Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Crop rotation can enhance soil fertility and prevent pests. [SEP] Text: Tillage likely disrupted the physical structure and nutrient supply to subsurface soil microorganisms, which was previously identified as a major factor in destabilizing deep SOC (Rumpel and Kögel-Knabner 2011). Although dissolved organic C was not measured in the current study, a 20-yr trial demonstrated that dissolved organic C distribution by depth was similar to SOC and to N and the proportion of SOC as dissolved organic C increased with soil depth up to 105 cm (Wright et al. 2007). Future research should evaluate how tillage and rotational regimes can impact the input or transport of SOC to subsurface soil. and building soil quality is essential for competitive, sustainable agricultural production, and long-term research experiments are invaluable for assessing the impacts of management practices on soil quality. This is the first published report on soil quality in the long-term experiments at Ridgetown; differences among crop rotations and tillage systems on SOC and soil quality after 11 to 15 yr. Interpretation of the impact of tillage system and crop rotation on soil quality was similar using the CSHA at 0- to 15-cm depth and SOC and total N on an area basis or on an equivalent soil mass basis to 0- to 100-cm depth. This result suggests that CSHA may be useful in Ontario. Similar to and total N data suggest soil quality was higher in NT than CT and higher with winter wheat in the rotation. Tillage had a larger influence on C and N storage than crop rotation. Although in contrast to previous research in eastern Canada, in both long-term trials at Ridgetown, NT had ca. 21 Mg ha−1 more or 14% higher SOC than CT but chisel-T was not statistically different than NT or CT. Overall our results suggest that to improve soil quality and SOC and total N content, growers on clay loam soil in southwestern Ontario should consider incorporating winter wheat into the rotation and adopting NT production practices. and SOC content estimates were calculated on an equivalent mass basis to 100 cm depth but similar trends were observed at shallower depths too. Sampling well below the tillage depth provides a more accurate assessment of C and N storage and the impact of management practises on these chemical parameters. A common limitation in long-term tillage and rotation research on soil properties is not including estimates of crop residues on the soil surface and in subsurface soil into estimates of SOC and total N. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text supports the claim by indicating that different crop rotations, such as incorporating winter wheat, can improve soil quality and increase soil organic carbon (SOC) and total nitrogen (N) content. Specifically, it mentions that higher soil quality was observed with certain crop rotations and practices, suggesting that crop rotation methods can contribute to enhanced soil fertility.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Mindfulness programs require no training or structured guidance. [SEP] Text: The second study is quasi-experimental and analyzes survey data from mentors from the 2014 academic year (n = 59) who completed three hours of formal training on mindfulness research, application, and practice. Additionally, MAPs designed to foster mindful listening, eating, and emotion regulation skills were incorporated into the 2014-2015 YWLP group mentoring curriculum, which the mentors used to teach mindfulness strategies to their mentees and practice mindfulness as a group over the course of the year (Lawrence, Foukal, Trevett-Smith, & Peifer, 2015). An overview of the MAPs training sessions for mentors and additions to the group mentoring curriculum is included in Table 2 of the second manuscript. Survey data from this mindfulness group was compared to a group comprised of mentors from the 2011 (n = 85), 2012 (n = 73), and 2013 (n = 65) academic years, who received the same mentor training and group mentoring curriculum, but without the mindfulness component. Complete demographic information for this sample is available by group in Table 3 and by cohort in Table 4 of the manuscript. A one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) was conducted to compare the mean mentor satisfaction between the two groups and separate repeated measures general linear models were conducted to determine whether participation in mindfulness training was associated with a change over time in empathy and autonomy scores. Mentors who participated in mindfulness training reported significantly higher mentor satisfaction, greater increases in empathy, and greater decreases autonomy, compared to mentors received similar training but without the mindfulness component. These findings provide quantitative support for the inclusion of a mindfulness component to college mentor training. Yet further research is needed that more closely examines how college student mentors experience and apply MAPs within the context of their mentoring relationships with youth. The third study, Mentors’ Experience and Application of Practices Training, was conducted with the goal of filling this gap in the literature. The primary aim of this exploratory study was to gain a more detailed, comprehensive understanding of college student mentors’ application and experience of MAPs, in order to better inform the field’s knowledge of how MAPs may be useful for this population. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by stating that mentors received formal training on mindfulness research and application, specifically noting that the mentors completed three hours of formal training, which indicates that structured guidance is necessary for effective mindfulness program implementation. The presence of mindfulness components in the mentoring curriculum further emphasizes the importance of training and guidance in teaching mindfulness strategies.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Circadian rhythms are regulated by light-sensitive proteins. [SEP] Text: Complex aspects of experimental design can influence the magnitude of resultant phase shifts and the shape of PRCs. Factors influencing PRCs include stimulus parameters such as the brightness and color spectrum of the stimulus, the duration of daily exposure, the number of repetitions (days) of stimulation, and the light levels experienced at other times of day as well as management of sleep, diet, posture, and social interactions. Because of photostasis, retinal adaptation to light may alter responses [47], so other factors might include illumination levels experienced before entry into the experiment, the duration and the intensity of baseline illumination. The duration of the prior photoperiod also may influence the shape and amplitude of the PRC [42 - 44]. Much more data are needed to clarify these many issues and to optimize phase responses. experiments showed relatively similar amplitudes of phase response to 3000 lux light among older and young adults, and among women and men. The timing of the advance and delay regions of the older and young adults is clarified, under stimulation with moderately bright light. Among older adults, the PRC and its inflection time was substantially advanced in reference to clock time. Additionally, there was suggestive evidence for subtle rearrangement of the phase relationships between various phase markers among older adults, the implications of which deserve further exploration. Competing interests The author(s) declare that they have no competing interests. Authors' contributions DFK planned the study, was of HL61280, supervised the staff, assured participant safety, contributed to statistical analyses, and wrote the first draft of the manuscript. JAE planned the study, performed the assays and endocrine analyses, prepared most of the figures, and contributed to writing. SDY planned the study, recruited and screened participants, supervised technicians and the day by day data collection, assembled the data base, and contributed to data analyses and writing. KMR took part in grant and study planning, handled administrative and budgetary aspects of the study, maintained human subjects protection files, supervised technicians, took part in data collection, and contributed to writing. All authors read and approved the final manuscript. 8545. Institute for Research on Aging, UCSD and the provided facilities for this research. 105. Wever, RA (1989). Light effects on human circadian rhythms: A review of recent Andechs experiments J 4: 161–85, [PubMed] DOI: Johnson, CH (1990). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not directly address the claim regarding the regulation of circadian rhythms by light-sensitive proteins. Instead, it discusses various factors that influence phase response curves (PRCs) related to light exposure, such as brightness and color spectrum. While these factors are relevant to the study of circadian rhythms, the specific mention of light-sensitive proteins is absent, making the text irrelevant in relation to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Crop rotation can enhance soil fertility and prevent pests. [SEP] Text: Increased N2O emissions by cover crops in a diverse crop rotation can be mediated with dual nitrification and urease inhibitors Go to 5. of pseudoacacia and Quercus variabilis Plantation on and Nitrogen-Abundance in the Go to 6. Quantitative evaluation of soil health based on a minimum dataset under various short-term crop rotations on the Canadian prairies Go to 7. Drought effects on trait space of winter wheat are independent of land management Go to 8. Biological Activity: of and No-Go to 9. Comparison of equivalent soil mass approaches to estimate soil organic carbon stocks under long-term tillage Go to 10. Effects of fertilizer addition on soil organic carbon content in Chinese farmland: a meta-analysis Go to 11. Soil responses to inclusion of corn, soybean, and cover crops under rainfed conditions in the northern Great PlainsMark A. Liebig, David W. Archer, Jonathan J. Halvorson, Andrea K. Clemensen, John R. Hendrickson, and Donald L. to 12. The impact of soil preparation on the production of potatoes grown on podzolic soils Go to 13. Impact of Properties and to 14. Soil organic matter and aggregate stability dynamics under major no-till crop rotations on the Canadian prairies Go to 15. Strategies to improve soil health by optimizing the plant–soil–microbe–anthropogenic activity nexus Go to 16. Beyond grain: Agronomic, ecological, and economic benefits of diversifying crop rotations with wheat Go to 17. Fungi in Go to 18. Influence of an anthropogenic factor on changes in the content and composition of humus in chernozems of the lake Sevan basin of the republic of to 19. Evidence of development of underutilised crops and their ecosystem services in Europe: a systematic mapping approach Go to 20. Developing scoring functions based on soil texture to assess agricultural soil health in Quebec, CanadaMélanie Gauthier, Richard Hogue, Joël D'Astous-Pagé, Michel Champagne, and Go to 21. Carbon sequestration in Canada's croplands: a review of multiple disciplines influencing the science–policy interfaceLisa Ashton, Hannah P. Lieberman, Callum Morrison, and Marie-Élise to 22. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text supports the claim by discussing various studies related to crop rotations and their effects on soil health, particularly mentioning the benefits of diverse crop rotations. It implies a connection between crop diversity and enhanced soil quality, which is fundamental to the claim about improved soil fertility. However, specific direct mentions of pest prevention are not evident in the given text.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Mindfulness programs require no training or structured guidance. [SEP] Text: This study addressed the following research questions: (a) how do college women mentors experience and apply MAPs in the context of their mentoring relationship with an adolescent girl and (b) are there differences in outcomes between college women mentors who report high dispositional mindfulness after a semester of training in MAPs compared to those who report low dispositional mindfulness. Data consisted of 30 reflections written at about one month intervals (T1, T2, T3) over the course of a semester by a subsample of YWLP mentors from the 2014-2015 cohort, the mindfulness group from the second study who received MAPs training. Selection criteria were based on mentors’ post-program score on the (MAAS; Brown & Ryan, 2003); Mentors with the five highest and five lowest post-program MAAS scores were selected for inclusion and assigned to either the high mindfulness group or low mindfulness group (see Table 2 of the third manuscript). Once de-identified, all reflections were uploaded and stored securely using the online qualitative research software platform, Dedoose. Open coding in the early stages of analysis identified initial concepts present in the raw data. Next the researcher composed narrative summaries for all reflections, which facilitated analysis of individual mentors’ change over time and comparison of patterns both within and between groups. The majority of coding and analysis (including composition of narrative summaries) was performed blind and a subset of reflections was coded a second time by two different researchers to check for accuracy of initial codes. Only half of the mentors included in the present study discussed mindfulness in their reflections (see Table 1 of the manuscript). It may be that some mentors did have experiences with mindfulness but did not write about them; nevertheless this finding suggests that while MAPs are simple strategies, college women mentors may need more support in how to apply them in the mentoring relationship. Thematic analysis identified five ways that college women mentors might respond to MAPs training: 1) noting a specific past experience during which one “should have” practiced mindfulness; 2) planning to practice mindfulness; 3) practicing mindfulness; 4) teaching one’s mentee mindfulness; and 5) one’s mentee practicing mindfulness. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by highlighting that the study involved a training process for college women mentors in MAPs (Mindfulness Awareness Practices). It suggests that while MAPs are described as 'simple strategies,' the mentors may still need 'more support in how to apply them' in their mentoring relationships, indicating a need for structured guidance rather than suggesting that no training is required.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Circadian rhythms are regulated by light-sensitive proteins. [SEP] Text: The circadian basis of winter depression 103: 7414–7419, [PubMed] DOI: and Kupfer, DJ (1989). Index: a new instrument for psychiatric practice and research. 28(2): 193–213, [PubMed] DOI: and Youngstedt, SD (2006). Criterion validity of the Quality Index: Investigation in a non-clinical sample Sleep and 4: 129–136, DOI: Jean-and Langer, RD (2001). Sleep detection with an accelerometer actigraph: comparisons with polysomnography 72: 21–28, [PubMed] DOI: Jean-and Youngstedt, SD (2001). Sleep estimation from wrist movement quantified by different actigraphic modalities J 105: 185–191, [PubMed] DOI: Radloff, LS (1977). The CES-D scale: A self-report depression scale for research in the general population Measurement 1: 385–401, DOI: and Hellman, L (1974). Effects of a prolonged 3-hour sleep-wake cycle on sleep stages, plasma cortisol, growth hormone, and body temperature J Metab 38: 1018–1030. [PubMed] Carskadon, MA and Dement, WC (1975). Sleep studies on a 90-minute day Neurophysiol 39: 145–155, [PubMed] DOI: Lavie, P (1986). Ultrashort sleep-waking schedule. III. 'Gates' and 'forbidden zones' for sleep Neurophysiol 63: 414–25, [PubMed] DOI: and Begley, A (2005). Circadian patterns of sleep, sleepiness, and performance in older and younger adults Sleep 28: 1365–1376. [PubMed] and Buysse, DJ (2002). Masking effects of posture and sleep onset on core body temperature have distinct circadian rhythms: results from a 90-min/day protocol J 17: 447–462, [PubMed] DOI: Monk, TH (1989). A visual analogue scale technique to measure global vigor and affect 27: 89–99, [PubMed] DOI: and Hauger, RL (2003). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim regarding circadian rhythms and light-sensitive proteins. It instead provides a series of citations related to sleep studies and other research without discussing the regulation of circadian rhythms by light-sensitive proteins. Therefore, this text is irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Crop rotation can enhance soil fertility and prevent pests. [SEP] Text: [Traduit par la Rédaction]IntroductionApproximately 60% of the current increase in atmospheric N2O emanates from agricultural soils (IPCC 2007). Significant progress has been made with respect to identifying processes responsible for the production and emission of N2O from soils, but quantifying the relative contribution of the different processes and how agricultural management influences these processes remain a challenge (Butterbach-Bahl et al. 2013). There is significant evidence that N2O emissions increase in direct proportion to the sum of fertilizer and nonfertilizer nitrogen (N) inputs in agricultural and nonagricultural ecosystems (Bouwman 1996; Bouwman et al. 2002; Liu and Greaver 2009), but other factors such as soil moisture and temperature, fertilizer N type and placement, phosphorus (P), potassium (K), sulfur (S) fertilizer applications, crop type and rotation, inclusion of legumes, lime applications, microbial community diversity, and tillage contribute to the variability of N2O emissions (Bouwman 1996; Bouwman et al. 2002; Li et al. 2002; Drury et al. 2006; Wagner-Riddle et al. 2007; Snyder et al. 2009; Barton et al. 2013; Butterbach-Bahl et al. 2013; Koga 2013; Siciliano 2014). Currently, there is a knowledge gap with respect to the links between management practices and (1) N2O production processes and emissions and (2) soil properties affecting N2O emissions and production processes. The influence of long-term management (e. g. , crop rotation, tillage, and fertilizer applications) on soil properties and processes such as soil C and N stocks and cycling is well recognized (Richter et al. 2007). There are relatively few examples, however, of long-term management effects or management legacy effect on current annual or growing season N2O emissions. Drury et al. (2014) observed a significant long-term rotation effect on N2O emissions, showing that growing season N2O emissions in the corn phase of a cereal–forage rotation were lower than in a continuous corn rotation with comparable N inputs (fertilizer and biologically fixed). Venterea et al. (2011) showed a significant long-term tillage effect, showing that growing season N2O emission intensities were greater under no-till management compared with conventional tillage. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by stating that 'the influence of long-term management (e. g., crop rotation, tillage, and fertilizer applications) on soil properties and processes such as soil C and N stocks and cycling is well recognized.' This suggests that practices like crop rotation contribute positively to soil properties, which is indirectly supportive of the claim regarding enhancement of soil fertility.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Mindfulness programs require no training or structured guidance. [SEP] Text: The first three of these themes (“should have,” practicing, planning) appear to mirror aspects of the contemplation, preparation, and action stages of change, respectively, of the transtheoretical model (TTM) of change (Prochaska, DiClemente, & Norcross, 1992). A notable implication of this finding is that training for college mentors may need to provide ongoing opportunities for mentor reflection on MAPs application to the mentoring relationship across the stages of change (i. e. , contemplation, preparation, and action). In addition to identifying stages of adoption, results from this study also provided light on how mentors may use MAPs during mentoring. Mentors described applying MAPs as a way to calm themselves and to teach their mentee support in calming herself. Mentors discussed using their breath to help manage self-judgment and to set their intentions before a difficult conversation with their mentee. Some mentors in the low mindfulness group expressed self-judgment, saying they felt guilty or like an inconvenience in situations related to one-on-one time, transportation, and interactions with their mentee’s parents. Some low mindfulness mentors also avoided difficult conversation at T3, which differed greatly from the high mindfulness mentors’ descriptions of initiating difficult conversations at T3 (see Table 5 of the manuscript). Results suggest that some mentors may not experience the same level of dispositional mindfulness as their peers and, consequently, may respond better to instruction other than MAPs training. Teaching developmental issues may be one way to help mentors with lower dispositional mindfulness be less judgmental of themselves and others and to engage in difficult conversations. Given that both of these skills are important parts of mentoring (Rhodes, 2002; Spencer, 2007), programs can benefit greatly from supporting mentor development in these areas. This three-paper manuscript-style dissertation bridges several areas of the literature, including youth mentoring, college student development, and mindfulness. Thus, results will be valuable to researchers across a variety of disciplines. In addition, the implications of each study will help strengthen the quality of training provided by mentoring programs working with college student mentors. Ultimately, this may translate to more effective mentoring and better outcomes for mentor and mentee. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by indicating that training for college mentors is necessary to effectively apply mindfulness practices (MAPs) in mentoring relationships. It emphasizes that some mentors may need ongoing opportunities for reflection and structured guidance related to the application of mindfulness, stating that results suggest that mentors with lower dispositional mindfulness could respond better to instruction than to MAPs training alone. This implies that some level of training and guidance is important for effectiveness in implementing mindfulness programs.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Circadian rhythms are regulated by light-sensitive proteins. [SEP] Text: Age-related changes of circadian rhythms and sleep-wake cycles J Soc 51: 1085–1091, [PubMed] DOI: and Marler, MR (2005). Circadian phase in adults of contrasting ages 22: 695–709, DOI: and Elliott, JA (2003). PRC bisection tests 20: 1117–1123, [PubMed] DOI: Benloucif, S, Green, K, L'Hermite-and Zee, PC (2005). Responsiveness of the aging circadian clock to light 27: 1870–1879, [PubMed] DOI: and Czeisler, CA (2007). Decreased sensitivity to phase-delaying effects of moderate intensity light in older subjects 28: 799–807, [PubMed] DOI: Kripke, DF, Jean-and Langer, RD (2004). Ethnicity, sleep, mood, and illumination in postmenopausal women BMC Psychiatry 4: 8. [PubMed] DOI: Jean-and Wolintz, A (2005). Associations of ambient illumination with mood: Contribution of ophthalmic dysfunctions 84: 479–487, [PubMed] DOI: and Fahrenkrug, J (2004). Melanopsin is expressed in PACAP-containing retinal ganglion cells of the human retinohypothalamic tract 45: 4202–4209, [PubMed] DOI: Cagnacci, A, Elliott, JA and Yen, S (1992). Melatonin: a major regulator of the circadian rhythm of core temperature in humans J Metab 75: 447–452, [PubMed] DOI: and Czeisler, CA (2002). Peak of circadian melatonin rhythm occurs later within the sleep of older subjects Metab 282: E297–E303. [PubMed] and Hishikawa, Y (2003). Stability of sleep timing against the melatonin secretion rhythm with advancing age: clinical implications J Metab 88: 4689–4695, [PubMed] DOI: van Heerikhuize, J, Hofman, MA and Swaab, DF (2003). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not directly address the claim regarding the regulation of circadian rhythms by light-sensitive proteins. Instead, it cites various studies and authors related to circadian rhythms, aging, and light's effects on mood and melatonin without providing evidence that specifically supports or contradicts the role of light-sensitive proteins in circadian rhythm regulation.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Crop rotation can enhance soil fertility and prevent pests. [SEP] Text: LaHue et al. (2015) demonstrated that N2O emissions from zero-N controls were a function of previous N applications. Pearce (2016) demonstrated that land with historical applications of manure had greater growing season N2O emissions following applications of urea compared with land with no history of manure application despite comparable historical N inputs. Thus, the legacy of long-term cropping practices and nutrient management appears to be important for understanding the magnitude and variability of current and future soil N2O emissions. Implementing management practices to increase crop recovery of applied N may reduce N2O emissions as demonstrated in the examples cited in the review of Snyder et al. (2009). However, van Groenigen et al. (2010) observed that higher crop yields and N uptake can be associated with higher N2O emissions. In their meta-analysis, they observed that increased crop recovery of applied N decreased N2O emissions per unit of yield or per unit of crop N uptake (i. e. , N2O emission intensity) but not total N2O emissions. N2O emissions did not increase with added fertilizer N as long as crop uptake of N matched or exceeded N application rates. N2O emission intensities had a nonlinear relationship with N fertilizer rate, decreasing between rates of 0 and 90 kg N ha−1, followed by stable intensities between 90 and 180 kg N ha−1 and then increasing at rates greater than 180 kg N ha−1. Therefore, fertilizer management practices that increase crop recovery of applied N, avoiding N applications in excess of crop demands, have the potential to reduce N2O emissions from agricultural land. Applying fertilizer to address all nutrient deficiencies is key to maximizing crop recovery of applied N (Snyder et al. 2009), which likely reduces the risk of increased N2O emissions associated with fertilizer N applications. For example, addition of phosphorus (P) fertilizer with fertilizer N reduced the soil profile NO3− and improved the N recovery in long-term corn nutrition research plots in Kansas, and adequate K substantially improved crop N recovery in corn in Ohio (Gordon 2005). is required for efficient N use and high yield in annual and forage crops. Similarly, long-term applications of N and S increased dry matter forage yield, N and S uptake, and reduced nitrate leaching (Malhi and Gill 2006; Malhi et al. 2010). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text supports the claim by discussing management practices that enhance crop recovery of applied nitrogen (N) and overall soil fertility, thus indirectly corroborating the idea that such practices can enhance soil conditions. The long-term applications of nutrients and the impact of different fertilizer combinations suggest methods that align with the principles of crop rotation to improve soil fertility. While the text primarily focuses on nitrogen management rather than crop rotation per se, it highlights practices that can contribute to enhanced soil health, which is a key aspect of the claim.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Mindfulness programs require no training or structured guidance. [SEP] Text: Use our pre-submission checklist Avoid common mistakes on your manuscript. of of Canada has set a strategic direction to transform medical education through the implementation of competency-based training programs [1]. We propose an application of this paradigm to the training of Mindfulness-(MBIs) in Canadian psychiatry postgraduate programs. We have developed competency-based guidelines, informed by a survey of postgraduate directors on current MBI training opportunities across Canada, as well as an examination of the unique training requirements associated with MBIs. MBIs such as Mindfulness-Reduction (MBSR), Mindfulness-Therapy (MBCT), and Mindfulness-integrated Therapy (MiCBT) are manualized individual and/or group treatments that emphasize mindfulness practices, along with psychoeducation and reflective discussions, termed inquiry [2,3,4]. MBIs have proliferated and are now used to treat a broad range of psychiatric disorders, including depressive and anxiety disorders, substance use disorders, eating disorders, and insomnia [5,6,7,8,9]. MBCT is one of the most researched and applied MBI adaptations within psychiatric practice. It has level 1 evidence as a first-line maintenance treatment for major depressive disorder and is as effective as remaining on maintenance antidepressants, with no significant difference in cost [10, 11]. The current Objectives in Training in psychiatry for the of Physicians and Surgeons of Canada requires that graduates have “introductory knowledge in assessing suitability for, prescribing, and delivering … mindfulness training” [12]. It is therefore incumbent on residency programs to provide introductory MBI instruction so that all residents are qualified to assess patient suitability for MBIs, as well as to prescribe these treatments. We argue that “introductory knowledge in delivering” MBIs as described in the Objectives of Training is not adequate for safe and competent MBI treatment delivery. Furthermore, it should not be expected that all psychiatrists have competency in MBI delivery. Rather, only those clinicians who elect to provide mindfulness-based psychotherapies require advanced training. Although general training standards, certification programs, and assessment criteria for MBI clinicians have been proposed, we are unaware of training guidelines or defined competencies for the training of psychiatrists and psychiatric residents in MBIs, such as MBCT, directly serving psychiatric populations [13,14,15,16,17]. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by emphasizing that competency-based training is essential for healthcare professionals delivering mindfulness-based interventions (MBIs). It asserts that merely having 'introductory knowledge in delivering' is insufficient for safe and competent delivery of these programs, indicating that advanced training should be a requirement for clinicians who opt to provide mindfulness-based therapies.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Circadian rhythms are regulated by light-sensitive proteins. [SEP] Text: " Following a consensus process, the data from these experiments were combined to form Vλ, the photopic luminous efficiency function formally defining light [12], shown in Figure 1. Vλ then is the bridge between radiometry, the measurement of radiant energy, and photometry, the measurement of light. Depending upon the geometric properties of interest, radiant flux (radiant energy per unit time) is weighted by Vλ in the fundamental definitions of luminous intensity (Vλ-weighted radiant intensity, or radiant flux within a solid angle), illuminance (Vλ-weighted irradiance, or radiant flux incident on a surface area), and luminance (Vλ-weighted radiance, or luminous intensity per unit area of a surface) [11]. Circadian light could then similarly bridge radiometry to circadian photometry and would have parallel definitions with those used for light based upon geometrical considerations. Figure 1 Photopic and scotopic luminous efficiency functions [10] and other spectral sensitivity functions measured with humans (mesopic: Rea et al. [13], glare: Bullough [14], brightness, central: CIE [10], brightness, peripheral: Weale [15]). Peak wavelengths for each function are noted in the legend. The photopic luminous efficiency function is actually only one of a wide variety of functions that can be used to characterize the spectral sensitivity of the human visual system. Figure 1 also shows a small sample of human spectral sensitivity functions published in the literature [12 - 15]. In fact, depending upon the experimental conditions, many spectral response functions can be obtained from the human visual system. Vλ is quite special, however, because, in addition to its metrological seniority, it has the important practical feature of exhibiting additivity. Additivity means that when two lights (A and B) of different spectral power distributions but of equal luminance (A = B) are combined by unit fractional amounts, they will continue to have the same luminance [13]. That is, (1) where p and q are unit fractional amounts, such that p + q = 1 Additivity as defined by Equation 1 significantly restricts the relevance of Vλ for representing the spectral sensitivity of the human visual system to a small handful of visual task conditions [16]. Because of additivity, however, Vλ has become the universal "visual response function" for commerce and for government regulations [11]. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim regarding circadian rhythms and light-sensitive proteins. Instead, it discusses the relationship between photopic luminous efficiency, radiant energy measurement, and the spectral sensitivity of the human visual system. There is no mention of circadian rhythms or any proteins in the provided text, making it irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Crop rotation can enhance soil fertility and prevent pests. [SEP] Text: In light of the abovementioned examples of management effects on soil nutrient stocks, cycling, plant uptake — all of which appear to be linked to N2O — and the few examples of direct N2O emission measurements from agricultural land under consistent, long-term management, the main objective of this research was to assess the effects of long-term rotation and fertilization growing season N2O emissions, N2O emission intensities (N2O-N per grain yield and N2O-N per crop N uptake), and the relationships between these variables. The secondary objective was to explore the effects of long-term rotation and fertilization on soil C and N stocks and their relationship to crop N uptake and growing season N2O emissions. Materials and MethodsStudy site description and field management(BCPs) agroecological experiment was first established in 1930 near Breton, AB (53°07′N, 114°28′W), on soils with moderate to poor drainage, slightly acidic pH, and a loam texture (Dyck et al. 2012). Soil properties such as total organic carbon (TOC) and total N (TN) will be discussed in the “Results and Discussion” section because they vary due to long-term rotation and fertilization. The mean annual air temperature and precipitation at the site are 2. 1 °C and 547 mm, respectively (Grant et al. 2001). The potential evapotranspiration (ET) is 732 mm. The BCPs consist of eight fertility treatments superimposed on two rotations. The two rotations of the BCP are (1) a 2 yr wheat (Triticum aestivum L. ) – fallow (WF) rotation; and (2) a 5 yr wheat (T. aestivum L. ) – oats (Avena sativa) – barley (Hordeum vulgare L. ) – alfalfa (Medicago sativa) – brome (Bromus tectorum) hay (WOBHH) rotation. In each rotation, each crop is grown in all fertility treatments on an annual basis but is not replicated in space. The replications for this study are in time (across growing seasons). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text supports the claim by discussing the effects of long-term rotation and fertilization on soil properties such as total organic carbon and nitrogen stocks. These factors are key indicators of soil fertility. Furthermore, the exploration of various crop rotations and their impact on soil nutrient uptake indirectly suggests that these practices could also help manage pest populations.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Mindfulness programs require no training or structured guidance. [SEP] Text: Standardized competencies within psychiatry have the potential to promote targeted learning and clear assessment standards, and complement the Competence by Design framework developed by the of Physicians and Surgeons of Canada, which represents a transformational change in postgraduate training and is scheduled for implementation between 2018 and 2022 [18]. by Design framework emphasizes outcomes-driven education and assessment across the spectrum of medical training, in contrast to the current emphasis on defined time periods within rotations [18]. Knowledge and abilities are specified for six stages of practice, two of which are applicable to MBI training: Core of Discipline (Core), which defines abilities integral to all psychiatric practice, and (AE), which denotes development of specialized skill sets [18]. by Design framework is structured around Activities (EPAs), which refer to tasks in the clinical setting that a supervisor can delegate to a resident, once sufficient competence has been demonstrated. Organized by CanMEDS roles, discrete skills and attitudes required for competency with a specific EPA are termed “milestones” and serve as observable markers of an individual’s ability at a specific stage of expertise [18, 19]. EPAs can be used as assessment tools to ensure that relevant milestones have been learned, and the milestones themselves can be used to design curricula and implement targeted teaching. We define the EPA of assessing patients for suitability and appropriately prescribing MBIs as a Core of Discipline activity, for which all psychiatry trainees should be equipped. Some clinicians will also develop specialization in delivering MBI treatments and, for senior psychiatrists, in providing MBI training and quality improvement leadership. To characterize these (AE)-stage skills, in the absence of a precedent within the Competence by Design framework, we have created two sub-stages: AE-Therapist and AE-Leader. Program directors can use the Core competencies to formalize program-wide training, while a subset of residents and practicing psychiatrists can be guided by the milestones associated with the AE-Therapist EPA to plan MBI electives and Development opportunities. In addition to defining EPAs and milestones, we propose MBI training pathways with examples of specific training experiences for each stage that can be integrated into psychiatry postgraduate training and Development programs. Approaches to possible implementation challenges are also discussed. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by explaining that there are structured training pathways and competencies defined for mindfulness-based interventions (MBIs) within psychiatric training. It highlights the importance of training experiences and assessment tools like Entrustable Professional Activities (EPAs) and milestones, indicating that structured guidance is essential for the delivery of mindfulness programs.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Circadian rhythms are regulated by light-sensitive proteins. [SEP] Text: Despite its assumed universality, the psychophysical techniques used to develop Vλ only functionally characterize the spectral sensitivity of the achromatic (luminance) channel for the human fovea which is dominated by input from only two of the three cone types. The fovea constitutes only about 2% of the retina and provides humans with high spatial resolution. Only densely packed long-wavelength (L) and middle-wavelength (M) sensitive cones are found in the center of the fovea; although all three cone types are found throughout the remainder of the retina, the short-wavelength (S) sensitive cones are much rarer and, like the rods, absent from the center of the fovea. cone is also slower to respond to rapid modulations of light level than the L and M cones [17]. Vλ is largely (but not exclusively) based upon a psychophysical technique known as flicker photometry. A small disc presented to an observer at the center of the fovea oscillates in time (flickers) between two lights of different spectral power distributions (perceived colors). By gradually adjusting the radiance of one light and the flicker rate, the two lights eventually appear as a steady light of a single hue. At this point where the two oscillating lights just fuse into what appears to be a fixed luminous disc, the two lights are defined as having the same luminance. Vλ is determined by taking the reciprocal of the radiance at each wavelength needed to reach this constant-luminance flicker criterion and normalizing these values to the reciprocal of the radiance associated with the wavelength requiring the least amount of optical radiation needed to elicit the criterion response (λmax = 555 nm). By utilizing rapidly oscillating lights in the fovea, the S cone is functionally excluded from the definition of light even though this photoreceptor plays an extremely important role in our perception of brightness [15]. Nevertheless, Vλ has gained ubiquity in metrology because additivity is essential for any system of photometry supporting commerce and government. To be useful, a system of photometry first must, more or less, describe the relative brightness of a light source. The current system of photometry based on Vλ does so, more or less. As a "white" light source (e. g. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address circadian rhythms or their regulation by light-sensitive proteins. Instead, it discusses the anatomical and functional characteristics of the fovea and the methodology of flicker photometry, which is unrelated to the claim regarding circadian rhythms.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Crop rotation can enhance soil fertility and prevent pests. [SEP] Text: Because of the unconventional experimental design, the following model with year as a random effect and fertility treatments nested within rotation as fixed effects was used:(2)Because the soil properties included in this analysis were measured in only 1 yr, the statistical model for soil properties was(3)Pairwise comparison of least-squares means for the nested, rotation (fertility treatment) factor using the Tukey’s test was performed when possible for significant model factors. Results and DiscussionEffects of long-term rotation and fertility treatment on soil propertiesThe long-term rotation and fertility treatments have resulted in significant different levels of soil TOC, TN, pH, and to a lesser extent, TS (Table 2). All fertility treatments in the 5 yr rotation have accumulated more TOC and TN than their counterparts in the 2 yr rotation. The greater levels of soil N in the 5 yr rotation are likely a result of more frequent and greater N inputs in the form of fertilizers (in NPKS and NPK treatments), manure (in the manure treatment), and biological fixation and crop residues (in all treatments). There is much more variability in TS, resulting in no statistical differences, but the magnitude of the relative differences in mean TS between the fertility treatments in the two rotations was similar to the relative differences between TOC and TN. Table 2. Table 2. Soil properties of soil at surface soils (0–15 cm) of fertility treatments within each rotation. Note: Values are averages of samples taken from fertility treatment plots in all phases of the rotation (see Dyck et al. 2012). Within each column, different lowercase letters indicate that the means are significantly different (P < 0. 05). TOC, TN: combustion; TS: nitric acid digest; pH, 5:1 CaCl2. TOC, total organic carbon; TN, total N; TS, total sulfur; WF, wheat–fallow; WOBHH, wheat–oat–barley–hay–hay. Within each rotation, the long-term fertility treatments have also resulted in some significant differences in TOC and TN and TS levels. The manure treatments had higher levels of TOC, total TN and TS, and all other treatments within each rotation, but the remaining treatments were not statistically different from each other. Growing season conditions and wheat yieldsTable 3 summarizes the growing season conditions for the 2013, 2014, and 2015 growing seasons. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by detailing how long-term rotation and fertility treatments led to significant improvements in soil properties, specifically noting that the 5-year rotation accumulated more total organic carbon (TOC) and total nitrogen (TN) compared to the 2-year rotation. This accumulation of nutrients supports the assertion that crop rotation can enhance soil fertility.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Mindfulness programs require no training or structured guidance. [SEP] Text: of CompetencyPsychiatric populations are at increased risk for experiencing symptom exacerbation during MBIs, for example, the triggering of severe anxiety by maintaining attentional focus on the breath or body in the context of trauma history, or aggravating rumination during thought-focused practices [20]. Although most patients with anxiety and depressive disorders benefit from acquiring mindfulness skills, all psychiatrists must be equipped to assess suitability in the context of a patient’s unique illness, rendering this a Core stage EPA (Table 1a). Table 1 Mindfulness training competency milestones by stage of training and by CanMEDS roleFull size table Specifically, clinicians need to be aware of potential contraindications to intense practices in MBCT, such as the intolerance of affect associated with borderline personality disorder. These patients are better served by interventions such as Therapy, in which mindfulness practices are intentionally brief and carefully designed to gradually progress exposure to bodily sensations [21]. In addition, clinicians must consider the suitability of MBI providers, recognizing the lack of standardization among non-certified MBI clinicians and the implications for MBI delivery, safety, and efficacy. To appropriately inform patients when prescribing MBIs, psychiatrists need to master several knowledge-based milestones: familiarity with a clinically applicable definition of mindfulness, such as the alert, receptive, and equanimous observation of moment-to-moment experience [22], as well as awareness of the mechanisms by which mindfulness leads to symptom improvement, including increased interoceptive awareness, affect tolerance, attention regulation, and the development of metacognitive awareness [23]. They must be able to address common misconceptions that can be barriers to participation, such as mindfulness misconstrued as religious practice, or as detachment from emotions or emptying the mind of thoughts. They may need to clarify the common misunderstanding that mindfulness favors acceptance over taking action. In actuality, mindfulness is a platform for change: some mindfulness-based treatments, such as MiCBT, require patients to identify specific maladaptive behaviors (e. g. , those that stem from avoidance) and to define measurable outcomes that indicate their successful resolution (e. g. , socializing three times a week in previously avoided situations), thus targeting specific symptoms and functioning [4]. Advanced Expertise-of CompetencyWe propose an AE-Therapist EPA of delivering MBIs with fidelity to key aspects of mindfulness-based teaching. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by stating that clinicians must be equipped to assess the suitability of mindfulness practices for patients and highlights the need for training and knowledge among practitioners. Furthermore, it notes that mindfulness-based treatments often require specific skills for implementation, thus indicating that some level of training and guidance is necessary.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Circadian rhythms are regulated by light-sensitive proteins. [SEP] Text: , daylight, incandescent, fluorescent) generates greater radiance, the light source should appear brighter and the photometric quantity should increase. Further, as the spectral power distribution of the light emitted by a source shifts to the middle of the "visible spectrum" (i. e. , near 555 nm) the source should also appear brighter and the photometric quantity should also increase. In general, photometry based upon Vλ provides quantities consistent with these expectations. Ironically perhaps, a photometric system based on apparent brightness will not conform to these prima facie expectations. As will be discussed in more detail in the next section, it is possible to show that when two lights of equal brightness are added together their sum can actually appear less bright than either light alone. Commerce and government simply could not employ a non-additive system of photometry where summing more optical radiation produced less light. The significance of additivity in the definition, and thereby, the sale and regulation of light should not be underestimated. Not only does additivity ensure that the combination of optical radiation always increases the amount of measured light, additivity also provides for inexpensive and practical means of measuring that light. Additivity ensures that, at any level of optical radiation, a linear detector-filter combination matching the spectral response of Vλ will provide photometric quantities identical to the sum of the spectral power obtained at each wavelength by a much more expensive and complicated spectroradiometer. Additivity is the dominant and perhaps only reason Vλ has not been displaced by commerce and government after nearly a century of research showing the inherent limitations of Vλ for characterizing the visual stimulus [16,18]. Spectral sensitivity of brightness perception In addition to the visual system's achromatic luminance channel, the spectral sensitivity of which is well characterized by Vλ, two spectrally opponent color channels simultaneously contribute to our perceptions of brightness. The three visual channels leading to brightness perceptions are formed in the retina from the three cone photoreceptor types (L, M, and S cones) but, depending upon the subsequent neural connections, they are combined in different ways to provide brightness information to the visual cortex. As previously discussed, the spectral sensitivity of the luminance channel is dominated by the summed input from the L and M cones. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text fails to address the claim regarding circadian rhythms and light-sensitive proteins. Instead, it discusses photometric quantities and brightness perception without mentioning how light affects circadian rhythms or the role of light-sensitive proteins in that regulation.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Crop rotation can enhance soil fertility and prevent pests. [SEP] Text: Mean growing season temperature, growing degree days (GDDs), and reference ET were very consistent between years, but growing season precipitation was significantly lower in 2015. Long-term averages for growing season precipitation, air temperature, and GDDs are 340 mm, 13. 6 °C, and 1066, respectively. Thus, all 3 yr growing seasons were drier and warmer than the long-term average, but 2015 was especially dry, resulting in poor growing conditions and dry soil conditions for most of June and July 2015. Because of the variability in timing of growing season precipitation and amount of growing season precipitation among the three growing seasons, year was a significant factor manifested as significantly lower 2015 growing season N2O and CO2 emissions, wheat grain yields, and N2O emission intensities (Table 4). Table 3. Table 3. Summary of precipitation, air temperature, growing degree days, and reference evapotranspiration (ET) during the growing season (2013–2015) at Plots. a1 May to 31 Aug. Table 4. Table 4. Summary of the P value of the statistical model comparing the effect of year, fertility treatments, year × fertility treatments, and fertility treatment nested in rotation on cumulative growing season N2O emissions, CO2 emissions, wheat grain yield, wheat N uptake (grain + straw), N2O emissions per grain yield, N2O emissions per wheat N uptake, total N (TN), total soil C (TOC), and soil pH. The drought in 2015 reduced wheat yields compared with the previous two growing seasons, but the relative differences in yields between the rotations and fertility treatments within and between rotations were consistent over the three growing seasons, and wheat N uptake did not appear to decrease because of the drier conditions in 2015 (Table 4). Despite similar total growing season precipitation in 2013 and 2014, yields were higher in 2014 because of more favorable seeding conditions in the spring of 2014. Soil moisture was near saturation for the majority of June 2013 (the month following seeding), and this likely inhibited root development in early growth stages which impacted yields. Overall, higher yields and N uptake were observed in the 5 yr rotation compared with the 2 yr rotation, which is likely a reflection of greater cumulative inputs of fertilizer, crop residue, and biologically fixed N over the long term. Reynolds et al. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by emphasizing the benefits of crop rotation through the observation that overall, 'higher yields and N uptake were observed in the 5 yr rotation compared with the 2 yr rotation.' This suggests that crop rotation practices can lead to greater cumulative inputs of nutrients, which likely enhances soil fertility. Furthermore, it indicates the impact of these practices on agricultural productivity, supporting the claim that crop rotation contributes positively to farming practices.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Mindfulness programs require no training or structured guidance. [SEP] Text: Foremost among the milestones (Table 1b) is an experiential understanding of mindfulness, as it is the clinician’s own experiences with meditation, combined with an understanding of the psychological framework underlying MBIs, that allows for optimal structuring and languaging of practice instructions and inquiry [24]. For example, the development of equanimity, defined as bringing an equal interest to each moment of subjective experience, irrespective of its implicit affective valence (pleasant, unpleasant, or neutral), plays a key role in symptom reduction [25, 26]. Given that developing equanimity includes repeatedly returning attention to unpleasant, unwanted sensations, or pleasant, highly desirable sensations, without enacting even subtle forms of avoidance or attachment, it is nearly impossible for a clinician to guide participants through these practices without having repeatedly worked equanimously with a variety of sensory experiences and emotional states in their own mindfulness practice. One of the more challenging AE-Therapist milestones is acquiring the skill of inquiry, the interactive investigation of mindfulness practice. During inquiry, the clinician begins by supporting an observational stance through exploration of the patient’s direct experience of meditation, with emphasis on bodily sensations. Attention is drawn to present-moment experience, rather than narratives of the past or forecasts of the future. In the second stage of inquiry, the clinician investigates mental processes that follow from direct experience, such as habitual reactions of attachment or aversion to pleasant and unpleasant sensations. Finally, in the third stage, the clinician assists patients in linking the recognition of these habitual reactions to their role in propagating symptoms, such as panic or avoidance of intimacy. AE-Therapists avoid being formulaic with inquiry but rather conduct it as a relational mindfulness practice [27]. Through mindfulness practice and inquiry, patients develop metacognitive awareness, the interrelated processes of meta-awareness, disidentification from internal experience, and reduced reactivity to thought content [28]. Metacognitive awareness has been shown to contribute to positive outcomes by mediating reduction in anxiety and depressive symptoms [29]. MBI clinicians support participants in relating to thinking as a process (e. g. , “I am having thoughts about tomorrow”) instead of identifying with the content of thoughts (e. g. , “Tomorrow is going to be a busy day”). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by indicating that a clinician's own experiences with meditation and an understanding of the psychological framework underlying mindfulness-based interventions (MBIs) are essential for providing appropriate guidance. It suggests that optimal structuring of practice instructions and interactions during mindfulness practices cannot be achieved without prior training and personal experience, as evidenced by phrases like 'it is nearly impossible for a clinician to guide participants' and the detailed descriptions of clinician milestones that necessitate experience and skill in inquiry.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Circadian rhythms are regulated by light-sensitive proteins. [SEP] Text: The two color channels, red versus green (r-g) and blue versus yellow (b-y) are termed spectrally opponent channels because each provides opposing color information to the brain [19]. For one type of r-g channel, excitatory input is provided by the L cones and inhibitory input is provided by the M cones. For example, when the L cone provides relatively more input to the r-g channel than the M cone, the r-g channel signals "red" to the brain. Similarly, for one type of b-y channel, excitatory input is provided by the S cones and inhibitory input is provided by both the L cones and the M cones. When a light stimulates the S cones more than the combined input from the L and M cones, the b-y channel signals "blue" to the brain. As spectrally opponent systems, these channels can signal either "red" or "green" and either "blue" or "yellow" to the brain. Moreover, a spectrally opponent system is inherently a subadditive system because the addition of, say, a "green" light to a "red" light can decrease the response of the r-g system cell. Since the two spectral opponent channels contribute to brightness perception, two lights added together can actually appear less bright than either light alone. Much of the research attempting to understand human brightness perception has utilized both photometry and colorimetry as indirect methods of measuring the apparent brightness of lights of different spectral compositions. Colorimetry originated from controlled observations in the 19th century showing that with three, and only three, so called primary lights humans can match the appearance of any other test light [20]. In other words, by adjusting the radiances of the three primary lights, it was possible to create an additive mixture of these primary lights that was completely indistinguishable from the test light. (Some very saturated color stimuli cannot be matched using a set of three physical primaries without slightly changing the color of the test light by adding one of the physical primaries to it. Mathematically, this is equivalent to using a negative amount of primary to make the match. To avoid the use of negative amounts of primaries, the CIE color system [21] makes use of imaginary primaries that are mathematically defined, but not physically realizable. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim about circadian rhythms or light-sensitive proteins. Instead, it discusses the functioning of spectrally opponent channels in terms of color perception and brightness, which is unrelated to the regulation of circadian rhythms.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Crop rotation can enhance soil fertility and prevent pests. [SEP] Text: (2014) also observed higher yields and improved soil quality in a corn–oat–alfalfa–alfalfa rotation compared with a continuous corn rotation. There are also rotation effects with respect to wheat yield and N uptake response to applied nutrients (Table 4). Yield and N uptake in response to fertilizer N were much greater in the WF rotation compared with the 5 yr rotation as observed by comparing the NPKS and PKS(-N) treatments (Table 5). Despite no fertilizer N applications in the PKS(-N) treatment of the 5 yr rotation, significant N is added to the soil through biological fixation and residue incorporation of the alfalfa – brome hay phases. Comparing the NPKS and NPK(-S) treatments, wheat yield and N uptake were much more sensitive to applied S in the 5 yr rotation compared with the 2 yr rotation because of high S removals in the alfalfa–brome phases of the 5 yr rotation causing S deficiency for the following wheat phase in the absence of long-term S fertilization. In fact, wheat yields were more sensitive to S than N in the 5 yr rotation as is apparent when the PKS(-N) and NPK(-S) treatments are compared (Table 5). Wheat yields and N uptake in the manure treatment of the WF rotation were consistently lower than the NPKS treatment (but not statistically different) but were equal in the 5 yr rotation. The reason for this difference is not clear. Table 5. Table 5. Effect of soil fertilization history × crop rotation interaction on growing season grain yield and wheat N uptake. Note: Values in the same column followed by the same lowercase letters are not significantly different at (P < 0. 05) probability level. WF, wheat–fallow; WOBHH, wheat–oat–barley–hay–hay. Growing season N2O and CO2 emissionsYear was a significant factor affecting cumulative growing season N2O and CO2 emissions, but the 5 yr rotation had consistently higher emissions and the ranking of fertility treatment mean N2O and CO2 emissions within each rotation was fairly consistent across years (Table 6). Table 6. Table 6. Effect of soil fertilization history × crop rotation interaction on growing season N2O and CO2 emissions. Note: Values in the same column followed by the same lowercase letters are not significantly different at (P < 0. 05) probability level. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by providing evidence that crop rotation, specifically the corn–oat–alfalfa–alfalfa rotation compared to a continuous corn rotation, leads to higher yields and improved soil quality. Additionally, the text describes nitrogen uptake improvements and the biological fixation benefits from incorporating alfalfa, suggesting that rotating crops can enhance soil fertility.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Mindfulness programs require no training or structured guidance. [SEP] Text: Meta-awareness promotes disidentification, allowing patients to relate to experience as transient and arising independently of self-narrative (e. g. , “A feeling of happiness is present” rather than “I am happy”). In turn, meta-awareness and disidentification aid the ability to notice thoughts without reacting in habitual ways that perpetuate depressive or anxious states. Participants are then better able to disengage from mental proliferations typical of psychiatric syndromes and to recognize capacity for choice in response to internal and external experiences, particularly those that could precipitate relapse. Despite the popular view that MBIs are solely benign or beneficial, challenging “side effects” can be encountered [30]. These can be divided into two broad categories [31]. The first includes states that can usually be addressed with guidance by skilled teachers, such as transient dissociative states and increased anxiety. The second, while less common, are effects that may persist during daily life, outside of formal meditation practices. These can include destabilizing symptoms consistent with psychiatric syndromes such as depression, mania, prolonged derealization, psychosis, and suicidality, several of which require swift clinical management. In the traditions from which MBIs are derived, the occurrence of these latter effects is anticipated and proactively managed [24]. The recognition of their potential occurrence has led to the development of training modules for MBSR and MBCT clinicians to include in formal training programs (Britton, 2016 August 30, personal communication) covering adverse effects, multiple interpretive frameworks, and empirically based management strategies. A questionnaire is also under development to aid clinicians in the early detection, corrective instruction, and clinical management of these adverse effects (Britton, 2016 August 30, personal communication). Therefore, clinicians at the AE-Therapist stage must be able to recognize both categories of side effects and provide appropriate psychological and pharmacotherapeutic treatment. Competency includes recognition of the need to consult with AE-Leader clinicians, who can assist with contextualization of experiences for participants and advise on modifying MBI practice instructions. Advanced Expertise-of CompetencyThe AE-Leader EPA involves providing mentorship, supervision and teaching to MBI therapists, and leading integration of MBIs within healthcare systems (Table 1c). These clinicians draw on well-established personal mindfulness practices and in-depth knowledge of meditation phenomena to provide clinical consultation for exigent cases. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by indicating that mindfulness-based interventions (MBIs) can lead to challenging side effects which require structured guidance from qualified teachers. It specifically mentions that states like increased anxiety and dissociative symptoms can often be addressed with the help of skilled teachers. Furthermore, it discusses the development of training modules for clinicians and the necessity for advanced expertise in recognizing side effects and providing appropriate management, which implies that structured guidance is indeed essential.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Circadian rhythms are regulated by light-sensitive proteins. [SEP] Text: ) As shown in subsequent research, the mixture matches the test light because the photon absorptions by the three cone photoreceptors are exactly the same for the mixture of primaries and for the test. Thus, the color of any test light can be quantified in terms of the relative amounts of the primary lights needed to match its appearance. The radiant powers in the three primaries are typically normalized with a linear transformation so that their sum is unity. By knowing two of the normalized values, the third value is also known. In this way the color, or more precisely the chromaticity, of the test light can be illustrated graphically in two dimensions. Figure 2 illustrates the results of colorimetric calculations based on the spectral power distribution of the light source and the three color matching functions in the (x', y') color system. (This color system is nearly identical to the de l'Eclairage (x, y) 1931 color system presently in common use [21], but with small differences for short [<460 nm] wavelengths [22]. ) The physical specification of the chromaticity of any light, natural or fabricated, can be defined as a single point within the area enclosed by the outermost contour. Figure 2 Chromaticity diagram based on the Judd correction [22], showing contours of equal B/L value [23]. Also shown are the chromaticity coordinates for a red light (RED) and for a green light (GRN) that, when added, produce a yellow light (YEL) with the illustrated chromaticity coordinates as described in the text. Of course, quantifying the relative amounts of three primaries needed to match the test light does not fully characterize its color appearance. A stimulus that is recognized as orange and another that is recognized as brown can have the same chromaticities, but factors such as the objects' relative luminances against their surrounding luminances will influence their perceived colors. Unlike photometry, where Vλ closely characterizes the spectral sensitivity of the human fovea for some types of visual tasks [16], colorimetric specification of a test light does not represent the response of a single visual channel or even the combination of multiple visual channels. Since brightness is influenced by both chromatic as well as achromatic visual channels, additional techniques must be used to characterize and measure apparent brightness. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim about circadian rhythms or light-sensitive proteins at all. Instead, it discusses color matching, chromaticity, and the relationship between spectral power distribution and visual perception, which is unrelated to the regulation of circadian rhythms.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Crop rotation can enhance soil fertility and prevent pests. [SEP] Text: (2008) cited results from researchers and reported that previous crops in the rotation can contribute to an increase in easily mineralizable soil C and N, and this ultimately induced N2O emissions. Furthermore, Farrell et al. (2015) observed that crop residues accounted for a greater fraction of N2O emissions than chemical fertilizers. Differences between N2O and CO2 emissions of the fertility treatments within each rotation were much smaller than between rotations. The cumulative N2O emissions of the manure treatment in the 5 yr rotation were significantly higher than the check, but not significantly higher than the remaining fertility treatments (Table 6). Similarly, in WF, the cumulative N2O emissions in the manure treatment were significantly higher than the PKS and check treatments but were not significantly different from the NPKS and NPK treatments. Beauchamp et al. (1989) and Wagner-Riddle et al. (1997) observed that compared with inorganic N fertilizers addition, addition of equivalent rates of N in the form of manure had a much higher effect on N2O emissions. Koga (2013) and Li et al. (2002) also confirmed this and reported higher N2O emissions from plots fertilized with cattle manure than plots fertilized with chemical fertilizers. In addition, Meng et al. (2005) reported that because long-term application of animal manure increase organic carbon in agricultural soil, it could support microbially mediated N2O production. N2O emission intensityTable 7 illustrates significant effects of crop rotation and long-term soil fertility treatments on N2O emission intensity and demonstrates the relationship among soil fertility treatments, crop rotation, N2O emission, and yield. In the 5 yr crop rotation (WOBHH), N2O emissions intensities from the fertility treatments ranged from 5 × 10−4 to 2 × 10−3 kg N2O per kilogram grain. In the 2 yr crop rotation (WF), N2O emissions intensities from the soil fertility treatments were in the range of 10 × 10−4 to 12 × 10−4 kg N2O-N per kilogram grain. In other words, both crop rotations showed comparable N2O emissions intensity, indicating similar N2O emissions from the production of 1 kg grain of wheat when using either of the two rotations, although the cumulative N2O-N emission per hectare was higher in 5 yr rotation. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the significant effects of crop rotation on soil fertility and emissions. It notes that the different rotations (5-year and 2-year) show comparable N2O emissions intensity, illustrating the relationship between crop rotation and soil fertility treatments. The increase in organic carbon from long-term application of animal manure through crop rotation can enhance microbial activity, which is beneficial for soil fertility.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Mindfulness programs require no training or structured guidance. [SEP] Text: AE-Leaders also direct systemic quality improvement initiatives, trialling, and assessing optimal means for supporting MBIs as integrated components in stepped-care models for chronic and recurrent mental illness. This involves advocating for the role of MBIs as self-management strategies in systems that have traditionally focused on acute care. AE-Leaders may have the opportunity to support and implement novel MBI delivery models, such as online platforms, in order to improve care and efficiency. AE-Leaders contribute to refining standards of competency, in collaboration with others in the international MBI community, as clinical applications of mindfulness and understanding of underlying mechanisms evolve. Implementation of MBI TrainingThe processes that specialty postgraduate programs will utilize to implement the Competence by Design framework of the of Physicians and Surgeons of Canada are under development. We describe possible training pathways for successful performance of the three providing examples of the breadth of teaching formats, as well as possible challenges in implementation. for Core StageThere is a requisite amount of both didactic and experiential information for clinicians to assimilate to support successful execution of the Core EPA. Additional learning will occur under supervision as residents incorporate MBIs into treatment plans. The milestones (Table 1a) outline required curricular content, such as knowledge of the psychological framework underlying MBIs, and associated mechanisms of symptom reduction. This content could be taught by means of online case-based modules, accessed in a manner synchronized with the learner’s needs. Ideally, comprehensive content could be developed by MBI experts and distributed online nationally. Such non-traditional approaches could assist psychotherapy curriculum coordinators in ensuring high quality and standardized competency for psychiatrists prescribing MBIs. We posit that online learning alone, however, will not be adequate for acquiring those Core milestones that require an experiential aspect. Seminars led by teachers with AE-leader qualifications are recommended, and these could be video-conferenced from other sites for postgraduate programs without qualified faculty. We strongly recommend that the experiential component link theoretical teaching of the psychological frameworks underlying MBIs with mindfulness practice itself. This can be achieved, for example, by seminars where residents are guided in mindful observation of pleasant and unpleasant sensations and the associated experiences of attachment and aversion. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by emphasizing the need for structured guidance and training in mindfulness programs (MBIs). It states that there is a requisite amount of didactic and experiential information for clinicians, and that comprehensive content should ideally be developed by MBI experts. Additionally, the text highlights that online learning alone is not sufficient, and recommends seminars led by qualified instructors, indicating that training and guidance are indeed necessary for effective implementation of mindfulness strategies.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Circadian rhythms are regulated by light-sensitive proteins. [SEP] Text: One common method of quantifying the brightness of lights is combining photometry and colorimetry by utilizing the ratio of the luminance needed by a test light of a given chromaticity to match the brightness of a reference light of another chromaticity and of a known luminance. The luminance of the reference light is designated B and the luminance of the test light that matches its brightness is designated L. Therefore, the brightness of any light in chromaticity space relative to a given reference light source can be described in terms of a unitless ratio, its B/L value. Figure 2 also shows constant B/L contours in the (x', y') color space [23] and, as described next, illustrates the subadditive nature of brightness perception. Consider a red light (a 630-nm spectral light) and a green light (a 520-nm spectral light), with (x', y') chromaticity coordinates of (0. 70, 0. 30) and (0. 07, 0. 83), respectively, as shown in Figure 2. Suppose the luminance of the red light is 10 cd/m2 and that of the green light is 15 cd/m2. Using the B/L values from Guth et al. [23] shown in Figure 2 (2. 93 for red and 2. 15 for green), their apparent brightnesses can be calculated from the product of their luminance (L, in cd/m2) and their B/L value: • red: 10 cd/m2 × 2. 93 = 29. 3 • green: 15 cd/m2 × 2. 15 = 32. 3 If the red and the green lights are superimposed onto each other, the luminance of the resulting yellow light would, of course, be 25 cd/m2 (10 + 15 cd/m2). The (x', y') chromaticity coordinates of this yellow light are (0. 48, 0. 49), corresponding to a B/L value of 1. 07 using the B/L contours from Guth et al. [23] in Figure 2. Therefore, the apparent brightness of this yellow light can be calculated as it was for the red and green lights: • yellow: 25 cd/m2 × 1. 07 = 26. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim regarding circadian rhythms and light-sensitive proteins. Instead, it focuses on methods of measuring light brightness and the calculation of colorimetric values, which is unrelated to the regulation of circadian rhythms.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Crop rotation can enhance soil fertility and prevent pests. [SEP] Text: Relationship among TN, N uptake, and cumulative N2O emissionsFigure 5 shows the relationship between TN and wheat N uptake. Despite some variability, all soil fertility treatments in both rotations showed a linear increase in wheat N uptake with increasing TN, and the relationship between TN and cumulative growing season N2O emissions is shown in Fig. 6. Fig. 5. Fig. 5. Relationship between wheat N uptake (grain + straw) and TN (0–15 cm) of soils with different fertilization histories under wheat–fallow (WF) and wheat–oat–barley–hay–hay (WOBHH) crop rotations at Breton Plots, Western Canada. Symbols represent mean values, and error bars represent 1 standard error. The line represents the orthogonal regression relationship: y = 34. 17x − 25. 45. The slope is significantly different from zero (P < 0. 05), but intercept is not (P = 0. 59). Fig. 6. Fig. 6. Relationship between cumulative growing season N2O emissions and TN (0–15 cm) of soils with different fertilization histories under wheat–fallow (WF) and wheat–oat–barley–hay–hay (WOBHH) crop rotations at Breton Plots, Western Canada. Symbols represent mean values, and error bars represent 1 standard error. The line represents the orthogonal regression relationship: y = 0. 45x − 0. 33. The slope is significantly different from zero (P < 0. 001), but intercept is not (P = 0. 21). All soil fertility treatments under both rotations showed a linear increase in cumulative growing season N2O emissions and wheat N uptake with increasing TN. Despite the annual variability making it difficult to observed differences in N2O emissions between different fertility treatments within rotations, the significant slope of the regression line in Fig. 6 strengthens the observed long-term effect of crop rotation and fertilizer or manure applications on TN, N2O emissions, and crop N uptake from the GLM analysis, and this is corroborated by a similar observation made by Gomes et al. (2009). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the relationship between soil fertility treatments, crop rotation, and wheat nitrogen uptake. It states that all soil fertility treatments under wheat-fallow and multi-crop rotations showed a linear increase in wheat nitrogen uptake with increasing total nitrogen (TN). This finding suggests that crop rotation contributes positively to soil fertility, aligning with the claim that crop rotation can enhance soil fertility. The text's mention of the long-term effects of crop rotation on nitrogen dynamics further supports the idea that crop rotation is beneficial for maintaining soil health.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Mindfulness programs require no training or structured guidance. [SEP] Text: Experiential exposure through seminars supports other medical expert milestones, such as awareness of when personal values or biases may be influencing under- or over-prescription of MBIs. In addition, some programs may consider more extensive mindfulness training for residents by means of a longitudinal course or supported meditation opportunities as part of addressing the well-being component of the CanMEDS professional role. for Advanced Expertise-Therapist StageWe propose that the following training experiences will promote the acquisition of competencies for delivering MBIs: 1. Develop and sustain a personal mindfulness practice that includes formal sitting meditation. 2. Participate in an MBI clinical group for the duration of the group (e. g. , 8 sessions). This allows trainees to appreciate the interplay of personal practice, CBT concepts, and group phenomena on an experiential level. 3. Complete a training program that includes theory, experiential practice, and training in inquiry. Formal training should optimally include simulated clinical situations that allow for immediate supervision (e. g. , teach-backs or role plays), as well as case conceptualization informed by theoretical frameworks. 4. Co-facilitate three or more manualized MBI groups and/or provide one-on-one manualized MBI to six or more individual patients, with weekly supervision. These recommendations are consistent with the minimum training guidelines outlined in MBI certification programs and will equip psychiatrists with an MBI skillset that ensures integrity of therapy delivery and promotes shared understanding with certified MBI allied health professionals [13,14,15]. Where participation in a clinical MBI group is not available (item 2, above), online MBI programs, such as (MBCT) or (MBSR), offer initial exposure to MBI content and support the development of personal practice. For residents, training to facilitate MBCT (item 3, above) could be integrated by means of electives, distance-learning training programs, or educational leaves to attend residential components of MBI certification programs (e. g. , ). For example, the University of Diego Mindfulness-offers 5-day residential trainings that can be completed individually or as part of certification programs [32]. Comprehensive MiCBT training can be obtained through an online certification program, removing geographical limitations; trainees can also access ongoing online MiCBT group supervision after completion of the 3-month online course [33]. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by detailing various training and structured guidance needed to deliver Mindfulness-Based Interventions (MBIs) effectively. It emphasizes the importance of experiential exposure through seminars, personal mindfulness practices, participation in clinical groups, and completion of training programs that include theory and supervision. For instance, it states that 'formal training should optimally include simulated clinical situations' and highlights recommendations for acquiring competencies, which all imply that mindfulness programs do indeed require structured guidance and training.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Circadian rhythms are regulated by light-sensitive proteins. [SEP] Text: Although beyond the scope of this paper, the Daysimeter has, in fact, recently been used to quantify and compare circadian disruption in day-shift and rotating-shift nurses [47,48]. Future research will undoubtedly utilize instruments like the Daysimeter to develop, for example, new shift-work schedules, new architectural practices and new light sources, all of which will depend upon our collective ability to measure and calculate circadian light. Figure 5 Close-up photograph of the Daysimeter. Two light sensors are located near the plane of the cornea, calibrated in terms of their absolute, spatial and spectral response to provide both photopic and circadian light readings. The rear housing attached to the earpiece contains accelerometers for measuring activity as well as memory and control circuitry, all powered by a coin-cell battery. Circadian light as a work in progress The definition of circadian light proposed here is based on the current knowledge of the neuroanatomy and neurophysiology of the human retina and on published psychophysical studies of nocturnal melatonin suppression using lights of different spectral power distributions. CLA and CS are provisionally defined then in terms of what is known about nocturnal melatonin suppression in humans (for an hour-long exposure to light, near the midpoint of the melatonin production curve, and with naturally-constricted pupils). Of course, acute melatonin suppression is not the only non-visual response by the circadian system; other non-visual responses include phase shifting and alertness. For at least these two cases, however, light-induced phase-shifting and light-induced nocturnal alertness appear to have similar threshold-to-saturation response characteristics [40,44]. A very recent study, however, has shown that both red and blue lights can affect alertness [49] as well as cortisol and alpha amylase production (Figueiro and Rea. , unpublished data) at night indicating that not all light-induced, non-visual responses have the same spectral sensitivity as nocturnal melatonin suppression. The development of new response characteristics for these non-visual systems, if they emerge, would be very reminiscent of those that were developed in visual science where multiple spectral sensitivity functions for different visual channels were established (cf. Figure 1). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim directly; instead, it discusses the use of the Daysimeter for measuring circadian light and refers to the impact of light on alertness and melatonin suppression. While it mentions light-related effects on the circadian system, it does not specifically confirm or deny the role of light-sensitive proteins in regulating circadian rhythms.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Crop rotation can enhance soil fertility and prevent pests. [SEP] Text: Within both rotations, treatments showing an increase in TN and TOC relative to the check/PKS treatments over time indicate a positive N balance with net, long-term N inputs exceeding N removals in harvested grain or hay. These treatments have consistently higher yields and crop uptake of N. Thus, the observed positive relationship between N2O and crop N uptake in Fig. 7 may be a reflection of excess N supply relative to crop demand. However, it appears that crop N uptake increases as a function of TN at a greater rate than N2O increases as a function of TN as indicated by the negative relationship between TN and the N2O per wheat N uptake emission intensity parameter (Fig. 8). In the nonmanure treatments, there is a negative relationship between TN and N2O per crop N uptake emission intensity. Recalling the discussion about annual variations in growing season N2O emissions (Figs. 1–3), temperature and moisture conditions that are favorable for N2O emissions are also favorable for crop growth and increased N uptake and result in lower emission intensities. Therefore, we hypothesize that a negative relationship between cumulative N2O (or TN) and crop N uptake may be observed in a scenario in which urease and nitrification inhibitors are applied with fertilizers because of reduced cumulative N2O emissions and increased crop uptake of N in the form of NH4+ rather than NO3− (Venterea et al. 2016). Fig. 8. Fig. 8. Relationship between TN (0–15 cm) and N2O-emission intensity from soils with different fertilization histories under wheat–fallow (WF) and wheat–oat–barley–hay–hay (WOBHH) crop rotations at Breton Plots, Western Canada. Symbols represent mean values, and error bars represent 1 standard error. ConclusionsIn the present study, although the cumulative growing season N2O emissions were affected by long-term crop rotation as well as fertilization history, long-term crop rotation explains most of the variability of N2O emissions from soil treatments. Overall, soil treatments and crop rotations with a higher N input increased the soil TN which had a significant, positive linear relationship to cumulative growing season N2O emissions. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the positive effects of crop rotation on soil nitrogen (TN) levels and crop uptake of nitrogen, which are indicators of enhanced soil fertility. The mention of increased yields, positive relationships between TN and crop nitrogen uptake, and the variability of N2O emissions as influenced by crop rotation supports the assertion that crop rotation contributes to soil health and potentially pest management through improved fertility and nutrient availability.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Mindfulness programs require no training or structured guidance. [SEP] Text: With regards to clinical supervision (item 4, above) where local AE-Leader supervisors are not available, trainees can access regular supervision through external MBI training programs that include online mentorship with advanced teachers or through supervision with AE-Leaders at other psychiatry programs [32]. for Advanced Expertise-Leader StageAE-Leader competency is developed through focused work with MBI delivery, supervision, academic writing and teaching, and collaboration with peers. While these pursuits are largely self-directed, they can be supported by establishing mentorship relationships, both with clinical and contemplative practice mentors. Ongoing personal practice continues to form the foundation for development of milestones, and extended practice, such as annual 5–7-day silent meditation retreats, is recommended. A cadre of Canadian leaders needs to be developed to assist with educational product development and to establish accessible, psychiatric-specific supervision, and Development resources. In summary, in the context of the upcoming transformational redesign of Canadian postgraduate training to a Competence by Design framework, we propose competency-based guidelines for training in mindfulness-based interventions. MBIs are an emerging mental health treatment, and thus invite explication of competencies and incorporation of novel training methods into psychiatry postgraduate training programs. Ideally, feedback mechanisms will be built into the new assessment framework, allowing effectiveness of competency guidelines, such as those presented, to be iteratively assessed and improved. We have structured the guidelines around three specific EPAs and recommend that all psychiatry trainees develop competency for the Core of Discipline EPA of assessing suitability for, and prescribing, MBIs. A subset of residents and psychiatrists in the stage of the competency continuum may elect to develop proficiency with the EPA of MBI delivery, and we have defined detailed milestones that can be utilized to develop a precise and comprehensive skillset that has personal meditation practice as its core. The advanced training encourages innovative formats that may include brief residential training and online group and individual supervision. Thus, even clinicians in under-resourced areas can access MBI leaders, who have a vital role in training, mentoring, and assuring quality and scholarship. As learning methods evolve, Canada-wide MBI competencies have the potential to standardize training and ensure a baseline of MBI knowledge within the Canadian psychiatric community. 2012. Accessed 19 April 2017. Kabat-Zinn J. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by emphasizing the importance of training and structured guidance in mindfulness-based interventions (MBIs). It discusses the necessity of clinical supervision, mentorship, and the development of competencies through focused work, academic writing, and collaboration with peers. Specifically, it mentions that advanced training encourages innovative formats and involves ongoing personal practice, which clearly indicates that mindfulness programs require structured guidance and training, contrary to the claim.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Circadian rhythms are regulated by light-sensitive proteins. [SEP] Text: 1023/A:1011237000609 [PubMed] Figueiro, MG; Rea, MS; Bullough, JDDoes architectural lighting contribute to breast cancer? J Carcinog 5: 20. DOI: [PubMed] Lemmer, BImportance of circadian rhythms for regulation of the cardiovascular system: studies in animal and man 1: 168–70. full_text. [PubMed] Maemura, K; Takeda, N; Nagai, RCircadian rhythms in the CNS and peripheral clock disorders: role of the biological clock in cardiovascular diseases J 103: 134–8, DOI: [PubMed] Young, ME; Bray, MSPotential role for peripheral circadian clock dyssynchrony in the pathogenesis of cardiovascular dysfunction 8: 656–67, DOI: [PubMed] Kreier, F; Kalsbeek, A; Sauerwein, HP; Fliers, E; Romijn, JA; Buijs, RM"Diabetes of the elderly" and type 2 diabetes in younger patients: possible role of the biological clock 42: 22–7, DOI: [PubMed] Laposky, AD; Bass, J; Kohsaka, A; Turek, FWSleep and circadian rhythms: key components in the regulation of energy metabolism FEBS Lett 582: 142–51, DOI: [PubMed] Knutson, KL; Spiegel, K; Penev, P; Van Cauter, EThe metabolic consequences of sleep deprivation Rev 11: 163–78, DOI: [PubMed] de l'Eclairage. Light as a Stimulus. Paris: de l'Eclairage. Rea, MSed. : Reference and Application. New York: Society of North America. de l'Eclairage. CIE Proceedings 1924. Cambridge: University of Cambridge. Rea, MS; Bullough, JD; Freyssinier-Nova, JP; Bierman, AA proposed unified system of photometry Technol 36: 85–111, DOI: Bullough, JDSpectral sensitivity for extrafoveal discomfort glare J 56: 1518–22, DOI: Weale, RASpectral sensitivity and wave-length discrimination of the peripheral retina J Physiol 119: 170–90. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text provides various references to studies related to circadian rhythms and their implications in health, but it does not specifically address the claim regarding the regulation of circadian rhythms by light-sensitive proteins. The references are focused on broader topics such as architectural lighting impact, cardiovascular health, and diabetes, making the connection to the claim unclear.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Crop rotation can enhance soil fertility and prevent pests. [SEP] Text: Although the 5 yr rotation had higher wheat yield and N uptake, the cumulative growing season N2O emissions were greater than the WF rotation, resulting in comparable N2O emission intensities between the two rotations. Aerobic soil conditions during the growing season favored N2O production through nitrification, and wheat N uptake was linearly correlated with cumulative growing season N2O emissions, suggesting that conditions favorable for N2O emissions are also favorable for crop growth and N uptake. Therefore, the use of nitrification inhibitors might be the good choice to reduce growing season N2O emissions while maintaining crop yields and N uptake (Venterea et al. 2016). The findings of this study provide insights into the effect of long-term fertilization history and crop rotation management practices on wheat yield and growing season N2O emissions in soils in western Canada. Our results suggest that long-term crop rotation and soil fertility treatments which increase yield, crop N uptake and reduce N2O emission intensity should be considered the best management practices. Because it is a win–win solution for N2O emission reduction and yield increase, application of fertilizer nutrients to address all nutrient deficiencies should also be considered in N2O reduction strategies. However, since the N2O measurements in this study were done in summer, it would be prudent to compare the annual emissions from these and other common rotations in multiyear experiments. AcknowledgementsWe thank the reviewers and associate editor for their efforts that helped us to improve the manuscript. The research was funded by through an AAFC Agri-(ACIDF), (IPNI), and Commission (AWC). Technical help from Dick Puurveen, Kyle Kipps, and is greatly appreciated. 2013. Influence of crop rotation and liming on greenhouse gas emissions from a semi-arid soil. Agric. Ecosyst. Environ. 167: 23–32. Crossref1989. Carbon sources for bacterial denitrification. Adv. Soil Sci. 10: 113–142. Crossref1996. Direct emission of nitrous oxide from agricultural soils. Nutr. Cycl. Agroecosyst. 46: 53–70. Crossref2002. Emissions of N2O and NO from fertilized fields: summary of available measurement data. Global Biogeochem. Cycles, 16: 1058–1070. Crossref2013. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the benefits of long-term crop rotation, specifically mentioning that it can lead to increased wheat yields and nitrogen (N) uptake while also addressing greenhouse gas emissions. The findings suggest that effective crop rotation practices should be considered best management practices that enhance crop growth and soil fertility.