Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Disruption of circadian rhythms can lead to health issues. [SEP] Text: Journal of Circadian RhythmsStart SubmissionBecome a ReviewerReading: Daily rhythms in plasma levels of homocysteineDownloadXML (US English)PDF (US English)Alt. DisplayShareShareResearch 10. 1186/1740-3391-2-5Submitted on Apr 24, 2004Accepted on Sep 3, 2004Published on Sep 3, 20044. 0 results accumulated in recent years have revealed that plasma concentration of the sulfur-containing amino-acid homocysteine (Hcy) is a prognostic marker for cardiovascular morbidity and mortality [1 - 5]. Plasma concentrations of Hcy in excess of 15 μmol/L under fasting conditions were associated with increased risk of cardiovascular mortality [6]. Furthermore, some patients having normal fasting levels of plasma Hcy were shown to have abnormally high levels of Hcy after methionine loading [7]. In most epidemiological studies, the differences between fasting concentrations of Hcy of cardiovascular patients and normal controls did not amount to more than 10–15%. Studies conducted during the 1960s have demonstrated that plasma levels of several amino acids vary in a daily manner. Feigin, Klainer and Beisel [8] were the first to report on daily rhythms in serum levels of total amino acids in adult men. The peak levels of the total integrated amino acids occured between 1200 and 2000 with a minimum level at 0400. Wurtman, Chou and Rose [9] reported on a daily rhythm in plasma concentration of tyrosine with a nocturnal nadir and a morning peak, which represented a two-fold increase in plasma tyrosine level. This rhythm persisted when subjects were maintained on a two-week low protein diet. Subsequently, the same group [10] extended their findings to 15 additional amino acids. Tyrosine, tryptophan, phenylalanine, methionine, cysteine, and isoleucine, underwent the greatest daily changes while alanine, glycine and glutamic acid showed the least. Hussein et al [11] reported that the daily fluctuations of plasma free amino acids were significantly affected by the dietary conditions. In none of these studies, however, were the levels of amino acids determined during the sleep period or under uniform dietary conditions. More recently, plasma Hcy levels were also shown to vary in a daily manner in humans with an evening peak and a morning nadir [12]. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text primarily discusses the daily fluctuations of plasma levels of homocysteine and other amino acids, and while it mentions daily rhythms, it does not explicitly connect these rhythms to health issues or the claim regarding disruption of circadian rhythms leading to health issues. Therefore, it is irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Extracurricular activities support holistic student development. [SEP] Text: of Research and Innovation in Submission Deadline-30th October 2024 October 2024 Issue : Publication Fee: 30$ -05th November 2024 on Economics, Management, Sociology, Communication, Psychology: Publication Fee: 30$ -20th November 2024 on Education, Public Health: Publication Fee: 30$ the Impact of Socio-on in Careemdeen 1884-1893 Dec 10, 2023 the Impact of Socio-on in of Education, University of DOI: Received: 23 October 2023; Revised: 14 November 2023; Accepted: 16 November 2023; Published: 10 December 2023 the impact of socioeconomic status on student participation in co-curricular activities is essential for promoting equity and inclusivity in education, ensuring that all students, regardless of their background, can fully engage in and benefit from these activities. This research aimed to investigate the level of student engagement in co-curricular activities among secondary school students in Sri Lanka, specifically focusing on the influence of socioeconomic status, such as parent income and parent education. The study used a survey research design and a questionnaire as the primary data collection instrument. A stratified random sampling technique was employed to select a sample of 1350 secondary school students. Descriptive analyses, including mean and standard deviation, were employed to analyse data. was conducted to explore the relationship between socioeconomic status and student participation in co-curricular activities. The assessment of the internal consistency of the instrument was conducted by calculating Cronbach’s alpha coefficient, which yielded a value of 0. 940 for measuring access to educational resources. The findings of the study demonstrated that student participation in extracurricular activities with a mean score of 3. 351 and 0. 939, and the interpretation is moderately high. analysis of the study revealed there are significant differences based on educational level towards student participation in extracurricular activities as the student participation in co-curricular activities significantly icreases as parent highest educational level increases. However, results of the study shows that there is no any significant differences of student participation in co- curricular activities based on parental income. By addressing these factors, educational institutions can strive to ensure that students from all socio-economic backgrounds have equal access to and benefit from extracurricular activities. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by highlighting the importance of student participation in extracurricular activities for promoting equity and inclusivity in education. It specifically states that 'student participation in extracurricular activities significantly increases as parent highest educational level increases,' which indicates that engagement in these activities is beneficial for student development. Additionally, the study emphasizes that addressing socioeconomic factors can help ensure equal access and benefits from extracurricular activities, which supports the idea of holistic development.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Gene editing has shown promise in treating genetic disorders like cystic fibrosis. [SEP] Text: infant lung function tests and lung clearance index) One study reported on gas transfer (Alton 1999). This study reported a small but significant reduction in gas transfer in the CFTR gene replacement group, mean (SD) 7. 5% (7. 6), but not the placebo group, mean (SD) 1. 6% (7. 6) (P < 0. 05) when measured on Day 2, which returned to baseline values when measured on Day 29, but did not present any actual data for this time point (Alton 1999). Alton 2015 reported a non‐significant treatment effect for diffusion capacity of the alveolar capillary membrane (KCOc), standardised treatment effect 0. 23 (95% CI –0. 17 to 0. 63) (P = 0. 257) and for transfer factor of the lung for carbon monoxide (TLCOc), standardised treatment effect 0. 21 (95% CI –0. 19 to 0. 60) (P = 0. 302) (both values corrected for haemoglobin concentrations) (Alton 2015). The same study also reported no significant difference in lung clearance index between treatment groups, standardised treatment effect 0. 26 (95% CI –0. 13 to 0. 66) (P = 0. 187); or on the mid‐expiratory flow between 25% and 75% of FVC (MEF25‐75%) for which the mean (SD) for the CFTR gene replacement group was ‐0. 012 (0. 395) and for the placebo group ‐0. 08 (0. 389), standardised treatment effect 0. 18 (95% CI –0. 21 to 0. 56) (P = 0. 362) (Alton 2015). They did not present values for each treatment group for these additional measures of lung function to include in the analysis (Alton 2015). 3. was not reported as a specific outcome measure in any of the included studies. There were no deaths reported in either active or placebo groups in three studies (Alton 1999; Alton 2015; Moss 2004). In the remaining study, one participant in the placebo group died of an unrelated motorcycle accident (Moss 2007). Secondary outcomes 1. Number of days as a hospital inpatient (or number of inpatient episodes) No study reported the number of days as a hospital inpatient. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by detailing various study results related to gene editing for cystic fibrosis (CF). It indicates that gene replacement for the CFTR gene resulted in only a small but significant reduction in gas transfer and reported multiple non-significant treatment effects for key lung function metrics such as diffusion capacity and lung clearance index. The lack of significant improvement in these areas suggests that while gene editing has been explored for cystic fibrosis, the outcomes reported do not support the assertion that it has shown promising results in effectively treating the disorder.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Disruption of circadian rhythms can lead to health issues. [SEP] Text: Significant daily rhythmicity was found in obese diabetic patients but not in normal controls. Since plasma samples were obtained every 3 hours and no attempt was made to examine how sleep affected the pattern of secretion, it is difficult to determine whether these findings bear any clinical significance. In rats, plasma Hcy demonstrated a 24-h rhythm with a nocturnal peak and a daytime nadir. Pinealectomy did not change the phase of the rhythm or its nocturnal elevation, but it did significantly increase mean plasma Hcy [13]. In the present study, we further investigated the possible existence of a daily rhythm in plasma Hcy under strictly controlled nutritional and sleep-wake conditions. We also investigated if the time during which methionine loading is performed, i. e. , morning or evening, had a different effect on the resultant plasma Hcy concentration. Six healthy men aged 23–26 years participated in 4 experiments. All were students who maintained a normal and regular sleep-wake cycle for at least three months prior to the studies. They were screened to ensure an adequate state of health by physical examination, detailed medical history and blood testing. All had a normal body weight (mean body mass index (BMI) = 23. 5 ± 1. 6 Kg/m2). They were instructed to avoid alcohol and coffee beverages during the 24 hours that preceded each of the experimental periods. The study was approved by the local Committee, and subjects gave written informed conset before being enrolled in the first experiment. Subjects were paid for their participation. the first and second experiments, daily rhythms in Hcy as well as in other amino acids were investigated under a normal or an inverse sleep-wake cycle. In the third and fourth experiments, Hcy concentrations were investigated after morning and evening methionine loading. Experiment 1 Subjcts were admitted to the laboratory at 1800 for a period of 24 hours, after having a normal day. A catheter was inserted into an antecubital vein and was kept patent by a drip of saline. Electrodes were attached for polysomnographic monitoring to determine sleep stages. These included respiration by respiratpry belt and nasal thermistor, and oximetry. Starting at 1900, 5-ml blood samples were drawn every hour until 1900 on the next day. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim directly. While it discusses rhythmicity in plasma Hcy in both obese diabetic patients and under controlled sleep-wake conditions, it lacks information regarding how disruption of circadian rhythms specifically leads to health issues. Therefore, it is categorized as irrelevant.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Extracurricular activities support holistic student development. [SEP] Text: In light of the study’s findings, there is a compelling need for educational institutions to proactively tailor and enhance their co-curricular programs, taking into account the influence of socioeconomic factors, to create more equitable opportunities for all students. Keywords: activity or co-curricular activity is an extension of the learning process implemented in or outside the classroom (Rahman & Azman, 2007). Student participation in school activities is an essential outcome of schooling. Besides, student participation in school activities is essential in reinforcing the classroom’s learning process, causing behavioral changes, and enhancing students’ personalities. Also, it could improve students’ critical experiences and skills (Reaves et al. , 2010). Student overall wellbeing in terms of social, academic, emotional, psychological and physical well-being assisted by outdoor education is considered a holistic form of education. (Harun & Salamuddin, 2014). Co-curriculum or school activity can be defined as an educational workout or outdoor activity that provides students with learning experiences (Coburn et al. , 2010; Roslan et al. , 2017). Students overall condition in terms of social, academic, emotional, psychological and physical wellbeing as assisted by outdoor education is considered a holistic form of education (Harun & Salamuddin, 2014). Student participation in school activities is positively related with academic achievement, self-concept (Miller, 2017; Zaman, 2017), and soft skills development, enriching students’ experience and providing them with additional benefits to raise their employability (Veronesi et al. ,2012; Thompson et al. , 2013). The socio-economic status of students can indeed have an impact on student participation in extracurricular activities. Socio-economic status refers to the social and economic standing of an individual or a family, considering factors such as income, occupation, and educational level. Students from lower socioeconomic backgrounds face financial constraints that limit their ability to participate in extracurricular activities requiring fees for membership, equipment, uniforms, or transportation, which can be difficult for families with limited financial resources to afford. Students from lower socio-economic backgrounds sometimes prioritise academic achievement over extracurricular involvement. Due to the importance of securing future opportunities and financial stability, they focus more on studies to enhance their chances of success. The parent’s education determines extracurricular activities, parental income and ethnicity (Jelani et al. , 2015). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by stating that participation in school activities reinforces the learning process and leads to positive behavioral changes and personality enhancement. It highlights that outdoor education contributes to students' overall well-being across social, academic, emotional, psychological, and physical dimensions, further describing this support as a holistic form of education. The emphasis on co-curricular programs and their importance in enriching student experiences aligns with the claim about holistic student development.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Gene editing has shown promise in treating genetic disorders like cystic fibrosis. [SEP] Text: Alton 2015 reported no clinically relevant changes in sputum microbiology of Staphylococcus aureus; no additional data were provided for analysis (Alton 2015). Data collection in Moss 2004 was incomplete (Moss 2004). Of the six of the 16 participants in the gene therapy group assessed at baseline were culture positive for Staphylococcus aureus (37. 5%). 90, three of the 14 participants from the gene therapy group assessed were positive for Staphylococcus aureus (21. 4%). In the placebo group, three out of eight participants assessed at baseline tested positive for Staphylococcus aureus (37. 5%); at Day 90, seven of the 12 participants assessed tested positive for Staphylococcus aureus (58. 3%). Again, it is not possible to draw any firm conclusions from these limited data. c. Haemophilus influenzae 2015 reported on this outcome and found no clinically relevant changes in Haemophilus influenzae cultures (no further details were provided) (Alton 2015). 8. Sputum rheology This outcome was not reported in any of the included studies. 9. Mucociliary clearance of the airway Alton 2015 demonstrated this outcome by recording 24‐hour sputum weight (Alton 2015). The study reported a non‐significant difference in the change in 24‐hour sputum weight between baseline and up to 12 months post treatment between the CFTR gene therapy group (n = 22) and the placebo group (n = 27), MD ‐2. 96 (95% CI ‐7. 97 to 2. 05) (Alton 2015). Alton 1999 reported simple saccharine nasal mucociliary clearance, but this is not an efficacy measure for CFTR gene replacement to the lung (Alton 1999). 10. Airway potential difference measurements (measuring salt transport) studies reported measurements of airway potential difference (Alton 1999; Alton 2015). These were measured in the lower airways using a bronchoscope and catheter. Both studies undertook bronchoscopy once before the administration of the study drug and repeated in Alton 1999 two days after the study drug was administered (Alton 1999) and at 28 days (plus or minus five days) after the final (12th) dose in Alton 2015 (Alton 2015). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by highlighting that studies reported no clinically relevant changes in important outcomes related to gene therapy for cystic fibrosis. Specifically, the text mentions that in research conducted by Alton in 2015, there were non-significant differences in treatment outcomes, such as sputum weight and Staphylococcus aureus culture positivity rates, making it difficult to draw firm conclusions about the efficacy of gene therapy. This suggests that gene editing may not yet be showing clear promise in treating cystic fibrosis, as per the claim.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Disruption of circadian rhythms can lead to health issues. [SEP] Text: Thoughout this period subjects were either in a supine or a sitting position in individual rooms where they could read, use their personal computers or watch television. From 2300 to 0800 the room lights were turned off during the sleep period. Blood samples were collected into EDTA treated tubes, immediately centrifuged at 4°C, and plasma was stored at -70°C until assay. Hourly blood sampling during sleep continued with minimal disturbance to subjects' sleep. To standardize food consumption and to provide adequate energy intake, subjects received every 3 hours 150 ml of specially designed liquid food (Ensure® formula) with the following composition: proteins (5. 49 g, 84% caseinate, 16% soy – 14. 7% of the calories), fat (5. 3 g, 32% of calories), carbohydrates (20 g, 77% corn syrup, 23% sucrose, 53. 3% of calories), vitamins and minerals, in 77 ml water. No other food except for water was allowed. Experiment 2 Thes second experiment was identical to Experiment 1 except for the fact that the sleep period was delayed from 2300-0800 to 0720-1500. As before, subjects were admitted to the laboratory at 1800 and blood was withdrawn every hour starting at 1900 until 1900 on the next day. Sleep was monitored polygraphically as described before. Food was provided as in Experiment 1. Experiments 3 and 4 In these experiments, we conducted a methionine loading test at two times: 0900 and 2100. The selection of these times was based on the results of the first two experiments that demonstrated a daily nadir and a nocturnal peak in Hcy levels (see below). At the start of each methionine loading test, subjects were administered 100 mg/kg body weight methionine, mixed in fruit juice. Blood samples (5 ml) were taken into EDTA treated tubes before methionine loading, designated as time 0, and then at +2, +4, +6 and +8 hours after methionine administration. Light carbohydrate rich meals were provided at +1 and +6 hours after the methionine loading in each of the test periods. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not directly address the claim about disruption of circadian rhythms and health issues. Instead, it describes an experimental procedure involving subjects' sleep and blood sampling, without mentioning any health implications or the concept of circadian rhythms.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Extracurricular activities support holistic student development. [SEP] Text: Students with fathers who obtained degrees participated more frequently than those with fathers with lower educational levels (et al. , 2006). In this study, student participation in school activities refers to involvement in co-curricular activities such as literary associations, sports, academic clubs, competitions, publications, and community-based programmes. This research 0. 940, signifying a high level of reliability. Subsequently, the collected data underwent both descriptive and inferential statistical analyses. Descriptive analysis was employed to ascertain the mean and standard deviations, yielding valuable insights into the overall extent of student engagement in extracurricular activities. Additionally, inferential statistical techniques, specifically the of Variance (), were conducted to investigate potential significant differences in student participation, taking into account variables such as parental income and parental educational level among secondary schoolchildren in Sri Lanka. For the purpose of data analysis, the researchers utilized the for the (SPSS) Version 23 software, a widely recognized and accepted tool known for its proficiency in handling data relevant to social science research. By employing appropriate statistical methodologies, the study aimed to comprehensively comprehend student participation in extracurricular activities, with a particular emphasis on examining potential disparities associated with parental income and educational backgrounds. of the part presents data on the demographic particulars of the student respondents from 1350 secondary schools in Sri Lanka, which this study covered. Frequency and percentage were used to analyze the respondents’ demographic information. The demographic factors investigated were, father’s education level, mother’s education level and parents’ income. Demographic profiles of the respondents surveyed for this study are shown in detail in Table 01. Table 1. Background of the than Rs. 15,000 (Less than RM. 333) 487 36. 1 Rs. 15,001 -46,000 (RM 334 – RM 1,022) 609 45. 1 Rs. 46,001- 150,000 (RM 1023 – RM 3,333) 215 15. 9 More than Rs. 151,001 (More than RM. 3,334) 39 2. 9 Father’s level of schooling 56 4. 1 Primary 332 24. 6 G. C. E O/L 565 41. 9 G. C. E A/L 307 22. 7 Tertiary education 90 6. 7 Mother’s level of schooling 47 3. 5 Primary 292 21. 6 G. C. E O/L 613 45. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing student participation in various extracurricular activities and their engagement levels, indicating that these activities are a significant aspect of student development. Additionally, it highlights the demographic factors influencing participation, emphasizing the importance of these activities in schools for a comprehensive understanding of student engagement.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Gene editing has shown promise in treating genetic disorders like cystic fibrosis. [SEP] Text: Alton 2015 also undertook an analysis of nasal potential difference in a subgroup of participants who were additionally treated with placebo or CFTR gene therapy via a nasal spray device; this has not been included in analysis as it is not an efficacy measure for CFTR gene replacement therapy to the lung (Alton 2015). a. Baseline potential difference People with CF have a higher baseline potential difference than people without CF (Griesenbach 2005). An effective CFTR gene replacement intervention would therefore be expected to demonstrate a reduction in baseline potential difference. Data for Alton 1999 are for segmental bronchi, estimated from figures in the original paper (Alton 1999). No significant change in baseline potential difference was seen in either the CFTR gene replacement group (n = 8), mean (SD) change ‐0. 81 (9. 02) millivolt (mV), or the placebo group (n = 8), mean (SD) change 2. 53 (6. 48) mV (Alton 1999). When these data are entered in the review's analysis, there was no difference between the groups, MD ‐3. 34 (95% CI ‐11. 04 to 4. 36) (Analysis 1. 10). 2015, we calculated change in baseline potential difference from baseline and post‐treatment data provided (mean (SEM)); assuming a correlation coefficient (Corr) of 0. 9 to estimate the SD. There was no significant difference between treatment groups (CFTR gene therapy group n = 10; placebo n = 7), MD ‐0. 30 (95% CI ‐2. 90 to 2. 30) (Analysis 1. 10). Sensitivity analyses at a range of values for Corr also showed no statistical difference between treatment groups (Alton 2015). Alton 2015 demonstrated no significant difference in post‐treatment (after 12 months) bronchial potential difference between treatment groups, MD 1. 70 (95% CI ‐3. 50 to 6. 90) (Analysis 1. 12). Data presented for this study are the mean of tracheal and all bronchial measurements (Alton 2015). b. Response to perfusion with amiloride Since sodium absorption is increased in people with CF, a greater reduction in potential difference from baseline is seen in response to amiloride in participants with CF than in those without CF (Griesenbach 2005). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by presenting findings that show no significant difference between the CFTR gene therapy and placebo groups in various measures related to cystic fibrosis, specifically regarding baseline potential difference and other treatment efficacy indicators (e.g., 'no significant change in baseline potential difference was seen in either the CFTR gene replacement group or the placebo group'). This suggests that the gene editing approach discussed does not demonstrate the promising results claimed.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Disruption of circadian rhythms can lead to health issues. [SEP] Text: Measurement of amino acids and vitamins Plasma amino acids levels (Hcy, methionine, leucine, isoleucine and tyrosine) were measured in duplicates using a Biochrom 20 Amino-Acid analyzer (Pharmacia Biothech, Cambridge, UK) as described before [5]. The mean intra-assay CV was less than 3%. All samples from a single individual were analysed in a single run. In view of their involvment in Hcy metabolism, serum levels of folic acid and vitamin B12 were also measured in all samples of all subjects using commercially available kits from Abbott. The assays were performed on an Abbott IMX analyzer that utilizes ion capture technology for folate determination and microp12. The assays were performed according to the manufacturers' instructions and used quality control sera supplied by Abbott. Statistical analysis Repeated measurements ANOVA was used to compare the means of the amino acids between the first two experiments. To obtain the average 24-h Hcy curves, each individual data point was replaced by a z-transformation based on the individual 24-h mean and standard deviation, before averaging across subjects. Then, each of the individual time series was subjected to Cosinor analysis to determine its amplitude and acrophase. 1 was perfomed during the summer (August) and Experiment 2 was performed during early winter (late November), approximately 2 months after the change from Summer daylight-saving time to Winter time, during which the clock in Israel was advanced by one hour, the 24-h curves of the first experiment were advanced by 1 hour before the analysis. Then repeated measurements ANOVA was used to determine differences in acrophase between the experiments. In the third and fourth experimens, the concentrations of Hcy at times 0, 2, 4, 6, and 8 hours after methionine loading were analysed by repeated measures ANOVA to determine if there were any significant morning-evening differences in Hcy levels. subjects successfully completed the four experiments. In experiment 1 when they slept from 2300 to 0700, average sleep latency was 22. 2 ± 7. 3 min, total sleep time was 407. 3 ± 51. 8 min, and sleep efficiency was 77. 7 ± 9. 2%. In experiment 2 when they slept from 0720 to 1500, average sleep latency was 4 ± 3. 1 min, total sleep time was 371. 5 ± 59. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text describes a study measuring amino acids and vitamins without directly addressing or providing evidence for the claim about circadian rhythms and health issues. Therefore, it is irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Extracurricular activities support holistic student development. [SEP] Text: Father’s and Mother’s Levels and its Effect on of Students’ Participation in Co-curricular Activities or The graph above shows significant interaction between father’s and mother’s highest education levels and its effect on student participation in school activities. Students who have fathers without schooling and mothers with G. C. E (A/L) have the highest mean compared to other students in terms of student participation in co-curricular activities. study finds a moderately high level of student participation in co-curricular activities. Adolescent students tend to participate more in extracurricular activities with high support from their parents and peers (Wang & Eccles, 2012). The highest mean value for student participation in co-curricular activities is ‘I participate in sports activities in school’. , Most of the adolescent students are involved in sports activities (95%), horse riding (78%) and music (73%) in Uttar Pradesh, India (Annu & Sunita, 2013). Sports activities tend to control students’ emotions and increase their self-concept, leadership skills, learning capabilities and academic achievement (Zaman, 2017). The lowest mean value and interpretation is moderate- low for the statement ‘I am involved in writing for publications’. This finding contradicts Martinez et al. (2016) that student participation in art and club activities is associated with a high level of connectedness with school. However, Craft (2012) found that students who participate in extracurricular activities—either sports, club or music programmes—score higher point averages than those who did not participate in such activities. This study identified significant differences in socio-educational participation in terms of students’ involvement in co-curricular activities based on the father’s and mothers’ highest educational levels. In the sample, students whose parents both have tertiary education have the highest mean. Student participation in co-curricular activities increases as their parents’ qualifications, either their mother’s or father’s, increases. Students whose parents had the highest level of qualifications actively participate in extracurricular activities compared with their peers. , Parents’ educational level predicts their adolescent children’s extracurricular physical activities in Italy (et al. , 2006). Students with fathers who obtained degrees participated more frequently in school activities than students whose fathers have lower educational levels. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by indicating that participation in extracurricular activities, such as sports and music, can enhance students' self-concept, leadership skills, learning capabilities, and academic achievement. It mentions that students involved in these activities tend to have higher point averages than those who do not participate, thereby supporting the idea that these activities contribute to holistic development.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Gene editing has shown promise in treating genetic disorders like cystic fibrosis. [SEP] Text: The mean change in bronchial chloride responses as well as pre‐ and post‐treatment data for each individual participant were presented in graphical form; aggregate data were not available for analysis (Alton 2015). 11. Measures of gene expression a. Quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (rtPCR) to measure vector‐specific CFTR messenger ribonucleic acid (mRNA) production This outcome was reported in three studies, but at different time points (Alton 1999; Alton 2015; Moss 2004). 1999, bronchial brushings were performed two days following the single dose of CFTR gene replacement or placebo. No vector specific mRNA could be detected by this measure in either the CFTR gene replacement group (n = 8), or the placebo group (n = 8) (Alton 1999). 2015, bronchial brushings were performed in a subgroup of participants at 28 days, plus or minus five days, after the 12th dose; four participants' measurements were taken beyond this time window due to clinical instability and one participant's bronchoscopy was performed after the sixth dose due to withdrawal from the study. No vector‐specific mRNA was detected in either the CFTR gene replacement group (n = 14) or placebo group (n = 7) (Alton 2015). 2004, six out of the 20 participants in the active group and two out of the 17 participants in the placebo group had bronchial brushings performed 30 to 60 days after the third dose of the study drug. As with the previous two studies, no vector specific mRNA could be detected in any participant sampled (Moss 2004). b. Any other method of measuring gene expression 2015 reported on this outcome and isolated DNA from bronchial brushings in the subgroup of participants who underwent bronchoscopy (Alton 2015). They demonstrated an increase in vector‐specific DNA in 12 out of 14 participants (86%) in the CFTR gene replacement group compared to readings below the limit of quantification in the seven participants in the placebo group (P = 0. 001) (Alton 2015). 12. Measures of CFTR protein expression 1999 measured chloride efflux in cells obtained by bronchial brushing, by measuring changes in 6‐methoxy‐N‐(‐sulphopropyl) quinolium (SPQ) fluorescence (Alton 1999). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by detailing studies on gene editing/lung function in cystic fibrosis (CF) where despite attempts at gene replacement, no vector-specific mRNA was detected in either the CFTR gene replacement or placebo groups. This suggests insufficient evidence of gene editing's efficacy in treating CF, undermining the claim's assertion that gene editing shows promise in treating genetic disorders such as cystic fibrosis.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Disruption of circadian rhythms can lead to health issues. [SEP] Text: 4 min, and sleep efficiency was 83. 6 ± 12. 2%. In spite of the reversal of the sleep-wake cycle, the 24 h means and coefficients of variation of Hcy in the two experiments were very similar to each other, 8. 82 μmol/L and 29. 7% and 8. 51 μmol/L and 27. 7%, in experiments 1 and 2, respectively. None of the subjects had abnormal Hcy levels (>15 μmol/L) at any point across the 24 hours. Figure 1 presents the average z-transformed 24-h curves of Hcy in the two experiments. In spite of the reversal of the sleep-wake cycle, the 24-h pattern of Hcy was remarkeably similar. In both experiments there was a midday nadir and a nocturnal peak in Hcy levels. In absolute terms, the daily rhythm in Hcy represents a change from nadir to peak values of 6. 7 to 9. 83 μmol/L (46. 7%) and 7. 4 to 10. 55 μmol/L (42. 6%), in experiments 1 and 2, respectively. Analysis of variance showed no significant difference in the average amplitude of the z-transformed rhythms of the two experiments, as determined by the cosinor analysis: 0. 81 ± 0. 19, and 1. 07 ± 0. 22 μmol/L, for experiment 1 and 2, respectively. There was, however, a significant difference between the timing of the average acrophase which was earlier by approximately 2 hours in experiment 1 than in experiment 2 (22:47 ± 0:45 vs. 0:54 ± 1:14, t = 3. 77; p <. 01). Figure 1 Daily rhythms in plasma concentration of Homocysteine. Rhythms were measured in 6 subjects who slept from 23:00 to 07:00 (Night sleep) or from 07:20 to 15:00 (Day sleep). Blood was withdrawn every hour starting at 19:00 until 19:00 the next day. Individual data points were transformed to Z-scores before averaging across subjects. For clarity purposes standard errors of data points are not presented. Magnitude of standard errors was approximatly 10% of mean values. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the relationship between circadian rhythm disruption and health issues directly. It discusses experimental results regarding levels of Homocysteine (Hcy) relative to sleep patterns but does not provide evidence or insight into how disruptions in circadian rhythms are linked to health problems, making it irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Extracurricular activities support holistic student development. [SEP] Text: Furthermore, adolescents with mothers who graduated with degrees participated in school activities more than three hours every week than students whose mothers had lower academic levels. Children of tertiary-educated parents are more likely to engage in extracurricular activities, likely due to their parents’ heightened awareness of the benefits of such activities for their children’s socioemotional and cognitive development(Jelani et al. , 2015). The nature of student participation in extracurricular activities is contingent on parental educational levels, with parental experience and values being stronger predictors for student engagement in language programs, while parents with lower educational qualifications are more influential in predicting student involvement in music programs (Ashbourne & Andres, 2015). The results of this study offer interesting insights into the relationship between parental income and student participation in co-curricular activities. Contrary to the findings of of Jelani et al. (2015), which suggested that household income significantly influenced student participation in extracurricular activities, this study did not find a substantial difference in student participation based on parent income. These results indicate that there may be variations in the impact of income on co-curricular versus extracurricular activities, suggesting that co-curricular activities might be more accessible to a wider range of students regardless of their family’s economic status. Moreover, the findings of this research challenge the notion that student participation in extracurricular activities is solely dependent on household income, as higher income levels did not appear to be the primary driving factor for involvement. Instead, it underscores the importance of parental values, experience, and educational background as critical predictors for student engagement in specific programs, such as language and music activities. It is worth noting that these findings deviate from the results of Burkhardt (2016), who found that poverty did not affect students’ participation in extracurricular activities among middle school children in County. These inconsistencies suggest that the relationship between income and student participation in extracurricular and co-curricular activities can vary depending on factors like geographic location, cultural context, and the specific nature of the activities in question. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by explaining that participation in extracurricular activities is influenced by parental education, which suggests that engaged parents recognize the importance of these activities for their children's socio-emotional and cognitive development. It emphasizes the benefits of such involvement and discusses how parental values and experiences serve as predictors of student engagement in various programs. This supports the broader idea that extracurricular activities are essential for holistic student development.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Gene editing has shown promise in treating genetic disorders like cystic fibrosis. [SEP] Text: The two Moss studies used a viral CFTR gene delivery system (AAV) with follow up for 150 to 210 days respectively (Moss 2004; Moss 2007). These studies were of similar design, although three doses were given in the Moss 2004 and two doses in Moss 2007. There were no significant differences in rate of exacerbation between the treatment group and placebo in either study. Moss 2004 demonstrated a significant improvement in respiratory function (FEV1) 30 days after participants had received their first dose of gene therapy agent. This finding was not confirmed in Moss 2007 or in our meta‐analysis (Moss 2004; Moss 2007). study nor our meta‐analysis of FVC (L) showed any significant difference between treatment and placebo groups at either 30 days or two months (Analysis 1. 5). No study reported on survival; however, no deaths were reported in three of the studies and the single death reported in one study was not treatment related. Overall completeness and applicability of evidence Four trials recruiting 302 participants with CF were included in this review; three trials recruited a mixture of males and females aged 12 years and over (Alton 2015; Moss 2004; Moss 2007) and one recruited only adult males due to regulatory restrictions (Alton 1999). The mean age of participants in the four studies was 24. 5 years. Homozygous ∆F508 was the commonest genotype in the studies. There are insufficient data reported in the studies for some outcomes considered to be important for this review: oral antibiotics (days or episodes); number of days as a hospital inpatient; need for extra treatment (physiotherapy); school or work attendance; height; and sputum rheology. Quality of the evidence All included studies had a parallel design. Overall there were minor issues with quality, in particular risk of bias from concealment, allocation and randomisation. Methods of randomisation and allocation concealment are specified in just one study (Alton 2015); in the remaining studies, they are unclear (Alton 1999; Moss 2004; Moss 2007). 2004, 83% of randomised participants received all three doses of study drug and it is not stated whether withdrawals had been originally allocated to the active or the placebo group (Moss 2004). Post‐allocation withdrawal also occurred in Moss 2007, but to a lesser extent study (Moss 2007). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by highlighting that while gene therapy trials (Moss 2004; Moss 2007) were conducted, the results were not conclusive. It notes that one study demonstrated a significant improvement in respiratory function, which was not confirmed in subsequent studies or in the meta‐analysis, indicating that overall efficacy of the gene editing approach for cystic fibrosis remains uncertain. This suggests that gene editing may not yet show the promised effectiveness in treating genetic disorders like cystic fibrosis, thereby undermining the claim.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Disruption of circadian rhythms can lead to health issues. [SEP] Text: Strikingly different 24-h patterns were observed for the other amino acids: methionine, leucine, isoleucine and tyrosine. In all, the average z-transformed 24-h curves revealed a strong influence of both the sleep-wake cycle and the feeding schedule. Their level was notably lower during the sleep period, regardless of its timing, and increased every two hours in synchrony with the times of feeding. This pattern is exemplified in Figure 2 for methionine. Identical patterns were observed for leucine, isoleucine and tyrosine (data not shown). Figure 2 Daily rhythms in plasma concentration of methionine. Rhythms were measured in 6 subjects who slept from 23:00 to 07:00 (Night sleep) or from 0720 to 1500 (Day sleep). Blood was withdrawn every hour starting at 19:00 until 19:00 the next day. Individual data points were transformed to Z scores before averaging across subjects. For clarity purposes standard errors of data points are not presented. Magnitude of standard errors was approximatly 10% of mean values. Note the large pulses in methionine concentrations that appeared in synchrony with the times of feeding. We did not find any evidence for rhythmicity in the concentrations of B12 and folic acid. While folic acid showed a linear increase throughout the study period, the 24-h pattern of B12 was rather constant with slight elevation during the night time (data not shown). Methionine loading As expected, methionine loading resulted in increased plasma Hcy levels during both morning and evening experiments (Figure 3). Analysis of variance did not reveal overall significant differences between morning and evening post-methionine Hcy levels. However, inspection of Hcy levels at each of the time points separately revealed some interesting trends. Before methionine loading, as could be expected from the daily rhythm in Hcy found in experiments 1 and 2, morning Hcy level tended to be lower by 1. 18 μmol/L than the evening level (p <. 11, paired t-test, two tailed). Moreover, the increase in Hcy from time 0 to 2 hours after loading was greater by a mean of 2. 8 μmol/L in the evening than in the morning (p <. 09, paired t-test, two tailed). This resulted in evening and morning levels of Hcy of 26. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses various amino acids and their plasma concentration patterns in relation to sleep-wake cycles and feeding schedules, without explicitly addressing how disruption of circadian rhythms affects health. It focuses on specific biochemical measurements and does not provide information about health issues related to circadian rhythm disruption.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Extracurricular activities support holistic student development. [SEP] Text: В заключении теоретического анализа рассматриваются особенности организации внеурочной деятельности на уроках биологии в 8 классе. В практической части статьи приводится описание практического исследования, в результате которого формулируется вывод об эффективности организации внеурочной деятельности по биологии как средства развития исследовательских умений у обучающихся 8 классов. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text supports the claim by discussing the organization of extracurricular activities in biology lessons and highlights the effectiveness of such activities in developing research skills among students, which contributes to their overall development.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Gene editing has shown promise in treating genetic disorders like cystic fibrosis. [SEP] Text: Very low certainty: we are very uncertain about the estimate. a The method of measurement of episodes of acute DIOS (e. g. numbers, %, per person or total number of episodes) was not described in the trial. b The small number of participants in the trial (20) decreases the precision of the results. c The participants had a very limited age range (7. 1 years to 23. 2 years), making the evidence for these outcomes restricted to this group, and therefore increasing its indirectness. d The majority of the risk of bias domains were ranked as unclear (selection bias, attrition bias and reporting bias) as there was little information provided in the trial. eNo specific numerical data were provided for the results of these outcomes, therefore we cannot be sure of the significance or relevance of these results. f There was no washout period described in this cross‐over trial, therefore we cannot be sure whether there was a carry‐over effect of the treatments. see the appendices for a glossary of terms used in the review (2021. We searched the following databases on 12 October 2021: Register of () in the www. thecochranelibrary. com; (1946 to October 2021) (1974 to October 2021) We also searched the following trials registries and other resources. Date of last search 12 October 2021. US of Clinicaltrials. gov (www. clinicaltrials. gov); () Registry (www. isrctn. com ); () (apps. who. int/trialsearch); (www. opengrey. eu/). For details of our search strategies, please see the appendices (1. Open in figure viewer Figure 1 Study flow diagram Included studies There was one trial included in the review which was only available as an abstract (Dalzell 1993). We attempted to contact the authors, who informed us that there was no full text version of the trial available. It was a single‐centre, double‐blind, randomised, cross‐over trial that took place at the Children's Hospital, in the UK. The trial included 20 participants (16 female) with an age range of 7. 1 years to 23. 2 years, giving a mean age of 13. 1 years. Participants were required to have a diagnosis of chronic DIOS to be included in the trial. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by expressing a number of uncertainties regarding a trial related to genetic treatments, indicating low certainty and various biases. Terms such as 'very low certainty,' 'limited age range,' and 'unclear' risk of bias in the study indicate that the evidence supporting the claim is weak and not reliably established. The text raises doubts about the effectiveness of treatments, such as those that could involve gene editing, for genetic disorders like cystic fibrosis.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Disruption of circadian rhythms can lead to health issues. [SEP] Text: 66 and 23. 86 μmol/L, respectively. These differences became much smaller at +4, +6 and +8 after the loading. Figure 3 Plasma concentration of homocysteine before and after methionine loading. Shown are the means and standard deviations of plasma concentration of homocysteine in 6 subjects before (0 hr) and 2, 4, 6 and 8 hours after methionine loading at 09:00 and 21:00. present study demonstrated that under strictly controlled dietary conditions plasma levels of Hcy shows significant daily rhythmicity, which is independent of the 24-h cycle of sleep and wake, with a peak at around 2200 to 2400. Previously, similar rhythmicity in Hcy with an evening peak was reported in obese diabetic patients by Bremner et al [12] and with nocturnal peak in rats by Baydas et al [13]. We further extended these findings by demonstrating that daily rhythms exist also in normal young adults. In contrast to Hcy, there was no daily rhythmicity in methionine, leucine, isoleucine and tyrosine, in which the 24-h pattern followed both the timing of sleep and the feeding schedule. Homocysteine is a non-protein sulfur containing amino acid, and an intermediate in the metabolism of the essential amino acid methionine. The metabolism of Hcy is accomplished by two major pathways, remethylation into methionine and transsulfuration to cystationine [14]. In remethylation, Hcy acquires a methyl group from N-5-methyltetrahydrofolate or from betaine to form methionine. The reaction with N-5-methyltetrahydrofolate is vitamin B12 dependent while the reaction with betaine is not. In the transsulforation pathway, Hcy condenses with serine to form cystationine in an irreversible reaction catalyzed by the pyridoxal-5'-phosphate (PLP)-containing enzyme, cystationine beta synthase. Although we do not have any information as yet on the underlying mechanism responsible for the daily rhythm in plasma Hcy, it is most probably related to the balance between its rates of production and disposal. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not directly address the claim about disruption of circadian rhythms leading to health issues. Instead, it discusses the daily rhythmicity of plasma homocysteine levels and metabolic pathways involving homocysteine and methionine without linking these findings to health issues or circadian disruption. Therefore, this text is irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Extracurricular activities support holistic student development. [SEP] Text: За последние годы в ряде регионов страны наметилась тенденция интенсивного использования внеурочной деятельности по предметам естественнонаучного цикла для развития исследовательских умений, умений осуществлять самоуправление учебно-познавательной деятельностью и повышения эффективности учебно-воспитательного процесса, что приводит к социализации учащихся в современном обществе. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by stating that extracurricular activities in the field of natural sciences have helped develop research and self-management skills, which enhances the educational process and contributes to the socialization of students in modern society.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Gene editing has shown promise in treating genetic disorders like cystic fibrosis. [SEP] Text: g. numbers, %, per person or total number of episodes) was not described in the trial. b The small number of participants in the trial (20) decreases the precision of the results. c The participants had a very limited age range (7. 1 years to 23. 2 years), making the evidence for these outcomes restricted to this group, and therefore increasing its indirectness. d The majority of the risk of bias domains were ranked as unclear (selection bias, attrition bias and reporting bias) as there was little information provided in the trial. eNo specific numerical data were provided for the results of these outcomes, therefore we cannot be sure of the significance or relevance of these results. f There was no washout period described in this cross‐over trial, therefore we cannot be sure whether there was a carry‐over effect of the treatments. see the appendices for a glossary of terms used in the review (2018. We searched the following databases: Register of () in the www. thecochranelibrary. com; (1946 onwards); Embase HDAS (Advanced Search) (1974 onwards). We also searched the following trials registries and other resources: US of Clinicaltrials. gov (www. clinicaltrials. gov); () Registry (www. isrctn. com ); () (apps. who. int/trialsearch); (www. opengrey. eu/). For details of our search strategies, please see the appendices (2018. Searching other resources We checked the bibliographies of included trials and any relevant systematic reviews identified for further 1. Open in figure viewer Figure 1 Study flow diagram Included studies There was one trial included in the review which was only available as an abstract (Dalzell 1993). We attempted to contact the authors, who informed us that there was no full text version of the trial available. It was a single‐centre, double‐blind, randomised, cross‐over trial that took place at the Children's Hospital, in the UK. The trial included 20 participants (16 female) with an age range of 7. 1 years to 23. 2 years, giving a mean age of 13. 1 years. Participants were required to have a diagnosis of chronic DIOS to be included in the trial. Participants were randomly given either high‐dose or low‐dose pancreatic enzymes for six months each. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses the limitations and details of a clinical trial involving participants with chronic DIOS and pancreatic enzyme treatment, without mentioning gene editing or cystic fibrosis. Therefore, it does not provide any supporting or contrasting information regarding the effectiveness of gene editing in treating genetic disorders.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Disruption of circadian rhythms can lead to health issues. [SEP] Text: A high Hcy concentration could be due to an elevated production rate, a decreased rate of transsulforation, a decreased rate of remethylation to methionine, or any combination of these processes. The fact that the range of the daily variations in the plasma levels of Hcy is on the same order of magnitude as those seen in mild hyperhomocysteinemia, may suggest that the two phenomena share a common underlying mechanism. Mild hyperhomocystenemia seen under fasting conditions is due to mild impairement in the methylation pathway. This may be caused by folate or B12 deficiencies, or by methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase thermolability. The variations in plasma vitamin concentrations, however, could not provide an explanation for the daily rhythms in Hcy. The 24-pattern of folate levels showed a linear increase from the beginning to the end of the study. Although the plasma concentrations of vitamin B12 varied across the 24 hours – in contrast however to what was expected if B12 were involved in the daily rhythm in Hcy, ie, increasing levels of B12 associated with decreasing levels of Hcy – the 24-h pattern in B12 was parallel to that of Hcy with a daytime nadir and a night time peak. Thus, it is unlikely that a daily rhythm in plasma vitamin concentrations can explain the daily rhythm in Hcy. The methionine loading test has been used to test the individual's ability to dispose of methionine through the transsulforation pathway [14]. The fact that the differences between Hcy levels after morning and evening methionine loading were rather small and limited to the first 2 hours after the loading may indicate that the transsulforation pathway does not play a role in generating Hcy rhythmicity. A different possibility that cannot be ruled out at this point is the involvement of the Hcy cellular export mechanism. The small amount of plasma Hcy is the result of a cellular export mechanism that is essential for keeping intracellular concentrations low to avoid potentially Hcy cytotoxic effects. Thus the daily rhythm in plasma Hcy may reflect variations in the activity of the cellular export mechanism, which result in varying levels of Hcy disposed to the plasma at different phases of the 24 hours rather than in its rate of metabolism. Further studies are needed to test this possibility. Finally, what may be the clinical implications of the present findings? [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text provided does not address the claim regarding circadian rhythms and their impact on health issues. Instead, it discusses the factors influencing plasma levels of Hcy, the role of dietary vitamins, and the mechanisms related to Hcy metabolism. While it hints at daily rhythms in Hcy levels, it does not correlate these rhythms with health issues, making it irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Extracurricular activities support holistic student development. [SEP] Text: Ученический проект – это специально организованный учителем и самостоятельно выполняемый обучающимися, комплекс действий по решению значимой проблемы, завершающийся созданием продукта [0]. Организация исследовательской деятельности обучающихся представляет из себя оптимальный метод по формированию умения школьников без посторонней помощи получать новые знания, обрабатывать информацию, производить выводы и делать логичные умозаключения. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing a student project organized by a teacher, which engages students in problem-solving and leads to the development of skills such as independent learning, information processing, and logical reasoning. These outcomes align with the idea that extracurricular activities promote holistic student development.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Gene editing has shown promise in treating genetic disorders like cystic fibrosis. [SEP] Text: However, since the only RCT on this topic took place in 1992 and to our knowledge, there have been none since then that matched our inclusion criteria, it may suggest a degree of publication bias. Furthermore, we were unable to obtain a full‐text version of the included trial, even after contacting one of the authors, meaning that we were unable to access the relevant data in the trial. This may also indicate that there was publication bias. Within the review process, two authors independently screened and assessed trials for eligibility, as well as assessing for risk of bias. A third author acted as external arbiter in order to solve any disagreements. This process reduced the risk of bias. Agreements and disagreements with other studies or reviews As far as we are aware, there have not been any other systematic reviews or RCTs (other than the included trial in this review) comparing interventions for the treatment of DIOS. It is generally accepted that good adherence to PERT can reduce constipation and gastrointestinal symptoms in CF, but there is no high‐quality evidence that assesses the use of PERT for the treatment of DIOS. Figures and Tables - Figure 1 Study flow diagram Using systematic reviews (free)Navigate to figure in ReviewPrint figureOpen in new tab Figures and Tables - Figure 2 Risk of bias summary: review authors' judgements about each risk of bias item for each included study. Using systematic reviews (free)Navigate to figure in ReviewPrint figureOpen in new tab High‐dose pancreatic enzymes compared with low‐dose pancreatic enzymes for treating DIOS Patient or population: children and adults with cystic fibrosis Settings: outpatient Intervention: high‐dose pancreatic enzymes Comparison: low‐dose pancreatic enzymes comparative risks* (95% CI) Relative effect (95% CI) No of Participants (trials) Quality of the evidence (GRADE) risk Corresponding risk Low‐dose pancreatic enzymes High‐dose pancreatic enzymes Time taken from start of treatment until the resolution of DIOS Outcome not reported. N/A Treatment failure rate Outcome not reported. N/A not reported. N/A Episodes of acute DIOS Follow‐up: at 12 months There was no difference between low‐dose and high‐dose pancreatic enzymes. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the lack of high-quality evidence in assessing interventions for cystic fibrosis treatment. It emphasizes that 'there is no high‐quality evidence that assesses the use of PERT for the treatment of DIOS,' which suggests a shortfall in conclusive research to support the efficacy of gene editing or any treatments for cystic fibrosis.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Disruption of circadian rhythms can lead to health issues. [SEP] Text: Plasma homocysteine as a risk factor for vascular disease; concerted action project JAMA 277: 1775–1781, [PubMed] DOI: Lavie, L, Perelman, A and Lavie, P (2001). Plasma homocysteine levels in obstructive sleep apnea: association with cardiovascular morbidity Chest 120: 900–908, [PubMed] DOI: and Vollset, SE (1997). Plasma homocysteine levels and mortality in patients with coronary artery disease N Med 337: 230–236, [PubMed] DOI: Van der and Banga, JD (1998). Methionine loading test is necessary for detection of hyperhomocysteinemia J Med 132: 67–72, [PubMed] DOI: and Beisel, WR (1967). Circadian periodicity of blood amino-acids in adult men Nature 215: 512–514. [PubMed] Wurtman, RJ, Chou, C and Rose, CM (1967). Daily rhythm in tyrosine concentration in human plasma: persistence on low-protein diets Science 158: 660–662. [PubMed] and Larin, FF (1968). Daily rhythms in the concentrations of various amino acids in human plasma N Med 279: 171–175. [PubMed] and Scrimshaw, NS (1971). Daily fluctuation of plasma amino acid levels in adult men: effect of dietary tryptophan intake and distribution of meals J Nutr 10: 61–69. [PubMed] and Scheving, LE (2000). Circadian rhythm of serum total homocysteine in men Cardiol 86: 1153–1156, [PubMed] DOI: and Kelestimur, H (2002). Effects of pinealectomy on the levels and the circadian rhythm of plasma homocytsteine in rats J 33: 151–155, [PubMed] DOI: Selhub, J (1999). Homocysteine metabolism Nutr 19: 217–246, [PubMed] DOI: Knutsson, A and Boggild, H (2000). Shiftwork and cardiovascular disease: review of disease mechanisms Health 15: 359–372. [PubMed] Nestel, PJ, Chronopoulos, A and Cehun, M (2003). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not directly address the claim regarding circadian rhythms and health issues. Instead, it lists various studies related to homocysteine levels and their associations with other health conditions, focusing more on biochemical studies than on circadian rhythms. Therefore, it is irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Extracurricular activities support holistic student development. [SEP] Text: Потому что УИД - это деятельность школьников, связанная с преодолением креативных или исследовательских задач, а так же предусматривающая присутствие основополагающих этапов деятельности: выявление проблемы, работа с теоретическими источниками, выбор путей практического освоения этой теории, обработка материала, его синтез и логическое обоснование, научное аргументирование, личные выводы [0]. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by describing the activities related to students overcoming creative or research tasks, which aligns with the idea of extracurricular activities that promote holistic development. It mentions fundamental stages such as problem identification and data processing, signaling the comprehensive learning process that is integral to student development.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Gene editing is completely risk-free with no side effects. [SEP] Text: -19 PreprintsProtocolsVideosJournalsTools & a 10. 21203/rs. 3. rs-3974515/v1This work is licensed under a CC BY 4. 0 LicenseStatus:PostedVersion 1posted You are reading this latest preprint versionAbstractGenome editing in plants usingCas9 typically involves integrating transgenic constructs into plant genome. However, a challenge arises after the target gene is successfully edited, transgene elements such as Cas9, gRNA cassette, and selective marker genes remain integrated. This integration of transgenes causes regulatory and environmental concerns, particularly for commercialization. In addressing this issue, we present the establishment of a transgene-free genome editing system in sorghum, achieved through transient gene expression without selection. We selected the phytoene desaturase (PDS) gene as the target due to its capacity to induce a visible phenotypic change, namely albinism, upon mutation. Following microprojectile co-transformation with maize optimised Cas9 vector and a gRNA cassette with kanamycin resistance gene, immature embryo (IE) derived tissues were divided into two groups (selection and non-selection) and deployed as parallel experiments. Remarkably, 4 out of 18 homozygous/biallelic editing lines in the non-selection group were identified as transgene-free lines in the T0 generation, with no traceable transgenes. Conversely, no transgene-free editing line was achieved in the selection group. This strategy not only enables to regenerate transgene-free genome-edited lines more efficiently but also saves one generation of time by eliminating the need for self-crossing or out-crossing. Our results displayed the feasibility of achieving transgene-free genome-edited plants within a single generation in sorghum. Furthermore, this approach opens avenues for vegetatively propagated crops like pineapple, sugarcane, and banana to obtain transgene-free genome-edited lines, facilitating their commercialization. Biological sciences/Biotechnology/Plant biotechnologyBiological sciences/Plant sciences/Plant geneticsPDS genealbino plantstransgene-freegenome editingtransformationsorghum/Cas9transient gene expressionFiguresFigure 1Figure 2Figure 3Figure 4Figure 5Figure 61. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing regulatory and environmental concerns associated with gene editing, indicating that there are issues arising from the integration of transgenes, such as the presence of elements like Cas9 and gRNA that remain integrated post-editing. This implies that gene editing is not completely risk-free and does have potential side effects related to commercialization.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Disruption of circadian rhythms can lead to health issues. [SEP] Text: Such broader impact on different physiological processes makes us question the premise of circadian rhythms being circumscribed to this particular group within prokaryotes. Changing concepts of the bacterial world The presumed lack of circadian periodicity in the physiology of heterotrophic bacteria was originally founded not on actual experimental evidence but on premises that for a long time were accepted in microbiology. One rests on the classical view of bacteria as simple reproductive machines that merely multiply as long as nutrients are available, and therefore would have no use for a regular, nearly anticipatory control system. However, the idea of a bacterial population as a mass of rudimentary organisms growing as fast as resources allow has long given way to the appreciation of a far more complex picture. It includes finely tuned sensory and regulatory mechanisms, or the ability to coordinate responses at the population level through the synthesis and release of signal molecules, in the process known as quorum sensing. A second argument is that the need of bacteria to quickly respond to external stimuli (nutrients, stressors, or sudden environmental changes) would not be compatible with circadian rhythms, which would impose fixed temporal responses. This might be true if circadian regulation were of such a strict nature that it limited the organism's adaptability to changing situations. But the existence of a circadian clock does not impede cyanobacteria, for example, to have efficient stress response mechanisms. Furthermore, it is possible to envision environmental situations where a circadian control of certain processes could be beneficial. It might be the case of plant-associated bacterial populations, given that the amount and composition of nutrients released through roots or leaves in the form of exudates varies with circadian periodicity. A mechanism for sensing light and temperature changes associated to day/night cycles, and acting as a metabolic switch to anticipate the alteration of incoming resources, could be an advantage for bacteria colonizing plant surfaces. Old and new evidence A series of experiments published in 1930 by Rogers and Greenbank [4] demonstrated the existence of oscillations in the growth rate of Escherichia coli in fluid medium. The authors designed a 15 meter-long hollow glass spiral that was filled with liquid medium with a chromogenic indicator of lactose utilization and inoculated at one end with an E. coli culture. Progression of the culture was then followed over a period of several days by observing turbidity and color change and recorded by photographing the spiral at fixed intervals. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not provide any direct information regarding the impact of disrupted circadian rhythms on health issues. Instead, it discusses the complexity of bacterial physiology and challenges the traditional view on circadian rhythms in bacteria without specifically addressing any health-related consequences.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Extracurricular activities support holistic student development. [SEP] Text: Изучение биологии дает многие возможности по организации учебных исследований – это проведение экскурсий на природу, походы в краеведческие музеи, зоопарки, дендро- и лесопарки; организация на уроках опытов и экспериментов; проведение внеклассных мероприятий, вовлечение обучающихся в исследовательскую деятельность, что позволяет: углубить представление о роли растений и животных в природе и жизни человека, формировать понятия «биологические ресурсы», «флор [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by illustrating how activities related to studying biology, such as excursions, experiments, and involvement in extracurricular events, contribute to students' understanding and engagement with nature and biology, thereby supporting their holistic development.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Gene editing is completely risk-free with no side effects. [SEP] Text: IntroductionThe clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats ()associated nuclease Cas9 system has increasingly gained momentum and has been broadly utilized for plant genome editing worldwide in the last decade1. Genome editing byCas9 has been extensively investigated for gene function, plant breeding, and crop improvement2. /Cas9 system has displayed tremendous advantages over traditional methods in how to generate mutations in a precise and predictable way3. The process of genome editing is typically based on genetic transformation, which means two essential components of the Cas9, and gRNA cassettes have been stably integrated into plant chromosome. However, when the target gene is completely edited byCas9, all transgenic elements, such as the Cas9 gene, selective marker gene, and gRNA(s), are no longer needed in plants. On the sharp contrary, those components could cause off-target genome editing due to constitutive gene expression. /Cas9 technologies offer precise genome-editing capabilities, alleviating concerns about producing genetically modified organisms (GMOs), global regulatory systems for categorizing -edited crops as GMOs vary considerably4, 5. In Australia, the Office of the Regulator (OGTR) oversees GMO regulation2. Notably, not all genetically edited (GE) foods are classified as GMOs in Australia, allowing their cultivation without regulatory restrictions or labelling6. 2000 ( currently governs these regulations. Considering different DNA double-strand break modifications, genome-modified products can be classified into four groups: (1) oligonucleotide-mediated genome modification (ODM), and the remaining three groups fall under site-directed nuclease technologies (SDN), including andCas: (2) SDN1, or Site-directed mutagenesis pathway 1 without a template; (3) SDN2, Site-directed mutagenesis pathway 2 with a homologous template, causing modifications in a few bases; (4) SDN3, Site-directed mutagenesis pathway 3 with a homologous template with ends. Australia classifies crops produced using SDN1 as conventional crops, but those generated using 2, and SDN3 are considered GMOs5. In Japan, SDN1 and SDN2 are treated as non-GMO. In the USA, the regulatory frame for GMOs is implemented through three federal agencies: Department of Agriculture (USDA), Agency (EPA), and Food and (FDA). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by highlighting that the clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR) associated nuclease Cas9 system, while beneficial for precise genome editing, has potential risks associated with off-target effects. Specifically, it states that 'those components could cause off-target genome editing due to constitutive gene expression,' indicating that gene editing is not risk-free and does entail possible side effects.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Disruption of circadian rhythms can lead to health issues. [SEP] Text: Data showed periodic alternation of fast and slow growth, with peaks of fast growth appearing every 20-22 h. The authors suggested that periods of exposure to intense light could be influencing this phenomenon. However, these results were disregarded based on observations published by other researchers [5], which were actually made under different experimental conditions, during a much shorter period of time, and with other microorganisms. Later reports of circadian oscillations in the growth of Escherichia coli or Klebsiella pneumoniae exist in the literature (reviewed in [6]), but the prevailing view at the time those observations were published was that circadian rhythms were to be found exclusively in multicellular eukaryotic organisms. The discovery of this phenomenon in photosynthetic prokaryotes and unicellular eukaryotes did not bring those studies back to light. Scattered evidence that may add weight to those initial observations can be found in more recent literature. We have already mentioned plants as bacterial habitats where circadian regulation would make sense. In fact, variations in plant-colonizing bacterial populations depending on the time of day at which samples were taken have been reported [7], and the potential role of light and plant circadian rhythms in plant pathogenesis has been recently put forward [8]. Furthermore, photoperiod can influence the response of pepper plants to the positive action of plant growth-promoting Bacillus amyloliquefaciens bacteria [9], so that root and shoot biomass are increased in the presence of these microorganisms only in plants under long day (12 h of light) conditions, but not under short day (8 h) conditions. Bacterial responses to light While the above mentioned data have for the most part been interpreted from the point of view of plant responses, alterations in microbial physiology as a reaction to photoperiod should not be discarded. With the ever-increasing data obtained from genome sequencing projects, it has become apparent that genes encoding proteins similar to phytochromes, which in other organisms sense light and may participate in the adjustment of circadian rhythms, are present in the genomes of different bacteria. Proteins containing a light, oxygen or voltage (LOV) sensing domain are also widespread in many organisms, including bacteria. Although their function in many cases remains to be determined, a protein containing this domain has recently been shown to respond to light and to participate in stress responses in the soil bacterium Bacillus subtilis [10]. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not directly address the claim regarding the health issues caused by disruption of circadian rhythms. Instead, it discusses observations related to circadian rhythms in bacteria and their interactions with plants and light. It does mention variations in microbial physiology in response to photoperiod, but this information is not directly linked to health issues, making the text irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Extracurricular activities support holistic student development. [SEP] Text: Обычно обучающиеся с большим интересом рассматривают и наблюдают под микроскопом, изучают, сравнивают, исследуют представителей одноклеточных и многоклеточных организмов. На современном этапе внеурочная деятельность – это неотъемлемая часть образовательного процесса в школе, которая способствует в полной мере реализации требований федеральных образовательных стандартов общего образования. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by stating that extracurricular activities are an integral part of the educational process in schools, which facilitates the full implementation of federal educational standards. This implies that such activities play a crucial role in promoting various aspects of student development.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Gene editing is completely risk-free with no side effects. [SEP] Text: the and (APHIS), and EPA jointly regulate -based agricultural products. Transgene-free -edited plants are exempt from conventional GMO regulations imposed by the FDA. According to 1, and SDN2 plants are deregulated, aligning with conventional breeding practices6. However, SDN3-created plants are evaluated case-by-case for regulatory categorization5. Numerous strategies have been explored to generate transgene-free genome-edited plants, primarily categorized into three approaches: DNA-free gene editing methods, transient expression of plasmid-based -DNA, or stable integration with self-crossing or subsequent backcrossing. DNA-free gene editing techniques, including ribonucleoprotein (RNP), virus-induced gene editing, have gained prominence in crop genome editing7. Among these, preassembledCas ribonucleoproteins (RNPs) represent a direct and efficient approach for DNA-free genome editing8. The application of pre-assembledCas9 RNPs was pioneered in 2005, initially demonstrated in Arabidopsis thaliana, tobacco, lettuce, and rice protoplasts, and subsequently adopted in various plant species4, 5. While the use of RNPs is prevalent, it presents challenges, particularly in economically vital crops with complex tissue culture systems. Protoplast-based methods, essential for many crops, pose challenges in recalcitrant crops like sorghum9. Efforts have been made to explore alternatives such as zygotes and immature embryos, although these alternatives remain limited to specific plant species7, 8. To eliminate transgenes post gene editing, methods like self-pollination and out-crossing have been employed4. In self-pollinated crops, transgene-free lines can be identified through rigorous PCR screening and sequencing from T1 progeny. However, these PCR-based methods are time-consuming and labour-intensive when identifying transgene-free plants from a pool of transgenic plants. To enhance efficiency, various markers such as fluorescent markers, pigments, chemicals, enzymatic reactions, and suicide genes are utilized7. This study focuses on achieving transgene-free genome-edited sorghum plants in a single generation through biolistic bombardment. The characterization of these transgene-free -edited sorghum plants involves PCR, sequencing, and transcriptomics analyses. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the complexities and regulatory challenges associated with gene editing. It highlights the challenges of protoplast-based methods in recalcitrant crops, the time-consuming nature of identifying transgene-free plants, and the labor-intensive processes involved, which suggest that gene editing may have significant difficulties and risks associated with it.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Disruption of circadian rhythms can lead to health issues. [SEP] Text: A similar blue light activated protein determines survival of the pathogen Brucella abortus within macrophages [11]; infection by this bacterium is stimulated by light, and this stimulation is dependent on the LOV protein. It is also worth noting that proteins related to KaiC, the central oscillator of the circadian clock of cyanobacteria, can be found in other microorganisms [12]. Although their function is yet to be defined, these proteins may participate in signal transduction in some organisms. Bioinformatics analyses using BLAST programs indicate that genes encoding phytochrome-related proteins and a putative kaiC homolog can be found in the genome of Pseudomonas putida KT2440, for example. In this strain, the protein showing similarity with KaiC appears to be part of a three-component system, along with a sensory histidine kinase protein and a response regulator, suggesting it is involved in the response of P. putida to environmental signal(s). Light/darkness cycles influence surface growth of Pseudomonas putida We have conducted a preliminary exploration of how alternating light/darkness cycles affect the growth pattern of the heterotrophic, plant-colonizing bacterium Pseudomonas putida KT2440. Cultures of this strain grown overnight in liquid medium were spotted on the center of Petri dishes containing rich medium with 1% agar and either Coomassie brilliant blue or Congo red (50 μg/ml). These dyes bind proteins and other extracellular polymeric substances, respectively, and allow direct visualization of surface changes appearing during colony growth. Plates were incubated for 16h in the dark, sealed with Parafilm to avoid excessive desiccation and transferred to a growth chamber with artificial illumination (white, broad spectrum compact fluorescent lamps with a CRI ≈ 82, 3,500K; Ev ≈ 32,000 lux), set at light/darkness cycles of 16 h/8 h, under constant temperature (30 ± 0. 3°C). Control plates were kept in the same conditions but wrapped in aluminum foil. In a second set of experiments, plates were incubated under constant illumination. Growth and patch morphology were followed for 4 days. The emergence of concentric, regularly alternating rings with different color intensity could be observed in colonies under daily illumination/darkness cycles (Figure 1). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not directly address the claim regarding health issues resulting from the disruption of circadian rhythms. Instead, it primarily discusses the influence of light/dark cycles on the growth patterns of Pseudomonas putida and interactions with proteins like KaiC without connecting these findings to health outcomes in humans or health issues related to circadian rhythm disruption.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Extracurricular activities support holistic student development. [SEP] Text: Современное общеобразовательное учреждение – важнейший общественный институт воспитания подрастающего поколения. Внеурочная деятельность – это составная часть учебно-воспитательного процесса и одна из форм организации свободного времени учащихся. Современная школа имеет большой опыт проведения воспитательной работы по биологии, которая составляет часть единого учебно-воспитательного процесса. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by describing extracurricular activities as an integral part of the educational process that organizes students' free time, indicating their role in the broader context of student development.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Gene editing is completely risk-free with no side effects. [SEP] Text: The elimination of transgenes holds significant potential for the commercialization of sorghum lines subject to genome editing. 2. Results 2. 1. Observation of sorghum albino plantlets from tissue culture In total 72 plates (seven IE-derived calluses per plate) were bombarded using a p10. 9%. Whilst in the RM group, 18 “albinos” were produced across 8366 plantlets, representing an editing efficiency of approximately 0. 2%. However, when comparing the number of albinos directly to the initial material or the number of embryogenic calluses, editing efficiencies of 14. 3% and 4. 2% were observed in the RM group and SRM group, respectively. 2. 2. PCR screening of PDS gene and plasmids The genomic DNA extraction underwent rigorous validation for both concentration and quality, utilizing Nanodrop and electrophoresis tests. Gel images, presented in Fig. 2a and 2b, focusing on the PDS gene, exhibited variations in the sizes of PCR amplicons among different albino samples. This implies the presence of large fragment deletions in specific albino plants, while certain samples displayed double bands, indicating potential biallelic edits. Figure 2c provides a comprehensive overview of the percentage distribution of different editing events within the SRM, RM, and overall editing pathways. With the support of Sanger sequence data in subsequent analyses, we categorized occurring editing events into five major groups: (1) large deletions, (2) large deletions accompanied by unidentified insertions, (3) complex rearrangements, (4) alterations involving several nucleotides, and (5) one albino plant where no modification was discerned within the target PCR region compared to the wild-type Tx430. In this albino plant, the editing could occur outside the PCR region. Or the albino was caused by unknown reason. Among editing pathways with selections SRM group, large fragment deletion emerged as the most frequent event, accounting for 50%, followed by complex rearrangements (25%), large deletions with random insertions (18. 8%), and alterations involving several nucleotides (6. 2%). Intriguingly, in the absence of selection, a notable shift in the majority of editing events was observed from large deletion to complex rearrangements (Fig. 2c). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by detailing various outcomes and potential risks associated with gene editing in sorghum plants. It mentions significant editing events such as 'large deletions' and 'complex rearrangements,' which indicate that gene editing can result in major alterations to the genetic material, suggesting that it is not completely risk-free. The mention of 'potential biallelic edits' and the variety of editing pathways further imply that there are complexities and risks involved in gene editing.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Disruption of circadian rhythms can lead to health issues. [SEP] Text: Data are based on their width and the calculated growth rate for each patch (μm/h). Light and darkness periods are indicated below the X axis as white and grey bars, respectively. Arrow indicates when plates were removed from the cyclic light/darkness regime. Concluding remarks Our aim with this paper has been to put forward the potential interest of probing in detail the possibility of cyclic regulation in prokaryotes other than cyanobacteria, even though the current evidence may not be considered sufficiently solid. Probably, detailed research should be conducted with bacteria recently isolated from the environment, and not with the "domesticated" strains that have been under laboratory conditions for decades, since it is possible that in the latter this type of response is lost or at least damped, as is the case with other functions. coli, for example, the gapC gene is preferentially expressed in fresh water environments and is intact in environmental isolates, whereas laboratory strains still show environment-specific activation of its promoter but accumulate mutations in gapC rendering a truncated protein [13]. Circadian rhythms with a modulatory role on the physiology of heterotrophic bacteria would significantly change our view of certain aspects of microbial ecology and evolution, as previously mentioned for plant-associated bacterial populations. Besides, there might also be relevant biomedical implications; it is noteworthy that human body temperature and immune response show daily oscillations. Such well known fluctuations have been largely overlooked by clinical microbiologists but, could they actually represent an evolutionary adaptation to growth or virulence peaks in pathogenic bacteria? The idea has been previously hinted at [14], and may represent a potential new avenue of research. Competing interests The authors declare that they have no competing interests. Authors' contributions MIS and BR performed experiments. AMG and BR performed bibliographical research. MEU designed experiments, analyzed data and wrote the paper. All authors read and approved the manuscript. work was partially funded by grant BFU2006-26091E/BMC from the Explora-and BFU2007-64270 of the de I+D+I and FEDER. 10. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not directly address the claim regarding the health implications of disrupted circadian rhythms. Instead, it discusses research on cyclic regulations in bacteria, circadian rhythms in microbial ecology, and potential biomedical implications without establishing a link to health issues specifically arising from disrupted circadian rhythms in humans.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Extracurricular activities support holistic student development. [SEP] Text: Во внеурочной деятельности создаются условия для развития личности ребёнка в соответствии с его индивидуальными способностями, формируется познавательная активность, нравственные черты личности, коммуникативные навыки, происходит закладка основ для адаптации ребёнка в сложном мире, как интеллектуального и гармонично развитого члена общества. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by stating that extracurricular activities create conditions for the development of a child's personality in accordance with their individual abilities, thus promoting cognitive activity, moral qualities, and communication skills, which contribute to the holistic development of the child as an intellectually and harmoniously developed member of society.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Gene editing is completely risk-free with no side effects. [SEP] Text: Within the RM group, half of the "albino" plants exhibited complex rearrangements, followed by 38. 9% with large fragment deletions, 5. 6% with alterations involving several nucleotides, and 5. 6% (Fig. 2c) showing no change in sequence compared to the wild-type Tx430. Combining the two pathways, large fragment deletion and complex rearrangement emerged as the two most frequent editing events among the 34 albino plants, accounting for 44. 1% and 38. 2% (Fig. 2c), respectively. Less frequent editing events included large deletion with random insertion (8. 8%), alterations involving several nucleotides (5. 9%), and no change (2. 9%). These findings provide a comprehensive insight into the diverse editing events observed in the albino plants obtained through different editing pathways. To analyse the transgenic status of 34 albino plants from SRM and RM groups, we designed PCR primers to target six distinct regions in two plasmids (3 regions per plasmid), as illustrated in Fig. 3a and 3b. PCR analyses mainly focused on the amplification of Cas9 and NPTII regions among 16 samples from SRM group and 18 samples from RM group, as displayed in Fig. 3c-3f. All PCR results on six distinct regions are recorded in the Table 1. For the remaining four regions from the SRM group, gel images are included in the supplementary file (Fig. S1). Addressing the presence of zCas9 and the selective marker (NPTII), a significant trend emerged among the majority of albino plants, indicating zCas9 positivity. Noteworthy differences in the incidence of NPTII bands were observed between SRM and RM groups (Fig. 3d and 3f). In the SRM group, there was a higher prevalence of NPTII bands compared to the RM group. This intriguing observation underscores the potential of the selection-free system could promote transgene-free events in RM group. The higher presence of NPTII bands in the SRM group, as highlighted in Fig. 3, specifically underlines the importance of selection to achieve higher genetic transformation in SRM group. The PCR results through the utilization of six primer pairs targeting the zCas9 and NPTII plasmids and extending the 34 albino plants, have been systematically summarized in the Table 1. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by detailing various editing events and outcomes observed in gene-edited albino plants, indicating that gene editing leads to complex rearrangements and large fragment deletions among the plants, which suggests that there are significant side effects and risks associated with gene editing.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Disruption of circadian rhythms can lead to health issues. [SEP] Text: 1038/nrg1633 [PubMed] Más, P; Yanovsky, MJTime for circadian rhythms: plants get synchronized 12: 574–579, DOI: [PubMed] Golden, SS; Canales, SRCyanobacterial circadian clocks--timing is everything Microbiol 1: 191–199, DOI: [PubMed] Rogers, LA; Greenbank, GRThe intermitent growth of bacterial cultures J Bacteriol 19: 181–190. [PubMed] Bibb, LBUniform growth and progression of mobile colonies of bacteria in liquid plates J Bacteriol 24: 53–60. [PubMed] Halberg, F; Cornélissen, G; Katinas, G; Syutkina, EV; Sothern, RB; Zaslavskaya, R; Halberg, F; Watanabe, Y; Schwartzkopff, O; Otsuka, K; Tarquini, R; Frederico, P; Siggelova, JTransdisciplinary unifying implications of circadian findings in the 1950s J 1: 2. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it does not provide any information related to circadian rhythms or their impact on health. Instead, it lists various studies with PubMed references, but none of them specifically address the relationship between circadian rhythm disruption and health issues.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Extracurricular activities support holistic student development. [SEP] Text: Таким образом, на основании проделанной работе по осуществлению контроля за исследовательской деятельностью у школьников, мы пришли к выводу о том, что внеурочная деятельность является эффективным средством развития исследовательских умений. Мы зарегистрировали повышение интереса у обучающихся к дополнительной научной литературе, к изучению различных явлений окружающего мира, а так же повышение интереса к самому предмету биология. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by asserting that extracurricular activities are an effective means of developing research skills among schoolchildren, indicating a positive impact on their overall learning appetite and interest in subjects like biology.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Gene editing is completely risk-free with no side effects. [SEP] Text: Within the SRM group, all 16 albino plants were conclusively confirmed to be transgenic because of positive PCR bands. It is notable that six PCR regions from two plasmid are fully integrated into 9 albino plants, accounting for 56% in the SRM group (Table 1). However, it is noteworthy that plants SPDS-5 and SPDS-10 lacked the integration of the NPTII plasmid in their genomes. In the absence of selection, the integration of both plasmids is much less than in the presence of selection. Four albino plants PDS-1, PDS-9, PDS-11, and PDS-13 were identified as transgene-free genome editing plants, without any integration of six regions from both plasmids, representing 22. 2% of the analysed RM samples (Table 1). This observation emphasizes the occurrence of non-GM events in the RM group. Interestingly, among 18 albino plants, only sample PDS-14 exhibited the presence of sequences from both plasmids, constituting of 5. 6% of 18 samples. The remaining albino plants are lacking integration at least one targeted region of the plasmids in their genomes, underscoring the variability in the editing outcomes of SR group. This detailed breakdown of the PCR results not only confirms the successful transgenic status within the SRM group but also sheds light on specific instances of non-GM events in RM group, thereby providing a more comprehensive understanding of the genetic modifications. These findings contribute significantly to our assessment of the precision and efficacy of the applied genetic modification techniques, highlighting the need for scrutiny of individual plants to discern the intricacies of transgene integration. Table 1 PCR results of 6 pairs of primers to verify the existence of zCas9 plasmid and NPTII plasmid. If there was no plasmid fragment left, it is regarded as a non-transgenic plant. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by indicating the complexities and risks associated with gene editing, particularly through the mention of instances of non-GM events and variability in editing outcomes within the SRM and RM groups. It emphasizes that successful integration of plasmids was not uniform across all plants, and some plants identified as transgene-free exemplify that gene editing does not guarantee risk-free outcomes. This variability in integration highlights potential side effects and risks involved in genetic modification processes.