Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Olfactory receptors may operate through quantum effects. [SEP] Text: Dopamine (DA) plays an important role in many mammalian brain functions, including motor functions, motivation, reinforcement, addiction, and learning and memory2–4. Dopaminergic neurons (DAN) are mainly located in the mesencephalon: DANs in the substantia nigra (SN) are responsible for motor functions, while those in the ventral tegmental area (VTA) are important in reward, addiction, learning and memory3,5. Dopamine achieves its functions via two families of G protein-coupled receptors (GPCR): excitatory D1-like and inhibitory D2-like receptors4. All D1-like receptors are located post-synaptically; in contrast, D2-like receptors both function post-synaptically and play an important presynaptic role, regulating dopamine release through negative feedback4. All these receptors are important in mammalian associative learning6,7. D1-like receptors elevate intracellular cAMP by activating adenylyl cyclase (AC) via Gαs, while D2-like receptors repress cAMP by inhibiting AC via Gαi/o. cAMP activates protein kinase A (PKA), leading to the phosphorylation of DARPP-32 (dopamine and cyclic AMP-regulated phosphoprotein, 32kDa), ion channels, and CREB (cAMP response element-binding protein). In addition, dopamine receptors also activate the PLC-and CaMKII pathways2–4,8–10. Although mammalian studies reveal mechanisms more relevant to human beings, the complexity of the nervous system impedes our understanding about the basic or more universal principles of learning and memory applicable generally to all nervous systems11. With a simple central nervous system (CNS) and powerful genetic tools, the fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster has become a popular model organism in learning and memory research12,13. With conserved genes in dopamine metabolism and signaling14, as well as fundamental similarities in the olfactory circuitry compared to mammals15,16, Drosophila can perform olfactory associative learning in both larvae17–19 and adults20–24. Olfactory associative learning is a type of classical conditioning in which flies are trained under positive or negative reinforcement paired with an odorant. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text discusses dopamine's role in brain functions, the mechanisms of dopamine receptors, and the use of Drosophila as a model organism for studying olfactory associative learning. However, it does not mention olfactory receptors or quantum effects, making it irrelevant to the claim about olfactory receptors and their potential quantum mechanisms.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Vaccination programs have eradicated diseases like smallpox. [SEP] Text: Citation: Hsieh MH, Mentink-Kane MM (2016) Smallpox and Dracunculiasis: Value of or Targeted for Eradication. Next? PLoS Pathog 12(1): e1005298. Glenn F. : January 7, 2016Copyright: © 2016 Hsieh, Mentink-Kane. This is an open access 1980. Vaccinia virus (VACV), like smallpox a member of the Poxviridae family, was used to produce the vaccine that led to smallpox eradication. Today, VACV remains a critical research tool and serves as the laboratory model for poxvirus. VACV is currently used for the production of 2nd- and 3rd-generation smallpox vaccines as well as for the exploration of immuno-oncolytic therapies against melanoma and other cancers [2,3]. VACV and its derivatives, including modified vaccinia virus (MVA) and attenuated vaccinia virus (NYVAC), are used as vectors by which to induce immunity to pathogens including HIV, Plasmodium falciparum, and Mycobacterium tuberculosis [4,5]. VACV also continues to be an important tool for examining fundamental viral mechanisms of immune evasion, including viral immunomodulation and inhibition of cell apoptosis, and has aided investigators in characterizing the innate and adaptive host immune response to viral infection [6]. Therefore, despite the eradication of human disease caused by smallpox virus, basic and applied research using the model vaccinia virus continues to guide our understanding of host immune responses, antigen immunogenicity, viral manipulation of host defenses, and vaccine efficacy. A second infectious pathogen that is targeted for eradication is Dracunculus medinensis, or guinea worm, the nematode parasite that causes drancunculiasis. D. medinensis is contracted by drinking larvae-contaminated water. The parasite matures to an adult worm in the host gut and emerges painfully months later through the skin of the lower extremities. Through efforts of the Assembly (as part of WHO), the Carter Center, and other organizations, dracunculiasis is nearing worldwide eradication. In the 1980s, 20 endemic countries accounted for 3. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by stating that the vaccination program using Vaccinia virus (VACV) led to the eradication of smallpox. It highlights the role of VACV in producing smallpox vaccines and mentions the continuing research and applications of VACV that support our understanding of disease eradication and immunity.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Supplements alone can fulfill all nutritional needs for a balanced diet. # questionable [SEP] Text: recommend a balanced plate similar to that of USDA (Figures 3 and 4) with half plate of vegetables, a quarter plate of healthy carbohydrates such as brown rice, whole wheat couscous, whole grain pasta or plain sweet potato and some less than a quarter plate of protein [101, 102]. Fats are essential to the body as they are integral part of the cell membrane and hormones. They are required to digest any fat that is consumed. However, there has been a debate whether saturated fats are required for the body or not. The importance of having less than 10% saturated fat in the diet is now recognized although instead of saturated fatty acids, mono and poly unsaturated fatty acids are recommended. With respect to nutritional supplements there is no recommendation from Association. However, there is an increase in the number of patients seeking complementary and alternative medicine due to lower side effects and cost effectiveness. With a steady increase in scientific authentication of plant products for preventing and treating medical conditions nutritional supplements may become more popular. Interestingly, many of the plant products are consumed almost everyday in many cultures and these population also report diabetes. One reason maybe because they do not eat it everyday at the required dosage in addition to major change in lifestyle from an active on to a more sedentary one, as seen in any developed societies. Figure 3. USDA recommended ‘my plate’ showing recommended portions of each macronutrients: Carbohydrates (40–60%); proteins (10–35% for males; 13–15% for females), fats (20–35%). (fiber 25 g) 4. ADA recommended plate model for balanced food intake. %0% vegetables, 25% protein and 25% carbohydrate is recommended with a glass of water or no calories drink. many options for diets to choose from for patients, it is important to remember that as individuals differ among themselves, a individualized diet is important and equally important is adhering to the diet [103]. For diabetic patients to help control the progression of the disease, it is important to consider bio individual needs of each patients. Whether it is the choice of drugs, nutrition therapy or life style changes, it is important to have individually tailored treatment regimens for diabetic patients based on several factors including the ethnicity, life style, choice of foods etc. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by recommending a balanced diet that includes specific portions of vegetables, carbohydrates, and proteins, thus implying that nutrition should come from a variety of food sources rather than relying solely on supplements. It emphasizes the importance of individualized dietary plans and states that there is no official recommendation for supplements as a complete solution for nutritional needs.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Olfactory receptors may operate through quantum effects. [SEP] Text: Different from the naïve reaction to the odorant, flies approach the odorant after being trained with rewards (e. g. , sucrose; appetitive)21, but avoid the odorant when trained with punishments (e. g. , electric shock, bitter taste chemicals; aversive)20. Several genes related to the cAMP-PKA signaling pathway, including dunce (dnc)25 and rutabaga (rut)21, are expressed in the mushroom body (the center for Drosophila learning and memory)26,27. Mutations of these genes lead to learning deficiencies, indicating their roles in olfactory learning21,25. Drosophila larvae offer several advantages for studying olfactory learning compared to adults. Notably, compared to neural circuits underlying olfactory learning, their simpler neural circuitry28, characterized by fewer olfactory receptor neurons (ORNs)29,30, projection neurons (PNs) 31, mushroom body neurons (MBNs)32, and dopaminergic neurons (DANs)33,34, facilitates the elucidation of underlying mechanisms. Additionally, larvae exhibit simpler behavioral patterns, facilitating experimental manipulations and observations. Furthermore, their translucent cuticles enable convenient application of techniques such as optogenetics35, further enhancing the experimental versatility of larval studies. Like in mammalian brains, dopamine achieves its functions via four dopamine receptors in flies, two D1-like receptors dDA136 (or Dop1R1) and DAMB37 (or Dop1R2), one D2-like receptor D2R38 (or Dop2R), and one non-canonical receptor DopEcR14,39. dDA1 is mainly found in the mushroom body40,41 and is necessary for appetitive and aversive olfactory learning in larvae and adults41,42. D2R in the mushroom body is necessary for anesthesia-resistant memory43. In addition, D2R in GABAergic anterior paired lateral (APL) neurons is known to secure aversive conditioning in adult flies44. Although D2R expression has been reported in the ventral nerve cord45, neither its expression in larval brains, nor its functions in larval olfactory learning have been investigated. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text discusses the mechanisms of olfactory learning in Drosophila larvae, focusing on genetic expression and neural circuitry related to olfactory receptors. However, it does not mention or provide evidence for the operation of olfactory receptors through quantum effects. Therefore, it is considered irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Malnutrition remains a major issue in many low-income countries. [SEP] Text: Complexity of -19, and Care in Low- and Middle-Income Countries: for Dr. . The unprecedented complexity of malnutrition, COVID-19, and orofacial cleft care in low- and middle-income countries: An opportunity for change. HPHR. 2021;48. DOI:10. 54111/0001/VV17 Complexity of -19, and Care in Low- and Middle-Income Countries: for -19 has created an unprecedented set of challenges across the global health world. In this commentary, the authors highlight a subset of patients that have been and will continue to be greatly affected by the COVID-19 pandemic but are unlikely to be part of the larger global health conversation. Due to the rising rates of food insecurity and malnutrition, the proportion of orofacial cleft patients in low- and middle- income countries that will require nutritional intervention prior to or in order to be eligible for surgery is rising at an unprecedented rate. NGOs, such as Operation Smile, will need to alter their program offerings and services to effectively serve their patient population- specifically a greater focus on nutrition. This piece covers both the problem at hand and Operation Smile’s initial actions into changing its programs to prepare for the growing nutritional needs of OFC patients. It does not need to be said that COVID-19 changed the world and that those changes – big and small, immediate and delayed, obvious and subtle – have redefined the field of global public health. Global surgery, which Dr. referred to as the “neglected stepchild of global public health,”1 has been equally affected and although those changes may be less apparent, they are no less staggering. Prior to the pandemic, it was estimated that five billion people lacked access to safe, affordable surgical care with the majority residing in low- and- middle- income countries (LMICs). 2,3 During the early months of the pandemic, the need for ventilators, medical supplies, and staffing led to an inevitable delay in emergent surgery and an almost complete stop for elective procedures in high-income and LMIC’s alike. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the rising rates of food insecurity and malnutrition in low- and middle-income countries, particularly in the context of orofacial cleft patients. It emphasizes the growing nutritional needs that have arisen due to the effects of COVID-19, highlighting that malnutrition is a significant challenge affecting these populations.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Ocean acidification results from excess CO₂, impacting coral and shellfish populations. # factual [SEP] Text: This was true for all pCO2 conditions and near-future conditions only. The mean effect size for both larvae and adults was not significantly different from zero for both pCO2 groupings (Fig. 4). Heterogeneity (Q-statistic) was significant for all life stages under both pCO2 groupings (Table 3). Figure 3. Responses of shellfish behavioral prey defenses to ocean acidification across taxonomic class. Mean effect sizes (lnRR ± bootstrapped BCa 95% CIs) for five classes of shellfish: malacostracans (white), echinoids (light gray), gastropods (gray), cephalopods (dark gray), and bivalves (black), with all pCO2 anomalies included (A) and only near-future pCO2 anomalies included (B). Values in parentheses indicate the number of observations used to derive the mean effect size for each taxon. Asterisks denote significant responses (i. e. , when 95% CI does not overlap with 0). Negative and positive values correspond to negative and positive functional effects, respectively. Meta-in a Broader ContextTaxonomic class consistently appeared in the best AIC models as a predictor of effect sizes. Although previous meta-analyses on biological responses to ocean acidification include taxonomy as an explanatory variable, those studies typically select phylum as the taxonomic resolution at which to test differences (Kroeker et al. 2010, 2013, Harvey et al. 2013). The results of the meta-analysis suggest that, at least for calcifying organisms, this level of taxonomy may be too broad and that using finer scales of taxonomic resolution may provide better predications of ocean acidification sensitivity. It is important to note, however, that class alone was unable to explain much of the variation in observed effect sizes herein (R2 = 0. 27 for near-future pCO2), and as such may not be a fine enough taxonomic scale to explain observed differences. Such results highlight the importance of species-specific biology. Furthermore, Q-tests of heterogeneity revealed significant variation across studies within each taxonomic class (Table 3), suggesting that other processes are certainly involved in explaining ocean acidification effects on behavioral defenses of shellfish reported in the experimental studies reviewed here. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by presenting the results of a meta-analysis that indicates significant variation in the behavioral responses of shellfish to ocean acidification, challenging the uniformity implied in the claim. It mentions that the 'mean effect size... was not significantly different from zero for both pCO2 groupings', suggesting that the impact of ocean acidification on shellfish populations is not straightforward and may not always be negative. Additionally, the text highlights the complexity of the relationship, stating that 'species-specific biology' is important and that class alone may not adequately explain the differences in sensitivity to ocean acidification.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Olfactory receptors may operate through quantum effects. [SEP] Text: By using a GFP-tagged D2R strain, we detected the expression pattern of D2R in the third- instar larval brain, specifically in dopaminergic and mushroom body neurons. Knockdown of D2Rs in DAN-c1 impaired aversive learning, while knockdown of D2R in mushroom body neurons led to deficits in both aversive and appetitive learning. These results revealed that D2Rs in distinct brain structures mediate different learning tasks. The newly discovered roles of D2R in the larval brain provides new insights into the mechanisms underlying larval associative learning. ResultsDistinct dopaminergic neurons innervate different compartments of the mushroom bodyThe connectome of larval learning has been investigated in both first- and third-instar larvae28,46. The mushroom body works as the learning center in Drosophila, which is composed by αβ, α’β’, and γ neurons in adult brains47. In larvae, axons from γ neurons bifurcate and form the vertical and medial lobes, as αβ and α’β’ neurons are not mature33,48,49. These lobes are divided into 11 compartments (refer to Figure 1) based on the coverage of neurites from both mushroom body extrinsic neurons (MBEN) and mushroom body output neurons (MBON)28. Around 21 dopaminergic neurons are found in each brain hemisphere, and categorized into 4 clusters: DM1 (dorsomedial), pPAM (primary protocerebral anterior medial, or DM2)50, DL1 (dorsolateral), and DL234. DL1 neurons project to the vertical lobe41, while pPAM neurons innervate the medial lobe50 (refer to Figure 1a-c). Figure 1. Identification of driver strains for single dopaminergic neurons in the Drosophila larval brain. (a) A schematic diagram shows the dopaminergic neuron (DAN) clusters and the mushroom body (MB) in the third-instar larval brain. (b) & (c) Schematic diagrams show the innervation patterns from distinct DANs to different compartments in the MB. All 11 MB compartments are shown, note that there is no synapse formed from dopaminergic neurons to the calyx and intermediate peduncle (IP). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text describes the expression pattern of D2R in the larval brain and its role in mediating learning tasks. It does not address or imply any information about olfactory receptors or their possible operation through quantum effects, making it irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Malnutrition remains a major issue in many low-income countries. [SEP] Text: 4 The already limited surgical capacity in LMICs was further strained as countries continued to fight COVID-19 and surgical resource shortages worsened 4,5,6 On top of the disruption to national surgical systems globally, humanitarian organizations, which are believed to provide upwards of 250,000 surgical procedures every year, were halted. 5,7,8 With the pause on national and NGO elective surgical services, patients in LMICs access to specialized surgical care, such as orofacial cleft (OFC) surgery, was negligible. At baseline, these services are limited in LMICs due to barriers in accessing, delivering, or financing these procedures. OFCs are characterized as an embryologic failure of fusion of facial elements that normally develop into the lip, palate, or both (ICD10 35-37). 9 They are among the most common congenital birth defects globally with an estimated global incidence of over 1 in 1,000 live births correlating to approximately 9. 1 individuals living with OFCs in LMICs. 10 The incidence of OFCs ranges widely by ethnicity10-15, however, even where incidence is relatively low, lack of access to care often means the prevalence of unrepaired OFCs remains high. 10,13,14 As surgical systems and NGOs begin to address the additional surgical burden created over the past two years, the delay in care for patients with OFCs is beginning to show its dire consequences through the most prevalent of these complications- malnutrition. The increasing prevalence of OFCs, in the context of COVID-19, and rising rates of global malnutrition creates a complex problem. In the absence of a global pandemic, malnutrition disproportionately affects children with OFCs. The prevalence of malnutrition in pediatric patients with OFCs is 30-50% globally – far higher than the prevalence in healthy children. 16-18 This difference is mainly attributed to feeding difficulties in very young children. 19 Although methods for assisted feeding, such as squeezable bottles and modified nipples, are recommended, these options are often unavailable in LMICs. Additionally, in LMICs, limited access to comprehensive medical services and clean water sources contribute to a lack of caregiver resources, knowledge, training, and supplies necessary to ensure special nutritional needs are met. 20,21,22,23 Even when patients with OFCs can reach medical care, malnutrition may leave them ineligible for surgery, or worse, lead to a postsurgical complication, such as an infection. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the complexities of malnutrition in low-income countries (LMICs). It highlights that feeding difficulties, lack of access to medical services, and additional challenges from the COVID-19 pandemic exacerbate the prevalence of malnutrition, especially in pediatric patients with orofacial clefts. Specifically, it notes that 'malnutrition disproportionately affects children with OFCs' and that the prevalence of malnutrition in these patients is significantly higher than in healthy children, indicating that malnutrition is a pressing issue in LMICs.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Ocean acidification results from excess CO₂, impacting coral and shellfish populations. # factual [SEP] Text: Such variation could be explained by some variable(s) not included in the analysis (such as the type of behavior, the biological state of the test animals, local adaptation, or mismatches between experimental exposures and natural conditions), and may largely reflect unaccounted experimental artifacts that differed across studies. TABLE 3. Results of effect size analysis, including mean effect size, bootstrapped 95% CIs, Q-test results, and Rosenberg fail-safe test results. When all pCO2 conditions were considered, a significant negative effect size was observed for the behavioral defenses of malacostracan and bivalve prey, whereas effect sizes for gastropods and echinoderms were not significantly different from zero; in addition, cephalopods exhibited a significant positive effect size. These results are in contrast with previous meta-analyses reporting mostly null effects of elevated pCO2 on crustacean taxa and sensitivities in molluscs and echinoderms (Kroeker et al. 2010, 2013, Harvey et al. 2013, Whittman & Pörtner 2013). Previous meta-analyses have excluded metrics of behavior for shellfish taxa likely because too few studies were available (see Fig. 2A). The results of this study suggest that impacts of ocean acidification on other biological processes of shellfish such as physiology and survival may not be adequate in defining effects on shellfish behaviors. It is important to note, however, that the negative effect sizes for malacostracans observed in this study were driven by higher-than-projected pCO2 conditions, as significant negative effects on malacostracans became nonsignificant when only near-future pCO2 changes were considered. More confident predictions of shellfish behavioral defenses under near-future pCO2 changes across classes, however, await further investigation, as sample sizes herein were relatively low (i. e. , meta-analysis with only near-future pCO2 conditions were not robust; see Rosenthal fail-safe numbers in Table 3). Figure 4. Responses of shellfish behavioral prey defenses to ocean acidification across life stage. Mean effect sizes (lnRR ± bootstrapped BCa 95% CIs) for three life stages of shellfish: adults (white), juveniles (gray), and larvae (black), with all pCO2 anomalies included (A) and only near-future pCO2 anomalies included (B). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by analyzing the variability and effects of elevated pCO2 on shellfish behaviors and indicates that previous meta-analyses reported mostly null effects of elevated pCO2 on crustaceans and sensitivities in mollusks and echinoderms. This suggests that while ocean acidification does relate to pCO2 levels, the impact on shellfish behavior may not be as straightforward or significant as implied by the claim, noting that 'the negative effect sizes for malacostracans observed in this study were driven by higher-than-projected pCO2 conditions.'


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Olfactory receptors may operate through quantum effects. [SEP] Text: DANs in DL1 (b) and in pPAM (c). (d-m) Drivers covering DANs in the DL1 cluster (d-h). Drivers covering DANs in the pPAM cluster (i-m). The first column shows drivers covering distinct dopaminergic neurons. Neurons under the drivers are labeled by GFP, the mushroom body (MB) is labeled by RFP, and dopaminergic neurons (DANs) are marked by tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) antibody. The second column (d’-m’) shows the GRASP signals from DANs under the driver to the corresponding compartments in the MB. The green channel represents the GRASP signals, and RFP marks the morphology of the MB. In the first column, white arrows mark the DANs under the driver strains. Yellow arrows in (d) show the pPAM neurons not labelled by TH-GAL4 driver strain. The yellow arrowhead in (k) showed the DL1 neuron not innervating the MB. Scale bars: 50 µm for the first column, and 20 µm for the second column. Abbreviations: DL, dorsolateral; DM, dorsomedial; IP, intermediate peduncle; IT intermediate toe; IVL, intermediate vertical lobe; LA, lateral 1. In this study, we wanted to functionally identify individual DANs that mediate larval olfactory learning. The first step was to search for DAN-specific driver strains that mark single dopaminergic neurons, which subsequently can be used to target genetic manipulations of corresponding neurons. A total of 56 driver strains identifying dopaminergic neurons were screened in this study (Table 1). These strains were chosen based on previous studies, either identifying a single dopaminergic neuron in larvae, or identifying only several in adult brains and indicating the potential of identifying single DAN in larvae. TH-GAL4, a traditional dopaminergic neuronal driver51, identifies all dopaminergic neurons except those in pPAM (Figure 1d, Figure S1a). Split-GFP reconstitution across synaptic partners (GRASP) technique was used to investigate the “direct” synaptic connections from DANs to the mushroom body (MB), in which portions of GFP were specifically expressed in corresponding neurons (Figure S2d). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim regarding olfactory receptors and quantum effects. Instead, it discusses experimental techniques and findings related to dopaminergic neurons and their role in olfactory learning, which is not directly related to the claim about the operational mechanisms of olfactory receptors.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Malnutrition remains a major issue in many low-income countries. [SEP] Text: Although OFC surgery may not appear “emergent”, delaying surgical interventions can translate into an increased risk of mortality as well as significant morbidities. Delays in definitive care lead to increased rates of tooth decay, higher incidences of misarticulation, worse overall speech outcomes, poor social integration, and increased rates of depression. negative psychosocial effects, and dental problems- in addition to further exacerbating malnutrition due to feeding issues. 24-27 Headey et al. predicted during the early stages of the pandemic that there could be a 14. 3% increase in moderate or severe wasting of children under 5. 28 We expect this proportion to be higher for patients with OFCs due to feeding difficulties not be mitigated by surgery. Additionally, current economic difficulties, increased instances of severe weather events, and growing levels of food insecurity have plagued LMICs throughout the COVID-19 pandemic, making it highly likely that nutritional interventions will only become more important and imperative in the livelihood of patients with OFCs in both the short and long term. While surgery remains limited, an unknown proportion of patients are living with sustained malnutrition due to unrepaired OFCs. If the prevalence of both patients with OFC and malnourishment continue to rise, less patients will be eligible for surgery, even if available, and will lead patients with OFC to be subject to the negative consequences of delayed intervention. Nutrition needs to be at the forefront of OFC treatment across LMICs- something that may or may not have been considered as a critical component of care in the past. Smile (OS), an international nonprofit specializing in OFC care, nutrition was a peripheral part of our programmatic activity prior to the COVID-19 pandemic. However, as many of our daily operations came to a screeching halt along with the rest of the world in March 2020, the nutritional needs of patients with OFCs simultaneously became increasingly apparent. In the past year and a half, the need to increase our nutrition-based programming became overwhelming. Not only because it is feasible when many of our surgical programs were impossible, but because our LMIC-based colleagues communicated that the nutrition of our patients was declining as surgery continued to be delayed. So, what now? [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the exacerbation of malnutrition due to surgical delays in low-income countries (LMICs). It highlights that 'current economic difficulties, increased instances of severe weather events, and growing levels of food insecurity' have worsened the nutritional situation in these regions during the COVID-19 pandemic. Furthermore, it points out that patients with unrepaired orofacial clefts (OFCs) are experiencing 'sustained malnutrition' and that nutrition needs to be prioritized in OFC treatment, clearly indicating that malnutrition is a significant concern in these communities.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Ocean acidification results from excess CO₂, impacting coral and shellfish populations. # factual [SEP] Text: Despite the lack of multistressor studies on shellfish behavioral defenses, it is widely known that responses to ocean acidification can depend on other stressors such as temperature, hypoxia and deoxygenation, salinity, and eutrophication, which can act synergistically or antagonistically with ocean acidification to drive biological responses (Pörtner 2008, Wallace et al. 2014, Breitburg et al. 2015). Food web structure and food supply are also considered to have impacts on biological responses to ocean acidification (Alsterberg et al. 2013, Ramajo et al. 2015, Goldenberg et al. 2018, Sswat et al. 2018). Adding to such complexities, ocean acidification can affect organismal affinity and selection for particular environmental conditions (e. g. , temperature and salinity p3. 0 license ( urchin, gastropod, squid, and bivalve available under a CC0 1. 0 license ( This work was partially funded by the Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme through a Marie Skodowska-Fellowship (Grant number 752813), along with a at DFO Gulf (Grant number 501540-2016) to JCC. -script, all raw data files, and a complete dataset are available online from at Adams, D. C. , J. Gurevitch & M. S. Rosenberg. 1997. Resampling tests for meta-analysis of ecological data. Ecology 78:1277–1283. 2. Alcaraz, G. & E. Arce. 2017. Predator discrimination in the hermit crab Calcinus californiensis: tight for shell breakers, loose for shell peelers. Oikos 126:1299–1307. 3. Alenius, B. & P. Munguia. 2012. Effects of pH variability on the intertidal isopod, Paradella dianae. Mar. Freshw. Behav. Physiol. 45:245–259. 4. Alsterberg, C. , J. S. Eklöf, L. Gamfeldt, J. N. Havenhand & K. Sundbäck. 2013. Consumers mediate the effects of experimental ocean acidification and warming on primary producers. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by suggesting that responses to ocean acidification depend on multiple other environmental stressors, such as temperature and salinity. This indicates that the impact of ocean acidification on coral and shellfish is not solely due to excess CO₂, but rather a result of a complex interplay with other factors that can either amplify or mitigate its effects.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Olfactory receptors may operate through quantum effects. [SEP] Text: GRASP results showed neurons under TH-GAL4 formed synapses in the vertical lobe and lower peduncle (white dash lines in Figure 1d’), consistent with previous electron microscopy data46. We found three DAN driver strains that identify single dopaminergic neurons in the third-instar larval brain hemisphere. DAN driver R76F02-AD;R55C10-DBD identifies a dopaminergic neuron innervating the lower peduncle (LP), which would be DAN-c1 based on previous published nomenclature28 (Figure 1f). MB296B driver identifies the dopaminergic neuron (DAN-d1) projecting to the lateral 1. Driver strains screened for dopaminergic neurons in the third-instar larval brain. Strains are listed with their published names and names used in this work. The numbers of dopaminergic and non-dopaminergic neurons in the third-instar larval brain are described. The identities of dopaminergic neurons from distinct clusters are also listed, especially for those in DL1 and pPAM. The analogs column lists the labelled neurons in previous publications. Source/Gift column shows the original papers in which these strains were described, as well as the laboratories these strains were obtained from. Several, 2-5 neurons; some, 6-10 neurons; lots, >10 neurons. In pPAM, R58E02 driver identifies DAN-h1, i1, and j1, innervating the shaft (SHA), intermediate toe (IT) and upper toe (UT) (Figure 1i), and R30G08 driver identifies DAN-h1 and i1 (Figure 1j). As described in a previous report28, SS864 driver identifies DAN-i1, innervating the upper toe (Figure 1l), and SS1757 driver identifies DAN-k1 which innervates the lower toe (LT) (Figure 1m). In contrast, SS1696 driver identifies not only DAN-h1, but also i1 and one DL1 neuron not innervating the mushroom body (Figure 1K). In summary, our results show that five DL1 and four pinnervate nine distinct mushroom body compartments in a one-to-one pattern (Figure 1b and c). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it primarily discusses the identification and functionality of dopaminergic neurons in the larval brain without any mention of olfactory receptors or quantum effects. There is no connection to the claim regarding olfactory receptors operating through quantum processes.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Malnutrition remains a major issue in many low-income countries. [SEP] Text: In the case of OS, we have reframed nutrition as a critical component on the pathway to surgery for a large proportion of young patients with OFCs. Nutrition is now an integral pillar of our program strategy. During the past year, we have worked with a diverse group of stakeholders including ministries of health, in-country programmatic teams, and international medical providers to ensure that current and future investments prioritize sustainability, quality, and strategic implementation of nutrition programs in LMICs. As OS works in a diverse set of LMICs, the delivery of nutritional interventions is tailored to each country’s specific needs. However, the goal of each is the same: to support our patients and their families through improving patient health, nutrition, and enhancing the possibility of safe and timely surgery. After extensive input from internal and external collaborators, we have prioritized working with our in-country teams to implement nutrition programs consisting of six main components: Collaborating with other local, nutrition focused non-governmental organizations (NGOs) in the communities we serveEmpowering local community health volunteers, midwives, and professional health care workers through education initiativesPromoting social behavior change for patient families and care givers through education including: breastfeeding techniques, water, sanitation and hygiene, and healthy habits to improve our patients’ home life and environmentConnecting with local sponsors and global donors to bring innovative feeding and nutrition products to our most vulnerable populationsProviding nutrition assessments to evaluate the nutritional status and determine the prescription of care for each patientPartnering with government entities to obtain strategic advocacy and sustain political commitment to nutrition as a national policy priorityWe have scaled our nutrition-based programing from operating in only six countries at the end of 2019, to now 28 countries as of January 2022. This programming includes a variety of context- appropriate solutions based on the six components above and has directly reached over 8,000 patients with OFC during the pandemic. A specific example of how the organization is working towards these goals is the development of a robust and comprehensive nutrition assessment to meet patient needs. This global tool helps to identify patients with OFC who are experiencing or are at risk of experiencing malnutrition. It also determines what nutrition education and/or therapies are needed to improve nutritional status in advance of surgery. Finally, this assessment helps to track if the nutrition therapies prescribed effectively promote growth and improved nutritional status via routine follow-up monitoring. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by outlining the organization's commitment to nutrition as a vital component of healthcare in low-income countries (LMICs), particularly in relation to supporting surgical patients. It discusses extensive efforts to implement nutrition programs tailored to the specific needs of LMICs, stressing that malnutrition is a target issue through initiatives such as providing nutrition assessments and collaborating with local NGOs. By stating that the organization has scaled its nutrition-based programming to serve 28 countries and directly reach vulnerable populations, the text reinforces the idea that malnutrition is a significant concern in these settings.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Ocean acidification results from excess CO₂, impacting coral and shellfish populations. # factual [SEP] Text: CO2 sensitivity experiments are not sufficient to show an effect of ocean acidification. ICES J. Mar. Sci. 74:926–928. 73. McMahon, S. J. , J. M. Donelson & P. L. Munday. 2018. Food ration does not influence the effect of elevated CO2 on antipredator behaviour of a reef fish. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 586:155–165. 74. Mehrbach, C. , J. E. Culberson, J. E. Hawley & R. M. Pytkowicz. 1973. Measurements of apparent dissociation constants of carbonic acid in seawater at atmospheric pressure. Limnol. Oceanogr. 18:897–907. 75. & A. G. Keppel. 2016. Acidification increases sensitivity to hypoxia in important forage fishes. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 549:1–8. 76. Mima, A. , S. Wada & S. Goshima. 2003. Antipredator defence of the hermit crab Pagurus filholi induced by predatory crabs. Oikos 102:104–110. 77. Moya, A. , E. L. Howes, T. Lacoue-Labarthem, S. Forêt, B. Hanna, M. é, G. . Bijma & J. -P. Gattuso. 2016. Near-future pH conditions severely impact calcification, metabolism and the nervous system in the pteropod Heliconoides inflatus. Glob. Chang. Biol. 22:3888–3900. 78. Munroe, D. , J. Kraeuter, B. Beal, K. Chew, M. Luckenbach & C. P. Peterson. 2015. Clam predator protection is effective and necessary for food production. Mar. Pollut. Bull. 100:47–52. 79. Nagelkerken, I. & P. L. Munday. 2016. Animal behaviour shapes the ecological effects of ocean acidification and warming: moving from individual to community-level responses. Glob. Chang. Biol. 22:974–989. 80. Nakagawa, S. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by suggesting that CO₂ sensitivity experiments alone are not sufficient to demonstrate the effects of ocean acidification, which implies skepticism about the established connection between excess CO₂ and its impact on marine life, including coral and shellfish. Additionally, it references various studies that may indicate complexities in the relationship or challenge the straightforward interpretation of ocean acidification's effects.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Olfactory receptors may operate through quantum effects. [SEP] Text: DL1 neurons innervate the vertical lobe and peduncle, while pPAM neurons project to the medial lobe. The single neuronal driver strains screened can be used to investigate the roles of individually identified DANs in larval olfactory learning. Dopamine release from DAN-c1 is both necessary and sufficient for larval aversive learningDopamine plays an important role during olfactory associative learning in both adults and larvae52,53. In adults, dopaminergic neurons in PPL1 regulate aversive learning54–57, while those in PAM mediate reward signals in appetitive learning58–60. In larvae, DL1 neurons innervating the vertical lobe and the peduncle are required for aversive learning18,41, while those in pPAM projecting to the medial lobe are involved in appetitive learning50. 1 and Table 1, three driver strains identifying single dopaminergic neurons in DL1 were discovered, which could be candidates to investigate their roles in larval aversive learning. The R76F02-AD;R55C10-DBD strain identifies MB-MP1 in the adult brain61, which is a dopaminergic neuron involved in adult aversive learning62. This driver strain identifies one neuron per hemisphere in the third-instar larval brain (Figure 2a-c, Figure S1c). Using a UAS- DenMark;UAS-sytGFP strain, its dendrites were labeled with RFP and axonal terminals were marked by GFP. Its dendrites were localized in the dorsomedial protocerebrum (dml), and its axonal terminals located in the lower peduncle of the mushroom body (Figure 2a and d), with GRASP results supporting the existence of synapses in this compartment (Figure 2E). All these characteristics are consistent with the previously published nomenclature28, indicating that this neuron is DAN-c1 (Figure 2f), thus, this strain will now be referred to simply as DAN-c1. Figure 2. DAN-c1 is both necessary and sufficient for larval aversive learning. (a-f) R76F02-AD;R55C10-DBD driver is used as it covers one dopaminergic neuron, DAN-c1, in each brain hemisphere. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it focuses on the role of dopaminergic neurons in larval olfactory learning and aversive learning processes, without mentioning olfactory receptors or quantum effects.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Malnutrition remains a major issue in many low-income countries. [SEP] Text: In addition to our investment in early identification and comprehensive nutrition assessments, we have focused our efforts on education to promote social behavior change. In several countries, OS provides educational workshops on water, sanitation, and hygiene (WASH), highlighting the health benefits associated with a hygienic environment and practices. During the workshop, patients and their families receive instructions on hygiene best practices and wash kits with essential items, including two 2-liter buckets, toothbrush and toothpaste, masks, hand sanitizer, soap, and chlorine tablets or liquid for cleaning vegetables and fruit. The challenges in the transition to prioritizing nutrition programming over the last two years has provided valuable insight allowing room for iteration and improvement. Once initiatives were designed, it quickly became apparent that a lack of local staff and trained medical volunteers, made it challenging to rapidly scale our comprehensive programming. With this realization, OS has shifted an increased amount of funding allocation towards the employment and training of local staff to deploy programs. Secondly, navigating the wide array of cultural differences within the countries we serve forced us to take a step back and build a programmatic model that can be adapted to a variety of contexts. Ensuring that educational materials were accessible, appropriate, and relatable for each country’s context became a primary goal and deliverable. Finally, the acquisition of adequate nutrition supplies, cleft feeding bottles, and easy to use/ clean breast pumps created a complex challenge in the field; further magnified by the global supply chain issues and shortages the global economy is currently facing. Our in-country teams were able to identify bottlenecks and establish new vendor relationships with global distributors and local manufacturers to ensure each country had sufficient supplies for the patients they provide care. Patients with OFCs are a prime example of a patient population that continues to experience indirect adverse health effects because of the COVID-19 pandemic. Delayed surgery, increased malnutrition globally, and the inability of international NGOs to conduct short-term surgical programing has created a necessity for to be innovative in the expansion of comprehensive care for our patients. Through our global networks and driving program development through local leadership we are better prepared as we lift our heads from the COVID-19 pandemic. The global health community needs to stay alert and ensure that all patients – not just those directly affected by COVID – are being incorporated into “post” pandemic planning. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by addressing the challenges that contribute to malnutrition, such as increased malnutrition globally due to the COVID-19 pandemic, and the difficulties faced in providing comprehensive care. It discusses the need for innovative approaches to expand care for patients, particularly in low-income countries affected by adverse health effects stemming from malnutrition.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Wind farms always harm local bird populations. # questionable [SEP] Text: Potential impacts of wind farms on migratory birds crossing online by Press: 01 June 2009 JOSÉ ÍA Show author details JOSÉ ÍA* Affiliation: Departamento de Zoología y Antropología Física, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Complutense, 28040 Madrid, Spain. E-mail: telleria@bio. ucm. es 0. 17 mb) View PDF [Opens in a new window] Save to to Save to & Permissions [Opens in a new window] recent years, Spain has undergone a huge expansion in the number of wind farms, many of which extend across regions crossed by migratory birds that winter in the and Africa. This paper explores the potential impact these structures have on the massive flow of birds along the western Pyrenean flyway. Ringing recoveries of migratory Columba palumbus were used in the study to depict the movements of migratory birds and these were then compared to the distribution of wind farms. The main flow of pigeons (50% of ringing recoveries) was concentrated in a belt 50 km wide. Although the wind farms were mainly distributed outside this central belt, they intercepted an adjacent sector where a considerable number of ringed pigeons (30%) were recorded. This means that the two central bands (100 km wide) accounted for around 80% of the total number of crossing the region. These results suggest the need for a scrupulous evaluation of the potential impact of wind farms on migratory birds along this flyway, particularly the cumulative effect on populations crossing the region regularly. In view of the rapid expansion of wind farms in northern Spain, enforcement of the application of EU regulations on preventive measures to protect migratory species is urgently needed. 10. 1017/S0959270908008137 [Opens in a new window] © Bird2009 expansion of wind farms throughout Europe to cope with the rising demand for energy in a world constrained by the greenhouse effect has had a series of environmental impacts (e. g. habitat destruction, visual impact, roads, power lines) that need to be evaluated. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by indicating that while there are potential impacts of wind farms on migratory birds, it does not conclusively state that wind farms always harm local bird populations. The study suggests the need for careful evaluation of wind farms' impact on migratory birds, especially as they intersect with areas frequented by birds, rather than asserting inevitable harm.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Olfactory receptors may operate through quantum effects. [SEP] Text: (a) Dendrites and axons of DAN-c1 are labeled by DenMark and sytGFP, correspondingly. (b-e) The innervation patterns of DAN-c1. DAN-c1 is labeled with GFP, the MB with RFP, and DANs with TH antibody (blue color). Only one DAN soma is identified (c), axons from DAN-c1 innervate the lower peduncle (LP) of the MB (d), and synapses from DAN-c1 to the LP of the MB are shown by GRASP (e). A schematic diagram (f) shows the innervation patterns of DAN-c1. Modified from Eichler et al. 46, and Saumweber et. al. 28. (g) A schematic paradigm for larval olfactory learning (top) and two different training paradigms for thermogenetics (bottom). (h-j) Blocking dopamine release from DAN-c1 during learning using shibirets1 strain under 34°C impairs larval aversive learning. (k-l) Activation of DAN-c1 with dTRTPA1 under 34°C induces aversive learning. QUI, quinine. DW, distill water. SUC, sucrose. Data are shown as mean ± SEM. Two-way multiple comparisons test, *p < 0. 05, **p < 0. 01, ***p < 0. 001, ****p < 0. 0001. numbers, see Table S2. Scale bars: 50 µm (a and b), 20 µm (c, d and e). To reveal the role of DAN-c1 in larval olfactory learning, a single odor learning paradigm and thermogenetic tools were applied17,18,63. Compared to those trained with distilled water (DW), control larvae exhibited repulsion to the odorant pentyl acetate (PA) after being trained with quinine (QUI) paired with PA, reflecting aversive learning. In contrast, larvae were attracted to PA after being trained with sucrose (SUC) paired with PA, reflecting appetitive learning. The extent of repulsion or attraction was represented with a response index (R. I. ) that is compared to the DW group (Figure 2g). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text discusses various aspects of olfactory learning and the role of specific neurons (DAN-c1) in this process. It details methodologies and results from experiments related to aversive and appetitive learning involving odors, but it does not mention or support the claim that olfactory receptors operate through quantum effects. Therefore, it is irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Malnutrition remains a major issue in many low-income countries. [SEP] Text: Much of the weight loss is initially visible in the groin and axilla, and later in the buttocks, thighs and face. Children with marasmus are often considered to have an ‘old man’ appearance and are often either quite apathetic or inconsolable. Objective, reproducible anthropometric criteria should be used to make the diagnosis of marasmus rather than subjective criteria such as ‘visible severe wasting’. 4 Marasmus is diagnosed based on either a MUAC <115 mm or a weight-for-height Z-score (WHZ) more than three SDs below the mean,5 based on the 2006 WHO growth standards. 6 When resources are available, it is preferable to assess both MUAC and WHZ to identify children with marasmus as the two populations of children identified by these individual criteria will not overlap uniformly. In most populations, the children identified as severely wasted by WHZ will generally be older and at lower risk of death than those identified by MUAC. 7 Colour-coded MUAC tapes requiring no literacy may also be distributed to laypeople to increase screening coverage in rural villages without the need for as many trained health workers. For these reasons, in contexts with limited human or material resources where only one screening method is available, it is preferable to screen by MUAC rather than WHZ. 8 While anthropometry alone may classify children as marasmic and prompt therapy, underlying illnesses and triggers such as severe dehydration, malabsorption due to geohelminths, HIV-associated wasting and congenital anomalies should be considered while nutritional rehabilitation is undertaken. A second form of SAM, kwashiorkor, is diagnosed based upon the cardinal physical finding of symmetric bilateral pitting oedema that begins in the feet (labelled 1+ oedema, figure 1A), progresses to involve the lower legs and hands (2+ oedema, figure 1B) and in severe cases can involve the face (3+ oedema, figure 1C). Kwashiorkor was originally described among children who were rapidly weaned onto low-protein complementary foods from breast milk, and thus the pathophysiology was thought to be primarily one of protein deficiency, but further experience has questioned this hypothesis. 910 Children with kwashiorkor often have ‘flaky paint’ depigmentation of their skin, commonly leading to frank breakdown, which can serve as a portal of entry for infectious pathogens. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing specific forms of severe acute malnutrition (SAM), such as marasmus and kwashiorkor. It highlights the diagnosis criteria and the complexities of malnutrition, including the need for proper screening methods in low-resource contexts. The mention of conditions like severe dehydration and malabsorption as underlying triggers further emphasizes that malnutrition is a significant concern that needs to be addressed, particularly in low-income countries.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Wind farms always harm local bird populations. # questionable [SEP] Text: In the context of this study, the impact of wind farms is a conservation issue, as birds and other flying animals moving too close to the turbines and associated infrastructure run the risk of being disturbed or killed (Percival2005, Drewitt and Drewitt and Langston2006, Fox et al. Reference Fox, Desholm, Kahlert, Christensen and Petersen2006). Despite methodological difficulties, it is possible to explore the link between certain features of wind farms (e. g. number, distribution and type of turbines) and their impact on local wildlife populations (Fox et al. Reference Fox, Desholm, Kahlert, Christensen and Petersen2006, Band et al. and Ferrer2007, Morrison et al. and Ferrer2007, Steward et al. Reference Steward, Pullin and Coles2007). However, evaluating the cumulative effect of these structures on migratory birds is more difficult because of the distances flown between breeding grounds and wintering areas. It has therefore been proposed that, rather than focusing on local effects, an attempt should also be made to assess the cumulative impact of wind farms on birds throughout their migratory routes (Fox et al. Reference Fox, Desholm, Kahlert, Christensen and Petersen2006). This approach implies understanding how birds move along the flyways (Desholm and Desholm and Kahlert2005), and identifying areas where they may be particularly exposed to the effects of wind farm structures, such as migratory bottlenecks. Each autumn, millions of birds migrate from their breeding areas in western Europe towards their wintering grounds in the and Africa. These massive flows of migrant birds become especially concentrated at geographical bottlenecks, such as coastlines and mountain passes (Alerstam1990). Birds converge over the Atlantic coast of France and reach Spain through the western Pyrenees, which is the main gateway for migrants entering the (Moreau1956, Bernis1966–1971). The importance of this flyway for European migrant birds, which range from the more conspicuous species, such as Columba palumbus, Ciconia nigra and Grus grus to the many small passerines (Bernis 1966–Reference Bernis1971, Fernández-Fernández-Cruz1981, Madroño et al. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts with the claim by discussing the complexities of evaluating the impact of wind farms on bird populations. It highlights that while wind farms present certain risks to birds, particularly in case of localized disturbances or fatalities, it is critical to assess cumulative impacts across migratory routes rather than making a blanket statement that wind farms always harm local bird populations. The mention of methodological difficulties in assessing overall impacts further indicates that the relationship between wind farms and bird populations is not straightforward.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Olfactory receptors may operate through quantum effects. [SEP] Text: To examine the role of DAN-c1 in aversive learning, we used a Shibirets1 strain, which encodes a thermosensitive mutant of dynamin blocking neurotransmitter release when the ambient temperature is higher than 30°C by repressing endocytosis and vesicle recycling functions17. When trained at 34°C, the complete inactivation of dopamine release from DAN-c1 with Shibirets1 impaired aversive learning (Figure 2h), while Shibirets1 did not affect learning when trained at room temperature (22°C). These data indicated that dopamine release from DAN-c1 is necessary for larval aversive learning to occur. In the next experiments, a fly carrying temperature-sensitive cation channel, dTRPA1, was used to excite the DAN-c1 neuron because it can be activated at temperatures higher than 30°C58. Activation of DAN-c1 with dTRPA1 at 34°C during training induced repulsion to PA in the distilled water group (Figure 2k). These data suggested that DAN-c1 excitation and presumably increased dopamine release is sufficient for larval aversive learning in the absence of gustatory pairing. Combining the blockade results with Shibirets1, these data revealed that dopamine released from DAN-c1 activation is both necessary and sufficient in larval aversive learning. However, when paired with a gustatory stimulus (QUI or SUC), activation of DAN-c1 during training impairs both aversive and appetitive learning (Figure 2k). We suggest that these data indicate a critical role for the amount of DAN-c1 dopamine release in larval associative learning, as dTRPA1 stimulation may result in excessive dopamine release. The expression pattern of D2R in the third-instar larval brainAlthough dopamine D1-like receptors have been proven important for learning42, the role of D2-like receptors has not been fully investigated. In addition, the expression pattern of D2R in fly brains was not reported. A fly strain expressing GFP-tagged D2R (BDSC#60276) was used to reveal the expression pattern of D2R in the third-instar larval brain (Figure 3a). D2Rs were found in dopaminergic neurons and the mushroom body. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses the role of the DAN-c1 neuron and dopamine release in aversive learning in larvae, but does not mention olfactory receptors or quantum effects. The focus is on understanding neural mechanisms in learning rather than the operational principles of olfactory receptors.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Malnutrition remains a major issue in many low-income countries. [SEP] Text: 11 The acute development of oedema among impoverished children in LMICs, even in children who have previously been growing well, is highly specific for kwashiorkor, although other diagnoses should of course still be kept under consideration, especially among those who do not recover as might be expected. Download figure Open in new tab Download powerpoint Figure 1 Kwashiorkor with progressive pitting oedema and cutaneous findings. (A) Bilateral pitting oedema of the feet represents 1+ oedema in the context of kwashiorkor. (B) Progression of oedema to the arms is labelled as 2+ oedema. (C) Progression of oedema to the face is classified as 3+ oedema. The third major form of SAM among children in LMICs, marasmic kwashiorkor, presents with both the severe wasting that characterises marasmus and the oedema that characterises kwashiorkor. These children are generally the most ill with the highest risk of mortality. 12 The varying routes to these different forms of SAM among children with similar diets, genetics and environments have not been clearly elucidated, but the role of each individual's intestinal microbiome has gained recent attention as a plausible mechanism. 1314 Malnourished children often have a concomitant acute or chronic illness at the time of diagnosis, and similarly many children who present for medical care due to an acute illness are often found to be malnourished, unbeknown to their caretakers. The identification and diagnosis of malnourished children should thus ideally occur as part of an integrated health system rather than as a stand-alone service for acute malnutrition alone. An assessment for acute malnutrition, to include at least measuring MUAC and assessing for kwashiorkor, should occur as part of the general medical assessment of all children presenting for care in LMICs. In hospital settings, this should be part of the Assessment and Treatment system,15 as the diagnosis of SAM will affect the therapies (such as the amount and speed of fluid resuscitation) given for the primary presenting symptom. In outpatient settings, similar assessments for acute malnutrition should occur as part of the framework. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the prevalence of malnutrition among children in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs). It specifically mentions the acute development of oedema in impoverished children and highlights that malnourished children often present with acute or chronic illnesses. The discussion regarding the various forms of severe acute malnutrition (SAM) and the necessity for proper assessment and diagnosis in these settings indicates that malnutrition is indeed a significant issue that requires integrated health interventions.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Wind farms always harm local bird populations. # questionable [SEP] Text: Reference Madroño, Palacios and De Juana1992, Galarza and Tellería and Tellería2003, Urcun2003) has long been recognised. The expansion of wind farms in Spain is set to continue. In 2007, there were 530 wind farms capable of producing 14,145 MW. The aim envisaged in the five-year for is to reach 20,155 MW in 2010 (Energy Association, www. aeeolica. org). Not only are these infrastructures occupying increasingly larger areas of the country, many of them are located in areas crossed by the migratory flyway through the western Pyrenees (e. g. Laiolo and Tella 2007), which may create barriers for bird movements. This paper aims to illustrate the potential impact of these structures on birds moving along this migratory flyway by exploring the relationships between the movements of migratory and the distribution of wind farms in northern Spain. Along with other migratory birds, several million central Pigeons cross the western Pyrenees every year to winter in the south-western quarter of the (Purroy and Tellería1988, Bea et al. Reference Bea, Beitia and Fernández2003). recoveries of extra-Iberian migratory provided by the Scheme (n = 165) were used to sample distribution along the Atlantic migratory flyway across the Iberian Peninsula. are actively hunted in Spain during the autumn migration and in winter (there are more than one million hunters throughout the country) so it can be assumed that the distribution of ringing recoveries will reflect the true distribution of migratory flyways and wintering areas (Bairlein2001). The geographical pattern of wind farms, together with the number of turbines and power output per farm (in MW), was obtained from the official website of the (www. aeeolica. org). Both the ringing recoveries and the distribution of wind farms were updated to September 2007. After the pigeon recoveries and wind farms had been mapped, a series of parallel belts 50 km wide was drawn, following the SW direction taken by migratory pigeons. This made it possible to define a number of migratory belts to compare the intensity of pigeon movements (assessed by the number of ringing recoveries per belt) and the accumulated risk of interferences from wind farms (assessed by the number of wind farms, turbines or installed power per belt). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the potential impact of wind farms on migratory birds, particularly pigeons, in northern Spain. It highlights concerns about how the geographical pattern of wind farms may create barriers for bird movements along migratory pathways. While it suggests there may be interference from wind farms, it does not definitively support the claim that wind farms 'always' harm local bird populations, implying that the effects might vary based on specific circumstances.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Olfactory receptors may operate through quantum effects. [SEP] Text: In dopaminergic neurons (Figure 3b-g), D2Rs were found in DM1, pPAM, DL2b, and some DL1 neurons. In the mushroom body, D2Rs were expressed in the soma and lobes, but not in the calyx (Figure 3h and i). Even though D2Rs were widely found in vertical lobes, medial lobes, and peduncles, they were not expressed in every mushroom body neuron. A transection of the peduncle region showed the absence of D2Rs in the core area (Figure S3i), which is composed of densely packed newly created fibers and lacks Fasciclin II (FAS II)49. Figure 3. D2Rs are expressed in dopaminergic neurons and mushroom body in Drosophila larval brains. (a) The expression pattern of D2R in a general view. D2R is shown with tagged GFP (D2R-GFP). Magenta represents neuropils marked by nc82 antibody (a’). (b-g) D2Rs (presynaptic) are found in most DANs: DM1a (b) and DM1b (c), pPAM (d), DL1 (e), DL2a (f), and DL2b (g) clusters. D2Rs are expressed in parts of DL1 neurons (white arrows in e) but not in DL2a neurons (yellow arrow heads in f). (h-i) D2Rs (postsynaptic) are found in soma of mushroom body (MB) neurons (white arrows in h), and MB lobes and peduncles (i), but not in calyx (yellow arrow heads in h). (j) A schematic diagram shows the expression pattern of pre- and postsynaptic D2R in DANs and MB (yellow) in the Drosophila larval brain, respectively. Scale bars: 200 µm (a); 50 µm (b-g); 20 µm (h, i). Abbreviations: DL, dorsolateral; DM, dorsomedial; pPAM, primary protocerebral anterior medial. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses the expression patterns of D2 receptors (D2Rs) in dopaminergic neurons and mushroom body neurons of Drosophila larval brains without any mention of olfactory receptors or their potential quantum effects.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Malnutrition remains a major issue in many low-income countries. [SEP] Text: 16 Epidemiology and impact More than 500 000 deaths each year among children under 5 years of age are attributable to marasmus, using the WHZ <−3 definition, accounting for >7% of all mortality in this age group. 17 At any given time, some 18 million children in low-income and middle-income countries are estimated to suffer from marasmus,17 most of them in Asia. 18 However, this is likely a vast underestimate as it does not take into account children aged 6–59 months with MUAC <115 mm, nor has the incidence or prevalence of kwashiorkor been accurately quantified. 19 These estimates also generally do not include acute man-made and natural humanitarian crises, during which large numbers of cases of SAM are also seen. 20 Deservedly, concerted global efforts to address SAM in a cost-effective manner are warranted as reduction of mortality from this disease will contribute markedly to an overall global decrease in child mortality. 21–23 The proportion of SAM due to kwashiorkor also varies widely by geography, with very high rates in southern Africa and lower rates in other parts of Africa, and Asia. Our own experience in suggests that approximately one-quarter of SAM cases there are due to kwashiorkor while in southern Africa approximately two-thirds to three-fourths of the cases of SAM we treat are due to kwashiorkor. 12 All in all, it seems quite likely that the under-five mortality attributable to SAM exceeds 10%. What remains incompletely understood and yet of growing importance is the impact of episodes of SAM on a growing child's risk for metabolic syndrome and obesity in adulthood,24 particularly given the increasing recognition of a ‘double burden’ of overnutrition in adults superimposed on the endemic crisis of childhood undernutrition in many LMICs. 1725 being diagnosed with SAM, each child must be assessed for the presence of clinical complications that would warrant inpatient therapy (figure 2). 26 The essential complication to assess for carefully is anorexia; all children with SAM should thus undergo a supervised test feeding of approximately 30 g of ready-to-use therapeutic food (RUTF). Other common complications include severe dehydration, high fever, respiratory distress, hypoglycaemia with lethargy and evidence of severe anaemia that may require blood transfusion. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by providing statistics on malnutrition and its severe consequences in low-income and middle-income countries. It states that over 500,000 deaths each year among children under 5 are attributable to marasmus, emphasizing the significant impact of malnutrition. Additionally, it discusses the ongoing high prevalence of severe acute malnutrition (SAM) in these regions, particularly in Asia, which further supports the assertion that malnutrition is a major issue in low-income countries.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Wind farms always harm local bird populations. # questionable [SEP] Text: These analyses were performed with ArcGis-ArcMap® 9. 1. reached Spain after crossing the western side of the Pyrenees. They flew along a corridor 200–250 km wide located between the highest mountains in the east and the Atlantic shoreline in the west. After entering Spain, they encountered several mountain ranges before reaching the south-western lowlands to winter. Shortly after crossing the Pyrenees, they crossed an area that has one of the highest densities of wind farms in Spain (169 wind farms, 4,838 turbines and 4,190MW; Table 1, Figure 1). Figure 1. Above. Distribution of extra-Iberian migratory ringing recoveries (left) and wind farms (right) in Spain. The study area and the belts outlined to explore potential bird-wind farm interactions are also shown. Below: Distribution of ringing recoveries (left) and wind farms (right) in the study area. Migratory belts, elevations over 1000 m (grey) and administrative units (provinces) are also represented. Table 1. Distribution of ringing recoveries, wind farms, turbines and installed power in the six 50-km wide migratory belts represented in Figure 1. The main flow of migratory Wood igeons was concentrated in a belt 50 km wide (Belt C, with 52 out of the 100 recoveries recorded in the region; Table 1). Away from this belt, there was a decrease in the density of recoveries towards the west but not towards the east, where had 26 recoveries. This means that the two central belts (C and D) accounted for around 80% of the total number of ringing recoveries (Figure 1). The distribution of wind farms did not overlap significantly with that of migratory pigeons (ringing recoveries vs. wind farms; χ25 = 401, P < 0. 001). However, despite the uneven spatial distribution of birds and wind farms, Belt D, which had the highest density of wind farms, received the second most abundant flow of (Table 1). Therefore, this belt appears to be critical with respect to protection of the migratory flow. Pigeons have been used as a model species in this study to illustrate the way migratory land birds move along the Pyrenean flyway in northern Spain. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by presenting data from a study that indicates the distribution of wind farms in Spain does not significantly overlap with the migratory paths of wood pigeons. Specifically, it mentions that 'the distribution of wind farms did not overlap significantly with that of migratory pigeons,' suggesting that wind farms may not always harm local bird populations, as claimed.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Olfactory receptors may operate through quantum effects. [SEP] Text: To inspect whether the pattern of GFP signals indeed reflected the expression of D2R, three D2R enhancer driver strains (R72C04, R72C08, and R72D03-GAL4) were crossed with the GFP-tagged D2R strain. R72C08-GAL4 covered three DM1 dopaminergic neurons (Figure S3c), and R72C04-GAL4 labeled one DM1 and two DL2b dopaminergic neurons (Figure S3d and e). R72D03-GAL4 identified parts of mushroom body neurons, whose axons spread on the surface of the mushroom body lobes (Figure S3f); R72C08-GAL4 also identified a subset of neurons from four MB neuroblasts, with soma in four clusters and a converged bundle of axons (Figure S3g and h). These results revealed the expression of D2R in the mushroom body and dopaminergic neurons in the third-instar larval brain. D2R in DAN-c1 influences larval aversive learningOur previous work reported that D2R knockdown (UAS-RNAi) in dopaminergic neurons driven by TH-GAL4 impaired larval aversive learning63. Using a microRNA strain (UAS-D2R-miR)61, a similar deficit was observed (Figure S5c). To further understand the roles of D2R in aversive learning, its expression in distinct DANs, as well as corresponding learning assays were both investigated. Crossing the GFP-tagged D2R strain with a DAN-c1-mCherry strain demonstrated the expression of D2R in DAN-c1 (Figure 4a). Figure 4. Presynaptic D2R in DAN-c1 is necessary for larval aversive learning. (a) D2R is expressed in DAN-c1. The expression pattern of D2R is shown with tagged -c1 is marked by mCherry, and all DANs are marked with TH antibody (blue). (b-c) Knockdown of D2R by D2R-miR reduces fluorescent intensities of D2R-tagged GFP (D2R-GFP). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses the expression of D2R in neuronal contexts related to larval aversive learning and does not mention olfactory receptors or quantum effects.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Malnutrition remains a major issue in many low-income countries. [SEP] Text: The clinical assessment for these complications can often—but not always—be streamlined to the appetite test as it is likely that most of these various significant complications will lead to the anorexia that would make a child ineligible for outpatient therapy. Children with SAM, due to chronic medical conditions such as congenital heart disease, cerebral palsy and other syndromes, may not ‘pass’ the appetite test and the therapies described herein for SAM may not be sufficient for them to achieve standard anthropometric goals. Directed therapies for their underlying illnesses should be provided whenever possible and the definition of nutritional recovery should be individualised in these cases as prolonged nutritional supplementation or enrolment in a therapeutic feeding programme may be futile. Download figure Open in new tab Download powerpoint Figure 2 Diagnostic and treatment algorithm for acute malnutrition in children. Details of measurement of anthropometry in text and from 2009 WHO/Unicef guideline. 5 Details of moderate malnutrition therapy are outlined elsewhere. 41 Details of inpatient 10-step therapy are given in figure 3 and in 2003 WHO guideline. 26 Details of management of severe acute malnutrition are given in the text and in 2007 and 2013 WHO guidelines. 3032 Provider-initiated HIV testing and counselling is an important component of the initial management of all children with SAM in high-prevalence areas and can often reveal previously unsuspected cases of HIV in children and their mothers. Children with HIV who are otherwise well-appearing and demonstrate an appetite can still be treated as outpatients,27 although evidence suggests that early, possibly simultaneous, initiation of antiretroviral therapy in these cases is beneficial. 28 In areas where active surveillance and case-finding for SAM is being conducted effectively, the vast majority of children with SAM will be identified early in their illness and not have any of these complications and will be able to enter into a feeding programme under the community-based management of acute malnutrition (CMAM) model. This treatment protocol is built upon RUTF as the key element in nutritional rehabilitation. 29 While the most common recipe for RUTF consists of a peanut paste fortified with macronutrients and micronutrients to meet minimum nutrient specifications and quality standards established by the WHO (table 1),30 novel formulations using locally sourced ingredients are being increasingly studied and developed in a number of settings. 31 Ideally, RUTF will have a very low moisture content in order to minimise the risk of microbial contamination. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the complexities of diagnosing and treating severe acute malnutrition (SAM) among children in low-income settings, emphasizing the prevalence and serious implications of malnutrition in this demographic. It outlines various challenges such as the inability to pass the appetite test due to underlying medical conditions and notes that many children identified with SAM lack access to adequate treatment programs, indicating that malnutrition is a significant issue that requires attention in low-income countries.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Wind farms always harm local bird populations. # questionable [SEP] Text: Although the use of surrogate species is a matter of some discussion (Caro and O´Caro and O'Doherty1999), the results from the study describe the already-known general pattern of bird movements in the western Pyrenean corridor (see Introduction) and support the view that this area may be considered a migratory bottleneck which puts both this particular species and other migratory birds potentially at risk due to the ongoing expansion of wind farms. From a conservation perspective, three main conclusions can be drawn from this information. The first concerns the concentration of wind farms in a key region for birds moving across the Iberian Peninsula. While the effects of wind farms on migratory land birds are not yet fully understood, it is commonly accepted that these will vary according to the particular location and the species. For instance, Barrios and Rodriguez (and Rodriguez2004) and et al. (and Ferrer2007) reported that raptors moving across the Strait of Gibraltar (a bottleneck for soaring birds with a high density of wind farms; Figure 1) had a certain ability to detect turbines, and collision rates were low. However, Lekuona and Ursúa (Reference Lekuona, Ursúa, De Lucas, Janss and Ferrer2007) reported that several migratory species (Milvus milvus, Black Stork, Vanellus vanellus, Turdus philomelos, Fringilla coelebs and Carduelis cannabina) face situations of high risk when flying near wind farms in northern Spain (Belt D, Figure 1). In fact, for all species in this zone, both migratory and sedentary, collision rates ranging from four to 64 birds/turbine/year have been reported (Lekuona2001, Onrubia et al. Reference Onrubia, Villasante, Balmorí, Sáenz de Buruaga, Canales and Campos2002). This could produce a significant loss of individuals in a sector where many migratory birds move twice a year across several 50-km wide belts occupied by more than 1,000 turbines (Figure 1). The cumulative effect of collisions on rare or endangered species is one of the most recurrent concerns when assessing the negative effect of wind farms on wildlife (Drewitt and Drewitt and Langston2006, Hüppop et al. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by presenting evidence that while wind farms may pose risks to migratory birds, the effects are not uniform and depend on specific locations and species. The text details that some studies report low collision rates among raptors due to their ability to detect turbines, indicating that wind farms do not universally harm all bird populations. Additionally, it highlights the risks to particular migratory species, acknowledging that the impact of wind farms varies and is not absolute.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Olfactory receptors may operate through quantum effects. [SEP] Text: The TH-GAL4 driver is used to express mCherry. The intensity of D2R-tagged GFP is reduced in the DM1 cluster (yellow arrowheads in b), which is still intact in pPAM neurons (white arrows in c). (d) D2R-GFP fluorescent intensity is quantified by standardizing the values in DM1 with those in the pPAM. Data are shown as mean ± SEM. For the TH-GAL4 group, N=32 from 8 brains; for the TH×D2R-miR group, N=24 from 6 brains. Unpaired t test, ****p < 0. 0001. Scale bar: 20µm. (e) Knockdown of D2R in DAN-c1 by D2R-miR impairs larval aversive learning. QUI, quinine. DW, distill water. SUC, sucrose. Data are shown as mean ± SEM. Two-way multiple comparisons test, **p < 0. 01, ***p < 0. 001, ****p < 0. 0001. numbers, see Table S3. (f-i) D2R knockdown in DAN-c1 does not affect naïve sensory and motor functions. Data are shown as mean ± SEM. One-way multiple comparisons test. numbers, see Table S3. (Note) Figures S5 and S6 show additional information on naïve sensory and motor functions in larvae related to D2R-miR experiments. To reduce the expression of D2R in dopaminergic neurons, a microRNA strain UAS-D2R-miR was used when crossing with distinct driver strains. The efficiency of D2R knockdown was confirmed by crossing the GFP-tagged D2R strain with TH-GAL4;UAS-D2R-miR. In these larval brains, GFP signals in DM1 were not detected, while those in pPAM were still intact (Figure 4b and c). Quantification showed a significant decrease of GFP signals in the knockdown group compared to the control (Figure 4d), indicating reduced transcripts of D2R linked GFP by D2R-microRNA (Figure S4f). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses experiments involving D2R and various tests in larval brains without any mention or implication of olfactory receptors or quantum effects. The focus is on D2R expression and its impact on learning and sensory functions, which does not relate to the operation of olfactory receptors through quantum effects.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Malnutrition remains a major issue in many low-income countries. [SEP] Text: 35 Children treated as inpatients generally receive empiric antibiotic therapy and arrangements should be made to provide developmentally appropriate sensory stimulation and plan for a phased period of follow-up after initial recovery, which may include supplementary food rations after discharge. Download figure Open in new tab Download powerpoint Figure 3 Ten-step inpatient management protocol for severe acute malnutrition. Adapted from 2003 WHO guideline. 26 recovery rates from outpatient therapeutic programmes are generally as good as or better than inpatient programmes,36–38 there have, in fact, not been the most stringent prospective blinded randomised controlled trials that directly test the efficacy of RUTF. 39 Nevertheless, more than a decade of operational clinical experience with millions of children has rightly made outpatient management of uncomplicated SAM the de facto standard of care,32 and it is unlikely that such a trial could now ethically be conducted. In the best circumstances, some 90% of children can be expected to recover from SAM and <5% mortality should be achievable. 12 Untreated episodes of severe wasting typically have a mortality rate of 10%–15% per month; while many will recover spontaneously, their cognitive and physical development likely remains stunted. However, the success of current therapies for SAM underestimates overall mortality as those who recover are at continued risk for relapse and death in the long term, especially those who are HIV-infected. 40 Further work needs to be done to improve surveillance and case-finding of children with SAM and additional efforts need to be made to treat SAM as a medical emergency, integrating it into the routine delivery of healthcare. This is particularly important in the context of linkage to HIV testing and treatment efforts. 27 0345. ↵. Quality control issues related to assessment of body composition. Bull 2014;35:S79–85. OpenUrlPubMed↵Cogill B. Anthropometric indicators measurement guide. Washington, DC: Food and Assistance Project, Academy for Educational Development, 2003. ↵ Diagnostic performance of visible severe wasting for identifying severe acute malnutrition in children admitted to hospital in Kenya. 2011;89:900–6. of Science↵WHO. WHO child growth standards and the identification of severe acute malnutrition in infants and children. Geneva: 's Fund, 2009. ↵WHO. . (accessed 24 Sep 2014). ↵ Mid-upper arm circumference and weight-for-height to identify high-risk malnourished under-five children. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing various aspects of severe acute malnutrition (SAM) in children, such as the importance of treatment protocols and the implications of untreated malnutrition, which suggests a persistent challenge in managing malnutrition in vulnerable populations. It notes that untreated episodes of severe wasting have high mortality rates and emphasizes that those who recover are still at risk for long-term consequences, reflecting the significance of malnutrition as a continuing issue, particularly in low-income contexts.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Wind farms always harm local bird populations. # questionable [SEP] Text: Reference Hüppop, Dierschke, Exo, Fredrich and Hill2006). The second conclusion refers to the regional and local distribution of wind farms and the possibilities of launching preventive measures to protect migratory birds. The fact that the density of wind farms and turbines in Belt C, the most important for migrants (Table 1), is still very low opens up the possibility of restricting new construction in this area, the solution suggested in other European countries to protect migratory flyways (Hüppop et al. Reference Hüppop, Dierschke, Exo, Fredrich and Hill2006). It also offers the option of carrying out a scrupulous assessment of any impact future projects may have on this belt, particularly the potential effects of location, orientation, local topography, weather and wind farm design (Morrison et al. and Ferrer2007). Although there is a lack of studies on the effects of local topography on the collision rates of migrants in this region (especially the role played by elevation, slope orientation and funnelling), it is known that mountain passes are particularly sensitive areas for concentrations of migratory birds (Alerstam1990) which are driven to these passes in large numbers by the funnel effect of surrounding mountain slopes. In fact, in the mountains of northern Spain, such passes have traditionally been used by hunters to shoot migrating Wood Pigeons, thrushes and other birds. Unfortunately, some of the passes are already surrounded by wind farms located on the windy ridges of hills and mountains (Figure 1), one of the most frequent locations of wind farms in Spain (Energy Association; www. aeeolica. org). The effect of these northern Spanish wind farms as barriers to migratory bird flows and collision spots for certain species is not yet understood, although some reports suggest they constitute a disturbance to and other migratory birds (Camiña Reference Camiña2002). The final conclusion is that all potential construction sites in this region should be considered as part of an integral assessment framework (e. g. Exo et al. Reference Exo, Hüppop and Garthe2003, Fox et al. Reference Fox, Desholm, Kahlert, Christensen and Petersen2006). This implies coordination at all levels (provincial, autonomous and central) between different Spanish administrations involved in wind farm concessions in order to prevent the cumulative effects of wind farms on migratory birds. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the potential impacts of wind farms on migratory birds while also suggesting that the effects are not fully understood and that preventive measures can mitigate harm. It highlights that the density of wind farms in critical migratory areas is low and calls for a scrupulous impact assessment of future projects. This nuanced view indicates that while wind farms can affect local bird populations, they do not necessarily 'always' harm them, nor is the extent of harm fully established.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Olfactory receptors may operate through quantum effects. [SEP] Text: To investigate the roles of D2R in distinct dopaminergic neurons during larval associative learning, UAS-D2R-miR strain was crossed with distinct single dopaminergic neuronal drivers. Among them, the knockdown of D2R in DAN-c1 impaired aversive learning with the odorant pentyl acetate, while appetitive learning was unaffected (Figure 4e). In contrast, although D2R was also found in DAN-d1 and DAN-g1, neither D2R knockdown in DAN-d1 nor in DAN-g1 affected larval olfactory learning (Figure S4c-e). As the naïve sensory and motor functions were not affected, this deficiency was caused by impairment in learning abilities (Figure 4f-i). Similar learning deficits were observed in the same strain trained with another odorant, propionic acid (Figure S5a), as well as in larvae with D2R knockdown using UAS-RNAi (Figure S5b). These results demonstrated that D2Rs are expressed in DAN-c1, and they are necessary for larval aversive learning. Presumably the knockdown of presynaptic inhibitory D2R autoreceptors on DAN-c1 will result in increased and excessive dopamine release, which leads to aversive learning deficiency. These results are consistent with the activation studies with dTRPA1 above, in which increased dopamine release during training results in impaired aversive learning (Figure 2k). Over-excitation of DAN-c1 during learning impairs larval aversive learningTo exclude possible chronic effects of D2R knockdown during development, optogenetics was applied at distinct stages of the learning protocol. Channelrhodopsin2 (ChR2) is a blue light activated cation channel from algae, which can be used to activate target neurons64,65. Over-excitation of DANs under a TH-GAL4 driver with ChR2 during training impaired aversive learning but left appetitive learning intact (Figure S7), which is consistent with D2R knockdown results. To investigate the mechanisms with a better temporospatial resolution, ChR2 was expressed in DAN-c1, and blue light was applied at distinct stages of the learning protocol (Figure 5a). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim regarding olfactory receptors and quantum effects. It primarily discusses the role of D2R in dopaminergic neurons and its influence on larval associative learning in relation to odorants, without any mention of olfactory receptors or quantum effects.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Malnutrition remains a major issue in many low-income countries. [SEP] Text: Nutr 2012;8:130–3. ↵. A review of methods to detect cases of severely malnourished children in the community for their admission into community-based therapeutic care programs. Bull 2006;27:S7–23. OpenUrlPubMedWeb of Science↵. Oedematous malnutrition. 2009;130:651–4. OpenUrlPubMed↵Heikens GT, Manary M. 75 years of Kwashiorkor in Africa. J 2009;21:96–8. OpenUrlPubMed↵ Dermatosis in children with oedematous malnutrition (kwashiorkor): a review of the literature. J 2014;28:995–1001. ↵ Antibiotics as part of the management of severe acute malnutrition. N Med 2013;368:425–35. of Science↵ Gut microbiomes of Malawian twin pairs discordant for kwashiorkor. Science 2013;339:548–54. OpenUrlAbstract/↵ Persistent gut microbiota immaturity in malnourished Bangladeshi children. Nature 2014;510:417–21. of Science↵WHO. Assessment and Treatment (ETAT) Course. (accessed 24 Sep 2014). ↵WHO. WHO/joint statement: integrated Management (iCCM): an equity-focused strategy to improve access to essential treatment services for children. New York: 's Fund, 2012. ↵ Maternal and child undernutrition and overweight in low-income and middle-income countries. Lancet 2013;382:427–51. of Science↵ Severe acute malnutrition in Asia. Bull 2014;35:S14–26. OpenUrlPubMed↵ The burden of severe acute malnutrition estimated in the Lancet series is a minimum rather than an actual estimate. Lancet 2013;382:1549. OpenUrlCrossRef↵Bahwere P. Severe acute malnutrition during emergencies: burden management, and gaps. Bull 2014;35:S47–51. OpenUrlPubMed↵Gross R, Webb P. Wasting time for wasted children: severe child undernutrition must be resolved in non-emergency settings. Lancet 2006;367:1209–11. ↵ Global efforts to address severe acute malnutrition. J Nutr 2012;55:476–81. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by referencing various studies and reviews that highlight malnutrition, including severe acute malnutrition and kwashiorkor, as significant public health issues in low-income and middle-income countries. It discusses the burden of severe acute malnutrition, indicating that it is a continuing problem that requires attention and intervention in various settings, specifically in the context of maternal and child undernutrition.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Wind farms always harm local bird populations. # questionable [SEP] Text: Do assessment thresholds underestimate the mortality impact of wind farms on bird populations? R. Buij, P. Schippers, A. Schotman, J. Verboom, H. van der Jeugd, E. EcologyBiodiversity and output: Book/Report › Report › The consequences of additional mortality of birds from collisions with a rapidly increasing number of wind turbines are receiving much attention worldwide. Currently, threshold assessments for an acceptable impact on populations are commonly used to evaluate the expected effect of wind turbines on local bird populations. These provide a seemingly clear-cut method for establishing whether damage to the integrity of a population will or will not occur, but questions have recently been raised as to the validity of their use. In this paper we examine whether two widely used threshold methods for evaluating the impact of extra mortality on bird populations, the 1% mortality norm and have general applicability, or whether they should be used more cautiously. The 1% mortality norm is based upon the assumption that any additional mortality lower than 1% of the natural mortality has a negligible impact on a population, while the Removal or PBR method is used to estimate the loss of individuals from which a population can still recover. To evaluate the impact of additional mortality resulting from wind turbine collision on bird populations, we model the consequence of an increase in mortality rates on populations assumed to be regulated by logistic growth. We use the logistic growth equation to test how the population persistence of a species may be affected by different levels of additional mortality; and use case studies of existing, declining populations of in the Netherlands to determine how the effect of collision mortality operates to influence their population persistence. To examine the impact of additional mortality, we introduce a novel measure, the “Index” or PPI to describe the population persistence and changes therein following increased mortality. The PPI integrates the population growth at various densities - it is determined by the maximum population growth rate at small population size - and the carrying capacity, the population size where recruitment equals mortality. Our results show that the PPI can be very sensitive to additional mortality, especially in populations in which the mortality approaches the maximum recruitment. We found that a 1% increase in mortality rates of all post-fledging age classes from wind turbine strike lead to a c. 7-15% decrease in population persistence for Dutch populations of which should not be considered negligible. Strong effects of additional mortality on PPI are also evident using the PBR. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the complexities of the impact of wind farms on bird populations. It raises questions about the validity of threshold assessments for evaluating impacts, highlighting that a 1% increase in mortality from wind turbine collisions can lead to significant decreases in population persistence (7-15%) for certain bird populations. This evidence suggests that while there may be cases where wind farms affect bird populations, the generalization that they always harm them is overly simplistic and not supported by the nuances presented in the research.