Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Bioengineered yeast can produce biofuels from sugars. [SEP] Text: This interesting lag phase profile can be speculated to be due to accumulation of cell populations with non-beneficial mutations until they are overgrown by the cell population with beneficial mutations. Evolution in repetitive batch cultures clearly favored the improvement of μmax (Figure 2a and Table 3). The specific conversion rates of HMF and furfural were less affected during the evolution in batch cultures, however in contrast, evolution in chemostat cultures clearly favored the improvement of specific conversion rates of HMF and furfural from generation 50 until generation 97 (Figure 4c). Previous evolutionary engineering study in batch and continuous culture for acetic acid tolerance in xylose fermenting S. cerevisiae strain reported that acetic acid tolerance was acetate inducible, so when cells were precultured in absence of acetic acid stress they failed to grow in anaerobic batch culture supplemented with acetic acid [28]. However, the evolved strains selected in this study displayed improved performance in anaerobic batch fermentation even though the cells were precultured in minimal medium in absence of inhibitors which suggests that the inhibitor tolerance developed was not inhibitors inducible. The results of fermentation performance in spruce hydrolysate indicated that the strains RK60-5, RKU90-3 displayed marginally higher μmax and all the evolved strains exhibited higher specific ethanol productivity compared to TMB3400 (Table 3). It has been previously shown that growth and ethanol productivity of inhibitor tolerant strain was improved due to higher capacity for reduction of HMF and furfural compared to a less tolerant strain [29]. However, in the anaerobic fermentation of spruce hydrolysate, there was no evident difference observed in the specific conversion rates of HMF and furfural among all the strains except KE1-17. The indistinguishable conversion rate of furfural by evolved and parental strains has been previously reported and mentioned that improved performance of evolved strain was due to increased viability under furfural stress [30]. In screening and selection after evolutionary engineering experiments, our evolved strains grew well and displayed higher number of colonies across the dilution series compared to the strain TMB3400 when incubated on inhibitor plates which suggests increased viability of our evolved strains. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim directly concerning bioengineered yeast producing biofuels from sugars. Instead, it discusses the evolutionary engineering of certain yeast strains and their performance in fermentation under various conditions, mentioning factors such as acetic acid tolerance and conversion rates of specific compounds. As such, it does not provide evidence or information that supports or contradicts the claim about bioengineered yeast and biofuels.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Vaccines help in preventing the spread of infectious diseases. [SEP] Text: 61 to 1. 25, 43 trials, 212,636 participants, Table 2). The risk difference was similar in all mortality settings. vaccines have been under development since the 1980s and, to date, four vaccines have been prequalified by the WHO (Rotarix, RotaTeq, Rotasiil, and Rotavac). A further two rotavirus vaccines are licensed for use in individual countries (LLR in China and Rotavin in Vietnam, see 1999. The four vaccines currently in use and prequalified by the WHO (Rotarix, RotaTeq, Rotasiil, and Rotavac) are the focus of this review. Summary of main results We included 60 trials with a total of 228,233 participants, that evaluated Rotarix (36 trials), RotaTeq (15 trials), Rotasiil (5 trials), and Rotavac (4 trials). Our analysis stratified the primary outcomes by country under‐five child mortality strata (high‐mortality countries, medium‐mortality countries, and low‐mortality countries; 2019). The trials were not designed or powered to detect an effect on preventing death or on the occurrence of possible rare serious adverse events, such as intussusception. 1. Rotarix trials were conducted in low‐mortality countries; five in Asia, five in Europe, and four in North America. See summary of findings Table 1 for main results. Briefly, in infants under one year, Rotarix vaccination prevented 93% of cases of severe rotavirus diarrhoea (high‐certainty evidence) and 52% of cases of severe all‐cause diarrhoea (moderate‐certainty evidence). In children up to two years, 90% of cases of severe rotavirus diarrhoea (high‐certainty evidence) and 51% of cases of severe all‐cause diarrhoea (moderate‐certainty evidence) were prevented with Rotarix. For serious adverse events, children receiving Rotarix had 11% fewer events than those receiving placebo (high‐certainty evidence). trials were conducted in medium‐mortality countries; five in Latin America, four in Asia, and one in Europe. See summary of findings Table 2 for main results. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by providing evidence that the Rotarix vaccine prevents severe cases of rotavirus diarrhoea, demonstrating the vaccine's effectiveness in reducing disease incidence in infants and children. Specifically, it states that Rotarix vaccination prevented 93% of cases of severe rotavirus diarrhoea in infants under one year, and 90% of cases in children up to two years old. This supports the assertion that vaccines play a crucial role in preventing the spread of infectious diseases.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Climate resilience can eliminate all climate-related risks entirely. [SEP] Text: Dessai, 2018: Examining the goals of the regional climate outlook forums: What role for user engagement? Wea. Climate Soc. , 10, 693–708, falseSearch 10. 1007/s00376-016-5247-3. CrossrefDong, B. , R. T. Sutton, W. Chen, X. Liu, R. Lu, and Y. Sun, 2016: Abrupt summer warming and changes in temperature extremes over northeast Asia since the mid-1990s: Drivers and physical processes. Adv. Atmos. Sci. , 33, 1005–1023, falseSearch 10. 1360/N972017-00916. CrossrefFang, J. , J. Zhu, and Y. Shi, 2018: The responses of ecosystems to global warming. Chinese Sci. Bull. , 63, 136–140, falseSearch 10. 1167/j. issn. 1001-8166. 2015. 04. 0445. Fang, X. , X. Wang, W. Du, L. Li, X. J. He, C. Cheng, and Y. Liu, 2015: The application of climate information in urban planning in China: Retrospect and future prospect. Jinzhan, 30, 445–455, falseSearch 10. 1016/j. cliser. 2017. 03. 004. CrossrefGolding, N. , C. P. Hewitt, P. Zhang, P. X. Bett, X. Fang, H. H. Hu, and S. Nobert, 2017a: Improving user engagement and uptake or climate services in China. Climate Serv. , 5, 39–45, falseSearch 10. 1016/j. cliser. 2017. 11. 002. CrossrefGolding, N. , C. Hewitt, and P. Q. Zhang, 2017b: Effective engagement for climate services: Methods in practice in China. Climate Serv. , 8, 72–76, falseSearch 10. 1016/j. crm. 2019. 01. 002. CrossrefGolding, N. , C. Hewitt, P. Q. Zhang, M. Liu, J. Zhang, and P. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing various aspects of climate adaptation and user engagement in climate services, suggesting that while climate resilience strategies are important, they do not eliminate all climate-related risks as they highlight ongoing challenges and complexities in managing climate impacts, particularly in ecosystems and urban planning.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Bioengineered yeast can produce biofuels from sugars. [SEP] Text: Another possible explanation of similar specific conversion rates of HMF or furfural among evolved strains may presumably be explained that the rate of transport of HMF and furfural in to the cells was not affected by evolutionary engineering; however, we speculate that increase in μmax and specific ethanol productivity of evolved strains in spruce hydrolysate could be due to higher in vivo rates of conversion of HMF, furfural and possibly also other inhibitory aldehydes which ensures that the intracellular concentrations of these inhibitors remain low. Inhibitor tolerance Vs xylose consumptionThe progress in μmax and lag phase time until the evolution in 60% inhibitor cocktail, by no means represents the final stage of evolution. However, as the evolution progressed, the xylose utilization during the time span of 12 h after glucose depletion until cell transfer was reduced significantly, and therefore the evolution in repetitive batches was terminated. Decreased specific xylose consumption rates were also observed during the evolution in chemostat (Figure 4b) therefore, the chemostat was also terminated when the cells were evolving in 50% levels of spruce hydrolysate. The cofactor NADPH dependent HMF and furfural reduction has been previously observed in S. cerevisiae[31, 32]. The engineered S. cerevisiae strain TMB3400 expressing the XR/XDH pathway has been known to require NADPH for xylose reductase activity [23]. Long term exposure of these aldehyde inhibitors evolutionarily favors the yeast cells to use NADPH for furan reduction over xylose reduction since xylose was not the limiting carbon source in our experimental system. The genes XYL1 and XYL2 encoding XR and XDH, respectively, are under the control of constitutive promoters, aldehyde dehydrogenase (ADH) and PGK promoters, respectively. So, the burden for the cells to keep these genes expressed is higher if cultivated in presence of inhibitors for a prolonged time, since the NADPH is directed to inhibitors reduction over xylose reduction. This is well in accordance that there were no activities of XR and XDH enzymes detected from the cell extracts of RK60-5 and RKU90-3 strains. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim directly regarding the ability of bioengineered yeast to produce biofuels from sugars. Instead, it discusses the evolutionary engineering impacts on yeast strains regarding inhibitor tolerance and xylose consumption, without mentioning biofuel production specifically.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Vaccines help in preventing the spread of infectious diseases. [SEP] Text: Briefly, in infants under one year, Rotarix prevented 79% of cases of severe rotavirus diarrhoea (high‐certainty evidence) and 36% of cases of severe all‐cause diarrhoea (high‐certainty evidence). In children up to two years, 77% of cases of severe rotavirus diarrhoea (high‐certainty evidence) and 26% of severe all‐cause diarrhoea cases (low‐certainty evidence) were prevented with Rotarix. For serious adverse events, children receiving Rotarix had 15% fewer events than those receiving placebo (high‐certainty evidence). trials were conducted in high‐mortality countries; seven in Asia, four in Africa, and one in Latin America. See summary of findings Table 3 for main results. Briefly, in infants under one year, Rotarix prevented 58% of cases of severe rotavirus diarrhoea (high‐certainty evidence) and 27% of cases of severe all‐cause diarrhoea (high‐certainty evidence). In children up to two years, 35% of cases of severe rotavirus diarrhoea (moderate‐certainty evidence) and 17% of cases of severe all‐cause diarrhoea (high‐certainty evidence) were prevented with Rotarix. Rotarix had little or no effect on serious adverse events in this setting (high‐certainty evidence). An effect of Rotarix on all‐cause mortality (low‐ to moderate‐certainty evidence) or on intussusception (low‐certainty evidence) has not been shown in any of the settings. 2. RotaRotaTeq trials were conducted in low‐mortality countries; three in North America, two in Asia, two in Europe, one in Europe and the USA, and one in North America, Europe, Asia, and Latin America. See summary of findings Table 4 for main results. Briefly, RotaTeq vaccination prevented 97% of cases of severe rotavirus diarrhoea in infants under one year (high‐certainty evidence) and 96% of cases in children up to two years (high‐certainty evidence). We found no RotaTeq trials that reported on severe all‐cause diarrhoea. RotaTeq had little or no effect on serious adverse events in this setting (high‐certainty evidence). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text supports the claim by providing evidence that Rotarix and RotaTeq vaccines significantly prevent cases of severe rotavirus diarrhoea in infants and children. Specifically, it states that Rotarix prevented 79% of severe rotavirus diarrhoea cases in infants under one year and RotaTeq prevented 97% in the same age group, illustrating the vaccines' effectiveness in preventing the spread of infectious diseases such as rotavirus.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Climate resilience can eliminate all climate-related risks entirely. [SEP] Text: Bett, 2019: Co-development of a seasonal rainfall forecast service: Supporting flood risk management for the basin. Manage. , 23, 43–49, falseSearch 10. 1175/JAMC-D-19-0050. 1. CrossrefHan, Z. , Y. Shi, J. Wu, Y. Xu, and B. Zhou, 2019: Combined dynamical and statistical downscaling for high-resolution projections of multiple climate variables in the Beijing–Tianjin–of China. J. Appl. Meteor. Climatol. , 58, 2387–2403, falseSearch 10. 1175/2009BAMS2607. 1. CrossrefHawkins, E. , and R. Sutton, 2009: The potential to narrow uncertainty in regional climate predictions. Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc. , 90, 1095–1108, falseSearch 10. 1007/s00376-018-7255-y. CrossrefHewitt, C. , and N. Golding, 2018: Development and pull-through of climate science to services in China. Adv. Atmos. Sci. , 35, 905–908, falseSearch 10. 1038/nclimate1745. CrossrefHewitt, C. , S. Mason, and D. Walland, 2012: The global framework for climate services. Nat. Climate Change, 2, 831–832, falseSearch 10. 1038/nclimate3378. CrossrefHewitt, C. , R. Stone, and A. Tait, 2017: Improving the use of climate information in decision-making. Nat. Climate Change, 7, 614–616, falseSearch 32. Jiao, M. , and Coauthors, 2013: Addressing the potential climate effects of China’s project. WMO Bull. , 62, 49–53. Jiao, M. , and Coauthors, 2013: Addressing the potential climate effects of China’s project. WMO Bull. , 62, 49–53. )| falseSearch 5. Jiao, M. , L. Song, T. Jiang, D. Zhang, and J. Zhai, 2015: China’s implementation of impact and risk-based early warning. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text provides information related to climate science and services, but it does not support the claim that climate resilience can entirely eliminate all climate-related risks. Instead, it suggests that climate resilience initiatives aim to manage and address climate risks rather than eliminate them completely. This implies that while climate resilience can mitigate risks, it cannot guarantee their complete elimination.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Bioengineered yeast can produce biofuels from sugars. [SEP] Text: One possible explanation for this observed phenotype of RK60-5 and RKU90-3 is that the XYL1 and XYL2 genes cassette of xylose utilization pathway may have been lost during the process of evolutionary engineering. Although there was a marked reduction in specific xylose consumption rate of strains KE1-5, KE1-17 (Table 2) evolved in chemostat cultures, the xylose consumption ability was still retained. Previous study on inhibitors adaptation of xylose fermenting S. cerevisiae strain that retained xylose consumption ability even after 353 h of adaptation in carbon limited chemostat cultures [17] elucidates the importance of evolution in well controlled chemostat cultures to both retain xylose consumption and further improve inhibitor tolerance. Alternatively, the inability of RK60-5 and RKU90-3 to consume xylose (Table 2) clearly indicates that in order to keep the xylose consumption intact, evolutionary engineering for inhibitor tolerance should be performed with xylose as the limiting carbon source in repetitive batch cultures. ConclusionThe potential of evolutionary engineering is more vivid in improving a complex phenotypic trait that requires multi-gene modifications such as inhibitor tolerance. In this study, we have developed evolved S. cerevisiae strains that showed improved tolerance to inhibitors in spruce hydrolysate. Although three of the evolved strains performed relatively better, the strains evolved in the inhibitor cocktail stands alone with 50% increase in specific ethanol productivity compared to the performance by the parental strain of S. cerevisiae, TMB3400. From an economical point of view, this is an interesting feature since it reduces overall time required for fermentation. Phenotypic characteristics during the process of evolutionary engineering evidently demonstrated the importance of evolution in repetitive batch cultures and chemostat cultures to improve the maximum specific growth rate and inhibitor conversion rates, respectively. Directed evolution in presence of a comprehensive solution of inhibitor cocktail extends the tolerance limits of yeast cells towards three different inhibitor categories which were apparent from improved performance of evolved strains, even though all the strains had similar HMF conversion rates. In addition, the decrease in specific xylose consumption rates of evolved strains has highlighted the consequence of the choice of medium for evolutionary engineering. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not directly support or refute the claim about bioengineered yeast producing biofuels from sugars. Instead, it focuses on the xylose consumption ability of certain evolved yeast strains and their tolerance to inhibitors during fermentation. While it discusses yeast strains and evolutionary engineering, it does not provide evidence or commentary specifically linking these strains' capabilities to biofuel production.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Vaccines help in preventing the spread of infectious diseases. [SEP] Text: Two RotaTeq trials were conducted in medium‐mortality countries; both in Asia. In addition, a large multicentre trial that was conducted on several continents included centres in a few medium‐mortality countries, but was analysed in the low‐mortality stratum since most centres were in low‐mortality countries (see TEQ Vesikari 2006b‐INT). See summary of findings Table 5 for main results. Briefly, no medium‐mortality stratum RotaTeq trials reported on severe rotavirus diarrhoea or on severe all‐cause diarrhoea in infants under one year. In children up to two years, RotaTeq prevented 79% of cases of severe rotavirus diarrhoea (low‐certainty evidence). For serious adverse events, an effect of the vaccine has not been shown (very low‐certainty evidence). Three RotaTeq trials were conducted in high‐mortality countries; two in Asia and one in Africa. See summary of findings Table 6 for main results. Briefly, in infants under one year, RotaTeq prevented 57% of cases of severe rotavirus diarrhoea (high‐certainty evidence) and 20% of cases of severe all‐cause diarrhoea (moderate‐certainty evidence). In children up to two years, RotaTeq prevented 44% of cases of severe rotavirus diarrhoea (high‐certainty evidence) and 15% of cases of severe all‐cause diarrhoea (high‐certainty evidence). RotaTeq had little or no effect on serious adverse events in this setting (moderate‐certainty evidence). An effect of RotaTeq on all‐cause mortality (very low‐ to moderate‐certainty evidence) or on intussusception (very low‐ to low‐certainty evidence) has not been shown in any of the settings. 3. Rotasiil trials have been carried out in low‐ or medium‐mortality countries. trials were conducted in high‐mortality countries; four in India and one in Niger. See summary of findings Table 7 for main results. Briefly, in infants under one year, Rotasiil vaccination prevented 48% of cases of severe rotavirus diarrhoea (high‐certainty evidence) and resulted in little to no difference in severe all‐cause diarrhoea (high‐certainty evidence). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by providing evidence of the effectiveness of the RotaTeq vaccine in preventing severe rotavirus diarrhoea, which is a significant infectious disease. It cites specific percentages of prevention in different age groups, indicating that RotaTeq successfully decreased the incidence of severe rotavirus diarrhoea by 79% in children up to two years under certain conditions, thereby supporting the assertion that vaccines play a crucial role in preventing the spread of infectious diseases.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Climate resilience can eliminate all climate-related risks entirely. [SEP] Text: WMO Bull. , 64, 1–5. )| falseSearch 10. 1088/1748-9326/aa6cb9. CrossrefKent, C. , E. Pope, V. Thompson, K. Lewis, A. A. Scaife, and N. Dunstone, 2017: Using climate model simulations to assess the current climate risk to maize production. Environ. Res. Lett. , 12, 054012, falseSearch 10. 1175/JAMC-D-19-0096. 1. CrossrefKent, C. , and Coauthors, 2019: Maize drought hazard in the northeast farming region of China: Unprecedented events in the current climate. J. Appl. Meteor. Climatol. , 58, 2247–2258, falseSearch 10. 1007/s10584-013-0703-x. CrossrefKirchhoff, C. J. , 2013: Understanding and enhancing climate information use in water management. Climatic Change, 119, 495–509, falseSearch 10. 1175/WCAS-D-16-0127. 1. CrossrefKruk, M. C. , B. Parker, J. J. Marra, K. Werner, R. Heim, R. Vose, and P. Malsale, 2017: Engaging with users of climate information and the coproduction of knowledge. Wea. Climate Soc. , 9, 839–849, falseSearch 10. 1038/nclimate1614. CrossrefLemos, M. C. , C. J. Kirchhoff, and V. Ramprasad, 2012: Narrowing the climate information usability gap. Nat. Climate Change, 2, 789–794, falseSearch 2016. Environ. Res. Lett. , 13, 014015, C. , and Coauthors, 2018: Attribution of extreme precipitation in the lower reaches of the during May 2016. Environ. Res. Lett. , 13, 014015, falseSearch 79. Li, Y. , and G. Zhao, 2014: A review of low-carbon city construction research in China. Ecol. Econ. , 10, 66–79. )| falseSearch 10. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing various studies and research that analyze specific climate risks and events, indicating that while climate resilience is important, it does not guarantee the elimination of all climate-related risks. The mention of specific climate hazards, like maize drought in China, implies that there are still significant climate risks that persist despite efforts towards climate resilience.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Bioengineered yeast can produce biofuels from sugars. [SEP] Text: Since the type of inhibitors and their concentrations may vary according to the type of lignocellulosic raw materials and pretreatment methods used, our study elucidates the significance of dedicated evolutionary engineering experiments to a specific type of raw materials to develop tailor made strains that can show marked improvements. MethodsStrainsThe recombinant xylose utilizing S. cerevisiae TMB3400 [26] was used as a parental strain in the evolutionary engineering strategies. The parental strain and strains developed during the course of evolution were stored at −80°C in culture aliquots containing 20% sterile glycerol. Volumes of 100 μl from the vials were used to inoculate precultures. Spruce hydrolysateSpruce hydrolysate was provided by -Technology AB (Örnsköldsvik, Sweden) and prepared from spruce wood chips pre-treated with dilute sulfurous acid (SO2 in water) and filtered to remove the solids. The composition of the hydrolysate is presented in the Table 1. Inhibitor cocktailThe inhibitor cocktail solution used in this study contained 12 different inhibitors (Table 1). The selection of inhibitors and their concentrations for the preparation of inhibitor cocktail solution was based on the analysis of inhibitors composition in spruce hydrolysate used in this study (Table 1). Also, previously published 0. 1 M NaOH and was added to milliQ water and the pH was set to 6. 5. The rest of the components but HMF were dissolved one by one maintaining the pH at 6. 5 throughout the preparation. The inhibitor cocktail was then filter sterilized and stored at −20°C in small aliquots. HMF was directly added to the medium during the evolution process. MediaEvolution in shake flasks were carried out in minimal medium containing 20 g l-1 of glucose and xylose, respectively and enriched with salts, two folds of trace elements and vitamins according to Verduyn et al. [37]. The pH of the medium was adjusted to 6. 5 with 1 M NaOH for all shake flask cultivations. The inhibitor cocktail was added to minimal media to achieve final concentrations of 20, 40 and 60% of inhibitors concentration presented in Table 1. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it does not provide information about bioengineered yeast or its ability to produce biofuels from sugars. Instead, it discusses the significance of evolutionary engineering experiments and the composition of inhibitor cocktails utilized in the study of spruce hydrolysate, with no mention of biofuels or the direct use of sugars by engineered yeast.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Vaccines help in preventing the spread of infectious diseases. [SEP] Text: In children up to two years, Rotasiil vaccination prevented 44% of cases of severe rotavirus diarrhoea (high‐certainty evidence), but resulted in little to no difference in severe all‐cause diarrhoea (high‐certainty evidence). Rotasiil had little or no effect on serious adverse events in this setting (high‐certainty evidence). An effect of Rotasiil on all‐cause mortality (moderate‐certainty evidence) or on intussusception (low‐certainty evidence) has not been shown. 4. Rotavac trials have been carried out in low‐ or medium‐mortality countries. All four Rotavac trials were conducted in India, a high‐mortality country. See summary of findings Table 8 for main results. Briefly, in infants under one year, Rotavac prevented 57% of cases of severe rotavirus diarrhoea (moderate‐certainty evidence) and 16% of cases of severe all‐cause diarrhoea (moderate‐certainty evidence). In children up to two years, Rotavac prevented 54% of cases of severe rotavirus diarrhoea (moderate‐certainty evidence). Rotavac had little or no effect on serious adverse events in this setting (moderate‐certainty evidence). An effect of Rotavac on all‐cause mortality (very low‐certainty evidence) or on intussusception (very low‐certainty evidence) has not been shown. Overall completeness and applicability of evidence We carried out this systematic review using RCTs. All the included trials were placebo‐controlled, except for two Rotarix trials that compared vaccine to no intervention (RIX Colgate 2016‐BGD; RIX Zaman 2017‐BGD). The trials provided only limited data for special groups of children, such as malnourished or immunocompromised children. Efficacy by setting Rotarix and RotaTeq were highly efficacious in reducing severe rotavirus diarrhoea in low‐mortality countries; widespread roll‐out of rotavirus vaccines has led to major reductions in rotavirus hospitalizations in such settings (Hungerford 2017; Jonesteller 2017). In contrast, trials of Rotarix, RotaTeq, Rotasiil and Rotavac in high‐mortality countries in Africa and Asia demonstrated a relatively lower vaccine efficacy. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by presenting evidence that rotavirus vaccines, such as Rotasiil and Rotavac, significantly reduce severe rotavirus diarrhoea in children, which is an infectious disease. Specifically, the text states that Rotasiil prevented 44% of severe rotavirus cases and Rotavac prevented 57% in infants under one year. The mention of 'major reductions in rotavirus hospitalizations' due to the widespread roll-out of these vaccines supports the idea that vaccines are effective in preventing the spread of infectious diseases.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Climate resilience can eliminate all climate-related risks entirely. [SEP] Text: 1038/nclimate2836. CrossrefLourenço, T. C. , R. Swart, H. Goosen, and R. Street, 2016: The rise of demand-driven climate services. Nat. Climate Change, 6, 13–14, falseSearch 10. 1002/wcc. 403. Moser, S. C. , 2016: Reflections on climate change communication research and practice in the second decade of the 21st century: What more is there to say? Wiley Interdiscip. Rev. : Climate Change, 7, 345–369, falseSearch 10. 1016/j. crm. 2016. 10. 004. . Haigh, M. C. Lemos, A. S. Mase, and M. Widhalm, 2017: Useful to usable: Developing usable climate science for agriculture. Manage. , 15, 1–7, falseSearch 10. 3880. /j. issn. 1004-6933. Qiu, B. , 2015: The connotation, approach and prospect of Sponge City. Constr. , 2, 8–16, falseSearch 0. 2013-05-001. Song, L. , F. Xiao, and W. Li, 2013: The current status and future development of modern climate operation in China. Xuebao, 24, 513–520, falseSearch 10. 1175/BAMS-D-16-0158. 1. CrossrefSun, Y. , L. Song, H. Yin, X. Zhang, P. Stott, B. Zhao, and T. Hu, 2016: Human influence on the 2015 extreme high temperature events in western China. Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc. , 97, S102–S106, falseSearch 10. 1175/BAMS-D-18-0280. 1. CrossrefSutton, R. T. , 2019: Climate science needs to take risk assessment much more seriously. Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc. , 100, 1637–1642, falseSearch 10. 1175/BAMS-D-17-0253. 1. CrossrefTonya, H. , and Coauthors, 2018: Provision of climate services for agriculture: Public and private pathways to farm decision-making. Bull. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing various aspects of climate services and the need for risk assessment in climate science, implying that while climate resilience is important, it does not suggest that all climate-related risks can be entirely eliminated.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Bioengineered yeast can produce biofuels from sugars. [SEP] Text: The cultivation medium for chemostat cultures was based on minimal medium with 20 g l-1 xylose and with increasing levels, 20-50% (v/v), of spruce hydrolysate and 0. 1% (v/v) of polypropylene glycol P 2’000 from Fluka as antifoam. Glucose was added to the medium giving a final concentration of 20 g l-1 taken into account the amount of glucose already present in the hydrolysate. The pH of the medium was adjusted to 5. 0 with 1 M NaOH and was supplemented with salts, two folds of trace elements and vitamins according to Verduyn et al. [37]. Anaerobic fermentations in minimal medium and spruce hydrolysate were supplemented with antifoam polypropylene glycol P 2’000 from Fluka at 0. 1 and 0. 25% (v/v), respectively, along with ergosterol and Tween 80. Ergosterol and Tween 80 were dissolved in boiling absolute ethanol and were added to the medium to a final concentration of 0. 01 g l-1 and 0. 42 g l-1, respectively. Three different agar plates 75 and YP-hydrolysate were used for screening strains. All the three plates contained 10 g l-1 yeast extract, 20 g l-1 peptone and 20 g l-1 agar. In addition, YPX plate was supplemented with 20 g l-1 xylose and YPD75 plate was supplemented with 20 g l-1 glucose and 75% of inhibitors concentration (inhibitor cocktail) in Table 1, whereas, in YP- hydrolysate plate yeast extract, peptone and agar were dissolved in spruce hydrolysate. UV mutagenesisThe cell samples stored at −80°C were retrieved and diluted with sterile milliQ water to read an OD650 of 0. 1 and a volume of 100 μl was spread on three YP-hydrolysate plates. The three plates were subjected to high intensity UV radiation at 302nm from a UV transilluminator TMF26V from UVP for 30, 60 and 90 seconds, respectively and incubated at 30°C until colonies were formed. One colony per plate was taken for further evolutionary engineering. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not provide any information supporting or opposing the claim about bioengineered yeast producing biofuels from sugars. Instead, it focuses on specific details about the cultivation conditions, media preparation, and experimental procedures involving yeast, which are unrelated to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Vaccines help in preventing the spread of infectious diseases. [SEP] Text: However, because of the higher burden of rotavirus disease in such countries, the absolute number of events prevented by vaccination is greater than in low‐mortality countries (RIX Madhi 2010‐AF). A recent meta‐analysis of observational studies (Burnett 2020a) documented that effectiveness of rotavirus vaccination against severe rotavirus gastroenteritis in children age < 12 months was 86%, 77% and 63‐66% in low‐, medium‐ and high‐mortality countries, respectively. The global impact of rotavirus vaccination on rotavirus hospitalizations, all‐cause diarrhoea hospitalizations, and diarrhoea mortality, has recently been reviewed across a range of child mortality strata (Burnett 2020b). Efficacy by age Results from RCTs of Rotarix and RotaTeq found higher vaccine efficacy against severe rotavirus diarrhoea in the first year compared to the cumulative efficacy for the first and second years. Vaccine efficacy was lower in the second year of life to a degree that varied by setting; the difference in efficacy between the first and second years was greater in high‐mortality (Rotarix: 63% up to one year versus 54% up to two years; RotaTeq: 57% versus 41%) compared to low‐mortality countries (Rotarix: 84% up to one year versus 82% up to two years; RotaTeq: 92% versus 82%). Trials with Rotavac and Rotasiil were not carried out in any low‐mortality country. Reduced vaccine efficacy in high‐mortality countries in trials reporting two years of follow‐up could be explained either by waning of vaccine‐induced immunity, or some protection in the placebo group resulting from more frequent exposure to natural rotavirus infection (RIX Madhi 2010‐AF). A modelling study in Malawi concluded that reduced protection could be predicted in the absence of waning immunity (Pitzer 2019). In real‐world vaccine effectiveness studies among children age 12‐23 months, effectiveness was 84‐86%, 54% and 58% in low‐, medium‐ and high‐mortality countries, respectively (Burnett 2020a). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by providing evidence that rotavirus vaccination significantly reduces severe rotavirus gastroenteritis in children under 12 months, with effectiveness rates reported as high as 86% in various countries. This demonstrates that vaccination can prevent the spread and impact of infectious diseases, particularly rotavirus.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Climate resilience can eliminate all climate-related risks entirely. [SEP] Text: Amer. Meteor. Soc. , 99, 1781–1790, falseSearch 9485. php. Vaughan, C. , S. Dessai, and C. Hewitt, 2018: Surveying climate services: What can we learn from a bird’s-eye view? Wea. Climate Soc. , 10, 373–395, C. , S. Dessai, and C. Hewitt, 2018: Surveying climate services: What can we learn from a bird’s-eye view? Wea. Climate Soc. , 10, 373–395, falseSearch 10. 1175/WCAS-D-16-0008. 1. CrossrefWall, T. U. , A. M. Meadow, and A. Horganic, 2017: Developing evaluation indicators to improve the process of coproducing usable climate science. Wea. Climate Soc. , 9, 95–107, falseSearch 10. 1088/1748-9326/aa9404. CrossrefWang, J. , S. Tett, Z. Yan, and J. Feng, 2018: Have human activities changed the frequencies of absolute extreme temperatures in eastern China? Environ. Res. Lett. , 13, 014012, falseSearch 758. Wang, Y. , B. Zhou, Y. Ren, and C. Sun, 2016: Impacts of global climate change on China’s climate security. Xuebao, 27, 750–758. )| falseSearch 10. 1007/s13351-019-8106-1. CrossrefWang, Y. , and Coauthors, 2018: Construction and application of a climate risk index for China. J. Meteor. Res. , 32, 937–949, falseSearch 10. 1175/WCAS-D-18-0087. 1. CrossrefWeichselgartner, J. , and B. Artheimer, 2019: Evolving climate services into knowledge–action systems. Wea. Climate Soc. , 11, 385–399, falseSearch 10. 1007/s11434-012-5587-z. CrossrefWu, Q. , and F. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing various studies and papers that examine climate services, risks, and adaptation strategies. It implies that while climate resilience is important, it does not suggest that these measures can entirely eliminate all climate-related risks, but rather that they help in understanding and managing those risks.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Bioengineered yeast can produce biofuels from sugars. [SEP] Text: Cultivation conditionsEvolutionary engineering in repetitive batch culturesEvolutionary engineering in repetitive batch cultures were carried out in 100 ml shake flasks with a working volume of 50 ml. The cultures were inoculated to an initail OD650 of 0. 01, incubated at 30°C on an orbital shaker at 180 rpm. Samples were frequently withdrawn for measurement of OD650 and analysis of extracellular metabolites. The presence of glucose during the cultivation was monitored using glucose test strips (keto-diabur-test 5000 from Roche) and the cells were serially transferred to subsequent shake flasks at 8 to 12 h after the depletion of glucose. Possible contamination of the cultivation was checked by ocular inspection in microscope. Cell samples during the evolution that usually contain mixed cultures were withdrawn periodically and stored in glycerol vials for further evaluation. Evolutionary engineering in continuous culturesThe directed evolution in chemostat culture was performed in a 1 l fermenter () with 740 ml working volume (measured at the end of the cultivation) determined by having the outlet pumping fixed at a certain height in the vessel. The conditions of the cultivation were controlled at a temperature of 30°C, a pH of 5. 0 with 2M NaOH, and a stirrer speed at 350 rpm and with both gas in- and outlets open to the atmosphere. The culture was run for 60 days and samples for measurements of OD650 and extracellular metabolites were taken regularly. Possible contamination of the cultivation was checked by ocular inspection in microscope. Cell samples during the evolution that usually contain mixed cultures were withdrawn periodically and stored in glycerol vials for further evaluation. Anaerobic fermentationAnaerobic fermentations were carried out in 4 l fermenters (Belach Bioteknik, Sweden) with a working volume of 2 l and the anaerobic condition was maintained by flushing N2 at flow rate of 0. 4 l min-1. The pH was maintained at 5. 0 by automatic addition of 2 M NaOH and the temperature at 30°C. The stirrer speed was 500 rpm in minimal medium and set to 400 rpm for fermentation of spruce hydrolysate due to excessive foam formation. Precultures for fermentation were inoculated from glycerol vials containing mixed cultures and grown in minimal medium with 20 g l-1 of glucose and xylose respectively, in shake flasks until the late exponential phase. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text provides detailed experimental conditions for cultivating yeast but does not mention bioengineered yeast or its capability to produce biofuels from sugars. Therefore, it is irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Vaccines help in preventing the spread of infectious diseases. [SEP] Text: Additional vaccine doses have been explored in an attempt to extend the duration of protection in settings with a high burden of disease (Cunliffe 2016), although the predicted impact of one such strategy, an additional vaccine dose at nine months of age in a high‐mortality setting (Malawi) was modest (Pitzer 2019). Efficacy by schedule Children who were enrolled in trials performed in low‐mortality countries received the vaccines according to the country's immunization schedule. Trials performed in high‐mortality countries examined the efficacy of Rotarix when administered at 10 to 14 weeks of age, a later age than is recommended in the on Immunization (EPI) schedule. However, the 6‐ and 10‐week Rotarix schedule used in EPI programmes has now been extensively evaluated following vaccine roll‐out in high‐mortality countries in Africa, with effectiveness comparable to efficacy trial estimates (Burnett 2020b). All‐cause diarrhoea The impact of rotavirus vaccination on severe all‐cause diarrhoea from a public health perspective is important, as laboratories in low‐income countries may not routinely test for rotavirus infection. The effect on all‐cause diarrhoea is a function of the contribution of rotavirus to all diarrhoea; the efficacy of the vaccine against rotavirus; and potential nonspecific effects of vaccination on gut health. Surprisingly, few trials reported vaccine efficacy against all‐cause diarrhoea. Vaccine efficacy against all‐cause diarrhoea of any severity was lower, meaning that vaccination may not have such a noticeable impact on milder episodes of diarrhoea occurring in the community (Hungerford 2018). Mortality data The included trials were not individually powered to detect a mortality effect. This review did not detect a difference in the number of deaths for children receiving any of the vaccines or placebo. Two post‐vaccine implementation national surveillance studies from Mexico and Brazil reported that the introduction of Rotarix into the national immunization programme was associated with a decline in the number of diarrhoea‐related deaths (2011; Richardson 2010) in comparison with historical controls. A study from rural Malawi showed that diarrhoea deaths reduced by a third following Rotarix introduction (Bar‐Zeev 2018). Safety data There was no detectable difference in the number of cases of intussusception for children receiving vaccine or placebo. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the effectiveness of the Rotarix vaccine in reducing diarrhoea-related deaths, particularly in high-mortality settings. It mentions that the introduction of Rotarix into national immunization programs led to a decline in mortality from diarrhoea, which indicates that vaccines play a crucial role in controlling infectious diseases.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Climate resilience can eliminate all climate-related risks entirely. [SEP] Text: Niu, 2013: Permafrost changes and engineering stability in Qinghai-Xizang Plateau. Chinese Sci. Bull. , 58, 1079–1094, falseSearch 331. Xiao, F. H. , C. Zhang, B. Wang, H. Wang, C. Liu, and A. Wang, 2006: Impact of climatic change on agriculture and its adaptation countermeasures in China. Xuebao, 15, 327–331. )| falseSearch 10. 1142/S2345748117500075. CrossrefXie, X. , and Y. Zheng, 2017: Research on the evaluation indicator system for climate adaptive cities: A case study of Beijing. Chinese J. Urban Environ. Stud. , 5, 1750007, falseSearch 755. Yao, X. , M. Liu, X. Fan, J. Wang, and L. Wang, 2011: Review on evaluation of meteorological service benefits. Meteor. Mon. , 37, 749–755. )| falseSearch 10. 1155/2016/5194091. CrossrefZhai, J. , Y. Liu, P. Hou, T. Xiao, and G. Cao, 2016: Water conservation service assessment and its spatiotemporal features in Zones. Adv. Meteor. , 2016, 5194091, falseSearch 10. 1360/N972018-00911. CrossrefZhai, P. , Y. Yuan, R. Rong and J. Guo, 2018: Climate change and sustainable development for cities. Chinese Sci. Bull. , 64, 1995–2001, https// falseSearch 10. 3969/2012JMS. 00. Zhang, T. , S. Song, C. Tian, X. Chai, and S. Pan, 2011: The benefit valuation method and analytical study of profession meteorological service in China. J. Meteor. Sci. , 31, 194–199, falseSearch 10. 1016/j. egypro. 2011. 03. 148. CrossrefZhang, W. , H. Li, and X. An, 2011: Ecological civilization construction is the fundamental way to develop low-carbon economy. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text suggests that there are multiple studies addressing climate change and its impacts but does not indicate that climate resilience can eliminate all climate-related risks. Instead, the references highlight the need for adaptive measures in response to climate change, implying that while resilience can help manage risks, it cannot eliminate them completely.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Bioengineered yeast can produce biofuels from sugars. [SEP] Text: The fermentation of minimal medium and spruce hydrolysate was initiated by inoculating to an initial OD650 of 0. 01 and 0. 05, respectively. Drop testCells in frozen glycerol vials that contained mixed cultures were thawed and diluted with sterile milliQ water to read an OD650 of 1. 0. Six ten-fold serial dilutions were made and a volume of 10 μl of each dilution was placed on 75 and YP-hydrolysate plates. The plates were incubated at 30°C for at least two days and evaluated by visual inspection. Analysis of metabolites and cell dry weightSamples for extracellular metabolites were analyzed by high performance liquid chromatography using Aminex HPX-87H column with 30 x 4. 6 mm Cation-H Biorad micro-guard column maintained at 45°C. 5 mM H2SO4 was used as an eluent at a flow rate of 0. 6 ml min-1. Glucose, xylose, xylitol, acetic acid, glycerol, and ethanol were detected using RI detector maintained at 35°C and HMF, furfural, vanillin and syringaldehyde were detected using UV detector at 210 nm. The sugars in spruce hydrolysate and samples from chemostat cultures were analyzed by high performance anion exchange chromatography using 4 x 250 mm Dionex CarboPac PA1 column with 4 x50 mm guard column maintained at 30°C. Eluent A: 300 mM NaOH, eluent B: 100 mM NaOH+85 mM sodium acetate were used for elution at a flow rate of 1 ml min-1. Monosaccharides including arabinose, galactose, glucose, xylose and mannose were detected using pulsed amperometric detector. Optical density (OD) and cell dry weight were used as an estimate of cell concentration. OD was measured at 650 nm using the cell free medium at the point of sampling as background. Cell dry weight was determined in duplicates by filtering 5–10 ml of culture through a pre-weighed 0. 45μm hydrophilic polyethersulfonate filter (Biotech, Germany). After removal of medium the filters were washed with milliQ water and dried in microwave at 125W for 15 min. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim directly. It discusses methods for analyzing metabolites and cell dry weight in a laboratory setting without making any mention of bioengineered yeast or its use in producing biofuels from sugars.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Vaccines help in preventing the spread of infectious diseases. [SEP] Text: While both Rotarix and RotaTeq have been associated with a low risk of intussusception in post‐marketing studies in Europe, Americas and Australia, the benefits of vaccination are considered to outweigh the risk of vaccine‐associated intussusception (Yen 2016). However, the risk of intussusception after administration of Rotarix was not higher than the background risk of intussusception in seven lower‐income sub‐countries (Tate 2018). Subgroup analyses Rotavirus G‐ and P‐types All four rotavirus vaccines demonstrated efficacy against most of the rotavirus G‐ and P‐types that were assessed (G1, G2, G3, G4, G8, G9, G12, P4, P6, P8), although results were often inconsistent between different countries and were imprecise due to few events. Immunocompromised children trial and two RotaTeq trials reported on immunocompromised children exposed to, or infected with, HIV. No differences were identified for efficacy or safety, but studies were not sufficiently powered for these endpoints. It is recommended that all HIV‐infected or HIV‐exposed infants be vaccinated with oral rotavirus vaccine, unless severely immunocompromised (Calles 2010). While specific information on rotavirus vaccination in many immunodeficiency conditions is lacking, infants with known severe combined immunodeficiency should not receive live rotavirus vaccine (Pinto 2016; Vesikari 2015). Children with malnutrition trial (RIX Salinas 2005‐LA) found that Rotarix was significantly superior to placebo in preventing rotavirus diarrhoea in a subgroup of malnourished children. Quality of the evidence The trials included in this updated review were placebo‐controlled (53 trials) or compared vaccine to no intervention (RIX Colgate 2016‐BGD; RIX Zaman 2017‐BGD); were conducted in and Africa; and the largest included over 60,000 children (RIX Ruiz‐Palac 06‐LA/EU; TEQ Vesikari 2006b‐INT); we identified the need for such trials in the original version of the review (Soares‐Weiser 2004). However, most children were followed for safety outcomes only. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by highlighting the efficacy of rotavirus vaccines (Rotarix and RotaTeq) in preventing rotavirus diarrhoea, particularly noting that Rotarix was significantly superior to placebo in preventing rotavirus diarrhoea in malnourished children. By discussing these vaccines' benefits and their application in various populations, it supports the assertion that vaccines help prevent the spread of infectious diseases.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Climate resilience strategies are universally effective, regardless of location. [SEP] Text: Policy: ASTM International prohibits the entry of ASTM standards and related ASTM intellectual property (“”) into any form of (AI) tools, such as ChatGPT. Additionally, creating ----derivatives of using AI is also prohibited without express written permission from ASTM’s President. In the case of such use, ASTM will suspend a licensee’s access to and further legal action will be considered. Meetings & | Meetings & & & Standards and Papers & STPs Manuals, Monographs, & of ® (SOP) (TMA) and & & & & and ASTM What is and to to News and & -04. 12 Committee E06 $ 69. 00 In stock Significance and Use 5. 1 Investments in projects supporting community resilience are characterized by uncertainties regarding the frequency and magnitude of natural, technological, and human-caused disruptions. Accounting for these low-probability, high-consequence events challenge traditional economic evaluation methods. 5. 2 The traditional approach to evaluating the benefit-cost of investment decisions routinely focus on measures directly tied to loss avoidance. 5. 3 Following this guide when performing an economic evaluation assures the user that relevant economic information, including information regarding uncertainties and indirect inputs, is considered for capital project facing possible disruptions from natural, technological, and human-caused hazards. 5. 4 Use this guide in the planning phases of community resilience plan development process. Consideration of risk mitigation choices early in the planning process allows both greater flexibility in addressing specific hazards and lower costs associated with their implementation. 5. 5 Use this guide to integrate community resilience plans with economic development, zoning, hazard mitigation, and other community planning activities that affect buildings, public works, and infrastructure systems. 5. 6 Use this guide to identify all relevant inputs—that is, costs and benefits (savings)—associated with construction, implementation, and use of the capital asset, over the lifetime of the asset. Relevant inputs include direct, indirect and externalities, and non-market values. 5. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by stating that investments in community resilience are characterized by uncertainties regarding various types of disruptions, which implies that effectiveness can vary based on location-specific risks. The mention of 'low-probability, high-consequence events' and the need for flexibility in addressing specific hazards indicates that climate resilience strategies must be tailored to local conditions, rather than being universally effective.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Bioengineered yeast can produce biofuels from sugars. [SEP] Text: The filters were kept in a desiccator over night before they were weighed again. All yields and rates were calculated in the exponential phase identified by natural logarithm of cell dry weight or OD650 and culture time. The lag phase time was calculated from the point of intersection of lag phase and exponential phase in a plot of natural logarithm of OD650 and culture time. Enzyme activitiesXR and XDH assays were perfomed in 96-well microtiter plates with a FLUmulti-mode microplate reader (). Culture aliquots stored at −80°C were used to inoculate minimal medium containing 20 g l-1 glucose and xylose, respectively in shake flasks. The concentration of salts, trace elements and vitamins were exactly the same as used in the medium for evolutionary engineering in shake flasks. Cells were harvested in xylose phase (10 h after glucose was consumed), washed twice with water and resuspended in disintegration buffer, 0. 1 M triethanolamine buffer (pH 7. 0), containing 1 mM phenylmethylsulfonyl fluoride, 0. 5 mM dithiothreitol, and 0. 5 mM EDTA and glass beads. The suspension was vortexed in FastPrep-24 instrument (MP Biomedicals, France) for 20 s and kept in ice for 2 min and this cycle was repeated for six times. Later, the suspension was centrifuged at 20,000 g, 5 min, 4°C and the supernatant was used for enzymatic assays. The total protein concentration was determined using Bio-Rad protein assay dye reagent (Bio-Rad laboratories, US) with bovine serum albumin as standard. XR and XDH activity were measured as previously described in [23]. Experiments were performed in duplicates of three different concentrations of cell extract. Specific activities are expressed as units per milligram of protein. Units are defined as micromoles of NADPH oxidized or NAD+ reduced per minute. Nomenclature of evolved cellsCells evolved in shake flasks were named accordingly as follows, RK_% inhibitor cocktail_round of cultivation, for instance, strain RK40-3 was evolved in 40% inhibitor cocktail for three rounds of cultivation. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it does not provide any information regarding bioengineered yeast or its ability to produce biofuels from sugars. Instead, it describes experimental procedures such as weighing filters, calculating yields, and enzymatic assays without any mention of biofuels or yeast.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Vaccines help in preventing the spread of infectious diseases. [SEP] Text: However, the stratified analysis provides indirect efficacy and safety results to countries that are not represented within the included trials. The largest RotaTeq trial (TEQ Vesikari 2006b‐INT) was carried out mostly in low‐mortality countries (), but also in some medium‐mortality countries (Costa Rica, Jamaica, Mexico) and in one high‐mortality country (Guatemala). Disaggregated data, split by country, were not available for this trial. The data were placed in the low‐mortality stratum and potentially resulted in under‐representation in the medium‐mortality stratum for RotaTeq. Agreements and disagreements with other studies or reviews We identified three systematic reviews of RCTs evaluating the efficacy or safety of rotavirus vaccines that have been conducted since the 2012 update of this Cochrane Review: Lamberti 2016 included RCTs and observational studies and evaluated region‐specific effectiveness of Rotarix, RotaTeq and Rotavac. The systematic review found that rotavirus vaccination was both efficacious and effective in preventing rotavirus diarrhoea, severe rotavirus diarrhoea and rotavirus hospitalizations among children under five across all regions, with higher efficacy in more developed regions. Velázquez 2017 included RCTs and post‐licensure observational studies from and the Caribbean, and found that Rotarix reduced the risk of any‐severity rotavirus‐related gastroenteritis by 65% and of severe gastroenteritis by 82% versus placebo. and RotaTeq vaccines significantly reduced the risk of hospitalization and emergency visits by 85% for Rotarix and by 90% for RotaTeq. Vaccination with RotaTeq or Rotarix did not increase the risk of death, intussusception, or other severe adverse events. Buyse 2014 presented an integrated meta‐analysis of safety and reactogenicity data of 28 Rotarix RCTs and found that Rotarix has a reactogenicity and safety profile similar to placebo. Clark 2019 conducted a meta‐regression analysis of RCTs of rotavirus vaccines and demonstrated that efficacy fell more rapidly, to 44% by 12 months of age, in high‐mortality settings. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text supports the claim by providing evidence from systematic reviews that rotavirus vaccines like Rotarix and RotaTeq are effective in preventing rotavirus-related diseases, specifically stating that these vaccines significantly reduced the risk of hospitalization and severe gastroenteritis among children. This information aligns with the general claim that vaccines help prevent the spread of infectious diseases.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Climate resilience strategies are universally effective, regardless of location. [SEP] Text: 7 Use this guide for economic evaluations based on Practices E917 (life-cycle costs), E964 (benefit-to-cost and savings-to-investment ratios), E1057 (internal rate of return and adjusted internal rate of return), E1074 (net benefits and net savings), E1121 (payback), E1699 (value engineering), and E1765 (analytical hierarchy process for multi-attribute decision analysis), and Guide E1369 (treatment of uncertainty). 5. 8 Use this guide in conjunction with Guide E2204 to summarize the results of economic evaluations involving natural, technological, and human-caused hazards. 5. 9 This guide generalizes Guide E2506 (cost-effective risk mitigation plan for new and existing constructed facilities) by evaluating investments into capital assets for a community. Scope 1. 1 This guide describes a generic economic methodology for evaluating investment decisions aimed to improve the ability of communities to adapt to, withstand, and quickly recover from, disruptive events. The methodology describes a framework for developing cost-effective community resilience strategies for new and existing constructed facilities—buildings, industrial facilities, and other critical infrastructure. This guide provides owners and managers of constructed facilities, architects, engineers, constructors, other providers of professional services for constructed facilities, and researchers and analysts with an approach for planning and comparing resilience strategies. 1. 2 This guide frames the economic decision process by identifying and comparing the relevant present and future streams of costs and benefits to a community—the latter realized through cost savings and damage loss avoidance—associated with new capital investment into resilience to those generated by the status-quo. 1. 3 This guide provides a means to increase the capacity of communities to objectively and effectively compare and contrast capital investment projects through consideration of benefits and costs while maintaining an awareness of system resilience. Topics related to non-market values and uncertainty are also explored. 1. 4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. 1. 5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by emphasizing that the guide is a framework for developing cost-effective community resilience strategies, implying that effectiveness may vary based on community-specific factors. It discusses the need for economic evaluations, costs, benefits, and investment decisions that address the unique conditions of communities, indicating that resilience strategies must be tailored rather than being universally effective.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Bioengineered yeast can produce biofuels from sugars. [SEP] Text: For the cells that were exposed to UV were named accordingly as follows, RKU_seconds of UV exposure_cycle of cultivation in 60% inhibitor cocktail, for instance, RKU90-3 was exposed to UV for 90 seconds and evolved in 60% inhibitor cocktail for three rounds of cultivation. Cells evolved in chemostat were named as follows, KE1_no. of. isolates, for instance, KE1-5 was the 5th isolate of evolution in the chemostat culture. AbbreviationsHMF: 5-hydroxymethyl-2-furaldehyde XR: Xylose reductase XDH: Xylitol dehydrogenase XYL1 and XYL2: Genes encoding for xylose reductase and xylitol dehydrogenase, respectively ADH: Aldehyde dehydrogenase PGK: Phosphoglycerate kinase HPLC: High performance liquid chromatography HPAEC: High performance anion exchange chromatography UV: Ultraviolet YPD: Yeast peptone dextrose YPD75: YP-hydrolysate: agar plates with inhibitors and spruce hydrolysate, respectively. 485. 10. 1111/j. 1469-8137. 2008. 02422. x755. 10. 1007/s002530051586487. 10. 1016/S0167-7799(99)01384-026. 10. 1007/s00253-004-1642-215. 11. 10. 1016/S0960-8524(01)00212-74665. 10. 1021/ie970083133. CAS 349. 10. 1002/jctb. 1676318. 10. 1016/0141-0229(88)90135-4159. CAS 55. 10. 1002/(SICI)1097-0290(19990405)63:1<46::AID-BIT5>3. 0. CO;2-J632. 103. 560. 10. 1021/bp00029a017320. 10. 1006/jtbi. 1995. 00641773. 10. 1016/j. biortech. 2006. 07. 021460. 10. 1385/ABAB:121:1-3:0451395. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address or provide any information regarding bioengineered yeast or its ability to produce biofuels from sugars. Instead, it includes various abbreviations and details related to UV exposure and cultivation processes without mentioning biofuels or sugars.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Vaccines help in preventing the spread of infectious diseases. [SEP] Text: Skansberg 2021 summarized the available clinical trial and post‐introduction evidence for the newer vaccines Rotasiil, Rotavac, and Rotavin, and concluded that all three vaccines had demonstrated safety and efficacy against rotavirus diarrhoea. Lu 2019 assessed the risk of intussusception in RCTs of Rotarix, RotaTeq, Rotasiil, Rotavac, and RV3‐BB and found that the vaccines were not associated with an elevated risk of intussusception among neonates or infants. The findings of these systematic reviews agree with the findings of our review, although the scope of these reviews was narrower; they reviewed efficacy or safety only, or were limited to a specific geographical region, or reviewed only one of the vaccines. Consequently, we included more trials in our review. Finally, the major findings of this review update, including new evidence from five trials of Rotasiil, are not significantly different from the previous Soares‐Weiser 2019 review. Relationship to current policies The data in this review support the WHO's Group of Experts (SAGE) on Immunization’s recommendation for "the inclusion of rotavirus vaccination of infants into all national immunization programmes" with a stronger recommendation for countries where "diarrhoeal deaths account for ≥ 10% of mortality among children aged < 5 years" (SAGE 2009; WHO 2020). Figures and Tables - Figure 1 A simplified diagram of the location of rotavirus structural proteins (source: Graham Cohn, Wikipedia (public domain image)): Rotaviruses are segmented, double‐stranded RNA viruses. The mature, triple‐layered virus p1. 1 Comparison 1: Rotarix versus placebo, Outcome 1: Rotavirus diarrhoea: severe (up to 1 year follow‐up) Using systematic reviews (free)Navigate to figure in ReviewPrint figureOpen in new tab Figures and Tables - Analysis 1. 2 Comparison 1: Rotarix versus placebo, Outcome 2: Rotavirus diarrhoea: severe (2nd year of life) Using systematic reviews (free)Navigate to figure in ReviewPrint figureOpen in new tab Figures and Tables - Analysis 1. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing clinical trials and systematic reviews that demonstrate the safety and efficacy of rotavirus vaccines, which prevent severe outcomes such as rotavirus diarrhoea. The mention of the WHO's recommendation for rotavirus vaccination as part of national immunization programmes supports the claim that vaccines contribute to preventing infectious diseases, particularly in vulnerable populations.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Climate resilience strategies are universally effective, regardless of location. [SEP] Text: Chiara Trabacchi5 & Martin Stadelmann5 1333 Accesses AbstractPublic finance for adaptation measures in developing countries falls short of the investment needed to build climate resilience in a world on a 4 °C warming trajectory. It is unlikely to meet these needs on its own. Private finance is an essential complement to set these countries on climate-resilient development pathways. This study investigates the levers that international public finance can use to involve domestic private actors in the financing and implementation of adaptation efforts. To this end, it takes a case study approach examining a project selected from the portfolio of the for Climate Resilience-backed and run by the Corporation in the agricultural sector of Nepal. To assess private actors’ interest in building climate resilience, barriers to private investment in adaptation measures and how the PPCR project addresses these barriers, the authors conducted semi-structured interviews with project stakeholders, financial modelling, risk assessment and a cost-benefit analysis. The study identified four key elements of the project strategy that helped to involve and raise the interest of Nepalese private actors in the project: (i) early involvement in project design supported by consultations and in-depth analyses of the country’s agricultural sector and related climate change risk; (ii) tailored capacity building measures to build a private delivery model for adaptation; (iii) innovative financing mechanisms to tackle risks and get local financiers on board (iv) a supply-chain approach to leverage the alignment of interest between buyers and suppliers of agricultural products and build the “business case” beyond the project’s life. This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access. Access this 34. 9910 units per month Download 29. 95 Price excludes VAT (USA) Available as PDF Read on any device Instant download Own it forever Buy 84. 99 Price excludes VAT (USA) Available as EPUB and PDF Read on any device Instant download Own it forever Buy e109. 99 Price excludes VAT (USA) Compact, lightweight edition Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days Free shipping worldwide - see info 109. 99 Price excludes VAT (USA) Durable hardcover edition Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days Free shipping worldwide - see info calculation will be finalised at checkout Purchases are for personal use only Institutional subscriptions Similar content being viewed by others for Adaptation: Facility (NCF) as a 1. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by outlining the specific challenges faced by developing countries, such as Nepal, in building climate resilience. It highlights the importance of tailored strategies and private financing in each unique context, suggesting that a one-size-fits-all approach is not applicable. Additionally, it emphasizes barriers to private investment and the need for local adaptation measures, indicating that climate resilience strategies may not be universally effective.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Bioengineered yeast can produce biofuels from sugars. [SEP] Text: Butanol production from lignocellulosic sugars by Clostridium beijerinckii in microbioreactors access Published: 30 January 2021 Butanol production from lignocellulosic sugars by Clostridium beijerinckii in microbioreactors : orcid. org/0000-0002-8176-67581,2, Kristin F. Degnes3, Sidsel Markussen3, Alexander Wentzel3 & …Håvard Sletta3 Show authors Biotechnology for Biofuels 29. 2 MJ/l compared to that of ethanol (19. 6 MJ/l) and methanol (16 MJ/l), and a lower heat of vaporization (0. 43 MJ/kg) than that of ethanol (0. 92 MJ/kg) and methanol (1. 2 MJ/kg) which provides an easier engine start [3]. Moreover, butanol run engines have lesser ignition problems due to a lower autoignition temperature of 385 °C compared to 434 °C and 470 °C for ethanol and methanol, respectively [3, 4]. In addition, diesel engines can run on pure butanol or diesel blends without any modifications and apparent damage [5]. Based on a recent report from Reuters (April 2019), the butanol market will register a 3. 5% CAGR (compound annual growth rate) in terms of revenue over the next 5 years (2019–2024), and the global market size will reach US$ 7. 7 billion by 2024, from US$ 6. 4 billion in 2019 [6]. The majority of butanol is produced via petrochemical reaction; the propylene hydroformylation, also known as oxo route [7, 8], creating a close link to the propylene market, thus to the price of crude oil [8]. Therefore, butanol production via the petrochemical route is not favorable due to environmental concerns as mentioned above, creating a greater interest in fermentative butanol production. Despite these driving factors, fermentative butanol production still faces multiple challenges such as feedstock availability, costly product recovery, and low product yield as discussed thoroughly in our literature review 34. 2–46. 4% glucose, 4. 9–24. 9% xylose, 1. 1–2. 9% arabinose, 0. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not mention bioengineered yeast or its ability to produce biofuels from sugars; instead, it discusses butanol production from lignocellulosic sugars using Clostridium beijerinckii. Therefore, it is irrelevant to the claim regarding bioengineered yeast.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Vaccines help in preventing the spread of infectious diseases. [SEP] Text: 16 Comparison 4: Rotavac versus placebo, Outcome 16: Subgroup analysis: severe cases of rotavirus diarrhoea by G and P types (up to 1 year follow‐up) Using systematic reviews (free)Navigate to figure in ReviewPrint figureOpen in new tab Figures and Tables - Analysis 4. 17 Comparison 4: Rotavac versus placebo, Outcome 17: Subgroup analysis: severe cases of rotavirus diarrhoea by G and P types (up to 2 years follow‐up) Using systematic reviews (free)Navigate to figure in ReviewPrint figureOpen in new tab Summary of findings 1. Rotarix compared with placebo for preventing rotavirus diarrhoea in low‐mortality countries Patient or population: childrenSetting: low‐mortality countriesIntervention: Rotarix, 2 dosesComparison: placebo comparative risks* (95% CI) Relative effect(95% CI) Number of participants(studies) Certainty of the evidence(GRADE) risk Corresponding risk Severe cases of rotavirus diarrhoeaFollow‐up: up to 1 year 13 per 1000 1 per 1000(0 to 2) RR 0. 07(0. 03 to 0. 18) 14,976(4 RCTs) ⊕⊕⊕⊕high Rotarix reduces severe rotavirus diarrhoea compared with placebo at up to one‐year follow‐up. Severe cases of rotavirus diarrhoeaFollow‐up: up to 2 years 29 per 1000 3 per 1000(2 to 4) RR 0. 10(0. 07 to 0. 14) 18,145(6 RCTs) ⊕⊕⊕⊕high Rotarix reduces severe rotavirus diarrhoea compared with placebo at up to two years follow‐up. Severe cases of all‐cause diarrhoeaFollow‐up: up to 1 year 94 per 1000 45 per 1000 (35 to 58) RR 0. 48(0. 37 to 0. 61) 3874(1 RCT) ⊕⊕⊕⊝moderatea due to reporting bias Rotarix probably reduces severe all‐cause diarrhoea compared with placebo at up to one‐year follow‐up. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text provides evidence supporting the claim by summarizing findings from studies showing that the vaccine Rotarix significantly reduces severe cases of rotavirus diarrhea compared to a placebo. Specifically, it states that Rotarix reduces the risk of severe rotavirus diarrhea in children across multiple timeframes, indicating its effectiveness in preventing the spread of this infectious disease.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Climate resilience strategies are universally effective, regardless of location. [SEP] Text: The PPCR is a target program of the multi-donor Funds (CIF) aimed at supporting highly vulnerable countries to integrate climate risk and resilience into development planning and implementation (CIF 2009). 2. and Stadelmann (2013) or the CIF website ( for details on the Nepalese SPCR. 3. Terai contributes about 56 % of the country’s annual cereal production according to Regmi (2007). 4. The project also envisaged the involvement of an Indian irrigation technology provider with the aim of promoting access to, and adoption of, water-efficient irrigation technologies in the Nepalese agricultural sector. However, we did not analyze its role in detail, as at the time of writing its involvement was not yet secured. 5. The project adopts a so called ‘trainers of trainers’ approach i. e. 15 experts will strengthen companies’ technical teams as well as dealers and vets skills, and/or embed new expertise in these companies. In turn, trained staff will then provide training to lead farmers (from individuals to farmers’ cooperatives), who are then expected to train other farmers through demonstration and replication of practices. The set-up of demonstration plots within these companies will serve as learning-by-doing grounds for the farmers trained under the project, but also for others in surrounding areas. 6. The project developer and implementer IFC has already applied this approach in the context of ‘business-as-usual’ agricultural development (see e. g. IFC 2012a, b, 2013a). 7. These calculation are based on the following assumptions: sugarcane crushing capacity of 3,000 tonnes per day, plant used at about 75–80 % of their capacity (Golchha 2013), and running 150 days a year (Sugaronline 2013); sugarcane purchases being responsible for 75 % of overall sugar production costs; a net profit margin of 6 % (see 54. 4 per tonne of sugarcane (Ekantipur 2013, exchange rate from Oanda 2013). 8. The sugar processing company was chosen for the financial model because of two main reasons: it reaches most farmers out of the selected companies, and it has direct relationships to farmers, so there is less uncertainty in the calculations. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by detailing a specific climate resilience program (PPCR) aimed at highly vulnerable countries, indicating that the effectiveness of climate resilience strategies may vary by context. The focus on particular regions and methods suggests that a universal approach might not be applicable, as the program supports the integration of climate risk into local development planning rather than assuming that a single solution would work universally.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Bioengineered yeast can produce biofuels from sugars. [SEP] Text: 3–12% mannose, and 11. 9–29. 4% lignin as reported in literature [10]. Therefore, hydrolysis of lignocellulosic polysaccharides yields a mixture of C5 and C6 sugars, which can be fermented to butanol typically by bacteria of the genus Clostridium. Current methodologies still mainly focus the fermentation of glucose while discarding the rest of the feedstock or using it as a source of process energy. However, the complete exploitation of all the sugars, particularly the major C5 sugar xylose bound in lignocellulosic biomass can contribute to solving the low yield challenge that is one of the main issues related to fermentative butanol production. The cells’ efficiency at metabolizing different sugars in mixed form tends to be limited by a phenomenon called Repression (CCR). CCR reduces or prevents the utilization of C5 sugars in the presence of a preferred carbon source such as the C6 sugar glucose [11]. In our previous work, we investigated the effects of CCR on the utilization of lignocellulosic sugars in mixed form [12], modeled the cell growth on mixed sugars in a follow-up study [13] and in a later study, extended the model with sugar consumption and butanol production [14]. In the present study, we performed lignocellulosic sugar fermentations in microbioreactors and compared them to similar cultures in serum flasks for validating our previous findings, as an important step in paving the way for a more efficient, systematic bioprocess development in second generation butanol production. Systematic bioprocess development involving strain cultivation, optimization, and testing is often needed to increase yield and productivity. These efforts require screening of strains, medium compositions, and operating conditions, which are traditionally carried out in shake flasks or microtiter plates. However, these methods have some downsides, such as the lack of online monitoring and control [15] as well as automation requirement for easy handling of increased number of experiments [16]. Microbioreactor technology can eliminate some of these drawbacks by offering easy handling, online monitoring of key parameters and control capability, in addition to the possibility to run multiple cultures in parallel. Disposable and miniaturized versions of bench-scale bioreactors are today available for performing fermentation experiments. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not provide direct evidence or support for the claim that bioengineered yeast can produce biofuels from sugars. Instead, it discusses the fermentation processes involving various sugars and the challenges associated with utilizing these sugars for butanol production, primarily focusing on methods and technological aspects rather than the role of yeast.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Vaccines help in preventing the spread of infectious diseases. [SEP] Text: Moderate certainty: further research is likely to have an important impact on our confidence in the estimate of effect and may change the estimate. Low certainty: further research is very likely to have an important impact on our confidence in the estimate of effect and is likely to change the estimate. Very low certainty: we are very uncertain about the estimate. aDowngraded by one level for risk of selective reporting bias. Only one of the four studies reporting on severe rotavirus diarrhoea provided data for this outcome. bDowngraded by one level for risk of selective reporting bias. Only three of the six studies reporting on severe rotavirus diarrhoea provided data for this outcome. cDowngraded by two levels for serious imprecision. These trials were not powered to detect an effect on mortality. dDowngraded by two levels for serious imprecision: very few events with wide 95% CIs that included no effect. Figures and Tables - Summary of findings 1. Rotarix compared with placebo for preventing rotavirus diarrhoea in low‐mortality countries Navigate to table in of findings 2. Rotarix compared with placebo for preventing rotavirus diarrhoea in medium‐mortality countries Patient or population: childrenSetting: medium‐mortality countriesIntervention: Rotarix, 2 dosesComparison: placebo comparative risks* (95% CI) Relative effect(95% CI) Number of participants(studies) Certainty of the evidence(GRADE) risk Corresponding risk Severe cases of rotavirus diarrhoeaFollow‐up: up to 1 year 13 per 1000 3 per 1000(2 to 4) RR 0. 21(0. 16 to 0. 29) 31,671(4 RCTs) ⊕⊕⊕⊕high Rotarix reduces severe rotavirus diarrhoea compared with placebo at up to one‐year follow‐up. Severe cases of rotavirus diarrhoeaFollow‐up: up to 2 years 25 per 1000 6 per 1000(4 to 7) RR 0. 23(0. 17 to 0. 29) 23,834 (3 RCTs) ⊕⊕⊕⊕high Rotarix reduces severe rotavirus diarrhoea compared with placebo at up to two years follow‐up. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by indicating that 'Rotarix reduces severe rotavirus diarrhoea compared with placebo,' which supports the assertion that vaccines play a role in preventing infectious diseases. This is evidenced by high certainty in the effectiveness of Rotarix in reducing the incidence of severe rotavirus diarrhoea in children.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Climate resilience strategies are universally effective, regardless of location. [SEP] Text: The results for other agribusiness companies (rice, maize) may be different, there are both theoretical arguments for lower performance (less direct channel for training) and or higher performance (higher motivation to improve relationship), see Box 3 Trabacchi and Stadelmann (2013) for details. 9. These benefits also accrued to a sugar company (DSCL) who was involved in a similar IFC project in India (but not this project in Nepal), as highlighted during an interview with the company’s management (DSCL 2013). 2012. Manila: Bank. 260. Biagini, B. , & Miller, A. (2013). Engaging the private sector in adaptation to climate change in developing countries: Importance, status, and challenges. Review 252. 2009. At: (CIF). (2011). for Nepal. PPCR/SC. 8/7, Cape Town, South Africa, June 2011. At: (CIF). (2012a). Nepal: Building climate resilient communities through private sector participation. At: (CIF). (2012b). Proposal for additional tools and instruments to enhance private sector investments in the CIF, April 2012. At: SCF_8_Proposal_for_Additional_Tools_and_instruments_for_private_sector. pdf. . (2013). [Cited as DSCL. 2013]. Discussion with Sunil Radhakrishna, Director, conducted 12th June 2013. 2013. Accessed in May 2013. At: (2011). Annual report 2011. Multan:. At: June2011. pdf. Food and of the (FAO). (2013). FAOstat database. Data retrieved in 9th May, 2013, at: Group. (2013). [Cited as Golcha 2013]. Interview with Dunakar Golchha, Executive Director, conducted on 4th July 2013. 2013. Venice, Italy. At: of the Group (IEG). (2009). 1990–2007. Evaluation. Washington, DC. 1. nsf/ProjectDisplay/SPI_DP29228. Corporation (IFC). (2012a). Strengthening critical segments of the poultry supply chain sustainable business advisory – IFC advisory services in South Asia: (IFC). (2012b). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by indicating that the effectiveness of climate resilience strategies can vary significantly based on specific contexts, as demonstrated by the differences in performance between agribusiness companies (like rice and maize) due to various factors such as direct training channels and motivation levels. It suggests that strategies that work in one region, such as the IFC project in India, may not yield the same results in another, like Nepal, highlighting the lack of universality in effectiveness.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Bioengineered yeast can produce biofuels from sugars. [SEP] Text: a 5-G100:X0, b 5-G80:X20, c 5-G60:X40, d 5-G40:X60, e 5-G20:X80, f 5-G0:X100, and g 10-G100:X0, h 10-G80:X20, i 10-G60:X40, j 10-G40:X60, k 10-G20:X80, and l 10-G0:X100. Mean values of the 4 replicas are shown together with error bars representing standard deviation, and the magnified parts of each subplot are placed on top left cornerFull size imageFig. 2pH versus time plots of fermentations done in BioLector® using 5 and 10 g/l total sugar and varied glucose (G)-to-xylose (X) ratios. a 5-G100:X0, b 5-G80:X20, c 5-G60:X40, d 5-G40:X60, e 5-G20:X80, f 5-G0:X100, and g 10-G100:X0, h 10-G80:X20, i 10-G60:X40, j 10-G40:X60, k 10-G20:X80, and l 10-G0:X100. Mean values of the 4 replicas are shown together with error bars representing standard deviationFull size imageFig. 3Dissolved oxygen (%) versus time plots of fermentations done in BioLector® using 5 and 10 g/l total sugar and varied glucose (G)-to-xylose (X) ratios. a 5-G100:X0, b 5-G80:X20, c 5-G60:X40, d 5-G40:X60, e 5-G20:X80, f 5-G0:X100, and g 10-G100:X0, h 10-G80:X20, i 10-G60:X40, j 10-G40:X60, k 10-G20:X80, and l 10-G0:X100. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant (pass) to the claim regarding bioengineered yeast producing biofuels from sugars. It provides a detailed, technical description of experiments regarding sugar ratios and fermentation process metrics without addressing biofuel production or yeast specifically.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Vaccines help in preventing the spread of infectious diseases. [SEP] Text: Severe cases of all‐cause diarrhoeaFollow‐up: up to 1 year 38 per 1000 25 per 1000 (20 to 30) RR 0. 64 (0. 52 to 0. 79) 26,479(2 RCTs) ⊕⊕⊕⊕ high Rotarix reduces severe all‐cause diarrhoea compared with placebo at up to one‐year follow‐up. Severe cases of all‐cause diarrhoeaFollow‐up: up to 2 years 78 per 1000 58 per 1000 (39 to 85) RR 0. 74(0. 50 to 1. 09) 23,317(2 RCTs) ⊕⊕⊝⊝lowa,b due to serious inconsistency Rotarix may reduce severe all‐cause diarrhoea compared with placebo at up to two years follow‐up. Serious inconsistency (I2 = 92%) in the pooled data: RIX Li 2014‐CHN: RR 0. 91 (0. 75 to 1. 09), n = 3148; RIX Ruiz‐Palac 06‐LA/EU: RR 0. 61 (0. 55 to 0. 69), n = 20,169. All‐cause deathFollow‐up: 2 months to 2 years 1 per 1000 2 per 1000(1 to 3) RR 1. 27(0. 89 to 1. 81) 77,043(9 RCTs) ⊕⊕⊕⊝moderatec due to imprecision Rotarix probably results in little to no difference in all‐cause death compared with placebo. All serious adverse eventsFollow‐up: 2 months to 2 years 45 per 1000 38 per 1000(34 to 43) RR 0. 85(0. 76 to 0. 95) 77,069(9 RCTs) ⊕⊕⊕⊕high Rotarix reduces serious adverse events compared with placebo. Serious adverse events: intussusceptionFollow‐up: 2 months to 2 years 1 per 1000 0 per 1000(0 to 1) RR 0. 72 (0. 39 to 1. 32) 75,540(6 RCTs) ⊕⊕⊝⊝lowd due to imprecision Rotarix may result in little to no difference in intussusception compared with placebo. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text provides evidence that the vaccine Rotarix significantly reduces severe all-cause diarrhoea compared with placebo, thus corroborating the claim that vaccines help in preventing the spread of infectious diseases. The results indicate a reduction in instances of severe diarrhoea, which is a significant indicator of infectious disease prevalence.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Climate resilience strategies are universally effective, regardless of location. [SEP] Text: 5 t sugarcane per ha, average over the two targeted districts (Sarlahi, Morang) close to planned sugar mills, from years 2006/2007 to 2011/2012MoAD (2012), (2013)Average farm size0. 83 ha per farmerNPC-WFP-NDRI (2010)Future production changes in the baselineNo change. This assumes that future productivity increases are approximately balanced out by losses due to climate change, which are projected to be 4–8 % in case of sugarcane in Nepal by 2030(2013a), PwC (2012) for changes in crops productivity% of additional production sup- plied to training sugar company100 %. This is likely because there is only one mill per district, and transporting sugarcane is very expensive, given the substantial weight of sugarcane (sugar only weighs around 10 % of the raw material, see Fatima 2011; Mirpurkhas 2012; Mehran 2012) and the low quality of roads in rural Nepal (2009). No sugarcane has been exported from Nepal to India in the last 10 years (FAO 2013), even when the border to India is very close for most sugarcane production areasBased on, Fatima (2011), Mirpurkhas (2012), Mehran (2012), (2009), FAO (2013)IFC (2013a), PwC (2012), Nimbus (2013a)In-kind and cash contribution of/costs for agribusiness companiesLower estimate: USD 32,000, assuming, two additional employees over 2 years with a wage of USD 8000 per year. Does not include costs related to facilities and demonstration plots. Trainers employed are assumed to be paid by IFC. Higher estimate: USD 95,000, recent IFC (2013b) estimation for 2-year pilot periodWage and number of employees: Nimbus (2013b); Duration of the project: IFC (2012a, 2013c)Annual inflation (USD)All calculations were conducted with constant 2013 USD. For transformation to 2013 USD, annual inflation of 2. 3 % assumed (average of years 2003–2012), using data from OECD (2013)OECD (2013) 1. 2 10. 1007/978-3-319-40773-9_12Download citation. RIS. ENW. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text provides specific data regarding sugarcane production in Nepal, indicating projected losses in productivity due to climate change. It notes that future productivity increases could be offset by climate impacts projected at 4–8% by 2030. This implies that climate resilience strategies may not be universally effective, as outcomes can significantly vary based on local conditions and challenges, such as climate impacts and infrastructure limitations.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Bioengineered yeast can produce biofuels from sugars. [SEP] Text: Mean values of the 4 replicas are shown together with error bars representing standard deviationFull size imageRight after inoculation, we observed a lag phase of approximately 1. 5 h and 1 h for cultures containing 5 and 10 g/l total sugar, respectively (Fig. 1), likely due to the adaptation of the cells to their new environment [19]. After the lag phase, exponential growth was observed for several hours, after which a phase of continuously decreasing growth rate occurred until stationary phase was reached. The pH of the fermentation broth (Fig. 2) decreased due to the production of acetic acid and butyric acid during the exponential growth phase [20]. pH subsequently increased again during the phase of decreasing growth rate as the produced acids were re-assimilated to form solvents. The experiments under anaerobic conditions were repeated under same conditions and they all exhibited increasing DO levels as the growth proceeded. The start of the experiments was successful in terms of achieving anaerobic conditions in all runs; however, an increase of DO was observed during the experiments (Fig. 3). Standard deviations were considerably smaller during lag and exponential growth phases compared to the rest of the fermentation for both cell mass and pH values while there was no apparent correlation with time for DO. Correlation of cell mass and dissolved oxygen in BioLector® microbioreactor fermentationsKendall’s tau correlation coefficient was used to determine the correlations between cell mass (scattering light) and DO (%) because it is able predict nonlinear relationships [21] and robust in presence of outliers in data [22]. The correlations are shown in Fig. 4 for all experiments. Fig. 4Correlations between cell mass and dissolved oxygen for fermentations done in BioLector®Full size imageThe coefficient has a value between + 1 and − 1, where 1 is total positive correlation, 0 is no correlation, and − 1 is total negative correlation. When the absolute value of the correlation coefficient is smaller than 0. 35, the correlation is considered to be weak; for values between 0. 36 and 0. 67, the correlation can be regarded as moderate; a correlation is strong for coefficient values greater than 0. 68 [23]. As can be seen in Fig. 4, correlations between cell mass and DO were positive and strong for all 12 experiments with no apparent relation with the glucose-to-xylose ratio or total sugar concentration. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim regarding bioengineered yeast producing biofuels from sugars. Instead, it focuses on specific experimental observations related to yeast growth, pH levels, and correlations between cell mass and dissolved oxygen, without mentioning biofuel production or bioengineering.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Vaccines help in preventing the spread of infectious diseases. [SEP] Text: Sensitivity analysis excluding the cluster‐RCT (RIX Zaman 2017‐BGD) that contributed data to this outcome showed no important change in the effect estimate or 95% CI (RR 0. 37, 95% CI 0. 23 to 0. 60, n = 6114, 3 RCTs with 4 comparisons). Severe cases of rotavirus diarrhoeaFollow‐up: up to 2 years 43 per 1000 28 per 1000(22 to 35) RR 0. 65 (0. 51 to 0. 83) 13,768**(3 comparisons from 2 RCTs) ⊕⊕⊕⊝moderatec due to risk of bias Rotarix probably reduces severe rotavirus diarrhoea compared with placebo or no intervention at up to two years follow‐up. Sensitivity analysis excluding the cluster‐RCT (RIX Zaman 2017‐BGD) that contributed data to this outcome showed no important change in the effect estimate or 95% CI (RR 0. 58, 95% CI 0. 42 to 0. 79, n = 2764, 1 RCT with 2 comparisons). Severe cases of all‐cause diarrhoeaFollow‐up: up to 1 year 176 per 1000 129 per 1000(99 to 167) RR 0. 73 (0. 56 to 0. 95) 5639(3 comparisons from 2 RCTs) ⊕⊕⊕⊕highd Rotarix reduces severe all‐cause diarrhoea compared with placebo or no intervention at up to one‐year follow‐up. Severe cases of all‐cause diarrhoeaFollow‐up: up to 2 years 233 per 1000 194 per 1000(168 to 224) RR 0. 83(0. 72 to 0. 96) 2764(2 comparisons from 1 RCT) ⊕⊕⊕⊕high Rotarix reduces severe all‐cause diarrhoea compared with placebo at up to two years follow‐up. All‐cause deathFollow‐up: 2 months to 2 years 20 per 1000 18 per 1000(13 to 25) RR 0. 88 (0. 63 to 1. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by providing evidence that the Rotarix vaccine probably reduces severe rotavirus diarrhoea compared to placebo or no intervention. This indicates that vaccines, like Rotarix, play a role in preventing infectious diseases, specifically in reducing severe cases of rotavirus and potentially limiting the spread of such infectious diseases.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Climate resilience strategies are universally effective, regardless of location. [SEP] Text: EnglishFrançaisEspañol02. BooksSeries (other)Directions in DevelopmentWeather and : through Publication: Weather and : through and. . . Files in PDF (5. 15 MB) 9,214 downloads (489. 57 KB) 393 downloads Date2013-09ISSNPublished2013-09Author(s) Rogers, David P. Tsirkunov, Vladimir V. TweetLikeShareAbstractThe importance of weather, climate, and water1 information is rising because of the need to serve more elaborate societal needs, minimize growing economic losses, and help countries adapt to climate change. Weather, climate, and water affect societies and economies through extreme events, such as tropical cyclones, floods, high winds, storm surges, and prolonged droughts, and through high-impact weather and climate events that affect demand for electricity and production capacity, planting and harvesting dates, management of construction, transportation networks and inventories, and human health. The key players are the (NMHSs), which are the backbone of the global weather and climate enterprise. By international agreement under the auspices of the Organization (WMO), they are the government's authoritative source of weather, climate, and water information, providing timely input to emergency managers, national and local administrations, the public, and critical economic sectors. The report underscores the urgent need to strengthen NMHSs, especially those in developing countries, and provides cost-benefit estimates of the return that countries can hope to achieve. It also offers a recommended approach that has been tested and implemented in Europe, in Central and South Asia, and countries in other regions. The NMHSs make a significant contribution to safety, security, and economic well-being by observing, forecasting, and warning of pending weather, climate, and water threats. Link to Data SetCitation“Rogers, David P. ; Tsirkunov, Vladimir V. . 2013. Weather and : through. Directions in Development--Environment and Sustainable Development;. © Washington, DC: World Bank. License: CC BY 3. 0 IGO. ”URI SeriesReport SeriesDirections in DevelopmentShow moreOther publications in this report seriesPublicationGetting to Work (Washington, DC: World Bank, 2020-03-02) Sethi, Jayati; Solotaroff, Jennifer L. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by emphasizing the varying effectiveness of climate resilience strategies, particularly highlighting that different regions have distinct needs and approaches. It discusses the key role of National Meteorological and Hydrological Services (NMHSs) in delivering information tailored to local contexts, suggesting that a one-size-fits-all strategy is inadequate given the diverse impacts of weather, climate, and water on societies and economies.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Bioengineered yeast can produce biofuels from sugars. [SEP] Text: Figure 5 shows that growth rate (h−1) values were higher for cultures with 10 g/l total sugar. Average growth rate values for cultures containing 5 and 10 g/l were 0. 240 and 0. 302 h−1, respectively. However, the change in growth rate with respect to glucose-to-xylose ratio exhibited the opposite trend for ratios of G100:X0, G80:X20 and G60:X40. Highest and lowest growth rates were 0. 376 and 0. 190 h−1 observed for 10-G100:X0 and 5-G40:X60 cultures. Fig. 5Growth rate (h−1) values during exponential growth for all 12 experiments done in the BioLector® setup were determined from the BioLector® online dataFull size imageComparison of BioLector® microbioreactor and serum flask fermentationsA comparative overview of the results for serum flask and microbioreactor setups is provided in this section. Both glucose and xylose contained in the fermentation medium were utilized entirely in all 12 conditions in serum flasks, while there was some residual xylose in microbioreactor experiments as given in the results above. Butanol concentration (g/l) and butanol yield (g butanol/g sugar) values for all are summarized in Fig. 6. Fig. 6Butanol concentration a and c, and butanol yield b and d values of fermentations done in BioLector® and serum flasks with 5 and 10 g/l total sugar, respectively. Mean values of the 4 replicas are shown together with error bars representing standard deviation for BioLector® resultsFull size imageFigure 6 shows that butanol concentrations and yields were higher for cultures containing 10 g/l total sugar for all 6 different glucose-to-xylose ratios in both setups. For the BioLector®, the average butanol concentration and butanol yield values of 6 experiments with 5 and 10 g/l were 0. 192 and 0. 664 g/l, 0. 043 and 0. 084 g/g, respectively. Both butanol concentrations and yields increased with increasing xylose ratios from 0 to 40, decreased when xylose ratio increased from 40 to 80, and increased again when the ratio was G0:100X for cultures with 5 and 10 g/l total sugar. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text provides detailed descriptions of growth rates and butanol yields in cultures with various sugar concentrations, but it does not explicitly confirm or deny the claim that bioengineered yeast can produce biofuels from sugars. Instead, it focuses on experimental setups and results without directly addressing the claim.