Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: VR will replace traditional teaching methods entirely within the next few years. [SEP] Text: Teachers play a dominant role in traditional teaching, with teachers lecturing and students listening. The theoretical content of stomatology is boring and abstract, which is difficult to comprehend and students can't concentrate all the time. The boring teaching content and old teaching methods will lead to the decrease of students' learning enthusiasm. Recently, a variety of teaching methods have emerged, such as flipped classroom, rain classroom, etc. , all of which have achieved good teaching results[[iv]-[v][vi]]. Rain classroom is a teaching software and a small plug-in cut in PPT. Office of and the jointly developed this software. With the help of WeChat, it realizes the interaction with students before, during and after class, which improves students' learning interest and enlivens the classroom atmosphere. Using rain class, we can make single choice questions, multiple-choice questions, voting questions, inserting MOOCS, etc. in PPT, and we can also make preview courseware, upload review materials and exercises after class to rain class. In class, exercises, voting, barrage and random roll call can be used to increase classroom interaction and arouse students' enthusiasm. At the same time, class courseware is synchronized to students' mobile phone for easy learning and review. At present, it has been widely used in colleges and universities. In this study, rain classroom teaching had been used in teaching undergraduate nursing students of stomatology. The teaching effect had been measured through questionnaire survey and final examination results. [i]. Mazur E. Education. Farewell, lecture? Science. 2009 Jan 2;323(5910):50-1. doi: 10. 1126/science. 1168927. PMID: 19119207. [ii]. . Validating Self-Reflection and to Measure readiness for Self-Regulated Learning. J Promot. 2019 Aug 30;8:150. doi: 10. 4103/jehp. jehp_101_19. PMID: 31544115; PMCID: PMC6745879. [iii]. . Self-directed learning readiness of Indian medical students: a mixed method study. BMC Med Educ. 2018 Jun 8;18(1):134. doi: 10. 1186/s12909-018-1244-9. PMID: 29884155; PMCID: PMC5994133. [iv]. . [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing various traditional teaching methods and alternative approaches that improve student engagement without suggesting that VR will supplant traditional methods entirely. It highlights that traditional teaching, such as lectures, can be boring and outlines how new methods, like the 'rain classroom' tool, enhance learning experiences, yet it does not support the idea that VR will completely replace traditional teaching.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Some assert that using pathogens for pest control will never affect beneficial insects. [SEP] Text: Total RNAs isolated from IPTG-induced HT115/L4440 (1) and HT115/L4440:SnUSP689 (2) bacteria were analyzed in 1% w/v agarose gels. C. Lethal phenotypes of L5d3-injected S. nonagrioides larvae injected with total RNAs isolated from the HT115/L4440:SnUSP689 (2) bacteria. Control HT115/L4440-injected animals are also indicated (1). 2. 4. Plant-mediated RNAiThe observation that genetically modified plants expressing dsRNAs targeting specific insect genes could induce RNAi in the insect pests was first reported in independent publications of Baum et al. [8] and Mao et al. [9]. Baum et al. showed that corn plants expressing hairpin dsRNAs that target the A subunit of ATPase gene in the western corn rootworm were significantly protected by the damage caused by this pest [8]. Furthermore, Arabidopsis plants expressing dsRNA hairpins targeting the cytochrome P450 monooxygenase gene in the corn pest H. armigera led to decreased resistance to the sesquiterpene gossypol to the feeding insects [9]. Following these publications of proof-of-principle, several other reports have documented the successful application of plant-mediated RNAi:In H. armigera, a molt-regulating transcription factor gene was selected to be used in plant-mediated RNAi experiments. Four different fragments covering the coding sequence of HaHR3 were initially tested by bacterial-mediated RNAi. The most effective fragment (in terms of RNAi efficiency) was used for Nicotiana tabacum agrobacterium-mediated transformation. When H. armigera larvae were fed the E. coli or transgenic plants, the HaHR3 mRNA and protein levels dramatically decreased, resulting in developmental deformities and larval lethality [44]. Similarly, dsRNAs of the gap gene hunchback (hb) of Myzus persicae were overexpressed in transgenic tobacco. Continuous feeding of neonate aphids on transgenic diet reduced Mphb mRNA level in the fed aphids and inhibited insect reproduction [35]. In the brown planthopper N. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses the use of RNA interference (RNAi) for pest control in specific insect species and does not address the assertion about the impact of pathogens on beneficial insects. There is no mention of beneficial insects or any definitive assertion that using pathogens will not affect them.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Bees play a critical role in pollination, supporting food production and biodiversity. [SEP] Text: This indicates the need for training and awareness creation to the farmers on the significance of pollinators to enhance productivity. In most parts of Ethiopia, golden pollination service of honey bees is not recognized well. Therefore, it is still a need and essential to create awareness on the relevance of honey bees pollination service to farmers. Table 3. Economic values of honey bee pollination in different parts of the world. Values (US$) 14. 6 billion [51] Australia 4-6 billion [52] 1. 2 billion [53] Ethiopia 0. 815 billion [22] China 0. 7 billion [54] Uganda 0. 46 billion [55] Benin 0. 199 billion [56] 1. 4. Pollination and The most significant benefit of beekeeping lies in the fact that honey bees pollinate agricultural and horticultural plants. Pollinators play an essential role in human nutrition in the developing world [64]. Besides, the economic impacts and the possible consequences for the socio-economics of human societies, loss of pollination may also affect human nutrition [65]. Insect-pollinated crops are crucial for proper human diet [66], and they provide nutritional variety and nutrients, including lipids, vitamins, folic acid, and minerals, which are essential for human health [2, 66]. In addition to the quality and quantity improvement, insect-pollinated crops also provide about 70% vitamin the deficiency of which is a primary human health concern worldwide, and pollinators are responsible for up to 40 percent of the world’s supply of nutrients [66]. Hence, generally, it is possible to deduce that loss of pollinators and the service they provide could produce a potential problem on human nutrition, although the magnitude of the problem will often depend on geographical location and degree of societal development. 1. 5. Contribution of Apiculture to Ethiopia designed a competitive advantage in honey and beeswax production improvement to develop a substantial export trade is an essential goal of the Growth and (GTP) to eradicate poverty [67]. Apiculture is one of the livelihood sources in most developing countries, and its success has been noted in countries like Ethiopia [68]. Beekeeping plays a critical role in agriculture and having many comparative advantages that help farmers to improve their livelihoods and ensure food security [69, 70]. In addition, it is an excellent source of income for landless farmers [71]. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by emphasizing the critical role of honey bees in pollination, particularly in agricultural and horticultural sectors. It highlights that pollinators, including honey bees, enhance productivity and are essential for human nutrition, especially in developing countries. The text supports the claim by stating that 'the most significant benefit of beekeeping lies in the fact that honey bees pollinate agricultural and horticultural plants,' which directly underscores their importance in food production and biodiversity.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: VR will replace traditional teaching methods entirely within the next few years. [SEP] Text: Rain classroom teaching was adopted in the experimental group. Rain class is a small plug-in for cutting in PPT. After downloading the rain class program from the teacher's computer, the teacher could make single-choice questions, multiple-choice questions and voting questions in PPT. Before class, teachers made rain courseware, including preview courseware, teaching courseware and review of expansion materials. The teacher paid attention to the official account of rain class in WeChat, and set up courses and classes in the rain classroom, in this way, pre-school materials and after-school development exercises could be sent to mobile phones. In the classroom, the teacher logged in the rain classroom courseware with the function of wechat, displayed the "start teaching" two-dimensional code, and the students entered the classroom by scanning the QR code on wechat, so that the teacher could master the students' arrival situation. In class, Using the function of random roll call, the teacher asked the key teaching contents randomly, each student had the possibility of being selected, so to a certain extent, it mobilized the enthusiasm of students. In order to concentrate the students' attention, the teacher carried out a classroom test of 1-2 questions every few knowledge points. The teacher could view the test results of students in real time and displayed the test results on the screen, which was conducive to students' mastering the overall answering situation and adjusting their attention and learning methods in time. Students could also send questions to the teacher at any time through the barrage or contribution, and the teacher wouldl explain or answer questions according to the students' situation. In the teaching process, the teacher's ppt was synchronized to the student's mobile phone, students might click to collect and pay attention to the content they don't understand, which was convenient for review and consolidation in the future. After class, teachers released review and expansion materials, including exercises, MOOCS, literature, etc. , to consolidate the classroom content, make up for the lack of class time, and expand the teaching content. Teachers could see the preview, review and class situation of students in the background of rain class. For students who had not prepared and reviewed in time, teachers could issue announcements to remind students. Students could preview and review anytime and anywhere on the mobile phone. Compared with paper learning materials, rain classroom was more convenient. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by describing a specific teaching method called 'rain classroom' which integrates technology into traditional classroom settings rather than replacing them. It details how teachers use this program alongside PPT presentations, mobile technology, and WeChat to enhance learning experiences, indicating that traditional methods still play a significant role and are being augmented rather than replaced by VR.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Some assert that using pathogens for pest control will never affect beneficial insects. [SEP] Text: lugens, a common 360-bp fragment between ecdysone receptor (EcR) NlEcR-A and NlEcR-B genes was used to construct a transgenic RNAi rice line. After newly hatched nymphs of N. lugens fed on the transgenic rice lines, effective RNAi was observed. The NlEcR expression levels were decreased in all lines compared with the controls. In all lines, survival rates of nymphal stages were nearly 90%, but the average number of offspring per pair in the treated groups was significantly less than that observed in the control, with a decrease of 44. 18–66. 27% [45]. Efficient RNAi after plant-mediated dsRNA delivery was reported in the Triticum-Sitobion system. S. avenae fed on transgenic T. aestivum lines expressing dsRNAs of its carboxylesterase (CbE E4) gene presented reduced CbE E4 gene expression. The number of aphids grown on transgenic T. aestivum lines was lower than the number raised on non-transgenic plants. CbE E4 enzyme isolated from S. avenae fed on dsCbE plants hydrolyzed only up to 20–30% Phoxim solution within 40 min whereas a solution of the enzyme from CbE E4 fed on control plants hydrolyzed 60% of Phoxim solution within 40 min [46]. Efficient plant-mediated RNAi was also reported in H. armigera [47]. Researchers used this technology to silence the arginine kinase (AK) gene of H. armigera (HaAK), encoding a phosphotransferase that plays a critical role in cellular energy metabolism in invertebrate species. plants producing HaAK dsRNAs were generated by Agrobacterium-mediated transformation. The feeding bioassays clearly showed that resistance of transgenic Arabidopsis plants to H. armigera was improved and levels of HaAK transcripts were drastically suppressed. Parental RNAi after plant-mediated dsRNA delivery was observed in M. persicae. DsRNA producing A. thaliana lines were constructed to target genes with different functions in the aphid. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text provides detailed research findings on the use of RNA interference (RNAi) technology in pest control specifically targeting various insect pests and their interactions with transgenic plants. However, it does not address or provide evidence regarding the claim that using pathogens for pest control will never affect beneficial insects, making the text irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Bees play a critical role in pollination, supporting food production and biodiversity. [SEP] Text: Beekeeping has a significant contribution in alleviating poverty and improving the standard and wellbeing of the rural beekeeping community through the income from the sector as secures of financial power [72]. Practically, beekeeping does not compete with crop production and animal husbandry practice, but it is advantageous for agricultural and horticultural plants. Ethiopian government focuses on the rehabilitated Ex-closure areas given to landless youths through organizing them as trained cooperatives and providing initial capital to run modern beekeeping activities as alternative employment opportunities and food security [73]. The honey bee produces honey, and brood is an essential source of food [74, 75]. In agriculture production, pollination plays a crucial role in enhancing food security and yield stability through the linking of an ecosystem with agricultural production [76-78]. In the country, about 1. 55 million households are engaged and getting incomes from beekeeping [79]. Due to bimodal rains, beekeepers harvested honey twice a year [73, 80, 81]. The country produces about 47,352 tons of crude honey and 5. 4 thousand tons per year [82-84]. Out of the total honey produced, almost 80%is used for local consumption and for local brewing called Tej, and the remaining is sold either as table honey in the domestic market or to the export market [74]. Keeping a resilient honey bee colony and managing them in a wall manner help to ensure the future viability of crops. It provides vital stability in the agricultural sector and millions of people as employment opportunities. Maximizing the yield of honey bee-pollinated plants can improve the performance of the agriculture sector, increase national wealth, and help to ensure the long-term food security and economic resilience of the rural populations. 1. 6. Challenges of Farmers use different inputs, including pesticides, to grow subsistence and commercial crops of different varieties for agricultural crop maximization. Even if honey bees pollination has proved to be essential for food production, directly and indirectly, the supply of human food and animal feed resources are considered to be at risk today [85-87]. Beekeepers are experiencing high colony losses due to the unwise application of pesticides [88, 89] and climate change [90]. Insecticides and herbicides have been reported as significant causes of death and absconding of the honey bee colonies [91, 92] and their food source [88]. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by detailing the essential role of honey bee pollination in enhancing agricultural production, food security, and ecosystem linkage. It states that 'In agriculture production, pollination plays a crucial role in enhancing food security and yield stability', directly supporting the assertion that bees are vital for food production and biodiversity.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: VR will replace traditional teaching methods entirely within the next few years. [SEP] Text: Nursing students should develop self-directed learning ability in school. Rain classroom teaching mode is conducive to the improvement of self-directed learning ability. Rain classroom provides students with digital learning resources, and learning is not limited by time and place. In this study, the rain classroom teaching group's self-directed learning ability had been greatly improved, and students' final exam scores were significantly higher than the traditional teaching group. Some researcher had proved that higher self directed learning ability had a positive impact on academic results[[xviii]-[xix]]. The satisfaction scores of the two groups had no significant difference, but the scores of teaching effect and teaching measure dimensions in rain classroom group were significantly higher than those of the traditional teaching group(p<0. 05). While the ability of self directed learning is correlated with personal characteristics and demography[[xx]], teachers should adopt individualized teaching methods. Rain classroom teaching arouses the enthusiasm of students and learning enthusiasm, so it achieves good teaching effect. At the same time, rain classroom teaching requires students to have sufficient mobile phone power, fast and stable network speed to ensure effective interaction with teachers. The enlightenment to managers and educators is to reasonably configure power sockets and improve network speed. This study has some limitations as folowings. Firstly, there was no large sample size and multicenter large sample study hasn’t been included, and the impact of large sample studies on the results is not known. Secondly, the course lasted for two months. We only observed the short-term teaching effect, but the long-term influence of rain classroom teaching on students' self-directed learning ability is not clear. Finally, because the teachers engaged in stomatology teaching are clinical teachers, who are busy and whose time is limited, there is no qualitative interview on rain classroom teaching. We only carried out questionnaire investigation and final examination to evaluate the two teaching methods’ teaching quality. How rain classroom works to promote students’ self-directed learning ability is unknown. [i]. Alharbi HA. Readiness for self-directed learning: How bridging and traditional nursing students differs? Today. 2018 Feb;61:231-234. doi: 10. 1016/j. nedt. 2017. 12. 002. Epub 2017 Dec 11. PMID: 29248841. [ii]. . Medical student use of digital learning resources. Clin Teach. 2018 Feb;15(1):29-33. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the effectiveness of a specific teaching method, the 'rain classroom,' which enhances self-directed learning abilities in nursing students. It highlights the improvements in exam scores and teaching effects compared to traditional methods but does not suggest that VR will replace traditional teaching entirely. Instead, it emphasizes the need for individualized teaching methods and acknowledges limitations of the study, indicating that traditional methods are still relevant and in use.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Some assert that using pathogens for pest control will never affect beneficial insects. [SEP] Text: RNAi-mediated knockdown in aphids was achieved independently of gene identity and function and could reduce original expression levels by 70% between 4 and 8 days after feeding on dsRNA-producing transgenic A. thaliana. Target genes were also downregulated in nymphs born from mothers exposed to dsRNA-producing transgenic plants and the RNAi effect lasted twice as long (12–14 days) in these nymphs [48]. 2. 5. Virus-mediated RNAiThe use of viruses is a less common methodology to transfer dsRNAs into the insect tissues. Virus-mediated-RNAi involves the expression of a dsRNA transgene into a virus which is then used to infect the insect cell or a tissue in order to express dsRNAs intracellularly. This methodology has not been used extensively because of the general viral interference with normal cell physiology; for instance, baculoviruses cause high lethality and potential phenotypes could not be distinguished between dsRNA-producing and control viruses. In addition, viruses can produce inhibitors of RNAi, thereby lowering silencing efficiency [49]. In order to successfully distinguish effects of virus-mediated RNAi, wild-type viruses should be somehow inactivated or at least should not cause highly toxic effects in the insect host. The first report of successful viral dsRNA delivery was made by Hajos et al. [50]. In this paper, the researchers used a recombinant baculovirus, Autographa californica multicapsid nucleopolyhedrovirus (AcMNPV), to express Heliothis virescens juvenile hormone esterase (JHE) gene in antisense orientation, driven by the viral p10 promoter. Infection with this recombinant virus greatly reduced the hemolymph JHE levels and resulted in aberrant morphogenesis of final-instar H. virescens larvae. This was the first time that baculovirus-mediated gene silencing could be accomplished and utilized to dissect insect development and to design a new class of baculovirus-based insecticides. One of the most interesting virus-mediated RNAi reports is by Uhlirova et al. [51]. In this paper, researchers used a recombinant Sindbis virus as a tool to silence the gene encoding for the transcription factor Broad-Complex (BR-C) in B. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text discusses various methodologies involving RNA interference (RNAi) and virus-mediated RNAi for pest control but does not address the claim regarding the effects of pathogens on beneficial insects. It does mention potential issues with viral interference and toxicity but does not provide a direct correlation or evidence related to beneficial insects specifically.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Bees play a critical role in pollination, supporting food production and biodiversity. [SEP] Text: Due to the misapplication of these chemicals, honey bee mortality and reduction of honey bee colonies, which eventually results in a reduction of bee products and crop yield are faced [88, 93]. Reports indicate that there was a decline of honey bee colonies in Ethiopia [47, 60, 91, 94] due to pesticide application and deforestation. The impacts of pesticides on honey bee production are likely to be aggravated by the limited knowledge among users on the toxicological and chemical properties of these substances and the fact that labels on pesticide containers were in a language that cannot be understood. Even variation in the production system, the average honey bee colony holding capacity of beekeepers is 5 [24, 95, 96]. Agrochemical poisoning is the primary challenge for the beekeeping sector, and three-quarters of beekeepers lose two honey bee colonies per year [89] and some beekeepers lost all their colonies [88] due to unwise application. Through the application of pesticides, the subsequent financial loss to the beekeepers is estimated to be about 819291. 4 US$ at selected districts of the Amhara Region, Ethiopia [91]. Scientific study indicates that all of the farmers apply agrochemicals on barley, wheat, millet, and onion before blooming [89] and majority of farmers apply chemicals on mango (92. 9%), orange (97. 2%), potato (81%) and maize (81%) at blooming and liquid spray at the morning and the middle of the day [89, 91, 92]. The majority of farmers use pesticides at the time when the honey bees most visited the flowering plants to collect nectar and pollen; as a result, they poison themselves or contaminate the resources found in the hive. Pesticide application is increasing its impact, including honey yield, killing flowering plants, pollination service, and efficiency and honey bees population. Limiting the use of pesticides [94] and wise application of pesticides during the flowering period of crops is important to minimize honey bee losses in Ethiopia. 1. 7. and Priorities for on Honey bee The contribution honey bees to pollination service to the yield and/or quality of multiple crops from individual pollinator species and pollinator communities should be identified and documented appropriately. It needs a further assessment of why farmers do not use pollination services as yield and quality improvement tools and technology. The socioeconomic and environmental relevance of honey bees pollination service should be assessed and documented. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by detailing the significant impact of honey bees on pollination services essential for crop yield and quality. It highlights the adverse effects of pesticides on honey bee populations and how these challenges affect the beekeeping sector and the agricultural productivity of flowering plants, explicitly stating that limiting pesticide use is vital to minimizing honey bee losses and ensuring effective pollination for food production.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Students retain all VR-learned information more effectively than any other method. [SEP] Text: 55(0. 67, 3. 59) 0. 307 Older Age(26+) 1. 11(0. 58, 2. 14) 0. 749 1. 2(0. 57, 2. 57) 0. 63 0. 43(0. 16, 1. 18) 0. 101 Male 1. 16(0. 68, 1. 96) 0. 591 1. 02(0. 56, 1. 87) 0. 95 0. 33(0. 13, 0. 83) 0. 018 0. 82(0. 43, 1. 58) 0. 555 1. 61(0. 82, 3. 16) 0. 17 1. 99(0. 87, 4. 53) 0. 101 Canadian 0. 83(0. 41, 1. 69) 0. 608 0. 39(0. 2, 0. 78) 0. 01 1. 3(0. 38, 4. 52) 0. 675 Upperclassman 1. 59(0. 95, 2. 67) 0. 08 0. 81(0. 43, 1. 51) 0. 5 2. 63(1. 32, 5. 25) 0. 006 (95% C. I. ) P-value OR(95% C. I. ) P-value OR(95% C. I. ) P-value Aboriginal 39. 9(8. 58,185. 4) <. 001 56. 73(6. 91,465. 8) <. 001 0. 58 (0. 24, 1. 42) 0. 234 Older Age(26+) 0. 8(0. 24, 2. 63) 0. 712 0. 22 (0. 04, 1. 14) 0. 07 0. 90 (0. 37, 2. 2) 0. 815 Male 1. 24(0. 42, 3. 71) 0. 695 1. 39(0. 39, 4. 9) 0. 67 0. 93(0. 49, 1. 73) 0. 811 0. 52(0. 17, 1. 59) 0. 255 1. 06(0. 31, 3. 61) 0. 92 0. 46(0. 17, 1. 22) 0. 119 Canadian 4. 96(1. 18,20. 96) 0. 029 Upperclassman 0. 87(0. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is largely composed of statistical data and does not address the claim regarding the effectiveness of VR learning compared to other methods. There are no assertions or conclusions drawn that could support, contrast, or provide relevance to the claim about VR learning, thereby rendering it irrelevant.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Some assert that using pathogens for pest control will never affect beneficial insects. [SEP] Text: But this methodology should not be used for functional analysis of genes implicated in larval-pupal transformation since we observed that when insects were infected with either the AcMNPV-BmA::GFP or the BmNPV-BmA::GFP virus in the prepupal stage, larval-pupal transition was blocked while singular adults emerging from surviving pupae were also abnormal. Taking the above observations into consideration, it was nevertheless clear that the infection of S. nonagrioides larvae with a BmNPV-BmA::GFP-JHER472 hairpin-expressing virus resulted in specific gene downregulation with similar phenotypes than those after intra-hemolymph dsRNA administration [12]. Therefore, this methodology should be improved in order to create genetically modified baculoviruses that will cause even less physiological impact to the infected cells and to allow more clearly the distinction between infection-related effects and those caused by RNAi. Advertisement 3. Two bottlenecks for efficient RNAi in insects: dsRNA stability and dsRNA uptakeRecently, several studies were published that focused directly on the causes for the variability of RNAi efficiency among different insect groups [52–54]. Beetles (Coleoptera) and cockroaches (Blattaria) are very sensitive to RNAi that is administered by injection or feeding; locusts (Orthoptera) are sensitive to RNAi by injection but are refractory to RNAi by feeding, while caterpillars (Lepidoptera) are refractory to RNAi by both injection and feeding. A series of experiments with insects as well as derived cell lines investigated differences in cellular uptake of dsRNA as well as degradation of dsRNA among the different groups. One important finding was that dsRNA degradation correlated negatively with RNAi efficiency, that is, insects with low efficiency in RNAi (e. g. lepidopterans) degrade dsRNA faster in hemolymph and midgut than insects with high efficiency in RNAi (e. g. coleopterans) [52, 54]. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim. It discusses the effects of RNA interference (RNAi) and the impacts of certain viruses on insect larvae but does not address the assertion about pathogens for pest control and their effects on beneficial insects. Therefore, it does not provide information that supports or contradicts the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Bees play a critical role in pollination, supporting food production and biodiversity. [SEP] Text: Skill and knowledge gap on the farmers how and when to use pesticides [89, 91, 92]. Farmer’s awareness of honey bees pollination service to agricultural crop production is low [60]. Developing conservation policy for pollinators; especially, honey bees, and legislation and monitoring for pesticide application [47, 89, 92]. Awareness creation on protecting the honey bees from pesticide poisoning and the importance of honey bees on agricultural crop pollination [47, 60]. one-third of the total human food supply depends on insect pollination and animal pollination. The honey bee is responsible to pollinate 62. 2% of crops cultivated in Ethiopia. In this respect, mainly, the honey bee has brought about a significant economic contribution to improve agricultural crop production quantity and quality, essential for ecological maintenance and improvement, human food, and nutrition security in Ethiopia. Nevertheless, the double benefit approach of honey bees pollination service has been overlooked in agricultural development strategies and has not been included as a technological input in agricultural development packages. High-value agriculture is being promoted in several areas and extension institutions offer packages of practices for each type of crop. However, the importance of managing pollination to achieve higher yields still has been overlooked in Ethiopia. In Ethiopia, farmers have no way of knowing how essential honey bees pollination services to their crops. This gap in the agricultural extension system needs to be addressed by designing policies and strategies to use honey bees pollination service as a tool and technology for the improvement in production and sustainability. Recently, a decline in honey bee keeping has been reported in Ethiopia, owing to several factors including the unwise use of pesticide climate change. The use of pesticides has been affecting the honey bees through poisoning, death, destroying the honey bees forage, pollination service, and efficiency. This, in turn, results in a reduction of bee products and crop yield. To reduce the ecological damage and losses, what is required is understanding the commercial and pollination service needs of the country. Furthermore, utilizing honey bees pollination services will help to maintain and sustain the ecology and agricultural crop production. In conclusion, promoting the honey bees pollination service as the tool for improving honey production and crop yield in Ethiopia is essential. applicable. . author declares no conflict of interest, financial or otherwise. would like to express my heart full gratitude to my friend Mr. for providing critical comments and suggestions besides spending lots of his valuable time editing the manuscript. 28. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by providing detailed evidence of the essential role honey bees play in pollination and its significance to agricultural crop production. It mentions that 'one-third of the total human food supply depends on insect pollination' and specifically states that 'the honey bee is responsible to pollinate 62.2% of crops cultivated in Ethiopia,' thereby supporting the notion that bees are critical for food production and biodiversity.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: VR technology is equally accessible and comfortable for all learners. [SEP] Text: This edited volume arose from the first on Translation and Accessibility in held at the Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB) on 2 -3 December 2010, organised by the Transof UAB, which is part of the Centre for and Accessibility in Catalunya (CAIAC). The focus of the conference was unique in its comprehensive approach combining game accessibility, game translation and localization and also related issues in broader environments of virtual worlds. Such combination was due to a broad view of accessibility, which not only encompasses users with functional diversity, but also those who due to age or skill are not able to play a game successfully, those who do not speak the original language of the game, and those who due to socioeconomic conditions cannot access games or virtual platforms. In addition, both game localization and accessibility are issues that ideally need to be taken into account early in the development process of a game, in order prevent costly modifications at a later stage. If accessibility and localization are considered since the conception of the game, it should not be too costly or cumbersome to translate the game into other languages or include accessibility ← 9 | 10 → features, such as the possibility to remap the controls or have intralingual subtitles. Gathering together researchers in academia as well as practitioners from the industry, the conference provided an ideal forum to exchange different perspectives to add to the emerging areas of research in translation and media accessibility of digital content. The conference demonstrated how research on game localization and research on game accessibility are gathering momentum, albeit they are still relatively unexplored academic fields. To date, most of the research conducted on game accessibility has been carried out by academics from engineering and computer studies backgrounds, such as the Games (UA-Games) at the Human-Laboratory of ICS-FORTH in Greece, who have developed a number of universally accessible games, and a handful of industry professionals interested in the topic, such as the Group (SIG) at the (IGDA). Most information and guidelines on game accessibility can be found on specialised blogs and websites, and are addressed to developers, to help them make their games accessible to the widest range of population. However, there seems to be a lack of awareness by mainstream developers and publishers about accessibility issues and due to the pressures and time limits associated to the release of a game, accessibility services usually are not a priority. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by highlighting that accessibility in gaming and virtual environments is not equal for all users. It addresses diverse challenges faced by individuals related to age, skill level, language, and socioeconomic conditions, suggesting that not all learners can access or comfortably engage with VR technology due to these variances. The mention of developers' lack of awareness regarding accessibility issues further indicates that VR may not be designed or optimized for the comfort and access of all learners.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Some assert that using pathogens for pest control will never affect beneficial insects. [SEP] Text: The second important finding relates to the cellular uptake of dsRNA: while both lepidopteran and coleopteran cells can take up efficiently labeled dsRNA from the extracellular medium by endocytosis, this results in the production of siRNAs and silencing of target genes only in the coleopteran cells [52, 53]. The use of pH-sensitive dyes coupled to dsRNA molecules suggests that in lepidopteran cells endocytosis of dsRNA is followed by fusion of endosomes with lysosomes and subsequent degradation while in coleopteran cells presumably endosomal escape can occur and subsequent interaction of dsRNA with the RNAi machinery [53]. In lepidopteran cells, the core RNAi machinery works very efficiently [55] and the obstacle seems to be mainly the efficient arrival of the dsRNA trigger at the intracellular RNAi machinery. These investigations indicate that the use of “naked” dsRNA to trigger RNAi by feeding will only work efficiently in beetles and cockroaches and that for other insects special delivery systems need to be developed. In the first instance, those delivery systems need to protect the dsRNA trigger from degradation in the midgut, an effort which is especially difficult to achieve for lepidopterans in which the alkaline gut content is prone to destabilize dsRNA even in the absence of nucleases [56]. Second, methods need to be developed for more efficient “functional” uptake of dsRNA in locusts and caterpillars in the sense that the internalized dsRNA is not degraded but efficiently presented to the RNAi machinery. Besides naked dsRNA, other delivery methods using bacteria, algae, plants, symbionts and viruses have been tested with variable efficiency [e. g. 36, 55, 57–59] but mechanistic details of how dsRNA escapes from the different vehicles to enter the cellular cytoplasm are lacking and should become an active area of research in the future. Also synthetic nanop4. Commercialization of RNAi for crop protectionBecause of the increasing burden of chemical pesticides (residual toxicity in the environment, pesticide resistance), interest for developing biological pesticides has expanded significantly during recent years. Biological pesticides are pesticides derived from natural materials such as animals, plants, bacteria and certain minerals [68, 69]. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not directly address the claim regarding the impact of using pathogens for pest control on beneficial insects. Instead, it discusses the cellular uptake of dsRNA in different insect groups and the challenges in developing effective delivery systems for RNA interference in various insects. The mention of biological pesticides derived from natural materials could be tangentially related to the subject of pest control but lacks a specific connection to the claim about beneficial insects not being affected.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Bees play a critical role in pollination, supporting food production and biodiversity. [SEP] Text: [ 2 Klein AM, Vaissière BE, Cane JH, et al. Importance of pollinators in changing landscapes for world crops. Sci 2007; 274(1608): 303-13. CrossRef PubMed 3 Jivan A. The impact of pesticides on honey bees and hence on humans. 2013; 46(2): 272-7. 4 Foraging behavior of the Himalayan Honeybee, Apis cerana (Hymenoptera: Apidae) associated with sunflower (Helianthus annuus L. ) at of (KP). J Stud 2015; 3(3): 203-7. 5 Food and of the (FAO) Roubik DW, Adriano- of Cultivated Plants: A Compendium for Practitioners12018; 6 Calderone NW. Insect pollinated crops, insect pollinators and US agriculture: Trend analysis of aggregate data for the period 1992-2009. PLoS One 2012; 7(5):e37235. CrossRef PubMed 7. Multivariate morphometric analysis of honeybees (Apis mellifera) in the Ethiopian region. Apidologie (Celle) 2004; 35(1): 71-81. CrossRef 8 Allsopp MH, de Lange WJ, Veldtman R. Valuing insect pollination services with cost of replacement. PLoS One 2008; 3(9):e3128. CrossRef PubMed 9 Y, Navajas M. Climate change: Impact on honey bee populations and diseases. Rev - Epizoot 2008; 27(2): 485-497, 499-510. CrossRef PubMed 10 Evaluation of the distribution and impacts of parasites, pathogens, and pesticides on honey bee (Apis mellifera) populations in East Africa. PLoS One 2014; 9(4):e94459. CrossRef PubMed 11. Honey Bees: Beneficial Robbers. Res 2015; 5(5): 343-52. [ 12 Kevan PG. Pollinators as bioindicators of the state of the environment: species, activity, and diversity. Environ 1999; 74: 373-93. CrossRef 13 Garibaldi LA, Steffan-Dewenter I, Winfree R, et al. Wild pollinators enhance fruit set of crops regardless of honey bee abundance. Science 2013; 339(6127): 1608-11. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text lists various studies that highlight the importance of pollinators, including bees, in agricultural contexts. For example, it mentions the study by Calderone NW, which analyzes the role of insect pollinators in US agriculture and their contribution to crop yields, supporting the idea that bees are critical to food production. Additionally, the mention of species like honey bees and their interactions with crops ties directly into the claim about their role in supporting biodiversity.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Mental health awareness aims to reduce stigma around mental health conditions. [SEP] Text: We can easily imagine how the first explanation could be shrugged off as “bad luck” and have no long-term impact on the possessed person’s reputation, while the second might lead to assumptions that the possessed person is in some way “tainted” for having upset local spirits or dabbled in black magic. is similar controversy when examining evidence for the existence of stigma throughout the history of the major civilizations of Europe, Asia, and Africa (information on the Americas is largely missing). Indeed, there seems to have been some variability in how mental illness was responded to, depending on how its causes were understood. In ancient Greek writings, there is ample discussion of behavior consistent with mental illness, and many of the terms that we use currently to describe psychiatric symptoms (such as mania, melancholia, and phobia) were first used in ancient Greece. The ancient Greeks introduced biological explanations developed by Hippocrates (specifically, that madness resulted from an imbalance of body fluids or “humors”), but primarily saw mad behaviors as resulting from supernatural factors (being cursed by the gods, for example). Although we might expect that demonstrations of madness resulting from the actions of the gods might be seen as temporary and not the fault of the affected person, it appears that the Greeks usually regarded madness to be evidence that the person had done something to deserve being cursed. Reference Scull10 As a result, the response often consisted of many of the reactions that we would now see as consistent with stigma, including ridicule, condemnation, avoidance, and the ritual of spitting upon the sight of the mad person. Reference Fabrega11 For example, an incident that was recorded as occurring in Alexandria indicated that a “lunatic named Carabas … whose madness … was of the easy-going gentler style” was “made game of by the children” and publicly mocked. Reference Rosen12 Similar responses seem to have predominated in ancient Rome. In ancient Israel, despite the belief in only one God, madness (represented by the still-familiar word meshugga) was also often seen to be the result of a divine curse. And, since the actions of God were believed to always be correct, this meant that the curse was justified because the person had done something to incur God’s punishment. As a result, people who demonstrated “mad” behavior were often mocked and publicly scorned. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by detailing historical attitudes toward mental illness that contributed to stigma rather than reducing it. It illustrates how individuals with mental illness were often ridiculed, condemned, and avoided in ancient societies, such as those in Greece and Rome. This highlights societal beliefs that perpetuated stigma, rather than awareness or understanding that would lead to stigma reduction.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Some assert that using pathogens for pest control will never affect beneficial insects. [SEP] Text: Because of these issues, RNAi as an economically viable approach to control insect pests so far is limited to two coleopteran species, the western corn rootworm (D. virgifera) and the Colorado potato beetle (L. decemlineata), that are extremely sensitive to environmental RNAi [8, 74]. For other species, most notably non-coleopterans, it is perceived that the development of specialized “formulations” is necessary to deliver dsRNA with sufficient efficiency to cause an impact on larval growth and crop damage [75]. Specialized formulations could be tailored to the ecological and physiological characteristics of the targeted pests to stimulate oral uptake (e. g. food attractants), stability in the gut (e. g. chitosan nanop5. ConclusionRNAi has been successfully applied in entomological research to analyze gene function in homeostasis, development, immunity and reproduction of insects. Furthermore, the potential of RNAi to control agricultural insect pests and vectors of human disease was revealed. In this review, an overview was presented of the success of the main methods of RNAi delivery (injection and feeding) and the use of different delivery vehicles was discussed (naked dsRNA versus bacterial-, plant- and virus-mediated RNAi) together with highlights of our own experiences with the lepidopteran pest S. nonagrioides. Our experiences and a survey of the literature indicate the usefulness to try different approaches for the delivery of dsRNA to achieve successful gene silencing. Regarding injections of dsRNA, we observed much more efficient gene silencing and phenotypic effects in the prepupal stage than in the larval stage and this effect was dependent on the length of the injected dsRNA fragment [12]. Thus, the success of the method of dsRNA injection may be dependent on the size of the dsRNA and the developmental stage of the insect. For feeding of bacteria expressing dsRNA, silencing of targeted genes was observed but phenotypic effects were limited, indicating insufficient delivery of the dsRNA trigger in our experimental system. Finally, in our work [12], we have pioneered the method of virus-mediated RNAi. Baculoviruses that express an RNA hairpin directed against the JHER gene could induce specific developmental phenotypes during metamorphosis in Sesamia. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim regarding the potential effects of using pathogens for pest control on beneficial insects. It focuses on the limitations and applications of RNA interference (RNAi) as a pest control strategy, specifically mentioning coleopteran species and the efficacy of different delivery methods for dsRNA. There is no mention of beneficial insects or an assertion that pathogens will never affect them, making the text irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Bees play a critical role in pollination, supporting food production and biodiversity. [SEP] Text: Insect pollination of crops. Press 1976; 125-34. 28 Berenbaum MR. and the Bees-before the Subcommittee on Fisheries, Wildlife and Oceans, Committee on 2007. 29. Economics of beekeeping as pollination management practices adopted by farmers in Chitwan district of Nepal. Secur 2016; 5(6): 1-6. CrossRef 30. Back to the future: Apis versus non-Apis pollination. Evol 2012; 27(3): 142-3. CrossRef 31. The worldwide importance of honey bees as pollinators in natural habitats. Sci 2018; 285(1870):20172140. CrossRef PubMed 32 Jadran KK. Measurement of economic efficiency for the projects of bee raising inside and outside towns in Wasit Governorate. Al-2011; 9(3): 112-21. 33. Scope for non-wood forest products income generation from rehabilitation areas: Focus on beekeeping. J Drylands 2006; 1(2): 171-85. 34 -Nestor TF. of Apis mellifera L. (Hymenoptera: Apidae) on Flowers of Sesamum indicum L. (Pedaliaceae) at Bilone (Obala, Cameroon). 2018; 4(3): 12-20. [ 35. Preliminary studies on the effect of bee (Apis cerana indica F. ) Pollination on yield of sesamum and niger. J 1988; 50: 63-4. 36 Das R, Jha S. Insect pollinators of sesame and the effect of entomophilous pollination on seed production in new alluvial zone of west bengal. 2019; 3(8): 1400-9. CrossRef 37 Stephen E, Irshad M. Economics impact of pollinators in crop production of Pakistan 2012. 38 Role of pollination in yield and physicochemical properties of tomatoes (Lycopersicon esculentum). 2018; 25(7): 1291-7. CrossRef PubMed 39 Admasu A, Nuru A. Effect of honeybee pollination on seed yield and oil content of niger (of the Conference of. 2002; 73. 40. Effects of honeybee pollination on seed allium cepa: HBRC, ethiopia. 2008; 8(1): 79-84. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text supports the claim by citing multiple studies and findings that highlight the role of bees (Apis mellifera and Apis cerana indica) as important pollinators. References to the 'worldwide importance of honey bees as pollinators' and the 'effect of honeybee pollination on seed yield' indicate their critical role in promoting food production and enhancing biodiversity.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Mental health awareness aims to reduce stigma around mental health conditions. [SEP] Text: This suggests that, despite high rates of confinement, the early period of the asylum movement represented a time of greater optimism regarding the potential for people with what we now call mental illness to recover, and therefore less of a complete discrediting of the person. Nevertheless, the early optimism of the asylum movement deteriorated within a few decades and, by the mid-1800s, asylums were becoming overcrowded and considerably less humane in their treatment approach. Reported cure rates declined and it became increasingly less likely that persons admitted to asylums would be able to return to the community. For example, of the roughly 8,000 people admitted to a large asylum in State between 1869 and 1900, less than 20% were ever discharged, with the remainder spending the rest of their lives in the asylum. and Stastny24 Were people who were confined to asylums “discredited”? Evidence from the writings of people who lived in them certainly suggests so. For example, John Clare, a poet who spent 27 years in British asylums in the early 1800s, poignantly wrote:I AM: yet what I am none cares or knows,My friends forsake me like a memory lost …And e’en the dearest – that I loved the best –Are strange – nay rather stranger than the rest25A later account of the experience of living in an asylum that communicates the “discredited” nature of living in one of these settings is provided in the memoir of Dr. (recovered and transcribed by his daughter), a prominent dermatologist who experienced periodic manic/psychotic episodes. Dr. Baird wrote: “once one has crossed the line from the normal walks of life into a psychopathic hospital, one is separated from friends and relatives by walls thicker than stone; walls of prejudice and superstition … The brutalities that one encounters in state and city psychopathic hospitals must be the by-product of the fear and superstition with which mentally ill patients are regarded. ”Reference Baird26 of toward people deemed to be insane took a particularly negative turn in the late 1800s as the idea of “moral degeneracy” (popularized in the work of French psychiatrist Benedict-Augustin Morel) became part of the conventional wisdom in Europe and North America. Essentially, this perspective viewed social ills, including insanity, to be signs of the decay of civilization. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by detailing the historical context of mental illness treatment, indicating that instead of reducing stigma, individuals confined in asylums faced discrediting and isolation. It describes how patients were seen through a lens of prejudice and superstition, which contributed to their negative societal perception. This historical perspective suggests that, rather than awareness reducing stigma, the treatment and representation of individuals with mental health conditions were marked by stigma and degradation.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Some assert that using pathogens for pest control will never affect beneficial insects. [SEP] Text: Ingestion of bacterially expressed dsRNAs can produce specific and potent genetic interference in Caenorhabditis elegans. Gene 2001; 263:103–12. 8. . Control of coleopteran insect pests through RNA interference. Nat. Biotechnol. 2007; 25:1322–6. 9. . Silencing a cotton bollworm P450 monooxygenase gene by plant-mediated RNAi impairs larval tolerance of gossypol. Nat Biotechnol. 2007; 25(11):1307–13. 10. Kupferschmidt K. A lethal dose of RNA. Science 2013; 341:732–3. 11. . Progress towards RNAi-mediated insect pest management. Adv. Insect Physiol. 2014; 47:249–95. 12. . Functional characterization of a juvenile hormone esterase related gene in the moth Sesamia nonagrioides through RNA interference. PLoS One. 2013; 8(9):e73834. doi: 10. 1371/journal. pone. 007383413. . Intra-abdominal injection of double-stranded RNA into anesthetized adult Drosophila triggers RNA interference in the central nervous system. Mol. Psychiatry. 2001; 6(6):665–70. 14. . Induction of the white egg 3 mutant phenotype by injection of the double-stranded RNA of the silkworm white gene. Insect Mol. Biol. 2002;11(3):217–22. 15. . Hemolin gene silencing by ds-RNA injected into Cecropia pupae is lethal to next generation embryos. Insect Mol. Biol. 2002;11(3):267–71. 16. anderson. A hemocyte-specific integrin required for hemocytic encapsulation in the tobacco hornworm, Manduca sexta. Mol Biol. 2005; 35(5):369–80. 17. . Distinct roles of broad isoforms in regulation of the 20-hydroxyecdysone effector gene, Vitellogenin, in the mosquito Aedes aegypti. Mol. Cell Endocrinol. 2007; 267(1–2):97–105. 18. . [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address or provide any information regarding the impact of using pathogens for pest control on beneficial insects. Instead, it discusses various studies related to RNA interference in insects, which is unrelated to the claim made about the effects on beneficial insects.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Bees play a critical role in pollination, supporting food production and biodiversity. [SEP] Text: 41 Bezabih G, Gebretsadikan K. Managed honeybees (Apis mellifera L. ) increase onion (Alliun cepa) seed yield and quality. 2014; 26(1) [ 42 Crane E. Bees and Beekeeping: Science, practice and world resources. Associates (Press) 1990. 43. Role and economic benefits of honey bees’ pollination on fruit yield of wild apple (Malus sylvestris (L. ) Mill. ) in central highlands of ethiopia. 2018; 95(4): 113-6. CrossRef 44 Gebremedhn H, Tadesse A. Effect of honeybee (Apis mellifera) pollination on seed yield and yield parameters of Guizotia abyssinica (L. f. ). 2014; 9(51): 3687-91. [ 45 Pollination effect of honey bees, Apis mellifera L. (Hymenoptera: Apidae) on apple fruit development and its weight. 2012; 1(2): 1-5. [ 46 Çolak. The effect of honeybee pollination on productivity and quality of strawberry. J 2017; 32(2): 87-90. [ 47 Bareke T, Addi A. Effect of honeybee pollination on seed and fruit yield of agricultural crops in Ethiopia. 2019; 4(5): 205-9. CrossRef 48. Global growth and stability of agricultural yield decrease with pollinator dependence. 2011; 108(14): 5909-14. CrossRef PubMed 49. Avoiding a bad apple: Insect pollination enhances fruit quality and economic value. Environ 2014; 184(100): 34-40. CrossRef PubMed 50 ía N, Pereira A, Vaissiére EB, Garibaldi AL. The impact of honeybee colony quality on crop yield and farmers’ profit in apples and pears. Environ 2017; 248: 153-61. CrossRef 51. The value of honey bees as pollinators of US crops in 2000. Magazine, Published by the 2001; 1-5. 52 Commonwealth of Australia. Honey: The future of the Australian honey bee and pollination industries. House of Committee on 2008. 53 -Mueller K. Economic benefit of crop pollination by bees: A case of Kakamega small-holder farming in western Kenya. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by providing multiple studies demonstrating the critical role of honeybees (Apis mellifera) in increasing seed yields and the quality of various crops, such as onion, wild apple, and strawberry. For example, the effect of honeybee pollination on agricultural yields in Ethiopia highlights the economic benefits and the productivity of fruits, indicating their necessity for food production and biodiversity.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Mental health awareness aims to reduce stigma around mental health conditions. [SEP] Text: New ideas about heritability combined with this view to lead to the belief that insanity was biologically determined, immutable, and a sign of “inferiority. ” Although charged with caring for people with mental illness, psychiatrists (or alienists, as they were also called) could be among the most virulent believers that these persons were “tainted” and “defective. ” For example, prominent British psychiatrist Henry Maudsley, after whom a major London psychiatric hospital is named, wrote repeatedly about the incurability of insanity and equated it with moral degeneracy and criminality. Reference Scull27The term “eugenics” was coined by British aristocrat (and cousin of Charles Darwin) in 1883 to describe a moral philosophy to improve human society. Influenced by his cousin’s writings and the belief that human traits were genetically inherited, he proposed that it would be to the betterment of society if people with the “healthiest” traits were encouraged to have more children with each other. The types of traits that most interested Galton were “genius,” “beauty,” “talent,” and “character”; he did not put much of an emphasis on insanity, and experienced at least two “nervous breakdowns” himself (descriptions of them are consistent with the interpretation that he experienced manic episodes). Reference Gillham28 However, his colleague Karl Pearson, after whom a major statistical analytic technique is named, linked “insanity” to degeneracy and bad character, and others were quick to agree. Reference Painter29Galton’s ideas soon enjoyed wide support in Britain and especially took off in the United States, where their popularity was probably linked to their appeal in providing “scientific” justification for racist and anti-immigrant sentiment. Rather than just focusing on increasing positive traits, American eugenicists ( Kellogg, of the breakfast cereal company, were two major adherents) also focused on the need to eliminate “defective” inherited traits, including “insanity,” “feeble-mindedness,” and “criminality” (see Figure 4). eugenicists also introduced a new idea for reducing the degree to which “defective” traits existed in the human gene-pool: forced sterilization. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing historical perspectives on mental illness that perpetuated stigma rather than reducing it. It highlights how figures like Henry Maudsley viewed insanity as a sign of moral degeneracy and linked it to 'defective' traits, which reinforces negative stereotypes rather than promoting awareness and understanding. Additionally, the discussion of eugenics and the focus on eliminating 'defective' traits further underscores the stigmatizing attitudes towards those with mental health conditions.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Some assert that using pathogens for pest control will never affect beneficial insects. [SEP] Text: Disruption of Spodoptera exigua larval development by silencing chitin synthase gene A with RNA interference. Res. 2008; 98(6):613–9. doi: 10. 1017/S000748530800593219. Tan A, Palli SR. Ecdysone [corrected] receptor isoforms play distinct roles in controlling molting and metamorphosis in the red flour beetle, Tribolium castaneum. Endocrinol. 2008; 291(1–2):42–9. doi: 10. 1016/j. mce. 2008. 05. 00620. -Vos M. RNA interference with the allatoregulating neuropeptide genes from the fall armyworm Spodoptera frugiperda and its effects on the JH titer in the hemolymph. J Insect Physiol. 2008; 54(6):997–1007. doi: 10. 1016/j. jinsphys. 2008. 04. 01921. . Functional analysis of the circadian clock gene period by RNA interference in nymphal crickets Gryllus bimaculatus. J Insect Physiol. 2009; 55(2):183–7. doi: 10. 1016/j. jinsphys. 2008. 11. 00522. . RNA interference as a method for target-site screening in the Western corn rootworm, Diabrotica virgifera virgifera. J Insect Sci. 2010; 10:162. doi: 10. 1673/031. 010. 1412223. . Silencing of two alternative splicing-derived mRNA variants of chitin synthase 1 gene by RNAi is lethal to the oriental migratory locust, Locusta migratoria manilensis (Meyen). Mol Biol. 2010; 40(11):824–33. doi: 10. 1016/j. ibmb. 2010. 08. 00124. Revuelta L, Ortego F, Díaz-Ruíz JR, Castañera P, Tenllado F, Hernández-Crespo P. Contribution of Ldace1 gene to acetylcholinesterase activity in Colorado potato beetle. Mol Biol. 2011; 41(10):795–803. doi: 10. 1016/j. ibmb. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text provided is a list of research articles related to RNA interference and its applications in pest control on specific insect species. It does not address the claim about the effects of using pathogens for pest control on beneficial insects, making it irrelevant to the discussion.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Sharks are one of the top causes of human deaths from animal attacks worldwide. [SEP] Text: , States; QS, Quacquarelli Symonds; of Food and Agriculture; of Agriculture; in Jordan IntroductionCurrent research practices in most Arab countries are not governed by nation-wide federal requirements nor do they involve research ethics (RE) training mandates. The situation in the country of Jordan is much similar to most Arab countries in that there are no RE education requirements for students and researchers regardless of research funding source [1]. In fact, these educational requirements have become increasingly essential, with federal agencies in countries that leads the scientific research, such as the of Health (NIH) of the (U. S. ), implementing such requirements for all individuals involved in research-based activities. The U. S. NIH requirement for education in the responsible conduct of research (RCR) [2] states that the practice of science with integrity involves “the awareness and application of established professional norms and ethical principles in the performance of all activities related to scientific research". Clearly, ethical behavior in science is valued, and it would follow that RE education is the modality for acculturating scientists to the accepted norms and conventions. In 1989, the NIH announced its first RCR educational requirement for selected NIH trainees [3]. Although increased cases of research misconduct may have triggered the federal requirements for RCR training [4,5], the desire to preserve the integrity of science and to foster a good research practices and a socially responsible community could arguably be another reason [6–10]. The educational requirements were expanded in 1992 and 2000 for the NIH [11,12] and by the Service (PHS) in 2000 ( The NIH updated its mandate for RCR training in 2009 [2] and, that same year, the Foundation (NSF) introduced an RCR requirement that called for “appropriate training and oversight in the responsible and ethical conduct of research" [13]. In 2010, the requirement went into effect, which required that institutions receiving NSF support have a plan for offering RCR education for all students/trainees (undergraduate, graduate, and postdoctoral) supported on NSF grants. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses research practices and ethics in the context of scientific research in Arab countries, without any mention of sharks or animal attacks. Thus, it does not corroborate or contrast with the claim regarding sharks and human deaths.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Depression and anxiety are among the most common mental health disorders globally. [SEP] Text: However, since the sample contained not only patients with depressive or anxiety disorders, the use of instruments that measure symptoms of depression and anxiety could have missed other aspects of distress that patients might endure. ConclusionPROM data is a valuable source of patient information. By aggregating PROM data with diagnostic and treatment registers using FMM, information about symptom-homogenous subgroups may be obtained. Informed by class results and clinically relevant covariates, a group of patients had lower levels of somatic symptoms of depression, and at the same time higher levels of functional impairment, and higher service use. Exposure to daily stressors or chronicity could be factors influencing these results. By linking PROM data with register data and applying FMM, this study shows the benefits of accounting for latent groups of patients and demonstrates a procedure for how to provide researchers, clinicians, and providers a more profound understanding of the mental health treatment-seeking population. AbbreviationsPROM: Patient-: : : Post-: : Obsessive-PHQ-9: The nine item Questionnaire-9 GAD-7: The seven item Disorder scale-7 WSAS: : with Robust standard errors CFA: : : of Approximation CFI: : Tucker-Lewis index AIC: : Criterion aBIC: sample size adjusted : Lo-Mendell-Rubin likelihood ratio test aLMR: adjusted Lo-Mendell-Rubin likelihood ratio test BLRT: approval and consent to participate Informed consent was obtained electronically from all participants. This study complies with the 7th revision of the Declaration of Helsinki, and with the laws and regulations in Norway. It was approved by the regional committee for medical and health ethics, REK Midt-Norge (REK 2019/31836). Further, the for has approved the project (NSD 2020/605327). A data protection impact assessment has been conducted in collaboration with NSD. Consent for publication Not applicable. Availability of data and materials Data are available from the corresponding author upon reasonable request. Competing interests The authors declare none. access funding is provided by of Science and Technology. Authors' contributions All authors participated in designing the study. MB and FA did statistical analyses. MB prepared the first draft of the manuscript, and all authors participated in revising and approving the final manuscript. applicable. 2019. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not directly address the prevalence of depression and anxiety as mentioned in the claim. Instead, it discusses the methodology and findings of a study exploring various aspects of mental health treatment-seeking populations without specifically corroborating or contrasting the claim about the commonality of these disorders.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Some assert that using pathogens for pest control will never affect beneficial insects. [SEP] Text: 2011. 06. 00125. . Long-term effect of systemic RNA interference on circadian clock genes in hemimetabolous insects. J Insect Physiol. 2013; 59(4):494–9. doi: 10. 1016/j. jinsphys. 2013. 02. 00926. -. Effects of chitin synthase double-stranded RNA on molting and oogenesis in the Chagas disease vector Rhodnius prolixus. Mol Biol. 2014;51:110–21. doi: 10. 1016/j. ibmb. 2013. 12. 00627. 'anna. Functional evaluation of Proteins 70 (HSP70/HSC70) on Rhodnius prolixus (Hemiptera, Reduviidae) physiological responses associated with feeding and starvation. Mol Biol. 2016; 77:10–20. 28. . Prolonged gene knockdown in the tsetse fly Glossina by feeding double stranded RNA. Biol. 2009; 18(1):11–9. 29. . RNA interference-mediated knockdown of a cytochrome P450, CYP6BG1, from the diamondback moth, Plutella xylostella, reduces larval resistance to permethrin. Mol Biol. 2009; 39(1):38–46. 30. -Foster D, Paldi N. Large-scale field application of RNAi technology reducing Israeli acute paralysis virus disease in honey bees (Apis mellifera, Hymenoptera: Apidae). PLoS Pathog. 2010; 26(12):e1001160. doi: 10. 1371/journal. ppat. 1001160. 31. Lü ZC, Wan FH. Using double-stranded RNA to explore the role of heat shock protein genes in heat tolerance in Bemisia tabaci (Gennadius). J Exp Biol. 2011; 214(Pt 5):764–9. 32. . Different functions of the insect soluble and membrane-bound trehalase genes in chitin biosynthesis revealed by RNA interference. PLoS One. 2010; 5(4):e10133. doi: 10. 1371/journal. pone. 001013333. . Development of an RNA interference tool, characterization of its target and an ecological test of caste differentiation in the eusocial wasp polistes. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses various studies and applications of RNA interference in insects without addressing the specific assertion about the impact of pathogens on beneficial insects. It does not provide any information that supports or contradicts the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Protein is essential for muscle repair and growth. [SEP] Text: Effect of protein/essential amino acids and resistance training on skeletal muscle hypertrophy: A case for whey protein Download PDF Download eeOpen access Published: 17 June 2010 Effect of protein/essential amino acids and resistance training on skeletal muscle hypertrophy: A case for whey protein Hulmi1, Lockwood2 & Stout2 Nutrition & Metabolism 1. 4-1. 5 g/kg bodyweight/day). Conversely, in older males, the effects of PRO/EAA supplementation on exercise adaptation have been less clear. Verdijk et al. [36] reported no effect of casein versus a non-energetic placebo when consumed before and after resistance exercise in older men, and Godard et al. [34] showed no effect of 12 weeks of combined resistance training and low-dose EAA ingestion in older males. Similarly, Kukuljan et al. [38] reported no significant between-group differences in older males involved in 18 months of resistance training or with those also consuming fortified milk twice daily. Main effects for time were, however, noted for subjects in the milk plus exercise group for increases in lean mass and muscle cross-sectional area. Therefore, the long-term data thus far would appear to support the occurrence of a more robust MPS [39, 40], or possibly altered MPB response from PRO/EAA ingestion in younger populations than older. However, this difference may not always exist, at least with large doses of PRO ingestion [41]. Katsanos et al. [39] showed that older individuals may require a higher absolute dose of leucine to effectively stimulate MPS. Additionally, PRO source and/or form may significantly affect the MPS response observed in older subjects [10]. It is evident that more long term studies comparing healthy younger and older subjects are needed, as are more studies in healthy female populations. However, the few available studies involving females seems to suggest that PRO ingestion is comparably effective within this population as in healthy young males [32]. It must also be noted that a large variability exists to resistance training only, at least in previously untrained subjects [42]. Therefore, any effect of PRO/EAA supplementation within previously untrained subjects may be overshadowed by a large standard error of means. This may be especially true when the intervention is of short duration and/or sample sizes are small. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the role of protein and essential amino acids (EAA) in promoting skeletal muscle hypertrophy, particularly in conjunction with resistance training. It mentions that protein ingestion supports muscle protein synthesis (MPS), which is crucial for muscle repair and growth, especially in younger populations. Though the text also indicates variability in response among older males and acknowledges the need for more studies, the overall focus on protein's essential role in muscle adaptation supports the claim.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Early intervention can improve outcomes for many mental health conditions. [SEP] Text: In particular, we did not demonstrate a sustainable recruitment rate and participant compliance was suboptimal at <60% in the early intervention group and <70% in the controls. Pre-eclampsia and emergency caesarean section were signalled as potentially suitable outcome measures. The strength of this study is that it was conducted across two geographically distant centres in NZ, and thus the feasibility of conducting a multicentre study and recruiting in ethnically diverse populations were assessed. The major limitation was the low recruitment rate, providing fewer data for interpretation that in turn could incorrectly guide us in planning a future definitive trail. The low numbers meant that some covariates were not well balanced between the treatment groups, but as the outcome measures of this study were related to feasibility and not to clinical outcomes the mismatch was less important. Although we conclude that the protocol of this feasibility study was not suitable for a definitive trial, we do not know with certainty that our recommend protocol changes (below) are feasible. Factors influencing our recruitment rate included an unforeseen change in the HbA1c assay in Auckland, which greatly reduced the number of referrals of potentially eligible women. We predicted that ~2%–4% of the birthing population would be eligible, whereas since the conclusion of this study, prospective laboratory data from Auckland indicate that only ~1. 2% are eligible. Further only 0. 9% of the birthing population (~80% of potential recruits) were referred. Recruitment was also hampered by the limits placed on the gestation of eligibility. However, extending the gestation of eligibility to 20 weeks’ may result in too small a difference between groups with respect to the onset and duration of the intervention, potentially masking any benefit of early intervention. An option for a definitive trial would be to extend the gestation of eligibility and perform subgroup analysis of outcomes by gestation at recruitment. Recruitment rates were particularly low in Māori and Pacific women. We assessed the characteristics of women who declined to participate to see if we captured a representative cohort of our population, as we want the results of a definitive study to be generalisable across NZ. Non-European women in NZ have a higher rate of prediabetes12 and Māori and Pacific women in particular have a greater risk of adverse pregnancy outcomes, thus, they may benefit the most from early intervention. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing low recruitment rates and challenges in implementing early intervention. It highlights that while some women may benefit from early intervention, the study notes significant barriers such as low participant compliance and unspecified limitations in measuring clinical outcomes. By indicating that the study did not demonstrate a sustainable recruitment rate and that factors limiting eligibility may mask the benefits of early intervention, it casts doubt on the claim about its efficacy in improving outcomes.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Some assert that using pathogens for pest control will never affect beneficial insects. [SEP] Text: PLoS One. 2011; 6(11):e26641. doi: 10. 1371/journal. pone. 002664134. . Silencing the ecdysone synthesis and signaling pathway genes disrupts nymphal development in the whitefly. Mol Biol. 2013; 43(8):740–6. 35. Mao J, Zeng F. Plant-mediated RNAi of a gap gene-enhanced tobacco tolerance against the Myzus persicae. Transgenic Res. 2014; 23(1):145–52. 36. . RNA interference of four genes in adult Bactrocera dorsalis by feeding their dsRNAs. PLoS One. 2011; 18:6(3):e17788. 37. . RNAi-mediated knockdown of the voltage gated sodium ion channel TcNav causes mortality in Tribolium castaneum. Sci Rep. 2016; 14: 29301. 38. and Zhang W. Developmental control of a lepidopteran pest Spodoptera exigua by ingestion of bacteria expressing dsRNA of a non-midgut gene. PLoS One 2009; 4:e6225. . RNA interference of the P450 CYP6CM1 gene has different efficacy in B and Q biotypes of Bemisia tabaci. Sci. 2015; 71(8):1175–81. 40. . Ingested RNA interference for managing the populations of the Colorado potato beetle, Leptinotarsa decemlineata. Sci. 2011; 67(2):175–82. 41. . Silencing of cytochrome P450 CYP6B6 gene of cotton bollworm (Helicoverpa armigera) by RNAi. Res. 2013; 103(5):584–91. 42. ña -. Genetically modifying the insect gut microbiota to control Chagas disease vectors through systemic RNAi. . 2015; 12:9(2):e0003358. 43. Molnár árallyay E, Lacomme C, et al. Plant virus-derived small interfering RNAs originate predominantly from highly structured single-stranded viral RNAs. J Virol 2005; 79:7812–8. 44. . Silencing the HaHR3 gene by transgenic plant-mediated RNAi to disrupt Helicoverpa armigera development. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim directly. It discusses various research studies related to RNA interference and genetic modifications for pest control, which may or may not implicate beneficial insects. However, it does not provide any explicit information or argument about whether the use of pathogens for pest control affects beneficial insects, rendering it irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Protein is essential for muscle repair and growth. [SEP] Text: Similarly, though some body composition methods commonly used to report changes in fat-free mass - dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry or air displacement plethysmography - can accurately track changes, their respective total statistical error of measure may be too large to assess small, but significant changes between groups/interventions [43]. Such considerations should be accounted for in future trials to increase statistical power and reduce the probability of type II error confounding study conclusions. PRO/EAA ingestion may enhance recovery from heavy resistance exerciseSeveral studies support the use of EAA or PRO, when supplemented within the context of exercise, to enhance recovery of muscle function as measured ~1-4 days after heavy exercise [44–49] and to decrease proxy markers of muscle damage or soreness [44–48]. Though increased EAA availability may simply provide a more robust anabolic environment, enhanced recovery may also be explained, in part, by EAA's possible anti-catabolic effect of decreasing whole body myofibrillar protein degradation in the days following strenuous exercise [50]. However, more direct evidence is needed to support the hypothesis that inhibiting catabolism improves recovery and adaptations from heavy exercise. Interestingly, EAA concentration alone likely cannot entirely explain the improved rate of recovery for measures of peak isometric torque observed by Buckley et al. [46]. Specifically, when previously untrained subjects consumed either 25 g WPI or 25 g of its extensive hydrolysate (WPH), peak isometric torque was fully recovered by 6 hours post-fatiguing eccentric exercise for subjects consuming the WPH, whereas recovery was still significantly depressed by 24 hours post-exercise in both the WPI and placebo groups [46]. However, no differences between groups were observed for muscle soreness or proxy measures of muscle damage (e. g. , creatine kinase) for up to 24 hours post-exercise. Thus, more research needs to be conducted to assess changes over a greater time period. In the case of whey PRO or its hydrolysates, whether consumed in the absence or presence of carbohydrate, one explanation may be that whey provides a post-exercise insulin response [51, 52] (or augments the response from carbohydrate) such that NPB can be slightly smaller and glycogen resynthesis occurs more rapidly; thus, the recovery from exercise may be enhanced. Power et al. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing how the ingestion of protein (specifically, essential amino acids or EAA) may enhance recovery from heavy resistance exercise, which supports the idea that protein is important for muscle repair. It notes that several studies indicate EAA or protein supplementation can improve muscle function recovery and reduce markers of muscle damage following exercise. This implies that protein plays a critical role in the recovery and growth of muscle tissue post-exercise.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Early intervention can improve outcomes for many mental health conditions. [SEP] Text: -19 PreprintsProtocolsVideosJournalsTools & a 10. 21203/rs. 3. rs-41156/v1This work is licensed under a CC BY 4. 0 LicenseStatus:PostedVersion 1posted You are reading this latest preprint versionAbstractBackground: Improving the effectiveness of health interventions is a major challenge in public health research and program development. A large body of literature found low or no impact of health education and promotional interventions, especially in low- and middle-income countries. Objectives: To develop a conceptual framework in support of intervention designs of preventive health behavior improvement programs and outcomes. Methods: An overview of systematic and scoping reviews along with empirical literature was conducted to assess the limitations of preventive health education and promotion interventions using water, sanitation, and hygiene (WASH) programs and outcomes as examples. Results: We analyzed the limitations of the less effective or ineffective field interventions cited in peer-reviewed 11. BackgroundIncreasing the effectiveness of interventions focused on improving preventive health behavior is a the major challenge in public health research and program development (1) due to the complex nature and context dependency of these behaviors (2–4). Intervention programs typically require a change in behavior among the members of a treatment group (e. g. , individual, household) to improve preventive health behaviors and health outcomes (5). Behavior change interventions may be minimally effective or ineffective due to inappropriate experiment and treatment design, the influence of contextual factors (3), or unobserved events, especially in low- and middle-income countries (6–9). In interventions focused on preventive health behavior, we have noticed three distinct concerns regarding low or no treatment and intervention effects. First, intervention approaches implicitly assume that all treated individuals or households are identical and have similar mental models or cognitive capacities; this increases the likelihood of sample imbalance and bias in outcome estimates (10). Sample balance tests frequently disregard behavioral or cognitive factors (11) but do consider observable socioeconomic and demographic characteristics (e. g. , income, wealth) and, sometimes, knowledge levels regarding health behaviors. Second, behavior change interventions require a long time period (12), and treatment effects wane over time after single-treatment-based interventions (13). Third, the treatment groups’ exposure to the intervention does not vary or repeat throughout the study period (14). These three elements can, in combination, be a significant intervention-related source of poor health behaviors and outcomes. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the effectiveness of health interventions, particularly noting that many health education and promotional interventions lack impact, especially in low- and middle-income countries. It emphasizes that interventions often require behavior change among treated individuals to be effective, but highlights concerns regarding sample imbalance and bias in outcome estimates, suggesting that interventions may often be minimally effective or ineffective.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Some assert that using pathogens for pest control will never affect beneficial insects. [SEP] Text: Biol Sci. 2013; 9(4):370–81. 45. 1,. The insect ecdysone receptor is a good potential target for RNAi-based pest control. Biol Sci. 2014; 10(10):1171–80. 46. . Silencing of an aphid carboxylesterase gene by use of plant-mediated RNAi impairs Sitobion avenae tolerance of Phoxim insecticides. Transgenic Res. 2014; 23(2):389–96. 47. . Silencing the HaAK gene by transgenic plant-mediated RNAi impairs larval growth of Helicoverpa armigera. Biol Sci. 2015; 11(1):67–74. 48. . Persistence and transgenerational effect of plant-mediated RNAi in aphids. J Exp Bot. 2015; 66(2):541–8. 49. Swevers L, Smagghe G. Use of RNAi for control of insect crop pests. In: Arthropod-Plant Interactions, and Approaches for IPM, Progress in Biological Control,. G. Smagghe & I. Diaz (Eds. ), 2012; Springer-Verlag, Dordrecht, pp 177–197. 50. Hajós ár P, Varjas L, de Kort CA, Závodszky P, Vlak JM. Dissecting insect development: baculovirus-mediated gene silencing in insects. Biol. 1999;8(4):539–44. 51. (2003) Use of Sindbis virus-mediated RNA interference to demonstrate a conserved role of Broad-Complex in insect metamorphosis. 100: 15607–15612. 52. . Environmental RNAi in herbivorous insects. RNA (New York, N. Y. ). 2015; 21: 840–50. PMID 25802407 DOI: 10. 1261/rna. 048116. 11453. . Reduced stability and intracellular transport of dsRNA contribute to poor RNAi response in lepidopteran insects. RNA Biol. 2016; 13(7):656–69. doi: 10. 1080/15476286. 2016. 119172854. and Han Z. Variation in RNAi efficacy among insect species is attributable to dsRNA degradation in vivo. Mol Biol. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is largely a collection of scientific references related to pest control methods and RNA interference in insects. It does not address or provide any arguments about whether using pathogens for pest control affects beneficial insects. Therefore, it is irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Protein is essential for muscle repair and growth. [SEP] Text: [52] showed that 45 g of WPI or its extensively hydrolyzed WPH yielded similar rates of gastric emptying when consumed by healthy adults under fasted conditions. However, 3-hour area under the curve and peak insulin response for the WPH was found to be 43% and 28% greater than for WPI, respectively. Similarly, Morifuji et al. [53] reported that rat skeletal muscle glycogen concentrations were significantly greater two hours after completing a glycogen-depleting exercise bout when carbohydrate+WPH was consumed immediately post-exercise (CHO+WPH > CHO+WPI ≈ CHO+BCAA > CHO+CPH ≈ CHO; and CPH refer to carbohydrate, branched-chain amino acids, and casein PRO hydrolysate, respectively). Interestingly, Morifuji et al. [54] identified several BCAA-containing dipeptides from hydrolysis of the whey fraction, beta-lactoglobulin, that were shown to significantly increase glucose uptake in L6 myocytes and glycogen concentrations in isolated skeletal muscles. Whether these results can be duplicated in humans and can be achieved in response to heavy resistance training remains to be seen. Mechanisms underlying the effects of PRO/EAA ingestion on MPS and recoveryHigh-quality PRO such as whey effectively stimulates the synthesis of myofibrillar and sarcoplasmic protein fractions in muscle under resting conditions and in response to resistance exercise [9]. Possibly the most important component of high-quality PRO may be its large concentration of BCAAs. Specifically, BCAAs [55, 56] appear to elicit similar mTOR signaling as occurs in response to intact whey [37] and casein hydrolysate [57] when provided in the context of a bout of resistance exercise. However, based upon animal and cell culture studies, only leucine is required to induce protein synthesis [58–60] and mTOR signaling [61]. In vivo human studies are needed to validate this hypothesis. The precise mechanism by which amino acids activate mTOR may involve increased intracellular Ca2+, which in turn activates a class III PI3 kinase human vacuolar protein sorting 34 (hVps34) [62]. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the effects of protein (PRO), specifically whey protein (WPI and WPH), on muscle protein synthesis (MPS) and recovery in response to resistance exercise. It states that high-quality protein effectively stimulates the synthesis of myofibrillar and sarcoplasmic protein fractions in muscle, indicating its importance for muscle repair and growth. Additionally, it highlights the role of branched-chain amino acids (BCAAs) in eliciting signaling pathways (like mTOR) that are crucial for muscle protein synthesis.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Mental health awareness campaigns often include resources for support and treatment. [SEP] Text: These functions may focus on providing social support, reducing isolation, and helping women to effectively navigate healthcare systems. Understanding the range of possible processes through which informal peer support functions may help to identify scalable, systematic ways to improve perinatal mothers’ engagement and adherence with formal treatment whilst also sustaining recovery post-treatment. We therefore aimed to investigate women’s experiences of mental health support during the perinatal period and the role that peer support had in those experiences. Additionally, we sought to examine and contrast women’s barriers to accessing peer support versus formal support and investigated the adjunctive roles informal peer support served alongside formal perinatal mental health. Using qualitative methods, we asked, “What are women’s experiences of peer support in receiving mental health peer support during the perinatal period? ”Methodwere 25 mothers residing in the of England and South Wales. Individuals were eligible for the study if they were 18 years of age or older, currently engaged with peer support or had been within the last 3 years, had experienced a mental health problem that caused them distress and/or affected their functioning while they were either pregnant or in the first postnatal year, and were able to speak and understand English. Women who were actively psychotic or substance dependent were excluded from participation. Participants were recruited either via third-sector organisations or Facebook groups. Non-profit organisations working with women matching our inclusion criteria emailed women details of the study and informed consent documents, or provided them with links to a Facebook group that advertised study details and arranged focus groups or invited individuals to participate. Snowballing strategies, with participants referring other participants, were also used. approval was received by the University of Exeter (eCLESPsy000150). Written informed consent was obtained from all participants. All methods were performed in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki guidelines and regulations. A qualitative interview guide was developed by the research team following a review of the literature, researcher discussion (HOM, clinical psychologist), and input from stakeholders (a non-profit provider and a woman who had used perinatal mental health and peer support services). Semi-structured Interviews were conducted in either four face-to-face focus groups (n=18), or, for those individuals unable or unwilling to attend the focus groups, six individual interviews were conducted. Interviews lasted between 40 minutes to 1 hour. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by emphasizing that the study is specifically focusing on peer support during the perinatal period, rather than on formal treatment and resources provided by mental health awareness campaigns. Additionally, it discusses barriers to accessing peer support versus formal support, indicating that the scope of the study goes beyond just mental health awareness campaigns and resources. This implies that while peer support is being explored, it does not directly validate the claim about mental health awareness campaigns including resources for treatment.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Some assert that using pathogens for pest control will never affect beneficial insects. [SEP] Text: 2016; 77:1–9. 55. Kolliopoulou A, Swevers L. Functional analysis of the RNAi response in ovary-derived silkmoth Bm5 cells. Mol Biol. 2013; 43:654–63. DOI: 10. 1016/j. ibmb. 2013. 05. 00156. . Bombyx mori DNA/RNA non-specific nuclease isoforms: expression in insect culture cells, subcellular localization and functional assays. J Insect Physiol. 2012; 58(8):1166–76. doi: 10. 1016/j. jinsphys. 2012. 05. 01657. Hajeri S, Killiny N, El-. Citrus tristeza virus-based RNAi in citrus plants induces gene silencing in Diaphorina citri, a phloem-sap sucking insect vector of citrus greening disease (Huanglongbing). J Biotechnol. 2014 20;176:42–9. doi: 10. 1016/j. jbiotec. 2014. 02. 01058. . Engineered chloroplast dsRNA silences cytochrome p450 monooxygenase, V-ATPase and chitin synthase genes in the insect gut and disrupts Helicoverpa armigera larval development and pupation. J. 2015; 13(3):435–46. doi: 10. 1111/pbi. 1235559. ández-Martínez and Dyson PJ. Symbiont-mediated RNA interference in insects. 2016; 283:20160042. 60. . Oral RNAi to control Drosophila suzukii: laboratory testing against larval and adult stages. J Pest Sci. (2016); 89: 803. doi:10. 1007/s10340-016-0736-961. . Oral delivery of double-stranded RNA in larvae of the yellow fever mosquito, Aedes aegypti: implications for pest mosquito control. J Insect Sci. 2013; 13:69. doi: 10. 1673/031. 013. 690162. . Chitosan/DsiRNA nanop8. 63. . Efficient siRNA delivery into primary cells by a peptide transduction domain–dsRNA binding domain fusion protein. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text provided discusses various studies related to RNA interference and pest control methods but does not address the specific claim about the impact of using pathogens on beneficial insects. Therefore, it is irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Protein is essential for muscle repair and growth. [SEP] Text: In the activation of mTOR by amino acids, Rag GTPases [63, 64], Rheb [65] and MAP kinase 4 [66] may also be utilized. In theory, enhanced exercise recovery due to PRO/EAA ingestion may also be partially explained by the results of a recent study in older adults. Just one week of a low protein diet (0. 5 g/kg b. w. /d) decreased several transcript levels in muscle that relate positively to cell proliferation, and increased transcript levels that negatively regulate cell proliferation [67]. Moreover, gene expression of cyclin-dependent kinase 2 (cdk2), a factor that positively affects cell proliferation [68, 69] and animal size [69], has been shown to increase in humans after acute and chronic bouts of resistance exercise, but only when whey PRO is ingested around training times [20, 70]. Regardless of the cellular mechanisms positively affected by exercise and PRO/EAA ingestion, enhanced recovery enables greater training volume [71]. Increased training volume alone may support increased muscle hypertrophy. As more studies assessing the effects of PRO/EAA at the cellular level are conducted, a viable theory will likely surface to more directly address these issues. Effect of PRO/EAA timing on MPS and skeletal muscle hypertrophyPRO/EAA intake immediately following or immediately before and after resistance exercise, as opposed to nutrient ingestion at times distal to exercise, has been reported in some studies to be more beneficial for promoting muscle hypertrophy in both previously untrained [21] and trained subjects [22]. As has been speculated (see review: [72]), one reason for the timing effect may be increased skeletal muscle circulation, and thus nutrient transport during and for a short period following exercise. Thus, there seems to exist an enhanced time-window for the uptake of amino acids and glucose into muscle [2, 73–75]. If true, this appears to occur concomitantly within the time period when MPS has the greatest elevation in response to exercise [76] and may explain why early nutrient timing after exercise seems to be especially beneficial in increasing MPS (see Burd et al. [77]). It may be possible, however, that timing of nutrient ingestion does not always significantly affect resistance training adaptations. This may be the case at least for some PRO sources or for PRO in the absence of carbohydrates. As evidence, a recent 10-week study by Hoffman et al. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the importance of protein and amino acids for muscle repair and growth, particularly in relation to muscle protein synthesis (MPS) and recovery after exercise. It emphasizes that protein ingestion around training times enhances muscle hypertrophy and recovery, which directly supports the claim that protein is essential for muscle repair and growth.