Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Agroforestry combines trees and crops to promote biodiversity and soil health. [SEP] Text: Each dot represents the average disappearance rate per field and difference in numbers per field, boxes show median and interquartile ranges for each site type, with the whiskers extending to 1. 5 of the interquartile rangeFull size imageFig. 7a Egg disappearance rate (n = 20), b bird predation rate (n = 36) in open and shaded fields. Each dot represents the disappearance rate per field and difference in numbers per field, boxes show median and interquartile ranges for each site type, with the whiskers extending to 1. 5 of the interquartile rangeFull size imageFig. 8Number of attacks on surrogate caterpillars by a birds (n = 40), b invertebrates (n = 40), c rodents (n = 40), and d parasitoids (n = 40) in shaded and open fields. Each dot represents the number of attacks per field, boxes show median and interquartile ranges for each site type, with the whiskers extending to 1. 5 of the interquartile rangeFull size imageDiscussionOur study demonstrated that presence of shade trees, inside or directly adjacent to kale fields, can reduce aphid and caterpillar pest populations on kale and increase abundances of ground-dwelling predators. However, we found no direct evidence that biological control was affected by shade, as neither predation- nor parasitism rates were affected by the presence of shade trees. This indicates that biological control by natural enemies was not the only mechanism behind reduced pest populations when shade trees were present, but that effects of microclimate on pest performance and bottom-up effects on pests, such as via changes in plant quality or soil conditions, were likely to have been important as well. Effect of shade on biological controlWe found no effects of shade on predation rates and aphid parasitism rates in agroforestry systems compared to monocultures, thus not supporting several previous studies finding increased aphid parasitism rates (Alignier et al. 2014) and bird predation rates (e. g. Perfecto et al. 2004; Karp et al. 2013) in agroforestry systems, compared to monocultures. However, we did find that pooled abundances of ground-dwelling predatory beetles and spiders increased with shade. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by presenting findings that shade trees in agroforestry systems did not significantly affect predation or parasitism rates, indicating that biodiversity and soil health-promoting mechanisms may not operate as efficiently in these systems as previously thought. The authors suggest that other factors related to microclimate and plant quality might play a more significant role in pest management than the integration of trees and crops alone.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Bioengineered yeast can produce biofuels from sugars. [SEP] Text: tyrobutyricum ATCC 25755T, spent culture broth was analyzed using GC equipped with a Pegasus 2D TOF-MS (LECO, St. ) for detecting the presence of 13C in acetic and butyric acids. The column was HP-glycol (PEG) capillary column (17 m × 0. 32 mm internal diameter, 0. 25 μm film thickness, Agilent Technology, USA). The oven temperature was programmed to increase from 50°C to 150°C at a rate of 10°C/min. Helium was used as the carrier gas with a flow rate of 3 ml/min. The ionization mode employed was EI (electron impact ionization) with a scan rate of 100 spectra/sec and mass range of 40~500 m/z. The ion source temperature was 230°C [24]. Identification of the isolated Bacillus strainThe 16S rRNA gene sequence of the strain SGP1 was used as a query against the EzTaxon-e database [25, 26] and the 16S rRNA gene sequence of relatives were retrieved. The construction and evaluation of the phylogenetic trees were performed as described previously [27]. The alignment and phylogenetic analysis were performed using MEGA5 [28]. The 16s rRNA gene sequence of the strain SGP1 was submitted to GenBank ( and is registered under accession number HQ188291. 1. Fermentation conditionsFed-batch fermentations were done using a 3 L capacity bioreactor (Fermentec Co. Ltd. , Korea) with an initial working volume of 1 L. The medium was RCM supplemented with 60. 0 g/L sucrose (Sigma-Aldrich Co. USA). After autoclaving, the medium was purged with filtered oxygen-free argon gas. Overnight pre-cultures of the two strains were inoculated into the reactor at a concentration of 5% (v/v) for each strain. All fermentations were performed using agitation (200 rpm) and the pH was adjusted to the required values (5. 3 – 5. 9) by addition of a 10% ammonia solution, prepared by diluting an ammonium hydroxide solution (Cat # 320145, Sigma-Aldrich Co. USA) using sterile distilled water. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim regarding bioengineered yeast producing biofuels from sugars. Instead, it focuses on a complex scientific analysis involving bacterial strains, fermentation processes, and chemical compositions without any mention of yeast or biofuel production.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Quantum computing has potential applications in cryptography and data analysis. [SEP] Text: Квантовые технологии и квантовые компьютеры, являясь квантономической продукцией, формируют спрос на высокоскоростные системы защиты данных, в которых минимизация риска взлома и доступа к информации обусловлена применением принципов квантовой криптографии и стеганографии. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing how quantum technologies and computers drive demand for high-speed data protection systems, specifically mentioning the application of quantum cryptography principles, which directly supports the idea of potential applications in cryptography.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Agroforestry combines trees and crops to promote biodiversity and soil health. [SEP] Text: Soil samples of the two positions for each zone (T1, T2, and T3) were mixed for each depth to have one composite sample for that depth, giving a total of 12 soil samples for each sampled tree. For fields > 1 ha, the composite samples of the control (T0) per quadrat (with four samples at four sampling points giving 16 samples) were further mixed according to the procedure described above to give a single composite sample for that given field for each soil depth, or 4 samples in total. At the end of this process, regardless of its size, each field had four samples per concentric zone and 16 samples in total. There were a few cases where a hardpan did not allow sampling beyond certain depths. Soil samples were air dried under shade and shipped to the soil laboratory of the Centre (ICRAF) in Nairobi (Kenya) to be measured using a (NIR) spectroscopy method (Terhoeven-Urselmans et al. 2010) after crushing and sieving them using 2 mm sieve. Fig. 2Soil sampling design per field a under the main common tree species b for assessing the impacts of tree regeneration on soil properties in four Sahelian countries (Burkina Faso, Mali, Niger and Senegal)Full size imageTwenty percent of the samples were analyzed using the Procedures (SOPs) of the Soil–of ICRAF ( These results were used to calibrate the results of the NIR. Out of the measured elements only sand, total C and ExBas (Ca, Mg, K, and Na) were used in the analyses presented because they had sufficient precision of estimation (calibration error of 4%), based on the calibration and were not closely correlated with other parameters. Data analysisGiven the complexity of disentangling the effects of tree regeneration stages or categories from other effects, data were explored using a range of approaches and tools. We investigated the patterns of soil properties around and away from trees with reference to sand content because we expect this to be a property that is not changed by management but is a relatively fixed characteristic of each sampling point. To look at overall patterns, means of sand, total C and ExBas were plotted for different zones and soil depths (Fig. 3). This graphical method provides a visual means to compare the observed distribution of response variables against competing hypotheses:Fig. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text provides a detailed description of soil sampling and analysis processes related to tree regeneration, but it does not specifically address the claim about agroforestry's role in promoting biodiversity and soil health. Therefore, it is irrelevant to the claim as it does not provide direct support or contrast regarding the integration of trees and crops.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Bioengineered yeast can produce biofuels from sugars. [SEP] Text: Observing levansucrase enzyme on an SDS-PAGE gelA one-day (24 h) aerobic culture of B. sp. SGP1 was centrifuged and the supernatant was taken as a source for levansucrase enzyme. Concentration of the supernatant proteins was done through addition of acetone, centrifugation and then re-dissolving the precipitated proteins in phosphate buffer (pH 7. 0). SDS-PAGE gel was then carried out as described by Laemmli with a 7% (w/v) acrylamide gel. After migration, the gel was cut into two halves. One half (containing the protein markers) was stained with Coomassie blue. The other half (containing the samples) was stained using periodic acid-Schiff reagent method [29–32] as follows: first, the gel was washed in a washing buffer containing 10 mM phosphate buffer (pH 7), CaCl2 (2 mM), and Tween 80 (10. 0 g/L). Then the gel was incubated in the same solution but with 50 g/L sucrose, for 24 h at 37°C. After that, the formed levan was fixed on the gel through immersing in 70% ethanol, then the oxidizing solution (periodic acid o. 7% (w/v), acetic acid 5% (w/v)) was added, followed by sodium bisulfate washing, and finally immersing in Schiff’s reagent (#; 3952016). Sucrase and levan forming activity assayThe sucrase and levan forming activities at different temperatures and different pH values were determined by adding 50 μl of spent media, i. e. without cells, from a 20 h old B. sp. SGP1 culture to 950 μl of the reaction mixture (0. 5 M sucrose solution in phosphate buffer) [18]. To study the effect of the temperature, the pH was first adjusted to 6. 6 before incubation at the test temperatures. Likewise, a temperature of 37°C was used when studying the effect of the pH. The incubation was performed for 10 h, after which, the sucrase and the levan forming activities were measured. Sucrase activity was determined by measuring the glucose liberated using glucose kits (Merck, Germany, Cat # 1. 16720. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it details the methodology for analyzing the levansucrase enzyme and its activities without discussing bioengineered yeast or biofuel production. It focuses on specific experimental procedures and does not provide any information regarding the production of biofuels from sugars.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Quantum computing has potential applications in cryptography and data analysis. [SEP] Text: </li> <li>Квантовые технологии и квантовые компьютеры, являясь квантономической продукцией, формируют спрос на высокоскоростные системы защиты данных, в которых минимизация риска взлома и доступа к информации обусловлена применением принципов квантовой криптографии и стеганографии. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing how quantum technologies and quantum computers create demand for high-speed data protection systems, which are based on principles of quantum cryptography. This implies a direct application of quantum computing in enhancing data security, supporting the potential applications mentioned in the claim.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Agroforestry combines trees and crops to promote biodiversity and soil health. [SEP] Text: While at some locations the difference between under and away from trees is large, at others there is no apparent effect. Hence we looked for factors associated with this wide variation. Occurrence of patterns of tree regenerationThe samples away from trees (T0) probably indicated the status of soils with minimal tree effects. There were no overall differences in content of topsoil sand and exchangeable bases away from trees between fields with different levels of tree cover (Fig. 5a, c). However there was a clear difference in the topsoil total C. Sites with low tree cover tended to have higher levels of topsoil C away from trees (Fig. 5b). Both topsoil C and exchangeable bases away from trees were related to the sand content (Fig. 5d, e). The tendency for higher C away from trees in fields with low tree cover applied across the full range of sand contents, from 50 to 90% sand (Fig. 5d). This might imply that farmers choose to keep tree density low on more fertile soils, where soil C is relatively high for that particular sand content. Conversely, farmers appeared to keep or allow newly regenerating trees in sites that have low soil C relative to the sand content. This suggests that choices between tree cover classes are, among other things, a response to the site and not only a response to outside influences promoting FMNR. Fig. 5Soil status away from trees in fields with different levels of tree regeneration (low, new and high) in four Sahelian countries (Burkina Faso, Mali, Niger and Senegal). a Average sand content (%), b Topsoil (0–10 cm) total carbon (%), c Topsoil (0–10 cm) exchangeable bases (cmolc kg−1), d Topsoil carbon v average sand content, e Topsoil exchangeable bases versus average sand content. Lines are a smooth curves showing conditional meansFull size imageDifferences in species nichesFive of the fourteen dominant species (Azadirachta indica, Detarium microcarpum, Neocaria macrophylla, Tamarindus indica and Ziziphus mauritiana) occurred in only one or two samples each so there was little information about them (Table 1). Some species tended be found more in sites of one tree cover class than another (p < 0. 001). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by highlighting that tree cover can lead to varied results in soil health, specifically noting that sites with low tree cover may actually have higher soil carbon levels away from trees. This indicates that the relationship between trees and soil health is not straightforward and may rely heavily on specific site conditions rather than a uniform support for biodiversity and soil health through tree integration.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Bioengineered yeast can produce biofuels from sugars. [SEP] Text: 0001), while levan formed was measured using the following procedure: 500 μl of the sample was added to 750 μl ethanol (to precipitate levan), and then the mixture was centrifuged. The precipitate was then washed with ethanol again, dried and then boiled with 0. 1 N HCl for 30 min. Finally, the liberated fructose was analyzed using HPLC [14, 18]. AbbreviationsRCM: Reinforced clostridial medium GC: Gas chromatography HPLC: High-performance liquid chromatography FID: Flame ionization detector RID: Refractive index detector GC-MS: Gas chromatography–mass spectrometry EI: Electron impact ionization 160. 10. 1038/sj. jim. 29007951417. 663. 10. 1007/s00284-009-9491-y528. 10. 1016/j. enzmictec. 2005. 07. 008157. 10. 1016/j. jbiotec. 2004. 02. 006102. 10. 1002/bit. 105425355. 10. 1016/j. biortech. 2009. 05. 04646. CAS 56. 51. 5. 843. 10. 1016/S0032-9592(99)00007-2309. CAS 5. 5146. 10. 1016/j. ijhydene. 2008. 05. 021267. 10. 1016/j. bej. 2009. 11. 0018. 2. Biotechnol 2005, 4: 6. 2839. CAS 119. 10. 1016/S0168-1656(02)00160-8183. 10. 1007/BF01577693267. 808. 10. 1016/j. procbio. 2005. 10. 0091185. 10. 1007/s00253-010-2673-52261. 10. 1099/ijs. 0. 64915-0721. 10. 1099/ijs. 0. 038075-01317. 10. 1099/ijs. 0. 64428-02739. 10. 1093/molbev/msr121369. 10. 1016/0003-2697(73)90202-9363. 10. 1016/0003-2697(86)90266-61299. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not directly address the claim about bioengineered yeast producing biofuels from sugars. Instead, it presents experimental procedures and methods used in the analysis of levan, with references to various scientific techniques and publications. As such, the text is irrelevant to the claim being analyzed.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Quantum computing has potential applications in cryptography and data analysis. [SEP] Text: </li> <li>Квантовые технологии и квантовые компьютеры, являясь квантономической продукцией, формируют спрос на высокоскоростные системы защиты данных, в которых минимизация риска взлома и доступа к информации обусловлена применением принципов квантовой криптографии и стеганографии. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing quantum technologies and quantum computers, highlighting their role in creating high-speed data protection systems. It specifically mentions the application of quantum cryptography principles, which aligns closely with the claim that quantum computing can impact cryptography and data analysis.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Organic farming can yield the same crop quantity as conventional methods. [SEP] Text: AbstractVariability in meteorological patterns presents significant challenges to crop production consistency and yield stability. Meteorological influences on corn and soybean grain yields were analyzed over an 18-year period at a long-term experiment in Beltsville, Maryland, U. S. A. , comparing conventional and organic management systems. Precipitation and temperature variables explained much of the yield variability, with precipitation and heat stress during the late vegetative and early reproductive phases of crop growth accounting for the majority of yield variability in all crops and management systems. Crop yields under conventional and organic management followed similar periodic patterns, but yields were 31% and 20% lower in organic than conventional corn and soybean, respectively. The efficiency of grain yield per unit precipitation was higher under conventional than organic management, highlighting the importance of crop management for optimizing production in response to meteorological variability. Periodic yield and precipitation patterns did not consistently align with global meteorological cycles such as the El Niño Southern Oscillation. Similar content being viewed by others Contrasting impacts of dry versus humid heat on US corn and soybean yields 3. Heat stress can interact with drought stress by increasing vapor pressure deficits and accentuating the inability of crops to access adequate soil moisture4, 5. Against this backdrop of climatic challenges to crop production stability are issues of food system sustainability and the potential degradation of essential environmental resources6, 7. Organic agriculture has been proposed as an alternative to conventional production practices that can improve the sustainability of current food production systems8. Several recent meta-analyses of conventional versus organic farming have found that organic farming provides many benefits over conventional farming in environmental protection, improved biodiversity, higher food nutritional value, and positive economic returns. A summary of 71 publications found that European organic farms had significantly higher soil organic matter content and lower nitrogen leaching and nitrous oxide emissions per unit of field area, however, nitrogen leaching and nitrous oxide emissions per product unit were higher from organic systems9. This report also summarized 38 publications on biodiversity and found that most studies demonstrated higher species richness and abundance on organic farms. Another meta-analysis summarized 343 publications and demonstrated that concentrations of antioxidants were 19 to 69% higher in organic crops/foods, but the occurrence of pesticide residues was four times higher on conventional crops10. There was a positive difference in net returns per field area for organic versus conventional production of corn and soybean grown in the US, primarily because of price premiums paid for organic crops11. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by presenting evidence from an 18-year study comparing conventional and organic farming systems, indicating that organic yields were 31% lower for corn and 20% lower for soybean compared to conventional farming. These findings demonstrate that organic farming does not yield the same quantity as conventional methods.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Bioengineered yeast can produce biofuels from sugars. [SEP] Text: AbstractIn 2010, our group announced the discovery of two cellodextrin transporter families from the cellulolytic fungus, Neurospora crassa. Furthermore, we demonstrated the utility of these transporters in the production of lignocellulosic biofuels. This discovery was made possible by a decision to systematically study cell wall degradation by N. crassa. The identified transport pathway has opened up a new way of thinking about microbial fermentation of hexoses as well as pentoses derived from plant cell walls. Integrating this pathway with the endogenous metabolism and signaling networks of S. cerevisiae is now a major goal of our group. Developing methods to convert the sugar-rich cell walls of plants to fuel is a major societal goal,Citation1 and has become the focus of intense research. Citation2 Present methods for conversion are limited by the evolved recalcitrance of plant cell walls to depolymerization into constituent sugars, and deficiencies in the traits of microbes used to ferment these sugars to fuels such as ethanol. Citation3 It is our philosophy that fundamental breakthroughs addressing both of these limitations will be made through the study of model organisms. Hence, we study the mechanisms by which the filamentous fungus, Neurospora crassa, degrades and metabolizes plant cell walls. N. crassa has been studied since the 1920s,Citation4 and features a wealth of resources including a high quality genome,Citation5 facile methods for genetic manipulation,Citation6 an almost complete set of gene knockouts,Citation7 and an international community of researchers. In the wild, N. crassa is commonly found growing upon recently burned plant matter,Citation8 and in 1977 was reported to secrete cellulases in response to specific inducers. Citation9 However, until 2009 N. crassa was largely ignored as a model biomass degrader; research focused instead on the related fungus, Trichoderma reesei (Hypocrea jecorina). T. reesei is now favored by industry for its ability to secrete large quantities of cellulases used to deconstruct plant biomass. Citation10Biomass degradation by N. crassa was revisited in 2009, with the report of a systematic study of plant cell wall degradation by this fungus. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim directly as it primarily discusses the research on Neurospora crassa and its role in degrading plant cell walls for biofuel production. While it mentions the challenges of converting plant biomass into sugars, it does not specifically corroborate or contrast the claim regarding bioengineered yeast producing biofuels from sugars. Thus, it is considered irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Drones are used for various applications, including agriculture and delivery. [SEP] Text: 11 T2 - of F - of O - of P - 1 EP - 6 PB - Group SN - 2328-7616 UR - AB - In a world where most businesses are innovating or digitally transitioning, neglecting to experiment puts businesses at a disadvantage by making them increasingly irrelevant to the consumers, resistant to change, and unable to compete with larger and more efficient rivals. According to a survey by McKinsey, 84% of professionals feel that future success is dependent on continuous innovation in order to gain competitive advantage in the industry and respond to the competition. 13, 2022, Amazon announced its plans to make its first drone deliveries in Lockeford, California. The idea of delivery with the help of drones represents a true innovation in the e-commerce business, fastening the delivery service in a way that was almost unimaginable a few years back. However, the company faces diverse challenges endangering its project, including ever changing regulations, skepticism from the customers, and safety concerns. All of this leads to a launch that has been postponed for years, questioning the viability of the project. Indeed, Amazon has the potential to be a huge success once it finally launches its operations as it can develop a strong competitive advantage. This case analysis aims at discussing the factors involved in the implementation of the Air project to investigate whether delivery drones can possibly be a disruptive technology. This case analysis is intended to be a helpful source for class discussions as well. VL - 11 IS - 1 ER - Copy | × captcha is required. Captcha is not valid. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by specifically mentioning Amazon's plans to make its first drone deliveries in Lockeford, California. This illustrates a practical application of drones in the delivery sector, which directly supports the claim about drones being utilized for various applications, including delivery.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Organic farming can yield the same crop quantity as conventional methods. [SEP] Text: On the other hand, crop yield is often limiting on organic farms. A summary of 66 reports of 316 organic-to-conventional yield comparisons showed that, on average, yields of organically-produced crops were 25% lower than yields of conventionally-produced crops12. In a subsequent meta-analysis with upgraded analytical techniques, organic yields were shown to be 19% lower than conventional yields overall, but multi-cropping and crop rotations substantially reduced that yield gap to 9% and 8%, respectively, when these methods were applied in only organic systems13. Several reports suggest that ideal cropping systems should include a combination of high yield potential and low negative environmental impacts, drawing on the most sustainable techniques from both organic and conventional systems8, 9, 12. Results from a long-term agroecological research project in Beltsville, Maryland, the Project (FSP), have confirmed many of the findings outlined above. Crop yields were higher in conventional than organic systems, but organic systems had higher soil carbon mass, nitrogen mineralization potential, biodiversity, and net economic performance, along with lower net greenhouse gas emissions than conventional systems14,15,16,17,18. Among organic systems compared at the FSP, longer, more diverse rotations significantly increased soil particulate organic carbon and nitrogen fractions and yield, while reducing economic risk, weed populations, corn yield loss to weeds, and soil erosion potential15, 16, 18,19,20. One advantage of long-term agricultural research is the potential to determine long-term trends in cropping system performance as the systems mature21. The southeastern and mid-Atlantic coastal plain, where the FSP resides, is an area with higher than average variability in corn and soybean yields compared to the “breadbasket” regions of the world, and an area where precipitation is the primary contributor to variability1. This constraint on production provides a unique challenge to the design and functionality of mid-Atlantic cropping systems. In this paper, we focus on the inter-annual fluctuations in climate-driven crop yields across the 18-year span of the FSP experiment within conventional and organic management systems. Our objectives were to i) identify the factors most influential in determining inter-annual corn and soybean yield variations, ii) determine the comparative response of conventional and organic management systems over this time period, and iii) explore relationships among local periodic yield and precipitation patterns and global El Niño patterns. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by providing evidence that organic farming yields are often lower than those of conventional methods. It mentions that trials showed organically-produced crops had, on average, yields 25% lower than conventionally-produced crops, and even in a meta-analysis, organic yields were found to be 19% lower overall. This directly contradicts the claim that organic farming can yield the same quantity as conventional methods.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Bioengineered yeast can produce biofuels from sugars. [SEP] Text: Citation46,Citation47 Normally, perceived and actual nutrient availabilities match, and metabolism is optimal. This may no longer be the case in strains engineered to hydrolyze cellodextrins intracellularly. S. cerevisiae detects the presence of extracellular glucose via three sensors: the 7-transmembrane receptor, Gpr1; and two non-transporting transceptors, Rgt2 and Snf3 (Fig. 1). The associated signaling pathways induce a robust transcriptional response to glucose, placing S. cerevisiae in an optimal state for high-capacity fermentation. Citation48 In strains engineered to hydrolyze cellodextrins intracellularly, glucose is never present at high concentrations outside of the cell (though some glucose may leak out through the endogenous S. cerevisiae hexose transporters). Therefore, the presence of glucose in the form of cellodextrins will not be signaled through Snf3, Rgt2 & Gpr1, placing the cell in a sub-optimal state. Additional signals emanate from intracellular glucose, and presumably these pathways will still respond following hydrolysis of transported cellodextrins as is seen following the transport and hydrolysis of maltose. Citation49 Presently, we do not know if strains engineered to transport and hydrolyze cellodextrins respond appropriately to the presence of glucose in the form of cellodextrins. This will be an important area of future experimentation, the results of which may necessitate the integration of cellodextrin metabolism into the signaling network of S. cerevisiae. The identification of a cellodextrin transport pathway in N. crassa has offered insights into the strategies used by filamentous fungi to degrade plant cell walls, and the successful recapitulation of this pathway in S. cerevisiae has provided new routes for the microbial synthesis of lignocellulosic fuels. Many questions must be answered before this pathway is fully integrated with the endogenous metabolism of S. cerevisiae, and additional development will be necessary to produce a strain useful in industrial processes. Figures and TablesFigure 1 Model of the glucose sensing network of S. cerevisiae in the context of a cellodextrin transport pathway. Glucose is sensed by both extracellular and intracellular systems. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text primarily discusses the metabolism and signaling pathways of S. cerevisiae, particularly in relation to glucose sensing and the hydrolyzing of cellodextrins. While it mentions the microbial synthesis of lignocellulosic fuels, it does not directly support or refute the specific claim about bioengineered yeast producing biofuels from sugars. Instead, it outlines the complexities and uncertainties in engineering strains of yeast for optimal biofuel production, which makes the information somewhat relevant but not directly related to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Drones are used for various applications, including agriculture and delivery. [SEP] Text: & & & & &Aa : español español& & caption full caption right caption left caption center &A expert &A expert 1 Slide 2 Slides 3 Slides 4 Slides 5 Slides 6 Slides 7 full width center : AFP ripeness: A drone flies over the vineyards of a Bordeaux winemaker in southwestern France. Equipped with an infrared camera, the drone can help determine when the grapes are mature and ready for harvest. in the sky: 5 ways drones will change agriculture From spotting leaks to patrolling for pathogens, flying robots are taking up chores on the farm. Ehrenberg 10. 11. 2018 sound science and smart storiesHelp us make scientific knowledge accessible to allDonate today Not long ago, drones on a farm meant male bees, essential for a healthy hive. But like catfish, cloud and viral, drone has taken on a new meaning in the age of high tech. Drones — the small flying robot variety — are ushering in a new agricultural revolution, says information specialist Gerard Sylvester, editor of a new report on drones and farming by the Food and of the and the Union. Estimates suggest the agricultural market for the machines will be in the billions of dollars in the coming years. As farmers try to adapt to climate change and deal with other challenges, Sylvester says, drones promise to help make the whole farming enterprise more efficient. the fat: The US and health work: Why migrants are especially vulnerable to injury and death on the job Food & hens, happy world to detect clandestine nuclear weapons programs The drone technology “is already there,” says aerobiologist at in Blacksburg. But what’s rapidly advancing is the cargo the drones carry. “What you are seeing now is drones becoming the vehicle for really cool sensors,” he says. When outfitted with cameras and other data-gathering devices, drones provide an “eye in the sky,” scouting for plant pests or dry spots in need of more attention. In some countries, drones are already regularly used to deliver fertilizers or pesticides; an estimated one in three bowls of rice served in Japanese homes is grown with the help of pesticide sprayed from an unmanned helicopter. Other tasks have yet to become mainstream. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing various uses of drones, particularly in agriculture where they assist in determining grape ripeness, spotting leaks, and detecting pathogens. It also mentions that drones are already being used in some countries to deliver fertilizers and pesticides, which supports the claim regarding the diverse applications of drone technology.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Organic farming can yield the same crop quantity as conventional methods. [SEP] Text: Corn is more sensitive to drought stress from V12 to denting stage than during other phenological stages2, 26, and these stages correspond with the late critical period identified by our data. Drought in the late vegetative period (V12–V16) negatively affects ear formation and tassel emergence, while stress during pollination and fertilization reduces kernel formation and yield27. Likewise, high heat stress during this critical period also contributes to drought stress through increasing vapor pressure deficit, which increases demand for soil water to sustain a given rate of carbon assimilation and reduces soil water availability by raising evapo-transpiration rates4. Vapor pressure deficit during the third month after planting (during late vegetative and early reproductive periods) was most influential in determining corn and soybean yields in the US Corn Belt3. Weed cover was not significantly correlated with yield in conventional corn and soybeans, and was not a significant factor in multiple regression analyses of these crops (Table 1). In contrast, significant correlation and standardized coefficients for weed cover in organic systems suggested that weed competition had a significant influence on yield in organic systems. Previous research showed that corn yield reduction due to weeds at FSP ranged from 4 to 76%, with the highest yield loss occurring during years with below-average precipitation and the lowest yield loss during years with above-average precipitation20. Consequently, weed competition probably contributed to the overall impact of drought on lowering crop yields in organic systems at FSP. Other management variables had no impact on yield (Table 1). Preplant tillage was the principle factor distinguishing the no-tillage and chisel-tillage conventional systems, but this variable had no significant effect on yield in either corn or soybeans. Rotational diversity (as quantified by the number of rotational years without a row crop) was the primary variable distinguishing organic systems, but this variable had no significant effect on yield. Although nitrogen is known to have a major role in determining corn yield, nitrogen was not included as a variable in these analyses. Both no-tillage and chisel-tillage conventional systems received similar amounts of fertilizer so this factor would not be expected to have explanatory power in differentiating conventional yields. Organic amendments including legume cover crops, alfalfa, and/or poultry litter were applied to give similar available nitrogen each year, so these also would not be expected to differentiate organic yields. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the negative impact of weed competition on yields in organic farming systems, highlighting that corn yield reduction due to weeds ranged from 4 to 76%, particularly under drought conditions. This indicates that organic systems may not yield the same quantity as conventional methods, where weed cover was not significantly correlated with yields.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Bioengineered yeast can produce biofuels from sugars. [SEP] Text: Extracellular glucose is sensed by the 7-transmembrane protein, Gpr1, as well as the non-transporting transceptors, Snf3 and Rgt2. Intracellular glucose, which can enter through the hexose transport system (Hxt), is sensed by a pathway that involves Hxk2. Signals emanating from Gpr1 and intracellular glucose converge to induce a genome-wide transcriptional response through the Ras/PKA pathway, which includes adenylate cyclase (Cyr1) and protein kinase A (Tpk1, Tpk2, Tpk3). Signals emanating from Snf3 and Rgt2 modulate the expression of various hexose transporters through Std1 and Mth1. A cellodextrin transport pathway would likely bypass Gpr1, Snf3 or Rgt2, but may activate the Ras/PKA pathway following transport and hydrolysis of cellodextrins. This figure is a simplified model adapted from Rolland et al. Citation50Display full size 10. 1126/science. 1137016 Pubof Science ®10. 1098/rsif. 2009. 0564 Pubof Science ®10. 1038/nature01554 Pubof Science ®10. 1016/S0065-2660(06)57002-6 Pubof Science ®10. 1073/pnas. 0601456103 Pubof Science ®10. 1186/1471-2164-9-327 Pubof Science ®10. 1073/pnas. 0906810106 Pubof Science ®10. 1002/bit. 20282 Pubof Science ®10. 1126/science. 119283 Pubof Science ®10. 1007/s00253-009-2236-9 Pubof Science ®10. 1038/nature08867 Pubof Science ®10. 1128/AEM. 00058-10 Pubof Science ®10. 1128/Aem. 68. 9. 4546-53. 2002 Pubof Science ®10. 1002/(SICI)1097-0061(19980115)14:1<67::AID-YEA200>3. 0. CO;2-T Pubof Science ®2. 0. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim about bioengineered yeast producing biofuels from sugars. It describes cellular processes related to glucose sensing and does not provide information linking yeast to biofuel production.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Drones are used for various applications, including agriculture and delivery. [SEP] Text: US farmers, including grape growers in California and New York, have been experimenting with drones to survey for areas of “low vigor” where water may be lacking or soil isn’t up to snuff. While drones aspire to be all-seeing, there are still blind spots: Discerning a weed from a crop, for example, requires particular powers of perception. And earthly challenges remain, including how to analyze and interpret the reams of data gathered by the gliding gadgets, and how and with whom such data will be shared. Nonetheless, drones will probably soon become a standard piece of farm machinery. Here are some examples of the many potential jobs for these flying robots:1. Crop assessmentMonitoring fields takes time and manpower. Drones can sweep through and take stock, inspecting for slow-growing plants that might need a hit of nitrogen or some other remedy. Sensors that measure particular wavelengths of light absorbed and reflected by plants can generate color contrast images that highlight problem areas in a field. Images generated from these data include NDVI (normalized difference vegetation index) maps, which have long been created using satellites and airplanes by calculating the ratio of the difference of near-infrared and visible light radiation. Newer sensors take advantage of additional wavelengths in the light spectrum and may add filters and other resolution-enhancing tricks. Not only can soil, crop and forest be told apart, but sick plants can also be spotted because stressed or dehydrated plants reflect light differently. Recent research shows that this spectral data can reveal crops that have been injured by the drifting pesticide dicamba, and can spot herbicide-resistant weeds growing between rows. Wheat watch: After a farmer in Ontario, Canada, learned army worms had infested some of his crop, researchers surveyed his fields with a sensor-equipped drone. The resulting maps highlighted areas for further investigation: The NDVI map (bottom) has a section infested by the army worms (B), next to a worm-free, healthy alfalfa field (A). A rocky outcrop is visible (D). An area where wheat stems are damaged (C) stands out as bright pink in the mosaic infrared color composite map (top). : C. / 2014 Differentiating a weed from a crop plant within a row is still a challenge. “Green is green,” says agricultural engineer of the US Department of Agriculture’s Unit, in Stoneville, Mississippi. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by providing specific examples of how drones are used in agriculture, such as surveying for areas of low vigor in crops and conducting crop assessments. It details the various applications of drones in farming, including using sensors to gather data on crop health and differentiating between weeds and crops.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Organic farming can yield the same crop quantity as conventional methods. [SEP] Text: Measurements of available soil nitrogen in each plot each year were not available. However, analysis of total and mineralizable soil nitrogen after two rotational cycles demonstrated little difference between no-tillage and chisel-tillage conventional systems or among the three organic rotations18. Conventional versus organic yield comparisonBecause crop yields were highly influenced by inter-annual meteorological conditions, a comparison of crop yields under conventional and organic management required adjustment to remove meteorological influences. Also, because crops were often planted at different times and therefore subjected to different meteorological conditions in the same year, a simple analysis of variance with blocking for each year would not remove all meteorological effects. Consequently, an analysis of covariance was performed with important precipitation and temperature variables as co-variables to adjust yield to common conditions. When adjusted for precipitation and heat stress, there was a significant difference between yield of conventionally and organically managed corn (P < 0. 05). The least squared mean of conventional corn yield was 6660 kg ha−1 whereas that for organic corn was 4610 kg ha−1, representing a 31% reduction with organic management. This yield reduction in organic compared to conventional corn at FSP is higher than average yield reductions that have been reported in recent meta-analyses of organic yields12, 13. Despite the higher yield capacity of soils in FSP organic versus conventional management systems after two rotational cycles (attributed to greater soil nitrogen mineralization potential18), corn yields have remained consistently lower in organic systems throughout the course of this experiment. Poor weed control leading to weed competition is an important factor influencing organic corn yield. When weed cover was added as a covariate along with precipitation and heat stress in the analysis of covariance model, the yield reduction of organic relative to conventional management was reduced from 31 to 16%. This suggests that poor weed control in organic corn accounted for a significant portion of the yield differential between organic and conventional yield, but did not account for all of it. Reduced crop populations have also been identified as contributing to this yield deficit16, 28, while the possibility that organic corn cultivars have lower yield potential than conventional cultivars may be an important consideration that has not been documented. Preliminary investigations at FSP suggest that organic corn cultivars do yield lower than conventional corn cultivars when planted on the same date and grown with the same production practices (Cavigelli, unpublished data). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by providing evidence that organic corn yields are consistently lower than conventional corn yields due to several factors. Specifically, it notes a yield reduction of 31% for organic corn compared to conventional management, which is statistically significant. The text also mentions that while poor weed control accounts for a portion of this yield differential, other factors such as reduced crop populations and potentially lower yield potential of organic cultivars contribute to the overall lower yields in organic systems.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Bioengineered yeast can produce biofuels from sugars. [SEP] Text: Metabolic engineering of Zymomonas mobilis for 2,3-butanediol production from lignocellulosic biomass sugars access Published: 02 September 2016 Metabolic engineering of Zymomonas mobilis for 2,3-butanediol production from lignocellulosic biomass sugars : orcid. org/0000-0002-9394-91481 nAff3, Ali Mohagheghi1, Franden1, Yat-Chen Chou1, Xiaowen Chen1, Nancy Dowe1, Michael E. Himmel2 & …Min Zhang1 Show authors Biotechnology for Biofuels 0. 3 h−1 when about 80 g/L 2,3-BDO was supplemented to the growth medium, whereas less than 45 g/L ethanol was needed to slow the growth of Z. mobilis to similar growth rate. When 80 g/L ethanol was added into the medium, the growth rate of Z. mobilis was only about one-third of that observed for the same amount of 2,3-BDO added (Fig. 1). Even when the concentration of 2,3-BDO was increased to 100 g/L, the growth rate of Z. mobilis decreased to 0. 25 h−1, but it was still more than half of the control without 2,3-BDO supplementation. The low toxicity of 2,3-BDO to Z. mobilis indicates that Z. mobilis has a strong potential for achieving high titers, rate, and yields for 2,3-BDO production. Fig. 1The impact of meso-2,3-BDO and ethanol supplementation on growth of Z. mobilis in RMG medium at 30 °C using Bioscreen C. Relative growth rate (%) is the percentage of growth rate with chemical supplementation compared to control withoutFull size image Construct a minimized vector for pathway engineeringTo maximize the pathway engineering potential allowing for large plasmid constructions such as the three-gene 2,3-BDO pathway in this study, a minimized shuttle vector was constructed. The resultant plasmid, pEZ15Asp (pEZ), contains only the essential elements: origins of replication for both E. coli and Z. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text discusses the metabolic engineering of Zymomonas mobilis for the production of 2,3-butanediol from lignocellulosic biomass sugars but does not mention bioengineered yeast or specifically biofuels produced from sugars. Therefore, it is irrelevant to the claim as it does not support or contrast the notion of bioengineered yeast producing biofuels.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Drones are used for various applications, including agriculture and delivery. [SEP] Text: He’s working on algorithms to determine such things as leaf shape and texture that, combined with imaging information, could tell cotton from crabgrass. 2. Counting cattleCattle ranchers with lots of land to cover are using drones to keep track of their livestock and survey where fences need fixing. When outfitted with high-definition thermal imagers and night-capable cameras, drones can also help survey for unwanted animals that might be ravaging a herd. (Such drones have also become a tool for tracking human poachers in places like India’s Park, home of the one-horned rhino. ) Early efforts by NASA to monitor vegetation growing in the via satellite led to the development of the normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI). This visual yardstick of plant greenery is possible because plant leaves absorb and reflect different wavelengths of light: chlorophyll in healthy leaves absorb visible light (some green is reflected, which we see) while reflecting near-infrared light. A yellow, stressed leaf and a dead leaf (as well rocks as soil) reflect and absorb these wavelengths differently. Drones equipped with sensors can gather this spectral data and create maps that show variability in crop health. Moderns tweaks — sensors for additional wavelengths of light or using filters or lasers, for example — and more sophisticated analyses offer improved resolution for farmers who want a quick evaluation of a field. 3. Monitoring for diseaseWithout close scrutiny, pathogens that wilt, wither and otherwise damage crops can escape detection and spread. While spectral imaging technologies can reveal yellowed plants within fields of green, Virginia Tech’s Schmale is using drones to ferret out high-flying pathogens before they even land. He has captured airborne spores of the fungus Fusarium graminearum, which can devastate wheat and corn, that have traveled kilometers and more. If a farmer knows of a pathogen outbreak in a nearby county, air sampling could provide an alert to its impending arrival. Federal and state agencies could also monitor for pathogens at a larger scale, allowing farmers to be at the ready before outbreaks occur. 4. Water watchMany fields aren’t uniformly flat. Some sections may dry out faster than others or be missed by watering equipment. Spectral and thermal imaging can reveal dry spots where crops will wither. Imaging can also detect leaks in equipment and irrigation canals. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by outlining various agricultural applications of drones, such as monitoring crop health through spectral data, tracking livestock, and detecting pathogens before they impact crops. These examples illustrate the diverse and beneficial uses of drones in agriculture, supporting the assertion that drones are utilized for various applications.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Organic farming can yield the same crop quantity as conventional methods. [SEP] Text: After adjustment for precipitation and heat stress, the least squared mean of conventional soybean yield was 3040 kg ha−1 whereas that for organic soybean was 2420 kg ha−1, representing a 20% reduction with organic management. Similar differences between conventional and organic yields have been found in meta-analyses of soybean12, 13. When weed abundance was added as a covariate along with precipitation and heat stress in the soybean analysis of covariance model, the yield reduction of organic relative to conventional management was reduced from 20 to 7%. This suggests that poorer weed control in organic soybean accounted for most of the yield difference between management practices. Previous analyses of FSP soybean yield demonstrated a similar conclusion28. Yield-precipitation efficiencyGiven the strong influence that precipitation has in determining crop yields as shown in this and many other reports5, 22,23,24,25, the efficiency of grain production per unit of precipitation for conventional and organic management was explored. In this case, an analysis of covariance was used to compare yield-precipitation slopes for conventional and organic management. This analysis showed significant management by precipitation interactions for all contrasts between conventional and organic management groups (S3) and significantly higher yield per unit precipitation slopes with conventional than with organic management for both corn and soybean (Fig. 2). This suggests that conventionally-managed crops at FSP used precipitation more efficiently than organic crops. The presence of weeds that compete for soil moisture is clearly responsible, in part, for lower efficiency in organic crops. Higher percent weed cover in the organic high (mean = 53%) than organic low (12%) weed group undoubtedly resulted in lower yield per unit precipitation in the high-weed group, although this difference was only significant for organic corn (S3). In addition, although the same weed cover threshold defined both the conventional and the low-weed organic groups, the average percent weed cover was lower in the conventional than in the low-weed organic group (4 versus 12% in corn and 2 versus 12% in soybean). So, a portion of the difference between the conventional and low-weed organic groups may still have resulted from greater competition with weeds for soil moisture in the low-weed organic group. Figure 2Yield response of (a) corn and (b) soybean to precipitation during the most beneficial period. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by presenting data indicating that conventional soybean yields (3040 kg ha−1) are significantly higher than organic soybean yields (2420 kg ha−1), representing a 20% reduction with organic management. This suggests that organic farming does not yield the same quantity of crops as conventional methods.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Bioengineered yeast can produce biofuels from sugars. [SEP] Text: mobilis, an antibiotic marker of spectinomycin resistance gene addA, and multiple cloning sites and, therefore, significantly reduces its size when compared with the original plasmid (from 8 to 3 kb). Multiple cloning sites include restriction enzyme sites of and PstI for the Biobrick cloning strategy [67] enabling pathway engineering (see Table 1 and S1A for plasmid information and sequence). Table 1 The source and components of the 2,3-BDO pathway constructed and the corresponding 2,3-BDO titer (g/L) after 24-h post-inoculation in Z. mobilis 8bFull size table Identify and select 2,3-BDO pathway genes for heterologous 2,3-BDO pathway constructionLiterature related to 2,3-BDO production was reviewed, which includes the analysis of native 2,3-BDO biosynthesis pathways in addition to the expression of heterologous enzymes for 2,3-BDO production [1, 2, 5, 10, 12, 13, 15, 16, 19, 20, 23, 25, 27, 68, 69]. The 2,3-BDO pathways from Bacillus licheniformis and Enterobacter cloacae have been successfully expressed in E. coli [13, 16, 30, 33, 70, 71], suggesting the feasibility of 2,3-BDO production in Z. mobilis. The gene combination resulting in high 2,3-BDO yields and experimental methods reported in these papers laid a solid foundation for our work. We then compiled a list of 2,3-BDO pathway genes and the promising source microorganisms. After eliminating pathogenic organisms from our list, we chose two bacterial species, B. licheniformis and E. cloacae, for the source of our three-gene 2,3-BDO biosynthesis pathway reported here. The sequences (nucleotide and protein) of three genes (als, aldC, and bdh) were extracted and BLASTed against the Z. mobilis genome including our recently updated native plasmid sequences. BLAST results indicate that Bdh only has homologs with low similarity in Z. mobilis; therefore, heterologous bdh genes were included in our pathway engineering strategy. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim directly or indirectly; it focuses on the genetic aspects and methodologies related to 2,3-BDO production in Z. mobilis and other bacterial species. There is no mention or evidence regarding bioengineered yeast or their ability to produce biofuels from sugars.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Drones are used for various applications, including agriculture and delivery. [SEP] Text: 1 of Science and Engineering, Ritsumeikan University, Kusatsu 525-8577, Japan 2 of and Technology, Osaka University, Suita 565-0871, Japan 3 Faculty of 939-0398, Japan * Authors to whom correspondence should be addressed. Views:821 Downloads:108 10. 35534/dav. 2024. 10008 Received: 11 May 2024 Accepted: 21 June 2024 Published: 24 June 2024 © 2024 The authors. This is an open access 4. 0 ( : In recent years, there has been a growing interest in utilizing drones for parcel delivery among companies, aiming to address logistical challenges. However, effective optimization of delivery routes is essential. A theoretical framework termed the Flight Speed-aware Problem (FSVRP) has emerged to address the variability in drone flight speed based on payload weight. Several approximate methods have been proposed to solve the FSVRP. Our research endeavors to optimize parcel delivery efficiency and reduce delivery times by introducing a novel delivery problem. This problem accounts for multiple deliveries while considering the variability in flight speed due to diverse payloads. Through experimentation, we evaluate the efficacy of our proposed method compared to existing approaches. Specifically, we assess total flight distance and flight time. Our findings indicate that even in cases where the payload exceeds maximum capacity, all parcels can be delivered through multiple trips. Furthermore, employing a multi-trip FSVRP approach results in an average reduction of 10% in total flight time, even when payload capacities are not exceeded. Keywords: Delivery drones; Vehicle routing problem; Multi-trip routing 1. delivery has emerged as a transformative force within modern logistics and distribution sectors. Offering rapid and efficient on-demand delivery, drones markedly diminish the necessity for physical store visits and waiting times, providing consumers with unparalleled convenience compared to conventional delivery methods. Their capacity to reach remote and infrastructure-limited areas holds promise for substantial enhancements in material supply, particularly in rural or emergency contexts. Operating around the clock, drones offer flexible and expeditious services to both daily life and business operations. Moreover, given that the majority of drones operate on electricity, they notably curtail carbon emissions in comparison to traditional fuel-powered delivery vehicles, thus making a significant contribution to environmental conservation [1]. In enhancing accessibility, drones facilitate the delivery of basic goods, such as medical supplies and food, to remote or underserved areas, thereby easing the acquisition of necessary materials for residents in these regions. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the recent interest in utilizing drones for parcel delivery among companies, indicating that drones are indeed applied in delivery scenarios. It also mentions drones' roles in logistics and distribution, supporting the broader applications of drones indicated in the claim.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Organic farming can yield the same crop quantity as conventional methods. [SEP] Text: Positive SST anomalies were associated with negative precipitation anomalies in 1983, 1987, 1998, and 2007; while negative SST anomalies were associated with positive precipitation anomalies in 1984, 1989, 1996, and 2000 (Supplementary Fig. S6). However, considering all years, there were low correlations between July precipitation and SST anomalies that occurred from three winters before to one winter after the precipitation period (correlation coefficients ranged from −0. 17 to 0. 15, Supplementary Fig. S5). Therefore, the lack of correlation between either yields or July precipitation and SST anomalies for this 35 year period suggests that observed local patterns are unlikely to have occurred as a direct result of teleconnections to ENSO cycles. There is no question that ENSO activity has a profound influence on global weather patterns32, but local weather probably is modulated by a sufficiently large number of factors so as to preclude consistently predictable relationships to ENSO cycles34. Data presented in this paper show that corn and soybean yields at the FSP site in the US mid-Atlantic coastal plain from 1996 to 2014 were largely driven by fluctuations in precipitation and heat stress. Given the demonstrated periodic occurrence of droughts in the mid-Atlantic area, it is recommended that water mitigation strategies become a high priority. Despite a tenuous association between ENSO and crop performance in Maryland, the projected increased frequency of extreme ENSO events may still result in an overall increased frequency of extreme local weather events37. Integrated water management including irrigation and water conservation practices can form a reasonable mitigation strategy29, but water usage will need to be balanced with urban demand for water in this highly populated region of the US. Organic farming has many environmental and nutritional merits, but lower yields and inferior precipitation use efficiency, as illustrated in this paper, suggest that alternative systems will be needed to grow these crops sustainably in this region. This may involve hybrid systems integrating the best of conventional no-tillage systems with the soil improving aspects of organic rotations8, 9, 12. Or it may involve shifting production away from a water and resource intensive crop such as corn. There is advocacy for production of crops that more closely match human nutritional requirements38, and this approach may be highly desirable in this densely populated region of the US. Integrated grain and vegetable production rotations need to be developed that utilize all seasons including those with low vapor pressure deficits and that would be more resilient to periodic climatic fluctuations. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by stating that organic farming has lower yields and inferior precipitation use efficiency. It elaborates on the need for alternative systems to achieve sustainable crop production, suggesting that organic farming may not meet the same yield levels as conventional methods, particularly in water and resource-intensive scenarios.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Bioengineered yeast can produce biofuels from sugars. [SEP] Text: In addition, the reaction that Bdh catalyzes is a reversible reaction, with some enzymes preferring NADPH as a cofactor. Bdh enzymes preferring the reduction reaction from acetoin to butanediol using NADH were selected for minimizing redox imbalance and for achieving high 2,3-BDO yield. results for the other two enzymes required for 2,3-BDO production indicate that Z. mobilis possesses three homologs to Als, of which ZMO1139/ZMO1140 (IlvB/C) may form a complex contributing to amino acid biosynthesis. The homolog ZMO0687 has a high similarity to the catabolic enzyme, Als. The high similarity between Als, IlvB (ZMO1139), and Pdc (ZMO1360) based on protein sequence alignment indicates that there could potentially be competition among them for substrate (pyruvate) binding and utilization. Additionally, since Pdc in Z. mobilis is required for ethanol production, providing energy, and maintaining redox balance for robust cellular growth, strategies to shift the carbon flux toward 2,3-BDO production are required. This can be accomplished by inhibiting pdc gene expression and Pdc enzyme activity or by enhancing the performance of the heterologous Als enzyme. Gene expression patterns of the Als homologous gene in Z. mobilis were subsequently examined using public and in-house transcriptomic datasets of microarray and next-generation sequencing (NGS)-based RNA-Seq. The result indicated that the als gene homologs are abundantly expressed under different conditions, and that ZMO0687 is also differentially expressed in cells grown from media containing different carbon sources (e. g. , downregulated in xylose medium compared to glucose). Furthermore, ZMO1141, which catalyzes the formation of (R)-2,3-dihydroxy-3-methylbutanoate from α-acetolactate (hereafter referred to as acetolactate) for valine, isoleucine, and leucine biosynthesis, has an abundant transcript level of average log2-based microarray intensity result of 13. 78 compared to 14. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim about bioengineered yeast producing biofuels from sugars. Instead, it discusses various enzymes, their roles, and gene expression patterns in Z. mobilis, which are related to metabolic processes but do not provide any information on biofuels or the production of biofuels from sugars by yeast. Therefore, it is deemed irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Drones are used for various applications, including agriculture and delivery. [SEP] Text: In natural disasters or other emergencies, their rapid response capabilities and delivery of essential goods strengthen relief efforts. Drones are also utilized in assessing and surveying disaster-stricken areas, aiding in the efficiency of rescue operations [2,3,4]. From an economic perspective, the drone delivery industry is anticipated to create millions of new jobs in manufacturing, maintenance, and operation. The industry is expected to promote online shopping and support the growth of e-commerce businesses while further streamlining logistics and supply chains across various industries, ultimately leading to cost reductions and increased efficiency. Numerous studies have reviewed the literature on package delivery drones [5,6,7,8,9]. However, challenges such as safety concerns, privacy issues, noise pollution, the need for regulatory and legislative measures, and batteries also exist. Extensive research in the domain of delivery drones has delved into numerous facets of their operation and utility, as highlighted in various studies [10,11,12]. In the field of package delivery, many studies have focused on arc routing [13,14]. Furthermore, there are studies pertaining to hybrid truck-drone delivery systems [15,16]. In the context of orchestrating deliveries to multiple consumers, the Problem (VRP) has been put forth as a viable framework. VRP is a family of optimization problems that deal with finding the most efficient routes for vehicles, given a set of customer locations to be visited and constraints such as vehicle capacity and travel time. Various variations of VRP exist and are not well-defined [17]. However, the predominant focus of VRP research has traditionally been on vehicular deliveries, specifically trucks, casting doubts on its direct applicability to drone-based delivery systems. Considering this, Poikonen et al. have pioneered an alternative approach specifically tailored for delivery drones, with an emphasis on minimizing delivery time [18]. While there are other contributions in the field of delivery drone routing, they generally presuppose a uniform flight speed for the drones [19,20,21,22,23]. This assumption presents a discrepancy from the dynamics observed in real-world delivery scenarios, where flight speed varies considerably. To address these limitations, Funabashi et al. devised the Flight Speed-aware Problem (FSVRP), which incorporates considerations for variations in flight speed attributable to differing payload weights and formulated a dynamic programming strategy to tackle FSVRP [24,25]. The implementation of additional constraints within this algorithm could necessitate substantial modifications. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing various applications of drones, particularly in delivery contexts. It emphasizes their rapid response capabilities in emergencies, use in assessing disaster areas, and their role in the economy, especially regarding the drone delivery industry. The mention of the industry creating jobs and supporting e-commerce aligns with the broader claim about the varied applications of drones.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Organic farming can yield the same crop quantity as conventional methods. [SEP] Text: Thus, European member states report a high number of derogations for the use of non-organic seeds each year (Solfanelli et al. , 2021). Solfanelli et al.  (2022a) provided the first European-wide estimation of organic seed supply and demand. Their research showed that the share of certified organic seeds, organic farm-saved seeds and non-organic seeds which were purchased differed between crops and regions within Europe. On average, the share of non-organic seeds, granted through derogations, varied between 48. 5% in eastern European regions and 18. 6% in central European regions. Solfanelli et al.  (2022a) also found differences between crop types. Fruit production farms used the most non-organic seeds (41. 9%), followed by forages (35. 6%), arable farms (29. 8%), and vegetable farms (24. 6%). The reported high proportion of non-organic seeds showed that the supply of suitable varieties of organic seeds in Europe was still lacking. The new EC 2018/848 foresees a phasing out of derogations on the use of non-organic seeds by the end of 2036 (European Union, 2018). Padel et al.  (2021) stated that the full enforcement of the regulation to use only organic seeds might have unforeseen consequences, such as a reduction in agrobiodiversity in organic farming, rather than supporting an increase in supply. Padel et al. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by providing evidence that there is a high reliance on non-organic seeds in organic farming practices, which suggests that organic farming may not be able to yield the same crop quantity as conventional methods. It highlights that the share of non-organic seeds varies significantly across different types of farms, and the enforcement of regulations to use only organic seeds could lead to a reduction in agrobiodiversity, potentially hindering crop yields.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Bioengineered yeast can produce biofuels from sugars. [SEP] Text: Growth conditions that varied the shaking speed and medium volume affecting oxygen dispersion impacted acetoin and 2,3-BDO production (Fig. 3b). For example, acetoin titers rose above 10 g/L when the shaking speed was increased to 200 rpm with 40 mL medium in the 125-mL baffled flask (Fig. 3b). Fig. 3Biomass (OD600 nm), acetoin, 2,3-BDO, and ethanol titers after 24-h post-inoculation under different fermentation conditions which varied shaking speed (120 or 200 rpm), volume (100 or 40 mL in 125-mL flask), and media (RMG8, RMG8X6, and DMR) for control strain 22C(pEZ) (a) and three-gene pathway construct Z. mobilis 22C-BC5 (b) at 33 °CFull size image Optimize heterologous 2,3-BDO pathway to increase 2,3-BDO titerInitial 2,3-BDO engineering efforts in introducing heterologous aldC and bdh genes into Z. mobilis resulted in the 2,3-BDO production of about 3. 7 g/L, which confirms that both aldC and bdh genes are required for 2,3-BDO production in Z. mobilis. Furthermore, the addition of a heterologous als gene from E. cloacae increased 2,3-BDO titers to about 5. 0 g/L (Table 2), which again upheld the assumption that an additional als gene may be needed to redirect carbon flux from ethanol production into 2,3-BDO to compete with the abundant and highly active Z. mobilis Pdc enzyme. Our data thus suggested that the bottleneck reactions to increase 2,3-BDO production could be acetolactate generation from pyruvate and 2,3-BDO production from acetoin. We hypothesize that stronger als and bdh genes, or genes encoding more active enzymes, will boost BDO production. To ascertain whether other heterologous als genes with higher specific enzymatic activities than E. cloacae one as reported in E. coli [16] could improve carbon flux from ethanol production into 2,3-BDO, als genes from B. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not directly address the claim regarding bioengineered yeast producing biofuels from sugars. It focuses on production conditions and results related to specific compounds (acetoin, 2,3-BDO) but does not explicitly state that bioengineered yeast produces biofuels or sugar conversion processes. Therefore, it is deemed irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Drones are used for various applications, including agriculture and delivery. [SEP] Text: Furthermore, Furthermore, due to its high expressiveness in formulating complex constraints and objectives [26,27,28], an methodology was introduced for FSVRP. This approach enables the solving of the problem through the application of a standard mathematical optimization solver, offering a generalized solution framework [29]. The primary objective of this problem is to ascertain the most optimal route for drones, encompassing their journey from the base to the customers and subsequently returning to the base. This optimization process is specifically geared towards minimizing flight time by meticulously considering the speed variations induced by different payload weights. The methodologies proposed thus far have significantly contributed to the expansion of the FSVRP framework. Nevertheless, a common assumption in these models is that a solitary drone is capable of delivering all parcels within a single journey. This poses a limitation when the aggregate weight of the parcels surpasses the drone’s maximum payload capacity, resulting in the inability to deliver all packages in one trip. In our research, we introduce an advanced delivery drone routing model that accommodates multiple delivery rounds, taking into account the variations in flight speed due to varying payload weights. The multi-delivery strategy proposed herein is capable of transporting a greater volume of parcels as compared to the FSVRP-Single-trip delineated in [29]. Additionally, it is noteworthy that the FSVRP single trip typically involves a lesser number of parcels per trip. Enhancing the drone’s flight speed while simultaneously reducing total flight duration can lead to a notable decrease in energy consumption. Therefore, in this context, minimizing flight time is synonymous with minimizing energy usage. The structure of this paper is delineated as follows. 2, we detail the FSVRP and elaborate on an integer programming-based method tailored for FSVRP. Section 3 is dedicated to introducing the FSVRP framework extended to encompass multiple deliveries. Section 4 outlines the experimental methodology employed in our study and discusses the findings from our evaluation experiments. Finally, Section 5 serves as the conclusion of this paper, summarizing key insights and contributions. 2. section describes the Flight Speed-aware Problem (FSVRP) defined in [24,25]. Central to FSVRP is the concept of optimizing drone routing by accounting for fluctuations in flight speed, which are contingent upon the payload. The primary objective of this problem is to ascertain the most optimal route for drones, encompassing their journey from the base to the customers and subsequently returning to the base. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the use of drones for delivery applications, specifically highlighting the introduction of an advanced delivery drone routing model that improves efficiency in transporting parcels. It details the optimization of drone routing to minimize flight time and accommodate multiple delivery rounds, which directly supports the notion that drones are utilized in delivery applications.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Organic farming can yield the same crop quantity as conventional methods. [SEP] Text: An overview of field beanThe left axis displays changes in supply of cultivars from organic multiplication (Organic), changes in cultivars requested from conventional multiplication (Conventional), and the number of derogations requested per year (Derogations). The right axis displays the corresponding organic crop area (Acreage) in hectares per year in Germany. Figure 15. Scatter plots with regression lines for field bean from 2005 to 2017 (a) the number of cultivars available from organic multiplication; (b) the number of cultivars requested from conventional multiplicationFigure 16. An overview of lupineThe left axis displays changes in supply of cultivars from organic multiplication (Organic), changes in cultivars requested from conventional multiplication (Conventional), and the number of derogations requested per year (Derogations). The right axis displays the corresponding organic crop area (Acreage) in hectares per year in Germany. Figure 17. Scatter plots with regression lines for lupine from 2005 to 2017 (a) the number of cultivars available from organic multiplication; (b) the number of cultivars requested from conventional multiplication3. 1 Analysis of Market DevelopmentTo determine the strength of the association between the offer of organic-quality cultivars and the number of requested conventional-quality seed cultivars, a correlation analysis was performed. For this purpose, data on the compilation of all cereal crops were examined. As the number of derogations for conventional-quality maize cultivars depended on their classification as a category I crop, maize was excluded from this analysis. As a result, Figure 18 demonstrates a scatter plot with a regression line, with the p-value of the correlation below the x-axis. The scatter plot indicates an approximately linear relationship between the two variables. Based on Spearman's rank correlation, the correlation coefficient could also describe a non-linear relationship. Consequently, a strong negative relationship between the offer of organic-quality cultivars and the number of requested conventional-quality seed cultivars can be observed. The negative correlation shows that the higher the supply of organic-quality cereal seed cultivars recorded in the German national database, the lower the number of requested conventional-quality cereal seed cultivars, and vice versa. Figure 18. Negative correlation between the availability of organic-quality cultivars and the number of requested seed cultivars from conventional production (maize excluded)3. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by presenting evidence that indicates a strong negative correlation between the availability of organic-quality cultivars and the number of requested conventional-quality seed cultivars. It implies that as the supply of organic-quality cultivars increases, the demand for conventional-quality cultivars decreases, suggesting that organic farming may not reach the same level of crop quantity as conventional methods. The overall analysis shows that the cultivation methods affect each other negatively, which contradicts the assertion that both methods can yield the same crop quantities.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Bioengineered yeast can produce biofuels from sugars. [SEP] Text: licheniformis (BlAls) and B. subtilis (BsAls) were synthesized and cloned. These included one codon-optimized BlAls gene and two versions of the BsAls genes (BsAls1 and BsAls2) with different codon optimization outputs using Genscript’s codon optimization algorithm. The attempt to incorporate the als gene from B. lichenformis (BlAls) under control of the strong Peno promoter along with the expression of AldC and Bdh using the Z. mobilis Pgap strong promoter was unsuccessful. Besides the possibility of cell growth inhibition by the enzyme Als from B. licheniformis and B. subtilis, this could be due to the protein burden caused by strong heterologous pathway gene expression. About 50 % of the proteins in Z. mobilis are involved in the glycolysis pathway [75]. This view is supported by a previous report that overexpression of plasmid-encoded protein led to the reduction of both glycolytic flux and growth rate due to protein burden [76]. Similarly, previous work also suggested that protein burden could be the reason for the negative effect observed for the isopropyl β-d-thiogalactoside (IPTG) induction of 2,3-BDO biosynthesis in a recombinant E. coli strain [26]. To test this speculation and avoid the potential metabolic burden caused by strong heterologous gene expression, the strong Peno promoter was tested along with the Ptet inducible promoter for the construction of additional three-gene pathway constructs. These constructs also included a common aldC and bdh gene operon from E. cloacae driven by a strong promoter Pgap [Pgap-(EcALDC-BDH)]. In total, six new 3-gene constructs with different versions of als genes from B. lincheniformis or B. subtilis were generated (BsAls1, BsAls2, and BlAls that were either driven by the strong Peno promoter or by the inducible Ptet promoter). These six constructs were then transformed into Z. mobilis 9C (an 8b derivative that is lacking tetracycline and chloramphenicol resistance markers). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text provides detailed information about genetic constructs and protein expression in organisms, specifically relating to B. licheniformis and B. subtilis. However, it does not mention bioengineered yeast or the production of biofuels from sugars directly. Thus, it is deemed irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Drones are used for various applications, including agriculture and delivery. [SEP] Text: This particular route configuration is illustrated in Figure 3d,e, revealing a total traversal distance of 289 units, calculated as (35 + 27 + 80 + 57) + (45 + 45). Notably, this distance exceeds the sum of 272 units observed for the single-trip optimal route in the standard FSVRP framework. Nevertheless, the cumulative flight time for the optimal multi-trip route in FSVRP is calculated to be 33 units, broken down as (6 + 3 + 9 + 5) + (5 + 5), thereby presenting a shorter duration in comparison to the single-trip FSVRP. In the scenario depicted in Figure 3b,c, the drone initiates its journey from the central depot, carrying a total payload of 368 units. Its first destination is customer 3, where it delivers a parcel of 150 units, thereby reducing its payload to 218 units. Following this, the drone navigates to customer 2. Upon reaching customer 2, it offloads a 45-unit parcel, which further decreases its payload to 173 units. Subsequently, the drone’s path leads to customer 1, where it dispenses a 120-unit parcel, culminating in a reduced payload of 53 units. The final leg of its route involves a visit to customer 4, where it delivers the remaining 35-unit parcel, effectively emptying its payload. Having completed its delivery circuit, the drone then returns to the depot, now without any parcel. In the instance illustrated in Figure 3d,e, the drone embarks on its initial delivery sortie from the central depot, bearing a payload of 315 units. The first stop in this route is at customer 1, where it delivers a 120-unit parcel, thereby reducing its payload to 248 units. Subsequently, the drone advances towards customer 2. Upon arrival at customer 2, it dispenses a 45-unit parcel, further diminishing its payload to 203 units. The next destination is customer 3, where it offloads a 150-unit parcel, resulting in a complete depletion of its payload. Post this delivery, the drone makes its way back to the depot. Figure 3. An example of multi-trip FSVRP. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim as it provides a detailed description of a drone performing delivery tasks. It outlines the drone's journey, including the payload it carries and the parcels it delivers to several customers, which supports the assertion that drones are used for delivery applications.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Organic farming can yield the same crop quantity as conventional methods. [SEP] Text: 2 Analysis of Affecting the Number of for Non-Organic SeedsA significant increase and cyclical behaviour can be observed for winter wheat, spring wheat, rye, triticale, spelt, maize and the compound of all cereal crops. The regression lines for winter barley, spring barley and oat do not show any statistical significance. No deviations from the normal distribution were found, but the residuals did not follow random patterns, indicating that a better fit should be obtained by using a non-linear model. Thus, the yields (per hectare) were set in accordance with the number of derogations for cereal seeds of conventional quality and plotted over time (Figure 19). No individual yield statistics were available for organic farming between 2003 and 2016. Thus, the cumulative data for conventional and organic farming was used for this analysis. The bottom part of Figure 19 denotes the number of derogations in the period between 2005 and 2017. In 2008, the highest number of derogation requests and, in 2015, the lowest number of derogation requests were reported. The upper part of Figure 19 denotes the yield per hectare, ranging between 51 and 68 dt/ha in the period between 2004 and 2016. The lowest yield per hectare and the highest yield per hectare were recorded in 2007 and 2014, respectively. To measure the strength of the association between the yields per hectare and the number of derogations in the following year, a correlation analysis was carried out. A scatter plot with a regression line can be observed in subgraph (a) of Figure 11, with the p-value of the correlation below the x-axis. The scatter plot indicates a linear relationship between the two variables. A strong linear relationship between the yields per hectare and the number of derogations in the subsequent year can be observed (R2=-0. 71, p = 0. 018). Therefore, a negative correlation can be described as follows: the higher the yield per hectare, the lower the number of derogations for cereal seeds of conventional quality in the following year, and vice versa (Figure 11). According to Groot et al.  (2005), organic farming methods offer very few or no direct measures to control pests and disease pressure in cereal fields; thus, yields might depend on annual weather conditions as well as pests and diseases. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the limitations of organic farming in controlling pests and diseases, which may affect yields negatively compared to conventional methods. It cites that organic farming methods offer 'very few or no direct measures to control pests and disease pressure in cereal fields,' suggesting that organic yields might be contingent on factors like weather conditions, potentially leading to lower yields when compared to conventional farming.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Bioengineered yeast can produce biofuels from sugars. [SEP] Text: Our result is consistent with our hypothesis that the transformation efficiencies were very high for plasmid constructs with the inducible promoter Ptet without tetracycline induction, but no positive transformants were obtained for constructs using the strong Peno promoter. 2,3-BDO production of three strains containing the three-gene construct with als driven by Ptet (Table 1) was measured, and the 2,3-BDO titer increased from 5–6 to 10–13 g/L (Table 3). In addition, it is apparent that the carbon was diverted from ethanol to 2,3-BDO production, considering the strong negative correlation between ethanol and BDO titers 3 days post-inoculation with an R-squared value of 0. 98 (Table 3). Table 3 The source and components of the 2,3-BDO pathway constructed and the corresponding BDO titer 1 day post-inoculation in Z. mobilis 9CFull size table We further compared sugar consumption and 2,3-BDO production kinetics in glucose only or mixed sugars (glucose and xylose) with the new strain producing the highest 2,3-BDO titers, 9C-BC11 (Table 1). We found that this strain is stable, and 2,3-BDO titers were more than 13 g/L when grown in RMG8 or RMG8X6 media (Fig. 4). Notably, the addition of xylose delayed the sugar utilization of glucose and xylose; as well as cellular growth (Fig. 4). Furthermore, xylose was not completely utilized even 5 days after inoculation (data not shown). However, the concentration of 2,3-BDO in the mixed sugar fermentation remained level in stationary phase when compared to cultures grown in glucose only. In this case, levels of 2,3-BDO decreased after growth, possibly because of the reverse activity of Bdh converting 2,3-BDO back to acetoin, since decreasing 2,3-BDO titers was accompanied by in acetoin concentration increase (Fig. 4a). Fig. 4Biomass (OD600 nm), and concentrations of acetoin, 2,3-BDO, glycerol, ethanol as well as glucose and xylose for strain Z. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text describes a study involving the production of 2,3-BDO in a genetically modified strain of yeast but does not explicitly mention the production of biofuels from sugars. While it touches on sugar consumption and conversion to certain products, it does not provide sufficient information directly related to the claim about bioengineered yeast producing biofuels.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Drones are used for various applications, including agriculture and delivery. [SEP] Text: Is within Drone’s our study, we conducted experiments under conditions where the cumulative payload remained within the drone’s maximum capacity limit. Specifically, the weight of the parcels designated for each delivery destination was randomly determined, ensuring that their total did not exceed 27 kilograms. Figure 4a presents the comparative analysis of the total flight distances normalized against the FSVRP-Single-trip. The vertical axis quantifies the normalized total flight distances, while the horizontal axis categorizes the experiments by the number of delivery destinations. The experimental data reveal that, on average, the FSVRP-Multi-trip exhibited an increase of about 9% in total flight distance compared to the FSVRP-Single-trip. This increment is attributed to the multiple return trips to the delivery base inherent in the FSVRP-Multi-trip. Conversely, Figure 4b illustrates the total flight times, again normalized in relation to the FSVRP-Single-trip. Here, the vertical axis denotes the normalized total flight times, with the horizontal axis representing the number of delivery destinations. TSP-Multi-trip is designed to address the problem of minimizing flight distance, thus demonstrating that it is challenging for TSP-Multi-trip to identify the optimal route from the perspective of flight time. The results clearly demonstrate that the FSVRP-Multi-trip accomplished an average reduction in total flight time by approximately 10% when compared to the FSVRP-Single-trip. This decrease in flight duration can be ascribed to the reduced carrying capacity per trip in the FSVRP-Multi-trip, consequently allowing for increased flight speeds and, thus, a shorter overall flight time. Figure 4. Results of scenarios where total payload is within drone’s capacity. (a) Normalized total flight distance; (b) Normalized total flight time. 4. 2. ’s this section, we conduct experiments in scenarios where the payload surpasses the maximum carrying capacity of the drones. Specifically, the total weight of the parcels for each delivery destination was randomly set to exceed 27 kilograms. Figure 5a displays the results for total flight distance, while Figure 5b illustrates the total flight time. The horizontal axis in both figures represents the number of delivery destinations. The experimental results demonstrate that when the payload surpasses the maximum capacity, the conventional FSVRP (FSVRP-Single-trip) is unable to transport all the parcels. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by providing detailed information regarding experiments conducted to evaluate the delivery capabilities of drones, including their capacity limits and performance metrics related to flight distances and times during parcel deliveries. This implies practical applications of drones in delivery scenarios.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Organic farming can yield the same crop quantity as conventional methods. [SEP] Text: To test if organic farming is strongly influenced by crop disease pressure, the deviation in 2015/16 was examined in more detail. Figure 19 shows a slight harvest decline in 2015. However, the number of derogations in the following year was recorded as above average. Subsequently, based on harvest reports for the vegetation period 2015/16, it was investigated whether the high number of derogations could be linked to crop disease. For this purpose, the report "2016 Harvest: Quantities and Prices" by the of Food and Agriculture was examined (AMI GmbH, 2017). The report stated that a mild winter in 2015 favoured the spread of cereal viruses. Furthermore, in May 2016, storms, heavy rainfall, flooding, and hail caused severe damage. In addition to the direct weather-related damage, the harmful effects of fungal diseases and pests were expected to intensify (AMI GmbH, 2017). Figure 20 shows a strong negative relationship between the yield per hectare and the number of derogations in the following year. Figure 19. Association between yields per hectare and the number of derogations for cereals in the subsequent year from 2004 to 2017Figure 20. Correlation between yields per hectare and the number of derogations in the subsequent year4. DiscussionGiven the limited availability of data and the lack of information on the quantities of organic seeds, this study's assessment may have limitations. Changes in the supply of cultivars from organic multiplication indicate that, for the cereal crops, i. e. , winter wheat, spring wheat, rye, and triticale (all category II, single derogations), the assortment of organic seed cultivars increased and, simultaneously, requests on cultivars from non-organic multiplication decreased significantly. This suggests that, despite the need for derogations on non-organic seed use in the upcoming years, it is possible to achieve no derogations by 2036. For spelt, it remains unclear whether the 2036 target can be reached as no significant reduction in requests for seeds from conventional multiplication can be observed (subgraph (b) of Figure 4). Thus, for spelt, there is a need to upscaling the assortment of cultivars available through organic multiplication. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the challenges faced by organic farming, such as crop disease pressure and the reliance on derogations due to insufficient organic seed supplies. It indicates that while there is an increase in organic seed cultivars, achieving the same yields as conventional methods is questionable, especially for crops like spelt. This suggests that organic farming may not consistently yield the same quantities as conventional methods.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Bioengineered yeast can produce biofuels from sugars. [SEP] Text: mobilis 9C-BC11 under different aeration conditions of N2 (0 % DO), 1, or 10 % DO (dissolved oxygen concentration) as well as shake flasks in RMG10 at pH 5. 8 and 30 °C conditions 48-h post-inoculationFull size image Under anaerobic conditions with nitrogen sparging, nearly all glucose was ultimately converted into ethanol, producing only 1. 68 g/L 2,3-BDO. Increasing oxygen deliveries from 0 to 1 % DO, or 10 % DO, decreased ethanol production dramatically (Fig. 5b), and is consistent with a previous report that aerobic growth reduces ethanol production [63]. Although both 2,3-BDO and acetoin levels increased under aerobic growth, titers of 2,3-BDO and acetoin were significantly higher in the 1 % DO culture than in the 10 % DO culture (Fig. 5b, c). Besides the major end-products ethanol, acetoin, and 2,3-BDO, the production profiles of minor byproducts of acetate, lactate, and glycerol were also affected by the oxygen levels in these cultures. More acetate was produced under aerobic conditions resulting in less ethanol production as reported in the literature [63]. Furthermore, acetate production was significantly higher in the more aerobic conditions (1 or 10 % DO supplementation) than in the microaerophilic conditions using flask fermentation or N2-supplemented anaerobic fermentation (Fig. 5d). Additionally, more lactate was produced under aerobic conditions than in anaerobic condition as well (Fig. 5d). We had previously shown that the expression levels of the lactate dehydrogenase gene ZMO1237 were more abundant under aerobic conditions [63], and the expression of another d-lactate dehydrogenase gene, ZMO0256, was upregulated in the ethanol-treated cells during stationary phase [57]. The host strain, Z. mobilis 9C, used in this study, is a derivative of Z. mobilis 8b in which the ZMO1237 gene was inactivated [37]. Therefore, ZMO1237 may play the major role in lactate production under aerobic conditions. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it primarily discusses the effects of varying oxygen levels on the production of ethanol, acetoin, and 2,3-BDO in Z. mobilis cultures. While it mentions ethanol production, it does not directly address bioengineered yeast or the utilization of sugars specifically for biofuel production. There is no confirmation or evidence presented that links this process to the broader claim about bioengineered yeast.