Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Coral reefs are affected by ocean acidification and warming. [SEP] Text: However, such studies did not consider how future winter temperatures may modulate the pace of tropicalisation (but see Mitchell et al. 2023). Here, we highlight how seasonal temperature changes alter the performance of interacting tropical and temperate fishes. These shifts in performance may seasonally modify the establishment and dispersal of range-extending tropical fishes in temperate regions such as south eastern Australia. While future summer temperatures facilitate tropicalisation (increased aggression, activity, and feeding), future winter temperatures may limit these fitness-related behaviours in tropical vagrants. Future winter temperatures comparatively boost the growth of co-shoaling temperate fish compared to current and future summer temperatures, which may further limit the growth of tropical vagrants (during future winters) through competitive interactions. As such, the seasonal rise and fall of ocean temperatures are likely to have alternating positive and negative effects on both tropical vagrants and local temperate species in temperate ecosystems, increasing the likelihood of their coexistence under future climate. While we found limited ocean acidification effects on tropical and temperate fish behaviours, the indirect effects of ocean acidification are likely to have the most significant effect on species responses to tropicalisation (e. g. through habitat shifts, Coni et al. 2021c). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing how ocean temperatures, including both summer and winter variations, influence tropical and temperate species. It mentions limited ocean acidification effects on fish behaviors, indicating that ocean acidification does impact species responses, which relates directly to how coral reefs are affected by such changes in marine environments. The reference to 'indirect effects of ocean acidification' suggests a possible connection to coral reef health, reinforcing the relevance of ocean conditions on ecosystem dynamics.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Composting food waste has no environmental impact. [SEP] Text: Despite the variety of amendment materials used in GW composting, the literature assessing the addition of food waste (FW) is scarce. FW has several advantages as amendment material [1, 18]: i) FW is continually available in the MSW flow which is important when limitations to acquire other co-substrates exist; ii) FW has a high content of readily available organic matter that complements the physicochemical characteristics of GW; iii) FW provides essential nutrients such as nitrogen and potassium. In addition, co-composting of GW and FW simultaneously addresses the management of these two types of waste which together represent the higher proportion of MSW in developing countries [19]. Previous studies that used processed food waste (PFW) and unprocessed food waste (UPFW) [1, 16] on GW composting show a reduction of processing times in the mesophilic and thermophilic phases compared to composting of GW only, and improved end-product quality that better fulfills the Colombian quality standards for biofertilizers. However, the cooling and maturation phases (i. e. when the degradation of lignocellulosic substances occur) have shown temperature behavior and processing times similar to the composting of only GW. These studies show the need to introduce additional strategies that contribute to increase the degradation rate of lignocellulosic substances and help to reduce the total processing time. Operational modifications to the process are another strategy to improve GW composting [4, 10]. One of these strategies is two-stage composting (TSC). This method results in two peaks in the composting temperature (at 55– 60 °C or even higher) and a longer thermophilic period. As a consequence, the production of a mature and stable compost requires only 30 days rather than the 90–270 days required for traditional composting [10]. However, in our knowledge, TSC has not been studied together with strategies like the addition of co-substrates such as FW and PR to improve GW composting. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by providing evidence that food waste (FW) has several environmental benefits when composted with green waste (GW). It mentions advantages such as FW being readily available, providing essential nutrients, and improving compost quality, implying that composting food waste positively affects the environment and waste management, rather than having no impact.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Proteins can fold into their functional forms due to specific sequences of amino acids. [SEP] Text: (F) Cross-sections of hind limbs of wild type (a), homozygous Dll1Dll1ki (b), homozygous Dll1Dll4ki (c), and homozygous (d-f; n = 3) Dll1D1N-E3_D4ki E18. 5 fetuses stained for expression of Chain (MHC) indicating that D1N-E3_D4 rescues the skeletal muscle phenotype in contrast to DLL4. Arrows in (c) point to skeletal muscle remnants. Figure 4 with 1 supplement Download asset Open asset DLL1 and DLL4 differentially activate NOTCH1 and NOTCH2 in cell-based co-culture assays. (A) RT-PCR analysis using RNA of HeLaN1 cells shows the expression of endogenous human NOTCH2 and NOTCH3 in addition to the exogenous murine Notch1. (B) ES cell-based trans-activation assays demonstrate that E14TG2a ES cells express negligible amounts of endogenous Notch receptors and ligands. Co-cultivation of ES cells with stable expression of either DLL1 (III) or DLL4 (IV) from the Hprt-locus with ES-cells carrying only the RBP-Luc reporter in the Hprt-locus (E14rep) showed luciferase activity at levels indistinguishable from lysates of only E14 cells (I) and co-cultures of wild type E14 and reporter carrying ES cells (II). Similarly, co-culture of ES cells carrying N1 and the RBP-Luc reporter (N1rep) with E14 cells (V) did not show reporter activation significantly above background levels, whereas co-culture of DLL1 expressing cells with N1rep ES cells showed a 6–10-fold increase in luciferase activity (VI). n ≥ 3 co-cultures with 2–4 replicate measurements per n (Figure 4—source data 1). Mean ± SD, ns = p ≥ 0. 05, ****=p < 0. 0001, one-way ANOVA followed by Tukey’s multiple comparison test. (C) Protein expression analysis indicating similar expression levels of DLL1 and DLL4 in the ES cell clones used. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses the expression and interactions of proteins (such as DLL1 and DLL4) in specific experimental contexts, but does not address or support the idea that proteins fold into functional forms based on their amino acid sequences.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Coral reefs are affected by ocean acidification and warming. [SEP] Text: Interactive effects of near-future temperature increase and ocean acidification on physiology and gonad development in adult Pacific sea urchin, Echinometra sp. . Uthicke1, M. Liddy1, H. D. Nguyen2,3 & …M. Byrne2,3 Show authors 5236 all metrics AbstractIncreased atmospheric CO2 will have a twofold impact on future marine ecosystems, increasing global sea surface temperatures and uptake of CO2 (Ocean Acidification). Many experiments focus on the investigation of one of these stressors, but under realistic future climate predictions, these stressors may have interactive effects on individuals. Here, we investigate the effect of warming and acidification in combination. We test for interactive effects of potential near-future (2100) temperature (+2 to 3 °C) and pCO2 (~860–940 μAtm) levels on the physiology of the tropical echinoid Echinometra sp. A. The greatest reduction in growth was under simultaneous temperature and pH/pCO2 stress (marginally significant temperature × pH/pCO2 interaction). This was mirrored by the physiological data, with highest metabolic activity (measured as respiration and ammonium excretion) occurring at the increased temperature and pCO2 treatment, although this was not significant for excretion. The perivisceral coelomic fluid pH was ~7. 5–7. 6, as typical for echinoids, and showed no significant changes between treatments. Indicative of active calcification, internal magnesium and calcium concentrations were reduced compared to the external medium, but were not different between treatments. Gonad weight was lower at the higher temperature, and this difference was more distinct and statistically significant for males. The condition of the gonads assessed by histology declined in increased temperature and low pH treatments. grew in all treatments indicating active calcification of their magnesium calcite tests even as carbonate mineral saturation decreased. Our results indicate that the interactive temperature and pH effects are more important for adult echinoids than individual stressors. Although adult specimens grow and survive in near-future conditions, higher energy demands may influence gonad development and thus population maintenance. Use our pre-submission checklist Avoid common mistakes on your manuscript. IntroductionBurning of fossil fuels has increased CO2 concentrations in the atmosphere by nearly 70 % compared to pre-industrial levels. Increased carbon dioxide is predicted to increase global average temperature by 1. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the interactive effects of temperature increases and ocean acidification on marine organisms, specifically the physiology and gonad development of the tropical echinoid Echinometra sp. It highlights how increased atmospheric CO2 results in both warming and ocean acidification, emphasizing that these stressors may have significant combined effects on marine life, which supports the idea that coral reefs, as part of marine ecosystems, are affected by these changes.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Composting food waste has no environmental impact. [SEP] Text: This research evaluates the effect of the TSC on the process and quality of end-product in the co-composting of GW, FW, sawdust (SW) and PR, considering that: i) the mixture of GW and FW has been beneficial for the process and end-product quality of composting [1]; ii) SW have proved to be a bulking agent appropriate for GW composting [4]; iii) phosphorous must be used in the co-composting of GW and FW due to their deficiencies in the product [5, 9, 16]; and iv) additional strategies for co-composting need to be assessed such as TSC [4, 10]. 2. Methods 2. 1. Experimental setup We developed a pilot-scale composting experiment using two treatments to assess the effect of TSC on the process and end-product quality of co-composting of and SW. (TA) was TSC and (TB) was Traditional Composting. The two treatments had triplicate experimental units of 200 kg. The treatments had the same mixture of materials (wet weight): 46% GW, 19% UPFW, 18% PFW, 13% SW, and 4% PR. The mixture was defined based on previous studies [1, 16], considering two criteria: i) predominance of GW on the mixture, and ii) C/N ratio around 20. FW was introduced as amendment material to provide readily degradable organic matter (i. e. simple carbohydrates) and nitrogen. PR was added as bulking agent and material amendment, providing porosity and phosphorus. The amount added was considered taking into account previous studies [5, 9, 16]. The SW was added as a source of carbon and as a bulking agent. GW was obtained from the maintenance of green areas of a university campus and had the following physical composition: 35% leaves, 26% grass clippings, 20% soil extract, 9% tree branches, 3% fruit, 1% roots and 6% non-biodegradable materials. Before the experimental setup, non-biodegradable materials were removed (e. g. stones, plastics). GW was stored for one or two weeks. UPFW and PFW were source-separated and were collected, using composite sampling, from a university restaurant, where approximately 3,000 lunches per day are normally prepared. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by detailing the benefits of composting food waste (FW) and green waste (GW). It discusses how the combination of FW and GW improves the process and end-product quality of composting, which implies that composting has a significant environmental impact by enhancing soil quality and effectively recycling organic materials.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Proteins can fold into their functional forms due to specific sequences of amino acids. [SEP] Text: Each DLL4 value represents a technical replicate, which was referenced to its paired DLL1 value, which was arbitrarily set to one for each measurement. The non-normalized values (DLL/β-Tub ratios) are depicted in a graph in Figure 4—figure supplement 1A (Figure 4—source data 2). (D) Cell-surface biotinylation demonstrating that a slightly higher fraction of DLL4 is present at the cell surface compared to DLL1 (n ≥ 6; Figure 4—source data 3). (E) DLL4 activates N1 about 10-fold more strongly than DLL1 in co-culture assays. Left graph shows non-normalized N1 activation. Lines connect values measured in the same assay. Right graph shows values normalized to DLL1 activation, and corrected for protein expression and cell surface presentation. (F) DLL4 activates N2 about half as strongly as does DLL1. Left graph shows non-normalized N2 activation. Lines connect values measured in the same assay. Right graph shows values normalized to DLL1 activation, and corrected for protein expression and cell surface presentation. Each dot represents a technical replicate. Raw data are shown in Figure 4—source data 4 and Figure 4—source data 5. Co-cultures (n = 39) with two replicate measurements per n. Mean ± SD, ns = p ≥ 0. 05, ****=p < 0. 0001, Student’s paired t-test. Figure 4—source data 1 Raw data used to generate the graph in Figure 4B. Relative luciferase activity (units) of different assays are means of ≥2 technical replicates (measurements of the same cell lysate) of each (co-)culture. Download elife-40045-fig4-data1-v2. xlsx Figure 4—source data 2 Data used to generate the graphs in Figure 4C and Figure 4—figure supplement 1A. DLL1 and DLL4 protein expression level in ES cells determined by quantitative analysis of Western blots (DLL1 or DLL4 expression intensity/𝛽-Tubulin intensity (DLL/𝛽-Tub)). Expression of DLL4 clone #1 was normalized to expression of DLL1 clone #1 analyzed in the same assay. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim about protein folding and amino acid sequences. Instead, it focuses on measurements and comparisons of DLL4 and DLL1 protein expression and activation in various assays. Thus, it is irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Coral reefs are affected by ocean acidification and warming. [SEP] Text: 5–4. 5 °C towards the end of this century (depending on representative concentration pathways, RCPs; Meinshausen et al. 2011). Average sea water temperatures are predicted to follow this trend with best estimates for global sea surface temperature (SST) increase in the range of 1°–3° (Collins et al. 2013). Although extensive variation of SST increase is expected for different geographic regions (Brierley and Kingsford 2009), estimates for the Reef are well within this range (Hobday and Lough 2011). Over 30 % of the CO2 emitted is absorbed by the world’s ocean (Sabine et al. 2004). The increased partial pressure of CO2 leads to higher dissolved inorganic carbon, low calcium saturation states, and reduced ocean pH (i. e. , ocean acidification, OA). Depending on models and measures taken to reduce carbon emissions, pCO2, values between 420 and >1,370 are expected by the end of this century (Moss et al. 2010; Meinshausen et al. 2011). Ocean pH has already been reduced by 0. 1 units compared to pre-industrial levels and is expected to further decrease by 0. 3–0. 5 units towards the end of this century (Caldeira and Wickett 2005). Thus, marine flora and fauna face a twofold challenge in the near future needing to adapt to higher temperatures and decreased pH/increased pCO2. Both elevated temperatures and low pH/hypercapnia can be stressors for marine invertebrate developmental stages, juveniles, and adults (Nguyen et al. 2009; Ries et al. 2009; Byrne 2011, 2012; Byrne and Przeslawski 2013). Increased temperature may be stressful for marine invertebrates, especially tropical species many of which already live at the upper thermal limit of marine isotherms (Hoegh-Guldberg 1999). Ocean acidification is considered to be particularly deleterious for calcifying invertebrates, because calcification may be impaired by the associated reduction in carbonate mineral saturation (Doney et al. 2009). However, as pH, pCO2, and mineral saturation are co-varying stressors, it is difficult to understand which of these are most important (Byrne et al. 2013). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by detailing the impacts of ocean acidification and increased temperatures on marine ecosystems, including coral reefs. It explains how increased CO2 levels lead to ocean acidification, which negatively affects calcifying invertebrates, and discusses the potential stress from elevated temperatures, particularly for species that are already close to their thermal limits. This supports the assertion that both ocean acidification and warming significantly affect coral reefs and their associated marine life.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Composting food waste has no environmental impact. [SEP] Text: Both substrates were stored for three days. PR and SW were provided by local suppliers. GW and FW were manually crushed to achieve p0. 55 × 1. 3 × 1. 25 m) were used to confine the mixture, the containers had holes of 5 cm diameter and four perforated pipes (1. 4 m high), both to maintain the necessary aerobic conditions for the process. This stage ended when the first thermophilic phase was completed; ii) in the second stage, the material was removed from the containers and piles in conical heaps. In the second stage, a second thermophilic phase was expected, and the completion of the process when the material reached ambient temperature [10]. During the process the material was removed from the containers on the tenth day to start the second stage of the process. Traditional composting was carried out in conical heaps of 1 m height. 2. 2. Process monitoring The parameters monitored were: temperature, pH, electrical conductivity (EC), moisture, oxygen concentration, volatile solids (VS), germination index (GI) and self-heating. Monitoring started right after the preparation of the piles. Temperature was measured daily on the compost pile centroid, using a 60-cm thermometer (i. e. digital thermometer K-Type HI935005N with high accuracy (± 0. 2%)). Subsamples taken from four opposite locations in each compost pile were combined to form a 200 g sample that was specifically used for pH, EC, moisture and VS measurements [20, 21]. pH and EC were measured at least three times a week for the first two weeks and then twice a week at least, until the end of the monitoring. These parameters were potentiometrically measured to an aqueous extract obtained from a stirred mixture of the sample and distilled water (1:10 w/v). Measurement was carried out using a desk pHmeter and EC ionometer, sensIONTM + MM374. Moisture was measured by drying in an oven a 50 g sample at 105 °C for 24 h; this parameter was measured three times a week up to day 42, and later twice a week up to the end of the process. VS were measured, by burning a dried sample at 550 °C in an oven for 4 h. (TOC) was calculated from the ash content [22]. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by providing detailed information about the composting process, including the monitoring of various environmental parameters such as temperature, pH, and moisture. This indicates that composting involves significant environmental interactions, which suggests an impact is present, contradicting the claim that composting food waste has no environmental impact.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Proteins can fold into their functional forms due to specific sequences of amino acids. [SEP] Text: The value obtained in Assay #7 (red) represents an outlier (determined by GraphPad Prism7) and was not included in the calculation of the average. Download elife-40045-fig4-data2-v2. xlsx Figure 4—source data 3 Raw data used to generate the graph in Figure 4D. Relative cell surface levels of DLL1 (ES clone #1) and DLL4 (ES cell clone #1) proteins determined by cell surface biotinylation and quantitative analysis of Western blots after immunoprecipitation. Download elife-40045-fig4-data3-v2. xlsx Figure 4—source data 4 Numerical values used to generate the graphs in Figure 4E. Relative luciferase activity (units) for each assay was calculated by subtraction of E14 background values. Normalized activation (fold change) was obtained by normalization to DLL1 activity and correction for protein and cell surface levels based on the values for relative protein expression (Figure 4—source data 2) and cell surface presentation (Figure 4—source data 3). Normalized activation = normalized activation x [prot level DLL1/prot level DLL4] x [rel surface level DLL1/rel surface level DLL4]. Download elife-40045-fig4-data4-v2. xlsx Figure 4—source data 5 Numerical values used to generate the graphs in Figure 4F. Luciferase activity (units) for each assay was calculated by subtraction of the E14 background values. Normalized activation (fold change) was obtained by normalization to DLL1 activity and correction for protein and cell surface levels based on the values for relative protein expression (Figure 4—source data 2) and cell surface presentation (Figure 4—source data 3). Normalized activation = normalized activation x [prot level DLL1/prot level DLL4] x [rel surface level DLL1/rel surface level DLL4]. Download elife-40045-fig4-data5-v2. xlsx Figure 4—figure supplement 1 Download asset Open asset Consistent N1 and N2 activation by different cell clones expressing DLL4. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses assay results, data normalization, and relative protein activity without addressing the specific concept of protein folding or the role of amino acid sequences in determining protein functionality.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Coral reefs are affected by ocean acidification and warming. [SEP] Text: For echinoderms, which transport bicarbonate (not carbonate) at the site of calcification and use respiratory CO2 as a source of inorganic carbon (Sikes et al. 1981; Stumpp et al. 2012a), hypercapnia (pCO2), not mineral saturation, appears to be the most important stressor. In addition, a recent synthesis of data on the response of calcification in echinoplutei across world climatic regions to ocean acidification conditions also indicated that hypercapnia was the more important stressor, although tropical species were more sensitive to decreased mineral saturation (Byrne et al. 2013). Recent transcriptomic analyses of echinoplutei reared under ocean acidification conditions indicate a change in biomineralisation, calcium and ion transport, and metabolic genes (Evans et al. 2013). Although ocean warming and acidification will most likely occur in combination unless carbon emissions are drastically reduced, the interactive effects of these to stressors are poorly understood (Byrne and Przeslawski 2013). In tropical corals, calcification rates were reduced most under increased temperature and elevated pCO2 conditions (Reynaud et al. 2003). Similarly, juvenile stages of corals were most affected by a combination of temperature and pCO2 increase (Anlauf et al. 2011). In adult corals, increased pCO2 can reduce vulnerability to temperature stress such as bleaching (Anthony et al. 2008). In echinoid larvae, increased temperature and acidification act as additive stressors on growth in some species while in others, moderate warming reduces the negative effect of acidification on growth (et al. 2010; Byrne et al. 2011, 2013). For adult asteroids (Parvulastrea exigua), temperature was shown to have a stronger effect compared to hypercapnia, but increased metabolism at higher temperatures was reduced under simultaneous pH stress (McElroy et al. 2012). Similarly, temperature-affected metabolism of ophiuroids and a reduction in metabolism at intermediate pCO2 were observed at two separate temperatures (Christensen et al. 2011). The temperate ophiuroid Ophiura ophiura and the echinoid Paracentrotus lividus both showed an effect of pH on metabolism under low water temperature, but not under high temperature (Wood et al. 2010; Catarino et al. 2012). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by providing evidence that ocean warming and acidification have significant effects on coral calcification and growth. It mentions that 'calcification rates were reduced most under increased temperature and elevated pCO2 conditions,' indicating the impact of both warming and acidification on coral reefs. Additionally, it describes how juvenile stages of corals are particularly susceptible to these stressors, reinforcing the claim that coral reefs are affected by both ocean acidification and warming.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Composting food waste has no environmental impact. [SEP] Text: Pile monitoring was performed until one of the piles reached ambient temperature (24 ± 2 °C) (i. e. day 73). Before to the completion of the experiment, on-site self-heating tests were performed to determine if temperature rises occurred when piles were moisturized [23]. In addition, stability was evaluated by the self-heating test using Dewar flasks of 1. 5 L of volume according to Brinton et al. [24]. Maturity evolution was established through germination test during the process. The germination index was determined by the methodology established by Varnero et al. [25]. A fresh sample was extracted with distilled water at compost to water ratio 1:10 (w/v), shook, allowed to stand for 3 h and then filtered. Subsequently, 10 mL of extract were placed in 9 cm Petri dishes containing ten seeds of radish on filter paper. Experiments were conducted in triplicates and distilled water was used as control. This test was performed on the days 47, 53 and 60. Oxygen was provided to the piles through manual turning in the two treatments. Daily turning frequency was used for the two treatments up to day eight of process. Later, turning was performed according to the process requirements (i. e. every two days up to day 25, and then, every three days up to day 37, and lastly once a week until day 73). concentration (OC) was controlled using a probe CM37 (i. e. twice a week until day 37 and once a week until the end of the process). 2. 3. End-product quality evaluation At the end of the composting process, manual sieving of the products was carried out using a 1. 25 cm sieve. A representative sample of each experimental unit was taken to carry out product quality analysis. Samples were analyzed at the laboratory of the of from Universidad de Antioquia, following the methods described in the Norm (NTC) 5167 [26]. Table 1 presents the parameters analyzed and the techniques used. Finally, the characteristics of the products obtained were analyzed and compared with the standards from NTC 5167 for organic products used as fertilizers and soil amendments or conditioners. content was quantified using the Neutral detergent fiber (NDF), acid detergent fiber (ADF) and acid detergent lignin (ADL), considering the procedures established by et al. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by describing the detailed processes and evaluations related to composting, including the monitoring of temperature, stability tests, and product quality analysis. These processes indicate that composting does have measurable effects on the environment, as they focus on how the end products meet specific standards for use as fertilizers and amendments, which directly contradicts the idea that composting has no environmental impact.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Proteins can fold into their functional forms due to specific sequences of amino acids. [SEP] Text: (A) Protein expression level in DLL1 clone #1 and DLL4 clone #1 (DLL ligand/β-Tub) determined by quantitative Western blot analysis. Each dot represents a technical replicate (numerical values in Figure 4—source data 2). (B) Relative protein expression level in 4 and 10 independent ES cell clones, respectively, expressing DLL1 or DLL4 from the Hprt locus normalized to DLL1 clone #1 level measured in the same assay. Each dot represents the mean value of n ≥ 3 independent measurements of a single clone. Red dot indicates DLL1 clone #1 that was used for normalization. For numerical values see Figure 4—figure supplement 1—1. (C) and (D) N1 and N2 activation by 4 DLL1 and 10 DLL4 expressing independent ES cell clones. Left graphs show rel. luciferase activity measured for each DLL1 and DLL4 expressing clone. Each dot represents a technical replicate of a given cell clone. Central graphs show averaged rel. luciferase activity for DLL1 and DLL4 expressing cell clones. Each dot represents the mean value of n ≥ 3 measurements of a given cell clone. Right graphs show Notch activation normalized to activation by DLL1 clone #1 (n ≥ 3). Black dots indicate DLL1 clone #1. For numerical values see Figure 4—figure supplement 1—2. Student’s unpaired t-test; Mean ±SD, ns = not significant; **=p ≤ 0. 01; ***=p ≤ 0. 001; ****=p ≤ 0. 0001. Figure 4—figure supplement 1—source Data 1 Numerical values used to generate the graph in Figure 4—figure supplement 1B. DLL1 and DLL4 protein levels in different ES cell clones were determined by quantitative analysis of Western blots and the relative protein expression was obtained by normalization to DLL1 clone #1 analyzed in the same assay. The value obtained in assay 13 (red) represents an outlier (determined by ROUT analysis using GraphPad Prism7) and was not included in the calculation of the average. Download elife-40045-fig4-figsupp1-data1-v2. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text primarily describes a quantitative analysis of protein expression levels in various clones but does not directly discuss how proteins fold into their functional structures based on amino acid sequences. Hence, it is irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Coral reefs are affected by ocean acidification and warming. [SEP] Text: Combined temperature and pH stress showed no interaction in several response parameters in the polar ophiuroid Ophiocten sericeum, but arm regeneration in an extreme pH treatment (pH 7. 3) was hampered under increased temperatures (Wood et al. 2011). The only study investigating interactive effects of temperature and pCO2 in tropical adult echinoids found that increased pCO2 decreased calcification in Echinometra lacunter more in winter than in summer (Courtney et al. 2013). We investigated the physiological response of the adult rock-boring Indo-Pacific sea urchin Echinometra sp. A in animals acclimated for approximately 10 weeks to near-future OA conditions (~860–940 μATM) and temperature increase (+2° to 3° above present summer average). Echinometra sp. A is one of the most abundant tropical sea urchin species in shallow reef areas where it can assume densities of 100 individuals m−2 (McClanahan and Muthiga 2007). This species is ecologically important because it can control algal growth, and high densities can prevent recovery of fish and coral populations after disturbance (McClanahan et al. 1996). In addition, feeding-driven bioerosion by Echinometra species removes carbonate (Downing and El-Zahr 1987; Carreiro-Silva and McClanahan 2001) which can reduce net accretion on coral reefs. Resulting burrows are often highly visible in the upper reef margins, and the species is thus habitat forming (McClanahan and Muthiga 2007). Growth of small adult E. mathaei was significantly reduced with only a small increase of pCO2 (220 μatm, pH 7. 9; Shirayama and Thornton 2005). Similarly, growth of larger adult Echinometra sp. A was slightly reduced over a 7-week period under increased pCO2 (Uthicke et al. 2013). However, echinoids (including Echinometra spp. ) at a tropical CO2 vent exhibited no decrease in abundance with decreased pH/increased pCO2 (Fabricius et al. 2014). As characteristic of echinoid echinoplutei (Byrne et al. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing various studies that indicate the effects of ocean acidification (OA) and warming on marine species associated with coral reefs, such as the echinoid Echinometra sp. A. It mentions that under near-future OA conditions, physiological responses and growth rates of these urchins are compromised with temperature increases. Additionally, the text highlights how the interactions between pCO2 and temperature can decrease calcification in coral-associated species, thereby indicating that both acidification and warming have significant impacts on the ecological balance of coral reef systems.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Composting food waste has no environmental impact. [SEP] Text: [27]. Table 1 Methods used for product characterization Method Technique pH -- % (TOC) % Nitrogen (N) % dw Ash % dw Potassium (K2O) % dw Atomic absorption (P2O5) % dw Conductivity mS cm− 1 exchange capacity cmol kg− 1 retention capacity % Solids % dw Gravimetric Note: dw. dry weight All the experiments were carried out in triplicate. Data were subjected to one-way analysis of variance ANOVA and the significantly different means were evaluated using Difference (LSD) with a significance level α = 0. 05, using the software R®. 3. Discussion 3. 1 Process conditions Figure 1 presents the temperature in the two treatments. The time to reach the maximum temperature, the duration of the thermophilic phase and the time to reach ambient temperature are presented in Table 2. Temperature increases due to microbial activity. [28]. In both treatments, the typical sequential phases: mesophilic, thermophilic, cooling and maturation were observed (see Fig. 1). Besides, TA had two thermophilic peaks after the extraction of the mixture from the container (i. e. day 10). These peaks are characteristic of TSC [4, 10]. Table 2 Synthesis of characteristics of the composting process in the experiment phase duration (d) Thermophilic phase duration (d) Tmax (°C) Time to reach Tmax (d) Cooling phase duration (d) VS reduction (%) Added water (L) TA 1 27 62. 6 6 46 40. 4 (2. 2) 148. 3 TB 1 33 68. 6 12 40 38. 5 (7. 6) 120. 0 Note: Standard deviation is in parenthesis. Tmax: Maximum temperature. VS: Both treatments had a rapid increase on temperature, achieving thermophilic phase in day 1 of the process, similar to findings from other GW co-composting studies [1, 5]. This rapid temperature increase evidences adequate conditions for the process regarding the studied substrate mixture (i. e. pH, moisture, TOC, nutrients, porosity). In day 2, the temperature increase was higher in TA (54 °C) compared to TB (46 °C), showing the influence of this modification in the process (i. e. possibly associated to the reduced heat lost in the mixture inside the container). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the significant temperature increase observed during the composting process due to microbial activity. This process is evidence of the environmental impact of composting, as it indicates the transformation of organic waste into compost which contributes positively to soil health. The details about the thermophilic phase and other process conditions further imply that composting has measurable effects on the environment.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Proteins can fold into their functional forms due to specific sequences of amino acids. [SEP] Text: xlsx Figure 4—figure supplement 1—source Data 2 Numerical values used to generate the graphs in Figure 4—figure supplement 1C,D. N1 and N2 activation by different ES cell clones expressing DLL1 and DLL4. Download elife-40045-fig4-figsupp1-data2-v2. xlsx Figure 5 with 1 supplement Download asset Open asset Contributions of the MNNL-EGF3 portion and contact amino acids to ligand selectivity towards N1 and N2. (A) N1/N2 activation ratios by DLL1 and DLL4 chimeric proteins show that receptor selectivity of DLL1 and DLL4 is encoded by the extracellular domain and that EGF3 contributes to N1/N2 selectivity. DLL4, D4ECD_D1ICD, and D4N-E3_D1 show N1/N2 induction ratios of ~20. DLL1, D1ECD_D4ICD, and D1N-E3_D4 exhibit induction ratios of 1–3. Chimeric pairs with domain exchanges between EGF2 and EGF3 or between DSL domain and EGF1 show equivalent stimulation ratios. Each dot represents the mean of N1 (relative luciferase units; Figure 5—source data 1)/N2 (relative luciferase units; Figure 5—source data 2) of n ≥ 3 measurements per clone of a given ligand construct. Bars represent the Mean ± SD of n ≥ 3 clones per construct (Figure 5—source data 3). (B) Structure-based superposition of DLL1 and DLL4 (PDB ID codes 4XBM and 4XLW, respectively; (Kershaw et al. , 2015; Luca et al. , 2015). Top panel: NOTCH1 is rendered as a molecular surface (wheat), and DLL4 is rendered in ribbon representation (cyan). N1 contact residues on DLL4 were rendered as sticks, and were used to predict N1 contact amino acids of the MNNL and DSL domains of DLL1 (red). Domains are labeled above and below the structures, respectively, and individual domains are identified by different degrees of color shading/intensity. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim directly and instead discusses specific data related to the activation of particular proteins by ligands and their receptor selectivity. There is no mention of how proteins fold into their functional forms or the role of amino acid sequences in this process, making it irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Coral reefs are affected by ocean acidification and warming. [SEP] Text: 2013), increased pCO2 reduces larval growth and increases abnormal development in larval and adult Echinometra spp. (Kurihara and Shirayama 2004; Uthicke et al. 2013). Only limited work has been conducted on a temperature effect on Echinometra spp. Its wide tropical Indo-Pacific distribution suggests a large temperature tolerance, and it can be found in locations with water temperature variations between 15 and 31 °C (summarised in Muthiga and Jaccarini 2005). However, given its shallow-water habitat, it can be assumed that E. mathaei can withstand extreme temperatures for a short period. Adult mortality of this species has been observed at ~40 °C (Tsuchiya et al. 1987). Echinometra mathaei can still achieve high fertilisation rates at 36 °C, but embryos only develop normally below 34 °C (Rupp 1973). Healthy development to early larval stages occurs between 19 and 31 °C (Rahman et al. 2007). The main aim of this study was to test the hypothesis that a combined physiological effect of increased pCO2 and temperature is larger than that of each stressor individually. As response parameters, we measured overall growth, respiration, and ammonium excretion of Echinometra sp. A after >70 d of exposure to the respective treatment conditions. In addition, we compared gonad development amongst the treatments and tested for differences in pH and ionic composition of the perivisceral coelomic fluid. Materials and methodsSpecimen collection and experimental set-upsp. A (32–54 mm diameter, 16–68 g wet weight) were collected in September 2011 at 2–5 m water depth at Rib Reef, a midshelf reef in the central section of the Reef (146° 52. 49′E, 18° 28. 86′S). Taxonomic confusion exists about the genus Echinometra in the Ocean with four species being described (Arakaki et al. 1998). Mitochondrial DNA sequencing of eight individuals from this experiment revealed that the population on belongs to Echinometra sp. A (Landry et al. 2003; Gennumber: KF555645-KF555652). This also applies to individuals from a previous experiment (Uthicke et al. 2013). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the effects of increased pCO2, which is a component of ocean acidification, on the growth and development of Echinometra spp. The study aims to test the combined physiological effects of increased pCO2 and temperature, directly linking both ocean acidification and warming as stressors affecting coral species. Additionally, the mention of temperature tolerance and the impact on fertilization rates and larval development further supports the claim that coral reefs are affected by these environmental changes.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Composting food waste has no environmental impact. [SEP] Text: However, from day three to day 20, the temperature in TB was higher than in TA, showing a higher organic matter degradation rate in this period. Despite having a higher reduction in VS by day 24 in TB compared to TA (i. e. 25. 9% in TB and 25. 5% in TA) the difference is not considered substantial. After day 3, continuous oscillations of temperature occurred in both treatments. However, in TA there was a pronounced reduction after day 5 and until the material was removed from the container (day 10), with a new temperature increase. Thus, the two typical thermophilic temperature peaks for the TSC were observed [4, 10]. By day 12, the two temperature peaks and the subsequent decrease occurred in both treatments. The thermophilic phase lasted 27 d in TA and 33 d in TB, showing the influence of the process type on the degradation of the organic matter readily degradable (i. e. mesophilic and thermophilic phases). It is important to emphasize that by day 32, there was a reduction in VS in 29. 0% in TB and 27. 2% in TA, which ratifies the higher biological activity and thus, the higher transformation of organic matter in the traditional composting compared to TSC. As expected, in both treatments there was a higher degradation rate on the mesophilic and thermophilic phases compared to the cooling and maturation phases. This is due to the decomposition of the readily degradable organic matter in the first phases, and the decomposition of recalcitrant organic matter (lignin and cellulose) in the final phases [29]. In both treatments, the temperatures were above 50 °C for more than three consecutive days, promoting the material sanitization [30]. Furthermore, TB fulfill the recommendations from Böhm [31], who indicates that temperature should be at least higher than 55 °C at least for two weeks (TB:16 d and TA: 12 d). The higher temperature values in TB are ascribed mainly to the aeration conditions in the containers. Although, the temperature increase was faster in TSC, higher temperatures maintained longer were observed in traditional composting, showing higher organic matter degradation rates in the thermophilic and mesophilic phases (i. e. evidenced in the VS reduction). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by detailing the thermophilic processes and organic matter degradation rates involved in composting. It explains how various composting treatments show significant temperature fluctuations that correlate with the biological activity and transformation of organic matter, implying that composting has an observable environmental impact through biological degradation and material sanitization.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Proteins can fold into their functional forms due to specific sequences of amino acids. [SEP] Text: Red values were identified as outliers (determined by ROUT analysis by GraphPad Prism7) and excluded from calculations. Download elife-40045-fig5-data3-v2. xlsx Figure 5—figure supplement 1 Download asset Open asset N1 and N2 activation by different ligand proteins. (A) and (B) Rel. luciferase activity obtained in co-cultures of ES cells expressing wild type ligands, chimeric ligands, and ligands with amino acid substitutions in the direct ligand-receptor binding region. Each dot represents the mean of n ≥ 3 technical replicates of a given cell clone. For numerical values see Figure 5—source datas 1 and 2. Mean ± SD. Figure 6 Download asset Open asset DLL1 carrying the DLL4 contact amino acids in the MNNL and DSL domains is a functional DLL1 ligand in vivo. (A) E15. 5 Dll1D1contD4ki/D1contD4ki (c; n = 12) fetuses are indistinguishable from wild type (a; n = 19) and Dll1Dll1ki/Dll1ki (b; n = 3) controls. (B) D1contD4 co-localizes with pan-Cadherin (panCad) at the cell surface of Dll1D1contD4ki/D1contD4ki PSM cells (e-h; n ≥ 3); Scale bars: a, e = 500 µm; b-d, f-h = 5 µm. (C) Whole mount in situ hybridization showing that D1contD4 induces normal Uncx expression during somitogenesis (d,d’; n ≥ 5). (D) Skeletal preparations of Dll1D1contD4ki/D1contD4ki E15. 5 fetuses showing minor defects of single vertebrae in the lower thoracic region (c,c’; n = 3/4). Author response image 1 Download asset Open asset Expression of D1N-E3_D4 cannot be quantified with confidence due to a closely co-migrating background band detected by the anti-Flag antibody. (A) Expression of wild type DLL1 and DLL4 and of chimeric ligand proteins. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not directly address the claim regarding protein folding and the role of amino acid sequences. Instead, it discusses experimental results related to specific proteins and their activities in various biological contexts. It mentions ligand proteins and their interactions but does not provide information that supports or contradicts the idea of how proteins fold into functional forms based on amino acid sequences.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Coral reefs are affected by ocean acidification and warming. [SEP] Text: The size range used represents ‘intermediate-sized’ adult animals at Rib Reef, omitting the smallest and largest specimens. Sea urchins were placed into the aquaria on the 21 September 2011 (=Day 0) and kept under similar conditions with pCO2 manipulated as described in Uthicke et al. (2013). In short, urchins were fed ad libitum on brown macroalgae (Sargassum spp. , Dictyota sp. ) and coral rubble encrusted with crustose coralline algae was offered as an additional food source. The experiment was set up in a temperature-controlled (25 ± 1 °C) aquarium room. The aquarium water was filtered through three bag filters () in series (25, 10, 5 µm). An AquaMedic (Germany) CO2 dosing system was used to manipulate pCO2 levels. One pH probe (Aqua Medic, accuracy 0. 01 pH units) connected to the control system was placed into each of the four header tanks. The two treatments with increased pCO2 concentrations were set to pHNBS 7. 90 ± 0. 05. This value was chosen to represent pCO2 concentrations likely around the end of this century (RCP 6: 670 ppm, RCP 8. 5: 963 ppm; Meinshausen et al. 2011) unless drastic measures such as carbon capture leading to net-carbon reductions are implemented (Arora et al. 2011). Solenoid valves were connected to a standard CO2 cylinder (GE 082, BOC, Australia) with a flow regulator. When the valves opened, CO2 gas was introduced into the header tanks through gas diffuser (AquaMedic). Temperature in the header tanks was controlled using 4-kW titanium heating bars controlled by a CR 1,000 (Campell Scientific, Australia) control data logger. In the experiment, temperatures were set to 28 °C, the near-average recent summer maximum SST averaged over the warmest months, calculated as 28. 71, SD = 0. 40, which was determined from the monitoring site (as above) for the ‘present-day’ scenario and 31 °C for the near-future scenario (+2 to +3 °C). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by detailing an experimental setup to investigate the effects of increased pCO2 levels (ocean acidification) and elevated temperatures (warming) on sea urchins, which are associated with coral reefs. The mention of pCO2 concentrations representative of end-of-century predictions and specific temperature conditions (28 °C and 31 °C) aligns with the concerns about how these factors affect coral reefs.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Composting food waste has no environmental impact. [SEP] Text: The favorable conditions for degradation in both treatments can be connected to the incorporation of PR, characterized for promoting the generation of heat due to the increase in porosity and the provision of the oxygen required for aerobic degradation [5]. On the other hand, during the thermophilic phase, higher nitrogen losses could occur due to NH3 volatilization (i. e. associated to high temperatures and alkaline pH), mainly in TB (i. e. turning also promotes this loss), as observed in the end-product quality records (see Table 3) [32, 33]. In this case, TSC reduced nitrogen volatilization possibly associated with the storage of the material within the containers during the ten first days. The temperature in the two treatments had similar values in the cooling phase, especially after day 36, with variations associated with pile turning. This behavior can indicate that decomposition of hard to degrade substances in this phase was similar in both treatments. Thus, the influence of TSC in accelerating the degradation of lignocellulosic substances in the composting process was not observed. This was ratified on the final average values of the VS reduction, that was 40. 4% in TA and 38. 5% in TB, showing similar degradation rates (i. e. there were not statistical significant differences). Regarding pH (see Fig. 2), the mixture of substrates in both treatments showed an initial pH with slightly acidic values, due to the previous degradation of some materials (e. g. UPFW-4. 3 units and PFW-4. 1 units) which had 3 storage days before the experiment start. This degradation leads to the formation of volatile fatty acids which reduce substrate pH and could affect the process start [34]. However, in both treatments pH increased rapidly as a consequence of the transformation of organic matter in organic acids (intermediate byproducts of the microbial decomposition of sugars, starch and lipids) and later the volatilization of products such as CO2 [35]. Small variations in the pH were observed during the process associated with its conditions of moisture and oxygenation. However, the pH in the process was between 8 and 9 units as suggested by some authors for optimal microbial degradation [36]. At the end of the process, the pH had average values of 7. 3 units in both treatments (i. e. there were not statistical significant differences). Figure 3 presents the average EC in both treatments. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing various environmental factors and processes involved in composting, such as the influence of pH and nitrogen loss during composting treatments, which affect the degradation of organic matter. The mention of significant changes in pH and nitrogen volatilization during the composting process suggests that composting does have observable environmental impacts, contradicting the assertion that it has no environmental impact.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Proteins can fold into their functional forms due to specific sequences of amino acids. [SEP] Text: Protein migration size varies due to differential post-translational modifications of the extracellular domains of DLL1 and DLL4. Double bands in DLL4, D4ECD_D1/CD, D4N-E3_D1, D4N-E2D1, and D4N-D_D1 lysates represent most likely differential modification states of the DLL4’s ECD. (B) D1N-E3_D4 migrates right at the dye front when using a 5% polyacrylamide gel. (C) Immunoprecipitation of D1N-E3_D4 after cell surface biotinylation in four independent assays. Input samples represents the whole cell lysate, IP samples represents the immunoprecipitated proteins. D1N-E3_D4 is detected in IP samples indicating its presence at the cell surface. The expression, however, cannot be quantified with confidence as the proteins are detected right at the dye front when using a 5% polyacrylamide gel. Pink arrowheads point to the proteins of interest. Green rectangles highlight the D1N-E3_D4 chimera lysate in (A) and (B). resources table Reagent type (species) or resourceDesignationSource or referenceIdentifiersAdditional informationGene (Mus musculus)DLL1MGI:104659; NCBI Gene: 13388Gene (Mus musculus)DLL4MGI:1859388; NCBI Gene: 54485Strain, strain background (Mus musculus)CD1LaboratoriesStrain, strain background (Mus musculus)129Sv/CD1 hybridsown colonyGenetic reagent (Mus musculus)Dll1lacZPMID: 9109488; DOI: 10. 1038/ 386717a0RRID:MGI:5780046Genetic reagent (Mus musculus) Dll1loxPPMID: 15146182; DOI: 10. 1038/ ni1075RRID:MGI:5431505Genetic reagent (Mus musculus)T(s):CrePMID: 18708576; PMCID: PMC2518812; DOI: 10. 1101/gad. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses the migration size of proteins and their modifications in a specific experimental context rather than addressing how sequences of amino acids contribute to protein folding.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Coral reefs are affected by ocean acidification and warming. [SEP] Text: Temperature and pH alone had no significant effects on growth rates (; Table 1; Fig. 1a). However, the interaction between temperature and pH was marginally significant (Table 1), and a plot of each individual treatment group illustrated that the largest reduction in growth occurred under elevated pCO2 and elevated temperatures (49. 5 % reduction compared to 28 °C/pH 8. 1; Fig. 1b). Fig. 1Growth of Echinometra sp. A (as percentage of initial weight) affected by a temperature and b the interaction between temperature and elevated pCO2. Boxes for 28 °C are filled grey, 31° white. Whiskers denote 1. 5 × the inter-quartile range, the black line indicates the meanFull size image Respiration was measured in 60 specimens on day 69. No effects of the main factors were detected in standard metabolic rate (SMR = respiration per unit body mass; Table 2), but the interaction between temperature and pCO2 was marginally significant. This was caused by the highest respiration rates being measured in the high temperature/high pCO2 treatment (Fig. 2). However, the value in the latter treatment was only 5. 9 % above that for the present day ‘control’ treatment. Table 2 Analysis of covariance for respiration of Echinometra sp. A in two temperature and two pCO2 treatmentsFull size table Fig. 2Respiration of Echinometra sp. A as standard metabolic rate a standardised per gram of wet weight of the specimens or b per specimen, and differences caused by different-sized urchins were modelled out for statistical analysis (see Table 2). Boxes for 28 °C treatments are filled grey, 31 °C white. Whiskers denote 1. 5 × the inter-quartile range, and the black line indicates the meanFull size image Respiration per specimen was significantly higher in the high temperature treatment (Table 2; Fig. 2b). However, for this parameter, the interaction term was also marginally significant. The combined stressor (high temperature/high pCO2) treatment was 22. 1 % above the value for the control. Ammonia excretion rates from 12 specimens per treatment were measured on day 75 of the experiment. Weight-specific ammonium excretion was elevated in the 31 °C treatment (average 44. 80 nmol NH4 h−1, SE = 2. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by detailing the significant effects of the interaction between elevated pCO2 (which relates to ocean acidification) and elevated temperatures on the growth and respiration rates of Echinometra sp. A. Specifically, it states that the largest reduction in growth occurred under elevated pCO2 and elevated temperatures, supporting the assertion that coral reefs are indeed affected by these stressors. The mention of the effects on respiration rates also aligns with the claim regarding ocean warming's impact on coral ecosystems.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Composting food waste has no environmental impact. [SEP] Text: EC indicates the presence of salts due to the content of sodium, chloride, potassium, nitrate, sulfate and ammonium salts, which in high concentrations could inhibit plant growth [37]. The relatively high EC values from the start of the process could be associated to the presence of soluble salts (i. e. phosphates) due to the addition of PR. The small increase observed at the end of the process could be connected to the effect of the material degradation with the processes of humification and nutrients liberation (i. e. nitrates). Higher values of EC were observed in TSC compared to traditional composting possibly linked to a higher concentration of phosphates in the material (see Table 3). In the case of TB, the decomposition rate of the readily degradable organic matter in the early stages of the process led to a higher nutrient liberation from the start of the process (i. e. lower values of N and P in the products). As indicated by Tiquia [38], salinity could be connected to the relatively high content of NTotal in the end-product as reported for TA. In both treatments, the ranges recommended by Dimambro et al. [39] to avoid toxicity for plants and crops were not surpassed. The seed germination test has been widely used for evaluating compost quality, since the application of an unstable and immature compost could inhibit the germination of seeds, reduce plant growth and damage the crops [40, 41]. A germination index (GI) higher to 80% indicates that compost is not phytotoxic [25, 42]. In both treatments, the products were mature in the three measurements developed (i. e. days 47, 53 and, 60), with higher values at the end of the process in TB piles (GI = 160%) compared to TA piles (GI = 150%). This could be associated with the lower content of salts or phytotoxic substances measured through the EC parameter [40]. 3. 2. Product quality Table 3 presents the information on end-product quality for both treatments. In addition, it includes a comparison of quality standards according to the NTC 5167 and other studies about GW co-composting. Regarding moisture, both treatments had values about those established by the NTC 5167. These relatively high values are associated with the moisturizing carried out 10 days before the end of the process in all piles. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the effects of composting processes on plant growth and soil health. It mentions that high concentrations of salts and other nutrients released during composting could inhibit plant growth, indicating that there is indeed an environmental impact associated with the composting process. Additionally, the text explains that unstable compost can damage crops and reduce seed germination, further emphasizing the potential negative environmental consequences of composting food waste.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Proteins can fold into their functional forms due to specific sequences of amino acids. [SEP] Text: 480408MGI:3811072Genetic reagent (Mus musculus)ZP3:CrePMID: 10686600MGI:2176187Genetic reagent (Mus musculus)Dll1Dll1kiPMID: 26801181; PMCID: PMC4788113; DOI: 10. 1534/genetics. 115. 184515MGI:5790945Genetic reagent (Mus musculus)Dll1Dll4kiPMID: 26114479; PMCID: PMC4482573; DOI: 10. 1371/journal. pgen. 1005328MGI:5779556Genetic reagent (Mus musculus)Dll1D1N-E3_D4kithis papermini gene insertion in the Dll1 locusGenetic reagent (Mus musculus)Dll1D1contD4kithis papermini gene insertion in the Dll1 locusGenetic reagent (Mus musculus)HprtDll1ECD_Dll4ICDthis paperinducible insertion into Hprt locusGenetic reagent (Mus musculus)HprtDll4ECD_Dll1ICDthis paperinducible insertion into Hprt locusCell line (Mus musculus)E14TG2aPMID: 26114479; PMCID: PMC4482573; DOI: 10. 1371/journal. pgen. 1005328Cell line (Mus musculus)129Sv/castPMID: 26114479; PMCID: PMC4482573; DOI: 10. 1371/journal. pgen. 1005328Cell line (Homo sapiens)HeLaN1PMID: 9653148; DOI: 10. 1073/pnas. 95. 14. 8108Cell line (Mus musculus)pMP8. CAG-DLL1PMID: 26801181; PMCID: PMC4788113; DOI: 10. 1534/genetics. 115. 184515Cell line (Mus musculus)E14repPMID: 26801181; PMCID: PMC4788113; DOI: 10. 1534/genetics. 115. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is largely a list of genetic reagents and cell lines related to Mus musculus and Homo sapiens, along with PMIDs, PMCID, and DOI references. It does not address protein folding or the role of amino acid sequences, making it irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Coral reefs are affected by ocean acidification and warming. [SEP] Text: Boxes for 28 °C treatments are filled grey, and 31 °C treatments in white. Whiskers denote 1. 5 × the inter-quartile range, and the black line indicates the meanFull size image Gonad histological condition differed amongst treatments (Figs. 5, 6). For the females, there was a marginally significant effect of temperature and the interaction of temperature and pH on the distribution of histological stages (Table 5). Ovaries from urchins maintained in control conditions had abundant mature eggs (Fig. 5) and were in the mature or partly spawned condition. With increased temperature and decreased pH, ovary condition declined with an increase in the number of individuals in the post-spawned or spent condition (Fig. 6). These ovaries had few or no eggs in the lumen, and many had degenerating eggs and accumulations of lipofuscin pigment granules (Fig. 5). No females in the control treatment were in the post-spawned category. Fig. 5Histology of the gonads of female (a–d) and male (e–h) Echinometra sp. A held in experimental treatments for 77 d. The gonads of urchins maintained in control conditions had an abundance of mature gametes (a, e) or were partly spawned (b, f). In the other treatments, the gonads were post-spawned/spent (c, d, g, h) with empty gonad tubules and lipofuscin-like pigment accumulations (e. g. , in centre of c). Scale bars = 100 µmFull size image Fig. 6Histological condition of the female ovaries (top) and male testes (bottom) of Echinometra sp. A maintained in experimental treatments for 77 dFull size image Table 5 Cumulative link model analysis for ordinal data for female (total N = 34) and male (N = 35) Echinometra sp. A Full size table Differences in histological categories were more distinct in the males, with the effect of pH/high pCO2 and the interaction being significant (Table 5). With the exception of the high temperature and low pH/high pCO2 treatment, ~50 % of the testes were mature. Testis condition clearly declined in the low pH treatments (Figs. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text provides evidence that increased temperature and decreased pH negatively affect gonad histological conditions in the sea urchins, associated with coral reef ecosystems. It mentions that the interaction of temperature and pH led to a decline in ovary condition and an increase in individuals showing signs of spawning or spent conditions. This supports the claim by showing that both higher temperatures and lower pH levels, indicative of ocean acidification, significantly impact marine life typically found in coral reef environments.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Composting food waste has no environmental impact. [SEP] Text: Likewise, the values agreed with those reported in previous studies [1, 16]. Comparing end-product moisture in both treatments there were no statistically significant differences. The values of pH were within the range established by the NTC 5167 for the use of products as soil improvers. The pH was slightly alkaline (around neutral values), which favors their application in acid soils facilitating carbon mineralization, generation of OH− ions and introduction of basic cations such as K+ [43]. The results obtained are similar to those reported for co-composting processes of GW and FW [1, 16]. The smaller values of pH found in this study could be related to the addition of PR, since its dissolution improves the formation of organic acids of low molecular weight and the generation of CO2 during the degradation of organic waste [44]. Furthermore, PR can also reduce the pH for the adsorption of NH3 and cations [5, 45]. Table 3 End-product quality characteristics for both treatments TA (n=3) TB (n=3) NTC 5167 Hernández et al. [16] Oviedo-Ocaña et al. [1] Boldrin et al. [46] Zhang and Sun [6] Moisture % 45. 70 (3. 59) 44. 20 (1. 13) <35 33. 87 54. 6 29 – 44 -- pH Units 7. 39 (0. 17) 7. 34 (0. 57) >4 - <9 7. 51 7. 60 -- 7. 9 Total organic carbon % dw 28. 16 (0. 85) 29. 04 (1. 58) >15 20. 87 23. 1 10 – 19 25 % dw 1. 76 (0. 32) 1. 55 (0. 31) >1 1. 37 2. 35 0. 7 – 0. 9 3. 0 C/N - 15. 97 (4. 09) 18. 68 (7. 19) - 14. 9 -- 11 – 27 -- Cation exchange capacity cmol kg-1 38. 13 (6. 71) 32. 70 (7. 05) >30 32. 77 -- -- -- Electric conductivity dS m-1 0. 93 (0. 23) 0. 62 (0. 14) - 0. 21 1. 66 -- 2. 61 Water retention capacity % 157. 00 (19. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the impact of composting on soil properties and the formation of organic acids during the degradation of organic waste. It indicates that composting processes influence factors such as moisture, pH, and nutrient availability, which are critical for environmental quality and soil health, thus demonstrating that composting does have an environmental impact.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Proteins can fold into their functional forms due to specific sequences of amino acids. [SEP] Text: 184515Cell line (Mus musculus)N1repPMID: 26801181; PMCID: PMC4788113; DOI: 10. 1534/genetics. 115. 184515Cell line (Mus musculus)N2repPMID: 26801181; PMCID: PMC4788113; DOI: 10. 1534/genetics. 115. 184515Bacterial strain (E. coli)SW106PMID:15731329Transfected construct (Mus musculus)pMP8. CAG-DLL4this paperprogenitor: pMP8. CAGTransfected construct (Mus musculus)pMP8. CAG-D1ECD _D4ICDthis paperprogenitor: pMP8. CAGTransfected construct (Mus musculus)pMP8. CAG-D1N- E3_D4this paperprogenitor: pMP8. CAGTransfected construct (Mus musculus)pMP8. CAG-D1N- E2_D4this paperprogenitor: pMP8. CAGTransfected construct (Mus musculus)pMP8. CAG- D1N-D_D4this paperprogenitor: pMP8. CAGTransfected construct (Mus musculus)pMP8. CAG- D4ECD_D1ICDthis paperprogenitor: pMP8. CAGTransfected construct (Mus musculus)pMP8. CAG- D4N-E3_D1this paperprogenitor: pMP8. CAGTransfected construct (Mus musculus)pMP8. CAG- D4N-E2_D1this paperprogenitor: pMP8. CAGTransfected construct (Mus musculus)pMP8. CAG- D4N-D_D1this paperprogenitor: pMP8. CAGTransfected construct (Mus musculus)pMP8. CAG- D1contD4this paperprogenitor: pMP8. CAGTransfected construct (Mus musculus) pMP8. CAG- D4contD1this paperprogenitor: pMP8. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not provide relevant information or context regarding the claim about proteins folding based on amino acid sequences. Instead, it appears to consist of references to cell lines, bacterial strains, and transfected constructs without directly addressing the processes of protein folding or the influence of amino acid sequences.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Coral reefs are affected by ocean acidification and warming. [SEP] Text: 5, 6), and most distinctly so in the high temperature low pH treatment, where no mature gonads were detected. The latter finding agrees with the significant interaction between the two stressors seen with statistical analysis, suggesting a synergistic effect. Coelomic fluidThe pH of the coelomic fluid was lower than in the external treatment water of the aquaria. Although the coelomic fluid from Echinometra sp. A from the control pH 8. 1 treatment was higher (mean pH = 7. 56, SD = 0. 05) than that from the urchins kept at pH 7. 9 (mean pH = 7. 52, SD = 0. 07), this effect was not statistically significant (Table 6). Temperature had also no measurable effect on coelomic fluid pH (Table 6). Table 6 Analysis of variance pH and ion concentrations in the coelomic fluid of Echinometra sp. A in two temperature and two pCO2 treatmentsFull size table There was less variation in the ion concentration of samples from the aquarium water (Fig. 7) compared to the concentration in the coelomic fluid samples. No significant difference between water samples of the treatments was detected for any of the four ions measured (2-factor ANOVA, p > 0. 1 for each factor and the interaction term). Compared to the external medium, calcium, magnesium and sodium were significantly decreased (indicated by non-overlapping standard deviations, Fig. 7). Potassium was in the same range in the coelomic fluid and in the aquarium water. Fig. 7Ion concentration in the coelomic fluid of Echinometra sp. A. Treatment levels (Temperature/pH) are listed on the horizontal axes. Boxes for 28 °C treatments are filled grey and, 31 °C white. Horizontal lines represent the mean (solid line) and standard deviation (dashed line) of the average aquarium water, and exact values for these were 413 mg L−1 (1 SD = 5 mg L−1) for Ca, 389 mg L−1 (1 SD = 5 mg L−1) for K, 1,323 mg L−1 (1 SD = 11 mg L−1) for Mg, 1. 07 mg L−1 (1 SD = 0. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing how coelomic fluid pH was lower in high temperature low pH treatments, indicating a connection between temperature (warming) and pH levels (which relate to ocean acidification). The mention of a significant interaction between these two stressors aligns with the assertion that coral reefs are impacted by both ocean acidification and warming.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Composting food waste has no environmental impact. [SEP] Text: 26) 141. 53 (11. 99) >100 237. 4 -- -- -- Density g cm-3 0. 50 (0. 11) 0. 46 (0. 04) < 0,6 -- -- -- -- % dw 4. 75 (2. 81) 4. 19 (0. 44) >1 0. 56 0. 8 0. 15 – 0. 23 0. 3 Ash % dw 52. 10 (4. 09) 55. 40 (7. 92) < 60 51. 60 -- 72 – 79 -- Lignin % dw 30. 30 (2. 28) 28. 60 (1. 67) -- -- -- -- -- Note: n: number of samples; dw. dry weight; Standard deviation is in parenthesis; all means (compared in the same row) are statistically similar at p < 0. 05 Regarding TOC, both treatments showed higher values compared to those required by the as soil improver [26]. These higher values could be connected to the carbon content still available to transform due to the presence of lignocellulosic compounds in the GW. Similar values were reported in previous studies from the authors [1, 16]. The products did not have a statistical significant differences. Therefore, it is not possible to attribute this smaller content as an influence of TSC in the process. Nitrogen had values higher than 1% in both treatments, which is favorable for product use in agricultural activities. There was a smaller concentration of N in TB compared to TA, but lacked of statistical significance. This smaller concentration is possibly linked to a higher N volatilization during the first two phases of the process. This is evident in the high temperatures in TB during the first 10 days combined with alkaline pH that promotes NH3 volatilization during turning [34]. On the other hand, relatively high values of N in both treatments could be connected to the high porosity that PR could provide to absorb NH3 and improve N conservation during the process [47, 48]. Ash content was lower than 60% in both treatments, according to the requirements of the NTC 5167, and lacked significant statistical differences comparing TA and TB. However, TB had relatively higher values compared to TA which can be linked to the intense organic matter degradation during the first 10 days, which are reflected in mass loss in the form of CO2 [49]. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing various measurements related to composting, such as nitrogen levels and organic matter degradation. It indicates that composting has significant environmental impacts, evidenced by the mention of nitrogen content favorable for agricultural use and the degradation process that releases CO2. These aspects illustrate that composting of food waste is connected to environmental changes, thereby contradicting the claim that it has no impact.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Proteins can fold into their functional forms due to specific sequences of amino acids. [SEP] Text: CAGTransfected construct (Mus musculus)pMP8. CAG- D4N109Gthis paperprogenitor: pMP8. CAGTransfected construct (Mus musculus)pMP8. CAG-Stop -D1ECD_D4ICDthis paperprogenitor: pMP8. CAGTransfected construct (Mus musculus)pMP8. CAG-Stop- D4ECD_D1ICDthis paperprogenitor: pMP8. CAGTransfected construct (Mus musculus)D1N-E3_D4-targetingthis paperbased on Dll1Dll1ki targetingTransfected construct (Mus musculus)D1contD4-targetingthis paperbased on Dll1Dll1ki targetingTransfected construct (Mus musculus)pLexM-Avi-Histhis paperprogenitor: pLexMTransfected construct (Mus musculus)pLexM-D1N-E5-Avi-Histhis paperprogenitor: pLexMTransfected construct (Mus musculus)pLexM-D4N-E5-Avi-Histhis paperprogenitor: pLexMTransfected construct (Mus musculus)pLexM-D1N-E3_D4-E5-Avi-Histhis paperprogenitor: pLexMTransfected construct (Mus musculus)pLexM-D4N-E3_D1-E5-Avi-Histhis paperprogenitor: pLexMTransfected construct (Mus musculus) pLexM-D1contD4-E5-Avi-Histhis paperprogenitor: pLexMTransfected construct (Mus musculus)pLexM-D4contD1-E5-Avi-Histhis paperprogenitor: pLexMTransfected construct (Mus musculus)pLexM-D4N109G-E5-Avi-Histhis paperprogenitor: pLexMAntibodyRat anti-DLL1PMID: 17664336; PMCID: PMC2064846; DOI: 10. 1083/jcb. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not reference anything related to protein folding or sequences of amino acids. It primarily discusses transfected constructs in Mus musculus and their progenitors without addressing the specific claim regarding protein functionality.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Coral reefs are affected by ocean acidification and warming. [SEP] Text: 01 mg L−1) for NaFull size image Internal concentrations of calcium, magnesium and sodium exhibited no differences between temperature or pH treatments (Table 6; Fig. 7). ANOVA for potassium had a marginally significant interaction term between temperature and pH, with values at the 28/7. 9 and 31/8. 1 treatments elevated above the other treatments (Fig. 7). However, values within these groups are also more variable, and averages only vary by a small amount (7–8 %) between treatments. DiscussionOur experiments showed that some of the basic metabolic parameters (growth, respiration, ammonium excretion) of the ecologically important sea urchin Echinometra sp. A responded to temperature and/or pH changes. Growth at the high temperature/high pCO2 treatment was reduced, whereas respiration and ammonium excretion increased in that treatment compared to the ‘present-day’ control. Our initial hypothesis that the interaction of increased temperature and pCO2 at levels expected by the end of this century under most representative concentration pathways (Meinshausen et al. 2011) leads to higher stress than the individual stress alone can thus be accepted. However, our study also illustrated that the effects on adults are not large, at least over the 10-week time scale of our study, and in several cases only marginally significant. Echinometra sp A. and other shallow-water reef species are acclimatised to the large (nearly from 250 to 1,300 µmol) daily changes in pCO2 that they experience over the tidal cycle. However, during less extreme tides and in deeper water, fluctuations in pCO2 were much smaller. MetabolismWe previously showed that the growth of Echinometra sp. A (addressed as E. mathaei) subtly decreased in response to decreased pH/increased pCO2 (Uthicke et al. 2013), which was in agreement with other data on Echinometra species in Japan (Shirayama and Thornton 2005). Although the response to increased pCO2/decreased pH is not always linear, all four other echinoid species thus far investigated can be expected to exhibit reduced growth in near-future OA conditions (Ries et al. 2009; Albright et al. 2012; Stumpp et al. 2012b). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing how sea urchins, important species in coral reef ecosystems, are affected by increased temperature and pCO2, which are consequences of ocean warming and acidification. It mentions that growth was reduced under high temperature/high pCO2 conditions and references prior studies indicating that other echinoid species are expected to show reduced growth in near-future ocean acidification conditions. This supports the claim that coral reefs, through their associated species, are affected by these environmental changes.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Composting food waste has no environmental impact. [SEP] Text: This high degradation can also be associated with the addition of PR in both treatments that provide nutrients and energy for microorganisms, accelerating transformation processes [5]. The addition of PR increased the quantity of inorganic material in both end-products, associated to phosphorous mineralization, and thus, intervene in the reported ash content in both treatments in contrast with our previous studies where this amendment material was not introduced [1]. (CEC) is used to evaluate the humification degree and nutrient retention capacity of compost. In both treatments, CEC was higher compared to the standard of NTC 5167 for soil improvers [26]. Despite the fact, there was not statistical significant differences, there were higher values in TA compared to TB possibly due to an increase in the humification processes in GW during the cooling and maturation phases, evidenced in a lower OC content at the end of the process. The results show that in both treatments, the end-products are able to improve the water and nutrient retention capacity of soils [4, 5]. The water retention capacity for a mature product must be higher to 100% [26] or 75% wet weight [50]. This parameter allows stablishing the product capacity to retain moisture, which is fundamental during the use of the product for agricultural purposes. The treatments had higher values compared to those established by the literature without statistical significant differences comparing TA and TB. The high water retention capacity in these products is connected to their low density (i. e. density was 0. 50 g cm− 3 for TA and 0. 46 g cm− 3 for TB) and high porosity of materials such as GW, and to the processes of transformation and mineralization of organic matter. Finally, the phosphorous content in TA and TB was higher to the standard from the NTC 5167 for soil improvers [26]. According to Khan and Joergensen [51], the solubilization of PR could increase microbial biomass to release inorganic phosphorous. The high porosity of PR could also provide and habitat to the high microbial biomass [9, 52]. P is a central component of the energy-carrying molecule (adenosine triphosphate, ATP) in all cells; increased P availability resulting from PR addition may increase the formation of ATP during microbial activity and reproduction, and therefore enhance the decomposition of organic waste [5, 53]. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by detailing how composting, specifically the addition of PR (phosphate rock), enhances nutrient retention and water retention capacity in soils. It explains that the processes involved in composting, such as microbial activity and mineralization of organic matter, contribute significantly to environmental improvements in terms of soil quality and agricultural benefits. This indicates that composting has a positive environmental impact, countering the assertion that it has no impact.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Proteins can fold into their functional forms due to specific sequences of amino acids. [SEP] Text: 200702009(1F9, rat monoclonal)1:50 (IF)AntibodyGoat anti-DLL4R and D SystemsCat. #AF1389 RRID:AB_3547701:50 (IF)AntibodyMouse anti- panCadherinSigma-AldrichCat. #C1821 RRID:AB_4768261:250 (IF)AntibodyDonkey anti- mouse Alexa 555InvitrogenCat. #A-31570 RRID:AB_25361801:100 (IF)AntibodyDonkey anti-goat Alexa 488InvitrogenCat. #A-11055 RRID:AB_25341021:100 (IF)AntibodyDonkey anti-rat Alexa 488InvitrogenCat. #A-21208 RRID:AB_25357941:100 (IF)AntibodyAnti-FLAG- Peroxidase (HRP)Sigma-Aldrich(M2 mouse, monoclonal purified) Cat. #A8592 RRID:AB_4397021:10 000 (WB)AntibodyMouse anti-β-TubulinSigma-AldrichCat. #T7816 RRID:AB_2617701:500 000; 1:1 000 000 (WB)AntibodyAnti-mouse HRPAmershamCat. #NA931 RRID:AB_7722101:10 000 (WB)AntibodyMHC (Chain)Sigma-AldrichCat. #M4276 RRID:AB_4771901:250 (IHC)AntibodyAnti-DIG AP fab fragmentRocheCat. #10932741: 5 000 (ISH)AntibodyAnti-mouse biotinylated (BA9200/goat)Vector LaboratoriesCat. #BA-9200 RRID:AB_23361711:200 (IHC)Commercial assay or kit5X ReagentPromegaCat. #E1531Commercial assay or kit ReagentPromegaCat. #E1483Commercial assay or kit. #18090050Commercial assay or kitExpand High-Fidelity PCR systemRocheCat. #04743733001Commercial assay or kitTri-ReagentSigma-AldrichCat. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text lists various antibodies and reagents without any indication or discussion related to protein folding or the role of amino acid sequences in that process. Therefore, it is irrelevant to the claim regarding proteins folding into functional forms.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Coral reefs are affected by ocean acidification and warming. [SEP] Text: In the present experiment, the relatively mild change in pCO2/pH alone did not result in significantly reduced growth. A pCO2 change of similar magnitude applied in Shirayama and Thornton (2005) only resulted in differences in size after longer (>12 weeks) experimental periods. In our study, the largest reduction was seen when temperature was elevated and pH decreased/pCO2 increased. As for most poikilothermic invertebrates, echinoid metabolism follows the Q10 rule and increases with temperature increase (Ulbricht and Pritchard 1972). This was also observed here for respiration and ammonium excretion, although the increase in respiration was subtle and not significant. For both parameters, the highest metabolic rate was observed in the high temperature/high pCO2 treatment. Responses of echinoderm respiration to pH changes vary widely and often deviate from the assumption that low pH/hypercapnia induces metabolic depression in marine invertebrates (Pörtner et al. 2004; Pörtner 2008). In a previous study, we showed that respiration in Echinometra sp. A can be subtly reduced under intermediate pCO2 conditions (785–1,261), but were at the same level as the control at 1,786 μATM CO2 (Uthicke et al. 2013). A similar pattern was also observed for temperate ophiuroids and asteroids (Christensen et al. 2011; McElroy et al. 2012). Two boreal-temperate ophiuroid species exhibited increased metabolic rates with decreasing pH (Wood et al. 2008, 2011). In the present study, pH had a slightly enhancing effect on respiration, but this was more distinct under elevated temperatures. Ammonium excretion rates in tropical holothurians in summer were also higher than those at colder temperatures (Uthicke 2001). A previous study on a temperate echinoid species detected clearly higher ammonium excretion rates under elevated pCO2, but only under treatment conditions much higher than used here (~2,800 uATM; Stumpp et al. 2012b). The latter study also observed reduced O:N ratios, which was interpreted as higher protein catabolism as an additional mechanism for removing protons. Reduced O:N ratios are generally interpreted as a shift in substrate for oxidative metabolism, e. g. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing how changes in pH and pCO2 levels, tied to ocean acidification and warming, can affect the metabolic processes of marine invertebrates like echinoids. It describes a study where the most significant reductions in growth were observed under elevated temperature and decreased pH/increased pCO2 conditions, thus indicating that both ocean warming and acidification can have impacting effects on marine life, which is essential to coral reef ecosystems.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Composting food waste has no environmental impact. [SEP] Text: Therefore, an increase on the microbial biomass during composting could contribute with an increase in the organic content of C and P in the end-product, as evidenced in the results from both products. Despite the fact, there were not statistical significant differences between the treatments, there were smaller values of P in TB, which can be associated to a more intense activity of organic matter degradation during the first two phases of the process in the traditional composting. 4. conclusions of this work are: Traditional composting had higher biodegradation rates during the mesophilic and thermophilic active composting phases than the Composting (i. e. higher temperatures reached for longer periods and a higher reduction of volatile solids). However, during the cooling and maturation phases, both treatments showed similar process conditions as these were judged by the temperature, volatile solids, pH, and electrical conductivity. The twelve parameters measured here (moisture, pH, electric conductivity, total organic carbon, total nitrogen, C/N ratio, cation exchange capacity, water retention capacity, density, ash, total phosphorous, and lignin) on the end-products resulting from both the two-stage composting and traditional composting did not statistically differ. Both end-products could be used as soil improvers. Two-stage composting of green waste, food waste, phosphoric rock and sawdust at the end of the process did not influence of the processing time, degradation rate or end-product quality compared with traditional composting. Additional complementary strategies must be evaluated to improved GW composting. DeclarationsAvailability of data and materials All data generated or analyzed during this study are within the submitted manuscript. Competing interests The authors declare they have no competing interests. project was financed by the de Santander (Colombia) through project 2354 of 2017 Authors' contributions All authors read and approved the final manuscript. authors wish to thank the de Santander for the support to carry out this work. Authors' information (optional) None. 74. . Evaluation of thermophilic fungal consortium for organic municipal solid waste composting. Bioresour Technol. 2014;168:214–21. Application of seasonal freeze-thaw to pretreat raw material for accelerating green waste composting. J Environ Manag. 2019;239:96–102. Zhang L, Sun X. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by detailing the benefits of composting, such as the increase in microbial biomass and enhancement of organic content in the end-product, indicating a positive environmental impact. Additionally, it highlights that both traditional and two-stage composting yield end-products that can be used as soil improvers, suggesting that composting does indeed have significant environmental implications.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Proteins can fold into their functional forms due to specific sequences of amino acids. [SEP] Text: #T9424Chemical compound, drugSulfo-NHS-LC-BiotinThermoCat. #21335Chemical compound, drug. #29200Chemical compound, drugc-free CocktailRocheCat. #04693159001Chemical compound, drugBM-Purple AP substrate RocheSigma-AldrichCat. #11442074001Chemical compound, drugG418BiochromCat. #291–25125 μg/mlChemical compound, drugHATGibcoCat. #31062–0371:300Chemical compound, drugHTGibcoCat. #110670301:100Chemical compound, drugTunicamycinSigma-AldrichCat. #T77651 μg/mlChemical compound, drugAlcian blueSigma-AldrichCat. #A52685% working solutionChemical compound, drugAlizarin redSigma-AldrichCat. #A55335% working solutionsubstrateAdvanstaCat. #12042-D20as recommended by the manufacturer. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text lists various chemical compounds and drugs without discussing protein folding or the role of amino acid sequences in this process. Therefore, it is irrelevant to the claim about protein structure and function.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Coral reefs are affected by ocean acidification and warming. [SEP] Text: After an exposure of 9 months, individuals of Hemicentrotus pulcherrimus exposed to elevated pCO2 delayed spawning and gonad development by 1 month (Kurihara et al. 2013). Histological examination indicated that the gonads of most of the Echinometra sp. A held under conditions other than the control had fewer mature gametes. For the females, gonad condition indicated degeneration/resorption of the eggs or differential gamete release in high temperature and low pH treatments. For the males, decline in gonad condition was seen in the low pH treatments, and a synergistic effect of the stressors pH and temperature was suggested. It seems that both females and males may have released gametes over the incubation period. Spawning, however, was not observed and may have occurred at night. The urchins from the control tanks are likely to have continued to recruit gametes to the lumen (supported by the feeding regime) in continual gamete development as occurs over the long approximately 5- to 6-month spawning period of this urchin on the GBR (M Byrne pers. obs. ). In contrast, gonads of urchins in treatments with elevated temperature and/or elevated pCO2 were unable to generate new cohorts of gametes. The response of the gonads to high temperature/low pH conditions may have been an acute disturbance response rather than a response on gonad development. However, given the difference observed between the treatments, gonad condition is also an indicator of stress on the metabolism of the urchins. The differences in the response of gonad development in experimental treatments, based on data from weight and histological condition, show that the use of a gonad index can only provide a proxy of organism response, as shown in other studies of sea urchin reproduction (Byrne 1990; Byrne et al. 1998). In order to determine the reproductive response of sea urchins and other organisms to ocean change conditions, it will be important to maintain the brood stock in experimental conditions from the outset of gonad development cycle or conduct studies in organisms under naturally elevated pCO2 such as those on vent systems (Hall-Spencer et al. 2008; Fabricius et al. 2011). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by describing how elevated pCO2 (which relates to ocean acidification) and high temperatures affect the gonad development and spawning of sea urchins, specifically Hemicentrotus pulcherrimus and Echinometra sp. A. It indicates that these stressors can lead to delayed spawning, gonad degeneration, and a failure to generate new cohorts of gametes, correlating directly with the claim that coral reefs are affected by such environmental changes.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Composting food waste has no environmental impact. [SEP] Text: Influence of bulking agents on physical, chemical, and microbiological properties during the two-stage composting of green waste. Waste Manag. 2016;48:115–26. Zhang L, Sun X. Addition of fish pond sediment and rock phosphate enhances the composting of green waste. Bioresour Technol. 2017;233:116–26. Zhang L, Sun X. Improving green waste composting by addition of sugarcane bagasse and exhausted grape marc. Bioresour Technol. 2016;218:335–43. Reyes-Torres M, Oviedo-Ocaña ánchez A. A systematic review on the composting of green waste: feedstock quality and optimization strategies. Waste Manag. 2018;77:486–99. . Chemical, microbial and physical properties of manufactured soils produced by co-composting municipal green waste with coal fly ash. Bioresour Technol. 2009;100:5203–09. . Phosphorus availability from rock phosphate: combined effect of green waste composting and sulfur addition. J Environ Manag. 2016;182:557–63. . Effects of brown sugar and calcium superphosphate on the secondary fermentation of green waste. Bioresour Technol. 2013;131:68–75. Additives aided composting of green waste: effects on organic matter degradation, compost maturity, and quality of the finished compost. Bioresour Technol. 2012;114:382–88. Zhang L, Sun X. Changes in physical, chemical, and microbiological properties during the two-stage co-composting of green waste with spent mushroom compost and biochar. Bioresour Technol. 2014;171:274–84. Arias O, Viña S, Uzal M, Soto M. Composting of pig manure and forest green waste amended with industrial sludge. Environ. 2017;586:1228–36. Zhang L, Sun X. Using cow dung and spent coffee grounds to enhance the two-stage co-composting of green waste. Bioresour Technol. 2017;245:152–61. Himanen M, Hänninen K. Effect of commercial mineral-based additives on composting and compost quality. Waste Manag. 2009;29:2265–73. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by presenting various studies and findings related to composting, which imply that composting has significant physical, chemical, and microbiological effects, thus suggesting that it does have an environmental impact. The numerous references to chemical and microbiological properties, as well as the optimization strategies in composting, indicate that composting food waste alters environmental conditions.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Proteins can fold into their functional forms due to specific sequences of amino acids. [SEP] Text: #RPN2106as recommended by the manufacturerSequence-based reagentDLL1 wt ForotherNA5‘--3’Sequence-based reagentDLL1 wt RevotherNA5‘--3’Sequence-based reagentDll1lacZ ForotherNA5‘--3’Sequence-based reagentDll1lacZ RevotherNA5‘--3’Sequence-based reagentDll1Dll1ki ForotherNA5‘--3’Sequence-based reagentDll1Dll1ki RevotherNA5‘--3’ Sequence-based reagentDll1Dll4ki ForotherNA5‘--3’Sequence-based reagentDll1Dll4ki RevotherNA5‘--3’Sequence-based reagentDll1loxP ForotherNA5‘--3’Sequence-based reagentDll1loxP RevotherNA5‘--3’Sequence-based reagentT(s):Cre ForotherNA5‘--3’Sequence-based reagentT(s):Cre RevotherNA5‘--3’Sequence-based reagentZP3:Cre ForotherNA5‘--3’Sequence-based reagentZP3:Cre RevotherNA5‘--3’Sequence-based reagentHprt-CAGD1ECD_ D4ICD + neo Forthis paperNA5‘--3’Sequence-based reagentHprt-CAGD1ECD_ D4ICD + neo Revthis paperNA5‘--3’Sequence-based reagentHprt-CAGD4ECD_ D1ICD + neo Forthis paperNA5‘--3’Sequence-based reagentHprt-CAGD4ECD_ D1ICD + neo Revthis paperNA5‘--3’Sequence-based reagentHprtD1ECD_D4ICDrec and HprtD4ECD_D1IC(activated allele)this paperNA5‘--3’Sequence-based reagentHprtD [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it contains a series of sequence-based reagent notations that do not provide any information regarding protein folding or the role of amino acid sequences in this process.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Coral reefs are affected by ocean acidification and warming. [SEP] Text: The boreal-temperate echinoid Strongylocentrotus droebachiensis exhibited reduced gonadal growth in treatments with >1,000 µATM pCO2 compared to controls (Stumpp et al. 2012b). Several studies examined gonad development in echinoids under different temperatures from an aquaculture perspective. For instance, gonads of the S. droebachiensis showed little differences in development in two treatments differing by 9 °C temperature (Garrido and Barber 2001). In contrast, gonadal growth in the temperate species Paracentrotus lividus was reduced when temperature exceeded 22 °C (ambient = up to 24 °C in summer; Shpigel et al. 2004). In the latter studies and for the data presented here, it is possible that higher energy demand through faster metabolism at higher temperatures reduced energy availability for gonad development. These responses may also reflect the general trend in ectotherms ascribed to the temperature size rule, with facilitation of growth by moderate warming up to thermal limits where growth decreases (Sheridan and Bickford 2011). Coelomic fluidAmongst echinoderms, echinoids have the highest buffer capacity of the coelomic fluid to ambient pCO2 increase (Collard et al. 2013). The intestine of these animals can act as a barrier for bicarbonate ions and is selective for ion diffusion (Holtmann et al. 2013). Coelomic fluid pH in the tropical species investigated here was at similar low levels as reported for temperate echinoids (Miles et al. 2007; Spicer et al. 2011); more extreme values (down to ~pH 7. 2) were observed during emersion (Burnett et al. 2002). Coelomic fluid pH of S. droebachiensis decreased significantly (acidosis) after 4 d of exposure to moderately and highly elevated (>1,400 μATM) pCO2, but values recovered after a longer exposure, possibly due to carbonate dissolution of the test (Spicer et al. 2011). Similarly, pH in the coelomic fluid dropped sharply in Psammechinus miliaris after short-term (days) exposure and recovered slightly after longer exposure periods (Miles et al. 2007). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the impact of elevated pCO2 levels on the gonadal growth of echinoids, suggesting that ocean acidification affects marine organisms. Specifically, it mentions that the coelomic fluid pH decreased significantly after exposure to high pCO2, indicating the water's acidity changes in correlation with temperature and carbon dioxide levels. This evidence aligns with the claim that coral reefs and associated marine life are influenced by factors related to ocean acidification and warming.