Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Excessive sugar consumption increases the risk of obesity and Type 2 diabetes. [SEP] Text: [ [PMID: 20407058] [37] Bermudez OI, Gao X. Greater consumption of sweetened beverages and added sugars is associated with obesity among US young adults. Metab 2010; 57(3-4): 211-8. [ [PMID: 21088388] [38]. Fruit drink consumption is associated with overweight and obesity in Canadian women. 2012; 103(3): 178-82. [ [PMID: 22905635] [39]. Sugar-sweetened and diet beverages in relation to visceral adipose tissue. Obesity (Silver Spring) 2012; 20(3): 689-91. [ [PMID: 21901024] [40]. Association between commercial and traditional sugar-sweetened beverages and measures of adiposity in Costa Rica. Nutr 2012; 15(8): 1347-54. [ [PMID: 22494394] [41] Jayalath VH, de Souza RJ, Ha V, et al. Sugar-sweetened beverage consumption and incident hypertension: A systematic review and meta-analysis of prospective cohorts. 2015; 102(4): 914-21. [ [PMID: 26269365] [42] és. Sugar-sweetened beverages and risk of metabolic syndrome and type 2 diabetes: A meta-analysis. 2010; 33(11): 2477-83. [ [PMID: 20693348] [43]. Prospective associations between sugar-sweetened beverage intakes and cardiometabolic risk factors in adolescents. 2013; 98(2): 327-34. [ [PMID: 23719557] [44]. Dietary sugars and body weight: Systematic review and meta-analyses of randomised controlled trials and cohort studies. BMJ 2012; 346: e7492. [ [PMID: 23321486] [45]. Metabolic syndrome: Definitions and controversies. BMC Med 2011; 9: 48. [ [PMID: 21542944] [46] Chait A, den Hartigh LJ. Adipose tissue distribution, inflammation and its metabolic consequences, including diabetes and cardiovascular disease. Med 2020; 7: 22. [ [PMID: 32158768] [47]. Etiology of metabolic syndrome and dietary intervention. 2018; 20(1): 128. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by listing multiple studies that support the association between sugar consumption and obesity, as well as Type 2 diabetes. For instance, it references that greater consumption of sweetened beverages is linked to obesity among young adults and notes a meta-analysis suggesting an association between sugar-sweetened beverages and the risk of metabolic syndrome and Type 2 diabetes. These points strengthen the assertion that excessive sugar intake can lead to obesity and diabetes.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Mindfulness meditation is linked to improved focus and academic performance. [SEP] Text: Those four participants were thus not included in data analysis. Stroop task. To assess cognitive abilities, we used a computerized version of the Stroop word-color task [25] implemented in 2015b (). task consists in identifying the font color in which a word is written, without paying attention to the semantic meaning of the word. Two categories of words were displayed on a screen with a black background in four different colors (red, blue, green or yellow): color words (‘rouge’—meaning red-, ‘bleu’ -meaning blue-, ‘vert’ -meaning green-, ‘jaune’ -meaning yellow-) and neutral words (‘jambe’ -meaning leg-, ‘bras’ -meaning arm-, ‘pied’ -meaning foot-, ‘main’ -meaning hand-). This created three conditions: (i) the congruent condition with the font color matching the semantics of the displayed color word (e. g. , the word ‘rouge’ in red), (ii) the incongruent condition with the font color not matching the semantics of the displayed color word (e. g. , the word ‘rouge’ in green), and (iii) the neutral condition with the font color not being related to the semantics of the displayed neutral word (e. g. , the word ‘pied’ in red). Participants were requested to identify the font color of the displayed word by pressing the corresponding key as quickly as possible on a modified keyboard of only four adjacent keys (“R” for rouge -red-, “B” for bleu -blue-, “V” for vert -green-, “J” for jaune -yellow-) using only one finger (always the same) of their dominant hand. The displayed word remained on the screen until the participant pressed a key, and the next word immediately appeared. Seventy-five words were presented in one mixed and randomized block: twenty-five congruent words, twenty-five incongruent words, and twenty-five neutral words. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim regarding mindfulness meditation and its effects on focus and academic performance. Instead, it discusses a Stroop task used to assess cognitive abilities but does not relate this to mindfulness meditation or provide any evidence supporting or contrasting the claim.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Decomposers recycle organic matter, enriching soil fertility. [SEP] Text: 55: 95–105. 10. 1023/A:1009856032418 Web of Science®1987. Assessment of N2 fixation in groundnut (Arachis hypogaea L. ) and cowpea (Vigna unguiculata L. Walp. ) and their relative N contribution to a succeeding maize crop in Northern Ghana. . Appl. Microbiol. Biotech-nol. 3: 389–399. 10. 1007/BF00935697 2001. Synergistic effect of combined application of urea and cowpea residues on maize yields in Southern Bénin. (In press. ) PubMedWeb of Science®1961. Thirty long-term fertilizer experiments under continuous cropping in Ghana. II. Soil studies in relation to the effects of fertilizers and manures on crop yields. Empire J. Exp. Agric. 29: 245–258. CASWeb of Science®1998. Potentials of Millettia thonningii and Pterocarpus santalinoides for alley cropping in humid lowlands of West Africa. Agro-for. Syst. 40: 309–321. 10. 1023/A:1006058427012 Web of Science®1983. Maize. p. 155–180. In W. H. Smith, and S. J. Banta (ed. ) Potential productivity of field crops under different environments. Int. Rice Res. Inst. , Los Banos, Philippines. 1989. Fertilizers and food production. 1961–1986. FAO, Rome, Italy. 1998. Nitrogen mineralization and nitrogen uptake by maize as influenced by light and heavy organic matter fractions. Z. Pflanzenernaehr. Bodenkd. 161: 555–561. 10. 1002/jpln. 1998. 3581610509 CASWeb of Science®1998. Potential benefits from interactions between mineral and organic nutrient sources. p. 155–158. In S. R. Waddington et al. (ed. ) Soil fertility research for maize based farming systems in Malawi and Zimbabwe. . Stn. , Harare, Zimbabwe. 1994. Can biological nitrogen fixation sustain agriculture in the tropics? . p. 173–191. In J. K. Syers, and D. L. Rimmer (ed. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim regarding decomposers. It consists of various citations of studies and publications related to agriculture, soil studies, and interactions of fertilizers without mentioning decomposers or their role in recycling organic matter.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Excessive sugar consumption increases the risk of obesity and Type 2 diabetes. [SEP] Text: [ [PMID: 30602666] [48] Papier K, D’Este C, Bain C, et al. Consumption of sugar-sweetened beverages and type 2 diabetes incidence in Thai adults: Results from an 8-year prospective study. 2017; 7(6): e283. [ [PMID: 28628126] [49] Sugar-sweetened product consumption alters glucose homeostasis compared with dairy product consumption in men and women at risk of type 2 diabetes mellitus. J Nutr 2015; 145(3): 459-66. [ [PMID: 25733460] [50] -Lozada LG, et al. Sugar, uric acid, and the etiology of diabetes and obesity. Diabetes 2013; 62(10): 3307-15. [ [PMID: 24065788] [51] Khitan Z, Kim DH. Fructose: A key factor in the development of metabolic syndrome and hypertension. J 2013; 2013: 682673. [ [PMID: 23762544] [52] Single oral challenge by advanced glycation end products acutely impairs endothelial function in diabetic and nondiabetic subjects. 2007; 30(10): 2579-82. [ [PMID: 17496238] [53] Consumption of sweet beverages and type 2 diabetes incidence in European adults: Results from EPIC-InterAct. Diabetologia 2013; 56(7): 1520-30. [ [PMID: 23620057] [54] Löfvenborg Sweetened beverage intake and risk of latent autoimmune diabetes in adults (LADA) and type 2 diabetes. Endocrinol 2016; 175(6): 605-14. [ [PMID: 27926472] [55] Perez-ánchez-. Excessive fructose intake induces the features of metabolic syndrome in healthy adult men: Role of uric acid in the hypertensive response. Obes 2010; 34(3): 454-61. [ [PMID: 20029377] [56]. Serum uric acid levels were dynamically coupled with hemoglobin A1c in the development of type 2 diabetes. 2016; 6: 28549. [ [PMID: 27328642] [57]. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by referencing multiple studies linking sugar consumption to diabetes and obesity. For instance, it mentions the 'Consumption of sugar-sweetened beverages and type 2 diabetes incidence,' indicating that sugar-sweetened beverages have been studied specifically in relation to type 2 diabetes incidence. Other cited studies underscore the effects of sugar on glucose homeostasis and metabolic syndrome, further supporting the claim about the negative health impacts of excessive sugar intake.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Mindfulness meditation is linked to improved focus and academic performance. [SEP] Text: That mindfulness predicted prosocial behavior but not parochial empathy when controlling for all covariates suggests that empathy may not be a reliable mechanism in intergroup prosociality (but see Berry et al. , 2018). Future research should examine social cognitive mechanisms mutable to mindfulness including social categorization (Pinazo & Breso, 2017), attribution (Tincher et al. , 2016), and implicit attitude bias (Lueke & Gibson, 2015). In designing conflict resolution interventions, researchers should be cognizant of the behaviors and emotions they intend their trainees to emit; in doing so, researchers may wish to design interventions to highlight active ingredients like mindfulness meditation that changes intergroup prosocial behavior, and compassion meditation that reduces parochial empathy. Most importantly, further research is needed to show whether longer-term mindfulness-based and compassion-based interventions impact parochial empathy and prosocial behavior. There is one additional finding in this study that diverged from previous research. Contrary to research upon which this study’s procedure was constructed (Bruneau et al. , 2017), the present results showed that parochial empathy predicted out-group altruism but was not a predictor of support for out-group immigration after accounting for the well-established role of trait empathic concern in prosocial outcomes. One explanation for this result is that participants in this study showed very little parochial empathy, making it less likely that parochial empathy could affect prosocial behavioral outcomes. Eight items measured in-group empathy and 8 items measured out-group empathy (Bruneau et al. , 2017). In past research, parochial empathy has been calculated as in-group empathy score minus out-group empathy score. Greater parochial empathy would be indicated by higher positive values (maximum difference score = eight). Average scores for parochial empathy in the total sample were very close to zero, indicating that participants in this study reported a similar amount of empathy for in-group and out-group members. Another explanation for these results is that the parochial empathy measure in this study measured experience or emotional sharing (i. e. , sharing emotions that are congruent with the target’s emotions) for in-group and out-group members. Past research has shown that mindfulness enhances state empathic concern and that state empathic concern was a significant mediator between mindfulness and prosocial behavior toward ostracized strangers (Berry et al. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text discusses the implications of mindfulness on prosocial behavior and empathy but does not directly address the claim regarding improved focus or academic performance. The mention of mindfulness's role in empathy does not specifically corroborate or contrast with the claim about focus and academic outcomes.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Decomposers recycle organic matter, enriching soil fertility. [SEP] Text: ) Soil science and sustainable land management in the tropics. . Web of Science®1993. Nitrogen dynamics of tropical agroforestry and annual cropping systems. Soil Biol. Biochem. 25: 1363–1378. 10. 1016/0038-0717(93)90051-C CASWeb of Science®1998. Farm-level assessment of the nutrient balance in northern Nigeria. Agric. Ecosyst. Environ. 71: 201–214. 10. 1016/S0167-8809(98)00141-8 CASWeb of Science®1989. Potential agronomic value of calcium in some phosphate rocks from. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. 53: 459–462. 10. 2136/sssaj1989. 03615995005300020025x Web of Science®1994. Rotation of maize with cowpea improves yield and nutrient use of maize compared to maize monocropping in an alfisol in the northern of Ghana. Plant Soil. 160: 171–183. 10. 1007/BF00010143 CASWeb of Science®2000. Symbiotic nitrogen fixation response of mucuna affected by rhizobial inoculation in farmers' fields in the derived savanna of Benin. Biol. Fertil. Soils. 30: 558–565. 10. 1007/s003740050036 CASWeb of Science®1990. Effect of five years of no-tillage and mulch on soil properties and tuber yield of cassava on an acid ultisol in south-eastern Nigeria. Exp. Agric. 26: 235–240. 10. 1017/S001447970001824X Web of Science®1985. Effect of tillage system and mulch on soil properties and growth of yam (Dioscorea rotundata) and cocoyam (Xanthosoma sagittifolium) on an Ultisol. J. Root Crops. 11: 9–22. 1992. Sustainable food production in sub-Saharan Africa: 1. IITA's contributions. . 1985. Interactions between fertilizer nitrogen and soil nitrogen - the so-called ‘priming’ effect. J. Soil Sci. 36: 425–444. 10. 1111/j. 1365-2389. 1985. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not present any relevant information regarding decomposers or their role in recycling organic matter to enrich soil fertility. Instead, it lists various studies related to soil science and agricultural practices without discussing the function of decomposers.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Excessive sugar consumption increases the risk of obesity and Type 2 diabetes. [SEP] Text: Dietary sugars and cardiometabolic risk: Systematic review and meta-analyses of randomized controlled trials of the effects on blood pressure and lipids. 2014; 100(1): 65-79. [ [PMID: 24808490] [58] Consuming fructose-sweetened, not glucose-sweetened, beverages increases visceral adiposity and lipids and decreases insulin sensitivity in overweight/obese humans. J 2009; 119(5): 1322-34. [ [PMID: 19381015] [59]. Glycemic load, glycemic index, and carbohydrate intake in relation to risk of cholecystectomy in women. Gastroenterology 2005; 129(1): 105-12. [ [PMID: 16012940] [60] Becerra-Tomás N, Paz-Graniel I, Tresserra-Rimbau A, et al. Fruit consumption and cardiometabolic risk in the -plus study: A cross-sectional analysis. 2021; 31(6): 1702-13. [ [PMID: 33838995] [61]. Fructose metabolism in humans - what isotopic tracer studies tell us. (Lond) 2012; 9(1): 89. [ [PMID: 23031075] [62] Tappy L, Lê KA. Metabolic effects of fructose and the worldwide increase in obesity. 2010; 90(1): 23-46. [ [PMID: 20086073] [63] Association between dietary patterns and plasma biomarkers of obesity and cardiovascular disease risk. 2001; 73(1): 61-7. [ [PMID: 11124751] [64]. Diet soda intake and risk of incident metabolic syndrome and type 2 diabetes in the Multi-of Atherosclerosis (MESA). 2009; 32(4): 688-94. [ [PMID: 19151203] [65] Contribution of minimally processed and ultra-processed foods to the cardiometabolic risk of Brazilian young adults: A cross-sectional study. 2021; 38(2): 328-36. [PMID: 33586992] [66]. Erratum: Consumption of whole grains and cereal fiber and total and cause-specific mortality: Prospective analysis of 367,442 individuals. BMC Med 2015; 13: 85. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text supports the claim by discussing how consuming fructose-sweetened beverages increases visceral adiposity and reduces insulin sensitivity in overweight or obese individuals, which aligns with the assertion that excessive sugar consumption is linked to obesity and Type 2 diabetes.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Research suggests mindfulness can enhance emotional regulation in students. [SEP] Text: Calear & Christensen, 2010; Felver et al. , 2016). However, the theoretical assumptions that underpin these approaches may lead to differences in several applied factors in a school setting such as the problem-focus of the intervention, appropriate participant group or the allocation of time and financial resources. Understanding these differences can help schools to make an informed choice regarding relevant programmes. In a comprehensive review of school-based interventions, Klingbeil et al. (2017) recognised the need for a comparison between well-established interventions to establish the effects of these differences in theory and application. An important consideration when exploring the effects of school-based interventions is the age and cognitive ability of the participants (Porter et al. , 2022). Significant neurological changes in both the limbic system (the emotion centre of the brain) and the pre-frontal cortex occur during the pre-adolescent period, from around 7–8 to 11–12 years (Bunge et al. , 2002; Urbain et al. , 2017). At this stage in brain development, executive functions such as goal-setting, inhibiting impulses and cognitive flexibility are still in the process of maturation (Ridderinkhof et al. , 1999) and the application of controlled regulation strategies makes additional demands on cognitive capacity (Best et al. , 2009; Grave & Blissett, 2004). Cognitive ability could differentially impact the efficacy of CBIs and MBIs with CBIs often emphasising controlled regulation and application of executive functions to control and change behaviour (Daunic et al. , 2006; Diamond, 2013). This contrasts with MBIs where there is a focus on the application of executive functions to help create a pause between the response to emotional stimuli and the appraisal of that stimuli, which reduces the necessity for controlled regulation strategies (Farb et al. , 2013; Hölzel et al. , 2011; Vago & Silbersweig, 2012). However, the level and focus of awareness that MBIs require could prove challenging for some children, especially those under the age of 7 years (Maynard et al. , 2017). Although a review of school-based depression and anxiety prevention programmes for 5–19 year olds, where 84% of the interventions were CBIs, found no effect of age (Werner-Seidler et al. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts with the claim by discussing the differences between Cognitive Behavioral Interventions (CBIs) and Mindfulness-Based Interventions (MBIs) in terms of emotional regulation strategies. It indicates that MBIs focus on creating a pause between emotional responses and appraisals, which may reduce reliance on controlled regulation strategies. However, it also states that these awareness levels required by MBIs could be challenging for younger children, which implies potential limitations in effectively enhancing emotional regulation in all student populations.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Decomposers recycle organic matter, enriching soil fertility. [SEP] Text: tb00348. x CASWeb of Science®1975. Soil of the Savanna. . 1995. Acidification of a kaolinitic Alfisol under continuous cropping with nitrogen fertilization in West Africa. Plant Soil. 171: 245–253. 10. 1007/BF00010278 CASWeb of Science®1999. Longterm alley cropping with four hedgerow species on an Alfisol in southwestern Nigeria—Effect on crop performance, soil chemical properties and nematode population. Nutr. Cycl. Agroecosyst. 54: 145–155. 10. 1023/A:1009757830508 Web of Science®1995. Alley cropping maize with Leucaena leucocephala. Tree Res. Rep. 13: 72–74. 1985. Alley cropping sequentially cropped maize and cowpea with leucaena on a sandy soil in Southern Nigeria. Plant Soil. 85: 267–277. 10. 1007/BF02139631 CASWeb of Science®1976. Sulfur response of maize in Western Nigeria. Agron. J. 68: 333–336. 10. 2134/agronj1976. 00021962006800020032x CASWeb of Science®2001. Sustaining soil fertility in in the face of rapidly increasing pressure for agricultural intensification. p. 1–22. In G. Tian et al. (ed. ) Sustaining soil fertility in West Africa. SSSA Spec. Publ. 58. SSSA and. 1998. Screening of exotic and local tree species for soil fertility maintenance for sustainable maize production in northern Ghana. p. 311–316. In G. Renard et al. (ed. ) Soil fertility management in land use systems. Margraf Verlag, Weikersheim, Germany. 1994. Priority setting in research for sustainable land use: the case of the Adja Plateau, Benin. Agrofor. Syst. 26: 101–122. 10. 1007/BF00707009 Web of Science®1996. Agro-ecological on-farm evaluation of selected technologies to improve soil fertility in southern Benin. p. 381–409. Farming in West-Africa. 1994–1996. Univ. of Hohenheim, Hohenheim, Germany. 1998. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim regarding decomposers recycling organic matter and enriching soil fertility. Instead, it lists various studies and publications related to soil and agricultural practices in various regions without providing any specific information about decomposers or their role in soil fertility.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Excessive sugar consumption increases the risk of obesity and Type 2 diabetes. [SEP] Text: 2020; 21(1): 17-33. [ [PMID: 31808043] [77] -. Associations between fasting duration, timing of first and last meal, and cardiometabolic endpoints in the national health and nutrition examination survey. Nutrients 2021; 13(8): 2686. [ [PMID: 34444846] & :Pattern among Individuals: A Volume: 19 Issue: 1 Author(s): Chiang, Azrina Azlan*Barakatun-Yusof Affiliation: Department of Nutrition, Faculty of Medicine and : Noncommunicable diseases, cardiometabolic risk factors, metabolic syndrome, dietary sugar, sugar-sweetened beverages, adult. Abstract: Background: The global prevalence of noncommunicable diseases has risen rapidly over the past decade. Research has focused on dietary management, particularly dietary sugar, to prevent and treat noncommunicable diseases. Objective: This study undertakes a scoping review of research on the impacts of dietary sugar on cardiometabolic related health outcomes. Methods: Ovid Medline, Scopus and Web of collection databases were used to identify papers published from January 1, 2010 onwards. The included studies had to be cross-sectional or cohort studies, peered review, published in English and in adults, aged 18 years old and above. 10. 2174/1573399818666220324095435 DOI Print ISSN1573-3998 1875-6417 this journal Call for Papers in Submission closes on : 05 November, 2024 Wound Healing: Mechanisms and recent years, diabetic wounds have become a global health concern with an increase in the incidence of diabetes. Diabetic wounds are a kind of chronic and refractory ulcer. It is generally due to microcirculatory disturbances and reduced levels of endogenous growth factors. Delayed cutaneous wound healing is a chronic. . . read more Guest Editor(s): Dr. Submission closes on : 30 November, 2024 Oxidative and in the Development of Complications Diabetes, along with its associated secondary complications, represents a significant global health challenge, contributing significantly to morbidity and mortality. Unhealthy lifestyle habits, reduced physical activity, environmental pollutants, and stress are pivotal factors in the onset of diabetes, particularly type-2 diabetes. Poorly managed hyperglycemia can lead to various complications, including neuropathy,. . . read more Guest Editor(s): Dr. Kota V. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the global prevalence of noncommunicable diseases and the research focus on dietary sugar to prevent and treat these diseases, including those related to obesity and Type 2 diabetes. It highlights that unhealthy lifestyle habits, including dietary sugar intake, are pivotal in the onset of diabetes, particularly Type 2 diabetes. This supports the idea that excessive sugar consumption is a risk factor for these health issues.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Research suggests mindfulness can enhance emotional regulation in students. [SEP] Text: Emotional modulation outcomes, such as anxiety and depression, have been shown to have small but significant reductions following both school-based CBIs (Caldwell et al. , 2019; Calear & Christensen, 2010; Dray et al. , 2017; Mackenzie & Williams, 2018; Werner-Seidler et al. , 2017) and MBIs (Dunning et al. , 2019; Klingbeil et al. , 2017; Zoogman et al. , 2014), though in the latter the effect was greater in the clinical population groups than in general classroom based groups. Other reviews have found no effect of MBIs in these outcomes (Ruiz-Íñiguez et al. , 2019; Zenner et al. , 2014). Regarding expression-based emotion regulation measures, CBIs have been shown to reduce anti-social and improve pro-social expressive behaviours (Dray, et al. , 2017) but may not be effective in reducing negative expressive behaviours in pre-adolescent populations (Dray et al. , 2017; Mackenzie & Williams, 2018). Although MBIs have been found not to significantly impact behaviour in school settings (Maynard et al. , 2017), the positive effects of MBIs on negative behaviours have been shown in reviews by Klingbeil et al. (2017) and Dunning et al. (2019). However, it should be noted that both these reviews cover a broad age range of participants, from 3 to 17 years and 4 to 17 years, respectively. Collectively, the findings from previous reviews, in terms of the impact of MBIs and CBIs in the areas of emotional awareness, modulation and expression, demonstrate the lack of consistency in reporting and an inability to draw any clear conclusion on the effectiveness of interventions for aged groups of particular development stages such as 7–12-year-olds. Due to the inconsistent evidence, researchers have urged caution in the adoption of both CBIs (Caldwell et al. , 2019) and MBIs (Carsley et al. , 2017; Maynard et al. , 2017) as a method of addressing emotion-related well-being. However, it is often the broad range of outcomes, participant age ranges and intervention types in each review which may be contributing to the lack of clarity; therefore, more focused research is needed to inform future practice in this area. Although comparison of interventions has been conducted (e. g. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by presenting a complex discussion of emotional regulation interventions, specifically mentioning mindfulness-based interventions (MBIs) and cognitive-behavioral interventions (CBIs). It notes that the positive effects of MBIs on emotional outcomes, such as anxiety and depression, have shown small but significant reductions, indicating a lack of strong support for the claim. Additionally, the text emphasizes the inconsistency of findings across various studies and suggests that researchers have urged caution in adopting these interventions, hence challenging the assertion that mindfulness definitively enhances emotional regulation in students.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Decomposers recycle organic matter, enriching soil fertility. [SEP] Text: Combined effects of NPK and three different types of mulch on maize production in southern Benin. p. 287–291. In G. Renard et al. (ed. ) Soil fertility management in land use systems. Margraf Verlag, Weikersheim, Germany. 2001. Fertilizer use and definition of farmer domains for impact-oriented research in the Savanna of Nigeria. Nutr. Cycl. Agroecosyst. 2001. Soil organic matter and soil fertility. p. 69–89. In G. Tian et al. (ed. ) Sustaining soil fertility in West Africa. SSSA Spec. Publ. 58. SSSA and. 1986. Management of nitrogen fertilizers for tropical African soils. p. 117–172. In P. L. G. Vlek, and A. U. Mokwunye (ed. ) Management of nitrogen and phosphorus fertilizers in sub-Saharan Africa. Publ. , Dordrecht, the Netherlands. 10. 1007/978-94-009-4398-8_6 1998. The potential of integrating forage legumes into the fallow management of crop-livestock farming systems in subhumid West Africa. Univ. of Hohenheim, Hohenheim, Germany. 1996. Low use of fertilizers and low productivity in sub-Saharan Africa. Nutr. Cycl. Agroecosyst. 47: 135–147. 10. 1007/BF01991545 Web of Science®1985. Effect of nitrogen sources on crop yield and soil properties in the savanna. p. 223–234. In B. T. Kang, and J. Heide (ed. ) Nitrogen management in farming systems in humid and subhumid tropics. Inst. for Soil Fertility, Haren, the Netherlands. 1995. Fertilizer supply and distribution policy in Nigeria. p. 124–132. In A. E. Ikpi (ed. ) Sustainable agriculture and economic development in Nigeria. Winrock Int. Inst. for Agric. Develop. , Arlington, VA. 1989. Long-term effects of the continuous cultivation of a tropical Ultisol in southwestern Nigeria. Exp. Agric. 25: 207–215. 10. 1017/S0014479700016719 Web of Science®1986. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is largely a citation of various studies and does not provide specific information or evidence regarding decomposers and their role in recycling organic matter to enrich soil fertility. Therefore, it is considered irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Excessive sugar consumption increases the risk of obesity and Type 2 diabetes. [SEP] Text: Few studies have reported that individuals with PWS tend to be obese due to hypothalamic-pituitary dysregulation which was induced by hyperphagia. This can lead to increased obesity in childhood, which progressively develops into T2DM in PWS. The excess adipose tissue produces adipokines, which are also assumed to play a role in regulating food intake in PWS patients (Burman, Ritzen, & Lindgren, 2001; Kennedy et al. , 2006; Lindmark, Trygg, Giltvedt, & Kolset, 2010). Alternatively, excess carbohydrates were responsible for increased adiposity and cause a decline in energy expenditure, which leads to weight gain in PWS. Obesity and weight gain are important factors that lead to insulin resistance and T2DM. In addition, daily intake of food and nutrition are additional risk factors for T2DM. The effectiveness of dietary and lifestyle modification approaches in the prevention of T2DM was provided by the Program trials (Hu, van Dam, & Liu, 2001; Knowler et al. , 2002; Miller et al. , 2011; Miller, Lynn, Shuster, & Driscoll, 2011). Several studies have shown that type and quantity of dietary carbohydrates play a crucial role in the development of impaired glucose and lipid profile and insulin resistance and increase the risk of T2DM and cardiovascular disease (CVD) (Manson & Spelsberg, 1993). Refined grains are low in fiber and rich in carbohydrates. They have a high glycemic load (GL) and are quickly absorbed (Mizoue et al. , 2006). Some studies have shown that diets with high glycemic index (GI) can increase postprandial blood glucose level and insulin demand, which in turn may develop hypertension, dyslipidemia, and insulin resistance in the long term (Khosravi-Boroujeni et al. , 2013). High BMI and homeostasis model of assessment-insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) can lead to the development of T2DM in individuals with PWS. There was a prevalence of 13. 7% (29/211) PWS patients with T2DM risk in a Korean population (Yang, Jinsup, Sung Yoon, & Dong-Kyu, 2017), and 7–25% of PWS have been associated with T2DM (Buiting et al. , 1995; Butler et al. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text supports the claim by detailing how excessive carbohydrates, including sugars, can lead to increased adiposity and weight gain in individuals with Prader-Willi Syndrome (PWS), which consequently raises the risk of obesity and Type 2 diabetes (T2DM). It explains that obesity is a critical factor in developing insulin resistance, which is a precursor for T2DM. The text further elaborates on the role of high glycemic index diets contributing to increased blood glucose levels and insulin demand, linking them directly to higher risks of diabetes. Therefore, it corroborates the claim regarding the negative impact of excessive sugar consumption on obesity and T2DM risk.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Research suggests mindfulness can enhance emotional regulation in students. [SEP] Text: Initial analysis indicated that there was no significant effect of CBIs on student anxiety or depression. This finding contrasts with the systematic review by Dray et al. (2017) which found that school-based interventions had a small effect on anxiety levels in children up to 11 years old. Mackenzie and Williams (2018) also found that primary school students significantly reduced anxiety levels following CBIs. However, both these reviews included participants from 5 years old and 4 years old respectively. It is possible that the contrasting findings in the current review are due to the exclusion of younger participants. Werner-Seidler et al. (2017) included both CBIs and MBIs in their review of school-based prevention programmes. They found that programmes had small effects on anxiety and depression with no effect of age. However, their sub-analyses of age categories should be treated with some caution as heterogeneity ranged from I2 = 32% to I2 = 73%. In the current review, an effect of age was found in the sub-group analysis of MBIs. Studies that included participants with a mean age of 10 years and older found improved levels of positive emotion modulation and reduced levels of depression. The age-related effect may explain the mixed results found in previous studies. Some reviews suggest there is no effect of mindfulness on depression in children (Ruiz-Íñiguez et al. , 2019; Zenner et al. , 2014) but Zoogman et al. (2014) did find a significant effect on depression with a mix of clinical and non-clinical populations. Werner-Seidler et al. (2017) also found that targeted interventions had a larger effect than universal programmes on measures of depression. This is in direct contrast to the current findings as a sub-group analysis indicated that only universal MBIs showed a significant effect. The targeted study in the current review (Alampay et al. , 2020) included children with behavioural problems as the target group and these participants may not have experienced elevated levels of depression. It is interesting that MBIs showed a small effect on positive affect and levels of depression but no effect on anxiety and negative affect. This contrasts previous reviews (Dunning et al. , 2019; Klingbeil et al. , 2017) which suggest that MBIs do improve outcomes such as internalising problems, negative emotions and subjective distress. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by indicating that various studies report mixed results regarding the effectiveness of mindfulness-based interventions (MBIs) on emotional regulation and depression in children. It states that some reviews suggest no effect of mindfulness on depression and that while certain interventions showed some improvement in positive emotions, they did not effectively address anxiety. This suggests that the evidence for mindfulness improving emotional regulation in students is not straightforward, as seen in the contrasting findings from the reviews mentioned in the text.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Decomposers recycle organic matter, enriching soil fertility. [SEP] Text: The effect of sawdust mulch and increasing levels of nitrogen on the weed growth and yield of false horn plantains (Musa ABB). Biol. Agric. Hortic. 3: 353–359. Web of Science®1991. The effect of crop residue mulches on the yield and production pattern of plantain (Musa AAB). Biol. Agric. Hortic. 8: 71–80. 10. 1080/01448765. 1991. 9754577 Web of Science®1998. Legume rotation in the moist tropical savanna: managing soil nitrogen dynamics and cereal yields in farmers' fields. Exp. Agric. 34: 73–83. 10. 1017/S0014479798001021 CASWeb of Science®2000. Charge characteristics of soil organic matter fractions in a under some multipurpose trees. Agrofor. Syst. 48: 169–188. 10. 1023/A:1006361229778 Web of Science®1994. The suitability of Gliricidia sepium in-situ live stake on the yield and performance of white yam (Dioscorea rotundata). Acta-Horticulturae. 380: 360–366. 10. 17660/ActaHortic. 1994. 380. 56 1983. Fifty years of experimental agriculture II. The maintenance of soil fertility in tropical Africa: A review. Exp. Agric. 19: 293–310. 10. 1017/S001447970001276X Web of Science®1997. Combined use of organic and inorganic nutrient sources for soil fertility maintenance and replenishment. p. 193–217. In R. J. Buresh et al. (ed. ) Replenishing soil fertility in Africa. SSSA and. 1981. Evolution de la fertilité d'un sol ferrugineux tropical sous l'influence de fumures minérales et organiques. Agron. Trop. 36: 122–133. 1997. The world food situation: Recent developments, emerging issues, and long-term prospects. Int. Res. Inst. , Washington, DC. 1998. Agronomic and economic evaluation of organic and mineral fertilisers in different agro-ecological zones of Togo. p. 67–72. In G. Renard et al. (ed. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text discusses various studies and topics related to soil fertility and agricultural practices, but it does not specifically address the role of decomposers in recycling organic matter or how they contribute to enriching soil fertility. Therefore, the text is irrelevant to the claimed idea.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Excessive sugar consumption increases the risk of obesity and Type 2 diabetes. [SEP] Text: 0001) in PWS subjects than those in OC subjects. This study also showed that all 23 (100%) PWS patients in both adolescent and adult categories had been contributing to T2DM, whereas only 7 among the 23 OC subjects had T2DM. According to the previous study, severe obesity was developed by exceeding BMI values of 26–28 kg/m2, making it possible for insulin secretion and the development of diabetes (Campbell & Gerich, 1990). The individuals with PWS may have relative insulin sensitivity, insulin resistance, and obesity, which are the most important factors for the occurrence of T2DM via destruction of β cell function (Fintini et al. , 2016; L’Allemand, Eiholzer, Schlumpf, Torresani, & Girard, 2003). Yang et al. (2017) had reported that in PWS, increased BMI and homeostasis model of assessment-insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) can lead to the development of T2DM. Furthermore, the prevalence of T2DM about 22. 3/1000 in 10–14-year-old children was found in specific ethnic subgroups such as African-American, Hispanic, Asian/Pacific Islanders, and American Indians, being highest in (Lindmark et al. , 2010), and other studies reported the prevalence of T2DM about 0. 4 to 1% in obese children of age ≥ 12 years (Sinha et al. , 2002; Wabitsch et al. , 2004). Likewise, a prevalence of 13. 7% (29/211) was shown in PWS patients with T2DM risk in a study conducted in a Korean population (Yang et al. , 2017). Moreover, the prevalence of T2DM (13. 5%) was revealed by another cohort study in Italian PWS patients. However, this proportion is relatively lower than that of PWS develops T2DM if BMI > 30 kg/m2. The difference in the prevalence of T2DM in PWS depends on the size of the PWS base population and their lifestyle factors. Furthermore, obesity and weight gain are important factors that lead to insulin resistance and T2DM. Daily intake of food and nutrition are other risk factors for T2DM. The effectiveness of dietary and lifestyle modification approaches in the prevention of T2DM was provided by the Program trial (Hu et al. , 2001; Knowler et al. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by highlighting that obesity and weight gain are important factors leading to insulin resistance and Type 2 diabetes (T2DM). It specifically mentions that daily intake of food and nutrition, which includes sugar consumption, is a significant risk factor for T2DM. This aligns with the idea that excessive sugar consumption can lead to obesity and subsequently increase the risk of T2DM.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Research suggests mindfulness can enhance emotional regulation in students. [SEP] Text: 닫기 논문명 참고문헌 신청 검색조건추가 참고문헌 신청이 불가능한 논문이 있습니다. 입력된 URL을 확인해 주세요. 취소 다음 확인 이용수. . . 닫기 최근3년 최근1년 최근6개월 연도 월 이용수 정기구독 정책 구독 상품을 부정한 방법으로 이용시 구독 서비스 제공을 중단할 수 있습니다. 하나의 계정으로 중복로그인 한 경우 먼저 로그인 되어있던 계정은 자동 로그아웃 됩니다. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it does not discuss mindfulness, emotional regulation, or any related research. Instead, it appears to be a set of instructions or notifications regarding accessing a paper and does not provide any information that corroborates or contrasts with the claim.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Decomposers recycle organic matter, enriching soil fertility. [SEP] Text: ) Soil fertility management in land use systems. Margraf Verlag, Weikersheim, Germany. 1992. Improving fertilizer recommendations for subsistence farmers in West Africa: the use of agro-economic analysis of on-farm trials. Fert. Res. 32: 333–342. 10. 1007/BF01050371 1997. Sustainable agriculture in the tropics: The case of potassium under maize cropping in Togo. Nutr. Cycl. Agroecosyst. 46: 205–213. 10. 1007/BF00420555 Web of Science®1998. Effects of livestock on soil fertility in West Africa. p. 319–338. In G. Renard et al. (ed. ) Soil fertility management in land use systems. Margraf Verlag, Weikersheim, Germany. 1985. Use of Leucaena leucocephala (Lam. de Wit) leaves as a nitrogen source for crop production. Fert. Res. 8: 107–116. 10. 1007/BF01048894 1986. Processing phosphate ores into fertilizers. p. 225–252. In A. U. Mokwunye, and P. L. G. Vlek (ed. ) Management of nitrogen and phosphorus fertilizers in sub Sa-haran Africa. Publ. , Dordrecht, the Netherlands. 10. 1007/978-94-009-4398-8_8 2000. Interactions between residues of maize and pigeon-pea and mineral N fertilizers during decomposition and N mineralization. Soil Biol. Biochem. 32: 679–688. 10. 1016/S0038-0717(99)00204-7 CASWeb of Science®1976. Properties and management of soils in the tropics. & Sons, New York. 1994. Tropical soil fertility research: Towards the second paradigm. p. 65–88. and state of the art conferences. Trans. 15th of Soil Science. Acapulco, Mexico. 11 July 1994. de la Ciencia del Suelo, Chapingo, Mexico. 2001. Nitrogen contribution of promiscuous soybeans in maize-based cropping systems. p. 157–177. In G. Tian et al. (ed. ) Sustaining soil fertility in West Africa. SSSA Spec. Publ. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it mainly consists of bibliographic references and does not provide information about decomposers, their role in recycling organic matter, or the enrichment of soil fertility. No specific mention or explanation related to decomposers or their functions can be identified in the given text.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Excessive sugar consumption increases the risk of obesity and Type 2 diabetes. [SEP] Text: , 2011), and Miller, Lynn, Shuster, and Driscoll (2013) had advised the parents of these children to decrease their energy intake at the same time placing the children on a healthy, well-balanced diet of approximately 30% fat, 45% carbohydrates, and 25% protein, with the carbohydrates given as complex carbohydrates to provide a goal of 20 g of fiber per day to prevent of weight gain in PWS. In our current study, we found out that individuals of PWS were associated with high consumption of carbohydrates (300. 2 ± 81. 6 g/day) and high BMI values (55. 6 ± 6. 17). Similarly, OC with T2DM subjects have BMI 30. 2 ± 4. 14, and their carbohydrate consumption is 225. 3 ± 32. 5 g/day, which is higher when compared to OC without T2DM [BMI (29. 1 ± 3. 5), carbohydrate consumption (88. 0 ± 20. 2 g/day)]. This study also reports fasting blood sugar levels (p value 0. 0027) and postprandial blood sugar levels (p value 0. 0146) that are highly significant in PWS when compared to OC subjects. Hence, this current study strongly suggests that high consumption of carbohydrates could also increase the blood sugar level and it is responsible for serious risk for the development of T2DM with those of exceeding BMI in the individuals with PWS. Furthermore, based on our finding and other previous related papers, we opine that individuals with PWS consume foods high in carbohydrates, which depends on the staple foods and it varies place to place. Since white rice is the staple food for population, the PWS patients consume 300 g of carbohydrates per day. Limitation of this present study is that only few PWS patients’ data were collected. Hence, this study was not able to show the prevalence of PWS with T2DM in our populations. Since there were no previous studies regarding daily high intake of food in PWS leading to T2DM, we could not compare our study with similar works. ConclusionOur current study presents the first report on excessive carbohydrate consumption by PWS patients in and their BMI ≥ 30 kg/m2 as risk factors for T2DM in them. The population with PWS consumes more carbohydrates from high intake of white rice than the OC subjects. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by detailing a study that found a high carbohydrate consumption in individuals with Prader-Willi syndrome (PWS) is linked to obesity and an increased risk of Type 2 diabetes (T2DM). Specifically, it states that individuals with PWS had a high BMI and significant blood sugar levels, indicating that their excessive carbohydrate intake directly relates to risks associated with T2DM and obesity.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Mindfulness activities can promote a calm learning environment. [SEP] Text: Mindfulness has become increasingly popular in recent decades as a method to improve mental health and provide a range of other benefits (for a scoping review of topics in mindfulness research, see Kee et al. , 2019). Given the success of mindfulness in adult populations, mindfulness programmes have also been increasingly implemented in schools. Last year, Kuyken et al. (2022a) published the results of the largest ever study of universal school-based mindfulness training (in Adolescence; ). trial included 8376 participants, aged 10–14 years, from 84 schools across the UK (Kuyken et al. , 2022a). The premise of the study was that a universal school-based mindfulness programme may have the potential to improve population-wide mental health in a cost-effective way. study was tightly controlled and included pre-registration of methods and analyses, a cluster-randomised trial design, a UK population representative sample of adolescents, and pre-determination that the study had sufficient power to detect effects. Participants were either randomised to school-based mindfulness training taught via an established and manualised programme that caters mindfulness lessons for school-aged students (the. b mindfulness programme), or teaching as usual. The mindfulness programme included ten mindfulness lessons across the course of one term, taught by the students’ usual teacher (who was extensively trained in how to teach mindfulness), with each lesson lasting 30–50 min, and students attending 90% of lessons on average (Kuyken et al. , 2022a). Outside of these lessons, no practice time was specifically made available at school, but students were recommended to practise in their own time and provided with guided audio recordings (Kuyken et al. , 2022a). With its very large sample size and rigorous study design, can be viewed as a definitive test of school-based mindfulness programmes, implemented as per the study protocol. Unexpectedly, the results showed no evidence that participating in the mindfulness programme was more helpful for adolescents than teaching as usual (Kuyken et al. , 2022a). Indeed, confidence intervals indicated there was no possibility of any important effects in reductions to the risk of depression or anxiety and no improvements in social-emotional-behavioural function, executive functioning, or well-being (Kuyken et al. , 2022a). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by presenting the results of a large study (Kuyken et al., 2022a) that found no evidence that mindfulness programmes were more beneficial for adolescents than standard teaching methods. It indicates that the mindfulness programme did not result in reductions in depression or anxiety, nor in improvements to social-emotional-behavioural function or well-being, suggesting that the introduction of mindfulness activities may not promote a calm learning environment as claimed.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Decomposers recycle organic matter, enriching soil fertility. [SEP] Text: 58. SSSA and. 1995. Alley cropping with Gliricidia sepium on a high base status soil following forest clearing: Effects on soil conditions, plant nutrition and crop yields. Agrofor. Syst. 32: 261–276. 10. 1007/BF00711714 Web of Science®1987. Fertilizer distribution in West Africa. p. 110–136. use and crop production. Proc. of a IFA regional meeting in Senegal (1987). February 1987Int. Assoc, Paris, France. 2001. Herbaceous legunes: The panacea for soil fertility problems. p. 179–196. In G. Tian et al. (ed. ) Sustaining soil fertility in West Africa. SSSA Spec. Publ. 58. SSSA and. 1994. The effects of alley cropping and fertilizer application on continuously cropped maize. Trop. Agric. 71: 163–169. Web of Science®1991. Alley cropping with Leucaena leucocephala (Lam. ) and Acioa barteri (Hook. f. ) Engl. Agrofor. Syst. 14: 219–231. 10. 1007/BF00115737 Web of Science®1982. Effect of continuous use of fertilizers, lime and micronutrients on soil properties at Mokwa, Nigeria. J. Indian Soc. Soil Sci. 30: 306–311. CAS1993. An agro-ecological framework of integrated nutrient nanagement with special reference to Kenya. Univ. , Wageningen, the Netherlands. 1984. In-situ mulch production for plantain. Banana Newsl. 7: 20–22. 1985. Tropical soil biology and rertility: planning for research. Int. Union of Biol. Sci. , Paris, France. 1992. Synthesis report on the 1991 research activities and findings of the NCRE agronomy unit in northern Cameroon. Research and Extension (NCRE) Report. Gaoua, Cameroon. 2001. The contribution of livestock to soil fertility. p. 281–304. In G. Tian et al. (ed. ) Sustaining soil fertility in West Africa. SSSA Spec. Publ. 58. SSSA and. 1991. Soil science in the tropics—The next 75 years. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is largely a citation of various studies related to soil fertility and does not explicitly discuss the role of decomposers in recycling organic matter. Therefore, it is irrelevant to the claim made about decomposers enriching soil fertility.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Excessive sugar consumption increases the risk of obesity and Type 2 diabetes. [SEP] Text: The younger age of T2DM in our cohort is consistent with that seen among other groups such as the Australians, the and Alaska natives [34-36]. Age of subjects had lower odds of being in the DM group than in the pre diabetic (p<0. 0001, OR: 0. 85, 95% CI (0. 82-0. 89) in concordance with earlier reports [37,38]. Odds of being in the diabetic group gets multiplied by 7. 56 for each unitary increase in male gender (p< 0. 0001, OR: 7. 56, 95% CI 3. 16- 18. 23). As seen in this study, majority of the female participants were either overweight (59. 6%) or obese (78. 6%). The reason for such an observation has not been completely elucidated but is proposed to be associated with obesity which is highly prevalent in the populations worldwide. Since obesity is closely linked to increased insulin resistance and decreased insulin sensitivity and higher risk of diabetes, arresting the obesity pandemic among our population should be a priority [39-41]. Special, culturally oriented community-based intervention programs need to be implemented. The frequency of pre diabetes in 27. 2% of the female cases out of the total cohort in this study was six times higher than other, estimated to be 4. 2% in 2006 [42,43]. Due to our small sample size, this is inconclusive and needs to be verified by extending our study to more of our communities. Nevertheless, our findings warrant special attention from the health authorities since although HbA1c is not as sensitive as IGT test, it has consistently been shown to be a good predictor of increased risk for cardiovascular diseases and T2DM in many populations around the world [44,45]. Previous cross-sectional studies have reported that multiple risk factors are related to pre-diabetes, Such as increased age, overweight, obesity, blood pressure, and dyslipidemia [37,46,47]. More importantly, impaired glucose tolerance was found to be an independent risk factor for cardiovascular disease, the hazard ratio of death was 2. 22 (95% CI = 1. 08–4. 58), and arterial stiffness and pathological changes in the arterial intima occurred in the stage of IGT [48]. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by highlighting the relationship between obesity and Type 2 diabetes (T2DM), stating that "the majority of the female participants were either overweight (59.6%) or obese (78.6%)" and discussing the prevalence of obesity as being linked to higher risk factors for diabetes and insulin resistance. It further emphasizes that addressing the obesity pandemic is a priority as it has been shown to be closely linked to increased insulin resistance and a higher risk of T2DM.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Mindfulness activities can promote a calm learning environment. [SEP] Text: Moreover, results suggested that the students in the mindfulness condition reported marginally higher risk of depression, hyperactivity/inattention, panic disorder, and obsessive-compulsive scores (Kuyken et al. , 2022a). Finally, the students in the mindfulness condition even reported lower mindfulness scores after the mindfulness programme (Kuyken et al. , 2022a). This final point is not just an isolated finding — the lack of an improvement in mindfulness scores is a consistent finding across studies of the. b programme (Mettler et al. , 2023). The lack of change in mindfulness scores is perhaps a good demonstration that the. b programme did not achieve its intended effect — a primary aim of most mindfulness programmes is to increase the mindful state in participants, with theoretical perspectives suggesting that increases in the mindful state enable decreased rumination and reactivity to stressors, as well as increases in emotional regulation (Perestelo-Perez et al. , 2017; van der Velden et al. , 2015; Wolkin, 2015). Indeed, the team’s own scoping review suggested that an increase in mindfulness skills is a strong contender for a mechanism of action by which mindfulness programmes cause improvements in well-being (Tudor et al. , 2022). It should be noted that the validity of mindfulness measures at assessing change from mindfulness programmes is debated (Goldberg et al. , 2019; et al. , 2010, 2012). Some research has indicated that after a mindfulness intervention, participants interpret the questions from mindfulness scales differently, demonstrating a response shift (Bartos et al. , 2023). However, other research has indicated this response shift is only minor (Krägeloh et al. , 2018). As such, it may be that other measures are more appropriate for assessing the mechanisms of action of mindfulness interventions. However, regardless of whether changes in mindfulness reflect the mechanism of action or not, the small decrease in mindfulness as a result of the study suggests the mindfulness programme did not achieve its intended effect of increasing mindfulness in the students. Similarly, a follow-up study by the team did not find that change in trait mindfulness was a significant mechanism of action for the programme (Dunning et al. , 2022). Assuming that increases in trait mindfulness are an important mechanism of action of effective mindfulness programmes as research has suggested (Alsubaie et al. , 2017; Gu et al. , 2015; Tudor et al. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by presenting evidence that suggests the mindfulness programme did not achieve its intended effects, specifically indicating that students reported lower mindfulness scores and even higher risks of certain mental health issues. It emphasizes that the primary aim of mindfulness programmes is to increase mindfulness, yet the results indicate a lack of improvement in mindfulness skills. This lack of positive outcomes undermines the claim that mindfulness activities can promote a calm learning environment.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Decomposers recycle organic matter, enriching soil fertility. [SEP] Text: Soil Sci. 151: 76–90. 10. 1097/00010694-199101000-00010 Web of Science®2001. Pueraria cover crop fallow systems: Benefits and applicability. p. 137–155. In G. Tian et al. (ed. ) Sustaining soil fertility in West Africa. SSSA Spec. Publ. 58. SSSA and. 10. 2136/sssaspecpub58. c7 1993. Mulching effect of plant residues with chemically contrasting compositions on maize growth and nutrients accumulation. Plant Soil. 153: 179–187. 10. 1007/BF00012990 CASWeb of Science®2000. Nitrogen fertilizer replacement indexes of legume cover crops in the derived savanna of West Africa. Plant Soil. 224: 287–296. 10. 1023/A:1004873206350 CASWeb of Science®1995. Long-term fertilizer and crop residue effects on soil and crop yields in the savanna region of Cote d'Ivoire. p. 141–180. In R. Lal (ed. ) Soil management: Experimental basis for sustainability and environmental quality. Lewis Publ. , Boca Raton, FL. 1990. Comparative responses of two maize varieties to fertilizers on a newly cleared ferralitic soil in Southern Benin—Economic analysis. Tropicultura. 8: 3–8. 1999. Alley cropping in the moist savanna of West-Africa III. Soil organic matter fractionation and soil productivity. Agrofor. Syst. 42: 245–264. 10. 1023/A:1006128401073 Web of Science®1994. Residue fractionation and decomposition: The significance of the active fraction. Plant Soil. 158: 263–274. 10. 1007/BF00009500 CASWeb of Science®425. 10. 1046/j. 1365-2389. 1998. 4930417. x Web of Science®2090. 10. 1016/S0038-0717(00)00150-4 CASWeb of Science®2090. 10. 1016/S0038-0717(00)00150-4 CASWeb of Science®1995. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not provide any information or evidence related to decomposers or their role in recycling organic matter and enriching soil fertility. Instead, it lists various scientific articles and their citations, making it irrelevant to the claim being analyzed.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Excessive sugar consumption increases the risk of obesity and Type 2 diabetes. [SEP] Text: The participants in our study with pre-diabetes had higher BMI, more frequent HTN, higher triglyceride, frequent renal failure and DN than those without pre-diabetes but lower than participants with T2DM. logistic regression analysis showed no significant association of any of the covariables with normoglycemic subjects in front of the pre diabetic reference group, whereas the odds of being in the diabetic group gets multiplied by 7. 56 for each unitary increase in male gender. Also, individuals with hypertension had higher odds of being in the DM group than in the pre diabetic. Age of subjects had lower odds of being in the DM group than in the pre diabetic which was consistent with earlier studies [37,38]. Previous studies have reported that overweight and obesity were the mainly factors contributing to insulin resistance, and insulin resistance was the basis of diabetes and other chronic diseases [49,50]. In the present study, BMI was significantly higher in the pre diabetes than the normal groups, p=0. 03. When BMI was classified into three types. The total numbers of overweight and obese people in the pre-diabetes and normal groups were 293 and 291, respectively (the total number were 362 and 365, respectively), and there were statistically non significant differences in being overweight or obese between the pre-diabetes and normal groups (OR = 1. 02, 95% CI = 0. 86–1. 21, p=0. 8). Increasing evidence suggests that the excess body fat in overweight/obese people might lead to increased degradation of fat, which resulted in the production of large amounts of free fatty acids (FFAs). When the level of FFAs was higher in blood, the capacity of liver tissue for insulin-mediated glucose uptake and utilization was lower, so the blood glucose level was high in circulation [51]. In other words, high FFAs in the blood were one of the important pathogenic factors of obesity caused by insulin resistance [52]. The fact that BMI categories was not a significant factor in our study is the cohort mean BMI was in the obesity range, p=0. 3. However, the mean BMI was significantly different between the studied groups, p=0. 03. A high level of triglycerides was not significantly associated as a risk factor for developing pre-diabetes and T2DM (OR = 1. 09, 95% CI = (0. 60-2. 00), P=0. 8, 1. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text supports the claim by indicating that overweight and obesity are significant factors contributing to insulin resistance, which is the basis of diabetes and other chronic diseases. The mention that higher levels of free fatty acids (which can result from excessive fat accumulation) lead to insulin resistance demonstrates a clear path to the increased risk of Type 2 diabetes and obesity. The findings about BMI being significantly higher in the pre-diabetes group further corroborate the claim regarding the relationship between excessive consumption leading to obesity and subsequent diabetes.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Mindfulness activities can promote a calm learning environment. [SEP] Text: , 2022), then the lack of engagement of this mechanism may be a proximal explanation for the lack of improved well-being from ’s mindfulness programme. While other potential mechanisms were not assessed, we suspect it is likely that they would similarly have shown little change from the mindfulness programme. Furthermore, in addition to the lack of overall effect, one argument for universal programmes is that although the majority may not benefit, an at-risk minority may benefit and be reached when they would not be reached otherwise (Tudor et al. , 2022). Unfortunately, the data indicated that high-risk students in the mindfulness condition reported detrimental effects to both their risk of depression and their well-being, suggesting universal school-based mindfulness programmes with weekly mindfulness lessons and recommended home practice are not effective at improving mental health for high-risk individuals (Montero-Marin et al. , 2022). Reactions to the study and its implications for school-based mindfulness programmes have varied. One perspective was that the overall evidence shows that school-based mindfulness programmes still hold promise as an effective method to improve adolescent mental health, but results depend on how it is taught, by whom, and how well programmes are designed to engage young people (Burrows, 2022; Roeser et al. , 2023; Weare, 2023). A contrasting perspective is that the existing evidence and theory did not justify the application of school-based mindfulness programmes even before the study, and that school-based mindfulness programmes may do harm; therefore, applications of these programmes do not work and should be completely ceased (Farias, 2022). One perspective even further along this critical side of the spectrum is that universal interventions in schools in general (including non-mindfulness interventions) may not work (Cuijpers, 2022). We would add one further serious issue — that the time and funds devoted to ineffective school-based mindfulness programmes currently being implemented reflect a considerable opportunity cost, where the time and funding could have been used more productively. One of the reasons for the null result suggested by the authors of the trial was that the mindfulness curriculum might not have engaged enough mindfulness practice in the students, with students largely not practising mindfulness at home (Kuyken et al. , 2022a; Montero-Marin et al. , 2022). In fact, participants reported an average frequency of practice of 1. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the lack of overall effectiveness of school-based mindfulness programmes in improving mental health for high-risk individuals, stating that these programmes may have detrimental effects on their well-being. Specifically, it references findings indicating that the mindfulness programme did not lead to improvements in well-being and may actually harm high-risk students. Furthermore, it implies that the time and resources allocated to such programmes might be better spent on alternative methods, suggesting a possible ineffectiveness of mindfulness activities in promoting a calm learning environment.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Soil microbial diversity is vital for ecosystem services. [SEP] Text: The ideal tool must also be spatially and temporally defined and account for heterogeneity at a given spatial and temporal scale (Conroy et al. , 1996). Most importantly, the information generated by these tools needs to have practical utility at a scale where it is possible to make recommendations on different soil management practices. Bioindicators used to assess soil microbial quality can include single, holistic measures of the overall microbial community such as biomass, respiration rates, metabolic quotient and enzyme activities or can include measures that have a multiple number of variables to describe the structural and or functional composition of a soil microbial community. Examples of multiparametric measures include phospholipid fatty acid (PLFA) profiles (Baath et. al. , 1998), 16S rRNA gene methods such as PCR-DGGE and TRLFP, and substrate diversity assays. Single parameters provide an integrative estimate of the entire microbial community and are relatively widely used because they are easy to measure, are relatively inexpensive and they can be incorporated into Variance (AOV) linear models. However, such measures have been increasingly criticized for being inconsistent and demonstrate a high coefficient of variation in response to seasonal climatic changes (Sojka et al. , 1999; Gil-Sotres et al. , 2005). Any one method for characterizing microbial community structure and function provides only a limited perspective and are therefore subject to over and under interpretation in assessing soil biological responses to different to environmental variables. For example, soil respiration and may reflect the activity of diverse microorganisms on many different substrates, or growth of a few species on a particular substrate such as cellulose. Although this short-coming can be improved by polyphasic measurements in which the investigator looks for consistency across a range of methodologies such as enzymes, respiration, biomass, and others, the interpretation of polyphasic data is often speculative. Alternatively, multiparametric data attempts to describe community structures and functions that use multiple variables within one category. These data can include biochemical, catabolic, and genetic fingerprints of the microbial communities and can be based on 30 to 100 or more variables within the one methodology. Unlike the straightforward AOV models used for single parameter data, multiparametric data are highly dimensional and need to undergo statistical procedures to reduce dimensionality before they can be incorporated into models. They tend therefore to have restricted use. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not directly address the claim regarding the importance of soil microbial diversity for ecosystem services. Instead, it focuses on the methodologies for measuring microbial community structures and functions, which are important for assessing soil quality, but it does not state how or if microbial diversity impacts ecosystem services.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Stress can weaken the immune system over time. [SEP] Text: & & & & &Aa : español español& & caption full caption right caption left caption center &A expert &A expert 1 Slide 2 Slides 3 Slides 4 Slides 5 Slides 6 Slides 7 full width center : a person ages, the immune system changes. Those changes can lessen the body’s defenses against infection or its ability to gain protection from vaccines. Health & An old problem: How immune responses weaken with age The body’s defenses lose flexibility and diversity over time, and protective responses to vaccines weaken as well. Scientists are working on ways to boost seniors’ protections against influenza, the novel coronavirus and other pathogens. Wosen 04. 01. 2020 sound science and smart storiesHelp us make scientific knowledge accessible to allDonate today As cases and deaths from the coronavirus pandemic rise, one trend remains consistent: The virus is deadliest for older adults. Eight in 10 Covid-19 deaths in the have been among adults 65 or older, according to a mid-March report from the Centers for and Prevention. Older adults, of course, are more likely to have existing medical conditions and weakened respiratory systems — two major risk factors for becoming severely ill from infection by SARS-CoV-2, the virus that causes Covid-19. But scientists believe that another factor in the observed heightened risk is likely the general decline in the immune system that’s seen with age. In medicine, it has long been known that older immune systems struggle to fight off infections. The ebbing of resistance to infectious disease with age is particularly clear when looking at studies of vaccines. During 2018–19, for example, the seasonal flu vaccine was effective for roughly three of every five children 17 and younger, according to the CDC. The same vaccine was effective for only about one of every four adults 50 and older. The flu vaccine varies in its ability to protect people from strains of influenza each year. Vaccine effectiveness, a measure of a vaccinated person’s odds of getting infected compared to their odds of staying healthy, also varies considerably by age. CDC data show differences in the effectiveness of the flu vaccine in various age groups against and B in the 2018–19 season, as well as against the H1N1 strain that started the 2009 swine flu pandemic and is still with us: (H1N1) pdm09. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by detailing how the immune system changes with age, resulting in decreased body defenses against infections and reduced effectiveness of vaccines. It notes that 'the general decline in the immune system that’s seen with age' likely contributes to heightened risk, which aligns with the assertion that stress can impact immune function over time.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Mindfulness activities can promote a calm learning environment. [SEP] Text: 16 on a scale of 0 (never) to 5 (almost every day) (Kuyken et al. , 2022a). This value was even lower at follow-up, with an average of 0. 83 (Kuyken et al. , 2022a). In other words, students reported that they were practising mindfulness just slightly more than never. This corresponds with most school-based mindfulness programmes, where although attempts are made to increase engagement in mindfulness practice, home practice is still typically low (Tudor et al. , 2022). We suspect the lack of home practice time undertaken by the study participants is due to the many important competing demands on the spare time of high school students, many of which are externally dictated and outside of their control (Chadwick & Gelbar, 2016). These demands are likely to include homework and study for exams, domestic chores, and in some cases part-time jobs. This is in addition to preferred activities like interacting with their friends and engaging in hobbies and sports. Adolescents are also well-known to lack the same level of planning and self-control skills that adults possess (Casey et al. , 2005; Steinberg, 2008), and as such may be less able to self-regulate their behaviour (Montero-Marin et al. , 2022). Therefore, there is good reason to suspect many adolescents are likely to be less able than adults to devote time of their own according to a mindfulness practice. Although students in the study were informed the practice will promote their mental health, the practice typically does not yield any immediate rewards and is not obviously related to tangible school-related results through improved grades (Bailey et al. , 2018). Mindfulness practice also comes at an opportunity cost of other activities that might enhance their mental health (for example spending time with friends or playing sports) and is much less stimulating than many common pastimes such as social media (et al. , 2022). As such, in the context of students’ own time being the only time made available for mindfulness practice, we suggest it is unsurprising that the mindfulness practice amounts reported in the study were so low. We suspect the addition of another time-cost to a student’s day without removing something else from their schedule may add a potential burden that students might not be able to adhere to. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by highlighting several factors that impede the effectiveness of mindfulness activities among high school students. It notes that students reported practicing mindfulness slightly more than never, indicating low engagement. The text elaborates on the many competing demands on students' time, such as homework and part-time jobs, which prevent them from consistently participating in mindfulness activities. Moreover, it suggests that mindfulness practice does not yield immediate rewards or improve tangible outcomes like grades, potentially leading students to prioritize other more stimulating pastimes. Therefore, the overall picture presented is one of skepticism about the ability of mindfulness activities to foster a calm learning environment due to the significant barriers students face in adhering to such practices.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Soil microbial diversity is vital for ecosystem services. [SEP] Text: Despite these difficulties, there are now many bioindicators that have potential application for assessing the impacts of heavy metals on soil biological function and for guiding the development of policy to guide land application of metal waste and criteria for restoration of metal contaminated soils (Tandy et al. , 2005). Application of Networks for Evaluation of recent years, one of the most powerful approaches that has emerged for integrating disparate types of qualitative and quantitative data is the use of artificial neural networks (ANN) that employ machine learning to extract and recognize patterns in relationships among descriptive variables (Schultz and Wieland 1997; De la Rosa, Mayol et al. 2004). Although not widely used yet for analysis of soil quality variables, there has been increasing application of ANN for modeling of data sets used to describe individual soil physical, chemical, and biological properties during the past ten years. ANNs are particularly useful for extracting patterns among data sets in which there may be complex nonlinear interactions that cannot be detected with traditional methods for multivariate analyses. Among the range of applications that have been realized, ANNs have been used to classify soil structure and physical properties (Levine, Kimes et al. 1996; Chang and Islam 2000), for soil and vegetation mapping (Tan and Smeins 1996; Deadman and Gimblett 1997), prediction of non-point source pollution (Muleta and Nicklow 2005), for prediction of soil salinization (Patel, Prasher et al. 2002), and for predicting soil organic carbon accumulation under different land use schemes (Somaratne, Seneviratne et al. 2005). For studies on soil biological data, neural network analysis (ANN) has most recently been used to relate microbial biomass and 16S rRNA gene banding patterns to soil texture and other chemical properties (Lentzsh, Wieland et al. 2005; Ramadan, Hopke et al. 2005). With ANN, multidimensional data can be reduced in dimensionality by a combination of self organizing maps (SOM) which are a type of neural network, and principle components analysis. Results generated from this approach provide a 2- or 3-dimensional map of clusters that reflect relationships between variables and site locations. The maps can be used to explore the influence of environmental variables on biological indicators (Kampichler et al. , 2000; Noble et al. , 2000; Lentzsh et al. , 2005). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not directly address the claim about the importance of soil microbial diversity for ecosystem services. Instead, it discusses various applications of artificial neural networks (ANN) in assessing soil biological data and other properties without explicitly relating microbial diversity to ecosystem services.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Stress can weaken the immune system over time. [SEP] Text: The cells in the part of the gland not producing this immune peptide were consequently killed by the stress response. When all the cells in the salivary gland were forced to produce Drosomycin, none of the cells died and the whole tissue survived. But it also allowed the cells in the gland to grow uncontrollably, like a tumor, threatening the health of the entire organism. Mapping the interactions between immune and stress pathways could help to fine-tune treatments that can prevent tissue damage. Fruit flies share many genetic features and molecular pathways with humans. So, the next step towards these kinds of treatments would be to screen for similar mechanisms that block stress activation in damaged human tissues. But this research carries a warning: careless activation of the immune system to protect stressed tissues could lead to uncontrolled tissue growth, and might cause more harm than good. and stress responses have evolved to protect the organism from both exogenous and endogenous stimuli (Eming, 2014; Adamo, 2017; Rankin and Artis, 2018). By sensing deviations from homeostasis and inducing compensatory mechanisms, immune and stress responses keep physiological parameters within tolerable limits (Hoffmann and Parsons, 1991; Vermeulen and Loeschcke, 2007). Heat shock, radiation, starvation, toxic metabolites, hypoxia, or hyperoxia are all well-characterized stressors. They activate stress responses which can ultimately lead to the induction of programmed cell death (Lowe et al. , 2004; Loboda et al. , 2016). In Drosophila, the Keap1-Nrf2-, JNK-, and p38-signaling pathways are crucial for mounting these anti-stress-responses (Stronach and Perrimon, 1999; Fuse and Kobayashi, 2017). Immune responses on the other hand, like the and imd pathways, are typically activated by molecular structures exposed on the surfaces of pathogens (Medzhitov and Janeway, 2002; Kurata, 2004). These pathways coordinate the humoral and cellular immune system to eliminate intruding pathogens (Lemaitre and Hoffmann, 2007; Buchon et al. , 2014). Humoral immune responses in Drosophila are characterized by the production and secretion of large sets of effector molecules, most notably antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) like Drosomycin (Drs) (Imler and Bulet, 2005). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing how the stress response can lead to adverse effects on the immune system. It mentions that stressors can activate stress responses which may ultimately cause programmed cell death, implying that chronic stress response can have negative consequences on immune cells. Additionally, it highlights the balance the immune system must maintain when responding to stress, suggesting that careless activation could lead to significant tissue damage, which aligns with the idea that stress weakens immune responses.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Mindfulness activities can promote a calm learning environment. [SEP] Text: This has previously been found in qualitative research with adult healthcare staff participants, where the commitment to daily mindfulness practices of up to an hour per practice session was seen as a barrier to engaging with mindfulness, resulting in participants ceasing practice altogether (Banerjee et al. , 2017). The burden of mindfulness practice recommendations may prevent students from practising mindfulness, or even more troubling, the addition of the expectation to practise mindfulness simply creates another stressor without students having the capacity to practise a sufficient amount of mindfulness to obtain the putative benefits (Bailey et al. , 2018). We suggest that if the lack of home practice is a good explanation for the null results of the trial, it is still possible that school-based mindfulness programmes that elicit a sufficient amount of mindfulness practice could obtain positive effects for mental health. We suspect that the reason students barely practised mindfulness is due to the expectation that they would undertake self-motivated practice at home, sacrificing leisure time or time for the study of graded material. We propose that a more effective solution might be to provide a dedicated time and space where mindfulness practice is available within the school day for students who choose to undertake that practice (in addition to the weekly lessons). To avoid the same issues that may cause the low home practice adherence, these mindfulness practice times should not be scheduled to compete with a preferred activity (for example, during students free time at lunch). Rather, they should be scheduled at the same time as an alternative curriculum activity (for example, social and emotional learning lessons). This approach would enable students to practice, taking away the difficult choice between a preferred activity and mindfulness practice, and replacing it with a choice between two lower preference options (making the mindfulness practice more likely). This approach would remove the need for students to take responsibility for remembering or prioritising mindfulness practice and create a systematic and equitable way to support a more robust development of mindfulness skills. This approach would also provide regular opportunities to support individuals in actively pursuing well-being, in the context of a youth well-being crisis, where some form of systematic change is arguably critical. The suggestion that mindfulness practice embedded in the school day is required for a successful school-based mindfulness programme has previously been proposed (Bailey et al. , 2018), following a similar null result from a similar implementation of a school-based mindfulness programme (Johnson et al. , 2017). However, making mindfulness practice time available in the school day has not yet been explicitly tested. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by highlighting significant barriers to engaging with mindfulness practices among students. It indicates that the expectation to practice mindfulness outside of school may overwhelm students, causing them to cease practice altogether. This suggests that such expectations could create additional stress rather than fostering a calm learning environment. It also proposes that merely embedding mindfulness practices within school time may be a better approach to promote actual practice and hence the potential benefits, which further implies that without a systemic change, mindfulness activities may not effectively promote calmness.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Soil microbial diversity is vital for ecosystem services. [SEP] Text: This information can be used to identify key variables and can be used for forecasting changes in response variables over time. Most importantly the data generated can be presented visually in a way that provides for easy interpretation of complicated datasets. It is likely that such models will have extensive application for understanding the relationships between soil chemical and physical variables on metal bioavailability, transformations, and the effects on soil microbial communities that carry out key ecosystem processes. from food chain transfer, the impact of metals and metalloids on microbial communities is one of the most serious concerns of heavy metal pollution of soils and can result in long term reduction in soil quality and primary productivity. Microbial communities can adapt to metal pollution, but loss of species diversity results in potential loss of biological functions and reduced soil resilience. The extent to which this occurs depends on soil physico-chemical properties that affect the bioavailability of metals. To this end, bioindicators of metal toxicity provide an integrative measure of the toxicities of metals in different soils. These relationships are only now being explored in detail and are complicated by the many interactions among the different variables that affect metal toxicities and microbial communities. New statistical modeling methods that employ artificial neural networks provide a means to sort out these interactions and develop hypotheses. Such models may also eventually be useful as decision support tools for land management of soils receiving heavy metal waste and for restoration of contaminated soils. 61. I. V. Castro, E. M. Ferreira and S. P. McGrath. (2003). Soil Biol. Biochem. 35: 49-54. D. H. Chang and S. Islam. (2000). of the Environment 74: 534-544. M. J. Conroy and B. R. Noon. (1996). 6: 763-773. D. De la Rosa, F. Mayol, E. Diaz-Pereira and M. Fernandez. (2004). Software 19: 929-942. P. J. Deadman and H. R. Gimblett. (1997. AI Applications 11: 107-112. and L. C. Duncan. (2001). Soil Biol. Biochem. 33: 1143-1153. S. Dahlin, E. Witter et al. (1997). Soil Biol. Biochem. 29: 1405-1415. P. Doelman, E. Jansen, M. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not directly discuss the importance of soil microbial diversity for ecosystem services. Instead, it focuses on the relationships between soil properties and metal bioavailability as well as the impacts of heavy metal pollution on microbial communities. While it implies that microbial diversity could affect soil quality and productivity, it does not explicitly support or refute the claim about microbial diversity being vital for ecosystem services. Therefore, the text is considered irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Stress can weaken the immune system over time. [SEP] Text: Nicotine exposure would suppress the immune system in the human body, makes anti-inflammatory effects, and reduces the secretion of inflammatory antibodies and cytokines, therefore reduces, and decreases the activity of the lymphocytes [6]. The findings of a study on smoking effects on adaptive immune system that was published by Shabir, Osman identified three novel variables associated with cytokine secretion variability and revealed roles for smoking in the short- and long-term regulation of immune responses. These findings have potential clinical implications for the risk of developing infections whether Bacterial or Viral infections, cancers such as breast and gastric cancers, or autoimmune diseases such as ulcerative colitis (UC) and Crohn’s disease (CD). Therefore, it was concluded that smoking would compromise the ability of the body to metabolize harmful agents, potentially leading to impaired lung function. Thus, suggested that smoking can induce specific epigenetic modifications that could subsequently lead to altered immune responses. Furthermore, has shown a short-term effect of smoking on innate immune responses, and a long-term effect of smoking on adaptive immune responses. The long-term impacts are characterized by decreasing the body’s ability to fight off infections instantly and over time and unveils the potential risks of chronic diseases involving inflammation [7]. Smoking has a strong impact on the inflammatory response to bacteria, but this is lost soon after quitting. However, the impact on T cell responses remains for years after [8]. 4. Statistics and EpidemiologySmoking is one of the leading causes of preventable deaths and illnesses within the USA (of America) in which statistics showing that approximately 480,000 people within the USA dying from smoking-related illnesses each year [9]. Smoking tobacco kills up to half the number of its users who do not quit. Smoking tobacco kills more than 8 million people yearly. An estimate of 80% of the world’s 1. 3 billion tobacco users live in both low- and middle-income countries [10]. Smoking significantly increases the risk of various diseases compared to non-smokers. Some of the increased risk percentages include:Disease (CHD): 2 to 4 times higher risk [11]. Stroke: 2 to 4 times higher risk [11]. Lung Cancer: Men have a 25 times higher risk, and women have a 25. 7 times higher risk [11]. (COPD): Male smokers have a 25. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by explaining that smoking compromises the immune system, indicating that external stressors can lead to a weakened immune response. It notes that smoking can cause long-term impairments in the body's ability to fight infections, thereby supporting the idea that stress, which can be likened to smoking, can weaken the immune system over time.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Mindfulness activities can promote a calm learning environment. [SEP] Text: The lack of explicit tests of school-based mindfulness programmes that make practice time available in the school day may be due to the challenges implicit in doing so. One of the challenges of incorporating mindfulness practice in the school day is that school curriculums are already overburdened, so there is simply not space for mindfulness practice in the school day (Easthope & Easthope, 2000; Majoni, 2017). As such, the majority of school-based mindfulness programmes do not include space for mindfulness practice in the school day (Johnson et al. , 2017; Kuyken et al. , 2013; Tudor et al. , 2022). Instead, the most common approach is to have one lesson a week for mindfulness for mental health, with the expectation that adolescents will take responsibility for the practice themselves, in addition to their usual curriculum-based homework. This results in an approach to providing school-based mindfulness programmes that attempt to be minimally intrusive to typical school function. Unfortunately, given the size of the study, we must admit that programmes which place the responsibility on students to practise mindfulness at home (to minimise interruption to typical school function) do not work. As such, the majority of school-based mindfulness programmes are likely ineffective. In this context, it is not yet certain why many previous studies (and meta-analyses) of mindfulness in schools have reported positive results in contrast to the negative result reported by the study. One potential (at least partial) explanation may be that most of these studies examined multiple outcome metrics and may have often reported any significant results as the primary outcome measure, a practice associated with false positives. Indeed, at least one meta-analysis has reported a positive result bias for studies of mindfulness programmes provided to children (Dunning et al. , 2019). Recent work has also suggested that meta-analyses of low-quality studies do not address the risks of false positives from these studies, and can still result in false positive conclusions as a result of low study quality (Simonsohn et al. , 2022). Other alternative explanations are that the parameters of these programmes may have differed from (including having external mindfulness teachers teach the lessons rather than typical classroom teachers), or that adherence to practice recommendations may have been higher. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by stating that most school-based mindfulness programmes are likely ineffective due to challenges in incorporating mindfulness practice within an already overburdened school curriculum. It argues that the common approach is limited and often relies on students practicing mindfulness at home, which does not yield effective results. This directly undermines the idea that mindfulness activities can consistently promote a calm learning environment.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Soil microbial diversity is vital for ecosystem services. [SEP] Text: Michels and M. van Til. (1994). Biol. Fert. Soils 17: 177-184. Z. Filip. (2002). Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment 88: 169-174. F. Gil-Sotres, C. Trasar-Cepeda, M. C. Leiros and S. Seoane. (2005). Soil Biol. Biochem. 37:877-887. B. S. Griffiths, K. Ritz, R. D. Bardgett, R. Cook, S. Christensen et al. (2000). Oikos 90: 279-294. B. S. Griffiths, M. Bonkowski, J. Roy, K. Ritz. (2001). Appl. Soil Ecol. 16: 49-61. C. Kampichler, S. Dzeroski, R. Wieland. (2000). Soil Biol. Biochem. 32: 197-209. P. Legendre and M. J. Anderson. (1999). 69: 512-512. E. R. Levine, D. S. Kimes and V. G. Sigillito. (1996). 92: 101-108. J. M. Lynch. (2002). Biodegradation 13: 21-27. P. Mele and D. E. Crowley. (2008). Agrie. Ecosyst. Environ. 126: 139-152. M. N. Neilson and A. Winding. (2002). Microorganisms as indicators of soil health. Research Institute, Denmark, 83 pp. P. A. Noble, J. S. Almeida and C. R. Lovell. (2000). Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 66: 694-699. and R. Bassi. (2002). J. Am. Water Res. Assoc. 38: 91-100. Z. Ramadan, P. K. Hopke, M. J. Johnson and K. M. Scow. (2005). Chemo. Intell. Lab. Sys 75: 23-30. A. Schultz and R. Rieland. (1997). Comp. Electr. Agrie. 18: 73-90. R. E. Sojka and D. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text lists various studies and publications related to soil health and microbial activity but does not provide any information supporting or refuting the claim that soil microbial diversity is vital for ecosystem services. Therefore, it is irrelevant to the specific claim being analyzed.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Stress can weaken the immune system over time. [SEP] Text: 61 times higher risk, and female smokers have a 22. 35 times higher risk [12]. Disease: 2. 50 times higher risk for men and 2. 86 times higher risk for women [12]. Additionally, smoking is associated with increased risks of other diseases such as renal failure, intestinal ischemia, hypertensive heart disease, infections, various respiratory diseases, breast cancer, and prostate cancer. 5. Practices to Emphasize for Smoking CessationCurrent best practices in smoking cessation emphasize a comprehensive approach that includes both behavioral interventions and pharmacotherapy. Summary of the key strategies might include:Behavioral Interventions:Counseling: For instance, in-person or over the phone through quit lines to provide support and guidance [13]. Education: like informing about the health risks of smoking and benefits of quitting. Support groups: Facilitating peer support for individuals attempting to quit. Pharmacotherapy:Nicotine replacement therapy (NRT). Non-Nicotine Medications: Such as Bupropion and Varenicline which are FDA-approved to help quit smoking [14]. 6. of Policies with Smoking CessationPublic health policies play a major and crucial role in smoking cessation efforts. They are designed to create environments that support individuals in their attempts to stop smoking and to prevent the initiation of smoking among non-smokers. Some key strategies on how public health policies contribute to smoking cessation might include:Regulation: For instance, creating and then implementing laws that restrict smoking in public places. Taxation: Increasing taxes on tobacco products to make them less affordable [15]. Education. Cessation Programs: By providing access to smoking cessation programs [16]. Insurance Coverage: By ensuring that insurance plans cover smoking cessation and treatments. Research and Surveillance: By supporting research on effective cessation methods. 7. Electronic CigarettesAlthough E-Cigarette or vaping is being advertised as a safer smoking habit than regular smoking cigarettes and a good way to induce smoking cessation. However, it has been found that E-Cigarettes or vaping have bad health impacts as much as the same of regular smoking cigarettes on both the respiratory and the cardiovascular functions [17]. E-cigarettes have been shown to impact the immune system in several ways. Studies suggest that exposure to E-Cigarette vapor can lead to impaired innate immune system, increased inflammation, and respiratory tract infections [18]. 8. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by stating that exposure to E-Cigarette vapor can impair the innate immune system, which suggests a weakening of the immune response. It discusses how increased inflammation and respiratory tract infections can result from such exposure, aligning with the idea that stressors, including smoking and vaping, can negatively affect immune functioning.