization of nutrient formula for low pH applications. Specifically, we examined two strengths of total nutrient concentrations (measured by EC) to grow spinach plants under low pH. Our hypotheses were 1) low pH would reduce nutrient uptake and affect spinach plant growth (Expt. 1) and 2) high nutrient concentrations of hydroponic solution would compensate for low uptake of specific nutrients and improve spinach growth in lower-than-conventional pH (Expt. 2). Materials and material, propagation, and water treatment. Spinach ‘Corvair’ seeds (Johnny’s Selected Seeds, Fairfield, ME) were sown in rockwool sheets (AO plugs 200 counts, 2. 5-cm height; Grodan, Roermond, The Netherlands) on 4 Nov. 2018 and 29 Dec. 2018 for Expt. 1, and 31 July 2019 and 11 Sept. 2019 for Expt. 2. Before seeding, rockwool sheets were placed in white plastic undertrays and hydrated with reverse osmosis water containing 0. 5 mg·L−1 didecyl-dimethyl-ammonium chloride () and allowed to drain. After seeding, trays were placed inside a dark growth chamber set at 20 °C air temperature. For both experiments, except during germination and propagation, municipal water was used and was disinfected with ultraviolet radiation (D4 + ultraviolet System; Viqua, Guelph, ON, Canada). Water used in DWC units was also dechlorinated by the addition of 2. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text passes in relation to the claim as it discusses experiments conducted on nutrient uptake, growth, and pH levels in spinach plants but does not specifically mention or address symbiotic relationships between microbes and plants. Thus, it does not provide relevant information regarding the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Research suggests mindfulness can enhance emotional regulation in students. [SEP] Text: AbstractObjectivesThough findings have been mixed, some primary or elementary school-based mindfulness and cognitive behavioural interventions have been shown to improve aspects of emotion regulation. Age is suggested as a potential mediator but previous reviews have not addressed this comprehensively, making evaluation of impact unclear. The current review brought together the evidence surrounding the impact of mindfulness-based interventions (MBIs) or cognitive behavioural interventions (CBIs) on emotion regulation in children aged between 7 and 12 years. MethodDatabases (Index, and of Science) were searched for published and unpublished randomised controlled trials evaluating the effect of primary school-based MBIs (n = 18) or CBIs (n = 12) on measures of emotional awareness, modulation and expression. ResultsAnalysis of the MBIs in this review indicated a significant improvement in emotional awareness, an increase in positive emotions and a reduction in depression. Sub-analyses found an effect of age, duration and universal delivery for MBIs. Analysis of the CBIs indicated significant improvement in child negative expressive behaviours as reported by parents. Risk of bias was low across domains of incomplete outcome data and selective outcome reporting but was unclear in other domains. ConclusionsEvidence from the MBI studies suggested that universal interventions with a shorter duration had more significant effects, particularly for 10–12-year-old participants. Future research should investigate programme design features and the suitability of content and skill-focus for different age groups, employing qualitative techniques for analysis. This could lead to reconsideration of typical intervention formats for primary school children. Pre-registration#CRD42019139283. Similar content being viewed by others Mindfulness-Regulation in Children? A 15. 2% of children aged 7–10 years old were identified as having a probable mental disorder in England (NHS digital, 2022) and it is likely that less than two-thirds will have accessed professional help (Radez et al. , 2021). School-based support for mental health could help address this significant gap. One-to-one services, collective discussions of emotions and well-being in a classroom setting have been shown to create a more inclusive, non-stigmatising environment which may make it easier for children with more serious mental health problems to seek help (Weare & Nind, 2011). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by presenting findings from primary school-based mindfulness and cognitive behavioral interventions that have shown improvements in aspects of emotion regulation among students aged 7 to 12. Specifically, it indicates that mindfulness-based interventions (MBIs) were linked to significant improvements in emotional awareness, an increase in positive emotions, and a reduction in depression, thereby supporting the notion that mindfulness can indeed enhance emotional regulation in students.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Banks are completely immune to cyber attacks due to advanced cybersecurity. [SEP] Text: Ö, (2020) Graph-based model of smart grid architectures. In: 2020 International conference on smart energy systems and technologies (SEST), pp 1–6. (2020) MITM intrusion analysis for advanced metering infrastructure communication in a smart grid environment. In: Trends in computational intelligence, security and Internet of Things: third international conference, 2020, Tripura, India, December 29–30, 2020, Proceedings 3, 267. (2019) Smart grid metering networks: a survey on security, privacy and open research issues. 21(3):2886–29276. (2023) New report reveals NikoWiper malware that targeted Ukraine energy sector. [Online; accessed: 01. 05. 2023](2022) Fiber optics and broadband over power lines in smart grid: a communications system architecture for overhead high-voltage, medium-voltage and low-voltage power grids. 95:185–2056. (2022) Cybersecurity of smart inverters in the smart grid: a survey. (2018) Distributed blockchain-based data protection framework for modern power systems against cyber attacks. 10(3):3162–3173364. (2019) An improved two-stage optimization for network and load recovery during power system restoration. 249:265–2757. (2013) Modern IED in today’s smart grids. In: 2013 on Power (ICCEP), pp 288–292. (2011) False data injection attacks against state estimation in electric power grids. 14(1):1–3354. -(2011) A class of cyber-physical switching attacks for power system disruption. In: Proceedings of the seventh annual workshop on cyber security and information intelligence research, pp 1–1(2023) The web and communication. [Online; accessed: 06. 09. 2023]Lounis K, (2020) Attacks and defenses in short-range wireless technologies for IoT. IEEE Access 8:88892–889322304. 11738(2018) Umap: uniform manifold approximation and projection for dimension reduction. arXiv preprint arXiv:1802. 03426(2010) Energy theft in the advanced metering infrastructure. In: infrastructures security: 4th international workshop, 2009, Bonn, Germany, September 30–October 2, 2009. 4, pp 176–187. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by referencing various research studies and reports that highlight ongoing cybersecurity threats and vulnerabilities in smart grid systems and related technologies. Specifically, it mentions instances of cyber attacks such as the NikoWiper malware targeting the Ukraine energy sector and discusses the need for improved cybersecurity measures against threats like false data injection attacks and cyber-physical switching attacks. This indicates that even advanced systems are not immune to cyber attacks, directly opposing the claim.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Symbiotic relationships between microbes and plants can improve nutrient uptake. [SEP] Text: 5 mg·L−1 of sodium thiosulfate. This was done to avoid chlorine phytotoxicity from municipal source water that has been observed in our past experiments. Our water quality analyses typically show low levels of Ca (<30 mg·L−1), Cl (<30 mg·L−1), NO3-N (<3 mg·L−1), Mg (<8 mg·L−1), S (<20 mg·L−1), K (<5 mg·L−1), P (<0. 5 mg·L−1), Zn (<0. 5 mg·L−1), Na (<20 mg·L−1) and Al (<0. 2 mg·L−1). Alkalinity is typically <42. 0 CaCO3 mg·L−1 and approximate EC is 0. 2 to 0. 3 dS·m−1. After radical emergence was observed, seeded trays were moved to the conditions of 25/15 °C day/night air temperatures and 12 h/d photoperiod inside a growth chamber (GR96, Conviron, Winnipeg, MB, Canada). Light source in chamber were white fluorescent lamps (Master TL5 54W/840; Philips, Amsterdam, The Netherlands). Seedlings were subirrigated with water as needed until transplanting. The pH of water provided to seedlings before transplant was ≈6. 4. When cotyledons were fully expanded, uniform plants with rockwool substrate (15 to 20 mL) were transplanted into DWC units (11 Nov. 2018 and 12 Jan. 2019 for Expt. 1; 9 Aug. 2019 and 25 Sept. 2019 for Expt. 2). In both experiments, T-type thermocouples were placed at the middle of each side of the chamber for monitoring air temperature at plant canopy level (gauge 36; Omega Inc. , Stamford, CT) and nutrient solution temperature (gauge 24; Omega Inc. ). Relative humidity was measured with a temperature/humidity probe (HMP60 Humidity and Temperature Probe; Vaisala Corporation, Helsinki, Finland) housed inside an aspirated shield located in the middle of the growth chamber at plant canopy level. Sensors were connected to a datalogger (CR10X dataloggers; Campbell Scientific, Logan, UT) and sensor readings were scanned every 10 s to record averages each 15 min. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it focuses on specific experimental conditions, nutrient measurements, and environmental factors affecting plant growth, but does not discuss symbiotic relationships between microbes and plants or their impact on nutrient uptake.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Research suggests mindfulness can enhance emotional regulation in students. [SEP] Text: School-based interventions can also be a welcome resource for schools, easing the requirement of specialist knowledge and lesson planning (Davies & Matley, 2020; Weare, 2015). Metacognitive approaches, getting children to think about their thinking (Flavell, 1979), offer a way to generate curiosity of cognitive processes that can bring about greater understanding of evaluation and self-reflection (Larkin, 2010). Metacognitive insight and strategies can be taught to primary age pupils (Perry et al. , 2019) and can be integrated into the curriculum, as evidenced with interventions such as the growth mindset (Blackwell et al. , 2007; Dweck, 2006). Two of the most prevalent school-based metacognitive approaches are cognitive behaviour interventions (CBIs) and mindfulness-based interventions (MBIs). Creating an objective awareness and understanding of cognitions is a fundamental characteristic of both types of intervention (Crane et al. , 2017; Fenn & Byrne, 2013). A key difference between CBIs and MBIs is the theoretical basis of change. CBIs work from the principle of reappraisal: that if an individual gains control of dysfunctional cognitions, they (the individual) can change them to reduce emotional distress and maladaptive behaviours (Daunic et al. , 2012). In MBIs, rather than giving values to thoughts (e. g. functional or dysfunctional), the aim is to facilitate non-judgemental awareness (Kabat-Zinn, 2003). As such, there is no attempt to change thoughts (e. g. from negative to positive), but rather to learn to observe without judgement, changing the relationship rather than the context (Roeser et al. , 2022; Teasdale, 1999). Although comparisons of these interventions have been conducted in previous reviews (e. g. Caldwell et al. , 2019; Dray et al. , 2017; Mackenzie & Williams, 2018), the precedence has been to compare CBIs with a range of other interventions. However, the similarity in the application of CBIs and MBIs justifies a more direct comparison. Both can be integrated relatively easily into the school curriculum and delivered in a universal classroom setting. Teachers often need minimal training because the interventions are either delivered by external practitioners, or teachers are given relevant resources/manuals (see reviews, e. g. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing mindfulness-based interventions (MBIs) as one of two prevalent school-based metacognitive approaches, alongside cognitive behavior interventions (CBIs). It explains that MBIs aim to create a non-judgmental awareness of thoughts rather than altering them, which indicates their potential to enhance emotional regulation by changing the individual’s relationship with their thoughts. This aligns with the idea that mindfulness can improve emotional regulation in students.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Banks are completely immune to cyber attacks due to advanced cybersecurity. [SEP] Text: (2018) A blockchain-based smart grid: towards sustainable local energy markets. Comput Sci-33:207–2145. (2009) Secure control against replay attacks. In: 2009 47th Annual allerton conference on communication, control, and computing (Allerton), pp 911–918. (2020) A comprehensive review of the cyber-attacks and cyber-security on load frequency control of power systems. Energies 13(15):386023. () (2015) Electric sector failure scenarios and impact analyses. [Online; accessed: 24. 10. 2023](2023) Smart grid cyber-physical situational awareness of complex operational technology attacks: a review. ACM 55(10):1–366. (2018) The world of malware: an overview. In: 2018 IEEE 6th international conference on future Internet of Things and cloud (FiCloud), pp 420–427. (2016) A novel dos and ddos attacks detection algorithm using arima time series model and chaotic system in computer networks. 20(4):700–70315. (2018) Blockchain based decentralized management of demand response programs in smart energy grids. Sensors 18(1):16201. 05. 2023]-(2023) A resilience-based recovery scheme for smart grid restoration following cyberattacks to substations. 145:108610819. (2019) A model inversion based watermark for replay attack detection with output tracking. In: 2019 American control conference (ACC), pp 384–390. (2013) Role-based access control model supporting regional division in smart grid system. In: 2013 Fifth international conference on computational intelligence, communication systems and networks, pp 197–201. (2019) Smart grid cyber attacks detection using supervised learning and heuristic feature selection. In: 2019 IEEE 7th international conference on smart energy grid engineering (SEGE), pp 108–112. (2019) Social engineering attacks: a survey. 11(4):891069. (2013) Time-delay switch attack on load frequency control in smart grid. Technol 5:55–64 5. (2021) Cybersecurity analysis of load frequency control in power systems: a survey. Designs 5(3):526. (2011) Cyber-physical system security for the electric power grid. Proc IEEE 100(1):210–2246. (2023) Machine learning based intrusion detection scheme to detect replay attacks in smart grid. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by illustrating various cybersecurity challenges and types of cyber attacks relevant to complex systems, particularly in the context of smart grids and power systems. It mentions specific studies and analyses on weaknesses and vulnerabilities, indicating that it is inaccurate to claim that banks, or any institutions, are completely immune to cyber attacks.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Symbiotic relationships between microbes and plants can improve nutrient uptake. [SEP] Text: Vents of the growth chamber were kept open for sufficient outdoor makeup air to provide ambient CO2 conditions inside the room. Expt. 1: Effects of nutrient solution pH on spinach plant growth and nutrient uptake. There were four DWC units each with 0. 78 m long, 0. 51 m wide, and 0. 37 m tall black plastic container (27-Tote; Centrex Plastics, Findlay, OH) and a polystyrene foam raft (72″; ) cut to match the size of container. Each DWC unit contained 24 plants in 90 L of nutrient solution made using dechlorinated and ultraviolet radiated water as described previously. The large volume to plant ratio (3. 75 L per plant) was to act as a buffer in attempts to minimize pH fluctuations. Nutrient solution was continuously aerated by one air stone connected to a small aquarium air pump. One-half strength University of Arizona leafy crop nutrient solution recipe (Jensen, unpublished) was used as the basal formula in this experiment. This formula contains (mg·L−1) 90 NO3–N, 25 P, 99 K, 100 Ca, 20 Mg, 1. 0 Fe (DPTA-chelated), 0. 3 Mn, 0. 2 Zn, 0. 03 Cu, 0. 2 B, and 0. 03 Mo. Before transplant, nutrient solution pH was adjusted to setpoints 4. 0, 4. 5, 5. 0, and 5. 5 using sulfuric acid. After that, pH was monitored at minimum once per day and manually adjusted thereafter as needed by the addition of sulfuric acid or sodium hydroxide to maintain pH within a range of ± 0. 25 of target pH. ECs and dissolved oxygen (DO) of each DWC unit were measured at least three times a week. Handheld meters (pH/; 407510 DO meter, Extech, Nashua, NH) were used for pH, EC, and DO measurements. EC and pH meters were calibrated weekly. Nutrient solutions were sent to a commercial analytical laboratory () for micro- and macronutrients at the end of experiment. This experiment was replicated over time (Trials 1 and 2). Twenty days (Trial 1) or 19 d (Trial 2) after transplanting, plants were harvested for quantifying plant growth and assessing visible symptoms of nutrient disorders. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim directly as it focuses on the experimental setup related to nutrient solution pH and its effects on plant growth and nutrient uptake. While it describes procedures for measuring nutrient levels and conditions for plant growth, it does not mention symbiotic relationships between microbes and plants nor their impact on nutrient uptake.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Research suggests mindfulness can enhance emotional regulation in students. [SEP] Text: , 2017), others have reported that child age significantly influences mental health outcomes related to emotion regulation (Caldwell et al. , 2019; Carsley et al. , 2017; Dray et al. , 2017; Porter et al. , 2022). Dray et al. (2017) reported small but significant effects of CBIs on anxiety, depression and general psychological distress for children aged 5–18 years. A sub-group analysis for age indicated that anxiety and psychological distress were improved for children 5–10 years old but in adolescents aged 11–18 years improvement was seen for non-anxiety internalising problems only, such as self-regulation, coping, empathy and problem-solving. Similarly, Caldwell et al. (2019) found a small but significant beneficial impact of CBIs on anxiety for primary school children (4–11 years) but not for adolescents supporting the growing evidence for the use of CBIs in younger age groups. These findings suggest that CBIs have a positive impact on anxiety in younger children and should be implemented prior to adolescence. More MBI-focused reviews also suggest a greater impact for younger children than for adolescents. Porter et al. (2022) reported a significantly greater effect of MBIs on mental health symptoms for 3–10-year-olds in comparison with adolescents. Carsley et al. (2017) found improvements in measures of emotional health and well-being for late adolescents (15–18 years) and middle childhood (6–10 years) but no effects for early adolescents (11–14 years). This indicates that there may be an interaction between the type of outcome that is investigated and the age of participants. Finally, Dunning et al. (2019) found that MBIs had larger effect sizes for improvements in negative behaviours associated with younger ages when compared to adolescents. Collectively, this evidence suggests that metacognitive interventions may be most effective for primary schoolchildren. However, all the reviews mentioned identified different age ranges to represent younger children and none fully aligns with a specified educational stage such as upper primary/elementary school. In terms of differential effects on aspects of emotion regulation, mindfulness programmes, although often showing a more general approach to outcomes, are considered to have a moderate effect on the increase of emotional awareness as evaluated using measures of attention and awareness (Dunning et al. , 2019; Klingbeil et al. , 2017; Zoogman et al. , 2014). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by stating that mindfulness programmes provide a moderate effect on increasing emotional awareness, which relates to emotional regulation. Additionally, it discusses findings showing that various interventions have positive effects on younger children's emotional regulation, suggesting that mindfulness can aid in enhancing this skill among students.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Banks are completely immune to cyber attacks due to advanced cybersecurity. [SEP] Text: In: 2023 IEEE International students’ conference on electrical, electronics and computer science (), pp 1–5. (2021) Technology: NIST Framework and Roadmap for Interoperability Standards. [Online; accessed: 01. 03. 2023]Ustun TS (2019) Cybersecurity vulnerabilities of smart inverters and their impacts on power system operation. In: 2019 International conference on power electronics, control and automation (), pp 1–4. (2013) Secure communication mechanism for ubiquitous smart grid infrastructure. J Supercomput 64:435–4552251. (2019) Cyber-attack recovery strategy for smart grid based on deep reinforcement learning. 11(3):2476–24869. (2021) Man-in-the-middle attacks and defence in a power system cyber-physical testbed. IET Cyber-Phys Syst: 6(3):164–1778. (2011) Integrity data attacks in power market operations. 2(4):659–6661402. (2011) A secure and reliable in-network collaborative communication scheme for advanced metering infrastructure in smart grid. In: 2011 IEEE Wireless communications and networking conference, pp 909–914. (2021) Deep learning for online ac false data injection attack detection in smart grids: an approach using LSTM-autoencoder. J Appl 193:1031782195. (2011) Modeling load redistribution attacks in power systems. 2(2):382–3905. (2011) Common questions and answers addressing the aurora vulnerability. In: DistribuTECH conference(2013) Time synchronization attack in smart grid: impact and analysis. 4(1):87–98738. (2021) Balancing and frequency control. (NERC) (2012) Scalable distributed communication architectures to support advanced metering infrastructure in smart grid. 23(9):1632–16424. 0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this 4. 0/. Reprints and permissionsAbout this 10. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing various cybersecurity vulnerabilities and their impacts on systems, indicating that despite technological frameworks and strategies detailed in recent conferences and papers, there remain significant vulnerabilities, suggesting that no organization, including banks, is completely immune to cyber attacks.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Symbiotic relationships between microbes and plants can improve nutrient uptake. [SEP] Text: Fresh/dry shoot and root mass and number of leaves per plant were recorded for 10 randomly sampled plants per pH treatment. Roots were separated from rockwool and carefully dried with paper towels consistently throughout, before fresh weight measurement. Following fresh weight measurements, plant material was dried in a drying oven at 55 °C for a minimum of 1 week. Once dry mass was measured, leaf tissue samples of all 10 plants were combined into one sample and sent to the same commercial analytical laboratory to determine nutrient concentrations of leaf tissue. All data of Trials 1 and 2 were compiled and analyzed as one data set. Location of pH treatments were randomized each replication so that no treatments were located in the same place inside the growth chamber. Plant growth data (fresh/dry mass and leaf number) and leaf nutrient concentration data were evaluated using an analysis of variance (ANOVA) and linear or quadratic regression analysis was applied when -test was significant (P < 0. 15). All statistical analyses were performed using JMP software (Ver. 14; ). Expt. 2: Effects of increased nutrient concentrations on spinach growth and nutrient uptake under low pH. Expt. 2 employed four treatments consisting of pH (4. 5 or 5. 5) and EC (1. 4 or 3. 4 dS·m−1) of the nutrient solution using smaller DWC units (36. 2 cm tall and 31. 8 cm diameter; 5-gallon ) each with a polystyrene foam raft (Kingspan Insulation, 1. 9 cm × 1. 2 m × 2. 4 m R-4 ) cut to match the size of bucket. Three holes of the size of rockwool cubes (diameter: 2. 5 cm) were cut into each raft (three plants per raft). Each DWC unit (16 units in total) contained 15 L of nutrient solution made using dechlorinated and ultraviolet-treated water. Following Expt. 1, the same nutrient solution recipe was used as the basal formula in this experiment. Additionally, three times higher strength of nutrient solution was examined by adjusting dilution rate of the stock solutions. The resulting EC after mixing with ultraviolet-treated dechlorinated water was either 1. 4 or 3. 4 dS·m−1. Before transplant, nutrient solution pH was adjusted to setpoints 4. 5 or 5. 5 using sulfuric acid. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text provides a detailed description of experimental methods for measuring plant growth and nutrient concentrations, but it does not address the claim regarding symbiotic relationships between microbes and plants. Therefore, the text is irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Research suggests mindfulness can enhance emotional regulation in students. [SEP] Text: , 2019); in eight studies, the programme was teacher led (Amundsen et al. , 2020; de Carvalho et al. , 2017; Jalón et al. , 2022; Meyer & Eklund, 2020; Parker et al. , 2014; Santos & Langill, 2018; Schonert-Reichl et al. , 2015; Vickery & Dorjee, 2016); three studies had a combination of teacher and external delivery (Alampay et al. , 2020; Keller et al. , 2017; Suárez-García et al. , 2020); and one study provided an audio recording of the exercises (Folch et al. , 2021). Seven of the mindfulness programmes were manualised (Alampay et al. , 2020; Amundsen et al. , 2020; de Carvalho et al. , 2017; Parker et al. , 2014; Santos & Langill, 2018; Schonert-Reichl et al. , 2015; van de Weijer-Bergsma et al. , 2014); three of the studies included separate mindfulness meditations (de Carvalho et al. , 2017; Schonert-Reichl et al. , 2015; Suárez-García et al. , 2020); and seven studies used mindful meditation as the main intervention element (Folch et al. , 2021; Jalón et al. , 2022; Keller et al. , 2017; Meyer & Eklund, 2020; Müller et al. , 2021; Poli et al. , 2022; Wright et al. , 2019). The programmes ranged from 2 weeks to 4 months. Delivery schedules tended to provide more sessions than CBIs but these were shorter in duration, for example, 36 sessions of between 5- and 15-min duration (Santos & Langill, 2018). The lowest total intervention dosage was approximately 1. 5 hr (Müller et al. , 2021) and the highest was approximately 15 hr (de Carvalho et al. , 2017; Wright et al. , 2019). The CBIs were targeted for specific emotion regulation issues. Eight studies were mood disorder focused (Bernstein et al. , 2005; Kato & Shimizu, 2017; Miller et al. , 2010; Miller et al. , 2011, Loevaas et al. , 2019; Rose et al. 2009; Stallard et al. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text supports the claim by detailing various studies focused on mindfulness programmes, indicating that these interventions were aimed at addressing specific emotion regulation issues. It specifically mentions that eight studies were targeted for mood disorders, suggesting that mindfulness exercises were employed as a method to enhance emotional regulation.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Biometric data alone is enough to fully protect all bank accounts. [SEP] Text: The probabilistic approach is grounded on the estimation of probabilities of match and on thresholds for the similarity scores; the rule-based approach tries to explicitly model the knowledge of domain experts; the approach, on the contrary, relies only on data and can be cost-sensitive, supervised, unsupervised, or semi-supervised. In the following a multiple-criteria feature vector and a supervised classifier are proposed in the classification phase of the RL process, outperforming classic crude threshold-based methods and producing remarkable results. The paper is organized as follows: in ‘Background’ the phases of a traditional RL process and the related literature on are sketched; in ‘Materials and Methods’ the proposed method is presented in detail; in ‘Experiments’ the used data and the experiments are fully described; finally, in ‘Conclusions’, main conclusions are drawn. the currently established phases of a RL process will be outlined, then the recent literature on applied to RL will be summarized. Phases of RL The RL of two sources generally involves five independent phases, each exploiting different techniques, criteria, and algorithms Christen (2012): Data pre-processing: the two sources are cleaned and normalized to ensure that all the data have the same format and are as much as possible error free; Indexing: to save time, the record pairs that are evidently different are filtered out from the comparisons through clustering, sorting or blocking. is exponential in nature, as each record from the first source should be compared with all the records from the other sources, hence indexing is critical for performance; Comparison: only the record pairs within the same block (or cluster) are actually compared one by one, using multiple similarity criteria that are conveyed into a similarity vector; Classification: the similarity vector obtained from each pair of records within the same block (or cluster) is classified into one of three groups: (M) –matches, that is pairs that do refer to the same entity of the real world; (NM) –non-matches, that is pairs that do not refer to the same entity of the real world; (PM) –potential-matches or ambiguous pairs, that is pairs that can’t be classified with sufficient precision or reliability; Evaluation: the classified pairs are reviewed for final labeling. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing various methodologies in record linkage (RL), emphasizing that the process relies on a combination of techniques, such as probabilistic approaches and supervised classifiers. This indicates that simply relying on data, such as biometric data, is not sufficient for full protection; rather, a multi-faceted approach incorporating multiple techniques is necessary to effectively classify and protect sensitive information, thus undermining the notion that biometric data alone can ensure full security.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Symbiotic relationships between microbes and plants can improve nutrient uptake. [SEP] Text: At least once a day, pH was monitored and manually adjusted thereafter as needed by adding sulfuric acid to maintain pH within a range of ± 0. 25 of target pH. At least three times a week, EC and DO of each DWC unit were measured using the same handheld meters as described before. Nutrient solutions were sent to the same commercial analytical laboratory () for micro- and macronutrients at the end of experiment. Twenty days after transplanting, all plants were harvested for quantifying plant growth and nutrient concentrations in the same procedures as in Expt. 1. This experiment was conducted twice (Trial 1 and 2) each with the four treatments replicated in four blocks inside the growth chamber. Because there were no interactions by trial, plant growth and nutrient data were pooled (n = 8) and subjected to ANOVA followed by t test paired with the control (standard EC and pH) and between standard and high EC at low pH. All statistical analyses were performed using JMP software (SAS Institute). Results and conditions. Average day and night growth chamber air temperatures, nutrient solution temperatures, vapor pressure deficient (VPD), and photosynthetic photon flux density are reported in Table 1. All setpoints were maintained within an acceptable range throughout the experiments. Measured nutrient concentrations in solution at the end of the experiments are reported in Table 2. All macro- and micronutrients were at comparable levels between pH treatments in Expt. 1. In Expt. 2, all macronutrient concentrations except S remained 2. 6 to 3. 4 times higher in high EC treatments (marked as HE). concentration was only 1. 9 times greater in high EC treatments likely because of the difference in the amount of sulfuric acid used for pH adjustment. Micronutrient concentrations except Cl and Zn were 2. 6 to 4 times higher in high EC treatments than low EC treatments. Cl and Zn concentrations were only 1. 5 to 2. 3 times greater in high EC treatments. Average pH, EC, and DO of experimental nutrient solutions are reported in Table 3 and were in the target ranges of the experiments. Table 1. Aerial environmental parameters recorded in Expts. 1 and 2 (each with two trials). Table 2. Elemental concentrations of nutrient solutions (all values in mg·L−1) at the end of Expts. 1 and 2. Mean ± sd (n = 4). Table 3. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it primarily describes the monitoring and measurements of pH, electrical conductivity (EC), and nutrient concentrations in a controlled growth chamber experiment. There is no mention of symbiotic relationships between microbes and plants or any discussion of how such relationships might influence nutrient uptake.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Research suggests mindfulness can enhance emotional regulation in students. [SEP] Text: , 2015; Yeo et al. , 2015). Two CBIs targeted anger and disruptive behaviour management (Daunic et al. , 2006; Liber et al. , 2013). One study focused on social and emotional competence (Pophillat et al. , 2016) and one on promoting resilience (Yamamoto et al. , 2017). The MBIs had more general outcomes. Five studies focused on social and emotional competence (de Carvalho et al. , 2017; Harpin et al. , 2016; Santos & Langill, 2018; Schonert-Reichl et al. , 2015; Suárez-García et al. , 2020). Four studies targeted general well-being and emotion regulation (Amundsen et al. , 2020; Charest, 2015; Folch et al. , 2021; Vickery & Dorjee, 2016). Three explored the impact and feasibility of the intervention (Alampay et al. , 2020; Keller et al. , 2017; Parker et al. , 2014). Two studies targeted internalising difficulties (Poli et al. , 2022; Wright et al. , 2019) and two explored elements of academic achievement (Meyer & Eklund, 2020; Müller et al. , 2021). One study focused on stress (van de Weijer-Bergsma et al. , 2014) and one study promoted pro-environmental attitudes (Jalón et al. , 2022). Meta-analysis of CBIsAnalysis of awareness outcome data could not be carried out for CBIs as only one study reported awareness measures (Daunic et al. , 2006). Modulation outcomes included separate analyses of anxiety measures and depression measures. Analysis of self-reported anxiety outcomes favoured the control condition, but this was not statistically significant (0. 02, 95% CI [− 0. 08, 0. 11], p = 0. 76, I2 = 0%) (see Fig. 2). Analysis of self-reported depression was not statistically significant (− 0. 04, 95% CI [− 0. 17, 0. 09], p = 0. 55, I2 = 0%) post CBI (see Fig. 3) with no indication of statistical heterogeneity. Fig. 2Forest plot showing meta-analysis of self-report anxiety measures in CBI studies. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by mentioning that four studies targeted general well-being and emotion regulation, indicating that mindfulness-based interventions (MBIs) are linked with improvements in emotional regulation in various contexts. This suggests a positive effect on students' capacity for emotional regulation, supporting the claim.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Biometric data alone is enough to fully protect all bank accounts. [SEP] Text: Experiments on 7 Datasets from different domains showed promising results. Materials and block representation of the proposed method is depicted in Fig. 1: it involves the comparing and classifying phases of RL (see ‘Phases of RL’): it takes as input pairs of records and classifies them into “match” (M) or “non-match” (NM) through an ANN. Figure 1: Block diagram of the proposed method. Download full-size image DOI: 10. 7717/peerjcs. 258/fig-1 The features of each candidate record pair are extracted by comparing each corresponding attribute with multiple similarity functions, resulting in a similarity vector (see below for more details). It is this similarity vector that is used for the subsequent classification of the candidate pair. In order to have comparable tests, all preceding phases use the same methods and parameters. Data sources Real data from separate municipal and banking databases have been gathered, chosen in the same geographical area to increase the probability of match (see Table 1). For both municipal and banking databases, each person is identified through the fiscal code (alias social security number, alias insurance number). Being a natural key and a reliable field, this common identifier was leveraged to create, through joins, a gold standard for training and evaluation purposes: if in a pair, both records had the same value for the fiscal code, they are considered a true-match. Table 1: Used databases flanked by their size. Database name type Alias # record ANAG_UNO Municipal registry A 42,698 ANAG_DUE Municipal registry B 45,100 ANAG_TRE Municipal registry C 42,559 ANAG_registry D 57,434 BCC_UNO Bank details X 1,052,737 BCC_DUE Bank details Y 101,651 BCC_TRE Bank details Z 93,179 DOI: 10. 7717/peerjcs. 258/table-1 The fiscal code is derivable from first name, last name, date and place of birth plus some special codes. Surprisingly, clerical reviews showed that in rare cases even the fiscal code presents some errors, i. e. , does not correspond to the value derivable from the other fields of the record. This can lead to rare cases in which a pair of records is correctly classified as a match by the classifier but results indeed a false positive for the evaluation metric. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by highlighting potential flaws in using fiscal codes as reliable identifiers. It states that clerical reviews revealed that even the fiscal code can have errors, which means that relying solely on such biometric data may not fully protect bank accounts as there can be instances where records are incorrectly matched, leading to false positives.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Symbiotic relationships between microbes and plants can improve nutrient uptake. [SEP] Text: Root-zone environmental parameters recorded in Expts. 1 and 2 (each with two replications). Mean ± sd of daily measurements. Effects of pH of nutrient solutions on spinach growth and nutrient uptake (Expt. 1). All spinach growth parameters measured in this experiment (shoot and root fresh/dry mass, and leaf count per plant) declined as lowering pH (Fig. 1). Fresh shoot mass (i. e. , yield) of spinach was 0. 88 g (12%) and 3. 8 g (52%) per plant (averages of two trials) at pH 4. 0 and 4. 5, respectively, compared with those at the standard pH 5. 5 (7. 3 g per plant). Similarly, fresh root mass, dry shoot mass, and dry root mass (all per plant) were 0. 26 g (11%), 0. 12 g (21%), and 0. 047 g (33%) at pH 4. 0, and 1. 6 g (65%), 0. 31 g (53%), and 0. 11 g (79%) at pH 4. 5 of those at the standard pH 5. 5 (2. 4, 0. 58, and 0. 14 g), respectively. The reduction of leaf count by lowering pH was significant (P < 0. 0001) but moderate magnitude (<25% reduction) than the biomass accumulation (≈70% to 90% reduction). Plant leaf development is strongly affected by temperature (e. g. , Walters and Currey, 2019), whereas plant biomass accumulation is determined by photosynthesis and leaf expansion, both of which are affected by plant nutrient status directly. Adversely effects of inadequate pH are well known in hydroponics nutrient management as pH affects availability of many essential nutrients for plant growth (Adams, 2002). For example, Arnon and Johnson (1942) showed that lettuce and tomato plants did not grow at pH 3. 0 and exhibited reduced shoot and root fresh weight at pH 4. 0 compared with pH 5. 0 or 6. 0. Size Fig. 1. Spinach plant growth responses to nutrient solution pH 4. 0, 4. 5, 5. 0, or 5. 5. Individual charts are (a) fresh shoot mass, (b) fresh root mass, (c) dry shoot mass, (d) dry root mass, and (e) leaf count per plant after 3 weeks. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses the effects of pH on spinach growth and nutrient uptake without mentioning symbiotic relationships between microbes and plants. The focus is on how lowering pH affects spinach growth parameters and nutrient availability, but it does not address the role of microbes in improving nutrient uptake.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Research suggests mindfulness can enhance emotional regulation in students. [SEP] Text: Sub-analyses were conducted based on participant age, intervention duration, teacher vs external delivery and targeted vs universal participant group. The sub-group analysis of intervention duration reduced heterogeneity among the remaining studies and showed a small, significant, positive effect of MBIs on emotional awareness for studies that ran for 12 weeks or less (0. 17, 95% CI [0. 03, 0. 32,] p = 0. 02, I2 = 0%) (Fig. 6). The studies that were removed in this sub-group analysis were de Carvalho et al. , (2017; 15 weeks’ duration) and Jalón et al. , 2022; 4 months’ duration) (Table 2). Fig. 6Forest plot of self-report emotion awareness measures in MBI studies, showing sub-group analysis of intervention duration of 12 weeks or less, removing de Carvalho (2017) and Jalón (2022). Measures include Child and Measure (CAMM), for Children (MAAS-C) and Questionnaire (EAQ)Full size imageEffects on modulation outcomes were clustered as positive modulation measures (in which higher scores suggest better modulation), anxiety and negative modulation measures (in which higher scores suggest worse modulation), and measures of depression. An initial analysis of positive modulation outcomes identified substantial, significant heterogeneity (I2 = 68%, p = 0. 01; see Supplementary Materials: S4). Sub-group analyses were conducted based on participant age, intervention duration, teacher vs external delivery and targeted vs universal participant group. The sub-group analysis of age reduced heterogeneity among the remaining studies and showed a moderate, significant, positive effect of MBIs on positive modulation outcomes for participants with an average age of 10 years and above (0. 48, 95% CI [0. 22, 0. 7], p < 0. 001, I2 = 0%) (Fig. 7). The studies that were removed in this analysis were de Carvalho et al. , (2017; M = 8. 5 years) and Vickery and Dorjee (2016; M = 7. 8–8 years) (Table 2). Analysis of anxiety and negative modulation indicated that there was no significant effect of MBIs on these outcome measures (− 0. 02, 95% CI [− 0. 16, 0. 12], p = 0. 80, I2 = 0%) (see Fig. 8). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text supports the claim by detailing sub-group analyses that reveal mindfulness-based interventions (MBIs) have a significant positive effect on emotional awareness and modulation outcomes in students. Specifically, it mentions that studies showed a small, significant, positive effect of MBIs on emotional awareness for studies that lasted 12 weeks or less. Additionally, the analysis indicated a moderate, significant, positive effect of MBIs on positive modulation outcomes for participants aged 10 years and above. This aligns with the claim that mindfulness can enhance emotional regulation.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: All online banking systems are equally secure. [SEP] Text: AbstractThe simple answer to both questions in the title of this paper: No. We concentrate on three key aspects of the banking system's difficulties during the 2001–02 crisis. Two are related to bank behavior (increasing dollarization of the balance sheet and expanding exposure to the government), and the other is related to the degree by which banks were hurt by depositor p2001. We find that there was substantial cross-bank variation, that is, not all banks behaved equally nor were hurt equally by the macroeconomic shocks they faced during the run-up to the crisis. Furthermore, using panel data estimation, we find that depositors were able to distinguish high-risk from low-risk banks, and that individual bank's exposure to currency and government default risk depended on fundamentals and other bank-specific characteristics. Finally, our results have implications for the existence of market discipline in periods of stress, and for banking regulation, which may have led banks to underestimate some of the risks they incurred. This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access. Access this 34. 9910 units per month Download 39. 95 Price excludes VAT (USA) Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout. Instant access to the full 6. 7 percent. Argentina is less open than most countries. During 1990–95, total trade represented 16 percent of GDP, whereas it was 37 percent in Mexico and 46 percent in Chile. Moreover, as pointed out by the Office of the IMF (2004), the differences in Argentina's degree of openness in relation to other hard peg economies are even more pronounced; for a sample of eight hard peg economies throughout the world, total trade averaged 96 percent of GDP. Analysts as well as the government agreed that the exchange rate was overvalued, although there was no consensus on the degree of overvaluation. As the study by the Office (2004) reports, by spring of 2000 overvaluation was estimated at 7 percent by Goldman Sachs, 13 percent by JP Morgan, and 17 percent by Deutsche Bank. Ex post, Perry and Servén (2002) estimated the Argentine peso to be overvalued by 55 percent by 2001. In particular, de la Torre, Levy-Yeyati, and Schmukler (2003); della Paolera and Taylor (2003); and Levy-Yeyati, Martínez Pería, and Schmukler (2004). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by indicating that there is substantial cross-bank variation, suggesting that not all banks behaved equally or were affected equally by economic shocks. This implies that online banking systems may differ in their security based on individual characteristics and market conditions.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Symbiotic relationships between microbes and plants can improve nutrient uptake. [SEP] Text: Means of 10 sample plants of two trials are shown. All responses were significant by analysis of variance (P < 0. 15) and expressed with linear or quadratic regressions: (a) y = –1. 82 x2 + 21. 6 × –56. 6; (b) y = –1. 15 x2 + 12. 4 x – 30. 7; (c) y = –0. 0919 x2 + 1. 18 x – 3. 15; (d) y = –0. 0553 x2 + 0. 587 x – 1. 41; (e) y = –1. 10 x2 + 11. 7 x – 23. 2. values are shown in each chart. Citation: HortScience horts 56, 6; 10. 21273/15777-21Download FigureDownload figure as PowerPoint slide In our experiment, spinach plants grown at pH 4. 0 showed yellowing of older leaves and were stunted. Their roots were contained within the small rockwool plugs and did not extend into the nutrient solution. In contrast, plants grown at pH 4. 5 extended roots showing normal morphology similar to those at standard pH 5. 5. Therefore, we consider that the growth inhibition at pH 4. 0 was likely due to the direct damage by high hydronium ion concentrations, whereas that at pH 4. 5 was due to the indirect factors such as low nutrient uptake. In our earlier study, plant growth of two cultivars of sweet basil was unaffected by the same range of pH (4. 0 to 5. 5) (Gillespie et al. , 2020). The growth response to pH is species specific and we need further studies to investigate responses to pH of commercially important cultivars and species grown hydroponically. Regardless, this was the first report showing spinach plant growth response to the acidic range of pH. Dry leaf tissue concentrations of and Zn exhibited a significant decline as lowering pH (Fig. 2). The other elemental concentrations were either not significant (Ca, B, and Mo) or increased (Na). Among these nutrients having the significant reduction by lowering pand Zn are taken up by the plants as cations and N (NO3-N), P, and S are anions. Cation antagonism can be considered as a main factor affecting reduced uptake of cations under low pH (high hydronium ion concentrations) (Mengel et al. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses the effects of pH on the growth of spinach plants and their nutrient uptake without mentioning symbiotic relationships between microbes and plants. It provides insights on how different pH levels affect nutrient concentrations and plant growth, but it does not support or contradict the claim regarding microbial symbiosis.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Research suggests mindfulness can enhance emotional regulation in students. [SEP] Text: 10Forest plot of meta-analysis of teacher-report emotion expression measures in MBI studies. Measures include Fast-track Competency scale (FTSC); Inventory (classroom climate) – Teacher report (MCI-T); and of Children – Teachers’ perceptions (PBC-T)Full size imageRisk of BiasRisk of bias for the domain random sequence generation was rated as unclear if randomisation was indicated in the study, but no detail was provided (Tables 3 and 4). Two CBIs (Daunic et al. , 2006; Liber et al. , 2013) and four MBIs (Alampay et al. , 2020; Poli et al. , 2022; Schonert-Reichl et al. , 2015; Wright et al. , 2019) outlined specific randomisation processes. Four CBI studies (Kato & Shimizu, 2017; Rose et al. , 2009; Yamamoto et al. , 2017; Yeo et al. , 2015) and one MBI study (Müller et al. , 2021) had only quasi-randomisation. The remaining studies identified either no randomisation or did not report a randomisation process. Allocation concealment was not mentioned in all but one study (Wright et al. , 2019) and therefore rated as unclear. The blinding of personnel was described in three MBI studies (Poli et al. , 2022; Schonert-Reichl et al. , 2015; Wright et al. , 2019) but not in any of the CBI studies. Three studies had low bias in the blinding of the outcome assessment (Bernstein et al. , 2005; Poli et al. , 2022; Schonert-Reichl et al. , 2015). All studies were considered to have low risk of bias for incomplete data reporting (≥ 80%). Again, all studies had a low rating for risk of bias in selective outcome reporting (Tables 3 and 4) except Jalón et al. (2022) which was rated as unclear. Table 3 Risk of bias in CBI studiesFull size tableTable 4 Risk of bias in MBI studiesFull size tableDiscussionThe aim of this systematic review was to synthesise evidence regarding the effectiveness of school-based CBIs and school-based MBIs on emotion regulation in terms of awareness, modulation and expression of emotion in typically developing children aged 7–12 years old. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the effectiveness of school-based mindfulness-based interventions (MBIs) on emotion regulation in children aged 7-12 years old. It specifically synthesizes evidence regarding various aspects of emotion regulation, including awareness, modulation, and expression, thereby supporting the notion that mindfulness can enhance emotional regulation in students.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Cybersecurity measures eliminate the need for physical security in banks. [SEP] Text: The human factor is the most important defense asset against cyberattacks. To ensure that the human factor stays strong, a cybersecurity culture must be established and cultivated in a company to guide the attitudes and behaviors of employees. Many cybersecurity culture frameworks exist; however, their practical application is difficult. This paper aims to demonstrate how an established framework can be applied to determine and improve the cybersecurity culture of a company. Design/methodology/approach Two surveys were conducted within eight months in the internal IT department of a global software company to analyze the cybersecurity culture and the applied improvement measures. Both surveys comprised the same 23 questions to measure cybersecurity culture according to six dimensions: cybersecurity accountability, cybersecurity commitment, cybersecurity necessity and importance, cybersecurity policy effectiveness, information usage perception and management buy-in. demonstrate that cybersecurity culture maturity can be determined and improved if accurate measures are derived from the results of the survey. The first survey showed potential for improving the dimensions of cybersecurity accountability, cybersecurity commitment and cybersecurity policy effectiveness, while the second survey proved that these dimensions have been improved. Originality/value This paper proves that practical application of cybersecurity culture frameworks is possible if they are appropriately tailored to a given organization. In this regard, scientific research and practical application combine to offer real value to researchers and cybersecurity executives. culture Information security culture Cybersecurity awareness Information security awareness Cybersecurity maturity Citation Dornheim, P. and Zarnekow, R. (2024), "Determining cybersecurity culture maturity and deriving verifiable improvement measures", Information and Computer Security, Vol. 32 No. 2, 196. Publisher: © 2023,. by Limited. This 4. 0) licence. Anyone may reproduce, distribute, translate and create derivative works of this 4. 0/legalcode 1. year, the number of cyberattacks increases, and attackers are developing increasingly effective methods to attack companies, steal and encrypt data, blackmail corporations or spy on various organizations. In response, companies are investing heavily in cybersecurity, i. e. cybersecurity budgets are increasing, new technologies are being implemented and the security of processes is being improved by implementing preventive, detective and corrective controls. Also, employees are regularly informed about cybersecurity threats and must undergo special training and simulated phishing campaigns. In 2022, cybersecurity spending (as part of corporate IT budgets) had the highest projected increase, and 69% of organizations planned to spend more on cybersecurity (ESG Research, 2022). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by emphasizing the ongoing investment in cybersecurity measures while also indicating that physical security remains a relevant concern. It discusses the rise in cyberattacks and the concurrent increase in cybersecurity spending, but does not suggest that these measures eliminate the need for physical security; rather, it highlights the importance of a 'cybersecurity culture' and continual employee training, implying that a comprehensive security strategy combining both cyber and physical measures is necessary.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Symbiotic relationships between microbes and plants can improve nutrient uptake. [SEP] Text: , 2001; Peterson et al. , 1982). Smith et al. (2004) also observed reduced cation concentrations in geranium plant leaves at low substrate pH and indicated competition between cations and hydrogen ions for root binding sites, low-pH stress on membrane and cation channel activity, or reduced uptake into the shoot tissue. Major macronutrients involved in cation antagonism in hydroponics are NH4-N, K, Ca, and Mg. In the present experiment, our nutrient solution did not contain NH4-N (all NO3-N), and all other cation concentrations (except Ca and Na) declined with lowering pH. Unlike other studies reporting recovery of growth by increasing Ca concentration at low pH (e. g. , Arnon and Johnson, 1942) or a decline of Ca uptake as lowering pH (e. g. , Gillespie et al. , 2020), no clear responses of Ca concentration were observed in the present experiment. It is unclear why Ca uptake was unaffected by low pH for spinach but this is possibly due to the preference of Ca among the antagonistic cations for the Ca homeostasis in spinach. Of interest, Ferreira et al. (2020) showed a unique nutrient uptake of spinach plants under combinations of salinity (high Na) and K deficiency, where spinach plants reduced Ca concentration by increased Na but not necessarily by increased K concentration in the nutrient solution. In our experiment, increasing Na as decreasing pH was also observed. According to Ferreira et al. (2020), Na was likely an essential mineral for the growth when K was deficient in the root zone. . 2. Responses of leaf nutrient concentrations of spinach plants to nutrient solution pH 4. 0, 4. 5, 5. 0, or 5. 5 (Expt. 1). Responses significant by analysis of variance (P < 0. 15) were expressed with linear or quadratic regressions: (a) y = –19. 3 x2 + 193 x – 424; (b) y = –5. 35 x2 + 56. 1 x – 132; (c) y = –19. 2 x2 + 198 x – 431; (d) NS; (e) y = 3. 28 x – 9. 11; (f) y = –0. 272 x2 + 3. 02 x – 6. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not directly address the claim about symbiotic relationships between microbes and plants improving nutrient uptake. Instead, it discusses various factors affecting nutrient concentrations and uptake in spinach plants under different pH levels without reference to symbiotic interactions. Therefore, it is considered irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Research suggests mindfulness can enhance emotional regulation in students. [SEP] Text: Thirty school-based studies evaluating different domains of emotion regulation were retrieved, twelve of these were CBI-based and eighteen of these were MBI studies. Synthesised data suggests that school-based CBIs do not have an effect on self-reported anxiety and depression levels. There was a statistically significant effect of CBIs in reducing the negative expressive behaviours of participants as reported by parents (− 1. 69, 95% CI [− 3. 08, − 0. 30], p = 0. 02, I2 = 0%) but teacher-reported measures showed no effect on expressive behaviours. Analysis of the MBIs showed a small but significant effect of interventions that ran for 12 weeks or less in increasing self-reported levels of emotional awareness (0. 17, 95% CI [0. 03, 0. 32], p = 0. 02, I2 = 0%). MBIs had a moderate, significant effect on positive emotion modulation for participants with an average age of 10 years and above (0. 48, 95% CI [0. 22, 0. 74], p < 0. 001, I2 = 0%). There was also a small, significant effect on depression outcomes for universal interventions (− 0. 29, 95% CI [− 0. 57, − 0. 02], p < 0. 04, I2 = 0%). There was no effect of MBIs on anxiety and negative emotion modulation measures, or on measures of emotion expression. The formats of the programmes in both the CBIs and MBIs were similar, providing either structured or manualised programmes, and a mix of both teacher and external facilitator delivery. CBIs targeted precise issues such as anxiety or disruptive behaviour by focusing on coping and resilience skills. In contrast, MBI studies tend to explore a range of outcomes, such as happiness (e. g. Charest, 2015), affect (e. g. de Carvalho et al. , 2017) and general well-being (e. g. Vickery & Dorjee, 2016). All studies had a low risk of bias for incomplete outcome data. All studies except Jalón et al. (2022) had a low risk of bias for selective outcome reporting, with risk of bias predominantly assessed as unclear in relation to randomisation, allocation and blinding criteria. There was no analysis of emotion awareness measures in CBI studies as only one study (Daunic et al. , 2006) included a relevant measure. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by presenting evidence that mindfulness-based interventions (MBIs) have a moderate, significant effect on positive emotion modulation for participants aged 10 years and above, as well as a small, significant effect on depression outcomes for universal interventions. These outcomes support the notion that mindfulness can enhance emotional regulation among students.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Cybersecurity measures eliminate the need for physical security in banks. [SEP] Text: This trend is not surprising because the average cost of a security breach has increased from $3. 5m in 2006 to $9. 4m in 2022, representing an increase of 170% in only 16 years (IBM Security and Ponemon Institute, 2022). Humans continue to be the primary cause of such security breaches. In fact, human behavior is responsible for 82% of security incidents (Verizon, 2022). Whether it is the use of stolen credentials, phishing, misuse of technology or simply a mistake, it is secondary. Humans play a predominant role in security incidents and breaches. Thus, it is necessary to address and improve human behavior and increase awareness regarding cyberthreats to reduce the number of incidents. These aspects can be subsumed under the term cybersecurity culture. Cybersecurity culture can demonstrably help minimize the risks of human vulnerability if it is well developed and established in an organization (da Veiga et al. , 2020). However, one difficulty is measuring cybersecurity culture and identifying specific initiatives to realize improvements in such culture. Thus, many companies and institutions use common tools, such as annual cybersecurity awareness training and quarterly simulated phishing campaigns. These are also frequently used to satisfy appropriate audit requirements and provide data-driven reporting to the board of directors. However, they cannot be used to measure whether employee attitudes and behaviors are changing for the better. For this purpose, there are theoretically at least 48 cybersecurity culture frameworks available that define different focus points and contents (Nasir et al. , 2019). However, these frameworks are primarily scientific in nature and are difficult to apply in practice. Thus, there is a clear need to apply, test and evaluate such existing approaches and models for cybersecurity culture in organizations to prove (and improve) their effectiveness in practice (Uchendu et al. , 2021). This need, i. e. practical applicability, is satisfied in this work. A methodology is presented that surveys the maturity level of a cybersecurity culture in a scientific and comprehensible way. This paper also discusses which measures were implemented based on the surveyed maturity level and whether the implemented measures were effective. It is expected that the findings of this paper can be used by security executives to implement a practical and science-based cybersecurity culture maturity model in their organization. In addition, the model provides them with the possibility of verifying if their measures contribute to an improved cybersecurity culture. Section 2 presents and assesses the related work regarding the practical applicability of cybersecurity culture frameworks. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by emphasizing the importance of human behavior in security incidents and the necessity of maintaining a cybersecurity culture rather than solely relying on cybersecurity measures. It highlights that 82% of security breaches are caused by human factors, suggesting that physical security may still play a critical role in safeguarding bank operations despite the adoption of cybersecurity measures.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Symbiotic relationships between microbes and plants can improve nutrient uptake. [SEP] Text: 67; (g) NS; (h) y = 0. 926 x – 2. 109; (i) y = 18. 5 x – 9. 34; (j) y = 22. 1 x – 48. 1; (k) NS; (l) y = –94. 3 x2 + 1013 x – 2481; (m) y = –277 x + 1692. values (ns = nonsignificant at P < 0. 05) are shown in each chart. Citation: HortScience horts 56, 6; 10. 21273/15777-21Download FigureDownload FigureDownload figure as PowerPoint slide Reduction of N, P, and S uptake under low pH may be more associated with overall root function. Tissue concentrations of N, P, and S were relatively similar between pH of 4. 5–5. 5 and declined at a greater extent at the lowest pH (4. 0) where plants were stunted. Therefore, the reduced uptake of these ions might be associated with the direct damage on roots by high hydronium ion concentrations. In our earlier study (Gillespie, 2019), we had additional treatments examining adjusted micronutrient concentrations; we found significant reduction of B and Mo, and in addition to those, we found significant reduction in the present experiment (and Zn) with lowering pH. Together, the growth reduction we observed in this experiment was likely due to the reduced nutrient uptake by the plants grown under low pH. It should be noted that these overall reductions of nutrient uptake are different from what is reported for soil-based or soilless substrate-based systems. In these systems, typically toxicities of cationic metal ions occur at low pH (e. g. , Peterson, 1982; Smith et al. , 2004). In liquid-based hydroponics, due to the minimum use of substrates (only 15 to 20 mL volume of rockwool substrate against 4 to 5 L of nutrient solution per plant), interactions with cation exchanges with substrates virtually do not exist. Therefore, effects of pH on nutrient uptake in hydroponics are different compared with those in soil and soilless substrate culture. Effects of increased nutrient concentrations on spinach growth and nutrient uptake under low pH (Expt. 2). Spinach plants in all four treatments (pH × EC) exhibited normal growth without abnormal morphology or symptoms indicating nutrient disorders. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text provides a detailed analysis of nutrient uptake under varying pH levels, however, it does not address the role of symbiotic relationships between microbes and plants. Therefore, it is irrelevant to the claim regarding the impact of symbiotic relationships on nutrient uptake.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Research suggests mindfulness can enhance emotional regulation in students. [SEP] Text: The results of the meta-analysis of awareness measures in mindfulness studies reflected previous review findings (Dunning et al. , 2019; Klingbeil et al. , 2017; Zoogman et al. , 2014), indicating that MBIs are an effective way to improve emotional awareness in children. Sub-group analysis of awareness measures identified that this small effect was only seen in interventions of 12 weeks or less. This contrasts findings from adult populations of the importance of sustained practice to improve mindful awareness. Experienced meditators have a greater ability to achieve mindful states than novice meditators (Keng et al. , 2011). While a high level of bias was evident for Amundsen et al. (2020), it was not possible to perform a sensitivity analysis to explore how this would change the results due to the low number of studies in the analysis. It is unclear whether this effect of duration on levels of awareness in school-based studies can be supported by previous literature. The reviews of Dunning et al. (2019) and Zoogman et al. (2014) each include only one study with an intervention longer than 12 weeks. Klingbeil et al. (2017) reported dosage and number of sessions but not duration. Waters et al. (2015) found that interventions with durations of less than 6 weeks had a lower percentage of significant findings across a range of ER measures than interventions that lasted between 6 and 24 weeks. They did not report on interventions longer than 24 weeks. In the current review, the studies of longer duration (de Carvalho et al. , 2017; Jalón et al. , 2022) did not carry out follow-up measures so it is also unclear whether these studies may have had longer term effects that were not observed immediately after programme completion. It is possible that children’s levels of motivation to sustain practice are limited and programmes of longer duration may lead to demotivation, as disengagement increases over time (Skinner et al. , 2008). In a recent, comprehensive randomised controlled trial of a secondary school-based MBI (Montero-Marin et al. , 2022), the issue of participant disengagement was considered a factor which negatively affected outcomes for participants. An alternative explanation is that interventions that exceed the boundaries of school term-times (e. g. 12 weeks) may be impacted by discontinuity in teaching. More research is needed to understand optimal duration in school-based interventions. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing how mindfulness-based interventions (MBIs) are shown to improve emotional awareness in children, which is an essential component of emotional regulation. It references multiple studies that collectively highlight the effectiveness of these interventions in enhancing emotional awareness, thereby supporting the assertion that mindfulness can positively impact emotional regulation in students.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Cybersecurity measures eliminate the need for physical security in banks. [SEP] Text: But while there is extensive research in the theoretical area of cybersecurity policy compliance and cybersecurity culture frameworks, relatively little research can be found on the practical application of such frameworks. The practical application of such frameworks was the subject of a recent study from et al. in 2020, which analyzed the differences between scientific and practical perspectives on cybersecurity culture. The industry perspective was adequately considered because 512 employees from multiple organizations participated in the survey and shared their views and understanding. At the same time, the academic perspective was represented by 16 frequently cited frameworks for cybersecurity culture. The research findings have shown that academic interpretations of cybersecurity culture definitions and factors are much broader than their understanding in the industry. Therefore, the study advises implementing a practical methodology to assess the cybersecurity culture based on various input factors (da Veiga et al. , 2020). In 2010, and Eloff presented a study that examined the practical applicability of a cybersecurity culture framework to an organization (da Veiga and Eloff, 2010). This paper presented the impact of triggers (information security component categories) on the cybersecurity behavior of employees in a company and the cybersecurity culture of the company. For this study, the participants filled out an 85-question survey, which is clearly too extensive for regular use in practical application. In addition, this study did not identify any way to measure how the survey results were used to improve the cybersecurity culture, and no follow-up survey was conducted to verify if the situation had changed over time. In 2015, and Martins published a case study that was conducted over eight years at an international financial institution. The cybersecurity culture of this institution was assessed at four intervals, with a focus on training and awareness. In addition, this study provided empirical evidence to support the notion that a predefined questionnaire can be used to positively influence cybersecurity culture, identify gaps and implement recommendations (da Veiga and Martins, 2015a). However, the focus on training and awareness is very specific, and cyberthreats and threat actors have changed significantly since 2015. In 2017, Parsons et al. validated the of Questionnaire (HAIS-Q), which measures knowledge, behavior, and attitudes in cybersecurity (Parsons et al. , 2017). This study involved two focus groups, i. e. 112 Australian university students and 505 Australian workers. The workers had to be at least 18 years old, spend at least 20% of their working hours on a computer, and work for a company that has implemented an information security policy. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by emphasizing the importance of practical applications of cybersecurity culture frameworks, indicating that simply implementing cybersecurity measures is not sufficient. It points out that while cybersecurity frameworks are essential, they do not fully address the complexities involved in ensuring overall security, which also includes aspects of physical security. This implication suggests that physical security remains relevant and necessary despite advancements in cybersecurity.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Symbiotic relationships between microbes and plants can improve nutrient uptake. [SEP] Text: However, as seen in Expt. 1, plant growth and development under low pH 4. 5 and standard EC 1. 4 (marked as LP/SE) was largely reduced compared with those under the control (SP/SE) (Fig. 3). Fresh shoot and root, dry shoot and root mass, leaf count, and leaf area were reduced by 62%, 44%, 55%, 23%, 19%, and 55%, respectively, by lowering pH without altering EC of the nutrient solution. When nutrient concentrations and thereby EC were increased at low pH (LP/HE), these plant growth parameters were significantly increased compared with standard EC at low pH (LP/SE), although they are still significantly lower than those of the control (SP/SE), except the dry root mass (P = 0. 372). Increasing EC under the standard pH (SP/HE) did not significantly increase plant growth and development compared with the control (SP/SE), suggesting that nutrient levels were sufficient and not limiting the growth of spinach under the standard pH. In contrast, Öztekin et al. (2018) reported that the yield of spinach plants grown in a deep water culture system with a half strength of nutrient solution was 17% lower than that with a full strength solution (mg·L−1; N 150, P 50, K 150, Ca 150, and Mg 50). Our macronutrient concentrations of standard EC (Table 2, SE) were lower than what reported as full strength in Öztekin et al. (2018) (except Ca concentration). Furthermore, Öztekin et al. (2018) also showed that the effect of different nutrient concentrations on spinach growth was more pronounced under higher solar radiation and temperature. Therefore, the nonsignificant increase in plant growth by increasing nutrient concentrations (HE) may suggest that nutrient availability and uptake are already saturated at these concentrations under the present conditions. Increasing nutrient concentrations increases the osmotic stresses, which could adversely affect plant growth under high EC. However, the literature provides conflicting results on the salinity tolerance of spinach. For example, ‘Crocodile’ spinach growth was greatly reduced by irrigation water salinity of 6. 5 dS·m−1 (Xu and Mou, 2016), whereas another study (Ferreira et al. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim regarding symbiotic relationships between microbes and plants and their effect on nutrient uptake. Instead, it discusses the effects of varying nutrient concentrations and pH levels on plant growth, specifically spinach, without mentioning microbes or symbiosis. As such, it is irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Research suggests mindfulness can enhance emotional regulation in students. [SEP] Text: The cause of this heterogeneity could be differences in intervention duration, which varied from a 2-min session delivered 3 times each day (Meyer, 2020); a 15-min session delivered approximately 3 times per week (Santos & Langill 2018); and a 30-min session delivered twice a week (Harpin et al. , 2016). Klingbeil et al. (2017) suggest that mindfulness interventions can reduce negative expressive behaviours and improve pro-social behaviours. In support of this, five of the studies in this current review showed significant improvements in expressive behaviours (Harpin et al. , 2016; Parker et al. , 2014; Santos & Langill, 2018; Suárez-García et al. , 2020; Wright et al. , 2019), though five showed no effect (Alampay et al. , 2020; Charest, 2015; Meyer & Eklund, 2020; van de Weijer-Bergsma et al. , 2014; Vickery & Dorjee, 2016). A qualitative exploration of these studies did not reveal any discernible differences between the characteristics of significant and non-significant studies. Limitations and Future ResearchThe measures used in the studies were categorised within the regulation processes of emotional awareness, modulation of emotion and expression of emotion (Gross & Thompson, 2007). The original studies included in the current review did not necessarily define their outcome specifically as emotion regulation. The potential for inaccurate categorisation of regulation outcomes was addressed by reviewing existing literature and reaching consensus among the review team. The pooling of data based on these categorisations is limited due to the small number of studies providing data for inclusion within sub-group analyses. However, a strength of clustering the measures in this way has reduced issues of heterogeneity and therefore increases confidence in the findings. Due to the broad range of outcomes included in this review, the quality of evidence for each outcome was not evaluated. It would be recommended that the quality of evidence for each paper is evaluated in future reviews. By including CBIs and MBIs, which are common school-based interventions, this review provides a broad overview for effectiveness of these frequently used interventions, across the different domains of emotion regulation. A limitation is the lack of comparative meta-analysis of CBIs and MBIs in outcome goals and measures. However, this highlights an important distinction in the way that the interventions address emotion regulation. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing how mindfulness interventions, such as those mentioned by Klingbeil et al. (2017), can 'reduce negative expressive behaviours and improve pro-social behaviours'. Additionally, it notes that the review encompasses 'common school-based interventions' focusing on their effectiveness related to 'emotion regulation', thus supporting the idea that mindfulness can enhance emotional regulation in educational settings.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Cybersecurity measures eliminate the need for physical security in banks. [SEP] Text: The HAIS-Q includes 63 questions that must be answered by the participants, and the researchers identified this high number of questions as a weakness in terms of practical application. In addition, rather than identifying measures that can be implemented to improve the existing cybersecurity culture, they stated that further research is required to identify such measures. Finally, the HAIS-Q can be considered outdated because it does not consider various modern technologies, e. g. cloud computing or the bring-your-own-device concept. More recent studies have focused on other areas, or the underlying sample cannot be applied to companies. In 2022, Szczepaniuk conducted a study with a major focus on cybersecurity competencies, which are a part of cybersecurity culture, and how they can be improved (Szczepaniuk and Szczepaniuk, 2022). They analyzed the skills and knowledge of people relative to handling different cyberattacks, e. g. phishing, man-in-the-middle and distributed denial-of-service attacks. In 2022, Witsenboer et al. measured cybersecurity behavior and skill; however, the target group did not fit the corporate context because the participants were elementary and high school students in (Witsenboer et al. , 2022). They found that teaching proper cybersecurity behavior is neglected; thus, the spontaneous behavior of elementary and high school students is not secure. Although this may be a very important area of study, the results do not help and cannot be applied in the corporate context. In contrast, in 2021, Uchendu et al. published a study that summarizes the current practices and future requirements of developing a highly effective cybersecurity culture (Uchendu et al. , 2021). The study analyzed 58 research papers regarding cybersecurity culture published between 2010 and 2020. Their key findings are summarized as follows. First, there is an urgent need for practitioners and researchers to collaborate more closely on approaches, frameworks, and metrics for cybersecurity culture because the transfer from theory to practical application is a significant gap in this field. Second, the surveys that have been conducted primarily represent a specific point in time, which does not allow for effective conclusions about the evolution of cybersecurity culture. In addition, they found that research into cybersecurity culture is not distributed evenly around the world, i. e. it is most prevalent in and generally lacking in the USA, the UK and Europe (Uchendu et al. , 2021). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by suggesting that there is a significant gap in the practical application of cybersecurity measures. It emphasizes the need for further research and collaboration on approaches to improve cybersecurity culture, indicating that cybersecurity alone may not suffice to replace physical security. The discussion of outdated measures and the need to teach proper cybersecurity behavior, particularly in contexts irrelevant to the corporate environment, supports the argument that physical security remains essential despite advancements in cybersecurity.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Symbiotic relationships between microbes and plants can improve nutrient uptake. [SEP] Text: , 2020) suggests that, using cultivars Raccoon and Gazzelle, a salinity threshold for irrigation water was 7 to 10 dS·m−1 in spinach. Our high EC treatment was 3. 4 dS·m−1 and unlikely considered saline to spinach plants. Size Fig. 3. Spinach plant growth as affected by high electrical conductivity (EC) when grown at low or standard pH of nutrient solution (Expt. 2). Means and ses (n = 8). Pairwise comparisons by t test with the control treatment (standard pH and standard EC) are shown (ns = nonsignificantly different at P = 0. 05; *, ** = significantly different at P < 0. 01 or 0. 05, respectively). P values of additional pairwise comparisons between standard and high EC at low pH (LP/SE vs. LP/HE) are shown. Citation: HortScience horts 56, 6; 10. 21273/15777-21Download FigureDownload figure as PowerPoint slide Under standard EC, low pH of 4. 5 (LP/SE) decreased and Zn concentrations in dry leaf and increased B and Mo concentrations, compared with those in the control (SP/SE) (Table 4). No significant effects of low pH were observed in N, Fe, and Na concentrations under standard EC. Increasing nutrient concentrations at low pH (LP/HE) significantly increased all dry leaf nutrient concentrations except K, B, Fe, and Zn. Under low pH and increased EC treatment (LP/HE), all dry leaf nutrient concentrations were similar or higher than those of the control except Mg and Zn, which showed a lower concentration than the control with a weak significance (P = 0. 051 and 0. 056 for Mg and Zn, respectively). Calcium concentration exhibited the largest increase by increased EC under low pH (LP/HE), reaching nearly 50% higher concentration of the control plants (SP/SE). This increased Ca uptake may have reduced uptake of antagonistic cations such as Mg by the roots and leaf tissue. Table 4. Spinach leaf nutrient concentrations as affected by high electrical conductivity (EC) and low pH compared with the control (standard pH and standard EC) (Expt. 2). Mean ± se (n = 8). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it focuses on the effects of electrical conductivity (EC) and pH on spinach plant growth and nutrient concentrations, without discussing symbiotic relationships between microbes and plants. It provides specific details about plant nutrient uptake under different conditions but does not connect this to microbial symbiosis.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Research suggests mindfulness can enhance emotional regulation in students. [SEP] Text: CBIs appeared to precisely target the evaluation of modulation and expression components of emotion regulation without perhaps appreciating the importance of improved awareness. Conversely, MBIs tend to focus on awareness outcomes, with much more diversity in the measures of modulation and expression. In addition, it is evident in this review that CBIs are more likely to target mental health outcomes (such as anxiety and depression), whereas MBIs tend to target more general aspects of well-being. This is reflected in measures of emotion regulation strategies: MBIs include positively framed measures (such as happiness or concern for others), whereas CBIs have a clinical framework and more often measure negative or disorder-based outcomes (such as anxiety or disruptive behaviours). This differentiation could be an important factor for schools when deciding which style of intervention to include in their curriculum. The results of the current review and meta-analysis indicate age-related differences even with the limited bracket of 7–12-year-olds. Participants younger than 10 years may only be able to change their levels of emotional awareness but participants aged 10–12 show significant improvement in both awareness and modulation of positive and negative emotional states. Such a specific age bracket has not been explored in previous systematic review and demonstrates the need to research effects on precise populations rather than a broad-spectrum approach. Finally, the findings indicate shorter programmes that run within one school term (a maximum of 12 weeks) are more effective. This may be because longer programmes lead to demotivation and disengagement, or it may be due to vacation periods causing a break in the routine of teaching. Future research could investigate this further through the incorporation of longitudinal designs into studies of this type and/or considering the impact that school breaks may have on continuity of practice. Furthermore, qualitative data would provide insight from the children into factors that may affect their participation in the interventions. This could lead to reconsideration of typical intervention formats for primary school children. Author ContributionsLEP: conceptualised the review, conducted initial database searches, screened and selected studies, extracted and analysed data, assessed bias and wrote the initial draft of the manuscript. FC: conducted initial database searches, screened and selected studies, extracted data, assessed bias and collaborated with the initial draft of the manuscript. KP: extracted data, screened and selected studies and collaborated with the initial draft of the manuscript. CC: extracted data and assessed bias. KAM: extracted data and collaborated with the initial draft of the manuscript. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by indicating that mindfulness-based interventions (MBIs) focus on improving emotional awareness and regulation in students. It highlights that children aged 10–12 show significant improvement in both awareness and modulation of their emotional states. This suggests that MBIs may effectively enhance emotional regulation, supporting the claim that mindfulness can benefit students.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Cybersecurity measures eliminate the need for physical security in banks. [SEP] Text: Moreover, in 2020, Wiley et al. confirmed that cybersecurity culture plays an important role by connecting organizational culture and information security awareness. The confirmation is based on a quantitative survey that measures the level of organizational culture and information security awareness. The target group for the survey consisted of 508 employees in Australia. A major recommendation from this publication is that companies need to pay more attention to cybersecurity culture to increase their holistic cybersecurity maturity level (Wiley et al. , 2020). 3. Research method The current study was conducted in survey form using a quantitative assessment technique. The population selected for the survey included the internal IT department employees of a global software institution. As of February 2022 (the date of the first survey), this IT department comprised 3,241 people. 2022 (the date of the second survey), the department comprised 4,196 people due to an organizational change. A comprehensive preparation of the surveys was required to obtain valid results and comply with the internal regulations of the company, e. g. the data privacy policies and the workers’ council. The first survey was then executed, and several measures were defined and implemented based on the results. As a last step, the second survey was executed eight months later to verify whether the implemented measures yielded improvements in terms of the company’s cybersecurity culture maturity. 3. 1 Preparation of cybersecurity culture survey First, a company must determine which cybersecurity culture framework will be implemented in its organization. As mentioned in Section 1, many frameworks with different dimensions and different areas of focus are available. The framework designed by et al. was used in this study (and in its practical application in the company). This framework was initially introduced in 2002 and has been continually developed, adapted to emerging research results and verified continuously (da Veiga and Eloff, 2010; da Veiga, 2018; da Veiga and Martins, 2015b, Martins and Eloff, 2002; Veiga and Eloff, 2007). The most recent adoption was the introduction of the IPCA [1], which defines six dimensions to validate how employees perceive information protection from a cybersecurity perspective (da Veiga and Martins, 2015b). Table 1 presents the six IPCA dimensions (including one additional dimension for metaquestions). The two surveys conducted as part of this study are based on the IPCA dimensions, as these can be seen as an evolution of the original ISCA questionnaire (da Veiga and Martins, 2015b). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by emphasizing the importance of cybersecurity culture in organizations, which is critical for achieving holistic cybersecurity maturity. While it discusses cybersecurity measures, it does not support the notion that these measures render physical security unnecessary. Instead, it highlights the need for a structured approach to cybersecurity culture, suggesting that there are multiple dimensions to security in organizations that include but are not limited to cybersecurity.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Symbiotic relationships between microbes and plants can improve nutrient uptake. [SEP] Text: Pairwise comparisons by t test with the control treatment (standard pH and standard EC) are shown (ns = nonsignificantly different at P = 0. 05; *, ** = significantly different at P < 0. 01 or 0. 05, respectively). P values of additional pairwise comparisons between standard and high EC at low pH (LP/SE vs. LP/HE) are shown. Magnesium is involved in numerous key functions in plants including photosynthesis and loading sucrose to phloem (Cakmak and Yazici, 2010; Guo et al. , 2016). concentrations of spinach plants grown in greenhouse were reportedly at ≈8 to 10 mg·g−1 without salinity (Ferreira et al. , 2020). We did not notice a typical symptom of Mg deficiency in this experiment (e. g. , interveinal yellowing of lower leaves). However, Mg deficiency–caused abnormal physiology may exist before a typical visual symptom appears. For example, Hermans et al. (2004) showed a large accumulation of sucrose in Mg-deficient plant leaves of Beta vulgaris before any loss in photosynthetic activity or reduction of biomass. Critical leaf Mg thresholds that cause yield reduction are species specific. Hauer-Jákli and Tränkner (2019) reported Mg thresholds of various crops species. Although spinach was not included in their report, the thresholds were shown in the range of 1 to 2 mg·g−1, which is lower than the Mg concentrations observed in our experiment. Therefore, it is unlikely that our plants under LP/HE treatment are considered as exhibiting Mg deficiency. Nevertheless, further possible improvement of spinach plant growth at varied concentrations of Mg in the low pH nutrient solution is necessary. deficiency reported for other species includes stunted growth with small leaves, which may be the result from loss of the capacity to produce significant amounts of auxin indole-3-acetic acid (Taiz and Zeiger, 2006). However, the spinach plants in this experiment did not show stunted growth in any of four treatments, and so it is unlikely that relatively low Zn is the main limiting factor of the plant growth. Moreover, Zn concentration of LP/HE treatment was similar level as that in SP/HE treatment, where plant growth was not significantly different from the control (SP/SE) (Table 4). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is largely concerned with magnesium and zinc concentrations in spinach plants and their respective physiological effects, rather than addressing symbiotic relationships between microbes and plants. Thus, it does not relate to the claim, making it irrelevant.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Research suggests mindfulness can enhance emotional regulation in students. [SEP] Text: In the United States, 64. 8% of all students who qualify for special education services spend a minimum of 80% of their day inside the general education classroom. An additional 17. 4% spend between 40% and 79% of their day inside the general education classroom (U. S. Department of Education, 2021). Hence, it is critical that all teachers be aware of research- or evidence-based strategies that can help these students succeed in school. MindfulnessBased on the current and historical challenges students with EBD face in the classroom, it is necessary to implement strategies to provide these students with the tools they need to adequately engage in instruction. Teaching students with EBD to use mindfulness strategies is one way to help prepare them to better deal with school circumstances. This practice is especially beneficial for helping students with EBD regulate their emotions and engage in appropriate classroom behavior (Zolkoski & Lewis-Chiu, 2019). This can then translate into regulation across many sectors including helping their behavior. In its most basic definition, mindfulness involves purposefully paying attention and reacting non-judgmentally to the unfolding of experiences in the present moment (Kabat-Zinn, 2003). Mindfulness attempts to teach the skills of utilizing both one’s breath and mind to lead a fulfilling, happy, and healthy life. Mindfulness consists of self-regulation with acceptance, openness, and curiosity (Lassander et al. , 2020). There are three fundamental aspects to mindfulness: intention, attention, and attitude (Shapiro et al. , 2006). In the past several years, mindfulness has gained popularity as a strategy to treat a multitude of conditions and symptoms. For example, mindfulness has been used to treat anxiety that negatively impacts an individual’s ability to function (Meiklejohn et al. , 2012). In the aftermath of the COVID-19 pandemic, many teachers have experienced a significant spike in their anxiety levels and ability to function in a classroom setting. This is especially true in the case of teachers responsible for managing the complexity and implementation of virtual instruction, a significant trend during the pandemic (Pressley et al. , 2021). The result of this impactful and significant stress has led to the continual encouragement of mental health resources in schools to mitigate the effects of increasing anxiety (Minkos & Gelbar, 2021). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by stating that 'Teaching students with EBD to use mindfulness strategies is one way to help prepare them to better deal with school circumstances' and emphasizes that this practice is 'especially beneficial for helping students with EBD regulate their emotions and engage in appropriate classroom behavior.' This aligns directly with the claim regarding the enhancement of emotional regulation through mindfulness practices.