Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Beauveria bassiana is used as a biocontrol agent against various pests. [SEP] Text: Three rows were made on each plot and one month old seedlings of Gellila variety was obtained from greenhouse of FlorensisPLc. located around Awash River, center for seed propagation following the standards of tomato seedling propagation requirements [37]. They were transplanted in 40 cm apart from each other in a row (Fig S1). All tomato plants were fertilized twice monthly with recommended rate (32 kg ha−1) of the fertilizer. EPF strainsConidia per kg of substrate in gConidial density g−1% of conidial germinationB. bassiana-AAUB0310. 5 ± 0. 67a5. 2 × 1010a95. 5 ± 0. 91aB. bassiana-AAUB287. 8 ± 0. 89b6. 2 × 109b89. 2 ± 0. 23cM. anisopliae-AAUM395. 9 ± 1. 23c1. 3 × 108c88. 5 ± 0. 67dM. anisopliae-AAUM788. 7 ± 0. 98b3. 1 × 1010a92. 7 ± 1. 02bTable 1Production of conidia and conidial viability of B. bassiana and M. anisopliae strains. Same superscript letters within the column indicate no significant differences between strains (p <0. 05). Open table in a new tabThe transplanted tomato plants were left open for natural infestation of T. absoluta and after a week, the presence of eggs, larvae, adult insects as well as lesion on plant leaves were checked. Following the detection of insect manifestation, the formulated fungal conidia, and bacterial culture were sprayed on the plants in single and in combination using a knapsack sprayer. The combined treatments were composed of IPM components that included single, two or three entomopathogens together or entomopathogens with 25% or 50% of the full dose of Tutan36% SC (insecticide). Full dose of Tutan36% SC was sprayed on plots as positive control, whereas plots without any spray were served as negative control. The application of treatments on the field experiments follows the same procedures used for greenhouse experiment. 2. 8. 2 Data collectionIn order to determine damages caused by T. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not directly address the claim regarding the use of Beauveria bassiana as a biocontrol agent against pests. Instead, it focuses on the experimental setup for tomato plants and the methodologies used for assessing plant damage due to pests, mentioning the application of fungal conidia and bacterial culture without specifying the context in which B. bassiana is used as a biocontrol agent.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT) is effective for many mental health conditions. [SEP] Text: Sep 21, 2021;5(9):e27570. [FREE Full text] [CrossRef] [Medline]-Hyden R, Forman-Hoffman V. A therapist-guided smartphone app for major depression in young adults: a randomized clinical trial. J Affect Disord. May 01, 2021;286:228-238. [FREE Full text] [CrossRef] [Medline] The effectiveness of an app-based nurse-moderated program for new mothers with depression and parenting problems (eMums plus): pragmatic randomized controlled trial. J Res. Jun 04, 2019;21(6):e13689. [FREE Full text] [CrossRef] [Medline] Coached mobile app platform for the treatment of depression and anxiety among primary care patients: a randomized clinical trial. JAMA Psychiatry. Sep 01, 2020;77(9):906-914. [FREE Full text] [CrossRef] [Medline]. MoodHacker mobile web app with email for adults to self-manage mild-to-moderate depression: randomized controlled trial. . Jan 26, 2016;4(1):e8. [FREE Full text] [CrossRef] [Medline]önä J. The effects of app-based mindfulness practice on the well-being of university students and staff. Curr Psychol. May 01, 2023;42(6):4412-4421. [FREE Full text] [CrossRef] [Medline]. Effectiveness of a mobile app intervention for anxiety and depression symptoms in university students: randomized controlled trial. . Jul 31, 2020;8(7):e15418. [FREE Full text] [CrossRef] [Medline] Smartphone cognitive behavioral therapy as an adjunct to pharmacotherapy for refractory depression: randomized controlled trial. J Res. Nov 03, 2017;19(11):e373. [FREE Full text] [CrossRef] [Medline] Exploring the features of an app-based just-in-time intervention for depression. J Affect Disord. Aug 01, 2021;291:279-287. [CrossRef] [Medline]- A mindfulness meditation mobile app improves depression and anxiety in adults with sleep disturbance: analysis from a randomized controlled trial. Psychiatry. Nov 2021;73:30-37. [FREE Full text] [CrossRef] [Medline]. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by mentioning several randomized clinical trials and studies that examine the effectiveness of various mobile app-based interventions for mental health conditions, including 'smartphone cognitive behavioral therapy,' which suggests its effectiveness in treating depression and anxiety symptoms. This aligns with the assertion that CBT is an effective approach for mental health conditions.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: All patients respond equally well to regenerative therapies. [SEP] Text: The participant who did not wish to learn more about stem cells commented that this was due to religious beliefs stating, “I would not take training opportunities or advise clients regarding stem cell therapies due to [a] religious objection” (Supplementary Data). Of the those interested in learning more, almost all were interested in on-line training or on-line webinars as ways of receiving new information (93%), with inclusion of stem cell research and therapy information sessions integrated into existing professional development opportunities (61%). Other preferred methods of receiving information included face-to-face master classes (39%) and peer-to-peer forums (29%, Figure 2). There were several very positive comments including “It would be fantastic to know more about this to help when advising and counselling clients”; and “It would be great to have a handout to give to parents that explains where things are at now and links to more information”. 7. Participant information: audiology patientsA total of 94 adult audiology patients participated in the survey ranging from 19 to 86 years in age. Over half identified as female and most indicated that they experienced mild (43%) or moderate (36%) hearing difficulty. Of the remainder, 12% had severe hearing loss and 10% had no problems with hearing. Of those who experienced hearing difficulty, 41% reported having experienced this for less than 5 years, 21% for 5 to 10 years and 15% between 11 to 15 years. Approximately 8% of patients reported hearing difficulty for 16 to 20 years and 14% reported experiencing difficulties for over 20 years. Among participants who reported hearing difficulty, over half (51%) were hearing device users. These data are summarized in Table 2. Table 2. Demographic characteristics of patient participants. 8. General awareness & interest in learning more: audiology patientsThe large majority (90%) of adult audiology patients were not aware of any current or potential therapeutic uses of stem cells for hearing loss, and felt that there was a lack of reliable and accessible information on this topic. For participants that indicated their awareness, their responses included those that stem cells might be used in “regeneration” or specifically to “restore hearing function”, while others knew of the science but “not sure for what”. More specifically, 90% of patients reported a lack of reliable and accessible information on stem cell therapies for hearing loss. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by highlighting that a significant majority (90%) of adult audiology patients were not aware of any current or potential therapeutic uses of stem cells for hearing loss, indicating varying levels of awareness and differing responses among patients. Additionally, the mention of varied interests in training and information regarding stem cell therapies among participants suggests that patient responses to these therapies are not uniform.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Beauveria bassiana is used as a biocontrol agent against various pests. [SEP] Text: absoluta in tomato seedling, twelve plants (one plant per each pot per replica) from the greenhouse experiment and eighteen plants (one plant per each line per replica) from the field experiments were randomly selected and total leaves, leaf lesions, total fruits and fruit bores were counted weekly. Leaf lesion data were collected right after a week of the first application of treatments, whereas fruit bores data were gathered just after one week of tomato fruit sets. The damaged leaves and fruits were recorded weekly until the time of harvest. The biocontrol effectiveness (Ebiocon) of the treatments was calculated by using the following formula in order to determine healthy leaves or fruits:% (Ebiocon)=TNF−×100where TNL, the total mean number of leaves; NIL, the mean number of infected leaves; TNF, the total mean number of fruits; NIF, the mean number of infected fruits per plant. The percentage of fruit marketability (Fmark) per plant was assessed by using formula of;%(Fmark)=[1−(BFTreatment/TFCounted)]×100where BF, the mean number of bored fruits per plant; TF, mean number of total fruits counted per plant. 2. 8. 3 Data analysisAll the data were analyzed by using SPSS software version 25 with one way ANOVA and compared with positive control. Means separation of treatments and control was calculated using Tukey's Difference (LSD) test at p ≤ 0. 05. 3 Results and discussion3. 1 Conidial production of entomopathogenic fungiThe entomopathogenic fungi showed significant (p <0. 05) variation in the production of conidia, conidial density and germination rate when grown on the wheat bran (Table 1). B. bassiana-AAUB03 produced the highest conidial biomass (10. 5 g conidia kg−1 of substrate) with the largest density (5. 2 × 1010 conidia g−1) and germination rate (95. 5%), followed by M. anisopliae-AAUM78 with production of 8. 7 g conidia kg−1 of wheat bran, 3. 1 × 1010 conidia g−1 (density) and conidial germination rate of 92. 7% (Table 1). Although the two isolates displayed much lower conidial biomass than produced (40. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not provide direct evidence or information regarding the use of Beauveria bassiana as a biocontrol agent against pests. Instead, it discusses conidial production and experimental methodologies related to entomopathogenic fungi, including B. bassiana, but lacks any mention of its application against pests or biocontrol effectiveness. Therefore, it is irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Positive thinking alone cures depression. [SEP] Text: Daigre P. , 1950, Oubangui-Chari. Souvenirs et témoignages, Issoudun/Paris, Dillen et Cie Maison provinciale des Pères du Saint-Esprit. Dewiere Rémi, 2017, Du lac Tchad à La Mecque. Le sultanat du Bornou et son monde (xvie-xviie siècle), Paris, Éditions de la Sorbonne. Dognin René, 1981, L’installation des Djafoun dans l’Adamaoua camerounais : la djakka chez les Peuls de l’Adamaoua, in (dir. ), Contribution de la recherche ethnologique à l’histoire des civilisations du Cameroun, vol. 1, Paris, Éditions du CNRS : 139-157. Dupire Marguerite, 1962, Peuls nomades. Étude descriptive des WoDaaBe du Sahel nigérien, Paris, Institut d’ethnologie. Dupré Georges, 1991, Savoirs paysans et développement, Paris, Karthala/. Lovejoy Paul, 1986, Salt of the Desert Sun: A History of and Trade in the. Romier Gérard, 1999, de Centrafrique : une installation récente, un avenir incertain, in (dir. ), Figures peules, Paris, Karthala : 462-480. Roulon-Doko Paulette, 1998, Chasse, cueillette et culture chez les Gbaya de Centrafrique, Paris, L’Harmattan. — 2001, Cuisine et nourriture chez les Gbaya de Centrafrique, Paris, L’Harmattan. Schouten Peer, Kalessopo Soleil-Parfait, 2017, « Laissez piller ». L’économie politique des barrières routières en République centrafricaine, rapport DIIS-IPIS. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text provided is a list of various publications and authors without any discussion or evidence relating to the claim concerning positive thinking and depression. Therefore, it does not provide any relevant information to corroborate or contrast the claim.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: All patients respond equally well to regenerative therapies. [SEP] Text: Of the remaining 10% of participants who indicated that there were reliable and accessible sources of information on stem cell therapies for hearing loss, a follow-up question showed that 8/9 of these participants had not sought out such information and that 1/9 had used media outlets. We then asked patients where they would look for information on stem cell therapies for hearing loss: The most frequent response was from audiologists (61%), followed by the internet (51%). Both general practitioners (43%) and ear, nose and throat specialists (26%) were other sources of information. Peak bodies, family and friends and media outlets (television, radio, or newspaper) were equally selected in the responses at 11% each, with research 3. Current (top) and preferred (bottom) sources of information on stem cell therapies for hearing loss as reported by adult patients. *Note that multiple responses were allowed to this question, thus percentages do not sum to 100. Display full size9. Therapeutic expectations: audiology patientsAmong adult participants who reported hearing difficulties, 75% were open to the idea of stem cell therapy as a treatment for hearing loss should the treatment become available in the future. Two participants with perceived hearing loss (2. 5%) were not open to stem cell therapies for hearing loss and 22. 5% were unsure. Participants who did not have hearing loss, recorded that they would be open to the use of stem cell therapies as treatment for hearing loss should they develop hearing loss in the future. Patient participants who were open to receiving a stem cell therapy for hearing loss, were asked what they expected the therapies to do for their hearing. Over half (57%) were unsure of what the therapy would do to their hearing; 25% indicated that they expected the therapies to return their hearing to normal; and 16% indicated that they expected some improvement in hearing but that they would still need hearing aids. One participant noted that they expected the stem cell therapy to “improve their hearing under noisy conditions” and “tweak their tinnitus”. When asked about any potential concerns that the patient's had in relation to stem cell therapies for hearing loss, the cost of the treatment was the top response (45%), followed by safety (41%) and then efficacy (31%) and regulation of treatment (24%). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by indicating variability in patient responses to stem cell therapies for hearing loss. It highlights that while 75% of patients were open to stem cell therapy, significant portions of the participants had different expectations and concerns regarding the treatment's efficacy, as only 25% expected it to return their hearing to normal and many were unsure (57%) of its effects. This variability suggests that not all patients respond equally well to the therapies.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Beauveria bassiana is used as a biocontrol agent against various pests. [SEP] Text: 9d22. 8 ± 1. 0ef76. 9cd26. 7 ± 1. 4b16. 2 ± 1. 2cd60. 5dM. anisopliae-AAUM7833. 7 ± 2. 7c31. 8 ± 0. 8b94. 4b28. 8 ± 1. 8a24. 2 ± 1. 1a84. 2aB. thuringeinsis-AAUF630 ± 2. 5d28. 5 ± 0. 8c95. 7a29. 3 ± 2. 1a24. 5 ± 0. 8a83. 7aB. thuringeinsis-AAUMF929. 3 ± 2. 2de21. 9 ± 1. 1f75. 4d27. 6 ± 2. 3a19. 9 ± 1. 0b72. 1bcTutan36% SC (insecticide)29. 3 ± 2. 2de27. 5 ± 0. 8c94. 2b23. 9 ± 1. 6c21. 5 ± 1. 0b90. 0aUntreated control16. 7 ± 2. 13. 4 ± 1. 120. 4 ± 5. 2g-j12. 2 ± 1. 42. 74 ± 0. 822. 5 ± 6. 3f-iTable 3Effectiveness of treatments in reducing fruit damage of tomato by T. absoluta under greenhouse conditions. TNF, mean total number of fruits; NMF, mean number of marketable fruits; same letters within the column indicate no significant differences between treatments (p <0. 05). Open table in a new tabThe other entomopathogens induced the production of 70–95% of marketable fruits with less number of fruits (21–32 fruits/plant) compared to B. bassiana-AAUB03 treated plants (36 fruits/plant) on the Awash variety (Table 3). On the other hand, Venes variety showed significant variation (F 27, 43 = 6. 23, p <0. 001) in different treatments compared to Awash variety (Table 3). Thus, B. thuringeinsis-AAUF6, M. anisopliae-AAUM78 and B. bassiana-AAUB03 treated plants produced 24 marketable fruits/plant followed by insecticide and B. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not provide relevant information directly addressing the claim about Beauveria bassiana as a biocontrol agent. Instead, it appears to describe experimental results related to various treatments on tomato fruit damage, but does not explicitly confirm or deny the claim regarding its use against pests.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Positive thinking alone cures depression. [SEP] Text: 용이 의심됩니다. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text '용이 의심됩니다.' translates to 'It is suspected.' This statement is vague and does not provide any evidence or information that corroborates or contrasts the claim regarding positive thinking and depression. Therefore, it is deemed irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: All patients respond equally well to regenerative therapies. [SEP] Text: Additional concerns expressed by patients included a misrepresentation of the therapies in advertising or media (21%) and ethical concerns over the use of stem cells in the therapies (13%). Approximately 21% of participants indicated that they had no concerns over the use of stem cell therapies for hearing loss (Figure 4). Figure 4. Patient concerns regarding the use of stem cell therapies for hearing loss. *Note that multiple responses were allowed to this question, thus percentages do not sum to 100. Display full sizeTwenty patients also left final comments that ranged from stressing their desire to learn more about stem cell therapies for hearing loss, or noting a lack of awareness around such therapies, to the need for transparency around stem cell research, the source of stem cells and success rates of such therapies. Further comments included: mention of stem cell therapies being beneficial for people with a high degree of hearing loss; mention of possible push back from audiologists heavily reliant on the sale of hearing aids; potential societal reluctance in accepting technological changes; the use of media such as with TV documentaries as a source of information; and expressions of support for stem cell therapies for hearing loss. All comments provided by participants are included in the Supplementary Data. 10. DiscussionThis study aimed to investigate the perspectives and awareness of Australian audiologists and their adult patients to stem cell therapies for hearing loss. While there have been similar studies in optometry [Citation24], ophthalmology [Citation25], neurology [Citation28], dentistry [Citation34,Citation35] and in otology in other countries [Citation23], this is the first study conducted with Australian audiologists and their patients. Although the number of participants in our study was low, particularly from professionals, and our recruitment of patients was limited those attending audiology services at a single tertiary training centre, the findings are generally consistent with those reported in related allied health fields. There was a high degree of interest in emerging stem cell therapies from both patients and clinicians, yet a lack of awareness around how stem cell therapies could improve hearing health and where to access reliable information on the topic. Perhaps most meaningfully, both clinicians and patients strongly supported the role of the audiologist as a source of such information. 11. audiologists & their patients reported a lack of awareness around current & emerging stem cell therapies for hearing lossAn overall lack of awareness around stem cell therapies for hearing loss was reported among both participating audiologists and patients. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by highlighting the varying responses and concerns expressed by patients regarding stem cell therapies for hearing loss. It mentions that patients reported a lack of awareness and varying degrees of interest in the therapies, indicating that not all patients may respond equally. Furthermore, the text refers to a high degree of interest but also emphasizes a lack of reliable information, suggesting that individual responses to such therapies could differ significantly based on awareness and perception.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Beauveria bassiana is used as a biocontrol agent against various pests. [SEP] Text: The invasive tomato pinworm, Tuta absoluta, continues to spread in Afro-Eurasia and beyond: the new threat to tomato world productionJ. Pest. Sci. 2011; 84:403-408CrossrefScopus (443)5. El-Ghany, N. M. A. ∙ Faucheux, M. J. Sensory structures on the larval antennae and mouthparts of Tuta absoluta (Meyrick) (Lepidoptera: gelechiidae)Zool. Anz. 2021; 294:28-38CrossrefScopus (8)6. Silva, A. G. ∙ Queiroz, A. E. ∙ Arcanjo, P. L. . . . Biological performance and oviposition preference of tomato pinworm Tuta absoluta when offered a range of Solanaceous host plantsSci. Rep. 2021; 11:1153CrossrefScopus (24)PubMed7. Han, P. ∙ Bayram, Y. ∙ Shaltiel-Harpaz, I. . . . Tuta absoluta continues to disperse in Asia: damage, ongoing management and future challengesJ. Pest. Sci. 2018; 23:23-388. Ciceoi, R. ∙ Iordăchescu, M. ∙ Udriște, A. A. . . . Insights on solanaceous resistance against tomato leaf miner (Tuta absoluta), with emphasis on chemical compounds useful in integrated pest managementRev. Not. Bot. Hort. Agrobo. 2021; 49:12543CrossrefScopus (3)9. Nderitu, P. W. ∙ Jonsson, M. ∙ Arunga, E. . . . Combining host plant resistance, selective insecticides, and biological control agents for integrated management of Tuta absolutaAdv. Agricult. 2020; 2020:1-8CrossrefScopus (9)10. Braham, M. ∙ Hajji, L. Farzana Perveen, Dr. Management of (Lepidoptera, Gelechiidae) with Insecticides on Tomatoes, Insecticides - Pest EngineeringInTech, 2012; 1-2411. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is largely focused on the invasive tomato pinworm, Tuta absoluta, and its impact on tomato production, as well as management strategies for this pest. It does not mention Beauveria bassiana or its use as a biocontrol agent, making it irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: The universe is expanding, as shown by redshift in distant galaxies. [SEP] Text: Furthermore, the velocity-differential redshift/effect is shown to be part of a much broader unification, since the very mechanism that causes the gravitation effect and sustains the Universe’s gravity-cell structure is also the mechanism that causes the λ elongation manifesting as the cosmic redshift. Agreement with the verifiable portion of the redshift-distance graph (z ≤ 5) is outstanding. The main point is that intrinsic spectral shift occurs with a transit across/through any gravity well (sink). It is caused by the difference in propagation velocity between the axial ends of the photon or wave packet. Which, in turn, is caused by the difference in velocity of the aether flow, the flow differential of the aether, that occurs throughout a gravity well. And here the causal chain is linked to gravity: the change in velocity of the aether flow is what produces the effect of gravitation. The acceleration of the aether flow is the manifestation of gravity. VL - 2 IS - 5 ER - Copy | × captcha is required. Captcha is not valid. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the redshift phenomenon and its relationship to gravity. It mentions that 'the very mechanism that causes the gravitation effect' is tied to the cosmic redshift, linking redshift to the expansion of the universe and supporting the assertion that redshift in distant galaxies provides evidence for the universe's expansion.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: All patients respond equally well to regenerative therapies. [SEP] Text: Almost all patients surveyed in this study (92%) reported being unaware of any current or potential therapeutic use of stem cells for hearing loss, and only a third of participating audiologists noted awareness of the use of stem cells in otology. There could be many contributing factors to the lack of awareness observed in both groups, including a lack of easily accessible and reliable information. This is supported by survey responses from both audiologists and patients where 70% and 89%, respectively, indicated that information was not readily available. Indeed, the information provided by government agencies such as the US Food and or the warns about the possible side effects of unregulated stem cell therapies, yet they fail to provide alternative accessible research updates regarding stem cell therapies for specific conditions, including hearing loss [Citation36–38]. Additionally, stem cell peak bodies such as Australia provide information on stem cell therapies for various health conditions, but this list does not yet include information on hearing loss [Citation39]. Instead, reliable information on stem cell therapies for hearing loss must be gathered from published research reports, which are not prepared for informing the lay individual, and which are unlikely to be accessible to the general public without institutional journal access normally provided through universities. It is also possible that the low levels of awareness among patient participants are affected by a lack of urgency for treatment, which is common in audiology. Compared with other human conditions such as diabetes, stroke and vision impairment, the treatment of hearing loss is dictated by the communication needs of the patients. Avoidance of treatment of hearing loss is common given that this is not a life-threatening condition, and that individuals can cope with everyday tasks for a relatively long period of time with moderate inconvenience. Furthermore, the current treatments for hearing loss include rehabilitation with hearing aids and assistive listening devices, which provide well-documented benefits to the patient [Citation40]. In cases where hearing aids and assistive listening devices no longer benefit the patient, cochlear implants may be offered as a viable treatment option to restore hearing function, and subsequently, improve quality of life [Citation41]. For clinical audiologists, their low level of awareness may be due to a lack of training and guidelines provided to this group. Audiological training in Australia provided by different universities does not include extensive training in emerging stem cell therapies for hearing loss, nor in the management of patient queries surrounding this topic. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by highlighting the varying levels of awareness and access to information regarding stem cell therapies among patients and audiologists, indicating that patient responses are not uniform. The text suggests that the treatment of hearing loss is not life-threatening and the urgency for treatment is lower compared to other conditions, which implies that not all patients may respond equally well to regenerative therapies if they perceive them as less critical. Additionally, it explains that current treatments include rehabilitation with hearing aids, which suggests that there is a range of treatment responses rather than an equal response to regenerative therapies.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Beauveria bassiana is used as a biocontrol agent against various pests. [SEP] Text: Mergia, M. ∙ Weldemariam, E. D. ∙ Eklo, O. M. . . . Knowledge, attitude, and practice of farmers on pesticide use and their impacts on the environment and human health from small scale vegetable farming along the littoral of Lake Ziway, EthiopiaRes. Square. 2021; 1-2312. Srinivasan, R. ∙ Sevgan, S. ∙ Ekesi, S. . . . Biopesticide based sustainable pest management for safer production of vegetable legumes and brassicas in Asia and AfricaPest Manag. Sci. 2019; 75:2446-2454CrossrefScopus (44)PubMed13. Scheepmakera, J. W. A. ∙ Butt, T. M. Natural and released inoculum levels of entomopathogenic fungal biocontrol agents in soil in relation to risk assessment and in accordancewith EU regulationsBiocontrol Sci. Technol. 2010; 20:503-552Crossref14. Salama, H. ∙ Saker, M. ∙ Salama, M. . . . Bacillus thuringiensis isolates from Egyptian soils and their potential activity against lepidopterous insectsArch. Phytopathol. Plant Protect. 2012; 45:1-13CrossrefScopus (8)15. El-Ghany, N. M. A. ∙ El-Ghany, E. M. A. ∙ Salama, H. S. Efficiency of new B. thuringiensis isolates from Egypt against the pink bollworm Pectinophora gossypiella (Saunders)Biopest. Int. 2015; 11:12-1916. El-Ghany NMA, A. S. ∙ Abdel-Razek ∙ Ebadah, I. M. A. . . . Evaluation of some microbial agents, natural and chemical compounds for controlling tomato leaf miner, Tuta absoluta (Meyrick) (Lepidoptera: gelechiidae)J. Plant Protect. Res. 2015; 56:372-379CrossrefScopus (25)17. Klieber, J. ∙ Reineke, A. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim directly about Beauveria bassiana as a biocontrol agent. Instead, it focuses on various agricultural and biopesticide studies without specifically mentioning Beauveria bassiana or its role in biocontrol. Therefore, the text is irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: The universe is expanding, as shown by redshift in distant galaxies. [SEP] Text: Simulations of galaxies in an expanding Universe with modified Newtonian dynamics (MOND) and with modified gravitational attractions (MOGA) Download PDF Søren : orcid. org/0000-0002-0819-698X1 378 all metrics AbstractThe stability of galaxies is either explained by the existence of dark matter or caused by a modification of Newtonian acceleration (MOND). Here, we show that the modification of the Newtonian dynamics can equally well be obtained by a modification of Newton’s law of universal gravitational attraction (MOGA) when Newton’s inverse square attraction from a distant object is replaced with an inverse attraction. This modification is often proposed in the standard model, and with the modification of the attraction caused by dark matter. The recently derived algorithm, J Plus, 137:99, 2022; Grav, 39:225006, 2022, for classical celestial dynamics is used to simulate models of the in an expanding universe and with either MOND or MOGA. The simulations show that the galaxies with MOND dynamics are unstable, whereas MOGA stabilizes the galaxies. The rotation velocities for objects in galaxies with classical Newtonian dynamics decline inversely proportional to the square root of the distance r to the center of the galaxy. But the rotation velocities is relatively independent of r for MOGA and qualitatively in agreement with experimentally determined rotation curves for galaxies in the Universe. The modification of the attractions may be caused by the masses of the objects in the central part of the galaxy by the lensing of gravitational waves from far-away objects in the galaxy. Similar content being viewed by others Gravitational theory of cosmology, galaxies and galaxy clusters 0. 80\). The green ellipse is the classical orbit. In blue are the first 38 corresponding (revolving) orbits with MOGA and with \(r_0=25000 \) pc. The corresponding 26 revolving orbits in red are for the MOGA with the Hubble expansion included in the dynamics [42]Full size imageAn illustrative example of the different accelerations is shown in Fig. 1. (Units are with \(m_i=G=1\) and length unit 1 corresponds to 1 pc for a galaxy. For units see [42]). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing simulations of galaxies in an expanding universe, specifically noting that the dynamics include an expansion of the universe and that the models take into account modifications of gravitational attraction along with MOND (modified Newtonian dynamics). The inclusion of Hubble expansion in the dynamics reinforces the idea of an expanding universe.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: All patients respond equally well to regenerative therapies. [SEP] Text: Clinical guidelines provided by governing bodies such as or the of Audiology, do not mention emerging treatments for hearing loss involving stem cell therapies [Citation42]. The lack of training and guidance provided to audiologists, suggests that any awareness of stem cell therapies for hearing loss is acquired independently. This results in vastly differing levels of understanding around this emerging therapy, and possibly inconsistent information provided to patients. It is also worth noting that a lack of awareness about the science and what is involved in stem cell-based research and its clinical translation, may influence perceptions. One of the participating audiologists indicated that a “religious objection” would prevent them advising clients or undertaking additional training, while 11 patient participants indicated that they held “ethical” concerns about the use of stem cell therapies. While it is possible that other factors may be behind these responses, a misunderstanding that stem cell research and cellular replacement therapies must involve the destruction of a human embryo is the most plausible explanation. Further research to more fully and respectfully explore concerns and increase awareness of newer forms of stem cell research, such as the use of induced pluripotent stem cells, will be essential in the development of educational resources for both healthcare professionals and patients. 12. Patients show a willingness to receive stem cell therapies for hearing lossDespite the low awareness of stem cell use in treating hearing loss, patient enthusiasm for such therapies was high. Of patients who had self-perceived hearing loss, 75% indicated that they were open to the use of stem cells for the treatment of their hearing loss, should such treatments become available in the future. Interestingly, despite indicating their openness to stem cell therapies, over half of the patient participants were unsure of what the therapy would do, and almost half of the patient participants expected the stem cell therapies to improve their hearing. Patient readiness to try stem cell therapies for hearing loss, their high expectations of treatment outcomes, combined with their low awareness is somewhat concerning, given the recent rise in clinics offering unvalidated stem cell treatments claiming to cure a wide range of conditions, including hearing loss [Citation22]. Unproven stem cell therapies are often advertised directly to patients online and employ tactics that intentionally exploit vulnerable patients. The clinics providing such therapies often claim to be experts in the field, and that the therapies being performed are standard care or part of a research program [Citation22]. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by highlighting that there is a lack of uniformity in patient understanding and expectations regarding stem cell therapies. It states that while 75% of patients are open to these therapies, over half are unsure about what the therapy entails, and nearly half have unrealistic expectations about its effectiveness. This indicates that responses to these therapies are not equal, as differing levels of understanding and expectations among patients can significantly influence their experience and outcomes.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Beauveria bassiana is used as a biocontrol agent against various pests. [SEP] Text: Molecular phylogeny and pathogenicity of indigenous Beauveria bassiana against the tomato leaf miner, Tuta absoluta Meyrick 1917 (Lepidoptera: gelechiidae), in EthiopiaJ. Genetic Eng. Biotechnol. 2021; 19:1-15CrossrefScopus (9)PubMed30. Aynalem, B. ∙ Muleta, D. ∙ Venegas, J. . . . Isolation, molecular characterization and pathogenicity of native Bacillus thuringiensis, from Ethiopia, against the tomato leafminer, Tuta absoluta: detection of a new high lethal phylogenetic groupMicrobiol. Res. 2021; 250:1-10CrossrefScopus (12)31. Sora, A. S. Review on productivity of released tomato (Mill. ) varieties in different parts of EthiopiaJ. Hortic. Sci. 2018; 1:102-11432. Roussos, S. ∙ Bagnis, C. ∙ Besnard, O. . . . Use of solid state fermentation for the production of fungal biopesticides spores for insect controlSera, T. . . . and QualityPublishers, 2000; 277-286Printed in the NetherlandsCrossref33. Gouli, V. ∙ Gouli, S. ∙ Brownbridge, M. . . . Manual for of in with to of 200534. Habtegebriel, B. ∙ Getu, E. ∙ Dawd, M. . . . Molecular characterization and evaluation of indigenous entomopathogenic fungal isolates against Sorghum Chafer, Pachnoda interrupta (Olivier) in EthiopiaJ. Entomol. Nematol. 2016; 8:34-45Crossref35. Lobo, K. S. ∙ Soares-da-Silva, J. ∙ Silva, M. C. . . . Isolation and molecular characterization of Bacillus thuringiensis found in soils of the Cerrado region of Brazil, and their toxicity to Aedesae gypti larvaeRev. Bras. Entomol. 2018; 62:5-12CrossrefScopus (20)36. Alatar, A. A. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not provide clear support or contrast to the claim about Beauveria bassiana being a biocontrol agent. It mentions molecular phylogeny and pathogenicity of indigenous Beauveria bassiana against a specific pest, but does not directly state its general use as a biocontrol agent. As a result, it is deemed irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: The Earth’s magnetic field protects it from solar radiation. [SEP] Text: The electricity is created from the movement of the liquid metal, in a similar way to a wind turbine, which creates electricity from the motion of the blades. The electricity flows around the planet’s equator in a very large loop and creates a strong magnetic field, which escapes the outer core. The magnetic field passes all the way to the Earth’s surface and out into space. It creates a bar magnet-shaped magnetic field (Figure 1a). The magnetic field extends out into space forming a “bubble” in which the Earth sits. This magnetic bubble shields the planet’s atmosphere from the Sun’s magnetic field, which otherwise would strip away Earth’s atmosphere over billions of years. The way the Earth’s magnetic field is created is very complex and not totally understood by scientists today. It is thought that the electrical current loop in the core does not form a perfect circle running around the equator, which is why the magnetic field is actually somewhat “tilted,” by around 11°, away from the rotation axis of the Earth. The strength of the electrical current changes over time too, which makes the magnetic field at the Earth’s surface change. Finally, the flow of the liquid metal “drags” the magnetic field westward. All these different processes combine to make the magnetic field very complicated and it is hard to predict how it changes over time. About four times every million years, the magnetic field experiences a reversal where the poles “flip over,” though this takes thousands of years to happen. Field at the Earth’s the overall shape of the Earth’s magnetic field is similar to a simple bar magnet, when you look at the magnetic field in detail, it is far more complicated. In general, a compass needle points approximately northwards, but it does not point to true North (the point around which the Earth rotates). The angle between true North and the direction a compass needle points is called declination. A compass needle points toward a location called the magnetic North pole. The magnetic field is very useful for navigation. used basic compasses back in the 1100s to find direction. The first map was made by Edmund Halley, of Halley’s comet fame, for use by ships sailing the in 1699. He realized that the magnetic field changed constantly and proposed that there was a liquid layer at the center of the Earth. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by explaining that the Earth's magnetic field creates a 'bubble' that shields the planet's atmosphere from the Sun's magnetic field, which would otherwise strip away Earth’s atmosphere over billions of years. This indicates the protective role of the magnetic field against solar radiation.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: All patients respond equally well to regenerative therapies. [SEP] Text: Such clinics often provide scientific imagery, information and patient testimonials as “tokens of legitimacy” to support their claims [Citation43]. In fact, these stem cell therapies are driven by commercial profit and most (if not all) have yet to be proven effective and safe. Clinics providing such therapies are now operating even in countries with high standards of regulatory oversight, including Australia [Citation44,Citation45], Japan [Citation46] and the USA [Citation33,Citation47]. Thus, the combination of high patient expectations, eagerness to treat their hearing dysfunction and low level of awareness with the presence of unproven treatment clinics, illustrates an urgent need for increased awareness and understanding of stem cell therapies for hearing loss. A simple way to achieve this is through the provision of reliable and accessible information to the public and patients; either directly a through healthcare providers, such as audiologists, and/or via general practitioners, or via curated websites that can be updated with the latest discoveries. Both patients and clinicians participating in this survey identified audiologists as having a key role in the provision of this information. Such information has the potential to both raise awareness of possible treatment options that are safe, effective and scientifically proven, and to ensure that patients can make informed decisions and are not exploited. 13. The role of audiologists in providing accurate & relevant information to patientsAudiologists are primary caregivers for hearing health and they work closely with patients if hearing rehabilitation is required. As such, audiologists are likely to be one of the first points of contact for patients seeking information and guidance on potential treatments for their hearing loss. All audiologists within this study agreed that they should have a role in educating patients in stem cell therapies for hearing loss. Audiology as a profession has shifted from a biomedical-centred approach, where clinicians primarily focus on managing the hearing loss with available treatment options, to a more patient-centered model of practice which emphasizes joint decision making and considers the biological, psychological and social needs of the patient [Citation48]. As such, the education of patients regarding new therapies for hearing loss, such as stem cell therapies, may be viewed as an extension of care that audiologists can provide as part of a patient-centered care approach. This is a view that was shared by the large majority of patients surveyed in the current study (98. 7%). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the variability in responses to stem cell therapies, indicating that they have yet to be proven effective and safe. It points out that patient expectations and the presence of unproven treatments highlight a lack of uniform effectiveness, suggesting that not all patients respond equally well to these therapies. Additionally, it emphasizes the need for reliable information and guidance from professionals like audiologists, which further implies variability in patient experiences with such therapies.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Beauveria bassiana is used as a biocontrol agent against various pests. [SEP] Text: ∙ Faisal, M. ∙ Abdel-Salam, E. M. . . . Efficient and reproducible in vitro regeneration of Solanum lycopersicum and assessment genetic uniformity using flow cytometry and SPAR methodsSaudi J. Biol. Sci. 2017; 24:1430-1436CrossrefScopus (21)PubMed37. Lin, J. L. ∙ Luther, C. G. ∙ Hanson, P. – publicationAVRDC – publication, 2015 15-79538. Pham, T. A. ∙ Kim, J. J. ∙ Kim, K. Optimization of solid-state fermentation for improved conidia production of Beauveria bassiana as a mycoinsecticide. 2010; 38:137-143CrossrefPubMed39. Qiu, L. ∙ Li, J. ∙ Li, Z. . . . Production and characterization of biocontrol fertilizer from brewer’s spent grain via solid-state fermentationSci. Rep. 2019; 9:1-9CrossrefScopus (24)PubMed40. Jaronski, S. T. Mass production of entomopathogenic fungi: state of the artof Beneficial OrganismsElsevier, 2014; 357-413CrossrefScopus (91)41. Roshandel, S. ∙ Askary, H. ∙ Hassanlouei, R. T. . . . The effects of natural substrates on the sporulation and viability of conidia and blastospores of Metarhizium anisopliaeProtect. 2016; 4:94-11142. Cruz-Quiroz, R. ∙ Robledo-Padilla, F. ∙ Aguilar, C. . . . Forced aeration influence on the production of spores by Trichoderma strainsValorizat. 2017; 8:2263-2270 SpringerCrossrefScopus (20)43. El-Ghany, M. N. A. ∙ Abdel-Razek, S. A. ∙ Djelouah, K. . . . Efficacy of bio-rational insecticides against Tuta absoluta (Meyrick) (Lepidoptera Gelechiidae) on tomatoesBiosci. Res. 2018; 15:28-4044. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it contains several references and citations that discuss various scientific studies without providing specific information about Beauveria bassiana's role or use as a biocontrol agent against pests. It primarily lists publications and findings that do not directly address the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: The Earth’s magnetic field protects it from solar radiation. [SEP] Text: Analysis of cosmic ray, solar wind energies, components of Earth’s magnetic field, and ionospheric total electron content during solar superstorm of November 18–22, 2003 : orcid. org/0000-0002-2799-91121,2, Bidur Kaphle1, Niraj Adhikari1, Sanam Limbu1, Aashish Sunar1, Mishra1 & …Sarala Adhikari3 Show authors 1923 all metrics AbstractThis paper studies the impacts of interplanetary coronal mass ejections (ICMEs) preceding storm (November 18–22, 2003) on several space weather components. The comprehensive study of different parameters such as solar wind speed, density, plasma temperature, plasma pressure, auroral electrojet, SYM-H, energy transfer, components of Earth’s magnetic field, total electron content, and cosmic ray received by Earth during the ICME storm has been studied, which accounts for the more precise knowledge of the storm from different dimensions. The solar storm of November 2003 had SYM-H value of − 472 nT. During the main phase of the storm, the velocity of solar wind reached approximately to 500 km/s, and plasma pressure cumulated to around 20 nPa. The total energy dissipated during the storm in the magnetosphere has been converted in the form of ring current, joule heating, and auroral precipitation. The joule heating leads to modification in thermospheric contents and traveling atmospheric contents that result in further modification of the density, composition, circulation, and dynamics of ionosphere–thermosphere system. This phenomena further result in the escalation and slumping of TEC. We found out the decrease in rate of cosmic ray received by the Earth during the main phase of the storm, which lead to our conclusion that there exists inverse relation between strength of solar storm and amount of cosmic ray fluxes received by the Earth. In addition, the study made on the change in TEC and SYM-H during the event hinted us toward the possible changes in the space weather caused by the solar superstorm of November 18–22, 2003. Similar content being viewed by others Study of cosmic ray intensity and geomagnetic storms with solar wind parameters during the period 1998–2005 3. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the impacts of solar storms and specifically mentions a decrease in the rate of cosmic rays reaching Earth during the storm, suggesting that the Earth's magnetic field plays a role in protecting it from solar radiation. It indicates an inverse relationship between the solar storm's strength and the cosmic ray flux received by Earth, aligning with the understanding that the magnetic field serves as a protective barrier against solar radiation.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: All patients respond equally well to regenerative therapies. [SEP] Text: Interestingly, over 30% of audiologists surveyed had been approached by a patient with questions about stem cell therapies. Despite this, 70% of audiologists surveyed indicated that they were not confident advising patients about stem cell therapies for hearing loss. Consultation around stem cell therapies is difficult as many factors need to be considered by the healthcare professional. In their study of general practitioners, Arthurs et al. (2022) note that tensions can arise between supporting patient decisions, managing high expectations from patients, and counselling patients with distrust toward conventional treatments [Citation49]. These considerations are most likely shared in consultations between audiologists and hearing loss patients, and contribute to the low level of confidence expressed by audiologists. The previously discussed lack of training and guidance provided to audiologists regarding emerging stem cell therapies for hearing loss may also contribute to the noted low confidence, particularly given that nearly half of the cohort surveyed had ≤5 years of clinical experience. There are numerous ways that this could be investigated to improve audiologists' confidence in counselling patients on this topic. Peak bodies such as Australia and are well placed to collaborate to develop useful educational material, continued professional development sessions, and Universities may be able to provide micro-certs to keep up-to-date with recent developments. For example, the Health and Council provides general practitioners with stem cell information resources to assist them in conversations regarding stem cell treatments with their patients [Citation50] and these sessions could be developed for audiology and other allied health professions. 14. A preference for health professional consultation & online platforms to receive new informationWithin the current study, the p91. 1%), consultation with a health professional was the most preferable choice. This reliance on health professionals is possibly explained by the age of patients captured in this survey (average of 60 years). In their analysis of health information-seeking behaviors, Jacobs and colleagues (2017) found that older adults relied on health professionals as their primary source of health information [Citation51]. Another possible contributor to the preference for consultation with health professionals is the trust that patients have in Australia's regulation of healthcare. In their study, Waldby et al. (2020) found that Australian patients had a high level of trust toward health services provided in Australia, given the comprehensive healthcare regulation that exists [Citation52]. Other popular methods that patients selected to receive information included online materials and information available from peak bodies and government websites. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by indicating that the confidence of audiologists in advising patients about stem cell therapies is low, suggesting that not all patients may respond equally well. It discusses how different factors influence patient outcomes and the complexities involved in consultations, implying variability in responses to regenerative therapies among patients. The mention of high expectations from patients and distrust toward conventional treatments further supports the idea that responses are not uniform.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Beauveria bassiana is used as a biocontrol agent against various pests. [SEP] Text: IntroductionAugmentative biocontrol in protected crops often involves multiple biological control agents (BCAs) targeting the same or different pest species (Wittman and Leather 1997; Shipp et al. 2003; Calvo et al. 2009; Labbe et al. 2009; Chow et al. 2010; Messelink et al. 2011). These BCAs may also be used in conjunction with biorational chemicals in integrated pest management (IPM) programmes where the focus is to combine crop protection strategies with the overall aim to reduce the use of broad spectrum pesticides and chemical residues on produce (Cock et al. 2010). Combining several BCAs may allow a holistic biological pest management programme but interactions between different BCAs are complex and one species can potentially disrupt the functions of another. Biocontrol programmes can be compromised due to competition or intraguild predation (e. g. hyperpredation, hyperparasitism and pathogenicity) from other introduced BCAs or naturally occurring species (Momen and Abdel-Khalek 2009; Chow et al. 2010; Buitenhuis et al. 2010; Messelink et al. 2011; Shipp et al. 2012; da Silva et al. 2015). In order to develop efficient and successful pest management programmes compatibility between the different BCAs must be established. Phytoseiid mites are important components of pest management programmes in protected crops and one of the most widely used species is Amblyseius (=Typhlodromips) swirskii Athias-Henriot (Acari: Phytoseiidae) (van Lenteren 2012). Marketed primarily for whitefly (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae) and thrips (Thysanoptera: Thripidae) control, both of which are major pests in tomatoes, peppers, cucumbers and ornamentals (Malais and Ravensberg 2003), this polyphagous predator can suppress pest outbreaks on its own (Messelink et al. 2006; Chow et al. 2010; Messelink et al. 2010; Calvo et al. 2011). Combining its use with other BCAs can enhance pest control particularly when the BCAs do not compete directly but exploit different life stages of the same pest (Calvo et al. 2009; Dogramaci et al. 2011). Conversely, A. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text discusses augmentative biocontrol and the use of multiple biological control agents (BCAs) but does not specifically mention Beauveria bassiana or its use against pests. Therefore, the text is irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: The Earth’s magnetic field protects it from solar radiation. [SEP] Text: It immensely affected the ionosphere, magnetosphere, and cosmic rays received by the Earth, which is also seen during our study. Moreover, the following points are the main conclusion that came from our study of the event: 1. When the CME of 18 November resulted in a solar storm of 20 November, the SYM-H decreased by approximately 500 nT, AE increased by around 4000 nT, and Bz was recorded at a minimum of around 55 nT. The solar wind pressure fluctuated between 2 Pa, 18 Pa, and density varied in the range of 30–5 kg/m3 in the same pattern. 2. On the basis of our analysis of solar cycle 23 (1996–2008), we concluded that solar super storm can occur anytime in solar cycle. Its occurrence is independent of the phase of solar cycle and has possibility of occurrence anytime in solar maxima or in solar minima. 3. It is found that the total amount of energy in the form of ring current in our study is less than that of as studied by Gonzalez and Mac-Mohan in 1997. 4. The variation on TEC in all four stations was mainly due to the difference in latitude and the local time. However, one striking similarity of the wave nature in increment and decrement of TEC was observed in all the stations. 5. In all neutron monitor stations analyzed here, the rate of cosmic ray received decreases by approximately 3% during the ICME. From this analysis, it can be inferred that there exist inverse relation between the strength of solar storm and the amount of cosmic ray received by the Earth. Thus, we can say that the study of the storm of this sort help us to better understand he conditions of different geomagnetic parameters during disturbed period. Moreover, we can also predict their affects in the space weather by analyzing the energetic p5625. 23. Lett 32(12)1804. 10870 Hathaway DH (2007) The solar cycle. In: Guido RMD (2018) Characterizing coronal mass ejections in solar cycle analysis. arXiv preprint arXiv:1804. 10870 Hess VF, (1937) World-wide effect in cosmic ray intensity, as observed during a recent magnetic storm. Nature 140(3538):3167939. 02. 4001. 2015. J 121:7941–7960. 2. pp 195–248 1354. 181. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text provides detailed information about the effects of solar storms and their relation to cosmic rays received by the Earth. It describes how the study shows that solar storms can influence the ionosphere and magnetosphere, which are critical aspects of how solar radiation interacts with the Earth. Specifically, the mention that 'there exists inverse relation between the strength of solar storm and the amount of cosmic ray received by the Earth' supports the claim that the Earth's magnetic field provides a protective effect against solar radiation by indicating that strong solar events result in reduced cosmic ray exposure.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: All patients respond equally well to regenerative therapies. [SEP] Text: Unsurprisingly, a high preference for online materials is noted given the ease with which this material can be accessed. However, unverified information online can be dangerous for patients as it can be biased toward public opinion over empirical data [Citation53,Citation54] and exaggerate positive aspects of experimental stem cell therapies without fully disclosing the burdens that come with such treatment [Citation55]. It is therefore vital that accurate and accessible information is made available. Peak bodies, universities and government agencies are perhaps best placed to provide up-to-date information through their trusted official pages. Participating audiologists indicated a high preference for online training or online webinars as a means of getting new information, with possible integration of stem cell-related information into existing professional development opportunities. With the technology currently available, educational programs could be readily developed by professional accreditation bodies such as and provided online to audiologists. Such educational models could include sessions from scientists working in the field, ethicists and surgeons to give a comprehensive update. They could employ both in-person and on-line formats to maximize engagement across the country and possibly internationally. 15. Limitations of the study & future directions for researchAs the sample size for both audiologists and their adult patients in this study is relatively small, it is not possible to speculate whether the findings can be generalized to a larger population. Instead, the findings of this study should be viewed as preliminary insights into the perspectives and awareness of Australian clinical audiologists and their patients relating to stem cell therapies for hearing loss. Findings from this study can be used to inform much larger studies that incorporate audiologists and patients from a range of clinical settings, both nationally and internationally. Future research should aim to conduct broader studies with larger sample sizes to validate and expand upon the preliminary findings presented in this study. Additionally, longitudinal studies may also be valuable in providing insights as to whether perspectives and awareness levels change over time, or with advances in stem cell research. Moreover, should educational material be developed, follow-up studies should assess the effectiveness of this material in increasing audiologists' confidence and stem cell awareness. In patients, this follow-up material could provide insights as to how educational intervention impacts their understanding and attitudes toward stem cell therapy for hearing loss. 16. ConclusionTo the best of our knowledge, this is the first study to consider the awareness, views and perspectives of Australian audiologists and hearing loss patients towards stem cell therapies for hearing loss. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by indicating that the findings of the study are preliminary and that the sample size was relatively small, suggesting that it is not possible to make generalizations about how all patients respond to regenerative therapies. The text emphasizes the need for larger studies to validate findings, implying variability in patient responses rather than uniformity.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Beauveria bassiana is used as a biocontrol agent against various pests. [SEP] Text: Isolates were obtained from soil samples collected from farmlands and forest sites of Ethiopia. The potential isolates were selected based on their virulence effectiveness [17]. Cuticle degrading enzyme production with agar plate methodsThe 5 mm mycelial agar disc of each isolate was transferred in triplicates into casein hydrolysis agar composed of; (KH2PO4 (1 g), KCl (0. 5 g), MgSO4·7H2O (0. 4 g), CaCl2·2H2O (0. 1 g), powdered skim milk (25 ml of 15%), glucose (10 g), agar (12 g) and distilled H2O (1000 ml) [18], and incubated at 25 °C for 10 days to evaluate their protease activity. Isolates were screened for chitinase activity on the chitin-agar medium according to the method suggested by Maketon et al. [19]. The 5-mm mycelial agar disc of each isolate was transferred in triplicates to the chitin-agar medium composed of; (NH4)2 SO4 (1 g), K2HPO4 (1 g), KCl (0. 5 g), NaCl (5 g), and MgSO4 (0. 5 g), FeSO4 (0. 01 g), agar–agar (20 g), colloidal chitin (5 g) and distilled H2O (1000 ml). They were incubated at 25 °C for 10 days. Isolates were screened for lipase activity according to Falony et al. [20]. The 5 mm mycelia gar discs were inoculated into a basal medium in triplicates with a composition (g/L): NaH2PO4 1. 2, MgSO4·7H2O 0. 3, KH2PO4 2, CaCl2 0. 25, 0. 003% NaCl, 2% agar, (NH4)2SO4 at 1%, and olive oil at 2% and incubated at 25 °C for 10 days. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim regarding the use of Beauveria bassiana as a biocontrol agent against pests. Instead, it describes the laboratory methods used to evaluate the enzyme production and activity of various isolates obtained from soil samples. Therefore, it is irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: The Earth’s magnetic field protects it from solar radiation. [SEP] Text: Skip to content Menu AGU. org to by AGU for dropdown menu Space & & & & dropdown menu ’ Highlights Editors’ Eos en Español Eos 简体中文版 to for: inStrength of Earth’s magnetic record stored in rocks documents the liquid core’s behavior and possibly when the inner core formed. Whether it formed half a billion or more than a billion years ago, however, is up for debate. by Alka Tripathy-Lang 22 August 202230 September 2022 Share this:Click to print (Opens in new window)Click to email a link to a friend (Opens in new window)Click to share on Twitter (Opens in new window)Click to share on Facebook (Opens in new window)Click to share on LinkedIn (Opens in new window) Researchers (including coauthor Nick Swanson-Hysell) found surprisingly high paleointensity values in rocks collected from the (failed) Midcontinent Rift. Credit: Life as we know it requires an atmosphere. It is the air we breathe, our shield from harmful ultraviolet rays, and our defense against extreme temperature swings, like those on Mars. But Earth’s atmosphere owes its persistence to the geomagnetic field, which thwarts the Sun’s rays from dispelling this gaseous veneer. And this protective geomagnetic field owes its existence to Earth’s core. As the liquid part of the core (the outer core) swirls, the combination of molten iron alloys and Earth’s rotation results in a self-sustaining magnetic field called the geodynamo. As they archive evidence of the geodynamo’s billions-of-years-long existence, rocks can transcribe where north was (direction) and how strong the field was (intensity) at the time of formation. That transcription is possible as long as the rocks remain relatively untouched by high temperatures, fluids, or other traumas of tectonics. Because the strength of Earth’s magnetic field relies on the vigor with which the liquid core churns, understanding how paleomagnetic intensity has changed at the surface can help scientists address when the core transitioned from a single ball of sloshing melt to a solid inner core wrapped in a liquid outer core. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by explaining that Earth’s atmosphere, which is essential for life, is shielded from harmful solar radiation by the geomagnetic field. The text states that this 'protective geomagnetic field' is created by the swirling liquid in Earth’s outer core, which ultimately results in a magnetic field that serves to thwart the Sun’s harmful rays, thus supporting the claim that the Earth’s magnetic field offers protection.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: All patients respond equally well to regenerative therapies. [SEP] Text: Awareness of stem cell therapies for hearing loss was found to be low in both participating clinical audiologists and their patients. Patients were supportive of stem cell therapies for hearing loss, and almost half of the participating patients expected stem cell therapies to improve their hearing following treatment. All participating audiologists and almost all participating patients agreed that audiologists should have a role in the education of patients in stem cell therapies for hearing loss. However, the confidence among audiologists in counselling patients about stem cell therapies was low. There was a strong preference from patients that health professionals be the providers of this information, followed by online material from peak bodies and reliable government websites. Audiologists indicated a preference for online training or webinars and integration of stem cell-related information into existing continuing professional development opportunities. Overall, access to reliable information is needed for both patients and audiologists as a means of increasing awareness and understanding of emerging stem cell treatments which are safe and effective. The findings of this study highlight the opportunity for discussion among audiologists, patients, researchers, audiology governing bodies, stem cell peak bodies and other important stakeholders on the role of audiologists in educating patients about potential future therapies for hearing loss. This dialogue could facilitate the establishment and integration of educational material and professional guidelines that could assist audiologists with their knowledge and confidence in advising patients, as well as managing their expectations in matters relating to stem cell therapies. In turn, this could enhance patient-centered care as patients are equipped with accurate information relating to the risks, benefits and limitations of stem cell therapies. With this information, patients could be better positioned to make informed decisions about their hearing health. Author contributionsD Iem made a significant contribution to the work reported including the acquisition of data, data analysis, drafting of the manuscript, and agreed to submit to Regenerative Medicine. He reviewed and agreed on all versions of the 38. 1 KB)Supplementary Materials10. 1080/17460751. 2024. 2402650 Competing interests disclosureThe authors have no relevant affiliations or financial involvement with any organization or entity with a financial interest in or financial conflict with the subject matter or materials discussed in the manuscript. This includes employment, consultancies, honoraria, stock ownership or options, expert testimony, grants or patents received or pending, or royalties. 141. (Open in a new window)633. doi:10. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the varying levels of awareness and expectation among patients regarding stem cell therapies. It highlights that almost half of the patients expected improvements in their hearing after treatment, indicating a difference in response. Furthermore, the text emphasizes the need for reliable information and education from audiologists to manage patient expectations, suggesting that not all patients may respond similarly to the therapies based on their understanding and the information available to them.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Nosema ceranae is a parasite that affects honeybee health. [SEP] Text: Skip to main content Explore journals Get published About BMC My account Search all BMC 3285. 1) was lower in the siRNA-Dicer group compared with the infection and siRNA-scramble groups at 3 dpi (Fig. 1). In total, 15 bacterial species/strains were found during the experimental period, including three core bacteria, Snodgrassella alvi, Gilliamella apicola and Frischella perrara. Two co-regulating bacterial groups were negatively correlated with N. ceranae over the entire experimental period. The marker genes of Erwinia rhapontici, Enterobacteriaceae bacterium, Enterobacter sp. JN969314. 1, Citrobacter freundii, Enterobacter aerogenes, Klebsiella pneumonia and Frischella perrara were co-expressed (co-regulation group 1 of 7 bacteria) and significantly negatively correlated with N. ceranae RPB1 (corresponding correlation − 0. 36, P = 0. 03). Additionally, marker genes for Serratia sp. G5_1_1BCO2, Serratia marcescens, Serratia nematodiphila and Snodgrassella alvi were co-expressed (co-regulation group 2 of 4 bacteria), which was also negatively correlated with N. ceranae levels, even though this correlation was not statistically significant (corresponding correlation − 0. 29, P = 0. 08). Bartonella apis, Propionibacterium sp. B4, Lactobacillus apis and Gilliamella apicola did not cluster into any co-regulation group. None of these studied 15 microbes were statistically significantly differentially expressed at each day post-infection (T-test, P > 0. 05). However, the co-regulated groups (P < 0. 0001) and siRNA treatment (P < 0. 0001) showed significant effects on specific microbe counts during the entire experimental period within the generalized linear model. Additionally, 6 bacteria in co-regulation group 1 (E. rhapontici, E. bacterium, E. sp. JN969314. 1, C. freundii, E. aerogenes, K. pneumonia), 3 bacteria in co-regulation group 2 (S. sp. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not directly address the claim regarding Nosema ceranae as a parasite affecting honeybee health. Instead, it discusses various bacterial species' interactions and co-regulation concerning N. ceranae, but it does not affirm or deny the impact of N. ceranae itself on honeybee health.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: The Earth’s magnetic field protects it from solar radiation. [SEP] Text: Without a magnetic field, satellites could be lost, and tools that rely on careful magnetic models for navigation could go askew. The answers can’t come soon enough. The magnetic field protects Earth’s atmosphere from harmful radiation emitted from the Sun. Scientists are learning that the Sun is capable of emission events—solar flares—even more destructive than we ever thought possible, and understanding our magnetic field strength and variation is vital for knowing how at risk we could be from the next big solar storm. puppeteer that drives the magnetic field is Earth’s core, the superheated heart of our planet, which burns as hot as the surface of the Sun. In the core, molten metals are constantly in motion as hot buoyant plumes of lighter material rise outward. At the very center lies a small hardened inner core that has been growing as Earth cools. The mathematics of the geodynamo are so messy that did not believe it. This planetary anatomy sets the stage for an active magnetic field. The core’s constant need to cool itself, and thus convect, drives our planet’s electric generator. The generator produces a self-sustaining magnetic field through a process called the geodynamo. The mathematics of the geodynamo are so messy that did not believe the theory when one of its founders, Walter M. Elsasser, proposed it to him. The geodynamo works because the natural convection of the liquid core pushes metals through a weak existing magnetic field, exciting an electric current. Because of the relationship between electricity and magnetism, the current produces a second magnetic field, and the process repeats. This process has been self-sustaining for most of Earth’s history. Although the core sits thousands of kilometers beneath our feet, the magnetic field it produces stretches far into space, surrounding the planet like armor. But our planet’s armor isn’t perfect, and the results can be heartbreaking. This newsletter rocks. Get the most fascinating science news stories of the week in your inbox every Friday. Sign up now A Chink in Earth’s jerks travel along Earth’s magnetic field lines, shown here inside the core. Credit:CNRS On an early spring day in 2016, teams of engineers in Japan watched as their prized satellite spun out of control. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by stating that the magnetic field 'protects Earth’s atmosphere from harmful radiation emitted from the Sun,' illustrating the protective role the magnetic field plays against solar radiation.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: All patients respond equally well to regenerative therapies. [SEP] Text: & publish with us Contact us Instructions to to Authors (PDF) How to submit Special publications & Authorship & COI Principles of and & publish with us Contact us Instructions to to Authors (PDF) How to submit Special publications & Authorship & COI Principles of and & publish with us Contact us Instructions to to Authors (PDF) How to submit Special publications & Authorship & COI Principles of and2020 vol. 6 Stats CC BY-NC 4. 0 Get citation history and cessation discussions in cancer patients receiving definitive radiotherapy: Do we treat all patients equally? John M. Holland 1 1 1 Simon A. Brown 1 More details Hide details 1 Department of Radiation Oncology, & date: 2020-02-28 Final revision date: 2020-03-30 Acceptance date: 2020-04-08 Publication date: 2020-05-22 Corresponding author John M. of Radiation Oncology, &. Prev. Cessation 2020;6(May):31 DOI: 0. 0001). Breast and prostate cancer patients were less likely to be current smokers (10%) than H&N and lung cancer patients (29%) (p<0. 0001). Smoking cessation discussions were less frequently documented in breast and prostate cancer patients (14%) than in H&N and lung cancer patients (55%) (p=0. 0005). Conclusions:We document smoking history less frequently for prostate cancer patients than H&N, lung or breast cancer patients. Breast and prostate cancer patients have lower rates of current smoking than H&N and lung cancer patients. We document smoking cessation discussions less frequently in current smoking breast and prostate cancer patients than current smoking H&N and lung cancer patients. As all of these patients have been shown to experience poorer outcomes when smoking during radiotherapy, all should be asked about their smoking history. use is recognized as a causative agent for head and neck (H&N) and lung cancers, but not for cancers of the prostate or breast. Still, tobacco use during radiotherapy has been associated with poorer outcomes for all four of these commonly treated malignancies1-6. Patients with these cancers who continue to smoke during radiotherapy have worse outcomes ranging from increased side effects during treatment to greater late effects including increased mortality from heart disease and second cancers. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by indicating that patients with different types of cancers (breast, prostate, H&N, and lung) do not respond the same way to treatments based on their smoking history and other factors. It highlights that there are variations in the documentation and discussion of smoking cessation among different patient groups, implying that their treatment outcomes may vary significantly. Specifically, the text states, 'all of these patients have been shown to experience poorer outcomes when smoking during radiotherapy,' suggesting that not all patients respond equally to treatment based on their individual circumstances.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Nosema ceranae is a parasite that affects honeybee health. [SEP] Text: Microbe indicates each of 15 microbe species. The code is provided in supplementary file S2. Availability of data and materials The raw sequencing reads are deposited in NCBI bio-project PRJNA399493. AbbreviationssiRNA: small interfering 1: RNA polymerase II small subunit WGCNA: 7. -Mead K, Moran NA. Routes of Acquisition of the gut Microbiota of the honey bee Apis mellifera. Microbiol. 2014;80:7378–87. 50. 50. 0003. 80. 104. 7505. 13. 54. 1. M, Martín-Hernández R, Botías C, Bailón EG, González-Porto AV, Barrios L, et al. How natural infection by Nosema ceranae causes honeybee colony collapse. Environ Microbiol. 2008;10:2659–69. 4. 87. 3. J Exp Biol. 2018;221:jeb184606. NA. Genomics of the honey bee microbiome. Insect Sci. 2015;10:22–8. 84. 33. 5. Genome sequencing and comparative genomics of honey bee microsporidia, Nosema apis reveal novel insights into host-parasite interactions. BMC Genomics. 2013;14:451. 89. 41. 4. 85. 141. 98. 14. 4596. 15. X, Gómez-Moracho T, Jara L, Martín-Hernández R, De la Rúa P, Higes M, et al. Population genetics of Nosema apis and Nosema ceranae: one host (Apis mellifera) and two different histories. PLoS One. 2016;e0145609:10. 1861. 90. 5715. 1802. 3816. 4. 51. 406. 2013. p. 52. 357. 40. 559. 0722. The funding body had no role in the design of the study, collection, analysis, data interpretation and writing the manuscript. Author informationAuthors and 1101, Nanchang, 330045, --306, Beltsville, MD, 20705, USAJay D. EvansAuthorsQiang HuangView author publicationsYou can also search for this author in PubMed 4. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not directly address the claim regarding Nosema ceranae being a parasite that affects honeybee health. Instead, it references various studies and author details without providing clear information on the health impacts of Nosema ceranae on honeybees.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: The sun is a hollow structure with an undiscovered inner layer. [SEP] Text: C, central macula; S1, inner superior; I1, inner inferior; N1, inner nasal; T1, inner temporal; S2, outer superior; I2, outer inferior; N2, outer nasal; T2, outer temporal. Figure 6 Bland–Altman plot for macular ORL thicknesses before and after magnification correction. The Bland–Altman plot shows the mean difference in different subfields before and after magnification correction (solid line) and limits of agreement (dashed line). C, central macula; S1, inner superior; I1, inner inferior; N1, inner nasal; T1, inner temporal; S2, outer superior; I2, outer inferior; N2, outer nasal; T2, outer temporal. View OriginalTable 1 of the 3000 ParticipantsTable 1 of the 3000 2 for Normal ChildrenTable 2 for Table 3 Demographic and of the and ORLTable 3 Demographic and of the and ORL Table 4 Comparisons of and ORL CorrectionTable 4 Comparisons of and ORL 5 Comparison of by OCT in Healthy SubjectsTable 5 Comparison of by OCT in Supplement 1 iovs-60-13-20_s01. pdf Supplement 2 iovs-60-13-20_s02. pdf Supplement 3 iovs-60-13-20_s03. pdf Supplement 4 iovs-60-13-20_s04. pdf Copyright 2019 This work is licensed under a Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4. 0 International License. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim regarding the nature of the sun, as it discusses macular thickness measurements and Bland-Altman plots related to ophthalmological assessments. There is no mention or implication about the structure or characteristics of the sun, thus it does not corroborate or contrast the claim in any manner.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: All patients respond equally well to regenerative therapies. [SEP] Text: Active smokers also have inferior oncologic outcomes including poorer locoregional control, higher risk of developing distant metastases as well as decreased disease-free and overall survival. While the literature is clear in showing the benefit of tobacco cessation for these four different cancers treated with radiotherapy, we questioned whether those tumors less commonly associated with tobacco causation (prostate and breast) underwent the same frequency of documentation and cessation discussion as patients with cancers more commonly associated with smoking (H&N and lung). study was reviewed and approved by our IRB (study number IRB 16428). Initial consultation notes of 592 non-metastatic patients seen in a single academic radiation oncology department in Portland, Oregon USA from January 2014 through June 2017 were reviewed using the electronic medical record. These notes contained input from residents, attendings and nurses. Current smokers were identified as smoking up until the time of consultation with smoking status recorded in the consultation note. Discussions regarding smoking cessation were identified in the consultation treatment plan with offers of therapy including counseling and medicine. Descriptive statistics were used to evaluate smoking history and cessation discussions. SAS 9. 4 () was used for statistical analysis. The chi-squared test was used to compare frequencies. A p-value <0. 05 was considered to be statistically significant. We chose two cancer sites commonly associated with tobacco use and causation (H&N and lung) and two sites not commonly associated (prostate and breast). We reviewed consultation notes of 135 H&N, 174 lung, 125 breast and 158 prostate cancer patients. cancer patients were less likely to have their smoking history recorded at consultation (65%) than breast (91%), H&N (96%) or lung (97%) cancer patients (p<0. 0001). Breast and prostate cancer patients were less likely to be current smokers (10%) than H&N and lung cancer patients (29%) (p<0. 0001). Discussions regarding smoking cessation were less frequently documented in breast and prostate cancer patients (14%) than in H&N and lung cancer patients (55%) (p=0. 0005). Table 1 gives the frequencies of smoking history documentation, current smoking status and our documentation of tobacco cessation discussions for the individual four sites as well as the combinations of H&N and lung, and breast and prostate cancers. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by highlighting that different groups of cancer patients (e.g., current smokers vs. non-smokers) exhibit different outcomes related to oncologic results based on their smoking status. It discusses the inferior oncologic outcomes for active smokers compared to other patients, indicating that not all patients respond equally well. Furthermore, it notes varying frequencies of documentation and cessation discussions among different cancer types, suggesting a lack of uniform response to therapies that could be associated with the patients' smoking history.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Nosema ceranae is a parasite that affects honeybee health. [SEP] Text: 00) 1 mo93. 2 (1. 06)6. 6 (1. 26)0. 2 (0. 00) 6 h92. 1 (1. 31)7. 9 (1. 31)0. 0 (0. 00) 1 mo92. 3 (0. 81)7. 7 (1. 04)0. 9 (0. 20) Autoclaved30 min0. 0 (0. 00)96. 6 (0. 64)3. 4 (0. 64) RPMIFreezing1 wk87. 5* (0. 52)12. 5 (0. 05)0. 0 (0. 00) 3 wk84. 1* (0. 18)15. 9 (0. 18)0. 0 (0. 00) FBS 1 wk89. 4* (1. 55)10. 6 (1. 55)0. 0 (0. 00) 3 wk88. 4* (4. 81)11. 6 (4. 81)0. 0 (0. 00) Air dried 1 wk82. 5* (0. 14)17. 5 (0. 07)0. 3 (0. 20) 3 wk81. 6* (0. 93)18. 3 (0. 93)0. 1 (0. 00) RT12 h94. 5 (1. 10)5. 5 (1. 10)0. 0 (0. 00) 48 h93. 7 (0. 66)6. 3 (0. 73)0. 0 (0. 00) 1 wk93. 5 (2. 40)6. 5 (3. 60)0. 0 (0. 00)N. apisPBS40 h95. 2 (1. 10)4. 8 (1. 10)0. 0 (0. 00) 6 mo64. 0* (3. 00)27. 0 (5. 00)90. 0 (1. 00) 12 mo25. 0* (2. 42)65. 0 (5. 43)10. 0 (2. 96)N. ceranae (S2) 0 h94. 4 (1. 06)5. 6 (1. 06)0. 0 (0. 00) 6 mo67. 0* (2. 50)33. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not provide relevant information regarding Nosema ceranae or its impact on honeybee health. It appears to contain numerical values and references to procedures that do not directly address or support the claim about Nosema ceranae being a parasite affecting honeybee health.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Socioeconomic status can impact access to education and healthcare. [SEP] Text: These effects were partially reflected in significant differences in the absolute proportion of such candidates finally taking up places in the different types of medical schools; stronger use of the test score (as a factor or threshold) was associated with a significantly increased odds of entrants being male (1. 74, 1. 25 to 2. 41) and from a low socioeconomic background (3. 57, 1. 03 to 12. 39). There was a non-significant trend towards entrants being from a state (non-grammar) school (1. 60, 0. 97 to 2. 62) where a stronger use of the test was employed. Use of the test only in borderline cases was associated with increased odds of entrants having relatively low academic attainment (5. 19, 2. 02 to 13. 33) and English as a second language (2. 15, 1. 03 to 4. 48). use of the UKCAT may lead to more equitable provision of offers to those applying to medical school from under-represented sociodemographic groups. This may translate into higher numbers of some, but not all, relatively disadvantaged students entering the UK medical profession. IntroductionSince the Further and Act was introduced in 1992 efforts have been made to improve social mobility through access to higher education. Nevertheless, access to the professions remains largely restricted to those from relatively advantaged backgrounds. In particular the situation in medicine remains largely unchanged since the 1970s, with only around 5% of entrants having parents from a non-professional background. 1 2 This is in part a problem of application rates. 3 None the less, the success rate is lower for equivalent candidates from different class backgrounds. 4 This disparity may be at least partly due to the use of A levels (or equivalent advanced qualifications) as a primary selection tool for ability within the United Kingdom, as A levels are known to advantage applicants from privileged backgrounds. 5 A high degree of subjectivity has been shown in the reasons given by selectors for short listing candidates before interview. 6 Personal statements may also be relied on, which tend to favour pupils from independent schools,7 and have been viewed as a poor way of selecting candidates for medical school. In addition, face-to-face interviews may add little information to the admissions process, having been shown to be only weakly predictive of subsequent academic performance. 8Selection bias is problematic for several reasons. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by highlighting how socioeconomic factors affect access to medical education and professional entry within the UK. It notes that disparities in application and success rates are observed based on socioeconomic background, stating that candidates from low socioeconomic backgrounds have lower success rates and application rates compared to their more advantaged counterparts. Additionally, the text points out that methods used in admissions, like A levels, may disadvantage those from less privileged backgrounds, thus affirming the claim about the impact of socioeconomic status on access.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: All patients respond equally well to regenerative therapies. [SEP] Text: Table 1Frequencies of smoking history documentation, current smoking status and documentation of tobacco cessation discussions for non-metastatic cancer patients for the individual four sites of malignancy as well as the combinations of H&N and lung, and breast and prostate, Portland, Oregon USA 2014–2017 (N=592)CancersSmoking history recorded n/N (%)Current smokers n/N (%)Cessation discussed with current smokers n/N (%)IndividualHead & Neck129/135 (96)24/129 (19)13/24 (54)Lung168/174 (97)63/168 (38)35/63 (56)Breast114/125 (91)10/114 (9)2/10 (20)Prostate102/158 (65)12/102 (12)1/12 (8)CombinationsH&N and Lung297/309 (96)87/297 (29)48/87 (55)Breast and Prostate216/283 (76)22/216 (10)3/22 (14)use during radiotherapy has been associated with poorer outcomes. Chen et al. 1 reported worse outcomes in their actively smoking H&N squamous cell cancer patients including decreased overall survival, locoregional control, disease-free survival and higher late complication rate. Rades et al. 2 found improved locoregional control in lung cancer patients who did not smoke during radiotherapy. The negative effects of smoking are not limited to cancers where tobacco is a known etiologic agent. Taylor et al. 4 reported increased risk of developing lung cancer and higher cardiac mortality in smoking breast cancer patients receiving radiotherapy. Foerster et al. 6 found that prostate cancer patients who were current smokers at the time of prostatectomy or beginning radiotherapy had higher risks of locoregional recurrence, developing distant metastases and increased cancer-specific mortality. We did not record smoking history at initial consultation as frequently for prostate cancer patients than for the other three evaluated malignancies. It is possible that the overall low rate of prostate cancer patients who are current smokers affected this. Our 12% prostate cancer rate is lower than the Oregon adult smoking rate of 16. 1% and the national rate of 17. 1% during the period of this study7. We did a better job recording smoking history for our breast cancer patients even though this population had the lowest current smoking rate. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by providing data on the impact of smoking on the outcomes of cancer patients undergoing treatment. It details how current smoking status is associated with poorer treatment outcomes across various cancer types. Specifically, studies referenced in the text show that actively smoking patients, particularly those with head and neck squamous cell cancer and prostate cancer, have worse overall survival and higher risk of recurrence and mortality. This implies that patients do not respond equally well to therapies, as factors like smoking history significantly affect their outcomes.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Nosema ceranae is a parasite that affects honeybee health. [SEP] Text: ViewPubMedWeb of Science12. Martín-Hernández, R. , A. Meana, L. Prieto, A. M. Salvador, E. Garrido-Bailon, and M. Higes. 2007. Outcome of colonization of Apis mellifera by Nosema ceranae. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 73:6331-6338. ViewPubMedWeb of Science13. Martín-Hernández, R. , A. Meana, P. García-Palenci, P. Marín, C. Botías, E. Garrido-Bailón, L. Barrios, and M. Higes. 2009. Effect of temperature on the biotic potential of honeybee microsporidia. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 75:2554-2557. ViewPubMedWeb of Science14. Oldroyd, B. P. 2007. What's killing American honey bees? PLoS Biol. 5:1195-1199. Web of Science15. Paxton, R. J. K. , J. S. Korpela, and I. Fries. 2007. Nosema ceranae has infected Apis mellifera in Europe since at least 1998 and may be more virulent than Nosema apis. Apidologie38:1-9. ViewWeb of Science16. Santillana-Hayat, M. , C. Sarfati, S. Fournier, F. Chau, R. Porcher, J. M. Molina, and F. Derouin. 2002. Effects of chemical and physical agents on viability and infectivity of Encephalitozoon intestinalis determined by cell culture and flow cytometry. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 46:2049-2051. ViewPubMedWeb of Science17. Shadduck, J. A. , and M. B. Polley. 1978. Some factors influencing the in vitro infectivity and replication of Encephalitozoon cuniculi. J. Protozool. 25:491-496. ViewPubMed18. Zander, E. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not directly address the claim about Nosema ceranae affecting honeybee health. It lists various references to research articles concerning Nosema ceranae and other related topics without providing specific information about the parasite's impact on honeybee health.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Socioeconomic status can impact access to education and healthcare. [SEP] Text: Firstly, if candidates of equal ability are disadvantaged by their socioeconomic or school background then this is unjust and unacceptable within society as a whole. Secondly, at least some evidence shows that doctors from particular social backgrounds can perform a particular service in dealing with the health needs in their original communities. 9 Thirdly, diversity in student populations can promote positive awareness of the value of diversity in society. 10Attempts have been made to deal with this situation through several initiatives. These include the expansion of access courses for those without the requisite examination qualifications in the sciences and graduate entry courses. Access courses have resulted in an increased proportion of medical students from backgrounds that differ from those of students traditionally entering medicine, but the overall impact has been small. Moreover, although graduate entrants are from a more representative range of socioeconomic backgrounds11 these programmes have similarly not led to the significant changes in the socioeconomic profile of UK medical students. 12 It is therefore clear that new, wider approaches are required and must prove their effectiveness. This desire to widen participation in medicine was partly the driver behind the development of the UK clinical aptitude test (UKCAT), introduced in 2006. The test, developed in detail and delivered by a computer based testing and assessment business,13 was intended to evaluate abilities (on an experimental basis) that were considered pertinent to the success of a medical career. 14 scores are only modestly correlated with attainment at A level examinations and are significantly associated with several sociodemographic variables, although the scores may be less sensitive to the school type attended than to academic achievement. 15 16 Nevertheless, the constructs measured by the test may be sufficiently different from those estimated by traditional educational attainment to tackle some of the relative disadvantages encountered by certain sociodemographic groups, such as those from state schools rather than independent schools. The use of the UKCAT as a component of the medical selection process has attracted considerable criticism, including that of the BMA students committee. Opponents of the test highlight that A level achievement is predictive of medical performance at undergraduate and postgraduate level, whereas the evidence for the predictive validity of the UKCAT is currently lacking. 17 Moreover, it has been suggested that the fee of £65 (€78; $102) to £100 for taking the UKCAT may actually discourage those from less economically advantage backgrounds from applying to medical school. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing how socioeconomic background affects access to educational opportunities in medicine. It highlights that candidates from disadvantaged socioeconomic backgrounds face barriers to entering medical school despite initiatives like access courses. The reference to the introduction of the UKCAT test and its limitations suggests a recognition of the need for wider approaches to address the disadvantages linked to socioeconomic status, thereby supporting the claim regarding its impact on access to education.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: All patients respond equally well to regenerative therapies. [SEP] Text: These breast and prostate cancer patients make up a large portion of our academic radiotherapy practice. These non-tobaccoassociated cancer patients have inferior oncologic outcomes and higher morbidity if they continue to smoke during their radiotherapy. To improve outcomes in these patients, we need to do a better job of actively discussing tobacco cessation. Go to reference authors have completed and submitted the for Disclosure of of Interest and none was reported. was no source of funding for this research. commissioned; externally peer reviewed. 1. Tobacco smoking during radiation therapy for head-and-neck cancer is associated with unfavorable outcome. . 2011;79(2):414-419. doi:10. 1016/j. ijrobp. 2009. 10. 050 CrossRef 2. . Effect of smoking during radiotherapy, respiratory insufficiency, and hemoglobin levels on outcome in patients irradiated for non-small-cell lung cancer. . 2008;71(4):1134-1142. doi:10. 1016/j. ijrobp. 2007. 11. 006 Cross3. . Effects of Smoking on Radiation. J Clin Oncol. 2017;35(15):1633-1635. doi:10. 1200/jco. 2017. 72. 2660 CrossRef 4. Estimating the Risks of Radiotherapy: Doses to the Lungs and Heart and Randomized Trials. J Clin Oncol. 2017;35(15):1641-1649. doi:10. 1200/JCO. 2016. 72. 0722 CrossRef 5. . Smoking is associated with worse outcomes in patients with prostate cancer treated by radical radiotherapy. BJU Int. 2007;99(3):564-569. doi:10. 1111/j. 1464-410x. 2006. 06656. x CrossRef 6. '. Association of With Recurrence, Metastasis, and or Radiotherapy: A and Meta-analysis. JAMA Oncol. 2018;4(7):953-961. doi:10. 1001/jamaoncol. 2018. 1071 CrossRef 7. Centers for and Prevention. Adults in the United States. 18, 2019. 14, 2020. 8. Smoking and with Tobacco- and Non-tobacco-Associated Cancers. J Community Health. 2019;44(3):552-560. doi:10. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the effects of smoking on the outcomes of patients undergoing radiotherapy, highlighting that non-tobacco-associated cancer patients experience inferior oncologic outcomes and higher morbidity due to smoking during treatment. This indicates that not all patients respond equally well to therapies, as their outcomes are influenced by factors such as smoking.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Nosema ceranae is a parasite that affects honeybee health. [SEP] Text: 1909. als Krankheitserreger bei der Biene. Leipziger Bienenztg. 24:147-150, 163-166. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is a citation from a historical source, which does not provide any information relevant to the claim regarding Nosema ceranae or its effects on honeybee health. It lacks context and does not support or refute the claim.