Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Telemedicine is equally effective for all types of medical treatment. [SEP] Text: in via InstitutionLog in via Openin using your username and password For personal accounts OR managers of institutional accounts Username * Password * Forgot your log in details? Register a new account? Forgot your user name or password? for this keyword Advanced search Latest content Topic collections Search for this keyword Advanced search Main menu Latest content Topic collections Log in in via InstitutionLog in via Openin using your username and password For personal accounts OR managers of institutional accounts Username * Password * Forgot your log in details? Register a new account? Forgot your user name or password? BMJ are here, Issue 2 Are all psychotherapies equally effective in the treatment of adult depression? The lack of statistical power of comparative outcome studies Email alerts 0. 24. In order to detect such an effect size, power calculations showed that a trial would need to include 548 patients. We selected 3 recent meta-analyses of psychotherapies for adult depression (cognitive behaviour therapy (CBT), interpersonal psychotherapy and non-directive counselling) and examined the number of patients included in the trials directly comparing other psychotherapies. The largest trial comparing CBT with another therapy included 178 patients, and had enough power to detect a differential effect size of only d=0. 42. None of the trials in the 3 meta-analyses had enough power to detect effect sizes smaller than d=0. 34, but some came close to the threshold for detecting a clinically relevant effect size of d=0. 24. Meta-analyses may be able to solve the problem of the low power of individual trials. However, many of these studies have considerable risk of bias, and if we only focused on trials with low risk of bias, there would no longer be enough studies to detect clinically relevant effects. We conclude that individual trials are heavily underpowered and do not even come close to having sufficient power for detecting clinically relevant effect sizes. Despite this large number of trials, it is still not clear whether there are clinically relevant differences between these therapies. Statistics from Altmetric. com If you wish to reuse any or all of this 34. Unfortunately, these comparative trials pose a big problem with statistical power bringing about the conclusion that all therapies are equally effective very uncertain. Because the differential effects between psychological treatments are small or non-existent, large sample sizes are needed. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the unequal effectiveness of psychotherapies for adult depression, highlighting that trials have been underpowered and that there are considerable uncertainties about the effectiveness of different therapies. The conclusion drawn is that 'all therapies are equally effective very uncertain,' suggesting a lack of evidence to support the claim that telemedicine is equally effective across all medical treatments.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Bioengineered yeast can produce biofuels from sugars. [SEP] Text: subtilis [27], they have not been used for enhancing l-lactic acid production from glucose and xylose, nor have they been studied in B. licheniformis previously. Using our new combinatorial “dual-channel” process, the engineered strain, RH15, was capable of producing 121. 9 or 99. 3 g/L l-lactic acid after 40 h fermentation from a mixture of glucose and xylose or from lignocellulosic hydrolysate, indicating that the strategy was functional and effective. As is commonly known, CCR can severely impair the co-utilization of glucose and xylose and can result in a low mixed-sugar fermentation yield. To address the problem of inefficient utilization, various metabolic engineering strategies have been implemented in recent years. These strategies mainly include substituting PTS with inositol permeases (iolT1) and glucokinase (glk), overexpressing ATP-forming phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase to increase ATP supply, and incorporating heterologous xylose catabolism genes, such as the d-xylose-proton symporter (xylT), xylA and xlyB, and the pentose transport gene araE [3, 30,31,32]. These methods can greatly reduce the CCR and enhance the titers and yields of the products. Herein, we showed that the integration of galP and replacement with the strong promoter P als could effectively enhance the glucose consumption rate by 54. 6 and 10. 2%, respectively, after eliminating CCR. Both results were in accordance with previous reports [1, 31], indicating that GalP and P als were also functional in B. licheniformis for glucose utilization. The inactivation of xylR also played a weak role in promoting the xylose consumption rate, possibly because the relieved repression from XylR was unable to significantly improve the expression of d-xylose pathway genes. Furthermore, XylA derived from GP strain were more efficient in optimizing the rate-limiting step compared with those from GN strains, suggesting the different sensitivities to gene expression in GP and GN strains [33, 34]. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim about bioengineered yeast producing biofuels from sugars; rather, it discusses metabolic engineering strategies for enhancing l-lactic acid production from glucose and xylose. Thus, the text is irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Vaccines help in preventing the spread of infectious diseases. [SEP] Text: 89, 95% CI 0. 57 to 1. 39; 15,471 participants, 10 trials; Analysis 2. 18). 2. 3. Immunogenicity RV5 immunogenicity was measured by rotavirus vaccine virus shedding (5 trials, Analysis 2. 19) and seroconversion (10 trials, Analysis 2. 20) after the third vaccine dose. We decided not to pool the data, however, because of significant heterogeneity (I2 statistic = 80% and 87%, respectively). 2. 4. Dropouts before the end of trial Similar numbers of children taking RV5 and placebo dropped out from trials before they ended (RR 0. 98, 95% CI 0. 90 to 1. 08; 85,855 participants, 13 trials; Analysis 2. 21). 2. 5. Subgroup analyses 2. 5. 1. G type Rotavirus diarrhoea: of any severity When the analyses were stratified by the G type (Analysis 2. 22), there were fewer episodes of rotavirus diarrhoea in the RV5 group compared to the placebo group for the G1 type (RR 0. 26, 95% CI 0. 21 to 0. 32; 11,022 participants, 4 trials), the G2 type (RR 0. 35, 95% CI 0. 16 to 0. 78; 9907 participants, 3 trials), and the G9 type (RR 0. 33, 95% CI 0. 20 to 0. 54; 9537 participants, 2 trials). The results were not statistically significant for G3 (RR 0. 40, 95% CI 0. 08 to 2. 02; 11,022 participants, 4 trials) or for G4 (RR 0. 41, 95% CI 0. 13 to 1. 33; 9907 participants, 3 trials). Rotavirus diarrhoea: severe There were significantly fewer severe episodes of rotavirus diarrhoea in the RV5 groups for G4 (RR 0. 12, 95% CI 0. 03 to 0. 46; 76,606 participants, 3 trials) and G9 (RR 0. 13, 95% CI 0. 05 to 0. 34; 76,606 participants, 3 trials). Pooled results were not significant for G1 (RR 0. 23, 95% CI 0. 03 to 1. 74; 76,606 participants, 3 trials), G2 (RR 0. 41, 95% CI 0. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text provides evidence supporting the claim that vaccines help prevent the spread of infectious diseases. It mentions that there were significantly fewer severe episodes of rotavirus diarrhoea in groups that received the RV5 vaccine compared to the placebo group, indicating the vaccine's effectiveness in reducing disease incidence. The analysis details include lower relative risks (RR) for various G types of rotavirus, which supports the claim about vaccines' role in disease prevention.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Telemedicine is equally effective for all types of medical treatment. [SEP] Text: The smallest trial with 13 patients had only sufficient power to detect an effect size of d=1. 71. It is also evident that none of the trials even came close to the number needed to find a clinically relevant differential effect size of d=0. 24 (N=548). The largest comparative trial had only 32% of the patients needed to find such a differential effect size. Comparative outcome trials for non-directive counselling and IPTWe did the same calculations for non-directive counselling for depression based on another meta-analysis with 32 trials comparing counselling to other psychotherapies. 9 The mean effect size was d=−0. 20 in favour of the other psychotherapies, the mean number of patients per study was 59 (range 16–221). As can be seen from figure 1, the number of patients per study did not come close to the numbers needed to find such a differential effect size (which is N=788). The largest study has sufficient power to detect a differential effect size of d=0. 34. 10Finally, we ran these calculations for IPT,11 using 13 comparisons with other therapies, a differential effect size of d=0. 06 and 70 patients on average per trial (range 26–177). The largest trial had sufficient power to find an effect size of d=0. 38. 12These calculations show that the trials comparing different types of psychotherapy are heavily underpowered. The largest comparative trial we found in three comprehensive meta-analyses of major types of psychotherapy included 221 patients, which is about 40% of the 548 patients needed to detect a clinically relevant effect size of d=0. 24. This largest trial had enough power to detect an effect size of d=0. 34. As comparison, the effect size for antidepressants versus pill placebo is d=0. 31. 13 That means that none of the comparative trials even had sufficient statistical power to detect an effect similar to that of antidepressants. The second step: can meta-analyses solve the problem of statistical power? In the second step, we examined whether meta-analyses of comparative outcome studies can solve the problem of low statistical power to detect differential effects. We conducted power calculations for meta-analyses according to the procedures described by Borenstein et al,14 (conservatively assuming a medium level of between-study variance (τ2) and a significance level (α) of 0. 05). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by presenting data on the statistical power of trials comparing different types of psychotherapy, which suggests significant underperformance in detecting clinically relevant effects. It details that trials are underpowered, meaning they lack the capability to reliably detect differences between forms of treatment, suggesting that not all types of medical treatment, including telemedicine, can be evaluated with equal effectiveness. The emphasis on effect sizes and insufficient patient numbers indicates variability in effectiveness across different treatment modalities.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Bioengineered yeast can produce biofuels from sugars. [SEP] Text: l-Lactic acid is produced from pyruvic acid in a mixed-acid fermentation process involving several byproducts, such as formic acid, acetic acid, ethanol, and succinic acid [9]. The increased byproducts not only lower the yield of the target product but also impede the process of product recovery and purification. Therefore, elimination of byproduct formation to increase l-lactic acid yield is crucial. In our study, further disruption of the adhB and ackA genes based on strain RH08 resulted in a higher concentration, productivity, and yield of l-lactic acid, indicating that the carbon flux was channeled from ethanol and acetic acid production to l-lactic acid in strain RH15. The growth defect in the pflA-deleted strain RH12 has been observed in many other strains, such as E. coli [35], Geobacillus thermoglucosidasius [36], and Klebsiella oxytoca [37], and can be accounted for due to the high intracellular redox level rather than the reduced acetyl-CoA level, as PflA can catalyze the conversion of pyruvate to formic acid and acetyl-CoA simultaneously [38]. It has been emphasized that green processes using renewable biomass such as lignocellulosic hydrolysate are the trend in technological research and development; therefore, promoting these processes has become increasingly important. Thus far, the production of l-lactic acid has been investigated extensively in term of lignocellulosic biomass to decrease the use of edible biomass and to reduce the production cost [39, 40]. Table 4 lists the recent studies on l-lactic acid fermentation from mixed-sugars derived from lignocellulosic biomass. In batch fermentation, a relatively high l-lactic acid concentration (101. 9 g/L) was acquired by Pediococcus acidilactici DQ2, though low lactic acid productivity (1. 06 g/[L h]) was observed [41]. The highest productivity (3. 28 g/[L h]) was observed in B. coagulans NBRC 12714, with an appreciable simultaneous concentration of l-lactic acid [10]. In fed-batch fermentation, the highest l-lactic acid titer (180 g/L) was achieved by B. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses the production of l-lactic acid through fermentation processes, focusing on byproducts and the performance of specific strains. It does not mention bioengineered yeast or their capability to produce biofuels from sugars.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Vaccines help in preventing the spread of infectious diseases. [SEP] Text: Rotavac 3. 1. Primary outcomes 3. 1. 1. Rotavirus diarrhoea: severe High‐mortality countries (WHO stratum D) One trial conducted in India provided data for the efficacy of Rotavac to prevent severe rotavirus diarrhoea in children. Rotavac reduced severe rotavirus diarrhoea cases by 57% at one year (RR 0. 43, 95% CI 0. 30 to 0. 60; 6799 participants, 1 trial; Analysis 3. 1) and by 54% by two years (RR 0. 46, 95% CI 0. 35 to 0. 60; 6541 participants, 1 trial; Analysis 3. 2). 3. 1. 2. All‐cause diarrhoea: severe High‐mortality countries (WHO stratum D) One trial conducted in India provided data for the efficacy of Rotavac to prevent severe all‐cause diarrhoea in children. The trial showed a reduction in the number of severe cases of diarrhoea with Rotavac compared to placebo at one year by 16% (RR 0. 84, 95% CI 0. 71 to 0. 98; 6799 participants, 1 trial; Analysis 3. 3). 3. 1. 3. All‐cause death High‐mortality countries (WHO stratum D) Two trials conducted in India reported on all‐cause death. There was no statistically significant difference in all‐cause death between Rotavac and placebo (RR 0. 92, 95% CI 0. 52 to 1. 62; 8155 participants Analysis 3. 4). We present details of causes of death for each trial in 9. 3. 1. 4. All serious adverse events High‐mortality countries (WHO stratum D) Serious adverse events were reported in three trials conducted in India. Pooled results showed no statistically significant difference in the number of serious adverse events in the Rotavac group compared with the placebo group (RR 0. 93, 95% CI 0. 85 to 1. 02; 8210 participants, 3 trials; Analysis 3. 5). 3. 1. 5. Serious adverse events: intussusception High‐mortality countries (WHO stratum D) Four trials conducted in India reported on cases of intussusception. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by providing evidence of the efficacy of the Rotavac vaccine in preventing severe rotavirus diarrhoea in children. It states that Rotavac reduced severe rotavirus diarrhoea cases by 57% at one year and by 54% by two years, which indicates a significant reduction in the incidence of this infectious disease among vaccinated children.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Telemedicine is equally effective for all types of medical treatment. [SEP] Text: We calculated the number of studies needed for a statistical power of 0. 8 and 0. 9. The studies in the three meta-analyses included on average 58 patients (29 patients per arm). In figure 2, we described how many studies would be needed (with 58 patients per study) to be able to detect a specific effect size, assuming a power of 0. 8 and 0. 9. Download figure Open in new tab Download powerpoint Figure 2 Number of studies needed in meta-analyses to detect differential effect sizes between therapies. IPT, interpersonal psychotherapy. For CBT (52 patients per study), we would need 18 trials to detect a significant effect of d=0. 24 with a power of 0. 8, or 24 trials with a power of 0. 9. The actual number of trials was 46, so this was enough to detect a clinically relevant effect. However, out of these 46 trials, only 13 had low risk of bias (defined as 3 or more positive scores on 4 items of the Cochrane risk of bias assessment tool). 15 So if we were to focus only on studies with low risk of bias, there would not be enough studies to detect a clinically relevant effect. The actual difference between CBT and other psychotherapies was d=0. 1, which was not significant. In order to detect a significant effect of d=0. 1, a total of 100 trials would be needed for a power of 0. 8 and 133 trials for a power of 0. 9. For non-directive supportive counselling (59 patients per trial), 16 trials would be needed to detect an effect of d=0. 24 with a power of 0. 8 or 21 trials with a power of 0. 9. The 32 trials comparing counselling with other therapies do, therefore, have enough power to detect a clinically relevant effect. However, only 14 trials had low risk of bias, so these would not be enough to detect such an effect. For IPT (70 patients per trial), 13 trials are needed for detecting an effect size of d=0. 24 for a power of 0. 8 or 18 trials for a power of 0. 9. The actual number of trials was 13, but only 8 had low risk of bias. DiscussionTrials comparing different types of psychotherapy for adult depression do not have sufficient power to detect clinically relevant effect sizes. In order to demonstrate a clinically significant effect size of d=0. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing a specific analysis of different types of psychotherapy for adult depression, highlighting that trials comparing these therapies do not have sufficient power to detect clinically relevant effect sizes. This suggests variability in treatment effectiveness, which implies that telemedicine may not be universally effective across all treatments.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Bioengineered yeast can produce biofuels from sugars. [SEP] Text: coagulans strain P38, which also achieved an acceptable productivity of 2. 40 g/[L h] [42]. There is no doubt that these studies have facilitated the commercialization of l-lactic acid production. However, the overall concentration and productivity of most systems for l-lactic acid production remain low, which cannot satisfy the requirements for large-scale industrial production. In the present study, our engineered strain RH15 was found to be an efficient producer for l-lactic acid production, and both the concentration and the productivity were competitive with most reported cases. Therefore, the efficient glucose and xylose utilization of the engineered B. licheniformis RH15 indicates its potential as a platform for producing other value chemicals or biofuels from lignocellulosic biomass. Table 4 Overview of l-lactic acid production from lignocellulose-derived sugarsFull size table ConclusionIn this study, for the first time, B. licheniformis was engineered to produce l-lactic acid from lignocellulose-derived sugars. The glucose metabolic pathway was reconstructed to eliminate the CCR via abolishing the PTS system and activating the galactose transport route (GalP). The xyl operon was optimized to increase the xylose uptake rate by screening for the rate-limiting enzyme, xylose isomerase, in thermophilic bacteria. This “dual-channel” process enabled the engineered strain RH15 to produce l-lactic acid from glucose and xylose simultaneously. When the lignocellulosic hydrolysate was used as the substrate, 99. 3 g/L l-lactic acid was produced, with a productivity of 2. 48 g/[L h] and an optical purity of 99. 7%. Thus, the engineered strain can serve as an efficient platform for chemical production from lignocellulosic biomass. This strategy might also be used to engineer other important strains to use inexpensive lignocellulose-derived sugars. Change history06 April 2018The authors are retracting this 27. 71. 8. 120. 6. 54. 27. 4580. Microbiol. 2014;80(20):6458–64. 4. 22. 9. 70. 4. Springerplus. 2012;1:43. 80. 9. J Biotechnol. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text discusses the engineering of a strain of B. licheniformis for l-lactic acid production from lignocellulose-derived sugars. While there is mention of producing chemicals from sugars, it does not explicitly address bioengineered yeast or the production of biofuels, making it irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Vaccines help in preventing the spread of infectious diseases. [SEP] Text: Eight cases of intussusception were reported in a total of 5764 children in the Rotavac arm compared with three cases of intussusception in 2818 children in the placebo arm. Pooled results showed no increased risk of intussusception in children receiving Rotavac when compared to placebo (RR 1. 33, 95% CI 0. 35 to 5. 02; 8582 participants, 4 trials; Analysis 3. 6). 3. 2. Secondary outcomes 3. 2. 1. Rotavirus diarrhoea: of any severity One trial provided data for the efficacy of Rotavac to prevent rotavirus diarrhoea of any severity in children. Rotavac reduced the number of cases of rotavirus diarrhoea of any severity by 34% at both one‐year (RR 0. 66, 95% CI 0. 56 to 0. 78; 6799 participants, 1 trial; Analysis 3. 7) and two‐year follow‐up (RR 0. 66, 95% CI 0. 57 to 0. 76; 6541 participants, 1 trial; Analysis 3. 8). 3. 2. 2. Rotavirus diarrhoea: requiring medical attention Rotavac reduced the number of children requiring medical attention due to rotavirus diarrhoea at one year of follow‐up by 31% compared to placebo (RR 0. 69, 95% CI 0. 58 to 0. 81; 6799 participants, 1 trial; Analysis 3. 9). 3. 2. 3. incidences of fever (Analysis 3. 10), diarrhoea (Analysis 3. 11), and vomiting (Analysis 3. 12) were evaluated after the first dose in two trials, second dose in one trial, and third dose in one trial. We found no statistically significant differences between the Rotavac and placebo groups for most of the reactogenicity outcomes and time points, except for diarrhoea, which demonstrated an increase with Rotavac compared to placebo after the second dose (RR 1. 55, 95% CI 1. 00 to 2. 41; 356 participants) and third dose (RR 4. 09, 95% CI 2. 11 to 7. 92; 358 participants). 3. 2. 4. was more immunogenic than placebo when measured by vaccine virus shedding at the end of follow‐up (RR 9. 86, 95% CI 2. 58 to 37. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by presenting evidence that the Rotavac vaccine significantly reduced cases of rotavirus diarrhoea, which is an infectious disease, by 34% at both one-year and two-year follow-ups, thus demonstrating its effectiveness in preventing the spread of such diseases. Additionally, it mentions a reduction in the number of children requiring medical attention due to rotavirus diarrhoea by 31%, further supporting the claim that vaccines play a role in preventing infectious diseases.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Telemedicine is equally effective for all types of medical treatment. [SEP] Text: 24, a trial would need to include 548 patients, but the largest comparative trial we found in three major meta-analyses included only 221 patients. This largest trial had only enough power to detect an effect size of d=0. 34, and even this trial did not have enough statistical power to detect the mean difference between antidepressant medication and placebo. The implication is that individual trials are heavily underpowered and do not even come close to having sufficient power for detecting clinically relevant effect sizes—let alone smaller effect sizes that may not be clinically significant—but are nevertheless interesting from a scientific point of view. Meta-analyses may be able to solve this problem. By pooling the effects of multiple studies, clinically relevant effect sizes can be identified. We found that sufficient studies were available for and non-directive supportive counselling. However, many of these studies have considerable risk of bias and, if we were to focus exclusively on trials with low risk of bias, there would no longer be enough studies to detect clinically relevant effects. Thus, were we to really take the evidence seriously, we would have to conclude that it is not clear whether and counselling are as effective as other therapies. Even though more than 100 comparative trials have been conducted, it still remains unclear whether one therapy is more effective than another. The evidence seems to point to no clinically relevant differences, but because of the considerable risk of bias in the majority of trials, the effectiveness of any particular therapy is still uncertain. Smaller differential effect sizes, below the threshold of clinical relevance, cannot be detected at all because many more trials are needed. Claims that all therapies (or at least all bona fide psychotherapies) are equally effective, including therapies for adult depression, should, therefore, be considered with caution. 16–18 Individual trials do not have enough power, and meta-analyses do not include enough trials with low risk of bias. Smaller differential effect sizes of about d=0. 1 or d=0. 15 anyway cannot be detected with the current number of trials included in meta-analyses. Conducting studies without sufficient statistical power to detect a realistic differential effect between treatments is not ethical. Resources as well as time and energy of patients, therapists and researchers go wasted because the trial is not suited to find the expected differences in outcome. Comparative trials of different types of psychotherapy should be expected to result in small differential effect sizes and need to include, therefore, large numbers of patients. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by stating that it is not clear whether various therapies, including counseling, are as effective as other treatments. It emphasizes that individual trials are underpowered and meta-analyses show considerable risk of bias, leading to uncertainty about the effectiveness of different therapies. This implies that not all therapies can be assumed to be equally effective, directly challenging the assertion that telemedicine is equally effective for all types of medical treatment.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Bioengineered yeast can produce biofuels from sugars. [SEP] Text: is Open Access? is an initiative that aims to make scientific research freely available to all. To date our community has made over 100 million downloads. It’s based on principles of collaboration, unobstructed discovery, and, most importantly, scientific progression. As PhD students, we found it difficult to access the research we needed, so we decided to create a new publisher that levels the playing field for scientists across the world. How? By making research easy to access, and puts the academic needs of the researchers before the business interests of publishers. are a community of more than 103,000 authors and editors from 3,291 institutions spanning 160 countries, including winners and some of the world’s most-cited researchers. Publishing on IntechOpen allows authors to earn 10. 5772/intechopen. 97580 this 1. Choose citation style Select style to clipboard Get citation 2. Choose citation style Select format Bibtex RIS Download citation IntechBiotechnology for by the Sugarcane - Biotechnology for by purchase hard copies of this book, please contact the representative in India: CBS Publishers & Distributors Pvt. Ltd. www. cbspd. com | customercare@cbspd. com 1. Choose citation style Select style to clipboard Get citation 2. Choose citation style Select format Bibtex RIS Download citation Impact of this 1. IntroductionEngineered sugarcane provides superior genotypes with a regulated expression of endogenous and exogenous genes, improved enzymatic reactions and sugar production, resulting in increased bioconversion of lignocellulosic biomass, recovery of sugars, and lipids for ethanol and diesel production. The genus Saccharum belongs to the family Poaceae with five major species; officinarum, sinense, barberi, robustum, and spontanuem, developed through complex hybridization. officinarum is mainly grown for sugar in tropical and subtropical regions of the world. Where this crop meets up to 80% of world sugar requirement [1] is facing several problems including biotic and abiotic that affect its production. Conventional approaches lagged in solving the problems due to the complex genome and narrow genetic pool of sugarcane, however, advanced tools are employed to address biotic and abiotic problems, and to increase agronomic traits including yield, juice, and sugar. Further, improved sugarcane is being grown for bioethanol production in countries like the and China. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is largely irrelevant to the claim as it discusses the Open Access initiative and details regarding sugarcane biotechnology. While it mentions aspects related to sugar production and bioethanol, it does not directly address the specific claim about bioengineered yeast producing biofuels from sugars.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Vaccines help in preventing the spread of infectious diseases. [SEP] Text: 63; 427 participants, 2 trials, Analysis 3. 13). It was also more immunogenic when measured by seroconversion at all time points (Analysis 3. 14): after the first dose (RR 3. 58, 95% CI 2. 03 to 6. 29; 121 participants, 1 trial), after the second dose (RR 2. 97, 95% CI 1. 78 to 4. 98; 117 participants, 1 trial), and after the third dose (RR 2. 82, 95% CI 2. 26 to 3. 51; 1699 participants, 3 trials). 3. 2. 5. Dropouts before the end of trial Similar numbers of children taking Rotavac or placebo dropped out from trials before they ended (RR 0. 81, 95% CI 0. 62 to 1. 06; 8215 participants, 3 trials; Analysis 3. 15). 3. 3. Subgroup analyses 3. 3. 1. G type Rotavirus diarrhoea: severe One trial reported severe cases of rotavirus diarrhoea by G and P type (VAC Bhandari 2014‐IND). At one‐year follow‐up (Analysis 3. 16) there were significantly fewer severe episodes of rotavirus diarrhoea in the Rotavac groups for G2P[4] (RR 0. 39, 95% CI 0. 22 to 0. 69; 6541 participants) and G12P[6] (RR 0. 31, 95% CI 0. 13 to 0. 74; 6541 participants); results were not significantly different between Rotavac and placebo for G1P[8] (RR 0. 66, 95% CI 0. 36 to 1. 20; 6541 participants) and G12P[8] (RR 0. 30, 95% CI 0. 07 to 1. 26; 6541 participants). At two‐year follow‐up (Analysis 3. 17) there were significantly fewer severe episodes of rotavirus diarrhoea in the Rotavac groups for G1P[8] (RR 0. 59, 95% CI 0. 38 to 0. 93; 6541 participants), G2P[4] (RR 0. 37, 95% CI 0. 23 to 0. 62; 6541 participants), G12P[6] (RR 0. 31, 95% CI 0. 13 to 0. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text provides statistical evidence indicating that the Rotavac vaccine prevents severe episodes of rotavirus diarrhea in several groups. With reported relative risks (RR) demonstrating significantly fewer severe cases in vaccinated groups compared to placebo, it supports the claim that vaccines help prevent the spread of infectious diseases.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Telemedicine is equally effective for all types of medical treatment. [SEP] Text: AbstractThe simple answer to both questions in the title of this paper: No. We concentrate on three key aspects of the banking system's difficulties during the 2001–02 crisis. Two are related to bank behavior (increasing dollarization of the balance sheet and expanding exposure to the government), and the other is related to the degree by which banks were hurt by depositor p2001. We find that there was substantial cross-bank variation, that is, not all banks behaved equally nor were hurt equally by the macroeconomic shocks they faced during the run-up to the crisis. Furthermore, using panel data estimation, we find that depositors were able to distinguish high-risk from low-risk banks, and that individual bank's exposure to currency and government default risk depended on fundamentals and other bank-specific characteristics. Finally, our results have implications for the existence of market discipline in periods of stress, and for banking regulation, which may have led banks to underestimate some of the risks they incurred. This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access. Access this 34. 9910 units per month Download 39. 95 Price excludes VAT (USA) Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout. Instant access to the full 6. 7 percent. Argentina is less open than most countries. During 1990–95, total trade represented 16 percent of GDP, whereas it was 37 percent in Mexico and 46 percent in Chile. Moreover, as pointed out by the Office of the IMF (2004), the differences in Argentina's degree of openness in relation to other hard peg economies are even more pronounced; for a sample of eight hard peg economies throughout the world, total trade averaged 96 percent of GDP. Analysts as well as the government agreed that the exchange rate was overvalued, although there was no consensus on the degree of overvaluation. As the study by the Office (2004) reports, by spring of 2000 overvaluation was estimated at 7 percent by Goldman Sachs, 13 percent by JP Morgan, and 17 percent by Deutsche Bank. Ex post, Perry and Servén (2002) estimated the Argentine peso to be overvalued by 55 percent by 2001. In particular, de la Torre, Levy-Yeyati, and Schmukler (2003); della Paolera and Taylor (2003); and Levy-Yeyati, Martínez Pería, and Schmukler (2004). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses issues related to the banking system during a crisis, along with trade statistics for Argentina, without mentioning telemedicine or its effectiveness for medical treatment. Therefore, it does not provide any supportive or contrasting information about the claim.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Bioengineered yeast can produce biofuels from sugars. [SEP] Text: Recently, sugarcane is engineered not only for bioethanol also for oil, hence it opens a window to develop purpose-grown sugarcane in the world. The 2. Sugarcane genetic improvementSugarcane has several unique characteristics compared to other cereals. Sugarcane is highly polyploid at its genome level, carries photosynthesis through C4 mechanism, chloroplast distribution in mesophyll and bundle sheath cells are few unique traits of this monocotyledonous plant. These traits of sugarcane make this plant one of the valuable specimens to explore its genetic potential. Despite considerable varietal improvement using conventional interventions, a serious effort to develop elite genotypes is required. Major hurdles in the genetic improvement of sugarcane are due to its genetic complexity, low fertility, long cycle, and climate-specific flowering nature of the crop. Under this scenario, biotechnology can play a leading role to improve and introduce commercially important traits into elite genotypes. Starting from the somaclonal selection under in vitro conditions to genetically engineering the genome of the crop each of the approaches has made it possible to develop new traits in sugarcane; including insect resistance, herbicide- and abiotic stresses-tolerance. Interestingly, with the introduction of synthetic elements, the pathways have been engineered in the sugarcane, resulting in various industrial and non-industrial products. Briefly describing the technology, each cell carries three major organelles; namely, nucleus, chloroplast, and mitochondria. Each of these organelles has its genome where the nuclear genome is routinely manipulated to develop new traits by exploiting two major approaches of gene transfer; Agrobacterium-mediated and biolistic-mediated gene gun methods. Of these two methods, p2. 1 Genetic improvement for insect resistanceInsects are serious threats to the sugarcane industry, worldwide, though exact assessment of economic losses is difficult to record. However, fragmented information is available on individual pests. Major pests of the crop are chewing, sucking insects, and canegrubs, and termites. Amongst borers, the most common are top, stem, and root borers. Engineering the genome for enhanced resistance to insects is one of the success stories of transgenic technology. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim directly and instead focuses on the genetic improvement of sugarcane and its applications in biofuel production. While it mentions sugarcane being engineered for bioethanol, it does not provide any information regarding bioengineered yeast or its capabilities related to biofuel production from sugars, hence it is irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Vaccines help in preventing the spread of infectious diseases. [SEP] Text: 74; 6541 participants), and G12P[8] (RR 0. 31, 95% CI 0. 10 to 0. 96; 6541 participants). The included Rotavac trials did not report separate data on immunocompromised or malnourished subgroups. 3. 4 Sensitivity analyses 3. 4. 1 Primary outcomes with high heterogeneity according to allocation concealment There were no primary outcomes with high heterogeneity (I2 statistic > 75%). ‘Summary of findings' Summary of findings of primary outcomes are presented in summary of findings Table 5 (Rotavac, high‐mortality countries), Discussion available in English Español Rotavirus vaccines have been under development since the 1980s, and to date three have been prequalified by the WHO (RV1, RV5 and Rotavac). Three additional rotavirus vaccines are licensed for use in individual countries (LLR, Rotasiil, and Rotavin, see 1999. The three vaccines prequalified by the WHO (RV1, RV5, Rotavac), and currently in use, are the focus of this review. Summary of main results We included 55 trials with a total of 216,480 participants, that evaluated RV1 (36 trials), RV5 (15 trials), and Rotavac (4 trials). Our analysis stratified the primary outcomes by WHO mortality strata (high‐mortality countries, with high child mortality; and low‐mortality, with low or very low child mortality; WHO 1999). The trials were not designed or powered to detect an effect on preventing death or on the occurrence of possible rare serious adverse events, such as intussusception. 1. RV1 in countries with low child mortality (WHO strata A and B) Fourteen trials were conducted in Asia, six in Europe, four in Latin America, four in North America, and one in Europe and Latin America. In infants under one year RV1 prevents 84% of cases of severe rotavirus diarrhoea: RR 0. 16, 95% CI 0. 09 to 0. 26; 43,779 participants, 7 trials; high‐certainty evidence. RV1 prevents 41% of cases of severe all‐cause diarrhoea: RR 0. 59, 95% CI 0. 47 to 0. 74; 28,053 participants, 3 trials; moderate‐certainty evidence. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by providing evidence that RV1, a rotavirus vaccine, prevents 84% of cases of severe rotavirus diarrhea in infants under one year, which indicates its effectiveness in preventing infectious diseases, specifically severe diarrhea caused by rotavirus. This is highlighted by the statement 'RV1 prevents 84% of cases of severe rotavirus diarrhoea: RR 0. 16, 95% CI 0. 09 to 0. 26; 43,779 participants, 7 trials; high‐certainty evidence.'


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Telemedicine is equally effective for all types of medical treatment. [SEP] Text: We showed in the descriptive section that over the entire study period the share of foreign currency deposits increased and overall deposits contracted. However, a distinction should be made between an earlier stage, in which there was a pure composition switch toward foreign currency deposits, and a later stage—the deposit run—during which all deposits declined, but the domestic currency component did so more rapidly. In fact, when we estimated this equation using an alternative measure for nonperforming loans, the “broad nonperforming loan ratio,” this effect disappeared. 6—as well as in Tables 7 and 9—we report the OLS coefficients for only the three nonfundamental bank characteristics, although all fundamental and macro variables were also included. The OLS results on these variables did not differ substantially from those obtained in the FE estimations shown in the upper panel. Similarly, as imperfectly hedged borrowers perceived an increase in the risk of a devaluation, their demand for foreign currency loans may have declined as well. The dependent variable NGOVB is defined as the broad measure of financing to the government, as in Table 2. It includes government bonds plus lending to the government. Also it is possible that safer banks had higher costs of compliance with prudential regulations; thus, lending to the government would have helped those banks to level the playing field vis-à-vis the banks with weaker fundamentals and therefore lower costs of compliance. For this comparison we used the simplest specification, which includes the fundamentals not related to currency exposure (and NGOVB) and the three macroeconomic controls (and ). Some of the results of robustness checks are not fully reported in this paper. However, they are available upon request from the authors. 9 shows, we found the effect of currency risk () on deposit growth to be negative. Thus, a positive coefficient on the interaction terms SIZE*and *implies that larger and more time deposit–oriented banks were less likely to suffer deposit withdrawals from an increase in currency risk. Perhaps depositors perceived that these banks were managing their currency risk more effectively; at the same time, depositors may have felt that there was little these banks could do in the face of other deteriorating macroeconomic conditions. One possible interpretation is that, as fiscal performance faltered, the exposure of banks to the private sector became less relevant to depositors. Of course, this argument would be stronger if one observed simultaneously that depositors became more responsive to banks' levels of government financing. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses foreign currency deposits, nonperforming loans, and banking characteristics without any mention of telemedicine or its effectiveness in medical treatments. Hence, it does not provide any supporting or contrasting information regarding the effectiveness of telemedicine.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Bioengineered yeast can produce biofuels from sugars. [SEP] Text: Several molecules including proteinase inhibitors (PI), secondary metabolites, ribosome-inactivating proteins, lectins, and δ-endotoxins of Bacillus thuringiensis [6, 7, 8], have been identified for effectively controlling the insects. Therefore, developing insect-resistant sugarcane through a transgenic approach is required. Several transgenic sugarcane plats have been developed in different regions of the world keeping in view the type of insects invading the crop and resulting in economic losses. Successful examples are the development of transgenic plants addressing the problems of top borers using δ-endotoxins of Bacillus thuringiensis in Indian subcontinent, American and African countries. The larvae invade the sugarcane crop two times, at early and at a later stage, during the growing season. Early infestation causes serious damage to the crop by developing a ‘dead heart’, young shoot died as larvae chew the base of the shoot while later benefits to increase population and feed, triggering yield loss from 15 to 30 percent. How the process of ‘dead heart’ starts, the young larvae tunnels into the nucleus of the spindle and damage the growing point, causing the shoot to wilt and die. This requires the development of resistance against several factors including biotic and abiotic in sugarcane [9], but traditional improvement strategies are hampered by high polyploidy, genetic complexity, environment-specificity, and low fertility [10]. Thus biotechnological approaches have the potential to address such stresses by engineering resistance. Since the first genetic manipulation of sugarcane [11, 12], the development of transgenic clones is a routine [13, 14]. Several traits including effective control of stem borers have been introduced into the sugarcane [15, 16]. In these studies, a synthetic cry1Ab gene was selected to introduce and express under a tissue-specific promoter, PEPC. After bombardment the transformed cells, subsequently shoots were recovered on phosphinothricin-containing regeneration medium. Expectedly, the primary clones accumulated varied amounts of expressed CRY protein, ranging from 20 to 40 ng/mg. The variation in expressed protein levels is perhaps due to the random insertion of the transgene, varied copy number of the transgene in transgenic clones. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim about bioengineered yeast producing biofuels from sugars. Instead, it discusses the development of transgenic sugarcane to control insect pests and the biotechnological approaches taken in genetic manipulation of plants. This is unrelated to the claim regarding yeast and biofuels.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Vaccines help in preventing the spread of infectious diseases. [SEP] Text: In children up to two years RV1 prevents 82% of cases of severe rotavirus diarrhoea: RR 0. 18, 95% CI 0. 14 to 0. 23; 36,002 participants, 9 trials; high‐certainty evidence. RV1 prevents 37% of severe all‐cause diarrhoea episodes: Rate ratio 0. 63, 95% CI 0. 56 to 0. 71; 39,091 participants, 2 trials; moderate‐certainty evidence. For all‐cause death, an effect of the vaccine has not been shown: RR 1. 22, 95% CI 0. 87 to 1. 71; 97,597 participants, 22 trials; low‐certainty evidence. For serious adverse events, children receiving RV1 had 12% fewer events than those receiving placebo: RR 0. 88, 95% CI 0. 83 to 0. 93; 96,233 participants, 24 trials; high‐certainty evidence. For intussusception, RV1 was not associated with a higher risk: RR 0. 69, 95% CI 0. 45 to 1. 04; 96,513 participants, 17 trials; low‐certainty evidence. See summary of findings Table for the main comparison. 2. RV1 in countries with high child mortality (WHO strata D and E) Two trials were conducted in Bangladesh, one in India, one in Peru, three in South Africa, and one in and Malawi. In infants under one year RV1 prevents 63% of cases of severe rotavirus diarrhoea: RR 0. 37, 95% CI 0. 23 to 0. 60; 6114 participants, 3 trials; high‐certainty evidence. RV1 prevents 27% of cases of severe all‐cause diarrhoea: RR 0. 73, 95% CI 0. 56 to 0. 95; 5639 participants, 2 trials; high‐certainty evidence. In children up to two years RV1 prevents 35% of cases of severe rotavirus diarrhoea: RR 0. 65, 95% CI 0. 51 to 0. 83; 13,768 participants, 2 trials; high‐certainty evidence. RV1 prevents 17% of cases of severe all‐cause diarrhoea: RR 0. 83, 95% CI 0. 72 to 0. 96; 2764 participants, 1 trial; moderate‐certainty evidence. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by providing evidence that the RV1 vaccine significantly reduces the incidence of severe rotavirus diarrhoea in children, which is an infectious disease. Specifically, it states that RV1 prevents 82% of severe rotavirus diarrhoea cases in children up to two years old, demonstrating the vaccine's effectiveness in preventing a particular infectious disease.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Telemedicine is equally effective for all types of medical treatment. [SEP] Text: He has received fees from and Pfizer for carrying out commissioned clinical trials related to the topic of this editorial. Translated from the original German by Kersti Wagstaff, MA. Corresponding author:Prof. Dr. med. Hannover (MHH), Klinik für Pneumologie Carl-Neuberg-Str. 1, 30625 Hannover, Germanywelte. tobias@mh-hannover. de Cite this as:Welte T: Pneumococcal conjugate vaccine—equally effective for everyone? Int 2016; 113: 137–8. DOI: 10. 3238/arztebl. 2016. 0137 1. : Epidemiology of CAP in Europe. Monogr 2014; 63: 1–12 CrossRef 2. AQUA-Instituts GmbH: Qualitätsreport 2014, Göttingen 2015: 26–30. 3. -: Ten-after Community-acquired Pneumonia. A prospective cohort. 2015; 192: 597–604 4. : Nursing-home-acquired pneumonia in Germany: an 8-year prospective multicentre study. Thorax 2012; 67: 132–8 5. Welte T: New antibiotic development: the need versus the costs. Dis 2016 pii: S1473–3099(16)00068–2. [Epub ahead of print] 6. : Clinical and economic burden of community-acquired pneumonia among adults in Europe. Thorax 2012; 67: 71–9 7. Pletz MW, Welte T: Pneumococcal and influenza vaccination. Monogr 2012; 63: 266–84. 8. : Vaccines for preventing pneumococcal infection in adults. 2013; 1: CD000422 CrossRef 9. : Efficacy of pneumococcal vaccination in adults: a meta-analysis. CMAJ 2009;180: 48–58 10. : 23-valent pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine in HIV-1-infected Ugandan adults: double-blind, randomised and placebo controlled trial. Lancet 2000; 355: 2106–11 CrossRef 11. : The clinical effectiveness of pneumococcal conjugate vaccines —a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Int 2016; 113: 139–46 12. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses clinical trials related to pneumococcal vaccination without any direct mention of telemedicine or its effectiveness in medical treatment. Therefore, it does not support or contrast the claim in any way.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Bioengineered yeast can produce biofuels from sugars. [SEP] Text: Once, homozygous clones were recovered, the varied expression was documented as developmental and photosynthetic control of expression of the transgene. However, the expression levels were regarded as the highest levels of toxin reported so far in the literature. These levels were 13- and 35-fold higher than the highest levels of modified cry1Ac and cry1Ab gene, respectively [16, 17, 18]. The maize ubiquitin promoter was used to drive the synthetically developed cry1Ac gene in sugarcane for stem borers [16, 17], which is five to six times higher compared to the levels obtained by a constitutive promoter, CaMV 35S, in sugarcane getting high expression under PEP-C promoter were perhaps of using a C4 plant-specific promoter. Interestingly, the detectable endotoxins levels varied from base to tip and from first to the outermost leaf of the whorl, depending on the developmental stage of the leaf. Measurements of the toxin levels in leaves showed that the accumulation of transprotein was low in young emerging leaves and increased with the leaf development. The maximum amount was recorded in the fully developed leaf on the same plant [18]. In another investigation, the cry1Ac gene has been introduced using a vector-dependent method for borer-resistance in sugarcane. The transgene was successfully introduced and transformed plants showed a high level of toxicity to Sesamia cretica giving 100% mortality of the larvae. These two reports are success stories of developing borer-resistant transgenic sugarcane [19]. Other success stories of developing transgenic sugarcane with different genes used for effective control of diverse insects are not included intentionally due to the word limit of the 2. 2 Genetic improvement for disease resistanceSugarcane is vulnerable to several diseases caused by different organisms including; bacteria, fungi, viruses, and nematodes. The diseases damage the crop throughout the growing season and multiple epidemics by 64 diseases are reported that have damaged the sugarcane crop, worldwide. Of these diseases, five are caused by bacterial and 40 by fungal pathogens. However, the most common are rust, wilt, red rot, and smut that have seriously affected the sugarcane, demanding the development of disease-resistant varieties. In this section, only two diseases; one of fungal and the other of bacterial origin, are discussed. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses the genetic improvement of sugarcane for disease resistance and transgenic modifications related to insect resistance, without mentioning anything about bioengineered yeast or the production of biofuels from sugars.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Vaccines help in preventing the spread of infectious diseases. [SEP] Text: RV5 in countries with high child mortality (WHO strata D and E) Two trials were conducted in Asia and two in Africa. In infants under one year RV5 prevents 57% of cases of severe rotavirus diarrhoea: RR 0. 43, 95% CI 0. 29 to 0. 62; 5916 participants, 2 trials; high‐certainty evidence. Data on severe all‐cause diarrhoea was reported in one trial. This suggested a protective effect, but the results were not statistically significant: RR 0. 80, 95% CI 0. 58 to 1. 11; 4085 participants, 1 trial; moderate‐certainty evidence. In children up to two years RV5 prevents 41% of cases of severe rotavirus diarrhoea: RR 0. 59, 95% CI 0. 43 to 0. 82; 5885 participants, 2 trials; high‐certainty evidence. RV5 prevents 15% of cases of severe all‐cause diarrhoea: RR 0. 85, 95% CI 0. 75 to 0. 98; 5977 participants, 2 trials; high‐certainty evidence. For all‐cause death, an effect of the vaccine has not been shown: RR 0. 92, 95% CI 0. 68 to 1. 24; 6806 participants, 3 trials; low‐certainty evidence. For serious adverse events, an effect of the vaccine has not been shown: RR 0. 92, 95% CI 0. 66 to 1. 28; 6830 participants, 4 trials; moderate‐certainty evidence. For intussusception, RV5 was not associated with a higher risk: no cases were reported, 6588 participants, 2 trials; low‐certainty evidence. See summary of findings Table 4. 5. Rotavac in countries with high child mortality (WHO stratum D) Four trials were conducted in India. In infants under one year Rotavac prevents 57% of cases of severe rotavirus diarrhoea: RR 0. 43, 95% CI 0. 30 to 0. 60; 6799 participants, 1 trial; moderate‐certainty evidence. In children up to two years Rotavac prevents 54% of cases of severe rotavirus diarrhoea: RR 0. 46, 95% CI 0. 35 to 0. 60; 6541 participants, 1 trial; moderate‐certainty evidence. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by presenting data on the efficacy of the RV5 and Rotavac vaccines in preventing cases of severe rotavirus diarrhoea among infants and children. Specifically, it states that RV5 prevents 57% of cases of severe rotavirus diarrhoea in infants under one year and similar percentages for children up to two years. These findings support the assertion that vaccines play a crucial role in preventing the spread of infectious diseases.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Telemedicine is equally effective for all types of medical treatment. [SEP] Text: 6% of them receiving ≤ 80% of treatment; 8/17 (47%) LT cirrhotics withdrew the treatment, 35. 2% of them receiving ≤ 80% of treatment. If compared with LT-ones (P = 0. 015), an higher risk of treatment discontinuation could affect LT cirrhotics, who undergo more frequently ≤ 80% of treatment (P = 0. 05). None of the non-LT cirrhotics died after the end of the treatment. With no regards to the achievement of SVR, LT cirrhotic patients showed a reduced survival in respect to non-LT ones (87% at 1 year, 76% at 3 and 5 years after the end of treatment). : HCV antiviral treatment is equally effective in compensated cirrhotics both before and after LT, which patients show a higher risk of premature treatment withdrawal and a reduced survival, independently of the achievement of SVR. Key Words: virus; virus antiviral treatment; Liver cirrhosis; Liver transplantation; Sustained virological response, Efficacy; tip: In patients with hepatitis C virus compensated liver cirrhosis antiviral treatment should be considered in order to prevent short to mid-term complications. However, the results of treatment with pegylated interferon plus ribavirin are worse than in non-cirrhotic patients. Furthermore, in non-liver transplanted (LT) cirrhotics, a sustained virological response to antiviral treatment is associated to improved survival, while, at present, no data regarding LT cirrhotic is available in literature. The present study highlights that cirrhotic patients who undergo antiviral treatment after liver transplantation have a worse prognosis, compared to non-LT ones, independently of the achievement of sustained virological response. Citation: ’. Treatment of hepatitis C in compensated cirrhotic patients is equally effective before and after liver transplantation. Gastroenterol 2013; 19(21): 3255-3262 URL: DOI: virus (HCV)-related hepatitis is one of the leading cause of end-stage liver disease worldwide, accounting for half of transplantations in many centers[1]. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by indicating that the efficacy of antiviral treatment in compensated cirrhotics varies based on whether patients have undergone liver transplantation. It specifically states that 'Treatment of hepatitis C in compensated cirrhotic patients is equally effective before and after liver transplantation,' suggesting not all types of treatment (like in liver cirrhosis) are equally effective in telemedicine or otherwise, as they can lead to different outcomes depending on the patient's condition.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Bioengineered yeast can produce biofuels from sugars. [SEP] Text: Amongst fungal diseases, red rot is the most common disease of sugarcane and is caused by Colletotrichum falcatum Went that attacks the sucrose accumulating parenchyma cells [20] of culmus stalk of sugarcane, causing severe losses; up to 29% in the cane yield and 25 to 75% in the sugar recovery [21, 22]. Since sugarcane is a vegetatively propagated plant hence the pathogens spread through diseased-culmus-setts, stressing the availability of healthy canes for propagation. Instead of chemical, biological control of the red rot in sugarcane using Trichoderma (Trichoderma harzianum and Trichoderma viride) is reported [23, 24]. Of these two species, Trichoderma harzianum is more effective in controlling the Colletotrichum falcatum. It is interesting to know how Trichoderma which is a fungus controls another fungus Colletotrichum? Such invading fungi control others through the mechanisms of mycoparasitism and antibiosis. Mycoparasitism is one of the most important mechanisms for biocontrol of pathogen fungi that work through three steps: chemotrophic growth and recognition; coiling and interaction of hyphae and secretion of specific lytic enzymes [25]. Whereas, antibiosis is a shift to the concept of mycoparasitism that is based on lethal principle. Trichoderma produces low molecular weight and diffusible substances that penetrate the host cell thereby inhibit the uptake of nutrients, sporulation, production of metabolites, and the synthesis of the cell wall of the target fungus [26, 27]. Nevertheless, antibiosis is a species-specific mechanism. Transgenically, the red rot was controlled by expressing genes from Trichoderma into the genome of sugarcane. Encouraged from the inhibitory effects of β1,3-glucanase, isolated from Trichoderma, against pathogenic fungi, Nayyar et al. , [28] expressed the gene in sugarcane and analyzed the regenerating plants for transgene integration and expression. The transgene was expressed up to 4. 4-fold higher than the non-transformed wild-type plants, and resistance to two pathotypes of Colletotrichum falcatum. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text discusses the control of red rot disease in sugarcane using biological methods and does not address the claim regarding bioengineered yeast producing biofuels from sugars. Therefore, it is irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Vaccines help in preventing the spread of infectious diseases. [SEP] Text: Rotavac prevents 16% of cases of severe all‐cause diarrhoea: RR 0. 84, 95% CI 0. 71 to 0. 98; 6799 participants, one trial; moderate‐certainty evidence. For all‐cause death, an effect of the vaccine has not been shown: RR 0. 92, 95% CI 0. 52 to 1. 62; 8155 participants, 2 trials; very low‐certainty evidence. For serious adverse events, an effect of the vaccine has not been shown: RR 0. 93, 95% CI 0. 85 to 1. 02; 8210 participants, 3 trials; moderate‐certainty evidence. For intussusception, Rotavac was not associated with a higher risk: RR 1. 33, 95% CI 0. 35 to 5. 02; 8582 participants, 4 trials; very low‐certainty evidence. See summary of findings Table 5. Overall completeness and applicability of evidence We carried out this systematic review using RCTs. All the included trials were placebo‐controlled, except for two RV1 trials that compared vaccine to no intervention (RV1 Colgate 2016‐BGD; RV1 Zaman 2017‐BGD). We could not evaluate potential herd protection afforded by vaccination. The trials provided only limited data for special groups of children, such as malnourished or immunocompromised children. Efficacy by setting RV1 and RV5 were highly efficacious in reducing severe rotavirus diarrhoea episodes in low‐mortality countries; widespread roll‐out of rotavirus vaccines has led to major reductions in rotavirus hospitalizations in such settings (Hungerford 2015; Jonesteller 2017). In contrast, trials of RV1 and RV5 in high‐mortality countries in Africa and Asia demonstrated a relatively lower vaccine efficacy. However, because of the higher burden of rotavirus disease in such countries, the absolute number of events prevented by vaccination is greater than in low‐mortality countries (RV1 Madhi 2010‐AF). Efficacy by age Results from RV1 and RV5 found higher vaccine efficacy against severe rotavirus diarrhoea in the first year compared to the cumulative efficacy for the first and second years. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim as it discusses the effectiveness of the Rotavac vaccine in reducing severe rotavirus diarrhoea episodes, which contributes to preventing the spread of infectious diseases. It mentions that widespread use of rotavirus vaccines has led to significant reductions in hospitalizations in low-mortality countries. Furthermore, the text also provides evidence of higher vaccine efficacy during the first year, highlighting the role of vaccines in controlling infectious disease outbreaks.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Telemedicine is equally effective for all types of medical treatment. [SEP] Text: 6% rate of treatment discontinuation due to adverse events was reported, while in 19. 2% and 17. 4% of them, respectively, a PEG-IFN or RBV dose reduction was necessary. The overall reported drop-out rate was 66%. In decompensated cirrhotic patients, rates of treatment withdrawal or dose reduction due to adverse events seems almost comparable: 59% by Iacobellis et al[7], 65% by Everson et al[22], 87% by Crippin et al[11], 30% by Forns et al[10]. With regards to LT cirrhotics undergoing combined antiviral treatment, Berenguer et al[16] reported respectively a 37% rate of discontinuation, and a 45% and a 36% rates of PEG-IFN or RBV dose reduction. In the study by Carrión et al[14], treatment discontinuation rate was of 39% while 67% and 24% of patients experienced RBV or PEG-IFN dose reduction. Angelico et al[17] reported a 33% drop-out rate, and a 45% rate of RBV and a 38% rate of PEG-IFN dose reduction. In non-cirrhotic LT patients, the most frequently reported causes of treatment withdrawal are cytopenia, in particular anemia, neuropsychiatric symptoms, thyroid dysfunction, intolerance and rejection[12,14,16]. However, these studies included LT patients with HCV hepatitis recurrence after liver transplant but without liver cirrhosis; data about LT cirrhotic patients are scarce, but it is likely to expect a higher incidence of adverse events and a consequent higher rate of treatment dose reduction or discontinuation. In our study, we did not observe the occurrence of any severe or fatal adverse event (grade 4 or 5). Thirteen patients have received supportive therapy with growth factors due to hematological adverse events, such as anemia and leucopenia, and 3 LT cirrhotics withdrew the treatment. None among LT cirrhotics experienced fatigue, flue-like symptoms and depression, while one grade 2 and three grade 3 adverse events (requiring treatment discontinuation) occurred among non-LT ones. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by demonstrating that various rates of treatment discontinuation and dose reductions were reported across different studies, particularly in different populations such as liver transplant (LT) patients with cirrhosis and non-cirrhotic patients. The rates of adverse events leading to lower effectiveness or discontinuation of treatment suggest that telemedicine may not be equally effective for all types of medical treatment, as indicated by the varying treatment outcomes based on patient conditions described.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Bioengineered yeast can produce biofuels from sugars. [SEP] Text: The expression levels of the transgene were up-regulated after infection compared to the levels recorded before infection in engineered resistant sugarcane plants. However, pathogenicity tests on transgenic sugarcane against the virulent strains of Colletotrichum falcatum will demonstrate the resistance level. To demonstrate the pathogenicity, the transgenic sugarcane plants were challenged with two virulent strains (CF08 and Cf09) of Colletotrichum falcatum, and plants exhibited moderate to high-level resistance against Cf09 and Cf08, respectively. The structural model of the β-1,3-glucanase encoded protein demonstrated that two active sites namely; Glutamate 628 and Aspartate 569 of the catalytic domain of the protein are the main sites that have catalyzed the cleavage of β-1,3-glycosidic bonds and lysis of pathogen hyphae [29]. Further, another disease caused by a bacterial pathogen in sugarcane, the leaf scald, is also a serious threat to the sugarcane industry as it severely affects the yield. The disease is mainly distributed in the and USA [30, 31] but now it is the most important quarantine disease in and Hainan in China [32]. The leaf scald, also called leaf burning disease which is caused by Xanthomonas albilineans infects the xylem vessels of the sugarcane plant. Recently, it is reported that it also invades tissues of leaves and culmus stalks, predominantly sucrose accumulating cells. Unlike other phytopathogenic bacteria, Xanthomonas albilineans lacks a type 3 HRP secretion system, a system that enables most bacteria to overcome the defense mechanism of their host plants [32]. Yet, it is capable of invading other tissues, and developing symptoms in three stages namely; latent, chronic, and acute phases. It is observed that the bacterium remains dormant for more than 12 months without any symptoms. The bacterium infection develops symptoms of chlorotic stripes and patches on leaves, side shooting starts at the base of culmus stalks and burning of the leaf tips, and well-defined white pencil-lines along the veins during the chronic phase. Sometimes, the sudden death of whole stools. Biotechnological interventions to address diseases are primarily focused on engineering the sugarcane genome and molecular breeding. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses the resistance of transgenic sugarcane to pathogens and biotechnological interventions in sugarcane, without mentioning bioengineered yeast or their role in biofuel production from sugars. Therefore, it does not provide any support or contradiction to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Vaccines help in preventing the spread of infectious diseases. [SEP] Text: This review did not detect a difference in the number of deaths for children receiving any of the vaccines or placebo. Two post‐vaccine implementation national surveillance studies from Mexico and Brazil reported that the introduction of RV1 into the national immunization programme was associated with a decline in the number of diarrhoea‐related deaths (2011; Richardson 2010) in comparison with historical controls. A study from rural Malawi showed that diarrhoea deaths reduced by a third following RV1 introduction (Bar‐Zeev 2018). Safety data There was no detectable difference in the number of cases of intussusception for children receiving vaccine or placebo. While both RV1 and RV5 have been associated with a low risk of intussusception in post‐marketing studies in Europe, Americas and Australia, the benefits of vaccination are considered to outweigh the risk of vaccine‐associated intussusception (Yen 2016). However, the risk of intussusception after administration of RV1 was not higher than the background risk of intussusception in seven lower‐income sub‐countries (Tate 2018). Subgroup analyses Rotavirus G‐types All three rotavirus vaccines showed efficacy against most of the specific rotavirus G‐types that were assessed (G1, G2, G3, G4, G8, G9, and G12), although results were often inconsistent between different countries and imprecise due to few events. Immunocompromised children One RV1 trial and two RV5 trials reported on immunocompromised children, all exposed to or infected with HIV. We found no differences for efficacy or safety, but samples were not sufficiently powered. It is now strongly recommended that all HIV‐infected or HIV‐exposed infants be vaccinated with oral rotavirus vaccine, unless severely immunocompromised (Calles 2010). While we lack specific information on many immunodeficiencies, infants with known severe combined immunodeficiency should not receive live rotavirus vaccine (Pinto 2016; Vesikari 2015). Children with malnutrition One RV1 trial (RV1 Salinas 2005‐LA) found that RV1 was significantly better than placebo in preventing rotavirus diarrhoea in a subgroup of malnourished children. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by providing specific evidence that the introduction of vaccines, particularly the Rotavirus vaccines (RV1 and RV5), has resulted in a significant decline in diarrhoea-related deaths and has shown effectiveness against rotavirus infections in children. It highlights that national surveillance studies from Mexico and Brazil reported a decline in deaths due to diarrhoea after the introduction of the vaccines, thereby supporting the idea that vaccines are effective in preventing the spread and consequences of infectious diseases.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Telemedicine is equally effective for all types of medical treatment. [SEP] Text: As previously shown [136], HL was able to colonize the spleen, liver and bone marrow in higher extent than ST parasites 6 weeks after infection (Figure 1, Infection bars). We hypothesized that these differences in infectivity could lead to distinct levels of protection. Thus, we re-infected the mice with homologous or heterologous strains. In our model, mice that were previously imprinted with HL strain and then challenged with the same highly infective strain (Figure 1, Re-inf HL bars) were able to sustain the splenic parasite load and to decrease in about 1 logarithm the number of parasites colonizing the liver and bone marrow. On the contrary, HL re-infection after ST imprinting led to a significant increase of about 1000 times in all the target tissues. Concomitant immunity was more pronounced when the animals were infected with the highly infective HL strain and then challenged with ST due to its lower infectivity (Figure 1, Re-inf ST bars). As such, the infections in the spleen and liver of HL imprinted mice suffered a significant reduction of ~1000-fold in the parasite loads to levels close to the quantification limit, and in the bone marrow parasitic presence was detected but not quantifiable. Accordingly, ST imprinting and consecutive challenge resulted in a ~10-fold increase in the splenic and hepatic parasite burden compared to the primary infection numbers, though no changes were noticed in the parasite load of the bone marrow. Figure 1. Parasite load after infection and challenge with L. infantum strains presenting different infectivitiesBased on the data exposed above, in terms of parasitological analysis we established that the onset of pathology (set as hepatosplenomegaly (data not shown; see [136]) and high parasite loads) by an infective L. infantum strain confers a degree of protection over a re-infection episode which correlates with the infectivity of both the imprinting and the challenging strains that are inoculated in the host. Similar findings were reported previously, when a high-dose of L. chagasi promastigotes was required for the development of protection against re-infection, whereas a low-dose immunization either had no effect or slightly exacerbated disease [49]. 3. 3. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses the infectivity of L. infantum strains and their effects on mice, with no mention of telemedicine or its effectiveness in medical treatment. Therefore, it does not corroborate or contrast with the claim.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Bioengineered yeast can produce biofuels from sugars. [SEP] Text: The complete genome has been sequenced despite the complexities of ploidy levels, individual genes are transferred to engineer resistance traits. The coding region of an albicidin detoxifying gene (albD) from Pantoea dispersa has been expressed under ubi promoter from the maize and the nos terminator using Agrobacterium into the nuclear genome of the sugarcane plants found susceptible to leaf scald [33]. However, the transgenic plants were resistant to the disease since no chlorotic disease symptoms appeared in inoculated leaves, whereas non-transgenic plants developed severe symptoms. Further, a high concentration of accumulated transprotein has protected young stems against the multiplication of the pathogen. Thus, transgenic sugarcane clones conferred resistance to the disease as the plants showed no symptoms and multiplication of the bacterium [34, 35]. Introducing transgenes into sugarcane represents an important step forward, however, the growing investment in genomics and identification of resistance gene analogs (RGA), present in a majority of indigenous genotypes, might become an attractive alternative in disease resistance management through transgenic technology, and the development of screening tools of resistant genotypes. 2. 3 Genetic improvement for sugar production and recoverySugarcane leaves contain both the mesophyll and bundle sheath cells. Photosynthesis occurs in the chloroplasts of both cells. Sugarcane unlike other organisms accumulates photosynthetic assimilates in the form of sucrose in the culmus stalk, thereby directly providing sugar for human consumption. Sucrose produced in the leaves is translocated from the source (leaves) to sink (parenchyma cells of the culmus stalk) through the phloem. The sucrose-loving parenchyma cells of the stalk accumulate the sucrose to an exceptionally high concentration i. e. up to 25–27% of the fresh weight [36, 37]. However, there is a correlation between photosynthetic activity and the sucrose contents in sugarcane. Toward maturity of the cane, the sucrose contents in the stem are increased whereas photosynthesis in leaves is reduced [38], indicating the regulatory mechanism of sucrose accumulation in the stalk cells [39]. Sucrose synthesis, transport, and accumulation in sugarcane are continuous processes. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim regarding bioengineered yeast and its ability to produce biofuels from sugars. Instead, it focuses on the genetic improvement of sugarcane and its sucrose metabolism, which is irrelevant to the claim about yeast's role in biofuel production.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Vaccines help in preventing the spread of infectious diseases. [SEP] Text: Certainty of the evidence The trials included in this updated review were placebo‐controlled (53 trials) or compared vaccine to no intervention (RV1 Colgate 2016‐BGD; RV1 Zaman 2017‐BGD), were conducted in and Africa, and the largest included over 60,000 children (RV1 Ruiz‐Palac 06‐LA/EU; RV5 Vesikari 2006b‐INT); we identified the need for such trials in the original version of the review (Soares‐Weiser 2004). However, most children were followed for safety outcomes only. The certainty of the evidence for efficacy outcomes (rotavirus diarrhoea of any severity and severe, and all‐cause diarrhoea of any severity and severe) was either high or moderate. This was because most trials were assessed at low risk of bias, especially more recent trials, and pooled samples were usually large enough to generate more precise estimates. When we downgraded efficacy outcomes to moderate certainty, this was due to selective reporting bias (only half of the studies reporting on severe rotavirus diarrhoea reported on severe all‐cause diarrhoea), imprecision (low number of events), attrition bias (incomplete outcome data were not clearly reported), or indirectness (only one study carried out in one high‐mortality country or neighbouring high‐mortality countries makes it difficult to generalize to any high‐mortality country). The certainty of the evidence for all‐cause mortality was low because the trials were not powered to detect an effect on mortality, and results were consequently imprecise with wide 95% CIs. The certainty of the evidence for all serious adverse events was mostly high but downgraded to moderate for RV5 in high‐mortality countries due to imprecise results, and for Rotavac due to indirectness (all trials were carried out in India). For the rare serious adverse event intussusception, evidence was of low certainty for RV1 and RV5 due to imprecision because trials were not powered to detect an association between RV1 and intussusception. evidence on intussusception was of very low certainty, due to imprecision and indirectness as previously described. Potential biases in the review process We stratified all analyses by WHO mortality strata, which may not reflect the current situation in the member countries. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text supports the claim by discussing efficacy outcomes related to vaccines, specifically in the context of trials. It highlights that the evidence for the efficacy of rotavirus vaccines in preventing rotavirus diarrhoea is of high or moderate certainty, indicating their effectiveness in reducing the incidence of this infectious disease. The mention of multiple trials and their significant sample sizes suggests robust evidence favoring the claim that vaccines are instrumental in limiting the spread of infectious diseases.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Telemedicine is equally effective for all types of medical treatment. [SEP] Text: Heterologous Prime-with a Non-against Leishmaniasis with a Predominant Th1-Response. Vaccine. 2008 Jan 17;26(3):333-344. : 18093705. 85. Tapia E, Perez-Jimenez E, Lopez-. of -12 + IL-18 Response against after Priming with DNA-P36/LACK and the Cytokines, Followed by a Booster with a P36/LACK. Microbes Infect. 2003 Feb;5(2):73-84. : 12650765. 86. Perez-. MVA-LACK as a Safe and for Vaccination against Leishmaniasis. Microbes Infect. 2006 Mar;8(3):810-822. : 16504562. 87. Moll H, Berberich C. as Vectors for Vaccination against Infectious Diseases. Med Microbiol. 2001 Nov;291(5):323-329. : 11727816. 88. . major Cell Epitopes. J Exp Med. 1990 Aug 1;172(2):645-648. : 1695670. : 2188333. 89. . Pulsed with Peptides of gp63 Protection against Leishmaniasis. Immunopathol Pharmacol. 2004 Sep-Dec;17(3):343-352. : 15461868. 90. . Vaccination with H1-Protection in Leishmaniasis. Vaccine. 2012 Jul 20;30(34):5086-5093. : 22704924. 91. . of Pulsed with Leishmania infantum against in BALB/c Mice. Microbes Infect. 2007 May;9(6):735-743. : 17400015. 92. . with Bone Marrow-with a Peptide of Leishmania infantum KMP-11 and in a of Visceral Leishmaniasis. Vaccine. 2011 Jul 12;29(31):5053-5064. : 21569815. 93. . Micro/Nanop749. : 23219436. 94. - of of Leishmania (rgp63) Reconstituted with Liposomes in BALB/c Mice. Vaccine. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text provided is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses various studies related to Leishmaniasis and vaccinations without any mention of telemedicine or its effectiveness. Therefore, it does not provide any support or contrast to the claim concerning telemedicine.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Bioengineered yeast can produce biofuels from sugars. [SEP] Text: Sucrose is accumulated in the stalk for metabolism and storage, and this accumulation is believably dependent on source supply, the storage capacity of the sink, and the metabolism in the parenchyma cells of the cane stem. Conceptually, the sucrose supply and demand situation determines whether the plant is source-limited or sink-limited. Accordingly, when source supply is limited in a plant to meeting the demand of the sink, then it will be a source-limited plant and when the demand is less than the source supply then it will be the sink-limited plant [40]. Generally, the photosynthetic activity falls with the maturation of the culmus stalk, and the rate of photosynthesis in high sucrose-accumulating elite lines is reduced to two-third of low sucrose accumulating lines, suggesting the role of the source-sink communication in the sucrose accumulation [38, 41]. For example, Saccharum spontaneum accumulates sucrose at a lower level with high photosynthesis compared to the noble canes [42]. Sugarcane has developed a special mechanism of carbon fixation, and fix CO2 in the form of four carbon molecules. This carbon fixation is facilitated by the coordination of cell types; mesophyll and bundle sheath cells, and hence photosynthetic functions are divided between these two cells. Carbon dioxide is initially fixed in the mesophyll cells, where it is converted into bicarbonate by phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase. The product formed is oxaloacetate, which is reduced to malate by the NADP-dependent malate dehydrogenase. The malate is transported to the bundle sheath cells, located near the vascular system of the leaf, where it is converted to pyruvate, releasing CO2 in the vicinity of the ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase-oxygenase (RuBisCO). In bundle sheath cells the carbon dioxide is fixed by RuBisCO to energy-rich molecules such as glucose. After this step, the Calvin cycle proceeds as in C3 plants. Knowledge of C4 photosynthesis has made it possible to understand sugarcane productivity and highlights its importance to become one of the principal sources of carbohydrates for human consumption and bioethanol production. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim directly. It primarily discusses the role of sucrose in sugarcane, the mechanisms of photosynthesis, and carbon fixation, without referencing bioengineered yeast or their role in producing biofuels from sugars. Therefore, it is irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Vaccines help in preventing the spread of infectious diseases. [SEP] Text: The use of the strata may not be sensitive enough to show differences at the country level, and perhaps stratifying by prevalence/burden of rotavirus may be a better method to group the analyses. In addition, not all countries are represented by the studies performed, and some strata (e. g. C) are lacking sufficient data. Agreements and disagreements with other studies or reviews We identified three systematic reviews of RCTs evaluating RV1 or RV5 or both that have been conducted since the 2012 update of this Cochrane Review: Lamberti 2016 included RCTs and observational studies and evaluated region‐specific effectiveness of RV1, RV5 and Rotavac. The systematic review found that rotavirus vaccination was both efficacious and effective in preventing rotavirus diarrhoea, severe rotavirus diarrhoea and rotavirus hospitalizations among children under five across all regions, with higher efficacy in more developed regions. Velázquez 2017 included RCTs and post‐licensure observational studies from and the Caribbean, and found that RV1 reduced the risk of any‐severity rotavirus‐related gastroenteritis by 65% and of severe gastroenteritis by 82% versus placebo. Both RV1 and RV5 vaccines significantly reduced the risk of hospitalization and emergency visits by 85% for RV1 and by 90% for RV5. Vaccination with RV5 or RV1 did not increase the risk of death, intussusception, or other severe adverse events. Buyse 2014 presented an integrated meta‐analysis of safety and reactogenicity data of 28 RV1 RCTs and found that RV1 has a reactogenicity and safety profile similar to placebo. The findings of these systematic reviews agree with the findings of our review, although the scope of these reviews was narrower; they reviewed efficacy or safety only, or were limited to a specific geographical region, or reviewed only one of the vaccines. Consequently, we included more trials in our review. Finally, the major findings of this review update, including new evidence from 14 trials of RV1, RV5, and Rotavac, are not significantly different from the previous Soares‐Weiser 2012b review. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by providing evidence from various systematic reviews that demonstrate the efficacy of rotavirus vaccines (RV1 and RV5) in preventing rotavirus-related illnesses, such as diarrhoea and hospitalizations among children. It states that RV1 reduced the risk of rotavirus-related gastroenteritis and significantly lowered the risk of hospitalization and emergency visits. This supports the claim that vaccines are instrumental in preventing the spread of infectious diseases, particularly in children under five.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Telemedicine eliminates the need for in-person visits entirely. [SEP] Text: Skip to main content Intended for healthcare professionals Search this journalSearch all journalsEnter search terms. . . Searchsearch Enter search terms. . . Searchsearch Search Access/ProfileAccessView access optionsView profileCreate profile Cart 0 by discipline Select discipline: All disciplines All disciplines Life & & Sciences & HumanitiesSelect subject: All subjects All subjects Cardiology & Medicine & Endocrinology & -legal & Orthopaedics & Medicine & & & & Methods & & & & & Criminology & Economics & & & Management & Marketing & & & & & & & & PlanningBrowse journals Sage publishes a diverse portfolio of fully journals in a variety of disciplines. you can explore our Disciplines Hubs, including: Journal portfolios in each of our subject areas. Links to Books and content from across Sage. for/ Reviewers SocietiesFrequently asked questions In this journal Journal of Telemedicine and Society for Telemedicine and eFactor: 3. 5 5-Factor: 4. 9 email alertsYou are adding the following journal to your email alertsNew contentJournal of Telemedicine and TelecareCreate email alert Open accessResearch 10. 1177/1357633X221086447approvalDeclaration of conflicting interestsiD2021. For each type of visit, a segmented negative binomial regression analysis was performed to estimate the weekly pre-pandemic trend in billing volume per thousand adults (3 January 2016 to 14 March 2020), the immediate change in mean volume at the start of the pandemic, and additional change in weekly volume in the pandemic era (15 March 2020 to 27 March 2021). ResultsBefore the start of the pandemic, the weekly volume of virtual visits per thousand adults was low with a 0. 5% increase per week (rate ratio [RR]: 1. 0053, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1. 0050–1. 0056). A dramatic 65% reduction in in-person visits (RR: 0. 35, 95% CI: 0. 32–0. 39) occurred at the start of the pandemic while virtual visits grew by 21-fold (RR: 21. 3, 95% CI: 19. 6–23. 0). In the pandemic era, in-person visits rose by 1. 4% per week (RR: 1. 014, 95% CI: 1. 011–1. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by illustrating that, despite a significant increase in virtual visits and a reduction in in-person visits during the pandemic, there was still a reported increase in in-person visits of 1.4% per week during the pandemic era. This suggests that telemedicine does not eliminate the need for in-person visits entirely.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Bioengineered yeast can produce biofuels from sugars. [SEP] Text: Sucrose synthesized in the leaves of sugarcane has to be accumulated into the parenchyma cells of a stalk, experimentally it has been documented that sucrose is transported mainly through the symplastic system [43, 44, 45]. However, it is imperative to understand the distribution and accumulation of sucrose in three compartments namely; apoplast, cytoplasm, and vacuole to comprehensively overview the accumulation of sucrose in the parenchyma cells [46]. The transported sugar is unloaded into the apoplast and then transported to vacuoles. This transport of sugar to vacuoles is carried out by the sucrose transporters under low turgor conditions. Another way to translocate the unloaded sucrose is that the sucrose is hydrolyzed into glucose and fructose in the apoplast by the cell wall acid invertase and the end products (hexoses) are transported by hexose carriers, allowing the continued efflux of sucrose from the phloem. In this context, the cooperation of both the hexose transporters and the cell wall invertase is important and has been extensively reviewed elsewhere [47]. In plants sucrose is hydrolyzed by two enzymes; the sucrose synthase and cell wall invertase. Of these two enzymes, the sucrose synthase reversibly converts sucrose into glucose and fructose for utilization in respiration and cellulose biosynthesis [48], invertase irreversibly converts sucrose into glucose and fructose, exerting a pivotal role in carbon utilization and distribution. Sucrose starts accumulating in the internodes at the early growth stage but the accumulation sharply increases when internode elongation stops [49], coinciding with the development of the stem and its elongating internodes [50]. Further, elongating internodes are characterized by a high ratio of hexoses to sucrose [51]. Higher concentrations of hexose in the developing internodes could be due to the predominant apoplasmic phloem unloading pathway as a result of sucrose cleavage by cell wall invertase and cellular uptake by hexose transporters [52]. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses the transport and hydrolysis of sucrose in plants, with no mention of bioengineered yeast or its ability to produce biofuels from sugars. It focuses solely on the biochemical processes in plant cells.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Vaccines help in preventing the spread of infectious diseases. [SEP] Text: Relationship to current policies The data in this review support the WHO's Group of Experts (SAGE) on Immunization’s recommendation for "the inclusion of rotavirus vaccination of infants into all national immunization programmes" with a stronger recommendation for countries where "diarrhoeal deaths account for ≥10% of mortality among children aged <5 years" (SAGE 2009). Figures and Tables - Figure 1 A simplified diagram of the location of rotavirus structural proteins (source: Graham Cohn, Wikipedia (public domain image)): Rotaviruses are segmented, double‐stranded RNA viruses. The mature, triple‐layered virus p1. 1 Rotavirus diarrhoea: severe (up to 1 year follow‐up). Using systematic reviews (free)Navigate to figure in ReviewPrint figureOpen in new tab Figures and Tables - Analysis 1. 1 Comparison 1 RV1 versus placebo, Outcome 1 Rotavirus diarrhoea: severe (up to 1 year follow‐up). Using systematic reviews (free)Navigate to figure in ReviewPrint figureOpen in new tab Figures and Tables - Analysis 1. 2 Comparison 1 RV1 versus placebo, Outcome 2 Rotavirus diarrhoea: severe (up to 2 years follow‐up). Using systematic reviews (free)Navigate to figure in ReviewPrint figureOpen in new tab Figures and Tables - Analysis 1. 3 Comparison 1 RV1 versus placebo, Outcome 3 All‐cause diarrhoea: severe cases (up to 1 year follow‐up). Using systematic reviews (free)Navigate to figure in ReviewPrint figureOpen in new tab Figures and Tables - Analysis 1. 4 Comparison 1 RV1 versus placebo, Outcome 4 All‐cause diarrhoea: severe cases (up to 2 years follow‐up). Using systematic reviews (free)Navigate to figure in ReviewPrint figureOpen in new tab Figures and Tables - Analysis 1. 5 Comparison 1 RV1 versus placebo, Outcome 5 All‐cause diarrhoea: severe episodes (up to 1 year follow‐up). Using systematic reviews (free)Navigate to figure in ReviewPrint figureOpen in new tab Figures and Tables - Analysis 1. 6 Comparison 1 RV1 versus placebo, Outcome 6 All‐cause diarrhoea: severe episodes (up to 2 years follow‐up). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by supporting the use of vaccines, particularly the inclusion of rotavirus vaccination in national immunization programs to prevent severe diarrhoeal diseases in children. The mention of the WHO's recommendations suggests that vaccines play a crucial role in decreasing the incidence and spread of such infectious diseases, which aligns with the claim about vaccines preventing the spread.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Telemedicine eliminates the need for in-person visits entirely. [SEP] Text: 017) but no change was observed for virtual visits (p-value = 0. 31). Overall, we noted a 57. 6% increase in total weekly physician visits volume after the start of the pandemic. DiscussionThese results are meaningful for virtual care reimbursement models. Future study needs to assess the quality of care and whether the increase in virtual care volume is cost-effective to society. IntroductionThe coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has brought unprecedented changes to physician practice, particularly by shifting the mode of care from in-person to virtual. Most literature on virtual care provision has been focused on the US during the initial 3 months of the pandemic (i. e. between March and June 2020). In a preliminary report, the US Centers for and Prevention showed a 154% rise in virtual visits in the last week of March 2020. 1 Several single-center studies subsequently recorded between 3- and 6-fold growth in virtual visits from early March to mid-April 2020. 2–4 As of June 2020, dramatic increases in the use of virtual visits were documented among different commercially insured populations. 5–7 Specific care services, including primary care and psychiatric care visits, were found to follow a similar shift from in-person to virtual in the first 3 months of COVID-19. 8,9Owing to its universal healthcare system, studies based in Canada are able to comprehensively assess the transformation of care patterns in the entire publicly insured population. Most pertaining Canadian studies are based in Ontario, which has been promoting virtual care long before the pandemic. 10–14 Over a decade ago, the Association (OTN) introduced incentive codes for physicians for conducting video visits using the OTN videoconferencing platform ($35 premium for initiating an encounter with patient and $15 premium for each subsequent visit). 15 These codes were canceled on 1 April 2020, two weeks after Ontario hospitals were advised to halt elective surgeries and non-emergent procedures with the arrival of COVID-19. 16 To ensure physicians can provide services at a distance, the Ministry of Health launched a set of temporary billing codes for physicians to claim phone visits and video visits conducted on a non-OTN platform which are set to expire in September 2022. 17 Preliminary evidence demonstrates high uptake of these phone codes, as over 90% of total virtual visits conducted in 2020 were delivered by phone. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by highlighting that while there has been a significant increase in virtual visits, the use of telemedicine does not fully eliminate the need for in-person appointments. It notes that specific care services shifted from in-person to virtual, but does not state that all care can be completed without in-person visits. Instead, the discussion suggests that telemedicine is an alternative mode of care rather than a complete replacement.