Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Disruption of circadian rhythms can lead to health issues. [SEP] Text: 05) from mean values in preadministration period (the 5 days before propofol anesthesia). View largeDownload slideFig. 2. Phase shift of rest–activity acrophase for the three Zeitgeber times (ZTs) of propofol administration ( A–C ) during the 5 days (D1, D2, D3, D4, D5) after propofol anesthesia or Intralipid administration. Positive values represent phase advances. Values are mean ± SEM. * Significant differences ( P < 0. 05) from mean values in preadministration period (the 5 days before propofol anesthesia). Close modal View largeDownload slideFig. 3. Phase shift of body temperature acrophase for the three Zeitgeber times (ZTs) of propofol administration ( A–C ) during the 5 days (D1, D2, D3, D4, D5) after propofol anesthesia or Intralipid administration. Positive values represent phase advances. Values are mean ± SEM. * Significant differences ( P < 0. 05) from mean values in preadministration period (the 5 days before propofol anesthesia). View largeDownload slideFig. 3. Phase shift of body temperature acrophase for the three Zeitgeber times (ZTs) of propofol administration ( A–C ) during the 5 days (D1, D2, D3, D4, D5) after propofol anesthesia or Intralipid administration. Positive values represent phase advances. Values are mean ± SEM. * Significant differences ( P < 0. 05) from mean values in preadministration period (the 5 days before propofol anesthesia). Close modal View largeDownload slideFig. 4. Cosinor parameter of the amplitude of rest–activity rhythm during the 5 days after anesthesia (D1, D2, D3, D4, D5) for the three Zeitgeber times (ZTs) of propofol anesthesia or Intralipid administration ( A–C ). Baseline represents values of rest–activity amplitude 5 days before propofol administration taken as 100%. Error bars represent SEM. * Significant differences ( P < 0. 05) from mean values in preadministration period. View largeDownload slideFig. 4. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not directly relate to the claim about circadian rhythms and health issues. It mainly presents data regarding phase shifts related to propofol anesthesia and rest–activity rhythms without explicitly indicating any health implications or discussing the effects of circadian rhythm disruptions.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Extracurricular activities support holistic student development. [SEP] Text: Những người từng đi du học hay có nhiều trải nghiệm quốc tế thường giỏi giải quyết các thách thức học thuật hay cá nhân 12. Thứ tư, về phương diện nghề nghiệp Nghiên cứu từ Ingraham 13 cho thấy trải nghiệm quốc tế hỗ trợ người học ra quyết định tốt hơn về lựa chọn nghề nghiệp. Tương tự, 63% người tham gia nghiên cứu do Dwyer 2 tiến hành cũng phản hồi rằng trải nghiệm nước ngoài ảnh hưởng đến quyết định thay đổi ngành học và lựa chọn nghề của họ. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by indicating that international experiences enhance problem-solving skills and career decision-making, which are important aspects of holistic student development. It mentions research indicating that individuals with international experiences make better academic and career choices, aligning with the idea that participating in extracurricular activities (which often include international experiences) contributes positively to a student's overall development.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Gene editing has shown promise in treating genetic disorders like cystic fibrosis. [SEP] Text: If not defined, we accepted midnight to midday as morning and midday to midnight as evening. Dornase alfa treatment given as a minimum of a single dose of at least 2. 5 mg. Types of outcome measures Primary outcomes Lung function (absolute change and change in per cent predicted) forced expiratory volume at one second (FEV1) forced vital capacity (FVC) Measures of quality of life and symptom scores (including cough or subjective ease of clearance) Secondary outcomes Measures of sputum clearance, including measures of mucociliary clearance and objective measures of sputum volume Measures of exercise capacity pulmonary parameters forced expiratory flow between 25% and 75% of the vital capacity (FEF25‐75) maximal instantaneous forced flow when 25% of the forced vital capacity remains to be exhaled (FEF25) total lung capacity (TLC) residual volume (RV) functional residual capacity (FRC) Frequency of exacerbations of respiratory infection where a clear definition is described demonstrating an increase in symptoms or a decline in pulmonary function admission rates to hospital (defined as either number of inpatient hospital admissions or days as a hospital inpatient) courses of IV antibiotics (whether received in hospital or in the home) outpatient treatments (presentations to hospital, unscheduled visits to the doctor) Adherence to treatment along with other treatments while the protocol for inhalation timing is followed Adverse effects such as bronchospasm, cough and acute decline in pulmonary function Search methods for identification of studies Electronic searches We identified relevant trials from the Group's using the term 'dornase alfa'. Register is compiled from electronic searches of the Register of () (updated each new issue of Library ), weekly searches of a search of Embase to 1995 and the prospective handsearching of two journals ‐ and the Journal of Cystic Fibrosis. Unpublished work was identified by searching the abstract books of three major cystic fibrosis conferences: the Fibrosis Conference; the and the Conference. For full details of all searching activities for the register, please see the relevant sections of the Group Module. Date of last search of the Group's Register: 25 April 2016. In addition, we searched the Database (PEDro) for all years available (2013. Searching other resources We hand‐searched the Australia and (1999 to 2009). We also contacted Roche in an attempt to identify further relevant trials. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses various treatment measures and outcome measures related to cystic fibrosis without mentioning gene editing or its potential in treating genetic disorders. It mainly focuses on a specific treatment known as dornase alfa and its effects, which does not provide information supporting or contrasting the claim about gene editing.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Disruption of circadian rhythms can lead to health issues. [SEP] Text: Cosinor parameter of the amplitude of rest–activity rhythm during the 5 days after anesthesia (D1, D2, D3, D4, D5) for the three Zeitgeber times (ZTs) of propofol anesthesia or Intralipid administration ( A–C ). Baseline represents values of rest–activity amplitude 5 days before propofol administration taken as 100%. Error bars represent SEM. * Significant differences ( P < 0. 05) from mean values in preadministration period. Close modal View largeDownload slideFig. 5. Cosinor parameter of the amplitude of body temperature rhythm during the 5 days after anesthesia (D1, D2, D3, D4, D5) for the three Zeitgeber times (ZTs) of propofol anesthesia or Intralipid administration ( A–C ). Baseline represents values of rest–activity amplitude 5 days before propofol administration taken as 100%. Error bars represent SEM. * Significant differences ( P < 0. 05) from mean values in preadministration period. View largeDownload slideFig. 5. Cosinor parameter of the amplitude of body temperature rhythm during the 5 days after anesthesia (D1, D2, D3, D4, D5) for the three Zeitgeber times (ZTs) of propofol anesthesia or Intralipid administration ( A–C ). Baseline represents values of rest–activity amplitude 5 days before propofol administration taken as 100%. Error bars represent SEM. * Significant differences ( P < 0. 05) from mean values in preadministration period. Close modal View largeDownload slideFig. 6. Cosinor parameter of the midline estimating statistic of rhythm (MESOR) of rest–activity on the 5 days after anesthesia (D1, D2, D3, D4, D5) for the three Zeitgeber times (ZT) of propofolanesthesia or Intralipid administration ( A–C ). Baseline represents values of rest–activity MESOR 5 days before propofol administration taken as 100%. Error bars represent SEM. * Significant differences ( P < 0. 05) from mean values in preadministration period. View largeDownload slideFig. 6. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text provides detailed data about the cosinor parameters of rest-activity rhythm and body temperature rhythm following anesthesia. However, it does not directly address or substantiate the claim about the consequences of circadian rhythm disruption on health issues. Therefore, it is deemed irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Extracurricular activities support holistic student development. [SEP] Text: Khảo sát từ dự án Erasmus 26 cho biết 87-92% sinh viên từng tham gia trao đổi có thể xác định rất rõ ràng về việc làm tương lai. Mặt khác, có đến 69% sinh viên Úc tham gia nghiên cứu 15 đánh giá rằng kinh nghiệm họ có được sau các chuyến đi trải nghiệm là rất đáng giá đối với họ, giúp họ có thêm động cơ và nhiệt huyết trong chọn lựa nghề nghiệp. Các kỳ thực tập tại nước ngoài cũng được đánh giá là đã cung cấp cho sinh viên cái nhìn rõ nét về ngành nghề họ chọn lựa 12. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by presenting survey results from the Erasmus project, indicating that a high percentage of students feel clearly informed about their future careers due to their participation in extracurricular activities. Specifically, it mentions that 87-92% of exchange students see the value in their experiences, which contribute positively to their motivation and decisions around career choices.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Gene editing has shown promise in treating genetic disorders like cystic fibrosis. [SEP] Text: The ventilatory equivalent (max VE/VO2) was significantly higher in room air compared to oxygen therapy, MD ‐3. 86 (95% CI ‐6. 82 to ‐0. 91) (P = 0. 01) (Falk 2006; Marcus 1992; Nixon 1990). None of the other parameters reported were significantly affected by supplementary oxygen compared with room air. 4. Nutritional status Only one study examined the effect of oxygen therapy on objective measures of nutrition (Zinman 1989). The percentage change in ideal weight for height was not significant after 6 or 12 months therapy (Analysis 1. 12). 5. Changes in right heart function Only the Zinman study examined whether the use of chronic nocturnal oxygen therapy retarded the development of pulmonary hypertension and right‐sided heart failure (Analysis 1. 13). Six out of fourteen participants in the air group and four out of fourteen participants in the oxygen group developed at least one physical sign consistent with cor pulmonale. When entered into the meta‐analysis, the result was not significant. No statistical analysis was mentioned in the original paper and subsequent follow up of participants who died outside the study period was incomplete (Zinman 1989). Radionuclide angiography was performed on 24 participants (12 in each group). Both the placebo and oxygen group had detectable reductions in right ventricular ejection fraction (RVEF) and left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) at baseline, but there were no significant differences in these parameters after one year of oxygen therapy compared to placebo at rest or after exercise (Analysis 1. 13). 6. Costs of intervention None of the studies addressed cost issues, either directly or indirectly. 7. Adverse effects The major adverse effect of oxygen therapy that investigators measured was an excessive increase in carbon dioxide levels. Comparisons between groups were made more difficult by the use of variations in protocol, duration of therapy and different methods of measurement. The degree of elevation in carbon dioxide during sleep or exercise was generally within 10 mm Hg or 1. 0 kPa. One study did report an average of 16 mm Hg rise during exercise in the "Low Sat" group (Marcus 1992). It is unclear whether these rises are of clinical significance over time. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim since it discusses the effects of oxygen therapy on various health parameters rather than gene editing or genetic disorders. There is no mention of gene editing or the specific disorder cystic fibrosis, thus it does not support or contrast with the claim.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Disruption of circadian rhythms can lead to health issues. [SEP] Text: Cosinor parameter of the midline estimating statistic of rhythm (MESOR) of rest–activity on the 5 days after anesthesia (D1, D2, D3, D4, D5) for the three Zeitgeber times (ZT) of propofolanesthesia or Intralipid administration ( A–C ). Baseline represents values of rest–activity MESOR 5 days before propofol administration taken as 100%. Error bars represent SEM. * Significant differences ( P < 0. 05) from mean values in preadministration period. Close modal View largeDownload slideFig. 7. Cosinor parameter of the midline estimating statistic of rhythm (MESOR) of body temperature on the 5 days after anesthesia (D1, D2, D3, D4, D5) for the three Zeitgeber times of propofol administration ( A–C ). Baseline represents values of rest–activity MESOR 5 days before propofol administration taken as 100%. Error bars represent SEM. * Significant differences ( P < 0. 05) from mean values in preadministration period. View largeDownload slideFig. 7. Cosinor parameter of the midline estimating statistic of rhythm (MESOR) of body temperature on the 5 days after anesthesia (D1, D2, D3, D4, D5) for the three Zeitgeber times of propofol administration ( A–C ). Baseline represents values of rest–activity MESOR 5 days before propofol administration taken as 100%. Error bars represent SEM. * Significant differences ( P < 0. 05) from mean values in preadministration period. Close modal of Rest–We observed a phase advance of rest–activity acrophase during the 48 h after the administration of propofol anesthesia for all three Zeitgeber times, which was not detected after the administration of Intralipid (fig. 2and table 1). Analysis of variance on baseline acrophase showed no significant effect of Zeitgeber time (F 2,30= 1. 528, P = 0. 233) or treatment (F 1,30= 0. 005, P = 0. 946). Multivariate repeated-measure analysis (between factors: Zeitgeber time and treatment [propofol vs. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text discusses parameters of rest-activity and body temperature in relation to propofol anesthesia but does not directly address or support the claim regarding circadian rhythms and health issues. It focuses on specific experimental results without making a clear link to the broader implications of circadian rhythm disruption.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Extracurricular activities support holistic student development. [SEP] Text: Nhiều nghiên cứu cho thấy rằng một khi đã tham gia trải nghiệm thông qua các chương trình ngắn hạn, sinh viên có khuynh hướng tiếp tục tìm kiếm và tham gia vào các trải ngiệm khác hoặc nỗ lực tìm kiếm các cơ hội tham gia chương trình dài hơn 2 27 28. Tất cả các nghiên cứu có liên quan đều nhấn mạnh rằng người học đạt được sự tự tin cần thiết để thực hiện các chuyến trải nghiệm dài hơn, xa hơn. Sinh viên cũng có được các mối quan hệ phục vụ cho công viêc, hiểu biết thêm về ngành nghể và xu hướng nghề nghiệp trên thế giới. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by stating that through short-term programs, students tend to seek further experiences and opportunities for longer programs. It emphasizes that learners gain the necessary confidence to undertake longer experiences and develop relationships, which contribute to their overall understanding of the field and career trends. This aligns with the idea that extracurricular activities aid in the holistic development of students.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Gene editing has shown promise in treating genetic disorders like cystic fibrosis. [SEP] Text: The results from another trial (44 participants) indicate no difference in growth velocity between HC and PD at one year (very low‐quality evidence), but this trial did report that once daily PD treatment may lead to better control of bone maturation compared to HC in prepubertal children and that the absolute change in bone age/chronological age ratio was higher in the HC group compared to the PD group. Authors' conclusions There are currently limited trials comparing the efficacy and safety of different glucocorticoid replacement regimens for treating 21‐hydroxylase deficiency CAH in children and adults and we were unable to draw any firm conclusions based on the evidence that was presented in the included trials. No trials included long‐term outcomes such as quality of life, prevention of adrenal crisis, presence of osteopenia, presence of testicular or ovarian adrenal rest tumours, subfertility and final adult height. There were no trials examining a modified‐release formulation of HC or use of 24‐hour circadian continuous subcutaneous infusion of hydrocortisone. As a consequence, uncertainty remains about the most effective form of glucocorticoid replacement therapy in CAH for children and adults. Future trials should include both children and adults with CAH. A longer duration of follow‐up is required to monitor biochemical and clinical outcomes. model is widely used and taught in evidence-based health care as a strategy for formulating questions and search strategies and for characterizing clinical studies or meta-analyses. PICO stands for four different potential components of a clinical question: Patient, Population or Problem; Intervention; Comparison; Outcome. See more on using PICO in the Cochrane Handbook. Plain language summary available in Español فارسی Français 한국어 Glucocorticoid replacement regimens in the treatment of 21‐hydroxylase deficiency congenital adrenal hyperplasia Review question Steroid replacement therapy is used for treating congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH) due to 21‐hydroxylase deficiency in children and adults; we looked at the evidence for how well different regimens work and how safe they are. Background CAH is a genetic disorder of the adrenal glands that affects the body's general health, growth, and development. Adrenal glands sit above the kidneys and are responsible for making the hormones cortisol and aldosterone. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses glucocorticoid replacement therapy for congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH) and does not mention gene editing or cystic fibrosis. Therefore, it does not provide any support or contrast to the claim regarding gene editing.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Disruption of circadian rhythms can lead to health issues. [SEP] Text: Intralipid]; within factor: days [baseline, D0, D1, D2, D3, D4, D5]) on the amplitude of body temperature rhythm showed a significant effect of days (F 6,174= 65. 70, P < 10−4) but no significant effect of treatment (F 1,29= 1. 01, P = 0. 32) or Zeitgeber time (F 2,29= 0. 60, P = 0. 55), with significant interaction (days × treatment: F 6,174= 48. 51, P < 10−4). Post hoc analysis for localization was performed on the amplitude value. For ZT6, propofol anesthesia significantly decreased body temperature rhythm amplitude on D1 (36%; P = 0. 003) and D2 (19%; P = 0. 006) (fig. 5A). For ZT10, propofol anesthesia significantly decreased body temperature rhythm amplitude on D1 (57%; P < 10−4) and D2 (29%; P = 0. 01) (fig. 5B). For ZT16, propofol anesthesia significantly decreased body temperature rhythm amplitude on D1 (42%; P = 0. 04) (fig. 5C). MESOR of Rest–We observed a decrease in the MESOR of the rest–activity rhythms during the 24 h after propofol anesthesia, which was not detected after the administration of Intralipid (fig. 6and table 1). Analysis of variance on baseline value showed no significant effect of Zeitgeber time (F 2,30= 1. 228, P = 0. 307) or treatment (F 1,30= 0. 049, P = 0. 827). Multivariate repeated-measure analysis (between factors: Zeitgeber time and treatment [propofol vs. Intralipid]; within factor: days [baseline, D0, D1, D2, D3, D4, D5]) on the MESOR of rest–activity rhythm showed a significant effect of days (F 6,180= 32. 03, P < 10−4) but no significant effect of treatment (F 1,30= 0. 82, P = 0. 372) or Zeitgeber time (F 2,30= 0. 94, P = 0. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text discusses the effects of propofol anesthesia and Intralipid on body temperature rhythm and rest–activity rhythms, focusing on statistical analyses without explicitly linking these findings to health issues related to circadian rhythm disruption. Therefore, the text is irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Extracurricular activities support holistic student development. [SEP] Text: Đồng thời, sinh viên trở nên có trách nhiệm hơn, linh hoạt hơn cũng như rèn luyện cho bản thân kỹ năng giải quyết vấn đề, khả năng giao tiếp hiệu quả và cách thức quản lý thời gian hiệu quả nhất. Một nghiên cứu thực hiện khảo sát đối tượng sinh viên Châu Âu đã cho kết quả như sau: gần 61% người đã từng tham gia giao lưu, trao đổi hoặc thực tập, thực tế tại nước khác khẳng định họ được tuyển dụng nhờ đã có kinh nghiệm quốc tế; 45% sinh viên Mỹ và 44% Úc phản hồi tương tự 26 15. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by highlighting that participation in extracurricular activities, such as exchanges or internships abroad, contributes to students becoming more responsible, flexible, and developing essential skills such as problem-solving, effective communication, and time management. It specifically notes that students credit their international experience for job recruitment, suggesting that these activities enhance their overall development.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Gene editing has shown promise in treating genetic disorders like cystic fibrosis. [SEP] Text: 5 mg/m²/day): 25% daily dose in the morning and 25% at noon followed by 50% in the evening comparative risks* (95% CI) Relative effect (95% CI) No of participants (trials) Quality of the evidence (GRADE) risk Corresponding risk High evening dose High morning dose QoL Follow‐up: 4 weeks Outcome not reported. normalisation Follow‐up: 4 weeks See comments NA 15 (1 cross‐over trial) ⊕⊝⊝⊝a,b,c very low 17 OHP (nmol/L) Results for 17 OHP are presented as medians (IQR); 44 (16 to 116) for the high morning dose compared to 33 (15 to 76) for the high evening dose. Androstenedione (nmol/L) Results for androstenedione are presented as medians (IQR); 1. 80 (1. 0 to 3. 0) for the high morning dose compared to 1. 90 (1. 20 to 6. 50) for the high evening dose. Testosterone (nmol/L) Results for testosterone are presented as medians (IQR); 0. 70 (0. 30 to 2. 30) for the high morning dose compared to 1. 1 (0. 60 to 2. 70) for the high evening dose. DHEAS (nmol/L) Results for DHEAS are presented as medians (IQR); 0. 20 (0. 20 to 0. 60) for the high morning dose compared to 0. 40 (0. 20 to 0. 70) for the high evening dose. Prevention of adrenal crisis Follow‐up: 4 weeks Outcome not reported. of osteopenia Follow‐up: 4 weeks Outcome not reported. of testicular or ovarian adrenal rest tumours Follow‐up: 4 weeks Outcome not reported. ‐up: 4 weeks Outcome not reported. adult height Follow‐up: 4 weeks Outcome not reported *The basis for the assumed risk (e. g. the median control group risk across trials) is provided in footnotes. The corresponding risk (and its 95% confidence interval) is based on the assumed risk in the comparison group and the relative effect of the intervention (and its 95% CI). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address gene editing or its application in treating genetic disorders like cystic fibrosis. Instead, it presents results related to hormone levels and comparative risks with a focus on treatment outcomes over time, which fails to provide any relevant information supporting or contrasting the claim.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Disruption of circadian rhythms can lead to health issues. [SEP] Text: were deeply anaesthetized with a cocktail containing ketamine (150 mg/kg) and xylazine (10 mg/kg) 60 min after light pulse at CT15 and perfused intracardially with 4% paraformaldehyde in 0. 01 M phosphate buffer. Brains were carefully removed, post-fixed overnight, cryoprotected in sucrose 30% in 0. 01 M PBS for 24 h and 25 μm thick coronal sections were cut with a freezing microtome and collected in 0. 01 M PBS. Free floating slices were blocked with 5% non-fatty milk in PBS contained 0. 4% Triton X-100 and incubated with primary antisera raised in rabbit against c-Fos (Biotechnology, 1:2000) diluted in the same solution, for 48 hs at 4°C. Sections were then treated using the avidin–biotin method with a Universal kit containing a biotinylated universal secondary antibody, avidin and biotilylated horseradish peroxidase (Vector Laboratories, Burlingame, CA) and Vector-VIP peroxidase substrate (SK-4600). Image analysis and cell counting was performed using ImageJ software, as described previously [27]. Data analysis All circadian parameters were calculated using program (Antoni Díez Noguera, University of Barcelona). For phase angle (ψ) calculation and phase shifts analysis, individual waveforms were performed using 15 consecutive days in LD or DD condition. Activity onsets were defined as the moment in which the activity curve is on top of the mean line of each individual waveform. ψ was calculated as the difference between the activity onset in LD conditions and the time of lights off. In order to improve the visualization and analysis of the activity patterns we computed an hourly activity profile, in which we plotted mean locomotion for each hour (or circadian hour) relative to average activity counts. These individual hourly waveforms were used for the analysis of activity distribution both in LD and DD conditions. Also, an average waveform for each animal group was calculated using these individual waveforms. The activity distribution over the day in LD conditions was analyzed in four different intervals: ZT12-23, ZT23-3, ZT3-10 and ZT10-12 (see results). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address or provide any information related to circadian rhythms or their potential health implications. It describes a detailed experimental procedure involving the analysis of circadian parameters but does not link this analysis to any health issues arising from disruption of circadian rhythms.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Extracurricular activities support holistic student development. [SEP] Text: Thêm vào đó, nhiều nghiên cứu cho thấy nhà tuyển dụng thường có đánh giá cao các ứng viên đã có kinh nghiệm học tập, giao lưu tại nước ngoài vì cho rằng các ứng viên này có tư duy cởi mở, nhiều sáng tạo, linh hoạt, khoan dung với những khác biệt, dễ thích nghi, khả năng đồng cảm cao, có tinh thần trách nhiệm và biết tôn trọng đối với sự khác biệt 29. Các phẩm chất này được xem là rất cần thiết để thành công trong công việc, đặc biệt đối với những công việc đòi hỏi sự tiếp xúc liên văn hoá. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by indicating that candidates with international study and interaction experiences—often gained through extracurricular activities—are viewed favorably by employers. It suggests these candidates possess essential qualities like open-mindedness, creativity, flexibility, tolerance for differences, adaptability, high empathy, and a sense of responsibility, which are critical for success in roles requiring intercultural interactions. These qualities align well with the notion of holistic development.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Gene editing has shown promise in treating genetic disorders like cystic fibrosis. [SEP] Text: However, this may be a useful analysis in the future, especially with respect to the high risk of incomplete data and selective reporting which plagued the current review. Due to inadequacies of reporting numbers of enrolled participants, completed participants and analysed participants in most studies, an intention‐to‐treat analysis was not possible. Sensitivity analyses excluding studies with industry funding was planned but not conducted (no studies were funded by industry). Publication bias A funnel plot was not generated, since we were not able to include and combine a sufficient number of studies in this review (Light 1994). Also, only limited data were available for analyses from those included studies. of main results In the revised version of this review, we chose to extend the list of antioxidant micronutrients (vitamin E, vitamin C, ß‐carotene and selenium) with GSH administered orally or by inhalation in CF patients and the effects of the two routes of administration are presented separately. There appears to be conflicting evidence regarding the clinical effectiveness of oral supplementation with antioxidants in CF; however only a small number of studies contributed data towards analysis in this systematic review. Three studies describing 114 participants reported lung function measured by FEV1 (Renner 2001; Wood 2003; Visca 2013). Data from two studies suggest that oral antioxidant micronutrient supplementation does not improve lung function (Renner 2001; Wood 2003). However, addition of data to the meta‐analysis from the Visca trial which compared oral GSH supplementation of 65 mg/kg three times per day in a pediatric population seem to be beneficial for the patients (Visca 2013). Due to the short half‐life of GSH (Reed 2008), repeated daily dosing for relatively extended time periods (six months) is essential for the effect. Only one study with 46 participants assessed QOL, and showed that QOL improvement actually favoured the control group (Wood 2003). There was a significant difference between antioxidants and control in both improvement of GPX and plasma antioxidant status for all antioxidants except vitamin C. There was an improvement in the blood levels of vitamin E in all trials that used supplementation with this vitamin, although vitamin E was administered in different forms and for different periods of time (Harries 1971; Levin 1961; Wood 2003). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the limitations of current studies on antioxidant supplementation in cystic fibrosis, rather than gene editing. It highlights issues such as incomplete data, the inadequacies of reporting, and conflicting evidence regarding treatments, which suggests that claims of effectiveness in treatment may not be fully supported. While it mentions cystic fibrosis, it does not provide positive evidence for gene editing as a promising treatment.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Disruption of circadian rhythms can lead to health issues. [SEP] Text: The contribution of each interval to total activity was calculated by performing hourly waveform analysis of the relative activity for each individual animal, and measuring the area under the curve for each interval. The ratio between this area and the total area under the curve of the waveform, expressed as a percentage, was used for further comparisons. Resynchronization to a new LD cycle, after 6-hour phase shifts of the time of lights off, was considered fully accomplished when activity onset took place at the new time of lights off ±15 minutes. We calculated the number of days (transients) required to resynchronize for each animal. In DD conditions, free-running activity periods (τ) were determined by Chi-square periodograms. Duration of the subjective night (α), was calculated by performing an hourly waveform analysis of the relative activity data for each animal in DD (using the corresponding τ), and measuring the time length covered by the portion of the curve on top of the mean of activity. Conversely, ρ (duration of the subjective day) was calculated as the time length covered by the portion of the curve under the mean of activity. The percentage of total activity occurring during α was calculated as the percentage of the area under the curve of the waveform analysis occurring within the α interval. Phase shifts were calculated as follows: individual waveforms of the ten previous days to the light pulse and of ten days after the light pulse (excluding the 2 cycles immediately after the pulse) were obtained; the time at which the activity curve crossed the mean line of each waveform was defined as the activity onset and used as phase marker of the rhythm prior and after the pulse. Phase shifts were calculated as the difference between the two onsets. Data are presented as mean ± SEM. Differences between the two groups were analyzed by unpaired Student’s t test or the non-parametric test, accordingly. P values of 0. 05 or less were considered to be statistically significant. running period and general activity pattern in nude mice We first analyzed the characteristics of the circadian activity pattern in LD and DD conditions of nude mice and their respective control WT strain (N:NIHS). We evaluated the ψ between the time of lights off and the beginning of the locomotor activity. The activity onset occurred after the time of lights off in both strains of mice, without differences between the ψ in nude and control mice (8. 7 ± 6. 3 min, n = 9 and 8. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim directly as it focuses on the methodology and analysis of circadian activity patterns in mice without discussing any implications related to health issues resulting from the disruption of circadian rhythms.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Extracurricular activities support holistic student development. [SEP] Text: THỰC TẾ TRIỂẠI T RƯỜNG ĐẠI HỌẾ - LUẬT Những kết quả đạt được Nhận thức tầm quan trọng của các hoạt động trải nghiệm quốc tế đối với sự phát triển toàn diện của sinh viên, trong những năm qua, Trường Đại học Kinh tế - Luật đã thực hiện nhiều biện pháp nhằm thúc đẩy các hoạt động giao lưu, trao đổi, thực tập, thực tế tại nước ngoài cho sinh viên. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by recognizing the importance of international experiential activities for the comprehensive development of students, indicating active measures taken by the University of Economics and Law to promote such extracurricular exchanges and internships.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Gene editing has shown promise in treating genetic disorders like cystic fibrosis. [SEP] Text: There is an unclear and potentially large amount of bias in the results of this review and we judge that further studies are necessary before firm conclusions can be made. Three out of the ten included studies had a low risk of bias in all domains which had sufficient information to make a clear judgement (Bishop 2005; Visca 2013; Wood 2003), while none of the domains were free of bias. The risk of bias relative to sequence generation was unclear in all studies except four (Griese 2013; Levin 1961; Visca 2013; Wood 2003). With the exception of two studies, where allocation concealment was judged as low (Bishop 2005; Griese 2013), the remaining eight studies had an unclear risk of bias in this domain. The blinding procedure was described in four studies, which were judged as having a low risk of detection and performance bias (Bishop 2005; Keljo 2000; Levin 1961; Renner 2001). Two studies were judged as having a high risk of bias for this domain; one as it was not possible to blind the 'no treatment' arm (Harries 1971) and in the second, it was possible for the patients to find out if they were inhaling the verum due to the smell and taste of the active substance (Griese 2013). Low attrition bias was ascertained for three studies (Bishop 2005; Griese 2013; Visca 2013) and high attrition bias for four studies (Homnick 1995b; Keljo 2000; Levin 1961; Portal 1995a); the remaining studies had an unclear risk of bias. One out of 10 studies did not contribute data to any of the outcomes measured in this review (Homnick 1995b); this highlights the need for complete selection and reporting of outcomes for studies in this area in order to make treatment decisions. Authors of some studies were contacted for a more complete data set, but were unable to locate the appropriate data (likely due to length of time since study completion). Furthermore, important clinical outcomes listed in this review were omitted in many studies and may be evidence of selective reporting. One study in which multiple publication was apparent was a single‐centre RCT examining the effects of β‐carotene supplementation on multiple biological markers of CF lung disease (Renner 2001). When redundancy is not made explicit and study reports fail to disclose association with other reports of the same population under study, this can be particularly challenging for systematic reviewers (Huston 1996). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by highlighting significant issues related to bias in the studies reviewed which impacts the reliability of conclusions regarding the efficacy of gene editing in treating disorders like cystic fibrosis. It points out the prevalence of bias and the need for further studies before any firm conclusions can be reached, thereby weakening the argument that gene editing has shown promise in this context.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Disruption of circadian rhythms can lead to health issues. [SEP] Text: 13 ± 3. 14, n = 6, respectively; p > 0. 05, Student’s t test; Table 1). Table 1 Activity patterns in LD conditions Nude WT P (mean ± SEM)(mean ± SEM) ψ (min) 8. 7 ± 6. 3 8. 1 ± 3. 1 ns Interval %Area ZT12-23 64. 54 ± 3. 43 65. 68 ± 6. 82 ns ZT23-3 12. 37 ± 2. 17 14. 81 ± 4. 00 ns ZT3-10 13. 49 ± 1. 69 10. 22 ± 1. 75 ns ZT10-128. 11 ± 1. 136. 85 ± 1. 71ns Phase angle (ψ, difference of activity onset with the time of lights off) and percentage of activity for each ZT interval over total activity were calculated (% Area, see methods for details). P values correspond to Student’s t test between nude (n = 9) and WT (n = 6) control mice. Data are expressed as mean ± SEM. The general pattern of activity in LD condition was similar in both strains, exhibited nocturnal activity and a bout of activity occurring after the time of lights on, which lasted for about 2–3 h (Figure 1A, B). Also, about 50% of the WT mice showed a bout of anticipatory activity, occurring 1–2 hours previous to lights off (data not shown). In order to analyze the contribution of each activity bout to the general activity profile of both mouse groups, we calculated the percentage of total activity corresponding to ZT12-23, ZT23-3, ZT3-10 and ZT10-12. We found no significant difference in the percentage of total activity corresponding to each of the intervals previously measured, with strictly nocturnal activity (ZT12-23) accounting for approximately 68% of the total activity in both strains (p > 0. 05, Student’s t test; Table 1). Figure 1 Activity patterns of nude and WT mice in LD and DD conditions. Representative actograms of nude (left) and wild-type (right) mice under LD (A) and DD (C) conditions. Average waveforms of nude (black) and WT (red) mice for LD (B) and DD (D) condition were calculated using the individual waveforms of relative activity. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim regarding the disruption of circadian rhythms leading to health issues. It primarily presents statistical data about the activity patterns of mice under different light conditions without any mention of health issues or circadian rhythm disturbances. Thus, it is irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Extracurricular activities support holistic student development. [SEP] Text: Trước hết, nhà trường tăng cường bồi dưỡng và tài trợ đưa sinh viên tham gia các cuộc thi học thuật tại nước ngoài để sinh viên có cơ hội học hỏi thêm từ bạn bè quốc tế thông qua các cuộc thi. Sinh viên Trường đã tham gia nhiều cuộc thi tại các nước như: Phiên toà giả định tại Nhật Bản, Hàn Quốc, Miama, Công nghệ thông tin tại Hàn Quốc… và đạt được những thành tích đáng khích lệ, trở thành các tấm gương sáng cho các thế hệ sinh viên sau, giúp các em có thêm sự tự tin và thêm bản lĩnh trong tương tác quốc tế. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by stating that the school enhances and sponsors students to participate in international academic competitions. This provides students the opportunity to learn from peers worldwide and gain confidence and skills in international interactions, which indicates a positive influence on their holistic development.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Gene editing has shown promise in treating genetic disorders like cystic fibrosis. [SEP] Text: Downgraded once for imprecision: wide confidence intervals around the effect size due to limited sample size of the trial. 8. Additionally, one study reported an age‐adjusted RR of having more than one respiratory exacerbation, but these data were not included in the pooled analysis (McCoy 1996). No significant difference was found between dornase alfa and control. 9. Downgraded once as data from one cross‐over trial was analysed as parallel data (Amin 2011), which is a conservative approach. Figures and Tables - Summary of findings for the main comparison. Dornase alfa versus placebo or no dornase alfa treatment Navigate to table in of findings 2. Dornase alfa daily versus alternate days Dornase alfa daily compared with dornase alfa on alternate days for cystic fibrosis Patient or population: Children with cystic fibrosis Settings: Outpatients Intervention: Dornase alfa daily Comparison: Dornase alfa alternate days comparative risks* (95% CI) Relative effect (95% CI) No of Participants (studies) Quality of the evidence (GRADE) risk Corresponding risk Dornase alfa alternate days Dornase alfa daily Mean relative percentage change in FEV1 (L) at 3 months See comment See comment MD 2. 00 (‐5. 00 to 9. 00) 43 (1 cross‐over study) ⊕⊕⊝⊝ low1,2 Positive MD indicates an advantage for dornase alfa daily. Participants received both interventions in cross‐over design. Mean relative percentage in FVC (L) at 3 months See comment See comment MD 0. 03 (‐0. 06 to 0. 12) 43 (1 cross‐over study) ⊕⊕⊝⊝ low1,2 Positive MD indicates an advantage for dornase alfa daily. Participants received both interventions in cross‐over design. Mean relative percentage in quality of life score at 3 months See comment See comment MD 0. 01 (‐0. 02 to 0. 04) 43 (1 cross‐over study) ⊕⊕⊝⊝ low1,2 Positive MD indicates an advantage for dornase alfa daily. Participants received both interventions in cross‐over design. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the results of a study on the use of dornase alfa in children with cystic fibrosis, which indicates that no significant difference was found between dornase alfa and a control treatment. This suggests that the effectiveness of the treatment, which could be seen as a form of genetic intervention, is not clearly established, thereby undermining the notion that gene editing holds promise for treating cystic fibrosis.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Disruption of circadian rhythms can lead to health issues. [SEP] Text: The general pattern of activity in DD condition was also similar in both mice strains. However, the activity bout that occurred after the time of lights on in LD conditions, tended to disappear under constant darkness in some mice, more often in the nude strain (Figure 1C, D). We next evaluated the period of locomotor activity in DD condition. There were no statistically significant differences between the two strains (p > 0. 05, Student’s t test; Table 2). The period was 23. 86 ± 0. 03 circadian hours -ch (1431 ± 1. 9 min, n = 9) in nude and 23. 88 ± 0. 05 ch (1436 ± 3. 1 min, n = 6) in WT mice. We found no statistically significant difference in α (8. 7 ± 0. 6 hours, corresponding to the 36% of the circadian period for nude mice, n = 9; and 10. 8 ± 1. 5 hours, corresponding to the 45% of the circadian period for control mice, n = 6; p > 0. 05, Student’s t test; Table 2). However, we found that nude mice had a smaller percentage of total activity occurring during the α interval than the WT control (66. 1 ± 3. 5% for nude mice and 79. 9 ± 3. 7% for WT controls, p < 0. 05, Student’s t test, n = 9 for nude mice and n = 6 for WT mice, Table 2). Also, there were no differences in ρ between the two strains, with duration of 15. 3 ± 0. 6 and 13. 0 ± 1. 4 hours for nude and WT mice, respectively and α/ρ ratio did not statistically differ between the two groups (0. 58 ± 0. 06 and 0. 98 ± 0. 27 for nude and WT mice, respectively, Table 2). Table 2 Activity patterns in DD conditions NudeWTp τ (hours) 23. 86 ± 0. 03 23. 88 ± 0. 05 ns α (hours) 8. 7 ± 0. 6 10. 8 ± 1. 5 ns % α/τ 36. 5 ± 2. 4 45. 4 ± 6. 3 ns % Area (α) 66. 1 ± 3. 5 79. 9 ± 3. 7 < 0. 05 α/ρ0. 58 ± 0. 060. 98 ± 0. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it details findings related to locomotor activity in different mouse strains under constant darkness but does not address health issues related to the disruption of circadian rhythms. It focuses on statistical analysis and comparisons without making any claim regarding health consequences.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Extracurricular activities support holistic student development. [SEP] Text: Đối với việc sinh viên tham gia các hoạt động giao lưu và trao đổi tại nước ngoài, nhà trường tích cực hợp tác quốc tế, tham gia các dự án trao đổi song phương, đa phương và hỗ trợ thêm một phần kinh phí nhằm khuyến khích sinh viên tham gia. Tương thích với kết quả của những nghiên cứu, các hoạt động giao lưu, trao đổi học thuật đã giúp cho sinh viên của Trường sinh viên tham gia đã có sự phát triển toàn diện các mặt, hội đủ các phẩm chất của công dân toàn cầu, sẵn sàng hội nhập vào môi trường làm việc đa văn hóa, đa quốc gia. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by stating that student participation in international exchange and communication activities has contributed to comprehensive development, fulfilling the qualities of a global citizen and readying students for multicultural work environments. This aligns with the idea that extracurricular activities aid in holistic student development.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Gene editing has shown promise in treating genetic disorders like cystic fibrosis. [SEP] Text: Open in table viewerSummary of findings 7. Pine bark extract compared to placebo for the treatment of diabetes mellitus type I and II combined Pine bark extract compared to placebo for the treatment of diabetes mellitus type I and II combined Patient or population : adults with diabetes mellitus type I and II combinedSetting : optometric practice focused on diabetic eye careIntervention : DiVFuSS formula 2 capsules daily taken orallyComparison: placebo 2 canola oil soft gel capsules daily taken orally absolute effects* (95% CI) Relative effect(95% CI) № of participants(studies) Certainty of the evidence(GRADE) with placebo Risk with pine bark extract Participant‐reported Diabetic peripheral neuropathy symptom score: number of participants who showed no change Follow‐up: 6 months Study population RR 0. 78 (0. 58 to 1. 04) 67(1 RCT) ⊕⊝⊝⊝b It is not known whether pine bark extract supplements decrease the number of participants showing no change in diabetic peripheral neuropathy symptoms. 821 per 1000. 641 per 1000(476 to 854). Investigator‐reported Change in HbA1C (%) Follow‐up: 6 months The mean increase in HbA1C (%) was 0. 1. The mean change in HbA1C was 0. 2 lower(1. 83 lower to 1. 43 higher). ‐ 67(1 RCT) ⊕⊝⊝⊝c It is not known whether pine bark extract supplements decrease change in HbA1C from baseline. All‐cause mortality No studies reported this outcome. Serious adverse events No studies reported this outcome. *The risk in the intervention group (and its 95% CI) is based on the assumed risk in the comparison group and the relative effect of the intervention (and its 95% CI). CI : confidence interval; DiVFuSS: Study; HbA1C : glycated haemoglobin; MD : mean difference; RCT : randomised controlled trial; RR: risk ratio. grades of evidence High certainty : we are very confident that the true effect lies close to that of the estimate of the effect. Moderate certainty : we are moderately confident in the effect estimate: The true effect is likely to be close to the estimate of the effect, but there is a possibility that it is substantially different. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses research findings related to pine bark extract for diabetes mellitus rather than gene editing or genetic disorders. It does not provide any information supporting or contrasting the claim about gene editing and cystic fibrosis.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Disruption of circadian rhythms can lead to health issues. [SEP] Text: 27ns Free running period (τ), α (time duration of the subjective day) and ρ (time duration of the subjective night) were calculated as described in methods. τ (hours), total α length (hours), α/τ ratio expressed as percentage, (% α/τ), percentage of total activity occurring during α (% Area (α)) and the α/ρ ratio are expressed as mean ± SEM for nude (n = 9) and WT (n = 6) mice. P values correspond to Student’s t test between the two mice groups. Characterization of circadian responses to light in nude mice We next analyzed the circadian responses to different light treatments in both nude and WT mice. Under DD conditions, light pulses delivered in the early subjective night (CT15) induce phase delays in behavioral rhythms controlled by the clock, while late night pulses (CT22) advance the circadian phase. To evaluate this circadian response to light, mice were exposed to 10 min-150 lux white light pulse at CT15 and CT22 and the corresponding phase-shift were calculated. At CT15 we observed a phase delay of −23. 2 ± 6. 2 min (n = 6) in nude mice and −20. 2 ± 6. 0 min (n = 6) in controls, with no statistically significant difference between the two groups (p > 0. 05, Student’s t test; Figure 2A). Since light pulses of the same intensity and duration at early night usually produce larger phase delays (40–150 min) in other mice strains [16,28], we analyzed the effects of a 2 h light pulse applied between CT14 and CT16. Such pulses induced a phase delay of −99 ± 6. 3 minutes in nude and of −161. 3 ± 29. 3 minutes in WT mice, that did not differ statistically between groups (p > 0. 05, test, n = 3; Figure 2B). Light pulses administered at CT22 produced no significant difference between the phase shifts presented by both strain (42 ± 31 min for nude and 2 ± 12 min for WT mice; p > 0. 05, test, n = 3; Figure 2C). Moreover, light pulses did not change the overall activity distribution throughout the circadian day. Figure 2 Response to light pulses in nude and WT mice. Athymic nude and control WT mice were subjected to light pulses during the early night (A, B) or the late night (C). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not directly address the claim regarding health issues resulting from circadian rhythm disruption. Instead, it primarily focuses on experimental observations related to phase shifts in circadian rhythms due to light exposure in different strains of mice. There is no information provided that connects these observations to health outcomes.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Extracurricular activities support holistic student development. [SEP] Text: Sự thành công của các sinh viên đi trước đã thành động lực cho sinh viên các thể hệ sau của Trường phấn đấu học tập, rèn luyện và tìm kiếm các cơ hội trải nghiệm quốc tế. Từ kết quả của các nghiên cứu trên thế giới, nhận thấy hoạt động thực tế tại nước ngoài có thể đem lại những thay đổi đáng kể về thái độ, kỹ năng và kiến thức của sinh viên, nhà trường chủ trương đưa sinh viên các lớp chất lượng cao đi thực tế ngắn hạn tại nước ngoài dưới sự hướng dẫn của giảng viên, bắt đầu triển khai từ năm 2016. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by highlighting that practical activities abroad can significantly change students' attitudes, skills, and knowledge. This aligns with the idea that extracurricular activities, like international experiences, contribute to the holistic development of students.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Gene editing has shown promise in treating genetic disorders like cystic fibrosis. [SEP] Text: Participant‐reported clinical outcomes The study evaluated the effects of Lady Prelox® using the FSFI score to assess six different domains (desire domain, arousal domain, lubrication domain, orgasm domain, satisfaction domain and pain domain). The FSFI score comprises 19 questions; the maximum score is 95 and a lower score indicates more severe sexual dysfunction. All six domains significantly favoured pine bark (Bottari 2012): desire domain (MD 1. 30, 95% CI 0. 21 to 2. 39; Analysis 9. 1); arousal domain (MD 3. 20, 95% CI 1. 12 to 5. 28; Analysis 9. 2); lubrication domain (MD 5. 30, 95% CI 3. 11 to 7. 49; Analysis 9. 3); orgasm domain (MD 4. 50, 95% CI 2. 89 to 6. 11; Analysis 9. 4); satisfaction domain (MD 5. 10, 95% CI 3. 49 to 6. 71;very low‐certainty evidence; summary of findings Table 9; Analysis 9. 5); and pain domain (MD 4. 30, 95% CI 2. 69 to 5. 91; very low‐certainty evidence; summary of findings Table 9; Analysis 9. 6). 1b. Investigator‐reported clinical outcomes No investigator‐reported outcomes were assessed in this study (Bottari 2012). 2. All‐cause mortality None of the studies addressed this outcome. Secondary outcomes 1. Adverse effects See below ''. 2. Biomarkers of oxadative stress None of the studies addressed this outcome. three studies with a total of 293 adults, participants were treated with Pycnogenol® versus placebo for osteoarthritis of the knee over a period of three months (12 weeks or 90 days); the studies were conducted in Italy (156 participants) (Belcaro 2008a), Slovakia (100 participants) (Cisár 2008) and Iran (37 participants) (Farid 2007). Primary outcomes 1a. Participant‐reported clinical outcomes All three studies used WOMAC scores to evaluate the effect of Pycnogenol® on pain, stiffness, physical function (referred to as 'daily activities' by one study (Cisár 2008)) and overall effect; additionally, one study used the WOMAC instrument to evaluate negative alterations in social functions and the sum of emotional parameters as symptoms of osteoarthritis (Belcaro 2008a). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses clinical outcomes related to participant-reported measures in studies for Pycnogenol® and does not mention gene editing or genetic disorders like cystic fibrosis. Therefore, it does not provide any information that supports or contrasts the claim.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Disruption of circadian rhythms can lead to health issues. [SEP] Text: A. Representative actograms of general activity of nude and WT mice receiving a light pulse (150 lux, 10 min) at CT15 (Right). No significant difference was found between the two strains (Left, mean ± SEM, -23. 2 ± 6. 2 min in nude and −20. 2 ± 6. 0 min in WT mice, n = 6, p > 0. 05, Student’s t test). B. Representative actograms of nude and WT mice receiving a light pulse (150 lux, 120 min) at CT14 (Right). No significant difference was found between the two strains (Left, mean ± SEM, -99 ± 6. 3 min in nude and −161. 3 ± 29. 3 min in WT mice, n = 3, p > 0. 05, test). C. Representative actograms of nude and WT mice receiving a light pulse (150 lux, 10 min) at CT22 (Right). No significant difference was found between the two strains (Left, mean ± SEM, 42 ± 31 minutes for nude and 2 ± 12 for WT mice, n = 3, p > 0. 05, test). We also analyzed the expression of c-Fos in hypothalamic coronal brain sections 60 min after a 10 min light pulse at CT15. There was no difference between the number of cells expressing c-Fos in WT and nude mice (p > 0. 05, test, n = 3; Figure 3). Figure 3 Light-induced cFos expression in the SCN of nude and WT mice. A. Mean ± SEM of positive cells number in the ventrolateral (core), dorsomedial (shell) and total areas of the SCN of nude and WT mice 60 min after a 10 min light pulse at CT15 (no significant difference was found between the number of cells either in the core, shell or total areas of the SCN; n = 3, p > 0. 05, test). B. Representative SCN coronal sections illustrating c-Fos expression in nude and WT mice exposed to 10 min light pulse (150 lux) at CT15. To evaluate the resynchronization capability of the mice groups, we delayed or advanced the time of the LD cycle by 6-h and calculated the transient needed to entrain to the new cycle. Nude mice exhibited a non-significant tendency towards larger transients for reentrainment. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not directly address the relationship between the disruption of circadian rhythms and health issues. It discusses experiments involving light pulses and the activity of nude and WT mice but does not mention any health consequences related to circadian rhythm disruption. Therefore, it is considered irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Extracurricular activities support holistic student development. [SEP] Text: Đồng thời, các em học được cách hợp tác chặt chẽ để tránh rủi ro, cách xử lý tình huống trong chuyến đi, dung hoà các xung đột vì những khác biệt… Các em cũng định vị được bản thân trong tương quan với bạn bè quốc tế, có thêm sự tự tin hoặc nhận thức được điều cần cải thiện. Ngay cả những sinh viên đã từng có nhiều cơ hội đi nước ngoài trước đây cũng thừa nhận mình đã trưởng thành hơn rất nhiều sau chuyến đi trong khuôn khổ chương trình đào tạo của Trường. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by detailing how students learn to cooperate, handle situations, and resolve conflicts, which are skills that contribute to their holistic development. Additionally, it mentions that students gain confidence and self-awareness through experiences in international contexts, reflecting aspects of personal growth and maturity that align with the concept of holistic development.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Gene editing has shown promise in treating genetic disorders like cystic fibrosis. [SEP] Text: ‐ 35(1 RCT) ⊕⊝⊝⊝c,d It is not known whether pine bark extract supplements decrease the number of NSAIDs and COX‐2 inhibitor pills taken per month. Investigator‐reported No studies reported this outcome. All‐cause mortality No studies reported this outcome. Serious adverse events Withdrawal from study because of pine bark extract supplements Study population RR 0. 40(0. 08 to 1. 97). 100(1 RCT) ⊕⊕⊕⊝bark extract supplements probably make little or no difference to withdrawal from studies. 100 per 1000 40 per 1000(8 to 197) *The risk in the intervention group (and its 95% CI) is based on the assumed risk in the comparison group and the relative effect of the intervention (and its 95% CI). CI : confidence interval; COX‐2 : cyclooxygenase‐2; NSAIDs : nonsteroidal anti‐Inflammatory drugs; RR : risk ratio; WOMAC: and McMaster Universities. grades of evidence High certainty : we are very confident that the true effect lies close to that of the estimate of the effect. Moderate certainty : we are moderately confident in the effect estimate: The true effect is likely to be close to the estimate of the effect, but there is a possibility that it is substantially different. Low certainty : our confidence in the effect estimate is limited: The true effect may be substantially different from the estimate of the effect. Very low certainty: we have very little confidence in the effect estimate: The true effect is likely to be substantially different from the estimate of effect. a Downgraded once for indirectness: only one study. b Downgraded twice for imprecision: optimal information size not met and extremely wide 95% CI. c Downgraded once for risk of bias: concerns regarding selection, performance and detection bias. d Downgraded once for imprecision: optimal information size not met. Figures and Tables - Summary of findings 10. Pine bark extract compared to placebo for the treatment of osteoarthritis Navigate to table in of findings 11. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses the effects of pine bark extract supplements in relation to various outcomes, and does not mention gene editing or its application in treating genetic disorders such as cystic fibrosis. Therefore, it does not provide any corroboration or contrast to the claim.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Disruption of circadian rhythms can lead to health issues. [SEP] Text: For delay phase shifts nude and WT mice transients were of 2. 7 ± 0. 5 (n = 6) and 1. 3 ± 0. 2 (n = 3) days, respectively. In the advances phase shift, nude mice took 7. 5 ± 0. 5 (n = 6) while WT mice took 5. 7 ± 0. 2 (n = 3) days to reentrain to the new schedule (p > 0. 05, for both, delays and advances, test; Figure 4). Figure 4 Resynchronization to phase shifts in the light–dark schedule. Nude and WT control mice were subjected to a 6-h shift in the light–dark schedule, and the transient needed to resynchronize to the new schedule was quantified. A. Time (days) needed to reentrain to the light–dark cycle in nude and WT mice subjected to a 6-h phase delay (2. 7 ± 0. 5 and 1. 3 ± 0. 2 days for nude and WT, respectively; p > 0. 05 test). B. Transient (days) needed to reentrain after 6-h phase advance of the LD cycle (7. 5 ± 0. 5 and 5. 7 ± 0. 2 days for nude and WT, respectively; p > 0. 05 test). C. Representative actograms of nude and WT mice subjected first to a 6-h phase delay and then (15 days later) to a 6-h phase advance of the LD cycle. Grey background represents time of lights-off. using xenogeneic tumor implantation in athymic immune-deficient mice are becoming a useful tool for understanding both the importance of circadian dysregulation as a factor that potentiates tumor progression and the benefits of timed cancer therapies [29 - 31]. Therefore, a circadian characterization of nude mice results necessary to fully comprehend the results of such experimental approaches. A previous report by Beau et al. (1990) has described the patterns of circadian locomotor activity under LD conditions, analyzing 3 days of recording. In the present study, we extend those results, analyzing circadian rhythms in constant conditions, the response to light pulses and the resynchronization to light–dark cycles shifts. Our results show that general activity characteristics (ψ and activity distribution over different ZT intervals) in athymic mice were not different from their WT control. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it primarily discusses experimental results related to the resynchronization of circadian rhythms in nude and wild-type (WT) mice after phase shifts, without making any direct connections to health issues caused by disruption of circadian rhythms.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Extracurricular activities support holistic student development. [SEP] Text: Viêc đa dạng hóa các hoạt động trải nghiệm và mở rộng đối tác của trường đã và đang tác động rất tích cực đến số lượng sinh viên quan tâm tham gia. Năm 2019, trên cơ sở các thành tựu đạt được trong hoạt động hợp tác quốc tế, Trường ĐH Kinh tế-Luật khuyến khích các khoa đào tạo đưa sinh viên ra nước ngoài học một số học phần, kết hợp với hoạt động thực tế, giao lưu văn hoá… Đã có gần 100 sinh viên Khoa Hệ thống thông tin quản lý và Khoa Kế toán - Kiểm toán tham gia học tập 3 học phần tại Thái Lan và Singapore. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by describing how diversified experiential activities and international partnerships positively impact student engagement. It highlights that nearly 100 students participated in study components abroad, indicating that such extracurricular involvement fosters holistic development through real-world experiences and cultural exchange.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Gene editing has shown promise in treating genetic disorders like cystic fibrosis. [SEP] Text: Selection criteria Randomised controlled studies comparing topical CFTR gene delivery to the lung, using either viral or non‐viral delivery systems, with placebo or an alternative delivery system in people with confirmed cystic fibrosis. Data collection and analysis The authors independently extracted data and assessed study quality. Authors of included studies were contacted and asked for any available additional data. Meta‐analysis was limited due to differing study designs. Main results Four randomised controlled studies met the inclusion criteria for this review, involving a total of 302 participants lasting from 29 days to 13 months; 14 studies were excluded. The included studies differed in terms of CFTR gene replacement agent and study design, which limited the meta‐analysis. One study only enrolled adult males, the remaining studies included both males and females aged 12 years and over. Risk of bias in the studies was moderate. Random sequence generation and allocation concealment was only described in the more recent study; the remaining three studies were judged to have an unclear risk of bias. All four studies documented double‐blinding to the intervention, but there is some uncertainty with regards to participant blinding in one study. Some outcome data were missing from all four studies. There were no differences in either the number of respiratory exacerbations or the number of participants with an exacerbation between replacement therapy or placebo groups at any time point. Meta‐analysis of most respiratory function tests showed no difference between treatment and placebo groups, but the smallest study (n = 16) reported forced vital capacity (litres) increased more in the placebo group at up to 24 hours. A further study reported a significant improvement in forced expiratory volume at one second (litres) at 30 days after participants had received their first dose of favouring the gene therapy agent, but this finding was not confirmed when combined with at second study in the meta‐analysis. The more recent study (n = 140) demonstrated a small improvement in forced vital capacity (per cent predicted) at two and three months and again at 11 and 12 months for participants receiving CFTR gene replacement therapy compared to those receiving placebo. The same study reported a significant difference in the relative change in forced expiratory volume at one second (per cent predicted) at two months, three months and 12 months. One small study reported significant concerns with "influenza‐like" symptoms in participants treated with CFTR gene replacement therapy; this was not reported on repeated use of the same agent in a larger recent study. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the results of randomized controlled studies on CFTR gene delivery for cystic fibrosis, which did not show any significant differences in respiratory function between gene therapy and placebo groups. While one study reported slight improvements in forced vital capacity and forced expiratory volume, the overall results indicated that there were no consistent benefits from gene editing therapies, thereby questioning their promise in treating cystic fibrosis.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Disruption of circadian rhythms can lead to health issues. [SEP] Text: Presence of anticipatory behavior was seen in approximately 50% of the WT mice, evidenced by a sharp bout of activity occurring 1–2 hours before the time of lights off (ZT10-12). However, the percentage of total activity occurring within this interval did not differ between athymic and control mice, probably due to the presence of irregular diurnal activity also during this interval in the nude mice. An important activity bout was found in both WT and mutant mice, occurring in an interval ranging from ZT23 to ZT3. In a previous report showing an activity waveform for WT mice, this activity bout was also found in the first hours of the light phase, and was accompanied by a raise in body temperature, suggesting that it might be a characteristic of the Swiss background [32]. A reduced amount of global activity has been described in nude mice from C57BL/6J background, compared with their WT controls [26]. Unfortunately, due to differences in the sensitivity among infrared sensors, the absolute number of counts is not reliably comparable between different animals, therefore making it impossible to estimate a global activity mean that can be used to compare the nude and the WT strains. Under conditions of continuous darkness (DD), circadian rhythms assume free-running periods that are close to 24 hours. Our data indicate a slightly larger period in nude and control mice with background (23. 86 and 23. 88 h, respectively), compared with a previous report that showed a 23. 3 h period in wheel running activity rhythms for the Swiss strain mice [33]. However, it has been described that wheel-running can shorten the period of circadian rhythms in rodents [34 - 36], which might explain the longer period found in our work, where we measured general activity rhythms of mice without access to running wheels. Importantly, there were no differences between the free-running period or in the α in DD of nude and WT control mice (although the percentage of activity occurring within the α interval was lower in nude mice), suggesting that the Foxn1(Δ/Δ) mutation doesn’t affect the central pacemaker, at least regarding this particular behavioral output. In addition, our findings add substantial information regarding the circadian system of Swiss mice, a strain that has received relatively little attention in chronobiology. Circadian entrainment to light–dark cycles is mediated through daily phase shifts induced by light on the pacemaker. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not directly address the claim regarding the health issues related to the disruption of circadian rhythms. Instead, it discusses various aspects of circadian activities in different mouse strains and how certain behaviors manifest in relation to circadian rhythms, but does not mention health implications or consequences of disruptions. Therefore, it is deemed irrelevant.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Extracurricular activities support holistic student development. [SEP] Text: Ví dụ, Inventory (GPI) hiện đang được dùng phổ biến 30 vì có thể đo lường được toàn diện mức độ thay đổi của sinh viên, từ thay đổi trong nhận thức, kiến thức, các kỹ năng hội nhập, trách nhiệm đối với xã hội, nhạy cảm văn hoá, khả năng độc lập tư duy và ở cả phương diện phát triển bản thân như khả năng tự nhận thức, chấp nhận và tôn trọng sự khác biệt… KẾT LUẬN Số lượng các chương trình trải nghiệm ngắn hạn đang gia tăng nhanh trên khắp thế giới để đáp ứng nhu cầu của một bộ phận đáng kể sinh viên chưa hoặc không đủ điều ki� [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing how a comprehensive inventory (GPI) can measure various aspects of student development, such as cognitive changes, social responsibility, cultural sensitivity, and self-awareness. These measurements indicate that extracurricular activities contribute to a holistic development approach, supporting the claim that they enhance overall student growth.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Gene editing has shown promise in treating genetic disorders like cystic fibrosis. [SEP] Text: There was no other evidence of positive impact on outcomes, in particular improved quality of life or reduced treatment burden. Two studies measured ion transport in the lower airways; one (n = 16) demonstrated significant changes toward normal values in the participants who received gene transfer agents (P < 0. 0001), mean difference 6. 86 (95% confidence interval 3. 77 to 9. 95). The second study (n = 140) also reported significant changes toward normal values (P = 0. 032); however, aggregate data were not available for analysis. In the most recent study, there was also evidence of increased salt transport in cells obtained by brushing the lower airway. These outcomes, whilst important, are not of direct clinical relevance. Authors' conclusions One study of liposome‐based CFTR gene transfer therapy demonstrated some improvements in respiratory function in people with CF, but this limited evidence of efficacy does not support this treatment as a routine therapy at present. There was no evidence of efficacy for viral‐mediated gene delivery. Future studies need to investigate clinically important outcome measures. model is widely used and taught in evidence-based health care as a strategy for formulating questions and search strategies and for characterizing clinical studies or meta-analyses. PICO stands for four different potential components of a clinical question: Patient, Population or Problem; Intervention; Comparison; Outcome. See more on using PICO in the Cochrane Handbook. Plain language summary available in English Español فارسی Hrvatski 简体中文 Replacing the defective gene is a potential treatment for progressive lung disease in people with cystic fibrosis Review question We reviewed the evidence about the effect of delivering the correct copy of the cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) gene directly to the lungs of people with cystic fibrosis in order to treat progressive lung disease. cystic fibrosis the gene encoding a protein called the cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) is faulty. People with cystic fibrosis suffer from progressive lung infection and damage which reduces life expectancy. Agents which can deliver a correct copy of the faulty CFTR gene to cells in the lungs may be an effective treatment. Search date The evidence is current to: 20 April 2016. Study characteristics We found four studies with 302 people to include in this review. The studies lasted from 29 days to 13 months. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by indicating that, although there have been some studies showing significant changes in ion transport after gene transfer, the authors conclude that there is limited evidence of efficacy to support gene editing as a routine therapy for cystic fibrosis at present. Specifically, it notes that 'this limited evidence of efficacy does not support this treatment as a routine therapy at present,' which directly counters the assertion that gene editing has shown promise in treating genetic disorders like cystic fibrosis.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Disruption of circadian rhythms can lead to health issues. [SEP] Text: We found no differences in the magnitude of the phase shifts (both at the early or late night) between WT Swiss mice and the nude mutant mice. Also, the ability to resynchronize to a 6-hour shift (both in delayed or advanced schedules) in the LD cycle did not differ between the two strains. This finding could be expected given the similarities in both the response to light pulses and the endogenous periods of each strain. Alterations in the immune system can produce changes in circadian physiology. For example, mice mutant for the Galectin-1 gene, which regulates cytokine synthesis [37], show altered free-running periods and responses to early-night light pulses [38]. Moreover, activation of the immune system can also modulate the circadian clock. Peripheral LPS administration or introcerebroventricular (icv) injection of TNF-α or IL-1β produced phase delays in wheel running activity [17,39], and icv delivery of a proinflammatory cocktail also activated c-Fos expression in the SCN [40]. In addition, clock gene expression can be altered by exposure to different proinflammatory factors [41 - 44]. Besides the lack of functional T cells, nude athymic mice show resistance to Bacillus anthracis, Listeria monocytogenes and Staphylococcus aureus infection [45,46], reduced levels of circulating TNF-α, IL-6 and IFN-γ, in response to Pseudomonas aeruginosa exotoxin [47] and present a higher activation of macrophages [48]. It should also be noted that the nude mice were found to have a reduced number of glial cells (oligodendrocytes, astrocytes, and microglia), with presence of hypertrophic astroglia in the adult brain [49], and glial cells have been suggested to modulate the circadian system [50 - 52]. However, given the results of this work, none of these characteristics (or other phenotypic changes) occurring in the Foxn1(Δ/Δ) mice results in a notable alteration in the circadian rhythm of activity. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it primarily discusses research findings related to the response of different mouse strains to light pulses and the effects of the immune system on circadian physiology. Although it mentions alterations in immune responses and their potential effects on circadian rhythms, it does not directly address or provide evidence supporting the claim that disruption of circadian rhythms can lead to health issues.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Extracurricular activities support holistic student development. [SEP] Text: Các chương trình này dễ tổ chức, dễ tiếp cận hơn cho sinh viên và góp phần phát triển toàn diện người học. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by stating that these programs are easy to organize and accessible for students, contributing to the comprehensive development of learners.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Gene editing has shown promise in treating genetic disorders like cystic fibrosis. [SEP] Text: Visual summary Authors' conclusions Implications for practice While the meta‐analysis of most respiratory function tests showed no difference between treatment and placebo groups, the most recent study, Alton 2015, demonstrated a benefit in relative change in FEV1 % predicted and FVC % predicted at 12 months for participants receiving CFTR gene replacement therapy compared to those receiving placebo (Alton 2015). Concerns over safety with "flu‐like" symptoms in most participants in the Alton 1999 study were not reported on repeated use in Alton 2015 (Alton 1999; Alton 2015). There was no other evidence of positive impact on outcomes, in particular improved quality of life, reduced treatment burden or exacerbations (Alton 2015). The limited evidence of efficacy does not support this as a routine therapy at present. There was no evidence of efficacy for viral‐mediated gene delivery from the remaining two included studies (Moss 2004; Moss 2007). Implications for research Clinical studies examining the use of CFTR gene transfer reagents for CF lung disease should include outcome measures that are relevant to people with CF as well as clearly defined surrogate measures of efficacy. It is imperative that future studies of established or novel gene therapy reagents use a robust study design with clearly defined endpoints and adequate power. These studies must be reported in a full and transparent manner to enable the incorporation of data into systematic reviews. A clear cost analysis is essential for any emerging therapies, as this is likely to be a significant factor. In future updates of this review, we will include this as a pertinent secondary outcome measure. of the condition Cystic fibrosis (CF) is the commonest life‐shortening disease in Caucasians and is caused by a single gene defect. It has a prevalence of approximately 1 in 2000 at birth (Bobadilla 2002). The affected gene is responsible for making a protein called the cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR). There are many abnormalities or alterations of the CFTR gene that can affect the production and function of CFTR (Rowntree 2003). Normally, CFTR has an important role in co‐ordinating salt transport across cell membranes. This role is particularly important in the lungs where an abnormality of CFTR results in dehydration of the surface liquid that lines the airways (Matsui 1998). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by stating that the meta-analysis did not show a significant benefit from CFTR gene replacement therapy, as it indicated that most respiratory function tests showed no difference between treatment and placebo groups. Although one study demonstrated some benefit, the overall conclusion is that there is limited evidence of efficacy and it does not support gene therapy as a routine treatment for cystic fibrosis at present.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Disruption of circadian rhythms can lead to health issues. [SEP] Text:  circadian clock controls toll-like receptor 9-mediated innate and adaptive immunity Immunity 36: 251–261, DOI: [PubMed] Jewett, KA; Krueger, JMHumoral sleep regulation; interleukin-1 and tumor necrosis factor 89: 241–257. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses the role of the circadian clock in immunity but does not address health issues related to disruptions in circadian rhythms.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Extracurricular activities support holistic student development. [SEP] Text: Những hoạt động như giao lưu, trao đổi, thực tập, thực tế tại nước ngoài có thể giúp các cơ sở đào tạo phát triển toàn diện người học, từ góc độ chuyên môn học thuật, kỹ năng, ngoại ngữ để hướng người học trở thành công dân toàn cầu, đạt được sự phát triển ở bản thân người học lẫn cung cấp cho họ cơ hội việc làm tốt hơn. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by stating that activities such as exchanges, internships, and real-world experiences abroad can help educational institutions promote the comprehensive development of learners. It emphasizes developing academic skills, language abilities, and preparing students to become global citizens, which aligns with the concept of holistic development.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Gene editing has shown promise in treating genetic disorders like cystic fibrosis. [SEP] Text: One study reported lung function at six hours post‐dose to monitor for adverse effects (Alton 1999). This meant that there are limited opportunities to combine data in a meta‐analysis. a. Forced expiratory volume at one second (FEV1) Three studies reported results for FEV1 (L) (Alton 1999; Moss 2004; Moss 2007). Alton 1999 reported a fall in FEV1 at six hours post‐dose (Alton 1999). There was no significant difference between active (n = 8) and placebo (n = 8) groups, MD ‐1. 4 L (95% CI ‐3. 07 to 0. 27) (Analysis 1. 3). Moss 2004 reported change in FEV1 (L) from baseline at 30 days, 60 days, 90 days, and 150 days (Moss 2004). Moss 2007 reported change this at 14 days, 30 days, 45 days, 60 days, 75 days and 90 days (Moss 2007). As the participants in Moss 2004, but not Moss 2007, received a third dose of CFTR gene replacement or placebo on Day 60, meta‐analysis was only possible on data from Day 30 and Day 60 compared to baseline, and not at subsequent time points. 30, the earlier study demonstrated a significant improvement in favour of the gene therapy group (n = 20) compared to the placebo group (n = 17), MD 0. 14 L (95% CI 0. 02 to 0. 26) (Moss 2004). However, at the same time point Moss 2007 did not show a significant improvement, gene therapy group (n = 51) and placebo group (n = 51), MD 0. 03 (95% CI ‐0. 05 to 0. 11) (Moss 2007). Combined data for both Moss studies show no significant difference between gene therapy (n = 71) and placebo (n = 68 ) groups, MD 0. 06 (95% CI 0. 00 to 0. 13) (Analysis 1. 3). 60, Moss 2004 reported no significant difference between gene therapy (n = 19) and placebo (n = 17) groups on change in FEV1 (L) from baseline, MD 0. 05 L (95% CI ‐0. 12 to 0. 22) (Moss 2004). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by presenting results from multiple studies on gene therapy for cystic fibrosis that indicate no significant improvement in lung function (FEV1) between gene therapy and placebo groups. Specifically, it mentions that combined data from the studies by Moss show no significant difference (MD 0.06, 95% CI 0.00 to 0.13), which suggests that gene editing may not have the promising effects that the claim suggests.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Disruption of circadian rhythms can lead to health issues. [SEP] Text: DOI: [PubMed] Van Bogaert, MJV; Groenink, L; Oosting, RS; Westphal, KGC; Van der Gugten, J; Oliver, BMouse strain differences in autonomic responses to stress Behav 5: 139–149, DOI: [PubMed] Dardente, H; Menet, JS; Challet, E; Tournier, BB; Pevet, P; Masson-Pevet, MDaily and circadian expression of neuropeptides in the suprachiasmatic nuclei of nocturnal and diurnal rodents Res 124: 143–151, DOI: [PubMed] Yamada, N; Shimoda, K; Takahashi, K; Takahashi, SChange in period of free-running rhythms determined by two different tools in blinded rats 36: 357–362, DOI: [PubMed] Mistlberger, RE; Bossert, JM; Holmes, MM; Marchant, EGSerotonin and feedback effects of behavioral activity on circadian rhythms in mice Res 96: 93–99, DOI: [PubMed] Edgar, DM; Martin, CE; Dement, WCActivity feedback to the mammalian circadian pacemaker: influence on observed measures of rhythm period length J 6: 185–199, DOI: [PubMed] Rabinovich, GA; Toscano, MATurning ‘sweet’ on immunity: galectin-glycan interactions in immune tolerance and inflammation Immunol 9: 338–352, DOI: [PubMed] Casiraghi, LP; Croci, DO; Poirier, F; Rabinovich, GA; Golombek, DA“Time sweet time”: circadian characterization of galectin-1 null mice J 8: 4. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim directly, as it primarily consists of references to various studies on circadian rhythms in different mouse strains and neuropeptides but does not provide evidence or information about health issues resulting from the disruption of circadian rhythms.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Extracurricular activities support holistic student development. [SEP] Text: Through the “stories” function on Instagram, they share some of their daily activities with students, immersing them in the language and culture. For example, the FLTA from Mexico created a video sharing his visit to the local zoo and some of the animals that he saw, and the FLTA from Uruguay, who lives close to the border of Brazil, shared how easy it is to cross over to a new country by car. These brief videos offer students a glimpse into a new culture, thereby allowing them to make cultural observations between their own and that of the FLTAs. Moreover, these videos help the students and FLTAs create personal connections despite the distance. In addition to using Instagram to build community, the department has organized weekly gatherings to promote the Hispanic culture and language. These events are not new to the department. Pre-COVID-19, the FLTAs hosted weekly tertulias, informal gatherings in Spanish in the dormitory on campus where students are expected to speak the language. Besides tertulias, every Friday, faculty, FLTAs, students, and any members of the community who speak Spanish met in the dining hall for lunch. In both of these events, students practiced their Spanish in an informal setting and got to know the department on a more personal level. Because many of the conversations in the Spanish table typically revolve around plans for the weekend and it is tricky to hold a conversation over Zoom while eating, the department replaced weekly lunches this year with other types of activities and focused on organizing engaging weekly events online. The objective of the FLTAs’ weekly meetings is to share more about their culture and countries (Mexico, Uruguay, and Spain) and provide a space where students can practice their Spanish outside of the classroom. Students can choose from various topics, including politics, history, music, tourist destinations, and the education system, to name a few. As students are required to attend five of these events during the semester, the wide range of topics allows them to select the sessions that are most appealing to them. Additionally, by giving them various options to choose from during the semester, students are given agency, resulting in a high level of engagement in these weekly meetings. These sessions also push students outside of their comfort zone, as many are using their Spanish for the first time in conversations that go beyond the traditional textbook vocabulary or weekend plan discussions that would frequently occur in person during Spanish lunches in the dining hall. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by detailing how various extracurricular activities, such as weekly gatherings and informal Spanish conversations, foster student engagement and cultural connection. These activities allow students to practice the language in a supportive environment, explore diverse topics related to culture, and build personal connections with peers and faculty, contributing to their overall development.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Gene editing has shown promise in treating genetic disorders like cystic fibrosis. [SEP] Text: At the same time point, Moss 2007 also showed no significant difference between treatment groups (gene therapy n = 51; placebo n = 51), MD ‐0. 07 (95% CI ‐0. 15 to 0. 01) (Moss 2007). Combined data for gene therapy groups (n = 70) and placebo groups (n = 68) at Day 60 show no significant difference, MD ‐0. 05 L (95% CI ‐0. 12 to 0. 02) (Analysis 1. 3). At subsequent time points (data not presented in the meta‐analysis), there were no significant differences in the change in absolute FEV1 from baseline demonstrated in either Moss 2004 (90 days and 150 days) or Moss 2007 (45 days, 60 days, 75 days and 90 days) (Moss 2004; Moss 2007); furthermore, these data cannot be pooled due to different study regimens. The two Moss studies reported change in FEV1 % predicted (Moss 2004; Moss 2007). 30, the Moss 2004 reported no significant difference between the groups (gene therapy n = 20; placebo n = 17) in change in FEV1 % predicted, MD 2. 99% (95% CI ‐0. 44 to 6. 42) (Moss 2004). At the same time point, Moss 2007 also reported no significant difference between the groups (gene therapy n = 51; placebo n = 51), MD 0. 80% (95% CI ‐1. 50 to 3. 10) (Moss 2007). Combined data for the two Moss studies at Day 30 show no significant difference between groups (gene therapy n = 71; placebo n = 68), MD 1. 48% (95% CI ‐0. 43 to 3. 39) (Analysis 1. 4). 60, Moss 2004 reported no significant difference between groups (gene therapy n = 19; placebo n = 17) for the change from baseline in FEV1 % predicted, MD 0. 39% (95% CI ‐4. 31 to 5. 09) (Moss 2004). At the same time point, Moss 2007 significantly favoured placebo (n = 51) over gene therapy (n = 51), MD ‐2. 69% (95% CI ‐5. 14 to ‐0. 24) (Moss 2007). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim as it discusses multiple studies regarding gene therapy for cystic fibrosis, specifically highlighting that there were no significant differences in treatment outcomes between the gene therapy and placebo groups. Phrases such as 'no significant difference' and specific data points indicate that the results did not support the effectiveness of gene therapy, thereby undermining the claim that gene editing has shown promise in treating genetic disorders.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Disruption of circadian rhythms can lead to health issues. [SEP] Text: DOI: [PubMed] Leone, MJ; Marpegan, L; Duhart, JM; Golombek, DARole of proinflammatory cytokines on lipopolysaccharide-induced phase shifts in locomotor activity circadian rhythm 29: 715–723, DOI: [PubMed] Sadki, A; Bentivoglio, M; Kristensson, K; Nygard, MSuppressors, receptors and effects of cytokines on the aging mouse biological clock 28: 296–305, DOI: [PubMed] Cavadini, G; Petrzilka, S; Kohler, P; Jud, C; Tobler, I; Birchler, T; Fontana, ATNF-alpha suppresses the expression of clock genes by interfering with E-box-mediated transcription 104: 12843–12848, DOI: [PubMed] Koyanagi, S; Ohdo, SAlteration of intrinsic biological rhythms during interferon treatment and its possible mechanism 62: 1393–1399, DOI: [PubMed] Kwak, Y; Lundkvist, GB; Brask, J; Davidson, A; Menaker, M; Kristensson, K; Block, GDInterferon-gamma alters electrical activity and clock gene expression in suprachiasmatic nucleus neurons J 23: 150–159, DOI: [PubMed] Okada, K; Yano, M; Doki, Y; Azama, T; Iwanaga, H; Miki, H; Nakayama, M; Miyata, H; Takiguchi, S; Fujiwara, YInjection of LPS causes transient suppression of biological clock genes in rats J 145: 5–12, DOI: [PubMed] Watts, CJ; Hahn, BL; Sohnle, PGResistance of athymic nude mice to experimental cutaneous Bacillus anthracis infection J 199: 673–679, DOI: [PubMed] Nickol, AD; Bonventre, PFAnomalous high native resistance to athymic mice to bacterial pathogens 18: 636–645. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not directly address the claim regarding circadian rhythm disruption and health issues. Instead, it lists various studies related to circadian rhythms and their mechanisms on a biochemical level, but does not provide conclusions or evidence that link disrupted circadian rhythms explicitly to health problems.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Extracurricular activities support holistic student development. [SEP] Text: In these low-stakes discussions, students use their Spanish to discuss Spain’s monarchy, compare and contrast different popular songs, and express their opinions about the education system in Latin America. These sessions often coincide with the textbook themes or cultural topics of the language courses, allowing students to recycle old vocabulary. In general, these low-stakes moments, in which students practice grammatical structures, develop their vocabulary, and discuss topics that first and foremost interest them, become a pivotal step towards acquiring the language and reaching a more advanced proficiency. In addition to weekly meetings, the FLTAs have also organized several cooking workshops this semester. Each FLTA uploads a video on YouTube cooking a popular dish from his or her country: Spanish tortilla, Mexican panuchos and salbutes, and fried tortas, a popular Uruguayan dish served with mate. After sharing the video and recipe via Moodle, Amherst College’s learning management system, students are encouraged to watch it, follow the recipe, and prepare the dish (if at home). For students who are on campus and do not have access to a kitchen, they are encouraged to post other recipes that they have prepared in the past or make comparisons with other recipes that may be similar to the dish. For example, in the case of the Spanish tortilla, students could upload a picture of a quiche and compare/contrast the two dishes. Then, there is a follow-up Zoom session where students can share further thoughts and ask questions to the FLTA or learn more about typical dishes from the country. In these special workshops, ACTFL’s three modes of communication are implemented: interpretive, interpersonal, and presentational. Students read the recipe, discuss it in the forum or in the synchronous session with the FLTA and classmates, and then, either write their own recipe and share in a discussion board or share it orally during the live meetings. All of these sessions are in Spanish, but students at all levels are encouraged to attend, even those at the beginner level. If there are several beginner students present in a Zoom session, breakout rooms can be used for a more effective conversation. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by detailing various extracurricular activities, such as cooking workshops and language practice sessions, that contribute to students' development. It highlights students developing language skills, engaging in discussions of various topics, and cooking traditional dishes, all of which support their holistic growth and engagement beyond traditional classroom learning.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Gene editing has shown promise in treating genetic disorders like cystic fibrosis. [SEP] Text: Combined data for these two studies at Day 60 show no significant difference between groups (gene therapy n = 70; placebo n = 68), MD ‐2. 03% (95% CI ‐4. 21 to 0. 14) (Analysis 1. 4). At subsequent time points there were no significant differences in change in FEV1 % predicted from baseline demonstrated in either study and the data cannot be pooled for analysis (Moss 2004; Moss 2007). b. Forced vital capacity (FVC) Four studies reported different measures of FVC at a range of time points (Alton 1999; Alton 2015; Moss 2004; Moss 2007). Alton 1999 reported a fall in FVC (L) at six hours post‐dose, but there was no significant difference found between the gene therapy group (n = 8) and the placebo group (n = 8), MD ‐1. 70 L (95% CI ‐3. 27 to ‐0. 13) (Alton 1999). studies assessed the change in FVC (L) from baseline at Day 30 and Day 60 (Moss 2004; Moss 2007). 30, the earlier study reported no significant difference between the gene therapy group (n = 20) and placebo group (n = 17), MD 0. 13 L (95% CI ‐0. 02 to 0. 28) (Moss 2004). At this time point Moss 2007 also demonstrated no significant difference between the groups (gene therapy n = 51; placebo n = 51) MD ‐0. 01 L (95% CI ‐0. 09 to 0. 07) (Moss 2007). Combined data for the two Moss studies at Day 30 show no significant difference between the gene therapy group (n = 71) and placebo group (n = 68), MD 0. 02 L (95% CI ‐0. 05 to 0. 09) (Analysis 1. 5). 60, Moss 2004 reported no significant difference between the groups (gene therapy n = 19; placebo n = 17), MD 0. 02 L (95% CI ‐0. 16 to 0. 20) (Moss 2004). LIkewise, Moss 2007 also reported no significant difference between the groups (gene therapy n = 51; placebo n = 51), MD ‐0. 07 L (95% CI ‐0. 15 to 0. 01) (Moss 2007). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by providing data from studies on gene therapy that do not show significant differences in treatment outcomes compared to placebo groups. For example, it mentions multiple studies where no significant difference in Forced Vital Capacity (FVC) and other measures were found between the gene therapy and placebo groups, indicating that the gene therapy studied did not demonstrate success in improving conditions related to cystic fibrosis.