Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Reducing food waste can lower greenhouse gas emissions from decomposing food. [SEP] Text: Decreasing ASP further led to not only increased nutrient inadequacy but also increased land use and GHG emissions. This increase is due to a higher demand for nutrient-rich (for example, calcium, zinc, vitamin K, vitamin B3) crops, such as legumes, vegetables, nuts and seeds, and fruits, to compensate for the reduction of animal source food (Fig. 2). The primary nutrients leading to inadequacies were vitamin B12, eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) (inadequately supplied below 18 g ASP per capita per day), and calcium, vitamin B3 and energy (at the border to nutrient inadequacy; Fig. 2). Fig. 2: A selection of macro and micronutrients per food group sources. a, Different fats, energy, micronutrients and vitamins. In the graphical representation, triangles pointing upwards denote the minimum required amounts of each nutrient, representing the lower bounds, while triangles pointing downwards signify the maximum safe amounts, indicating the upper bounds. b, Nutrient inadequacy in percentage per inadequate nutrient and scenario (scenarios with <18 g ASP per capita per day). Colours in b depend on the different scenarios. EPA, eicosapentaenoic acid; DHA, docosahexaenoic acid. Full size imageFood system redesigns at optimal ASP:PSP ratiosTransitioning the food system towards optimal ASP:PSP ratios (40:60) requires redesigning the human diet, crop production and animal production systems. When scenarios have two optimal ratios (that is, the recommended protein intake scenarios when minimizing GHG emissions), we chose to analyse the lower ratio (40:60) to understand better the effect of changing the ASP:PSP ratios on the food system. Dietary strategies to reduce land use and GHG emissionsVegetables are the only food group for which consumption increased in all optimal scenarios to shift to healthier diets due to their high contents of micronutrients and the EAT-Lancet food group requirements. However, their contribution to total protein intake is limited in all the optimal scenarios (4–10 g per capita per day). Regarding overall supply, dairy (11–13 g per capita per day) and grains (11–24 g per capita per day) are the leading protein suppliers in the optimal scenarios (Table 2). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing how increasing demand for nutrient-rich crops due to decreased animal food sources has led to increased land use and greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. It highlights the outcome of shifting food consumption patterns, particularly the rise in emissions associated with dietary changes rather than directly addressing food waste and its impact on emissions from decomposing food.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Functional MRI can measure brain activity by detecting changes in blood flow. [SEP] Text: 6±1. 07. 7±1. 27. 4±1. 26. 9±1. 0Time-to-valley8. 3±1. 211. 7±1. 211. 9±1. 610. 8±1. 810. 5±1. 6Time-to-peak and time-to-valley in seconds for different duration breath holds with a 30mm Hg target intrathoracic pressure. To normalize for different duration breath holds, time-to-peaks are the time from the end of each breath hold, while time-to-valleys are from the start of each breath hold. Values are mean±standard deviation values across subjects for voxels within the cortical gray-matter ROI. of Due to resonance imaging signal valley and peak magnitudes across brain areas and load pressures were examined. Figure 4 shows a slice for several types of trials from a single subject. With the same intensity scaling across metrics (Figure 4B), it is clear that voxel-wise responses get larger in gray matter and CSF as chest pressure increases. Figure 4. Comparison of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) signal magnitudes during breath holding and Valsalva conditions. The intensity scale of runs from 2% (black) to 98% (white) of the cumulative distribution of the magnitudes. (A) The first EPI volume of each run. (B) The intensity scale is constant across each column. The raw magnitudes change within trial type, but the relative tissue contrast remains similar. (C) The intensity scale is calculated separately for each slice. The maps of peak magnitude, −1*valley magnitude, and the difference between peak and valley magnitudes appears similar across breath hold and Valsalva conditions, even when the Valsalva maneuver duration is only 5 seconds. 4B shows voxelwise response magnitudes increasing with pressure in a single subject, Figure 5 shows this outcome across the population. We calculated, on a voxel-wise basis, the slope of the signal change versus load pressure. The resulting brain maps were aligned to a common space across volunteers. Load pressure and MRI signal magnitudes were positively correlated across all tissue types. These relationships followed brain tissue boundaries (Figure 5A), and were slightly more pronounced in gray matter than in other tissue types (Figures 3A-3D). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not directly address the claim about functional MRI measuring brain activity through changes in blood flow. While the text provides detailed information about brain imaging under specific conditions and discusses MRI signal magnitudes, it lacks an explicit connection to the claim regarding functional MRI's ability to monitor changes in blood flow as a measure of brain activity.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Deforestation contributes to habitat loss and climate change. [SEP] Text: Vegetation, especially forests, reduces CO2 concentration in the air, expands the thickness of the troposphere and increases its height. In this way, the troposphere is better able to buffer the extremes of super-cooling or overheating, making surface temperatures suitable for human survival. However, large-scale man-made deforestation and other vegetation destruction still exist. 16 million hectares of forest were reduced every year in 1990s, and 10 million hectares of forest were reduced every year from 2015 to 2020. Since 1990s, more than 80 million hectares of primary forest across the world has been cut down, and 420 million hectares of forest are converted to other land use [24]. Agriculture expansion is the major driver for deforestation, and overgrazing and grassland development lead to grassland degradation. Global deforestation continues due to population growth and urbanization, which leads to the rise of CO2 concentration in the air and reinforces the greenhouse effect. Renewable energy. Renewable energy is intermittent, it is unreliable due to weather changes or other natural changes. High upfront cost makes renewable energy expensive. The global fossil fuel consumption was 192. 17 Exajoules in 1970, 339. 53 Exajoules in 2000, 492. 36 Exajoules in 2019, accounting for 93. 74%, 86. 07%, and 84. 32% of global primary energy consumption in that year respectively. The global renewable energy consumption was 12. 05 Exajoules in 1970, 29. 16 Exajoules in 2000, 66. 62 Exajoules in 2019, accounting for 5. 88%, 7. 39%, and 11. 41% of global primary energy consumption in that year respectively. The growth rate of fossil fuel consumption was 1. 64% from 2008 to 2018, and it was 0. 7% from 2018 to 2019. The growth rate of renewable energy consumption was 7. 3% from 2008 to 2018, and it was 5. 5% from 2018 to 2019 [20]. We can see that the share of global fossil fuel consumption in primary energy consumption is far greater than that of global renewable energy, only that the growth rate of renewable energy is much bigger than that of fossil fuel. 5. world is cooperating to reduce GHG emission, but the effort to stabilize the world’s climate faces enormous challenges due to the increase of GHG emission in developing countries. Global CO2 emission from 2000 to 2019 accounted for 30. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by detailing the impact of deforestation on CO2 concentration and the greenhouse effect. It states that 'large-scale man-made deforestation and other vegetation destruction still exist,' highlighting how 'Global deforestation continues due to population growth and urbanization, which leads to the rise of CO2 concentration in the air and reinforces the greenhouse effect.' This supports the claim that deforestation not only contributes to habitat loss but also plays a significant role in exacerbating climate change.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Composting is a sustainable method to handle unavoidable food waste. [SEP] Text: Influence of bulking agents on physical, chemical, and microbiological properties during the two-stage composting of green waste. Waste Manag. 2016;48:115–26. Zhang L, Sun X. Addition of fish pond sediment and rock phosphate enhances the composting of green waste. Bioresour Technol. 2017;233:116–26. Zhang L, Sun X. Improving green waste composting by addition of sugarcane bagasse and exhausted grape marc. Bioresour Technol. 2016;218:335–43. Reyes-Torres M, Oviedo-Ocaña ánchez A. A systematic review on the composting of green waste: feedstock quality and optimization strategies. Waste Manag. 2018;77:486–99. . Chemical, microbial and physical properties of manufactured soils produced by co-composting municipal green waste with coal fly ash. Bioresour Technol. 2009;100:5203–09. . Phosphorus availability from rock phosphate: combined effect of green waste composting and sulfur addition. J Environ Manag. 2016;182:557–63. . Effects of brown sugar and calcium superphosphate on the secondary fermentation of green waste. Bioresour Technol. 2013;131:68–75. Additives aided composting of green waste: effects on organic matter degradation, compost maturity, and quality of the finished compost. Bioresour Technol. 2012;114:382–88. Zhang L, Sun X. Changes in physical, chemical, and microbiological properties during the two-stage co-composting of green waste with spent mushroom compost and biochar. Bioresour Technol. 2014;171:274–84. Arias O, Viña S, Uzal M, Soto M. Composting of pig manure and forest green waste amended with industrial sludge. Environ. 2017;586:1228–36. Zhang L, Sun X. Using cow dung and spent coffee grounds to enhance the two-stage co-composting of green waste. Bioresour Technol. 2017;245:152–61. Himanen M, Hänninen K. Effect of commercial mineral-based additives on composting and compost quality. Waste Manag. 2009;29:2265–73. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim directly as it focuses on various studies related to composting of green waste and additives used in the process. It does not provide information or evidence supporting or contrasting the claim regarding composting as a method for handling food waste specifically.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Functional MRI can measure brain activity by detecting changes in blood flow. [SEP] Text: The relationship between load pressure and Valsalva valley magnitudes was slightly weaker, with principally negative slopes across all tissue types, strongest in CSF, and also followed tissue boundaries (Figure 5B). Region-of-interest calculations showed that valley magnitude and load pressure slopes were larger in gray matter than in white matter (Figures 3E-3H). Figure 5. Slope of pressure versus (A) peak or (B) valley magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) signal responses. Slopes were calculated for each voxel in the same manner as in Figure 3. The data are thresholded to exclude slopes of less than 0. 15%. The anatomic underlay is darkened for voxels with no fMRI data. The slopes were steeper in gray matter than in white matter. of each image in Figure 4B has the same intensity scaling, Figure 4C uses relative scaling to help compare the image contrast across scan times. These relative spatial maps of magnitudes across tissue types are difficult to visually distinguish across trial types whether from breath holding, a 20-second Valsalva maneuver, or a 5-second increase in chest pressure. To quantify this intrasubject relationship across the population, linear regressions were calculated across gray-matter voxels for each pair of conditions within each subject's gray-matter voxels. Voxels in gray-matter masks that showed more than a 30% signal change were assumed to be artifacts, and excluded (0. 5% to 3% of voxels per subject). Figure 6A shows a scatter plot and the linear fit of breath hold-after-exhalation versus a 5-second breath hold at 30 mm Hg from the subject with the lowest R2 for this condition. Figure 6. Voxelwise relationships between trials. (A) The relationship between the peak magnitudes for a 20-second breath hold on exhalation (no pressure target) versus a 5-second hold at 30 mm Hg. The subject with the lowest r2 value for this fit is shown. Each point represents a gray-matter voxel. The linear fit to all voxelwise data is shown. (B) For each trial, compared with breath hold on exhalation, the r values from the regressions shown in (A) were Fisher Z-transformed and averaged across subjects. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text discusses various aspects of MRI data analysis, focusing on the relationships between different signal responses and tissue types. However, it does not specifically address the capability of functional MRI (fMRI) to measure brain activity through blood flow changes, rendering it irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Deforestation contributes to habitat loss and climate change. [SEP] Text: 7% of global cumulative emissions, this is the fastest period of CO2 emission in human history [25]. In 2019, the increase of GHG emission in developing countries was much more than the reduction of GHG emission in developed and economically sluggish countries. The reduction of GHG emission in developed and economically sluggish countries offset only 15. 7% of the increase of GHG emission in developing countries. In 2019, CO2 emission in the non-OECD countries was 22,157 million tons, accounting for 64. 8% of the world’s total. The annual growth rate of CO2 emission in these countries was 2. 5% from 2008 to 2018, 2. 4% from 2018 to 2019 [25]. Therefore, reducing fossil fuel consumption in developing countries has been the key to addressing global warming and climate change. There are 173,000 terawatts per second of solar energy reaching Earth, which is more than 10,000 times of the world’s total energy consumption [26]. It is the most abundant renewable energy resource, but the huge cost of upfront infrastructure investment makes it unaffordable for ordinary households. As prices continue to fall, solar energy is becoming an economical energy source for residents and businesses. Nuclear fusion power generation is a relatively clean energy, it can solve the problem of energy shortage in large energy-consuming countries such as China and India, but the technology is not yet mature. The research and development of clean energy is not only the way to addressing global warming, but also the way to meeting the energy demand of the world. In 2020, more than 37,400 species of animals and plants were on the verge of extinction, which accounted for 28% of all assessed species [27]. It is high time that nation countries should establish national parks and ecological reserves to conserve plants and the environment. Conserving plants, co-existing with them is the only way to sustainable development. Deforestation and urbanization are driven by the growth of GHP, which have driven global warming and climate change. Therefore, preserving the environment and slowing down the population growth are important to address the problem of global warming and climate change. to the anonymous experts for their valuable advice and suggestion, without them this paper would not have been improved and perfected. Conflicts of authors declare no conflicts of interest regarding the publication of this paper. 0. 01 Degrees Celsius. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by stating that 'Deforestation and urbanization are driven by the growth of GHP, which have driven global warming and climate change.' This directly links deforestation as a contributing factor to both habitat loss and climate change, supporting the claim.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Food waste can be completely eliminated in all households. [SEP] Text: Recently, the government developed the policy, which aims to promote better nutrition for the population through a multifaceted approach involving the government, the private sector and civil society. (NAP) represents another attempt by the Malawian government to promote food security through increased production of diversified food crops for better nutrition [2]. Despite the government’s food security initiatives, there have only been limited improvements in food security in Malawi, raising concerns among policymakers due to pernicious effects of food insecurity, especially on vulnerable populations [2]. When designing food security initiatives, government should consider women’s role in household food and nutrition decisions. Women play a leading role in food production, processing, and preparation and hence maintain a significant responsibility in ensuring food security in developing countries [19, 39, 65]. They control vital livestock products for food security and are the main food producers [56]. However, their ability to achieve food security is constrained by their lack of access to productive resources and inability to participate in much of the decision-making. Women in developing countries have limited control over productive resources and lack decision making authority [41]. Evidence suggests that increasing women’s access and control over productive resources contributes to the achievement of food security because unlike men, women are more likely to spend their income on food [44, 61]. Furthermore, raising livestock provides an opportunity to empower women because they can have greater access and control of livestock and their products compared to other productive resources [26]. Several strategies have been used to empower women in agriculture. While some have focused on empowerment through resources and achievements such as education levels [37, 53], one empowerment dimension that has received far less attention is agency that involves decision-making processes. Therefore, this study seeks to understand how the empowerment of women in livestock decision-making affects household food security. Although previous studies have provided evidence that the empowerment of women in livestock is necessary for household food security, no study has been conducted in a Malawian context to investigate this relationship. Furthermore, most of the studies have measured the empowerment of women in the agriculture sector using the Women’s Empowerment in (WEAI), a commonly used tool for measuring women’s empowerment, agency, and their involvement in the agriculture sector [9]. Despite its reliability in most agricultural contexts, the index pays little attention to livestock-related issues and does not investigate how women’s agency in nutrition affects household food security. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by highlighting that despite government initiatives aimed at improving food security in Malawi, there have only been limited improvements, indicating that food security—and by extension, food waste—cannot be completely eliminated. The challenges faced by women, who are key to food production, due to their lack of access to resources and decision-making power further illustrate that achieving complete elimination of food waste is unrealistic in all households.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Functional MRI can measure brain activity by detecting changes in blood flow. [SEP] Text: The Valsalva, with its constant pressure feedback, therefore offers a more precise assessment for any hypercapnic challenge. We also showed that a breath hold after exhalation has notable time course differences from a breath hold after inhalation; the signal undershoot during the breath hold is much lower, while the signal increase after the hold is similar to the breath hold after exhalation and with 10 mm Hg of pressure (Figures 2 and 3). These data imply that the initial BOLD undershoot is due more to pressure changes than hypercapnia, and the peak after the hold results more from hypercapnia. If one does not measure intrathoracic pressure, then breath holding after exhalation is a more direct measure of hypercapnia, with one less potential source of response variation than holding after inhalation. These interstudy and interparadigm variations make direct comparisons across subjects and studies difficult to interpret without a more directly unifying means of quantifying compliance and task performance. Our basic Valsalva apparatus involved exhaling into a single plastic tube connected to a very simple pressure transducer located outside the scan room, but provided verification of subject compliance and performance, and controlled for thoracic pressure effects noted above. It may also be possible to assess end tidal CO2 content after each breath hold as a proxy for the amount of hypercapnia. As opposed to trusting that a patient is holding their breath the entire time, and holding it with or without pressure, the Valsalva apparatus allows the researcher to measure an additional source of known variation. study examined BOLD-weighted MRI responses to multiple parametrically varied pressures and durations of the Valsalva maneuver in a single setting. We show that performing the maneuver at varied pressures modulates the MRI signal amplitude and heart rate response. The MRI signal change maps, obtained in the first 15 seconds of the procedure, closely resemble those obtained using other global flow change stressors. While our study did not directly test calibration, these findings may potentially lead to a calibration tool or cerebral autoregulation assessment with improved precision, simplicity, noninvasiveness, and subject tolerance, compared with existing methods. The physiologic mechanisms underlying these signal changes need to be explored more fully. /authors declare no conflict of interest. 1. . A hypercapnia-based normalization method for improved spatial localization of human brain activation with fMRI. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text discusses various methods and insights regarding the measurement of brain activation and the effects of the Valsalva maneuver on MRI signal changes but does not directly relate to the claim that functional MRI measures brain activity by detecting changes in blood flow. While it implies a connection to blood oxygen level-dependent (BOLD) responses through its discussions, it does not specifically confirm or elaborate on the fundamental principle of fMRI measuring blood flow changes as stated in the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Deforestation contributes to habitat loss and climate change. [SEP] Text: We applied a baseline threshold of 25% of habitat suitability to calculate the three classes of areas: loss (currently suitable habitat that will not remain suitable in the future), gain (currently unsuitable habitat that will become suitable in the future), or stable (habitat suitable in both current and future conditions) of suitability areas. To evaluate habitat quality, we categorized habitat into three suitability criteria as follows: 75–100% for high suitability, 50–75% for medium suitability, and 25–50% for low suitability. To quantify species’ vulnerability to future climate change, we used two metrics: (i) relative change in the total area of suitable habitat and for areas with > 50% habitat suitability and (ii) percentage loss of current suitable habitat. The relative change in range size measured as the difference in area between the current and future conditions was calculated for all species and at the regional level for both RCP scenarios. Lastly, we estimated the change in species richness between current and future periods. To calculate this metric, we first converted the individual species distributions into binary maps, where locations with a probability of occurrence < 0. 7 were set to zero, and those ≥ 0. 7 were set to 1. The results of SDMs across the landscape were visualized using QGIS. For each species, the mean altitudinal range shift was calculated in SAGA-GIS 8. 0. 1 (Conrad et al. 2015), and the area of distribution (in km2) was determined in QGIS using the $area function. To identify climatic refugia and prioritize conservation areas under climate change, we applied a spatial priority ranking algorithm implemented in Zonation 5 (Moilanen et al. 2022). The software integrates data on the biodiversity features (e. g. , species diversity, ecosystem, habitats) and threats (e. g. , land use, climate change, habitat loss) to produce spatial priority rank maps over the entire landscape based on principles of complementarity to support conservation planning in general. Priority maps showing all grid cells of the landscape with the highest complements of species were generated by iteratively ranking grid cells from high to low conservation values, removing the cells with the smallest marginal loss of conservation value. In the prioritization process, we included the predicted habitat suitability layers for all target species under current and future climatic conditions, including both RCP4. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim as it discusses various methods to quantify habitat suitability and emphasizes the impact of land use and habitat loss on biodiversity and conservation planning. Phrases like 'threats (e.g., land use, climate change, habitat loss)' directly connect deforestation (a land use change) to habitat loss and its implications for climate change, supporting the assertion that deforestation has detrimental effects on habitats and contributes to climate change.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Food waste can be completely eliminated in all households. [SEP] Text: Similar observations have been made in Tanzania where only 2% of the women had a WELI score of 0. 8; most had a score that fell between 0. 3 and 0. 4 [28]. These findings indicate that the empowerment levels of women in livestock dependent households are low. The study also examined the WELI score for women from households that indicated livestock and crop farming as their primary occupations. The findings suggest that the average score for women who indicated that livestock farming was their primary occupation (0. 4) was higher compared to those in cropping (0. 3). These differences were not statistically significant. Status of food security in Malawian householdsTo understand the status of food security in the Nsanje district, households were asked if they had consumed any of the 12 food groups in the 24 h prior to data collection. There is no cut off point to achieving adequate dietary diversity [63]. However, our study used the average number of food groups consumed by households in our sample as the cut-off point. Households that consumed food groups equal to or greater than the average consumption were considered food secure. The results show that the average consumption for the study population was four food groups in the 24 h preceding the survey. Using this criterion, the results show that more than half of the households had adequate dietary diversity (55. 75%). Less than half (44. 25%) of the households did not have adequate dietary diversity. Further analysis was done to estimate the average, minimum and maximum number of food groups consumed by households. The minimum and maximum household dietary diversity scores in the sample were 0 and 11, respectively. This finding means that in the 24 h preceding the survey, some households did not consume any food group. Other households consumed up to 11 food groups. Approximately 0. 25% and 0. 75% of the households had a score of 0 and 11, respectively. Table 3 presents the percentage of households that consumed each of the 12 food groups. Most households had consumed cereals (98. 25%), vegetables (93%), fish and fish products (56. 25%) oils and fats (44. 75%) and legumes and nuts (33. 50%). The least consumed food groups included fruits (15. 75%), white tubers (8%), and milk and milk products (6. 25%). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by presenting empirical data on food consumption patterns, indicating that some households did not consume any food groups in the 24 hours leading up to the survey, with a minimum dietary diversity score of 0. This suggests that complete elimination of food waste is not achievable, as evidenced by the households that did not consume any food at all.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Functional MRI can measure brain activity by detecting changes in blood flow. [SEP] Text: us Grants & prizes & media About us Join our communityMeet our membersUndergraduate and Master’sour membersPhysiology ECR Toolkit for lecturesPrizesEvents listingMeeting and workshop supportAdvice for attending your first meetingAwardGrant for carersExhibitors and sponsorshipProceedings abstractsPast eventsmagazineBlogPodcastYouTube channelNewsOur newslettersArtificial IntelligencePhysiology 2024: Manifesto for the General Election& and medicinePolicy ConsultationsWhat do physiologists do? Supporting your next career moveResearchTeachingScience communicationSport and exercise scienceHealthcareIndustryJobsWhat we doWhat is physiology? [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim about functional MRI or its ability to measure brain activity through blood flow changes. Instead, it seems to focus on organizational details and events related to physiology, making it irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Deforestation contributes to habitat loss and climate change. [SEP] Text: 5 and RCP8. 5 scenarios, assessed by the Maxent simulations. We assigned rankings to species based on IUCN threat categories, taking into account also the future habitat loss. For the calculations, the core-area zonation (CAZ) approach was employed to determine the high-priority areas. This complementarity-based prioritization algorithm assigns conservation values by maximizing regional diversity and its complementarity. Essentially, CAZ emphasizes the selection of areas of high-quality habitats for the rarest or high-weighted species, and the prioritization aims to retain core areas for all species. To ensure that climatic refugia would be identified outside the urbanized and agricultural landscape, we excluded spatial surfaces of land use (cites and cropland) as a conditions mask layer. Moreover, the land cover classes (barren lands, lakes, grasslands, forests, and shrublands) were used as condition layers. These raster layers were derived from the global land cover change maps of the Agency (EEA 2023). We included in the analyses the already existing protected areas (PA), sourced by the Protected Planet: on (UNEP-WCMC and IUCN 2023). As conservation planning due to resource limitations rarely allows all potential habitats’ protection, the threshold used to select the highest priority areas was set to 20% of land as climatic stabilization areas based on the recommendation proposed by the for Nature (Dinerstein et al. 2019). To determine each species’ climatic niche’s representation within its associated PA climate space, we calculated the proportion of its bivariate density grid covered by the PA density grid in QGIS. ResultsCurrent distributional patternsThe predictive accuracies of all models under current conditions were relatively high (AUC > 0. 961), indicating the high reliability of the predictions (Table 1). The predictions properly described the current range for most of the taxa; however, potential distribution appeared slightly broader than their geographic range in the Hyrcanian ecoregion (Fig. 1 and Fig. 2 1). Some of them exceeded their potential niches by areas with at least 25–50% habitat suitability outside the main center of distribution (Fig. 1 1). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text discusses conservation planning, species distribution, and habitat suitability without explicitly addressing the relationship between deforestation, habitat loss, and climate change. Therefore, the information provided does not corroborate or contrast the claim, making it irrelevant.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Food waste can be completely eliminated in all households. [SEP] Text: AbstractFood waste prevention and reduction are an economic, social and environmental concern included among the 17 Goals (SDGs) within Agenda 2030 for Sustainable Development. The third target under SDG 12 (Target 12. 3) on and Consumption aims to halve food waste by 2030 at retail and consumer levels, considering that more than half of its quantity is generated by final consumers, both indoor and outdoor. However, the Covid-19 pandemic outbreak at the beginning of 2020 imposed several food consumption behaviors and lifestyle changes: food service facilities (e. g. , restaurants, pubs, cafés, hotels, resorts) have been closed roughly all over the world, generating a sharp domestic consumption and an expected increase in household waste. The authors conducted an explorative research through the food diary approach. The purpose of this paper is to have a better understanding of household food consumption and wastage trends during Covid-19 pandemic testing, as well as food diary methodology strengths and weaknesses. Food diaries, even with their intrinsic limitations and biases, represent a valuable technique to obtain detailed qualitative and quantitative knowledge on daily food consumption and consumers’ behavior. Through the limited but significant results achieved, the authors highlight the logistics of the methodology and the food waste generation trends among a small sample of Italian families during the Covid-19 pandemic. Further, healthier work–life balances, adequate time management and smart food delivery seem to be good opportunities for food waste reduction in households. Similar content being viewed by others Assessment of household food waste management during the COVID-19 pandemic in Serbia: a cross-sectional online survey 12. 3, which requires, by 2030, to “halve per capita global food waste at the retail and consumer levels and reduce food losses along production and supply chains, including post-harvest losses. ” Furthermore, to accelerate the achievement of these SDGs, the (2015) has launched the “Closing the loop - An EU action plan for the Circular Economy,” implemented with the introduction of a monitoring framework for the circular economy (2018). To achieve food system sustainability, as well as measure and compare progress toward more circular models among member states, the monitoring framework has set ten indicators grouped within four stages: production and consumption, waste, secondary raw materials and competitiveness and innovation, including food waste within the first group (production and consumption) (Eurostat 2020). Worldwide, yearly food waste quantity is nearly 1. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the challenge of food waste management and noting that the Covid-19 pandemic has led to an increase in household waste. It emphasizes that the goal is to 'halve food waste by 2030,' indicating that complete elimination of food waste in households is not currently viewed as achievable. This is further supported by the text's focus on ongoing challenges and strategies for reduction rather than complete elimination.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Functional MRI can measure brain activity by detecting changes in blood flow. [SEP] Text: Strategy 2023-27Excellence in physiologyNewsOur partnersOur historyBoard of Trustees, Committees & GroupsGovernanceStaffDiversity and InclusionContact usBecome a memberCheck out our Training HubResources for Society RepsCardiac & Vascular PhysiologyEpithelia & Membrane TransportHuman, Environmental & & TeachingMentoringMembers reflect on COVID-19Member supportPhysiology and COVID-19Questions from the front lineCOVID-19 Advisory Panelof Physiology’s ClubReturning to the labEngaging with your ThemeAwardEducation and Teaching AwardResearch and for carersInformation for Grant recipientsand LectureThe Bayliss-Lecture for Mid--Huxley-for Diversity in for Early-’s LectureThe Sharpey-Lecture for Translational PhysiologyParticipation in for and -of to --’ SymposiumGrant for carersof Physiology AccessLatest issueof Physiology NewsContributeand HealthRoadmap for ResilienceSupport the consensus statementClimate and NetworkDeveloping a Human-centred StrategyPhysiology, Heat and Mental HealthClimate Emergency: Physiology & Climate Changeand Research into health and workGrowing Older, BetterSupporting the development of public health guidance for long -(REF)Sport & Education: Impact on the UK EconomyScotland at the Heart of ChallengesPhysiology and Funding in IrelandContribution of physiology education and training to the UK economyMedical ObjectivesPhysiology and the COVID-19 responseAnimal researchThe use of animals in educating the next generation of life science researchersAge 16–19Undergraduate and MastersPhD and beyondReproduction and developmentImpact of exercise on healthMicrobiomes in the gutRespiration and lung functionSleep and circadian rhythmsExtreme environmentsSpace physiologyConservation of lifeExcellence in Physiology AwardSociety’s blue plaqueshighlightsSociety timelineObituariesOral historiesWhat is physiology? [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is largely irrelevant to the claim since it discusses various topics related to physiology, education, and society but does not mention functional MRI or its ability to measure brain activity through blood flow changes.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Deforestation contributes to habitat loss and climate change. [SEP] Text: This observed pattern is particularly noticeable for species that occur in lowland and sub-montane belts where considerable uncontrolled deforestation, habitat loss, and fragmentation have been noted. Vast forest areas in the lowlands were in great part, destroyed and converted into agricultural lands, and have become densely populated over the last centuries (Aghsaei et al. 2020; Gholizadeh et al. 2020; Gu et al. 2022). The Gilan, Mazandaran, and Golestan regions which are the main centers of the Hyrcanian forest are one of the most densely populated regions (“Density Map,” 1993). Similarly, the foothills of the in the southern Azerbaijan are densely settled and extensively used for agriculture, housing, tourism, and recreation (Bayramli 2019). Therefore, the decline of the Hyrcanian forest can be attributed mainly to anthropogenic disturbance impacts and human-induced fires. As a result, the natural habitats of species found in lowland and sub-montane vegetation belts, such as Albizia julibrissin, Gleditsia caspica, and Populus caspica, have become fragmented. These species now exist in small patches of forest that are scattered among fields and settlements, as well as narrow strips along riverbanks in the Hyrcanian ecoregion. Considering the species-specific altitudinal ranges, our results are consistent with existing data. However, it is worth noting that the highest recorded occurrences of these species appeared frequently somewhat higher than previously reported (Browicz 1989, 1982; Rechinger 2005) (Table 1). These discrepancies, apart from the georeferenced methods, could result from an upward shift caused by ongoing climate warming, a pattern already observed for many plant species in the region (et al. 2017; Naqinezhad et al. 2022; Taleshi et al. 2019). Indeed, our SDMs suggest that the climatically suitable habitat for most of the Hyrcanian endemic and sub-endemic species will be displaced to higher altitudes, except for Hedera pastuchovii, Ilex spinigera, and Alnus subcordata under both climatic scenarios. We show that climate warming has resulted in a significant upward shift in species optimum elevation averaging 22. 9 m per decade, as generally predicted for mountain forest plants (Lenoir et al. 2008). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the observed consequences of deforestation, such as habitat loss, particularly in lowland and sub-montane vegetation belts where extensive forest areas have been destroyed and converted into agricultural lands. Additionally, it highlights the anthropogenic disturbances that have led to fragmentation of habitats, which directly supports the assertion that deforestation contributes to both habitat loss and climate change.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Food waste can be completely eliminated in all households. [SEP] Text: 3 billion tons (2019; FAO 2019), equal to roughly one-third of global food production. In the European Union, more than 85 million tons (Mt) of food are thrown away each year: approximately 9 Mt at the agricultural stage, 17 Mt at processing, 4 Mt at retail and more than 55 Mt at food service (10 Mt) and household (45 Mt) (Møller et al. 2014; and WHO 2018; McCarthy et al. 2018). In Italy, approximately 9 Mt of food are wasted yearly, corresponding to over 150 kg/capita (2010; Notarfonso et al. 2015). Considering its associated financial costs, more than 140 billion euro are wasted each year in the (Barrett 2010; 2016a, b), whereas greenhouse gas emissions have been estimated in approximately 170 Mt of CO2 (3% of global emissions) (Monier et al. 2010; Philippidis et al. 2019). Several studies have focused on food waste measurement, trying to quantify and qualify food waste along the whole food supply chain, from cradle to grave. Some authors have investigated its amount and the main drivers at the final consumption stage (Secondi et al. 2015; Fiore et al. 2017; Boschini et al. 2018) but fewer at agricultural (Schneider et al. 2019), processing (Thamagasorn and Pharino 2019) and retail stages (Caldeira et al. 2019). Moreover, according to measurement methodologies proposed by the (2019), the highest number of authors applied direct measurement (Elimelech et al. 2019), interviews and questionnaire approaches (Lanfranchi et al. 2016; Delley and Brunner 2018). However, only a few (Leverenz et al. 2019; Quested et al. 2020) have applied the food diary approach in households. The Covid-19 pandemic, among other health and social challenges, has dangerously affected the economy and all industrial sectors, from agriculture to food manufacturing, impacting household food consumption to high degrees. According to the Organization (2020), on 7 June 2020, the Covid-19 pandemic resulted in approximately 6. 8 million confirmed cases and over 397,000 deaths globally. In Europe, more than 2. 2 million cases and over 183,000 deaths have been confirmed, including more than 10% of cases and roughly 18% of deaths in Italy. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by detailing the extensive amount of food waste occurring at various stages, including households. It cites that in Italy alone, approximately 9 Mt of food are wasted yearly, which indicates that complete elimination of food waste is not feasible. Additionally, the text highlights numerous studies investigating food waste along the supply chain but does not support the idea that food waste can be completely eliminated.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Functional MRI can measure brain activity by detecting changes in blood flow. [SEP] Text: Meet our membersBasis of 202419 – 20 December 2024 Join us Join our community Meet our members Undergraduate and Master’s for & Epithelia & Human, Environmental & & our members reflect on COVID-19 Member support Physiology and COVID-19 Questions from the front line COVID-19 of Physiology’s to the lab Engaging with your for & prizes and Research and for carers Information for Grant recipients Prize lectures and Bayliss-Lecture for Mid--Huxley-for Diversity in for Early-’s Sharpey-Lecture for Participation in for and -of to listing Meeting and workshop support Two--’ for carers Advice for attending your first meeting for carers Exhibitors and sponsorship Proceedings abstracts Past events Journals & media of magazine Latest issue of channel newsletters Intelligence and 2024: Manifesto for the & for the consensus statement Climate and a Human-centred Strategy Physiology, Heat and Climate Emergency: Physiology & and Research into health and work Growing Older, the development of public health guidance for long - Framework (REF) Sport & Education: Impact on the UK at the Heart of Funding in of physiology education and training to the UK economy Physiology and the COVID-19 response research The use of animals in educating the next generation of life science researchers Precision medicine do physiologists do? Supporting your next career move Age 16–19 Undergraduate and Masters PhD and beyond and development Impact of exercise on health Microbiomes in the gut Respiration and lung function Sleep and circadian rhythms Extreme environments Space physiology Conservation of life communication Sport and exercise science us What we do What is physiology? [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is largely irrelevant to the claim as it does not mention functional MRI or brain activity measurement. Instead, it discusses various aspects of physiology, research, and community engagement, which do not relate to the claim about functional MRI's capability.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Deforestation contributes to habitat loss and climate change. [SEP] Text: However, for lowland species, Buxus hyrcana, Populus caspica, and Parrotia persica, and montane species, Pyrus boissieriana, the highest altitudinal redistribution of the suitable habitats, reaching on average 32–47 m per decade over the next 80 years. The predicted habitat gain is primarily expected at mid- and upper elevations (800–2800 m a. s. l. ). Nevertheless, given that trees are slow-migrating species and thus can experience time lags in range expansion in response to rapid climate change, the theoretical habitats projected at higher altitudes may not be accessible for studied species, leading to an even greater shrinkage of their distribution. At the same time, other factors such as competition of dominated temperature tree species such as Fagus orientalis for which climate-induced potential range shift has also been reported in the region (et al. 2021) could have prevented the range-filling for Hyrcanian endemic and sub-endemic species. Climate-driven range shifts of studied species can be mostly explained by expected temperature increases in the mountainous areas of the Hyrcanian ecoregion. According to the climate projection, the mean temperature is expected to rise by at least 2. 0–3. 5 °C by the end of this century compared with the current condition, posing a risk of intensification soil drought, forcing effect on potential evapotranspiration (Bergh et al. 2003), and in consequence reducing potential available suitable habitats. Climate-change refugia in the Hyrcanian ecoregion: vulnerability assessmentBy employing the species distribution modelling on multiple endemic and sub-endemic woody taxa across the Hyrcanian landscape, we were able to provide large-scale forecasts of biodiversity change over the next 80 years. Based on the assessment of species’ vulnerability to future climate threats, our study allowed us to identify potential climate refugia in the Hyrcanian ecoregion, which, in the frame of climate adaptation actions, should be an integral part of conservation and management efforts for species and communities (Barrows et al. 2020; Keppel et al. 2015). In general, a region disproportionately rich in biological diversity and endemism acts as long-term refugia, potentially serving as climatically suitable refugia in the future (Harrison and Noss 2017). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the impact of climate change, which is a direct consequence of deforestation. It details how species in the Hyrcanian ecoregion may experience range shifts, loss of suitable habitats, and increased vulnerability due to rising temperatures, illustrating the relationship between habitat loss and climate change.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Food waste can be completely eliminated in all households. [SEP] Text: Its socioeconomic impacts, mainly due to social distancing, self-isolation and travel restrictions, resulted in the entire lockdown of countries, millions of jobs being lost or converted to smart working and industrial plants, and schools, university and food service activities (e. g. , hotels, canteens, restaurants) being closed to the public, with the only option of delivery or takeaway (Nicola et al. 2020; Shaw et al. 2020). The main consequences have been massive surpluses of highly perishable items at the agricultural stage (FAO 2020a, b; 2020), disruptions (disconnections) in the food chain, impressive increases in food purchased in large-scale distributions (GDO) due to the “stock-effect” and “I-stay-at-home-effect” (Coldiretti 2020; Nielsen 2020a, b) and an expected sharp increase in food waste along the whole food supply chain, from the agricultural to consumption stages (Forum 2020). Since the highest amount of food waste is generated in households (Møller et al. 2014), the increase in domestic food consumption has inevitably spilled over into waste generation, including food waste. Thus, considering changes in people’s lifestyle and food consumption behaviors due to the Covid-19 pandemic outbreak at the beginning of March 2020, the authors conducted an explorative research though the food diary approach. The purpose is to gain a better understanding of household food consumption and wastage trends during Covid-19 pandemic testing, as well as the methodology strengths and weaknesses of the food diary. Through the limited but significant results achieved, the authors highlight the logistics of the methodology and the food waste generation trends among a small sample of Italian families during the Covid-19 pandemic. To this extent, the main research questions investigated within this paper include the following: a) Are food diaries a reliable tool to measure household food waste; b) how have food consumption and food waste been characterized during the Covid-19 pandemic according to the sample; and c) which research directions should be investigated in the field of household food waste after the Covid-19 pandemic? 2 Methodology2. 1 Definitions and boundaries of the analysisAs stated by the legislative framework, Directive (EU) 2018/851 of the and of the Council of 30 May 2018 on waste (OJEU 2018) defines food waste by referring to 2. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by detailing the factors that have led to an increase in food waste during the Covid-19 pandemic. It explains how lockdowns, lifestyle changes, and increased domestic food consumption have resulted in higher food waste generation in households, highlighting that rather than elimination, food waste has been exacerbated. The mention of significant surpluses of perishable items and disruptions in the food supply chain further illustrates the challenges in achieving complete elimination of food waste.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Functional MRI can measure brain activity by detecting changes in blood flow. [SEP] Text: Strategy 2023-27 Excellence in physiology Excellence in Society’s blue plaques nomination form partners Our history Historical highlights Women in physiology The first Foundation of Society mascot Society timeline histories Board of Trustees, Committees & us this issue 2009 - 76 issue Previous issues 131-133 Issue 133 Issue 132 Issue 131 121-130 Issue 130 Issue 129 Issue 128 Issue 127 Issue 126 Issue 125 Issue 124 Issue 123 Issue 122 Issue 121 111-120 Issue 120 Issue 119 Issue 118 Issue 117 Issue 116 Issue 115 Issue 114 Issue 113 Issue 112 Issue 111 101-110 Issue 110 Issue 109 Issue 108 Issue 107 Issue 106 Issue 105 Issue 104 Issue 103 Issue 102 Issue 101 91-100 Issue 100 Issue 99 Issue 98 Issue 97 Issue 96 Issue 95 Issue 94 Issue 93 Issue 92 Issue 91 81-90 Issue 90 Issue 89 Issue 88 Issue 87 Issue 86 Issue 85 Issue 84 Issue 83 Issue 82 Issue 81 71-80 Issue 80 Issue 79 Issue 78 Issue 77 Issue 76 Issue 75 Issue 74 Issue 73 Issue 72 Issue 71 61-70 Issue 70 Issue 69 Issue 68 Issue 67 Issue 66 Issue 65 Issue 64 Issue 63 Issue 62 Issue 61 51-60 Issue 60 Issue 59 Issue 58 Issue 57 Issue 56 Issue 55 Issue 54 Issue 53 Issue 52 Issue 51 41-50 Issue 50 Issue 49 Issue 48 Issue 47 Issue 46 Issue 45 Issue 44 Issue 43 Issue 42 Issue 41 31-40 Issue 40 Issue 39 Issue 38 Issue 37 Issue 36 Issue 35 Issue 34 Issue 33 Issue 32 Issue 31 21-30 Issue 30 Issue 29 Issue 28 Issue 27 Issue 26 Issue 25 Issue 24 Issue 23 Issue 22 Issue 21 11-20 Issue 20 Issue 19 Issue 18 Issue 17 Issue 16 Issue 15 Issue 14 Issue 13 Issue 12 Issue 11 1-10 Issue 10 Issue 9 Issue 8 Issue 7 Issue 6 Issue 5 Issue 4 Issue 3 Issue 2 Issue 1 Autumn 2009 - 76 Full issue Oscillations in brain blood flow revealed by transcranial blood flow changes spontaneously with various amplitudes over many time scales. For the most part, oscillations in brain blood flow reflect similar changes in arterial pressure. The dynamic pressure–flow relationship of the cerebral circulation can be assessed using transfer function analysis which may provide important insights into the dynamic control of the cerebral circulation in brain blood flow revealed by transcranial blood flow changes spontaneously with various amplitudes over many time scales. For the most part, oscillations in brain blood flow reflect similar changes in arterial pressure. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not directly address the claim regarding functional MRI as it primarily discusses oscillations in brain blood flow and its relationship with arterial pressure without mentioning functional MRI or its capabilities in measuring brain activity.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Deforestation contributes to habitat loss and climate change. [SEP] Text: However, this coverage is projected to decrease significantly to 15–25% in the future. This finding was also previously reported by Noroozi et al. (2019), who indicated that regional centers of plant endemism are inadequately represented by PAs. We found a similar pattern, showing that only 13% of suitable habitats (> 50% of habitat suitability) for endemic and sub-endemic woody species are currently covered by the Hyrcanian protected areas. Although this coverage may slightly increase to 18–20% in the future, it seems to be still insufficient to protect the broadest spectrum of the valuable habitat in the region, especially assuming the expected risk of habitat loss in the next 80 years. Furthermore, conservation prioritization analyses indicate that only 13. 4% of areas designated for conservation and management under climate change will be located within the regional PAs, yet the majority of these areas are classified as low priority. In the most pessimistic scenario, we predicted over 44% reduction in the overall distribution of endemic and sub-endemic Hyrcanian woody taxa. Accordingly, special attention should be paid to areas located in the Golestan and to some extent in Gilan, where species are the most exposed to climate change. Concurrently, our spatial prioritization analysis identifies these regions as potential areas for in situ conservation that should be considered in an expansion of the existing Hyrcanian PAs network. Considering that the adaptation potential of trees largely depends on the existing genetic variability, maintaining the broadest species’ climatic niches and thus genetic diversity is crucial. Therefore, the most promising strategies should consider the prioritization of climatically suitable areas for effective planning PAs. Based on our findings, Golestan, being part of the Alborz area of endemism (Noroozi et al. 2019), should receive the highest priority for conservation efforts due to significant predicted habitat loss, which is currently minimally represented by existing PAs (Fig. 3D). Therefore, we suggest, expanding the Jahannama PA, situated in the eastern parts of the Alborz Mountains, and considering the establishment of a new protected area in this region to encompass a broader spectrum of currently threatened areas, as predicted by our analysis. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the significant projected decreases in coverage of protected areas (PAs), which leads to habitat loss and increased risks associated with climate change. It mentions predicted over 44% reduction in the distribution of endemic and sub-endemic woody taxa, indicating that habitat loss is closely tied to the effectiveness of conservation efforts. Additionally, the text emphasizes the importance of maintaining climatic niches and genetic diversity to counteract habitat loss, further aligning with the idea that deforestation contributes to habitat loss and climate change.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Food waste can be completely eliminated in all households. [SEP] Text: 2 Food diary method: background and conceptual frameworkAmong the five main methodologies listed in the Decision (EU) 2019/1597 of 3 May 2019 (OJEU 2019), food diaries (sometimes called “kitchen diaries”) refer to individuals or groups of individuals (e. g. , families, cohabitants) asked to measure and self-report food waste occurring in their daily lives (2014), including the quality and quantity of discarded food, the waste generation step (e. g. , preparation, leftovers), the main reasons for discarding it and its disposal route (e. g. , kitchen bin, home compost) (Quested et al. 2020). In the past, social research mainly applied diaries in health and social science information, and they were later utilized to collect and evaluate quantitative and qualitative data in several disciplines (Jacelon and Imperio 2005; Reid et al. 2011). In general, its spread is mainly due to its proper capacity to limit observer influence and to record situations not accessible to the researcher, showing how and why participants assume certain behaviors (Elliott 1997; Sheble and Wildemuth 2009; Reid et al. 2011). In the last decade (2010–2020), food diaries have been successfully applied in several studies all over the world (Silvennoinen et al. 2014; Jörissen et al. 2015), representing a useful tool in food waste research even with the limitations (Langley et al. 2010; Richter and Bokelmann 2017). For instance, through food diaries, Ilakovac et al. (2020) investigated the main differences in food waste production relative to the sociodemographic characteristics of household members, whereas Leverenz et al. (2019) tried to encourage their use and further development by comparing results before and after food diary experiences. Furthermore, some authors have analyzed the reliability of food diary results through combined approaches: van Dooren et al. (2019) mixed three self-assessments via household waste, sink/toilet and other sources in Dutch households, whereas Giordano et al. (2018) appealed to food diaries and questionnaires among Italian households. Other studies have measured food waste with food diaries: Katajajuuri et al. (2014), Silvennoinen et al. (2014) and van Herpen et al. (2019). 2. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the use of food diaries to measure and report food waste in households. It highlights the realities of food waste generation, including various reasons for discarding food, indicating that complete elimination of food waste is not currently achievable. Moreover, the mention of various studies that analyze food waste through methodologies such as food diaries implies the persistence of this issue, suggesting that complete elimination is not feasible.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Mars has ice deposits that could potentially harbor microbial life. [SEP] Text: Skip to content Menu AGU. org to by AGU for dropdown menu Space & & & & dropdown menu ’ Highlights Editors’ Eos en Español Eos 简体中文版 to for: inon in instrument called can help find biosignatures on icy ocean worlds. by Jo10 December 202031 March 2022 Share this:Click to print (Opens in new window)Click to email a link to a friend (Opens in new window)Click to share on Twitter (Opens in new window)Click to share on Facebook (Opens in new window)Click to share on LinkedIn (Opens in new window) A new instrument called attached to an ice drill, can be lowered into an ice borehole and scan its walls for signs of life-related molecules. Credit: Jo The north winds were a problem. Station in Greenland, atmospheric scientists depend on the pristine air for atmospheric monitoring, so when the winds blow, any kind of air pollution could interrupt those measurements. And that meant and his colleagues couldn’t even ride snowmobiles to their research site about 7 kilometers away. By the time the north winds shifted, the team of three had less than a week to gather their data. “In terms of actual, hard-core, awesome ‘we’re-getting-data’ science, it was really only about 3 days of really good stuff where everything was just working,” Malaska said. He’s a planetary scientist at NASA’s Laboratory (JPL) studying the ice-covered moons in our solar system. of watches an instrument designed to detect biosignatures in ice, being lowered into a borehole by a drill. Credit: Under a large tent built around a borehole drilled into the ice, Malaska and his team tested an instrument called the for Operations and Engineering, or. is a long metal tube containing a spectrometer that can detect large, organic molecules in the walls of the borehole. This newsletter rocks. Get the most fascinating science news stories of the week in your inbox every Friday. Sign up now was attached to a tripod and lowered into the borehole, scanning the walls to about 100 meters down. Using a technique called ultraviolet fluorescence spectroscopy, zapped the walls of the borehole with laser beams of ultraviolet light. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim about Mars having ice deposits that could harbor microbial life. Instead, it discusses an instrument used to detect life-related molecules in ice on other icy ocean worlds, specifically within the context of a research activity in Greenland. This lack of direct relevance to Mars and its ice deposits means the text is considered irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Deforestation contributes to habitat loss and climate change. [SEP] Text: At the same time, only Buxus hyrcana (EN), Populus caspica (EN), Parottia perrsica (LR), and Frangula grandifolia (LR) are protected at the national level, classified as endangered (EN) and lower risk (LR) (Jalili and Jamzad 1999). The projected loss of suitable areas for these already declining species due to previously extensive degradation and fragmentation should be of particular concern, especially with insufficient protection. Our SDMs also indicate a rising risk for species not currently protected, suggesting that their conservation status should be evaluated, especially given that future suitable areas for those taxa will largely be found outside of existing PAs. This applies mostly to Ruscus hyrcanus for which the Hyrcanian ecoregion is predicted to be completely unsuitable in the future. Considering our pessimistic projections and the overuse of the species as a traditional herbal medicinal product (Ghorbani et al. 2020), there is a high risk of extirpation of the species’ resources in the future. In light of the projected habitat loss in the ecoregion, the genetic resources of the species may be greatly impoverished, affecting their adaptive potential, and thus resilience of the Hyrcanian forest. According to an available genetic investigation, both Gleditsia caspica (Schnabel and Krutovskii 2004) and Populus caspica (Alipour et al. 2021) display low genetic diversity and signs of bottlenecks, possessing a threat of adverse demo-genetic processes. Climate change is driving the spread of pests and diseases and in some cases worsening existing problems. This applies to boxwood in the Hyrcanian ecoregion, for which the forecasted climate changes may markedly affect the species range across the landscape. Most present-day Buxus hyrcana populations are seriously threatened and devastated by the spread of boxwood blight and box-tree moth (Alipour and Walas 2023; Nacambo et al. 2014). Although the genetic diversity in the species currently remains relatively high (Esmaeilnezhad et al. 2020; et al. 2018), there is a justified concern for the loss of variability, especially if genetic drift becomes a dominant evolutionary force and is accompanied by an observed reduction in population size which are likely to get worse under future climate change. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the projected habitat loss due to degradation and fragmentation, which aligns with the consequences of deforestation. It highlights the risk of species extirpation and loss of genetic resources due to these processes, which are indicative of habitat loss. Additionally, it mentions that climate change worsens existing problems for vulnerable species, thus connecting both habitat loss and climate change to the broader implications of deforestation.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Food waste can be completely eliminated in all households. [SEP] Text: , during storage, before cooking, during preparation), causes of wasting food (e. g. , out-of-date, over-preparation) and disposal procedures (e. g. , unsorted or separate collection, compost). 2. 4 Data analysisThe first step of the explorative research was to analyze quantitative data. All quantitative data have been collected and catalogued using a spreadsheet software, firstly distinguishing between the total grams of food consumed and total grams of food wasted, later divided per household and per capita. Subsequently, all quantities have been allocated within each food category considered (see Section 2. 5). To analyze input (ingredients) and output (leftovers or waste) flows, the authors applied an input-output analysis based on the mass balance principle, connecting input materials to output flows in terms of mass, financial costs and nutritive factors (Brunner and Rechberger 2017; Zaghdaoui et al. 2017; Amicarelli et al. 2020). Lastly, since WRAP (2014) estimated that food waste recorded over a seven-day diary period tends to be 17% higher on the first day than the average of the other six remaining days, the authors applied an uncertainty of 15% to all mass variables from the second to the seventh day. The second step regarded qualitative data. All information on the moment of waste generation, the causes of food waste and the disposal procedures, expressed in keywords, have been analyzed according to a qualitative content analysis (QCA) and then summarized in Table 5. All answers – read word by word in order to capture key thoughts or concepts on food consumption and food waste trends in households – “provided knowledge and understanding of the phenomenon under study” (Downe-Wamboldt 1992; Hsieh and Shannon 2005; Kasavan et al. 2019). 2. 5 Food categories, food prices and nutritive valuesFood consumption and food waste, considering Gustavsson et al. (2011), Beretta et al. (2013) and other studies (Leverenz et al. 2019; Ilakovac et al. 2020), have been considered within eight main food categories (Table 1): fruits, vegetables, pasta and rice, meat and meat products, fish and fish products, milk and dairy products, bread and bakery products (also pastries) and prepared meals (both fresh and frozen). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the various stages and causes of food waste, indicating that food waste is a common issue in households. It describes how factors such as out-of-date food and over-preparation contribute to waste, suggesting that it is not possible to completely eliminate food waste in all households. Additionally, the analysis of data from food consumption and waste implies a systematic problem that cannot be wholly resolved.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Mars has ice deposits that could potentially harbor microbial life. [SEP] Text: The UV light excites molecules into higher energy states, and when the molecules drop back to their natural energy states, they release photons. Scientists can then identify specific molecules by detecting the color of the released photons. Studying this part of an ice sheet is like pointing a telescope to a new area of the sky and discovering new nebulae or galaxies, Malaska said. “We were in this weird environment that nobody had really probed at before. ” Life-Hunting in usually study microbes living on the surfaces of glaciers or in deep subglacial lakes kilometers below the surface. A hundred meters down, where water is beginning to transition from packed snow into solid glacial ice, where it may be too cold and the pressure too high for life to survive, research is lacking. “We shot a laser out, we made things glow, [but] we don’t know exactly what things were glowing. ” ’s spectroscopy may change that. On a black background, Malaska and his team saw spots of glowing blues, greens, and reds, all indicative of different types of organic molecules. Molecules that glowed blue might be small molecular rings called aromatics, and orangey-red spots might be more-complicated molecules like three rings bound together. Greens might indicate something even larger, like amino acids. All of these molecules are associated with living things, but are they evidence of actual microbes in the walls of the borehole? The short answer is…we just don’t know, Malaska said. “We shot a laser out, we made things glow,” Malaska said, “[but] we don’t know exactly what things were glowing. ” The team published its work in the journal Astrobiology in fall 2020 and will present the research on 11 December at AGU’s 2020. to day, the team members hope their instrument could ride on a spacecraft bound for one of the icy moons of Jupiter or Saturn. With the work in Greenland, the researchers showed that their instrument could successfully find something interesting in the ice, even if they don’t know yet what that interesting thing is. But studying ice on Earth isn’t this team’s main goal. One day, the team members hope their instrument could ride a spacecraft bound for one of the icy moons of Jupiter or Saturn. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not directly address the claim about Mars having ice deposits that could harbor microbial life. Instead, it discusses research conducted in Greenland, focusing on the detection of organic molecules in ice and the potential for life in glacial environments, but does not make any conclusions or correlations regarding Mars specifically.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Deforestation contributes to habitat loss and climate change. [SEP] Text: Another possible consequence of the climate-driven range shifts might be increasing sympatry among closely related species, potentially triggering hybridization. This could be a potential threat to Gleditsia caspica that hybridizes with introduced Gleditsia triacanthos L. which may lead to exposure to genetic erosion (Schnabel and Krutovskii 2004). ConclusionWith climate change and our projections, efficient conservation planning should focus on incorporating integrative and proactive conservation approaches to maintaining and preserving the resources of the Hyrcanian endemic and sub-endemic woody species. However, applying management solutions in the frame of climate adaptation actions is generally a major challenge for future forest management. Given that efforts to conserve and manage species/biodiversity should focus on identifying climate change refugia (Barrows et al. 2020; Keppel et al. 2015), this study enriches our understanding of the general pattern of vulnerability to future climate threats in the Hyrcanian ecoregion, pointing Gilan and Golestan region to be prioritized for conservation management based on projected habitat decline across taxa. Certainly, given that the projected suitable habitats for the studied species are inadequately represented by regional protected areas, future conservation efforts should prioritize the evaluation and extension of this network, which currently covers only 15% of the entire Hyrcanian ecoregion. This expansion should focus on areas identified as long-term climatic refugia and those with high priority for conservation to protect a wide spectrum of biodiversity in the region under climate change. Secondly, climate change associated with ongoing human-induced habitat loss may further increase extinction risk for the species already facing threats in the region. Therefore, the regional conservation and restoration program through in situ and ex situ management, accounting for the recognition of genetic variability and long-term monitoring of demographic and genetic threats, is urgently needed to preserve the existing resources. Moreover, to support our predictions, the incorporation of adaptive genetic variation in climate vulnerability assessments could provide more accurate forecasts of the species’ potential response to future climate change. This approach is a recently integrative part of the climate change adaptation assessments of forest trees and provides the scientific basis for developing management solutions oriented towards climate change adaptation, such as assisted gene flow or assisted migration strategies (Rellstab 2021). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the impacts of climate change and habitat loss on species, stating that 'climate change associated with ongoing human-induced habitat loss may further increase extinction risk for the species already facing threats in the region.' This supports the assertion that deforestation, as a form of habitat loss, contributes to climate change and adversely affects biodiversity.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Food waste can be completely eliminated in all households. [SEP] Text: 3); and b) food consumption– (purchase) and food waste–associated nutritional values calculated according to Istat (2020b) and FAO (2020c) (see Section 2. 3). Table 4 Food waste associated financial costs (€) and nutritional losses (MJ)Full size tableIn Fig. 2, the histograms illustrate financial costs expressed in euros and nutritional intake/losses expressed in MJ, whereas pie charts record their share by food category in percentage. Fig. 2a Food consumption and food waste associated financial costs (euro); b Food consumption and food waste associated nutritional intake and losses (MJ); c Share in food waste associated financial costs by food categories (%); d Share in food waste associated nutritional losses by food categories (%). (Source: Personal elaboration by the authors)Full size imageThe whole sample’s financial weekly costs associated with food consumption have been approximately €760, which means nearly €50 per household and roughly €28 per respondent, recording meat and meat products’ highest share of purchase (32%), followed by fish and fish products (22%) because of their high prices in this research frame (12. 80–12. 90 €/kg and 11. 95–12. 05 €/kg, respectively). Furthermore, the total financial costs associated with food waste have been estimated to be approximately €65 (roughly 9%), which means approximately €5 per household and less than €2. 5 per respondent per week, of which more than 37% are related to fish and fish products and roughly 23% to meat and meat products. However, even fruits (16%) and vegetables and legumes (14%) have largely contributed to the amount of financial costs. In terms of nutritional value, Fig. 2 and Table 4 illustrate the food consumption and food waste nutritional intake balance expressed in MJ. The whole sample’s weekly nutritional values associated with food consumption were about 950 MJ, thus 65 MJ per household and roughly 33 MJ per respondent. Estimated nutritional losses have been 53 MJ (approximately 6% of food consumption) for the whole sample, which means about 3. 5 MJ per households and less than 2 MJ per person per week. The highest percentage of nutritional losses has been recorded in fruits (20%). 4 Discussions4. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by providing specific data on food waste, stating that the estimated nutritional losses for the whole sample are about 53 MJ, which represents approximately 6% of total food consumption. This indicates that there remains a significant amount of food waste that cannot be completely eliminated.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Mars has ice deposits that could potentially harbor microbial life. [SEP] Text: Those moons hold vast oceans of liquid water underneath their ice crusts and are considered some of the most promising destinations in the solar system in which to look for extraterrestrial life. Take Saturn’s moon Enceladus, for example. The tiny moon, with an equatorial radius of just 250 kilometers, became famous in 2006 when NASA’s Cassini spacecraft spotted plumes of water vapor shooting out of its south pole. When the spacecraft eventually flew through those plumes, it found not just water but also chemicals necessary for life: organic molecules, salts, silicates, carbon dioxide, molecular hydrogen, and more. Molecular hydrogen could be evidence for chemical reactions occurring between Enceladus’s ocean and its rocky core that create life-sustaining molecules. Then there’s Jupiter’s moon Europa, which is much bigger than Enceladus, with an equatorial radius of 1,560 kilometers. Europa most likely also has plumes, according to Telescope observations. NASA is already planning a mission, (scheduled to launch in 2024), to study the moon. Space Agency’s Moons Explorer, slated to launch in 2022, will explore Europa, as well as nearby moons Ganymede and Callisto. And someday, NASA might send a lander there. If these faraway oceans contain enough organic molecules, they could be percolating toward the surface through the ice. And if we drill down far enough, we could detect them with an instrument like. If someday deployed on an ocean world, would be such a useful instrument because it can do the life-hunting in situ, or in the environment in which scientists would be hunting for evidence of life, said Morgan Cable, a planetary scientist also at JPL who specializes in astrobiology. She wasn’t involved with the research. “If you can see the microbes in the ice without actually touching them, you can be pretty certain they were in there before you put your probe in there,” Cable said. ’s Future “has the capability of searching for and finding these interesting hot spots” of organic molecules, said Rohit Bhartia, another planetary scientist at JPL and lead researcher on the team. With an instrument like attached to a spacecraft on a moon like Enceladus or Europa, scientists could better search for such hot spots. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text discusses the potential for extraterrestrial life in the subsurface oceans of moons like Enceladus and Europa, but it does not address Mars or its ice deposits. Therefore, the text is irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Deforestation contributes to habitat loss and climate change. [SEP] Text: Review 10. 4066/2529-8046. 100040 Visit for more related 1. Putting in place of the Policy 2001. 2. Enactment of the Act 2003. 3. New institutional arrangements including the Support Department, the Authority. 4. Services being made. To address the question of enforcement in the forestry and other environment sub-sectors, Government also established the Police Unit. Despite these interventions, the country continues to lose forest cover at a very alarming rate. While for many years it was reported that Uganda was losing approximately 90,000 hectares between 1990 and 2010 of forest cover annually (Figure 1). Figure 1: Deforestation in Uganda and Massive deforestation in Mpigi District. However, the recent studies conducted by indicate that forest cover loss has now increased to an estimated 200,000 hectares annually. The situation is being blamed partly on Uganda's booming population, which is growing at a rate of about 3. 6% per annum. At that growth rate, by 2025 the population will almost be approximately to 63 million, close to that of Britain, which has a similar land mass where in 1950 UK had a population of approximately 50 million with an increment of 10 million in the year 2018 [1]. Population growth and migration has increased demand for agricultural land and firewood energy, and rural poverty restricts the ability to invest in sustainable land use practices. The population growth rate of 3. 6% per anum leads to exerted high pressure on the forest resources in order to derive people’s livelihoods, higher population makes land for settlement and agriculture inadequate and consequently resort to the forest land (Table 1). of people 1911 2,500,000 1921 2,900,000 1931 3,500,000 1969 9,535,051 1980 12,636,179 1991 16,671,705 2002 24,227,297 2014 34,856,813 2018 ≈ 43,746,516 2100 ≥ 145,053,641 (prediction) Table 1. Showing population growth in Uganda. Therefore, deforestation is more in- tense in areas with high population densities. In districts such as Mukono, Mpigi and Luwero, major tracts of land have been cleared in the last decade. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by detailing how Uganda is experiencing significant deforestation, losing forest cover at an alarming rate. It states that 'the country continues to lose forest cover at a very alarming rate' and attributes this situation to factors such as population growth and the resultant high demand for agricultural land and firewood. Such deforestation is directly linked to habitat loss, as the removal of forests disrupts ecosystems, thus supporting the claim that deforestation contributes to habitat loss and climate change.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Food waste can be completely eliminated in all households. [SEP] Text: 1 Food consumption and food waste trends before and during the Covid-19 pandemicIn the light of these results and considering that possible effects on food availability during the Covid-19 pandemic have been difficult to predict, the following key thoughts and concepts can be discussed. Before conducting the explorative research, the authors believed that limitations in food distribution or even a lack in food accessibility would have caused severe societal consequences all over the world, even increasing food waste at the household level to higher rates (Forum 2020). Moreover, considering that all outdoor food service facilities have been closed (e. g. , companies and school canteens, leisure and hospitality facilities), all grocery shopping opportunities have been limited and millions of people have been forced to stay at home, the authors would have expected an additional sharp increase in food waste at final consumption due to sudden changes in food habits and related negative emotions (Russell et al. 2017; Perez-Fuentes et al. 2020). These considerations on food waste increase have been essentially based and summarized in the so-called “stock-effect” – mainly due to the fear of not finding food in the medium to long term – and in the “I-stay-at-home-effect” (Nielsen 2020a). Further considerations were based on the fact that, at the distribution stage and during the first weeks of lockdown (17/02/2020–29/03/2020), higher values of purchased food have been registered in Italy (+12. 5%) compared to those recorded in the same period of 2019. According to Nielsen (2020b), highest values have been registered in (+15. 5%), followed by Central and (approximately +9. 50%). Moreover, several reports all over the world (National Geographic, 2020) have stated that people are cooking more at home, thus producing more tonnages of food waste than usual. However, reading sample results in the light of previous studies conducted with food diaries in households in Europe (Silvennoinen et al. 2014; Jörissen et al. 2015; Ilakovac et al. 2020), even with limitations due to the small sample size (Langley et al. 2010; Richter and Bokelmann 2017), the authors have detected a kind of counterbalanced effect, which has helped to better understand if and how a reduction in food waste coefficients and mass values has occurred during the Covid-19 pandemic. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the factors that have contributed to an increase in food waste during the Covid-19 pandemic. It highlights that, despite initial beliefs that food distribution issues would lower food waste, in reality, various trends such as increased cooking at home led to greater food waste generation. The mention of heightened food consumption coupled with emotional factors indicates that completely eliminating food waste is unrealistic given such circumstances.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Extreme environments on Earth provide insights into the potential for life on other planets. [SEP] Text: Project Backers39Backers100%Funded$2,895Total Donations$74. 23Please wait. . . [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address or relate to the claim in any way. It appears to be a disconnected statement about funding and donations without any mention of extreme environments or life beyond Earth.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Deforestation contributes to habitat loss and climate change. [SEP] Text: Much of this vegetation has secondary woody - Higher poverty levels over 46% of the people in Uganda live below the poverty line poor people are driven by the higher demand to sustain their livelihoods from the forest resources because they lack alternative sources of income as a consequence depletion of the forests become inevitable (Table 1) [2]. Following the trends, Uganda may not have any forests left in the next 83 years due to high population growth unless serious interventions are executed not only by but also (UNEP- to assist Uganda in implementing environmentally sound policies and best practices, and other relevant Agencies). Uganda is at risk of losing all its forests if deforestation in Uganda continues at its present rate there would be no forests left in 40 years. Other reasons of deforestation include: poor rural electrification and costly electricity which makes 89% of Ugandans to use firewood and charcoal as the main sources of fuel to cook. Large amounts of forests are also spent as trees are cut for timber and wood because the construction industry still greatly use timber rather than steel and other substitutes (Figure 2a and 2b). Figure 2: A man preparing for charcoal production (b) A poor woman selling charcoal as her source of income. The people in the rural areas are among the first hit by the environmental negative effect of deforestation which include climate change, soil degradation reduced biodiversity and loss of recreation [3]. Degradation of water- shed areas is leading to deterioration of the quality of life and reduction of the options for development, Farmers are already struggling to adapt to the rapidly changing and increasingly erratic weather patterns since rain is not falling when it is supposed to and drought has left many farmers struggling to find enough food to feed their families. In many districts of Uganda e. g. the declining forest cover has resulted in a fuel wood deficit hence rising costs and increased burdens on women and children who collect firewood. Therefore, if the situation is not reversed the knock on effect will be catastrophic and contributing to exacerbating soil degradation, decline food security, disease and conflict. In the late 1980s, Approx. 75,000 km2 (31. 7%) out of 236,040 km2 of total land in Uganda consisted of forest and woodland. Today, forests and woodlands cover is about 15. 2% of Uganda’s land surface meaning that Uganda has lost 16. 5% of forests and woodland cover. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by detailing the negative effects of deforestation in Uganda, including habitat loss, climate change, and reduced biodiversity. It states that deforestation leads to environmental negative effects such as 'climate change, soil degradation reduced biodiversity and loss of recreation.' Additionally, the text illustrates that the consequences of deforestation are impacting the livelihoods of people, particularly in rural areas, which further emphasizes the relationship between habitat loss and climate change. Therefore, it supports the claim that deforestation contributes to these issues.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Food waste can be completely eliminated in all households. [SEP] Text: For instance, Ilakovac et al. (2020) estimated an average amount of food waste per respondent per day of approximately 0. 21 kg in Croatia, whereas Silvennoinen et al. (2014) assessed a value of roughly 0. 41 kg in Finland. German results have been quite lower, being estimated in less than 0. 14 kg per person, whereas Italian ones (0. 13 kg) have been the lowest recorded in the literature (Jörissen et al. 2015). The highest average coefficients of food waste per food category have been recorded for vegetables (19%), milk and dairy products (17%) and bread and bakery products (13%), with an average daily coefficient in the range of 10–12% (Silvennoinen et al. 2014; Ilakovac et al. 2020). Results from this explorative paper, on the contrary, have recorded decreasing average tendencies, assessing an amount of food waste per person per day of approximately 0. 09 kg (−30% on Italian literature values) (Jörissen et al. 2015) and an average food waste coefficient of roughly 9. 5%. The authors, according to the hypothesis of a counterbalanced effect during the Covid-19 pandemic, tried to explain the issue. Previous studies on the main drivers of food waste (Aschemann-Witzel et al. 2015; Boschini et al. 2020; Özbük and Coşkun 2020) have identified in bad food purchase planning (inaccurate forecasting) and bad inventory management, expired food and/or food with altered organoleptic characteristics during storage, overcooking, lack of cooking skills and lack of time, the major causes for food wastage. Such causes, although they seem different from each other, are mainly caused by stress and an unhealthy work–life balance, inadequate time management (e. g. , which does not allow people to learn how to cook, for example) and, more generally, drastic changes in familial lifestyles that have occurred in recent years (Russell et al. 2017; Savarelli et al. 2019). On the contrary, the lockdown forced people to stay at home, leading to an unexpected and opposite process compared to the aforementioned social trend: people had enough time to learn and/or improve food planning and storage operations, select a favorite food program (diet), enlarge time allotted for eating, progress in their cooking skills and familiarize themselves with domestic appliances (e. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by indicating that food waste is a persistent issue across different countries, with specific estimates of daily food waste per person suggesting that complete elimination is not achievable. It identifies major causes for food waste, such as poor food purchase planning and bad inventory management, which contribute to the ongoing problem. Even during circumstances such as the Covid-19 pandemic that could improve food planning skills, the text suggests that food waste is a complex issue influenced by various factors rather than a problem that can be entirely eradicated.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Extreme environments on Earth provide insights into the potential for life on other planets. [SEP] Text: Skip to main content Get published My account Search all SpringerOpen 2. Although the lists essentially include the local variation, the long-term 96-year data with the unchanged identification criteria is very unique to investigate the 100-year and 1000-year extreme events. Further, in the view-point of space weather countermeasure against the extreme events, the local enhancement itself is also of great interest to mitigate the possible maximum hazard. Fig. 1Magnetic storm events observed at Observatory for 96-year time interval from May 1924 to May 2020. The histogram is also shown at right-hand sideFull size imageFig. 2Sudden commencement events observed at Observatory for 96-year time interval from May 1924 to May 2020. The histogram is also shown at right-hand sideFull size imageThe standard data for measuring the amplitude of substorms are the AE index. However, the AE index becomes unreliable when large substorms occurred at lower magnetic latitude than that of the AE stations located at high latitude of 65–70 deg. Recently, the SME index was developed from globally distributed magnetometers ranging from 40 deg to 80 deg magnetic latitude (Gjerloev 2012) to provide a better replacement to evaluate the amplitude of such a large substorm events. The substorm list was also provided from SuperMAG website ( with 1 min time cadence. The data set used in this study is 34-year data from January 1986 when the number of SME stations was large enough (> 30 stations) to better identify extreme events. A total of ~ 6×104 substorm events were identified in the list for the 34-year time interval. The substorm amplitude of each event was calculated as the 15-min mean value of the SME index starting 10 min after the substorm onset (Newell and Gjerloev 2011). The basic occurrence property and the amplitude distribution of the SME index were documented by Newell and Gjerloev (2011). In this paper, some more space weather event lists are consulted to discuss the possible origins of the statistical distributions. The event list of solar flares is available at NOAA’s website ( The event list of CMEs is available at NASA’s website ( The list of SEP events is available at NOAA and NASA ( setIn general, interactions among many elements or their non-linearity bring out a new characteristic from the complex network. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text provides a detailed discussion about space weather events and their statistical distributions, but it does not directly address or relate to the claim regarding extreme environments on Earth offering insights into extraterrestrial life. Thus, it is deemed irrelevant.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Deforestation contributes to habitat loss and climate change. [SEP] Text: Over the last three decades, growth in human population and corresponding increase in demand for forest products for domestic and industrial use, expansion of agricultural land, illegal settlements and weak forest management capacity have adversely affected the status of natural forests in Uganda, particularly the biodiversity [4]. Impacts in has been a 0. 2 degree Celsius increase in temperatures every decade in Uganda since 1960 and may increase by up to 5. 3 degree Celsius by 2080. This means a lot because the increase in temperatures increases transpiration and water loss from soils, thereby destroying seedlings and crops. Rainfall projection will decrease by roughly 188mm by 2080 and also a shift of seasons. Climate change has altered the competitive position of Uganda with respect, for example, to exports of agricultural products. This may result from yields increasing as a result of altered climate in one area, whilst being reduced in another. district Banana harvest has shown consistent increase trend while Masaka district, harvest has drastically decreased. The altered competitive position may affect not only exports, but also regional and farm-level income, rural employment, and the type of crops grown in a region. While most studies are unlikely to include an analysis of competitiveness itself, it is possible to evaluate the relative position of a country by studying the few analyses of climate change effects on global food trade [5]. The country is highly vulnerable to climate change and variability thus, its economy and the wellbeing of its people are tightly bound to climate. Human induced climate change today has the potential to halt or reverse the country's development trajectory. It is the poor and vulnerable people in remote and hard to reach areas who feel these impacts the hardest, though climate change has a serious implications for the nation's economy previously, with for example, a shift in the viability of coffee growing areas potentially wiping out US $265. 8 million or 40% of export revenue in the year 2016 (Figure 3). Figure 3: affected by Drought in Western Uganda. is highly vulnerable to climate change and variability thus, its economy and the wellbeing of its people are tightly bound to climate. Human induced climate change today has the potential to halt as well as reverse the region's development trajectory. Given that Uganda is a landlocked country that depends on agricultural, agro-pastoral, and pastoral livelihoods, the population expansion has placed increasing stress on limited natural resources i. e. forests and woodland have been destroyed. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by detailing the adverse effects of human activities on forests in Uganda, which are linked to climate change. It states that population growth and increased demand for forest products contribute to forest degradation, impacting biodiversity and leading to climate fluctuations, such as temperature increases and altered rainfall patterns. The mention of natural resource stress and its implications for the economy also reinforces the connection between deforestation and climate change.