Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Reforestation efforts can help mitigate climate change by absorbing CO₂ emissions. [SEP] Text: “It amazes me how fast some of the species returned even though they've been lost in this location for decades. ” Peat mining and rescued peatlands side by side. Snowchange was able to secure Kivisuo, the largest rewilding site in the Programme, at 650 hectares, out of harm's way, but the western side of Kivisuo peatland had already been allocated to peat mining. Photograph: Mika Honkalinna/Snowchange. Open in new tabDownload slide Farming for carbon Agriculture may have caused extensive peatland degradation, but it can also be part of the solution, Peters says. In most European countries, subsidies exist for farmers. Why not offer similar incentives to restore peatlands and keep them functional? By offering payments for keeping carbon in the ground, the farmers are contributing to short-term reductions in carbon dioxide emissions and, eventually, over the long term, may create carbon sinks. They could earn carbon credits for doing so. Paludiculture and carbon farming can offer employment opportunities for local communities, economic benefits in terms of sustainable food and fodder production, and a means to protect soil and reduce flood risks, in addition reducing emissions and sustaining biodiversity. “It is a win–win situation,” Peters said, “with a relatively low cost compared to technical solutions. ”Carbon farming also helps farmers build resilience in the face of climate change, Jurasinski says. Even minor droughts or heavy rain can wipe out an entire crop, but the approach diversifies farmers’ income streams while simultaneously protecting their land by taking care of its water balance. Farmers should totally embrace the concept of resilience, Jurasinski says. “They know that they need to be around in five years producing crops, not just the next year. ”It is important to take a community-first and people-centered approach to peatland restoration, Jurasinski stresses. “Without the people that live there and earn their living from the land, we cannot do it,” he says. A peat core extracted on Duke University's carbon farm project illustrates the depth of peat and the thousands of years it has been accumulating. Photograph: Curtis Richardson. Open in new tabDownload slide A peat mining site near Selkie, Finland. Photograph: Courtesy of Snowchange. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the benefits of peatland restoration and carbon farming, which can contribute to reducing carbon dioxide emissions. It highlights that by restoring peatlands, farmers can create carbon sinks over the long term. The mention of 'keeping carbon in the ground' directly supports the idea that such efforts can help mitigate climate change through absorption of CO₂ emissions.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: All wildlife populations can recover without human intervention if protected areas exist. [SEP] Text: During the first seven years, the program was primarily funded through donor funding comprising the support of Friends of Park (), Trust and Foundation. In 2008, Conservancy (TNC) offered a three year grant to support more enrolment in the program that saw more than 100 families and 5,000 more acres added to the list of benefitting families - Thanks to David Banks, the and Kristen Patterson, the in charge of Africa. The total 12,000 acres is open land available for wildlife as well as livestock grazing whose owners directly receive cash money for being custodians of such wildlife. To receive lease money,a land parcel has to be open, unfenced, not subdivided, not mined nor sold with an apparently valid title deed bearing the correct name of the genuine owner. In 2009 the world bank/GEF signed a three year contract [after seven years of application] to support the program and expand by scaling up through an elaborate plan comprising of multi-year leases - a leeway plan to transition the program into conservation easements - Thanks to; & Asia, & - at the World Bank, who were our Leaders. Many thanks too to the GEF team - and the GEF desk in Nairobi. So far up-to 417 families are currently participating bringing a total of 60,000 acres of open space available for conservation. An average of 3 children directly benefit including those who joined and left the program, up to 450 families have so far benefited and an average 1350 children have been schooled using lease money. Bank/GEF grants targeted 400 families and 60,000 acres in their program and so far have achieved about 95% of that goal. Other outcome indicators include substantial increase in wildlife numbers, using indicator species (wildbeast, zebra) (Figure 3) and significant increase in the number of adult lions (Figure 4), which rose from the initial 18 to 45 in 2014. (The killing of lions is illegal by Kenyan law; however, lions are sometimes killed by pastoralists in retaliation to livestock predation, especially because there is currently no legal provision and mechanism to compensation for the livestock losses caused by wildlife) (Figure 5). Figure 3: Plain Zebra. Figure 4: Adult Lions. Figure 5: Livestock/wildlife co-existence. The program also saw reduction in the fatal actions taken by Maasaimoran against lions as a result of predation (Figure 6). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by highlighting that while the program supports the recovery and conservation of wildlife through structured human intervention and financial mechanisms, there are still significant challenges such as illegal killings and conflicts with livestock, which indicate that human involvement is necessary for successful wildlife population recovery. For example, it mentions that 'the killing of lions is illegal by Kenyan law; however, lions are sometimes killed by pastoralists in retaliation to livestock predation,' suggesting that wildlife populations cannot entirely recover without some form of human intervention, despite the existence of protected areas.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Some argue that all GMOs are entirely safe and have no ecological impact. [SEP] Text: , 2015), а значит, в последствии может открыть много интересного в отношении того, как появлялись трансгены в разных группах растений в ходе эволюции рода. Наиболее подробно охарактеризована филогения рода Nicotiana и распространение Т-ДНК у различных форм табака. Исследования в этом направлении были начаты около 15 лет назад, когда вышли статьи Интриери и Буятти (Intrieri, Buiatti, 2001) и Сузуки с соавторами (Suzuki et al. , 2002). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text discusses the phylogeny of the Nicotiana genus and the studies related to transgenes in plants but does not address the safety of GMOs or their ecological impact. Therefore, it is irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Reforestation efforts can help mitigate climate change by absorbing CO₂ emissions. [SEP] Text: Open in new tabDownload slideEvans is currently working with farmers to explore how to restore peat on their lands. Although farmers recognize the value of keeping the carbon in their soils, they have to make a living and don't necessarily want to flood entire fields, he said. Consequently, Evans is running experiments on croplands with higher water levels to try to find a working balance between producing food and protecting carbon. His team is also experimenting to see how farmers could produce a carbon crop, where the land is farmed in ways that capture and store carbon and the farmers receive payments for doing so. This form of carbon farming would reduce the financial pressure on farmers to drain the land to maximize crop production, Evans says. And it could help to achieve the goal of rewetting peatlands in regions where thousands of peoples’ livelihoods depend on them. “I believe that it's going to be possible to manage the land in a way that still involves people and is more sustainable than what is happening right now,” Evans says. Across the pond, in North America, Richardson is conducting experiments. Those experiments are demonstrating how much carbon saturated peat can store compared with drained sites. The results from this work informed Duke University's decision to acquire the rights to create the largest private carbon farm in the on privately owned land in eastern North Carolina. The goal is that the 4000-hectare peatland farm will help the State of meet its goal of carbon neutrality. Such efforts provide a piece of the puzzle when it comes to addressing climate change, albeit a small piece, so it is important to recognize benefits beyond carbon storage, Richardson says. Restoring biodiversity in coastal areas is critical, and freshwater-saturated peatlands provide a barrier, preventing seawater seeping inland. “It is low-hanging fruit; you don't have to do a tremendous amount to make this work,” Richardson says. “There's just no reason to have these degraded peatlands lying fallow and basically adding to our problems. ” Urgency required Back at Cors Erddreiniog, on a scorching summer's day in Wales, by 11:00 a. m. , many of the bugs and animals seek shade in the rushes or water. High temperatures hit Wales and other peatland regions more frequently in this era of climate change. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by emphasizing the importance of restoring peatlands and the carbon farming practices that aim to capture and store carbon, which helps mitigate climate change. It notes that such efforts are not only about carbon storage but also about restoring biodiversity and managing land sustainably. The work of Evans and Richardson demonstrates practical approaches to reforestation and land management as a means to absorb CO₂ emissions and contribute to achieving carbon neutrality.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: All wildlife populations can recover without human intervention if protected areas exist. [SEP] Text: Figure 6: MaasaiWorriors, 2013. Besides protecting land for wildlife and livestock grazing, the lease program also acts as incentive for land against sale, sub-divided mining or fencing. One will realize that the area - Kitengela and largely has one very attractive land from speculators and the spraughting immigrants of urban Nairobi. Kitengela area is soon becoming a major suburb with land in Kitengela selling at an average Ksh 10 million per acre and about Ksh 15 million per acre in Ongata Rongai. 200 million have so far been spent since inception of the program that pays Ksh 15 million per year. Statistics show that farmers who receive lease money are better off economically than those who sale livestock for a living. This is simply because the lease funds only leverage the average income per house hold. With land use changes significantly the world over and competition for resources heightening, conservation space is getting lost, critically threatening the future of ecosystems and largely the existence of certain wildlife species, conservationists are forced to think of conservation options outside protected areas. Conservation leases, which are payment for ecosystem services and conservation easements, are considerable options practically for ecosystems worldwide facing similar critical conditions. and mentioned earlier, there are a number of challenges that make it difficult to ensure the long term ecological viability of Park by maintaining open the seasonal dispersal areas and migration corridor on adjacent privately owned lands. At the same time, there are also opportunities that if capitalized on well, will go a long way in supporting the objectives of the WCL to ensure a sustainable future for pastoral families, their livestock and wildlife in the in Kitengela - Athi- Kaputie Plains. of the current and future challenges include; Rapid urbanization: the expansion of urbanization leads to conservation of rangelands to settlement areas as urban residents purchase land, further increasing land prices, leading to land subdivision, land sales and conversion of landuse to non-pastoral uses such as crop cultivation. The expansion of urbanization is expected to continue as expands into Kajiado as part of the implementation of the 2030 economic blueprint (Government of Kenya, 2008) [6]. Road infrastructure: The fencing of land in AKP is directly associated with roads [3,7]. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by suggesting that conservationists are faced with various challenges that threaten the long-term ecological viability of wildlife and ecosystems, indicating that protecting areas alone may not suffice for wildlife recovery. It notes that urbanization and land use changes critically threaten ecosystems and that conservation strategies must extend beyond protected areas to address these issues.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Some argue that all GMOs are entirely safe and have no ecological impact. [SEP] Text: Интриери и Буятти (Intrieri, Buiatti, 2001) анализировали характер изменения нуклеотидных последовательностей ключевых онкогенов у различных видов Nicotiana. Анализ нуклеотидных последовательностей показал, что у N. сordifolia и N. glauca гены rolB, rolC, orf13 и orf14 имеют высокий уровень сходства (93,5-98,5 %). Авторы сделали вывод, что данные виды являются родственными, что согласуется с предположением Гудспида (Goodspeed, 1954), что оба вида должны быть включены в подрод Rustica сек. Paniculatae. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses genetic analysis of Nicotiana species and their nucleotide sequences without addressing the safety or ecological impact of GMOs.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Self-directed learning can foster creativity and problem-solving in children more effectively than traditional methods. [SEP] Text: and Psychology Published: November 6, 2023 Solving by Nurturing Creativity? Authors and reviewers. is a faculty member at University’s School of Education, in Israel. His research is focused on understanding behaviors of learners while using online learning environments. He does so while analyzing data that is stored automatically and continuously in such environments, and logs every student action. He is passionate about learning, technology, and creativity. Before he became an Education research, he studied Mathematics and and worked as a programmer and an algorithm engineer. *arnonhe@tauex. tau. ac. il Rotem Israel-Israel-Fishelson Dr. Rotem Israel-Fishelson is currently a postdoctoral researcher at the College of Education at the University of Maryland. She studies how to teach students Data Science, where data comes from, and how it impacts our lives. Before that, she got her doctorate from Tel- in Israel, where she studied the connection between computational thinking and creativity using computer games for kids. She has always been passionate about education, technology, and creativity, which she believes can help students develop better problem-solving skills and think outside the box. B. D. School B. D. School Age: 13–15 We read this paper online. It was cool to read about how we can practice to be creative. We get together to play video games, this was kind of different but we liked studying science. Age: 10 My name is Nicolas and I am 10 years old. I like technology, programming, science, and listening to music while doing other things. you ever face a problem you needed to solve? Most of us face such problems daily—for example, finding the shortest route to school, locating the source of a bad smell, fixing a broken home appliance, or settling a disagreement. Problem solving is an essential life skill. Problem solving is also a creative process, and creativity is considered an important life skill, too. In this study, we tested whether we could improve problem solving among teenagers by increasing their creativity using a simple method. We found that we could improve participants’ creativity, and that this led to improved problem-solving ability. of Problem solving is an important part of our lives. We all solve problems every day. You probably face many problems in school. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing a study that tests the improvement of problem solving among teenagers through the enhancement of creativity. It states that 'we found that we could improve participants’ creativity, and that this led to improved problem-solving ability,' indicating that fostering creativity contributes to better problem-solving outcomes, which aligns with the assertion that self-directed learning methods are effective in this regard.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: All wildlife populations can recover without human intervention if protected areas exist. [SEP] Text: Therefore, a proposed plan to build a US$ 200 million road bypass that crosses the southern section of the Park may hamper the land lease program and further accelerate the fragmentation of the landscape in Athi-Kaputie Plains. Population growth: The population in the AKP and in the is growing rapidly and this creates more pressure on the AKP ecosystem, including increase in human-wildlife conflicts in the area. Rising land prices: The high demand for land has raised the land prices in AKP. The land prices are particularly high near the Park (currently around $10,700 per acre) and near the major roads, while far away from the tarmacked roads, land prices average merely about $530 per acre (ACC, 2005) [8]. In parts of AKP land value has appreciated at over 11% per annum over the last 10 years, which compares well with the average ten-year returns from Treasury bills. The high land value and the rising land prices in the AKP reflects the peri-urban and urban potential of land where wildlife has no future, and not the agro-ecological potential of land, which allows for wildlife as a form of land use [9]. of the opportunities include; (LUMP): of Lands, the local pastoral landowners and the Council have recently prepared a (LUMP) for the Athi-(AKP), with the support of other organizations such as the and the Services (KWS). The LUMP is Kenya’s first ever land-use plan for a pastoral area that if implemented could help control unsustainable land uses in the area. The plan allows only land uses that are compatible with open livestock/ wildlife grazing and sets a minimum parcel size of 60 acres in the open grazing lands. If enforced, this law should eliminate small sub-divisions of land to parcels that are not ecologically viable and prevent land uses that are incompatible with livestock and wildlife. The conservation of the remaining wildlife in the area will require that this new plan be implemented quickly and effectively. Devolution of governance through the 2010 Constitution: The new constitution that was enacted in 2010 has devolved governance to sub-national County administrative units. This provides opportunity for greater participation of local land owners in managing their affairs and in greater say in the management of their resources. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by outlining the negative impacts of human activities and population pressures on the Athi-Kaputie Plains (AKP) ecosystem. It states that high land values and land fragmentation are detrimental to wildlife. For instance, it mentions that a plan to construct a road bypass could hinder the land lease program and escalate landscape fragmentation, ultimately challenging the proposition that wildlife can recover without human intervention in the face of such pressures.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Some argue that all GMOs are entirely safe and have no ecological impact. [SEP] Text: Однако современные филогенетические исследования с использованием молекулярных маркеров относят вид N. glauca в секцию Noctiflorae подрода Petunioides (Knapp et al. , 2004). Если принять эту филогенетическую систему и исходить из представлений о высоком сходстве нуклеотидных последовательностей привнесенных трансгенов, то можно говорить о передаче трансгенов между представителями различных секций путем переопыления. Однако более поздние исследования (Сhen et al. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses phylogenetic studies related to a specific species and does not address the safety or ecological impact of GMOs.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Self-directed learning can foster creativity and problem-solving in children more effectively than traditional methods. [SEP] Text: In the test that we used, called Torrance’s Test for [2], the test page consists of 12 identical empty circles. The person taking the test is asked to draw as many drawings as possible using the circles as part of them, in just a few minutes. So, one circle can be turned into a pizza pie, another circle can be turned into an emoji, and another into a basketball. Furthermore, two circles could be combined to form wheels of a bicycle, and multiple circles could be connected and turned into a caterpillar. The options are endless (Figure 1). Figure 1 - A filled-up page from Torrance’s Test for Creative Thinking, which we used in our study. Participants were given with a sheet of paper that has 12 empty circles, and were asked to draw as many drawings as possible while making use of the circles as an integral part of these drawing. Note that, in more than one case, two circles were used to form a single drawing (glasses and a Google logo). Note also that this participant felt that it was ok to draw outside the original circles (which is indeed ok). Once the test is finished and the papers are collected, we can calculate various dimensions of creativity. One such dimension is how many drawings the person completed. Another dimension has to do with how many different types of drawings the test-taker drew; for example, a basketball, soccer ball, and tennis ball are different drawings but are of the same type. A third dimension involves how original the drawings are compared to other participants. The final dimension involves how many details were included in the drawings. These dimensions can be easily computed, and they can help researchers assign a numerical value to each test. to Problem Solving? Creativity has a lot to do with problem solving. In many cases, people demonstrate creativity when they try to solve problems. Recall the example of the cake contest from above—in that case, we could say that the problem was how to win the contest. So, it is probably not surprising that creativity has been suggested as a way to improve problem solving in several areas, for example when learning mathematics, science, foreign language, literature, or history [3]. Also, remember that creativity can be learned, practiced, and improved. This means we can ask whether we can improve creativity in a way that also improves problem solving—and this is exactly the question that we posed in our study. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the connection between creativity and problem-solving, suggesting that creativity can enhance problem-solving abilities in various domains such as mathematics, science, and literature. It also implies that creativity can be developed and improved, which aligns with the idea that self-directed learning might foster these skills more effectively than traditional methods.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: All wildlife populations can recover without human intervention if protected areas exist. [SEP] Text: It can also open up opportunities to further seek for increased revenue sharing from Park through payments for habitat land used by wildlife and implementation of a surcharge to urban residents to pay for the land leases. Hybrid of conservation interventions: The WCL cannot succeed in isolation. In that regard, there is need for development of a hybrid of conservation interventions with a package that includes the use of Conservation easements, livestock compensation schemes, community conservancies for ecotourism, and strengthened anti-poaching efforts. Sustainability of the program depends on the intervention of compatible program activities that generate income in form of holistic management of the project area. in the In general, it is important that the pastoral communities living near to wildlife directly benefit from this close association for the betterment of both the people and the wildlife. Specifically, in the case of Park, it is especially important that its vital wildlife dispersal area be kept un-fenced, un-subdivided and open for both livestock and wildlife. The financial sustainability of the WCL, along with the companion Consolation Program, is essential to the future well-being of the wildlife of the NNP ecosystem and the pastoral people that share their land with the wildlife. Some of the lessons learnt include: Rangeland management The benefits of the open rangelands secured through the initiative are critical for both wildlife and livestock because it ensures their mobility to access water and forage. The mobility of wildlife in AKP helps sustain the Park because wildlife can move freely between their dry season range inside the park and wet season range in the AKP. Pastoral landowners are willing to keep open their rangelands within their individual privatized land parcels if they are provided with financial incentives under conditions that also allow grazing of their livestock herds. Wildlife conservation initiative serves a dual function. First, it is an incentive for conserving private land providing habitat for wildlife use. Second, it is a tool for mitigating human-wildlife conflicts especially carnivore predation of the pastoral livestock (Table 3). Table 2. Funding for the WCL initiative from 2007-2012. (US$) Period 1 Service 64,300 5 years (2007-2011) 2 (GEF)/792,000 5 years (2008-2012) 3 Conservancy (TNC) 150,000 3 years (2007-2010) Table 3: Funding for the WCL initiative from 2007-2012. PES Funding Institution. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by emphasizing the need for various conservation interventions to achieve sustainability and success in wildlife conservation. It argues that the Wildlife Conservation Land (WCL) 'cannot succeed in isolation' and highlights the importance of 'a hybrid of conservation interventions' and financial incentives to ensure both wildlife and pastoral community well-being. This indicates that human intervention is necessary for wildlife populations to effectively recover, contradicting the claim that they can recover without such intervention.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Some argue that all GMOs are entirely safe and have no ecological impact. [SEP] Text: , 2014) хотя и подтвердили наличие в геноме N cordifolia Т-ДНК, но указали на то, что нуклеотидные последовательности ключевых онкогенов отличаются от описанных ранее и их уровень сходства с таковыми у N. glauca составляет всего 72 %. То есть гипотеза передачи трансгенов между N. glauca и N. cordifolia за счет переопыления может быть отвергнута. Высокий уровень сходства нуклеотидных последовательностей Т-ДНК обнаружен между представителями подрода Tabacum. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the safety or ecological impact of GMOs. Instead, it discusses genetic similarities between specific species, which is irrelevant to the claim about GMOs being entirely safe.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Self-directed learning can foster creativity and problem-solving in children more effectively than traditional methods. [SEP] Text: In our study, we tested teens’ creative thinking and problem-solving skills before and after an activity that was aimed at promoting their creativity. This way, we could check whether the creativity training improved their creative thinking and problem-solving skills. The problem-solving activity was done in an online learning environment. The participants were asked to lead a virtual astronaut through several tasks to get her to her destination. In each task, participants were presented with a path the astronaut should follow and with a pool of blocks that each represent a certain action, like “move forward” or “turn right. ” The blocks could be dragged and connected like Lego bricks to construct a sequence of actions. For example, if a participant wanted the astronaut to go one step forward and then turn right, they used a “move forward” block connected to a “turn right” block (Figure 2). We tested how well participants solved these problems by measuring the time it took them and the number of tries they needed to complete the tasks. The creative thinking test we gave them was just like the one we described above, with 12 empty circles. Figure 2 - A task from the online learning environment that we used in our study, and its solution. Participants had to put together steps to guide the astronaut through the path to her destination. We measured how many attempts it took participants until solving this task, how much time did it take then, and how original were their solutions. Then, we gave some participants a special activity, called an intervention, for nurturing their creativity. This involved one 15-min meeting per week for 10 weeks. In each meeting, we presented the participants with pictures of everyday objects—like a paper cup, ruler, car wheel, basketball, etc. —and for each object, we asked participants to write down as many uses as they could think of (Figure 3). They worked independently, so no one could see or hear what the others wrote, and we recorded their responses anonymously. Once in a few intervention sessions, we shared with them interesting uses that were mentioned by the group. This way, we helped them to practice thinking creatively. We also had a control group made up of a group of participants that did not take part in this intervention. Using a control group allows to test whether the results of the experiment replicate with no intervention. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by describing a study that involves activities aimed at promoting creativity and problem-solving skills in teens. It highlights a structured intervention where participants worked independently on creative tasks, such as brainstorming uses for everyday objects, which aligns with the idea of self-directed learning. The experimental nature, involving a control group and various creative tasks, suggests that the methods used in the study fostered creativity and problem-solving, supporting the notion that self-directed learning is effective.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: All wildlife populations can recover without human intervention if protected areas exist. [SEP] Text: The WCL is not sufficient on its own to ensure the viability of the Park (NNP) ecosystem, and it must be complemented with other tools, including conservation easements, predator compensation schemes, and land use regulations among other. The WLC is particularly essential for the protection of the wildlife rich area nearest to the open southern border of the Park in Triangle I, and the wildebeest calving zones located in Triangle 11 of the Athi(AKP). Social and economic benefits The WCL is a source of cash income diversification that is critical for pastoralists especially during drought periods when it helps buffer pastoral families from increased poverty. The WCL has contributed to financial supporting the education of the Maasai youth helping build critical human capital for the future. The WCL has also contributed towards gender empowerment of the Maasai women within families that are benefiting directly from the initiative. Partnership and learning Strong partnership is essential for the successful implementation of the WCL. The initiative benefited from the involvement and contribution of a range of local and international partners, including the Friends of Park (FoNNAP), the Association (KILA), the Kenya government (through the Service and the Ministry of Lands), the (ILRI), the Foundation (AWF) [10], Conservancy (TNC), the Facility (GEF)/among others. The WCL has informed and catalyzed the implementation of payments for environmental services (PES) based on the land lease for wildlife model in other pastoral areas in southern Kenya on lands that serve as dispersal areas for protected areas. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by highlighting that the Wildlife Conservation Law (WCL) is insufficient on its own to ensure the viability of the National Park (NNP) ecosystem. It emphasizes that other management tools and interventions, such as conservation easements and land use regulations, are necessary for the protection and recovery of wildlife populations. This indicates that human intervention is required alongside protected areas for effective wildlife management.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Some argue that all GMOs are entirely safe and have no ecological impact. [SEP] Text: Если же сравнивать последовательности клТ-ДНК между представителями подродов Petunioides и Tabacum, то уровень сходства последовательностей оказывается низким и составляет от 66,3 до 68,6 % для rolC и от 70,2 до 82,9 % для ORF13 (Intrieri, Buiatti, 2001). Cузуки с соавторами (Suzuki et al. , 2002) исследовали сайты локализации клеточной Т-ДНК в геномах Nicotiana методом блот гибридизации по Саузерну. Их данные можно было интерпретировать с точки зрения независимых актов трансформации представителей подродов Petunioides и Tabacum. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses the genetic sequences and research methods related to plant species, specifically in the context of Nicotiana, without addressing the safety or ecological impact of GMOs.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Self-directed learning can foster creativity and problem-solving in children more effectively than traditional methods. [SEP] Text: Figure 3 - During our intervention, we presented the participants with daily objects—one at a time—just like the ones shown here. For each object, participants were asked to write down as many uses as possible. This intervention was shown to improve their creative thinking and problem-solving abilities. After this intervention, all the participants were given another problem-solving test, this time with different, more difficult tasks, and another creativity drawing test, this time with squares instead of circles. When we analyzed the data by comparing their performance on the pre/post-tests, we observed two fascinating patterns. First, all participants improved in measures of creativity, but those who did the intervention improved more than those in the control group. Second, everybody improved their problem-solving skills, but those who participated in the intervention improved these skills more than those in the control group. So, in our study, we were able to improve creativity and, by doing so, we also improved problem solving! and a Solver! These findings are promising, especially because our intervention was simple and it could be given by anyone, anywhere, without special equipment or special knowledge. This means that you too can use this intervention to improve your own creativity, or you can help your friends or classmates improve their creativity. Simply think of a daily object you are familiar with, and think of as many possible uses to it. By doing so, you will probably become a better problem solver, which can help you in school and throughout life. Solving: ↑ Finding correct solutions to challenges, tasks of puzzles. Creativity: ↑ A mental skill that helps produce something that is both new and useful. Intervention: ↑ An action researchers take to test the impact on research participants. Control Group: ↑ A control group holds part of a research population who do not get an intervention. Comparing the control group to the other participants helps scientists deduce that the intervention worked. Pre/Post-Tests: ↑ Similar or identical tests that are given to research participants before (“pre”) and after (“post”) an intervention, to determine the impact of the intervention. Conflict of authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest. 2022. Cultivating creativity improves middle school students’ computational thinking skills. Inter. Learn. Environ. doi: 10. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by describing an intervention where participants were asked to think creatively about daily objects and this activity led to significant improvements in both creativity and problem-solving skills. Specifically, it notes that 'all participants improved in measures of creativity, but those who did the intervention improved more than those in the control group,' which indicates that the self-directed learning approach was more effective than traditional methods in fostering these skills.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: All wildlife populations can recover without human intervention if protected areas exist. [SEP] Text: Log in or new issue alertsGet alerts Submit a your Email address: Subscribe to e4. 0 License, which allows others to remix, tweak, and build upon the work non-commercially, as long as appropriate credit is given and the new creations are licensed under the identical terms. Conservation and Society 16(3):p 305-319, Jul–Sep 2018. | DOI: 10. 4103/cs. cs_17_1 India, human-wildlife conflict (HWC) around protected areas (PAs) has magnified social conflict over conservation and development priorities. India introduced financial compensation for HWC as a policy solution to simultaneously promote human security while protecting biodiversity. We evaluate compensation as a mitigation policy for HWC around four protected areas in Rajasthan (Jaisamand, Sitamata, Phulwari, and Kumbhalgarh). We argue that compensation is failing to reconcile conservation and development priorities for two reasons. First, a focus on charismatic megafauna obscures the livelihood costs of human-wildlife interactions as reported by households, especially conflict perpetrated by non-priority herbivores like antelope. This highlights disagreements about what constitutes ‘acceptable’ conservation costs between communities and the state. Second, government bureaucrats control the compensation process, a model incongruent with the highly negotiated and reciprocal nature of environmental governance at local levels. Using interviews with Department officials (n=21) and household surveys (n=2234), we argue that compensation is a policy designed to conserve (internationally) threatened species and not to safeguard local livelihoods. Ultimately, we suggest that policy solutions that are insensitive to local ecological and social dynamics can undermine efforts to reconcile conservation and development goals. Funding: This work was supported by the for Management, Udaipur, Rajasthan, India and the of. Funders were not involved in the study design, collection, analysis, and interpretation of data, in writing the manuscript, or in the decision to submit the 2005. According to this data, nilgai populations have been increasing whereas wild pig, hyena, wolf, chinkara, and four-horned antelope numbers have been decreasing. The estimated human population density around the PAs is about 262 people/sq. km(Census of India 2011) whereas the estimated livestock density is 197 livestock/sq. km (of India 2007). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by emphasizing that conservation efforts, such as the compensation policy for human-wildlife conflict (HWC), have not reconciled conservation goals with local livelihoods. It highlights that certain wildlife populations, like nilgai, are increasing, whereas others are declining, suggesting that protected areas and existing policies are not enough to ensure overall population recovery without further human intervention.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Some argue that all GMOs are entirely safe and have no ecological impact. [SEP] Text: Нашей группой (Хафизова и др. , 2014) была создана тест-система, которая методом ПЦР в реальном времени позволяет выявить виды, которые содержат Т-ДНК такой же структуры (в приграничной зоне) и локализации в геноме, что и у N. glauca. При проверке N. tabacum c использованием данной тест-системы были получены данные о различных местах локализации клТ- ДНК у N. glauca и N. tabacum. Таким образом, можно говорить о независимых актах трансформации данных видов. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text discusses a specific testing system created by the authors to identify genetic material in certain plants but does not address the claim about the safety or ecological impact of GMOs. Therefore, it is irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Self-directed learning can foster creativity and problem-solving in children more effectively than traditional methods. [SEP] Text: The need to efficiently transfer skills is one which bleeds over into technology education because a knowledge base is a prerequisite to devel- oping problem solving ability. However, ef- ficiency should not be allowed to overshadow effectiveness; they should be balanced. When teaching design, a strategy must be developed which not only tolerates but rewards alterna- tive solutions. This type of problem solving should involve a divergent as opposed to a convergent thinking process (Hatch, 1988). Students who are encouraged to take control of their own learning will be much more likely to develop a broad rather than nar- rowly focused approach to problem solving. The idea that students can help teach them- selves (Villalon, 1982) is appropriate for teaching design. The temptation is present to simply teach divergent thinking the way one might teach multiplication tables. The problem with this approach lies in the critical role creativity plays in the type of divergent thinking which is required to come up with truly unique solutions to problems. Can one teach creativity? Can an educational system so steeped in convergent thought encourage or even tolerate divergent thinking? A discovery method of learning can be utilized in the teaching of design. When students are faced with the need to know cer- tain information, they will seek out that in- formation. This requires them to work their way down Bloom's Taxonomy of Learning, per- haps even jumping around a bit filling in the gaps as they find need. For example, suppose a student wants to assess the impact of a coal gasification. First, the student must satisfy him or herself that they understand what coal gassification is (knowledge and comprehension). Second, the student should begin to ask questions like: how is coal con- verted to a gas, why is this process desira- ble, what type of pollution can be eliminated by coal gassification, and will new problems be created? In this second step the student breaks the problem down into managable chunks (analysis). Finally, the student brings the answers to all the smaller questions together in order to answer the question: considering both the positive and negative aspects of coal gassification, what should be done with this technology (synthesis and evaluation). This method casts the teacher as guide and facilitator. The student becomes an investi- gator (Sellwood, 1989). The following illus- trates a design brief in which the student uses this investigative approach. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text supports the claim by illustrating how self-directed learning encourages students to take control of their own education and fosters creativity. It emphasizes the importance of teaching strategies that reward alternative solutions and promotes divergent thinking, which is crucial for creativity. The mention of students working through Bloom's Taxonomy and breaking down problems into manageable chunks indicates a learning approach that aligns with self-directed learning, in contrast to traditional teaching methods that may prioritize convergent thinking.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: All wildlife populations can recover without human intervention if protected areas exist. [SEP] Text: Crop raiding does happen with nilgai or wild pig. If people report [the damage], officers will go to observe it but do not compensate for it” (Feb 13, 2014). Around Kumbhalgarh, the ACF observed, “crop raiding is an increasing problem in this area. [We] cannot tell the impact because [we] do not know the extent to which it is happening. [There] can be a wide range of damage—[covering a] large extent of crops” (Feb 21, 2014). In Sitamata, “wild pig damages crops. Nilgai [is] also widespread in Rajasthan. [Households] protect crops by being present in fields at night as well. [There is] no compensation for crop loss” (Feb 25, 2014). HWC around the four wildlife sanctuaries (Jaisamand, Sitamata, Kumbhalgarh, and Phulwari) looks substantially different when viewed from the household perspective. About 22% of survey respondents were female and 78% male, and the three most common languages spoken were Mawari, Hindi, and Rajasthani. For those households that experienced HWC, we asked respondents to report each incident separately, define the type of HWC (crop damage or livestock depredation), and identify the species involved. About 78% of respondents had experienced some form of HWC in 2013-2014—either crop raiding or livestock depredation. Crop damage was more substantial than livestock loss (Table 1). We modelled whether the sanctuaries were statistically different from one another in terms of conflict outcomes. Jaisamand and Kumbhalgarh had the highest level of HWC (Kumbhalgarh was higher but the outcome was not significant) and Phulwari and Sitamata had significantly less HWC compared to Jaisamand (Table 2). Additionally, we found that crop loss was significantly lower in Phulwari (p<0. 001) while livestock loss was significantly higher in Kumbhalgarh (p<0. 001) (14. 7% of herbivore incidents to the government, as compared to 10. 3% of carnivore incidents, a result that is significant using a Chi 2 test at the p<0. 002 level. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by detailing human-wildlife conflict (HWC) incidents, indicating that despite the existence of protected areas (wildlife sanctuaries), there are significant issues such as crop raiding by nilgai and wild pigs. Statements like ‘crop raiding is an increasing problem’ and that ‘78% of respondents had experienced some form of HWC’ suggest that wildlife populations are also impacting human agricultural activities negatively. This indicates that recovery of wildlife populations in protected areas is not sufficient in the absence of addressing human-wildlife interactions.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Some argue that all GMOs are entirely safe and have no ecological impact. [SEP] Text: Более глубокое исследование клТ-ДНК методом геномного секвенирования позволяет сказать, что трансформация табаков происходила неоднократно. Поскольку все вставки Т-ДНК представляют собой повторы, можно приблизительно оценить их возраст. Так, самой древней считают вставку ТС, за ней следует клТ-ДНК из N. glauca, далее ТB, ТD и ТА (рис. 1). В трех сортах N. tabacum выявлена полная делеция TC, включая приблизительно 1 тпо растительной ДНК с каждой стороны. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim regarding the safety or ecological impacts of GMOs. Instead, it discusses specific transformations in tobacco plants and mentions genetic aspects without evaluating safety or ecological consequences.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Self-directed learning can foster creativity and problem-solving in children more effectively than traditional methods. [SEP] Text: Finally, for the problem solving ability during the three semesters, the experimental group showed a reverse U-shape change while the control group showed a U-shape change. In the experimental group, there was no change after two semesters. the basis of the findings in this study, the following conclusions can be made. First, problem-based learning has a positive educational effect compared to didactic-based learning within one year. Second, the appropriate length of PBL is two semesters, or one year. It could be recommended that dental education in Korea should be combined or hybridized with PBL; for example, PBL could be used in combination with brief lectures or block lectures by teachers. Keywords: Communication, Dental education, PBL (problem based learning), Problem solving abilities, Self-directed learning 1. Cho YS. Theory and reality of PBL. Seoul: Hakjisa;2006. p. 117–282. 2. . Correlations among meta cognition, critical thinking and self-efficacy of nursing students studying through problem based learning. . 2007; 18:146–154. 3. Choi HJ. The effects of PBL(Problem-Based Learning) on the meta-cognition, critical thinking, and problem solving process of nursing students. J Nurs. 2004; 34:712–721. 4. . Effects of PBL(Problem-Based Learning) on self-directed learning and critical thinking disposition of nursing students. J Korean acad society of nursing education. 2005; 11:184–190. 5. . The clinical competence and related factors of the nursing students: focused on the subjects who studied problem-based learning. J Nursing. 2007; 19:753–762. 6. . Introduction to problem based learning. Med Educ. 1995; 6:84–87. 7. Application of the revised case matrix format to tutorial in pathology teaching: an interim approach toward problem-based learning under traditional curricular structure. J of Pathology. 1996; 30:653–661. 8. Three kinds of problem-based learning formulas experienced in Konkuk university college of medicine. Med Educ. 2000; 12:191–205. 9. Pilot study of web-based PBL in emergency medicine clinical education. J of Emergency Medicine. 2006; 17:203–209. 10. . [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the positive educational effects of problem-based learning (PBL), which aligns with the concept of self-directed learning. The text indicates that PBL is more effective than traditional didactic-based learning, particularly in enhancing problem-solving abilities. This supports the assertion that self-directed learning fosters creativity and problem-solving more effectively than conventional teaching methods.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: All wildlife populations can recover without human intervention if protected areas exist. [SEP] Text: If [the doctor] says the animal is worth less or he is not sure what killed it—[the claimant] may get less than the stated rate… or nothing. The government veterinarian is supposed to be free, but he might ask for a side payment” (Feb 13, 2014). The burden of proof remains with the claimant to negotiate an uncertain process and demonstrate that wildlife inflicted significant damage—often, this is only possible with carnivore HWC (carcass) and large herbivore species like elephants (trampled crops, trees that have been uprooted). Even though there is evidence in the literature that wild pig, langur, nilgai, and sloth bear represent major problems for farmers around Kumbhalgarh, the state government remains unconvinced that such damage can or should be compensated (Chhangani et al. 2008). A Forester in Kumbhalgarh reasoned that the government could not provide crop compensation because “crop raiding [is] also done by other domestic animals. [We] cannot prove that wild animals did [the] crop raiding” (Feb 21, 2014). Differences between what is compensated versus what is experienced as HWC on the ground may represent a conflict over the actual cost of conserving wild species. To the government, compensation is performing as expected—there are few claims for livestock loss and the top levels of government perceive HWC overall to be low. Households, however, report that HWC, especially with herbivores, is a major problem. Thus, households continue to experience high costs to conservation from crop raiding even while the government perceives it is mitigating HWC costs through compensation. Costs include not only monetary losses from crop raiding, but also the opportunity costs associated with commonly used mitigation techniques. This disconnect may reflect a divergence about conservation priorities in India. In particular, the state may seek to mitigate HWC costs only where they pose a threat to the conservation priorities of wider India. Compensation is a policy tool designed to protect (internationally) threatened and valuable species and not a tool to safeguard local livelihoods from interactions with nuisance species like nilgai, wild pig, or langur. Resolving HWC incidents associated with non-priority species may be less important to the state than those associated with more charismatic megafauna because they have fewer ramifications for broader conservation goals. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the complexities of human-wildlife conflict (HWC) and the challenges of conservation and compensation policies that may undermine wildlife recovery. It illustrates how the perception of HWC, particularly with species that are not prioritized by the government, leads to insufficient support for conservation efforts, suggesting that human intervention may be necessary for the recovery of certain wildlife populations. This directly opposes the idea that wildlife populations can recover independently in protected areas.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Some argue that all GMOs are entirely safe and have no ecological impact. [SEP] Text: Эта делеция могла возникнуть у растения N. tomentosiformis давшего начало N. tabacum или могла произойти после гибридизации N. tomentosiformis x N. sylvestris. Известно, что N. tabacum терял различные родительские последовательности после события гибридизации (Volkov et al. , 1999, Lim et al. , 2004, Lim et al. , 2007, Petit et al. , 2007, Renny-Byfield et al. , 2011 цит по Chen et al. , 2014). Потери ДНК были также отмечены у синтетических гибридов N. tomentosiformis x N. sylvestris (Skalicka et al. , 2005, Renny-Byfield et al. , 2012 цит по Chen et al. , 2014). Центральная часть TA района была потеряна у восточных сортов N. tabacum. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses genetic changes in specific plant species without addressing safety or ecological impacts of GMOs. It focuses on the genetic history and hybridization of N. tomentosiformis and N. tabacum, but does not provide any insight into safety assessments or ecological consequences related to GMOs.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Online learning platforms provide the same quality of education as in-person classes. [SEP] Text: Additionally, professional support from faculty at the appropriate moment fosters engagement and collaborative application activities, underlining the critical nature of establishing communities of inquiry in the classroom – whether in-person, remote learning or integrated. Creating communities of inquiry through blended learning is a well-researched pedagogical strategy in universities and colleges. The original Garrison et al. 7 essay elucidating this paradigm has been mentioned more than 4,000 times in the scientific literature. Much early research focused on social presence as a novel teaching method beyond traditional transmission models 8. According to a recent literature review, the most often used and widely accepted instrument for measuring and applying the CoI is "the CoI survey instrument created by Arbaugh et al. 9. Social presence is defined as "participants' capacity to connect with a community (e. g. , a course of study), speak meaningfully in a trusting atmosphere, and create interpersonal relationships via the projection of their unique personalities" 10. Teaching presence conceptualizes, facilitates, and directs cognitive and social presences to achieve personally meaningful and educationally beneficial learning results 11. In a CoI, the teaching function applies to both faculty and students. While the teacher, or faculty of record, serves as the leader, teaching presence enables and promotes cooperative learning among students. Recent research demonstrates the critical role of teaching presence in creating pleasurable student learning experiences. It is, nevertheless, inextricably related to other presences 12. The amount to which learners can build and reinforce meaning via extended thinking and discourse is called cognitive presence 7. Cognitive presence develops from four independent but complementary components of practical inquiry: triggering experiences, investigation, integration, and resolution. Establishing a foundation for deep and meaningful learning requires engagement in all four components. On the other hand, the evidence that cognitive presence involves a mix of cognitive, social, and instructional presence. Beyond just delivering information, direct teaching and encouraging cognitive activity are critical roles for faculty utilizing this approach. Considering everything, I firmly believe that the community of inquiry provided a detailed approach to establishing a learning modality that considers various situational factors when determining how students learn. 2. 2. (CABLS) Framework was developed by Wang, Han, and Yang 13. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by emphasizing the significance of establishing communities of inquiry in various learning modalities, including online and in-person settings. It highlights that effective education relies on factors such as professional support from faculty, engagement, and collaboration, which are achievable in both online learning platforms and traditional classrooms. Furthermore, the discussion about teaching presence, cognitive presence, and social presence underscores that quality education can occur regardless of the delivery method, thus supporting the assertion that online learning can match in-person education's quality.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: All wildlife populations can recover without human intervention if protected areas exist. [SEP] Text: Despite the fact that local populations of nilgai have increased due to conservation efforts and a cultural taboo around hunting (Chhangani et al. 2008), the state has done little to mitigate their impact on livelihoods. The capacity of compensation to act as a tool to reconcile conservation and development priorities is constrained by the substantial inequity ingrained in a system balanced toward conservation at the expense of livelihoods. This is particularly true in Rajasthan, where a ban on hunting and cultural taboos that prohibit culling nilgai further limit local capacity to address herbivore-related HWC. Barriers to the disconnect, communities have failed to challenge compensation's procedural inefficiencies. This is surprising given the tendency toward collective protest in other areas of India (Swain 2010). We argue that there are two ways to think about barriers to change compensation policies in Rajasthan. First, HWC incidents are often widely dispersed over space and time, and affect individuals unevenly (Nyhus 2016). Unlike the immediate and collective impacts from exclusion from a PA, the random nature of HWC results in erratic effects that may diminish the possibility of collective action against the state. While all respondents experienced high levels of HWC, incidents were reported to occur at any time of year and affected households to differing degrees even within the same or neighbouring communities. Crop loss is often randomly situated around large areas, and can be impacted by available crops, mitigation techniques, and the distribution of wild animals (Karanth et al. 2012; Karanth et al. 2013a). This tends to promote individual rather than collective-level responses. We found that households tended not to engage in communal mitigation activities such as hiring community guards or contributing money to a communal pot for mitigation or repairs. While we found that respondents were more likely to attend community meetings to address HWC around Kumbhalgarh (23%), this effect was not consistent across sanctuaries (13% in Jaisamand, 6% in Phulwari, and 15% in Sitamata). This suggests that the nature of HWC itself imposes barriers to collective action. Second, the structure of compensation programmes in Rajasthan—embedded within a centralised public bureaucracy geared toward addressing livestock depredation—poorly fits the local social and ecological context. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by highlighting that despite conservation efforts and protected areas, the local impacts of wildlife (specifically nilgai) on livelihoods have not been sufficiently addressed. It discusses how the presence of human-wildlife conflict (HWC) and barriers to collective action diminish community efforts to manage wildlife impacts, implying that wildlife populations may not recover solely through protection without addressing human interests and conflicts.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Some argue that all GMOs are entirely safe and have no ecological impact. [SEP] Text: Таким образом, клТ-ДНК в отсутствие отбора претерпевала сильные изменения. В то же время, отдельные гены сохранили свою функциональность. У табаков это прежде всего rolC и orf13 (Furner et al. , 1986, Mohajjel-Shoja et al. , 2011, Chen et al. , 2014). В целом, можно отметить накопление все большего количества фактов в пользу неоднократной трансформации агробактериальной Т-ДНК представителей рода Nicotiana. Заключение Природно-трансгенные растения были описаны более 30 лет назад. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text discusses genetic changes in plant DNA and mentions transformations in the genus Nicotiana but does not address the safety or ecological impact of GMOs. Therefore, it is irrelevant to the claim about the safety and ecological effects of all GMOs.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Online learning platforms provide the same quality of education as in-person classes. [SEP] Text: Furthermore, most of the students were non-native (53%) in our study and had less than 24 years old (78%) (Table 1). Table 1 Background characteristics of medical studentsFull size table of e-learning and in-person methods in medical students’ learning outcomes based on background characteristics is presented in Table 2. The findings indicated that students learning outcomes were significantly higher during e-learning than in in-person education for all examined variables (P < 0. 05). The relation between teaching method and students’ gender was insignificant (P = 0. 205) as male and female students had approximately an equal increment of average scores during e-learning compared to in-person education. There wasn’t any statistically significant difference between students’ types of admission (P = 0. 533) and their residency status (P = 0. 085) with intended learning outcomes. The students with different age categories had similar average scores in both teaching methods (P = 0. 546). Moreover, the difference between students’ GPA categories among the two groups was significant (P = 0. 022). Students with a GPA of less than 14 experienced higher increments in their average scores after the e-learning compared to in-person education. Table 2 Comparison of E-learning and In-person methods in medical students’ learning outcomes based on background characteristicsFull size table Tukey’s honestly significant difference (HSD) post hoc test showed statistically significant diffrences between every two groups based on grade point average. of e-learning and in-person methods in participants’ performance based on different lessons of preclinical medical education is presented in Table 3. Compared to face-to-face courses, improvements in pharmacology, theoretical semiology, and pathology scores after e-learning courses were statistically significant (P < 0. 001). The differences in mean scores related to practical pathology and semiology in the two approaches were not statistically significant, P = 0. 624 and P = 0. 149, respectively. Furthermore, the overall students’ average scores increased significantly during e-learning versus in-person education (P < 0. 001). Table 3 Comparison of E-learning and In-person methods in participants’ performance based on different lessons of preclinical medical educationFull size table DiscussionIn this study, we compared the intended learning outcomes of undergraduate medical students based on e-learning and in-person methods during the COVID-19 pandemic. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by indicating that students' learning outcomes were significantly higher during e-learning compared to in-person education across all examined variables (P < 0. 05). This suggests that the quality of education delivered through online platforms may be equal to or even surpass that of traditional in-person classes. Moreover, it states that improvements in specific subjects such as pharmacology, theoretical semiology, and pathology after e-learning were statistically significant (P < 0. 001), further supporting the idea that the educational experience in online formats can be comparable to in-person methods.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Captive breeding programs guarantee the successful reintroduction of species into the wild. [SEP] Text: Map showing the localities where bacterial samples were obtained Atelopus aff. limosus (green dot), Atelopus spurrelli (blue triangle) and Atelopus elegans (red square). Individuals brought to captivity were collected in the same localities where samples from wild individuals were obtained. The map was created using the profiles provided by GADM. Download full-size image DOI: 10. 7717/peerj. 3594/fig-1 Table 1: Number of sampled individuals of each Atelopus species in wild and captive conditions. The table includes the localities in Colombia and Ecuador where Atelopus individuals were sampled, the year when individuals were collected and entered into an ex situ facility, as well as the year when bacterial samples were taken for the analysis of the culturable portion of the skin microbiota. of collection ind. Year of collection Date of sampling captive individuals Wild ind. Date of sampling wild individuals Atelopus elegans Esmeraldas, 2 1 ind - 2009 1 ind - 2010 2012 – – Adult 8 2 ind - 2009 3 ind - 2010 1 ind - 2011 2 ind - 2012 2012 5 2012 Atelopus aff. limosus Capurganá, 2 Born in captivity in 2011 2012 – – Adult 5 2 ind - 2008 3 ind -2009 2012 8 2009 Atelopus spurrelli Arusí, 4 2011 2012 5 2009 DOI: 10. 7717/peerj. 3594/table-1 Ex situ conditions Atelopus spurrelli and A. aff. limosus were brought to the facilities and kept isolated during quarantine (60 days). Then individuals were transferred to the enclosures (1m × 0. 5m × 0. 5m) built using 6 mm-thick glass. To better simulate natural conditions, we created a 10 cm-depth pool that occupied a fifth of the tank’s base. Each terrarium was connected to an external canister filter AE 306 Resun® (flow: 700L/H, power: 12 watts). The filters were placed below each terrarium and connected with 1 2 ” tubing. Natural plants were placed in the tank to provide shelter, sleeping sites and visual barriers for the frogs, as well as to maintain high humidity, good water quality and low levels of nitrogenous waste. Bromeliads, aroids, mosses, orchids and calatheas were preferred because they tolerate high humidity levels. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim as it describes the process and conditions under which Atelopus species are kept and bred in captivity, but does not provide any evidence or assurance that these captive breeding efforts will lead to successful reintroduction into the wild. The detailed account of how these individuals are housed and maintained highlights the care taken in captivity but does not conclude or support that this guarantees their successful reintroduction.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Some argue that all GMOs are entirely safe and have no ecological impact. [SEP] Text: Однако в последние годы интерес к ним сильно возрос. До 2012 года в литературе был известен только один четко задокументированный пример горизонтального переноса генов от агробактерий к растениям Nicotiana. В 2012 году в нашей лаборатории был описан новый пример горизонтального переноса генов от агробактерий к растениям рода Linaria (Matveeva et al. , 2012), в 2015 Т-ДНК обнаружена у растений рода Ipomea (Kyndt et al. , 2015). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim about the safety of GMOs or their ecological impact. Instead, it discusses specific scientific examples of gene transfer between bacteria and plants, which is unrelated to the assertion that all GMOs are entirely safe.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Black holes are regions where the gravitational pull is so strong that not even light can escape. [SEP] Text: • Braz. J. Phys. 35 (4b) • Dec 2005 • copy Braneworld black holes as gravitational lenses holes acting as gravitational lenses produce, besides the primary and secondary weak field images, two infinite sets of relativistic images. These images can be studied using the strong field limit, an analytic method based on a logarithmic asymptotic approximation of the deflection angle. In this work, braneworld black holes are analyzed as gravitational lenses in the strong field limit and the feasibility of observation of the images is discussed. Braneworld black holes as gravitational lenses Ernesto F. de Astronomía y Física del Espacio, C. C. 67, Suc. 28, 1428, holes acting as gravitational lenses produce, besides the primary and secondary weak field images, two infinite sets of relativistic images. These images can be studied using the strong field limit, an analytic method based on a logarithmic asymptotic approximation of the deflection angle. In this work, braneworld black holes are analyzed as gravitational lenses in the strong field limit and the feasibility of observation of the images is discussed. I. cosmologies [7] have attracted great attention from researchers in the last few years. In these cosmological models, the ordinary matter is confined to a three dimensional space called the brane, embedded in a larger space called the bulk in which only gravity can propagate. Cosmologies with extra dimensions were proposed in order to solve the hierarchy problem, that is to explain why the gravity scale is sixteen orders of magnitude greater than the electro-weak scale, and are motivated by recent developments of string theory, known as M-theory. The study of black holes on the brane is rather difficult because of the confinement of matter on the brane whereas the gravitational field can access to the bulk. The full five dimensional bulk field equations have no known exact solutions representing static and spherically symmetric black holes with horizon on the brane. Instead, several braneworld black hole solutions have been found based on different projections on the brane of the five dimensional Weyl tensor. Since the publication of the paper of Virbhadra and Ellis [1] there has been a growing interest in the study of lensing by black holes. They analyzed numerically a Schwarzschild black hole at the Galactic center acting as a gravitational lens. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing black holes in the context of gravitational lensing and implies their strong gravitational influence, particularly when it references the inability to find static and spherically symmetric solutions with horizons on the brane, which aligns with the characteristics of black holes as regions of intense gravity. The mention of images being observed from braneworld black holes further supports the idea that their gravitational pull is significant.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Captive breeding programs guarantee the successful reintroduction of species into the wild. [SEP] Text: In this study, we describe culturable bacterial assemblages for individuals of three Atelopus species that remain in the wild, in apparently healthy conditions, and individuals (from the same species and collection localities) brought into captivity. This study sought to determine the effect of captive conditions on the anti-Bd bacterial community in one of the most threatened genera worldwide (et al. , 2005; Mendelson et al. , 2006). Our main goal was not only to describe the culturable portion of the bacterial community for each condition, but the effect of captivity on the proportion of beneficial bacteria and their performance as Bd inhibitors. Although our results show that captive individuals harbor bacteria with anti-Bd properties, further long-term research is key to evaluate the interactions between the skin microbial communities and their amphibian hosts since those can differ from one population to the next even if the bacterial community composition is similar (Rebollar et al. , 2016). Several studies have reported changes in the microbial associated communities when animals are moved from the wild to captive environments (Isaacs et al. , 2009; Dhanasiri et al. , 2011; Wienemann et al. , 2011; Nelson et al. , 2013). In amphibians, research assessing the effect of captivity on bacterial communities is increasing (Antwis et al. , 2014; Becker et al. , 2014; Michaels, Antwis & Preziosi, 2014; Kueneman et al. , 2016). Through culture-independent and dependent approaches, these studies have demonstrated changes in the skin bacterial community composition due to conditions imposed by captivity. Our results suggest that ex situ conditions, at least for these three Atelopus species, did not reduce the diversity of bacteria or the proportion of anti-Bd bacteria, as determined by culture-based assays. Moreover, we found a higher number of culturable bacterial species in captive animals compared to wild individuals. Our findings are consistent with those obtained for other vertebrates including birds and mammals (Xenoulis et al. , 2010; Nelson et al. , 2013), where gut microbial diversity was higher in captive animals, and are also consistent with the findings for the Panamanian golden frogs (A. zeteki) where OTU richness and phylogenetic diversity was higher in captive frogs (Becker et al. , 2014). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the effects of captivity on the bacterial communities of Atelopus species. It indicates that conditions in captivity can change microbial diversity and the interactions of these communities with their amphibian hosts. The need for long-term research to evaluate these interactions suggests that captive breeding does not inherently guarantee successful reintroduction efforts, as conditions imposed by captivity may affect the species' natural behaviors and health. The mention that higher microbial diversity was found in captive animals compared to wild individuals implies risks that could complicate reintroduction, countering the claim that breeding guarantees success.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Some argue that all GMOs are entirely safe and have no ecological impact. [SEP] Text: К сожалению, на данный момент в литературе не достаточно информации в отношении разнообразия вставок Т-ДНК и их распространения среди представителей родов Linaria и Ipomea. Представители рода Nicotiana изучены гораздо глубже. Анализ распространения Т-ДНК в пределах данного рода можно интерпретировать с точки зрения нескольких независимых актов трансформации. Убедительных фактов в пользу распространения трансгенов между видами путем переопыления не выявлено. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim directly, as it discusses the lack of information on T-DNA insert diversity and its distribution among specific plant genera, as well as the insufficient evidence regarding the spread of transgenes through pollination. This information is not directly relevant to the assertion that all GMOs are entirely safe and have no ecological impact.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Black holes are regions where the gravitational pull is so strong that not even light can escape. [SEP] Text: For black hole gravitational lenses, large deflection angles are possible for photons passing close to the photon sphere. These photons could even make one or more complete turns, in both directions of rotation, around the black hole before eventually reaching an observer. As a consequence, two infinite sequences of images, called relativistic images, are formed at each side of the black hole. Instead of making a full numerical treatment, a logarithmic approximation of the deflection angle can be done to obtain the relativistic images. This approximation was first used by Darwin [2] for Schwarzschild black holes, rediscovered and called the strong field limit by Bozza et al. [3], extended to Reissner-Nordström geometries by Eiroa et al. [4], and generalized to any spherically symmetric black hole by Bozza [5]. The strong field limit was subsequently applied to retrolensing by Eiroa and Torres [6] and used by other authors in the analysis of different lensing scenarios. The study of gravitational lensing by braneworld black holes could be useful in the context of searching possible observational signatures of these objects. II. . 1, three possible lensing situations are shown schematically. In the left, the black hole, which will be called the lens (l), is between the source (s) and the observer (o); in the middle, the source is between the lens and the observer; and in the right the observer is between the source and the lens. The first case will be called standard lensing and the other two, respectively, cases I and II of retrolensing. The observer-source, observer-lens and the lens-source distances, here taken much greater than the horizon radius rh, are, in units of rh, dos, dol and dls, respectively. Defining b as the angular position of the point source and q as the angular position of the images (i), both seen from the observer, and a as the deflection angle of the photons, the lens equation [1, 6] has the form: where c3 = dls/dos for standard lensing and c3 = dos/dol or c3 = dos/dls for cases I and II of retrolensing, respectively. b can be taken positive without losing generality. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the behavior of photons near black holes, specifically mentioning that large deflection angles are possible for photons passing close to the black hole. This supports the idea that black holes exert such a strong gravitational pull that even light (photons) cannot escape, as indicated by the phenomena of gravitational lensing and the formation of relativistic images.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Captive breeding programs guarantee the successful reintroduction of species into the wild. [SEP] Text: We found that species of bacteria belonging to the genera Pseudomonas, Chryseobacterium and Acinetobacter isolated from wild and captive animals inhibited Bd in the challenge assays. In a recent study, bacterial isolates from these three groups were also reported as Bd inhibitors and they appeared to be widely distributed. The proportion of bacteria that showed anti-Bd activity for those genera was 73% for Pseudomonas, 55% for Chryseobacterium and 37% for Acinetobacter (Woodhams et al. , 2015). Variations in bacterial communities due to captive conditions have been demonstrated in red-backed salamanders (Plethodon cinereus), where environmental microbes seemed to affect host-microbial diversity and appeared to be important as regulators of the host core community (Loudon et al. , 2014). In terms of their associated microbiota, captive environments appear to be less diverse and less heterogeneous than wild habitats, which might imply that host associated bacterial communities for animals in ex situ facilities should be less diverse (Sabino-Pinto et al. , 2016). The enclosures where frogs are maintained provide a modified environment that can also vary depending on the zoo or facility. These conditions could facilitate the transmission of new bacteria capable of colonizing the frog skin, as suggested for other animals in captivity (Nelson et al. , 2013). We found that culturable bacterial communities from captive animals at the (A. aff. limosus and A. spurrelli) were not the same but more similar to each other than compared with A. elegans. The slight difference between captive A. aff. limosus and A. spurrelli (Fig. 2), suggests that a “host” component is also playing a role shaping skin bacterial communities, as suggested previously for Japanese amphibians (Sabino-Pinto et al. , 2016). Although the cages used in this study simulated natural conditions, we propose that the observed differences between frogs from both ex situ facilities might be related to the environmental conditions inside the enclosures (i. e. , substrate and water sources). Although, there is no solid evidence on which mechanisms are the frogs using to acquire bacteria from the environment, and which are the key factors modeling bacterial assemblages, we suggest that either the environment or host characteristics are modeling bacterial communities in these species of harlequin toads. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by highlighting challenges related to captive conditions affecting the diversity and functionality of microbial communities in captive animals. It points out that captive environments are less diverse and more homogenized than wild habitats, which implies that the microbiota's role in the health and survivability of species upon reintroduction might be compromised. This raises doubts about the effectiveness of captive breeding programs in ensuring successful reintroduction without considering these microbial factors.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: It's suggested that synthetic biology can solve food shortages instantly and effortlessly. [SEP] Text: Skip to main content > Journals > Review > MLR > > Issue 8 (2018) "It's Not You, It's Your Caseload": to of In the United States, defendants in both federal and state prosecutions have the constitutional right to effective assistance of counsel. That right is in jeopardy. In the postconviction setting, the standard for ineffective assistance of counsel is prohibitively high, and Congress has restricted federal habeas review. At trial, severe underfunding for state indigent defense systems has led to low pay, little support, and extreme caseloads—which combine to create conditions where lawyers simply cannot represent clients adequately. Overworked public defenders and contract attorneys represent 80 percent of state felony defendants annually. Three out of four countywide public defender systems and fifteen out of twenty-two statewide public defender systems operate with yearly caseloads that are significantly higher than the ABA recommends. argues that courts should utilize the procedural ineffectiveness presumption that the made available in v. Cronic to find state defense counsel carrying caseloads above the ABA-recommended maximums constitutionally ineffective. Thus, defendants could not be tried until caseloads in the locality fell within the maximums. This would incentivize state and local legislatures to spend more money on indigent defense. Samantha Jaffe, "It's Not You, It's Your Caseload": to Defense Underfunding, 116 Mich. L. Rev. 1465 (2018). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses issues related to the indigent defense system in the United States and the challenges faced by public defenders, offering no information or insight regarding synthetic biology or food shortages.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Black holes are regions where the gravitational pull is so strong that not even light can escape. [SEP] Text: They found the induced metric on the brane by a Schwarzschild black hole moving in the bulk, and also studied the deflection of light on the brane produced by the black hole. V. relativistic images produced by black hole lenses have an angular position about the size of the angle subtended by the photon sphere and they are strongly demagnified, making their observation extremely difficult. In astrophysical scenarios, the observation of these relativistic images is not possible today and it will be a challenge for the next decade. Whisker [15] have shown that a braneworld black hole in the center of our galaxy could have different observational signatures than the four dimensional Schwarzschild one. In the case of small size black holes studied as gravitational lenses by Eiroa [14], the observation of the relativistic images in astrophysical contexts will be even more difficult. But if the braneworld model is correct and these black holes can be produced by the next generation of p3405. [14] E. F. Eiroa, Phys. Rev. D 71, 083010 (2005). [15] R. Whisker, Phys. Rev. D 71, 064004 (2005). [16] N. Dadhich, R. Maartens, P. Papadopoulos, and V. Rezania, Phys. Lett. B 487, 1 (2000). [17] V. Frolov, M. Snajdr, and D. Stojkovic, Phys. Rev. D 68, 044002 (2003). Received on 23 October, 2005 [1] K. S. Virbhadra, and G. F. R. Ellis, Phys. Rev. D 62, 084003 (2000). [2] C. Darwin, Proc. Roy. A 249, 180 (1959). [3] V. Bozza, S. Capozziello, G. Iovane, and G. Scarpetta, Gen. Relativ. Gravit. 33, 1535 (2001). [4] E. F. Eiroa, G. E. Romero, and D. F. Torres, Phys. Rev. D 66, 024010 (2002) [5] V. Bozza, Phys. Rev. D 66, 103001 (2002). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing black holes and their effects on light, noting that relativistic images produced by black hole lenses are strongly demagnified, which implies that light is influenced by the strong gravitational pull of the black hole. It suggests that the observation of these effects is extremely difficult, indirectly supporting the idea that light cannot escape from the formidable gravitational forces surrounding black holes.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Captive breeding programs guarantee the successful reintroduction of species into the wild. [SEP] Text: A cure or mechanism that allows threatened amphibian species to survive chytridiomycosis in their natural habitats is still needed. Although many different disease mitigation strategies have been proposed (Woodhams et al. , 2011; Bosch et al. , 2015), keeping viable assurance colonies in captivity seems to be the best option for Bd-susceptible species yet (Gratwicke et al. , 2015). The main goal of ex situ programs is to eventually reintroduce animals to their natural habitats. Management in captivity can lead to alterations of the species’ microbiota that may reduce survival chances after reintroduction (Redford et al. , 2012). In this study, we isolated a similar number of bacterial species with anti-Bd activity from captive and wild individuals of three Atelopus species, suggesting that they might count on their skin bacteria as a potential defense barrier against Bd. Redford et al. (2012) proposed that more studies are needed to determine changes and alterations in the animals’ microbiome in order to increase the success of reintroduction efforts. Here, we presented evidence that although bacterial community structure changed in captivity, the predicted anti-Bd function remained intact. In addition, it seems that animals are acquiring new microorganisms that are also providing protection against the fungal pathogen. Our findings suggest that selection acted on bacterial community function (e. g. , antifungal activity and protection) as opposed to selection for specific community structures. We hope this study might be considered when reintroduction plans are proposed as the next step for many species that are now part of ex situ programs. Accession numbers for bacteria isolated from the skin of three Atelopus species The table summarize the information of each isolate. DOI: 10. 7717/peerj. 3594/supp-1 method Control and experimental digital images from two tests: upper panels show an experiment where we visually detected antifungal activity; lower panels show an experiment where tested bacterium did not inhibit Bd growth. On the right, kernel density estimates for color composition in experimental images (solid blue line) and its mode (dashed blue line). Red and brown dashed lines represent the modes of the kernel density estimates for the two assessment methods. DOI: 10. 7717/peerj. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by highlighting that while captive breeding programs aim to reintroduce species into the wild, there are significant challenges that may hinder success. Specifically, it mentions that management in captivity can alter the species' microbiota, potentially reducing survival chances after reintroduction. Additionally, it points out that further studies are necessary to understand these changes better and improve reintroduction efforts, suggesting that current captive breeding does not guarantee success.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: It's suggested that synthetic biology can solve food shortages instantly and effortlessly. [SEP] Text: Available at: 04, 2018 Included in and About this or RSS Select an issue: Issue 7 Issue 6 Issue 5 Issue 4 Issue 3 Issue 2 Issue 1 Issue 8 Issue 7 Issue 6 Issue 5 Issue 4 Issue 3 Issue 2 Issue 1 Issue 8 Issue 7 Issue 6 Issue 5 Issue 4 Issue 3 Issue 2 Issue 1 Issue 8 Issue 7 Issue 6 Issue 5 Issue 4 Issue 3 Issue 2 Issue 1 Issue 8 Issue 7 Issue 6 Issue 5 Issue 4 Issue 3 Issue 2 Issue 1 Issue 8 Issue 7 Issue 6 Issue 5 Issue 4 Issue 3 Issue 2 Issue 1 Issue 8 Issue 7 Issue 6 Issue 5 Issue 4 Issue 3 Issue 2 Issue 1 Issue 8 Issue 7 Issue 6 Issue 5 Issue 4 Issue 3 Issue 2 Issue 1 Issue 8 Issue 7 Issue 6 Issue 5 Issue 4 Issue 3 Issue 2 Issue 1 Issue 8 Issue 7 Issue 6 Issue 5 Issue 4 Issue 3 Issue 2 Issue 1 Issue 8 Issue 7 Issue 6 Issue 5 Issue 4 Issue 3 Issue 2 Issue 1 Issue 8 Issue 7 Issue 6 Issue 5 Issue 4 Issue 3 Issue 2 Issue 1 Issue 8 Issue 7 Issue 6 Issue 5 Issue 4 Issue 3 Issue 2 Issue 1 Issue 8 Issue 7 Issue 6 Issue 5 Issue 4 Issue 3 Issue 2 Issue 1 Issue 8 Issue 7 Issue 6 Issue 5 Issue 4 Issue 3 Issue 2 Issue 1 Issue 8 Issue 7 Issue 6 Issue 5 Issue 4 Issue 3 Issue 2 Issue 1 Issue 8 Issue 7 Issue 6 Issue 5 Issue 4 Issue 3 2007 Issue 1 Issue 8 Issue 7 Issue 6 Issue 5 Issue 4 Issue 3 Issue 2 Issue 1 Issue 8 Issue 7 Issue 6 Issue 5 Issue 4 Issue 3 Issue 2 Issue 1 Issue 8 Issue 7 Issue 6 Issue 5 Issue 4 Issue 3 Issue 2 Issue 1 Issue 8 Issue 7 Issue 6 Issue 5 Issue 4 Issue 3 Issue 2 Issue 1 Issue 8 Issue 7 Issue 6 Issue 5 Issue 4 Issue 3 Issue 2 Issue 1 Issue 8 Issue 7 Issue 6 Issue 5 Issue 4 Issue 3 Issue 2 Issue 1 Issue 8 Issue 7 Issue 6 Issue 5 Issue 4 Issue 3 Issue 2 Issue 1 Issue 8 Issue 7 Issue 6 Issue 5 Issue 4 Issue 3 Issue 2 Issue 1 Issue 8 Issue 7 Issue 6 Issue 5 Issue 4 Issue 3 Issue 2 Issue 1 Issue 8 Issue 7 Issue 6 Issue 5 Issue 4 Issue 3 Issue 2 Issue 1 Issue 8 Issue 7 Issue 5 Issue 4 Issue 3 Issue 2 Issue 1 Issue 8 Issue 7 Issue 6 Issue 5 Issue 4 Issue 3 Issue 2 Issue 1 Issue 8 Issue 7 Issue 6 Issue 5 Issue 4 Issue 3 Issue 2 Issue 1 Issue 8 Issue 7 Issue 6 [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text provided does not contain any relevant information related to the claim concerning synthetic biology's ability to solve food shortages. It appears to be a repetitive collection of issue numbers and does not discuss the topic at hand.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Black holes are regions where the gravitational pull is so strong that not even light can escape. [SEP] Text: Inspired by their works, Perlick [34] delved into the study of lensing within spherically symmetric and static spacetime, employing the light-like geodesic equation without employing any approximations. Virbhadra [35] comprehensively studied the relativistic images produced by the gravitational lensing of a Schwarzschild black hole using numerical methods. The research has unveiled the profound significance of gravitational lensing, particularly in the context of black holes, as an invaluable tool in astrophysics. It allows for the exploration of the strong gravitational effects in the vicinity of these massive celestial objects and provides valuable insights into distant and faint stars. Due to its critical importance, gravitational lensing by various black holes has garnered considerable attention over recent decades. Researchers have employed functional and analytical techniques, as introduced by Bozza et al. in their 2001 work [30], which was founded on the strong deflection of light rays. These techniques have revealed that the deflection angle exhibits a logarithmic divergence as light rays approach the photon sphere of a Schwarzschild black hole. Bozza’s approach has not been limited to Schwarzschild black holes but has also been extended to other scenarios. For example, it has been applied to the study of Reissner–Nordström black holes [36] and implemented in metric systems that are both static and spherically symmetric [37]. The extensive research on gravitational lensing is motivated by the understanding that the paths of light near black holes provide valuable insights into the fundamental features and characteristics of the underlying spacetime geometry. Numerous studies have been dedicated to examining gravitational lensing caused by a variety of sources, including the distribution of structures. [38,39,40], dark energy [41,42,43], dark matter (DM) [44,45,46], quasars [47,48,49,50], gravitational waves [51,52,53] and various other compact celestial objects [54,55,56,57,58]. Recently, the Telescope collaboration successfully achieved an angular resolution that enables the observation of the image of the supermassive black hole situated at the center of the M87 galaxy. This development marks the onset of a new era in the exploration of gravitational lensing within the context of strong gravitational fields [59,60,61,62,63,64]. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing gravitational lensing and its significance in understanding the strong gravitational effects around black holes, which directly relates to the assertion that their pull is so strong that not even light can escape. The mention of light rays approaching the photon sphere of a Schwarzschild black hole highlights the extreme gravitational influence exhibited by these cosmic entities.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Captive breeding programs guarantee the successful reintroduction of species into the wild. [SEP] Text: Figures Abstractcapercaillie (Tetrao urogallus) is a specific bird species, which, despite its very broad distribution and large global population size, is highly endangered in many Western and countries. According to the species situation, in many countries (including Poland), breeding and reintroduction programmes have been started. One of the most complex and large-scale reintroduction programmes was started in Bory Dolnośląskie Forest, and the Centre in Wisła was used as one of the sources of individuals for reintroduction. As genetic tools provide essential knowledge about species biodiversity, which is crucially important during the breeding process and reintroduction, both captive and reintroduced grouse populations were genetically analysed. We were particularly interested in genetic diversity of the individuals in both populations and the genetic relationship between them, as well as between them and other capercaillie representatives from their current range. To fulfil these goals we determined nine microsatellite loci along with a fragment of the mitochondrial control region. Genetic diversity parameters were moderate to high compared to populations from other Central and countries. Both populations were clustered into three distinct genetic clades based on microsatellites. Phylogenetic analysis placed all mitochondrial haplotypes we revealed in the Eurasian clade. The present results will play an important role as they will help to preserve and maximize genetic diversity in captive populations, and will provide a basis for future monitoring of the reintroduction process. Citation: Strzała T, Kowalczyk A, Łukaszewicz E (2015) Reintroduction of the from the Centre in Wisła Forest District: of Captive and Reintroduced Populations. 10(12): e0145433. Bi-: August 8, 2015; Accepted: December 3, 2015; Published: December 18, 2015Copyright: © 2015 Strzała et al. This is an open access 3517. Funding: The experiment was supported financially by the Centre, NN 311 081040. The publication was supported by of Biotechnology, programme “Centre (KNOW) of of Environmental and for years 2014-2018”. Competing interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the complexity of reintroduction programs, highlighting that while captive breeding and reintroduction efforts are made, the results also emphasize the importance of genetic diversity for successful outcomes. The findings indicate that despite efforts, guaranteeing success is not straightforward as preserving genetic diversity is crucial during the breeding and reintroduction process. Therefore, the text suggests that captive breeding programs do not necessarily guarantee success in reintroducing species into the wild.