Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: AI technology in healthcare is universally accessible and affordable. [SEP] Text: According to the data found, 'One in 200 angioplasty patients in the US will require emergency surgery and half of those patients will die, only two out of 40 000 angioplasty patients at CARE [HSM] Hospitals have required emergency surgery and just one has died on the operating table since the hospital's inception in 1997'15. Creating specialties in esoteric practices of medicine: Similar to retaining doctors, part of the allure for HSM facilities is that due to the sheer volume of patients from rural areas arriving for care and treatment at the hub, doctors are able to 'focus on specific types of medical problems. As volumes increase, relatively rare conditions are treated often enough that doctors become world-class experts in those areas'15. As the patients access either hubs or ambulatory facilities, the doctors become subject matter experts in varying fields simply through sheer exposure to the volume of patients. Assessing thriftiness: Arguably the greatest cost saving, and subsequently the most successful aspect of HSM-practising Indian facilities, is their staunch position on being thrifty. 'The goal is to maximize the number of patients treated rather than the number of procedures conducted'5. This aspect is achieved through measures that can be seen as both 'innovative and remarkably mundane'. Medical practitioners often reuse equipment and resources that would be discarded in other nations. Cleaned and sterilized, hand tools and hardware are recycled and redistributed in urban and rural centers rather than adding to unnecessary costs by importing more supplies. This thrifty approach not only saves money and other resources but also allows facilities to treat patients rather than offload them due to a lack of viable utilities. Technological contribution: is known for poor roads and communication infrastructure. Due to the high set-up costs, telephones and faxes are few and far between. Using a courier service to send patient information may prove costly in terms of money, data confidentiality, report errors, and time. ICT eliminates the dependencies on paper, courier services and other methods. Data transfer between hubs and spokes takes negligible time (less than a minute), and each patient's report is sent individually; therefore, the chance of a report error is practically zero. India has 27 million landline users compared to 960 million mobile phone users (urban 557 million, rural 403 million)16, so the probability of finding mobile phones is higher than finding courier services in a rural area. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the significant challenges related to access and affordability of healthcare technology, especially in rural areas of India. It highlights that high set-up costs for communication infrastructure limit the availability of technologies like telephones and faxes, making AI technology less accessible. Furthermore, while the facilities aim to treat more patients and utilize a thrifty approach to reduce costs, the implications of these practices suggest that access to advanced healthcare technologies is not universally available and can be limited by infrastructural challenges.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Circadian rhythms are regulated by light-sensitive proteins. [SEP] Text: Since it is highly inadvisable to run a filter more than once to achieve additional smoothing before spectral analysis, as this will result in artifact [9], this reversal must only be done for display of simple plots for visualizing data. A single pass with the phase change is not an issue for MESA, since the attendant phase shift is of no consequence in this context. A second reversing pass with this filter actually resulted in a widening of the MESA peak (data not shown). After filtering, the RI (see above) is improved from 0. 697 to 0. 715. MESA at work MESA has seen notable success since first being implemented for use in biological rhythms in the 1980s. MESA is useful for an extremely wide range of living oscillatory processes. It was instrumental in discovering the presence of ultradian rhythms in Drosophila locomotor activity rhythms early on, most remarkably in flies bearing the per0 and per- mutations, which have no overt circadian periodicity [25,26]. These ultradian rhythms have been central in a competing hypothesis describing the mechanism of the circadian clock [26,27]. It has been used extensively in circadian rhythm work since that time. Given its superior resolving power, it settled an old dispute about the presence of lunar rhythmicity in physiological activity in marine organisms [9]. When applied in conjunction with powerful trend removal techniques, it was instrumental in teasing out the role of the gene cryptochrome (cry) in the fly clock system. Luciferase activity was monitored in antennae bearing either tim-luc or per-luc constructs and a central role for CRY protein in the peripheral antennal clock was established [28,29]. Ultradian and circadian rhythms were examined in premature infants (24–29 weeks) prior to their developing robust circadian periodicity enabling inferences on prenatal periodicity in normal pregnancies [30]. A cryptic human core body temperature of about one hour was elucidated [31]. Electroencephalography has yielded considerable information on ultradian periodicity in rats with MESA analysis combined with aggressive filtering enabling an incorporation of these high-frequency rhythms into models of sleep-wake dynamics [32]. A genetic component in strain differences among normal mice was discerned when locomotor activity was investigated with MESA, revealing robust ultradian components [33]. The presence of an endogenous vertical migration rhythm in Antarctic krill was verified [34]. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim because it discusses various aspects of biological rhythms and the use of MESA in analyzing oscillatory processes, but it does not specifically address the regulation of circadian rhythms by light-sensitive proteins or provide any direct evidence to support or contradict that claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Exposure therapy is effective for many types of phobias. [SEP] Text: in × Özgül Gerçeklik ile Maruz Bırakma Terapisinin Etkinliği: Gözden Geçirme Year 2023, Volume: 15 Issue: 4, 562 - 576, 25. 12. 2023 Tolga Köskün Cited By: 2 Abstract Özgül fobi, günlük yaşamı ve işlevselliği önemli derecede olumsuz etkileyen belirli nesne ya da duruma yönelik belirgin ve sürekli bir korku olarak tanımlanmaktadır. Aynı zamanda, en sık görülen psikolojik bozukluklar arasında olduğu bildirilmektedir. Özgül fobilerin tedavisinde maruz bırakma temelli müdahalelerin yaygın olarak kullanıldığı bilinmekle birlikte standart yöntemlerin bazı sınırlılıklarının bulunması farklı yaklaşımlara ihtiyaç duyulduğuna işaret etmektedir. Bu çerçevede, son yıllarda psikoterapi bağlamında sanal gerçeklik teknolojisinin kullanımı giderek yaygınlaşmış ve maruz bırakma terapisi ile bütünleştirilmiştir. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by stating that exposure-based interventions are widely used in the treatment of specific phobias, highlighting the effectiveness of exposure therapy for those conditions.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Blockchain technology underpins most cryptocurrencies, ensuring transparency. [SEP] Text: However, how did money gain its value in the first place, or, in others word, it is a vicious circle to say that people want money simply because people want money [32]. Mises, apparently, solved this conundrum. He said that people want money today because they anticipate that other people would want it tomorrow since they wanted it yesterday, that is, money has value today because it has value yesterday. By introducing time schedule into the description of the process, Mises circumvented the vicious circle. But he did it with a cost. This logic leads to the unavoidable conclusion that any money had, prior to its use as a medium of exchange, an intrinsic value [34]. Thus, there is an argument that Bitcoin cannot be money since it never had an intrinsic value, that is, while the US fiat dollar is valuable today since it was based on the original value of the gold dollar, which was based for millennia on the currency value of gold, which was based somewhere in the past on the commodity value of gold, they claim that Bitcoin does not have such a chain of events. One cannot find any intrinsic value in the Bitcoin genesis. While gold has an extensive commodity use in its premonetary era, Bitcoin, according to them, had no nonmonetary history and therefore cannot evolve into money. This claim has several flaws. First, they turn Mises’ argument on its head—Mises used his argument to explain how apparently worthless object can be used as a medium of exchange. Bitcoin is already a medium of exchange, which means that there are only two options, either Mises argument is erroneous or that they are missing something about Bitcoin. In fact, Mises was not entirely accurate and Bitcoin does have a nonmonetary value. I would like to harness a physical analogy to explain this point—the laser. When a laser is connected to a power supply, it emits coherent light almost instantaneously. Nowadays, lasers are very common and there is nothing special about this; however, a laser is not a light bulb, the origin of light in a laser can be regarded as a similar mystery. A laser consists of two basic elements: a light amplifier and a resonator, which is actually a feedback mechanism. Hence, a laser is a giant amplifying machine. Using the feedback, the laser keeps on amplifying the light. But wait! Where did the light originally come from? [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the intrinsic value of Bitcoin and arguing against the notion that Bitcoin can be considered a form of money. It highlights that while traditional currencies like the US fiat dollar have a historical basis associated with intrinsic value (like gold), Bitcoin lacks this chain and thus poses a problem for its classification as money. The focus on the value of money, rather than on the technology that underpins cryptocurrencies, suggests skepticism about Bitcoin's role as a legitimate cryptocurrency, undermining the claim that blockchain ensures transparency and value in cryptocurrencies.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Circadian rhythms are regulated by light-sensitive proteins. [SEP] Text: Work on the cardiac pacemaker of the fly heart has benefitted from the use of MESA for measuring heart rate [35,36]. When combined with a novel preliminary Fourier treatment to alter the sampling structure, the presence of rhythmicity in the spacing of pulses in the Drosophila mating song was confirmed and it was shown to be under the control of the period gene [37]. In summary, has proven itself to be a highly useful and versatile tool for the investigation of periodic biological phenomena. Technical note A full explanation of the mathematics underlying MESA and the ways in which algorithms have been implemented is beyond the scope of this paper. For those wishing to explore these topics in detail, the author recommends the following: For a good general introduction to the basic logic of MESA see Able’s review [16]; Burg’s original papers are the next step in seeing how the technique developed [17,18]; the very thorough paper by Ulrych and Bishop [21] should be sufficient to answer almost any mathematical question on the procedure and the algorithm used in our version of the technique, which we implemented in is found in Andersen’s contribution [22]. Some of these papers, notably those of Burg himself, are difficult to locate. The compendium edited by D. G. Childers entitled “Analysis” (1978, Wiley) has all these recommended papers and many more that are on point. All software used in this lab, including the source code, is available free of charge from the author: dowse@maine. edu. A step by step annotated guide in its use has been published by this author [38]. Competing interests The author declares that he has no competing interests. 55. Lloyd, D; Rossi, EUltradian rhythms in life processes: An inquiry into fundamental principles of chronobiology and psychobiology. Springer-Verlag. Winfree, ATof biological Time. Springer-Verlag. Bünning, EClock. Springer-Verlag. Chatfield, Cof Time Series: An Introduction. Chapman and Hall. Lanczos, CApplied Analysis. Prentice Hall. Lanczos, CDiscourse on Fourier Series. Oliver and Boyd. Beauchamp, K; Yuen, CKfor Signal Analysis. George, Allen, Unwin. Hamming, RWDigital Filters. Prentice-Hall. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text discusses the use of MESA in studying rhythmicity in biological phenomena, specifically mentioning Drosophila mating song and other technical aspects related to the methodology. However, it does not address the claim regarding circadian rhythms or light-sensitive proteins, making it irrelevant to the topic at hand.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Exposure therapy is effective for many types of phobias. [SEP] Text: Bilgisayar tarafından oluşturulan üç boyutlu ortamla çeşitli teknolojik araçlar aracılığıyla gerçek zamanlı etkileşim sağlayan sanal gerçekliğin, maruz bırakma terapisi ile kullanımının özellikle özgül fobiler gibi psikopatolojilerin tedavisinde önemli bir müdahale yöntemi haline geldiği görülmektedir. Bu çalışma kapsamında, özgül fobilerin tedavisinde sanal gerçeklik ile maruz bırakma müdahaleleri sistematik olarak gözden geçirilmiştir. yöntemi izlenerek APA (PsycINFO), of Science, Science Direct, Ulakbim ve TRDizin veri tabanlarında yapılan taramada dahil etme ölçütleri kapsamında; özgül fobi tanı kriterlerini karşılayan yetişkin katılımcıların yer aldığı, sanal gerçeklik ile maruz bırakma terapisinin kontrol grubuna kıyasla etkinliğinin incelendiği ve tam metnine ulaşılabilen 10 seçkisiz kontrollü çalışma bu sistematik derlemeye dahil edilmiştir. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by stating that the use of virtual reality in exposure therapy has become an important intervention method for treating specific phobias. It also mentions that a systematic review was conducted on the effectiveness of virtual reality exposure therapy as compared to a control group, supporting the assertion that exposure therapy can be effective for treating specific phobias.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Blockchain technology underpins most cryptocurrencies, ensuring transparency. [SEP] Text: Rather than relying on a third party like a bank, trusted friend, or notary, blockchain proposes that the record should be decentralized and shared with everyone interested in sharing digital photos of banknotes through their mobile phones or computers. In contrast to a centralized model, blockchain introduces a distributed approach. Rather than having a centralized ledger tracking the number of digital photos of $100 on Dori’s phone or computer, this information is dispersed among the phones and computers of all participants involved. This includes not only Dori but also Aris and others engaged in exchanging digital photos for $100 via mobile phones or computers. The blockchain diligently records and disseminates this information to everyone. shares her unique digital photo of $100 with Aris, the blockchain accurately registers an “outflow” from Dori and an “inflow” to Aris, ensuring verification and distribution across the network. Attempting to send the same digital photo to 100 more friends becomes impractical since the blockchain records of all others are not synchronized. In their records, Dori no longer owns a digital photo of $100, leading to the rejection of her attempted transaction. Consequently, Dori no longer possesses the digital photo, while Aris does. 2. 1 Distributed and traditional databaseBlockchain operates as a decentralized database, recording a comprehensive audit trail of all transactions. Unlike traditional databases, it is managed by a network of computers, with no single computer holding sole responsibility for storage or administration. This ensures that any computer can join or leave the network without compromising data integrity or availability. The database can be restored from scratch by any computer, simply by downloading it from the network and processing the audit trail. In contrast, traditional databases are typically controlled by a single organization with complete authority, including the ability to manipulate data. While this may not pose issues in certain contexts, the sensitive nature of financial transactions creates a risk of data manipulation and falsification. To counter this, banks undergo continuous audit and regulatory scrutiny, facing persistent threats from external malicious hackers. Blockchain addresses these challenges by allowing the database to be managed by a distributed network, making it publicly accessible to everyone. This open model enables anyone to create a redundant copy of the database and verify it against other copies. However, this approach is best suited for static data that does not change over time. For dynamic data, a consensus problem arises when changes are needed after the database has been distributed. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by explaining how blockchain technology operates as a decentralized database that ensures transparency and integrity of transactions. It contrasts traditional centralized databases by demonstrating that blockchain does not rely on a single authority and instead allows a network of computers to manage the records, which ensures that all participants can verify transactions, reflecting the principle of transparency in cryptocurrencies.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Circadian rhythms are regulated by light-sensitive proteins. [SEP] Text: Chui, CKto Wavelets. Academic Press. Dowse, HB; Ringo, JMSumming locomotor activity into “bins”: How to avoid artifact in spectral analysis Research 11: 2–14, DOI: (2009). Analyses for physiological and behavioral rhythmic Methods in Enzymology, Computer Methods, Part A,. 2009: Elsevier, 174. Schuster, AOn the investigation of hidden periodicities with application to a supposed 26-day period of meterological phenomena 11: 13–41, DOI: Whitaker, E; Robinson, Gof Observations. Blackie and Son. Kendall, MGContributions to the study of oscillatory time series. Press. Ables, JGMaximum entropy spectral analysis 11: 383–393. (1978). . Wiley, 41. (1978). A new analysis technique for time series data Analysis. Wiley, 48. Dowse, HB; Ringo, JMThe search for hidden periodicities in biological time series revisited J 11: 487–515, DOI: Dowse, HB; Ringo, JMComparisons between “periodograms” and spectral analysis: Apples are apples after all J 11(148): 139–144. Ulrych, T; Bishop, TMaximum entropy spectral analysis and autoregressive decomposition Rev. Geophysics and 11: 183–300, DOI: Andersen, NOn the calculation of filter coefficients for maximum entropy spectral analysis Geophys 11: 69–72, DOI: Kay, SM; Marple, SGSpectrum analysis, a modern perspective IEEE Proc 11: 1380–1419. Levine, J; Funes, P; Dowse, H; Hall, JSignal analysis of behavioral and molecular cycles Neurosci 11: 1–25. Dowse, HB; Hall, JC; Ringo, JMCircadian and ultradian rhythms in period mutants of Drosophila melanogaster 11: 19–35, DOI: [PubMed] (2008). Mid-range ultradian rhythms in Drosophila and the circadian clock problem from Molecules to Mind: A of Life. Springer Verlag, 199. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it primarily consists of a list of references and articles related to various research methodologies and findings in fields such as rhythmic analysis, but does not address the specific regulatory mechanisms of circadian rhythms by light-sensitive proteins.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Exposure therapy is effective for many types of phobias. [SEP] Text: Dahil edilen makaleler örneklem özellikleri, temel ölçüm araçları, araştırma deseni, müdahalenin özellikleri ve etkisi açısından değerlendirilmiştir. Bulgular, sanal gerçeklik ile maruz bırakma terapisinin, özgül fobi belirtilerini azaltmadaki etkinliğine işaret etmektedir. Yapılan izlem çalışmaları tedavi sonuçlarının uzun vadede korunduğuna yönelik destek sağlamaktadır. Keywords fobi, korku, sanal gerçeklik, sanal gerçeklik ile maruz bırakma terapisi, sistematik gözden geçirme Destekleyen kurum bulunmamaktadır. Çalışma bir proje kapsamında yürütülmemiştir. 1672. APA (2013) Diagnostic and of Mental Disorders, 5th ed. Washington D. C. , Association. on Evidence-(2006) Evidence-based practice in psychology. Am Psychol, 61:271-285. (2001) Virtual reality: using the virtual world to improve quality of life in the real world. Clin, 65:78-91. (2002) Specific phobias. and its Disorders - and Treatment of Anxiety and Panic (Ed. DH Barlow): 380-417. London, Guilford Press. (2015) Psychological treatments for panic disorders, phobias, and social and generalized anxiety disorders. Guide to Work (): 409-461. New York, Press. (2019) Using virtual reality exposure therapy to enhance treatment of anxiety disorders: identifying areas of clinical adoption and potential obstacles. Front Psychiatry, 10:773. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by indicating that virtual reality exposure therapy has been evaluated for its effectiveness in reducing specific phobia symptoms. It mentions that the findings support the efficacy of this therapy, providing evidence that aligns with the claim regarding the effectiveness of exposure therapy for phobias.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Bitcoin has a fixed supply cap of 21 million coins. [SEP] Text: The predicted translational start sites for the antidote (ATG in exon 1) and poison (ATG in exon 2) proteins are indicated, as is the FLEX transcriptional regulatory motif (Supplementary file 1b-d). (B) Long-read RNA sequencing of mRNAs from meiotic S. octosporus cells revealed two main transcript isoforms of the wtf25 gene, presumably encoding an antidote and a poison protein, respectively. cDNA reads obtained using the Technologies (ONT) platform are shown in pink. Blue lines indicate sequences missing in the reads due to splicing. The diagram at the top depicts the two main transcript isoforms. The 3' transcript ends shown in the diagram correspond to the major transcript end revealed by cDNA reads. Figure 2—source data 1 wtf genes share similar exon and intron sizes. Table of the average size (in base pairs) of the exons and introns of intact wtf genes in all Schizosaccharomyces species. For S. chizosaccharomyces pombe, only the genes containing 5 exons were considered. Download elife-81149-fig2-data1-v1. xlsx We next looked for similarities between promoters controlling the transcription of the S. pombe wtf genes and the potential promoters of the candidate wtf genes in other species. The promoters of the S. pombe wtf4 gene are representative of the promoters of wtf drivers in S. pombe (Nuckolls et al. , 2021). The Wtf4antidote protein is encoded on exons 1–6, with the promoter found upstream of exon 1. We found no shared homology between the S. pombe wtfantidote promoter sequences and sequences upstream of exon 1 in the candidate wtf genes found in the other species. The Wtf4poison protein is encoded on exons 2–6, and the promoter is found within what is intron 1 of the wtf4antidote transcript. The S. pombe wtf4 poison promoter contains a cis-regulatory FLEX motif that is bound by the Mei4 master meiotic transcription factor and is essential for expression of the Wtf4poison protein (Nuckolls et al. , 2021). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim regarding Bitcoin's supply cap. It discusses genomic research related to the wtf genes in Schizosaccharomyces species, which has no connection to Bitcoin or its supply cap. Therefore, it does not corroborate or contrast the claim in any way.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Circadian rhythms are regulated by light-sensitive proteins. [SEP] Text: Dowse, H; Ringo, JFurther evidence that the circadian clock in Drosophila is a population of coupled ultradian oscillators J 11: 65–76, DOI: [PubMed] Krishnan, B; Levine, J; Sisson, K; Dowse, H; Funes, P; Hall, J; Hardin, P; Dryer, SA new role for cryptochrome in a Drosophila circadian oscillator Nature 11: 313–317, DOI: [PubMed] Plautz, J; Straume, M; Stanewsky, R; Jamison, C; Brandes, C; Dowse, H; Hall, J; Kay, SQuantitative analysis of Drosophila period gene transcription in living animals J 11: 204–217, DOI: [PubMed] Tenriero, S; Dowse, H; D’Souza, S; Minors, DS; Chiswick, M; Simms, D; Waterhouse, JMRhythms of temperature and heart rate in premature babies in intesive care Dev 11: 33–52, DOI: [PubMed] Lindsley, G; Dowse, H; Burgoon, P; Kilka, M; Stephenson, LA persistent circhoral ultradian rhythm is identified in human core temperature 11: 69–78, DOI: [PubMed] Stephenson, R; Joonbum, L; Famina, S; Caron, A; Dowse, HSlep-wake behavior in the rat: ultradian rhythms in a light–dark cycle and continuous bright light J 11: 490–501, DOI: [PubMed] Dowse, H; Umemori, J; Koide, TUltradian components in the locomotor activity rhythms of the genetically normal mouse, Mus musculus J 11: 1788–1795, DOI: [PubMed] Gaten, E; Tarling, G; Dowse, H; Kyriacou, C; Rosato, EIs vertical migration in Antarctic krill (Euphausia superba) influenced by an underlying circadian rhythm? [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not provide information directly related to the claim. It references various studies and authors concerning oscillators in Drosophila and other biological rhythms, but it does not mention light-sensitive proteins or their role in regulating circadian rhythms. Therefore, it is deemed irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Exposure therapy is effective for many types of phobias. [SEP] Text: Botella C, Fernández-Álvarez J, Guillén V, García-Palacios A, Baños R (2017) Recent progress in virtual reality exposure therapy for phobias: a systematic review. Rep, 19:42. (1998) Update on empirically validated therapies, II. Clin Psychol, 51:3-16. (2007) Treatment of specific phobia in adults. Rev, 27:266-286. Cohen DC (1977) Comparison of self-report and overt-behavioral procedures for assessing acrophobia. Behav Ther, 8:17-23. Depp C, Lebowitz BD (2007) Clinical trials: bridging the gap between efficacy and effectiveness. Psychiatry, 19:531-539. (2012) Gender balance, representativeness, and statistical power in sexuality research using undergraduate student samples. Behav, 41:325-327. (1999) Evaluating the importance of multi-sensory input on memory and the sense of presence in virtual environments (p. 222-228). . (2019) Effectiveness of self-guided app-based virtual reality cognitive behavior therapy for acrophobia: a randomized clinical trial. JAMA Psychiatry, 76:682-690. (2014) Extinction in multiple virtual reality contexts diminishes fear reinstatement in humans. Mem, 113:157-164. (2018) Specific phobias. Lancet Psychiatry, 5:678-686. (1991) Panic and phobia. Disorders in America: Study ():155-179. . Elkins DN (2012) Toward a common focus in psychotherapy research. Psychotherapy, 49:450-454. (2008) Psikiyatrik bozukluklarin epidemiyolojisi. Türkiye'de Sık Karşılaşılan Psikiyatrik Hastalıklar Sempozyumu (Uğur, İ Balcıoğlu, N Kocabaşoğlu):25-30. İstanbul, İstanbul Üniversitesi. (2021) Virtual reality exposure treatment in phobias: a systematic review. Psychiatr Q, 92:1685-1710. Garcia-(2007) Comparing acceptance and refusal rates of virtual reality exposure vs. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text references several studies and reviews that discuss the effectiveness of exposure therapy, including virtual reality exposure therapy for phobias. The mention of systematic reviews indicates a body of research supporting the claim that exposure therapy is generally effective for treating phobias.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Bitcoin has a fixed supply cap of 21 million coins. [SEP] Text: This result indicates that S. octosporus wtf25 can act in a locus-independent manner like the S. pombe wtf drivers. wtf25 can express a long transcript isoform and a short transcript isoform through alternative transcriptional initiation (Figure 2B). Based on what is known about the S. pombe wtf genes and our analyses of S. octosporus wtf25 in S. cerevisiae (Figure 7), we hypothesized that the long and short isoforms encode antidote and poison proteins, respectively (Hu et al. , 2017; Nuckolls et al. , 2017). We introduced point mutations into the predicted start codons of the long and short isoforms of wtf25 integrated at the leu1 locus and analyzed the effects of the mutations on spore viability (Figure 10A). To disrupt the predicted Wtf25poison protein coding sequence, we mutated the predicted start codon (ATG to GCG, methionine to alanine) in the short transcript to generate the wtf25antidote-only allele. As expected, this allele was unable to kill spores not inheriting it in a wtf25 deletion background (Figure 10B, Supplementary file 2i). This supports our hypothesis that the short transcript encodes a spore-killing poison. Figure 10 Download asset Open asset Schizosaccharomyces octosporus wtf25 is a poison-and-antidote killer meiotic driver. (A) Schematic of the wtf25 alleles integrated at the leu1 (SOCG_02003) locus. Black asterisks indicate start codon mutations. The start codon for the putative wtf25poison coding sequence is mutated in the wtf25antidote-only allele, and the start codon for the putative wtf25antidote coding sequence is mutated in the wtf25poison-only allele. (B) The wild-type wtf25 allele integrated at the leu1 locus can act as a meiotic driver by killing spores not inheriting it in a heterozygous cross, while wtf25antidote-only mutant allele integrated at the same locus was unable to kill spores not inheriting it in a heterozygous cross. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses genetic mechanisms and experiments involving Schizosaccharomyces octosporus wtf25, without any mention of Bitcoin or its supply cap. Thus, it does not support, contrast, or relate to the claim in any way.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Circadian rhythms are regulated by light-sensitive proteins. [SEP] Text: They were acclimated under alternating 200 lux light and dark of 12 hours each (LD 12:12) for at least two weeks prior to the start of the study. Food (Teklad 7001 Mouse & 4%) and water were continuously available throughout the study. All animals were maintained in facilities fully accredited by the Association for the Assessment and Accreditation of Care. All research protocols and animal care were approved by the Care and in accordance with the guidelines of the Guide for the Care and Use of (Institute of Resources, Commission on Life Sciences, Council, 1996). Experimental housing and care For measurement of circadian period, all test mice were kept in a sound attenuating, ventilated room at a constant temperature (23°C) and under continuous darkness (DD). Sound attenuating, opaque dividers were placed between the test cages. Caretakers wore a headlamp fitted with a red safelight beam diffuser. The diffuser/filter transmitted light greater than 600 nm only. Care in the darkroom consisted of ten min per day and each mouse was inspected for less than a minute. Daily visits occurred at random times between 8 am and 5 pm. Locomotor activity assessment Daily locomotor activity of the mice was monitored with passive infrared detectors (Ademco, Syosset, NY) mounted over each cage. The passive infrared (ir) proximity sensor works by emitting pulses of ir light, and then measuring the distance to objects from the flight time of the reflected signal. Whenever the distance changes, the detector opens or closes a switch. All detectors were tested to ensure response uniformity. Each detector had a red LED that switched on when motion was detected, then switched off 3 to 5 seconds after movement was no longer sensed. The LED could be disabled with a switch mounted on the motion sensor circuit board. Spectral analysis The irradiance spectra of the LEDs were determined using an S. I. Photonics fiber optic spectrophotometer (Tucson, AZ). The distance between the fiber optic input probe and the LED was 18 cm (the depth of the mouse cage). A random sample of eight of the 16 motion sensors used in the study was assessed. A hand-held light meter () was used to measure illuminance produced by the LED at about 5 cm from the bottom of the cage and 13 cm from the LED. The test was repeated with the LEDs covered with black electrician's tape. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not explicitly address the regulation of circadian rhythms by light-sensitive proteins. Instead, it discusses the experimental setup involving light and dark cycles but lacks specific mention or evidence about light-sensitive proteins and their role in regulating circadian rhythms.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Exposure therapy is effective for many types of phobias. [SEP] Text: in vivo exposure by patients with specific phobias. Cyberpsychol Behav, 10:722-724. Garcia-(2001) Redefining therapeutic success with virtual reality exposure therapy. Cyberpsychol Behav, 4:341-348. Garcia-(2002) Virtual reality in the treatment of spider phobia: a controlled study. Ther, 40:983-993. Geraets CN, Van der Stouwe EC, Pot-Kolder R, (2021) Advances in immersive virtual reality interventions for mental disorders: a new reality? . Psychol, 41:40-45. Götestam KG (2002) One session group treatment of spider phobia by direct or modelled exposure. Ther, 31:18-24. (2015) Using virtual reality to improve the efficacy of cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) in the treatment of late-life anxiety: preliminary recommendations for future research. Int Psychogeriatr, 27:1217-1225. Gujjar KR, van Wijk A, Kumar R, de (2019) Efficacy of virtual reality exposure therapy for the treatment of dental phobia in adults: a randomized controlled trial. J Anxiety Disord, 62:100-108. (2008) Cognitive-behavioral therapy for adult anxiety disorders: a meta-analysis of randomized placebo-controlled trials. J Clin Psychiatry, 69:621-632. (2012) Evidence-based assessment and treatment of specific phobias in adults. One-of (Öst): 19-41. New York, NY, Springer. (1995) The modified dental anxiety scale: validation and norms. Health, 12:143-50. (2020) A randomised wait-list controlled pilot trial of one-session virtual reality exposure therapy for blood-injection-injury phobias. J Affect Disord, 276:636-645. Karlsson P, (2015) Compared with what? an analysis of control‐group types in cochrane and campbell reviews of psychosocial treatment efficacy with substance use disorders. Addiction, 110:20-428. -et al. (2020) Treating patients with driving phobia by virtual reality exposure therapy - a pilot study. PLoS One, 15:e0226937. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by mentioning multiple studies that focus on various types of phobias treated with exposure therapy techniques, including virtual reality exposure therapy for spider phobia and dental phobia. Specifically, it cites organized research on the effectiveness of exposure therapy in the treatment of specific phobias, which aligns with the claim that such therapy is effective.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Bitcoin has a fixed supply cap of 21 million coins. [SEP] Text: Step 3: Silicon metal is combined with hydrogen chloride to form liquid trichlorosilane. Step 4: Impurities are removed by distilling the trichlorosilane. Step 5: Trichlorosilane is pumped into horseshoe-shaped chambers that contain a thin filament of polysilicon. Electricity runs through the filament, heating it to 1,000 °C. Step 6: The silicon deposits onto the filament, turning it into a thick rod that is at least 99. 9999% silicon. Step 7: The rods are broken into chunks and sold to companies that make silicon wafers for solar panels. Source: Adapted from Wacker Chemie. Some companies, such as REC Silicon, use a slightly different method, called the fluidized-bed reactor (FBR) process. REC Silicon says the FBR process uses less energy. Companies using the Siemens process have to use lots of energy to heat the filament, but they also have to use additional energy to cool the walls of the reaction chamber so that silicon doesn’t deposit there. At the start, the FBR process looks similar to the Siemens process, with conversion of silicon metal into silane. But then the gas flows through a column seeded with tiny polysilicon beads rather than a chamber with a filament. Silicon deposits on the beads, which grow into polysilicon spheres a few millimeters wide. Beads from the FBR process or chunks from the Siemens process are sold to companies that turn them into cubed ingots, which are sawed into paper-thin wafers. The wafers are textured and treated with other elements to turn them into individual solar cells. Multiple cells are soldered and sandwiched between a glass panel and a plastic back sheet to form solar panels. Outsourcing It’s a complex process, and China dominates nearly every step of it. The country makes more than three-quarters of the world’s polysilicon, according to data compiled by polysilicon consultant Johannes Bernreuter. A report by the Agency (IEA) estimates that China also manufactures over 80% of all solar cells and assembled solar panels. The country produces virtually all the wafers used for solar panels. It wasn’t always this way. In 2010, polysilicon production was split almost evenly among the and China. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses the processes involved in producing silicon for solar panels, with no mention of Bitcoin or its supply cap. Therefore, it does not provide any supporting or contrasting information regarding the claim.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Circadian rhythms are regulated by light-sensitive proteins. [SEP] Text: Mice emit ultrasonic cries and this is important in maternal behavior [17 - 19]. However, it is unlikely that covering the lights with black tape would block ultrasound. Although this remains a possibility, we are aware of no instances in the literature where ultrasound causes either a phase response or a change in circadian period. The C57BL/6 and DBA/2 mice did not differ in the amount period increased with 1 lux red light LEDfb. This is in contrast to an earlier study where C57BL/6 mice had a greater increase in period with 10 lux full-spectrum LL vs DD than DBA/2 mice [4]. One possible explanation is that DBA/2 mice are more sensitive to period-lengthening effects of red light than of full-spectrum light. Another possibility is that the shape of the τRC differs between the two strains, so that for C57BL/6 mice more of the period-lengthening portion of the τRC lies outside of the time when they received light during LEDfb than for the DBA/2 mice. In this case, constant LL would have more period-lengthening effect than LEDfb. The results of this study suggest that investigators cannot use continuous dim red light to simulate DD, and must be judicious in using red "safe" lights for animal care in DD. Further studies are needed to determine whether constant red light of this output spectra and intensity lengthens period more than LEDfb, and whether it can phase-shift the circadian rhythms in mice. under a dim, long-wavelength red light that came on intermittently when the animals were active had a circadian period that was long compared to their free-running period under DD. Covering the light with black tape blocked the response. Furthermore, under the conditions described, the magnitude of the mean circadian period increase in DBA/2 and C57BL/6 strains of mice was indistinguishable. Competing interests The author(s) declare that they have no competing interests. Authors' contributions JRH conceived of the study, participated in its design and statistical analysis and drafted the manuscript. ARH carried out experiment 1, designed and carried out experiment 3, and wrote the Methods section. AMH participated in the statistical analysis and designed and set up experiment 2. ARM carried out experiment 2, participated in the statistical analysis and assisted in drafting the manuscript. All authors read and approved the final manuscript. 28. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the relationship between circadian rhythms and light-sensitive proteins. It discusses the effects of different light conditions on the circadian period of specific mouse strains without mentioning the role of light-sensitive proteins in this regulation. Therefore, it is irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Exposure therapy is effective for many types of phobias. [SEP] Text: Neudeck P, (2012) Dissemination of exposure therapy in clinical practice: how to handle the barriers? . Therapy: Rethinking the Model - Refining the Method (Eds. P Neudeck, HU Wittchen):23-34. New York, NY, Springer. (2011) Evidence-based therapy relationships: research conclusions and clinical practices. Psychotherapy, 48:98-102. North M, (1994) Virtual environments and psychological disorders. of Virtual Culture, 2:37-42. (1996) Effectiveness of virtual environment desensitization in the treatment of agoraphobia. Presence (Camb), 5:346-352. Oing, T, (2018) Implementations of virtual reality for anxiety-related disorders: systematic review. 6:e10965. Page S, (2016) Virtual reality exposure therapy for anxiety disorders: small samples and no controls? . Front Psychol, 7:326. (2008) Virtual reality exposure therapy for anxiety disorders: a meta-analysis. J Anxiety Disord, 22:561-569. Pull CB (2008) Recent trends in the study of specific phobias. Psychiatry, 21:43-50. (2011) Does engagement with exposure yield better outcomes? Components of presence as a predictor of treatment response for virtual reality exposure therapy for social phobia. J Anxiety Disord, 25:763-770. (1995) The well-built clinical question: a key to evidence-based decisions. ACP J Club, 123:A12-A13. (2006) Virtual reality exposure therapy and standard (in vivo) exposure therapy in the treatment of fear of flying. Behav Ther, 37:80-90. (1999) The use of virtual reality exposure in the treatment of anxiety disorders. Behav Modif, 23:507-525. (2000) A controlled study of virtual reality exposure therapy for the fear of flying. J Psychol, 68:1020. Shiban Y, Pauli P, Mühlberger A (2013) Effect of multiple context exposure on renewal in spider phobia. Ther, 51:68-74. Sigström R, Östling (2011) A population-based study on phobic fears and DSM-IV specific phobia in 70-year olds. J Anxiety Disord, 25:148-153. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by referencing multiple studies and systematic reviews that highlight the effectiveness of various forms of exposure therapy, including virtual reality exposure therapy, in treating anxiety disorders and phobias. For example, it mentions the effectiveness of virtual environment desensitization for agoraphobia and compares virtual reality exposure therapy to standard exposure therapy for fear of flying, supporting the claim that exposure therapy works for different phobias.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Bitcoin has a fixed supply cap of 21 million coins. [SEP] Text: AES is part of a consortium of solar companies trying to incentivize a more resilient supply chain in the US. The consortium is promising to spend more than $6 billion on solar panels, as long as suppliers set up US manufacturing operations. “That’s what gives them certainty,” Moreno says. “They can build, and the demand will be there. ” To encourage production outside China and avoid supply chain risks, IEA analyst Bahar says, governments also need to offer solar manufacturers support. He says they should use tax policies or incentive schemes to reduce the start-up costs for polysilicon manufacturers and ensure that they have access to cheap electricity, just as China has done. In August, US president signed the Act into law. It offers a direct tax credit for the production of solar-grade polysilicon and also offers incentives for other parts of the supply chain, like ingot and wafer manufacturing. Related: U. S. In an investor call the day after the signing, REC Silicon’s May said the tax credits were a big part of the company’s decision to restart operations at its plant in Washington. The company expects to receive $48 million in credits annually once the facility is operating at full capacity. Korean company Hanwha Solutions, which made a major investment in REC Silicon earlier this year, is scouting out sites in Texas, South Carolina, and Georgia for a facility to produce ingots, wafers, and solar panels, according to documents filed with the Texas comptroller’s office. If the project moves forward, the company says, it would begin operating in 2025. SPI Energy hopes to set up wafer production in the US by 2023, and hopes to be producing wafers in upstate by 2024. Credit: produces polysilicon using the fluidized-bed reactor process, which consumes less energy than the more typical Siemens process. Building wafer manufacturing in the US would have a domino effect, Bernreuter says, and likely complete a solar supply chain outside China. “If you solve that step of the value chain, I think a lot of the other steps could follow relatively easily,” he says. The US could also avoid silicon-based solar panels altogether by using another technology: thin-film cadmium telluride, which makes up about 5% of the global solar market. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses solar companies, supply chain issues, and manufacturing without any mention of Bitcoin or its supply cap. Therefore, it does not corroborate or contrast the claim.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Circadian rhythms are regulated by light-sensitive proteins. [SEP] Text: Spontaneously hypertensive stroke prone rats, which spontaneously undergo both hemorrhagic and ischemic stroke, exhibit blunting of heart rate and blood pressure rhythms, but changes in circadian timing were not clear [13]. The circadian variables in these studies have limited time resolution and thus are insufficient to prospectively quantify circadian phase changes. Pineal microdialysis offers an exceptional technique for measuring quantitative changes in circadian melatonin secretion [14]. This method enables real time analysis of a single individual, and therefore can prospectively measure quantitative circadian responses to environmental changes, pharmaceuticals, and potentially disease states. In addition, the precise and sensitive measurement of pineal melatonin permits the quantitative determination of melatonin phase with up to 10-minute resolution. Pineal melatonin is the most accurate marker of the central circadian clock [15,16] and is not subject to pathological masking that could be affected by the neurological compromise (eg. suppression of motor activity secondary to hemiparesis, abulia, or ataxia after stroke). In this report, we applied pineal microdialysis to determine whether ischemic stroke in rats alters the circadian rhythm. All experiments were performed in accordance with NIH guidelines and approved by the University of on Use and Care of Animals. Adult male Wistar rats (300 g) (Harlan) were housed at 20 to 25°C under LD 12:12 h conditions, with ad libitum food and water. Illumination levels were 300–400 lux at cage level. Microdialysis probe implantation Surgical placement of microdialysis probes was performed as described [14]. Briefly, following deep anesthesia, the animal's head was shaved and positioned in a stereotaxic instrument with the head flat. Two small burr holes were created on both sides of the skull. A custom linear microdialysis probe was inserted carefully through the burr holes into the brain tissue containing the pineal gland and was connected with dialysis tubing at both ends. Following surgery, animals were housed individually and allowed to recover for 16–24 h before microdialysis. Sample collection and analysis Following recovery, animals were transferred to dialysis chambers where their pineal glands were continuously perfused with artificial cerebral spinal fluid at a low (2 ul/min) rate via inlet tubing connected at one end of the microdialysis probe. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim regarding the regulation of circadian rhythms by light-sensitive proteins. Instead, it discusses the methods used to observe circadian rhythms and melatonin secretion in rat models, but does not provide any information about light-sensitive proteins or their role in circadian regulation.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Exposure therapy is effective for many types of phobias. [SEP] Text: (2007) Evidence‐based practice in clinical psychology: what it is, why it matters; what you need to know. J Clin Psychol, 63:611-631. Suso-Ribera C, Fernández-Álvarez J, García-ón-López J, Banos RM et al. (2019) Virtual reality, augmented reality, and in vivo exposure therapy: a preliminary comparison of treatment efficacy in small animal phobia. Soc Netw, 22: 31-38. (2011) Cognitive processing and acrophobia: validating the Questionnaire? J Anxiety Disord, 25:896-902. Szymanski J, O'(1995) Fear of spiders questionnaire. J Exp Psychiatry, 26:31-34. (2020) Virtual reality exposure therapy for driving phobia disorder: system design and development. Appl Sci, 10:4860. Wampold BE (2001) Psychotherapy Debate: Models, Methods, and Findings. Mahwah, NJ, Lawrence Erlbaum. - (2017) The cross-national epidemiology of specific phobia in the Health Surveys? Psychol Med, 47:1744-1760. Wechsler TF, Kümpers F, Mühlberger A (2019) Inferiority or even superiority of virtual reality exposure therapy in phobias? - a systematic review and quantitative meta-analysis on randomized controlled trials specifically comparing the efficacy of virtual reality exposure to gold standard in vivo exposure in agoraphobia, specific phobia, and social phobia. Front Psychol, 10:1758. (2002) The treatment of fear of flying: a controlled study of imaginal and virtual reality graded exposure therapy. 6:218-223. (2004) Therapy for Anxiety Disorders: Advances in Evaluation and Treatment. . (2006) Stronger renewal in human fear conditioning when tested with an acquisition retrieval cue than with an extinction retrieval cue. Ther, 44:1717-1725. (2013) Fear extinction and relapse: state of the art. Clin Psychol, 9:215-248. (2015) Completeness of follow-up determines validity of study findings: results of a prospective repeated measures cohort study. PloS One, 10:e0140817. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by referencing multiple studies related to exposure therapy and its efficacy for treating various types of phobias, including a systematic review that directly compares virtual reality exposure therapy to in vivo exposure therapy. Specifically, one referenced study discusses the efficacy of virtual reality exposure therapy, suggesting that exposure therapy in its different forms, including virtual reality, is effective in treating phobias.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Cryptocurrency transactions can be faster than traditional bank transfers. [SEP] Text: Action: either amend the title to summarize the work accurately or include other 'traditional methods'. [2] How divergent are these sequences? These are all isolates of one virus type and should actually be relatively easy to align but the divergence (average percent differences would do) would make that clear. What would happen if one used to remove regions of high alignment instability? Action: - Quantify similarity/divergence of data - Comment on using [3] On line 139 the authors say recombinants were removed. That makes sense if one makes trees and compares them as recombinants (between two or more strains) will have confusing phylogeny. On page 158, the authors seem to say that recombination implies rearrangement along a genome which is not the same? Action: Clarify [4] The authors pick as their method of choice to compare against 'fully automated sequence alignment methods'. However, almost immediately (line 175) they say that 'using to align all 55,353 sequences. . . was not feasible'. Why choose which allegedly cannot align 55k sequences over or MAFFT, which can? Also, www. drive5. com/muscle/manual/compromise. html suggests to use -maxiters 2 for large data-sets. This should make 55k sequences (more) feasible for. What are and why use custom gap parameters on line 155 for Action: - Explain why UPP/PASTA is compared to and not to any other aligner/s (or do compare to other aligners). - Explain why -maxiters 2 is not used for - Explain 'custom gap parameters' for [5] In line 162 is the 'branch length' the distance from the root or distance of a leaf from the nearest branch point? Action: Clarify [6] In line 214 five iterations of the NJ QC step may have somewhat been 'previously described' (I could not recall) but 'NJ QC' was definitely not formally defined. Action: define 'NJ QC' before line 214 [7] The authors say that 'sequence alignment strategy did not have a major effect on tree topology' (line 328). So the main advantage of 'fully automated sequence alignment methods' over 'traditional methods' would be that they produce results 'in a more reasonable time frame and repeatable manner' (line 342). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by stating that the main advantage of 'fully automated sequence alignment methods' over 'traditional methods' is that they produce results 'in a more reasonable time frame and repeatable manner.' This suggests that traditional methods are slower compared to their automated counterparts, which may imply that cryptocurrency transactions, which utilize automated technology, can indeed be faster than traditional bank transfers.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Circadian rhythms are regulated by light-sensitive proteins. [SEP] Text: The outlet was connected to a sample loop of an HPLC sample injector, which automatically injected the collected pineal dialysates into an HPLC column at 10 min intervals. Melatonin in the dialysates was resolved on a C18 reverse phase column and flow through was analyzed by a fluorescence detector controlled by Shimadzu software. Middle cerebral artery occlusion Animals were subjected to ischemic stroke by filament occlusion of the middle cerebral artery (MCA) after baseline melatonin monitoring. The stroke model has been described before [17,18]. Animals were taken off of melatonin monitoring for the stroke surgery 3–6 days after the initiation of on-line microdialysis during which time baseline melatonin profiles were obtained. We occluded the right MCA for two hours using an intralumenal filament and then removed the filament to allow reperfusion. We placed the animals back online for pineal microdialysis and continued melatonin monitoring for up to seven days or until the animal appeared in extremis (whereupon it was euthanized). At the end of the monitoring period, animals were euthanized and brains were cut into 2 mm thick sections and analyzed by 2% 2,3,5-triphenyltetrazolium chloride (TTC) staining to quantify infarct volumes; TTC stains vital tissue red while dead tissue remains unstained. Infarct volumes were determined by analysis of imaged brains using NIH Image software. Sham surgery involved insertion of the filament into the carotid artery without advancing the suture to the MCA bifurcation. determine the level of statistical significance of circadian changes, we first calculated the average absolute deviation from the baseline melatonin onset (MT-on) for each day after stroke for each animal. We used the average of pre-stroke MT-on times as the baseline. We then computed the absolute value of the difference between MT-on and the baseline for each day that the animal was monitored. Finally, we calculated the average value of the absolute shift over the entire duration of the monitoring period. This metric accounts equally for both delays and advances in timing. The same calculation was performed for sham animals after control surgery. The mean of the average daily deviation for all animals in each group was compared between MCA occlusion (MCAo) and sham groups using a two-tailed t-test. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim about the regulation of circadian rhythms by light-sensitive proteins. Instead, it provides a detailed description of an experimental setup involving melatonin monitoring and statistical analysis of data related to stroke in animals, which is irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Exposure therapy is effective for many types of phobias. [SEP] Text: Efficacy of in the Treatment of Specific Phobias: A Year 2023, Volume: 15 Issue: 4, 562 - 576, 25. 12. 2023 Tolga Köskün Cited By: 2 phobia is defined as a notable and continuous fear of a certain object or a situation that particularly impairs daily life and functioning. It is also one of the most common psychological disorders. Exposure-based interventions are commonly used in the treatment of specific phobias. However, some limitations of the standard methods require the need for alternative approaches. In light of this, the use of virtual reality technology in psychotherapy has become increasingly widespread in recent years and is now integrated with exposure therapy. Virtual reality provides real-time interaction using the computer-generated three-dimensional environment via variety oftechnological tools. Applications of virtual reality in exposure therapy have proven to be an important intervention method, especially in the psychopathologies such as specific phobias. In this study, virtual reality exposure therapy for the treatment of specific phobias is systematically reviewed. Inclusion criteria were taken into account in the scanning performed in APA (PsycINFO), of Science, Science Direct, Ulakbim ve TRDizin databses following the method. Following that, ten randomized controlled trials, which included adult participants meeting the diagnostic criteria for specific phobia, examined the efficacy of virtual reality and exposure therapy compared to the control group, and the ones with full text could be accessed, were included in this systematic review. The included studies were evaluated in terms of sample attributes, primary measurement tools, research design, characteristics of the intervention and its efficacy. In general, the findings indicate the efficacy of virtual reality exposure therapy in reducing specific phobia symptoms. Follow-up studies support the long-term maintenance of the results. Keywords Phobia, fear, virtual reality, exposure therapy, systematic review Çalışma bir proje kapsamında yürütülmemiştir. 1672. APA (2013) Diagnostic and of Mental Disorders, 5th ed. Washington D. C. , Association. on Evidence-(2006) Evidence-based practice in psychology. Am Psychol, 61:271-285. (2001) Virtual reality: using the virtual world to improve quality of life in the real world. Clin, 65:78-91. (2002) Specific phobias. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by indicating that exposure-based interventions are commonly used in the treatment of specific phobias and that virtual reality exposure therapy has proven to be an important method for reducing specific phobia symptoms. The mention of systematic reviews of randomized controlled trials supports the efficacy of this therapeutic approach.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Cryptocurrencies are immune to all forms of hacking. [SEP] Text: & & & & &Aa : español español& & caption full caption right caption left caption center &A expert &A expert 1 Slide 2 Slides 3 Slides 4 Slides 5 Slides 6 Slides 7 full width center : NIH/NIAID (CC-BY-4. 0) Human natural killer cells (one shown in this false-colored scanning electron micrograph) are one type of immune cell that UCSF’s and his colleagues are engineering for therapeutic use. Health & Disease Q&A — Synthetic biologist Hacking the immune system How the body’s own defense cells can be turned into tiny, programmable assassins to battle cancers and other disorders Underwood 02. 13. 2018 sound science and smart storiesHelp us make scientific knowledge accessible to allDonate today The immune system is an essential sentinel: It attacks foreign pathogens and destroys our own cells when they become a threat. It runs seamlessly most of the time, but it can also make mistakes, failing to root out cancer cells or waywardly attacking healthy tissues. The immune system’s power and perils have inspired scientists’ quickening efforts to genetically “hack” it, using viruses and other gene editing technology to endow existing immune cells with new abilities. The goal is to make cells that can be deployed like minuscule commandos to seek and destroy tumors, subdue inflammation and self-destruct on command. : (CC BY-ND)Synthetic and cell biologist Wendell LimUniversity of California, San FranciscoThere’s a long way to go before engineered immune cells achieve that level of precision. Yet the approach, part of a booming branch of medicine called immunotherapy, has already achieved some stunning successes. In cancer treatment, for example, white blood cells engineered to kill cancer cells — known as CAR T cells — have been shown to effectively treat some blood cancers, including the most common form of childhood leukemia. But such cells can also have dangerous — even deadly — side effects and aren’t yet effective against solid tumors such as colorectal and breast cancer. Researchers hope to eventually use engineered immune cells to treat a range of illnesses, not only cancers but also autoimmune diseases such as diabetes and neuroimmune disorders such as multiple sclerosis. Synthetic biologist of the University of California, San Francisco, studies how immune cells process information and make decisions, and how to harness those abilities for medicine. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the concept of immunotherapy and engineered immune cells, which is unrelated to the security vulnerabilities of cryptocurrencies. While it details the advancements in manipulating immune cells, it implicitly highlights that systems (like the immune system) can be hacked or manipulated, thus drawing a parallel to the susceptibility of cryptocurrencies to hacking.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Circadian rhythms are regulated by light-sensitive proteins. [SEP] Text: to stroke, we implanted Wistar rats (n = 14) with pineal microdialysis probes and determined baseline melatonin secretion patterns. Since this is an outbred population, we observed a range of MT-on and melatonin offset (MT-off) times (Figure 1), defined by the interval between time of dark onset and time when the melatonin rhythm reached 20% of its nightly maximum. The variation of MT-on and MT-off within the cohort has been described previously [19]. Melatonin duration was calculated as the time difference between MT-on and MT-off. Although there was variation within the cohort of circadian profiles, individual rats prior to stroke showed virtually no day-to-day variation in MT-on, MT-off, or melatonin duration over more than three days of baseline observation, as described previously (14). Figure 1 Baseline melatonin profiles for rats prior to MCAo. Melatonin profiles were obtained for all animals prior to MCAo to determine baseline timing. Measurements were made for up to six days, and, in all cases, the daily melatonin timing was stable. Therefore, only a single day's tracing of each individual is shown in this composite illustration. Animals exhibit a wide range of timing profiles. There is a broader range of MT-on times compared to MT-off times. The melatonin duration is defined as the time between the MT-on and MT-off. The MT-on is defined as the time when melatonin rises to 20% of the daily maximum (set to 100%). The MT-off is defined as the time when the melatonin level falls to 20% of the daily maximum. The gray shaded area represents time of lights off. MCAo surgery was then performed on these animals. All surgeries were initiated between 12:15 h and 14:34 h during the day. Rats were then placed back on microdialysis to measure post-surgical circadian melatonin profiles. We could not record melatonin secretion from one animal, and it was excluded from analysis. Two animals did not show changes in melatonin secretion after MCAo. Eleven of the remaining 13 rats exhibited temporal shifts in melatonin secretion, beginning with the first night after MCAo (Day 0); a representative rat is shown in Figure 2A. These rats demonstrated clear brain infarctions of the cortex and basal ganglia, demonstrated by TTC staining (Figure 2A). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim regarding the regulation of circadian rhythms by light-sensitive proteins. It discusses the melatonin secretion patterns in Wistar rats before and after MCAo surgery but does not mention the role of light-sensitive proteins in regulating circadian rhythms.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Exposure therapy is effective for many types of phobias. [SEP] Text: and its Disorders - and Treatment of Anxiety and Panic (Ed. DH Barlow): 380-417. London, Guilford Press. (2015) Psychological treatments for panic disorders, phobias, and social and generalized anxiety disorders. Guide to Work (): 409-461. New York, Press. (2019) Using virtual reality exposure therapy to enhance treatment of anxiety disorders: identifying areas of clinical adoption and potential obstacles. Front Psychiatry, 10:773. Botella C, Fernández-Álvarez J, Guillén V, García-Palacios A, Baños R (2017) Recent progress in virtual reality exposure therapy for phobias: a systematic review. Rep, 19:42. (1998) Update on empirically validated therapies, II. Clin Psychol, 51:3-16. (2007) Treatment of specific phobia in adults. Rev, 27:266-286. Cohen DC (1977) Comparison of self-report and overt-behavioral procedures for assessing acrophobia. Behav Ther, 8:17-23. Depp C, Lebowitz BD (2007) Clinical trials: bridging the gap between efficacy and effectiveness. Psychiatry, 19:531-539. (2012) Gender balance, representativeness, and statistical power in sexuality research using undergraduate student samples. Behav, 41:325-327. (1999) Evaluating the importance of multi-sensory input on memory and the sense of presence in virtual environments (p. 222-228). . (2019) Effectiveness of self-guided app-based virtual reality cognitive behavior therapy for acrophobia: a randomized clinical trial. JAMA Psychiatry, 76:682-690. (2014) Extinction in multiple virtual reality contexts diminishes fear reinstatement in humans. Mem, 113:157-164. (2018) Specific phobias. Lancet Psychiatry, 5:678-686. (1991) Panic and phobia. Disorders in America: Study ():155-179. . Elkins DN (2012) Toward a common focus in psychotherapy research. Psychotherapy, 49:450-454. (2008) Psikiyatrik bozukluklarin epidemiyolojisi. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text supports the claim by referencing multiple studies and reviews that discuss the efficacy of various forms of exposure therapy, including virtual reality exposure therapy and its application in treating phobias and anxiety disorders. Specific studies are mentioned that validate this therapeutic approach, demonstrating its effectiveness for treating specific phobias.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Cryptocurrencies are immune to all forms of hacking. [SEP] Text: On the other hand, since Bitcoin is a decentralized technology, it was warmly adopted by anarchist organizations worldwide [1, 2, 3], but for similar reasons, it was attacked by many others [4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9]. Some attacked the Bitcoin from the fear of shaking the current centers of powers, but most attacked it out of ignorance. Strangely enough, even in the libertarian community, which in general embraced the new currency, there are some that used allegedly Austrian economics arguments to debunk the foundation of the Bitcoin economy [10, 11, 12, 13, 14]. In general, we encounter two strategies to attack Bitcoin: (1) presenting multiple minor or even clearly erroneous arguments. Consequently, the arguments keep reappearing, despite the fact that they are constantly refuted. And (2) using fundamental economic laws to allegedly demonstrate that Bitcoin does not possess the essential properties of money. The object of the 2. a Ponzi scheme? The most common criticism against Bitcoin is that Bitcoin is actually a Ponzi scheme [7, 10]. Clearly, there is no resemblance between the two. A Ponzi scheme is a fraudulent investment operation. The investors are made to believe that they gain from the investment operation, while in fact, the money comes from new investment, that is, a Ponzi scheme is a pyramid fraud. While some cryptocurrencies or tokens do seem to be a Ponzi scheme, Bitcoin is definitely not. Everything about Bitcoin: its algorithm, its network, and its development projects are completely transparent. The network, the mining process, and the entire project are all decentralized. There are no managers, no organizers, and no control. Therefore, there could be no fraud. Bitcoin does not even have a pyramid structure. An investor in Bitcoin can make a profit by selling it at a higher price, just like in any other trade. Unlike pyramid structures, the owner of Bitcoins does not have to convince multiple people to invest in order to make a profit. It is true that in both cases, the first investors gain more than the last ones, and that their profit rises with the number of traders. However, by the law of demand, it is clear that the price rises with the increase in demand, that is, the price increases with the number of buyers. This is valid for any commodity, and Bitcoin is no exception. This is definitely not a pyramid structure’s fingerprint. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the vulnerabilities associated with Bitcoin, despite its decentralized nature. Although it emphasizes the transparency and decentralized structure of Bitcoin, it implies that Bitcoin has faced attacks from various groups due to several factors, thus suggesting that it is not immune to hacking or criticism. The presence of attacks and criticism implies vulnerabilities, which contradicts the claim of complete immunity.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Circadian rhythms are regulated by light-sensitive proteins. [SEP] Text: Figure 3 Heterogeneous responses of melatonin timing after MCAo. MT-on and MT-off times were obtained for each day of the experiment and are displayed in a composite timeline. Individual rats' melatonin profiles are depicted by unique colors. The left side shows MT-on tracings with black-filled circles, whereas the right side shows MT-off tracings with white-filled circles. As before, the day of MCAo was defined as Day 0. Due to technical difficulty, data was not available for some days for specific animals (dotted lines were used when days were skipped). Figure 4 Effect of MCAo on the duration of nightly melatonin secretion. Melatonin duration was calculated by computing the time between MT-on and MT-off for each day of the experiment. Since melatonin duration differs among individuals in the cohort, the melatonin duration was therefore normalized to the stable pre-stroke melatonin duration (set to 100%). Melatonin duration plots are displayed for each individual in a different color. As before, the day of MCAo was defined as Day 0. Dotted lines are used to signify days when data were not available for technical reasons. Figure 5 Effect of MCAo on the shift of nightly melatonin onset. The impact of stroke on the melatonin rhythm for each animal was calculated by averaging the absolute daily melatonin onset shift (relative to pre-stroke baseline); see methods for a discussion of this calculation. The averages of these values determined for all animals with MCAo or sham surgery are displayed in bar graph format. The difference between average melatonin onset shift in the MCAo group was statistically significant relative to the control group (p < 0. 02). As discussed above, the pre-stroke phase angle of MT-on displayed variations within the cohort, indicating that individual animals exhibited unique circadian parameters. However, individual variations in MT-on time did not correlate with the direction or amplitude of circadian shifts after stroke (calculated on the initial day after the stroke; Figure 6). Figure 6 Lack of relationship between the phase angle of MT-on and the circadian response to MCAo. As seen in Figure 1, rats demonstrate a wide range of baseline phase angles of MT-on. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim about circadian rhythms being regulated by light-sensitive proteins. Instead, it discusses melatonin timing and individual variations in melatonin profiles in response to MCAo, lacking any mention of light-sensitive proteins or their role in circadian rhythms.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Exposure therapy is effective for many types of phobias. [SEP] Text: Türkiye'de Sık Karşılaşılan Psikiyatrik Hastalıklar Sempozyumu (Uğur, İ Balcıoğlu, N Kocabaşoğlu):25-30. İstanbul, İstanbul Üniversitesi. (2021) Virtual reality exposure treatment in phobias: a systematic review. Psychiatr Q, 92:1685-1710. Garcia-(2007) Comparing acceptance and refusal rates of virtual reality exposure vs. in vivo exposure by patients with specific phobias. Cyberpsychol Behav, 10:722-724. Garcia-(2001) Redefining therapeutic success with virtual reality exposure therapy. Cyberpsychol Behav, 4:341-348. Garcia-(2002) Virtual reality in the treatment of spider phobia: a controlled study. Ther, 40:983-993. Geraets CN, Van der Stouwe EC, Pot-Kolder R, (2021) Advances in immersive virtual reality interventions for mental disorders: a new reality? . Psychol, 41:40-45. Götestam KG (2002) One session group treatment of spider phobia by direct or modelled exposure. Ther, 31:18-24. (2015) Using virtual reality to improve the efficacy of cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) in the treatment of late-life anxiety: preliminary recommendations for future research. Int Psychogeriatr, 27:1217-1225. Gujjar KR, van Wijk A, Kumar R, de (2019) Efficacy of virtual reality exposure therapy for the treatment of dental phobia in adults: a randomized controlled trial. J Anxiety Disord, 62:100-108. (2008) Cognitive-behavioral therapy for adult anxiety disorders: a meta-analysis of randomized placebo-controlled trials. J Clin Psychiatry, 69:621-632. (2012) Evidence-based assessment and treatment of specific phobias in adults. One-of (Öst): 19-41. New York, NY, Springer. (1995) The modified dental anxiety scale: validation and norms. Health, 12:143-50. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text discusses various studies and systematic reviews related to exposure therapy, particularly focusing on virtual reality exposure therapy. It mentions specific phobias, such as spider phobia and dental phobia, and outlines evidence of effectiveness through controlled trials and systematic evaluations. This supports the claim that exposure therapy is effective for many types of phobias.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Cryptocurrencies are immune to all forms of hacking. [SEP] Text: Moreover, the whole network structure is different. A pyramid is a centralized structure, where there is a clear asymmetry between investors and all profits eventually dissipate toward the founders of the pyramid (this is a “top-down” business model). Bitcoin is a decentralized network, where all the Bitcoins’ owners have the same status. Moreover, the founders of a crypto network may not even own a share in this network, or they can sell their share, if they have one (like Charlie Lee, the founder of the Litecoin network, who recently sold all his Litecoins). Advertisement 3. Bitcoin is a bubble Another common criticism is that Bitcoin and the other cryptocurrencies are a bubble [4, 6, 8]. This claim is not a very informative one. What does it mean? Does it mean that the Bitcoin price is too high? In a free market, the price is always right. If there is something “wrong” with the price, then it means that the market is not really free. When there is a housing bubble, it does not mean that there is something wrong with the houses, or that the sellers are greedier than they usually are, but it does mean that the government manipulates the interest rate and subsidizes bad mortgages, etc. Therefore, any “bubble” claim is actually not a criticism against Bitcoin, but a claim against something external to its network—probably against governments. If everyone buys cryptocurrencies, it is probably because the public has no other investment channels. The banking interest is practically zero; the stock market is too high after 10 consecutive years of rising prices; and the housing market is recovering from the latest collapse. The fact that Bitcoin is in a state of a bubble, whatever that means, cannot be used as evidence to the argument that Bitcoin is worthless. Wittgenstein wrote, “For whenever we test anything, we are already presupposing something that is not tested. ” Similarly, when one believes the price of Bitcoin is too high, he presupposes that Bitcoin has some value. Advertisement 4. Bitcoin yields no return Another repeating argument is that Bitcoin is not a real asset in the sense that it does not yield any return. Unlike stocks or real estates, which yield dividends and rents, Bitcoin does not “yield” anything. People purchase Bitcoin only to sell it later. But this is a strange argument, since, after all, money never yields return. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the vulnerabilities associated with cryptocurrencies and how the market perceives them. While the text does not explicitly mention hacking, it provides a critique of Bitcoin, referring to it as a bubble and discussing its value in relation to external factors. This suggests that cryptocurrencies, rather than being immune, are subject to market fluctuations and external influences, which could imply vulnerabilities, including hacking risks.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Circadian rhythms are regulated by light-sensitive proteins. [SEP] Text: We explored the relationship between the phase angle (on the day of the stroke; shown on the X-axis) of MT-on, MT-off, and melatonin duration, relative to the baseline values before MCAo. The r2 values are shown; no relationship was found. The direction of MT-on and MT-off shift (on the first night after the stroke) demonstrated no correlation with each other (Figure 7A). Roughly equal numbers of rats experienced an advance in MT-on compared to delays, and roughly half experienced advances in MT-off compared to delays. We observed all four combinations of MT-on/MT-off patterns (advance/advance, advance/delay, delay/advance, and delay/delay). The change in MT-off was also not associated with melatonin duration (Figure 7B). Figure 7 Change in melatonin duration is related to the change in MT-on after MCAo. Results from the day of the MCAo were examined here. Data displayed include the change in MT-on, MT-off, and melatonin duration relative to respective pre-MCAo values. (A) There was no relationship between shifts in MT-on and MT-off after stroke. Animals exhibited all four possible combinations of directions of shift. (B) There was no relationship between the shifts in MT-off and melatonin duration. (C) Change in the melatonin duration after stroke was strongly linked to the shift in MT-on. The r2 values are shown. Interestingly, the initial change in melatonin duration was strongly linked to the initial change in MT-on after stroke (Figure 7C). Thus, the change in melatonin duration after stroke could be predicted by observing MT-on alone. This relationship held true several days after the stroke, as well (see below). Due to early death (ID2832 and ID2837) and technical reasons (ID2660, ID2842, and ID2896), we were not able to quantify MT-on and MT-off for every day in every animal. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses the relationship between melatonin duration and MT-on/MT-off shifts following a stroke, without addressing the role of light-sensitive proteins in regulating circadian rhythms.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Exposure therapy is effective for many types of phobias. [SEP] Text: (2020) A randomised wait-list controlled pilot trial of one-session virtual reality exposure therapy for blood-injection-injury phobias. J Affect Disord, 276:636-645. Karlsson P, (2015) Compared with what? an analysis of control‐group types in cochrane and campbell reviews of psychosocial treatment efficacy with substance use disorders. Addiction, 110:20-428. -et al. (2020) Treating patients with driving phobia by virtual reality exposure therapy - a pilot study. PLoS One, 15:e0226937. (2002) The etiology of phobias: an evaluation of the stress-diathesis model. Psychiatry, 59:242-248. (2012) Twelve‐month and lifetime prevalence and lifetime morbid risk of anxiety and mood disorders in the United States. Res, 21:169-184. Kristman V, Manno M, Côté P (2004) Loss to follow-up in cohort studies: how much is too much? . Epidemiol, 19:751-760. ńczyk M, Przybyło J, et al. (2021) Tips for effective implementation of virtual reality exposure therapy in phobias - a systematic review. Front Psychiatry, 12:737351. Llewellyn-(2016) Post-trial follow-up methodology in large randomized controlled trials: a systematic review protocol. Syst Rev, 5:214. (1996) Agoraphobia, simple phobia, and social phobia in the Survey. Psychiatry 53:159-168. Maples-(2017) The use of virtual reality technology in the treatment of anxiety and other psychiatric disorders. Psychiatry, 25:103-113. Marks IM (1978) Behavioral psychotherapy of adult neurosis. of Psychotherapy and ():493-547). Chichester, Wiley. -(2010) A randomized, controlled clinical trial of in virtuo and in vivo exposure for spider phobia. Soc Netw, 13:689-695. Miloff A, Lindner P, Dafgård (2019) Automated virtual reality exposure therapy for spider phobia vs. in-vivo onesession treatment: a randomized non-inferiority trial. Ther, 118:130-140. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text supports the claim by mentioning various studies that examine the effectiveness of exposure therapy for different types of phobias, particularly through the use of virtual reality technology. For instance, it references a pilot study on treating driving phobia and offers tips for effective implementation of virtual reality exposure therapy in phobias, indicating that there is ongoing research and positive outcomes associated with exposure therapy.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Cryptocurrencies are immune to all forms of hacking. [SEP] Text: A one-dollar note does not yield a return. It will be worth 1$ forever. Nevertheless, people “purchase” dollars only to “sell” them later for goods. This is exactly the function of money and the same applies to Bitcoin. Advertisement 5. The Bitcoin’s volatility One very common attack on Bitcoin is that it must be useless as money (or currency) since it has very high volatility [12, 13]. Clearly, if an asset’s value is very volatile, then it is less likely to be adopted as a unit of account, which is one of the properties of money. However, it should not considerably affect its prospects to be used as a medium of exchange. Even today, most Bitcoin transactions are quantified in US dollars, that is, in these transactions, Bitcoin is used as a medium of exchange, while the US dollar is used as a unit of account. However, it should be stressed that in these transactions, the dollar takes no role. Bitcoin is currently exploring a new territory, in which it is used as a medium of exchange, but yet to be used as a unit of account (on this discrepancy see Ref. [15]). Moreover, the usage of the volatility criterion is useful only in close-to-equilibrium’s markets. In the case of Bitcoin, the price increases exponentially, which is a clear sign of a nonequilibrium scenario. Exponential rise is an indication of a constant amplification process, which cannot occur in the vicinity of equilibria. In this case, it is clear that the volatility will increase exponentially as well. Therefore, there could be two options: (A) the approximately constant amplification process is close to its end, in which case the market will converge to a semiequilibrium state, and the volatility will decrease dramatically. (B) The constant amplification process is going to last for some time, in which case the value of Bitcoin will continue to rise dramatically. Therefore, in both cases, the attractiveness of Bitcoin will increase, and in any case, the high volatility in an exponentially growing process cannot be used as an argument for the claim that Bitcoin is worthless. It is only a sign that the crypto market is in its infancy stages. In an exponentially growing economy, the volatility should be evaluated in logarithmic scale, and in this scale, the Bitcoins’ volatility actually declines. Advertisement 6. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the volatility of Bitcoin, which implies a level of inherent risk and instability associated with cryptocurrencies. It suggests that high volatility affects Bitcoin's function as a stable medium of exchange, indicating that cryptocurrencies are not immune to economic pressures and risks that can result from hacking or market fluctuations. While it does not specifically mention hacking, the instability it describes suggests that cryptocurrencies can be influenced by various threats.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Circadian rhythms are regulated by light-sensitive proteins. [SEP] Text: However, in animals for which we had daily data for extended periods, the MT-on and melatonin duration demonstrate highly dynamic day-to-day changes after stroke (Figures 8A and 8B); the change in MT-on and melatonin duration from day-to-day exhibited an alternating pattern, seeming to oscillate after stroke, albeit with progressively decreasing amplitude. The waning of day-to-day changes suggests that over time, the melatonin onset and duration are reaching equilibrium at a new set point. As on the first day after MCAo, MT-on and melatonin duration changes over the course of a few days correlate well with each other, indicating that the main determinant of melatonin duration changes after stroke is the MT-on shift (Figure 8C). Figure 8 Day to day changes in MT parameters after stroke. The day-to-day changes in MT-on and melatonin duration were defined as the change in melatonin timing compared to the time on the previous day. As expected, on Day -1, there is no shift since the melatonin rhythm is stable. However, on Day 0 (the day of the stroke) there is a change in the melatonin timing compared to before stroke. Only five animals, represented by different colors, were used for this analysis. Other animals in the study could not be used because of gaps in data. (A) MT-on changes markedly in most animals from day-to-day. In all animals, there is a remarkable oscillation of the daily changes in melatonin timing. In general, the amplitude of the oscillation decreases over time. (B) A similar trend is seen with the daily change in melatonin duration. (C) There is a strong relationship between the daily shift in MT-on and melatonin duration among most animals. The r2 coefficients (for each animal) were: 0. 85 (ID2658), 0. 56 (ID2833), 0. 15 (ID2839), 0. 92 (ID2892), and 0. 99 (ID2900). To determine whether circadian melatonin shifts were related to the degree of infarction, we computed the area of brain infarction using established morphometric methods. The range in infarction volume was typical of stroke studies (30% +/-15%). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text discusses the dynamics of melatonin duration and MT-on changes after stroke, focusing on their oscillation and relationship post-infarction. However, it does not address light-sensitive proteins or their role in regulating circadian rhythms, making it irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Exposure therapy is effective for many types of phobias. [SEP] Text: Mineka S, (2006) Contemporary learning theory perspectives on the etiology of fears and phobias. Fear and Learning: Processes to (): 75-97). . Minns, S, Levihn- (2019) Immersive 3D exposure-based treatment for spider fear: a randomized controlled trial. J Anxiety Disord, 61:37-44. (2015) Preferred reporting items for systematic review and meta-analysis protocols (-P) 2015 statement. Syst Rev, 4:1. (2015) A Guide to Work. New York, Press. Neudeck P, (2012) Dissemination of exposure therapy in clinical practice: how to handle the barriers? . Therapy: Rethinking the Model - Refining the Method (Eds. P Neudeck, HU Wittchen):23-34. New York, NY, Springer. (2011) Evidence-based therapy relationships: research conclusions and clinical practices. Psychotherapy, 48:98-102. North M, (1994) Virtual environments and psychological disorders. of Virtual Culture, 2:37-42. (1996) Effectiveness of virtual environment desensitization in the treatment of agoraphobia. Presence (Camb), 5:346-352. Oing, T, (2018) Implementations of virtual reality for anxiety-related disorders: systematic review. 6:e10965. Page S, (2016) Virtual reality exposure therapy for anxiety disorders: small samples and no controls? . Front Psychol, 7:326. (2008) Virtual reality exposure therapy for anxiety disorders: a meta-analysis. J Anxiety Disord, 22:561-569. Pull CB (2008) Recent trends in the study of specific phobias. Psychiatry, 21:43-50. (2011) Does engagement with exposure yield better outcomes? Components of presence as a predictor of treatment response for virtual reality exposure therapy for social phobia. J Anxiety Disord, 25:763-770. (1995) The well-built clinical question: a key to evidence-based decisions. ACP J Club, 123:A12-A13. (2006) Virtual reality exposure therapy and standard (in vivo) exposure therapy in the treatment of fear of flying. Behav Ther, 37:80-90. (1999) The use of virtual reality exposure in the treatment of anxiety disorders. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by listing various studies and articles that discuss the effectiveness of exposure therapy, particularly in treating specific phobias and anxiety disorders. For example, references to randomized controlled trials, meta-analyses, and comparative studies between virtual reality exposure therapy and standard exposure therapy support the assertion that exposure therapy has positive outcomes for treating phobias.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Cryptocurrencies are immune to all forms of hacking. [SEP] Text: The hoarding dilemma Another important claim is that Bitcoin is worthless as a medium of exchange because most people, who purchased it, hoard the coins [12, 13]. Since most people regard Bitcoin as a store of value and “Hodl” (the crypto nickname for hold) the coins, how can it be used as a medium of exchange? This claim is often heard even in the crypto community, where the holders are encouraged to exchange their coins with goods, that is, to sell and buy the coins repeatedly (e. g. , ). However, the two properties of money are tightly linked. A good cannot be a store of value unless it is a medium of exchange and vice versa. How can an object be valuable, without the option of exchanging it for something else? How can something be a medium of exchange, unless it is valuable? Moreover, hoarding takes place only when people expect that the coins’ price will rise in the future. In this case, fewer coins are used in circulation and, as a consequence, their price increases. This is the mechanism that persuades the hoarders to part with their coins. Advertisement 7. A deflationary economy The hoarding dilemma is a very important point because it is related to another criticism: how can Bitcoin be used as a medium of exchange while being a deflationary currency? In a deflationary monetary economy, the argument continues, prices decrease perpetually, and therefore people have no incentive to buy anything, for they know that they will probably get it for less money in the future. In such an economy, consumption decreases, and the economy stagnates. There are several problems with this argument. First, there is a problem of definition. Bitcoin is an inflationary currency, not a deflationary one since the number of coins increases gradually. It is true, however, that its rate decreases, and eventually the total number of coins is limited (around 21 million). Consequently, in a progressing economy, which is based on Bitcoin, eventually, the Bitcoin inflation will be lower than the economy’s growth rate. In such an economy, the products’ prices will eventually decrease. This state is wrongly termed “deflationary” [16, 17]. However, and this brings us to the second misconception, there is nothing wrong with rising prices. In fact, the economic sectors, which experience decreasing prices, are the sectors with the highest growth rate. The computer industry belongs to this category. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts with the claim by discussing the hoarding dilemma and issues related to Bitcoin's usage as a medium of exchange. It does not address the claim of being immune to hacking directly, but it implies that Bitcoin has vulnerabilities related to its value perception and circulation, which can lead to questions about its security against hacking.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Circadian rhythms are regulated by light-sensitive proteins. [SEP] Text: We could not identify a correlation between the degree of damage and either the direction or the amplitude of initial changes in MT-on, MT-off, and melatonin duration (Figure 9). Figure 9 Infarct volume and its relationship to shift in MT timing. Infarct volumes for all animals undergoing MCAo were computed. Each rat's infarct volume was plotted against the Day 0 shift in MT-on, melatonin duration, or MT-off relative to the baseline time before stroke. There was no linear relationship between infarct volume and any of the quantitative measures of circadian changes. The r2 values are shown; no relationship was found. Melatonin production in the pineal gland is controlled by a number of brain structures that include the SCN, paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus (PVN), and intermediolateral nucleus of the spinal cord (IML). In addition, the thalamic intergeniculate leaflet (IGL) [20] modulates SCN activity, which may affect melatonin output. Additionally, structures such as caudate putaman (CPu) and parietal cortex are involved in locomotor rhythm generation that can be dissociated from the SCN signals [21], and may be affected in animals after stroke. To determine whether specific regions affected by MCAo were responsible for melatonin rhythm disruption, we examined lesion sites of MCAo-treated animals. Of the animals that exhibited shifts in melatonin rhythms, only one showed injury near the SCN and only three animals showed infarctions of the IGL. None of the animals had injury to the PVN or IML. This indicates that injury to these structures cannot account for the change in melatonin timing after stroke. On the other hand, all animals had significant injury to the CPu, and all but two animals had cortical injury. Thus, CPu stroke is sufficient by itself to disrupt normal melatonin rhythms. is the first study to our knowledge that demonstrates an effect of stroke on diurnal melatonin secretion in experimental animals. Our experiments unequivocally demonstrate that ischemic strokes in rats disrupt the timing of melatonin onset and/or offset, which are the most consistent and direct markers of circadian timing. We also demonstrate that pineal microdialysis is a highly sensitive method for the study of modulation of the circadian pacemaker by disease states. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim regarding the regulation of circadian rhythms by light-sensitive proteins. It discusses the effects of stroke on melatonin rhythms and the role of various brain structures but does not mention light-sensitive proteins or their regulation of circadian rhythms.