Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Horizontal gene transfer allows bacteria to acquire new traits. [SEP] Text: Further work is needed to understand if there are other organizational traits that constrain the distribution of hotspots in the chromosome, and in particular in those devoid of recognizable MGEs. Knowing these traits might facilitate large-scale genetic engineering and should lead to a better understanding of the evolutionary interactions between horizontal gene transfer and genome organization. Finally, our study focused on the dynamics of hotspots and how they contribute to genome diversification, but left unanswered the questions related to their origin and fate. Previous studies identified common prophage hotspots between E. coli and Salmonella enterica13. Hence, we will have to study taxonomical units broader than the species level to unravel their origin. As for their fate, long-term adaptive HTgenes may become fixed in the population, explaining the patterns of nestedness of certain hotspots, and leading eventually to the split of the hotspot into two new (eventually hot) spots. MethodsDataThe sequences and annotations of 932 bacterial genomes from 80 bacterial species were retrieved from (ftp://ftp. ncbi. nih. gov/genomes, last accessed in February 2014)41. We made no selection on the species that were to be analyzed, except that we required a minimum of four complete genomes per species. We have made no attempt to re-define species: we used the information presented in GenBank. Their list is available in set 1. We excluded CDS annotated as partial genes, as well as those lacking a stop codon or having stop codons within the reading frame. Core genomes and phylogenetic reconstructions were obtained from our previous work27 (set 2). Our data set includes several species from the same genera. It also includes species with diverse numbers of genomes and HTgenes. To minimize the effects of these unavoidable biases most of our analyses are non-parametric and each species has the same weight. When they were done on the data cumulated from all species, we made a control where each species is analyzed separately. We also made complementary analyses where we aggregated the results per genus. The 27. These core genomes were built for clades with at least four complete genomes available in GenBank RefSeq (set 1, Supplementary Fig. 1). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text passes in relevance to the claim, as it does not directly address or provide information that directly supports or contradicts the assertion about horizontal gene transfer. Instead, it discusses the dynamics of hotspots in bacterial genomes and mentions the need for further studies regarding genotypes and gene transfer, without explicitly confirming or denying the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: The WHO monitors and supports global public health initiatives. [SEP] Text: It is a favored pastime of medical editors and journalists (including ourselves) to criticize the Organization (WHO) for, among other things, its “fossilized bureaucracy,” its lack of clear direction and priorities, the dysfunctional relationship between its headquarters and regional offices, and its faltering steps towards building partnerships [1,2]. But with the arrival of so many new players on the global health scene, and the subsequent fragmentation of global health governance, we surely need WHO more than ever [3]. It is the best placed of all health agencies to coordinate the disparate, often overlapping global health initiatives and to set global norms and standards in health care, and its convening power (its ability to bring together experts) is unparalleled. Two recent WHO initiatives on preparing for and responding to global public health threats show the organization at its best, although there are, as always, some important caveats. The first initiative, described by Holger Schünemann and colleagues in this issue of PLoS Medicine, is the development and pilot testing of the new [4]. WHO's standard process for guideline development typically takes years of consultations and endless rounds of revisions, a process that is wholly inadequate for dealing with emergency health threats such as severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) or H5N1 avian influenza. In response to requests for advice from frontline clinicians and public health professionals on how to treat H5N1 infections, WHO convened a new type of panel to issue rapid, evidence-based advice. It took one month to convene an expert team, and five weeks for the team to summarize the evidence and prepare draft guidelines. The guidelines were then discussed at a two-day meeting, after which a draft manuscript for publication was prepared within 10 days. In WHO terms, this time scale was miraculously quick, but there is clearly room for improvement—an even quicker time frame is likely to be needed for future health emergencies. The process could be expedited, say the authors, by identifying or establishing collaborating centers skilled in producing evidence-based guidelines and by building in-house capacity to reduce the time needed to organize a review team. It will also be vital for this new rapid advice group to make its process of panel selection as transparent as possible if the group is to garner the trust of the public health community. WHO has previously come under fire for allowing industry to unduly influence its expert committees, and for failing to ensure that committee members declare their competing interests [3]. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by emphasizing the importance of the WHO in coordinating global health initiatives and setting norms and standards in health care. It highlights that 'WHO is the best placed of all health agencies to coordinate the disparate, often overlapping global health initiatives', which directly supports the idea that the WHO plays a crucial role in global public health efforts.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Drinking alkaline water has scientifically proven benefits for cancer prevention. [SEP] Text: At the same time, we lessen the threat of contracting diseases associated with the aging process — forms of cardiovascular degeneration, arthero- and arteriosclerosis, peripheral circulatory dysfunction, some types of kidney disease, hypertension, stroke, and premature senility. ” These claims, quite simply, never have been validated or scientifically proven. Nonetheless, these are the sorts of claims being made all over the country with regard to chelation therapy. Tens of thousands of patients buy into these concepts, some in desperation, some out of distrust for the traditional medical system, and others because of sheer naivete. The web site goes on to say that “one of the substances most affected by chelation is calcium. If inappropriately present in the body tissue (on the surface of a joint, as in arthritis, or in the lining of an artery), deposits of calcium can be detrimental to your health, the site says. Chelation therapy removes these deposits, causing the plaque in the arteries to soften, and at the same time, encouraging re-calcification of the bones. EDTA also helps reduce free radical damage, a constant irritant to the cell walls and membranes, by binding with toxins on a cellular level. Chelation removes these irritants, which allows the cell walls to heal, the web site says. Chelation promotes health by correcting the underlying cause of arterial blockage. These are the principles espoused by chelationists. The lack of credible evidence to support these claims, however, creates a potentially serious hazard to the unsuspecting patient. In an attempt to appeal to the large numbers of patients with coronary artery disease, the chelationists who operate the Internet site I visited claimed that “bypass surgery is the mechanical repair of only a small portion of the arterial system. Chelation improves blood flow throughout the entire vascular system. And it costs just a fraction of the cost of bypass surgery. ” They emphasize that “chelation therapy is among the safest of all medical procedures, and that more than 28 million people have successfully received chelation during the past 50 years. ” Perhaps the most telling information about how chelation therapy is marketed is the treatment recommendations made by the site: “A course of chelation consists of 10 to 30 sessions depending on the condition being treated. Chelation is done in our center in a comfortable setting, and usually lasts approximately 1. 5 to 2 hours. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the lack of credible evidence supporting various health claims related to therapies, including chelation therapy, which shares similar unfounded assertions. It emphasizes that 'These claims, quite simply, never have been validated or scientifically proven,' suggesting that akin claims regarding alkaline water and cancer prevention may also lack scientific validation.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Horizontal gene transfer allows bacteria to acquire new traits. [SEP] Text: Briefly, a preliminary list of orthologs was identified as reciprocal best hits using end-gap-free global alignment, between the proteome of a reference genome (pivot, typically the first completely sequenced isolate) and each of the other strain’s proteomes. Hits with < 80% similarity in amino-acid sequence or >20% difference in protein length were discarded. This list of orthologs was then refined for every pairwise comparison using information on the conservation of gene neighborhood. Thus, positional orthologs were defined as bi-directional best hits adjacent to at least four other pairs of bi-directional best hits within a neighborhood of 10 genes (five upstream and five downstream). These parameters (four genes being less than half of the diameter of the neighborhood) allow retrieving orthologs at the edge of rearrangement breakpoints (positions where intervals were split by events of chromosome rearrangement) and therefore render the analysis robust to the presence of a few rearrangements. The core genome of each clade was defined as the intersection of pairwise lists of positional orthologs. Definitions of interval and spotThe core genome is the collection of all gene families present in one and only one copy in each genome of a clade (Supplementary Fig. 2). Let CX and CY be two families of core genes in a clade with N taxa where one of the taxa is a pivot (reference genome, see above). We call CAX and CAY contiguous core genes in a given chromosome A if they are adjacent in the list of core genes sorted in terms of the position in the chromosome. We defined an interval (IAX, AY) as the location between the pair of contiguous core genes CAX and CAY in chromosome A. The content of an interval is the set of accessory genes in the interval. The HTgenes content of an interval is the number of genes that were acquired by HGT in the interval. Multiple chromosomes, when present, were treated independently. Intervals flanked by the same core gene families (CX, CY) as the pivot genome were defined as syntenic intervals (i. e. , the members of the core gene families X and Y were also contiguous in the pivot). The intervals that do not satisfy this constraint were classed as breakpoint intervals and excluded from our analysis. They contain < 2% of all genes. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not directly address the claim about horizontal gene transfer (HGT) and its role in allowing bacteria to acquire new traits. Instead, it focuses on the identification of orthologs and the methodology for analyzing gene arrangements and core genomes, with no mention of HGT or its implications on bacterial traits.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: The WHO monitors and supports global public health initiatives. [SEP] Text: The rapid advice group must not sacrifice transparency in the interests of urgency. We surely need WHO more than ever. The second initiative is the long overdue 2005 revision of the Regulations (IHR 2005), which comes into force next month [5]. These regulations are an international legal instrument designed to ensure maximum protection against the international spread of infectious disease while minimizing restrictions on travel and trade. Up until the 2005 revision, the regulations in force since 1969 (IHR 1969) required notification of just three diseases: yellow fever, cholera, and plague. The instrument was therefore hopelessly outdated for dealing with the new infectious diseases that have emerged at a rate of about one per year over the last 20 years [6], or indeed for dealing with established threats such as pandemic influenza. IHR 1969 had several other limitations—for example, surveillance relied totally upon individual governments notifying WHO and there were no specific strategies to help build the capacity of resource-poor countries to monitor or respond to outbreaks [7]. Compliance was poor, in part because countries feared that reporting of outbreaks would lead to unwarranted and damaging travel and trade restrictions [5]. China's initial reluctance to disclose the SARS pandemic was motivated by such fears [7]. Under IHR 2005, WHO member states are now required to notify WHO of “all events which may constitute a public health emergency of international concern,” which can include noninfectious events (such as chemical or radiation hazards) [5]. A new algorithm has been devised to aid states in determining what constitutes such an emergency. Criteria for reporting are whether the public health impact of the event is serious, whether it is unusual or unexpected, whether there is a risk of international spread, and whether there is a risk of international restrictions to trade and travel. The algorithm includes a long list of specific diseases that must always be notified, such as viral hemorrhagic fevers, SARS, and human influenza caused by a new subtype. IHR 2005 requires all states to develop “core surveillance and response capacities” and requires WHO to assist in this development process. Each country must now have a “” to maintain communications between WHO and the member state. When an event is reported, WHO will guide the appropriate response by issuing time-limited recommendations to the member state tailored to the assessed risk of the event. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by detailing how the WHO is involved in monitoring and responding to public health emergencies through the IHR 2005 regulations. It mentions that member states are required to notify WHO of events that may constitute a public health emergency of international concern and that WHO assists countries in developing surveillance and response capacities. This illustrates WHO's role in both monitoring these events and supporting global public health initiatives.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Drinking alkaline water has scientifically proven benefits for cancer prevention. [SEP] Text: It is recommended that two to three sessions be done per week for maximum benefit. ” I decided to call the chelation site whose web address I had accessed. I asked the woman who answered the phone how much chelation treatments would cost, and was told treatments are sold in blocks of 10. Each block of 10 goes for $1200. The usual treatment regimen according to this person was “about 30. ” She said that decision would be up to the doctor who runs the clinic, and often patients need to have even 60 treatments or more. She then spent about 15 minutes telling me how wonderful people feel immediately after undergoing their treatment. asked about the doctor's specific credentials and qualifications, I was told that he is “a full MD” and “a bio-chemical specialist or something. ” Somehow, I was not reassured. Sadly, I suspect that similar answers to similar questions would be forthcoming at virtually all chelation clinics currently operating in this country. These clinics are, quite simply, money-making operations. Beyond the well described placebo effect, these treatments offer little chance for the reversal or prevention of organic disease. At worst, these clinics may harm patients by the uncontrolled use of chelation therapy. At best, they probably neither cure nor prevent illness. The bottom line here is that chelation therapy requires vastly more study before it can be recommended for conditions other than heavy metal intoxication. In fact, government regulators and insurers need to take a hard look at these chelation operations and hold them to the same standards of practice that apply to all other health care providers. Rendering useless or unproven treatments should be condemned. Thousands buy into the concept of chelation therapy, some in desperation, others from naivete Until that happens, chelationists will continue their unproven practice, and patients may be at risk. Emergency physicians should remain vigilant to recognize that patients undergoing chelation treatments may well present to the emergency department and manifest complications deriving from those treatments. And emergency physicians must be prepared to report to state health authorities and professional societies any chelation operation that may be causing harm to the public's health. for Eighty-seven percent of respondents in a nationally representative survey of more than 2,600 U. S. physicians indicated that overall morale in their profession has waned in the past five years. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing chelation therapy and its lack of proven benefits for disease prevention. It states that 'these treatments offer little chance for the reversal or prevention of organic disease,' which implies skepticism toward unsubstantiated health claims, including those regarding alkaline water's benefits.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Horizontal gene transfer allows bacteria to acquire new traits. [SEP] Text: For every interval in the pivot genome, we defined spot as the set of syntenic intervals flanked by members of the same pair of core gene families (Supplementary Fig. 2). Identification of spot pan-genomesThe pan-genome is the full complement of homologous gene families in a clade. We built a pan-genome for each species using the gene repertoire of each genome. Initially, we determined a preliminary list of putative homologous proteins between pairs of genomes (excluding plasmids) by searching for sequence similarity between each pair of proteins with v. 2. 2. 28+ (default parameters). We then used the e-values (<10−4) of the output to cluster them using SILIX (v1. 2. 8, We set the parameters of SILIX such that two proteins were clustered in the same family if the alignment had at least 80% identity and covered >80% of the smallest protein (options –I 0. 8 and –r 0. 8). We computed the diversity of gene families observed in each spot. The spot pan-genome is the set of gene families present in the intervals associated with the spot (Supplementary Fig. 2). Reconstruction of the evolution of gene repertoiresWe assessed the evolutionary dynamics of gene repertoires of each clade using Count43 (downloaded in April 2015). This program uses birth-death models to identify the rates of gene deletion, duplication, and loss in each branch of a phylogenetic tree. We used the spots’ pan-genomes matrices, and the phylogenetic birth-and-death model of Count, to evaluate the most likely scenario for the evolution of a given gene family on the clade’s tree. Rates were computed with default parameters, assuming a Poisson distribution for the family size at the tree root, and uniform gain, loss, and duplication rates. One hundred rounds of rate optimization were computed with a convergence threshold of 10−3. After optimization of the branch-specific parameters of the model, we performed ancestral reconstructions by computing the branch-specific posterior probabilities of evolutionary events, and inferred the gains in the terminal branches of the tree. The posterior probability matrix was converted into a binary matrix of presence/absence of HTgenes using a threshold probability of gain higher than 0. 95 at the terminal branches and excluding gains occurring in the last common ancestor with a probability higher than 0. 5. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text discusses various methods for analyzing gene families and the evolutionary dynamics of gene repertoires among bacterial clades. However, it does not provide specific information about horizontal gene transfer or indicate how it allows bacteria to acquire new traits. Therefore, it is deemed irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: The WHO monitors and supports global public health initiatives. [SEP] Text: An important new feature of IHR 2005 is that WHO can now use information about health emergencies not just from governments but from a range of sources, including nongovernmental organizations and the media. WHO can also raise the alarm itself about an emergency even when a country has not voluntarily notified the organization. IHR 2005 is undoubtedly “a great step forward for international public health practice” [8]. On paper at least, the radical revision to the IHR, which took ten years to finalize, gives WHO the teeth it needs to prepare for and respond to any global health threat. But WHO will have to address several important concerns if IHR 2005 is to become a real force for strengthening our collective defenses against public health threats. The first, and most obvious, concern is that many developing countries lack the financial resources to build core surveillance and response capacity. These countries will be unable to comply with IHR 2005 through no fault of their own. Unless WHO helps to mobilize new funding, an upgraded global surveillance and response system will remain just an aspiration. Donors have taken an interest in preparing for at least one “public health emergency of international concern”—pandemic influenza—but without a way of ensuring equitable distribution of funds, it is the donor countries themselves that will largely benefit from these extra resources. For example, in December 2005 the congress allocated $US3. 8 billion to help prepare for the next pandemic, of which $US3. 3 billion went to the Department of Health and [9]. Three-quarters of this departmental funding is allocated to the stockpiling of antiviral drugs and vaccines for use in the US, while only 3. 8% is dedicated to “international activities. ” Poor countries are understandably concerned that the stockpiling of tools for pandemic influenza control will be the preserve of the rich world. A related concern is that IHR 2005 appears to have no remit to help developing countries deal with national public health emergencies. The event must be “of international concern” for the IHR machinery to kick in. It would arguably be better for a country to adopt a precautionary principle rather than to wait until a disease has crossed its borders to become an “international” epidemic. The woolly language of IHR 2005 also leaves the regulations open to the criticism that they are there simply to prevent infectious diseases of the poor world from encroaching upon rich countries. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by describing how the WHO, through IHR 2005, can utilize information from various sources, including NGOs and media, to monitor health emergencies and raise alarms about public health threats. It emphasizes that WHO's ability to act independently in emergencies signifies its role in global public health initiatives. Furthermore, it discusses the need for WHO to address funding concerns, which is essential for supporting public health initiatives, especially in developing countries.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Mental health issues are more frequently diagnosed in high-income countries due to greater healthcare access. [SEP] Text: Investing for population mental health in low and middle income countries—where and why? Download PDF Download eeOpen access Published: 11 August 2022 Investing for population mental health in low and middle income countries—where and why? Melvyn Freeman1 of Systems 16. 5% [3]. Importantly for this paper, around 2% of the population were assessed to have severe mental disorder, while the remainder had a range of conditions frequently referred to as common mental disorders including depression, anxiety and substance abuse disorders. While no national data is available, the 12-month prevalence of child and adolescent mental disorders in the is reported to be 17% [4]. allocates around 5% of its health budget to mental health—this being USD615. 3 million in the 2016/17 financial year [5]. This amounts to USD13. 3 per capita of the uninsured population. Inpatient care accounts for 86% of mental healthcare expenditure, with nearly half of total mental health spending occurring at the psychiatric hospital-level. The vast majority of admissions are for severe mental health conditions. Only around 8% of the mental health budget is spent within primary health care [5]. This includes down referrals from hospitals for people with severe mental disorders into primary care in clinics and community health centres and includes costs of medicines. As with hospital care (in psychiatric and general hospitals where psychiatric care is provided), the vast majority of primary care mental health expenditure is spent on treatment for people with severe mental disorder. Hence despite the high prevalence of common mental health conditions, expenditure on people with these conditions is minimal. Moreover, it is evident that given the very high of percentage of the health budget spent on in-patient care, very little expenditure is on prevention and promotion. Funding for improved mental healthIt is widely recognized that mental health is neglected, under-resourced and underfunded, particularly in low and middle income countries (LMICs) [6, 7]. The treatment gap—that is the absolute difference between the true prevalence of a disorder and the treated proportion of individuals affected by the disorder [8]—exceeds 50% in all countries, approaching 90% in the least resourced countries [9, 10]. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by highlighting the significant mental health treatment gaps and underfunding in low and middle-income countries (LMICs), suggesting that despite a high prevalence of common mental health disorders, the resources allocated to treat these conditions are minimal. It emphasizes that the treatment gap exceeds 50% in all countries and approaches 90% in the least resourced countries, indicating that limited healthcare access likely leads to underdiagnosis and under-treatment of mental health issues in these regions, contrary to the claim that high-income countries see more frequent diagnoses due to greater access.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Horizontal gene transfer allows bacteria to acquire new traits. [SEP] Text: Identification of hotspotsWe made simulations to obtain the expected distribution of HTgenes in the spots given the numbers of HTgenes and spots (Supplementary Fig. 4). We made the null hypothesis that the distribution of these genes was constrained by the frequency of genes in operons, and followed a uniform distribution in all other respects. Previous works have shown that two-third of the genes are in operons and one-third are in mono-cistronic units44, with little inter-species variation for the average length of poly-cistronic units (3. 15 ± 0. 06)45. Hence, given N HTgenes per clade we created two groups of elements: N/3 isolated genes and 2 N/3 in operons with three genes. These elements were then randomly placed among the spots following a uniform distribution. For each of the 1000 simulations (per species), we recorded the maximal value of genes within a single spot (MaxHTg,i), which was used to identify the value of the 95th percentile (T95%) of the distribution of MaxHTg,i. Hence, 95% of the simulations have no spot with more than T95% genes (set 1). Spots (in the real genomes) with more than T95% HTgenes were regarded as hotspots. Spots lacking accessory genes were called empty spots. The other spots were called coldspots. As a control, we also made simulations considering that HTgenes were acquired independently of the structure in operons (i. e. , considering N isolated genes). The values of T95% of the two analyses were highly correlated (Spearman’s ρ = 0. 89, P < 10−4, set 1), but those of the latter were smaller (linear regression: T95% isolated = −0. 62 + 0. 66 T95% operons, R2 = 0. 87). This is expected because the operon structure should increase the variance of the genes per spot, and thus increase T95%. Measures of gene repertoire diversitySince most spots have few or no genes, and most gene families have few (or no gene) per genome, we computed the genetic diversity of spots using matrices of presence/absence of gene families (computed from the pan-genome). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text discusses the distribution and analysis of horizontal transfer genes but does not explicitly address the claim regarding horizontal gene transfer's role in allowing bacteria to acquire new traits. It focuses on simulations related to gene distribution and diversity without confirming or denying the ability of horizontal gene transfer to impart new traits to bacteria.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: The WHO monitors and supports global public health initiatives. [SEP] Text: There are other potential barriers to the success of IHR 2005. The division of power within federations may make it difficult for them to meet the surveillance and reporting requirements of IHR 2005 [10]. It is unclear whether the instrument will have any power to assist states that are not members of WHO, such as Taiwan, which suffered a major SARS outbreak in 2003 and which is at risk of pandemic influenza. It is too soon to tell how IHR 2005 will interact with other guidelines on public health emergencies. Union, for example, already has its own network for reporting unusual events that may constitute a public health emergency [11]—does this network supersede the IHR 2005? And it is too soon to tell whether IHR 2005 gives countries enough of an incentive to report epidemics or whether compliance will be just as poor as with IHR 1969. IHR 2005 has been hailed as “a governance regime unlike anything in the history of international law on public health” [7]. Margaret Chan, WHO's Director-General, believes that the new regulations give the organization the preemptive powers it needs to detect an outbreak early and stop it at its source [12]. IHR 2005 certainly gives the health community a new tool that could promote collective action against global health threats, but the tool will be weakened unless the technical, logistical, and, most crucially, financial hurdles are overcome. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text supports the claim by discussing the International Health Regulations (IHR) 2005, which was recognized by the Director-General of WHO, Margaret Chan, as a means for the organization to have the preemptive powers necessary to detect outbreaks early and address them effectively. This indicates that the WHO is actively engaged in monitoring and supporting global health initiatives.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Mental health issues are more frequently diagnosed in high-income countries due to greater healthcare access. [SEP] Text: Over a number of studies the median untreated rate for schizophrenia and other non-affective psychosis has been found to be 32%, major depression 56%, dysthymia 56%, bipolar disorder 50%, GAD 58% and OCD 60%, alcohol abuse and dependence 78% [2]. (SASH) found a treatment gap of 75% for common mental disorders [11]. However, a more recent analysis suggests that the gap for mental disorders, epilepsy and intellectual disability is close to 92% [5]. The vast majority of untreated disorders are persons with common mental disorder. Given that country budgets are finite and in demand from many competing sectors, including from areas that affect mental health such as poverty alleviation, job creation, housing, education, social security, safety, nutrition [12], making a case for investment in mental health requires careful deliberation and weighing up of evidence from a wide range of perspectives. Allocating more resources to treatment at the expense of social determinants or vice versa might widen rather than narrow the treatment gap. Closing the gap through more efficient and effective (including cost effective) approaches, as well as by eliminating wasteful expenditure, is necessary and possible. For example, resources can be spread through decentralization using task shifting or task sharing approaches [13, 14] or through more competitive tendering for purchasing of medication or equipment [15, 16]. The treatment gap can also be narrowed through coverage initiatives such as Insurance that allows more equitable distribution of human and financial resources and hence wider service coverage [17]. As essential as these innovations are though, and as much as the treatment gap also arises as a result of stigma [18], and cultural factors [19] that prevent people seeking treatment, for most LMICs additional resources are required to adequately redress unmet need. Two key question then arise. Where should current resources that are allocated to mental health be spent to achieve optimal outcomes? And, to which areas should additional resources be allocated should these be come available for mental health,? Given global fiscal constraints and an area of health that has relatively low mortality, is not infectious and has high stigma, it is critical that resource allocation—if not to be based on pure science alone and is not merely the whim of a donor or politician—must be carefully thought through and debated. Ideally, fiscal decisions by governments should be based on comparative analyses and evidence in which a wide array of investment proposals across different sectors are weighed against each other. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts with the claim by highlighting a significant treatment gap for mental disorders, which indicates that despite healthcare access, there are still high rates of untreated mental health issues across different countries, including high-income countries. Specifically, it mentions untreated rates for various mental disorders and discusses the challenges in resource allocation for mental health, suggesting that greater access does not correlate with higher diagnosis rates due to various factors, including stigma, cultural barriers, and the competition for finite resources.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Horizontal gene transfer allows bacteria to acquire new traits. [SEP] Text: 547 with a predefined tree (i. e. , the clade’s tree), default priors R/θ = 10−1, 1/δ = 10−3, and ν = 10−1, and 100 pseudo-bootstrap replicates, as previously suggested47. Mean patristic branch lengths were computed with the R package “ape” v3. 348, and transition/transversion ratios were computed with the R package “PopGenome” v2. 1. 649. The priors estimated by this mode were used as initialization values to rerun CFML under the “per-branch model” mode with a branch dispersion parameter of 0. 1. Functional assignmentGene functional assignment was performed by searching for protein similarity with HMMer (hmmsearch) on the bactNOG subset of the eggNOG v4. 5 database50 (downloaded in March 2016). We have considered the pivot (reference) genomes as good representatives of each clade, and limited our analysis to these. We have kept hits with an e-value lower than 10−5, a minimum alignment coverage of 50%, and when the majority (>50%) of non-supervised orthologous groups (NOGs) attributed to a given gene pertained to the same functional group. Hits corresponding to poorly characterized or unknown functional groups were discarded. Identification of MGEs and proteins associated to mobilityTemperate phages integrated in the bacterial chromosome (prophages) were identified using v4. 651 (stringent option). Prophages with > 25% of the predicted genes belonging to ISs, and partially degraded prophages (shorter than 30 kb) were removed52. Integrons were identified using IntegronFinder v. 1. 4 with the –local_max option53. Integrative conjugative elements (ICEs) and integrative mobilizable elements (IMEs) were identified using MacSyFinder v. 1. 0. 254 with TXSScan profiles55. Elements with a full conjugative apparatus were classed as ICE, the others as IME (see ref. 33 for criteria). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses methodologies for analyzing genomic data and identifying mobile genetic elements without mentioning horizontal gene transfer or the acquisition of new traits by bacteria.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: The WHO monitors and supports global public health initiatives. [SEP] Text: Quality of care for pregnant women and newborns—the WHO vision. Bjog. 2015;122: 1045–1049. pmid:25929823 View 21. Organization. Global report on the epidemiology and burden of sepsis: current evidence, identifying gaps and future directions. Geneva: WHO; 2020 p. 56. Available: 22. Knight M, Inoss. Network of Systems (INOSS): benefits of multi-country studies of severe and uncommon maternal morbidities. Gynecol Scand. 2014;93: 127–131. pmid:24382256 View 23. Early evaluation of the ‘! ’ implemented for healthcare providers in 46 low, middle and high-income countries. BMJ Open. 2020;10: e036338. pmid:32444432 View 24. working group on and Morbidity classifications. Maternal near miss—towards a standard tool for monitoring quality of maternal health care. . 2009;23: 287–296. pmid:19303368 View 25. Souza JP, Gülmezoglu Moving beyond essential interventions for reduction of maternal mortality (the WHO on Maternal and Newborn Health): a cross-sectional study. The Lancet. 2013;381: 1747–1755. pmid:23683641 View 26. WHO. Regional offices. 2022. Available: View 27. Jolliffe IT, Cadima J. Principal component analysis: a review and recent developments. . 2016;374: 20150202. pmid:26953178 View 28. Availability of critical care resources to treat patients with severe sepsis or septic shock in Africa: a self-reported, continent-wide survey of anaesthesia providers. Crit Care. 2011;15: R10. pmid:21219619 View 29. . A new conceptual framework for maternal morbidity. Gynaecol Obstet. 2018;141: 4–9. View 30. Institutional maternal and perinatal deaths: a review of 40 low and middle income countries. BMC Pregnancy Childbirth. 2017;17: 295. pmid:28882128 View 31. Cornelissen L, Woodd S, Shakur‐ Secondary analysis of the WOMAN trial to explore the risk of sepsis after invasive treatments for postpartum hemorrhage. Gynaecol Obstet. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by referencing multiple WHO initiatives aimed at improving maternal and newborn health, monitoring quality of care, and providing a global report on sepsis. Such activities indicate the WHO's role in monitoring and supporting public health on a global scale.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Mental health issues are more frequently diagnosed in high-income countries due to greater healthcare access. [SEP] Text: 5% in low-income countries and even from the 5. 1% in high income countries; and indeed in from the 5% it currently spends [28]. Though attractive from a mental health perspective, the argument to fund disease/disorder categories relative to their burden is simplistic and reductionist and is unlikely to shift real allocations [29]. For example, infectious diseases do warrant special prioritization—not least because DALY calculations do not include people who would become infected should comprehensive control not be introduced. Investing in HIV prevention and treatment in or the global COVID 19 virus serve as good examples of the importance of investments into communicable diseases in order to avoid a global health and security crisis, as well as to avoid much higher DALYs for these conditions in the future. Moreover, the approach of funding based on burden does not take into account that the price of treatments and intensity of care needed for different diseases differs substantially. For example, the actual costs of treating non-communicable diseases such as cancer or severe kidney disease through chemotherapy and dialysis, relative to the costs of a lay counsellor treating mild or moderate depression, need to be carefully considered when allocating resources. Budgeting using DALYs alone would in all likelihood result in conditions that are cheap and relatively easy to treat receiving more resources than complex health conditions that require significant resources. This in turn is likely to result in higher mortality rates for conditions that would of necessity have had their budgets cut to accommodate a burden-based budgeting approach. This would alter (and increase) future DALY calculations for such conditions. The response needed is in fact much more complex than a simple allocation based on burden alone. The reasons that higher income countries allocate a higher percentage of their health budgets to mental health than LMICs is important [30], but there are reasons for this. Most LMIC are already battling to fund treatment for even high mortality conditions. Using proportionate burden-based allocations suggests that there should be a transfer of resources from certain health conditions to others. This could be highly detrimental to people in LMICs where most areas of health are underfunded. What is in fact required to increase the proportion of the health budget that goes to mental health is not a reallocation of health resources, but additional funding being allocated to health that is dedicated to mental health. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by elaborating on the complexities surrounding healthcare funding and allocation of resources in different income levels. It points out that high-income countries allocate a higher percentage of their health budgets to mental health, but does not state that mental health issues are diagnosed more frequently in these countries as a direct result of access. Instead, the text implies that budgeting based on burden can negatively impact health resource allocation, particularly in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs), suggesting that the current healthcare system does not adequately prioritize mental health when compared to more pressing conditions such as infectious diseases.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Horizontal gene transfer allows bacteria to acquire new traits. [SEP] Text: Integrases were identified using the PFAM profiles PF00589 for tyrosine recombinases, and the pair of profiles PF00239 and PF07508 for serine recombinases ( All the protein profiles were searched using hmmsearch from the HMMer suite v. 3. 1b1 (default parameters). Hits were regarded as significant when their e-value was smaller than 10−3 and their alignment covered at least 50% of the protein profile. Insertion sequences (ISs) were detected combining two approaches (i) using hmmsearch from the HMMer with IS HMM profiles (as previously proposed)57 and (ii) by a BLAST-based method using the ISFinder database58. Integrases and transposases were defined as mobility-associated proteins (MAPs). tRNA genes were identified using tRNAscan SE v. 1. 2159, tmRNA genes were identified using Aragorn v. 1. 2. 3760, and the location of the rRNA genes was taken from the Genbank annotation file. Antibiotic resistance genes were detected using HMMer against the curated database of antibiotic resistance protein families ResFams (Core v. 1. 2, using the ‘-cut_ga’ option. A hotspot was considered to encode a peculiar MGE or MAP when at least one genome of the clade contained such element (set 3). Identification of origin and terminus of replicationThe ori and ter of replication were predicted using Ori-Finder in the pivot genome of each clade62. When the ratio of the predicted replichores length was greater than 1. 2, the clade was removed from the analysis (set 4). Then, we divided each replichore in 10 equally sized regions from the ori to the ter of replication. Phylogenetic analysesWe retrieved the 16S rRNA sequences of the sequenced type strains (also used as reference genomes, see above) of the 80 bacterial clades (Fig. 3a). We made a multiple alignment of them with MAFFT v7. 305b63 using default settings, and removed poorly aligned regions with BMGE v1. 1264 using default settings. The tree was computed by maximum likelihood with PHYML v3. 065 under the general time reversible (GTR) + Γ(4) + I model (set 2a). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses methods for identifying integrases, transposases, and antibiotic resistance genes, but does not address horizontal gene transfer or its role in enabling bacteria to acquire new traits.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: The WHO monitors and supports global public health initiatives. [SEP] Text: Loading metrics billion doses and WHO prequalification of nOPV2: Implications for the global polio situation and beyond Ananda S. Bandyopadhyay Roles Conceptualization, Writing – original draft, Writing – review & editing * E-mail: Ananda. Bandyopadhyay@gatesfoundation. org & of America ⨯ Laura V. Cooper, – review & editing of ⨯ Roles Conceptualization, Data curation, Writing – review & editing & of America ⨯ One billion doses and WHO prequalification of nOPV2: Implications for the global polio situation and beyond Ananda S. Bandyopadhyay, Laura V. Cooper, x Published: February 9, 2024 2920. : February 9, 2024Copyright: © 2024 Bandyopadhyay et al. This is an open access 1988. However, achieving and sustaining eradication of all forms of polioviruses is being compromised by two sources of paralytic poliomyelitis: persisting pockets of type 1 wild poliovirus transmission in Afghanistan and Pakistan which reported 6 cases each in 2023 [2] and ongoing outbreaks of circulating vaccine-derived polioviruses (cVDPV) [3]. The latter, particularly those arising from type 2 Sabin oral polio vaccine (OPV) strains, have outnumbered cases of wild-type polio over the last few years, mostly due to outbreaks in the WHO which affected 28 different countries in 2023 [4]. Sabin OPVs, in monovalent (mOPV) or trivalent (tOPV) forms, induce robust humoral and intestinal immunity, but while passing through the vaccinee’s intestine can lose their attenuations and in rare cases can revert to neurovirulence. In settings of persistently poor immunity and low levels of sanitation and hygiene, such reverted OPV strains can establish person-to-person circulation and cause paralytic outbreaks [5]. This risk is more prominent with type 2 poliovirus given there is limited mucosal immunity against this serotype of polio in young children following the 2016 global switch from tOPV (types 1, 2 and 3) to bivalent (types 1 and 3) OPV in essential immunization schedules [6,7]. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text provides context on the WHO's involvement in addressing the global polio situation, which supports the claim that the WHO monitors and supports public health initiatives. It indicates that the WHO’s efforts are vital in responding to challenges related to polio, including ongoing outbreaks and the importance of vaccines in maintaining public health standards.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Mental health issues are more frequently diagnosed in high-income countries due to greater healthcare access. [SEP] Text: But this too is complex as countries have fiscal constraints that don’t easily accommodate additional funding to health, and if this does occur this can also negatively impact the social determinants of mental health. Even within mental health, the logic of budget allocation based on DALYs would result in major incongruities and radical and potentially irrational reversals from current global practices. For example this approach would result in a relatively small proportion of the mental health budget being allocated for the care and treatment of schizophrenia as it constitutes only 7. 4% of mental health DALYs, relative to say depressive disorders that constitutes 40. 5% [21]. If this was the basis for budgeting this allocation would occur despite a person with treatment-resistant schizophrenia possibly requiring multiple and long stay hospitalizations, the intervention of a psychiatrist, lifelong medication, and psychosocial support in the community; whereas a person with depression might only require counseling from a lay community counselor over a period of a few weeks. The cost of an average case for treatment of depression in using the programme treatment components is around $87 compared with $396 for psychosis [31]. But it would be illogical to prioritize and treat a person with depression over a person with schizophrenia simply because it is cheaper and brings better investment returns (see later) without taking many other considerations into account. Another budgeting approach has been to illustrate the cost benefit of mental health interventions. Results of economic modeling show that for every unit spent on treatment of depression the cost-benefit ratios amount to 2·3–3·0 to 1 when economic benefits only are considered, and 3·3–5·7 to 1 when the value of health returns is also included, with the highest rewards being in lower-middle income countries [32]. For severe mental health conditions the returns are not nearly as high, and in fact there may not be positive financial returns at all on such investment [33]. A return on investment based approach to budgetting could result in a county’s limited mental health resource being all (or almost all) being utilized for treating common mental health conditions on the grounds that the economic return is greatest. But cost benefit or return on investment can and must be only one of many criteria for deciding where and how to intervene in mental health. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing complexities around healthcare funding and budget allocation for mental health, indicating that even in high-income countries, fiscal constraints can limit effective mental health treatment. It highlights that budget allocations based on certain metrics like DALYs might prioritize more common conditions over severe ones like schizophrenia, which suggests that access to mental health care does not directly correlate with the frequency of diagnosis, thereby challenging the validity of the claim.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Horizontal gene transfer allows bacteria to acquire new traits. [SEP] Text: Skip to content Sjomr. org Sjomr. org 08/10/2024 by admin1989 0 comments on "Menangkan Keseruan: " Menangkan Keseruan: era digital saat ini, permainan slot online semakin menjadi favorit di kalangan pencinta judi. Dengan hadirnya banyak penyedia permainan, nama muncul sebagai salah satu yang terdepan dalam industri ini. Salah satu tawaran menarik dari adalah demo slot, yang memberikan kesempatan bagi pemain untuk menikmati permainan tanpa harus mengeluarkan uang. Melalui slot demo gratis, pemain dapat merasakan keseruan dan keunikan dari berbagai jenis permainan tanpa risiko finansial. Menjelajahi demo slot online menjadi langkah awal yang menarik bagi banyak pemain, terutama bagi mereka yang ingin menemukan slot gacor atau permainan yang memiliki peluang menang lebih tinggi. Dengan akses ke slot demo gacor, para pemain dapat memahami lebih dalam tentang mekanisme permainan, fitur bonus, serta RTP slot yang ditawarkan. Dalam artikel ini, kita akan membahas secara lengkap tentang demo slot Pragmatic Play, termasuk tips untuk menemukan link slot gacor dan meningkatkan pengalaman bermain Anda. Bersiaplah untuk merasakan keseruan dunia slot online yang penuh tantangan ini. Demo dan Slot demo adalah versi percobaan dari permainan slot yang memungkinkan pemain untuk bermain tanpa harus menggunakan uang sungguhan. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim, as it discusses online slot game features and tips without any mention of bacteria, genetics, or horizontal gene transfer.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: The WHO monitors and supports global public health initiatives. [SEP] Text: To mitigate the risk of cVDPV and vaccine-associated paralytic poliomyelitis (VAPP) and retain the advantages of OPV—ease of administration, affordability and favorable impact on interrupting virus transmission—a scientific consortium was established in 2011 to develop a novel oral polio vaccine type 2 (nOPV2). Designed at the molecular level to be more genetically stable than Sabin monovalent OPV type 2 (mOPV2) and to have a lower risk of reverting to neurovirulent variants [8], nOPV2 promises to break the vicious cycle of creating new cVDPV emergences while responding to cVDPV2 outbreaks [9]. As illustrated in Fig 1, increasing numbers of cVDPV2 outbreaks derived from Sabin type 2 vaccines were detected following the tOPV to bOPV switch, peaking in 2019–20 before a gradual decline. To interrupt these outbreaks, there was widespread use of mOPV2 and to a lesser extent tOPV in mass vaccination campaigns between 2016 to 2021. In certain settings this led to seeding of new cVDPV2 emergences derived from Sabin OPV type 2 due to declining population immunity against type 2 poliovirus and insufficient coverage and delays in outbreak response. Given the risk of global spread of cVDPV2 outbreaks, and based on clinical data on the safety, immunogenicity, and genetic stability of nOPV2 generated in a series of clinical trials, the WHO issued an Listing (EUL) recommendation for nOPV2 on November 13, 2021 [10]. The new vaccine, priced the same as the mOPV2 it replaced at less than 20 cents per dose has been rapidly distributed and the downward trend in new cVDPV2 emergences continued following nOPV2 rollout. Approximately 1 billion doses of nOPV2 have been administered between March 13, 2021 and January 1, 2024, compared with approximately 580 and 150 million doses of mOPV2 and tOPV, respectively, from July 1, 2016 to January 1, 2024 (WHO data on file). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by detailing the WHO's involvement in the global public health initiative regarding the novel oral polio vaccine type 2 (nOPV2). It highlights the WHO's issuance of a recommendation for nOPV2 and describes the vaccine's widespread distribution and its impact on mitigating cVDPV2 outbreaks. This aligns with the assertion that the WHO monitors and supports global health efforts.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Mental health issues are more frequently diagnosed in high-income countries due to greater healthcare access. [SEP] Text: For instance, the disruption that a person with untreated schizophrenia might cause in a community, their higher risk of other physical morbidities, higher mortality and the fact that without treatment they might be abused or imprisoned also have to be considered. While the above cost benefit argument implies that investment in treatment of depression and anxiety will not cost the country anything in the longer term due to the social cost benefit, and possibly that this investment should be in addition to investments in severe mental disorder rather than instead of such investment, an immediate upfront budget is nonetheless required from the State, given that most LMIC countries currently invest proportionately very little in common mental disorder [34]. The expected resource needs of a package of care based on target levels of coverage has been calculated for certain countries [35]. A defined package of cost-effective interventions for schizophrenia, depression, epilepsy and alcohol use disorders in Sub- was found to be around $3-4 per person. In upper-middle income countries, such a package is expected to be at least double this amount [20]. Using a mental health systems planning tool (OneHealth), a recent study on costs of mental health at target levels in 6 LMICs ranged from 0. 14 to US$5 per capita with a yield of between 291 and 947 healthy years per million population gained [36]. The actual cost makes this an aspirational rather than a realistic target, even though the authors suggest that this may be phased in. Moreover, this approach has not included costs for prevention and potential cost savings that should accrue from this. Prevention and promotion in mental healthPromoting mental health and preventing mental illness is a burgeoning field that warrants inclusion in the mental health programme of every country. have documented a number of effective programmes [37] while the emerging evidence from low resource settings has been well summarized and documented by Petersen et al [38]. The importance of prevention in mental health has also been emphasized in the on [12]. Moreover, the internet and mobile based interventions are showing promise for highly accessible interventions for prevention of depression for example [39] that may also be feasible in LMIC as global internet use increases. A review of preventive/promotive interventions provided at the population- and community-levels in LMICs concluded that such interventions have an important role to play in promoting mental health, preventing the onset, and protecting those with and Substance abuse disorders [40]. However, the need for further research on interventions in LMICs is highlighted. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by highlighting the disparities in mental health funding and treatment between low- and middle-income countries (LMIC) and high-income countries. It discusses the limited investment in mental health services in LMICs and suggests that this underinvestment leads to poorer mental health outcomes, implying that higher diagnosis rates in high-income countries may be due to better access to healthcare rather than an inherent prevalence of mental health issues.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Horizontal gene transfer allows bacteria to acquire new traits. [SEP] Text: Melalui slot demo, pemain dapat merasakan pengalaman bermain, mencoba berbagai fitur, dan memahami mekanisme permainan sebelum memutuskan untuk bermain dengan uang asli. Ini sangat bermanfaat bagi pemain baru yang ingin belajar tanpa risiko finansial. Banyak penyedia permainan, termasuk Pragmatic Play, menyediakan opsi ini untuk menjangkau audiens yang lebih luas. Sementara itu, istilah slot gacor merujuk pada mesin slot yang dianggap memiliki tingkat kemenangan yang lebih tinggi atau sering membayar hadiah. Pemain selalu mencari slot gacor karena kesempatan untuk meraih kemenangan yang besar. Di dunia kasino online, informasi mengenai slot gacor biasanya beredar di kalangan pemain dan dapat menjadi pertimbangan penting dalam memilih permainan. Kombinasi antara slot demo dan slot gacor memberikan kesempatan yang menarik bagi para pemain. Melalui slot demo, pemain dapat mengidentifikasi slot mana yang memiliki potensi gacor sebelum berinvestasi dengan uang sungguhan. Dengan begitu, mereka bisa lebih strategis dan meningkatkan peluang untuk meraih kemenangan saat bermain di slot online yang sebenarnya. slot online menawarkan pengalaman bermain yang mendebarkan tanpa risiko kehilangan uang. Dengan mengakses slot demo gratis, pemain dapat mencoba berbagai permainan tanpa harus melakukan deposit. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses slot games and their features instead of any biological concepts or gene transfer among bacteria.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: The WHO monitors and supports global public health initiatives. [SEP] Text: As nOPV2 is currently only being produced by one manufacturer, ensuring expansion of the manufacturing base to provide sufficient supplies will likely be the single-most important factor in the next phase of nOPV2 use. In addition, considerations for preventative use of nOPV2 may also have to be evaluated in select geographies if outbreaks and risk of transnational spread persist. The process of developing nOPV1 and nOPV3 [14] or multivalent nOPV formulations should be accelerated by using lessons-learned from the development, regulatory approval and rollout of nOPV2 to mitigate cVDPV1 and cVDPV3 risks. Furthermore, while nOPVs are a step forward for outbreak response tools with lower risk of vaccine-related polio, the ultimate strategic goal is to replace all live attenuated OPVs with inactivated polio vaccine (IPV) for essential immunization to completely eliminate the risk of new cVDPV and VAPP. Strengthening essential immunization coverage and targeted use of IPV for outbreak response in specific circumstances, aligned with SAGE guidance, should enhance the probability of interrupting virus transmission and reduce the paralytic burden. Successful outbreak response with stockpiled nOPVs should take the world closer to cessation of all OPV use and allow transition to exclusive use of IPV for essential immunization [15]. Several firsts that have global health implications are attributable to nOPV2: the first vaccine to have a (before the better-known COVID-19 vaccines), on December 27, 2023 it became the first vaccine to transition from a to WHO prequalification. In addition, it represents the only example of a global public-private partnership driving vaccine development, production, supply, rollout, and monitoring, led by the GPEI. Vaccine science advances such as nOPV2 coupled with time-tested principles of vaccination efforts in the field should strengthen the likelihood of global eradication of all forms of polioviruses, an eagerly awaited achievement in global public health. 1. Enabling accelerated vaccine roll-out for Emergencies of (PHEICs): type 2 (nOPV2) experience. Vaccine 2023; 41 (Suppl 1):A122–7. pmid:35307230 View 2. Eradication Initiative. Polio this week. Available at: Accessed on January 19, 2024. View 3. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim as it discusses the role of the WHO in the global health initiatives surrounding the nOPV2 vaccine, highlighting that this vaccine is part of a global public-private partnership led by the GPEI. It mentions that vaccine science advancements like nOPV2 are significant for global public health, indicating that they are overseen and supported by WHO, underscoring their commitment to global health initiatives such as vaccinating against polioviruses.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Mental health issues are more frequently diagnosed in high-income countries due to greater healthcare access. [SEP] Text: Table 5 Impact of access abilities on indicators of problematic access1Full size tableAlthough we did not find consistently a statistically significant association with hospitalization in these model, further analyses showed a statistically significant non-linear effect for financial status, educational status, social support, and Sum-of-vulnerabilities, as well as for ability-to-seek and ability-to-reach. Characteristically, likelihood curve for hospitalization is indeed highest for categories of highest vulnerability or lowest scores of ability to access care; it is lowest in the mid categories, and rises slightly again for the least vulnerable or with high levels of abilities to access care. Finally, we explored the independent effects of abilities to access and social vulnerability on indicators of problematic access when adjusted for each other. For statistical efficiency and conceptual clarity, Table 6 shows the results of logistic regression models that included both sum of abilities and sum of social vulnerabilities. For each indicator of problematic access, there is some attenuation of both abilities to access and social vulnerability when controlled for each other, and only the sum of access abilities remains statistically significant for most indicators of problematic access. Table 6 Likelihood of experiencing problematic access1Full size tableDiscussionIn this sample of subpopulations selected in four different regions of two high-income countries according to their likelihood of experiencing difficulties with access to appropriate healthcare, we confirm findings from other studies that those at higher risk of social vulnerability are more likely to report problematic access (having difficulties getting needed care or advice, forgoing care and using the ER because of these difficulties, and higher use of the ER overall). What this study adds to the literature is that these social vulnerabilities are also associated independently with reported lower levels of ability to seek, ability to reach, ability to pay and ability to engage with healthcare. This confirms our previously untested assumption. Having two or more indicators of high social vulnerability significantly increases the likelihood of low ability to access healthcare and of problematic access. However, in regression models predicting problematic access, the aggregated measure of abilities to access remains independently and significantly protective against problematic access when adjusted for social vulnerability, and the independent effect of social vulnerability is greatly attenuated. Our finding that socially vulnerable patients are more likely to experience problematic access to healthcare echoes what has been reported in the literature [14, 20,21,22]. In this small sample we found that effects are particularly marked for those who are financially poor and have two or more vulnerabilities. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by indicating that social vulnerabilities significantly increase the likelihood of experiencing problematic access to healthcare, which may imply that even in high-income countries, individuals with higher social vulnerabilities struggle with accessing care. The mention that 'socially vulnerable patients are more likely to experience problematic access to healthcare' suggests that despite being in high-income settings, access issues persist, potentially obscuring the correlation between income level and the diagnosis of mental health issues.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Horizontal gene transfer allows bacteria to acquire new traits. [SEP] Text: Hal ini memungkinkan pemain untuk memahami mekanisme permainan, fitur bonus, dan cara kerja RTP sebelum bermain dengan uang asli. Keuntungan ini sangat berharga bagi pemula yang ingin belajar tanpa tekanan finansial. Salah satu keunggulan lain dari demo slot adalah variasi tema dan desain yang ditawarkan oleh Pragmatic Play. Pemain dapat menikmati berbagai tema yang menarik, mulai dari petualangan hingga fantasi. Dengan grafik yang cerah dan animasi yang halus, permainan ini memberikan pengalaman visual yang memukau. Lebih dari itu, banyak slot demo gacor yang dapat memberi gambaran tentang peluang menang yang nyata ketika bermain dengan uang nyata. Demo slot juga sering diperbarui dengan fitur-fitur baru yang menarik dan inovatif. Pemain dapat mencoba slot demo online terbaru dan merasakan sensasi fitur-fitur eksklusif sebelum mereka dirilis secara resmi. Ketersediaan rtp slot dan informasi mengenai slot gacor juga memudahkan pemain untuk memilih permainan yang sesuai dengan preferensi dan gaya bermain mereka, sehingga meningkatkan keseruan bermain secara keseluruhan. Tips untuk Menang di satu kunci untuk berhasil di slot demo gratis adalah memahami cara kerja permainan. Luangkan waktu untuk mengetahui berbagai fitur yang ditawarkan oleh setiap slot. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses aspects of slot games and their features, rather than bacteria or horizontal gene transfer. It does not provide any information or context related to the claim about gene transfer in bacteria.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: The WHO monitors and supports global public health initiatives. [SEP] Text: é M, et al. Risk factors for the spread of vaccine-derived type 2 polioviruses after global withdrawal of trivalent oral poliovirus vaccine and the effects of outbreak responses with monovalent vaccine: a retrospective analysis of surveillance data for 51 countries in Africa. Dis 2022; 22(2):284–294. pmid:34648733 View 4. . Statement following the Thirty-seventh Meeting of the IHR for Polio, 22 December 2023. Available at: Accessed on January 12, 2024. View 5. . The origins and risk factors for serotype-2 vaccine-derived poliovirus (VDPV2) emergences in Africa during 2016–2019. J 2023; 228(1):80–8. View 6. WHO. Research for universal health coverage: World health report 2013. Available at: Accessed on January 12, 2024. View 7. - Cessation of trivalent oral poliovirus vaccine and introduction of inactivated poliovirus vaccine—Worldwide, 2016. 2016; 65(35): 934–8. pmid:27606675 View 8. Bandyopadhyay AS, Zipursky S. nOPV2 development as a global effort for polio outbreak response. Health 2023; 11(11):e1695. pmid:37858579 View 9. Bandyopadhyay AS, Zipursky S. A novel tool to eradicate an ancient scourge: the novel oral polio vaccine type 2 story. Dis 2023; 23(2): e67–e71. pmid:36162417 View 10. WHO. Meeting of the Group of Experts on Immunization, September 2023: conclusions and recommendations. Rec 2023; 98:599–620. View 11. . Monitoring the risk of type-2 circulating vaccine-derived poliovirus emergence during roll-out of type-2 novel oral polio vaccine. 9th on Dynamics: P2. 029. Available at Accessed on January 12, 2024. View 12. . Progress toward poliomyelitis eradication—worldwide, January 2021- March 2023. 2023; 72(19):517–22. View 13. WHO. Meeting of the Group of Experts on Immunization, September 2023: conclusions and recommendations. Rec 2023; 98:599–620. View 14. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text includes multiple references to the WHO's activities and efforts concerning polio vaccination strategies and public health responses in Africa, demonstrating the organization's role in monitoring and supporting initiatives related to global health. For example, it mentions the 'Group of Experts on Immunization' and various studies related to polio vaccinations, which align with the claim about WHO's involvement in public health initiatives.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Mental health issues are more frequently diagnosed in high-income countries due to greater healthcare access. [SEP] Text: Although we only measured problematic access, a similar pattern is observed in other measures of appropriate care, such as recommended procedures for a variety of health conditions, preventive care, and mental health services, even in our universal healthcare systems [15, 23]. Although we did not find the same degree of disparity between native-born and immigrants that are reported in other studies [13, 15, 24], we observed higher ER use, especially among recent immigrants (< 10 years). and Canada have publicly-funded health systems universally available to their citizens, but both have gaps that affect disproportionately the poor, new immigrants and other socially vulnerable populations [25,26,27]. Beyond the effect of specific indicators of social vulnerability, our findings support the notion of intersectionality in which multiple risk factors overlap and interact in a person to create a new state of amplified vulnerability, especially to effects that result from structures of privilege and power [28, 29]. We observe lower abilities to access and problematic access among those having two or more vulnerabilities, regardless of what the specific vulnerabilities are. An independent review [30] also found reports of greater access disparity associated with multiple vulnerabilities. Consequently, in our study, factors that were not individually predictive, such as low educational level and immigrant status, became predictive of problematic access in combination. It is critical for publicly-funded healthcare systems to reflect on how to ensure access for vulnerable groups, such as those living in poverty, those with severe mental health problems, and those experiencing other characteristics that make individuals susceptible to social exclusion. A lens of intersectionality calls for profound reflection on structures and processes in the health system that reinforce discrimination and social exclusion. Investing in educational and organizational interventions to improve or enhance abilities to access in the population may be a promising approach to reducing disparities in access. Our finding that abilities to access are independently more predictive of problematic access than social vulnerability is particularly interesting and important because modifying abilities to access is more readily actionable than modifying social vulnerability. In the interventions, we found a statistically significant improvement in participants’ ability to seek (from 2. 9 to 3. 2, paired t-test = 6. 43, p > 0. 001) and in their ability to explain their problems to health professionals (from 3. 2 to 3. 4, paired t-test = 3. 73, p > 0. 001). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by highlighting systemic issues within high-income healthcare systems that create barriers to access, particularly for vulnerable populations. It mentions gaps in access that disproportionately affect the poor, new immigrants, and socially vulnerable groups, suggesting that despite supposedly better access, actual healthcare access remains problematic. The focus on intersectionality indicates that higher healthcare access does not necessarily equate to better mental health diagnoses and treatments, as it can depend on multiple overlapping vulnerabilities.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Horizontal gene transfer allows bacteria to acquire new traits. [SEP] Text: demo slot Banyak slot dari memiliki simbol khusus dan putaran bonus yang dapat meningkatkan peluang Anda untuk menang. Dengan memahami mekanisme ini, Anda dapat menentukan strategi terbaik untuk dimainkan. Selain itu, penting untuk mengatur batas maksimal ketika bermain. Meskipun slot demo gratis tidak melibatkan uang sungguhan, penerapan batas waktu dan jumlah putaran dapat membantu Anda menjaga fokus dan menghindari kebosanan. merasa permainan mulai terasa membosankan, tidak ada salahnya untuk berhenti sejenak dan kembali nanti. Terakhir, jangan ragu untuk mencoba berbagai jenis slot demo yang tersedia. Setiap permainan memiliki karakteristik dan RTP (return to player) yang berbeda. Dengan mencoba berbagai slot, Anda dapat menemukan game yang paling cocok dengan gaya bermain Anda. Cobalah untuk mencari slot yang memiliki RTP yang lebih tinggi, karena ini biasanya memberikan peluang lebih baik untuk menang. 07/10/2024 by admin1989 What is a Domino? The domino is a small rectangular block, usually 28 in number, used to play games of chance or skill. Its face is marked with an arrangement of spots resembling those on dice. It also has a blank side. It is a cousin of playing cards. Whether lined up in long rows or knocked down, the domino has many uses and is often a favorite toy of children. It is also a tool that can be used to teach students to count and add, or to play a game of strategy. Dominos are used for a variety of educational purposes, including teaching numbers and counting, recognizing patterns and shapes, and analyzing probability. A student learning the alphabet can also work on letter recognition by matching letters to their corresponding domino dots. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses topics related to demo slots and dominos, which do not pertain to horizontal gene transfer or bacterial traits. There is no mention of bacteria, gene transfer, or related concepts.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: The WHO monitors and supports global public health initiatives. [SEP] Text: Log in or new issue alertsGet alerts Submit a your Email address: Subscribe to e4. 0 Unported, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. of 67(2):p 189-191, Apr–Jun 2023. | DOI: 10. 4103/ijph. ijph_764_23 ’s theme on its 75th year, “Health for All”, is both appropriate and meaningful on account of the unfinished agenda of primary health care (PHC), the Goals, and the aftermath of the COVID-19 pandemic. experience of the pandemic amply demonstrated that the application of these PHC principles helped to address diverse aspects of physical, mental, and social dimensions. The need for ‘internalization’ of principles and operational strategies cannot be over-emphasized. On the occasion of the diamond jubilee year celebration of WHO, the theme “Health for All” is being reiterated, which shows its importance in the present global health scenario. The concept of health for all came in the second half of the 20th century, but still, the health system is not able to achieve it. of WHO in 1978 emphasized the concept of “Health for all by 2000,” but still an unachieved dream. Health for all is a holistic approach and it means that health is to be brought within reach of everyone in each country, and “health” means a personal state of well-being, not just the availability of health services. The concept aimed at the universalization of equitable health-care delivery with primary health care (PHC) to achieve it. Public health being an integral component of PHC, and it is imperative that “Health for All” cannot be achieved by ignoring public health. Declaration is considered an idealistic vision which addresses the social determinants of health by calling for efforts in education, housing, agriculture, industry, communication, etc. , but only mentioned little about the financial component. In the early 1980s, neo-liberalization policies came across the globe and international agencies were providing loans for a series of policies to expand the market economy and shrink public spending. [1] Social sectors such as health were affected the most during the late phase of the 20th century. Piecemeal health interventions such as immunization and growth monitoring were only got importance as PHC. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the World Health Organization's (WHO) longstanding commitment to the theme of 'Health for All', which emphasizes the importance of public health as an integral component of primary health care (PHC). It illustrates the WHO's efforts to address public health needs and the overall vision for equitable health-care delivery, which supports the claim that the WHO monitors and supports global public health initiatives.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Mental health issues are more frequently diagnosed in high-income countries due to greater healthcare access. [SEP] Text: Impact of pandemic on mental health in lower- and middle-income countries (LMICs) Published online by Press: 03 December 2020 [Opens in a new window] andShow author details Manasi Kumar* Affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, University of of Health Sciences, University of Nairobi, Nairobi00100, Kumar Affiliation: UN (UNEP), P. O. Box 30522, Nairobi0010, Kenya * Author for correspondence: Manasi Kumar, E-mail: manni_3in@hotmail. com 0. 13 mb) View PDF [Opens in a new window] Save to to Save to & Permissions [Opens in a new window] abstract is not available for this content. As you have access to this content, full HTML content is provided on this page. A PDF of this content is also available in through the ‘Save PDF’ action button. , 2020 e35 DOI: [Opens in a new window] This is an 4. 0/), which permits unrestricted re-use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. © The Author(s), 2020. Published by Globally, the COVID-19 pandemic has aggravated poverty and resulted in mental illnesses. This nexus of rising mental illness in low resource contexts and increasing extreme poverty in lower- and middle-income countries (LMICs) in the context of the global pandemic is now blatantly visible. These trends have not only exacerbated extreme poverty, but have also induced psychological distress and ill-health, thus significantly affecting general mental health functioning of people across the globe. We ask for urgent action in developing policy that addresses poor mental health, which emanates from material deprivation and is currently intensified by the prevailing pandemic. Our commentary highlights linkages between incidence of poverty and the rise of mental illnesses globally in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic. Mental ill-health and poverty are closely linked in a complex negative cycle. It has been found that except for diseases such as schizophrenia, where the genetic factor could be a dominant factor, extreme material deprivation resulting from the lack of gainful employment, inadequate nutrition, and lack of basic amenities could precede mental illness (Patel et al. , -and UnÜtzer2018). People affected by material deprivation are known to be at a higher risk of mental illness (Organization, 2013). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by highlighting the increase in mental health issues in lower- and middle-income countries (LMICs) exacerbated by the COVID-19 pandemic and associated poverty. It argues that extreme material deprivation, such as lack of employment and basic amenities, leads to a higher risk of mental illness, which suggests that mental health issues are not solely more frequently diagnosed in high-income countries but are rising significantly in lower-income contexts as well.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Horizontal gene transfer allows bacteria to acquire new traits. [SEP] Text: When a child with autism is learning to name people and places, they can use a domino with pictures as an interactive way to practice. dominoes, which are made to represent every possible combination of two thrown dice, European dominoes have one blank face and seven that have the pips from each die. This makes them easier to match and easier to score in positional games. The most basic Western domino games are based on the concept that each player has to place his or her pieces edge-to-edge against those of the other players. The players then draw at random the number of pieces they need to win, usually five or seven. The remaining pieces are discarded, sometimes known as the boneyard. The term domino also refers to the action of a person or company taking over another person or organization. For example, when someone buys a franchise from another company, they assume control of that business. This can be a positive thing, as it allows for new ideas and innovations to enter an industry, but it is also risky if the buyer doesn’t have sufficient resources to succeed in the new business. A domino effect is an unexpected event that occurs as a result of the actions of one person or group. A great example of this is the CVS decision to stop selling to some of its customers, which led to the state of Maryland passing a law banning pharmacies from selling it. The domino effect is not always a good thing, however, as it can result in health and safety issues. 06/10/2024 by admin1989 of is a card game that is played with a small number of players around a table. The players place bets on a hand, called a pot, until one player has all the chips or everyone folds. There are several different ways to place a bet, including calling, raising or folding. A good poker player will mix up his style, betting and bluffing to keep the other players guessing what he has in his hand. The earliest forms of poker involved only two cards, but the game eventually evolved to include more than four. It also grew from a single round of betting to a series of betting rounds, each time increasing the stakes until there was a showdown in which the highest-ranking hand won the pot. There are a wide variety of poker variants, including draw and stud poker, but Texas Hold’em is by far the most popular. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text presented does not relate to the claim about horizontal gene transfer in bacteria. Instead, it discusses various aspects of games like dominoes and poker, their rules, and the concept of a domino effect, which is completely unrelated to genetic traits or bacterial behavior. Therefore, the text is irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: The WHO monitors and supports global public health initiatives. [SEP] Text: In the late 1990s and early 2000s, the AIDS epidemic, and several other health emergencies such as influenza, cholera, and ebola epidemic became rampant. In the absence of a functioning health system, mounting up a response against these epidemics was hard, and expensive. In these circumstances, a resurgent health-for-all agenda was revived through universal health coverage (UHC). Almost 2 billion people are facing catastrophic or impoverishing health spending globally. The major focus of UHC is to prevent the suffering of people from financial hardship while accessing health care. The UHC service coverage index increased from 45 in 2000 to 67 in 2019. -19 pandemic further disrupted essential services in 92% of countries. To build back better health, the WHO recommendation is to reorient health systems to PHC. [2] Most (90%) of essential UHC interventions can be delivered and 75% of projected health gains from the SDGs could be achieved through PHC. [2] Economic utility drives UHC. The idealistic values of the Declaration must be incorporated into UHC. UHC needs to expand the debate further afield from just ensuring financial protection and access to care, to a renewed focus on overall health and well-being. In a developing country like India, UHC requires a financing system mainly from “pooled resources” i. e. , tax funds. This shall cut down the influence of market forces in altering the social cause. Features of PHC allow the health system to adapt and respond to a complex and rapidly changing world. With its emphasis on promotion and prevention, social determinants of health, and a people-centered approach, PHC is a highly effective and efficient way to address the main causes of poor health and handle emerging health challenges. UHC and the health-related SDGs can only be sustainably achieved with a stronger emphasis on PHC. Equitable distribution, appropriate technology, intersectoral coordination, and community participation being the principles of PHC hold more importance than before. The solution for modern-day health issues lies in these principles and examples in the field of communicable and noncommunicable diseases (NCDs) are in front of us. -19 pandemic was an eye-opener. It exposed the voids and vulnerability of the public health system in our country. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the WHO's role in addressing global health emergencies and advocating for universal health coverage (UHC). It emphasizes that the WHO recommends reorienting health systems to primary health care (PHC) in response to the challenges posed by health threats, thus supporting global public health initiatives. Additionally, it highlights the importance of promoting health and well-being, which aligns with the WHO's objectives.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Mental health issues are more frequently diagnosed in high-income countries due to greater healthcare access. [SEP] Text: Poverty and mental health Extreme poverty, measured as earning less than USD 1. 90 a day by the World Bank, is accompanied by hunger, overcrowded living conditions, low accessibility and affordability of health services, limited educational and livelihood opportunities, and adverse life events associated with socioeconomic vulnerabilities. The culmination of these factors is known to increase risk of mental distress and mental illnesses (Lund et al. , and Patel2011). Over time an awareness in the field of mental health recognizes that this vicious cycle of poverty and mental ill health needs to be viewed from human rights perspective. In addition, the focus on poverty alleviation within health sciences needs a better alignment with the global development agenda (Patel et al. , -and UnÜtzer2018; Kumar, Reference Kumar2019). In general, people living in poverty also experience a lower quality of life and exhibit low well-being indicators, such as poor health, social and physical security, and political freedom and choices. Poverty increases the risk of mental illnesses that consequentially increase the likelihood of economic downturn at individual and family levels (Organization, 2011). Individuals with mental illness are stigmatized, actively discriminated against, and their ability to hold livelihoods and access opportunities are reduced. The cost associated with mental health treatments also increases economic burden on the individual and the family (Patel et al. , -and UnÜtzer2018). This indicates that living with mental illness over time can also make one poorer. -19, one out of four people suffered from mental ill-health (primarily anxiety and depression). Now as approximately 3–4 billion people are placed in lockdown as a mitigation response measure to COVID-19, more and more people are suffering from anxiety. People are under acute stress stemming from job loss, COVID-19-related deaths (within family and friends), and abnormal situations associated with restriction of movement and social isolation. In addition, a large number of individuals experience stress and anxiety from suspected exposure to COVID-19 and from being quarantined away from the secure confines of their homes in LMICs. Rise in mental health needs during COVID-19 pandemic COVID-19 is merely one symptom of the dysfunctional relationship between humans and nature, which is manifested through climate change, loss of biodiversity, habitat fragmentation, and domestication of wild animals (UNEP, 2020). In 2016, the flagged the worldwide increase in zoonotic epidemics. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by highlighting the impact of poverty on mental health, illustrating that individuals living in poverty face increased mental health risks due to limited access to healthcare and sociopolitical factors. It suggests that low-income countries (LMICs) are experiencing heightened mental health challenges, particularly during the COVID-19 pandemic, which contradicts the assertion that high-income countries are diagnosing more mental health issues due to better healthcare access.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Horizontal gene transfer allows bacteria to acquire new traits. [SEP] Text: Many of the rules and variations of poker are based on mathematical calculations and strategies rather than pure chance. In addition to learning probability calculations and the strategy of poker, players develop a range of other skills, including focus and discipline. Poker is also a great way to relax, and it can even help improve the overall quality of life. A player can decide to play a hand of poker for free, or he can pay an ante or blind bet to enter the game. When a player calls or raises the stakes, he must either match or beat the total amount of money placed in the pot so far. If he cannot, he must fold and leave the game. To begin the game, the dealer shuffles the cards and deals them to each player in turn, starting with the person to his left. The player to his left must then place a small bet known as the “blind bet” or “small blind. ” The button moves to the next spot after each deal, and it marks where betting should begin for the next hand. Each player receives two cards, which are known as hole cards. These are dealt face down. Then, the dealer places three community cards on the table in a round known as the flop. A fourth card is then shared, and another betting round takes place. Finally, the final card is revealed in a round called the river. The player with the best five-card hand wins the pot. In poker, as in life, there is often a trade-off between risk and reward. Playing it safe results in fewer chances to win, but it can also prevent you from taking advantage of opportunities when a moderate amount of risk could result in a substantial reward. Likewise, a life of recklessness may seem fun at the time but can have serious consequences in the long run. This is why it is important to understand the risks and rewards of each decision you make. Whether you’re playing a casual game of poker with friends or competing in the world championships, it is always wise to keep these principles in mind. 02/10/2024 by admin1989 of is a form of entertainment that involves risking something of value for the chance to win a prize. It can be played in casinos, racetracks, at home or even on the internet. It is a common pastime for many people and can be fun to participate in. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses the rules and strategies of poker, which has no connection to horizontal gene transfer in bacteria or their acquisition of traits.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: The WHO monitors and supports global public health initiatives. [SEP] Text: Cumulative neglect in the past on infrastructure, funding staffing, and technology upgradation has led to the demolishment and annihilation of the public health system but proved its relevance to the world. Rebuilding the public health system had become the need of the hour. The public health discipline came into the limelight and the policy decisions depended upon the opinion of the public health expert. During the pandemic of COVID-19, the application of these PHC principles helped to address the various aspects of physical, mental, and social issues about it. For instance, one LSGD in Alappuzha, Kerala, launched a program called “Aardramee Aryaad” in 2017 to train community volunteers for NCD control by house-to-house screening for the identification of NCDs including hypertension and diabetes. One community volunteer was trained for every 20 households from the neighborhood and screened all above the age of 30 years for diabetes mellitus and all above the age of 18 years for hypertension. During the initial phase of COVID, these volunteers were trained in COVID control measures such as hand washing, proper usage of masks, social distancing, quarantine, reverse quarantine, and isolation. Identification of high-risk groups and their mapping and resource identification for reverse quarantine of high-risk groups such as places and food kits for people in quarantine were quickly made possible through the intervention of these health volunteers. This is only one among many interventions which is an example of community participation. Activities of Kudumbashree in Kerala are another example of community participation. Kudumbashree is considered the face of women empowerment in Kerala. Even before the emergence of had been contributing to public health activities. Kudumbashree actively participated in the COVID control activities of the state such as break the chain campaign, special care for the elderly, community kitchens, mask-making and sanitizer production, and bud school activities. Kudumbashree is sending a message to the world that if we empower women, they shall act as protection to the family and community. During the pandemic, the influx of funds into the public health-care system occurred and infrastructure development was done by the and II packages announced by the union government. [3] Total beds including intensive care units and ventilator facilities in the hospitals increased to cater for the large population. Facilities in meeting the oxygen requirement of the country were made available to both the poor and rich. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing various public health initiatives and community participation in public health efforts during the COVID-19 pandemic. It highlights how local health volunteers and organizations like Kudumbashree actively contributed to public health activities, demonstrating the importance of community involvement in global health initiatives, consistent with the supported roles that WHO has in such efforts.