Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Bioengineered yeast can produce biofuels from sugars. [SEP] Text: b Microscopic images after ® staining of the 72 h-cultivated cells in the relevant medium (same order as in the histograms)Full size image Efficient lipid synthesis at high temperatureBlastobotrys adeninivorans and B. raffinosifermentans, represented by the strains listed in Table 1, are known to grow at 45 °C. Temperature is known to influence plasma membrane composition, which must adapt to preserve an adequate level of fluidity and function. The nature of FAs, including their chain length and degree of unsaturation (DUS), is involved in this aspect [67,68,69] and we reasoned that FAs may be stored or recycled accordingly. We thus investigated the ability of two strains, LS3 (B. raffinosifermentans) and CBS 8244T (B. adeninivorans), to produce lipids at four different temperatures: 28, 37, 42, and 45 °C. Cultures in C/N 60 glucose media were periodically monitored by OD600 and microscopy to evaluate the temperature-dependent growth capacity of the strains and possible filamentation. Both strains grew at each temperature tested (Additional file 1: Figure S5). However, growth of LS3 was lower with high temperatures (42 °C and 45 °C), in contrast to that of CBS 8244T (Additional file 1: Figure S5 for OD, Fig. 6a for biomass in g/L). Hyphae were only transiently detected in our lipogenic YNB medium (Additional file 1: Figure S5), contrary to other media, such as YPD, which gradually pushed the LS3 and CBS 8244T cells into (pseudo)hyphae phase above 37 °C and 42 °C, respectively ([11], our unpublished results in YPD medium). Fig. 6Shake-flask cultures of strains LS3 and CBS 8244T at various temperatures. DCW (a), lipid content of the cells (b), and glucose concentration in the medium (c) were measured after 72 h of cultivation in nitrogen-limited YNB-based medium (30 g/L glucose and 0. 75 g/L NH4Cl), and the yields (d) calculated for strains LS3 (black bars) and CBS 8244T (gray bars). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not specifically address the claim regarding bioengineered yeast producing biofuels from sugars. Instead, it discusses the efficiency of lipid synthesis and the growth characteristics of certain yeast strains at different temperatures, without directly linking this to the production of biofuels from sugars.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Quantum computing has potential applications in cryptography and data analysis. [SEP] Text: Например, в индустрии информационной безопасности (ИБ) квантономика формирует запрос на создание принципиально новых систем защиты данных: традиционные криптографические системы уже недостаточно надежны, требуется их совершенствование, например, с использованием квантовой криптографической и стеганографической защиты. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by explaining that quantum mechanics is driving the demand for new data protection systems in the field of information security, implying that quantum cryptographic methods are an important area of development in cryptography.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Virtual learning environments require no teacher involvement. [SEP] Text: Η διατριβή διερευνά μια νέα προσέγγιση των ευφυών παιδαγωγικών παραγόντων που χρησιμοποιεί και συνδυάζει σύγχρονες εκπαιδευτικές μεθόδους, και πιο συγκεκριμένα την παιχνιδοκεντρική, τη συνεργατική μάθηση που υποστηρίζεται από υπολογιστή (ΣΜΥΥ) και την μάθηση σε περιβάλλοντα εμβύθισης. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text discusses intelligent pedagogical factors and various educational methods, such as game-based learning and collaborative computer-supported learning, which imply that teacher involvement is essential in virtual learning environments. This contrasts the claim that suggests no teacher involvement is necessary.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Bioengineered yeast can produce biofuels from sugars. [SEP] Text: Average values and standard deviations (n = 4) are presented in the histogramsFull size image As observed for growth, the amount of total cellular FAs was independent of the temperature of cultivation for CBS 8244T: approximately 19% DCW (Fig. 6b). Instead, LS3 showed an optimum at 37 °C for lipid content, reaching 30% DCW (approximately 20% higher than at 28 °C and 25% higher than at 42 to 45 °C). Despite the moderate decrease in lipid content of LS3 at temperatures above 37 °C, we concluded that lipid metabolism of B. adeninivorans and B. raffinosifermentans was still active at temperatures of up to 45 °C. Sugar consumption was temperature-dependent for both CBS 8244T and LS3, however, with opposite trends (Fig. 6c). For strain LS3, glucose consumption was lower at elevated temperatures (42 °C and 45 °C), consistent with the lower biomass and lipid content. Instead, glucose consumption of strain CBS 8244T was higher at elevated temperatures, though the amount of lipid and biomass were globally conserved. Overall, final bioconversion yields (YFA/S) were within the range of 0. 048 to 0. 093 for LS3 and 0. 056 to 0. 070 for CBS 8244T (Fig. 6d and Additional file 2: Table S2). Higher yields were obtained at lower temperatures (28 °C, 37 °C) for both strains; the difference was more pronounced, however, for LS3. Finally, we examined the FA composition for each strain at each temperature in detail, early in the culture (4. 5 h) and at 24 h and 72 h (Additional file 1: Figure S6 and Additional file 2: Table S3). The most divergent FA profiles between the two strains were globally observed at 4. 5 h. At that stage, as lipid content of the cells is still low (4 to 8% DCW), structural lipids are likely to significantly contribute to these differences. In this respect, a specific trait of CBS 8244T relative to LS3 is its richness in both C16:0 and C18:2, which is relatively independent of temperature (37 to 45 °C). A comparison of the proportions of FAs at 4. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it focuses on the growth, lipid content, and fatty acid (FA) profiles of specific yeast strains under various temperature conditions. There is no mention of biofuel production or the processing of sugars into biofuels.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Quantum computing has potential applications in cryptography and data analysis. [SEP] Text: ехнологий и квантовых коммуникаций, что позволяет снизить себестоимость изделий, обеспечить трансфер продукции и технологий в смежные сферы и решить ряд задач в сфере инновационных транспортных систем, в частности, с применением квантовой криптографии и стеганографии [13]. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by mentioning the application of quantum cryptography, which is a relevant aspect of quantum computing in the context of cryptography.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Virtual learning environments require no teacher involvement. [SEP] Text: Κύριος στόχος της παρούσας διατριβής ήταν να εισαγάγει μια αρχιτεκτονική και ένα πρωτόκολλο αλληλεπίδρασης για το σχεδιασμό και την ανάπτυξη έξυπνων παιδαγωγικών πρακτόρων που δρουν σε εικονικά περιβάλλοντα μάθησης. Η αρχιτεκτονική αυτή αποτελεί σύνθεση ενός παιδαγωγικού και τεχνολογικού μοντέλου και μπορεί να προσαρμοστεί για να καλύψει τις ανάγκες διαφορετικών εκπαιδευτικών τεχνικών. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by stating that it introduces an architecture and protocol for the interaction design and development of pedagogical agents that function in virtual learning environments. This implies that there is a structured involvement of educators in the design of these environments.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Bioengineered yeast can produce biofuels from sugars. [SEP] Text: 5 and 72 h showed that C18:1 accumulated preferentially over C18:2 in CBS 8244T, whereas C16:0 was preferentially stored over C18:0 in LS3. Overall, at 72 h, the DUS of total FAs was slightly lower in CBS 8244T than in LS3, regardless of the temperature (by 6 to 14%). Temperature had only a moderate effect on global FA composition of the cells. Indeed, we were unable to detect a specific temperature-dependent FA between 28 and 45 °C; the four main FAs remained the same and their relative abundance had only a moderate impact on the global DUS and chain-length index (C16/C18). The maximum temperature-dependent difference of the DUS was 8. 5% and that of C16/C18 38% for each strain at each stage of growth. Other authors have also observed that the major FAs in total lipids of various yeast species remained the same over a wide range of temperatures [67, 70, 71], although the DUS and C16/C18 could be altered by more than 25% and 100%, respectively [70, 71]. Their detailed analysis revealed complex alterations in the abundance of FAs and its dependence on temperature, the specific nature of FAs depending on the species (in particular the presence of C18:3 or C16:1) and lipid class (i. e. , different categories of phospholipids, triacylglycerols, etc. ). In our analysis, which considered only total lipids, the alteration of FA composition, though modest, also appeared to be complex and strain and temperature-dependent. However, elevated temperatures had a similar effect for both CBS 8244T and LS3 for certain FAs at 72 h (Additional file 1: Figure S6). From 28 to 42 °C, C16:0 and C18:1 decreased moderately in proportion to the total lipids, whereas C18:0 and C18:2 increased. Consequently, increasing temperatures led to more similar proportions of C16:0 and C18:2 (likely stored at this stage). The FA profile at 45 °C was highly similar to that at 42 °C for each strain. The strategy of adaptation to ‘high’ temperatures expectedly varies among species and strains; in the aforementioned R. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim about bioengineered yeast producing biofuels from sugars. Instead, it focuses on the effect of temperature on fatty acid (FA) composition in yeast, which is unrelated to the production of biofuels.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Quantum computing has potential applications in cryptography and data analysis. [SEP] Text: ехнологий и квантовых коммуникаций, что позволяет снизить себестоимость изделий, обеспечить трансфер продукции и технологий в смежные сферы и решить ряд задач в сфере инновационных транспортных систем, в частности, с применением квантовой криптографии и стеганографии [13]. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by mentioning the use of quantum cryptography, which indicates that quantum computing can have applications in the field of cryptography, supporting the idea that it is relevant for the claim.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Virtual learning environments require no teacher involvement. [SEP] Text: Οι παιδαγωγικοί πράκτορες που έχουν σχεδιαστεί με βάση την προτεινόμενη αρχιτεκτονική είναι σε θέση να υποστηρίξουν τους εκπαιδευόμενους κατά τη διάρκεια διαδικτυακών εκπαιδευτικών δραστηριοτήτων, εξυπηρετώντας διαφορετικούς ρόλους παιδαγωγικών πρακτόρων και διαφορετικούς τύπους αλληλεπιδράσεων από λεκτικούς έως σε μη-λεκτικούς ή και τα δύο. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by stating that pedagogical agents are capable of supporting learners during online educational activities, indicating that some level of teacher involvement is necessary for effective learning in virtual environments.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Bioengineered yeast can produce biofuels from sugars. [SEP] Text: Knowledge of the lipid metabolism in these Blastobotrys species, as well as their genetic engineering, could be facilitated by their small genome. Accurate genome editing tools should be developed to complement existing classical genetic tools. Materials and methodsStrains, genotyping, identificationYeast strains formerly classified as B. adeninivorans are listed in Table 1; LS3 was in the collection of IPK, other strains were obtained from the CBS-KNAW. Y. lipolytica W29 was used as a control [72]. Genotyping of these strains was performed by intergenic spacer rDNA amplification and AluI Fingerprinting (IGSAF). technique has been successfully used to differentiate previously misidentified species in different taxa [73, 74]. The entire ITS + D1D2 region of the rDNA was amplified from genomic DNA in a single run, as previously described [75], using the primer pair ITSF (5′ ) and DDR (5′ ). After sequencing, the ITS and D1D2 sequences were delimited before multiple alignment with clustal X [76]. Sequences used for strain identification were as follows: ITS-D1D2 for LS3 was extracted from the LS3 genome sequence in the GRYC database [77] and mitochondrial COXII was retrieved from the NCBI accession number CBZY010000007; ITS-D1D2 fragments for CBS 8244T, CBS 7350, CBS 7766, CBS 8335, CBS 7377, CBS 7370, and mitochondrial mtCOXII (partial sequence) for CBS 7370 were deposited at the ENA under the study accession number PRJEB29673; type strain sequences for the mtCOXII marker were retrieved via YeastIP and the Genbank accession numbers were DQ443105. 1 (CBS 6800T) and DQ443104. 1 (CBS 8244). BLAST searchHomologous gene products shared by Y. lipolytica E150 and B. raffinosifermentans LS3 were sought by reciprocal with the 62 matrix, using facilities of the GRYC database [77] and a threshold of 1. e−40. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is primarily technical and discusses the genetic aspects and identification of certain yeast strains without addressing the claim about bioengineered yeast producing biofuels from sugars. Therefore, it is irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Quantum computing has potential applications in cryptography and data analysis. [SEP] Text: ехнологий и квантовых коммуникаций, что позволяет снизить себестоимость изделий, обеспечить трансфер продукции и технологий в смежные сферы и решить ряд задач в сфере инновационных транспортных систем, в частности, с применением квантовой криптографии и стеганографии [13]. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by mentioning 'квантовой криптографии,' which directly relates to the application of quantum technology in cryptography, thereby supporting the statement regarding potential applications.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Virtual learning environments require no teacher involvement. [SEP] Text: Η αρχιτεκτονική επικυρώθηκε σε πραγματικά εκπαιδευτικά περιβάλλοντα, εφαρμόζοντας διαφορετικούς τύπους παιδαγωγικών πρακτόρων διεξάγοντας ερευνητικές δραστηριότητες στην τριτοβάθμια εκπαίδευση. Η παρούσα διατριβή εισάγει επίσης μια νέα έννοια ενός συνεργατικού περιβάλλοντος εκπαιδευτικού παιχνιδιού που υποστηρίζεται από ΠΠ, το οποίο υλοποιεί ένα πολυπρακτορικό εικονικό περιβάλλον μάθησης. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing different pedagogical agents conducting research activities in higher education, indicating that teacher involvement is integral in these learning environments.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Bioengineered yeast can produce biofuels from sugars. [SEP] Text: Media and growth conditionsRich medium YPD (yeast extract, peptone, and glucose, 10 g/L each) was used for precultures and minimal medium (YNB) supplemented with various carbon sources for cultures. All YNB-based media contained 1. 7 g/L yeast nitrogen base (without amino acids or ammonium sulfate, Difco, Paris), NH4Cl as the nitrogen source (at various concentrations, as indicated), and were buffered with 50 mM phosphate buffer (Na2HPO4, KH2PO4, pH 6. 8). Cells were cultured at 28 °C unless otherwise indicated. Absorbance at 600 nm (OD600) was measured with an LKB-Novaspec II spectrophotometer (Pharmacia), except for growth tests in microplates. Growth tests were carried out in 96-well microplates (Greiner) incubated in a synergy MX plate reader under strong and constant agitation. OD600 was measured every 20 min. Wells were filled with 190 µL YNB-based buffered media with glucose, xylose, or glycerol (at either 10 or 2 g/L), all supplemented with 5 g/L NH4CL. They were inoculated with 10 µL of a cell suspension from overnight precultures in YPD and adjusted to an OD600 of 4 by the addition of the desired volume of YNB (without carbon) to the cell pellet. Cultures for lipid accumulationExperiments were carried out in 500-mL baffled flasks filled with 100 mL YNB-based medium and incubated under agitation at 160 rpm in a Minitron incubator (INFOR-HT, Swisserland). Carbon sources were added at a concentration of 30 g/L. When indicated, the carbon-to-nitrogen mass ratio (C/N) was adjusted to 60 or 90 by adding 0. 75 g/L or 0. 5 g/L NH4Cl, respectively. Oleic acid (65. 0–88. 0%, Sigma-Aldrich) used in this study contained 70% C18:1 (n − 9) cis, 3% C18:1 (n − 9) trans, 7% C18:2 (n − 6), 1. 2% C17:1, 3. 9% C16:0, 4. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text describes the media and conditions used for culturing yeast but does not provide information regarding bioengineered yeast or its ability to produce biofuels from sugars. Therefore, it is irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Quantum computing has potential applications in cryptography and data analysis. [SEP] Text: Если в настоящее время известно только о единичных случаях создания суперкомпьютерных систем для финансово-экономических организаций (например, банковских структур и холдингов), то в ближайшее десятилетие следует ожидать появления суперкомпьютеров у многих лидеров банковской отрасли, причем в качестве систем защиты данных в качестве приоритетных будут рассматриваться программно-технические комплексы, основанные на принципах квантовой криптографии и сте� [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the anticipated adoption of supercomputers, particularly emphasizing their use in data protection systems based on principles of quantum cryptography, which directly relates to the claims about quantum computing's applications in cryptography.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Virtual learning environments require no teacher involvement. [SEP] Text: Οι μελέτες που διεξήχθησαν για τη δημιουργία ενός εικονικού περιβάλλοντος μάθησης υποστηριζόμενο από παιδαγωγικούς πράκτορες αποκάλυψαν την ικανότητα των παιδαγωγικών πρακτόρων να υποστηρίξουν αποτελεσματικά εκπαιδευτικές δραστηριότητες σε ΕΠΜ, όσον αφορά την ενίσχυση των αλληλεπιδράσεων, την υποστήριξη της συνεργασίας και τη βελτίωση της συνεκτικότητας στην τάξη. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by highlighting that pedagogical agents have the capability to effectively support educational activities in virtual learning environments, indicating that teacher involvement enhances interactions, supports collaboration, and improves coherence in the classroom.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Bioengineered yeast can produce biofuels from sugars. [SEP] Text: 7% C16:1 (n − 7), 0. 9% C16:1 (n − 9), and other FAs in low amounts [78]. Cultures were routinely performed at 28 °C. The experiment testing various temperatures was carried out for 72 h in four incubators in which the temperature was recorded by USB thermometers. Precultures were grown for 20 h at 28 °C in flasks filled with YPD and used for culture inoculation at an OD600nm of 0. 5. YPD of the preculture was eliminated by centrifugation and the cells resuspended in YNB without carbon and nitrogen. Lipid and biomass quantificationLipid content of the cells was determined by quantifying their FA fraction, as previously described [59]. Cells from-10 mL culture samples were collected in pre-weighed tubes, washed twice in water (for cultures in sugar-based medium), or twice successively in a mixture of 0. 5% BSA and 0. 9% NaCl and once in water (for oily medium), and resuspended in 1 mL water. After freeze-drying for 24 h at − 55 °C (Alpha 1-2Dplus, Bioblock Scientific), samples in their tubes were weighed and stored at − 20 °C. The difference in tube weights represented the mass of the cells found in 10-mL cultures and permitted calculation of the biomass in g/L. Fatty acid methyl esters (FAMES) were recovered from 10 to 20 mg aliquots of freeze-dried cells (2 to 4 mg in samples collected at 4. 5 h), using a hot methanol–H2SO4 method, adapted from Browse et al. [79], and analyzed by gas chromatography on a Varian 430 equipped with a flame-ionization detector and a FactorFour vf-23 ms column. FAMES were identified by comparison to commercial standards (FAME32; Supelco); an internal FA standard (100 µg C12:0 from Sigma) was added to each sample prior to transesterification to enable FA quantification in the analyzed aliquots. Lipid content is expressed with respect to DCW: lipid content of 1% DCW = 10 mg FA per g of dry cell. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text provides detailed information about experimental procedures and methodologies related to lipid and biomass quantification in cultures but does not mention anything about bioengineered yeast producing biofuels from sugars. Therefore, it is irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Quantum computing has potential applications in cryptography and data analysis. [SEP] Text: Если в настоящее время известно только о единичных случаях создания суперкомпьютерных систем для финансово-экономических организаций (например, банковских структур и холдингов), то в ближайшее десятилетие следует ожидать появления суперкомпьютеров у многих лидеров банковской отрасли, причем в качестве систем защиты данных в качестве приоритетных будут рассматриваться программно-технические комплексы, основанные на принципах квантовой криптографии и сте� [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by indicating that quantum technologies are expected to be implemented in financial organizations as systems for data protection, specifically mentioning quantum cryptography as a priority. This supports the idea that quantum computing can be applied in the field of cryptography.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Virtual learning environments require no teacher involvement. [SEP] Text: Επιπλέον, τα τρισδιάστατα εικονικά περιβάλλοντα μάθησης μπορούν να επωφεληθούν από την αξιοποίηση περισσότερων του ενός τύπου παιδαγωγικών πρακτόρων, καθένας από τους οποίους μπορεί να έχει διαφορετική αναπαράσταση και διαφορετικό εκπαιδευτικό ρόλο. περισσότερα Περίληψη σε άλλη γλώσσα The utilization of pedagogical agents (PAs) constitutes an innovative learning technique for supporting educational procedures by assisting students and teachers in technologically enhanced environments, such as virtual learning environments (VLEs). Pedagogical agents, also referred as intelligent pedagogical agents (IPAs), inherit many attributes from the artificial intelligence (AI) field. Intelligent pedagogical agents, in individual as well as in collaborative online learning settings, can realize several roles (i. e. from teacher to learning companion or even trouble maker). According to their role, PAs are used to motivate, engage, provide awareness or help, enhance interactions or facilitate students’ collaboration. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by explaining that virtual learning environments can benefit from the involvement of pedagogical agents, which support both students and teachers. It highlights that these agents can take on multiple roles, including that of a teacher, thereby indicating that teacher involvement is not only possible but can be beneficial in virtual learning settings.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Bioengineered yeast can produce biofuels from sugars. [SEP] Text: FA profiles, index, statisticsThe main identified FAs were: C18:1 (n − 9) cis (oleic acid, simplified as C18:1 in the text), C18:0 (stearic acid), C18:2 (n − 6) cis (linoleic acid, simplified as C18:2 in the text), and C16:0 (palmitic acid). C16:1 (n − 9) cis (palmitoleic acid) and C16:1 (n − 7), both grouped under C16:1, were also identified, in low amounts. Unidentified or minor FAs were grouped under ‘other FAs’; among them, C18:3 was sporadically detected (relative amount < 0. 45%). The DUS [69] was calculated as follows: (percentage of monoene FAs + 2 × the percentage of diene FAs)/total percentage of four main FAs. C16/C18 [70] was calculated as the ratio of carbon-chain length of 16 to carbon-chain length of 18 for the four main FAs. Kruskal and Wallis tests with multiple comparisons [80] were run using Excel facilities designed by P. Georgin, M. Gouet, and G. Le Pape. Quantification of sugars and organic acidsSugars and organic acids in the culture supernatants were analyzed by the HPLC method of calibration with external standards. Immediately after centrifugation of culture samples, supernatants were conserved frozen (− 20 °C). Prior to analysis, they were homogenized, centrifuged again to eliminate any remaining cells, and diluted 10 times in water. They were analyzed by HPLC (UltiMate 3000, Dionex-ThermoFisher Scientific, UK) coupled to UV (210 nm) and RI detectors. HPX87H column (Thermo Scientific, Waltham, MA) was eluted with 0. 01 N H2SO4 at 35 °C at a flow rate of 0. 6 mL/min. Peak integration, identification, and quantification were performed using software (Thermo Scientific, USA) and standards purchased at Sigma-Aldrich. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses fatty acid profiles and methods for analyzing sugars and organic acids without any mention of bioengineered yeast or biofuels. Consequently, it does not provide support for or against the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Quantum computing has potential applications in cryptography and data analysis. [SEP] Text: В сфере услуг квантономика неминуемо отразится на сокращении времени и снижении стоимости проведения расчетов для фундаментальных и прикладных научных исследований, что приведет к трансформации рынка вычислительных систем. Существующие суперкомпьютерные и проектируемые квантово-компьютерные комплексы будут разрабатываться с учетом специфики различных отраслей: нефтегазовой, энергетической, финансовой и т. д. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing how quantum computing will impact various sectors, including finance, and how it is expected to reduce computational time and costs for scientific research, indicating its applicability in fields that may include cryptography and data analysis.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Virtual learning environments require no teacher involvement. [SEP] Text: This work explores a new approach of intelligent pedagogical agents employing and combining the contemporary educational methods, namely game-based learning (GBL), computer-supported collaborative learning (CSCL) and immersive learning. The main aim of this thesis was. . The utilization of pedagogical agents (PAs) constitutes an innovative learning technique for supporting educational procedures by assisting students and teachers in technologically enhanced environments, such as virtual learning environments (VLEs). Pedagogical agents, also referred as intelligent pedagogical agents (IPAs), inherit many attributes from the artificial intelligence (AI) field. Intelligent pedagogical agents, in individual as well as in collaborative online learning settings, can realize several roles (i. e. from teacher to learning companion or even trouble maker). According to their role, PAs are used to motivate, engage, provide awareness or help, enhance interactions or facilitate students’ collaboration. This work explores a new approach of intelligent pedagogical agents employing and combining the contemporary educational methods, namely game-based learning (GBL), computer-supported collaborative learning (CSCL) and immersive learning. The main aim of this thesis was to introduce an architecture and an interaction protocol for the design and development of intelligent pedagogical agents acting in virtual learning environments. Furthermore, this architecture constitutes a synthesis of a pedagogical and a technological model and can be customized to meet the needs of different educational techniques. Pedagogical agents designed based on the proposed architecture are able to support students during online educational activities by serving different pedagogical agents’ roles and interaction types from verbally to non-verbally, or both. The architecture was validated in real education settings by implementing different types of pedagogical agents and conducting studies in tertiary education. This thesis also introduces a novel concept of an agent-supported collaborative serious game environment, which realizes a pedagogical multi-agent system (MAS). The suggested AI features for serious games are the following: a) a pedagogical game agent, b) non-playing characters (NPCs), c) chat bots and d) intelligent game interfaces. Furthermore, to facilitate the motivational design process of an AI-enhanced collaborative serious game, a pedagogical model is also introduced. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by elaborating on the role of intelligent pedagogical agents in virtual learning environments (VLEs). It emphasizes that these agents support both students and teachers, indicating that teacher involvement is still present, as pedagogical agents can serve various roles including those similar to teachers. The text states that intelligent pedagogical agents are designed to assist students during online educational activities and engage in different pedagogical interactions, which implies that teacher involvement is essential in VLEs.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Bioengineered yeast can produce biofuels from sugars. [SEP] Text: Cell imagingImages were acquired using a Imager M2 microscope (Zeiss, Le Pecq, France) fitted with an Apochromat 100×/1. 40 oil M27 objective and operated with Axiovision 4. 8. 2 software. Fluorescently-stained lipid bodies were visualized using Zeiss filters 45 and 46, after incubating culture samples with 1. 5 µg/m® (493/503 (D-3922), Invitrogen) for at least 15 min at room temperature. Availability of data and materials All data generated or analyzed during this study are included in this published 51. 78. 61. 17. 63. 37. 30. 93. 18. 053. 3. Leeuwenhoek. 1995;68:215–23. 2017. p. 455–79. 66. 47. 22. 70. 50. 20. 44. 457. Eukaryot Cell. 2012;11:1083–4. 7. 147. 55. 17. 4. 81. 9. 3356. 9. 48. 104. 203. CAS 7. 298. 8. 1755. 7. 207. 204. 9. 1042. 8. 87. 50. 206. 76. CAS 28. 65. 408. 96. 37. 38. 2015. 34. 25. 93. 58. 36. 24. 32. 56. 97. 4985. 5329. 64. 13. 74. 72. 68. 3. 4. CAS PubMed 99. 62. 22. 014. 2. 0. Bioinformatics. 2007;23:2947–8. 2019. Dulermo R, Gamboa-. The fatty acid transport protein Fat1p is involved in the export of fatty acids from lipid bodies in Yarrowia lipolytica. . 2014;14:883–96. 5. 1988. 1. Polymorphisms in the ITS-D1D2 nucleotide sequence. Figure S2. Growth of B. adeninivorans and B. raffinosifermentans in three different substrates. Figure S3. Organic acids excreted in lipogenic culture conditions. Figure S4. FA composition of strains of B. raffinosifermentans and B. adeninivorans after growth in lipogenic medium. Figure S5. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it focuses on technical aspects of cell imaging and data analysis without discussing bioengineered yeast or its potential to produce biofuels from sugars. There is no mention of biofuels, sugars, or any related biochemical processes in the provided text.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Quantum computing has potential applications in cryptography and data analysis. [SEP] Text: Если в настоящее время известно только о единичных случаях создания суперкомпьютерных систем для финансово-экономических организаций (например, банковских структур и холдингов), то в ближайшее десятилетие следует ожидать появления суперкомпьютеров у многих лидеров банковской отрасли, причем в качестве систем защиты данных в качестве приоритетных будут рассматриваться программно-технические комплексы, основанные на принципах квантовой криптографии и сте� [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by mentioning the emergence of supercomputers based on quantum cryptography principles as systems for data protection, indicating that quantum computing technologies may be applied in cryptography.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Virtual learning environments require no teacher involvement. [SEP] Text: The studies conducted towards an agent-supported virtual learning environment revealed pedagogical agents’ ability to effectively support educational activities in VLEs in terms of enhancing interactions, fostering collaboration and improve the cohesiveness in the classroom. Moreover, three-dimensional VLEs can benefit from the existence of more than one pedagogical agent, each of which will be assigned with a different type of educational role and representation. περισσότερα Διαβάστε τη διατριβή (Online) Κατεβάστε τη διατριβή σε μορφή PDF (3. 73 MB) (Η υπηρεσία είναι διαθέσιμη μετά από δωρεάν εγγραφή) Δηλώνω ότι έλαβα γνώση και ανεπιφύλακτα συμφωνώ και αποδέχομαι τους Όρους Χρήσης του Εθνικού Αρχείου Διδακτορικών Διατριβών, καθώς και της Κατέβασμα αρχείου PDF Όλα τα τεκμήρια στο ΕΑΔΔ προστατεύονται από πνευματικά δικαιώματα. DOI10. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the role of pedagogical agents in enhancing interactions and collaborating within virtual learning environments (VLEs). It implies that teacher involvement, through these agents and their assigned roles, is necessary for effective educational activities, directly opposing the claim that VLEs do not require teacher involvement.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Bioengineered yeast can produce biofuels from sugars. [SEP] Text: Co-culturing a novel Bacillus strain with Clostridium tyrobutyricum ATCC 25755 to produce butyric acid from sucrose access Published: 04 March 2013 Co-culturing a novel Bacillus strain with Clostridium tyrobutyricum ATCC 25755 to produce butyric acid from sucrose Mohammed Dwidar1,2, Seil Kim1, Jeon1,3, Youngsoon Um1, Mitchell2 & …Byoung-In Sang1,3 Show authors Biotechnology for Biofuels 5. 50 and a temperature of 37°C. Under these conditions, the final butyrate concentration was 34. 2±1. 8 g/L with yields of 0. 35±0. 03 g butyrate/g sucrose and maximum productivity of 0. 3±0. 04 g/L/h. ConclusionsUsing this co-culture, sucrose can be utilized as a carbon source for butyric acid production at a relatively high yield. In addition, this co-culture offers also the benefit of a greater selectivity, with butyric acid constituting 92. 8% of the acids when the fermentation was terminated. BackgroundButyric acid has several potential applications in chemical and pharmaceutical industries and can be useful for fuel production [1]. It is also widely used in foodstuffs and beverage industries [2]. Nowadays, butyric acid is produced mainly for industry from crude oil through petrochemical methods [2]. However, butyric acid obtained from microbial fermentation is more promising due to the growing needs for bio-based natural products especially for food additives, and pharmaceuticals [3]. Currently, the most promising microorganism used for the bio-production of butyric acid is Clostridium tyrobutyricum ATCC 25755T[4–7]. This strain is capable of producing butyric acid with high selectivity and can tolerate high concentrations. However, it can only ferment monosaccharides like glucose, xylose and fructose, and is currently unable to utilize disaccharides, such as sucrose and lactose [8–10]. Despite the presence of several butyric acid bacteria which can utilize sucrose as a carbon source, such as Clostridium butyricum[11, 12] and some strains of C. tyrobutyricum, such as C. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses the production of butyric acid from sucrose using certain strains of bacteria, rather than focusing on bioengineered yeast or biofuels specifically. It mentions the utilization of sucrose for butyric acid production but does not present information related to yeast or biofuel production.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Quantum computing has potential applications in cryptography and data analysis. [SEP] Text: Поскольку от скорости и качества их работы будет зависеть, в том числе, устойчивость системы ИБ к вирусным и хакерским атакам, на российском и зарубежном рынках ПО сформируются сегменты разработчиков, поставщиков и эксплуатантов ПО для суперкомпьютерных и квантово-компьютерных систем с применением квантовой криптографии и стеганографии. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the formation of segments in the development of quantum computing systems, mentioning specifically the use of quantum cryptography, which directly relates to potential applications in cryptography.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Virtual learning environments require no teacher involvement. [SEP] Text: ακών παιχνιδιών Ο ρόλος του καθηγητή - συμβούλου και η ανάπτυξη μηχανισμού υποστήριξής του σε περιβάλλον συνεργατικής μάθησης στην εξ αποστάσεως εκπαίδευση Εποικοδομητική διδασκαλία, μεταγνώση και αυτό-αποτελεσματικότητα στη Φυσική Αγωγή: επιδράσεις ενός εξ αποστάσεως επιμορφωτικού προγράμματος σε εκπαιδευτικούς και μαθητές Ανάλυση φαινομένων ιδιόμορφης διάδοσης ηλεκτρομαγνητικών κυμάτων σε θαλάσσιο περιβάλλον για τη βελτιστ [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text discusses the role of the teacher as a consultant and the development of support mechanisms in collaborative learning environments within distance education. This suggests that teacher involvement is essential in virtual learning, which contrasts with the claim that such environments require no teacher involvement.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Bioengineered yeast can produce biofuels from sugars. [SEP] Text: tyrobutyricum ZJU8235 [13], C. tyrobutyricum ATCC 25755T offers the highest butyric acid yields and final concentrations and so is the preferred strain. Since the cost of culture media components has a great influence on the overall cost of butyric acid produced by fermentation [2, 10], we wanted to utilize cheaper substrates for butyric acid production. One such substrate, sucrose, is an important and relatively cheap carbon source and is readily available in nature. It forms more than 90% of the total carbohydrates in sugar canes [14] and sugar beet in which sugars can account for 12% to 20% of the plant's dry weight. Sucrose also constitutes large percentage of the total sugar content in molasses. Consequently, our lab seeks to use sucrose as a carbon source for butyric acid production. In previous studies, several research groups evaluated the use of co-culturing to address limitation in substrate utilization by individual strains for the eventual production of different fermentation products. For example, Zhang et al. (2009) [3] discussed the possibility of using Clostridium thermocellum in a co-culture with Clostridium thermobutyricum for butyric acid production from cellulose, while Chang et al. (2008) [15] reported that the combination of aerobic Bacillus and anaerobic Clostridium may play the key role in the future of biofuel production from biomass. Their rationale was that strains of Bacillus generally have a high growth rate and secrete many saccharification-related extracellular enzymes into the medium, such as amylase, pectinase, protease, cellulose, and hemicellulase. Trana et al. (2010) [16] have recently shown the potential of co-culturing Bacillus subtilis with Clostridium butylicum for butanol production from starch. However, the Bacillus species used in the above studies are aerobic and, as such, they cannot be stably used in co-cultures for long periods with Clostridia, which are anaerobic. In contrast, Bacillus strains which are facultative anaerobes such as Bacillus licheniformis, will be more appropriate for long term co-culturing with Clostridium strains under anaerobic conditions. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses butyric acid production, fermentation processes involving Clostridium and Bacillus species, and the use of sucrose and other substrates for fermentation, which does not specifically address the capability of bioengineered yeast in producing biofuels from sugars.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Quantum computing has potential applications in cryptography and data analysis. [SEP] Text: Поскольку от скорости и качества их работы будет зависеть, в том числе, устойчивость системы ИБ к вирусным и хакерским атакам, на российском и зарубежном рынках ПО сформируются сегменты разработчиков, поставщиков и эксплуатантов ПО для суперкомпьютерных и квантово-компьютерных систем с применением квантовой криптографии и стеганографии. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by stating that there will be segments of developers and suppliers in the market for quantum computing systems that utilize quantum cryptography, implying that quantum computing indeed has applications in cryptography.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Every school globally has equal access to high-quality EdTech resources. [SEP] Text: Whether the culture is strong or weak depends on the actions, traditions, symbols, ceremonies, and rituals that are closely aligned with that vision” [8]. Also, Jerald pointed out that the importance of school culture’s vision and values [8]. These are intangible considerations to build up a school culture with the learning, sharing, obeying, and transferring the values within the organization itself. The reflection of school culture is the school culture image that is perceived by the stakeholders who are externals to the school. The issue of school culture perception in terms of private school’s image is needed to be transferred from school to stakeholders. The successful school culture image is the responsibility of marketing communication professionals. To cope with highly competitive marketplace, the private high schools should use marketing communication tools professionally. The way of marketing communication tools depends on the target market and segments, which are researched by the organizations in the society. The use of marketing communication in private high school education in may create long-term successful mechanisms and its survival in the highly competitive education sector as well. 1. 4. School structure in Throughout 2015–2016 period, there are 94 high schools in in which 19,068 number of students get education from 1775 teachers, which show that each teacher should concentrate on approximately 11 students (the ratio of student/teacher) [9]. As seen from Table 2, nine private schools give their education as an alternative to public school. The main difference between private schools and public schools are education hours. For instance, private school gives whole day education, start at 8 and finish 16. 00 o’clock but public school gives half day education, start at 8 and finish 13. 00 o’clock. On the other hand, the main common characteristic facilities for both type schools (public and private) depend on and are controlled by the Ministry of Education. There is a fixed syllabus for all schools that they should complete during the education period. Therefore, the private schools complete these fixed syllabuses and have a chance to give extra-curricular activities because of the time spending in the school hour [10]. Doğu Akdeniz Doğa Ulus. Kıbrıs Koleji (Levent College) of Yakın Doğu Güvence 2. Private school in Northern Cyprus. Advertisement 2. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the differences in education hours and facilities between private and public schools, suggesting that not all schools operate under the same conditions. It mentions that the facilities for both public and private schools depend on the Ministry of Education, indicating a lack of uniformity in access to resources. This suggests that schools do not have equal access to high-quality EdTech resources due to varying school structures and the competitive nature of private versus public schooling.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Bioengineered yeast can produce biofuels from sugars. [SEP] Text: In this study, we characterized the levansucrase activity of a newly isolated strain of Bacillus which was found to be closely related to B. licheniformis ATCC 14580T and Bacillus sonorensis NRRL B-23154T based upon 16S rRNA gene sequencing. To demonstrate its applicability, we next performed co-culture fermentations with this strain and C. tyrobutyricum ATCC 25755T for butyric acid production using sucrose as a carbon source. Results and discussionB. sp. SGP1 Hydrolyzes sucrose through levansucraseB. sp. SGP1 was isolated from a waste water sludge sample obtained from anaerobic digestion tank. Identifying this strain through 16S rRNA gene sequencing revealed that its closest relative was Bacillus licheniformis ATCC 14580T (99. 4%, 16S rRNA gene similarity) followed by Bacillus sonorensis NRRL B-23154T (99. 3%) and Bacillus aerius 24KT (99. 3%). The phylogenetic analysis (Additional file 1: Figure S1) showed that the strain SGP1 formed a monophyletic group with B. licheniformis ATCC 14580T, B. sonorensis NRRL B-23154T and B. aerius 24KT. When B. sp. SGP1 was cultured alone on sucrose in batch cultures, lactic acid was the main fermentation product (Figure 1). After 16 h of growth, the optical density leveled off and remained steady for about 20 h longer. During this time, though, sucrose hydrolysis continued as evidenced by the increasing concentration of glucose found within the culture supernatant. Figure 1 Growth profile of B. sp. SGP1 when cultured on RCM supplemented with sucrose in serum bottle at 37°C under anoxic conditions. Full size imageMany groups reported previously that several Bacillus strains, and specifically B. licheniformis, are able to produce levansucrase. This enzyme can both hydrolyze sucrose into its constituent glucose and fructose subunits and form the levan polymer from the fructose subunits [17, 18]. Previous studies demonstrated that levansucrase also degrades levan to individual fructose monomers especially when the reducing sugar concentration is low [18–20]. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim regarding bioengineered yeast and its ability to produce biofuels. Instead, it discusses the characterization of a Bacillus strain and its levansucrase activity in the context of butyric acid production from sucrose. Therefore, the text is irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Quantum computing has potential applications in cryptography and data analysis. [SEP] Text: Поскольку от скорости и качества их работы будет зависеть, в том числе, устойчивость системы ИБ к вирусным и хакерским атакам, на российском и зарубежном рынках ПО сформируются сегменты разработчиков, поставщиков и эксплуатантов ПО для суперкомпьютерных и квантово-компьютерных систем с применением квантовой криптографии и стеганографии. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by mentioning the use of quantum cryptography in the context of quantum computing systems, indicating its potential application in cryptography.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Every school globally has equal access to high-quality EdTech resources. [SEP] Text: (education) Company history(H)Mission(M)Vision(V)Staff(S)Forms(F)Language(l) release Slogan and logo Yakındoğu *Brief inf. about course*No evaluation criteria*No curriculum No Info. Show in map and given tel. no H: YM: YV: YS: YF: NL: E&T No info. yes NoSlogan but use logo of Kyrenia *Perfectly explained each class course*Full curriculum*Grading criteria*Activities explanation Full Info. All type pay Show in map and given tel. no H: YM: YV: YS: YF: YL: E They use their logo and slogan explained each class course*Full curriculum Full Info. All type pay Show in map and given tel. no H: YM: YV: YS: YF: YL: E No slogan but use logo TED Brief info about courses Full Info. All type pay Show in map and given tel. no H: YM: YV: YS: YF: YL: E&T They use their logo and slogan brief info about courses No info Show in map and given tel. no H: NM: NV: YS: YF: YL: E&T what they prepare not published format No slogan but use logo Doğa brief info about courses Few info not updated Show in map and given tel. no H: YM: YV: YS: NF: YL: E&T Few info about NC camp No info about NC campus They use their logo and slogan Almost no info No info Show in map and given tel. no H: YM: YV: YS: NF: YL: E&T No info. No info. They use their logo and slogan Final college Very brief info about courses No info Show in map and given tel. no H: NM: YV: NS: YF: N No slogan but use logo Güvence No info No info No info No info No info Table 3. Private school’s web page analysis in Northern Cyprus. Some web sites have some language option where some does not have. This contradicts because all these nine schools claiming that instead of mother language Turkish, they are highly emphasizing English language in their education system. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by indicating that not all schools have equal access to information and resources. It details discrepancies in website information among private schools in Northern Cyprus, suggesting that some schools lack essential resources and updates, which implies inequality in access to quality educational technology resources.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Bioengineered yeast can produce biofuels from sugars. [SEP] Text: Consequently, we tested for the production of levansucrase by B. sp. SGP1. For colonies grown on agar plates containing sucrose, the production of a polysaccharide was obvious as they showed a slimy mucoid growth. In contrast, when grown on agar plates containing glucose, none of the colonies were mucoid. This polysaccharide was consequently precipitated from liquid cultures of B. sp. SGP1 grown on sucrose and hydrolyzed to its constituent monosaccharides. Analysis of these sugars by HPLC (High-performance liquid chromatography) found fructose monomers, implying that the polysaccharide was levan and that the extracellular enzyme is levansucrase. To further confirm that the enzyme responsible is levansucrase, the proteins present in the supernatant of a 24 h old culture were precipitated and run on an SDS-page gel. After renaturing the proteins, the levan was formed and stained as described in the Materials and Methods. The presence of the levan polymer within the gel is clearly seen in Figure 2. Only one band was observed and it corresponded to a protein having a molecular weight of approximately 55 KDa, a weight that is similar to that of levansucrase enzymes from other species [20]. Further characterization established that this enzyme was optimally active at a neutral pH (Figure 3) and at temperatures of up to 43ºC, the highest temperature tested in this study (Additional file 2: Figure S2). Consequently, it can be used within co-cultures with many fermentative clostridia, which grow best at mesophilic temperatures. Figure 2Levansucrase molecular mass analysis by SDS-PAGE gel. The band was revealed by in situ levan synthesis as described in the materials and methods. Full size imageFigure 3Sucrase and levan forming activities of B. sp. SGP1 supernatant at different pH values. The liberated glucose and levan concentrations were determined as described in the materials and methods. Full size imageCo-culturing B. sp. SGP1 with C. tyrobutyricum ATCC 25755TSince B. sp. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text provides detailed information about the enzyme levansucrase produced by B. sp. SGP1 and its activity on sucrose, but it does not address or provide any information regarding the capability of bioengineered yeast to produce biofuels from sugars. Therefore, it is irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Quantum computing has potential applications in cryptography and data analysis. [SEP] Text: Часть стандартов сугубо военного и двойного применения (например, с применением квантовой криптографии и компьютерной стеганографии) будет разрабатываться специализированными организациями в сфере безопасности (например, государственной), но подавляющая часть стандартов будет разрабатываться исключительно для гражданской сферы. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by mentioning 'квантовая криптография' (quantum cryptography), which is a significant application of quantum computing in the field of cryptography. Additionally, the mention of specialized organizations developing standards for military and dual-use technologies aligns with the concept of utilizing quantum computing for advanced cryptographic methods.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Every school globally has equal access to high-quality EdTech resources. [SEP] Text: British and of Kyrenia has no language option, all their information are only in English language; however in Northern Cyprus, mother language is Turkish and cannot be expected that everybody has English knowledge (Table 4). & follow ındoğu College 1328 (L)1322 (F) People do not post location info when they go there Social R. CompetitionActivitiesvideo 117 photos Not frequently post of Kyrenia 2303 (L)2349 (F) 769 (V). CeremoniesSocial R. P 6 videos 134 photos Posts frequentlyAdd their awards and mission in about part 5617 (L)5578 (F) People do not post location info when they go there. CeremoniesSocial R. P 15 videos 2844 photos (all categorized) Posts frequentlyAdd their awards and mission in about part TED College 1851 (L)1845 (F) 3718 (V) EventsSeminarCelebration days (national or religion)CeremoniesExam announ. Activitiesprogram announcement (TV program, bus schedule) 7 videos 223 photos Posts frequentlyAdd their awards and mission in about part have no official Facebook page, it seems an unprofessional like just having Facebook account, send people friend request instead of liking their pages. Therefore, most their posts are related with product or service announcement and are not related with school or education. Doğa College 759 (L)756 (F) 378 (V) Inside classroomWithin lecture hourTeachers in activitiesExhibitionvideo 13 photos Not frequently post 976 (L) 11,260 (V) Just parents post some of their kid’s activities, pictures, and they are posting when they visit school. 1561 (L)1565 (F) 217 (V) EventsSeminarCelebration days (national or religion)CeremoniesActivities 3 videos 703 photos Posts frequentlyAdd their mission and their story in about part Güvence They have no official page in 4. Private school’s Facebook page analysis in Northern Cyprus. When checking the schools Facebook usage, Yakındoğu College has no shared promotion or events video. They just post some events & activities pictures and some succeeded field pictures. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by illustrating specific instances of disparities in access to EdTech resources. For example, it points out that British and Kyrenia schools primarily provide information in English, which poses a barrier for Turkish-speaking individuals in Northern Cyprus. Moreover, the mention of lack of professional social media engagement and insufficient posts relating to education suggests that not every school is utilizing high-quality EdTech resources effectively.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Bioengineered yeast can produce biofuels from sugars. [SEP] Text: SGP1 produces glucose during the hydrolysis of sucrose but does not continue to utilize or ferment it after its initial growth (Figure 1), we hypothesized that this strain can be used in conjunction with other fermentative strains and particularly those that show substrate limitations towards sucrose, such as C. tyrobutyricum ATCC 25755T[10]. To evaluate this, several cultures were grown using these two strains independently or together with either glucose or sucrose as the fermentative substrate. The cultures were evaluated based upon the amount of butyric acid produced over time (Figure 4). Growth of C. tyrobutyricum ATCC 25755T or B. sp. SGP1 by themselves on RCM (Media) supplemented with sucrose gave little or no butyric acid, respectively. However, when these two strains were co-cultured on sucrose, a significant amount of butyric acid was produced, i. e. , 13. 5 g/L (Figure 4A), indicating that C. tyrobutyricum ATCC 25755T was able to ferment the monosaccharides produced by the levansucrase. Figure 4A) Butyric acid production by individual and mixed cultures of B. sp. SGP1 and C. tyrobutyricum ATCC 25755T. This experiment was performed using RCM supplemented with sucrose or glucose in serum bottles at 37°C under anoxic conditions. B) Plot showing the acetic acid concentration when C. tyrobutyricum ATCC 25755T was cultured alone on glucose and from the co-culture grown on sucrose. Full size imageInterestingly, it was found that the amount of butyric acid produced by the co-culture in serum bottles using sucrose is actually higher than that produced from C. tyrobutyricum ATCC 25755T when grown alone on the same amount of glucose (Figure 4A). In contrast, the final acetate concentration in the co-culture was significantly lower than that seen from C. tyrobutyricum ATCC 25755T cultured solely on glucose (Figure 4B). These two findings are likely related as the final total acid concentrations within the cultures were similar, 14. 6 g/L for the co-culture and 14. 8 g/L for C. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not directly address the claim about bioengineered yeast producing biofuels from sugars. Instead, it discusses the interaction of specific strains and the production of butyric acid when co-cultured with sucrose or glucose, without mentioning biofuels or confirming any direct relationship between yeast and biofuel production.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Quantum computing has potential applications in cryptography and data analysis. [SEP] Text: Часть стандартов сугубо военного и двойного применения (например, с применением квантовой криптографии и компьютерной стеганографии) будет разрабатываться специализированными организациями в сфере безопасности (например, государственной), но подавляющая часть стандартов будет разрабатываться исключительно для гражданской сферы. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by mentioning that quantum cryptography will be developed as part of military and dual-use standards, underscoring the potential applications of quantum computing in cryptography.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Every school globally has equal access to high-quality EdTech resources. [SEP] Text: In the process, they show that since schooling is a unique kind of good--at the same time public, private, and positional--policies that regulate choice need to balance a complex array of potential costs and benefits. " — David F. Labaree, author of A Perfect Mess: Ascendancy of "This concise and compelling book helps us look anew at our current debates about school choice. It shows that the real debate is not whether we have ‘choice’--both parental choice and market-driven choice have long been part of American education--but how policies dictate who gets to choose, how, and with what consequences. Debates about school choice are debates about control, accountability, and the very goals and nature of education as an individual and collective good. A wide range of audiences, from experts to those seeking an introduction on the topic, will find this book useful and insightful. " — Tracy Steffes, "Ben-Porath and Johanek provide the most complete and revealing accounting yet of the school choice question in American education. Combining history with thoughtful philosophical analysis, it lays to rest the posturing and sloganeering that have characterized the issue for decades. It is a must read for anyone considering this significant policy matter today, and larger questions of achievement, equity, and democracy facing the education systems of tomorrow. " — John L. Rury, University of Kansas "This highly readable and instructive volume coolly clarifies otherwise heated arguments about the public and private good in American education. " — -Porath (Univ. of Pennsylvania) and Johanek (Univ. of Pennsylvania) offer a straightforward discourse about the history of school choice in the US, the nature of choice in our contemporary education landscape, and the societal challenges around this topic as it relates to equity, access, and equal opportunity for all in education. . . This is important reading for educators and politicians interested in the school choice movement's consequences for the national political and historical landscape. — A. Muhammad, University, Choice "is a fantastic example of why historically informed and philosophically sophisticated work is vital to resolving some of our stickiest education debates. In paying careful attention to the history of school choice in the US, the book, first, helps us zoom in on those central dilemmas necessarily embedded in designing a school system. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the complexities of schooling as a unique good that is influenced by various policies and choices impacting access and equity in education. It emphasizes that debates around school choice involve control, accountability, and the goals of education, which suggests that access to quality resources may not be equal across different schools. The mention of societal challenges around equity, access, and equal opportunity further indicates that not every school has equal access to high-quality EdTech resources.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Bioengineered yeast can produce biofuels from sugars. [SEP] Text: tyrobutyricum, indicating that the co-culture is capable of utilizing more of the acetate within the media and producing a subsequently higher amount of butyric acid. One possible explanation that can account for the lower acetate levels found in the co-culture is the glucose concentration, which was undetectable (< 0. 1 g/L) during the exponential growth phase. Consequently, it would appear that it was consumed immediately by the culture as soon as it was produced from sucrose. Under similar glucose-limited conditions, other groups have found that C. tyrobutyricum ATCC 25755T shifts more carbon to the butyrate pathway instead of acetate production [3, 21]. Another possible reason for this is the activity of B. sp. SGP1, which produces lactic acid (Figure 1). Given that lactic acid was not detected within the co-culture, it appears that it and acetic acid are co-metabolized by C. tyrobutyricum ATCC 25755T as fermentative substrates to produce butyric acid [8, 9]. As evidence of this, batch cultures of C. tyrobutyricum ATCC 25755T were grown using P2 medium supplemented with either glucose (40. 0 g/L), lactic acid (10. 0 g/L in the form of sodium lactate) or both (Figure 5). When lactic acid was added alone, both it and the acetate present in the media were consumed (Figure 5C and E), leading to butyric acid production (Figure 5D). The consumption of two acids and subsequent production of only one led to a significant increase in the pH as the molar concentration of acids was nearly halved, i. e. , 0. 025 M of acetate and 0. 070 M lactate produced 0. 053 M butyrate (Figure 5F). These results confirm that acetate and lactate can be co-utilized by C. tyrobutyricum ATCC 25755T to produce butyric acid, with a yield under these conditions of 0. 6 g butyrate/g (acetate and lactate). In fact, this is in agreement with the equation reported previously for acetate-lactate fermentation by C. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not directly address the claim about bioengineered yeast producing biofuels from sugars. Instead, it discusses the metabolic processes of C. tyrobutyricum, focusing on butyric acid production from acetate and lactate. There is no evidence or information provided in the text that relates to the production of biofuels by yeast or sugar consumption, making it irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Quantum computing has potential applications in cryptography and data analysis. [SEP] Text: Технологии «Smart House» трансформируются в системы «Quantum House», в которых учет расходования (например, тепла, воды, воздуха) будет сопровождаться квантово-криптографической и стеганографической защитой канала трафика видеонаблюдения за разными участками дома. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by stating that 'quantum-cryptographic' technologies are being developed for protecting data traffic in smart home systems, indicating a specific application of quantum computing in cryptography.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Every school globally has equal access to high-quality EdTech resources. [SEP] Text: As the authors argue, attending to the history of schooling in the US allows us to “decipher the constant versus distinctive elements of our current debate” (p. 10). Second, by paying careful attention to the thorny ethical issues these dilemmas raise, the book helps ensure we make education decisions in ways that realize those values we most care about as citizens. Especially in light of its interdisciplinary approach, presents a compelling argument for how we should think about school choice today. " — : 10. 7208/chicago/9780226619774. 003. 0000[school choice;private market;privately managed schools;accountability;public interest]Debates about school choice fail to recognize the policy’s long history in the US dating back to the early days of the republic. This book recognizes that choice among schools has always been available to many American parents, and argues that understanding choice today requires an examination of the choices available, how these vary, and how we regulate who has which choices in today’s mixed schooling field. Analyzing school choice requires attention to the increasing role of business and philanthropic interests in the provision of schooling. The introduction summarizes the current landscape of school choice, highlighting how American parents exercise school choice today, including residential mobility, open enrollment, private schools, magnet schools, charter schools, homeschooling and vouchers. Some of these dominate current public debate about school choice, but they are not necessarily accessible to most families. This helps frame the question of who has the authority to make decisions on children’s education, and what norms and values inform these decisions? While the book focuses primarily on the schooling system in the US, many of the questions explored are relevant to debates in other countries, especially regarding school reform, privately-managed schools, and the provision of public schooling by private companies. on School Choices: Original ChoicesDOI: 10. 7208/chicago/9780226619774. 003. 0001[pluralism;colonial;early republic;venture schools;academies;family;religion]Returning to the colonial period, this 10. 7208/chicago/9780226619774. 003. 0002[Catholic;regulation;assimilation;immigration;cross-sector;Protestant]This 10. 7208/chicago/9780226619774. 003. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the varying degrees of school choice and access to educational resources among American parents. It explicitly mentions that while choice among schools has always been available to many American parents, these choices are not necessarily accessible to most families. This highlights the inequality in access to education resources, which directly challenges the assertion that every school globally has equal access to high-quality EdTech resources.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Bioengineered yeast can produce biofuels from sugars. [SEP] Text: butyricum, where: Acetate + 3 Lactate + ADP + P i → 2 Butyrate + 2 H 2 + ATP [22]. Figure 5Characteristics of C. tyrobutyricum ATCC 25755Tcultures grown on P2 medium supplemented with either 40. 0 g/L glucose (Glu), 40. 0 g/L glucose and 10. 0 g/L lactate (Glu+Lac), 10. 0 g/L lactate (Lac) or nothing (Control). This results shown are (A) optical density, (B) glucose concentration, (C) lactic acid concentration, (D) butyric acid concentration, (E) acetic acid concentration and (F) pH of the cultures. Full size imageWhen lactic acid was added along with glucose, C. tyrobutyricum ATCC 25755T showed an enhanced growth and butyric acid production, which can be in part attributed to the pH buffering effect described above. In confirmation of Figure 4A, the acetate concentration did not increase, as was seen when glucose was added alone, while the lactic acid concentration decreased, suggesting that these two acids were once more being converted into butyric acid. Lactic acid is converted only into butyric acid not acetic acidTo confirm that lactic acid is being converted by C. tyrobutyricum ATCC 25755T into butyric acid only, P2 medium was prepared once more but with a mixture of 12C- glucose (40. 0 g/L) and [1, 2, 3 13C3] lactic acid (5. 0 g/L). After 40 h of culturing, samples were taken, and the resulting butyric and acetic acids were analyzed for the presence of 13C (Figure 6). Acetic acid showed only a single peak at 60 (m/z) corresponding to the expected molecular weight of 12C2-acetic acid. For butyric acid, however, we found multiple molecular peaks at 88 (m/z), which corresponds to the molecular weight of 12C4-butyric acid, as well as at 89, 90, 91 and 92 (m/z), indicating the existence of significant amounts of 13C in butyric acid. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim about bioengineered yeast producing biofuels from sugars. Instead, it discusses the metabolic processes of C. tyrobutyricum ATCC 25755T, focusing on the conversion of lactic acid to butyric acid, with details about acid concentrations and metabolic byproducts. This information is unrelated to the claim regarding yeast and biofuels.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Quantum computing has potential applications in cryptography and data analysis. [SEP] Text: Внедрение квантовых коммуникаций и квантовых технологий в ЖКХ приведет не только к изменению спектра услуг, но и к качественно новым возможностям в сфере обеспечения безопасности. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the implementation of quantum communications and technologies in ensuring security, which aligns with potential applications in cryptography.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Every school globally has equal access to high-quality EdTech resources. [SEP] Text: 0003[suburbs;Great Migration;vouchers;freedom schools;free schools;alternative schools;charters;desegregation;magnet schools]Examining the post-WWII period, this 10. 7208/chicago/9780226619774. 003. 0004[privatization;bureaucracy;market-based;public goods;rational choice;competition;deregulation;intervention;tolerance]This 10. 7208/chicago/9780226619774. 003. 0005[innovation;charter management organizations;charter school;outcomes;philanthropy;governance;ghost districts;standardized tests;accountability]This 10. 7208/chicago/9780226619774. 003. 0006[quality education;culturally responsive schools;private schools;race and ethnicity;inequality;equal access;community-based schools;charter schools;democratic citizenship]School choice is suggested to level the playing field of access to quality education. Families who have greater means have long had access to school choice through private or parochial schools, and advocates argue that broader availability of choice can provide similar opportunities for families with fewer resources. Additionally, serving communities separately, charter schools and other choice schools can offer carefully tailored, culturally responsive programs that better serve community needs. We consider three objections. First, charter and other choice schools do not provide a higher-quality education than public counterparts. Recent research has found public and choice schools provide excellent, mediocre and poor education at similar levels. Second, charter schools do not always provide equal access to the services they offer, because they are often to select easier-to-educate students, creating new layers of inequality. Third, the individual and social costs of re-segregated schools engendered by the choice system are high. Separating schools by race and ethnicity, even if done by parental choice, prevents children from having the opportunity to interact with diverse others, and the associated benefits of learning to become more tolerant and respectful, key elements of democratic citizenship. Providing stronger opportunities for diverse schools is conducive to democratic goals. Conclusion: : 10. 7208/chicago/9780226619774. 003. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by highlighting that charter schools and choice schools do not necessarily provide 'equal access to the services they offer.' It notes that these schools often select easier-to-educate students, which implies a disparity in access based on socioeconomic status. Furthermore, it mentions 'new layers of inequality' created by the choice system, suggesting that not all schools have equal access to high-quality education or resources, which directly contradicts the claim of universal equality in access.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Bioengineered yeast can produce biofuels from sugars. [SEP] Text: These results demonstrate that the lactic acid present in the media is being used as a substrate by C. tyrobutyricum ATCC 25755T and that it is being converted only into butyric acid and not for acetic acid production even in presence of another carbon source in the medium such as glucose. Figure 6GC-MS spectra of acetic and butyric acids present in the culture broth of C. tyrobutyricum ATCC 25755Tafter culturing for 40 h in P2 medium with 12C 6 -glucose (40. 0 g/L) and [1,2,3-13C 3 ] lactic acid (5. 0 g/L). A) Mass spectra of butyric acid showing the presence of significant amounts of butyric acid with molecular weights higher than 88 (i. e. : 89, 90, 91 and 92) indicating the corporation of 13C. B) Mass spectra of acetic acid showing the absence of 13C in the acetic acid. Full size imageOptimizing pH conditions in the co-culture for butyric acid productionThe optimum pH for culturing B. sp. SGP1 was around 7. 0 while more acidic conditions led to a decreased growth (Additional file 3: Figure S3). However, for C. tyrobutyricum ATCC 25755T, the optimum pH for growth and butyric acid production is known to be 5. 9 to 6. 0 [4–6, 23], a value that we used previously to produce more than 50 g/L butyric acid [7]. For this co-culture, we tried fed-batch fermentations at different pH values (5. 9, 5. 7, 5. 5, and 5. 3). All fermentations were performed at 37°C as this temperature was found to be the best for the co-culture based upon butyric acid final concentration (Additional file 4: Figure S4). Interestingly, the optimum pH for the co-culture both in terms of growth and butyric acid production was 5. 5 (Figure 7) which is lower than the optimum for growth of either strain. At this pH, the maximum productivity was 0. 3±0. 04 g/L/h and the final butyrate concentration was 34. 2±1. 8 g/L with a yield of 0. 35±0. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim about bioengineered yeast producing biofuels from sugars. Instead, it discusses the fermentation of lactic acid by C. tyrobutyricum ATCC 25755T and factors affecting butyric acid production, which is unrelated to yeast or biofuels. Therefore, it is considered irrelevant.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Quantum computing has potential applications in cryptography and data analysis. [SEP] Text: Технологии «Smart House» трансформируются в системы «Quantum House», в которых учет расходования (например, тепла, воды, воздуха) будет сопровождаться квантово-криптографической и стеганографической защитой канала трафика видеонаблюдения за разными участками дома. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by referencing the use of quantum cryptography in the 'Quantum House' systems, indicating an application of quantum technologies in securing data, which aligns with the claim about potential applications of quantum computing in cryptography.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Every school globally has equal access to high-quality EdTech resources. [SEP] Text: 0007[parental choice;school choice;market-driven schooling;private interests;public goods;collective choice]Parental choice and market-driven schooling are not new phenomena in the US. The book explored ways society balances public and private aims of schooling, asking: whose education is it? How much innovation do we encourage, and what kind of accountability? And what role do we seek for schools in building an inclusive, equitable society? Today certain types of choice (charter schools and vouchers) are more available, amid expanded requirements and prescribed curricula. Moreover, distribution of options is unequal across regions and families. Coordinated corporate and philanthropic involvement affects increasing options available to families, their distribution across class and race, and opportunities children have to pursue a suitable path. It is inaccurate to present policy options for school choice as either neoliberal vision of choice or progressive backing of public education. Indeed, discussing individual family ‘choice’ obscures the need to make collective choices and seek balance between public and private aims. We conclude that parents should have a say in children’s education – and not just in selecting schools – but they cannot accomplish this alone, and thus the landscape of school choice should be subject to greater public oversight, planning and collective effort to make up our minds about education. Book published by University of Chicago Press, 2019. Page maintained by BiblioVault. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the unequal distribution of educational options across regions and families, stating that 'distribution of options is unequal across regions and families.' This implies that not every school has equal access to high-quality resources, which directly opposes the claim.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Bioengineered yeast can produce biofuels from sugars. [SEP] Text: 03 g butyrate/g sucrose based upon the amount of sucrose consumed. By comparison, in a previous study done by our group employing immobilized C. tyrobutyricum ATCC 25755T, a yield of 0. 45 g butyrate/g glucose was reported using the same media as in this study [7]. Another study looking at the fed-batch addition of carbonated beverages, which contain sucrose, glucose and fructose, to cultures of C. tyrobutyricum ATCC 25755T grown in RCM media found yields of 0. 42 ± 0. 11 g/g [10], a value that is comparable with that seen in our study. The final acetate and lactate concentrations in the medium were 2. 5 g/L and 0. 2 g/L, respectively. Accordingly, this co-culture was selective for butyric acid, with 92. 8% of the final acids by weight being butyric acid. By comparison, our previous study found butyric acid constituted only 82% of the total acids when 35. 4 g/L butyric acid was produced during a fed batch culture with glucose [7]. Figure 7Typical B. sp. SGP1 and C. tyrobutyricum ATCC 25755Tco-culture fed-batch fermentation in RCM supplemented with sucrose at pH 5. 5 and 37°C. The plots show (A) the sugars consumption profile and (B)the optical density of the cultures and their production profiles for butyric, acetic and lactic acids. Full size imageOn the other hand, at the higher pH values tested (5. 7, and 5. 9), the final butyric acid concentrations were both lower; 26. 3 g/L and 16. 6 g/L for pHs 5. 7 and 5. 9 respectively while the acetic acid final concentrations were 1. 0 g/L and 1. 5 g/L respectively. It is thought that this may be attributed to the enhanced growth of B. sp. SGP1 at these higher pH values, leading to competition for the sugars produced. On the other hand, the final butyrate and acetic acid concentrations with the lowest pH tested, i. e. , 5. 3 were 20. 8 and 10. 0 g/L respectively. It was also observed that the glucose concentration was lower than 0. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim regarding bioengineered yeast producing biofuels from sugars. Instead, it discusses the production of butyric acid from sugars by a specific bacterium (C. tyrobutyricum) and details its fermentation conditions and results. There is no mention of yeast or biofuels, thus rendering the text irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Quantum computing has potential applications in cryptography and data analysis. [SEP] Text: Технологии «Smart House» трансформируются в системы «Quantum House», в которых учет расходования (например, тепла, воды, воздуха) будет сопровождаться квантово-криптографической и стеганографической защитой канала трафика видеонаблюдения за разными участками дома. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the transformation of 'Smart House' technologies into 'Quantum House' systems, which implement quantum cryptographic and steganographic protection for data channels. This suggests an application of quantum technologies in ensuring secure data transmission, directly relating to its potential use in cryptography.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Crop rotation is a traditional practice that enhances soil fertility. [SEP] Text: In contrast, SOC and TN contents are commonly unstratified and similar throughout the plow layer under CT because the mechanical mixing action of tillage distributes residue more evenly. Tillage also allows for the incorporation of SOM deeper into the soil by mixing plant residue and microbial biomass that usually remains in the upper-most layers under undisturbed conditions. This mixing action in the plow layer can result in greater SOC and TN contents in soil depths immediately below the plow depth under CT than that under NT due to the placement of the SOM near the bottom of the plow layer under full-inversion tillage (Angers and Eriksen-Hamel, 2008). 3. 3. Fertility regime effects on SOC and TNIn contrast to that hypothesized, SOC and TN contents in the top 10 cm did not differ between fertility regimes imposed in the study (P > 0. 05; Table 5). Fertilization of the soil has been well documented as being directly correlated to the quantity of biomass produced, which in turn is directly correlated with the amount of crop residues that are returned to the soil to become SOM, thus contributing to the SOC and TN pools (Follett, 2001). However, in this study the differences among optimal and sub-optimal fertility treatments (Table 2) were likely not great enough to significantly affect SOC and TN contents even after 11 years of consistent management. The lack of fertility treatment differences in SOC and TN contents between optimal and sub-optimal fertility directly correspond to the lack of differences in SOM contents that were also observed in this study, when averaged across all other treatment factors (P > 0. 05; Motschenbacher et al. , 2012). However, the lack of SOC and TN content differences under optimal and sub-optimal fertility do not mean that soil fertilizer treatments failed to increase the overall input of crop residues added to the soil when compared to the quantity that would be added upon the elimination of N-P-K treatments. For the purposes of this, only the effects of commonly recommended fertilizer rates provided to producers in the area of eastern Arkansas were evaluated (Table 2; Espinoza et al. , 2007). Therefore, the design of this study did not include a control treatment in which no fertilizer was applied, as that would not be a common recommendation for field-crop production in the geographic study area. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the effects of tillage and fertilization on soil organic carbon (SOC) and total nitrogen (TN) contents, stating that differences in SOC and TN were not significant with varying fertility regimes. This implies that traditional practices like crop rotation may not significantly enhance soil fertility in the context provided, as it focuses on tillage methods and fertilization more than crop rotation per se.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Bioengineered yeast can produce biofuels from sugars. [SEP] Text: 1 g/L throughout the course of fermentation when the pH was 5. 5, 5. 7, and 5. 9 while, at pH 5. 3, it was increasing constantly during the course of fermentation to reach 10. 0 g/L near the end of the fermentation (Data not shown). It is also worthy to note that, with an optimum pH of 5. 5, the sucrose hydrolysis was higher during the early stages of the fermentation than during the latter (>100 h), suggesting that the Bacillus strain was limited in its growth or activity. The ability of the co-culture to grow in RCM medium without previous purging with an inert gasC. tyrobutyricum ATCC 25755T is a strict anaerobe and sensitive to oxygen so the culturing medium needs to be purged with an inert gas like nitrogen or argon prior to inoculation to provide anoxic conditions. However, this purging contributes to the total cost for butyric acid production. Since B. sp. SGP1 strain is a facultative anaerobe, we wanted to test the ability of this co-culture to grow in RCM medium without prior purging. We found that the co-culture could grow successfully and produce butyric acid, albeit after a longer lag time (Figure 8). It appears that B. sp. SGP1 grew and consumed the oxygen present in the medium, thus providing the anoxic conditions needed for the growth of C. tyrobutyricum ATCC 25755T. This finding is important since it suggests that fermentations using these two bacteria can be performed using media without purging, allowing industries to reduce their production costs. Figure 8Growth of and butyric acid production by B. sp. SGP1 and C. tyrobutyricum ATCC 25755Tco-cultures with and without purging of the medium with argon gas. The cultures were grown in serum bottles at 37°C using RCM supplemented with sucrose. Full size imageConclusionsAlthough C. tyrobutyricum ATCC 25755T alone is unable to utilize sucrose, using a co-culture of C. tyrobutyricum ATCC 25755T and B. sp. SGP1, this study demonstrates that sucrose can be utilized as a carbon source for butyric acid production. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not directly address the claim regarding bioengineered yeast producing biofuels from sugars. Instead, it discusses fermentation processes involving specific bacterial strains and their ability to produce butyric acid from sucrose, which is not related to yeast or biofuels. Therefore, the text is considered irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Quantum computing has potential applications in cryptography and data analysis. [SEP] Text: Данные технологии будут развиваться в России и за рубежом, появление приборов и оборудования для дистанционного оперирования (оперативного вмешательства) будет первоначально встречено в обществе с высокой степенью недоверия. Поскольку именно квантовые технологии и квантовые коммуникации с квантово-криптографической и стеганографической защитой каналов управления рабочими медицинскими инструментами позволяют сделать телемедицину не медициной «по ТВ», а «теле», т. е. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by mentioning quantum technologies and quantum communications with quantum cryptographic and steganographic protection, which indicate a direct link to potential applications in cryptography.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Crop rotation is a traditional practice that enhances soil fertility. [SEP] Text: In der niedersächsischen Geest zeigen einige Fruchtfolgemuster aus reinen Getreidesequenzen, dass Mais die Funktion der Winterblattfrucht (hier Winter-Raps) in der Fruchtfolge übernommen hat, z. B. Mais-Weizen-Gerste. der Ackerflächen wurde mit Sequenzen bestellt die eine moderate Menge an Blattfrüchten (1-3) und Sommerungen (1-4) enthielten, aber fast 40% wurden ganz ohne Blattfrucht und 20% ohne Sommerung bebaut. Niedersachsen zeigt also einerseits einen erfreulich hohen Anteil an diversen Fruchtsequenzen, andererseits wurden nahezu ein Drittel der Ackerfläche mit nu rein oder zwei Früchten in bestellt, was alarmierend ist. Letztere stehen in starkem Zusammenhang mit einer hohen Rinderdichte und Moorböden. zeigten die zehn größten Typengruppen spezifische Zusammenhänge mit Landschaftsvariablen und eine räumliche Verteilung, die der Verbreitung der Bodenverhältnisse in Niedersachsen folgt. Dies legt den Schluss nahe, dass die Fruchtfolgepraxis in Niedersachsen in Zusammenhang mit den Landschaftsbedingungen der entsprechenden Region steht. Die räumliche Verteilung der geclusterten Fruchtmuster eines Jahres zeigen auf den ersten Blick Übereinstimmungen mit den Fruchtsequenzmustern der sieben Jahre. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text discusses various crop sequences and agricultural practices in Niedersachsen but does not specifically address crop rotation or its effects on soil fertility. It mentions the presence of different crop patterns and their relation to landscape variables, yet it does not confirm or contrast the claim about crop rotation enhancing soil fertility.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Bioengineered yeast can produce biofuels from sugars. [SEP] Text: In addition, this co-culture offers also the benefit of a greater selectivity for butyric acid. Another advantage of this co-culture is its ability to produce butyric acid at a relatively high yield, which is similar to the yield obtained by pure cultures of C. tyrobutyricum ATCC 25755T grown on glucose. One drawback for this proposed co-culture is the low productivity during fed-batch fermentations. This can be improved in future studies by changing the medium composition or the fermentation mode to optimize the growth kinetics of the two strains. Likewise, future work may also include using this novel B. sp. SGP1 strain or other Bacillus strains in similar co-cultures with C. tyrobutyricum ATCC 25755T for production of butyric acid but from other carbon sources, such as starch or cellulose. Materials and methodsReagentsAll of the chemicals and reagents used were purchased from the Sigma-Aldrich Co. USA, unless mentioned otherwise. The reagents, when available, were molecular biology grade. All solutions were prepared using these reagents and sterile distilled water. Bacterial strains and culturing methodsB. sp. SGP1 was isolated from a waste water sludge sample obtained from the Jo anaerobic digestion tank, Seoul, South Korea. This strain was co-cultured with C. tyrobutyricum ATCC 25755T in reinforced clostridial media (RCM). The media was made fresh using the individual components and supplemented with 40. 0 g/L of either sucrose for the co-culture tests or B. sp. SGP1 monocultures or glucose for C. tyrobutyricum ATCC 25755T monocultures. The composition of the RCM medium was as follows: beef extract (Difco, USA) 10. 0 g/L, peptone (Difco, USA) 5. 0 g/L, yeast extract (Difco, USA) 3. 0 g/L, tryptone (Difco, USA) 5. 0 g/L, starch 1. 0 g/L, sodium acetate 3. 0 g/L, and NaCl 5. 0 g/L. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses the co-culture of bacterial strains without mentioning bioengineered yeast or biofuel production from sugars. It focuses on the production of butyric acid from specific carbon sources and details on bacterial strains, media compositions, and methods, which do not relate to the claim about yeast and biofuels.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Quantum computing has potential applications in cryptography and data analysis. [SEP] Text: Например, защищенный квантово-криптографический и стеганографический канал связи и дистанционного управления медицинскими инструментами и аппаратурой позволит, в частности, из Калининграда управлять течением, скоростью и различными этапами проведения операции даже во Владивостоке: высокая скорость каналов передачи данных, в частности, обеспечит высокое качество операций, при этом скорость задержки при передаче сигнала, по экспертным оценкам, не пр [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing a secure quantum-cryptographic channel that can enhance communication and control of medical equipment, indicating practical applications of quantum computing in the field of cryptography and data management.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Agroforestry combines trees and crops to promote biodiversity and soil health. [SEP] Text: (2021) Soil sample preservation strategy affects the microbial community structure. Microbes and Environments, 36, ME20134, control was immediately frozen in liquid nitrogen (no fresh control) Ouyang et al. (2021) Direct cell extraction from fresh and stored soil samples: Impact on microbial viability and community compositions. and Biochemistry, 155, 108178, paper focuses on complex cell extraction procedures before analysis of microbial parameters: thisstudy cannot be compared to other DNA-based studies. The authors showed that cell viability changed and microbial community composition changed in all stored samples, but that the least changes were observed at +4°C. This result can be added in the discussion but not included in the corpus. Edwards et al. (2024) Long- and short-term soil storage methods other than freezing can be useful for DNA-based microbial community analysis. and Biochemistry, 191, 109329, authors compared soils stored under different conditions (e. g; refrigeration versus storage) but not with the same soils immediately analyzed before storage. #R1. 5- The manuscript touches on the bias of effects (i. e. does storage affect all samples the same, so that experimental conclusions might still be valid even if absolute values are shifted? ) but it doesn’t provide a robust and transparent analysis on this point. This would be very valuable, because many workers defend even large experimental artefacts as acceptable if all samples are treated the same. Line 461 in the Conclusions supports this argument, but it is not clear what data this conclusion is based on. Few authors address the question of effect bias, i. e. whether a given storage practice affects all samples in the same way. On way to evaluate whether storage impacts bias the conclusion of a study is to estimate if the ranking between fresh (unstored) and stored samples was conserved. However, as mentioned LL 153, this information is not always (and even rarely) reported. Following your suggestion: I will add a quantitative analysis on this issue (for studies including several soil types land use agronomic practices: how many found consistent impact of storage for a given storage practice? ). #R1. 6- - The presentation of results provides a raw summary of results from numerous papers, but is very dense reading without a clear line of argument. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it focuses on microbial community structures and storage methods for soil samples. It does not discuss agroforestry, trees, crops, biodiversity, or soil health, thus failing to provide any support or contrast to the claim.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Bioengineered yeast can produce biofuels from sugars. [SEP] Text: The medium was purged with argon gas and aliquoted into 60 ml serum bottles (20 ml in each), after which it was sterilized by autoclaving at 121°C for 20 minutes. For some experiments, P2 medium was used instead of RCM. The composition of the P2 medium was as follows: yeast extract (Difco, USA) 1. 0 g/L, K2HPO4 0. 5 g/L, KH2PO4 0. 5 g/L, ammonium acetate 2. 2 g/L, p-aminobenzoate 0. 001 g/L, thiamin 0. 001 g/L, biotin 0. 00001 g/L, MgSO4. 7H2O 0. 2 g/L, MnSO4. H2O 0. 01 g/L, FeSO4. 7H2O 0. 01 g/L, and NaCl 0. 01 g/L. Unless else is mentioned, incubation and growth of the cultures was done in a shaking incubator at 37°C and 200 rpm. Analytical methodsQuantitative analysis of the volatile fatty acids (acetic and butyric acids) was done using GC (gas chromatography) (6890). Helium was used as the carrier gas. The oven temperature was programmed to increase from 50 to 240°C at a rate of 10°C/min. The temperature of the injection port and FID (Detector) were 250°C. The concentration of the acids was determined according to a standard calibration curve. For analysis of the sugars and lactic acid, an HPLC (1200 ) with an RID (Detector) was used under the following conditions: mobile phase, 0. 01M sulfuric acid; column, Aminex HPX-87H (dimensions - 300*7. 8, Biorad, USA); flow rate, 0. 5 ml/min; temperature, 40°C. The optical densities of the samples were measured using spectrophotometer (UV-mini 1240, Shimadzu, Japan) at 600 nm. To prove that [1, 2, 3 13C3] lactic acid is converted to butyric acid and not acetic acid by C. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text provided does not address the claim regarding bioengineered yeast producing biofuels from sugars. Instead, it discusses laboratory methods for cultivation and analysis of organic compounds without mentioning biofuels or the role of yeast in their production. Therefore, the text is irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Quantum computing has potential applications in cryptography and data analysis. [SEP] Text: Данные технологии будут развиваться в России и за рубежом, появление приборов и оборудования для дистанционного оперирования (оперативного вмешательства) будет первоначально встречено в обществе с высокой степенью недоверия. Поскольку именно квантовые технологии и квантовые коммуникации с квантово-криптографической и стеганографической защитой каналов управления рабочими медицинскими инструментами позволяют сделать телемедицину не медициной «по ТВ», а «теле», т. е. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by mentioning that quantum technologies and quantum communications provide cryptographic security for controlling medical tools, implying that quantum computing has applications in cryptography.