Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Some claim that life on Earth could have originated from extraterrestrial sources. [SEP] Text: T > 72 s). However, we find that long duration signals are disfavoured, which can be understood by the fact that they are increasingly unlikely to have only been detected once during the ensemble of observations. Indeed, from this, we can place an upper limit that T < 77 min to 2σ confidence (95. 45 per cent). Figure 3. Triangle plot of the posterior distribution for the Wow signal properties. The joint posterior (bottom-left) naturally has a similar shape to the likelihood (Fig. 2) given our diffuse prior, but the contours now represent the a posteriori credible intervals rather than likelihood confidence limits. Contours are separated by 0. 25σ. Open in new tabDownload slideFor λ, the mean rate of signal emission, we find a broad but peaked posterior with a maximum at λ = 2. 01 d−1 (i. e. twice per day). We can see that λ is inversely correlated to T but compresses in a narrow region at low T. This ‘fine-tuning’ reduces the marginalized posterior density in this region, and ultimately gets truncated by the lower boundary on T. Very frequent repeat times are only compatible with the data at extremely short durations, in order to explain the lack of additional detections. Together, these constraints imply that λ is bound within the interval 0. 047 to 64. 2 d−1 to 2σ. 4 -UP 4. 1 Follow-up observations Of course, besides from the original observations, there have been several efforts to re-observe the field and look for repetitions, without success. (1994), the field was observed using the ultranarrowband Harvard/Smithsonian-META system (Horowitz et al. 1986), tracking for up to 4 h at a time. Gray & Marvel (2001) performed the second attempt with the Array, tracking the field for no more than 22 min a time. Gray & Ellingsen (2002) performed far longer observations with the University of Tasmania’s Hobart 26 m radio telescope, tracking the field for 14 h continuously on six separate days. Finally, the Array was used by Harp et al. (2020), accumulating over 100 h on target for 30–180 min each time. In all cases, we note that the observations were sufficiently sensitive to have recovered a repeat of the Wow signal to high confidence. 4. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim regarding the origin of life on Earth from extraterrestrial sources. Instead, it discusses the properties of an astronomical signal and the details of various observational efforts related to it. There is no mention of life or its origins in the provided text, making it irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Ocean acidification results from excess CO₂, impacting coral and shellfish populations. # factual [SEP] Text: , M. M. Bishop & H. L. Hunt. 2017. Elevated temperature has adverse effects on GABA-mediated avoidance behaviour to sediment acidification in a wide-ranging marine bivalve. Mar. Biol. 164:56. 31. Connell, J. H. 1961. Effect of competition, predation by Thais lapillus and other factors on natural populations of the barnacle Balanus balanoides. Ecol. Monogr. 31:61–104. 32. Cotton, P. A. , S. D. Rundle & K. E. Smith. 2004. Trait compensation in marine gastropods: shell shape, avoidance behavior, and susceptibility to predation. Ecology 85:1581–1584. 33. de la Haye, K. L. , J. I. Spicer, S. Widdicombe & M. Briffa. 2011. Reduced sea water pH disrupts resource assessment and decision making in the hermit crab Pagurus bernhardus. Anim. Behav. 82:495–501. 34. de la Haye, K. L. , J. I. Spicer, S. Widdicombe & M. Briffa. 2012. Reduced pH sea water disrupts chemo-responsive behaviour in an intertidal crustacean. J. Exp. Mar. Biol. Ecol. 412:134–140. 35. Dickson, A. G. & F. J. Millero. 1987. A comparison of equilibrium constants for the dissociation of carbonic acid in seawater media. Res. 34:1733–1743. 36. Domenici, P. , R. Torres & P. H. Manríquez. 2017. Effects of elevated carbon dioxide and temperature on locomotion and the repeatability of lateralization in a keystone marine mollusc. J. Exp. Biol. 220:667–676. 37. & J. A. Kleypas. 2009. Ocean acidification: the other CO2 problem. Annu. Rev. Mar. Sci. 1:169–192. 38. . Steckbauer, L. Ramajo, J. Cartensen, J. A. Trotter & M. McCulloch. 2013. Is ocean acidification an open-ocean syndrome? [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by citing multiple studies that address the effects of ocean acidification caused by elevated CO₂ levels, particularly on marine organisms such as bivalves and crustaceans. For example, the citation 'Reduced sea water pH disrupts resource assessment and decision making in the hermit crab Pagurus bernhardus' indicates the adverse effects of lower pH levels in seawater, which is directly linked to ocean acidification from CO₂.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Smart cities can completely eliminate traffic and pollution issues. [SEP] Text: Due to the availability of city data, it is difficult to calculate the average years of education in each city. Therefore, the number of employees in scientific research, technical services and geological exploration industries coupled with that in information transmission, computer services and software industries is selected as the proxy variable to measure the agglomeration of talents in cities. The reason for choosing the above two types of employees is that the knowledge and technology level of these two industries is relatively high, as the same with the education level of the employees. From the results of model (9)-(10), the smart city pilot will reduce the city haze concentration by 0. 8 units in cities with a high level of talent agglomeration, but it has an insignificant impact in cities with low level, which effectively verified hypothesis 2c. Finally, the effect of the smart city pilot is also closely related to the city's intelligent level. This section focuses on the topics of AI related technologies and applications, and captures the keywords in the government work report of each city, and counts the word frequency. The keywords include artificial intelligence, cloud computing, blockchain, Internet of Things, Internet finance, business intelligence, intelligent investment consulting, intelligent customer service, and intelligent data analysis, etc. The higher the frequency of words, the higher the level of local intelligence, and the research sample is divided into two groups: higher and lower level of intelligence. The regression results of model (11)-(12) show that the smart city pilot will have a significant inhibitory effect on the haze concentration in the cities with a higher level of intelligence, but not for the cities with a lower level of intelligence, effectively verifying hypothesis 2d. Table 6 The result of heterogeneity analysis location City level Talent agglomeration Intelligence level (5) eastern (6) central and western (7) large and medium-sized (8) other (9) higher (10) lower (11) higher (12) lower SMART -0. 711* (-1. 73) -0. 448* (-1. 73) -1. 329* (-1. 92) -0. 407* (-1. 74) -0. 800** (-2. 58) -0. 377 (-1. 19) -1. 216*** (-3. 79) 0. 345 (1. 14) -R2 0. 9500 0. 9307 0. 9147 0. 9391 0. 9225 0. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by indicating that while smart city initiatives can reduce haze concentration in cities with a high level of talent agglomeration, they do not eliminate pollution in cities with a lower level of intelligence. This suggests that the effectiveness of smart cities in addressing pollution is conditional rather than absolute, which implies that they cannot completely eliminate traffic and pollution issues.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Some claim that life on Earth could have originated from extraterrestrial sources. [SEP] Text: Thus, the stochastic assumption can be seen to allow for even higher compatibility with the original data, although the time-scales involved of the best fitting signals are not grossly different. This of course is not surprising given the inherently more ‘slippery’ nature of a stochastic process. Of course, follow-up observations have placed much stronger constraints on strictly periodic signals. Gray & Ellingsen (2002) completely excludes strict periodicity for periods less than 14 h. Going further, Harp et al. (2020) provides the tightest constraints to date, finding that periods from 0 to 40 h would have been detected in 99 per cent of their realizations. As shown in Section 4, including these additional observations into our analysis provides tighter constraints on the joint posterior. Most importantly, the inclusion of this data reduces the maximum likelihood from 32. 3 per cent with alone to 1. 78 per cent (2. 37σ). Thus, the data collected to date are surprising under the stated hypothesis, but not at the level typically needed to reject a hypothesis (>3σ or more). We repeated the follow-up MCMC but adding X hours of simulated null results to investigate how much data would be needed to reach a 3σ threshold. Iterating, we found that 62 d of accumulated additional observations would be needed. 3 On this basis, we argue that the stochastic repeater hypothesis is not yet excluded as an explanation for the Wow signal, and yet more follow-up would be necessary. More broadly, our likelihood emulation approach provides an example of dealing with sparse, irregular observations to conduct inference of SETI signals of interest. Indeed this approach could be readily applied to other technosignature data sets, such as the radio search (Price et al. 2020; Sheikh et al. 2021) or even non-radio searches such as in the optical (e. g. see Maire et al. 2020). It is emphasized that such an approach could also be used for targets without any signals detected, in order to derive robust upper limits on a hypothesized signal’s properties (be it periodic or not). -author tragically passed away during this work. RG devoted himself to pursuing the Wow signal throughout his career, both in science and public discourse. His insights and contributions to this enigma are unparalleled and were pivotal to this paper. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses the statistical analysis and constraints related to the Wow signal in SETI research without mentioning the origins of life on Earth or extraterrestrial sources.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Ocean acidification results from excess CO₂, impacting coral and shellfish populations. # factual [SEP] Text: Understanding anthropogenic impacts on seawater pH. Estuar. Coasts 36:221–236. 39. Fields, J. 2013. Effects of ocean acidification on the behavior of two marine invertebrates: a study of predator-prey responses of the molluscs Conus marmoreus and Strombus luhuanus at elevated-CO2 conditions. SIT study abroad thesis,. 40. Flynn, A. M. & D. L. Smee. 2010. Behavioral plasticity of the soft-shell clam, Mya arenaria (L. ), in the presence of predators increases survival in the field. J. Exp. Mar. Biol. Ecol. 383:32–38. 41. . Christen, V. Turpin, G. Massamba NSiala, P. U. Blier & P. Calosi. 2017. Can multigenerational exposure to ocean warming and acidification lead to the adaptation of life history and physiology in a marine metazoan? J. Exp. Biol. 220:551–563. 42. Goldenberg, S. U. , I. Nagelkerken, E. Marangon, A. Bonnet, C. M. Ferreira & S. D. Connell. 2018. Ecological complexity buffers the impacts of future climate on marine consumers. Nat. Clim. Chang. 8:229–233. 43. Green, M. A. , G. G. Waldbusser, L. Hubazc, E. Cathcart & J. Hall. 2013. Carbonate mineral saturation state as the recruitment cue for settling bivalves in marine muds. Estuar. Coasts 36:18–27. 44. . Emerson & S. ODonnell. 2009. Death by dissolution: sediment saturation state as a mortality factor for juvenile bivalves. Limnol. Oceanogr. 54:1037–1047. 45. & B. A. Westman. 2004. Dissolution mortality of juvenile bivalves in coastal marine deposits. Limnol. Oceanogr. 49:727–734. 46. Griffith, A. W. & C. J. Gobler. 2017. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text supports the claim by detailing various studies related to ocean acidification and its effects on marine life, including invertebrates and bivalves. The reference to the effects of elevated CO₂ on marine invertebrates, behavior, and survival indicates a connection to the impacts of ocean acidification on affected populations, which corroborates the assertion that excess CO₂ impacts marine ecosystems.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Smart cities can completely eliminate traffic and pollution issues. [SEP] Text: 076* (1. 75) -0. 037 (-1. 34) 0. 201*** (6. 18) 0. 144*** (3. 19) 0. 761*** (3. 31) -R2 0. 8888 0. 9596 0. 8958 0. 6757 0. 6197 Obs 5112 5112 5112 4828 5112 Notes: t statistics in (), ***, **and * are significance levels at 1%, 5% and 10%. The models (13)–(15) in Table 7 show the impact of smart cities on three types of innovation. Firstly, the coefficient of COOR-INN is 0. 076 and has passed the significance test, which shows that the construction of smart city has strengthened the cooperation and communication among the enterprises, universities, and institutions in a city, thus helping various subjects better define their responsibilities and accelerate the construction of industry-university-institution coordinate innovation model. The multi-subject innovation will accelerate the creation of a multi-level, professional and efficient innovation mechanism to promote breakthroughs towards core technologies, stainable improvement in environmental quality, and haze governance. Secondly, the coefficient of GRE-INN item is 0. 201 and significant at level of 1%, indicating that the smart city pilot can also vibrantly enhance the green innovation capacity. Along with the wider use of green innovations (e. g. , new energy sources such as solar and wind power) in production and life, regional haze governance will be effectively realized from the source. However, the impact of smart city pilot on collaborative innovation is not significant, suggesting that while China's smart city pilot has strengthened the coordinate innovation among multiple subjects in different cities, it has not significantly impact on the cooperative innovation among cities. It can be seen from model (16) that the smart city pilot has increased the resource allocation efficiency of cities in the treated group by 0. 144 unit, indicating that smart city construction relies on new information technologies such as the artificial intelligence to promote the development of new energy, new materials, and information industries, optimizing the allocation efficiency of production factors such as capital and talent. In addition, it will also promote the transformation of traditional manufacturing industries to new industries, gradually eliminating polluting industries and improving production efficiency, ultimately reducing pollution emissions, and achieving haze control (Ryzhenkov, 2016). The coefficient of ENT term in model (17) is 0. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by highlighting that while smart cities have shown potential in improving environmental quality and reducing pollution emissions through innovative practices, it also states that the impact of smart city initiatives on collaborative innovation among cities is not significant, thereby implying that complete elimination of traffic and pollution issues may not be achievable.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Some claim that life on Earth could have originated from extraterrestrial sources. [SEP] Text: DK is grateful for his generosity, time, and contributions to this study, which it is hoped live up to his high standards of inquiry and curiosity. This work was enabled thanks to supporters of the Lab, including de and & Leigh Deacon. code used and results generated by this work are made publicly available at this URL. Footnotes 1For example, in an interview with the in 1994, remarked ‘We should have seen it again when we looked for it 50 times. Something suggests it was an Earth-sourced signal that simply got reflected off a piece of space debris. ’2Such a signal would drift 7. 2 kHz during the 72 s duration of a single-beam, and thus would also plausibly be confined to a single 10 kHz channel. 3Note that this time-scale is insensitive to the priors used since it represents simply the maximum likelihood value. 0810. 3964)Cocconi G. , Morrison P. , 1959, Nature, 184, 844 10. 1038/184844a0. M. , Lazio J. W. , Sagan C. , 1997, ApJ, 487, 782 10. 1086/304620. S. , Cole D. M. , 1977, Icarus, 30, 267 10. 1016/0019-1035(77)90158-0. R. , 1998, Ear Wow! Signal: Know and Don’t It after 20 Years. 10. 1006/icar. 1994. 1199. H. , Ellingsen S. , 2002, ApJ, 578, 967 10. 1086/342646. H. , Marvel K. B. , 2001, ApJ, 546, 1171 10. 1086/318272. R. , Gray R. H. , Richards J. , Shostak G. S. , Tarter J. C. , 2020, AJ, 160, 162 10. 3847/1538-3881/aba58f. , Matthews B. S. , Forster J. , Linscott I. , Teague C. C. , Chen K. , Backus P. , 1986, Icarus, 67, 525 10. 1016/0019-1035(86)90129-6. , 2021, MNRAS, 504, 4054 10. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address or provide any information related to the claim regarding the origin of life on Earth from extraterrestrial sources. Instead, it discusses contributors to a study and mentions technical details that seem unrelated to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Ocean acidification results from excess CO₂, impacting coral and shellfish populations. # factual [SEP] Text: Transgenerational exposure of bivalves to ocean acidification renders offspring more vulnerable to low pH and additional stressors. Sci. Rep. 7:11394. 47. Hagen, N. T. , A. Andersen & O. B. Stabell. 2002. Alarm responses of the green sea urchin, Strongylocentrotus droebachiensis, induced by chemically labelled durophagous predators and simulated acts of predation. Mar. Biol. 140:365–374. 48. Hamilton, T. J. , A. Holcombe & M. Tresguerres. 2014. CO2-induced ocean acidification increases anxiety in Rockfish via alteration of GABAA receptor functioning. Proc. Biol. Sci. 281:20132509. 49. Harrell, F. E. , Jr. 2017. Hmisc: Harrell miscellaneous. Available at: 50. Harvey, B. P. , D. Gwynn-Jones & P. J. Moore. 2013. Meta-analysis reveals complex marine biological responses to the interactive effects of ocean acidification and warming. Ecol. Evol. 3:1016–1030. 51. Hatfield-Vaughan, M. L. 2011. Effects of ocean acidification on predator-prey interactions in echinoderms. MSc thesis, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada. 52. Heck, K. L. & T. A. Thoman. 1981. Experiments on predator-prey interactions in vegetated aquatic habitats. J. Exp. Mar. Biol. Ecol. 53:125–134. 53. Hedges, L. V. & I. Olkin. 1985. Statistical methods for meta-analysis. New York, NY: Academic Press. 54. Hedges, L. V. , J. Gurevitch & P. S. Curtis. 1999. The meta-analysis of response ratios in experimental ecology. Ecology 80:1150–1156. 55. Heithaus, M. R. , A. Frid, A. J. Wirsing & B. Worm. 2008. Predicting ecological consequences of marine top predator declines. Trends Ecol. Evol. 23:202–210. 56. Helmuth, B. , B. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the effects of ocean acidification on marine life, specifically mentioning how 'transgenerational exposure of bivalves to ocean acidification' affects their offspring's vulnerability to low pH and stressors. This directly aligns with the claim that ocean acidification, a result of excess CO₂, negatively impacts shellfish populations.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Smart cities can completely eliminate traffic and pollution issues. [SEP] Text: It can be seen from the regression results in Table 8 that while promoting the haze governance in the pilot cities, the smart city construction will also have a significant inhibitory effect on the haze concentration in the neighboring cities through the spatial spillover effect, which verifies hypothesis 4. Table 8 The result of effect Indirect effect Total effects SMART -0. 449*** (-2. 72) -4. 122*** (-2. 68) -4. 570*** (-2. 69) -lag 26. 25*** LR-error 64. 72*** Log-likelihood -10430 Obs 5112 Notes: t statistics in (), ***, **and * are significance levels at 1%, 5% and 10%. 7. Conclusions and suggestionsBased on the quasi-natural experiment of China's smart city pilot, this paper constructs the PSM-DID model to investigate the impact and mechanism of smart city construction on city haze pollution. The study found that:(1) the construction of smart cities has significantly reduced the haze concentration in the pilot cities; (2) after eliminating the joint effect of the "carbon emission trading pilot" on haze pollution in some cities, smart city construction still significantly reduces the concentration of haze; (3) There is significant regional heterogeneity in the effects of smart city pilots on different cities in China, with stronger suppressive effects on haze pollution in eastern cities, 35 large and medium-sized cities; (4) There are large regional disparities in infrastructure and the foundation of science and innovation in China, smart city construction can produce stronger effect of haze governance in cities with a higher concentration of talent and intelligence; (5) The results of the indirect mechanism show that smart city pilot can indirectly promote city haze governance by advancing innovation capabilities (collaborative innovation and green innovation), improving resource allocation efficiency, and increasing the entrepreneurship rate of modern service industries; (6) The results of the SDID model show that the construction of smart cities has a spatial spillover effect on haze pollution. While promoting the local haze control, it will also suppress the haze concentration of neighboring cities through "demonstration effect". In order to further strengthen the governance effect of smart city construction on urban haze pollution and improve the sustainable development capacity of China's economy, the following suggestions are put forward: Firstly, the government departments should play a role as public service providers, increase investment in research and development of digital technology, and accelerate the construction of infrastructure such as digital communication base stations and big data centers. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by providing empirical evidence that, while smart city construction has a significant inhibitory effect on haze concentration and pollution in cities, it does not indicate the complete elimination of such issues. The findings show a significant reduction but highlight that there are still varying effects depending on regional disparities and that other factors such as infrastructure play a crucial role in these outcomes. Thus, the text suggests that smart cities can reduce pollution but not eliminate it entirely.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: It's claimed that quantum mechanics plays a minor role in biological processes. [SEP] Text: Introduction TRPM2 is a Ca2+-permeable, nonselective cationic channel and is widely expressed in various tissues and cells. TRPM2 activation allows the influx of cations (Ca2+, Na+, and K+) into cells and TRPM2 plays essential roles in the susceptibility to oxidative stress (1). Reactive oxygen species (ROS) including H2O2 activate TRPM2 (2). Due to its high sensitivity to 2 can serve as an oxidative stress sensor. Oxidative stress plays an important role in both acute and CKD. Ischemia-reperfusion injury (IRI) is characterized by tissue damage mediated by ROS generation (3). Renal IRI is one of the most common causes of AKI. CKD is characterized by irreversible interstitial fibrosis, and oxidative stress is also implicated in the development of renal fibrosis (4,5). Considering these findings, TRPM2 is a promising therapeutic target for kidney diseases. In this study, we investigated the role of TRPM2 in AKI and kidney fibrosis by using TRPM2-knockout (KO) mice subjected to bilateral renal IRI or unilateral ureteral obstruction (UUO). Materials and wild-type (WT) C57BL/6J mice purchased from CLEA Japan (Tokyo, Japan) and TRPM2-KO mice with the C57BL/6J background, which were gifted from Dr. Y. Mori (1) at the age of 7–8 weeks, were allocated to different experimental groups in a randomized manner. All animal experiments were approved by the ethics committee of the of Medicine, of Tokyo, and performed in accordance with the Guide for the Care and Use of of the of Health and the guidelines established by the Committee on the Care and Use at the University of Tokyo. In the bilateral IRI, mice were anesthetized by intraperitoneal administration of the mixture including medetomidine, midazolam, and butorphanol. Both kidney pedicles were clamped for the indicated duration (20, 25, or 30 minutes). Body temperature was maintained at 37°C during the procedure. Mice were euthanized 1 day after IRI. In the UUO model, the left ureter was ligated at two points and cut between them. Mice were sacrificed 7 days after the procedure. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not discuss quantum mechanics or its role in biological processes; instead, it focuses on the TRPM2 channel and its implications in oxidative stress and kidney diseases. Therefore, it is irrelevant to the claim, as it does not support, refute, or provide any information related to the involvement of quantum mechanics in biology.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Ocean acidification results from excess CO₂, impacting coral and shellfish populations. # factual [SEP] Text: D. Russell, S. D. Connell, Y. Dong, C. D. G. Harley, F. P. Lima, G. Sará, G. A. Williams & N. Mieszkowska. 2014. Beyond long-term averages: making biological sense of a rapidly changing world. Clim. Chang. Resp. 1:6. 57. Hemmi, J. M. & T. Merkle. 2009. High stimulus specificity characterizes anti-predator habituation under natural conditions. Proc. Biol. Sci. 276:4381–4388. 58. Hoegh-Guldberg, O. , R. . Sundby, K. Hilmi, V. J. Fabry & S. Jung. 2014. The ocean. In:. . . MacCracken, P. R. Mastandrea & l. l. White, editors. Climate change 2014: impacts, adaptation, and vulnerability, New York, NY: Press. 1731. 59. . Sanford & B. Gaylord. 2016. Ocean acidification alters the response of intertidal snails to a key sea star predator. Proc. Biol. Sci. 283:20160890. 60. Kim, T. W. & J. P. Barry. 2016. Boldness in a deep sea hermit crab to simulated tactile predator attacks is unaffected by ocean acidification. Ocean Sci. J. 51:381–386. 61. Kroeker, K. J. , E. Sanford, B. M. Jellison & B. Gayord. 2014. Predicting the effects of ocean acidification on predator-prey interactions: a conceptual framework based on coastal molluscs. Biol. Bull. 226:211–222. 62. & G. G. Singh. 2010. Meta-analysis reveals negative yet variable effects of ocean acidification on marine organisms. Ecol. Lett. 13:1419–1434. 63. . Ramajo, G. G. Singh, C. M. Duarte & J. -P. Gattuso. 2013. Impacts of ocean acidification on marine organisms: quantifying sensitivities and interaction with warming. Glob. Chang. Biol. 19:1884–1896. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by referencing multiple studies that discuss the effects of ocean acidification, which is directly linked to elevated CO₂ levels. For instance, it mentions that there are variable negative effects of ocean acidification on marine organisms, indicating that the issue is being extensively studied and documented in scientific literature.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Smart cities can completely eliminate traffic and pollution issues. [SEP] Text: Adhere to the direction of building an innovative research platform, creating excellent environment for research and innovation, and cultivating professional talents. Further release the "technology dividend" of smart city construction, promote the deep integration of the digital economy and the real economy, and maximize the pollution reduction effect of smart city construction. Secondly, we should further clarify the regional strategic positioning and create an economic development pattern with complementary advantages. Governments at all levels should fully grasp the opportunities brought by the smart city construction for sustainable economic development, formulate differentiated and accurate governance strategies based on the local development model and resource endowment. The central government should take haze governance as an assessment indicator, improve relevant policies and the guarantee mechanism for green circular development of regional economy, ultimately achieve a win-win situation of haze governance. Thirdly, we should steadily improve the quality of urban construction by optimizing the capacity of innovation and the efficiency of allocation. Adhere to the direction of intelligence and greening, accelerate the construction of industrial information network, promote the deep integration of emerging industries and traditional industries, continue to release the agglomeration effect of emerging industries and high-end talents, and realize the intensive development and upgrading of economy. Finally, the regional cooperation and demonstration effects should be further strengthened. Traditional regional protectionism has restricted the cross-regional flow of various elements such as talent, technology, and capital, and to a certain extent reduced the spatial scope of smart city construction on haze governance. In this regard, the central government should guide local governments to carry out more extensive cooperation and exchange, and build a new development pattern of win-win cooperation. All regions should abandon local protectionism, strengthen the overall linkage of regions, improve the frequency of exchanges and cooperation between different regions, realize the flow and integration of information among different cities, crack the "island phenomenon", comprehensively promote haze governance and achieve sustainable economic development. DeclarationsEthics approval and consent to participate Not applicable. Consent for publication Not applicable. Author contributions Conceptualization: [Ruqi Wang]; Methodology: [Ruqi Wang]; Formal analysis and investigation: [Ruqi Wang]; Writing - original draft preparation: [Ruqi Wang]; Writing - review and editing: [Shigui Tao]; Supervision: [Ruqi Wang]. work was supported by (No. 22&ZD180); & Program of (KYCX22_1386). Declaration of None. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by indicating that while smart city construction can contribute to pollution reduction, it does not guarantee the complete elimination of traffic and pollution issues. The emphasis on optimizing urban construction and governance for haze reduction highlights that these issues still exist and require ongoing attention and strategy, rather than being fully resolved by smart city initiatives.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: It's claimed that quantum mechanics plays a minor role in biological processes. [SEP] Text: Histology and Immunohistochemistry Formalin-fixed and paraffin-embedded sections of the kidney were stained with Periodic Acid–Schiff and Sirius Red. Kidney tissues were also stained by immunohistochemistry with rabbit polyclonal anti–kidney injury molecule 1 (Kim-1) antibody (#NBP1–76701) and rabbit polyclonal anti–alpha smooth muscle actin (αSMA) antibody (#ab5694). Quantification of staining and Kim-1 and αSMA immunostaining was performed using ImageJ. Tubular injuries were blindly graded semiquantitatively (0–4) on cortical fields of Periodic Acid–Schiff stained biopsies (6). Quantitative Real-time of the kidney was isolated and reverse-transcribed. Complementary DNA was subjected to quantitative real-time PCR (qPCR). Data were analyzed using the ΔΔCt method. Relative expression values were normalized by Rpl32 levels. -1β and CCL2 levels in kidney homogenates were measured by ELISA using commercially available kits (#MLB00C and #MJE00B) according to the manufacturer’s instructions. Statistics Graphversion 8. 4. 3 software was used to analyze the data. The results were described by the mean and standard error. Continuous variables were tested using the unpaired, two-sided t test to compare the two groups. Multiple groups were compared by one-way ANOVA with a post hoc Tukey’s test. Ordinal variables were analyzed by Kruskal–Wallis test with a post hoc Dunn’s multiple comparisons test. Statistical significance was set at P<0. 05. examine the effects of TRPM on acute ischemic kidney disease, we first created a bilateral IRI mice model with different ischemia times (20, 25, or 30 minutes). TRPM2 deletion was confirmed by qPCR (Figure 1A). There were no significant differences in renal function between WT and KO mice in the 20- and 25-minute groups, whereas in the 30-minute group the plasma creatinine level was significantly increased in KO mice (Figure 1, B and C). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim about quantum mechanics' role in biological processes at all. Instead, it discusses histological techniques, immunohistochemistry, and statistical analysis related to kidney function and ischemic kidney disease. Therefore, it is irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Ocean acidification results from excess CO₂, impacting coral and shellfish populations. # factual [SEP] Text: , R. Poulin, K. Mengersen, K. Reinhold, L. Engqvist, M. Lagisz & A. M. Senior. 2015. Meta-analysis of variation: ecological and evolutionary applications and beyond. Methods Ecol. Evol. 6:143–152. 81. Nilsson, G. E. , D. L. Dixson, P. Domenici, M. I. McCormick, C. Sørensen, S. -A. Watson & P. L. Munday. 2012. Near-future carbon dioxide levels alter fish behaviour by interfering with neurotransmitter function. Nat. Clim. Chang. 2:201–204. 82. Noble, D. W. , M. Lagisz, R. E. ODea & S. Nakagawa. 2017. Non-independence and sensitivity analyses in ecological and evolutionary meta-analyses. Mol. Ecol. 26:2410–2425. 83. Orr, J. C. , V. J. Fabry, O. Aumont, L. . Gnanadesikan, N. Gruber, A. Ishida, F. Joos, R. M. Key, K. Lindsay, E. Maier-Reimer, R. Matear, P. Monfray, A. . . Yamanaka & A. Yool. 2005. Anthropogenic ocean acidification over the twenty-first century and its impact on calcifying organisms. Nature 437:681–686. 84. Orth, R. J. , K. L. Heck & J. van Mantfrans. 1984. Faunal communities in seagrass beds: a review of the influence of plant structure and prey characteristics on predator-prey relationships. Estuaries 7:339–350. 85. Ou, M. , T. J. Hamilton, J. Eom, E. M. Lyall, J. Gallup, A. Jiang, J. Lee, D. A. Clsoe, S. -S. Yun & C. J. Brauner. 2015. Responses of pink salmon to CO2-induced aquatic acidification. Nat. Clim. Chang. 5:950–955. 86. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by referencing studies such as the one by Orr et al. (2005), which discusses 'Anthropogenic ocean acidification over the twenty-first century and its impact on calcifying organisms.' This suggests a direct link between excess CO₂ levels and their effects on marine life, supporting the idea that ocean acidification negatively impacts coral and shellfish.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Smart city technologies are affordable and accessible to cities of all sizes worldwide. [SEP] Text: Device manageability: An inherent characteristic of a deployment is that the devices and sensors are placed at large distances in a environment, the IoT platform has to include methods for the remote management of devices. Usage of open APIs: The devices and sensors present in a context inherently generate large amounts of data. It can happen that a conspicuous amount of this data remains not analyzed due to its unavailability to other users than the ones originally intended. The IoT platforms should therefore allow the access to shareable data, becoming like this a true motor for future innovative applications. 2. 3. Data requirements The data in the IoT world comes mainly from things but can also arrive in the form of metadata from users. IoT and are more than a sink for incoming data, data intelligence being the key concept. This implies relatively strict requirements in terms of data [13, 14]:Data processing and analytics services: An IoT platform’s usefulness is given by its ability to process the collected data and turn it to usable information. Data scalability: Especially in a environment the amount of IoT data has the tendency to grow fast, for example when monitoring environmental data. The IoT platform should therefore have the necessary features in order to manage the data using archiviation and culling methods, preferably fully automated. Advertisement 3. Overview on the use of IoT technologies for accessible tourism In the last decade, Systems (TRSs) have benefited from the Technology (ICT), which has become the main source of information for the tourists, assisting them in choosing services around them [16]. As the technology makes its way into the fabric of everyday life, it become easier even for people with disabilities to take advantage of TRSs. In particular, the IoT, as an enabler technology, can offer people with disabilities the assistance and support they need to achieve a good quality of life and allows them to participate in the social and economic life. In [17], the authors propose an IoT architecture to assist people with disabilities and envision some application scenarios where such users can benefit from the IoT, such as during shopping, at school or in a domestic environment. They claim how the IoT can make easier for people with some kind of impairments to carry out their daily activities and then increase their autonomy and self-confidence. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by implying that while IoT platforms can potentially support people with disabilities and provide innovative applications, the management of large amounts of data and device manageability might not be universally affordable or accessible. It suggests that the complexity of deploying IoT technologies, including data processing, analytics services, and large-scale data management, could hinder accessibility for smaller cities or those with limited resources.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: It's claimed that quantum mechanics plays a minor role in biological processes. [SEP] Text: As for renal mRNA levels of kidney injury and inflammatory markers, Kim1 in the 25- and 30-minute groups and Ccl2 in the 20- and 25-minute groups were significantly higher in KO mice (Figure 1, D and E). In the histologic analysis, the kidney tubular injury score was similar between WT and KO mice in all ischemia duration groups (Figure 1, F and G). Kim-1 immunohistochemistry revealed no significant difference between WT and KO mice (Figure 1H). Figure 1. : TRPM2 deletion has no protective effect on renal ischemia-reperfusion injury (IRI). (A) Renal mRNA expression of Trpm2 normalized to Rpl32 expression was analyzed by quantitative PCR (qPCR). (B and C) Plasma creatinine and BUN levels 1 day after bilateral IRI. (D and E) Renal mRNA expression of Kim1 and Ccl2 normalized to Rpl32 expression were analyzed by qPCR. (F) Periodic Acid–Schiff (PAS) staining of renal tissue sections of knockout (KO) and wild-type (WT) mice 1 day after bilateral IRI. Representative images of WT or KO mice in different ischemia time groups. Scale bars: 100 μm. (G) Quantification of tubular injury score on a scale of 0–5 for WT or KO mice. (H) Kidney injury molecule 1 (Kim-1) staining of kidney tissue sections. Each %area was calculated. Scale bars: 100 μm. *P<0. 05; **P<0. 01. To investigate the role of TRPM2 in kidney fibrosis, we subjected mice to UUO, a representative model of renal fibrosis. There were no significant differences in renal function between WT and KO mice (Figure 2, A and B). The expression levels of fibrosis-related genes in the kidney were evaluated by qPCR (Figure 2, C–H). Tgfb and Ctgf were significantly reduced in KO mice, and Cola1 and Col3a1 were also decreased in KO mice, although not significant. In the histologic analysis, staining revealed attenuated fibrosis in KO mice (Figure 2O), whereas there was no significant difference in αSMA staining (Figure 2P). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses renal mRNA levels and kidney injury markers in mouse models, detailing histologic analysis and gene expression related to kidney function. There is no mention of quantum mechanics or its role in biological processes.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Ocean acidification results from excess CO₂, impacting coral and shellfish populations. # factual [SEP] Text: & B. Hales. 2018. Seagrass habitat metabolism increases short-term extremes and long-term offset of CO2 under future ocean acidification. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 115:3870–3875. 87. Paine, R. T. 1966. Food web complexity and species diversity. Am. Nat. 100:65–75. 88. Paine, R. T. & D. E. Schindler. 2002. Ecological pork: novel resources and the trophic reorganization of an ecosystem. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 99:554–555. 89. . Borysko, D. A. Raftos & H. -O. Pörtner. 2012. Adult exposure influences offspring response to ocean acidification in oysters. Glob. Chang. Biol. 18:82–92. 90. örtner & P. M. Ross. 2015. Persistence of positive carryover effects in the oyster, Saccostrea glomerata, following transgenerational exposure to ocean acidification. PLoS One 10:e0132276. 91. Peng, C. , X. Zhao, S. Liu, W. Shi, Y. Han, C. Guo, X. Peng, X. Chai & G. Liu. 2017. Ocean acidification alters the burrowing behavior, Ca2+/Mg2+-ATPase activity, metabolism, and gene expression of a bivalve species, Sinonovacula constricta. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 575:107–117. 92. Peterson, C. H. 1982. The importance of predation and intra- and interspecific competition in the population biology of two infaunal suspension-feeding bivalves, Protothaca staminea and Chione undatella. Ecol. Monogr. 52:437–475. 93. Pierrot, D. , E. Lewis & D. W. R. Wallace. 2006. MS Excel program developed for CO2 system calculations. ORNL/CDIAC-105a. Tennessee:. S. Department of Energy. 94. Pörtner, H. -O. 2008. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text provides supporting evidence for the claim, particularly through studies referenced that discuss the effects of ocean acidification on marine organisms such as oysters and bivalve species, linking their biological responses to increased CO₂ levels in marine environments.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Smart city technologies are affordable and accessible to cities of all sizes worldwide. [SEP] Text: However, despite the rapidly increasing number of tourists with disabilities, both the tourism industry and the scientific community has paid little to no attention to find solutions to facilitate and make their tourist experience more enjoyable, due to the assumption that this group of people is usually not interested in traveling [18]. The few works analyzing the needs of people with disabilities aim to understand which can be their stimuli to travel; in [5], for example, the authors research the criteria consumers with disabilities regards as being important to their choice of accessible accommodation; similarly, the work proposed in [19] deals with understanding how tourists with mobility disabilities make decisions to choose accessible travel products. Nevertheless, even if there are several solutions which apply the IoT paradigm to sustain and manage tourism (smart tourism scenarios), little work has been done to offer assistance and support to people with disabilities. In [20], the authors underline the strict correlation between smart city and smart tourism conceptualizations and the focus on public service models at the expense of comprehensive and systematic exploration of its business opportunities and implications. In [21], several possible smart tourism scenarios are presented: from services to help select destinations and search suitable travel arrangement to services that provide on-site support to the tourist during the trip helping her/him to discover nearest places of interest. Another example is proposed in [22], where the authors propose an agent-based system; such a system enables to model different kinds of activities in a flexible way, and allows the implementation of location-aware applications. Finally, in [23], an IoT solution for sustainable tourism has been proposed and applied to a specific scenario. The authors take into account two main elements in order to propose the best set of Point of Interests (PoIs) for the tourist, namely the choice of the transportation mode and the information regarding the queue time expected at each PoI. Even if no implementation has been provided, simulated results show how such an approach based on the IoT paradigm can increase the tourists’ satisfaction. To the best of our knowledge, in this 4. Proposed architecture As mentioned in Section 1, in this work we introduce an IoT platform suitable for a environment and applied to the sustainable management of the tourist flow in the city of Cagliari, Sardinia’s capital, which is one of the two biggest island in Italy and one of the most attractive point for tourism, especially in summer. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by emphasizing the lack of attention given to integrating smart city technologies and tourism solutions that cater specifically to people with disabilities. It highlights that while smart city and smart tourism concepts exist, there is little exploration of their affordability and accessibility for a broader range of users, especially those with specific needs, suggesting that these technologies may not be as universally accessible as claimed.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: It's claimed that quantum mechanics plays a minor role in biological processes. [SEP] Text: We also evaluated inflammation-related gene expression (Figure 2, I–L). There was no significant difference except for Il6: Il6 was decreased in KO mice, although not significant. We also measured IL-1β and CCL2 protein levels in the kidney by ELISA, and there was no significant difference (Figure 2, M and N). Figure 2. : TRPM2 deletion partially mitigated fibrosis in unilateral ureteral obstruction (UUO). (A and B) Plasma creatinine levels (A) and BUN levels (B) 7 days after UUO. (C–L) Renal mRNA levels of Acta2, Fn1, Col1α1, Col3α1, Tgfb1, Ctgf, Il6, Tnfa, Ccl2, and Il1b were measured by qPCR, which were normalized to Rpl32 expression. (M and N) CCL2 and IL-1β protein levels in the kidney were measured by ELISA. (O and P) staining and alpha smooth muscle actin (αSMA) staining of kidney tissue sections, and each %area was calculated. Scale bars: 100 μm. *P<0. 05. this study, we explored the role of TRPM2 in the pathophysiology of AKI and kidney fibrosis. In contrast to our speculation of a protective effect of TRPM2 deletion in the IRI model, TRPM2 KO was harmful as demonstrated by an increase in plasma creatinine and increased mRNA expression levels of Kim1 and Ccl2 in some ischemia time groups. In the report by Gao and et al. (7), genetic and pharmacological TRPM2 inhibition confers renoprotection in the bilateral IRI model. This study also showed that TRPM2 in kidney parenchymal cells interacted with the small GTPase Rac1 to promote ROS generation. Although IRI procedures used in our study and Gao’s study are largely the same, the differences are anesthetics (mixed anesthetics vs pentobarbital) and ischemia time (20, 25, or 30 minutes vs 28 minutes). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim because it discusses the role of TRPM2 in kidney injury and fibrosis without any reference to quantum mechanics or its role in biological processes. There is no indication or evidence in the text that addresses the claim regarding quantum mechanics.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Project-based learning encourages critical thinking and problem-solving skills. # factual [SEP] Text: Media and learning models have an influential effect on student knowledge. The subject of this problem is that it is necessary to choose an appropriate learning model assisted by using interesting learning media. The appropriate learning model to overcome HOTS problems in mathematics learning is the PBL model. The PBl model is a constructivist knowledge model that requires students to play an active role in understanding information, developing reasoning, developing higher skills, increasing self-confidence, developing insight and providing ideas, and being more effective (Wandari & Fardillah, 2021). Some of the characteristics of PBL are as follow: First, student-paced learning. Second, learning in small groups, where learning is not only carried out individually but can be done in groups and discussing with each other. Third, the teacher serves as a facilitator or principal; fourth, PBL problem-based learning; finally, students develop and present the results of their work (Markula & Aksela, 2022). Meanwhile, the learning media that is suitable for the PBL learning model is Wordwall. This word wall media is in the form of a gaming platform that can be played online, so this media is not only used at school, but students can also access it at home. This media can be an exciting and fun learning tool for students, so it can make learning more interesting and help students concentrate and pay attention to learning well (Fakhruddinet al. , 2021; Jannah & Syafryadin, 2022). Apart from that, this application is suitable for designing and reviewing learning assessments because it has assessment tools in the state of considerable selection questions (quiz), matching the correct answer (find the match), closed questions, and anagrams (Bilova, 2023). Based on the description above, with changes in media and learning models in schools, it is hoped that students can develop critical thinking skills to solve problems that may appear during learning. Critical thinking skills are essential to use in every subject, especially mathematics (Maulidiya & Nurlaelah, 2019; Rohmanet al. , 2020). Mathematics learning also brings a strategic and systematic reasoning process that can be employed in problem-solving abilities (Rohmanet al. , 2020). Polya (1973)’s book entitled defines problem-solving as an effort to find a path out of a problem to achieve a plan that cannot be completed directly. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by highlighting that the PBL (Project-Based Learning) model is designed to foster critical thinking and problem-solving skills. It states that through the PBL approach, students play an active role in understanding information and developing reasoning, which aligns directly with the claim that project-based learning encourages these essential skills. Furthermore, it specifies that 'Critical thinking skills are essential to use in every subject, especially mathematics,' thus reinforcing the claim's emphasis on critical thinking within the scope of project-based learning.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: AI-powered chatbots can provide mental health support and patient engagement. [SEP] Text: In one case, ChatGPT did not provide appropriate information about suitable treatment, and its response contained inappropriate content in 4 cases. In contrast, ChatGPT recommended appropriate measures in 4 cases. Discussion and Conclusion: ChatGPT’s responses to the 10 case reports could have been better. To utilize ChatGPT efficiently and appropriately, users should possess sufficient knowledge and skills to determine the validity of its responses. AI chatbots based on large language models will progress significantly, but physicians must be vigilant in using these tools in practice. Key Words: Artificial intelligence; Language; Physicians; Republic of Korea 찾아보기말: 인공지능; 언어; 의사; 대한민국 서론 2022년 11월 30일 OpenAI사에서 GPT-3. 5를 기반으로 한 ChatGPT를 출시한 뒤[1], 많은 사람들이 이 대형언어모형(large language model) 인공지능 플랫폼(artificial intelligence [AI] platform)을 사용하기 시작하였다. 특히 가장 관심을 가진 분야는 교육 현장으로 학생들이 essay를 제출할 때, ChatGPT를 활용하였다. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by highlighting instances where ChatGPT failed to provide appropriate information about treatment, noting that there were cases where its responses were inadequate. It suggests a cautious approach to using AI-powered chatbots like ChatGPT in mental health support, indicating that users need sufficient knowledge to evaluate the validity of responses. This implies that while there is potential for AI chatbots to assist in mental health, significant limitations currently exist that challenge the claim.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: It's claimed that quantum mechanics plays a minor role in biological processes. [SEP] Text: Regarding ischemia time, we experimented with three different times and confirmed that 25 and 30 minutes of ischemia induced the same extent of kidney damage as in Gao’s report in terms of plasma creatinine concentration. TRPM2 KO mice used in our study were generated by deletion of the exon encoding the transmembrane segment 5 and the linker between segments 5 and 6, which are necessary for creating Ca2+ pore of TRPM2 (8,9). The previous study confirmed that Ca2+ influx in response to H2O2 was nearly lost in monocytes from this TRPM2 KO mouse (8). TRPM2 KO mice used in Gao’s study had also the same background as ours, with the deletion of exons encoding transmembrane 5 and 6, and cardiac myocytes from the KO mice exhibited decreased Ca2+ influx on H2O2 exposure (7), suggesting no apparent functional difference between these TRPM2 KO mice. In the UUO model, we observed partial attenuation of fibrosis in KO mice as shown by decreased Sirius Red–positive area and decreased Tgfb and Ctgf expression. Wang et al. demonstrated that TRPM2 KO mice were resistant against kidney fibrosis after UUO, and TRPM2 deficiency also alleviates UUO-induced inflammation (10). This study showed that TRPM2 promoted TGF-β1–induced JNK phosphorylation and subsequent NF-κB, leading to fibrosis and inflammation. In contrast to the findings from Wang et al. in which TRPM2 deletion significantly alleviates kidney dysfunction and inflammation, we failed to demonstrate these protective effects. Although the reason why our results contradicted the prior studies is unknown, recent studies suggest that TRPM2 has a Janus-faced role in pathologic conditions. To date, there has been accumulating evidence supporting the harmful effects of TRPM2 on oxidative stress–induced injury in various organs, such as the brain (11), heart (12), and kidney (7,13). However, some recent reports challenge this concept and conversely suggest the protective role of TRPM2 in pathologic conditions (9,14). Di et al. showed that phagocyte TRPM2 inhibited the activity of NADPH oxidase and ROS production by induction of plasma membrane depolarization, resulting in reduced lung inflammation after LPS administration (14). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim about quantum mechanics and its role in biological processes. Instead, it discusses experiments related to TRPM2 knockout (KO) mice and their implications in kidney fibrosis and inflammation, focusing on cellular mechanisms and responses. There is no mention of quantum mechanics or any related concepts, making the text irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Project-based learning encourages critical thinking and problem-solving skills. # factual [SEP] Text: According to Polya, in solving a problem, there are four indicators, scilicet: (1) comprehending the problem, (2) scheduling problem-solving, (3) determining the problem, and (4) checking the results obtained (Rahayuet al. , 2023). Previous research related to the PBL model on critical thinking skills has been widely carried out, including Fitriaet al. (2020) examining the use of the PBL model on students’ mathematical critical thinking skills. This analysis was completed at Luqman Al-School. The material provided is about Social Arithmetic. The results of this research show that the PBL model can enhance students’ critical thinking skills. Meanwhile, PBL research related to problem-solving abilities was carried out by Aminet al. (2021), examining the effectiveness of the Problem-(PBL) model and Problem-based Learning (MBPBL) on mathematical problem-solving abilities. The results of this analysis show that the MPBL learning model is more effective than the PBL model. model can enable teachers and students to learn anywhere on their mobile devices. This research suggests that if you only use the PBL model, it is recommended to use the PBL model and media so that learning can be done anywhere, even if it is done online. Nasution et al. (2019)’ aimed to determine the significance of implementing the PBL model with the CRH method assisted by crossword puzzle media. The development of this study implies that the media is suitable for use in the PBL model. However, the media is still lacking in variety, so the researcher suggests looking for other media to use in the PBL model. What differentiates the research that has been carried out previously from the research that the researchers will carry out lies in the use of learning media. Researchers use wordwall media. There has already been research related to wordwall media, namely research conducted by Elhefniet al. (2023) and Asriet al. (2024). Variables related to several Wordwall media research include learning outcomes, learning motivation, and increasing student vocabulary. However, Wordwall media is very varied, which can help teachers create interesting content. Wordwall media related to critical thinking skills and problem-solving abilities, as well as those related to the PBL model, have not yet been implemented. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by stating that previous research related to the PBL model has shown it enhances students' critical thinking skills and problem-solving abilities. For example, Fitria et al. (2020) found that the PBL model improved students' mathematical critical thinking skills, and Amin et al. (2021) indicated that the PBL model is effective for mathematical problem-solving abilities.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: AI-powered chatbots can provide mental health support and patient engagement. [SEP] Text: 인공지능 챗봇의 질병 진단 및 환자 치료에 대한 답변은 신뢰할 수 있는가? ChatGPT에 문의하여 본 결과, 다음과 같이 요약하였다(Suppl. 1). “인공지능 챗봇은 도움이 되는 정보와 통찰력을 제공할 수 있지만 전문적인 의학적 조언이나 진단을 대체할 수는 없다. 전문가를 대체하는 것이 아닌 전문가 의료 자문과 함께 사용하는 것이 중요하다. ” 당연한 답이기는 하지만 그렇다면 어느 정도 수준에서 ChatGPT는 의료 지식을 제공할 수 있을까? [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by noting that while AI chatbots like ChatGPT can provide useful information and insights, they cannot replace professional medical advice or diagnoses. It emphasizes the importance of consulting experts in conjunction with using such AI tools, indicating limitations in their capability to provide adequate mental health support independently.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: It's claimed that quantum mechanics plays a minor role in biological processes. [SEP] Text: As for cardiac IRI, Miller and colleagues have presented a series of findings (9,15) suggesting the beneficial role of TRPM2 in cardiac ischemic injury. They showed that TRPM2 KO deteriorated cardiac contractility after IRI and that TRPM2-mediated Ca2+ influx reduced ROS by inducing expression of HIF-1α, forkhead box Os (FoxO1 and FoxO3a), and their downstream superoxide dismutases (SOD1 and SOD2) (9). Moreover, in supplemental findings from Gao’s study (7), TRPM2 KO does not afford protective effects in cisplatin-induced AKI, and rather seems to be harmful considering increased BUN and creatinine levels in the KO group. Taken together, the role of TRPM2 in pathologic conditions is not consistent and can be either protective or detrimental depending on the setting. There are several limitations of this study. First, we only evaluated UUO-induced kidney fibrosis. Although the UUO model is a well-established fibrosis model, other fibrosis models need to be investigated. Second, we used global KO mice instead of conditional KO mice, which enable spatial and temporal control of a target gene. Therefore, this study left the possibility that compensatory responses might affect the phenotype. In conclusion, although our results showed the protective effects of TRPM2 deletion in kidney fibrosis to some extent, we failed to demonstrate the favorable effects of TRPM2 KO in kidney IRI. The conventional concept that TRPM2 plays a harmful role in pathologic conditions is not robust, and the role of TRPM2 seems to be context dependent. Disclosures H. Cernecka and F. Eitner report being employed by Bayer. M. Nangaku reports receiving research funding from Astellas, Bayer, Chugai, Daiichi-Sankyo, JT, Kyowa-Kirin, Mitsubishi Tanabe, Takeda, and Torii; reports receiving honoraria from --Kirin, and Mitsubishi Tanabe; and reports being a scientific advisor or member of Akebia Kyowa--and Mitsubishi Tanabe. T. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text discusses the role of TRPM2 in cardiac ischemic injury and kidney fibrosis, providing insights into physiological processes but does not address or relate to the claim about quantum mechanics. Therefore, it is irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Project-based learning encourages critical thinking and problem-solving skills. # factual [SEP] Text: Based on the description above, this analysis aims to encourage researchers to research critical thinking skills and HOTS mathematical problem-solving abilities in students with the help of the PBL model and Wordwall media. With this research, it is hoped that it can help teachers to be more creative in using media and learning models in the classroom, and it is also hoped that it will improve student activity when in the classroom and also improve students’ critical thinking abilities when solving mathematics problems, especially HOTS questions. type of research is descriptive qualitative research. The data described is data regarding the application of the Wordwall-assisted PBL model to critical thinking abilities and problem-solving abilities. Participants in this research were 31 students consisting of 22 male students and 9 female students. This research was implemented at SMP Muhammadiyah 2 Batu class VIII offline (face-to-face). This research was carried out in the odd semester of the 2023/2024 academic year. research instruments used for data collection are three different questionnaires and a test instrument. The first questionnaire is a media validation questionnaire. There are 10 statements given to media experts to test the media that has been created. The second questionnaire, namely the material expert validation questionnaire. There are 9 statements given to material experts to test the material and test questions that have been created. The third questionnaire is a questionnaire regarding the application of media to students. The questionnaire will be given to students directly (offline) with 10 statements. The test instrument contains HOTS questions related to class VIII mathematics learning SPLDV material. The test questions given are in the form of 1 essay question to measure students’ critical thinking abilities and to measure students’ mathematical problem-solving abilities. Data analysis related to the validation of responses from 31 students was obtained from questionnaire results based on the percentage of students’ responses to the media, and data analysis was related to tests of students’ critical thinking and problem-solving abilities. The calculations were analyzed using Excel, which uses Eq. (1) (Kusumahet al. , 2021): (1)P=xy×100%where: P: percentage number, x: score from data collection, y: Ideal score (highest score for each item × number of respondents × number of items). The percentage results of student response data collection from the media validation questionnaire were categorized using a 4-point Likert scale. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing research that aims to encourage critical thinking and problem-solving abilities in students through the Project-Based Learning (PBL) model. It highlights the implementation of PBL in a classroom setting, where it is expected to enhance students’ critical thinking and problem-solving skills, particularly with higher-order thinking skills (HOTS) mathematical problem-solving tasks.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: AI-powered chatbots can provide mental health support and patient engagement. [SEP] Text: 미국의 33명 의사가 출제한 284문항의 질문을 ChatGPT가 답을 하였을 때, 정확도는 1-6점 Likert scale에서 평균 4. 8, 완결성은 1-3 scale에서 평균 2. 5였다[4]. 미국 내과 전문의가 제작한 흔한 증상으로 구성한 10개 증례보고에서 ChatGPT가 제시한 감별진단명 목록의 정확도를 점검한 결과, 두 명의 의사가 제안한 감별진단 목록 정확도는 98. 3%인데 반하여 ChatGPT는 83. 3%였다(P=0. 03) [5]. 실제 증례에서 진단 내릴 수 있을까? [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by providing specific accuracy measurements of ChatGPT's responses to medical questions posed by doctors, indicating that although it performs reasonably well, it is not as accurate as human professionals. The mention of a Likert scale score of 4.8 and completion scale average of 2.5 suggests limitations in its effectiveness, which could impede its ability to provide reliable mental health support.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: It's claimed that quantum mechanics plays a minor role in biological processes. [SEP] Text: Tanaka reports having consultancy agreements with AstraZeneca and Torii; reports receiving research funding from Chugai, Daiichi-Sankyo, and Kyowa-Kirin; and reports receiving honoraria from Astellas, AstraZeneca, Bayer, Kyowa-Kirin, Mitsubishi Tanabe, and Torii. The remaining author has nothing to disclose. work was supported by a Research and Development grant. 1. : Roles of TRPM2 in oxidative stress. 50: 279–287, 2011 | PubMed | CrossRef | 2. Perraud A-: Accumulation of free ADP-ribose from mitochondria mediates oxidative stress-induced gating of TRPM2 cation channels. J 280: 6138–6148, 2005 PubMed | CrossRef | 3. : Reperfusion injury and reactive oxygen species: The evolution of a concept. 6: 524–551, 2015 4. : Cytoglobin, a novel globin, plays an antifibrotic role in the kidney. Physiol 299: F1120–F1133, 2010 PubMed | CrossRef | 5. der : Oxidative stress in obstructive nephropathy. 92: 202–210, 2011 Text | PubMed | CrossRef | 6. : C6 mediates chronic progression of tubulointerstitial damage in rats with remnant kidneys. J Nephrol 13: 928–936, 2002 | Text | PubMed | CrossRef | 7. : TRPM2 mediates ischemic kidney injury and oxidant stress through RAC1. J 124: 4989–5001, 2014 | Text | PubMed | CrossRef | 8. : TRPM2-mediated Ca2+ influx induces chemokine production in monocytes that aggravates inflammatory neutrophil infiltration. 14: 738–747, 2008 PubMed | CrossRef | 9. -: The second member of transient receptor potential-melastatin channel family protects hearts from ischemia-reperfusion injury. 304: H1010–H1022, 2013 | PubMed | CrossRef | 10. : Suppression of TRPM2 reduces renal fibrosis and inflammation through blocking TGF-β1-regulated JNK activation. 120: 109556, 2019 PubMed | CrossRef | 11. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses consultancy agreements, funding, and research related to oxidative stress and TRPM2 channels in various contexts without mentioning quantum mechanics or its role in biological processes.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Project-based learning encourages critical thinking and problem-solving skills. # factual [SEP] Text: The data obtained were the results of a questionnaire regarding the use of learning media and HOTS test questions, which were then analyzed. stage is the final stage of research. Researchers create research reports containing analysis of student data results. The report is written descriptively and explained based on existing facts. Results and Discussion Students’ to in the Wordwall-assisted test questions with SPLDV discussion are given after students have applied the PBL model assisted by Wordwall media. The critical thinking abilities of Muhammdiyah 2 School students are classified as critical. The average percentage obtained for the student score category was 82. 45 (Critical) and resulted in the categories presented in Table IV. Critical thinking ability critical 14 46% 82. 45% Critical 5 16% Quite critical 6 19% Less critical 6 19% Table IV. Students’ categorization results given in Table IV show that 1 student was taken from the average results, namely critical students. Analysis of Students’ answers are presented in Fig. 1. Fig. 1. Student answers in the critical category. The student’s score in the critical category is 87. 5. Based on Fig. 1, in indicator 1, students get a score of 2. Students only write what is asked without writing what is known. In indicator 2, students get a score of 4. Namely, students make mathematical models wholly and correctly. In indicator 3, students get a score of 4, namely, students use strategies. The correct one is using the elimination and substitution method and doing the calculations correctly; on indicator 4, the student gets a score of 4; namely, the student concludes correctly and in accordance with what is asked in the question. So, it can be concluded that RRA students understand the questions well. Students’ Problem-solving to in the Wordwall-assisted test questions with SPLDV discussion are given after students have applied the PBL model assisted by Wordwall media. By implementing the PBL model and Wordwall media, the problem-solving abilities of Muhammdiyah 2 School students are relatively high. The average percentage for the student score category was 80. 98 (High), which resulted in the categories presented in Table V. Problem-solving skill 19 62% 80. 98 Currently 6 19% Low 6 19% Amount 31 100% Table V. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the implementation of the Project-Based Learning (PBL) model. It states that students' critical thinking abilities were classified as critical with an average score of 82.45, indicating that the PBL model effectively improves critical thinking. Additionally, the text notes that the students’ problem-solving abilities scored an average of 80.98, suggesting that PBL also enhances problem-solving skills. The results support the assertion that project-based learning fosters both critical thinking and problem-solving capabilities in students.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: AI-powered chatbots can provide mental health support and patient engagement. [SEP] Text: 또한 논문에 치료 방법을 기술한 9예에서 ChatGPT는 1예는 제대로 알려주지 못하였고, 4예에서는 적절치 못한 내용이 포함되어 있고, 4예에서만 적절한 방안을 제시하였다(Table 1). 이 10개 증례에 대한 ChatGPT의 답은 앞에 언급한 미국의 33명 의사가 출제한 284문항, 내과 전문의가 제작한 흔한 증상으로 구성한 10개 증례보고에서와 차이가 나게 낮은 수준이다. 그 이유는 이번 10개 증례가 흔히 볼 수 있는 예가 아니고 또한 현재 ChatGPT 3. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by indicating that ChatGPT has inadequately addressed certain treatment methods in the 10 cases reviewed, specifically stating that it failed to provide appropriate responses in 4 out of 9 examples, and compared unfavorably to medical professionals in case evaluations. This suggests that AI chatbots may not reliably provide the necessary mental health support as claimed.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: It's claimed that quantum mechanics plays a minor role in biological processes. [SEP] Text: introduction and a few case studies, Sci. Rep. 6, 26018 (2016); DOI: https:// (2016). https:// arXiv:1603. 00043 [28] T. Colnaghi, G. M. D'Ariano, P. Perinotti, and S. Facchini, Quantum computation with programmable connections between gates, Phys. Lett. A 376, 2940 - 2943 (2012); DOI: https:// (2011). https:// arXiv:1109. 5987 [29] M. Araújo, F. Costa, and Č. Brukner, Computational advantage from quantum-controlled ordering of gates, Phys. Rev. Lett. 113, 250402 (2014); DOI: https:// (2014). https:// arXiv:1401. 8127 [30] A. Feix, M. Araújo, and Č. Brukner, Quantum superposition of the order of parties as a communication resource, Phys. Rev. A 92, 052326 (2015); DOI: https:// (2016). https:// arXiv:1508. 07840 [31] P. A. Guérin, A. Feix, M. Araújo, and Č. Brukner, from of the Direction of Communication, Phys. Rev. Lett. 117, 100502 (2016); DOI: https:// (2016). https:// arXiv:1605. 07372 [32] N. Friis, V. Dunjko, W. Dür, and H. J. Briegel, Implementing quantum control for unknown subroutines, Phys. Rev. A 89, 030303(R) (2014); DOI: https:// (2014). https:// arXiv:1401. 8128 [33] L. M. Procopio et al. , of Orders of Quantum Gates, Nat. Commun. 6, 7913 (2015); DOI: https:// (2014). https:// arXiv:1412. 4006 [34] N. Friis, A. A. Melnikov, G. Kirchmair, and H. J. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is largely a citation list of scientific papers related to quantum computation and does not address or discuss the role of quantum mechanics in biological processes. As such, it is irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Project-based learning encourages critical thinking and problem-solving skills. # factual [SEP] Text: Results of the Student Problem-the categorization results in Table V, 1 student was taken from the average results, namely students who had high problem-solving abilities. Analysis of Students’ Problem-solving Abilities in the answers are presented in Fig. 2. Fig. 2. Students’ answers in the high category. Students who fall into the category of high problem-solving ability have a score of 100. Based on Fig. 2, in indicator 1 the student gets a score of 3; namely, the student shows a clear understanding of the context of the problem accurately and completely. In indicator 2 the student gets a score of 3. Namely, the student can consider new strategies. The strategy used is clear and precise, namely using the elimination and substitution method. In indicator 3, the student gets a score of 3, suggesting that the student states the solution or problem-solving steps, the solution taken is correct, and the calculations carried out are correct. In indicator 4, the student gets a score of 3. The student can apply the context of the problem when considering the solution, and the student can reflect on solutions so that the conclusions made are based on the context of the problem given by the teacher. So, it can be concluded that ANS students understand the questions well. to Table VI shows students’ responses to the media used during learning. No. Category 1. Learning to use the Wordwall application media is a new experience for me 3. 38 Agree 2. It is easier for me to understand learning after using PPT and Wordwall learning media 3. 32 Strongly agree 3. I study more diligently when using PPT and Wordwall learning media 3. 32 Strongly agree 4. I am more enthusiastic about participating in learning that uses learning media 3. 41 Strongly agree 5. Learning using PPT and Wordwall media is very interesting and fun for me 3. 25 Strongly agree 6. The use of PPT and Wordwall media increases my motivation to study 3. 09 Strongly agree 7. The use of PPT and Wordwall media helps support my learning process 2. 35 Agree 8. The use of PPT and Wordwall media helps me to participate more actively in class 2. 51 Agree 9. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by describing how students with high problem-solving abilities demonstrate critical thinking through clear and comprehensive understanding of problems, the consideration of new strategies, correct problem-solving steps, and reflections based on contextual understanding. It indicates that certain learning experiences, including the use of learning media like Wordwall and PPT, enhance students’ motivation and engagement, which supports the development of critical thinking and problem-solving skills.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: AI-powered chatbots can provide mental health support and patient engagement. [SEP] Text: 매개변수가 늘어남에 따라 응답 속도가 빨라지고 더 정밀한 응답이 가능하다. 또한 최신 자료를 훈련시켜 더욱 정밀한 응답이 가능하다면, 의료와 같은 전문 분야에서도 지금보다 더욱 뛰어난 응답을 할 수 있을 것으로 전망한다. 결론 및 제언 위와 같은 결과를 볼 때 ChatGPT가 임상에서 증례보고로 발표한 논문에 나온 증례에 감별진단명을 작성하는 것은 쉽지 않고, 치료 방법 제시도 완벽하지 않음을 알 수 있다. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by highlighting that while AI chatbots like ChatGPT may improve in accuracy and speed with more data, it emphasizes the limitations in their ability to provide clinical diagnoses or treatment solutions, suggesting that their current capabilities may not be adequate for mental health support as the claim implies.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: It's claimed that quantum mechanics plays a minor role in biological processes. [SEP] Text: Briegel, Coherent controlization using superconducting qubits, Sci. Rep. 5, 18036 (2015); DOI: https:// (2015). https:// arXiv:1508. 00447 [35] G. Rubino, L. A. Rozema, A. Feix, M. Araújo, J. M. Zeuner, L. M. Procopio, Č. Brukner, and P. Walther, of an Order, Sci. Adv. 3, e1602589 (2017); DOI: https:// (2016). https:// arXiv:1608. 01683 [36] G. Rubino, L. A. Rozema, F. Massa, M. Araújo, M. Zych, Č. Brukner, and P. Walther, of Temporal Orders, (2017). arXiv:1712. 06884 [37] K. Goswami, C. Giarmatzi, M. Kewming, F. Costa, C. Branciard, J. Romero, and A. G. White, Order in a Quantum Switch, Phys. Rev. Lett. 121, 090503 (2018); DOI: https:// (2018). https:// arXiv:1803. 04302 [38] L. Viola, E. Knill, and R. Laflamme, in Physical Systems, J. Phys. A 34, 7067 (2001); DOI https:// (2001). https:// arXiv:quant-ph/0101090 [39] E. Knill, Protected realizations of quantum information, Phys. Rev. A 74, 042301 (2006); DOI: https:// (2006). https:// arXiv:quant-ph/0603252 [40] D. W. Kribs and R. W. Spekkens, are Subsystems, Phys. Rev. A 74, 042329 (2006); DOI: https:// (2006). https:// arXiv:quant-ph/0608045 [41] P. Zanardi, Subsystems, Phys. Rev. Lett. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it consists of references to various scientific articles and does not directly discuss the role of quantum mechanics in biological processes. There is no mention of the claim itself or any evidence supporting or contradicting it.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Project-based learning encourages critical thinking and problem-solving skills. # factual [SEP] Text: The use of learning media is just a variation of teaching from the teacher so that you don’t get bored easily, but in fact, the material I learned was the same as if I didn’t use learning media 2. 32 Agree 10. I understand the questions better with the help of PPT and Wordwall media 3. 29 Strongly agree Average 3. 02 Strongly agree Table VI. Results of to suggested by Table VI, students’ responses to the media used during learning showed that out of 31 respondents, after calculating the average of the results of the total number of respondents divided by the number of students, it is 3. 02%. So, it falls into the strongly agree category. This means that most students are helped by the presence of media during learning. The results of data analysis regarding students’ critical thinking skills assisted by the PBL model and Wordwall media at SMP Muhammadiyah 2 Batu are classified as critical with the 80. 27% category. This research was conducted on class VIII students using SPLDV discussion material. The use of the PBL model is very influential for students. Students are faced with problems with mathematical concepts. Students are required to think more and discover for themselves the concepts of the problems they have studied. This is in line with research conducted by (Yolanda, 2019), which states that students’ critical thinking abilities when applying the PBL model are classified as critical. This research was carried out at with the subject of class VIII students, with material on relationships and functions. Research conducted by Patimahet al. (2023) regarding students’ critical thinking abilities using Wordwall media stated that before using Wordwall media, students’ critical thinking abilities were still relatively low. After implementing learning using Wordwall media, students’ critical thinking abilities increased. It is proven that using learning media can improve students’ critical thinking abilities. This research was carried out at the 5th grade with thematic learning material. The results of data analysis regarding problem-solving abilities assisted by the PBL model and Wordwall media of Muhammadiyah 2 School students are classified as high with a category of 80. 20%. The results of data analysis regarding the use of Wordwall learning media for 31 female students produced an average of 3. 02, which is in the strongly agree category. This aligns with research conducted by Asriet al. (2024). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by providing evidence that project-based learning (PBL) is influential in developing students' critical thinking and problem-solving skills. It states that students are required to think critically and discover concepts for themselves when faced with problems using the PBL model. Furthermore, it mentions the increase in students' critical thinking abilities after implementing PBL and Wordwall media, which aligns with the claim that PBL fosters critical thinking and problem-solving.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: AI-powered chatbots can provide mental health support and patient engagement. [SEP] Text: 이번에 활용한 증례는 우리가 흔히 보는 것이 아닌 매우 드문 경우이기에 흔히 볼 수 있는 증상을 진단하는 것과 차이가 있을 수 있다. ChatGPT는 매우 일반적인 지식을 제공하는 것은 가능하고, 질문의 맥락에 맞추어 답을 하지만, 그 답이 얼마나 신뢰할 수 있느냐는 오로지 전문가의 판단에 달려 있다. 즉, 인공지능 챗봇을 활용할 때 핵심은 사용자의 전문적인 지식이다. 어떤 답이 신뢰할만한지는 전문가만이 제대로 파악할 수 있기 때문이다. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by stating that while AI chatbots like ChatGPT can provide general information and respond contextually to questions, the reliability of their answers is contingent upon the judgment of experts. It emphasizes that determining the trustworthiness of responses from AI chatbots relies on professional expertise, suggesting limitations in providing mental health support solely through AI.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: It's claimed that quantum mechanics plays a minor role in biological processes. [SEP] Text: 87, 077901 (2001); DOI: https:// (2001). https:// arXiv:quant-ph/0103030 [42] P. Zanardi, D. Lidar, and S. Lloyd, are Observable Induced, Phys. Rev. Lett. 92, 060402 (2004); DOI: https:// (2003). https:// arXiv:quant-ph/0308043 [43] M. Araújo, Adrien Feix, Miguel Navascués, and Časlav Brukner, A purification postulate for quantum mechanics with indefinite causal order, Quantum 1, 10 (2017); DOI: https:// (2016). https:// arXiv:1611. 08535 [44] A. Jamiołkowski, Linear transformations which preserve trace and positive semidefiniteness of operators, Rep. Math. Phys. 3, 4, 275-278 (1972); DOI https:// https:// [45] M. -D. Choi, Completely positive linear maps on complex matrices, Lin. Alg. Appl. 10, 285-290 (1975); DOI: https:// https:// [46] O. Oreshkov and N. J. Cerf, Operational formulation of time reversal in quantum theory, Nature Phys. 11, 853-858 (2015); DOI: https:// (2015). https:// arXiv:1507. 07745 [47] P. Perinotti, and the Classification of Quantum Computations, in Time in physics, R. Renner and S. Stupar (eds), Tutorials, Schools, and Workshops in the Mathematical Sciences, (Birkhäuser, Cham, 2017); DOI: https:// https:// arXiv:1612. 05099 [48] A. Kissinger and S. Uijlen, A categorical semantics for causal structure, in Computer Science, Issue 3 (August 9, 2019), lmcs:5681; DOI: https:// (2017). https:// arXiv:1701. 04732 [49] M. A. Nielsen and I. L. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it consists mainly of references to various research papers and articles related to quantum mechanics but does not provide any information regarding the role of quantum mechanics in biological processes. There are no statements that support or contradict the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Project-based learning encourages critical thinking and problem-solving skills. # factual [SEP] Text: It can be seen that students like Wordwall as a learning medium. This research was carried out at SMA 10 Semarang with subjects in class XI, with English as the subject. Most students enjoy using this online game as their learning medium. Wordwall media can increase student learning motivation, build student interest in learning media, and make the use of media easy to understand. Based on the results of the research conducted by researchers, it can be seen that each research conducted obtained different percentages of students’ critical thinking abilities and different results of students’ problem-solving abilities. This is caused by internal factors and external factors of students (Mahanalet al. , 2019). Internal and external factors can be overcome by increasing the use of media and learning models in schools. It is also recommended that teachers be more creative and innovative when teaching. research investigated the PBL model and Wordwall media on critical thinking and problem-solving skills in solving questions among students at Muhammadiyah 2 School. The findings revealed that the intervention significantly enhanced students’ critical thinking abilities to an average score of 80. 27%, which is regarded as very critical, and the problem-solving abilities also improved considerably, reaching a high category with an average of 80. 20%. Furthermore, the students who were classified in the very critical category exhibited superior critical thinking skills and analyzed mathematical issues effectively compared to those in lower categories. This pattern also occurred for the students in the moderately critical category who outperformed those in the less critical category. Hence, this notion also holds true for problem-solving. The students in the high category demonstrated better analytical and strategic skills than their counterparts in the medium category and outperformed those in the low category. research was funded by the University of Muhammadiyah Malang. 78. 141. 10. 487. 105. 64. 52. 292. 66. 1562. 234. 4471. 2046. 1569. 14. 124. 564. 20. 99. 156. 4. 434. 118. 17. 4. 465. 64. 1817. 22. 675. 176. 58. 637. 6. 21. 29. 9. 12. 6. 107. 2767. 7. 50. /Zotero/Mendeley (RIS) BibTeX ##plugins. themes. bootstrap3. 4. 0 International License. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by presenting research findings that demonstrate the effectiveness of the project-based learning model (PBL) in enhancing students’ critical thinking and problem-solving abilities. Specifically, the findings revealed that students' average scores for critical thinking and problem-solving skills significantly improved, indicating that project-based learning indeed promotes these skills.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: AI-powered chatbots can provide mental health support and patient engagement. [SEP] Text: 진단보다는 치료 방법은 조금 더 나은 수준으로 제공한다. 치료 방법은 대개 안전하다고 이미 잘 알려진 것을 임상 현장에서 시행하므로 진단과는 다른 차원이다. 그러므로 비전문가가 인공지능 챗봇을 활용하여 답을 얻는 것은 비록 일부 제대로 답하는 내용이 있다고 하더라도 권장할 수 없다. 인공지능 챗봇의 답이 앞으로 더욱 많은 훈련 과정을 통하여 조금 더 수준이 올라갈 수 있을 것이다. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by suggesting that while AI-powered chatbots may provide some answers, they are not recommended for use by non-experts in therapy as they are not reliable. It mentions that the treatment methods provided by chatbots are of a different standard compared to professional diagnosis and indicates a caution towards their usage, which does not support the claim that they can provide effective mental health support.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: It's claimed that quantum mechanics plays a minor role in biological processes. [SEP] Text: The proof claimed in AllardGuerin amounts to the observation (discussed in this paper) that if we have a unitary process, the unitary maps isomorphically the output system of any one party, say Alice, onto a subsystem of the input systems of the rest of the parties, and similarly maps a subsystem of the output systems of the rest of the parties onto the input system of Alice. This by itself does not imply that we can associate the input and output systems of Alice with time-delocalized subsystems (which are subsystems of tensor products of Hilbert spaces associated with concrete physical systems at concrete times). [59] P. Allard Guérin and Č. Brukner, Observer-dependent locality of quantum events, New J. Phys. 20, 103031 (2018); DOI: https:// (2018). https:// arXiv:1805. 12429 [60] D. Ebler, S. Salek, and G. Chiribella, with the Assistance of Order, Phys. Rev. Lett. 120, 120502 (2018); DOI: https:// (2017). https:// arXiv:1711. 10165 [61] M. Zych, F. Costa, I. Pikovski, and Časlav Brukner, Bell's Theorem for Temporal Order, Nat. Commun. 10, 3772 (2019); DOI: https:// (2017). https:// arXiv:1708. 00248 [62] A. Dimić, M. Milivojević, D. Gočanin, and Časlav Brukner, Simulating spacetime with indefinite causal order via Rindler observers, (2017). arXiv:1712. 02689Cited by[1] Giulia Rubino, Lee A. Rozema, Francesco Massa, Mateus Araújo, Magdalena Zych, Časlav Brukner, and Philip Walther, "Experimental entanglement of temporal order", Quantum 6, 621 (2022). [2] Christina Giarmatzi, 1 (2019) ISBN:978-3-030-31929-8. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim regarding the role of quantum mechanics in biological processes. It discusses quantum events and the relationships between output and input systems without directly evaluating or supporting the assertion about the significance of quantum mechanics in biology.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Empathy is linked to mirror neurons in the brain, helping us understand others’ emotions. # factual [SEP] Text: How does empathy help us to understand others? What does it mean to understand someone else? Some would say it requires knowledge of what that person is going through. Others would say shared personal experience is needed. One requirement for understanding is empathy, the skill of sharing another person’s perspective. At the University of Liverpool in the UK, Schramme is investigating this connection between empathy and interpersonal understanding. With a team of researchers, he is developing a philosophical theory to explain the concepts behind interpersonal understanding, an ability that is increasingly important in today’s politically and culturally divided world – the ability to share the perspectives and feelings of another being – to gain appreciative knowledge of thoughts and feelings of others – the feeling of pity or sorrow for someone else – the study of foundational questions regarding all aspects of human and natural being, including knowledge, the mind, ethics and existence – the scientific study of how human thought and behaviour change over a lifetime – the ability to manage and respond to our emotions Many of us find it hard to understand the decisions that other people make. We may be concerned that our actions are not understood by others, we get frustrated when our friends and family cannot see something from our point-of-view, and we struggle to comprehend how someone could commit an atrocious act like murder. But why is it so hard to understand each other, and what prevents us from putting ourselves in someone else’s shoes? Empathy is a skill that enables us to take the perspective of other beings and feel what they feel. Schramme, a philosopher at the University of Liverpool, is using philosophical discussion and psychological findings to develop a theory relating empathy to interpersonal understanding. In a world that is becoming increasingly politically and culturally divided, this theory will aid future discussions by increasing our knowledge of how we understand each other. “Empathy is not itself a moral skill,” says Thomas, “but a mode of gaining understanding of another being. ” For example, some con artists are very good at ‘getting into the heads of others’, and so are good at empathy, but they are not caring or moral, rather they use their skill in empathy to cheat others. Empathy is also often confused with sympathy, which is the feeling of sadness or pity you may feel if someone else is sad, whereas empathy involves a broader understanding of others. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing empathy's role in understanding others' perspectives and feelings. It highlights that empathy is a skill that enables individuals to share another person’s viewpoint, a concept that aligns with the underlying mechanisms linked to empathy, such as mirror neurons. Moreover, the mention of Schramme's investigation into the connection between empathy and interpersonal understanding supports the notion that there is scientific inquiry on how these cognitive processes are related.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: AI-powered chatbots can provide mental health support and patient engagement. [SEP] Text: Patients and medical researchers alike were skeptical about the use of chatbots for mental health support, citing concerns about the lack of empathetic communication and the potential for the chatbot to misunderstand their emotional states [18,19]. Research on voice-based chatbots for health management is also in its infancy. Medical professionals’ views on voice-based chatbots echo views on text-based chatbots in terms of the technology’s potential and limitations. A 2-round Delphi study [20] surveying experts on the future of voice-controlled AI agents in health care anticipates significant technological development and increased user trust. The study focused on how voice-controlled agents could support health care professionals through applications like remote real-time interviews with patients, hands-free instructions for medical staff, and communication between staff and patients. However, the authors concluded that chatbots are not expected to outperform or replace human health care workers despite a more intuitive speech interaction. A systematic review conducted in 2020 examining the literature on voice-based conversational agents for chronic health conditions only found 12 papers [21]. In another scoping review conducted in 2021, only 4 studies among 32 reviewed focused on voice-based chatbots in health care [11]. The consensus in the literature seems to be that the technology shows feasibility and acceptability for managing chronic diseases, but more research is still needed on their real-world efficacy. Importantly, these literature reviews highlight several limitations in the literature such as small sample sizes, questionable sample compositions (healthy or convenience samples instead of samples of patient groups), and not controlling for participants’ previous experience with voice-based intelligent agents. In summary, AI chatbots have the potential to provide targeted support and improve the management of various chronic diseases, but only if they are designed to meet the specific needs and p4. 2. 3 (Foundation for Statistical Computing) for frequency, crosstabulation, and regression tests. The survey contained 30 questions: 24 closed questions, 2 open questions, and 4 demographic questions. Participant consent was provided at the start of the survey before completion. Quantitative information (closed and multiple-choice questions) was collected on four topic areas: (1) demographic characteristics; (2) long COVID symptoms and clinical diagnoses; (3) health apps, websites, and chatbot use; and (4) opinions about chatbots. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by expressing skepticism about the effectiveness of chatbots for mental health support. It highlights concerns regarding empathetic communication and the potential for misunderstanding emotional states. Additionally, it mentions that chatbots are not expected to outperform or replace human healthcare workers and emphasizes the limitations and preliminary nature of the research surrounding chatbots in healthcare.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: It's claimed that quantum mechanics plays a minor role in biological processes. [SEP] Text: [3] and Ämin Baumeler, "Order for Locality", Letters 131 12, 120201 (2023). [4] Nick Ormrod, Augustin Vanrietvelde, and Jonathan Barrett, "Causal structure in the presence of sectorial constraints, with application to the quantum switch", Quantum 7, 1028 (2023). [5] Zuzana Gavorová, Matan Seidel, and Yonathan Touati, "Topological obstructions to quantum computation with unitary oracles", A 109 3, 032625 (2024). [6] Ämin Baumeler, Gilani, and Jibran Rashid, "Unlimited non-causal correlations and their relation to non-locality", Quantum 6, 673 (2022). [7] Julian Wechs, Cyril Branciard, and Ognyan Oreshkov, "Existence of processes violating causal inequalities on time-delocalised subsystems", 14 1, 1471 (2023). [8] "The equivalence principle as a Noether symmetry", of in 21 10, 2440014 (2024). [9] Alastair A. and Cyril Branciard, "Communication through coherent control of quantum channels", Quantum 4, 333 (2020). [10] Esteban Castro-Ruiz, Flaminia Giacomini, Alessio Belenchia, and Časlav Brukner, "Quantum clocks and the temporal localisability of events in the presence of gravitating quantum systems", 11 1, 2672 (2020). [11] Goldberg and Khabat Heshami, "Breaking the limits of purification: postselection enhances heat-bath algorithmic cooling", Journal of 7 1, 015003 (2023). [12] Teodor Strömberg, Peter Schiansky, Marco Túlio Quintino, Michael Antesberger, Lee A. Rozema, Iris Agresti, Časlav Brukner, and Philip Walther, "Experimental superposition of a quantum evolution with its time reverse", Research 6 2, 023071 (2024). [13] Ricardo Faleiro, Nikola Paunkovic, and Marko Vojinovic, "Operational interpretation of the vacuum and process matrices for identical p1809. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text lists various academic articles and authors related to quantum mechanics but does not provide any information or evidence regarding the claim about quantum mechanics playing a minor role in biological processes. Therefore, the text is irrelevant to the claim and categorized as a 'pass'.