Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Bioengineered yeast can produce biofuels from sugars. [SEP] Text: The hemicellulose glucomannan also contains glucose, which was present in small amount in the prehydrolysate due to the glucomannan hydrolysis to glucose and mannose. The pretreated biomass solid has a higher glucan composition and lower hemicellulose composition. The higher glucan composition was also due to the partial dissolution of sulfonated lignin into the prehydrolysate (data not shown). Table 4 Pretreated biomass carbohydrate compositions Full size tableEnzymatic hydrolysis and total sugar yieldHigh dosage enzymatic hydrolysis is used to assess the maximum amount of sugar that can be enzymatically released from the pretreated biomass. A low consistency hydrolysis of 5% pretreated biomass was used. Each gram of pretreated biomass was applied with a high enzyme dose of 0. 34 g Sigma enzyme mixture. The total sugar yield is defined as the total monomeric sugars from the prehydrolysate and from the enzymatic hydrolysis of the pretreated biomass. The total sugar yields are summarized in Table 5. The results indicate that the total sugar yields from the pretreatment were 85. 8%, 94. 0% and 80. 2%, respectively for un-debarked Loblolly pine chips, debarked maple chips and switchgrass. Table 5 Sugar yields from pretreated biomass Full size tableHigher solids hydrolysis is required to achieve a high sugar titer. Table 6 summarizes the total sugar titer of enzymatic hydrolyses at 5% and 17% solid consistency for the pretreated un-debarked Loblolly pine chips. At 17% solids hydrolysis, a lower enzyme dose of 0. 075 g enzyme mixture per gram of pretreated biomass was used. This translates into an enzyme dose of 0. 056 g enzyme mixture per gram of untreated biomass. With this low enzyme dosage, the total sugar yield was 76. 6% for the un-debarked Loblolly pine chips. In addition, Novozymes CTec2 enzyme product was also tested on the high solids loading with an enzyme dosage of 0. 044 g CTec2 product per gram of pretreated biomass or 0. 033 g CTec2/g untreated wood. CTec2 achieved a total sugar yield of about 85%. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses the sugar yields from pretreated biomass and enzymatic hydrolysis without mentioning bioengineered yeast or the production of biofuels. It focuses on carbohydrate compositions and sugar release methods rather than the conversion of these sugars into biofuels.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Quantum computing has potential applications in cryptography and data analysis. [SEP] Text: 1 IntroductionIn the wireless communication network, cryptography is used to provide data secure with the help of encryption and decryption process. WBSN are using to monitor the patient effectively and this is useful especially in coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) following the social distance to monitor the patient. The cryptographic protocol is required to effectively protect the privacy of user in data transmission from WBSN. The devices in WBSN are low constraint devices and vulnerable for attacks and cryptographic protocol is required to apply to protect the data. When the sensed medical record data is in the network, eavesdroppers may modify the contents of encrypted messages; classical cryptosystems are using mathematical functions and different numerical techniques for encrypting the data. Instead of classical cryptography, quantum cryptography (QC) can safely trade an enciphering key over a private channel. Quantum computation is used in the wireless body sensor network to guarantee the security of the information transmission. Quantum key distribution (QKD) is to provide a secure communication scheme that uses a quantum mechanism. It will produce a shared random secret key known only to communicating parties. The known private key is used to encrypt and decrypt messages. In the BB84 protocol, two basis sequences are used, that is, (i) a rectilinear basis (+), (ii) diagonal basis (×). In rectilinear, basis is divide into horizontal polarization (0°) and vertical polarization (90°). Diagonal basis contains two polarization states, 45 ° and 135°. Table 1 shows the bit value of the BB84 protocol. Photon polarization state has been used to transmit the medical record data. In 1984, this convention was created by. Table 1 BB84 protocol polarzation schemeFull size table1, the quantum polarization node is represented in the form of + and ×, and qubits are represented in the form of ↗, ↖, ↑, and →. The light has a photon; it carries a rigid amount of energy and polarization physical property. Polarization node is classified into two types [1]. One is a rectilinear polarization node; another one is the diagonal polarization node. The polarization directions for rectilinear are 0° or 90°, and the diagonal polarization node is 45° or 135°. Polarization node is called a “Quantum Basis. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by detailing how quantum cryptography (QC) is utilized to enhance security in data transmission, particularly in wireless body sensor networks. It explains the use of quantum computation and quantum key distribution (QKD) to create a secure communication scheme that is essential for protecting privacy. These descriptions show that quantum computing is not only applicable in cryptography but also has implications for data analysis.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Fish populations can recover instantly if fishing is reduced. [SEP] Text: In general, our fishing practices should be adapted to maintain fish with the preferred traits in the sea just like cow farmers keep their favorite cows. But mostly, our fishing practices should protect diversity in the fished populations. Large and diverse fish populations are more sustainable. Glossary Trait: ↑ Is any characteristic of an organism. For instance, large or small size, bold or shy behavior, early or late maturation. Fishing-induced Evolution: ↑ The process by which fishing creates changes in the inherited traits of fish, by selection on size, maturation, and/or behavior. Evolution: ↑ Changes in inherited traits that give organisms a better chance to survive and have offspring. Heritable Trait: ↑ A characteristic that is passed from parents to offspring. Maturation: ↑ The stage of development that makes an organism able to reproduce for the first time. Sustainable Activity: ↑ It uses the resources of the planet in a way that maintains them at levels similar to the present levels, so the resources will be conserved for the future generations. Conflict of authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest. 2015. Fisheries-induced evolution. Annu. Rev. Ecol. Evol. and Syst. 46:461–80. doi: 10. 1146/annurev-ecolsys-112414-054339 [2] ↑ Aflalo, F. G. 1904. Freshwater and Bank. Seattle, WA: University of Washington. . [3] ↑ Diaz Pauli, B. , and Sih, A. 2017. Behavioural responses to human-induced change: why fishing should not be ignored. Evol. Appl. 10:231–40. doi: 10. 1111/eva. 12456 [4] ↑ Arlinghaus, R. , Laskowski, K. L. , Alós, J. , Klefoth, T. , Monk, C. T. , Nakayama, S. , et al. 2016. Passive gear-induced timidity syndrome in wild fish populations and its potential ecological and managerial implications. Fish Fish. 18:360–73. doi: 10. 1111/faf. 12176 [5] ↑ Réale, D. , Garant, D. , Humphries, M. M. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by emphasizing that fishing practices should be adapted to protect diversity in fish populations, suggesting that recovery is a complex process that involves sustainable practices rather than an instant recovery. The mention of traits influenced by 'fishing-induced evolution' implies that changes in populations are gradual. Therefore, the idea of instant recovery does not align with the need for maintaining diverse and sustainable fish populations.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Bioengineered yeast can produce biofuels from sugars. [SEP] Text: This indicated that the CTec2 enzyme product has a higher specific activity than the Sigma enzyme mixture. Table 6 Sugar titer from low and high consistency hydrolysis of pretreated un-debarked Loblolly pine chips Full size tableDiscussionThe mild bisulfite pretreatment provided high yield in both pretreatment and enzymatic hydrolysis with lower furan formation. The CLE Sugar process, while as yet unoptimized, is effective on un-debarked Loblolly pine chips, debarked maple chips, and switchgrass. The total pretreatment time is 1. 5 to 2. 25 hours including temperature ramp-up time, which is much shorter than 6–10 hours in the conventional sulfite pulping process. The mild bisulfite step provides much higher biomass throughput and uses much less chemical on biomass than conventional sulfite pulping. It also does not require bleaching, a significant cost in conventional sulfite pulping. In fact, the pretreated biomass can be enzymatically hydrolyzed even without washing, resulting in a simpler process. Washing may prove beneficial, however. The pretreated biomass is highly digestible by enzymes and thus can provide a few process options for lignocellulosic sugar production and its sugar integration in a lignocellulosic biofuel or renewable chemical plant. These options include (1) pretreated biomass materials preloaded with enzymes, (2) lignocellulosic sugar syrup and (3) lignocellulosic sugar solids. A process flow chart is shown in Figure 1 for the three lignocellulosic sugar options. Figure 1 Lignocellulosic sugar production options from lignocellulosic biomass pretreated in a mild bisulfite process. Full size image (1). Pressed pretreated materials without and with enzyme: After the pretreatment, the pretreated biomass is refined without water addition. The lignosulfonate is removed as a byproduct from the prehydrolysate. The lignosulfonate less prehydrolysate is adjusted to a pH that can neutralize the pretreated biomass to pH 5. 0. The pH adjusted material is pressed to a solid density, e. g. 40% or higher. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim directly. It discusses the enzymatic hydrolysis of pretreated biomass and various sugar production options but does not mention bioengineered yeast or its relationship to biofuels. Therefore, it is irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Quantum computing has potential applications in cryptography and data analysis. [SEP] Text: ” Quantum basis are the match up to binary values; it will produce qubit. It is accustomed to surrounding the mystery sharing key in the correspondence condition. The main idea of this paper is to produce the quantum key, which is at both the sender side and beneficiary side is a similar mystery key. This key can be utilized for additional encryption and decoding of clinical record information, which is in the remote body sensor network. BB84 convention re-enactment contains the accompanying strides to share the shared key in the WBSN. Alice and Bob both are communicating parties; they can communicate through two kinds of the communication channel; that channels are the quantum channel (it can be fiber optics) and other one channel is public (it can be a telephone line or internet connection). Figure 1 shows the communication channel of key generation method. Fig. 1Quantum key generation communication channelFull size imageWireless body sensor network (WBSN) offers human body monitoring techniques remotely. WBAN includes body automation, medical healthcare monitoring, and pacemaker interactions with implant medical devices and military applications. A WBSN consists of a small set of biomedical sensors around the human body to monitor and collect vital signs like temperature, heartbeat, and brain signal. Then, it will be transmitted wirelessly to a hospital database, doctor, and relatives. Figure 2 shows the architecture of WBSN. Fig. 2Architecture of wireless body sensor networkFull size imageThe attackers may modify this human body sensitive data, which is present in the wireless communication medium. Small changes in medical data make it mass effective in human body health. So, security plays a vital role in the wireless body sensor networks. The proposed EBB84QCP model for the wireless body sensor network environment consists of seven main steps that are: 1. Qubit generation converts the binary format of random number and quantum basis into qubit with quantum mechanism techniques. This process is done by the sender (Alice) and sends it to the receiver (Bob). 2. The second step is done by the receiver (Bob). Bob guesses the random quantum basis and a binary format of random number and then generates the check bits. He (Bob) sends his check bits to the sender (Alice). 3. In the third step, Alice compares her qubit with Bob’s check bits. 4. After the comparison, Alice finds out the matched bits used to frame the secret key. 5. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text supports the claim by discussing the generation of a quantum key used for encryption and decryption in a wireless body sensor network (WBSN). It mentions that security is crucial in these networks and outlines the process of qubit generation and key sharing, which are fundamental aspects of cryptography. Furthermore, it references the BB84 protocol, a well-known quantum key distribution method, reaffirming the application of quantum computing in secure communications.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Every country equally contributes to and enforces ocean conservation laws. [SEP] Text: Skip to Content eLife home page your research Search by keyword or author Reset form my search to Chromosomes and Research 10. 7554/eLife. 19090 Open access Copyright information Version of RecordDecember 23, 2016 Accepted ManuscriptNovember 28, 2016 Open annotations (there are currently 0 annotations on this page). 6,465 views 968 downloads 132 9090. Copy to clipboard Download BibTeX Download. RIS Full text Figures and data Peer review Side by side Results and discussion Materials and methods 1. Observations and hypotheses relevant to Cbs duplication and evolution in tetrahymenine ciliates Data availability 10. 7554/eLife. 19090. 001 establishment of distinct genomic lineages (cellular or nuclear) in the life cycles of phylogenetically diverse organisms has allowed the evolution of a wide variety of programmed, somatic lineage-specific DNA rearrangement mechanisms. Some cases mediate the generation of protein products specific to a differentiated cell type, such as sigmaK of the Bacillus subtilis mother cell (Kunkel et al. , 1990) or the vast diversity of vertebrate immunoglobulins (Schatz, 2004). Other cases result in genome-wide chromosome restructuring, as was first recognized by microscopic observation of parasitic nematodes over 125 years ago (Boveri, 1887) and since documented in several eukaryotic branches, including vertebrates (Bachmann-Waldmann et al. , 2004; Smith et al. , 2012; Sun et al. , 2014; Wang and Davis, 2014). This large-scale phenomenon has been most thoroughly studied in the phylum Ciliophora, or ciliates, a deep-branching and diverse group of protozoa (Bracht et al. , 2013; Chalker and Yao, 2011; Coyne et al. , 2012; Vogt et al. , 2013; Yao et al. , 2014). Although unicellular, ciliates carry two distinct nuclei that display a remarkable form of germline/soma differentiation (Figure 1A; Orias et al. , 2011); the smaller, diploid, transcriptionally silent germline nucleus (micronucleus or MIC) contains the genetic material transmitted across sexual generations, whereas the larger, polyploid, actively expressed somatic nucleus (macronucleus or MAC) supports all the vegetative functions of the cell. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is largely irrelevant to the claim regarding ocean conservation laws. It discusses genetic mechanisms and observations in cellular biology, specifically related to the evolution and organization of certain protozoa. There is no mention of ocean conservation, international laws, or the contribution of countries, thus it does not support or contrast with the claim.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Bioengineered yeast can produce biofuels from sugars. [SEP] Text: After pH adjustment and pressing, the high density pretreated biomass can be sprayed with sufficient amount of enzyme and properly wrapped under clean-in-place (CIP) condition. This pressed biomass loaded with enzymes can be shipped from a centralized biomass pretreatment center to existing sugar users, such as ethanol plants, for hydrolysis and conversion. This option requires the end user to install a hydrolysis tank for hydrolysate production before a conversion process, but a benefit of shipping the pretreated biomass with enzymes is that initial hydrolysis takes places faster, reducing the amount of time required to liquefy the pretreated feedstock. In some applications, simultaneous saccharification fermentation can be applied depending on end user’s process specifications. (2). Lignocellulosic sugar syrup: To ease the end user’s application in utilizing pretreated biomass, lignocellulosic sugar syrup can be first produced in the centralized lignocellulosic sugar production plant. The pretreated biomass is first enzymatically hydrolyzed to a hydrolysate, which is clarified to removal insoluble solids. The clarified lignocellulosic sugar hydrolysate can be concentrated to lignocellulosic sugar syrup that has a total sugar titer of 50–70%. Due to the high density and sugar titer of lignocellulosic sugar syrup, transportation cost of sugar syrup to a biofuel plant will be less than shipping the untreated biomass or the pretreated biomass. The use of lignocellulosic sugar syrup is much easier than the pretreated biomass since the lignocellulosic sugar stream can be easily blended into the existing process. (2). Lignocellulosic sugar solid: Another option of lignocellulosic sugar format is the solid lignocellulosic hydrolysate. The lignocellulosic sugar syrup can be further processed to evaporate most of the water content to form a lignocellulosic sugar solid. This sugar solid has over 80-90% sugar content and can be bagged for shipping to the end user for a biofuel or biochemical production process that requires a much higher concentration of sugar in their feed stream. The sugar solid has minimal moisture content and properly sealed sugar solids can be stored without requiring a tank. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not provide direct information about bioengineered yeast or its ability to produce biofuels from sugars. Instead, it discusses processes related to biomass pretreatment and the conversion of lignocellulosic sugars, which, while potentially relevant to biofuels, does not specifically address the claim about yeast. Therefore, it is considered irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Quantum computing has potential applications in cryptography and data analysis. [SEP] Text: Finally, Alice has done an XoR operation between matched bits and not matched bits of Alice’s qubit and frame the secret key value for the cryptographic process. 6. Alice discusses a matched bit and her not matched bit details with Bob via the communication medium. 7. Bob now identify the secret key value based on Alice’s information. Here, the secret key value for the cryptographic process is shared with the communicating parties securely. The attackers will not predict the key value because quantum theory and bitwise operators are making a secure key value. This work’s major contribution is to provide a secure secret key for communication in the wireless body area network in medical applications. For this purpose, a quantum cryptography protocol that uses a quantum basis and random number binary values and bitwise operators is used to share the secret key for the cryptographic process. The proposed EBB84QCP is providing a secured transmission of medical data in WBSN, which prevents passive and active attacks in wireless communication. The remaining of this work is organized as follows. Section 2 discusses the related work. The working flow of the proposed system is explained in Section 3. The results are discussed in Section 4. Finally, Section 5 concludes the proposed work with the future direction. 2 Related workRecent researches involved in applying the cryptography protocol for secure communication in wearable devices are reviewed in this section. Recent researches in WBSN were reviewed with advantages and limitations. R. M. , S. P. et al. [2] developed effective and efficient IDS in IoMT environment using the DNN algorithm to classify and predict unforeseen cyberattacks to avoid post-effects intrusion in sensitive cloud data storage. This system’s merit is to reduce the number of features and instances extracted for the classification process in the DNN model. The work’s demerit is that too many machine learning techniques are used for detecting the intruders in the IoMT environment. G. T. Reddy et al. [3] proposed an ensemble-based machine learning model and analyzed the performance against the individual machine learning algorithms for diabetic retinopathy classification. Machine learning (ML) algorithms random forest classifiers, decision tree classifier, AdaBoost classifier, K-nearest neighbor classifier, and logistic regression classifier are applied for diabetic retinopathy dataset. The limitations of the proposed work are tested on a limited size of the dataset. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing how quantum cryptography is employed to securely share secret key values among communicating parties. Specifically, it mentions that 'quantum theory and bitwise operators are making a secure key value', which highlights the potential applications of quantum computing in cryptographic processes. This supports the idea that quantum computing can enhance security in data analysis and communication.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Digital resources provide access to educational materials in remote areas. [SEP] Text: Internet host and/or users, fixed and mobile telephones) that can be considered or use to express an overall trend of growing ICTs disparities between and within countries, the availability and the quality of the access (i. e. the physical telecommunication infrastructure) is the key to a quick and reliable development of ICTs in the countries. Looking closer to the statistics as published by the different official bodies such as ITU or the in Figure 1, it is clear that the gap in ICTs access between developed and developing countries do exist (report 2003). Figure 1. Gap in ICTs access between developed and developing countries. Source: ITU indicator database. There are many reasons for the barriers why, until now, broadband ICT access was mainly deployed in developed countries and more precisely in urban areas as shown in Figure 2. However it can easily be explained that economics and existing technologies are the main drivers (and barriers in developing countries) to ICTs. Economics in the first case because, any entrepreneur in this new business, operators and service providers will naturally inclined to first serve the most populated areas (i. e. dense, rich cities and suburbs) where most of the potential customers are located instead of less populated areas such as remote and rural areas. Figure 2. to ICT and : ITU 2003. In the same way, while developed countries and urban areas are requiring higher and higher bit rates for multimedia applications, rural areas in developing countries are still at first favoring voice communication with a slow evolution towards ICTs. Moreover, while developed countries already have existing telecommunication infrastructure ready to evolve and the financial resources to invest and pay for new services, developing countries still suffer from the lack of basic infrastructures (not only telecommunication infrastructures, but also power supply, roads), and more crucial, have great difficulty to mobilize the necessary financial resources. This is what we call the “demand factor’’. Technologies in the second case because, until now, existing wired or wireless technologies have inherent limitations either in performances or in capacity (e. g. the 6 Km maximum distance from the exchange for digital subscriber line (DSL)) or the Line-of-Site (LOS) Equipment (CPE) location from the base station for wireless access. And even if such limitations can be overcome using other complementary backbones or equipments (optical fibers or microwaves links, remote switching units. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by illustrating the disparities in ICT access between developed and developing countries. It explains that economic and technological barriers prevent the deployment of broadband and digital resources in remote areas, highlighting that entrepreneurs typically prioritize densely populated urban areas over rural ones. It suggests that the lack of telecommunication infrastructure and financial resources in developing countries makes access to digital educational materials difficult in those remote regions.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Bioengineered yeast can produce biofuels from sugars. [SEP] Text: Lignosulfonate in the liquor stream can be sold as a co-product, or could be concentrated, dewatered and burned along with other solid residuals rich in lignin from the hydrolysis process for energy production as part of power supply for the pretreatment facility. At the yields investigated, the majority of the lignin remains in the solid residuals. process can supply concentrated lignocellulosic sugars from recalcitrant biomass sources to existing sugar users. Mild bisulfite pretreatment is an efficient step for pretreating recalcitrant biomass to achieve a high yield of total biomass carbohydrate conversion to monomeric lignocellulosic sugars. The historical sulfite pulp industry provides a proven commercial scale of this type of pretreatment technology. Furthermore, the process is flexible for various biomass feedstocks, including softwood (un-debarked Loblolly pine chips), hardwood (debarked maple chips), and herbaceous biomass (Alamo variety switchgrass). Options for using lignocellulosic sugar produced from the CLE Sugar process include (1) pretreated biomass with enzyme addition, (2) lignocellulosic sugar syrup, and (3) lignocellulosic sugar solid. These options provide a unique advantage of using lignocellulosic sugar in existing production infrastructure. For example, the use of lignocellulosic sugar can help a corn or grain-based ethanol plant by supplementing its feedstock to increase the value of the ethanol by making use of the Standard incentives or to maintain feedstock options in the face of variations in corn prices. MethodsBiomass feedstocksThe softwood feedstock was forest chips of Loblolly pine, so they contained bark. Hardwood chips used in this test were debarked maple chips from Michigan. Both the un-debarked Loblolly pine chips and debarked maple chips were re-chipped with a Bearcat garden chipper with a 1. 91 cm screen to obtain smaller chips, and 3-mm round-hole fines were removed. Switchgrass biomass is Alamo variety harvested in winter from a field trial in the southeastern United States. Acidic calcium bisulfite reagentAn acidic calcium bisulfite solution was used as a sulfonation reagent in the pretreatment of biomass. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim about bioengineered yeast producing biofuels from sugars. Instead, it focuses on the process of producing lignocellulosic sugar from biomass and its potential applications, without mentioning bioengineered yeast or biofuel production. Therefore, the text is irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Quantum computing has potential applications in cryptography and data analysis. [SEP] Text: This work may consider the huge number of the dataset for diabetic retinopathy classification. Chowdhary, C. L. et al. [4] analyzed the performance of hybridization of various symmetric and asymmetric cryptography algorithms for image encryption and decryption. The hybrid process elliptic curve cryptography (ECC) with Hill cipher (H. C. ), ECC with Standard (AES), and ElGamal with Cipher (DPC) involved the speed implementation of symmetric algorithms. The hybrid encryption techniques provided the right solution for image encryption. The advantage of work has implemented the better encryption time, decryption time, and entropy. This work may consider the various images of varying sizes in pixels. P. G. Shynu et al. [1] proposed a fuzzy-based data transformation technique to preserve privacy by using privacy-preserving data mining (PPDM) in the database. Privacy-preserving data mining is used to transform fuzzy data original dataset. The proposed model is to determine the privacy level of each data. This work considered the fuzzier decision support framework to ensure privacy. G. T. Reddy et al. [5] developed a prediction model using principal component analysis and a deep neural network for uninterrupted marine environment monitoring to alert the technologists by predicting the battery’s life well in advance. The model uses the raw data of a real-time marine monitoring system, and the results are compared with linear regression and XGBoost techniques. This model is reducing the time complexity and eliminated the negative impact features. The prediction accuracy is increased by 12%. This prediction model is used to predict battery life for dynamic IoT sensors and can support in replacement of the battery at a prior stage without loss of any monitoring activity. This work may use the bio-inspired algorithm in the dimensionality reduction phase. et al. [6] divided the wireless body area networks (WBAN) into four tiers, including in vivo nano-communications. The research challenges confidentiality, integrity, and availability of all tiers are discussed. The authors may simulate physiological signals in vivo nano-communications to get a better solution for end-end security in the WBAN. Y. et al. [7] focused on a high pseudo number for generating the quantum key value. The communicating parties can be disseminated pseudo number as a quantum key value. In this work, they did that three types of key distribution schemes. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by explicitly mentioning the use of quantum key values for generating keys in communication. It refers to various key distribution schemes that highlight the application of quantum computing principles in cryptography, thereby supporting the assertion that quantum computing can be applied in cryptography.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Digital resources provide access to educational materials in remote areas. [SEP] Text: A lack of coordination between the organisation responsible for rolling out the technology and its recipients was described. Lack of internet access was a commonly identified barrier: '. . . only the Director of Nursing and medical students have access' (rural midwife, 11. 02); '[I have] no internet access at work where I need this information, not a fault of the website' (rural midwife, 11. 02). (This situation was unchanged in 2006 when the author visited the hospital referred to). Of the 166 emails from the research participants, only two had very positive responses regarding unlimited internet access: 'I'm in a one-nurse post and I love the internet, it has transformed my life' (RAN, 10. 02). Internet access was available in the homes of 77% of the PAR team, in the workplace for 53%, and 31% had access via both. These figures are slightly increased from those reported in the CRANA survey in 20007. Contextual factors: Time to learn about, or use, the internet was a barrier noted by many of the research participants, for example: 'I have accessed it but not had time to look at it properly' (RAN, 05. 03). Discussions with managers and policy officers confirmed cost and management concerns were common: '. . . at $18 per month per staff member with a 50 MB download it can get very expensive. . . sharing logon access. . . no good - if someone gets onto pornographic sites you can't track who it was' (policy officer, field notes, 05. 03); 'I can't give access to any of my staff. . . the directive comes from Darwin' (rural DON, field notes, 03. 03). 'The personal cost incurred through accessing the internet and experiencing technical difficulties was also identified as a barrier:. . . My phone bill has gone up by $60 a month because of line dropouts' (RAN, 09. 02). Technical difficulties included corrupted files and old operating systems that had difficulties viewing the site. Although usually repaired fairly easily and quickly, when practitioners are busy and not particularly familiar with computers, these inconveniences can affect the utility of the resource. This was particularly so in the remote setting but also problematic for people in regional areas, highlighting the need for telephone support. Further discussions with the research group highlighted the need for a search engine on the site. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by identifying several barriers to accessing digital resources in remote areas. It highlights issues such as limited internet access, where only specific healthcare professionals had access, and many reported having no internet at work. The text also discusses additional barriers, such as the personal costs associated with internet access and technical difficulties faced by practitioners. This suggests that rather than universally providing access to educational materials, digital resources are significantly hindered by these challenges.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Bioengineered yeast can produce biofuels from sugars. [SEP] Text: Calcium bisulfite was produced by constantly purging pure sulfur dioxide into a calcium oxide solution. The final calcium bisulfite concentration contained about 2–4% total sulfur dioxide, of which about 1% was free sulfur dioxide. The pH of this calcium bisulfite solution was about 1. 4. The total sulfur in the reagent was determined by a standard ASTM D 1552–90 method of sulfur in petroleum products (high temperature method) in Leco S632 (St. Joseph, Michigan). The sulfur result was used to calculate the total equivalent sulfur dioxide (bound and free). The calcium in the liquor was measured by a standard method equivalent to EPA Method 200. 8, revision 5. 4, of EPA/600/R-94/111. The calcium in the liquor was analyzed by an inductively coupled argon plasma mass spectrometry (ICPMS) (). The bound sulfur dioxide in the calcium bisulfite was determined by the total amount of soluble calcium in the liquor, and the free sulfur dioxide was determined by subtracting the bound sulfur dioxide from the total sulfur dioxide. Pilot pretreatment digesterA 28. 3-liter (one cubic foot) digester with a heat exchange was used in biomass pretreatment with an acidic calcium bisulfite reagent. The digester and the heat exchanger are made of SA-515 Gr 70 alloy and the digester head is made of SA-515 alloy. The piping for calcium bisulfite reagent circulation during the pretreatment is made up of 304 stainless. During pretreatment, steam indirectly heats up the cooking liquor that circulates back to the digester. Sulfonation conditionsThe re-chipped biomass materials were sulfonated in the pilot pretreatment reactor. In each cook, 3. 0 kilograms (oven dried - OD basis) of woody biomass material were used at a biomass-to-liquor ratio of about 4. 0, and 2. 2 kilograms (oven dried basis) of switchgrass was used at a biomass-to-liquor ratio of about 4. 5. The biomass materials were first steamed to 90°C to remove air in the void space of the biomass. After the condensation was drained, the woody biomass was charged with a cool liquor of calcium bisulfite at 12. 5% on wood. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses the production and analysis of calcium bisulfite and does not mention bioengineered yeast or biofuels. There is no information linking the processes described in the text to the claim regarding biofuels from sugars.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Quantum computing has potential applications in cryptography and data analysis. [SEP] Text: The unique feature of this technique is used to ensure high authentication without any attacks. The quantum key value with an on-time padding scheme produced a better packet delivery ratio, less overhead and delay, and secure data delivery with no loss. The system considered the classical cryptography techniques for encryption and decryption process to strengthen the security of the system. Zhang et al. [8] proposed that the biometric method appropriated the biological channels to secure data transmission in the body area networks and discussed the possible attacks of the resource-constrained BAN. When compared to public-key encryption techniques with secret key encryption (SKE), SKE will provide a better solution in the BAN. The strong key distribution method is the only solution for delivering security in BAN. Doha AL-Mubayedh et al. [9] defines a quantum key distribution protocol BB84 and provides a practical implementation of it on IBM QX software. This proposed scheme provided a statistical analysis of detecting/not detecting third-party eavesdropping. This work ensured the quantum key distribution protocol BB84 practical implementation as well as eavesdropping attacks possibility. Same AI Janabi et al. [10] reviewed that WBSN architecture design security needs in WBSN. The primary security requirements, data confidentiality, data freshness, data authentication, and secure management, are discussed. The current security solutions are ZigBee security services. Bluetooth security protocols, biometrics techniques, merits, and demerits are discussed. The authors provided safety measures such as trust, audit, and digital forensics about WBSN for healthcare services. Miralem muhic et al. [11] described the simulation environment of the quantum key distribution network with multiple links and nodes. The proposed scheme analyzed several routing protocols, routing packets, and packet delivery ratio. QKD network provided a better solution for the large amount of routing data flooded throughout the network. et al. [12] tested and evaluated quantum key distribution (QKD) systems from six aspects: distance loss, galloping loss, splice loss, data traffic, encryption algorithm, and system stability. QKD technologies can meet large-scale applications. This scheme’s advantage is shorter quantum signal state’s correction time and the higher the quantum key rate efficiency. Bennett C. H. et al. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing quantum key distribution (QKD) protocols, specifically mentioning the BB84 protocol, and their applications in enhancing security, which relates to cryptography. It highlights that QKD technologies provide solutions for secure data transmission and can meet large-scale applications, indicating a clear application in cryptography and possibly data analysis.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Digital resources provide access to educational materials in remote areas. [SEP] Text: One was installed and required more precise descriptions with key words that the target audience would use when searching for information. Human factors: 'Hardware' is not all that is needed to utilise such resources. Individuals must have the time, motivation and skills with troubleshooting support available when required6,17. These issues were of concern to many of the research participants in this study, for example: 'Many practitioners say they have no time to deal with computers' (IT policy officer, field notes, 11. 03). Some of the participants had very little experience with computers, affecting their interest and ability to access the site: 'I felt a little perplexed by it - no idea what cookies etc are - so I guess I need some coaching, preferably on the phone or in person' (RAN, 11. 03). Although anecdotal evidence had suggested this situation was improving, a significant barrier was the lack of computer support in remote areas with not one of the remote participants having on-site support. 'We've had no support or training' (RANM, 11. 03). When problems were identified there were significant challenges in rectifying them: 'Viruses are a problem with no budget for flying people out to assist. We tried to send out a disc for fixing the computers but people couldn't access it (IT policy officer, field notes, 8. 03). These results are consistent with a 2003 report that identified an almost complete lack of onsite assistance to operate, repair, maintain and service telecommunications across remote communities, including those with extensive infrastructure in place from recent initiatives3. Limitations of the research One of the limitations of this research was the inability to identify if the hits to the site were from the target group. The only way to get a precise estimation of this would have been too ask this question prior to entry. Given the barriers and difficulties experienced by the research participants, evident early in the research, a decision was made not to do this. Another limitation was the lack of clear data quantifying the number of research participants who had the appropriate technology for computer mediated communication in their homes or at the workplace. The questionnaire had not been specific enough to provide this data and was only completed by the PAR team. This information would have been more helpful had it been collected from all research participants, although this has recently been researched (2005) in a national project with the final report due to be released in 200618. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by highlighting significant barriers faced by individuals in remote areas when attempting to access digital resources. It discusses the lack of support and training, stating that 'no on-site support' was available and referencing concerns about 'Viruses are a problem with no budget for flying people out to assist.' These factors illustrate that, while digital resources may exist, the actual accessibility and effective utilization of these resources are hindered by systemic issues, thus undermining the claim.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Bioengineered yeast can produce biofuels from sugars. [SEP] Text: The pre-steamed un-debarked Loblolly chips were heated up to 165°C in 15 minutes and held at 165°C for 75 minutes. The pre-steamed debarked maple chips were heated up to 155°C in 15 minutes and held at 155°C for 75 to 120 minutes. Similarly, the pre-steamed switchgrass was heated up to 155°C in 15 minutes and held at 155°C for 75 minutes. The wet cooked biomass and the prehydrolysate amounts were measured for mass balance calculation. After cooking, a prehydrolysate “spent liquor” fraction was drained and the cooked chips were collected after having relieved the pressure in the pretreatment reactor by draining the spent liquor and venting. The cooked biomass solid content was measured by drying a biomass sample of about 70 wet grams in an oven set at 105°C for overnight. This solids content was used to determine the total recovered solid biomass after the pretreatment. The cooked chips were very mushy. The cooked wood chips were passed once through an Alpine grinder, without adding any water, to form a pulp-like material. The cooked switchgrass was not refined due to its pulpy status upon removal from the pretreatment reactor. MethodsThe carbohydrate analysis in biomass feedstocks and in pretreated biomass samples was determined by hydrolyzing 100 mg of refined materials with 72% sulfuric acid at 127°C for 60 minutes for a complete carbohydrate hydrolysis. The monomeric sugars from completely acid-hydrolyzed biomass were analyzed quantitatively in the dilute sample for glucose, xylose, mannose, arabinose and galactose in a Dionex ion exchange chromatography. chromatography is equipped with a CarboPac PA1 (Dionex P/N 035391) 4 mm × 250 mm ion-exchange column and a Dionex ED 40 pulsed amperometric detector with gold working electrode and solid state reference electrode. The monomeric sugar results were used for the carbohydrate composition calculation in a biomass sample or a pretreated biomass sample. All biomass carbohydrates were completed in single analysis with duplicate tests of a known composition control (e. g. debarked and clean pine chip sample) to assure the accuracy of the analysis in Weyerhaeuser’s analytical group. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim regarding bioengineered yeast's capability to produce biofuels from sugars. Instead, it focuses on the pretreatment of various biomass materials and the analysis of carbohydrates within them, which is not relevant to the production of biofuels from yeast.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Quantum computing has potential applications in cryptography and data analysis. [SEP] Text: [13] have introduced the first QKD convention and utilized two-dimensional quantum frameworks or qubits as data transporters. This work ensured that no one (third party) was not listening to the communication in the insecure channel. et al. [14] proposed a new protocol, which is an over BB84 protocol. The new protocol provided a better capacity and error estimation when compared with the BB84 protocol. The proposed scheme is generating the quantum key that is multiplying two keys instead of adding the keys. The disadvantage of this work is to alter the other quantum cryptography protocols and compare the proposed system’s performance. V. E. Rodimin et al. [15] implemented the decoy-state protocol for secure long-distance quantum communications. The authors used Python code for post-processing procedures, and external applications are implemented using the open-source protocol. The proposed work detected the mismatch problem in the decoy-state protocol. The authors may speed up the parallelization post-processing procedure and investigation work. Abidi, Bahae, Jilbab, et al. [16] proposed routing protocol for wireless body area networks to transfer data with less energy consumption and more lifetime through multi-hop communication in the network. The authors may consider a more strong wireless protocol for energy consumption. et al. [17] proposed that data access control techniques in data storage of patient medical data. The authors considered that the two issues are distributed data storage and distributed data access control patient sensitive data. The proposed system may consider the on-demand access policy during emergency healthcare. et al. [18] proposed a system that used symmetric cryptography for a key agreement protocol for wireless body area networks. It provides good performance and offers the privacy attributes of node anonymity and session. The proposed system’s drawback may consider the public-key privacy features for any platform. et al. [19] proposed a mysterious anonymous authentication method for WBSN and demonstrate that it is safe under an arbitrary oracle model. The proposed system may be considered an impersonation attack. The author implemented the novel anonymous authentication scheme for the WBAN using the random oracle model. B. Archana et al. [20] focused that a procedure, which is quantum key distribution (QKD), is utilized to share an irregular shared key by enciphering the data in quantum states. Photons are the quantum substance which is assuming an essential job in encoding the key. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing various developments in quantum key distribution (QKD), which is a significant application of quantum computing in cryptography. It mentions how QKD is used to share a key by encoding data in quantum states, ensuring secure communication against eavesdropping, which aligns well with the potential applications in cryptography highlighted in the claim.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Digital resources provide access to educational materials in remote areas. [SEP] Text: Busy practitioners unfamiliar with computers reported technical difficulties including corrupted files and problems with operating systems that affected the utility of the resource. This was particularly so in the remote setting, but was also problematic for people in regional areas, highlighting the need for telephone support. The additional costs involved in providing support to geographically distant areas should be an added impetus for a whole-of-government approach, however there is little evidence in the literature3 or from the present research of this occurring. The evaluation found a significant number of remote area practitioners need education and training in IT. This situation has not changed significantly since the survey of CRANA members in 2000 which showed 48% required training in IT with only 4% receiving professional training in this field in the previous 12 months7. The pivotal question of whose responsibility it is to provide the education and training is yet to be resolved. Whether this resides with the individual health worker, the employers, or the State, Territory and Federal governments, must be addressed before the full effectiveness of computer mediated communication can be realised. In some instances, education and training would have to commence at a basic level and 24-hour phone support service would be advantageous. The barriers and facilitators that impacted on the development and utility of this strategy need to be addressed as a matter of urgency. The resource library in 2006 Since being established, the resource library has become a core component of the CRANA website. The resource library was updated with the website in late 2005. At this time, CRANA decided to expand the site offering more resources to those who access it. CRANA office staff have been trained to update the website and the resource library and are responsible for checking the links are still active. Users who find broken links are encouraged to notify CRANA via a 'broken links' section with the most recent message received in early 2006. Members of CRANA are encouraged to forward any material that may be appropriate, and this is added to the resource library. work was partly funded by a Support, Education and from the Commonwealth Government. We would like to thank the research participants for their contributions. Kildea is the of the Council of Nurses of Australia. 1. . Health online: a health information action plan for Australia, 2nd edn. Canberra: Commonwealth of Australia; 2001. 2. Consultants Australasia. Connecting our communities, sustainable networking strategies for Australian remote Indigenous communities. Canberra: DCITA, 2003. 3. . [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by highlighting significant challenges faced by remote practitioners regarding the use of digital resources. Issues such as technical difficulties, the need for education and training in IT, and a lack of sufficient government support suggest that, rather than providing effective access to educational materials, existing digital resources are hindered by these barriers. For instance, it notes that a significant number of remote practitioners reported needing training in IT, which impedes their ability to utilize educational materials effectively.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Bioengineered yeast can produce biofuels from sugars. [SEP] Text: In this study, lignin, uronic acids, acetyl groups, extractives and ash were not quantitatively studied. Enzymatic hydrolysisFor enzymatic hydrolysis, a pre-mixed enzyme cocktail was formulated with a cellulase product (Sigma Cat. No. C2730) at 99. 5 mg protein/mL, a beta-glucosidase product (Sigma Cat. No. C6105) at 42. 5 mg protein/mL, and a xylanase (Sigma Cat. No. X2753) at 3. 4 mg protein/mL. The total mixed Sigma enzyme protein titer was 145. 5 mg/mL. enzyme cocktail has a density of 1. 1 g/ml. Cellic® CTec2 enzyme product was provided by Novozymes and was used in the high consistency pretreated biomass hydrolysis. The CTec2 enzyme product has a density of 1. 2 g/ml. In the enzymatic hydrolysis, the enzyme dosage is defined as gram of enzyme product per oven dry (OD) gram of pretreated biomass. Unwashed pretreated biomass was used in all the enzymatic hydrolysis tests. The enzymatic hydrolysis was conducted in screw-capped 50-mL volume in 125 mL Erlenmeyer flasks in an orbital shaking incubator, controlled at 50°C and 200 r. p. m. The hydrolysis pH was controlled at pH 4. 8 by a 50 mmol sodium citrate buffer. Sugar analysisOne milliliter hydrolysis sample was weighed and diluted into a total volume of 10 mL in deionized water. The sample was then centrifuged and the supernatant was used for sugar analysis in a HPLC. equipped with a 300 × 7. 8 mm Bio-HPX-87P Column (Cat. No. 125–0098) was used to analyze glucose, xylose, mannose, arabinose and galactose in the hydrolysate from an enzymatic hydrolysis and in the prehydrolysate from a cook. The 87P column was run with water as an eluent at 0. 6 ml/min at 85°C. The acetic acid in the prehydrolysate was analyzed in a 300 × 7. 8 mm Bio-HPX-87H Column (Cat. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim about bioengineered yeast producing biofuels from sugars. It instead provides a detailed description of an enzymatic hydrolysis process, enzyme preparations, and sugar analysis techniques, which are not directly related to the production of biofuels from sugars by bioengineered yeast.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Quantum computing has potential applications in cryptography and data analysis. [SEP] Text: QKD gives security not reachable some other old-style cryptographic strategies. When adding Eve’s attack and detectors problems in the proposed system, the performance will be improved. 3 Proposed methodologyThe proposed security framework is explained in this section with the necessary justification briefly. The proposed system uses the quantum cryptography protocol BB84 with enhancement. It will produce the secret key for communication in the wireless environment, and this work will protect the medical data in the network from the attackers. Any unauthorized third party or man in the middle attacks may interrupt the communicating parties but not catch the secret key information. The steps of the proposed Enhanced BB84 protocol are as follows: (i) qubit generation, (ii) check bit generation, (iii) discussion in the public communication channel, (iv) quantum key generation with the bitwise operator, (v) discussion about the key generation process to receiver (Bob). 3. 1 Stage 1: qubit generation Table 2 shows the qubit generating process which is used in this work. Table 2 The sender (Alice) side processFull size table3. 2 Stage 2: check bit generationAfter receiving qubit from Alice, Bob (the receiver) can do the random guesses and note down the results he got. Table 3 shows the check bit generating process which is used in this work. Table 3 The receiver (Bob) side processFull size table3. 3 Stage 3: discussion in the public communication channelIn this step, communicating parties can use the public two-way communication channel. Bob sends his detected qubits (check bits) to Alice through a classical channel. 3. 4 Stage 4: quantum key generation with bitwise operatorAfter discussing the classical channel, Alice must compare her quantum key generation scheme with Bob’s scheme. Alice can identify which polarization basis and binary format of the random number is commonly used on the sender and receiver sides. Alice can use that corresponding common bit to generate the secret key in the encryption process. Table 4 shows how communicating parties can identify their matched bit value for the further cryptographic process. The sender (Alice) can perform an XoR operation between matched bits value and her remaining not matched bits of quantum key generation. After that, Alice (sender) framed the quantum secret key value and discussed the key generation process to Bob (receiver) via the communication channel. Table 4 Quantum key formation using BB84 protocolFull size table3. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing Quantum Key Distribution (QKD), which is a direct application of quantum cryptography that enhances security in cryptographic protocols. It highlights the proposed methodology for producing a secure key using quantum methods, specifically the BB84 protocol, which is relevant to applications in cryptography. The detailed explanation of various stages involved in quantum key generation further emphasizes the potential of quantum technologies in cryptography.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: All students learn better through digital tools compared to textbooks. [SEP] Text: In addition to the pro-ROC stance she evidently adopted sometime between the first and second volume of Kuo-Yü Zonder Goeroe, she quickly embraced the Indonesian nation-state and dedicated the rest of her career to the Jawa Pos. In the early 1980s, when her husband was in his late 70s and their three children had moved to Europe, she effectively managed this newspaper on her own (Iskan 1982: 28). In the first part of Kuo-Yü Zonder Goeroe, Mrs. The explains that Chinese, like Malay, has less morphology than European languages and is therefore easier to learn. For this book, she developed her own method to learn Mandarin, which required the student to learn the pronunciation of individual characters before having to study their usage in combinations, peruse example sentences, and carry out exercises. To indicate how Chinese characters should be pronounced, Mrs. The used a Dutch-influenced Indies-style romanization alongside Zhùyīn Fúhào transcriptions. In the second part of Kuo-Yü Zonder Goeroe, conversely, the entire source text – rather than just the individual characters at the beginning of each 7. 1: 7. 1The Indies-style transcription of MandarinDownload FigureDownload figure as PowerPoint slide In the above system, the ⟨h⟩ was used to mark aspirated consonants, e. g. khoeng 孔 (kǒng), phei 陪 (péi), tha 他 (tā), and tjha 茶 (chá), although this was not always done consistently or correctly. 21 Vowel diacritics conveyed additional phonological detail; the diaeresis ⟨◌̈⟩ indicated that the underlying vowel formed a distinct phonological unit, e. g. sjoeï 誰 (shuí), tjië 街 (jiē), and tjoöe 稠 (chóu). Other authors preferred the acute accent ⟨◌́⟩ for this purpose. Some orthographic idiosyncrasies indeed depended on individual p7. 1, yet the second volume adopted a system closer to the Wade-Giles Romanization. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses the linguistic methods and transcription systems used in learning Mandarin, without mentioning digital tools or textbooks. Therefore, it does not provide any support, contrast, or relevant information regarding the claim.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Bioengineered yeast can produce biofuels from sugars. [SEP] Text: Oleaginous yeasts, defined as those that can accumulate lipids to over 20% of their dry-cell weight (DCW), are still being screened and can be found in different taxa. A useful criterion is their ability to grow on pentoses or polysaccharides, which are lignocellulosic sugars. However, although some of these yeasts are immediately suitable for providing useful enzymes (such as sugar hydrolases), their capacity to be custom engineered for specific lipid production will require additional effort. Conversely, known genetically-tractable yeasts may not have yet been tested for their oleaginous potential. Blastobotrys adeninivorans is part of a basal clade of the Saccharomycotina subphylum [1] and diverged long before Saccharomyces cerevisiae. The species was first described in 1984, under the name of Trichosporon adeninovorans [2], and successively reclassified into the genera Arxula (adeninivorans) in 1990 [3] and Blastobotrys in 2007 [1]. A few natural isolates of soil, plant (wood hydrolysate, silage), or animal origin have been described in the literature or deposited in culture collections. Among them, the type strain CBS 8244T and the industrial strain LS3 have been the best studied, LS3 being used to develop auxotrophic recipients for genetic transformation [4, 5]. Since the early 1990s, the species has attracted attention because of its interesting biochemical, physiological, and genetic properties. First, it exhibits a versatile metabolism, indicative of the presence of various degradative enzymes and pathways linked to central metabolism [6]. One to several strains can assimilate a number of sugar substrates, such as d-galactose, d-xylose, l-arabinose, raffinose, sucrose, trehalose, cellobiose, starch, and arbutin, and can also ferment some of them (glucose, sucrose, and starch) [6, 7]. Organic acids (e. g. , pyruvate, acetate, and butyrate), as well as aromatic compounds (e. g. , hydroxybenzoates), may also serve as a growth source [6, 7]. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not directly address the claim regarding bioengineered yeast producing biofuels from sugars. Instead, it discusses the properties and characteristics of oleaginous yeasts, including their lipid accumulation and various sugar substrates they can assimilate. However, it lacks specific mention of biofuel production, making it irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Quantum computing has potential applications in cryptography and data analysis. [SEP] Text: 5 Stage 5: discussion about the key generation process to receiver (Bob)Now, the receiver (Bob) will identify the secret key value for the cryptographic function. This proposed model does not directly distribute the secret key value to the communicating parties, so eavesdropping does not catch the secret key during communication in the wireless link. In Fig. 3, the sender and the receiver can share their quantum secret key based on enhanced BB84 quantum cryptography; they can encrypt their medical sensed data with the encryption algorithm. The sender side process as follows: Fig. 3Enhanced BB84 quantum cryptography protocolFull size image The receiver side process is as follows: The proposed model is used to distribute the shared secret key for encryption and decryption in the communication links. If a hacker tries to attack the secret key in the WBSN network, there is a chance of serious issues, because the patient’s medical data is completely sensitive. Suppose any attacks on the data lead to severe and critical health issues, hence, we have to provide a secure platform using the proposed system enhanced BB84 quantum cryptography protocol for such a situation. 4 Experimental results4. 1 Simulation parameterThe proposed system has been developed and implemented using JAVA programming, an i7 processor, 500GB hard disk, 8GB random access memory with windows 2008 operating system. 4. 2 Time complexity of quantum key generationTable 5 shows the time analysis, which expresses the quantum key generation time for the proposed EBB84QCP. Here, the nine experiments have been carried out with various quantum basis sizes, including 48, 128, 626, 910, 1000, 1221, 1580, 1678, and 2100 bits. Here, key generation time (ms) is increasing gradually to a quantum basis. Table 5 Time complexity analysis of quantum key generation using EBB84QCPFull size tableFigure 4 shows the time analysis of the quantum key generation with various quantum basis sizes. Here, the key generation time is increasing gradually. Fig. 4Time complexity analysis of quantum key generationFull size image4. 3 Comparative analysis with proposed protocol and DESTable 6 shows that the EBB84QCP protocol will provide a better secret key generation time than the symmetric key cryptographic algorithm DES. Key generation time is measured in milliseconds, and the input size is in terms of kilobytes. Table 6 Comparative analysis between DES and EBB84QCP protocolFull size tableThe key generation time is demonstrated in Fig. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the application of the enhanced BB84 quantum cryptography protocol in generating secret keys for encryption and decryption. It highlights that quantum key generation is utilized to secure sensitive medical data, employing quantum computing principles to enhance cryptographic functions, which aligns with the claim about potential applications in cryptography.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Virtual learning environments require no teacher involvement. [SEP] Text: Οι παιδαγωγικοί πράκτορες, αναφερόμενοι επίσης και ως ευφυείς παιδαγωγικοί πράκτορες (ΕΠΠ), κληρονομούν πολλά από τα χαρακτηριστικά τους από την τεχνητή νοημοσύνη (ΤΝ). Οι ευφυείς παιδαγωγικοί πράκτορες, τόσο σε ατομικό όσο και σε συνεργατικό εκπαιδευτικό πλαίσιο μπορούν να υπηρετήσουν πολλούς ρόλους, από αυτόν του δασκάλου έως και αυτόν του συμμαθητή ή ακόμη και του μαθητή που δημιουργεί πρόβλημα. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by stating that intelligent pedagogical agents can assume roles such as a teacher, indicating that teacher involvement is possible and may be necessary within virtual learning environments.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Bioengineered yeast can produce biofuels from sugars. [SEP] Text: Moreover, various nitrogenous compounds may serve as nitrogen sources (e. g. , urea, formamide, ethanolamine, and most amino acids), both carbon and nitrogen sources (e. g. , adenine, acetamide, uric acid, putrescine, and some amino acids) [6, 7], or an energy source via nitrate reductase [8]. Second, B. adeninivorans exhibits extremophilic traits, such as halotolerance, osmotolerance, and thermotolerance. This last characteristic is particularly interesting, as only a few yeasts, especially few biotechnological yeasts, have been found to grow at temperatures over 40 °C [9, 10]. Indeed, B. adeninivorans is able to grow at up to 48 °C [11] and survive a few hours at 55 °C [12]. In addition, as shown in the case of the LS3 strain, temperature can induce a reversible developmental state, with the cells being mainly in the yeast form at lower temperatures and (pseudo)hyphae forms at higher temperatures (above 42 °C) [11]. Third, with an eye towards metabolic engineering, valuable information has been brought to light by sequencing of the complete genome of LS3 [13] and integrative plasmids and recipient strains for genetic engineering have been developed [14]. The small size of the haploid genome of this yeast (11. 8 Mb) is an additional advantage for gene function studies or chassis strain development for various applications. Blastobotrys adeninivorans has earned its stripes as a biotechnological yeast mainly after being engineered in the laboratory of Kunze. It has been engineered for diverse applications, such as for a biosensor, a platform for protein expression, and a solventogenic yeast for butanol production [14]. Efficient cultivation in bioreactors has also been achieved, with Stöckmann et al. reporting a biomass titer of 240 g/L under pressure [15]. The ability of B. adeninivorans to produce lipids has been rarely reported in the literature. Strain LS3 was included in an assay to monitor lipid bodies by impedance spectroscopy a decade ago [16]. More recently, Olstorpe et al. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text discusses the characteristics and engineering potential of the yeast species B. adeninivorans, focusing on its extremophilic traits, metabolic engineering, and usefulness in various biotechnological applications. However, it does not specifically mention the yeast's ability to produce biofuels from sugars, thus making it irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Quantum computing has potential applications in cryptography and data analysis. [SEP] Text: 5, which compares the key generation time of the proposed EBB84QCP and the standard symmetric key cryptographic algorithm DES. Here, the proposed system is better key generation time than the data encryption standard (DES). The reason for the achievement is to use the quantum mechanism along with the bitwise operator. Fig. 5Comparative analysis of DES and enhanced BB84 quantum cryptography protocolFull size image4. 4 Comparative analysis with proposed protocol and RC4Table 6 shows that the EBB84QCP protocol will provide a better secret key generation time than the symmetric key cryptographic algorithm RC4. Key generation time is measured in milliseconds, and the input size is in terms of kilobytes (Table 7). Table 7 Comparative analysis with proposed protocol and RC4Full size tableThe key generation time is demonstrated in Fig. 6, which compares the key generation time of the proposed EBB84QCP and the symmetric key cryptographic algorithm RC4. Here, 12 experiments have been carried out with the consideration of various file sizes: 170, 240, 320, 440, 550, 670, 720, 890, 920, 1300, 1423, 1570 kilobytes. The proposed system provided better key generation time than the RC4. The reason for the achievement is to use the quantum cryptography techniques. Fig. 6Comparative analysis of RC4 and EBB84QC protocolFull size image4. 5 Comparative analysis against security attacksAttackers are ready to capture the secret key value in the wireless links. Symmetric key cryptographic algorithms, and RC4, are having a chance to lose their secret key value. But our proposed system is using quantum mechanics with a combination of the bitwise operator. 8, it is mentioned that all known attacks, wormhole attack, quantum attack, spoofing attack, black hole attack, and DoS attack, are possible in. RC4, because of the key distribution problem, weak computation, and failure of authentication. But the proposed system provides outstanding security against all attacks because it will provide the quantum key with a bitwise operator. So, any attackers cannot predict or catch the secret key of the communicating parties. Table 8 Comparative analysis against security attacksFull size table5 ConclusionsA novel enhanced BB84 quantum cryptography protocol provides strong security on the wireless body sensor networks in healthcare applications. Seven significant works have been done to ensure secure communication in the WBSN. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text supports the claim by discussing the proposed EBB84QCP quantum cryptography protocol, which demonstrates better key generation time compared to standard symmetric key cryptographic algorithms like DES and RC4. It highlights how the use of quantum mechanics enhances security in communications, thereby implying the significance of quantum computing in cryptographic applications.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Virtual learning environments require no teacher involvement. [SEP] Text: Ανάλογα με το ρόλο τους οι ΠΠ χρησιμοποιούνται για την ενίσχυση κινήτρων μάθησης, την εμπλοκή, την παροχή ενημέρωσης ή βοήθειας, την ενίσχυση των αλληλεπιδράσεων ή τη διευκόλυνση της συνεργασίας των εκπαιδευομένων. Η διατριβή διερευνά μια νέα προσέγγιση των ευφυών παιδαγωγικών παραγόντων που χρησιμοποιεί και συνδυ. . [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by stating that educators play a significant role in enhancing learning motivation, engagement, providing information or assistance, and facilitating interactions and collaboration among learners. This indicates that teacher involvement is crucial in virtual learning environments.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Bioengineered yeast can produce biofuels from sugars. [SEP] Text: Depending on the strain, biotechnological processes should be fine-tuned to prevent excessive excretion of citric acid, which competes with lipid production in the presence of excess carbon, and strong filamentation, which depends on multiple parameters (dissolved oxygen, medium composition, and initial carbon concentration, etc. ) and may alter the process of lipid production and its yield [30, 31]. None of these species has been reported to grow at temperatures above 37 °C, though some thermotolerant strains may have been isolated. An R. toruloides DMKU3-TK16 mutant obtained through an adaptive breeding strategy can store lipids at approximately 14% DCW at 37 °C [32]. However, working at upper temperatures could provide specific advantages for compound solubilization (e. g. , FA), help to minimize the costs of cooling of bioreactors and facilitate consolidated bioprocesses. These processes are considered to be relevant at a temperature around 50 °C as microbial enzymes involved in the degradation of hemicellulose/cellulose or starch have been generally described to have optimal temperatures above 40 °C, up to 60 °C [10, 33, 34]. The upper permissive temperature for growth of eucaryotes has been considered to be near 60 °C [35], far below that of eubacteria and archae. Relatively few thermophilic fungi were found to grow at elevated temperatures, optimally around 55 °C, and tolerated up to 61 °C [36, 37]. Some of these (not yeast-like) fungi might be useful bioconverters of lignocellulosic residues into sugars [37]. Yeast species comprising strains able to grow at temperatures up to 45 °C were listed in a specific survey by Robert et al. in 2015 [9]. Among the 28 most thermotolerant species, two are well-known for different applications not related to lipid production, Ogataea (Hansenula) polymorpha and Kluyveromyces marxianus [38]. Few others were reported with a lipid content over 20% DCW in screening studies, such as Kodamaea ohmeri [39] and Kurtzmaniella cleridarum [40]. We are not aware of studies concerning lipid accumulation at high temperatures, except for K. marxianus. The potential of K. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it primarily discusses the growth conditions and characteristics of various strains of fungi and yeast, particularly in relation to temperature and lipid production. It does not provide information supporting or contradicting the ability of bioengineered yeast to produce biofuels from sugars.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Quantum computing has potential applications in cryptography and data analysis. [SEP] Text: First, on the sender side (Alice), qubit generation is done using a quantum basis and random number to guarantee the integrity and authenticity of the secret key. Second, on the receiver side (Bob), check bits are generated to strengthen the quantum cryptographic process. Third, the sender made a comparison of her qubit value with the receiver’s check bit, and then the sender identified the matched bits of the qubit and check bit as well as not matched bits. Fourth, the sender has done an XoR operation between matched bits and not matched bits of Alice’s (sender) qubit and frame the secret key value for the cryptographic process. Fifth, Alice (sender) discusses a matched bit and her not matched bit details with Bob via the communication medium. Sixth, Bob now identifies the secret key value based on Alice’s information. Finally, Alice (sender) and receiver (Bob) shared a secret key without a direct method. Even attackers in the middle of the communication cannot predict the secret key value that much strength of communication is provided via quantum cryptography and a bitwise operator. In the future, our scheme should include a more mathematical and computational process of quantum key generation for protecting healthcare information in the wireless communication medium. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by describing a detailed process of quantum cryptography, which demonstrates how quantum computing techniques are used to generate secret keys securely. This illustrates a clear application of quantum computing in cryptographic processes, supporting the idea that quantum computing has potential applications in this field.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Virtual learning environments require no teacher involvement. [SEP] Text: Η αξιοποίηση των Παιδαγωγικών Πρακτόρων (ΠΠ) αποτελεί μια καινοτόμα εκπαιδευτική τεχνική για την υποστήριξη εκπαιδευτικών διαδικασιών παρέχοντας βοήθεια σε εκπαιδευόμενους και εκπαιδευτικούς, σε προηγμένα τεχνολογικά περιβάλλοντα, όπως είναι τα εικονικά περιβάλλοντα μάθησης (ΕΠΜ). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by explaining that the use of Pedagogical Agents (PΠ) is an innovative educational technique that supports educational processes by providing assistance to both learners and educators in advanced technological environments such as virtual learning environments (EΠM). This indicates the involvement of teachers is necessary.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Bioengineered yeast can produce biofuels from sugars. [SEP] Text: marxianus as an oleaginous yeast is unclear. A strain isolated from Kefir exhibited over 30% DCW in lipids [41], while different strategies—including genetic modifications typically used in other organisms—to increase lipogenesis of several K. marxianus strains yielded at best a FA content of 16% DCW [42]. Because of its aforementioned advantageous traits, we reasoned that B. adeninivorans could be a valuable thermotolerant oleaginous yeast. Here, we assessed the ability of Blastobotrys species to naturally produce and accumulate lipids from a set of different substrates. Several strains of what was believed to be B. adeninivorans were used to examine the robustness of lipid production in the species. However, in the course of our study, strain genotyping showed that they can be divided into two different groups and various marker sequences actually placed the LS3 group into the Blastobotrys raffinosifermentans species. We took advantage of the thermotolerance of these yeasts and assayed lipid production at various temperatures, up to 45 °C. Overall, the natural capacity of these two species to produce lipids is promising and may be an alternative to currently-studied oleaginous yeasts. Results and discussionNitrogen limitation and lipid accumulation in strain LS3Oleaginous yeasts generally synthesize and abundantly store lipids in lipid droplets under specific environmental conditions, one of which is nitrogen limitation [43, 44]. In addition to FA synthesis, these yeasts can import and direct exogenous FAs into the lipid storage pathway, sometimes with particularly high efficiency, such as in Y. lipolytica [45]. We examined the capacity of strain LS3 to store lipids after neo-synthesis from glucose or after accumulation from exogenous oleic acid. We performed flask cultivation in YNB-based media with two different carbon sources at a fixed concentration of 30 g/L (glucose or a mixture of oleic acid and glucose) and two different concentrations of NH4Cl as a unique nitrogen source (5 g/L or 0. 75 g/L) to vary the carbon-to-nitrogen ratio (C/N). Efficient lipid storage occurred following growth in both substrates to above 30% DCW. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address or provide evidence regarding the claim about bioengineered yeast producing biofuels from sugars. Instead, it discusses lipid production and accumulation in specific yeast strains under various conditions without mentioning biofuel production or sugar utilization specifically.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Quantum computing has potential applications in cryptography and data analysis. [SEP] Text: Квантономика, как одно из ключевых направлений экономического развития, характеризуется, в частности, интенсивным использованием квантовых вычислений и разработки квантовых компьютеров [9]. Мир уже шагнул в квантономическую эру, и уже в начале пути выявляются новые возможности применения квантовых технологий и квантовых коммуникаций в различных сферах. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by emphasizing that quantum computing is being used intensively in various fields, which implies potential applications in areas such as cryptography and data analysis. The mention of 'новые возможности применения квантовых технологий' suggests emerging use cases for quantum technologies.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Virtual learning environments require no teacher involvement. [SEP] Text: Οι παιδαγωγικοί πράκτορες, αναφερόμενοι επίσης και ως ευφυείς παιδαγωγικοί πράκτορες (ΕΠΠ), κληρονομούν πολλά από τα χαρακτηριστικά τους από την τεχνητή νοημοσύνη (ΤΝ). Οι ευφυείς παιδαγωγικοί πράκτορες, τόσο σε ατομικό όσο και σε συνεργατικό εκπαιδευτικό πλαίσιο μπορούν να υπηρετήσουν πολλούς ρόλους, από αυτόν του δασκάλου έως και αυτόν του συμμαθητή ή ακόμη και του μαθητή που δημιουργεί πρόβλημα. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by stating that intelligent pedagogical agents can assume roles traditionally held by teachers, which implies that teacher involvement can still be integral in virtual learning environments.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Bioengineered yeast can produce biofuels from sugars. [SEP] Text: However, as expected, it strongly relied on a low-nitrogen concentration when glucose was the sole substrate (Fig. 1a). When the exogenous FA C18:1 was provided, the FA profile of the strain was enriched in C18:1 (Fig. 1b), suggesting entry of the FA directly into the storage pathway. staining showed storage to occur in the form of neutral lipids in lipid droplets in both cases (Fig. 1c). Our results show that strain LS3 has a good natural capacity for both lipogenesis and lipid accumulation upon FA uptake; in reaching approximately 30% DCW as lipids from glucose, it may be qualified as oleaginous. Fig. 1Effect of limiting nitrogen on the synthesis and accumulation of lipids in strain LS3. LS3 was cultivated for 72 h in YNB-based medium with carbon source at 30 g/L. The concentrations of 5 g/L and 0. 75 g/L NH4Cl led to a C/N ratio of 90 and 60, respectively, for cultures in glucose (G) and to a C/N ratio of 16 and 106, respectively, for cultures in a mixture of oleic acid and glucose (AO + G). a Cell density is expressed as OD600 (white bars) and total lipid content as the percentage of dry-cell weight (black bars). Average values and standard deviations (n = 2) are shown in the histograms. b Relative proportion (%) of main FAs in each FA profile. c -stained lipid droplets in cells sampled from low-nitrogen cultures in glucose (left) or in the presence of oleic acid (right)Full size image The genome of strain LS3 encodes a putative ATP citrate lyaseThe complete genome sequence of LS3 (first identified as B. adeninivorans, then reassigned to B. raffinosifermentans; see below and Table 1), already recognized to be of biotechnological interest, was published a few years ago [13]. We searched the genome for potential “markers” of oleaginicity by mining the genome of LS3 for specific genes involved in lipid metabolism, using proteins of Y. lipolytica as a query (Table 2). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim regarding bioengineered yeast producing biofuels from sugars. It discusses the characteristics of strain LS3, such as its ability to accumulate lipids and its genome's potential regarding oleaginicity, but it does not provide evidence or any connection to the claim about biofuels. Therefore, the text is irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Quantum computing has potential applications in cryptography and data analysis. [SEP] Text: Например, в индустрии информационной безопасности (ИБ) квантономика формирует запрос на создание принципиально новых систем защиты данных: традиционные криптографические системы уже недостаточно надежны, требуется их совершенствование, например, с использованием квантовой криптографической и стеганографической защиты. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by highlighting the emerging demand for new data protection systems in the field of information security due to the inadequacy of traditional cryptographic systems. It specifically mentions the use of quantum cryptography as a means of enhancing security, which directly relates to the potential applications of quantum computing in cryptography.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Virtual learning environments require no teacher involvement. [SEP] Text: Ανάλογα με το ρόλο τους οι ΠΠ χρησιμοποιούνται για την ενίσχυση κινήτρων μάθησης, την εμπλοκή, την παροχή ενημέρωσης ή βοήθειας, την ενίσχυση των αλληλεπιδράσεων ή τη διευκόλυνση της συνεργασίας των εκπαιδευομένων. Η διατριβή διερευνά μια νέα προσέγγιση των ευφυών παιδαγωγικών παραγόντων που χρησιμοποιεί και συνδυ. . [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the important roles teachers can play in virtual learning environments, such as enhancing motivation, engaging students, providing information or assistance, and facilitating collaboration among learners. This suggests that teacher involvement is crucial in these environments.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Bioengineered yeast can produce biofuels from sugars. [SEP] Text: First, cytoplasmic ATP citrate lyase (ACL), which can efficiently convert respiratory citrate to acetyl-CoA for FA biosynthesis, is considered to be a signature (first biochemical then genetic) of oleaginous yeasts [46,47,48]. ACL, of which the subunits are encoded by two distinct genes in LS3, could be confidently predicted by its high amino acid similarity with this enzyme in Y. lipolytica (Table 2). The presence of these genes suggests the native oleaginous character of the Blastobotrys strain. Second, we found that LS3 possesses a copy of an AAL-like gene encoding putative peroxisomal acyl-CoA synthetase (Table 2). Homologous gene products in Y. lipolytica, which has a family of ten genes of Acyl/Aryl-CoA-ligases (AAL), were shown to be responsible for the activation of FAs into acyl-CoA [48]. Although various types of acyl-CoA synthetases are found in yeast (e. g. , Faa2 in S. cerevisiae), the distribution of these particular AAL-like genes was hypothesized to be biased towards oleaginous species [48]. Third, we examined the formation of triacylglycerol (TG). In yeast, TG synthesis relies on esterification of diacylglycerol with a third FA [49]. This last step of TG formation has been considered to be a limiting step for oil storage. It involves acyl-CoA dependent diacylglycerol acetyltransferases (DGAT) and/or phospholipid:diacylglycerol acetyltransferases (PDAT), which use phospholipids as FA donors. S. cerevisiae, Y. lipolytica [50], and B. raffinosifermentans LS3 (Table 2) all possess one gene encoding a PDAT enzyme. S. cerevisiae possesses only one DGAT gene, whereas Y. lipolytica [51, 52] and LS3 (Table 2) have two DGATs, possibly emphasizing their capacity for TG storage, a preferred form of oil storage in oleaginous yeasts. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not directly address the claim about bioengineered yeast producing biofuels from sugars. Instead, it discusses the biochemical characteristics and metabolic processes related to oleaginous yeasts and their ability to form triacylglycerol. While it provides detailed information on enzyme functions and genetic composition, it does not explicitly link these aspects to the production of biofuels, making it irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Quantum computing has potential applications in cryptography and data analysis. [SEP] Text: Квантономика, как одно из ключевых направлений экономического развития, характеризуется, в частности, интенсивным использованием квантовых вычислений и разработки квантовых компьютеров [9]. Мир уже шагнул в квантономическую эру, и уже в начале пути выявляются новые возможности применения квантовых технологий и квантовых коммуникаций в различных сферах. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the application of quantum computing in various fields, including cryptography, as it mentions the 'новые возможности применения квантовых технологий и квантовых коммуникаций.' This suggests that quantum technologies, which include quantum computing, are being actively explored for new applications.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Virtual learning environments require no teacher involvement. [SEP] Text: Η αξιοποίηση των Παιδαγωγικών Πρακτόρων (ΠΠ) αποτελεί μια καινοτόμα εκπαιδευτική τεχνική για την υποστήριξη εκπαιδευτικών διαδικασιών παρέχοντας βοήθεια σε εκπαιδευόμενους και εκπαιδευτικούς, σε προηγμένα τεχνολογικά περιβάλλοντα, όπως είναι τα εικονικά περιβάλλοντα μάθησης (ΕΠΜ). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by describing the role of Pedagogical Agents (ΠΠ) in supporting educational processes in advanced technological environments, such as virtual learning environments (ΕΠΜ), implying that teacher involvement is necessary to aid both learners and educators.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Bioengineered yeast can produce biofuels from sugars. [SEP] Text: While our study was being conducted, the genetic content of strain CBS 8244T (type strain of B. adeninivorans) was analyzed in a patent in view of lipid production [53]. The genome reportedly contained the two genes for ACL and two different genes for DGAT, as in LS3. The genome sequence is not available, however. Table 1 List of strains, received as Blastobotrys adeninivorans and reassigned to two different speciesFull size table Table 2 Selected genes of lipid metabolism in the genome of B. raffinosifermentans LS3Full size table Diversity among strains and species assignmentWe continued our investigation of the oleaginous character of the species by expanding our investigation to several strains. Strains LS3 and CBS 8244T were previously suggested to belong to different genetic subgroups, given the size of their four chromosomes and DNA-fingerprints [54]. We thus genotyped five strains of various origins obtained from the CBS collection (Table 1) along with LS3 and CBS 8244T. Using AluI fingerprinting of intergenic spacer rDNA (IGS), we found the seven strains to be clearly distributed into two distinct groups, a first group of three strains, including CBS 8244T, and a second group of four strains, including LS3 (Fig. 2a). The sequences of ITS and D1D2 showed the second group to be homogenous for this marker (no sequence polymorphism between strains), whereas it differs from the first group by three to five nucleotides (Fig. 2b, Additional file 1: Figure S1). The sequence of mtCOXII in CBS 7370 and LS3 confirmed the proximity of these strains, while showing divergence of CBS 8244T (Fig. 2b). The sequence of these markers for strains of the LS3 group better matched those of B. raffinosifermentans, according to the YeastIP database [55]. This species, closely related to B. adeninivorans, was described in 2007 and represented by a unique strain at that time [1]. Our results highlight the existence of two distinct groups among strains previously identified as B. adeninivorans, resulting in the reassignment of the LS3 group to the B. raffinosifermentans species. Fig. 2Two genotypic groups in strains previously identified as B. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text provides an analysis of the genetic content of specific yeast strains but does not mention biofuels or their production from sugars. As such, it does not address the claim and is therefore irrelevant.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Quantum computing has potential applications in cryptography and data analysis. [SEP] Text: Например, в индустрии информационной безопасности (ИБ) квантономика формирует запрос на создание принципиально новых систем защиты данных: традиционные криптографические системы уже недостаточно надежны, требуется их совершенствование, например, с использованием квантовой криптографической и стеганографической защиты. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by stating that quantum mechanics is driving the demand for fundamentally new data protection systems in information security, indicating the potential application of quantum computing in cryptography.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Virtual learning environments require no teacher involvement. [SEP] Text: Οι παιδαγωγικοί πράκτορες, αναφερόμενοι επίσης και ως ευφυείς παιδαγωγικοί πράκτορες (ΕΠΠ), κληρονομούν πολλά από τα χαρακτηριστικά τους από την τεχνητή νοημοσύνη (ΤΝ). Οι ευφυείς παιδαγωγικοί πράκτορες, τόσο σε ατομικό όσο και σε συνεργατικό εκπαιδευτικό πλαίσιο μπορούν να υπηρετήσουν πολλούς ρόλους, από αυτόν του δασκάλου έως και αυτόν του συμμαθητή ή ακόμη και του μαθητή που δημιουργεί πρόβλημα. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by stating that intelligent pedagogical agents can serve many roles, including that of a teacher, indicating that some level of teacher involvement is possible in virtual learning environments.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Bioengineered yeast can produce biofuels from sugars. [SEP] Text: adeninivorans and relation with B. raffinosifermentans. a IGS profiles. The right part of the agarose gel shows an example of the PCR product obtained for two strains. The left part shows AluI restriction profiles for the seven strains. Saccharomyces cerevisiae ATCC 42367 was used as a control. wells are occupied by the molecular weight standard, a mixture of NEB quick-load 1 kb ladder and pBR322 MspI-digest, for which the size of some bands is indicated in kb. b Single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the ITS-D1D2 (1086 nt) and mitochondrial COXII (598 nt) sequences. The number of SNPs (including one indel in ITS) is indicated for these markers for each comparison between the strain above and the type strains to the right. (–) indicates not determinedFull size image Capacity of sugar assimilation of B. raffinosifermentans and B. adeninivorans We examined the ability of the various strains to grow on three different simple carbohydrates, potentially useful as carbon and energy sources for microbial oil production. All strains exhibited relatively similar growth curves when cultivated in minimal medium supplemented with glucose or xylose, which reflects efficient assimilation of these substrates (maximum growth rate from 0. 13 to 0. 16 h−1 and stationary phase reached within 24 to 30 h in microplates). In contrast, glycerol promoted much slower and delayed growth, depending on the strain and substrate concentration (Additional file 1: Figure S2). For B. raffinosifermentans strains, the maximum growth rate ranged from 0. 078 to 0. 12 h−1 in 10 g/L glycerol and 0. 025 (CBS 8335) to 0. 1 h−1 in 2 g/L glycerol. This phase was generally preceded by a much slower growth phase or lag phase, especially in low concentrations of glycerol, extending up to 60 h. For strains of the B. adeninivorans species (CBS 8244T group), growth was very weak (10 g/L glycerol) or not visible (2 g/L glycerol) after 96 h cultivation in microplates (Additional file 1: Figure S2). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses the growth characteristics of different strains of yeast on various carbohydrates but does not explicitly mention the production of biofuels from sugars. The focus is on sugar assimilation and growth rates, which do not directly imply that these yeasts can produce biofuels.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Quantum computing has potential applications in cryptography and data analysis. [SEP] Text: Квантономика, как одно из ключевых направлений экономического развития, характеризуется, в частности, интенсивным использованием квантовых вычислений и разработки квантовых компьютеров [9]. Мир уже шагнул в квантономическую эру, и уже в начале пути выявляются новые возможности применения квантовых технологий и квантовых коммуникаций в различных сферах. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by highlighting the intensive use of quantum computing and development of quantum computers, indicating that quantum technologies have emerging applications in various fields, which encompasses both cryptography and data analysis.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Virtual learning environments require no teacher involvement. [SEP] Text: Ανάλογα με το ρόλο τους οι ΠΠ χρησιμοποιούνται για την ενίσχυση κινήτρων μάθησης, την εμπλοκή, την παροχή ενημέρωσης ή βοήθειας, την ενίσχυση των αλληλεπιδράσεων ή τη διευκόλυνση της συνεργασίας των εκπαιδευομένων. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by indicating that teachers play a critical role in enhancing learning motivation, engagement, providing information or assistance, boosting interactions, and facilitating collaboration among learners. This implies that teacher involvement is essential in virtual learning environments.