Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Vaccination programs have significantly reduced the global incidence of diseases like measles and polio. [SEP] Text: It is acknowledged that removing the encumbrances on paternal education in nations performing poorly with regards to measles vaccination will not result in significant progress unless vaccination-related issues are concurrently addressed at other levels [6]. We have identified three limitations in this study. First, measles vaccination data relied heavily on mother’s recall, which is subject to bias. Maternal recall however, is considered a valid measure of child vaccination coverage in the absence of vaccination records in developing countries [19]. It is likely that many children in the sampled countries did not have a completed vaccination card, for example, only 21% of children the Indonesian sample produced a complete vaccination card. Second, the effects of contextual factors such as social influence and social learning on the decision to have children vaccinated were not considered [20]. It is possible that both parent education levels and the level of education of those in the community may influence the likelihood that children are vaccinated against measles. Finally, factors relating to the availability and accessibility of primary health infrastructure were not considered due to the unavailability of data. Despite these limitations, this study shows that it is important to appreciate the role of the key decision maker in the household in nations with the lowest measles immunisation coverage- the father. This would involve the implementation of interventions which encourage fathers to work cooperatively with mothers and other relatives to vaccinate children. This is critical in making further progress in improving measles vaccination uptake and facilitating the goal of measles eradication by 2020 [16]. ConclusionsInter-personal factors (i. e. parental and household factors) are important determinants of uptake of measles and other childhood vaccinations [6]. Commendable public health efforts have been devoted to improving maternal education as part of a comprehensive child health development strategy, based on studies showing that parental education has a stronger impact on child morbidity and mortality compared with household income. However, most of these studies have selectively emphasised the impact of maternal education [21–23]. Studies which understate the significance of paternal education in optimal child development appear not to have taken “assortative matching” into account [15]. We have shown in our study that, in relation to one-off child health decisions such as childhood vaccinations, paternal education status independently impacts on child vaccination uptake, and may be more significant than the impact of maternal education status in countries with high measles burden and significant missed vaccinations. Marks et al. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by highlighting the limitations in improving measles vaccination rates, emphasizing that simply removing educational barriers for parents won't lead to significant progress without addressing other vaccination-related issues. It points out that despite efforts and studies on maternal education, understanding the role of paternal education is also crucial, particularly in low vaccination coverage areas. This suggests that complications exist which challenge the effectiveness of vaccination programs and cast doubt on the claim regarding their significant success in reducing disease incidence.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Natural selection drives evolution through differential survival. [SEP] Text: 7717/peerjcs. 2023/fig-3 Step 1: Define algorithm parameters, initialize each control variable, and set the iteration count to i = 0. Step 2: Conduct calculations based on variable values. Utilize the calculated state variable values to derive the sub-goal function values for each individual. By assessing sub-objective fitness, the selection operation is executed by employing dominance relationship calculation and crowding. Retain NP individuals for the subsequent generation. Step 3: Evaluate if the termination condition is met. If affirmative, proceed to step (5); otherwise, continue with the subsequent operation. Step 4: Determine the number of non-dominated solutions (level) value and compare it against the population size. Based on this comparison, implement the three mutation strategies mentioned in distinct scenarios. Subsequently, crossover operations will be performed to enhance population diversity. Following mutation and crossover, integrate the resultant population with the original one and return to step (2). Increment the iteration count: i = i + 1. Step 5: Conclude the algorithm’s iterations. Retain nRep solutions designated as the Pareto optimal solution set, determined through cyclic congestion calculations. Experiments and section uses data collected from the HIL at Volvo ( We conduct experimental comparisons and analyses involving AG-MOPSO (Kong, Wang & Zhao, 2021), INSGA-II (Chen, Fang & Zhong, 2022), and NSDE (Fu & Liu, 2019) algorithms. We select four test functions to gauge algorithm performance—ZDT1, ZDT2, ZDT3, and DTLZ4—each featuring distinct Pareto frontiers. The decision variable space comprises 30 dimensions for the first three functions and 12 dimensions for the latter. These functions serve as benchmarks to evaluate and compare the algorithms’ performance. Evaluation indicators We selected model evaluation indices categorized into convergence and distribution metrics. Generational distance (GD) is the selected convergence evaluation index. The specific expression for GD is represented by Eq. (12): (12) G D = 1 n ∑ i = 1 n d i 2 Where ‘n’ represents the number of obtained Pareto solutions and di signifies the Euclidean distance between the ith solution and the nearest real Pareto optimal solution. Furthermore, the spatial measure (SP) is the chosen distributivity evaluation index. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses an algorithm's processes, calculations, and performance evaluations related to optimization (AG-MOPSO, INSGA-II, and NSDE) without any mention of natural selection, evolution, or differential survival. Thus, it does not support, contradict, or provide insight into the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: HIV treatment can reduce viral load to undetectable levels. [SEP] Text: The Antiretrovirals, Risk and Attitudes (ASTRA) study investigated sexual behaviour among people with HIV in the United Kingdom, and aimed to address the hypothesis that ART use and perceived undetectable viral load may be linked to CLS. This report assesses the association of self-reported ART/viral load status with CLS, in particular CLS with an HIV-serodifferent partner. In addition, as the protective effect of suppressed viral load on HIV infectiousness is now known with confidence, this report is the first to describe likely levels of CLS carrying an appreciable risk of HIV transmission (accounting for clinic-documented viral load level) according to self-reported ART/viral load. Although attitudes and behaviour in relation to condom use may be changing rapidly, as knowledge about transmission risk is disseminated and develops, the ASTRA results will also be important in establishing a baseline against which findings of future studies of HIV-positive people can be evaluated. recruited adults with diagnosed HIV attending eight hospital HIV outpatient clinics in the from February 2011 to December 2012. Full details have been described [36]. Participants self-completed a confidential sex-specific questionnaire on socio-demographic, HIV-related, health and lifestyle factors, and sexual behaviour. The latest documented viral load and CD4+ cell count results that the participant had been informed of were collected from medical records. The study was approved by 2 research ethics committee (ref 10/H0720/70). At the time of the study, the British HIV Association guidelines recommended ART initiation for HIV-positive people with a CD4+ cell count of 350 cells/μl or less, unless special circumstances indicated earlier ART [37]. Self-reported antiretroviral treatment/viral load Participants were asked about ever and current ART use. Those who ever started ART were asked their viral load at the last test, with three options: ‘50 copies/ml or less (undetectable or suppressed)’; ‘more than 50 copies/ml (detectable or raised)’ and ‘don’t know’. Self-reported ART/viral load was categorised into three groups: not on ART; on ART with undetectable self-reported viral load; on ART without undetectable self-reported viral load (including ‘do not know’ and missing self-reported viral load). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text supports the claim by stating that the protective effect of suppressed viral load on HIV infectiousness is known with confidence. It references a study that includes participants self-reporting their ART and viral load, with one of the options for viral load being '50 copies/ml or less (undetectable or suppressed)', which directly correlates with the claim that HIV treatment can reduce viral load to undetectable levels.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Vaccination programs have significantly reduced the global incidence of diseases like measles and polio. [SEP] Text: your JAMA Network experience by selecting one or more topics from the list below. and or Art and Images in and Caring for the in Climate and of Complementary and Coronavirus (COVID-19) and of and and and to Statistics and of in in and is and Education and Journals and and and and and and Pharmacy and and -being and and the Future of and and and Art of and and e-Trauma and ' Guide to the 's and 11. doi:10. 1001/jama. 2022. 23241 COVID-19 Website visual abstract icon editorial comment icon related 12. The Columbus-area outbreak comes on the heels of an unrelated cluster of 22 cases in Minnesota this year. Meanwhile, an annual report from the Organization (WHO) and the US Centers for and Prevention (CDC) warns that substantial progress toward global measles elimination saw setbacks during the COVID-19 pandemic that put millions of children at risk for the highly contagious disease. According to the November 25 Morbidity and Report (MMWR), an estimated 24. 7 million children worldwide missed their first measles vaccine dose through routine immunization services in 2021, and another 14. 7 million missed their second dose. Because measles transmits so efficiently, 89% to 94% vaccination coverage is needed to achieve herd immunity depending on the setting, according to a 2017 WHO position paper. The new report estimated that global measles vaccination coverage for the first dose in the 2-dose series decreased from a peak of 86% in 2019 to 81% in 2021, the lowest coverage since 2008. Estimated measles cases and deaths are still down from historic levels, the report noted. From 2000 to 2021, estimated cases decreased from more than 34 million to around 9. 5 million and estimated deaths fell from more than 760 000 to almost 128 000—an 83% reduction in mortality. However, both estimated cases and deaths were higher in 2021 than in 2020. In the year leading up to this October, 29 large or disruptive measles outbreaks have occurred in Africa, the Eastern Mediterranean, and Europe, according to provisional monthly data reported to the WHO. Nigeria leads the number of cases reported over the past 12 months, with more than 22 000, but Liberia’s measles rate is the highest, at more than 1000 cases per million people. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by highlighting that despite a historical reduction in measles cases and deaths, vaccination coverage has decreased recently, leading to setbacks in efforts toward global measles elimination. The report notes that 'global measles vaccination coverage for the first dose in the 2-dose series decreased from a peak of 86% in 2019 to 81% in 2021' and mentions that 'estimated cases and deaths were higher in 2021 than in 2020,' indicating ongoing challenges in vaccination efforts.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Natural selection drives evolution through differential survival. [SEP] Text: The formula for SP is depicted as follows: (13) S P = 1 n − 1 ∑ i = 1 n − d ˜ d i 2 Where n is the number of Pareto solutions sought, di the minimum Euclidean distance between the ith solution and the other individuals in the current solution set is. this 500. In addition, we choose F0 as 0. 25. CRmax and CRmin are 0. 9 and 0. 1, respectively, and F0 = 0. 25. The parameters of the algorithm AG-MOPSO are c1 = 1, c2 = 2, wmax = 0. 6, wmin = 0. 2, and nGrid = 8. The crossover rate of the algorithm INSGA-II is Pc = 0. 7, and the variance rate is Pm = 0. 1. The parameters of the algorithm NSDE are F0 = 0. 25, CRmax = 0. 9, CRmin = 0. 1. 0. 1. All algorithms retain a consistent number of Pareto optimal solutions set to 30 (step = 30) to ensure fairness in the test results; each algorithm operates with a population size of 45 and undergoes 100 iterations uniformly. For each of the 4 test functions, every algorithm is independently run 20 times. The experimental results are derived from the mean and standard deviation of GD and SP obtained across these independent runs. Model comparison The comparative analysis and evaluation of AG--II, and NSDE with the algorithms in this study reflect the performance of convergence evaluation metrics on the test functions ZDT1 and ZDT2, as depicted in Fig. 4. The term “mean” denotes the average value. It’s observed that the distribution of the Pareto solution set generated by the multiobjective p0. 0018 and 0. 0049, respectively. During these instances, the convergence evaluation indexes are recorded at 0. 00048 and 0. 0038, respectively. Furthermore, the performance of the constructed and enhanced multiobjective optimization algorithm in this study surpasses NSDE in terms of convergence. Specifically, the GD values of this algorithm are smaller than the previous three algorithms, showcasing better convergence. On ZDT1 and ZDT2, this algorithm’s convergence evaluation indexes are 0. 000938 and 0. 0034, respectively. Remarkably, the average value of ZDT2 reaches 0. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim regarding natural selection and evolution. Instead, it discusses algorithmic processes and performance evaluations related to optimization algorithms, which is unrelated to the principles of evolutionary biology or natural selection.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: HIV treatment can reduce viral load to undetectable levels. [SEP] Text: Table 4: Unadjusted and adjusted associations of self-reported ART/viral load status with condomless sex with HIV-serodifferent partner (CLS-D), in the past three months, among 3178 individuals diagnosed with HIV more than 3 months ago: (a) 2189 MSM and (b) 989 heterosexual men and women. Three sensitivity analyses were performed separately for MSM and heterosexual individuals. The association of self-reported ART/viral load with CLS-D was assessed: including ‘possible CLS-D’ cases; excluding participants who reported no sex in the past 3 months; separately among those diagnosed with HIV for less than 5 years and 5 years or more. Results Overall, 3258 people with diagnosed HIV participated in ASTRA (5112 invited: response rate 64%), of whom 80 are excluded as they had been diagnosed for less than 3 months. Table 1 shows characteristics for the 3178 included participants (2189 MSM, 360 heterosexual men and 629 women). The vast majority reported being on ART: 1876 (86. 7%) MSM, 327 (93. 2%) heterosexual men and 543 (88. 9%) women, of whom 83. 6, 61. 5 and 70. 7% respectively had undetectable self-reported viral load. These differences in self-reported viral load among participants on ART were primarily because of the higher proportion of heterosexual men (23. 2%) and women (16. 6%) than MSM (7. 2%) who did not know their viral load status. A small proportion of participants (n = 65; 2. 0%) reported having stopped ART. Overall 696 (22. 1%) participants (12. 4% of those on ART) had clinic-recorded viral load more than 50 copies/ml using the study-documented viral load. Table 1: Characteristics of 3178 individuals diagnosed with HIV more than 3 months ago, according to gender/sexual orientation. Sexual behaviour and association with self-reported antiretroviral treatment/viral load among men who have sex with men Table 2 shows sexual behaviour among 2189 MSM. In the past 3 months, 1392 (63. 6%) MSM had anal/vaginal sex (1360 with men only, 12 with women only and 20 with both men and women), the majority of whom had more than one partner, with over a quarter having 5 partners or more. Overall, 836 (38. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by providing evidence that a significant number of individuals on antiretroviral therapy (ART) reported having an undetectable self-reported viral load. Specifically, it states that 83.6% of men who have sex with men (MSM), 61.5% of heterosexual men, and 70.7% of heterosexual women on ART had undetectable viral loads, which supports the assertion that HIV treatment can effectively reduce viral load to undetectable levels.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Vaccination programs have significantly reduced the global incidence of diseases like measles and polio. [SEP] Text: History tells that outbreaks continue to pose risks to unvaccinated or undervaccinated children everywhere, including in the US, where measles was declared eliminated in 2000. In 2019, before the COVID-19 pandemic, 873 022 cases were reported during a worldwide measles resurgence, with almost 1300 of those in 31 US states. In an interview with surveillance officer the first author of the new report, said that the WHO and the CDC “are deeply concerned about the declining coverage rates of measles-containing vaccine. ” “With record lows of nearly 25 million children who did not receive even one dose of measles vaccine, suboptimal early detection of measles outbreaks through surveillance, and large ongoing outbreaks,” she said, “measles is an imminent threat in every region of the world. ” The world has made major strides in routine childhood vaccination in the past 4 decades. Global coverage of the first dose of measles-containing vaccine more than doubled from 1980 to 2019, according to an analysis from last year. But most of the gains were made in the first 30 years, and coverage of childhood vaccinations largely plateaued over the past decade. During the COVID-19 pandemic, routine childhood vaccinations backslid. Data published this fall suggest that between 2019 and 2021, global vaccination coverage decreased not just for measles but also for diphtheria, tetanus, and pertussis; tuberculosis; Haemophilus influenzae type b; hepatitis B; polio; rubella; and human papillomavirus. “The paradox of the pandemic is that while vaccines against COVID-19 were developed in record time and deployed in the largest vaccination campaign in history, routine immunization programmes were badly disrupted, and millions of kids missed out on life-saving vaccinations against deadly diseases like measles,” WHO Director-said in a November 23 statement. Several factors contributed to the decline in measles vaccination during the pandemic, said Saad B. director of the for Global Health. Even early on, the interpretation that parents were afraid to bring their children to vaccination clinics was simplistic, “and has proved to be even more simplistic as time went on,” he said in an interview. More important, in his view, was a whole health system under stress. “There isn’t a lot of slack in the world when it comes to the capacity of the system,” he said. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by highlighting that vaccination coverage for diseases like measles has been declining, leading to a resurgence of cases. It mentions that in 2019, there were over 873,000 cases reported globally, indicating that the incidence of measles remains high, which contradicts the idea that vaccination programs have significantly reduced these diseases. The WHO and CDC's concerns about declining vaccination rates and the statement that measles poses an imminent threat support this contrast.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Natural selection drives evolution through differential survival. [SEP] Text: 0029, notably lower than that of AG--II, and NSDE, which are 0. 0003, 0. 10004, and 0. 0014, respectively. The reduction of the mean means that the solutions are more evenly distributed in the target space, which helps to ensure that the convergence distribution in the power financial information management also has better uniformity. At the same time, it also means that the solutions are more dense in the target space, which helps to ensure that the convergence distribution in power financial information management has a higher quality. The convergence distribution of the proposed algorithm in power financial information management will be more robust. Figure 4: The convergence evaluation index performance of each scheme on ZDT1 and ZDT2. Download full-size image DOI: 10. 7717/peerjcs. 2023/fig-4 The comparison of distributional evaluation metrics based on the performance of convergence evaluation metrics is demonstrated in Fig. 5 through experiments conducted on each of the four test functions. Observing the average values and the results of distributional evaluation indexes on ZDT1 and ZDT2, it is evident that the SP values of this scheme and NSDE are similar in these functions. Specifically, on ZDT1, the SPs of this scheme and NSDE are 0. 0018 and 0. 0025, respectively. Notably, the SP of this 0. 0026 and 0. 0023, respectively. Here, the SP of this 2. Further analysis of the results of ZDT3 and ZDT4 shows that the mean values of AG-MOPSO and INSGA-II have changed somewhat, and the mean values of AG-MOPSO on ZDT3 and ZDT4 are 0. 315 and 0. 1286, respectively. The mean value of INSGA-II on ZDT3 and ZDT4 is 0. 6673 and 0. 0721, respectively, while the mean value and SP value of the proposed scheme are much smaller than that of the comparison scheme; this indicates superior distributability performance across most test functions, showcasing more even distributions for the proposed model. The iteration curve of the multiobjective optimization algorithm, showcased in Fig. 6. delineates the incremental enhancement of the solution throughout each iteration. The curve originates from a random solution at the outset of the multiobjective differential evolutionary algorithm. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses convergence distribution and performance metrics of algorithms in power financial information management rather than any concepts related to natural selection or evolution.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: HIV treatment can reduce viral load to undetectable levels. [SEP] Text: 2%) MSM reported CLS; 326 (14. 9%) reported CLS-D. When ‘possible CLS-D’ was included, prevalence rose to 16. 3% (n = 357). Of MSM having CLS-D, most (57. 5%) reported a single CLS-D partner, whereas approximately 14% had 5 or more CLS-D partners. For the majority (76. 1%) of men reporting CLS-D, this was sex with partners other than, or in addition to, a long-term partner. Of men having CLS-D, less than a third reported insertive anal CLS-D with ejaculation inside a partner, and 40% reported receptive anal CLS-D only. MSM who reported CLS-D had higher prevalence of self-reported STI (22. 4% vs. 8. 7%) and group sex (45. 1% vs. 16. 4%) than those who did not, and CLS-D prevalence increased markedly with greater numbers of new sexual partners (Fig. 1). Table 2: Sexual behaviour according to gender/sexual orientation, among 3178 individuals diagnosed with HIV more than 3 months ago. Fig. 1: Prevalence of condomless sex (CLS) and condomless sex with HIV-serodifferent partner (CLS-D) in the past three months according to number of new sexual partners reported in the past year, among MSM diagnosed with HIV more than 3 months ago. N, 2058 MSM with information on number of new sexual partners in past year. Among 131 MSM with missing data on new sexual partners, prevalence of CLS-D and CLS was 14. 5 and 31. 3%, respectively. Among 2163 MSM with information on self-reported ART/viral load, those on ART were less likely than those not on ART to report anal/vaginal sex (61. 9% vs. 76. 7%), CLS (36. 9% vs. 48. 4%) and CLS-D (14. 3% vs. 18. 8%) in the past three months, P < 0. 05 for all (χ2 tests). MSM on ART were less likely than those not on ART to have: STI (9. 9% vs. 16. 7%) or group sex (19. 6% vs. 28. 6%) in the past three months, or 10 or more new partners in the past year (24. 5% vs. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by indicating that MSM (men who have sex with men) on ART (antiretroviral therapy) were less likely than those not on ART to report condomless sex and to have sexually transmitted infections (STIs). This suggests that ART is effective in managing HIV, which correlates with the ability to reduce viral loads to undetectable levels and consequently lower the risk of transmission.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Vaccination programs have significantly reduced the global incidence of diseases like measles and polio. [SEP] Text: Health systems and aid agencies around the world were forced to cut back on non-COVID services to reduce the spread of infection and to divert personnel and other resources to the pandemic. In many places, this affected routine and supplementary immunization activities and disease surveillance, explained director of the Division of Diseases at School of Medicine. In fact, the new report found that 18 measles vaccination campaigns planned since March 2020 still hadn’t taken place by December 2021, adding up to an estimated 61 million vaccine doses that were postponed or missed. In the US, most children today have access to vaccines, Ratner said in an interview. Vaccine hesitancy, however, is a major barrier to childhood vaccination that is growing in importance, he said. Ratner noted that before COVID-19, most US neighborhoods had good childhood vaccination coverage, but pockets existed with low rates. During the pandemic, vaccination turned “into this insanely polarized political thing,” he said, further eroding vaccine acceptance. “Once there was that kind of hesitancy out there and that kind of divisiveness, it’s not surprising that it has bled over into people thinking about vaccine mandates and childhood vaccines in general. ” Vaccine hesitancy—or outright refusal—is driving the measles outbreak among children in central Ohio, according to Mysheika W. health commissioner for Health, the jurisdiction where about 95% of the total cases have occurred. Even before the COVID-19 pandemic threw fuel on antivaccination sentiment, pockets of her community refused the measles-mumps-rubella (MMR) vaccine, she said in an interview. She attributed this refusal to a persistent misconception that the vaccine causes autism. In the current outbreak in Ohio, at least 67 of the 73 patients were unvaccinated for measles, according to publicly available data. Seventeen of the children were too young to receive the MMR vaccine, but Roberts’ office confirmed that the other 56 were old enough for at least a first dose. “I think these are individuals who are making a decision not to protect their children against vaccine-preventable diseases, and some of them are making a specific decision not to use the MMR vaccine,” Roberts said. She added that the 25 children who have been hospitalized in the outbreak have experienced symptoms including dehydration, diarrhea, and pneumonia, and some have spent at least 1 night in the intensive care unit. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by highlighting the negative impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on vaccination efforts, particularly focusing on measles vaccination campaigns that were delayed or missed. It states that 18 measles vaccination campaigns planned since March 2020 were still not conducted by December 2021, resulting in approximately 61 million vaccine doses postponed. Furthermore, it discusses vaccine hesitancy as a growing barrier to vaccination, with specific examples of low MMR vaccine uptake leading to outbreaks, thus suggesting that the effectiveness of vaccination programs in reducing diseases like measles is currently undermined.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Natural selection drives evolution through differential survival. [SEP] Text: As the algorithm navigates through its search process, the quality of the optimal solution gradually ascends. The solution incrementally approaches or achieves an improved optimal state, eventually reaching a locally optimal solution around the 70th iteration, and this implies that within the current search area, no further superior solution can be found. Ultimately, the algorithm converges to the globally optimal solution. As iterations progress, the curve gradually converges the solution quality to approximately 0. 002, indicating a deceleration in solution enhancement until it reaches a stable state. The curve depicts that the improvement in the solution gradually slows down, signifying the attainment of a stable state. The representation in Fig. 7 contrasts the true Pareto of the ZDT1 and ZDT2 test functions, aligned against the Pareto optimal solutions achieved by this 10. 7717/peerjcs. 2023/fig-5 Figure 6: Iterative process. Download full-size image DOI: 10. 7717/peerjcs. 2023/fig-6 Figure 7: (A–B) Comparison between the real Pareto frontier and the Pareto optimal solution. Download full-size image DOI: 10. 7717/peerjcs. 2023/fig-7 Remarkably, the figure illustrates that the Pareto optimal solution set optimized by the algorithm aligns closely with the actual Pareto front. Moreover, the distribution of the optimal solution set across the Pareto front appears relatively uniform, which validates the algorithm’s strong convergence and distribution qualities, affirming the correctness of the algorithm improvement and its efficacy. Ablation experiments In the pursuit of further evaluating the performance of the enhanced multiobjective optimization algorithm, ablation experiments were conducted in this subsection, with results displayed in Fig. 8. These experiments aimed to gauge the impact of removing the improved modules within the algorithm. Figure 8: Results of ablation experiment. Download full-size image DOI: 10. 7717/peerjcs. 2023/fig-8 M1 signifies the outcome when neither equation constraints nor inequality constraints are employed. This absence of constraints leads to challenges in achieving improved results during the genetic algorithm’s optimization process, primarily because the state variables in power system optimization remain unconstrained. M2 and M3 represent outcomes when adaptive variability and operator dynamic cross factors are excluded or included independently. Under M2, GD and SP measure at 0. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text discusses an algorithm's optimization process and the performance of a multiobjective optimization algorithm, which is unrelated to the concept of natural selection or evolution. It does not mention anything about biological evolution, natural selection, or differential survival, thus making it irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: HIV treatment can reduce viral load to undetectable levels. [SEP] Text: 36. 2%), P < 0. 001 for all. Among MSM on -D prevalence was higher among those with undetectable self-reported viral load than without (15. 2% vs. 9. 8%, P = 0. 014, Table 3a). However CLS-D prevalence among MSM not on ART (18. 8%) was higher than for both ‘on ART’ groups. Table 3a also shows associations with other factors. Prevalence of CLS-D declined with older age, and with longer time since HIV diagnosis, and was higher among MSM without an HIV-positive stable partner. CLS-D was associated with higher alcohol consumption, and strongly with recreational drug use, but not with ethnicity, birth in the United Kingdom, education, employment status, financial hardship, religion, smoking status or CD4+ cell count. Patterns of association were similar with all CLS. Table 3: Condomless sex with HIV-serodifferent partner (CLS-D), and all condomless sex (CLS), in the past three months, according to self-reported ART/viral load status and other factors, among 3178 individuals diagnosed with HIV more than 3 months ago: (a) 2189 MSM and (b) 989 heterosexual men and women. Table 3: (Continued) Condomless sex with HIV-serodifferent partner (CLS-D), and all condomless sex (CLS), in the past three months, according to self-reported ART/viral load status and other factors, among 3178 individuals diagnosed with HIV more than 3 months ago: (a) 2189 MSM and (b) 989 heterosexual men and women. After adjustment for socio-demographic and HIV-related factors, compared with MSM on ART with undetectable self-reported viral load, those on ART without undetectable self-reported viral load had significantly lower CLS-D prevalence [adjusted prevalence ratio (95% CI): 0. 66 (0. 45, 0. 95)], whereas those not on ART had similar prevalence [1. 08 (0. 78, 1. 49)] (Table 4a). Attenuation of this latter effect (‘not on ART’ vs. ‘ART with undetectable self-reported viral load’) was primarily because of adjustment for time with diagnosed HIV. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the prevalence of condomless sex among MSM based on their ART status and self-reported viral load. It specifically mentions that MSM on ART with undetectable self-reported viral load had a lower prevalence of CLS-D compared to those on ART without undetectable viral load, thereby implying that effective HIV treatment results in an undetectable viral load. This supports the assertion that HIV treatment can successfully reduce viral load to undetectable levels.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Vaccination programs have significantly reduced the global incidence of diseases like measles and polio. [SEP] Text: “We’re sounding the alarm that if your child is of age and not vaccinated, they should get vaccinated ASAP,” she said. Still, she hasn’t seen an uptick in parents coming in to get their kids vaccinated, which concerns her. When asked if her community is undervaccinated, Roberts replied, “That’s a great question. ” Her jurisdiction’s measles vaccination rate is estimated at 80% to 90%, but accurate data aren’t available because reporting to Ohio’s vaccine registry isn’t mandatory, she explained. Omer warned that increasing data gaps will complicate catch-up vaccination strategies, something he’s pushing the US and other nations to implement. “We are potentially looking at the biggest backslide in immunization rates, even in this country, and a lot of us are flying blind,” he said. Along with vaccination coverage, the new report found that global measles surveillance also has decreased. Ratner said this means that a recent decline in cases reported worldwide—from 873 022 in 2019 to 159 073 in 2020 to 123 981 in 2021, according to the November 25 MMWR—may not be accurate. An undercount would have implications beyond tracking and preventing measles. For epidemiologists like Minta, measles is a canary in the coal mine. Because measles transmits much more easily from person to person than many other infections but is highly preventable with vaccination, an increase in cases can be the first sign of weakness in immunization programs and health systems. “If measles vaccination is decreasing and we’re seeing measles outbreaks, that means there’s a breakdown in health services in general,” Minta said. Future reports could bring better news. In a December 6 statement, Kate O’Brien, director of the Department of Immunization, Vaccines and Biologicals at the WHO, announced that the organization and its immunization partners will intensify action in 2023 to “catch up, recover, and strengthen” the childhood vaccination program to at least prepandemic levels. and Omer said they expect to see more measles outbreaks in the US and globally until vaccine coverage improves everywhere. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by highlighting the concerns of public health officials regarding decreasing vaccination rates, potential outbreaks of measles, and the implications this has on health services. The statement, 'If measles vaccination is decreasing and we’re seeing measles outbreaks, that means there’s a breakdown in health services in general,' suggests that rather than reducing incidence, vaccination programs may be failing, leading to an increase in cases and a potential backslide in immunization rates.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Natural selection drives evolution through differential survival. [SEP] Text: 0091 and 0. 0063, respectively. For M3, GD and SP values are recorded at 0. 0042 and 0. 0045, respectively. These results underscore the significance of adaptive mutation in enhancing the performance of the multiobjective optimization algorithm. Adaptive mutation plays a critical role in driving performance improvements within the algorithm. M4 represents the proposed model. The simultaneous integration of economic, environmental, and social objectives within the power system is a complex and multifaceted task that requires the integration of multiple factors. We employ an integrated multiobjective optimization approach that combines advanced technical means and decision-support tools to achieve this. First, we build the information management model. We use the fuel cost of the thermal power generator set, active power network loss of power system, and voltage quality as the optimization objectives of the intelligent power financial system and establish the mathematical model of each objective. In this model, we can use various indicators for cost-benefit analysis, environmental and social impact assessments, etc. At the same time, taking into account multiple constraints in the power system, such as fuel cost, power system active network loss, voltage quality, etc. , the adjustment of these parameters is integrated with the goal of economical and efficient development, protection of the energy environment and socially sustainable development. Using a multiobjective optimization algorithm with adaptive variation, we can find solutions that maximize economic, environmental, and social benefits under all constraints. analysis outlined in ‘Model comparison’ and ‘Ablation experiments’ demonstrates the enhanced efficacy of our refined multiobjective optimization algorithm across all four ZDT1, ZDT2, ZDT3, and ZDT4 test functions. Simultaneously, the augmentation of the Pareto optimal solution’s performance in our multiobjective optimization algorithm has been a consistent endeavor, and this has been achieved by integrating non-equation and inequality constraints governing the state variables within power system optimization. Additionally, adaptive variational and operator dynamic crossover factors have been instrumental in this optimization. In electric power financial systems, the optimization of information management is essential to intelligent processing, and its ultimate goal is to improve the allocation efficiency of material and financial resources. The improved multiobjective optimization algorithm can adequately deal with multiple conflicting objectives and show adaptability in uncertain factors and abnormal situations. This ability enables decision-makers to consider issues more comprehensively and carefully and make more informed decisions, significantly improving decision-making efficiency. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses a multiobjective optimization algorithm in the context of electric power systems and does not mention natural selection or evolutionary processes. The focus of the text is on optimization techniques and decision-making efficiency, lacking any connection to biological evolution.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: HIV treatment can reduce viral load to undetectable levels. [SEP] Text: CLS-D was associated with recreational drug use, but not with smoking or alcohol use. Patterns of association were broadly similar with all CLS. There remained no significant association of self-reported ART/viral load with CLS-D among heterosexual individuals in adjusted models (Table 4b). Transmission risk beliefs Table 2 shows that the vast majority of participants believed in the need for condoms, even with undetectable viral load, and approximately half did not agree that undetectable viral load reduced infectiousness. However, of all 416 participants who reported CLS-D, just over a third (37. 7%) gave ‘belief that transmission risk is very low’ as one reason for not using a condom. This percentage was 41. 9% among participants on ART with undetectable self-reported viral load, compared with 23. 1% among those on ART without undetectable self-reported viral load, and 27. 9% among those not on ART (P = 0. 008, χ2). Self-reported antiretroviral treatment/viral load and HIV-transmission risk sex Among 2142 participants on ART who reported undetectable viral load, the vast majority (96. 5%; n = 2066) had clinic-recorded viral load 50 copies/ml or less. Conversely, of all 2389 with clinic viral load 50 copies/ml or less, 86. 5% had undetectable self-reported viral load. Prevalence of CLS-D-HIV-risk (CLS-D together with either ‘not on ART’ or clinic-recorded viral load >50 copies/ml) was 3. 2% (101/3178) overall, 16. 1% (61/379) among those not on ART (by definition equivalent to CLS-D), 0. 6% (14/2154) among those on ART with undetectable self-reported viral load (the 14 cases because of CLS-D together with clinic viral load >50 copies/ml despite undetectable self-reported viral load), and 4. 2% (25/592) among those on ART without undetectable self-reported viral load. Among MSM, these proportions were 3. 9% (85/2189) overall, and 18. 8% (54/287), 0. 8% (12/1569) and 5. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by stating that among 2142 participants on antiretroviral treatment (ART) who reported an undetectable viral load, the vast majority (96.5%, n = 2066) had clinic-recorded viral load of 50 copies/ml or less. This evidence indicates that ART can effectively reduce the viral load to undetectable levels, supporting the claim.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Vaccination programs have significantly reduced the global incidence of diseases like measles and polio. [SEP] Text: With 1-dose programs, a greater risk of primary vaccine failure was observed in association with first vaccination at ≤12 months vs ≥15 months of age [2, 3]. These failures were believed to be due to maternal antibody interference on the active infant immune response to measles vaccination [4]. When countries opted for 2-dose programs, age at first dose was devalued because children who experienced primary vaccine failure generally seroconverted after the second dose [5, 6], and were considered protected. In addition, in countries such as Canada or the where measles vaccination programs have been in place for >40 years, primary vaccine failure was considered less likely because vaccinated mothers would transfer fewer measles antibodies [7]. However, vaccine failures have continued to represent 13%–44% of measles cases reported in several large outbreaks [8–11] and, in 2 epidemics, up to 14% of cases had received at least 2 measles vaccine doses [9, 10]. Epidemic investigations have shown increased risk of disease among 2-dose recipients when the first dose was administered at a younger age [12, 13]. We evaluated the effect of age at first dose on the immunogenicity of measles-containing vaccines (MCVs) among children born to mostly vaccinated mothers. We compared this effect among measles-mumps-rubella (MMR) and measles-mumps-rubella-varicella (MMRV) vaccine recipients and assessed the correlation between first- and second-dose antibody responses. hoc meta-analysis of the combined data from 5 randomized controlled trials (RCTs) were originally conducted to evaluate the immunogenicity and safety of the tetravalent vaccine MMRV (-038, MMRV-043, MMRV-044) [14–17], the trivalent vaccine MMR (MMR-157), or the efficacy of MMRV against varicella (OKAH-179) [18]. Four multicenter RCTs were conducted in 13 European countries (and Sweden) between 2004 and 2008. -157 was conducted in the between 2010 and 2012. In all studies, children were followed for 12 weeks after their first vaccination and in -038, MMR-157, and OKAH-179, there was annual follow-up 2 or 3 years after vaccination. 9- to 23-month-old children were recruited after written parental/guardian consent. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts with the claim by discussing issues of primary vaccine failure, indicating that despite vaccination efforts, a significant percentage of measles cases reported in outbreaks have involved individuals who had received vaccinations. For example, it states that vaccine failures have represented 13%–44% of measles cases in large outbreaks, and some cases involved individuals who had received at least 2 doses of measles vaccines. This suggests that vaccination programs may not have as significant an effect on reducing incidence as the claim suggests.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Natural selection drives evolution through differential survival. [SEP] Text: With the continuous development of the power market and the increasingly fierce competition, the requirements for financial management of electric power enterprises are also increasing. The information management model based on the multiobjective optimization algorithm we built provides more comprehensive and accurate financial analysis and decision support for electric power enterprises. Through the extensive study of historical and real-time data, the model can provide more accurate financial risk assessment and early warning for electric power enterprises, thus significantly enhancing financial risk management ability. This enhancement of risk management ability helps power enterprises achieve sustainable development, promotes technological innovation, and upgrades the entire power industry. By optimizing the management of power financial information, we can improve the rationality of resource allocation and the competitiveness and development level of the power industry. In this study, we design the objective function based on three key objectives: fuel cost, active network loss, and voltage quality of the power system. This design method not only helps us understand the complexity of power financial information management more profoundly but also can optimize the allocation of resources, such as material, financial, and other vital resources. In this way, we support the intelligent development of power financial information management, laying a solid foundation for the future development of the power industry. Considering that only three algorithms were chosen for improvement and problem-solving, as the number of objectives expands, it becomes imperative to delve into novel enhancements for intelligent multiobjective optimization algorithms. This exploration aims to guarantee robust convergence and distribution in these algorithms. At the same time, power financial information management is a continuous process that must be dynamically adjusted and optimized according to the actual situation. Therefore, we will discuss the effect of other intelligent algorithms to solve the multiobjective problem of the power financial system in the future and update and optimize management strategies in real-time according to the changes in the power market, policy adjustments, and other factors to ensure the accuracy and effectiveness of the power financial information. study focuses on enhancing the multiobjective differential evolutionary algorithm concerning optimizing fuel cost, active network loss, and voltage quality within the power financial system. To address this, mathematical models corresponding to each objective have been formulated. Equation and inequality constraints are introduced, with state variables constrained through penalty functions. The differential evolutionary algorithm is then applied for refinement, optimizing the algorithm’s parameters considerably. Subsequently, experiments utilizing standard test functions are conducted, showcasing the algorithm’s enhanced performance resulting from these refinements. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim about natural selection and evolution. It discusses the development of financial management in the electric power industry and optimization algorithms for resource allocation, without mentioning anything related to natural selection or evolutionary processes.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: HIV treatment can reduce viral load to undetectable levels. [SEP] Text: 9% (18/307) respectively for the three self-reported ART/viral load categories. Among heterosexual individuals, corresponding proportions were 1. 6% (16/989) overall; 7. 6% (7/92), 0. 3% (2/585) and 2. 5% (7/285) for the self-reported ART/viral load categories. Therefore, prevalence of CLS-D-HIV-risk was much lower among people on ART, and extremely low (<1%) among those on ART with undetectable self-reported viral load. Sensitivity analyses Among MSM, when defining CLS-D to include possible CLS-D, adjusted prevalence ratios (95% CI) from model 2 were: 0. 74 (0. 53, 1. 04) for ‘ART without undetectable self-reported viral load’ and 1. 06 (0. 78, 1. 44) for ‘not on ART’, compared with ‘ART with undetectable self-reported viral load’ (global P = 0. 11). Including only MSM who had sex in the past 3 months, corresponding adjusted prevalence ratios (95% CI) were 0. 68 (0. 48, 0. 96) and 0. 98 (0. 72, 1. 33) (P = 0. 042). Among MSM diagnosed less than 5 years ago, adjusted prevalence ratios (95% CI) were 0. 22 (0. 08, 0. 59) for ‘ART without undetectable self-reported viral load’, and 0. 70 (0. 46, 1. 07) for ‘not on ART’, compared with ‘ART with undetectable self-reported viral load’. Among MSM diagnosed 5 years ago or more, corresponding adjusted prevalence ratios (95% CI) were 0. 88 (0. 59, 1. 31) and 1. 60 (1. 10, 2. 33); this interaction was significant (P = 0. 001). Among heterosexual individuals, there was no significant association between self-reported ART/viral load and CLS-D for sensitivity analyses a–c (data not shown). this large multicentre study of people attending HIV clinics in the in 2011/12, use of ART was not associated with higher prevalence of CLS-D. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text supports the claim by stating that among individuals on ART (antiretroviral therapy) with undetectable self-reported viral load, the prevalence of CLS-D-HIV-risk was extremely low (<1%). This suggests that effective HIV treatment can lead to a viral load reduction that renders it undetectable, in line with the claim.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Vaccination programs have significantly reduced the global incidence of diseases like measles and polio. [SEP] Text: 2% (20/631)2. 7% (17/629)3. 1% (72/2322). 0050 MMR (Moraten)…2. 0% (4/201)0. 0% (0/51)0. 0% (0/8)1. 5% (4/260). 6345 GMC, mIU/mL (95% CI)1835 (16725(4/2)2630 (25175(4/2)3155 (3016–3301)3562 (3401–(4/2)2960 (2885–(4/2)<. 001 MMRVb2051 (18481(4/2)2887 (26821(4/2)3632 (34251(4/2)4199 (39561(4/2)3408 (32931(4/2)<. 001 MMR (Schwarz)1188 (9708(Sch)2425 (2287(Schw)2526 (2348(Schw)2751 (2557(Schw)2474 (2381(Schw)<. 001 MMR (Moraten)…2891 (2616ten)a)3005 (2465ten)a)3976 (2411ten)a)2942 (2695ten)a). 4572Post–second dose No. 396811124812313686 Seronegative2. 3% (9/396)1. 2% (10/811)0. 8% (10/1248)0. 5% (6/1231)0. 9% (35/3686)c. 0109 MMRVb2. 2% (7/317)0. 8% (5/638)0. 6% (6/995)0. 5% (5/966)0. 8% (23/2916). 0232 MMRb2. 5% (2/79)2. 9% (5/173)1. 6% (4/253)0. 4% (1/265)1. 6% (12/770). 1109 15009(12mIU/mL7. 1% (28/396)2. 8% (23/811)1. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim or provide any relevant information regarding vaccination programs or their effectiveness in reducing diseases like measles and polio. It seems to present data points, possibly related to vaccine efficacy, but without context, it does not support or contrast the claim.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Natural selection drives evolution through differential survival. [SEP] Text: frontiers of the power system’s two-dimensional and three-dimensional objective spaces are computed for each algorithm. Comparative analysis between the improved differential evolution algorithm and its predecessor demonstrates the superior efficacy of the refined approach. The experiments validate each algorithm’s effectiveness in resolving the multiobjective optimization challenges within the power financial system. This is the code DOI: 10. 7717/peerj-cs. 2023/supp-1 Information and Hu is employed by the. and are employed by the. The employer has no issues to publish this 10. 5281/zenodo. 3263796. The code is available in the Supplementary Files. authors received no funding for this work. 2022. A multiobjective optimization algorithm for feature selection problems. Engineering with Computers 38(Suppl 3):1845-1863. 2019. Constrained multiobjective optimization algorithms: review and comparison with application in reinforced concrete structures. Computing 83:105631. 2021. A survey on the artificial bee colony algorithm variants for binary, integer, and mixed integer programming problems. Computing 106:107351. 2023. Applications of energy storage systems in enhancing energy management and access in microgrids: a review. Energies 16(16):5930. 2022. Fuzzy clustering algorithm based on improved global best-guided artificial bee colony with new search probability model for image segmentation. Sensors 22(22):8956. 2023. Numerical investigation and Pareto optimization on performance, emission, and in-cylinder reforming characteristics for a two-cylinder reciprocating engine with COx-free fuel. of 48(27):10272-10287. 2022. Research on hybrid flow-shop scheduling based on INSGA-II algorithm. In: Proceedings of the 2022 4th international conference on robotics, intelligent control, and artificial intelligence. 1111-1116. 2022. A unit commitment model for optimal vehicle-to-grid operation in a power system. of & 141:108094. 2021. Retracted: green intelligent financial system construction paradigm based on deep learning and concurrency models. Concurrency and Computation: Practice and Experience 33(12):e5784 Fu HC, Liu P. 2019. A multiobjective optimization model based on a non-dominated sorting genetic algorithm. of 18(3):510-520 Gad GA, Ahmed G. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not relate to the claim about natural selection and evolution. Instead, it discusses algorithms and performance in multi-objective optimization related to power systems, which is completely unrelated to the concept of natural selection or evolutionary biology.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: HIV treatment can reduce viral load to undetectable levels. [SEP] Text: Among MSM, those on ART had moderately lower prevalence of CLS-D than those not on ART, although this association was not independent of time since HIV diagnosis. Among MSM on ART, those who reported undetectable viral load had higher levels of CLS-D than those who did not, but CLS-D prevalence in both ‘on ART’ groups was lower than for MSM not on ART. Among heterosexual men and women, self-reported ART/viral load was not significantly associated with CLS-D. Patterns were similar for CLS overall. The prevalence of CLS-D-HIV-risk was low in the study population overall, and extremely low among those on ART with undetectable self-reported viral load. With few exceptions [18,21,23], previous epidemiological studies [19,20,22–26,28–33] have found either no association of CLS-D with ART use and/or suppressed viral load, or that people on ART had somewhat lower levels of CLS-D. Similarly, a randomized comparison within the SMART trial (2002–2006) found that starting ART led to a reduction in CLS-D in the short term [27]. The most recent observational study used data from 2009, a few years prior to ASTRA. Interview-assessed sexual behaviour was linked to recorded viral load among a large sample of United States’ HIV outpatients (Project) [33]. Self-reported viral load was not assessed. Similar to ASTRA results comparing ‘on ART’ with ‘not on ART’, the United States’ study found that individuals with viral load suppression had lower levels of sex, CLS, and CLS-D than those without; the association was significant only for MSM. For MSM on ART in ASTRA, the prevalence of CLS-D was higher among those who reported undetectable viral load than among those who did not. This modest difference remained after adjustment for other factors, and among the subgroup of MSM who had recent sex (sensitivity analysis b), therefore was not due to those on ART being less likely to be sexually active. The difference was particularly marked among those more recently diagnosed (sensitivity analysis c). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by indicating that among MSM (men who have sex with men) on ART (antiretroviral therapy), those who reported undetectable viral load had lower levels of CLS-D (condylomata latum sexually-derived) compared to those who did not report undetectable viral load. Additionally, the text states that individuals on ART with undetectable self-reported viral load had a very low prevalence of CLS-D-HIV-risk, suggesting that viral load suppression is linked to reduced levels of certain health risks.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Vaccination programs have significantly reduced the global incidence of diseases like measles and polio. [SEP] Text: 1109 15009(12mIU/mL7. 1% (28/396)2. 8% (23/811)1. 0% (12/1248)0. 5% (6/1231)1. 9% (69/3686)<. 001 MMRVb5. 7% (18/317)2. 7% (17/638)0. 5% (5/995)0. 3% (3/966)1. 5% (43/2916)<. 001 MMRb12. 7% (10/79)3. 5% (6/173)2. 8% (7/253)1. 1% (3/265)3. 4% (26/770)<. 001 GMC, mIU/mL (95% CI)2933 (26901(26/)3983 (37491(26/)4738 (45121(26/)5442 (51811(26/)4536 (44071(26/)<. 001 MMRVb3392 (31011(26/)4444 (41711(26/)5360 (50951(26/)6058 (57541(26/)5098 (49391(26/)<. 001 MMRb1635 (13221(26/)2659 (23031(26/)2917 (25891(26/)3679 (32751(26/)2916 (27421(26/)<. 001. Age at First Dose, mo. Total. P Valuea. 11. 12. 13–14. 15–22. Post–first dose No. 4021825169616195542 Seronegative8. 5% (34/402)3. 2% (58/1825)2. 4% (40/1696)1. 5% (25/1619)2. 8% (157/5542)<. 001 MMRVb8. 4% (27/320)4. 5% (29/644)2. 4% (24/1014)1. 5% (15/982)3. 2% (95/2960)<. 001 MMR (Schwarz)8. 5% (7/82)2. 9% (28/980)2. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text consists mainly of numerical data and figures without any clear narrative or contextual information relating to vaccination programs or their impact on the incidence of diseases. Therefore, it is irrelevant to the claim, as it does not provide any evidence or argument supporting or contrasting the statement regarding the effects of vaccination programs on diseases like measles and polio.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Natural selection drives evolution through differential survival. [SEP] Text: 2022. P2019. State-of-the-art hosting capacity in modern power systems with distributed generation. 130:1002-1020 Kaya S, Gümüşçü. 2021. Solution for flow shop scheduling problems using chaotic hybrid firefly and p2021. Solving the dynamic weapon target assignment problem by an improved multiobjective p2019. Handling constrained multiobjective optimization problems with constraints in both the decision and objective spaces. IEEE Transactions on 23(5):870-884. 2019. Nsga-net: neural architecture search using multiobjective genetic algorithm. In: Proceedings of the genetic and evolutionary computation conference. 419-427. 2021. Non-dominated Algorithm (NSGA-III) for effective resource allocation in the cloud. 14:759-765 Peng Y, Ishibuchi H. 2020. A decomposition-based large-scale multi-modal multiobjective optimization algorithm. In: 2020 IEEE Congress on (CEC). Piscataway. IEEE. 1-8. 2020. MOSMA: multiobjective slime mold algorithm based on elitist non-dominated sorting. IEEE Access 9:3229-3248 Risi BG, Riganti-Fulginei F, Laudani A. 2022. Modern techniques for the optimal power flow problem: state of the art. Energies 15(17):6387. 2023. Novel heuristic optimization technique to solve economic load dispatch and economic emission load dispatch problems. Electronics 12(13):2921 Sohail SA, Ayesha. 2023. Genetic algorithms in the fields of artificial intelligence and data sciences. Annals of 10(4):1007-1018 Wang GG, Wang G-G, Gao D, Pedrycz W. 2022. I am solving a multiobjective fuzzy job-shop scheduling problem using a hybrid adaptive differential evolution algorithm. IEEE Transactions on 18(12):8519-8528. 2019. Application of NSGA-II algorithm for fault diagnosis in power system. 175:105893. 2020. Smart energy systems: a critical review on design and operation optimization. and Society 62:102369. 2020. Comprehensive overview of meta-heuristic algorithm applications on PV cell parameter identification. and Management 208:112595. 2021. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim regarding natural selection and evolution. It discusses various algorithms and optimization techniques within power systems and artificial intelligence, without mentioning natural selection or any concepts related to evolution.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: HIV treatment can reduce viral load to undetectable levels. [SEP] Text: Although there may be other differences between the two ‘on ART’ groups, one plausible explanation is that some MSM were choosing not to use a condom with HIV-serodifferent partners because of knowledge of very low infectiousness based on their perceived viral load. Consistent with this, of all participants who reported CLS-D, belief that transmission risk was low was more frequently a reason for not using condoms among those with undetectable self-reported viral load than those without. However, if knowledge of viral load was influencing sexual behaviour among MSM, the effect appeared modest, because levels of CLS-D among those on ART with undetectable self-reported viral load did not exceed those for men not on ART. Prevalence estimates of CLS-D among MSM (15%) and heterosexual men (6%) and women (11%) with HIV in ASTRA are similar to those from two clinic-based studies in the in 2004–2005 using an identical definition (20 and 15% among 758 [22] and 451 [29] MSM, respectively; less than 10% among heterosexual men and women [22,29]), and from the trial participants at baseline: 15, 3 and 10% in the past 2 months for 1518 MSM, 207 heterosexual men and 138 women with HIV not taking ART (recently diagnosed participants were included) [41]. analysis found no significant trend in baseline CLS-D prevalence over the recruitment period (2009–2013). Taken together these results suggest levels of CLS-D among people with HIV have remained fairly stable in the past decade, emphasising further that any change related to new messages about ‘safe sex’ has not been significant. Comparison with other studies is complicated by different recall periods and sampling frames: internet and venue-based studies tend to yield higher CLS-D estimates among HIV-positive MSM [42,43], which may be because of selection bias. Consistent with other studies [41,44–46], ASTRA suggests that perceived risk-reduction strategies (withdrawal before ejaculation and being the receptive partner) are commonly used among HIV-positive MSM having CLS-D. Among MSM in -D prevalence was lower with longer time since diagnosis, and higher among younger men, those without an HIV-positive stable partner, and those with higher alcohol and drug use, but CLS-D was not linked to socio-economic status. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text supports the claim by discussing how some men who have sex with men (MSM) perceived a low risk of transmission due to their undetectable self-reported viral load. This perception of low infectiousness aligns with the understanding that effective HIV treatment can lead to undetectable viral loads, thereby lowering the risk of transmission. The mention of undetectable viral load influencing behavior indicates that there is a recognition of the effectiveness of antiretroviral therapy (ART) in reducing viral load and the associated risks.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Vaccination programs have significantly reduced the global incidence of diseases like measles and polio. [SEP] Text: As most children who failed to seroconvert after a first dose seroconverted after a second dose [4], the lower protection associated with a first dose administered at 12 (vs 15) months of age was expected to be overcome by 2-dose programs. However, in Finland, a higher risk (RR, 3. 5) of measles was reported in twice-vaccinated children whose first dose was administered before rather than after 14 months [12]. Similarly, the 2011 outbreak in Canada identified a 3-fold greater risk of measles when the first dose was administered at 12 rather than ≥15 months of age in 2-dose recipients [13]. As these findings were observed mostly in individuals born to mothers who had had wild measles, it was unclear if it could be extrapolated to children born instead to vaccinated mothers. In the current study, the information about vaccination or disease in the mothers of participants was not available. However, given that measles vaccination programs were introduced in the in the 1960s and in Europe in the 1970s [22], the vast majority of children born after 2003 were likely born to vaccinated women. In these children, maternal antibody interference was not expected to pose a problem by 12 months of age. Indeed, the proportion who remained seronegative (primary vaccine failures) following 2 doses of MCV was very small whatever the age at first dose or the type of vaccine used. However, the proportion of children seronegative or with low concentrations (150–499 mIU/mL) was greater in those first vaccinated at 12 compared with ≥15 months of age. With antibody decline over time, it is likely that children with low concentrations immediately after the second dose become at risk for secondary vaccine failure. Loss of protective antibody concentrations 6 years after revaccination has also been demonstrated in 36% of 33 students with initial low levels of antibodies post–dose 1 [23]. Although the proportion who will eventually become susceptible to measles is unknown, it is interesting to note that the proportions of children with concentrations <500 mIU/mL after 2 doses, if first vaccinated at age 12 months (6. 5%) or ≥15 months (1. 5%), are similar to the proportions of vulnerable adolescents despite 2 doses of MMR observed during the 2011 Canadian outbreak: 7% (93% vaccine effectiveness) and 2. 5% (97. 5% vaccine effectiveness), respectively [13]. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing findings related to the timing of measles vaccinations and the increased risk of measles in those vaccinated at a younger age. It highlights issues with primary vaccine failures and maternal antibody interference, all of which indicate that vaccination, while implemented, may not be as effective as claimed in significantly reducing the incidence of measles, particularly in children first vaccinated at 12 months. Therefore, the evidence presented raises concerns about the effectiveness of vaccination programs in substantially reducing measles incidence.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Horizontal gene transfer allows bacteria to acquire new traits. [SEP] Text: Research 10. 7554/eLife. 53886 Open access Copyright information Version of RecordApril 14, 2020 Download Cite Share Comment Open annotations (there are currently 0 annotations on this page). 11,724 views 1,229 downloads 87 3886. Copy to clipboard Download BibTeX DownloadRIS Full text Figures and data Peer review Side by side Peer review process Decision letter Author response Peer review process This 5. Also, the Materials and methods do not describe how the decision to further investigate e. g. epidemiologic links or extent of sequence overlap (pairwise versus fully connected) was made. This manuscript is well-organized but gives a bit of an impression that the sequencing was done, and then some lines of inquiry that seemed inquiry were followed up, until a certain amount of time/effort/results, and a paper was written. This is a perfectly fine thing to do, especially with such interesting material, but it leaves the reader wondering what the full story is. The title says, "comprehensive analysis…among multi-drug resistant pathogens in a single hospital. " There is a lot of bioinformatic analysis, but the phrase "comprehensive analysis" would suggest that more things were measured and quantified, and the word comprehensive would suggest that within-genus transfers were also identified and considered. Some specific questions that should be answered if possible are: – Was there a single definition of an inferred transfer event? Is being in a cluster necessary and sufficient for that inference? Should other definitions be considered? – Is the inferred amount of HGT between genera high or low or intermediate? Compared to what prior estimates? – How does the amount of HGT between genera compare to the amount inferred within a genus (perhaps normalized for opportunities to see this)? – What proportion of inferred events have a plausible path of epidemiologic links? – What is the impact of the 5kb identity requirement – do you get radically different answers with 3 or 10 as cut-offs? – What descriptions can be given in quantitative terms of the different patterns of what was conserved within a cluster between C1 and C2, C3? What about all the other clusters? – What proportion of the inferred events involve mechanisms of horizontal transfer consistent with what we already know (e. g. plasmid transfer, ICE, etc), and which are unexplained by those? [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim directly concerning horizontal gene transfer (HGT) or its role in allowing bacteria to acquire new traits. Instead, it discusses various technical aspects and inquiries about a manuscript without providing relevant information related to HGT or bacterial genetics.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: HIV treatment can reduce viral load to undetectable levels. [SEP] Text: Similarly, among MSM in -D was not associated with education level [41]. We have previously described the strong link between polydrug use and CLS/CLS-D among MSM [40], in part reflecting use of ‘chemsex’ [47]. Among heterosexual individuals in ASTRA, factors associated with CLS-D included white ethnicity, and higher socio-economic status in unadjusted analysis. In contrast, among heterosexual individuals in -D tended to be associated with non-white ethnicity and lower education in unadjusted analysis [41]. START had a diverse international population; socio-demographic effects on sexual behaviour may vary across cultural settings. Among heterosexuals in ASTRA, female sex, not having a recent HIV diagnosis, not identifying with a religion and recreational drug use were independent correlates of CLS-D, but the dominant association was with having an HIV-negative stable partner – this was the context of CLS-D for most heterosexual men and women who reported it. There may be specific issues relating to CLS-D in this context, such as desire for conception, or mutuality of decision making about condom use. ASTRA is the largest questionnaire study of sexual behaviour among people living with HIV in the United Kingdom; although power to assess associations among heterosexual men and women separately was limited. Participants were reassured that questionnaire responses were confidential and would not be seen by clinic staff. Nevertheless, self-reported behaviour and attitudes may be subject to errors and social desirability bias. What are the implications of these results for HIV- transmission? The prevalence of ‘HIV-transmission risk sex’ was much lower among those on ART vs. not on ART (1. 4% vs 16. 1%), and less than 1% among those on ART with undetectable self-reported viral load. Even if the ASTRA results do indicate the start of a trend of increasingly higher levels of CLS-D with perceived undetectable viral load (among MSM or the HIV-diagnosed population overall), prevalence of CLS-D-HIV-risk will likely continue to remain far lower among those on ART with undetectable self-reported viral load than among those not on ART. This is because of the effectiveness of ART and the apparent high accuracy of self-reported undetectable viral load status in this population. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text supports the claim by indicating that the prevalence of ‘HIV-transmission risk sex’ was much lower among those on ART (antiretroviral therapy) compared to those not on ART, and specifically notes that this prevalence was less than 1% among those on ART who reported an undetectable viral load. This information corroborates the claim that HIV treatment can effectively reduce viral load to undetectable levels, thus lowering the risk of HIV transmission.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Vaccination programs have significantly reduced the global incidence of diseases like measles and polio. [SEP] Text: With a sensitivity of 88% to detect low PRN titers, the [30] may have missed some children with low levels of measles neutralizing antibodies potentially interfering with the vaccine [23, 31], but with a nearly 100% sensitivity to detect protective PRN titers of ≥120 [30], our conclusions about individual and population vulnerability after vaccination seem robust. The interval between doses was short (6 weeks) but considering the high seropositivity rate, it is unlikely that a longer interval would have changed our conclusions. The greatest limitation is the clinical relevance of immunogenicity data [32]. The interpretation that low antibody levels shortly after a second dose may not be protective over the long term is speculative; protective cellular immunity may exist in the absence of antibody response [33]. However, a correlation between low antibody titers and measles susceptibility has been shown in prior epidemic analysis [34] and our results align well with data from outbreak investigations [12, 13]. Measles elimination requires the maintenance of population immunity above 92%–94% [1]. In pursuit of that goal, strategies need not only to maintain the highest vaccine coverage but also to minimize the proportion of both primary and secondary vaccine failures. In elimination settings, whereas the epidemiology is mostly driven by lack of vaccination, some vaccinated individuals acquire measles that may be mild [34, 35] but contributes to transmission [36, 37]. In this context, the additional protection of 3%–5% of vaccinated children against secondary vaccine failures by postponing the first dose from 12 to 15 months of age would be significant and the risk would be minimal in countries that achieved elimination. As an example, measles incidence was 0. 7 per 100000 in infants aged 6–11 months in the between 2009 and 2014, and 1. 3 per 100000 in infants aged <1 year in Canada between 2002 and 2013 [38, 39]. Many of these infant cases were from families with philosophical or religious objections. This suggests that within families that accept vaccination, the measles risk for infants whose vaccination is delayed to 15 months of age would be much lower than 1 per 100000. The much greater proportion of children seronegative or with low titers when their first dose is administered at 11 rather than 12 months of age may be a greater concern in the context of policies that recommend vaccination as early as 9 months for infant daycare entry. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing various factors affecting measles vaccination and the associated epidemiology. It explains that while there is a goal to maintain high vaccine coverage to eliminate measles, the presence of vaccine failures and the susceptibility among vaccinated individuals suggest that vaccination programs alone may not be sufficient to significantly reduce the incidence of diseases like measles. Additionally, it highlights that some vaccinated individuals can still acquire measles and contribute to transmission, which contradicts a straightforward interpretation that vaccination programs have effectively reduced disease incidence.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Horizontal gene transfer allows bacteria to acquire new traits. [SEP] Text: – How do the inferred rates of evolution from the inferred transfer events compare with what we know? The Tn7 comment is tantalizing but is one example – a comprehensive analysis would consider the overall patterns. – What was the extent of movement of MDR determinants together among inferred events? Perhaps not all of these can be answered, but to ignore them seems unfortunate in a paper with such a grand title. I don't want to dictate the publication strategy for what will undoubtedly be a series of papers, but a paper in eLife that is called a "Comprehensive Analysis" should not, for example, consider only transfer between genera. 2) Authors state the epidemiology of MGEs in clinical settings requires detailed individual level data, but actually provide nearly no epidemiological data in the current manuscript. I would have expected a table at a minimum outlining the demographics and clinical characteristics of the patients included (N=2173). It would also be helpful to know more about the demographics and clinical characteristics of the patients whose isolates share sequences by cluster (N-192). For example, looking at Figure 1B, I note there are 13 clusters containing Stenotrophomonas – 12 of which are clustered only with Pseudomonas. This would suggest to me that these may be patients with Cystic Fibrosis, as both pathogens are commonly found in the CF lung, but it would be helpful to know this information to better assess the clinical relevance of this work. 3) Authors did long read sequencing on a subset of "representative isolates from the largest clusters" – what do authors mean by “representative” here? Do they just mean they chose a random sample from within each cluster? Please explain. 4) Much of the interpretive material is confusing or questionable. – The sentence “Taken together, these results indicate that while many of the sequences we identified were shared between related bacterial genera, our approach also identified sequences that were identical in the genomes of distantly related pathogens. ” took about four reads before I decided it simply meant there was a lot of sharing among close genera, and some sharing among more distant genera. A more parallel structure to the sentence could clarify (if that is indeed what it means). A reference to Figure 2 could also help. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim directly regarding horizontal gene transfer (HGT) and its role in allowing bacteria to acquire new traits. Instead, it focuses on questions and critiques related to the manuscript's methodology and epidemiological data, without discussing gene transfer mechanisms or their implications. Therefore, the text is deemed irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: HIV treatment can reduce viral load to undetectable levels. [SEP] Text: These results highlight the importance, as ART use expands, of promoting sustained high adherence, regular viral load testing, and on-going awareness of personal viral load level. It is also important to note that the definition of CLS-D-HIV-risk used here is based on the single clinic viral load measurement collected for all ASTRA participants, assumes elimination of risk with viral suppression on ART (as assumed with condom use), and does not incorporate factors such as self-reported ART non-adherence or presence of other STIs, the additional impact of which are uncertain [13,48]. In terms of transmission of other overall is the most relevant measure. Similar to CLS-D, CLS prevalence among MSM was highest for those not on ART with no significant difference by ART use among heterosexual individuals. Therefore these data give little suggestion that expansion of ART use will have a negative impact on STI transmission. Nevertheless, the high prevalence of CLS compared with CLS-D-HIV risk, and the possibility that levels of CLS among those with undetectable self-reported viral load may continue to increase, emphasise the importance of ongoing promotion of condom use, STI prevention and testing among people with HIV. study was planned in the period following the Swiss statement, which was then hugely controversial [49]. During recruitment, results were released from HPTN 052 [12]; results were first presented after completion of ASTRA [13]. During this period [37] and other [50,51] treatment guidelines were changed to recommend discussing with HIV-positive people the beneficial effect of ART on infectiousness. The extent to which, and the rapidity with which, these findings and recommendations may influence the sexual behaviour of people with HIV [52], or change the long-standing culture of condom use [3], is unclear. With increasing use of early ART, it will be important to continue monitoring the association between ART and CLS, not only to understand the impact on HIV transmission, but also to assess implications for transmission of hepatitis C and other STIs. In conclusion, among people with HIV in the United Kingdom, use of ART was not associated with increased prevalence of CLS or CLS-D, and was associated with greatly reduced prevalence of HIV-transmission risk sex. Although there was evidence that perceived undetectable viral load may influence condom use among MSM, any such effect was modest at the time of the study, and would not undermine the effect of early ART on HIV/STI transmission. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text supports the claim by discussing the impact of ART (antiretroviral therapy) on HIV management. It notes that ART is associated with 'greatly reduced prevalence of HIV-transmission risk sex' and highlights the importance of promoting the beneficial effect of ART on infectiousness. This implies that effective ART can lead to a reduction in viral load to the point where it becomes undetectable, thereby aligning with the claim.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Vaccination programs have significantly reduced the global incidence of diseases like measles and polio. [SEP] Text: Ultimately, these and other findings suggest that the measles elimination goal may require a careful balance between earlier infant protection and the risk of secondary vaccine failure among successive birth cohorts systematically initiated to measles vaccine <15 months of age. Supplementary materials are available at Diseases online. Consisting of data provided by the authors to benefit the reader, the posted materials are not copyedited and are the sole responsibility of the authors, so questions or comments should be addressed to the corresponding author. Notes 1. Organization. Global measles and rubella strategic plan: 2012–2020. Geneva, Switzerland: WHO, 2012. Available at: Accessed 2 May 2016. 2. Further attenuated live measles vaccines: the need for revised recommendations. J Pediatr 1977; 91:766–7. 3. . Measles immunization. Successes and failures. JAMA 1977; 237:347–51. 4. , Scott S. The immunological basis for immunization series. Module 7: measles. Update 2009. Geneva, Switzerland: Organization, 2009. Available at: Accessed 20 May 2016. 5. . Optimal age for vaccination against measles in the state of São Paulo, Brazil, taking into account the mother’s serostatus. Vaccine 2002; 20:226–34. 6. Immunogenicity and safety of a two-dose regimen of a combined measles, mumps, rubella and varicella live vaccine (ProQuad) in infants from 9 months of age. Vaccine 2012; 30:3082–9. 7. , P. Passive transmission and persistence of naturally acquired or vaccine-induced maternal antibodies against measles in newborns. Vaccine 2007; 25:6296–304. 8. for and Control. Biannual measles and rubella monitoring reports. Available at: Accessed 2 May 2016. 9. Largest measles epidemic in in a decade—Quebec, Canada, 2011: contribution of susceptibility, serendipity, and superspreading events. J 2013; 207:990–8. 10. The measles outbreak in Bulgaria, 2009–2011: an epidemiological assessment and lessons learnt. 2016; 21:30152. 11. K. Outbreak of measles among adolescents, Belgium, 1996. 1996; 1:46–7. 12. . Twice vaccinated recipients are better protected against epidemic measles than are single dose recipients of measles containing vaccine. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not directly address or provide evidence related to the claim about vaccination programs reducing the incidence of diseases like measles and polio. Instead, it discusses the balance required in vaccination strategies and provides references without confirming or contrasting the claim that vaccination programs lead to a significant reduction in disease incidence.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Horizontal gene transfer allows bacteria to acquire new traits. [SEP] Text: – Discussion section: "generate biased interpretations of the driving forces": I don't see any interpretation of the driving forces behind HGT (or as I imagine driving forces, behind the success of lineages which have undergone HGT, such as transmissibility or antimicrobial selection pressure or the like) in this paper, and moreover, biased interpretations can be biased only relative to some defined estimand. This seems like unduly vague language, and maybe should be replaced with "incomplete accounts of the extent of HGT" or something similar. – Discussion paragraph three is somewhat peculiar. It seems to rest on the premise that if an element moves to a new host, it will be selected to change its sequence to adapt to that host, but then undermines that premise with hypotheses 2 and 3. This may be just a matter of wording, but it seems confusing. Maybe sequences are adapted to generic functions (e. g. neutralizing a drug) rather than to the bacterial host. At a minimum the wording should be changed; better would be, instead of giving one example of each, to try to classify the clusters based on these explanations. Again, this is part of the distance between "comprehensive analysis" and the more descriptive tone of the paper. – "both plasmids…from the same patient were nearly identical to one another, suggesting that they were indeed transferred shortly before the bacteria were isolated" – over what timescale might we expect difference to occur in plasmids and of what magnitude? – "underscores how quickly MGEs can move" – this makes no sense. MGEs move by for example conjugation which has been measured in the lab as taking minutes. The literal movement is of course fast. I think finding evidence of transfer that is close together in space and time is unremarkable; finding persistence over time is more remarkable. – Some of the other conclusions seem a bit unsupported by the analyses that are conducted – e. g. "the fact we only observed plasmids in closely related bacterial lineages suggests that they are well-adapted to these lineages, and if they were transmitted to other STs they were likely lost due to instability and/or fitness costs". I would think this could easily be affected by sampling strategy used, with only invasive samples of select species. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not explicitly address the claim regarding horizontal gene transfer (HGT) and its role in allowing bacteria to acquire new traits. Instead, it discusses the complexity and interpretations related to the driving forces behind HGT, as well as concerns regarding the clarity of the paper's language and conclusions related to plasmid transfer. While it mentions the transfer of plasmids between bacteria, it does not clarify how this process directly contributes to the acquisition of new traits, making the text largely irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: HIV treatment can reduce viral load to undetectable levels. [SEP] Text: | Text | PubMed | CrossRef 5. . Universal voluntary HIV testing with immediate antiretroviral therapy as a strategy for elimination of HIV transmission: a mathematical model. Lancet 2009; 373:48–57. | PubMed | CrossRef 6. US Department of Health and Human Services. Guidelines for the use of antiretroviral agents in HIV-1-infected adults and adolescents. 2012. 7. -Mangen F, et al. Viral load and heterosexual transmission of human immunodeficiency virus type 1. N Med 2000; 342:921–929. | Text | PubMed | CrossRef 8. Virologic and immunologic determinants of heterosexual transmission of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 in Africa. 2001; 17:901–910. | PubMed | CrossRef 9. Male viral load and heterosexual transmission of HIV-1 subtype E in northern Thailand. J 2002; 29:275–283. | Text | PubMed | CrossRef 10. Attia S, Egger M, Müller M, Zwahlen M, Low N. Sexual transmission of HIV according to viral load and antiretroviral therapy: systematic review and meta-analysis. AIDS 2009; 23:1397–1404. | Text | PubMed | CrossRef 11. Heterosexual HIV-1 transmission after initiation of antiretroviral therapy: a prospective cohort analysis. Lancet 2010; 375:2092–2098. | PubMed | CrossRef 12. Prevention of HIV-1 infection with early antiretroviral therapy. N Med 2011; 365:493–505. | Text | PubMed | CrossRef 13. . Association between sexual activity without condoms and risk of HIV transmission in serodifferent couples when the HIV-positive partner is using suppressive antiretroviral therapy:. JAMA in press. 14. of antiretroviral therapy in early asymptomatic HIV infection. J Med 2015; 373:795–807. 15. Organization. Guideline on when to start antiretroviral therapy and on preexposure prophylaxis for HIV. 2015. [2016]. 16. British HIV Association guidelines for the treatment of HIV-1-positive adults with antiretroviral therapy. 2015. [2016]. 17. . [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by referencing multiple sources that discuss the relationship between antiretroviral therapy and viral load. In particular, the mention of studies and guidelines indicates that antiretroviral therapy is associated with reducing viral loads to undetectable levels, supporting the claim about effective HIV treatment.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Vaccination programs have significantly reduced the global incidence of diseases like measles and polio. [SEP] Text: 14 Child health days or weeks4. 20. 02. 31. 47. 04. 00. 91. 72. 80. 84 Maternal, newborn, and child health and nutrition programs3. 72. 42. 42. 18. 72. 60. 81. 77. 22. 05 Health systems strengthening5. 43. 85. 64. 44. 35. 00. 52. 31. 14. 44 Immunization-related activities beyond polio6147514753502332425047 Sanitation and hygiene2. 80. 51. 90. 74. 20. 02. 01. 20. 40. 92 Natural disasters and humanitarian crises2. 37. 13. 02. 91. 616. 00. 70. 52. 80. 41 Other diseases or program areas5. 04. 95. 45. 64. 67. 20. 52. 01. 14. 64Personnel formally trained in RI, %951007586876025658888Personnel who have RI included in ToR, %1001009643976096848892Personnel who included training and RI in ToR, no. 198247156524498103403DTP3 coverage, %a In 201377487472464570724283 In 201564558186563178724287Abbreviations: DRC, of the Congo; DTP3, diphtheria, tetanus, and pertussis vaccine; NA, not available; ToR, terms of reference. aData are from [10]. In their assessment of the impact of polio eradication activities on RI programs, Closser et al [4, 5] concluded that there was no compelling evidence of the effects—positive or negative—of polio eradication campaigns. Impact was largely dependent on the context. In settings with strong leadership and few campaigns, such as Rwanda and Ethiopia, Closser et al found that polio eradication activities had a positive impact on RI programs. In areas where there was civic unrest, weak health systems, and ongoing polio transmission, as in Nigeria and Pakistan, polio eradication activities did not contribute to the improvement of health systems, but there was no evidence that eradication activities worsened these systems either. Health worker motivation in settings with many (ie, >4) polio campaigns each year was detrimental. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by stating that Closser et al. found 'no compelling evidence of the effects—positive or negative—of polio eradication campaigns' on routine immunization programs, suggesting that the impact of vaccination programs like polio eradication varies significantly based on the context. Specifically, it mentions that in some areas, such as Rwanda and Ethiopia, there was a positive impact, but in others, like Nigeria and Pakistan, the eradication activities did not improve health systems, reinforcing the idea that the efficacy of vaccination campaigns is not universally significant.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Horizontal gene transfer allows bacteria to acquire new traits. [SEP] Text: – Figure 1D and E just show the proportion of clusters with X gene type or Y AME gene, respectively, but underlying cluster sizes range from 2-52 – shared across all samples. Is there a way authors can standardize by cluster size, as I am not sure a cluster of 2 should have the same weight as a cluster of 52 in these analyses? – Authors required a minimum of 5kb and 100% identity on nucmer and state these cut-offs were arbitrary (Discussion) – did authors examine any other cut-offs and how do their findings change if these are adjusted? 5) Authors report that they aligned short-reads from all of the isolates to the reference sequences they generated for cluster-containing MGEs (chromosomal or plasmid). They then assessed the coverage (whether this is the% alignment to the reference or depth is unclear – please clarify) to these 16. Despite finding such a wide range in clustering due to this, this has not been discussed anywhere in the current paper – or the implications this would have on the conclusions. It therefore seems like the results are very sensitive to the threshold used, so this should at least be discussed in the paper as a limitation of this work. Author response Essential revisions: 1) At no point in the paper is any justification given for the choices made about the limitation to MDR isolates (or really what that means), the 5000 bp identity requirement, the exclusive focus on inter-genera transfer (while the paper does in fact offer some tantalizing discussion of within-genus transfer), or the very limited information given about clusters after the first 5. Also, the Materials and methods do not describe how the decision to further investigate e. g. epidemiologic links or extent of sequence overlap (pairwise versus fully connected) was made. This manuscript is well-organized but gives a bit of an impression that the sequencing was done, and then some lines of inquiry that seemed inquiry were followed up, until a certain amount of time/effort/results, and a paper was written. This is a perfectly fine thing to do, especially with such interesting material, but it leaves the reader wondering what the full story is. The title says, "comprehensive analysis…among multi-drug resistant pathogens in a single hospital. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses methodological concerns and revisions regarding a manuscript analyzing multi-drug resistant pathogens. It does not mention horizontal gene transfer or the acquisition of new traits by bacteria.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: HIV treatment can reduce viral load to undetectable levels. [SEP] Text: Les personnes séropositives ne souffrant d’aucune autre MST et suivant un traitment antirétroviral efficace ne transmettent pas le VIH par voie sexuelle. Bull des Médecins Suisses 2008; 89:165–169. 18. Frequency and determinants of unprotected sex among HIV-infected persons: the Swiss HIV cohort study. Dis 2010; 51:1314–1322. | Text | PubMed | CrossRef 19. . Highly active antiretroviral therapy and sexual risk behaviour: a meta-analytic review. JAMA 2004; 292:224–236. | Text | PubMed | CrossRef 20. Antiretroviral resistance and high-risk transmission behavior among HIV-positive patients in clinical care. AIDS 2004; 18:2185–2189. | Text | PubMed | CrossRef 21. Van de Undetectable viral load is associated with sexual risk taking in HIV serodiscordant gay couples in Sydney. AIDS 2005; 19:179–184. | Text | PubMed | CrossRef 22. . Sexual behaviour of people living with HIV in London: implications for HIV transmission. AIDS 2007; 21 (Suppl 1):S63–S70. | Text | PubMed | CrossRef 23. Seng R, Rolland M, Beck- Trends in unsafe sex and influence of viral load among patients followed since primary HIV-infection, 2000–2009. AIDS 2011; 25:977–988. | Text | PubMed | CrossRef 24. Is use of antiretroviral therapy among homosexual men associated with increased risk of transmission of HIV infection? . Infect 2003; 79:7–10. | Text | PubMed | CrossRef 25. Is unsafe sexual behaviour increasing among HIV-infected individuals? . AIDS 2004; 18:1707–1714. | Text | PubMed | CrossRef 26. . Predicting HIV transmission risk among HIV-infected patients seen in clinical settings. AIDS Behav 2007; 11 (Suppl 5):S6–S16. | PubMed 27. Episodic antiretroviral therapy increases HIV transmission risk compared with continuous therapy: results of a randomized controlled trial. J 2008; 49:142–150. | Text | PubMed | CrossRef 28. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text supports the claim by stating that individuals living with HIV, who are on effective antiretroviral treatment, do not transmit HIV sexually. This implies that an undetectable viral load, which is achievable with effective treatment, significantly reduces the risk of HIV transmission, corroborating the idea that treatment can reduce viral load to undetectable levels.