Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Wind turbines are a significant threat to migratory bird populations. [SEP] Text: Methodological approaches to assessing population-level impacts of bird collisions with wind turbines: a critical perspective Published online by Press: 27 December 2023 [Opens in a new window]andAurélien author details Thierry Chambert* Affiliation: CEFE, University of -: CEFE, University of -élien Besnard Affiliation: CEFE, University of -* Corresponding author: Thierry Chambert; Email: thierry. chambert@cefe. cnrs. fr 0. 29 mb) View PDF [Opens in a new window] Save to to Save to & Permissions [Opens in a new window] energy is a source of collision fatalities for birds and bats. To evaluate the risk that wind power development projects might pose to the conservation of protected species, it is essential to quantify the impact of collisions on the dynamics of wild populations. To address this challenge, two approaches are primarily employed: potential biological removal (PBR) and population projection analysis (PPA). PBR is a decision rule designed to calculate a sustainable fatality limit for a given population, whereas PPA relies on simulation-based modelling to forecast a population’s future trajectory under various scenarios. In the context of environmental impact assessments (EIAs), we argue that PPA offers a more suitable method than PBR for evaluating population-level impacts resulting from collisions with wind turbines. can be focused on a single source of disturbance, aligning with the perspective of the EIA process. By contrast, PBR necessarily adopts a population-centred perspective and is therefore only relevant when considering all sources of mortality that jointly affect a population. Furthermore, robust utilization of the PBR approach requires the definition of quantitative conservation objectives and the implementation of a comprehensive management strategy evaluation, neither of which is ever undertaken within the context of an EIA. mortalitiesanthropogenic impactscollision fatalitiespopulation projectionspopulation viability analysispotential biological removalwind energy Conservation Issue 1 March 2024 10. 1017/S0376892923000346 [Opens in a new window] Copyright © The Author(s), 2023. Published by Press on behalf of Foundation for everywhere around the world, the development of wind energy stands as one of the pillars of the energy transition (Teske et al. and Briggs2019). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the potential impact of wind turbines on bird populations. It highlights that energy generated from wind can result in collision fatalities for birds, indicating a significant threat to their populations. The text emphasizes the importance of assessing these impacts through methodologies such as potential biological removal (PBR) and population projection analysis (PPA), underscoring the necessity of evaluating the risks posed by wind power development to conservation efforts.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Solar panels produce energy consistently, even without sunlight. [SEP] Text: FloorSurfaceThe spring equinoxThe summer solsticeThe autumnal equinoxThe winter solsticeEffective sunshine duration in a year (h)Roof1214121023761South5. 44. 85. 43920. 7East6764. 51163. 25West3. 34. 53. 32. 42South64. 864594East67651188West3. 64. 53. 62. 63South74. 774. 51148. 4East65651188West43434-5South8. 66. 58. 66. 51470. 15East67651188West4. 7564. 753. 56-10South12612101980East67651188West6764. 81178. 111-14South12412101881East67651188West6765118815South121. 512101757. 25East66. 5651163. 25West66. 5651163. 2516South6. 80. 56. 891143. 45East3. 43. 63. 43. 5West4. 34. 54. 34Table 6. Sunshine duration of different surfaces (unit: h). In this part of the study, sunshine striking a given surface between sunrise and sunset is of concern. First, the total amount of annual solar energy striking surface for more than 5 h was calculated for each solar term over a whole year, which calculation was performed for every surface of the building. The related and required parameters for cost calculation were then assigned. According to the sustainable design plan of the Civil Building, polycrystalline silicon solar panel at 240 W and 18% conversion efficiency (1. 65 m long, 0. 991 m wide, and 0. 04 m light) are suitable components for a larger photovoltaic energy generation and supply system. The installed photovoltaic system will receive 3 RMB per watt capacity in construction subsidies, thus each solar panel 240 W will yield 720 RMB in subsidy. The total number of solar panels n that can be installed on the surface is given in Eq. (1), where Ai is the combined effective area of the facade and rooftop of the Civil Building, while S is the cross-sectional area of the solar panel. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the effective sunshine duration and annual solar energy striking surfaces, indicating that solar panels rely on sunlight for energy generation. It details calculations based on sunshine duration and mentions that these parameters are crucial for determining solar energy output, which implies that energy production is not consistent without sunlight.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: The suprachiasmatic nucleus is the master regulator of circadian rhythms. [SEP] Text: Prokineticin 2 transmits the behavioural circadian rhythm of the suprachiasmatic nucleus Nature 417(6887): 405–10, DOI: Zhou, QY and Cheng, MY (2005). Prokineticin 2 and circadian clock output 272(22): 5703–9, DOI: and Zhou, QY (2007). Altered circadian and homeostatic sleep regulation in prokineticin 2-deficient mice Sleep 30(3): 247–56. and Zhou, QY (2006). Attenuated circadian rhythms in mice lacking the prokineticin 2 gene J Neurosci 26(45): 11615–23, DOI: and Maywood, ES (2007). Prokineticin receptor 2 (Prokr2) is essential for the regulation of circadian behavior by the suprachiasmatic nuclei 104(2): 648–53, DOI: ’and Hu, WP (2011). Prokineticin 2 regulates the electrical activity of rat suprachiasmatic nuclei neurons PLoS One 6(6): e20263. DOI: and Ferguson, AV (2004). Prokineticin 2 modulates the excitability of subfornical organ neurons J Neurosci 24(10): 2375–9, DOI: and Ferguson, AV (2007). Prokineticin 2 depolarizes paraventricular nucleus magnocellular and parvocellular neurons Neurosci 25(2): 425–34, DOI: and McNaughton, PA (2006). Sensitization of transient receptor potential vanilloid 1 by the prokineticin receptor agonist Bv8 J Neurosci 26(19): 5109–16, DOI: and Zhou, QY (2002). Identification and molecular characterization of two closely related G protein-coupled receptors activated by prokineticins/endocrine gland vascular endothelial growth factor J 277(22): 19276–80, DOI: and Kojima, I (1999). Translocation of a calcium-permeable cation channel induced by insulin-like growth factor-I Biol 1(3): 165–70, DOI: Clapham, DE (2003). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not directly address the claim about the suprachiasmatic nucleus being the master regulator of circadian rhythms. Instead, it discusses prokineticin 2 and its role in transmitting behavioral circadian rhythms. While prokineticin 2's function may relate to circadian rhythms, the text does not provide confirmation or contradiction of the claim about the suprachiasmatic nucleus itself.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Wind turbines are a significant threat to migratory bird populations. [SEP] Text: However, this mode of energy production is also a source of negative impacts on biodiversity, particularly for birds and bats (Drewitt & Drewitt and Langston2006, Schuster et al. Reference Schuster, Bulling and Köppel2015, Barclay et al. Reference Barclay, Baerwald, Rydell and Perrow2017, Thaxter et al. and Green2017, Serrano et al. Reference Serrano, Margalida, Pérez-García, Juste, Traba and Valera2020). Wind power plants can have two types of negative effects on these volant animals. First, birds and bats are susceptible to direct mortalities caused by collisions with wind turbines or by barotrauma (Barclay et al. Reference Barclay, Baerwald, Rydell and Perrow2017, & De Lucas, Perrow and Perrow2017). Second, like all large artificial infrastructures, wind power plants are responsible for indirect impacts, such as habitat loss, disturbance and barrier effects (Drewitt & Drewitt and Langston2006, Schuster et al. Reference Schuster, Bulling and Köppel2015, Fox & Fox and Petersen2019). Wind energy is currently developing very rapidly around the world, and this rate is projected to continue accelerating in the near future (Teske et al. and Briggs2019). In this context, assessing and mitigating the harmful impacts that this development will have on wildlife has become a primary concern for biodiversity conservation (Fox & Fox and Petersen2019, Serrano et al. Reference Serrano, Margalida, Pérez-García, Juste, Traba and Valera2020, Durá-Alemañ et al. Reference Durá-Alemañ, Moleón, Pérez-García, Serrano and Sánchez-Zapata2023). In many countries around the globe, the construction of wind power plants is regulated by environmental protection laws, which usually require pre- and post-construction impact studies to assess the extent of negative effects on wildlife, notably protected species (Saidur et al. Reference Saidur, Islam, Rahim and Solangi2010). Regarding the risk of direct mortality of birds and bats, environmental impact assessments (EIAs) have historically focused on estimating fatality risk at the individual level (May et al. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by stating that wind power plants have negative impacts on birds, including direct mortalities caused by collisions with wind turbines and indirect effects such as habitat loss and disturbance. These points highlight the significance of the threat that wind turbines pose to migratory bird populations.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Solar panels produce energy consistently, even without sunlight. [SEP] Text: E1The total electrical energy Q generated by solar panels installed on the can be calculated by Eq. (2), where η is the conversion efficiency of the solar panel, w is the power output of solar panels, and Ti is the effective sunshine duration per year of each surface. E2The amount of the electricity converted by solar panels can be calculated in Eq. (3). E3As is shown in Eq. (3), the solar panels yield more than 60 billion joules of savings in electricity, which shows that the solar panels installed on “Civil Building” reduce traditional energy consumption and in turn contribute to the overall energy efficiency. To assess economic benefit of solar panels, the payback period for solar panel cost can be calculated using Eq. (4). E4In this case, p is the price of each solar panel and C is the operating cost of solar panels. Considering an average electricity price 0. 88 RMB per kilowatt-hour in Nanjing, the daily saving on electricity rates P and the recovery period T can be calculated as follows. P=0. 88×651860789. 2/3600=159343. 7485RMBT=C/P=1831680/159343. 7485=11. 5yearsThrough the cost analysis, after year 11, the investment status solar panels become positive, which means that after 11. 5 years, the solar panel system will operate as a positive cash flow source. Based on the 30-year estimated lifespan of the solar panels, there will be more years benefitting from the solar panel installation than years paying for it. After fully analyzing all the results, the investment is definitely cost-beneficial. Advertisement 5. ConclusionsThe switch to alternative energy sources of electricity is increasing, especially solar energy. The installation of solar panels is advertised throughout the world including China by use of information technologies. Based on the application of building energy modeling and sunlight simulation by BIM technology, and taking advantage of information modeling with 3D visualizations, the sunshine duration and energy consumption of buildings can be calculated with a fair level of accuracy. As a widely used tool in construction sector, BIM has great prospects. With a three-dimensional digital technology, the concept of BIM integrates various kinds of relevant information from construction projects, aiding in complex building performance analyses to ensure an optimized sustainable building design. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by emphasizing that the total electrical energy generated by solar panels depends on the effective sunshine duration, which implies that solar panels do not produce energy without sunlight. It discusses how energy output relies on sunlight and introduces calculations involving sunshine duration, suggesting that energy production is not continuous in the absence of light.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: The suprachiasmatic nucleus is the master regulator of circadian rhythms. [SEP] Text: TRP channels as cellular sensors Nature 426(6966): 517–24, DOI: Corey, DP, García-Añoveros, éléoc, and Zhang, DS (2004). TRPA1 is a candidate for the mechanosensitive transduction channel of vertebrate hair cells Nature 432(7018): 723–30, DOI: and Schaller, HC (2006). The neuropeptide head activator is a high-affinity ligand for the orphan G-protein-coupled receptor GPR37 J 119(Pt 3): 542–9, DOI: Arniges, M, Fernandez-and Valverde, MA (2006). Human TRPV4 channel splice variants revealed a key role of ankyrin domains in multimerization and trafficking J 281(3): 1580–6, DOI: and Jendrach, M (2008). The C-terminal domain of TRPV4 is essential for plasma membrane localization Biol 25(2): 139–51, DOI: and Clapham, DE (2004). Rapid vesicular translocation and insertion of TRP channels Biol 6(8): 709–20, DOI: and Schaller, HC (2001). The neuropeptide head activator induces activation and translocation of the growth-factor-regulated Ca(2+)-permeable channel 114(20): 3599–606. Garcia--Carvajal, A, Fernandez-and Ferrer-Montiel, A (2007). A role of the transient receptor potential domain of vanilloid receptor I in channel gating J Neurosci 27(43): 11641–50, DOI: Kojima, I and Nagasawa, M (2014). TRPV2 Pharmacol 222: 247–72, DOI: and Sapolsky, RM (2012). Prokineticin 2 is an endangering mediator of cerebral ischemic injury 109(14): 5475–80, DOI: and Wang, XF (2013). A PK2/Bv8/PROK2 antagonist suppresses tumorigenic processes by inhibiting angiogenesis in glioma and blocking myeloid cell infiltration in pancreatic cancer PLoS One 8(1): e54916. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim regarding the suprachiasmatic nucleus and circadian rhythms. Instead, it discusses various research related to TRP channels and their roles in cellular mechanisms, which is irrelevant to the claim about the regulation of circadian rhythms by the suprachiasmatic nucleus.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Wind turbines are a significant threat to migratory bird populations. [SEP] Text: Indeed, the rationale for the PBR approach is to find the total amount of non-natural mortalities (removals) that a population can sustain (Wade1998). Using the PBR decision rule in an EIA context is thus a gross oversimplification because it considers a single source of anthropic mortality, ignoring all others that populations suffer (Green et al. and Wilson2016, O’Brien et al. Reference O’Brien, Cook and Robinson2017). Second, because EIA lacks a population-centred perspective, no quantitative conservation objective is usually defined for the impacted population. This deficiency has been consistently observed (e. g. , Poot et al. Reference Poot, van Horssen, Collier, Lensink and Dirksen2011, Leopold et al. and Lagerveld2014, Busch & Busch and Garthe2016, NIRAS 2016) in studies that employed the PBR formula as a decision-making tool within the context of wind energy’s impact on bird populations. As highlighted above, using PBR as a decision criterion first requires the establishment of such an objective because it constitutes a vital component of the MSE framework, within which the effectiveness of the decision rule can be rigorously evaluated. Third, in the context of EIA, the PBR decision rule has been used without implementing an operational model and without conducting simulations to assess its robustness to uncertainties and to tune the value of the recovery factor F R (e. g. , Poot et al. Reference Poot, van Horssen, Collier, Lensink and Dirksen2011, Leopold et al. and Lagerveld2014, Busch & Busch and Garthe2016, NIRAS 2016). Instead, generic values of F R which were derived in a completely different context (marine mammal bycatch in North America; Wade1998), have been blindly applied. Therefore, there is no guarantee that the harvest quota computed through this formula would effectively align with the conservation objective, assuming such an objective would have been defined for the population under consideration. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not directly address or support the claim regarding wind turbines as a threat to migratory bird populations. Instead, it discusses the limitations of the Population-Based Removal (PBR) approach in assessing non-natural mortalities and emphasizes the need for a population-centered perspective in Environmental Impact Assessments (EIA) related to wind energy. While it mentions studies on the impact of wind energy on bird populations, it does not explicitly corroborate or contrast the claim about the significance of the threat.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Solar panels produce energy consistently, even without sunlight. [SEP] Text: As well, related software enables energy consumption to be predicted and adjusted during the design stage, thus providing great convenience for sustainable design. This case study presents both method and technology for integration of building energy simulation and cost calculation with building information modeling (BIM). The early feasibility study stage included sunlight simulation using Revit and THS-WARE, after which the solar energy production was investigated based on the application of solar panels. Initial sunlight analysis and energy use calculations by BIM software were generated based on a number of building specifications and environmental data. According to analysis of solar energy as absorbed by facades, the expense saved by electricity generated from the solar energy can be calculated. Taking the cost of solar panels and project feasibility into consideration, the study shows that application of the studied solar panels contributes greatly to social, economic, and environmental benefits. The energy-saving proposal is feasible in this case and realizes the sustainable design. Though application of building information modeling (BIM) technology assists effective decisions-making as related to sustainable building design in the early stages, BIM is still developing and limited by software compatibility. If the following aspects can be improved while applying sunshine simulation to real projects through BIM, the long-term benefits of a sustainable design will be realized. (1) Strengthen software analysis area. In order to provide a more comprehensive analysis, apart from the analysis of sunlight condition of the building, indoor lighting, ventilation, and air conditioning should be taken into consideration. (2) The result of calculation on solar energy converted to electricity has effect on the development of solar panels. Optimizing the utilization of solar panels contributes to energy saving. (3) A new plug-in is needed to combine solar energy analysis with sunshine simulation, which can solve related practical problem more efficiently. Advertisement 1. . Systems thinking for sustainable design: A conceptual framework of constructivist web-based learning environment management using inquiry learning process. Creative Education. 2012;3:35-38. DOI: 10. 4236/ce. 2012. 38B0082. Cheng S. The research of green building design and application based on bim technology [Thesis]. Hunan China: Hunan University; 20133. Wang RX. Green building of low power consumption. Journal of (Social Science). 2010;12(2):144-148. Schlueter A, Thesseling F. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by emphasizing that solar energy production is analyzed based on sunlight conditions. It states that initial sunlight analysis is essential for understanding solar energy production and suggests that the utilization of solar panels is affected by sunlight availability. This indicates that solar panels do not produce energy consistently without sunlight.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: The suprachiasmatic nucleus is the master regulator of circadian rhythms. [SEP] Text: The ages of mice at harvest are indicated at the left margin; the number of days in culture is indicated on the abscissa with day 0 as the day of harvest. The ordinate indicates the intensity of bioluminescence in relative light units (RLUs). The vertical lines in panels indicate a local time of 0000, hours. The variability of circadian peak phase in individual rhythms was calculated in PER2::LUC rhythm on the 2nd culture day. The variability was not different between the SCN of the control and Cry1−/−/Cry2−/− mice harvested at P1, but significantly larger in the SCN of Cry1−/−/Cry2−/− mice (s. d. ; 4. 4 h, n=6) than in the control (s. d. ; 0. 3 h, n=4) harvested at P7. Full size imageSignificant circadian rhythms of Per1-luc expression were detected at all ages examined in the control, but only during the early postnatal period (P1 and P7) in Cry1−/−/Cry2−/− mice (Fig. 1a). Circadian amplitudes determined at 5th culture day of each preparation increased after birth, peaked at P7–P14 and declined afterwards in the control mice (Supplementary Fig. S1a). The amplitudes in Cry1−/−/Cry2−/− mice were significantly lower than those in the control at P1 and P7, and undetectable at P14, P21 and adulthood. Significant PER2::LUC circadian rhythms were detected at all ages examined in the control, but evident only during the neonatal period (P1 and P7) in Cry1−/−/Cry2−/− mice (Fig. 1b). Interestingly, the circadian rhythms were not synchronized among littermates in Cry1−/−/Cry2−/− mice, which was marked contrast with the well-synchronized circadian rhythms in the control. Similar to Per1-luc, circadian amplitudes increased after birth, peaked at P7–P14 and declined afterwards in the control mice (Supplementary Fig. S1b). The amplitude in Cry1−/−/Cry2−/− mice was comparable to the control at P1, significantly lower at P7 and P14 and undetectable at P21 and adulthood. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not directly address the claim regarding the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) being the master regulator of circadian rhythms. Instead, it discusses the variability and characteristics of circadian rhythms in different mouse models without specifically mentioning the functional role of the SCN in regulating these rhythms. Therefore, it is considered irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Wind turbines are a significant threat to migratory bird populations. [SEP] Text: Migratory behaviour of bird species occurring in critical numbers at bottleneck in online by Press: 29 September 2015 author details * Affiliation: Vogelwarte Hiddensee, and Museum, of Greifswald, Soldmannstraße 23, 17489 Greifswald, Germany. * *Email: michaheiss@aol. com 0. 41 mb) View PDF [Opens in a new window] Save to to Save to & Permissions [Opens in a new window] narrow coastal plain located between the and the was recently discovered to be a major avian flyway through Transcaucasia. Here at the bottleneck in Azerbaijan an estimated 1. 24–1. 51 million migrants passed through in autumn 2011 and a further 0. 65–0. 82 million in spring 2012, elevating this bottleneck to international importance. Furthermore, 34 bird species were observed in numbers in excess of the 1% threshold of world or flyway population in at least one of the observation seasons. Due to the high concentration of these species, any dangers affecting this passage can be threatening at a population scale. This study therefore aims to describe the migratory behaviour of these 34 species and subsequently to identify the dangers involved in passage through the area. Collision with anthropogenic obstacles was regarded as the main threat in the coastal plain. Ten (40%) of the species studied and observed in autumn 2011 were flying at the lowest altitudes and are therefore under threat on migration through the bottleneck due to overhead power lines, buildings, traffic and hunting. Planned infrastructural developments with heights of up to 200 m (e. g. towers, wind farms) pose a future threat for an additional 13 (52%) of the study species observed in autumn, making a total of 23 species that would be threatened. Only two species, Microcarbo pygmaeus and Ardea cinerea, can be expected to maintain their currently safe passage in future as they migrate mainly above 200 m above ground level. In spring 2012, all 14 (100%) of the species that used the coastal plain as flyway, migrated below 50 m and are therefore imminently threatened by collision. Although birds migrating over the were concentrated at the lower altitudes, there was no identifiable threat for migrants using this flyway, but hazards can be expected in the oil production areas further south. 10. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by detailing the threats to migratory bird populations posed by anthropogenic obstacles, specifically mentioning that infrastructural developments like wind farms could pose a threat to 13 of the studied bird species. It states that planned wind farms are considered a future threat due to the low altitudes at which many migratory species travel.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Language immersion can accelerate the acquisition of new languages. [SEP] Text: in Contact 25th Conflict & & Issues in the Denmark-& & &. to Activation: ’ Kircher & 2023-10-23 Still of a video from the language promotion campaign; this traditional speaker says “I think it's great that you want to invest time and effort in the Frisian language and that you want to learn Frisian” *** The blog posts are prepared by the authors in their personal capacity. The views expressed in the blog posts are the sole responsibility of the authors concerned and do not necessarily reflect the view of the for Minority Issues. ***Authors: & | (PhD, University of London) is principal researcher at the ECMI. While working on the project presented in this blog post, she was a researcher at the on Multilingualism and Language Learning/in the Netherlands. Her research focuses on minority language communities in multilingual societies – with a particular interest in language attitudes and ideologies, language practices, and language policy and planning. * (MA, Rijksuniversiteit Groningen) works at Afûk, formerly known as the Ûnderrjocht Kommisje (Education Commission) – the organisation that promotes Frisian language and culture in Fryslân, Netherlands. She is head of the marketing division and manager of the language promotion division. Moreover, she is in charge of Afûk’s international projects. Around the world, minority languages face endangerment as their speakers shift to the socially, politically, and economically more powerful tongues of majority populations. It is generally acknowledged that benign neglect – doing nothing and hoping that the problem will solve itself – is effectively support for majority language groups. notes: “Laissez-faire policies mean that the languages of power and prestige will eventually take over in all situations of contact”. So, what can be done to maintain and revitalise minority languages? From acquisition to activationIn many contexts, the focus is on acquisition planning – that is, measures to promote knowledge of minority languages, typically through the education system. Notably, one thing that almost all acquisition planning strategies have in common is the assumption that learning a minority language will somehow turn people into frequent minority language users. However, studies from various contexts demonstrate that this is not actually the case. puts it: “Potential does not necessarily lead to production”. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by mentioning that acquisition planning strategies assume learning a minority language will lead to frequent use, but it cites studies indicating that 'Potential does not necessarily lead to production.' This undermines the idea that immersion would automatically accelerate language acquisition, suggesting that mere exposure does not guarantee proficiency or use.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: The suprachiasmatic nucleus is the master regulator of circadian rhythms. [SEP] Text: A long-term SCN culture confirmed the spindle-like change in circadian amplitude during the early postnatal development in both genotypes (Supplementary Fig. S1c,d). The amplitude waxed to a peak around a culture time corresponding to ages P8–P10 (cP8–cP10) and waned thereafter, regardless of whether the SCNs were harvested at P1 or P7. Compared with the control, the circadian amplitude in Cry1−/−/Cry2−/− mice was significantly higher at cP6, not different at cP7–cP10 and significantly lower at cP11–cP20 (Supplementary Fig. S1e). The circadian period of PER2::LUC rhythm in Cry1−/−/Cry2−/− mice was significantly shorter than in the control from cP3 to cP5 but not different thereafter (Supplementary Fig. S1f). The exchange of culture medium enhanced the circadian amplitude of PER2::LUC rhythms in the control SCN harvested either at P1 or P21. Medium exchange enhanced circadian amplitude in the Cry1−/−/Cry2−/− SCN harvested at P1, but failed to restore the circadian rhythm in the SCN harvested at P21, despite a substantial increase in the basal bioluminescence level (Supplementary Fig. S2a,b). Forskolin administration also failed to elicit a circadian rhythm in the SCN of Cry1−/−/Cry2−/− mice harvested at P21 (Supplementary Fig. S2c). Circadian rhythms in Per1-luc and PER2::LUC were detected at the single-cell level in the SCN of Cry1−/−/Cry2−/− mice harvested at P2-P5 (Supplementary Fig. S2d,e). The circadian rhythms were disordered and poorly synchronized to each other in Per1-luc, whereas the rhythms were robust and well synchronized in PER2::LUC. Cell morphology in the Cry1−/−/Cry2−/− SCN was indistinguishable from that in the control culture harvested from adult and P7 mice. Neither the density of neurons nor the cell shape was different (S3 and S4). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text primarily discusses specific experimental findings related to circadian rhythms in different mouse genotypes, particularly in relation to the SCN. However, it does not explicitly address or confirm the claim that the suprachiasmatic nucleus is the master regulator of circadian rhythms. Instead, it presents data on circadian amplitude and rhythms under specific conditions without stating the SCN's overall role as a master regulator, making the text unrelated to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Wind turbines are a significant threat to migratory bird populations. [SEP] Text: Heiss (Reference Heiss2013) also found 19 species exceeding the 1% threshold of their flyway populations: Tadorna ferruginea, Tadorna tadorna, querquedula, Spatula clypeata, Egretta garzetta, alba, Ardea purpurea, Plegadis falcinellus, aeruginosus, Circus macrourus, Aquila nipalensis, Grus grus, Recurvirostra avosetta, Vanellus vanellus, Hydroprogne caspia, Black-headed ridibundus, Columba oenas, Sturnus vulgaris and Miliaria calandra. In view of the high concentration of individuals of these species in relation to their world or flyway population numbers, they may be considered as highly vulnerable when migrating through the bottleneck area as part of their annual cycle. Man-made structures in particular are known to threaten the passage of migrating birds at such concentration points and any risks incurred by migrating birds can be derived from their migration behaviour (e. g. Bruderer et al. and Steuri2000, Desholm and Desholm and Kahlert2005, Hilgerloh2009, Hilgerloh et al. Reference Hilgerloh, Michalik and Raddatz2011). For the evaluation of wind farm projects, for example, it is especially the flight height that plays an important role (Hilgerloh et al. Reference Hilgerloh, Michalik and Raddatz2011, Hüppop et al. Reference Hüppop, Dierschke, Exo, Fredrich and Hill2006). However, owing to the specific circumstances affecting different bottlenecks, migrants are exposed to different kinds of anthropogenic threats, e. g. hunting along the especially in Italy (Cassola1979, Giordano1991), on Malta (Raine2007), in the (Porter2005) or in Georgia (et al. Maanen, Goradze, Gavashelishvili and Goradze2001), or wind farms in Gibraltar (de Lucas et al. Reference de Lucas, Janss and Ferrer2004) or Egypt (Hilgerloh2009, Hilgerloh et al. Reference Hilgerloh, Michalik and Raddatz2011). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the dangers posed to migrating birds by man-made structures, including wind farms. It highlights how certain bird species are particularly vulnerable when migrating through concentrated areas, where anthropogenic threats like wind turbines can impact their migration behavior. Specifically, it mentions the significance of flight height in the evaluation of wind farm projects and references wind farms in Gibraltar and Egypt as examples of threats to migrating birds.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Language immersion can accelerate the acquisition of new languages. [SEP] Text: Consequently, recent research has started paying attention to activation – that is, the process by which individuals who have learnt a minority language become active and habitual users of it. Specifically, activation research has focused on new speakers: “individuals with little or no home or community exposure to a minority language but who instead acquire it through immersion or bilingual educational programs, revitalization projects or as adult language learners”. In the past, such individuals would have commonly been labelled as non-native speakers. However, in recent years, linguists have problematised the notion of nativeness, and the term new speakers was introduced to shift away from ideologies that idealise nativeness. (In line with this, those who grew up with a minority language in the home are usually no longer referred to as native speakers but as traditional speakers. ) Language planners are increasingly aware of the important role that new speakers can play in ensuring the future of minority languages. They can raise overall speaker numbers, thereby offering expanded minority language networks as well as providing more contexts for minority language use. Moreover, by contributing to a more vibrant speaker community, new speakers can boost the perceived importance of the minority language, thereby encouraging others to learn it. New speakers are thus able to make key contributions to minority language maintenance and revitalisation – if they become active and habitual minority language users. But why is this not always a straightforward process? Intergroup relations between traditional and new speakersActivation is “inherently social and relational in its practical realisation” – and the relationship between traditional and new speakers tends to be complex, marked by tensions and linguistic insecurity on both sides. Tensions between speaker groups are often rooted in historical intergroup relations, and especially the fact that most traditional minority language speakers have experienced marginalisation and discrimination by majority language speakers – while many new speakers were raised in dominant majority language communities. [1] Linguistic insecurity is rooted in the varieties used by the different speaker groups. Traditional speakers mostly use socially and geographically grounded minority language varieties (which constitute an important element of local ingroup membership and social identity) while new speakers are taught standardised varieties (which are commonly considered the only appropriate varieties in the education system and are therefore key to educational success). Consequently, in conversations with each other, traditional speakers are often concerned that the way they speak may not be “good enough” while new speakers worry whether the way they speak is “traditional enough”. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the complex dynamics between traditional speakers of a minority language and new speakers who acquire the language through immersion. It highlights challenges faced by new speakers, such as linguistic insecurity and tensions with traditional speakers, suggesting that while immersion might provide language exposure, the process of becoming a proficient speaker is socially and relationally complicated and not always straightforward.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: The suprachiasmatic nucleus is the master regulator of circadian rhythms. [SEP] Text: In Cry1−/−/Cry2−/− mice, the adjusted s. d. of phase distribution was 3. 3 h in the first session and 2. 9 h in the second, which was not significantly different. The circadian period was significantly longer in the second session (mean±s. d. ; 26. 1±4. 5 h, n=61) than the 1st (23. 2±3. 5 h, n=64), but the adjusted s. d. of period did not change. The adjusted s. d. of circadian phase and period distribution in both sessions were much larger in Cry1−/−/Cry2−/− mice than in the controls. These SCN slices were harvested at P2–5. Full size imageThe features above were confirmed in four SCN slices for each genotype. As the circadian period changed abruptly in all four Cry1−/−/Cry2−/− slices examined, we separately analysed rhythms before (first session) and after (second session) the period change. In the control slices, corresponding records at analogous times into culture were separately analysed. The phase-adjusted distribution of circadian peaks was not significantly different between the first and second sessions in Cry1−/−/Cry2−/− mice, though the distribution of circadian period was shifted to a longer range (Fig. 2i). The variability, in terms of s. d. , of circadian phase and period was only slightly larger in Cry1−/−/Cry2−/− than in the control mice. Circadian amplitude was essentially the same in the control and Cry1−/−/Cry2−/− mice. Simultaneous determination of gene expression and firingThe circadian rhythms in Per1-luc and PER2::LUC were substantially different at the SCN tissue level in Cry1−/−/Cry2−/− mice. To determine whether the differences were due to technical issues or to the intrinsic nature of the circadian rhythms, Per1-luc or PER2::LUC bioluminescence at the cell level were measured simultaneously with spontaneous firing as a reference in the same neonatal SCN slice (Fig. 3). Figure 3: Simultaneously determined cellular circadian rhythms in clock gene expression and spontaneous firing in neonatal SCN slices. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text discusses experimental findings related to circadian rhythms in Cry1−/−/Cry2−/− mice and SCN slices, but it does not directly address the role of the suprachiasmatic nucleus as the master regulator of circadian rhythms. As such, it is irrelevant to the specific claim made.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Wind turbines are a significant threat to migratory bird populations. [SEP] Text: Details of the species considered here can be found in Appendices S6–S7. Although the entire migration period was covered by the observer (4. Local wind direction and speed per observation hour during the autumn 2011 and spring 2012 counts at bottleneck (10° increments). Measurements for all observation hours at all observation points are included. Wind speed is indicated by colour (light grey = 1–5 ms-1, dark grey = 6–10 ms-1, black = >10 ms-1). No direction is given for calm wind conditions (0–1 ms-1). One of the main threats to individuals migrating below 50 m agl through the coastal plain is the dense network of overhead power lines supplying electricity to several villages and an oil production area. Power lines are known to entail collision hazards (Bevanger1994, Loss et al. Reference Loss, Will and Marra2014). as a whole several species have been reported victims of collisions with power lines (Sultanov1991, Sultanov et al. Reference Sultanov, Karabanova, Huseinov, Kamarli and Magerramov1991, Patrikeev2004, Gauger2007). Barmag the magnitude of their impact on migrating birds in general and on the study species in particular can only be determined through regular searches for collision victims. Altitudes between 50 and 200 m agl must be regarded as critical flight heights if in the future infrastructural developments increase, for example with the construction of communication and broadcasting towers, high buildings or wind farms. With these additional threats the percentage of migrating individuals at risk would increase to between 84% and 98% in autumn and between 95% and 100% in spring (Figure 2). Despite the fact that Azerbaijan is still rich in oil and gas resources, the government recently established a regulatory institution known as the ‘on Alternative and Sources’, which clearly suggests a political interest in the development of renewable energies. The indications are that the main future threat to the migrants may well take the form of wind farms. Wind turbines are large-sized obstacles and direct collisions with rotors and wind turbine towers have been observed (Dürr Reference Dürr2011). The first small wind farms have already been built just 25 km south-east of the study area directly in the migrants’ path before or after passing through the bottleneck. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by indicating that wind turbines pose a threat to migratory birds. It states that direct collisions with wind turbine rotors and towers have been observed, thereby supporting the assertion that wind turbines impact bird populations. Additionally, it underscores that with the construction of wind farms, the percentage of migrating individuals at risk would significantly increase.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Language immersion can accelerate the acquisition of new languages. [SEP] Text: In a further project component, we found that many participants were keen to learn the socially and geographically grounded Frisian varieties that are commonly used by traditional speakers – most likely to facilitate their desired ingroup membership in traditional speaker communities. The participants were thus certainly inclined to become active and habitual Frisian speakers. But how often and with whom did they actually use the minority language? Our study focused on one specific aspect of activation: namely how new speakers’ use of the minority language was affected by traditional speakers’ behaviours. Specifically, we set out to answer three questions. (1) What are the language use patterns of new speakers of Frisian? The quantitative data showed that new speakers’ language use patterns included very little Frisian. Regardless of how proficient they were in the minority language, participants used it less than 20% of the time during a typical week, and the only context in which (at least some) new speakers used Frisian more than Dutch was in the Afûk classroom. Minority language interactions outside the classroom, with traditional speakers, consisted merely of a few tokenistic words or phrases. The qualitative data revealed linguistic insecurity as a reason for this, as exemplified by the following comment: “Ik heb het Fries geleerd om het te kunnen spreken, maar ik doe het nooit want ik durf het niet” (I learnt Frisian to be able to speak it, but I never do, because I do not dare to speak it). The findings thus demonstrate that knowledge of Frisian does not automatically entail its use – thereby highlighting the necessity for language planning to promote the activation of new speakers. (2) What behaviour by traditional speakers discourages new speakers from using Frisian? To answer this question, we investigated the effect of four potentially discouraging behaviours, all of which had been reported as frequent reactions to new speakers’ minority language use in other contexts. These behaviours were: traditional speakers refusing to engage with new speakers in the minority language, switching to the majority language during conversations, correcting new speakers’ mistakes without having been asked to do so, and laughing at new speakers. Our quantitative data revealed that participants found all four of these behaviours discouraging – but the correction of mistakes significantly less so than the others. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the limited actual use of the Frisian language among new speakers, despite their knowledge of it. It mentions that new speakers used Frisian less than 20% of the time during a typical week and primarily only in classroom settings. This indicates that immersion in the language, as would be suggested by the claim, does not lead to the desired frequency of use or fluency, presenting a significant barrier to language acquisition and demonstrating that effective immersion may require more supportive environments and interactions.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: The suprachiasmatic nucleus is the master regulator of circadian rhythms. [SEP] Text: The raster plots together with the 24-h group profile revealed that the rhythm synchrony was disrupted in Per1-luc (Fig. 3f), whereas the synchronization was kept well in spontaneous firing (Fig. 3j). Although the mean circadian period of cellular Per1-luc rhythm was not different between the two genotypes (control, 23. 5±0. 9 h and Cry1−/−/Cry2−/−, 24. 1±6. 2 h, mean±s. d. ), the circadian phase and period of Per1-luc rhythm were distributed more widely, and the circadian amplitude was significantly lower in Cry1−/−/Cry2−/− mice than in the control (Fig. 3m–o). On the other hand, the circadian rhythms in PER2::LUC and spontaneous firing in Cry1−/−/Cry2−/− mice were robust (Fig. 3d) and well synchronized in the same SCN, similar to the data in the respective control slices (Fig. 3g). Antiphasic circadian rhythms were occasionally detected in spontaneous firing as demonstrated in Figure 3l. Circadian rhythms in both measures were also detected in the neonatal SCN cultured with artificial cerebrospinal fluid (Supplementary Fig. S6a,b), excluding the possibility that some factor in the culture media induced the rhythm. As for circadian PER2::LUC rhythms, the phase distribution was comparable to that in the control (Fig. 3p), and the amplitude was only slightly suppressed in Cry1−/−/Cry2−/− mice (Fig. 3r). The mean period of cellular PER2::LUC rhythm was significantly shorter in the Cry1−/−/Cry2−/− SCN (17. 9±0. 3 h) than in the control (24. 8±0. 4 h) (Fig. 3q). Thus, differences in the circadian features between the control and Cry1−/−/Cry2−/− mice were also detected at the SCN cell level. The distributions of circadian phase and period in Cry1−/−/Cry2−/− cells depended on measure. Circadian phase distribution was wider in the Per1-luc rhythm compared with the electrical firing rhythm (Supplementary Fig. S7c, adjusted s. d. of phase=4. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not directly address the role of the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) as the master regulator of circadian rhythms. Instead, it discusses variations in circadian rhythms in specific mouse genotypes, such as Cry1−/−/Cry2−/−, and compares their circadian features with control groups. Without direct reference to the SCN as the master regulator or how it connects to the claim, the text is considered irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Wind turbines are a significant threat to migratory bird populations. [SEP] Text: Potential impacts of wind farms on migratory birds crossing online by Press: 01 June 2009 JOSÉ ÍA Show author details JOSÉ ÍA* Affiliation: Departamento de Zoología y Antropología Física, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Complutense, 28040 Madrid, Spain. E-mail: telleria@bio. ucm. es 0. 17 mb) View PDF [Opens in a new window] Save to to Save to & Permissions [Opens in a new window] recent years, Spain has undergone a huge expansion in the number of wind farms, many of which extend across regions crossed by migratory birds that winter in the and Africa. This paper explores the potential impact these structures have on the massive flow of birds along the western Pyrenean flyway. Ringing recoveries of migratory Columba palumbus were used in the study to depict the movements of migratory birds and these were then compared to the distribution of wind farms. The main flow of pigeons (50% of ringing recoveries) was concentrated in a belt 50 km wide. Although the wind farms were mainly distributed outside this central belt, they intercepted an adjacent sector where a considerable number of ringed pigeons (30%) were recorded. This means that the two central bands (100 km wide) accounted for around 80% of the total number of crossing the region. These results suggest the need for a scrupulous evaluation of the potential impact of wind farms on migratory birds along this flyway, particularly the cumulative effect on populations crossing the region regularly. In view of the rapid expansion of wind farms in northern Spain, enforcement of the application of EU regulations on preventive measures to protect migratory species is urgently needed. 10. 1017/S0959270908008137 [Opens in a new window] © Bird2009 expansion of wind farms throughout Europe to cope with the rising demand for energy in a world constrained by the greenhouse effect has had a series of environmental impacts (e. g. habitat destruction, visual impact, roads, power lines) that need to be evaluated. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the potential impacts of wind farms on migratory birds. It highlights that wind farms are expanding in regions that migratory birds frequently cross, which suggests a significant threat to these populations. The mention of a study comparing the movements of migratory birds with the distribution of wind farms further supports the idea that these structures can intercept migrating birds. The call for urgent evaluation and enforcement of protective measures also indicates concern for the threat posed by wind turbines to migratory species.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Bilingualism has cognitive benefits, such as improved memory and multitasking. [SEP] Text: Our cognitive abilities are fundamentally limited when dealing with multiple cognitive tasks (for reviews, see, e. g. , Koch, Poljac, Müller, & Kiesel, in press; Pashler, 2000; Salvucci & Taatgen, 2010). Accordingly, performance costs have been extensively documented not only when people have to perform two tasks simultaneously (i. e. , dual-tasking/concurrent multitasking; e. g. , Pashler, 1984; Welford, 1952) but also when people alternate between different discrete tasks (i. e. , task-switching/sequential multitasking; e. g. , Jersild, 1927; Rogers & Monsell, 1995). However, multiple task requirements have become ubiquitous in many different contexts (e. g. , González & Mark, 2004; Hembrooke & Gay, 2003; Strayer & Drews, 2007), and thus we can hardly avoid multitasking to some extent. For example, rapidly changing circumstances in an individual’s environment (e. g. , changes in task difficulty, task availability, or rewards for task completion) might favor working on tasks other than the currently performed one and thus promote sequential multitasking (e. g. , Cohen, McClure, & Yu, 2007; Wisniewski, Reverberi, Tusche, & Haynes, 2015). Given that adequate behavior is usually not externally signaled by the environment, people need to flexibly schedule their activities and they have to decide, for example, when to switch between tasks (e. g. , Burgess, Veitch, de Lacy Costello, & Shallice, 2000; Kushleyeva, Salvucci, & Lee, 2005; Payne, Duggan, & Neth, 2007). Thus, successful adaptive multitasking behavior requires our cognitive system to keep track of the environment but also to consider the performance costs that are involved in switching tasks (i. e. , switch cost; Rogers & Monsell, 1995). The latter seems especially relevant in light of the fact that multitasking costs can differ between tasks (e. g. , Allport, Styles, & Hsieh, 1994; Monsell, Yeung, & Azuma, 2000), can differ between people (e. g. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the limitations of cognitive abilities when managing multiple tasks. It emphasizes performance costs associated with multitasking and the complexities involved in switching between tasks, which suggests that multitasking is inherently challenging and can negatively impact cognitive performance, rather than indicating that bilingualism leads to cognitive benefits like improved memory and multitasking.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: The suprachiasmatic nucleus is the master regulator of circadian rhythms. [SEP] Text: 6 h for Per1-luc and 3. 0 h for spontaneous firing, P<0. 01). Period distribution was similarly wider (5. 5 h for Per1-luc and 3. 1 h for spontaneous firing, P<0. 01). The relationship of PER2::LUC and spontaneous firing variability was opposite. The phase distribution was significantly narrower in the PER2::LUC rhythms compared with the electrical firing rhythms (Supplementary Fig. S7d, adjusted s. d. of phase: 0. 7 h and 3. 1 h for PER2::LUC and spontaneous firing, respectively, P<0. 01). Period distribution was likewise narrower for PER2::LUC compared with spontaneous firing (0. 3 and 1. 1 h, respectively, P<0. 01). Notably, similar patterns were detected in the control SCN. The distribution of circadian phase was significantly larger in Per1-luc than in spontaneous firing (Supplementary Fig. S7a), whereas the phase distribution was slightly but significantly smaller in PER2::LUC than in spontaneous firing (Supplementary Fig. S7b). Cellular circadian rhythms in adult SCN slicesA lack of circadian rhythms at the SCN tissue level in adult Cry1−/−/Cry2−/− mice could be due to either abolishment or desynchrony of cellular circadian rhythms. To examine these possibilities, 24-h profiles of Per1-luc and PER2::LUC were analysed at the single-cell level in the adult SCN slices of Cry1−/−/Cry2−/− (Fig. 4) and the control mice (Supplementary Fig. S8). Significant circadian rhythms were detected in 93% (171/183) of the cells examined for Per1-luc and in 94% (143/152) for PER2::LUC in Cry1−/−/Cry2−/− mice. Figure 4: Cellular circadian rhythms in adult SCN slices. Representative circadian rhythms in two single cells of an adult SCN slice are expressed as raw bioluminescence (left), detrended records (middle) and χ2 periodograms (right) for Per1-luc (a) and PER2::LUC (b) in Cry1−/−/Cry2−/− mice. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not directly address the claim regarding the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) being the master regulator of circadian rhythms. Instead, it contains data and observations related to circadian rhythms in specific experimental contexts, such as the analysis of cellular circadian rhythms in adult SCN slices and comparisons between different genetic models. Therefore, this text is deemed irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Wind turbines are a significant threat to migratory bird populations. [SEP] Text: In the context of this study, the impact of wind farms is a conservation issue, as birds and other flying animals moving too close to the turbines and associated infrastructure run the risk of being disturbed or killed (Percival2005, Drewitt and Drewitt and Langston2006, Fox et al. Reference Fox, Desholm, Kahlert, Christensen and Petersen2006). Despite methodological difficulties, it is possible to explore the link between certain features of wind farms (e. g. number, distribution and type of turbines) and their impact on local wildlife populations (Fox et al. Reference Fox, Desholm, Kahlert, Christensen and Petersen2006, Band et al. and Ferrer2007, Morrison et al. and Ferrer2007, Steward et al. Reference Steward, Pullin and Coles2007). However, evaluating the cumulative effect of these structures on migratory birds is more difficult because of the distances flown between breeding grounds and wintering areas. It has therefore been proposed that, rather than focusing on local effects, an attempt should also be made to assess the cumulative impact of wind farms on birds throughout their migratory routes (Fox et al. Reference Fox, Desholm, Kahlert, Christensen and Petersen2006). This approach implies understanding how birds move along the flyways (Desholm and Desholm and Kahlert2005), and identifying areas where they may be particularly exposed to the effects of wind farm structures, such as migratory bottlenecks. Each autumn, millions of birds migrate from their breeding areas in western Europe towards their wintering grounds in the and Africa. These massive flows of migrant birds become especially concentrated at geographical bottlenecks, such as coastlines and mountain passes (Alerstam1990). Birds converge over the Atlantic coast of France and reach Spain through the western Pyrenees, which is the main gateway for migrants entering the (Moreau1956, Bernis1966–1971). The importance of this flyway for European migrant birds, which range from the more conspicuous species, such as Columba palumbus, Ciconia nigra and Grus grus to the many small passerines (Bernis 1966–Reference Bernis1971, Fernández-Fernández-Cruz1981, Madroño et al. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by acknowledging that wind farms pose a conservation issue due to the risks that birds and other flying animals face when moving near turbines. It discusses the challenges of evaluating both local and cumulative impacts on migratory birds and emphasizes the need to understand bird movement along migratory routes, indicating that wind turbines could seriously affect bird populations during migration.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Bilingualism has cognitive benefits, such as improved memory and multitasking. [SEP] Text: 1Typical trial sequences in the free-choice blocks of Experiments 1a and 1b. Stimuli were always presented within the fixation rectangle, but only the stimulus of the previously unselected task was presented immediately after the fixation time of 250 ms. The stimulus of the previously selected task was presented with a stimulus onset asynchrony (SOA) that depended on (a) the previous task choice history (i. e. , how often this task had been selected before) and (b) the experiment-specific SOA increase (i. e. , 50 ms in Exp. 1a and 33 ms in Exp. 1b). The intertrial interval (ITI) was 500 ms following correct responsesFull size imageExperiment 1b was similar to Experiment 1a, except that the SOA increase was set to 33 ms per repetition, to see whether a smaller SOA increase would also induce switches and to allow for a more fine-grained measurement of switch SOAs. In the following sections we will describe the methods of these two experiments together and then separately present the results of each experiment. Within the results section of Experiment 1b, we will also provide a comparison of the main measures between the experiments, to show how participants adapted to the slightly different task environments and to check the robustness of the results of Experiment 1a. 1a, 31 native German speakers (23 female, eight male) were individually tested at the University of Freiburg, Germany. They ranged in age from 19 to 39 years (M = 24. 81), and 30 were right-handed. 1b, a fresh sample of 32 participants (23 female, nine male) from the same pool was tested. They ranged in age from 19 to 40 years (M = 24. 19), and 31 were right-handed. Two additional participants in Experiment 1a and one additional participant in Experiment 1b were tested, but one participant in Experiment 1a was excluded due to accuracy below 60%, and the other two participants did not understand the instructions (assessed by self-report during and after the experiment) and were eliminated prior to any data analysis. Apparatus and stimuli Stimulus presentation and the recording of responses were controlled by E-Prime software running on a P920 computer with 24-in. monitor. All stimuli were presented in white 25-pt font on a black background; the stimuli were approximately 7 mm in height and 5 mm in width. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses experimental methodologies in cognitive testing without mentioning bilingualism or any cognitive benefits associated with it. There is no indication that the text supports, contrasts, or relates to the assertion that bilingualism has cognitive benefits.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: The suprachiasmatic nucleus is the master regulator of circadian rhythms. [SEP] Text: Raster plots of circadian profiles are demonstrated as in Figure 3. The phase and period distributions of Per1-luc (c,d) and PER2::LUC (f,g) rhythms are illustrated for the control (open column) and for Cry1−/−/Cry2−/− mice (filled column). The phase distribution was significantly larger in Cry1−/−/Cry2−/− mice (adjusted s. d. , number of rhythm-positive neurons/number of neurons examined; Per1-luc, 5. 7 h, 171/183 and PER2::LUC, 5. 8 h, 143/152) than in the controls (Per1-luc, 1. 7 h, 187/187 and PER2::LUC, 2. 3 h, 129/129). The period distribution was also significantly larger in Cry1−/−/Cry2−/− mice (Per1-luc, 22. 2±5. 2 h, n=171 and PER2::LUC, 21. 6±4. 6 h, n=143) than in the controls (Per1-luc, 23. 3±1. 0 h, n=187 and PER2::LUC, 24. 6±1. 8 h, n=129). The circadian amplitudes of Per1-luc (e) and PER2::LUC (h) rhythms in Cry1−/−/Cry2−/− mice were significantly lower than those in the respective controls (*P<0. 01, Mann–Whitney U-test). All data are given as the mean±s. d. These SCN slices were harvested from 8- to 12-week-old mice. Full size imageRaster plots illustrate the desynchronized character of cellular circadian rhythms within the same SCN slice of Cry1−/−/Cry2−/− mice (Fig. 4a). The distributions of circadian peak phase in both Per1-luc and PER2::LUC on the first culture day were much larger in Cry1−/−/Cry2−/− mice than those in the control (Fig. 4c). Similarly, the circadian periods of the Per1-luc and PER2::LUC rhythms were distributed widely in Cry1−/−/Cry2−/− mice (Fig. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text primarily focuses on experimental data related to the phase and period distributions of circadian rhythms in Cry1−/−/Cry2−/− mice and does not directly address the role of the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) in regulating these rhythms. Therefore, it is irrelevant to the claim that the SCN is the master regulator of circadian rhythms.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Wind turbines are a significant threat to migratory bird populations. [SEP] Text: Reference Madroño, Palacios and De Juana1992, Galarza and Tellería and Tellería2003, Urcun2003) has long been recognised. The expansion of wind farms in Spain is set to continue. In 2007, there were 530 wind farms capable of producing 14,145 MW. The aim envisaged in the five-year for is to reach 20,155 MW in 2010 (Energy Association, www. aeeolica. org). Not only are these infrastructures occupying increasingly larger areas of the country, many of them are located in areas crossed by the migratory flyway through the western Pyrenees (e. g. Laiolo and Tella 2007), which may create barriers for bird movements. This paper aims to illustrate the potential impact of these structures on birds moving along this migratory flyway by exploring the relationships between the movements of migratory and the distribution of wind farms in northern Spain. Along with other migratory birds, several million central Pigeons cross the western Pyrenees every year to winter in the south-western quarter of the (Purroy and Tellería1988, Bea et al. Reference Bea, Beitia and Fernández2003). recoveries of extra-Iberian migratory provided by the Scheme (n = 165) were used to sample distribution along the Atlantic migratory flyway across the Iberian Peninsula. are actively hunted in Spain during the autumn migration and in winter (there are more than one million hunters throughout the country) so it can be assumed that the distribution of ringing recoveries will reflect the true distribution of migratory flyways and wintering areas (Bairlein2001). The geographical pattern of wind farms, together with the number of turbines and power output per farm (in MW), was obtained from the official website of the (www. aeeolica. org). Both the ringing recoveries and the distribution of wind farms were updated to September 2007. After the pigeon recoveries and wind farms had been mapped, a series of parallel belts 50 km wide was drawn, following the SW direction taken by migratory pigeons. This made it possible to define a number of migratory belts to compare the intensity of pigeon movements (assessed by the number of ringing recoveries per belt) and the accumulated risk of interferences from wind farms (assessed by the number of wind farms, turbines or installed power per belt). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text supports the claim by discussing how the establishment of wind farms in Spain, especially in areas that are part of migratory flyways, could interfere with the movement of migratory birds. It outlines the distribution of wind farms relative to migratory patterns, indicating a potential threat to birds that use these paths. The text suggests a direct relationship between the placement of wind turbines and the risk of interference for birds, which aligns with the claim that wind turbines threaten migratory bird populations.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Apps like Duolingo and Babbel offer accessible ways to learn languages. [SEP] Text: An exploratory study on smartphone use among people with visual impairment shows that more than 90% of respondents used their mobile for activities such as calls, sending and receiving message, browsing the web, reading emails; 70–80% of them used smartphone for calendar functions, listening music and social media, and networking; 60 to 70% of them used for reminders and to take photos for reading with Recognition [18]. This study also shows that 80% of participants used a smartphone for outdoor GPS navigation. An online survey conducted in a developed country in 2014 reported that 81% of respondents with a visual impairment used smartphone apps for various routine activities [19]. In a global survey on the use of accessible apps, more than 95% of people with visual impairment reported that these special apps were useful, and being used to accomplish their daily activities [20]. The most frequently use apps were followed by screening reading and writing apps, e. g. . The study population of this global survey highlighted about the satisfaction of these special accessible apps of smartphones. In many cases, the smartphones apps can function for multipurpose tasks that facilitate independence living. Natalina et al. study also highlighted that the smartphones are replacing many traditional assistive solution to a great extend in doing daily activities [18]. A few studies reported that participating in digital arenas and accessing digital technology, including smartphones, reduce loneliness feeling, improve social contact, information sharing, gaining a better interaction with friends and family [21, 22, 23]. A study on tele-rehabilitation services for visually challenged students, in which smartphones were used exclusively, reported that smartphones based tele-health services offer a safe and an efficient way of providing all reliable information of COVID-19 pandemic, including various preventive strategies among students with visual disability. Such a tele- health services help to avoid the direct face to face contact between providers and patients. The study also highlighted such a platform helps in psychological counseling for fear and panic, facilitating and addressing the many unseen challenges faced by visually disabled people during the lockdown and pandemic period [24]. Advertisement 6. Advantages in using accessible features and applicationsConventionally, patients with low vision and blind receive optical and non-optical vision rehabilitation services using various traditional assistive devices such as magnifiers (both near & distance) and Braille, (DASIY) book and video magnifiers or Television -CCTV (Figure 8). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not directly mention apps like Duolingo and Babbel or their role in language learning. Instead, it focuses on smartphone use by people with visual impairments, highlighting various routines and activities they utilize mobile apps for, but it does not support or contrast the claim regarding language learning specifically. Thus, it is deemed irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: The suprachiasmatic nucleus is the master regulator of circadian rhythms. [SEP] Text: 4d), which may explain the wide range of phase distribution. The circadian amplitudes of Per1-luc and PER2::LUC rhythms were significantly lower in Cry1−/−/Cry2−/− mice than the control (Fig. 4e). The cellular circadian rhythms in the Cry1−/−/Cry2−/− SCN (Fig. 4a) were low in amplitude with superimposed small spikes. They sometimes exhibited a secondary peak in both Per1-luc and PER2::LUC, which could partly be due to a lack of rhythm synchrony. The cellular rhythms could be contaminated by bioluminescence from desynchronized surrounding cells, when the reinforcing effect of SCN cell networks is lost in adult Cry1−/−/Cry2−/− mice. However, alteration of the cellular circadian oscillation due to Cry double deficiency is not excluded. Circadian rhythms in isolated SCN cells in dispersed cultureThe presence of cell-autonomous circadian rhythms and their independence from SCN network properties were further confirmed in dispersed cell cultures of the neonatal SCN from Cry1−/−/Cry2−/− mice. Significant circadian rhythms in Per1-luc, PER2::LUC and spontaneous firing were detected in isolated SCN cells at two different cell densities: low cell density (1,100±500 cells mm−2) (Fig. 5a) and very low cell density (250±80 cells mm−2) (Supplementary Fig. S9). Most of the isolated Per1-luc and PER2::LUC positive cells exhibited circadian rhythms, which were indistinguishable in appearance from those in single cells of adult SCN slices from Cry1−/−/Cry2−/− mice. The circadian periods of Per1-luc (Fig. 5c), PER2::LUC (Fig. 5e) and spontaneous firing (Fig. 5g) also distributed in a larger range in Cry1−/−/Cry2−/− mice than in the control. The circadian amplitudes of Per1-luc and PER2::LUC were significantly lower in Cry1−/−/Cry2−/− mice than in the respective control (Fig. 5d), but that in spontaneous firing was slightly larger in Cry1−/−/Cry2−/− mice than in the control (Fig. 5h). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not directly address the role of the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) as the master regulator of circadian rhythms. Instead, it discusses specific experimental findings related to circadian rhythms in mice with deficiencies of Cry genes, mentioning cellular rhythms and amplitude variations, but does not specifically confirm or deny the claim about the SCN's role.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Wind turbines are a significant threat to migratory bird populations. [SEP] Text: Although the use of surrogate species is a matter of some discussion (Caro and O´Caro and O'Doherty1999), the results from the study describe the already-known general pattern of bird movements in the western Pyrenean corridor (see Introduction) and support the view that this area may be considered a migratory bottleneck which puts both this particular species and other migratory birds potentially at risk due to the ongoing expansion of wind farms. From a conservation perspective, three main conclusions can be drawn from this information. The first concerns the concentration of wind farms in a key region for birds moving across the Iberian Peninsula. While the effects of wind farms on migratory land birds are not yet fully understood, it is commonly accepted that these will vary according to the particular location and the species. For instance, Barrios and Rodriguez (and Rodriguez2004) and et al. (and Ferrer2007) reported that raptors moving across the Strait of Gibraltar (a bottleneck for soaring birds with a high density of wind farms; Figure 1) had a certain ability to detect turbines, and collision rates were low. However, Lekuona and Ursúa (Reference Lekuona, Ursúa, De Lucas, Janss and Ferrer2007) reported that several migratory species (Milvus milvus, Black Stork, Vanellus vanellus, Turdus philomelos, Fringilla coelebs and Carduelis cannabina) face situations of high risk when flying near wind farms in northern Spain (Belt D, Figure 1). In fact, for all species in this zone, both migratory and sedentary, collision rates ranging from four to 64 birds/turbine/year have been reported (Lekuona2001, Onrubia et al. Reference Onrubia, Villasante, Balmorí, Sáenz de Buruaga, Canales and Campos2002). This could produce a significant loss of individuals in a sector where many migratory birds move twice a year across several 50-km wide belts occupied by more than 1,000 turbines (Figure 1). The cumulative effect of collisions on rare or endangered species is one of the most recurrent concerns when assessing the negative effect of wind farms on wildlife (Drewitt and Drewitt and Langston2006, Hüppop et al. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the risks that wind farms pose to migratory bird species. It mentions that areas with a high density of wind farms can be considered migratory bottlenecks, and reports indicate high collision rates of migratory birds with turbines, particularly in regions like northern Spain. Specific studies cited show collision rates ranging from four to 64 birds per turbine per year, which constitutes a significant loss of individuals in regions critical for migratory birds. Furthermore, the cumulative effect of these collisions on rare or endangered species highlights the threat that wind farms represent to migratory bird populations.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Many languages share roots, making them easier to learn in related groups. [SEP] Text: These associations show that the brain has an intrinsic ability to select certain properties of an object or taste and map them onto meaningless words based on some common features (see sources). Could people with speech and language issues who demonstrate a reduced bouba-kiki effect show diminished word-taste effects as well? Future research that indicates this would again reinforce the idea of using multisensory cues in language intervention. For example, word-learning tasks in which clients are trained to associate nonwords such as “bouba” with congruent images (round objects) and with congruent tastes (sweet) could enhance learning and retention of similar sound-symbolic words. Support for this proposal comes from a recent finding that exposure to flavor-based cues in healthy older adults were effective in memory retrieval. Despite the advantages offered by sound-symbolism, languages are still primarily arbitrary, a feature that must have conferred advantages in our evolutionary history. Relying heavily on iconic units may have hindered creative freedom, limited the infinite possibilities of language use, and led to confusion (for example, a word like “bouba” could refer to a “round object” or “frowning person” or “blueberry jam”). Arbitrariness facilitates linguistic diversity (for instance, we have different words for the same referent). Despite this diversity, sound symbolism unites us, whether it is by helping us to guess (accurately) the meanings of iconic words in foreign languages or to perform in uncannily similar ways on bouba-kiki tasks. It is from this foundational aspect that people learning or regaining language may benefit. Vijayachandra Ramachandra, PhD, is a professor in the and director of the Communication and at in Scranton, Pennsylvania. [email protected] Sethu Karthikeyan, PhD, is an associate professor in the in the College of at in City and a visiting scholar in the Lab at of New York, New Paltz. [email protected] Sources Crespi, B. (2021). Pattern unifies autism. Frontiers in Psychiatry, 12(59). 10. 3389/fpsyt. 2021. 621659 Gallace, A. , Boschin, E. , & Spence, C. (2011). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by emphasizing that languages are primarily arbitrary rather than sharing common roots. It states, 'Despite the advantages offered by sound-symbolism, languages are still primarily arbitrary,' which undermines the claim that many languages share roots. Instead, the text discusses how sound symbolism can aid in language learning but notes that this iconic aspect has limits and that arbitrariness facilitates linguistic diversity.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: The suprachiasmatic nucleus is the master regulator of circadian rhythms. [SEP] Text: Therefore, a loss of coherent circadian rhythms in the adult Cry1−/−/Cry2−/− SCN is due to a failure of development of cell networks, which subserve rhythm synchrony without the neonate specific diffusible factor(s) in the SCN. Thus, CRY1/CRY2 are most likely involved in the development of adult type cell networks. The switch from CRY1/CRY2-independent to -dependent cell networks takes place at around P14—P21 (Supplementary Fig. S10). The neonatal SCN from Cry1−/−/Cry2−/− mice was less effective in restoring rhythms in host SCNs, suggesting that the putative diffusible factor(s) is less effective compared with WT slices. CRY1/CRY2 may also be involved in the function of this diffusible factor(s). Several molecules have been suggested to mediate cellular coupling in the SCN. The SCN was shown to respond to an agonist of D1 dopamine receptors only during the early postnatal period24. Vasoactive intestinal polypeptide was reported to be involved in the cellular coupling of SCN25. However, the roles of CRY1 and CRY2 in the dopamine and vasoactive intestinal polypeptide signalling are not known in the SCN. Recently, a new role for CRY1 was proposed in the mouse liver, where CRY1 suppressed the action of adenylate cyclase by interrupting the association of Gs proteins26. This is a possible mechanism which links CRY double deficiency to a failure of development of cell networks for synchronized rhythm expression in the adult SCN. Substantial differences in the circadian rhythms were observed between Per1-luc and PER2::LUC at both the cell and tissue levels (Figs 1 and 3 and Supplementary Fig. S7). These differences are unlikely to be due to the difference in the reporter system used. This is because in the control mice, the developmental changes are essentially the same for both measures, whereas in Cry1−/−/Cry2−/− mice, several features of the circadian rhythm, such as the amplitude and distribution of phase and period, differed between them (Supplementary Fig. S1a,b and Fig. 3). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not directly address the claim regarding the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) being the master regulator of circadian rhythms. Instead, it discusses the role of CRY1 and CRY2 in the development and functionality of circadian rhythms, particularly in relation to certain mouse models. While it mentions that substantial differences in circadian rhythms were observed, it does not confirm or deny the SCN's regulatory status, making the information largely irrelevant to the specific claim.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Hydropower is entirely safe for all fish species in rivers. [SEP] Text: Rani, Mohale of Shengdi-on Patients with and Provisional PDF Effects of on Occupancy of Boxes by the (Parus major): A Dong-Ho Lee, Tae-Kyung Eom, Jae-Kang Lee, Hyeongyu Ko, Joo-Hee Kim, Sung-and Shin- of Factor on 5 of PC12 in 2and Kerachian Provisional PDF Effects of Factor on Diarrhea, in Healthy and Piglets with and Provisional PDF 16 May, 2024 Effect of a Rinqingchangjue on in and Provisional PDF Serological identification of Toxoplasma gondii in Goats and their in of and Provisional PDF 03 May, 2024 Effects of Feeding on Larval Growth, Cocoon Production, and of and Shah and of an SOS Inducible mand Sarfraz A. Tunio Provisional PDF Effects of on -IR, and HbA1c Levels in Patients with and in Patterns of Antilope cervicapra in Captivity of Antilope cervicapra in and of and their Relationship with Prognosis in Late--1 and Provisional PDF 01 May, 2024 Milk Yield, Composition and of Indigenous and F1 Crossbred (Bos indicus with Bos taurus) Cows in and and Khan Provisional PDF In-Vitro and In-Effects of in and Provisional PDF Studies on the Identification of Variants in Ribosomal RNA Genes in Families: and ul Ghafoor, Aziz-ud-Din, Khushi Muhammad, Inamullah and Abid ul Ghafoor of miR-155 and miR-21 Alone and in Combination for Diagnosis of and Provisional PDF Comparison of Floored and Farms for Energy and in Pakistan: A of Broiler Breeder’s Farm in -and Provisional PDF 29 Apr, 2024 Studies on the Mitochondrial tRNA in Patients with Disease and by in silico. and Nadeem Provisional PDF Effect of Ginseng on Profile, Quality of Aged BALB/-ur-and Provisional PDF Genotoxicity and Anti-of Tamoxifen and Chitosan Nanop10. 17582/journal. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim regarding the safety of hydropower for fish species in rivers. Instead, it presents various unrelated research studies and articles without providing any information that corroborates or contrasts with the claim.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: People can become fluent in a new language in just a few days with the right app. [SEP] Text: So it’s not like ‘Oh my god, I’m just going to do the cheaper bed’ because I just explained to them why it’s not going to help you. ” (Interview 6)Jessica shared that although she typically only pitched memberships to guests who clearly planned to tan for multiple months at a time, salon management encouraged associates to sell as many memberships as possible and only sell single sessions as a last resort. Several aspects of the memberships made them difficult to cancel and served to keep newly enrolled guests returning. For example, her salon’s policy was that memberships could not be canceled within the first 30 days, which effectively automatically enrolled those who purchased new members into at least a 2-month commitment. Some salons also established cancellation policies that involved writing letters or making phone calls to cancel memberships. Further, guests who had canceled their monthly memberships in the past were required to pay an additional enrollment fee each time they signed up for a new membership. Instead of canceling their memberships in times of non-use, which would incur new enrollment fees, users could freeze their membership by paying a small monthly deactivating fee and reactivating it at a later date. Jessica described how being enrolled in a membership may also pressure IT users into going tanning even when they might not feel the desire to go so they would feel like they were getting their monies worth. “… today I did not feel like it so I did not go tanning but I wanted to yesterday and then today I was like I don’t really feel like it so I didn’t go. was too lazy to go so I guess the ones that do come frequently are not lazy. Probably want their monies worth. [Interviewer question: Their monies worth? ] Yeah, I tell myself, I haven’t gone in September and it’s September 17 so I paid for the month and I haven’t gone for 17 days so I’m like I should really get my monies worth so then yesterday I’m like ‘Ok I’m going to go’. ” (Interview 6) Specials and deals describe a variety of sales and discounts designed to either attract first time tanners by discounting single session pricing surrounding prom season or temporarily reducing the price of memberships. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim about language fluency and apps; it discusses tanning memberships and related experiences instead. There is no mention of language learning, fluency, or any apps that would support or contrast the claim.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: The suprachiasmatic nucleus is the master regulator of circadian rhythms. [SEP] Text: Circadian rhythms in Per1-luc seem to be more sensitive to CRY double deficiency than those in PER2::LUC. Furthermore, the phase distribution was different even in the control SCN between Per1-luc and PER2::LUC rhythms, which suggest the intrinsic nature of circadian rhythms is different between them. Parameters of the circadian rhythm in spontaneous firing were more similar to PER2::LUC than to Per1-luc rhythms in both genotypes (Fig. 3). The firing pattern of the SCN neuron was reported to differ between the cells which expressed Per1-GFP and those which did not27. These findings suggest that the cell networks of the SCN differ for the cell populations expressing Per1-luc and PER2::LUC. Different cell networks may build-up different regional pacemakers of different function as suggested previously28. We conclude that the cellular couplings that are responsible for the expression of coherent circadian rhythms differ in the neonatal and adult SCN in mice. The cellular couplings for rhythm synchrony are relatively independent of CRY1/CRY2 in the neonatal SCN, whereas dependent on these molecules in the adult SCN. CRY1/CRY2 is involved in the development of cell networks from the neonatal type to the adult. MethodsAnimalsCry1−/−/Cry2−/− mice were acquired from the Tohoku University29, and bred with Per1-luc mice carrying a Per1 luciferase reporter30 or PER2::LUC mice carrying a PER2 fusion luciferase reporter31. They were backcrossed with C57BL/6J mice for more than 13 generations. Cry1+/+/Cry2+/+ Per1-luc transgenic mice29 and Cry1+/+/Cry2+/+ PER2::LUC knock-in mice31 on the C57BL/6J background were used as the control. For the measurement of bioluminescence, the transgenic mice were used without discrimination between the homozygote and heterozygote. Although the intensity of the bioluminescence in the homozygote was approximately twice as high as that in the heterozygote, the circadian amplitudes of bioluminescent rhythms were standardized (see data analyses section), and no difference was observed in the standardized circadian amplitudes between the two genotypes. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text discusses specific experiments related to circadian rhythms and their sensitivity in different mouse models. However, it does not directly address or confirm the claim regarding the role of the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) as the master regulator of circadian rhythms. Instead, it focuses on the characteristics of rhythmic activities in specific genetic backgrounds. Therefore, the text is irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Fiber intake is essential for maintaining digestive health. [SEP] Text: Dietary fiber, such as nondigestible carbohydrates and the complex polymer, lignin, plays a critical role in our daily diet, is abundant in plants and has important biological features [9]. Based on its physical and chemical properties, dietary fiber can be divided into insoluble and soluble types [10, 11]. Insoluble dietary fiber is found mainly in bran and whole grain breads and cereals, and soluble dietary fiber is often found in grains such as oats and barley, legumes, and most fruits and vegetables [12, 13]. Soluble fibers are beneficial for reducing serum lipid levels, and insoluble fibers can promote laxation [14]. Many studies have revealed that dietary fiber protects against the development of cardiovascular disease [15], diabetes [16], and even cancer [17]. The association between fiber intake and prostate cancer risk has long been examined in many cohort and case-control studies in different populations [18,19,20,21]. Deschasaux et al. revealed an inverse association between dietary fiber intake and PCa risk in their 12. 6-year follow-up study [22]. In addition, Sawada et al. reported that insoluble dietary fiber was associated with decreased PCa risk [23]. However, another study indicated that dietary fiber intake had no significant association with PCa risk [24]. Given the inconsistent epidemiological evidence on the associations between fiber intake and PCa risk, the present study aimed to investigate the relationship between dietary fiber intake and the risk and prognosis of PCa using data from the Prostate, Lung, Colorectal, Ovarian (PLCO) Trial. We intended to perform a more systematic analysis to evaluate the factors associated with the effect of daily dietary fiber intake on PCa risk. Materials and methodsStudy populationThe design of the PLCO trial has been described online and additional methods can be found on the following website: [25]. 1993 and July 2001, nearly 155,000 participants aged 55–74 years were registered at ten clinical centers throughout the U. S. Individuals were randomly allocated to the intervention arm or the control arm. Participants were excluded if they did not respond to the baseline questionnaire (BQ), dietary history questionnaire (DHQ) or dietary questionnaire (DQX) at baseline. Participants in the control arm were offered standard treatment, while those in the intervention arm were invited to undergo PCa screening tests. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by emphasizing the critical role of dietary fiber in the diet with references to its benefits, including promoting laxation through insoluble fibers. Additionally, it states that soluble fibers can reduce serum lipid levels and discusses various health benefits resulting from fiber intake, which aligns with the idea that fiber is essential for digestive health.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Bilingual individuals experience no challenges when switching languages. [SEP] Text: Loading. . . in With Username/your institution Basket en de fr Publish with us Submit your Proposal 2024 Competition 2024 & Events and & Law, Economics & Media & Society & & & and in × Zitatvorschau in to clipboard. ris BibTeX Zotero. bib EndNote. enw Contributions of Experiences to Young-adult Bilinguals by (Author) ©2016 Thesis 221 Series: Linguistic Insights, eBook for US$ 99. 10 Download immediately. Incl. VAT Format: PDF and ePUB – for all devices Softcover for US$ 104. 70 Shipping in approx. 10 working days national, international shipping possible Add to cart question whether bilingualism is linked to benefits in cognitive control (executive functions) is intensely debated among linguists. While some studies come to the conclusion that bilingual individuals consistently outperform their monolingual counterparts on tasks involving cognitive control, other studies argue that there is no coherent evidence showing that bilingual advantages actually exist. This opposing view results from two inadequately investigated perspectives, namely the complexities of bilingualism and the multifaceted nature of cognitive control. This publication combines these two perspectives and presents a new approach towards the analysis of bilingual advantage. It discusses the results of a combined analysis of both specific bilingual experiences and specific aspects of cognitive control. the author About the book This eBook can be cited 1. 1 Introduction 1. 2 Definition of Terms 1. 3 Motivation 1. 4 1. 5 2. 1 2. 1. 1 Processing 2. 1. 2 Selection 2. 1. 3 Mechanism 2. 2 of Bilingualism 2. 2. 1 2. 2. 2 2. 3 in 2. 3. 1 Measurement of 2. 3. 2 Evidence of 2. 3. 3 Control 2. 4 Summary 3. 1 3. 2 3. 3 3. 4 3. 5 Summary 4. 1 Introduction 4. 2 4. 3 Method 4. 3. 1 Participants 4. 3. 2 Materials and Procedure 4. 4 Result 4. 4. 1 4. 4. 2 4. 4. 3 Task 4. 4. 4 WCST 4. 5 Discussion 4. 6 Conclusion 5. 1 Introduction 5. 2 5. 3 Method 5. 3. 1 Participants 5. 3. 2 Materials and Procedure 5. 4 Result 5. 4. 1 5. 4. 2 5. 4. 3 Task 5. 4. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by highlighting the complexities and debates surrounding bilingualism, indicating that bilingual individuals face challenges related to cognitive control. It mentions that while some studies suggest a cognitive advantage, other research points out the lack of coherent evidence supporting this claim, implying that bilingual individuals do not consistently experience effortless language switching.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: The suprachiasmatic nucleus is the master regulator of circadian rhythms. [SEP] Text: Mice were reared in our animal quarters where environmental conditions were controlled (lights-on 0600–1800 hours; light intensity ~100 lx at the bottom of cage; humidity 60±10%). Cry1−/−/Cry2−/− mice were born to Cry1−/−/Cry2−/− parents and were raised by their original mother. Both male and female mice were used. The day of birth was designated as the postnatal day 0 (P0). Animals were euthanized to harvest the SCNs between 0800 and 1600 hours. Experiments were conducted in compliance with the rules and regulations established by the of under the ethical permission of the Committee of (approval no. 08-0279). SCN slice culturePer1-luc and PER2::LUC bioluminescence at the SCN tissue level was measured with a photomultiplier tube (Actimetrics: Lumicycle). Coronal SCN slices of 300 μm were made with a tissue chopper (Mcllwain) from mice harvested at P1 or P7, and with a DSK Microslicer (DTK-1000; Dosaka EM) from mice harvested at P14, P21, or adult (8–16 weeks old). The SCN tissue was dissected at the mid rostrocaudal region and a paired SCN was cultured on a Millicell-CM culture insert (Millipore Corporation) as previously reported30. In coculture experiments, 200-μm-thick SCN slices were obtained from adult Cry1−/−/Cry2−/− mice carrying the PER2::LUC reporter and precultured for 4 or 5 days. Bioluminescence was continuously monitored using a photomultiplier tube (Atto: Kronos). Graft was prepared from mice without the reporter system. Graft SCN slices of 200 μm were obtained from the control mice of different ages (P1, P7, P14 and P21) or from Cry1−/−/Cry2−/− mice at P7. The graft SCN was precultured for one day before coculturing. A cortex slice from the control mice at P7 was also used as a graft. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text provides detailed methodological information about a study involving mice and their SCN (suprachiasmatic nucleus) but does not directly address or provide support for the claim regarding the SCN's role as the master regulator of circadian rhythms. Therefore, it is irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Fiber intake is essential for maintaining digestive health. [SEP] Text: It has been reported that a higher intake of fiber is significantly associated with a decreased risk of peripheral artery disease [26], breast cancer [27], head and neck cancer [28] and colorectal cancer [29, 30]. However, the role of fiber intake in PCa risk remains controversial. According to compliance with the 2018 nutrition-based guidelines of the WCRF/AICR cancer prevention recommendations and prostate cancer, fiber intake has no relationship with PCa risk [31]. A large cohort study from Europe (n = 142,590) also demonstrated that dietary fiber intake was not significantly related to the risk of PCa [24]. However, another prospective study of 43,435 men in Japan revealed that insoluble fiber intake but not total or soluble fiber intake was associated with a decreased risk of PCa [23]. Our study also showed that only individuals with an insoluble fiber intake higher than 15. 7 g/day (Q4) had a markedly lower risk of PCa, which is consistent with the above results coming from Japan. Although epidemiological evidence shows a relationship between insoluble fiber intake and PCa risk, the underlying mechanisms remain largely unknown. There are several possible underlying mechanisms. Some studies have demonstrated that dietary fiber improves insulin sensitivity and improves insulin-like growth factor (IGF) dysfunction [32, 33]. Notably, in vitro evidence has shown that insulin resistance and hyperinsulinemia contribute to a high risk of PCa by altering the biological function of IGF-1 or IGF-2 [34, 35]. Additionally, insoluble fiber can be fermented to produce short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs), which play important roles in biological processes including chemotaxis, immune cell immigration, and programmed cell death [36]. Previous evidence has suggested that SCFAs are beneficial for host immunity and metabolism in various organs, such as the digestive system and prostate [36,37,38]. For instance, butyrate, a type of SCFA, is metabolized from insoluble fiber in the colon. It has been reported to have anti-inflammatory effects [37], and previous studies have indicated that chronic inflammation is involved in the development of PCa [39]. Recent studies have demonstrated that an imbalance in the gut microbiota leads to tumorigenesis in extraintestinal organs, such as the prostate and lung [40, 41]. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim as it discusses the beneficial effects of dietary fiber, specifically mentioning that it can produce short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) through fermentation in the colon, which are described to play important roles in various biological processes, including those related to the digestive system. This aligns with the claim that fiber intake is essential for maintaining digestive health.