Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Protected areas like national parks help preserve habitats and biodiversity. [SEP] Text: 0006[climate change;climate change impacts;climate change trends;climate change vulnerabilities;national parks;range shifts]From glaciers melting in Park to corals bleaching in National Park, field research in US has detected statistically significant changes that analyses of possible causes have attributed to human-induced climate change. Research that has used data from US shows that climate change has also raised sea level, shifted vegetation and animal ranges, increased tree mortality, and caused other impacts. Average annual temperature of the US System increased at a statistically significant rate of 0. 9 ± 0. 2ºC per century (mean ± SE) from 1895 to 2010. If we do not reduce greenhouse gas emissions from power plants, cars, and deforestation, temperature in the 21st century could increase at two to six times the rate of 20th century warming, and temporal and spatial patterns of precipitation could change substantially. Analyses of vulnerabilities of resources in US indicate that continued climate change could fundamentally alter many of the globally unique ecosystems, endangered plant and animal species, and physical and cultural resources that national parks protect. (pages 102 - 140)This 10. 7208/chicago/9780226423142. 003. 0007[acid rain;air pollution;atmospheric deposition;national parks;nitrogen deposition;visibility]The story of air pollution research, policy development, and management in national parks is a fascinating blend of cultural change, vision, interdisciplinary and interagency collaboration, and science-policy-management-stakeholder collaborations. Unable to ignore the loss of iconic vistas from regional haze and loss of fish from acid rain in the 1980s, the US Service (NPS) embraced an obligation to protect resources from threats originating outside park boundaries. Upholding the requirement for parks to remain “unimpaired” for the enjoyment of future generations, and using the Act statement that the NPS has an “affirmative responsibility” to protect park resources, the NPS has supported, and effectively used, research as a means to protect lands, waters, and vistas from a mostly unseen threat. Using visibility and atmospheric nitrogen deposition as examples, we illustrate some success stories where the NPS led the way to benefit not only parks, but the nation. (pages 141 - 160)This 10. 7208/chicago/9780226423142. 003. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing how climate change poses significant threats to national parks, which are meant to preserve unique ecosystems and biodiversity. It states that climate change impacts, such as rising sea levels and shifted animal ranges, can undermine the very purpose of national parks in protecting these resources. Specifically, it mentions that continued climate change could fundamentally alter the ecosystems that national parks are established to protect, thereby indicating that while national parks aim to preserve biodiversity, their effectiveness is challenged by external climate factors.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Some argue that all GMOs are entirely safe and have no ecological impact. [SEP] Text: rhizogenes но также содержит последовательность гена сходного с геном октопинсинтазы octopine synthase-like (ocl) и c-подобные гены, характерные для A. tumefaciens. TD имеет множественные перестройки фрагмента T-ДНК, сходного с правой частью TL-ДНК штамма A4, и включает ген, подобный orf14 и ген неизвестной функции - orf511 (Сhen et al. , 2014). Исследование родственных видов показало присутствие обширных вставок Т-ДНК в геномах N. tabacum и N. otophora. У N. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses genetic sequences and gene functions related to specific bacteria without addressing the safety or ecological impact of GMOs. There is no mention of GMOs being safe or having an ecological impact in the provided text.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Vaccination programs have significantly reduced the global incidence of diseases like measles and polio. [SEP] Text: More aggressive childhood vaccination programs, the introduction of a two-dose schedule, and successful mass vaccination campaigns conducted by the in South and greatly reduced the number of reported measles cases in the in 1993 (Figure 1). During a 6-week period at the end of 1993, no indigenous cases of measles were reported (27). Molecular surveillance of measles viruses associated with cases and outbreaks in the during 1994, 1995, 1996, and 1997 documented this interruption of transmission of what had been the indigenous genotype (2,11). Only one group 2 virus was detected in the after 1993, and this was directly linked to importation from the Philippines (11). Molecular surveillance data allow us to draw several conclusions about the transmission of measles virus in the United States. The first is that increasing the level of population immunity by vaccination can interrupt the transmission of measles virus. This is hardly new information, and interruption of transmission was described for in 1983 and more recently in Finland. However, our studies are the first in which genetic analysis of measles strains has been used to document interruption of transmission. Secondly, long-term asymptomatic transmission of virus is unlikely since no group 2 viruses were detected in the after 1993 that were not directly linked to importation. Finally, measles will not be fully controlled anywhere until it is controlled globally. Virus introduced by importation will continue to fuel sporadic outbreaks and epidemics even in areas with relatively good control measures. These observations should strengthen our resolve to accelerate measles control activities on a global level. The molecular data imply that under conditions of continuous indigenous transmission of measles virus, the number of circulating genotypes is limited. As population immunity increases, the pattern of genotypes becomes more complex to reflect the multiple sources of imported virus. We hope to test this model further by conducting molecular surveillance of wild-type measles viruses circulating in areas that still have endemic measles. characterization of wild-type measles viruses provides a valuable means to measure the level of virus circulation in areas just beginning to implement measles control plans. In areas that already achieved good measles control, molecular epidemiologic studies provide a means to describe outbreaks and cases. Identifying the source of the virus can lead to improved control measures. To be maximally effective, molecular epidemiologic studies must include surveys of viral genetic groups from all areas of the world. Specimens for viral isolations should be obtained from as many chains of transmission as possible. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the success of aggressive childhood vaccination programs in significantly reducing the incidence of measles, specifically mentioning that by the end of 1993, no indigenous cases of measles were reported due to these efforts. The text outlines how increasing population immunity through vaccination can interrupt the transmission of the measles virus, which supports the idea that vaccination programs have effectively minimized the occurrence of diseases like measles.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Protected areas like national parks help preserve habitats and biodiversity. [SEP] Text: 0008[biological control;biological invasions;invasive species;national parks;nonnative species]In its early history, the US Service (NPS) had no policy on nonnative species, and even introduced nonnative fishes for sport fishing and plants for landscaping. By the 1920s, scientists within and outside the NPS militated against new introductions and urged the agency to minimize or eradicate existing ones, but not until a 1968 directive was such a policy substantially implemented. Some park efforts to eradicate or decrease mammal populations aroused opposition from hunters or advocates of animal rights. was first published in 1980 and initially targeted NPS managers; in the 1990s it broadened its audience to include the general public. 10. 7208/chicago/9780226423142. 003. 0009[climate change;conservation;corridors;dispersal;isolation;large mammals;migration]As the continues to grow beyond its current level of 320 million people, lands will become more crowded, parks will become more isolated, and species inimical to people will become less tolerated. Large mammals require extensive areas to survive, reproduce, and move. This 10. 7208/chicago/9780226423142. 003. 0010[climate change;invasive species;national parks;protected area management;stewardship;de-extinction;rewildling]In a world with rapidly changing climate, rising sea levels, invasive species, and shifting disturbance regimes, national parks face huge stewardship challenges. Parks are challenged with reconciling management in the face of these changes while sustaining the preservationist values embedded in history, law, and policy. To maintain and restore ecosystem functions and combat climate change, should national parks embrace species once considered nonnative to a region, organisms produced by de-extinction, or populations introduced through rewilding? Should managers use historical baselines as goals for restoration, in the face of shifting climate and disturbance regimes? Is active management appropriate to resist novel ecosystems, or should trajectories of disturbance and succession be allowed to proceed unimpaired? This strategic discussion, which transpired at the Berkeley summit “Science for Parks, Parks for Science” on 26 March 2015, focuses on the role of stewardship and science in national parks and their role in confronting these looming challenges. (pages 212 - 222)This 10. 7208/chicago/9780226423142. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the challenges faced by national parks in maintaining biodiversity, particularly through the management of nonnative species. It mentions historical failures of the National Park Service to manage nonnative species effectively and indicates a tension between preserving native ecosystems and the introduction of nonnative species for recreational purposes. This suggests that while national parks are intended to preserve habitats and biodiversity, their management practices may undermine these efforts.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Some argue that all GMOs are entirely safe and have no ecological impact. [SEP] Text: tabacum сорта Basma/Xanthi выявлена протяженная делеция в центральной части последовательности TA и отсутствие TC. У N. otophora не выявлено последовательностей TA, TB и TD, но обнаружена другая клТ-ДНК - ТЕ, представляющая собой сложную смесь участков, похожих на Т-ДНК A. vitis, A. tumefaciens и A. rhizogenes. Сведения о Т-ДНК в разных видах табака обобщены в таблице 1. Таким образом, к настоящему времени кл-Т-ДНК обнаружена в пределах каждого подрода Nicotiana у американских и австраллийских видов (Goodspeed, 1954). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses specific genetic sequences and findings in different tobacco species, which does not address the argument regarding the safety or ecological impact of GMOs.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Mental health issues are more frequently diagnosed in high-income countries due to greater healthcare access. [SEP] Text: Global departures grew in 2019, with 63,726 refugees departing for resettlement [10]. The USA remains the country with the highest number of arrivals with 21,159 persons arriving in 2019, an almost 24% increase from 2018. Canada received 9031 arrivals, a 17% increase from 2018, followed by the UK with 5774 arrivals (just over a 1% increase from the previous year). Other countries that have been on the UNHCR’s top 10 resettlement countries list in the past 10 years were Sweden with 4993 refugees arriving in 2019, Germany (4622), France (4544), Australia (3464), Norway (2351), Netherlands (1857), and Switzerland (990) [10]. With the increase of refugees in leading resettlement countries, it is important to comprehend the circumstances in accessing the mental health care systems and interventions to deal with those challenges [8, 9]. Refugee acceptance, health service availability, and accessibility contexts are different among resettlement countries [8, 11]. The variation in cultural, political, economic, and social frameworks can play a large role in how a country prioritizes mental health service allocation for refugee populations [11]. Mental health care policies and entitlements for refugee and asylum seekers also differ in each host country [9, 12]. Refugee mental health care services in most resettlement countries in high-income countries can consist of lengthy treatments, delivered by scarce and expensive mental health professionals [12]. There are system-wide obstacles hindering refugees and asylum seekers to accessing mental health services [12]. The health policy of majority of high-income and UNHCR refugee settlers ensures the access to health care. However, for refugees at country level, there are many associated obstacles to fully access health services including mental health services [12, 13]. Furthermore, there is evidence that shows restrictive entry and integration policies are linked to poor migrant health outcomes in high-income countries [13]. It is worthwhile to discuss how these countries of high refugee resettlement are affected by migration policy to assess its critical effect on access to mental health services. Studies have documented similar patterns and risk factors that are specific to female refugees compared to their male counter parts [14]. For example, the health needs of Syrian refugee women who have migrated to a resettlement country like Canada, although residing in a metropolis like Toronto, reported to have unmet health needs. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not provide direct evidence or arguments that specifically relate to the claim about mental health diagnoses being more frequent in high-income countries due to healthcare access. Instead, it discusses the complexities of mental health care accessibility for refugees in high-income countries, highlighting barriers and the varying health service policies. While it touches on mental health issues among refugees, it does not corroborate or refute the claim but instead focuses on access challenges for a specific population.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Protected areas like national parks help preserve habitats and biodiversity. [SEP] Text: Non-timber forest includes anything other than timber. Forest products are all renewable and can be sustainably managed. More often than not mangrove forest is looked at from the economic resource angle. This is because they are the sources of revenues such as wood, firewood, latex, dyes, thatches, bamboo, reptiles, insects, roots, shoots, stems, flowers, honey resins, gum, silk, fabrics, rope, animal oil, cosmetics, water from streams and lakes. The value of these resources is often difficult to quantify. We also have nature reserves and recreational activities. Nigeria has a wide and diverse range of habitats from arid zones in the north to the swampy wetlands in the south. Many forest types (tropical rainforest, Sahel savanna, Guinea savanna, Sudan savanna, Montane savanna, etc. ) are associated with these zones and have an array of plant and animals species. Some of these biodiversity include:Plants: There are over 4,600 plant species in Nigeria. Out of these figures 205 plants species are endemic. But they are under the threat of extinction through due to overexploitation. Mammals: There are about 274 species of mammals, which is the highest number in Africa. Two endemic species are the white coated guenon and the red tailed monkey. They are also endangered. Birds: Nigeria has about 839 species of birds with two as endemic. They are Anambra waxbill and Ibadan malimbe. All birds of prey are considered threatened in NigeriaReptiles: They are about 56 species of forest snakes in Nigeria. We also have 56 savanna snake species. Crocodiles, pythons, monitor lizards and turtles, which are under threat. Amphibians: There are about 19 recovered species of amphibians in Nigeria, 5 of which are endemic to Nigeria and Cameroun, and 3 are under threat of extinction from habitat destruction. Invertebrates: The giant swallow tail and generally other lepidopteran species are under threat in Nigeria due to pollution from oil and gas exploration. Only about 1. 7% of Nigeria land is included within protected area as compared with the large landmass. Even the protected areas are being degraded by poaching, illegal logging and infrastructural development. Advertisement 2. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by highlighting that only about 1.7% of Nigeria's land is included within protected areas, and even those areas are facing degradation due to poaching, illegal logging, and infrastructural development. This suggests that protective measures may not be effectively preserving habitats and biodiversity as claimed.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Some argue that all GMOs are entirely safe and have no ecological impact. [SEP] Text: Т-ДНК в геномах растений рода Linaria Вторым описанным в литературе родом растений у представителей которого выявлены последовательности агробактериального происхождения является Linaria. В ходе массового скрининга более сотни видов двудольных растений на наличие Т-ДНК-подобных последовательностей методом РВ-ПЦР были обнаружены онкогеноподобные последовательности Т-ДНК A. rhizogenes в геноме L. vulgaris. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text discusses the presence of T-DNA sequences of Agrobacterium in the genomes of Linaria plants, which does not directly support or refute the claim about the safety of GMOs. Thus, the text is irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Mental health issues are more frequently diagnosed in high-income countries due to greater healthcare access. [SEP] Text: Healthcare spending in high-income and upper-middle-income countries: a cross-country analysis Download PDF C. M. : orcid. org/0000-0001-6555-77721 & : orcid. org/0000-0003-2938-12091 948 all metrics AbstractThis research investigates the determinants of government healthcare expenditure in high-income and upper-middle-income countries by exploring economic, demographic, and political influences. By analyzing data from 1990 to 2019 from 28 high-income and 42 upper-middle-income nations, this study employs Bayesian model averaging, the generalized method of moments, and regression discontinuity design. The results reveal that government healthcare spending positively correlates with the previous year's expenditure in both income groups. Additionally, the impact of education on spending differs, while it is positively significant in high-income countries, it is not significant in upper-middle-income countries. The proportion of elderly individuals positively influences healthcare spending in high-income countries but inconsistently influences healthcare spending in upper-middle-income countries. Urbanization significantly impacts spending in upper-middle-income nations. The positive association between industrial employment and spending suggests greater healthcare needs in such areas. Efforts to curb corruption positively affect spending differently for each income group. Out-of-pocket expenses negatively impact spending in both groups, though positively in high-income countries alone. The influence of the young population varies, being negative in high-income countries but positive in upper-middle-income countries. Logistic and probit regression models identify key determinants, including gross domestic product (GDP) per capita, elderly population proportion, out-of-pocket expenses, and corruption control measures in high-income countries. Policymakers can use these findings to tailor strategies, optimize healthcare spending, and ensure equitable access across income levels. Similar content being viewed by others Can healthcare ever be less than a necessity in MENA countries? A semiparametric estimation of the relationship between healthcare expenditure and GDP 3. 8 highlighting its significance [1, 2]. The role of government expenditures on public health varies between high-income and upper-middle-income countries. In high-income countries, government expenditures on public health tend to be greater, averaging approximately 5. 33% of GDP from 1990 to 2019. This higher investment allows for more extensive healthcare coverage, better infrastructure, and advanced medical technologies, improving healthcare outcomes and living standards. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by illustrating that higher government expenditures on healthcare in high-income countries, which average approximately 5.33% of GDP from 1990 to 2019, enable more extensive healthcare coverage and better infrastructure. This suggests that as healthcare access improves in high-income countries, it may lead to increased diagnoses of mental health issues, supporting the idea that these factors contribute to the frequency of diagnoses in those regions.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Protected areas like national parks help preserve habitats and biodiversity. [SEP] Text: Habitat loss and conversion There is a gradual but steady loss of mangrove forests in the due to uncontrolled deforestation for the purpose of sand dredging and canalization (Figure 1). Mangrove forest is also cut to recover stems, which are used in the production of firewood and wood for the construction of houses. Similarly, numerous oil and gas exploratory activities all over the area open up the forests to further exploitation of resources and invasion by foreign species such as nypa palms (Nypa fruticans) [7]. Habitat loss is amongst the three important factors that are responsible for recent species extinction. The other two are overexploitation and the introduction of exotic species [8]. The implication of the loss of mangrove habitat is the loss of ecosystem services it renders to the society [9]. Figure 1. Consequences of biodiversity loss on species population: (A–C) shows deforestation for fire wood production; (D–F) show canalization of river bottom to create way for sea craft; and (G–I) show the displacement and migration of birds (heron) to urban areas for breeding due to the loss of their natural habitat in the Niger Delta, Nigeria. 2. 1 Habitat loss Habitat loss leads to extinction because species are adapted to a particular habitat type. For instance, mangroves are habitat specialist that survives in swampy wetland soil, therefore, when they are removed from their native environment and taken to other environment they do not survive. There is also a relationship between the numbers of habitats and the species present. This is because the larger the habitat size the higher the number of species, and the smaller the habitat size the fewer the number of species present. There are many ways humans cause the loss or conversion of mangrove forests, these include tree cutting for production of firewood, agriculture (e. g. , fish farming or rice paddies), construction of houses and hydrocarbon pollution from oil and gas exploration activities. Currently, there are numerous locations in the where sand dredging and mining activities are taking place. Usually before the sand dredging the entire mangrove forests in such vicinity are cut down to pave way for the entry of heavy duty machinery (e. g. , Figure 1E,F). 2. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by detailing the detrimental effects of habitat loss and the conversion of mangrove forests due to human activities. It highlights the consequences of deforestation and ecosystem degradation, which undermines biodiversity. By illustrating that habitat destruction leads to species extinction and that mangroves serve crucial ecosystem services, the text suggests that the lack of protected areas contributes to these negative outcomes, which opposes the claim’s assertion about the benefits of such protections.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Some argue that all GMOs are entirely safe and have no ecological impact. [SEP] Text: Для исследования структуры Т-ДНК был применен метод прогулки по хромосоме, который показал, что геном L. vulgaris содержит две копии клT- ДНК, которые организованы как несовершенный прямой повтор. Анализ копий клT-ДНК показал, что они обе содержат последовательности, аналогичные генам: orf2, orf3, ORF8, rolA, rolB, ORF13, ORF14 и mis. Левая копия является более протяженной и содержит еще ген агроциноринсинтазы (acs) (Matveeva et al. , 2012). L. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses a method for studying T-DNA structure in the genome of L. vulgaris and does not address the safety or ecological impacts of GMOs.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Reforestation efforts can help mitigate climate change by absorbing CO₂ emissions. [SEP] Text: Mineral stabilities in soils: how minerals can feed the world and mitigate climate change Published online by Press: 08 August 2022 David A. C. Manning [Opens in a new window] Show author details David A. C. Manning* Affiliation: School of Natural and Environmental Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE1 7RU, UK * *E-mail: david. manning@ncl. ac. uk 0. 46 mb) View PDF [Opens in a new window] Save to to Save to & Permissions [Opens in a new window] reactions in soils demonstrably take place on a human timescale. The weathering of silicate ‘rock-forming’ minerals releases nutrients that are essential for plant growth, including silica. This process consumes CO2, which is ultimately derived from the atmosphere, through enhanced rock weathering. From a human perspective, the weathering process has two beneficial functions – crop nutrition and climate mitigation – through the removal of atmospheric CO2. By considering these as a coupled process, the release of silica during weathering can be matched to what is taken from the soil by a crop (e. g. wheat). A simple analysis shows that the amount of silica that accumulates in wheat during a 4 month growing period is readily released by the weathering of pyroxene and plagioclase, minerals that commonly occur in basaltic igneous rocks. In contrast, the dissolution rate for quartz is so low that it cannot supply the silica taken up by the crop and is inert. Similarly, dissolution of clay minerals releases sufficient silica for plant uptake. Rapid weathering of silicate minerals within soils is evident from images of surfaces of grains exposed in soils for periods of 10–100 years. The evidence for silicate rock weathering as part of the soil system that sustains humanity is provided by the vegetation that we see around us. Keywords clayCO2 removalcrop growthfeldsparReview 10. 1180/clm. 2022. 17 [Opens in a new window] This is an 4. 0/), which permits unrestricted re-use, distribution and reproduction, provided the original 2022. Published by Press on behalf of Society of have been given annually since 2000 in honour of George Brown, and they relate to the very diverse topics that clay mineralogy addresses. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing how mineral weathering in soils can lead to the consumption of CO₂ from the atmosphere, which aligns with the concept of reforestation efforts aiding climate mitigation. It emphasizes the beneficial functions of weathering, such as climate mitigation and crop nutrition, highlighting the relevance of minerals and plants in the absorption of atmospheric CO₂.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Protected areas like national parks help preserve habitats and biodiversity. [SEP] Text: 2 Habitat conversion It is a situation whereby mangrove forests are converted into sand fill or other land use systems that are inimical to the existence and proliferation of coastal species. For instance, in sand filled land only weed grow as the main vegetation cover. This leads to a drastic change in the total number of species. In this context, loss of mangrove forests lead to the loss of forest canopy that houses other species such as birds, tree crabs, monkeys, etc. Increased human activities such as industries, living quarters, and marine transportation result in the increase in waste disposal in aquatic environment. The disposal of liquid and solid wastes into the river contaminates adjoining mangrove forests. Accumulation of organic products promotes the proliferation of algae, which accelerate the process of eutrophication. Fertilization of the aquatic system leads to the increase in biological oxygen demand (BOD) and decrease in dissolved oxygen (DO) in the water. Accumulation of organic waste in mangrove forest leads to anaerobic condition which causes slow death of mangroves. The implication of these activities is that once the habitat type is converted protection becomes extremely difficult [6]. 2. 3 Mangrove habitat fragmentation Mangrove fragmentation is the process whereby large contiguous areas of mangrove forests are divided into small habitats as a result of urban development [10]. When this happens, fragmented forests become physically isolated from each other, which has a negative effect on the population dynamics of organisms in the forest (Figure 2). Fragmentation of mangrove forests has an effect on the connectivity of the forest, which affects the movement of organisms within the forest. The island biogeography theory vividly throws more light on this situation when [11] in his seminal work showed that big island has more species than small islands. In the same way, big mangrove forest will have more biodiversity and less extinction than small mangrove forests. Furthermore, island biogeography theory shows that island close to main land has more species than island far away from mainland. In contrast, the closer the mangrove forest is to urban area the lower the number of species due to human disturbances. Mangroves are only adapted to coastal areas, which prevent them from migrating upland [12]. However, their seeds can migrate to foreign lands through tidal pressure far away from their place of origin. Some individual mangrove seedlings can migrate to oceanic habitat patches. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing habitat conversion and fragmentation of mangrove forests, illustrating how urban development and human activities negatively affect biodiversity and make habitat protection challenging. Specifically, it emphasizes that fragmentation leads to isolated habitats, thereby reducing biodiversity, which contradicts the idea that protected areas effectively preserve habitats.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Some argue that all GMOs are entirely safe and have no ecological impact. [SEP] Text: vulgaris является одним из видов произрастающих в большей части Европы и Северной Азии, и в настоящее время распространена в Северной Америке как инвазивный вид. Это многолетнее растение со стержневой корневой системой и с длинными ползучими побегами. Род Linaria относится к семейству Plantaginaceae (Губанов и др. . 2003, 2004). Льнянки (Linaria Mill. ) представляют собой крупнейший род в трибе Antirrhineae. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses a specific plant species, its habitat, and taxonomical classification, without mentioning GMOs or their safety or ecological impacts.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Reforestation efforts can help mitigate climate change by absorbing CO₂ emissions. [SEP] Text: Reflecting current interests in major issues that relate to the United Nation's Goals (SDGs; this paper focuses on weathering and how the weathering of silicate minerals (a driving force in the formation of clay minerals) in soils can contribute particularly to mitigation of hunger (SDG 2: End hunger, achieve food security and improved nutrition and promote sustainable agriculture) and to greenhouse gas removal in the context of SDG 13: Take urgent action to combat climate change and its impacts. Clay mineralogists refer back to the foundational work of George Brown, much of which was carried out in what is now Rothamsted Research, a research station that dates from 1843. Here, the importance of clay mineralogy as a component of soil science was recognized in the late 1940s when the Department of Pedology was formed (Wood, Reference Wood1996). The father of geochemistry, V. M. Goldschmidt, was influential in the decision to form this department, and it is worth recalling that Goldschmidt's work between the two world wars addressed SDG 2 through his experiments with nepheline-bearing rocks as sources of crop nutrients (Goldschmidt, Reference Goldschmidt1922; Goldschmidt & Johnsson, and Johnsson1922). Rothamsted's early recognition of the importance of mineral weathering in soils was timely and highly productive, although in recent years other priorities have dominated. Given the need to address major global issues, it is now appropriate to emphasize the dynamic nature and behaviour of minerals in soils at timescales that relate to crop growth, as well as to consider how soil processes that involve mineral transformations in the presence of plant roots (Gregory, Reference Gregory2022) have a vital role to play in food security and climate mitigation. This paper provides an overview of current knowledge concerning mineral reactions in soils and draws on published information to generate new insight into reaction rates in the context of the nutritional requirements of plants. It has four major sections: (1) Mineral weathering (2) Novel sources of crop nutrients (3) Removing carbon from the biosphere (4) Demonstrating that these processes take place Mineral weathering Wilson (Reference Wilson2004) delivered the fourth Lecture and the associated paper is a substantial review of silicate mineral weathering, addressing biological weathering of primary rock-forming silicates and soil-hosted clay minerals. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim as it discusses the relationship between soil processes, mineral reactions, and greenhouse gas removal within the framework of Sustainable Development Goal 13, which focuses on combating climate change. Specifically, it mentions the importance of soil processes and mineral transformations in the context of mitigating climate change and emphasizes the relevance of removing carbon from the biosphere, which aligns with the objectives of reforestation efforts that aim to sequester CO₂ emissions.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Protected areas like national parks help preserve habitats and biodiversity. [SEP] Text: Limited protection: Here some resource extraction can be allowed such as hunting, fishing, logging, use of stem for firewood production, tourism and recreation, etc. In this type of protection there is much more human impact, but the primary goal is the management of the natural resources for multiple goals. Figure 4. A design of (A) strict and (B) limited protection of mangrove forest in the Niger Delta, Nigeria. Limited protection has more accessibility and resource exploitation than the strict protection. In the past, conservation of biodiversity hotspot was mainly focused on species richness, but now it considers ecosystem integrity, water quality, climate impacts, unique adaptations, ecosystem services, intact fauna and flora, specialized/unique habitat and ecological processes. In other to establish priority for protecting mangrove zones, the following need to be considered:The goal of a particular protected area:what to preserve in terms of species, community and ecosystem? Here the mangrove species (red, black and white) are to be protected along with other flora and fauna communities and the entire ecosystem in identified locations. In this type of protection, firstly, species approach and historical records can be used to determine endangered species, taxonomic uniqueness and endemic species. Secondly, the community and ecosystem approach (modern tactics) can be used, which focuses on protecting the ecosystem to preserve the communities and species within. In this approach, the species and ecosystem are not mutually exclusive. This is because if the ecosystem is healthy and intact, the species will equally be healthy and intact. where to preserve? (a) Gap analysis can be used: It is the use of various remote sensing data to build overlaid sets of maps of various parameters (e. g. , vegetation, soils, protected areas, species distribution) to identify spatial gaps in species protection and management programs (Figure 5). This can be performed at local, regional and global levels. It is done for both threatened and common species. It is typically done using GIS via map overlays. However, the use of gap analysis is becoming old-fashioned because currently small drones called unmanned aerial vehicles (UAV) are now deployed to study forest including protected and unprotected areas (Figure 6). It can also be used to study the impact of invasion on mangrove forest [20]. Figure 5. A three-dimensional reconstruction of tree canopy and gaps within some mangrove forests captured with a DJI drone at Eagle Island, Niger Delta, Nigeria. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the concept of 'limited protection' in protected areas where resource extraction such as hunting, fishing, and logging is permitted. This implies that human activities can negatively impact habitats and biodiversity. The focus on managing natural resources for multiple goals indicates that these areas may not solely prioritize the preservation of biodiversity, thus contradicting the claim.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Some argue that all GMOs are entirely safe and have no ecological impact. [SEP] Text: Род Linaria включает около 150 видов широко распространенных в Палеарктике, но наибольшее разнообразие представителей рода сосредоточено в Средиземноморье. Возникновение рода относят к эпохе Миоцена перед Мессианским кризисом солености (Fernandez-Mazuecos and Vargas, 2011; Hsu et al. , 1977). Согласно последней классификации род Linaria включает 7 секций (и Macrocentrum) (Sutton, 1988). Было показано, что клТ-ДНК присутствует в ряде видов льнянок, принадлежащих к секциям Linaria и Speciosae. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses the genus Linaria and its species diversity, without any reference to genetically modified organisms (GMOs) or ecological impacts.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Reforestation efforts can help mitigate climate change by absorbing CO₂ emissions. [SEP] Text: (Reference Chiwona, Cortes, Gaulton and Manning2020). Phonolites are used as sources of K in Brazil, where crushed-rock fertilizers are established in federal regulation (Manning & Theodoro, and Theodoro2020) and are required to meet a set specification, with minimum limits for nutrients and upper limits for potential contaminants. The possibility of using basaltic rocks as sources of K and P is addressed specifically by Lewis et al. (and Taylor2021), extending studies of the availability of a wider range of cations essential for plant growth, especially Mg and Ca (e. g. Beerling et al. , and Nelson2018; Kelland et al. , and Andrews2020). As for nepheline, the relatively high dissolution rate for basaltic glass compensates for the very low K content (0. 29% K2O in the glass studied by Oelkers & Gislason, and Gislason2001) in terms of releasing K into the soil solution (Lewis et al. , and Taylor2021). Removing carbon from the biosphere A simple interpretation of the carbon cycle (Ciais et al. , and Boschung2013) shows that the combined soil–plant system exchanges with the atmosphere ~120 year–1, compared with 90 year–1 for exchange between the atmosphere and the ocean. As the atmospheric pool is ~730 Pg C, all of the C in the atmosphere appears to pass through the coupled plant–soil system in ~6 years. Interventions disrupting this biological cycle by using soil processes to remove C from organic forms accessible to biological degradation offer scope for a ‘quick win’ in mitigating climate change through atmospheric CO2 accumulation. In soils, emphasis is placed on soil organic matter, especially given its importance for ‘soil health’; high soil organic matter contents are associated with high levels of soil microbial activity and invertebrate biodiversity – all involving ‘churn’ that turns organic carbon into respired CO2. Such soils support high levels of plant diversity and productivity. At COP 21 in Paris (2015), the concept of ‘4 per mille’ was launched ( with the aim of increasing soil carbon stocks by 0. 4% (4‰) annually as a means of mitigating climate change. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing how the combined soil-plant system exchanges carbon with the atmosphere and indicates the importance of interventions that remove carbon from organic forms. It emphasizes that high soil organic matter contents, which are supported by productive plant systems, contribute positively to mitigating climate change through atmospheric CO2 accumulation. The reference to the ‘4 per mille’ initiative further highlights efforts aimed at increasing soil carbon stocks, which aligns with the idea that reforestation and healthy ecosystems can help mitigate climate change.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Protected areas like national parks help preserve habitats and biodiversity. [SEP] Text: Nonetheless, and despite a wide consensus of an “insect conservation crisis” (Goulson 2019), insect conservation is still far from being an exhaustive and spread discipline, possibly due to the taxonomic instability and identification challenges that most groups pose to conservationists, besides their low appeal as perceived by the wider public (Hart and Sumner 2020). Global reviews on the role of protected areas in fostering insect conservation indicate that despite sharp declines in insect abundance and diversity recorded e. g. in Europe and (Cardoso et al. 2020; et al. 2020; Wagner et al. 2021; Warren et al. 2021), more than ¾ of insect species are not sufficiently covered by the current network of protected areas (Chowdhury et al. 2023). The actual effects of the conservation regime within protected areas have been rarely quantified on insects, and even though there is evidence that declines inside protected areas may be weaker than in non-protected areas (et al. 2020), the overall picture of how protected areas foster insect conservation is still unclear (Chowdhury et al. 2022). Even within the relatively few works dealing with insect conservation assessments, taxonomic biases are clearly evident, with a strong prevalence of studies focusing on more charismatic and aesthetically appreciated groups such as diurnal Lepidoptera (Burton 2001; Chowdhury et al. 2022; Piccini et al. 2022), or on speciose taxa with a long history of studies dealing with their taxonomy, ecology and distributions, such as Coleoptera (e. g. , saproxylic beetles: (D’Amen et al. 2013; Bosso et al. 2018). Orthoptera, i. e. crickets, grasshoppers and katydids, are a very diverse and yet understudied and underrepresented insect group, with about 1,082 species of orthopterans occurring in Europe (Hochkirch et al. 2016), but only 11 species listed on the Habitats Directive, and none being considered as a conservation priority. orthopterans, the genus Saga includes 17 species of large-sized carnivorous bush crickets that inhabit grasslands and semi-open habitats. One of these, S. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim primarily by highlighting that despite the existence of protected areas, a significant portion of insect species is not adequately covered by these areas. It mentions that more than ¾ of insect species are not sufficiently covered by the current network of protected areas, raising questions about the effectiveness of these areas in preserving biodiversity, particularly among insects. The statement that 'the overall picture of how protected areas foster insect conservation is still unclear' further indicates a lack of support for the claim.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Some argue that all GMOs are entirely safe and have no ecological impact. [SEP] Text: У видов за пределами этих секций клТ-ДНК на данный момент не обнаружена. (Matveeva, Lutova, 2014). Таким образом, природно-трансгенные растения были выявлены не только в пределах рода Nicotiana, но и среди представителей рода Linaria. Т-ДНК в геноме Ipomoea batatas [L. ] В ходе создания малых интерферирующих РНК и siРНК у Ipomoea batatas [L. ] были выявлены последовательности агробактериального происхождения (Knydt et al. , 2015). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text discusses specific transgenic plants and their genetic makeup but does not address the safety or ecological impact of GMOs as per the claim. It focuses on scientific findings related to certain genetic materials without making a judgment on their ecological implications.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Reforestation efforts can help mitigate climate change by absorbing CO₂ emissions. [SEP] Text: Lennartz – Health to ChangeDec 18, 2019 | Earth & 0 Reddit +1 0 LinkedIn 0 Email Vglobal peatland ecosystem has often been overlooked in its importance within the global geochemical cycle. It contains approximately 21% of global carbon, and their maintenance and restoration are vital for lowering atmospheric carbon dioxide, the primary driver of climate change. Lennartz of the University of Rostock and his team of interdisciplinary scientists are investigating peatlands and how they respond to changing climate conditions. You might think that the desolate bog stretches in the are merely a frustratingly soggy obstacle for hikers, but peatlands are an extremely significant ecosystem on Earth. Found in almost every country, they cover 3% of the Earth’s land surface, and support a wide biodiversity. Peatlands form over thousands of years, in waterlogged areas. Under these conditions, the decomposition of plant material is extremely slow. New plants grow on top of dead material and so plant material accumulates. These partially decayed plants form peat soil, which has a high carbon content, a low density and a high water content. Peatlands have a significant impact on both the local and global environment. They act as a source of food and habitat for countless species, while also regulating the global water cycle and filtering pollutants. They also play a major role in global biogeochemical cycles, especially acting as a major carbon sink. In fact, peatlands remove 0. 37 billion tonnes of carbon dioxide from the atmosphere each year, meaning that their maintenance and restoration is vital in the fight against climate change. Lennartz of the University of Rostock and his team of interdisciplinary scientists are investigating the functions of peatland ecosystems. Using a combination of in-situ measurements and modelling approaches, they are furthering our understanding of these complex ecosystems and how they may be affected by Earth’s changing climate. Human activity is having a severe effect on the health of peatland ecosystems. Peatland areas are frequently drained to provide space for agriculture and construction. They are often found along coastal stretches, where the placement of structures such as dykes and levees alter the water and nutrient exchange between the ocean and wetland. Peatlands have also been over-exploited, with peat material being used as a fossil fuel in many countries. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by explaining that peatlands are a significant ecosystem that acts as a major carbon sink, removing 0.37 billion tonnes of carbon dioxide from the atmosphere each year. This directly supports the idea that reforestation and ecosystem restoration efforts, like those pertaining to peatlands, are vital in mitigating climate change by absorbing CO₂ emissions.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Protected areas like national parks help preserve habitats and biodiversity. [SEP] Text: However, the population in Kalimantan has gone extinct as the area has been converted into oil palm plantations. Therefore, the freshwater swamp forest in Reserve is likely the last population in the world. Tree speciesNumber of individualList categories*List criteria*D. semivestitus35CRA4bc, C1V. flavida6CRA4c, B2ab(ii)H. apiculata14ENB1b(iii) + c(ii)S. hemsleyana198CRA4c, D2S. macrantha24ENB1b(iii) + c(ii)Table 2. Conservation status assessment for five endangered species in the freshwater swamp forest of [6, 7]. *Based on Chua et al. [8]Notes: CR, critically endangered; EN, endangeredAs one of 12th mega diversity countries, Malaysia is the home to the most endangered species in the world. The list of threatened species of Dipterocarpaceae has been initiated for Malaysia with a publication of the [8]. The list has the most comprehensive national threatened tree species under this family thus far, and the first of such is prepared by the Malaysian botanists working together. List is used to classify Dipterocarpaceae species at high risk of extinction for an assessment at the national level. It covers dipterocarp taxa that are indigenous to and taxa that are common to the Peninsula and (i. e. , Sabah and Sarawak). Based on the Red List, of the five species, D. semivestitus, V. flavida, and S. hemsleyana are categorized as CR, whereas H. apiculata and S. macrantha are classified as EN (Table 2). Nevertheless, all five species discovered at freshwater swamp forests of Reserve, Perak, are rare and threatened species. Advertisement 6. ConclusionIn view of the decline in the population of endangered species, conservation measures for the species are urgently needed. Involving stakeholders and local communities in biodiversity conservation efforts can be the key success of a project. This can be achieved by raising awareness of the public and policy makers. The commitments and efforts of stakeholders to support the monitoring and maintenance of ex situ collection are particularly crucial for species that occur on the private land, as demonstrated in the abovementioned case study. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by providing information on the extinction of populations in protected areas like the one in Kalimantan, which has been converted into oil palm plantations. This indicates that the conversion of natural habitats undermines the concept of national parks as protectors of biodiversity, suggesting that protected areas can fail to preserve habitats when subjected to external threats like agricultural expansion.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Some argue that all GMOs are entirely safe and have no ecological impact. [SEP] Text: С помощью комплекса методов, включающих ПЦР, блот-гибридизацию по Саузерну, конструирование скрининг и секвенировани библиотек BAC клонов было выявлено 2 типа вставок клТ-ДНК. Вставка первого типа содержала четыре открытые рамки считывания (ОРС), гомологичные генам триптофан-2-монооксигеназы (iaaM), индол-3-ацетамида гидролазы (iaaH), С-белка (С-Prot), и агроцинопин синтазы (acs) Agrobacterium spp. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses specific genetic elements and techniques used in the study of GMOs but does not address the safety or ecological impact of GMOs as stated in the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Reforestation efforts can help mitigate climate change by absorbing CO₂ emissions. [SEP] Text: Furthermore, the relatively weak mitigation effect of forest conversion on total population loss is explained by a number of species which are very abundant in coniferous forests, especially the common chaffinch, European crested tit, and coal tit (Gottschalk and Huettmann 2011). They are predicted to decrease by 4. 2 million breeding pairs if coniferous forest is converted below 900 m a. s. l. The negative response of these birds effectively counteracts a higher increase on the total forest bird population. However, the total population cannot be used as the sole measure to assess forest scenarios, as it depends on the species selected for modeling and the fact that increasing numbers in one species might not compensate for losses in another species. Current bird species composition of German forests does not indicate natural forest stands and might not be considered a target situation in terms of forest ecosystem functions and conservation in central Europe. Independent of the low mitigation effect depicted for the current bird species, the envisaged forest conversion to more natural stands will increase the resilience of forest ecosystems and therefore increase their capacity to absorb external pressures of changing environmental conditions over time. 6 ConclusionsIn summary, our modeling approach is limited by lack of data on change effects in the wintering grounds, on the implications of introducing new tree species, and on the importance of habitat detail such as forest structure. In recognition of these limitations, our models represent a pragmatic approach based on what we know now, combining some of the best data currently available on a national scale and the highest spatial resolution we were currently able to handle. Probably the most immediate progress in assessing the responses of forest birds to climate change and forest conversion could be obtained by sampling forest structure parameters in the GCBBS plots and by assessing a broad set of forest structure change scenarios in combination with changing climate. Our models predict that distribution ranges and population sizes of forest birds in Germany will be substantially affected under climate change expected up to 2050. A conversion of coniferous forests to deciduous and mixed forests can partly though not completely mitigate the anticipated negative effects of climate change on current bird species populations. Due to the use of high-resolution models, we can provide detailed spatial results on a regional scale on how and for which species forest conversion can mitigate the anticipated effects of climate change. 500. 000. Bundesamt für Naturschutz, Bonn 2006. für Luft- und Raumfahrt, Oberpfaffenhofen 2007. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text supports the claim by stating that the conversion of coniferous forests to deciduous and mixed forests can partly mitigate the anticipated negative effects of climate change on current bird species populations. It mentions that forest ecosystem resilience will increase, which implies an enhanced capacity to absorb external pressures, including CO₂ emissions, due to changes in forest composition. Therefore, this indicates that reforestation efforts can indeed play a role in climate change mitigation.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Conservation alone can reverse all extinction trends within the next decade. [SEP] Text: Publication of analyses in the scientific literature strengthens the process, by exposing the reasons for species categorizations or recommending changes, illustrating innovative uses of the categories and criteria, documenting the impact of conservation action or policies, and subjecting the conceptual foundations of the to scrutiny from outside the IUCN Community (for examples in this journal, see: Hjarding et al. , Reference Hjarding, Tolley and Burgess2015; Teixeira et al. , Reference Teixeira, Dias and Vale2015; et al. , Garavito, Newton and Oldfield2015; de Lima et al. , Reference de Lima, Maloney, Simison and Drewes2016; Rossi et al. , and Peruzzi2016). There is no doubt that the dedication of the people and the expertise underlying the has paid off. It is widely used for supporting conservation policy decisions at national and global levels, and for guiding investments (IFC, 2012), informing progress towards achieving the targets of international agreements such as the Convention on and the UN Goals (Brooks et al. , -Taylor and Hoffmann2015), and evaluating the proposals submitted for consideration by CITES. But is documenting extinction risk sufficient, and is detailed knowledge of species’ declines, or the contrary, a conservation achievement in itself? Clearly, simply keeping a record, no matter how rigorous, is only the first step. Repeated assessments are required to document change in response to conservation interventions or as a result of drivers of population decline. For example, data have been used to measure the difference that conservation makes, demonstrating that in the absence of conservation interventions the status of species would probably be worse (Hoffmann et al. , and Stuart2015). But we need more: ways to reward conservation success and to create incentives for reducing extinction risk. To address this challenge, we are developing criteria, which would be integrated into the to highlight conservation success (IUCN, 2012c: Resolution 041 Development of objective criteria for a of species, ecosystems and protected areas). Saving species requires the expansion of the SSC's evidence-based approach to the implementation of actions and policies that lead to the reduction of extinction risk. This will benefit from diversification of the active participation of members from all statutory regions of IUCN in the leadership of the SSC, and the increase in diversity of the membership both geographically and demographically. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by emphasizing the complexity of conservation efforts and the need for ongoing assessments and additional measures beyond just recording extinction risks. It indicates that while conservation can improve species status, it is insufficient on its own, as noted in the statement, 'simply keeping a record, no matter how rigorous, is only the first step.' Furthermore, it stresses the necessity of assessing changes in response to conservation actions, indicating that merely having conservation policies in place is not enough to guarantee the reversal of extinction trends.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Some argue that all GMOs are entirely safe and have no ecological impact. [SEP] Text: IbT-ДНК1 была обнаружена во всех исследованных 291 культурных разновидностях растений батата (представляющих собой гексаплоидные формы Ipomoea batatas) и не была обнаружена в близкородственных диких формах (тетраплоидном Ipomoea batatas, I. tabascana, и диплоидах I. triloba и I. trifida). IbT-ДНК2 содержит по меньшей мере пять ОРС со значительным уровнем сходства с генами orf14, orf17n, rol B, rolC, orf13 и orf18 A. rhizogenes. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses specific genetic findings related to sweet potato varieties without addressing the safety or ecological impact of GMOs in general.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Reforestation efforts can help mitigate climate change by absorbing CO₂ emissions. [SEP] Text: in through your institution issue EnvironmentScience and search term Advance 10. 1093/biosci/biae028 Published: 10 May 2024 10. 1093/biosci/biae028 Select format. ris (Mendeley, Papers, Zotero). enw (EndNote). bibtex (BibTex). txt (Medlars, RefWorks) Download citation issue EnvironmentScience and search term issue EnvironmentScience and search term an historically hot July day, the bucolic scene at Cors Erddreiniog, the largest of Anglesey's fens, masks a fervor of activity in its marshes and rushes. Willow tits skim the surface of the lake while grasshopper warblers sing, safely camouflaged by plants such as fen-sedge, black bog rush, bog myrtle, blunt-flowered rush, and purple moor grass. Toads and water voles splash in shady water while damselflies and dragonflies feast on the fen's plentiful bounty. “This is an exemplar of how a fen should be,” says Chris Evans, a peatland biogeochemist at the UK Centre for Ecology and Hydrology, based in North Wales. is in its state of exuberant health thanks to the Anglesey and project, which started in 2009 and sought to bring several fens in the region back into balance and ensure the resilience of these wildlife habitats to climate change. For Evans, the restoration has also provided the ideal location for his experiments measuring the ability of such peatlands to capture and store carbon. “If you think about carbon markets, then what we are standing on right now is gold—black gold,” Evans says. When plants, trees, or shrubs in a waterlogged environment die and subside into the ground, they only partially decompose, forming a layer of carbon rich peat. Left undisturbed, those layers build, sometimes meters thick. Known by many names—bogs, fens, and mires—peatlands occupy 4 million square kilometers, about 3% of the Earth's land surface, but they store more than a third of the world's soil carbon—twice as much as the temperate and tropical world's forests combined. They are also home to diverse wildlife and flora and provide natural water storage and filtration. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing how restoration projects of wetlands, such as fens, contribute to carbon capture and storage. It mentions that peatlands store more than a third of the world's soil carbon, which directly supports the idea that reforestation and habitat restoration help mitigate climate change by absorbing CO₂ emissions.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Conservation alone can reverse all extinction trends within the next decade. [SEP] Text: Key will also be to engage more regularly with the other IUCN Commissions (Education and Communication; Environmental, Economic and Social Policy; Environmental Law; Ecosystem Management; and Protected Areas) and the Secretariat in designing and delivering scientific tools to assist the Members of IUCN in reporting progress towards achieving international biodiversity goals and targets, and implementing conservation action. If one makes a global map of the species’ richness of, for example, birds, the greatest number of species occurs in the tropics. If one plots financial resources (e. g. per capita GDP), human resources (e. g. number of authors involved in the Assessment) or institutional capacity (e. g. number of IUCN Members), one finds a different pattern: the lowest numbers lie in the tropics. This paradox—more species are located where there are fewer resources—is a challenge for the SSC and for biodiversity conservation generally. Local capacity can be enhanced by seeking and identifying emerging leaders in countries not well represented in the SSC. This will be a primary responsibility of the eight Chairs, who will serve on the SSC Steering Committee, one for each of IUCN's statutory regions. Although the global influence of the is undisputed, there is comparatively little interaction between the SSC and IUCN Members. The problem with this is that conservation action does not really occur at the global level but at the level of countries or even narrower jurisdictions. The primary players in saving species are governments, governmental agencies and civil society organizations. A key priority for me, as newly elected Chair of the SSC, will be to increase the engagement of the SSC with the IUCN membership. Firstly, we need to catalyse support for creating national and to use this information to help define priorities for biodiversity conservation—to be led by of the Institute, who is SSC Deputy Chair. One strategy will be to increase the number of people trained in performing and leading assessments. Secondly, I plan to work with our and the Programme to expand conservation planning capacity, strengthen species priority setting, develop action plans and identify Areas. Thirdly, we have begun pursuing innovative approaches to mobilize financial resources for supporting national conservation planning efforts. firmly believe that in addition to what each Commission can offer individually, the strength of IUCN lies in the integration of all its knowledge products, and the presentation of a unified front to our constituencies. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by emphasizing that conservation action occurs at a local level rather than at a global level. It points out that despite having the greatest number of species (like birds) in tropical areas, these regions often have the lowest resources for conservation. This indicates that simply relying on conservation, without addressing the local capacity and resource allocation issues, is unlikely to reverse extinction trends effectively in the desired timeframe. The challenges outlined suggest a more complex situation than the claim implies.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Some argue that all GMOs are entirely safe and have no ecological impact. [SEP] Text: IbT-ДНК2 была обнаружена в 45 из 217 генотипов, которые включали как культивируемые, так и дикорастущие виды различного географического происхождения. Таким образом, у батата Т-ДНК в геноме является признаком, приобретенным в ходе доместикации (Kyndt et al. , 2015). Это открытие имеет особую важность, поскольку это первая природно-трансгенная культура, которую люди используют в пищу тысячелетиями без вреда собственному здоровью. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim about GMOs being entirely safe or having no ecological impact. Instead, it discusses the presence of a specific transgenic trait in a plant species, mentioning its historical use without harm to human health. Therefore, it is irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Reforestation efforts can help mitigate climate change by absorbing CO₂ emissions. [SEP] Text: But around the globe, peatlands are under threat. Mining and agricultural interests have led to large-scale degradation of these ecosystems with dire consequences for biodiversity and climate change. When previously buried layers of peat become exposed, the organic matter is exposed to air and starts decaying quickly, releasing carbon dioxide into the air. The degradation of peatlands, science has revealed, accounts for about 4% of all human-made emissions globally. Consequently, in recent years, middle and northern latitude countries have begun focusing attention on trying to revive degraded peatlands to revitalize biodiversity and keep carbon in the ground. Cors Erddreiniog, A restored fen in Anglesey, Wales, is famed for its unusual and diverse vegetation. Extensive grazing by Welsh ponies and cattle has helped to prevent grasses from dominating the peatlands. Photographs: Jane Palmer. Open in new tabDownload slide Rewetting peat at the in North Carolina, in the United States. Wurster does in-depth research. Photographs: Clay Word, Amin Davis. Open in new tabDownload slide A brief history of peat extraction Beginning in the seventeenth century, countries started draining peatlands for peat extraction, forestry, and farming. In particular, large-scale destruction of peatlands has occurred in the temperate zones and boreal areas in the Northern Hemisphere. In the second half of the twentieth century, the industrialization of agriculture accelerated drainage in these regions. In parts of Europe, well over 90% of peatlands have been drained and are responsible for an estimated 7% of all European greenhouse gas emissions. “These temperate regions have disproportionally high emissions, compared to their land area size,” says Jan Peters, managing director of the Succow Foundation, in Germany. Scientists understand the basic principles of peatland recovery and have the engineering tools to put it into action, says Gerald Jurasinski, a peatland professor at the University of Greifswald, in Germany. Although researchers are still working on some of the finer details of reviving peatlands, there is scientific consensus around an urgency to act sooner rather than later. “It is our moral obligation to act at home, on the ecosystems that we have, to store carbon, protect biodiversity, and retain water,” Peters says. “Doing so provides a triple win for climate, people, and the planet. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the importance of restoring degraded peatlands to store carbon and reduce emissions. It states that 'scientists understand the basic principles of peatland recovery' and emphasizes the urgency to act in preserving these ecosystems to 'store carbon, protect biodiversity, and retain water'. This connects directly to the claim about reforestation efforts helping to mitigate climate change through carbon absorption.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Conservation alone can reverse all extinction trends within the next decade. [SEP] Text: This is cost-effective and better suited to the needs of the users. The typical setting in a country's environmental agency is that a few staff are responsible for species and ecosystem conservation programmes, and protected area management. They are not divided into subgroups in the way that we are in IUCN. In collaboration with a large group of partners (Brooks et al. , -Taylor and Hoffmann2015), IUCN is currently able to mobilize four knowledge products: the of Threatened Species, Protected Planet, the of Ecosystems and Areas. The SSC, working closely with the on and the Commission on Ecosystem Management, as well as with our Secretariat counterparts, now has the opportunity to deliver an integrated toolkit to assist national conservation planning. Imagine that knowledge product development at the national level begins with the adoption of an ecosystem map. This would be the template for all additional data. Species distributions could be improved by mapping them along the boundaries of the ecosystems they inhabit, and protected areas would then explicitly encompass the species and ecosystems of the region. Quantification of risks of loss to biodiversity for the of species and ecosystems, plus identification of Areas, would be the next step (Bland et al. , Reference Bland, Keith, Miller, Murray and Rodríguez2016, IUCN, 2012a,b, 2016a,b). Rather than implementing each knowledge product independently, by following an integrated process the time, personnel and resources invested in building each knowledge product would feed directly into the others. Users would then have access to a rich digital database, and thus the facility to respond to many conservation planning questions simultaneously. of the SSC is the biggest professional challenge I have faced. Biodiversity loss continues to outpace our capacity to address it (Tittensor et al. , and Burgess2014), yet conservation can make a difference. Saving species from extinction requires creative solutions that make the best use of our limited resources to empower the global conservation community to halt and reverse this trend. 1. 0. . 174. 363. 658. 1313. 4. 0. and Cambridge, UK. 3. 1, 2nd edition. and Cambridge, UK. 1. 0. . 2. Http://www. iucnredlist. org [accessed 4 September 2016]. 11. Http://www. iucnredlist. org/documents/RedListGuidelines. pdf [accessed 15 November 2016]. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by stating that biodiversity loss continues to outpace our capacity to address it, indicating that conservation efforts alone may not be sufficient to reverse extinction trends in the near term. The statement 'yet conservation can make a difference' implies that while conservation can help, it is not guaranteed to reverse all extinction trends within a decade.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Some argue that all GMOs are entirely safe and have no ecological impact. [SEP] Text: Природно-трансгенные растения для изучения возможности переопыления ГМО с нетрансгенными растениями Если предположить, что трансгены легко мигрируют посредством перекрестного опыления в родственные таксономические группы, тогда Т-ДНК, присутствующие в табаке, льнянках и батате тысячелетия, или даже миллионы лет, должны распространяться среди родственных видов посредством межвидовой гибридизации. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses the possibility of transgenic plants cross-pollinating with non-transgenic plants, without addressing the safety or ecological impact of GMOs.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Reforestation efforts can help mitigate climate change by absorbing CO₂ emissions. [SEP] Text: Forested stands of Atlantic white cedar, bald cypress, and swamp tupelo once stood on 4-meter-deep peat but, in the mid-eighteenth century, foresters constructed drainage ditches to lower the water table and make it easier to harvest timber. “It's a very different forest out there now,” says Fred Wurster, a hydrologist for the US Fish and Wildlife Service, who has been working to restore the 45,000-hectare GDS refuge for the last 13 years. The drainage has meant that red maple now dominates the forest. Many of these trees appear to sit up on pedestals, with their roots exposed, thanks to the dried out, retracting peat. Gone is the rich mosaic of trees and plants—instead, a homogenous cover of vegetation suited to more variable water conditions reigns. And the peat is no longer wet and spongy. Instead, it is crumbly and similar to coffee grounds, Wurster says. That increases the peat's vulnerability to another carbon-releasing catastrophe: fires. Two recent wildfires in the swamp burned up to a meter of peat from the surface, releasing millions of tonnes of carbon dioxide into the atmosphere. Burned ancient peatlands are not easily replaced—yet another argument for protecting and restoring these ecosystems, Richardson says. Richardson's calculations show that the annual emissions from between 45,000 and 77,000 hectares of degraded peatlands in the US southeastern coastal plain are high, but if they are rewetted, they can contribute to savings of roughly 2. 4% of the national greenhouse gas reduction goal each year. If a mere quarter of that area were to catch fire, however, the emissions would be so high that they would represent nearly a fifth of the national reduction goal—and that carbon would be going into the atmosphere, not being reduced. It takes a community In response to such impacts, in and across the world, scientists are focusing on trying to restore health to degraded peatlands. That means rewetting them. “We can't actually restore peatlands,” Jurasinski says. A variety of vegetation and climate conditions over hundreds or thousands of years led to the unique signature of each peatland, and recreating those exact variables is near to impossible. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the restoration of degraded peatlands and how rewetting these ecosystems can contribute to significant greenhouse gas reductions. It notes that if the degraded peatlands are rewetted, they can save approximately 2.4% of the national greenhouse gas reduction goal each year, which supports the idea that reforestation and restoration efforts can help mitigate climate change through absorption of CO₂.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: All wildlife populations can recover without human intervention if protected areas exist. [SEP] Text: (Source: Radeny et al. 2007). The AKP is the traditional home to the pastoralists, whose main livelihood is livestock production, keeping cattle, sheep and goats in the vast plains. When NNP was established in 1946, the Kitengela plains were declared but never formally gazzetted as a wildlife conservation area. In the mid-1970s, land in the AKP was privatized with the creation of the Ranch covering an area of 18,292 ha (45,200 acres) and collectively owned by 215 members of the Maasai community. In 1988, the Ranch was sub-divided into individual plots of roughly 215 acres allocated to each of the 250 members. The process of land privatization and sub-division followed in the entire as the Maasai landowners passed on plots to several inheritors, and increased land sales mostly to non-Maasai’s interested in agriculture [2]. The land sales, alongside rapid increase in human population, has resulted in land uses such as expansion of urban centers (e. g. Kitengela and Athi River) and industries (e. g. the Zones: EPZs), large scale irrigated horticultural schemes, quarrying and expansion of permanent settlements with fencing, which have restricted the movements of livestock and seasonal dispersal of wildlife between NNP and the AKPs [1]. These changes in land use have contributed to large declines in the populations of wildebeest in the ecosystem from an estimated 38,000 in 1978 to about 10,000 in 2012 [3]. While outside the Park in AKP, the wildlife occupy the private land of the Maasai pastoralists creating human- wildlife conflicts through competition for water and pasture with livestock, transmission of infectious diseases to livestock, and livestock predation by the large carnivores. The NNP is amongst the most visited parks in Kenya accounting for 23% of park visitors, and thus generating very high revenues from wildlife tourism (Institute, 2007). The absence of a revenue sharing mechanism with the Maasai landowners in AKP whose land is critical as a dispersal zone for wildlife that attracts tourists to the park means that landowners have very little or no incentives for having wildlife on their private lands. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by illustrating that despite the existence of protected areas like NNP, the wildlife populations have been declining due to human activities, such as land privatization and urban expansion, which restrict wildlife movement and contribute to human-wildlife conflicts. This suggests that wildlife populations require more than just protected areas to recover, indicating that human intervention may still be necessary.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Some argue that all GMOs are entirely safe and have no ecological impact. [SEP] Text: Исследования Т-ДНК-содержащих видов может дать ценную информацию относительно вероятности утечки трансгенов и закрепления их в ходе эволюции. Для этого необходимы филогенетические исследования данных родов. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses the potential for transgene leakage and its evolution, which does not address the assertion about the safety and ecological impact of GMOs.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Reforestation efforts can help mitigate climate change by absorbing CO₂ emissions. [SEP] Text: “We can only create the conditions for the peatlands to restore themselves by rewetting them,” Jurasinski says. In the GDS, that means raising the water levels in the peat and then stabilizing them. But it is not as simple as pouring water onto the swamp. The roads and ditches used for drainage have rerouted the water so that most areas are drier but some are wetter. Consequently, the goal is to reduce the unnatural hydrological variability, raise the overall water level over time, and reduce the impact of the unnatural drainage channels. “What we are trying to do is make the roads and ditches hydrologically invisible,” Wurster says. In Finland, peatlands make up nearly a third of the landmass, but mining, farming, and forestry have altered more than half of these ecosystems destroying animal, bird, and insect habitats and increasing greenhouse gas emissions. “Five million hectares of wetland habitat has moved from carbon storage and a sink into a source,” says geographer Tero Mustonen, former head of the village of Selkie, in North Karelia, Finland, and a cofounder of the nonprofit Snowchange Cooperative, which works with local and Indigenous communities on ecological and cultural restoration projects across the world. Finland is a hub of Northern fishing cultures, and Selkie is one of the oldest villages in North Karelia. It is a household fishing community, but peatland degradation has had dire impacts on local water quality and fish health, Mustonen says, “It has been very devastating for many rural and Indigenous villages to realize that their home food is now poisoned,” Mustonen says. From the 1980s onward, a Finnish company mined the marsh-mire of Linnunsuo (“Marshmire of the Birds”) near Selkie. Peat-rich soils are highly acidic, and the mining led to discharges of acidic wastewater in the local rivers. In 2010, locals realized this acidity was killing the area's fish. They asked the mine to cease work. It complied, and the Snowchange scientists, working with the local community, stepped in to restore the landscape. It was the start of Snowchange's efforts to clean up and heal degraded peatland sites, using a rewilding approach. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the importance of restoring peatlands, which are significant carbon sinks. It highlights efforts by the Snowchange Cooperative to address peatland degradation and restore the hydrological conditions necessary for these ecosystems to function effectively. The mention of the negative impacts of peatland degradation on both the environment and local communities illustrates the need for reforestation and restoration efforts, ultimately supporting the idea that such actions can help mitigate climate change.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: All wildlife populations can recover without human intervention if protected areas exist. [SEP] Text: Consequently, the lack of direct monetary benefits from the wildlife coupled with the increase in human wildlife conflicts in AKP over the years made Maasai households intolerant to and excluded wildlife on their land through fencing and direct killing of predators. Without any intervention to address the challenge of land use change with negative implications on wildlife dispersal, the future of Park and the viability of wildlife in the Athi-are in jeopardy. (WCL) April 2000, the Conservation (WCL) Program was initiated to ensure that wildlife could move freely between the Park and Kitengela- Athi-Kaputie Plains. This PES program is currently managed by Foundation (TWF), a locally incorporated Non-(NGO). In 2008 [4], the TWF was awarded grant by the Facility (GEF) through the in the category of a Medium-sized Project (MSP) to pilot the expansion of the WCL as a demonstration project for effective conservation of wildlife on private lands outside protected areas. The wildlife conservation lease program is a model that is aimed at providing incentives to the Maasai community in return to hosting wildlife in their privately owned land parcels south of Park which is payable three times a year, in January, May and September. Ksh300 price per acre was determined after a feasibility study was carried out to determine the average income level per household for the sale of milk or cow dung manure, skins or hides per month. The Ksh300 was equivalent to US$4 at that time. Yet twelve years later, the price tag per acre is still maintained for all the lease holders throughout the project. In the Lease initiative, the (TWF) - an NGO registered to manage the program, signs a contract with the landowners, which requires them to allow free movement of wildlife on their land (Figure 2) and to meet the following conditions; • To manage the land for the benefit of wildlife and sustainable livestock grazing • To leave land under lease open and not to install any perimeter fencing on my land • NOT to cultivate, mine or quarry in any manner the land under WCL • keep land under lease free of buildings or any other structures • To protect indigenous plants and trees Figure 2: Lease participants waiting for their pay checks. In return, the households are paid an annual fee of Ksh. 300 (US$ 4) per acre in three installments [5]. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by highlighting that without human intervention, such as the mentioned Conservation (WCL) Program and the wildlife conservation lease program, the future of wildlife populations is jeopardized. It notes that the lack of direct monetary benefits and increased human-wildlife conflicts result in the Maasai households excluding wildlife from their land, ultimately asserting that human intervention is necessary for wildlife recovery.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Some argue that all GMOs are entirely safe and have no ecological impact. [SEP] Text: Если трансгенные виды образуют клады в различных частях филогенетического древа и при этом структура и сайты инсерции Т-ДНК в геном растения совпадают в пределах клады, но различаются между ними, можно говорить о независимых актах трансформации в эволюции рода. Если в различных частях филогенетического древа присутствуют виды с Т-ДНК сходной структуры, а сайты ее инсерции в геном совпадают, можно говорить о последствиях утечки трансгенов. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text discusses the implications of transgenes in phylogenetic trees and the potential consequences of transgene leakage, but it does not address the claim regarding the safety of all GMOs or their ecological impact. Therefore, it is irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Reforestation efforts can help mitigate climate change by absorbing CO₂ emissions. [SEP] Text: Because of the drastic changes, the ecosystems are unlikely to ever return to their original state, especially given climatic changes, Mustonen says. But by raising water tables and restoring water flow, the team aims to create the conditions for the landscape to rewild and create a rich, biodiverse ecosystem. “We are convinced that nature is the best guide,” Mustonen says. More than a decade later, Snowchange has revitalized 90 sites across Finland, and the foundational component of their rewilding efforts is always collaborating with local or Indigenous communities. The local people have detailed knowledge about the landscape, and local-led conservation is also a powerful mechanism for restoring equity in land management, Mustonen says. Historically, conservation in Finland has been a top-down affair, led by the government or industry. Indigenous or local people have not had a voice in choosing what takes place on their homelands. Locally led restoration, however, helps communities reclaim a sense of agency in the face of overwhelming challenges such as climate change, Mustonen says. “Going to work on peatland restoration means that you [are] helping to save huge amounts of carbon in the land, [to] bring back the birds, and [to] make the water cleaner,” Mustonen says. “It is really empowering; you are contributing to the rescue of the Arctic. ” Life returns Between 2011 and 2017, the Snowchange team worked with the community of Selkie to restore and rewild Linnunsuo, a section of the degraded peatland. Before the work began, the site resembled a moonscape—blackened, desolate land devoid of vegetation or any signs of life. Now, Linnunsuo bustles with the sights and sounds of life, including wolverines, otters, moose, and red fox, as well as rare amphibians and pollinators that call the rewetted land home. scientists continue to document the variety of species that visit the site and the number of breeding pairs of birds, such as the northern pintail and wood sandpiper. Currently, they've seen 215 bird species there. “That makes Linnunsuo in the top five bird habitats in Finland,” Mustonen says. It is a familiar story in other restored peatland areas. Jurasinski has performed audits of the impacts of peatland degradation on entire food chains. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing peatland restoration efforts that directly contribute to carbon storage in the land. Mustonen states that working on peatland restoration helps to 'save huge amounts of carbon in the land,' indicating a clear link between such restoration efforts and mitigating climate change through CO₂ absorption. Furthermore, the restoration of ecosystems, as described in the text, aligns with reforestation objectives, as both involve creating biodiverse environments that can effectively sequester carbon.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: All wildlife populations can recover without human intervention if protected areas exist. [SEP] Text: During the pilot phase of the WCL supported by the GEF/World Bank, the TWF enrolled landowners based on the following criteria; • Land adjacent to Park • Willing land owner • Land unfenced (open rangeland) • Connectivity to other enrolled land parcels • Proof of land ownership using a title deed key objective of the WCL to “ensure long term ecological viability of park by maintaining seasonal dispersal areas and migration corridor on adjacent privately owned lands and demonstrating the use of wildlife conservation leases as a conservation tool outside protected areas”. The project had two sub-objectives which have been considered here as primary and secondary objectives. The primary objective of the project was to “maintain the seasonal dispersal areas and migration corridor open to ensure the viability of the Park ecosystem and its biodiversity”. The secondary objective was to “enhance the economic security and quality of life of local landowner households”. Outcomes/As part of the implementation, the WCL project consisted of six (6) Outcomes and 11 Outputs implemented under three (3) Project Components; (1) Increasing land secured for conservation; (2) Institutional strengthening for implementation and dissemination/ replication of WCL program; and (3) Enhancing the long term sustainability of the WCL program and the NNP ecosystem. This evaluation assessed six (6) of the 11 Outputs, and conducted an analysis of the achievement of the WCL in respect to the secondary objective of enhancing the economic security and quality of life for local landowner households in Athi-Kaputie Plains. As summarized in Tables 1 and 2, all the six Outputs assessed were achieved, which contributed to the realization of the respective outcomes. Summary of Achievements of the (2012) 1. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by detailing a project (WCL) focused on enhancing wildlife conservation efforts through specific interventions such as securing land for conservation and maintaining migration corridors. The language suggests a reliance on human efforts, such as enrolling landowners and implementing conservation tools, which implies that wildlife populations may not be able to recover solely through existing protected areas without further human involvement.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Some argue that all GMOs are entirely safe and have no ecological impact. [SEP] Text: Описанные к настоящему моменту природно-трансгенные льнянки образуют монофилетическую группу (Matveeva, Lutova, 2014), поэтому не могут быть использованы в такой работе, в то время как табак и батат могут дать ценную информацию по данному вопросу. К сожалению, относительно интеграции в геном Т-ДНК у батата известно мало. IbT-ДНК1 охарактеризована подробно и по структуре и в отношении локализации в геноме. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses the classification of certain plant species and their genetic characteristics rather than addressing the safety or ecological impact of GMOs.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Reforestation efforts can help mitigate climate change by absorbing CO₂ emissions. [SEP] Text: He's witnessed many species, including rare and endangered species, returning after restoration efforts. “It's been a really nice result,” Jurasinski says. In Wales, the 2023 State of highlighted that species have declined by 20% on average since 1994, and one in six are now at risk of being lost in the country. In the Dive, experts recommended a set of actions that could support nature's recovery in the country. government has subsequently tripled its peatland restoration targets, with the goal of restoring and improving habitats for native species and keeping carbon in the ground. Fens Project, which includes Cors Erddreiniog, has demonstrated the biodiversity benefits of peatland restoration. Since the start of the project, rare and endangered species such as the dwarf stonewort, greater bladderwort, medicinal leech, and southern damselflies have returned to the fen. Evans's research has also shown that the site is acting as a long-term carbon sink. Saxony, northwestern Germany, where Peters grew up, farmers drained nearly all the peatlands, and cows grazed on the green fields that replaced them. After learning about the climate impacts of draining peatlands, Peters became interested in peatland restoration. A visit to natural peatlands in Estonia further motivated him. “I realized that this is what most of my homeland would have looked like 200 years ago and what an impact humans could have on a landscape,” Peters says. Peters now advocates for land use that supports peatlands, such as paludiculture. This variation of agriculture stops subsidence and minimizes emissions by cultivating crops that are adapted to high water levels, such as reed, cattail, black alder, and peat mosses. Peters recently visited a paludiculture site in Germany, just 5 kilometers from where he grew up, where the farm grows sphagnum moss, which can be used as a soil-ameliorating substrate in gardening. The scene was a rich palette of colors in stark contrast to the monochromatic green fields he had been accustomed to. It buzzed with birds and bugs. “It was a reddish, greenish, yellowish carpet—a mosaic of species,” Peters says. “It was really beautiful. ”The site shows that it is possible to create a healthy and diverse landscape from degraded peatlands, Peters says. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text supports the claim by discussing peatland restoration as a means of enhancing biodiversity and acting as a long-term carbon sink. It highlights that land use changes, including peatland restoration, can positively impact the climate by keeping carbon in the ground and promoting healthier ecosystems. Additionally, Peters's advocacy for practices like paludiculture—which minimizes emissions by cultivating crops adapted for wet conditions—further illustrates how restoration efforts can mitigate climate change through effective carbon management.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: All wildlife populations can recover without human intervention if protected areas exist. [SEP] Text: Increasing conservation land through wildlife conservation leases Area under contractual commitment for wildlife use (WCL signed between TWF and private landowners) expanded, and commitments strengthened through introduction of multi-year leases Area voluntarily enrolled in Leases increase to 60,000 acres, with at least 20% of the WCL being multi-year 10,000 acres (2008) 61,067 acres (2012) Number of participating/ benefiting households increase to 400 148 (2008) 417 (2012) % of Kitengela rangeland within the 60,000 acre target area that is enclosed by fences does not increase over baseline* Not assessed 20% increase in number of lions (indicator species) regularly using Kitengela 18 individuals** 35 individuals (2012) 2. Institutional strengthening and information dissemination TWF develops capacity to administer expanded WCL program efficiently and to the satisfaction of program participants and funding sources; Increased awareness of and interest in WCL and similar approaches in Wildlife leases are used strategically, based on research and monitoring, to maximize conservation benefits achieved with available funds Not assessed Stakeholders (local landowners, financers) satisfied with effectiveness, transparency and responsiveness of management of scaled-up WCL program Not assessed conservation practitioner community identifies at least 2 additional sites Model tested in 1: Summary of Achievements of the WCL Project Outputs. 3. Enhancing long term sustainability Positive action on key land-related policy and institutional measures supporting maintenance of wildlife and habitat (joint objective with ) Reduction of human/wildlife conflict in project area Increase in amount and reliability of funding for WCL during and beyond project (LUMP) implemented as the key planning framework for the project area (joint objective with USAID-funded project) LUMP gazzeted by GoK and adopted by & permanently secured for wildlife habitat Not assessed 25% increase in households adopting Non-lethal measures for reducing wildlife predation on livestock. in the project area Not assessed TWF develops and implements a professional fundraising strategy for WCL, and raises at least $270,000 of additional funds (beyond baseline) for wildlife leases from non-GEF sources by end of project TWF raised US $270,000 by December 2011*** Table 2: Summary of Achievements of the WCL Project Outputs. Effects and of the were four (4) main positive effects identified in terms of the contribution of the WCL to the economic security and quality if life of local landowner households. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by detailing specific interventions and strategies employed in the WCL project, such as developing a capacity for administering wildlife leases and implementing policies to reduce human/wildlife conflict. These measures highlight that human intervention is necessary for effective wildlife conservation and population recovery, countering the notion that wildlife can recover solely through the existence of protected areas.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Some argue that all GMOs are entirely safe and have no ecological impact. [SEP] Text: Однако эта вставка присутствует во всех культурных разновидностях батата, отсутствует у их диких родственников. Следовательно, формы со вставкой образуют монофилетическую группу. За ее пределами IbT-ДНК1 не выявлено. IbT-ДНК2 охарактеризована слабее, но именно она распространена только в некоторых разновидностях диких и культурных бататов (Kyndt et al. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses a specific genetic characteristic found in sweet potato varieties and does not address the safety or ecological impact of GMOs. Therefore, it neither corroborates nor contrasts the claim.