Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Social support is crucial for mental health and resilience. [SEP] Text: Books and journals Case studies Publish with us Advanced search Health through Social Support: Building positive and (Repper is at. ) and : 2042-8308 104. Publisher: Copyright © 2015, Whether we work in mental health services or struggle with our own mental health – or that of a family member – we are all aware of the importance of friends and the challenges of making and keeping friends in times of distress. In our practice we are so often challenged by people who say “I just want a girl/boyfriend” or “I can’t go out and do stuff because I don’t want to do it on my own […]”. Family members tell us that they are worried that this person spends all their time alone, does not go anywhere to make friends, refuses to contact old friends or go out. And for myself, I know that at my lowest, I find it difficult to call on friends because I do not want to burden them, I cannot imagine why anyone would want to see me. I have not the capacity to listen to them and I know that I will either speak obsessively about my own feelings or I would not have the energy to even talk. Friends are important, they can offer emotional support, practical help, advice, understanding – and helping us to achieve understanding – of what is going on, they help us to define ourselves, our value and our identity, they connect us with other activities, opportunities, roles and relationships. Indeed it is increasingly recognised that loneliness and isolation carry a mortality risk greater than that of obesity and physical inactivity and on a par with smoking (Holt-Lunstad et al. , 2010). In 2004, Mind reported that 84 per cent of respondents who had used mental health services in the UK felt isolated compared with 29 per cent of the general population. Data from the Office for (2013) shows that people facing mental health challenges are more socially isolated than any other group of disabled people. With these challenges in mind, I was delighted to receive a book on improving mental health through social support and more than willing to review it. was inspired to explore everyday support for people “disadvantaged by their experience of mental health problems” by his experience of working alongside such folk over ten years teaching horticultural skills in a voluntary sector organisation. He recognised the inadequacy of medical and psychological approaches to explain or guide the development of positive and empowering relationships outside services. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by emphasizing the importance of friends and social connections in mental health. It discusses how friendships offer emotional support, practical help, and a sense of identity, which is vital for individuals facing mental health challenges. It also highlights that loneliness and isolation can significantly impact mortality, suggesting that social connections are not only beneficial but necessary for maintaining mental well-being.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: All space missions are environmentally sustainable with no pollution. [SEP] Text: Nevertheless, Stockholm has higher degree of the implementation of applied technology solutions in data-driven city management in relation to environmental sustainability compared to Barcelona: The development of applied data-driven solutions for city operational functioning and city development planning in the area of energy and the environment. The establishment of city competences with respect to environmental education, research, innovation, and strategic planning and policy. In relation to number 4 in Fig. 8, Barcelona has invested in smart energy in terms of photovoltaic panels, thermal solar panels, and energy modernization. According to Noori et al. (2020), Barcelona Energia’s energy transition model has the mission of producing a 100% certified renewable energy supply plan through smart energy (Barcelona Self-sufficient 2014–2024). According to de Barcelona (2018), 73 projects for installing solar energy panels in the different parts of the buildings have been established as part of the Program for Promoting Solar-Energy Generation, in addition to the 87 solar energy installations already distributed around the city, as reported by Barcelona Energia. According to Sinaeepourfard et al. (2016), energy monitoring management includes two main categories installed in municipal buildings and solar thermal installations. The data on energy consumption are obtained from the sensors installed in the municipal buildings, and the solar thermal installation aids the city in understanding the solar thermal energy produced and consumed. The number of components, frequency of measure, frequency of sending and updating information, and some other information details are presented in Table 3. Table 3 Energy monitoring managementFull size table Concerning the local production of electricity by renewables, considered to be the first regulations of their kind to be enacted in Europe, Barcelona has required the use of solar water heaters by households since 2006, as well as new large buildings to produce their own domestic hot water since 2000 (Bibri and Krogstie 2020b). For a recent and detailed study on the renewables in Barcelona, the interested reader can be directed to Juniper (2020). On the whole, renewable energy systems are among the key data-driven smart solutions adopted by the City of Barcelona as to supporting its smart grid system. In addition, Barcelona is home to one of the larger electric vehicles (EV) charging networks among the five cities analyzed by Juniper (2020). Like Stockholm, EVs are rapidly gaining mindshare among consumers in Barcelona. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by focusing on the environmental sustainability efforts in the city of Barcelona, which includes the use of renewable energy systems and regulations requiring households and new buildings to produce their own domestic hot water. This context indicates that significant efforts are made in environmental sustainability, yet it does not address space missions directly. Thus, it suggests that while cities can implement sustainable technologies, such an assumption cannot be extended to space missions, which may not be environmentally sustainable or pollution-free.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Circadian rhythms are regulated by light-sensitive proteins. [SEP] Text: Contrary to this, some genetic data have also shown negative results for tumorigenesis in clock mutants when challenged with genotoxic stress. This indicates that the effect of circadian clock disruption on cellular response to DNA damage and cancer predisposition may depend on the mechanism by which the clock is disrupted and not on circadian dysregulation itself. However, overall the clock-cancer connection has gained some limited but consistent support from previous studies. is needed to reveal the mechanism behind the loss of circadian control which contributes to disease states at the organ and systemic levels. Finally, the circadian system may serve as a unique system for studying the mechanisms of cancer and for developing novel chronotherapeutic strategies to facilitate the treatment of cancer. Competing interests The authors declare that they have no competing interests. Authors' contributions SR and SM contributed equally for this review 10. 1038/417329a Reppert, SM; Weaver, DRCoordination of circadian timing in mammals Nature 418: 935–941, DOI: [PubMed] Hastings, MH; Reddy, AB; Maywood, ESA clockwork web: circadian timing in brain and periphery, in health and disease Neurosci 4: 649–661, DOI: [PubMed] Morse, D; Sassone-Corsi, PTime after time: inputs to and outputs from the mammalian circadian oscillators 25: 632–637, DOI: [PubMed] Lowrey, PL; Takahashi, JSMammalian circadian biology: elucidating genome-wide levels of temporal organization Genet 5: 407–441, DOI: [PubMed] Kondratov, RV; Gorbacheva, VY; Antoch, MPThe role of mammalian circadian proteins in normal physiology and genotoxic stress responses 78: 173–216. full_text. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not directly address the claim regarding the regulation of circadian rhythms by light-sensitive proteins. Instead, it discusses the effects of circadian clock disruption on cancer predisposition and the connection between the circadian system and disease states. Since the text does not correlate with the claim about circadian rhythm regulation, it is categorized as irrelevant.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Social support is crucial for mental health and resilience. [SEP] Text: He brings an accessible sociological approach to develop a broad and human(e) understanding of the formal and informal “social support that arises out of the network of friends, family and acquaintances such as neighbours and work colleagues, surrounding an individual”. The book provides a comprehensive analysis of the interactions between mental health problems and social relationships. It articulates the cyclical effect of self-stigmatisation combined with the cognitive and emotional effects of mental health problems on the individuals’ behaviour in relation to others who are also influenced by their pre-conceptions of mental illness and their experiences of relationships with others who have mental health problems. These dynamics can both impair the reciprocal nature of relationships and it can erode the pattern of friendships so that they are displaced or neglected and all too quickly fade away. Leach draws on the personal accounts of people with mental health problems to illustrate the meaning, nature and value of friendships, the need for altruism at times and the two way benefits of relationships even when one party is at their most distressed and might appear to give no return. (initially baulked at the notion of “one way” friendships, I can see that there may be times when it feels this way – to both people involved. ) He demonstrates the importance of social support in every domain of our lives – family, work, education and in communities and goes on to define ways in which social support can be offered and accepted in these domains. This is a helpful, informative and timely book. However, there are some aspects of social support that are glossed over. acknowledges the shortcomings of relationships that are over prescriptive or offer unwelcome or inaccurate advice, I wonder whether evidence of unhelpful social support, damaging relationships and the value of isolation needs to be included. I also feel that the barriers facing professionals in promoting, facilitating and supporting social relationships need to be explored and debated further. Hitherto, professionals have been wary of connecting people with shared interests, common goals and ambitions in case they bring additional burden and stress for each other (implicitly by virtue of having mental health problems). Fear of breaching confidentiality lies at the core of this. If we introduce two people who appear to have similar wishes and could potentially benefit from company in, for example joining a club, going to the cinema or doing an activity together then where do we stand if the relationships turns out to be exploitative or damaging? [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the importance of social support for mental health. It highlights how social relationships, through networks of friends, family, and colleagues, can impact mental health problems. Leach emphasizes that social support is significant in various life domains such as family, work, and education. The text explains that meaningful social interactions can provide reciprocal benefits even in distressing situations, thereby reinforcing the claim that social support is crucial for mental health and resilience.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: All space missions are environmentally sustainable with no pollution. [SEP] Text: However, smart grid technologies that go hand-in-hand with renewables, such as solar, wind, wave, hydro and geothermal power, are required due to the energy demands of the massive adoption of EVs. This raises the question of how renewable energy should be integrated with the existing grid at scale, and therefore, storage solutions are required, so are mechanisms for decentralized energy generation, sharing, and sale. The IoT can enable new mechanisms for trade on the basis of supply and demand in the energy market. The role of policy in smart sustainable grids and buildings The vision of smart grids proposed by the two cities has triggered a broad range of research, development, and demonstration projects that aim to facilitate the development and modernization of their power grid on the basis of modern technologies. This is justified by the benefits of smart grids, which allow for monitoring, analysis, communication, and control within the energy supply chain to help optimize energy efficiency, curb energy usage conserve energy, maximize the transparency and reliability of the energy supply chain, and decrease costs. Concerning the latter, new data from (2020) has found that the development of smart grids will result in citizens saving $14 billion per annum in energy bills by 2022. This is up from the $3. 4 billion saving estimated for 2017, resulting from smart meter rollouts, energy-saving policies, and sensing technology to improve grid reliability and efficiency. Considering the above benefits, the development of smart grids has resulted from the emergence of new policies in Stockholm and Barcelona, which are essentially concerned with supporting projects of smart grid technologies; subsidizing projects that accelerate efficiency technology adoption; allowing decentralization of energy production; encouraging energy production from renewable sources; promoting multiplication of grid distribution networks; and subsidizing renewable energy integration in power distribution network. The successful implementation of these policies has been essential to addressing barriers to the deployment of smart grids and to meet the emerging challenges, such as climate change, energy security, equity concerns, and privacy protection. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by emphasizing the need for new technologies and policies in energy management, indicating that while there are advancements in energy efficiency and renewable energy integration, they are necessary to address significant environmental challenges like climate change and energy security. Thus, this implies that current practices, including space missions, may produce environmental challenges rather than being entirely sustainable.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Circadian rhythms are regulated by light-sensitive proteins. [SEP] Text: ; Zumbrunn, G; Fleury-Olela, F; Preitner, N; Schibler, URhythms of mammalian body temperature can sustain peripheral circadian clocks 12: 1574–1583, DOI: [PubMed] Bartness, TJ; Song, CK; efferents to peripheral tissues: implications for biological rhythms J 16: 196–204. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim directly and instead mentions mammalian body temperature and peripheral circadian clocks without providing any information about the regulation of circadian rhythms by light-sensitive proteins.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Social support is crucial for mental health and resilience. [SEP] Text: However, we now have much greater opportunity to support the development of friendships and the social support borne out of community integration for those with whom we work. Leach describes the potential benefits of social prescribing in primary care (enabling people to join social groups, clubs and activities of their choice); of personal health budgets and self-directed care. He could go much further than this. As we have seen from papers published in this journal, there are increasing examples of people using mental health services to form peer led, peer run communities, networks and movements and access community activities. “Recovery Rocks” in (Waegeli, 2014) fosters recovery within a peer community and “Prosper” in (Barrett et al. , 2014) offers a self-directed network and movement of over 150 people that is continuously influenced and changed by the skills and energy of its members. in (Walters, 2015) develops community partnerships and co-funds creative projects designed to provide supportive, creative opportunities in communities that enable people to reach their potential and live well in those communities. These are part of a larger social movement in which people with mental health problems are actively creating opportunities for themselves, with others who share similar experiences, to do the things they want to do in their own communities (geographical, cultural, with common interests, backgrounds and ambitions). Whilst these may begin with a strong focus on peer support amongst those with mental health problems, there is clearly evidence that they lead on to extending networks, friendships, valued roles and identities alongside others with similar interests and goals – rather than similar backgrounds and past experiences. Added to this, the development of (Perkins et al. , 2012), where people can learn with and from each other about their own conditions and ways in which they can move on, has led to the overwhelming finding that the main benefit is not so much what they learn about their condition, but about how they perceive themselves, their potential and their value. They develop lasting friendships with fellow students – based on shared experiences, shared interests and shared ambition, just as anyone else would when they attend college. And these relationships take them into the world beyond mental health services, achieving recovery together. So whilst I recommend this book to everyone working in mental health services because it really does provide a convincing account of the importance and benefits of social support. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by emphasizing the importance of social support in mental health recovery and resilience. It discusses how community integration and peer-led initiatives create opportunities for social support, which can lead to the development of friendships, valued roles, and improved self-perception. The mention of projects such as 'Recovery Rocks' and 'Prosper' illustrates how social support networks foster recovery and enable individuals to interact positively with others, thus aligning with the claim that social support is crucial for mental health.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: All space missions are environmentally sustainable with no pollution. [SEP] Text: Policy remains more important than technology to smart sustainable cities. Most of the data-driven smart solutions that are being rolled out are only plasters that fail to address the wider environmental issue of climate change. This implies that policy must be put into place to maximize the benefits of such solutions through more effective measures. Specifically, smart sustainable cities should have a set of specific policies to ensure that progress is made in any area of environmental sustainability where innovative solutions need to be implemented. With reference to SRS, the smart sustainable city “is fundamentally dependent on the initiative by and interest of other actors—that developers see it as relevant to install smart metering devices, that energy companies see it as relevant to provide information about energy use to their customers, that inhabitants see it as relevant to equip their homes with ‘smart’ appliances—and, moreover, that the initiatives of these actors in some way are coordinated so that they can in fact support each other. Otherwise there is a risk that technology is not implemented all the way” (Kramers et al. 2016, p. 99). Policy has a primary role in aligning and mobilizing different stakeholders in the same direction. As stated by Bibri (2019f), political processes represent the set-up under which dynamic networks of urban actors can interact within diverse urban sectors in the development, diffusion, and utilization of knowledge and technology pertaining to data-driven solutions in the context of smart sustainable urbanism. Furthermore, to avoid the failure of the enabling potential of the IoT and big data technologies for improving energy efficiency and hence minimizing the impacts of energy consumption on the environment, it is important to strategically analyze and holistically design policies to ensure that the implementation of data-driven smart solutions make a concrete contribution to the environment. The new policies that aim to encourage or require the use of advanced ICT to mitigate climate change should be evaluated carefully in terms of their ability to absolutely reduce GHG emissions, not merely to slow down their rate of increase. Appropriate policy frameworks can provide the incentives needed to act and innovate to curb energy use and alleviate pollution levels. However, policy tools should include both incentives and prohibitions through a mixture of regulation, co–regulation and self–regulation; top–down and bottom–up approaches to policy development and implementation; and governance arrangements that engage all stakeholders in their roles as citizens and consumers. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the role of policy in addressing environmental issues, suggesting that current technological solutions may only apply superficial fixes to broader problems. It highlights that without proper policy frameworks and stakeholder engagement, technologies meant to facilitate environmental sustainability may not actually reduce pollution or climate impacts. This implies that the assertion of space missions being environmentally sustainable and free from pollution is overly simplistic and does not consider the necessity of sound policy and governance to achieve such aims.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Circadian rhythms are regulated by light-sensitive proteins. [SEP] Text:  Saigoh, N; Saigoh, K; Ptacek, LJ; Fu, YHFunctional consequences of a CKI delta mutation causing familial advanced sleep phase syndrome Nature 434: 640–644, DOI: [PubMed] Eide, EJ; Vielhaber, EL; Hinz, WA; Virshup, DMThe circadian regulatory proteins BMAL1 and Cryptochromes are substrates of casein kinase Iε J 277: 17248–17254, DOI: [PubMed] Yang, Y; Cheng, P; Liu, YRegulation of the Neurospora circadian clock by casein kinase II 16: 994–1006, DOI: [PubMed] Yang, Y; Cheng, P; He, Q; Wang, L; Liu, YPhosphorylation of protein by casein kinase II is necessary for the function of the Neurospora circadian clock Biol 23: 6221–6228, DOI: [PubMed] Lin, JM; Kilman, VL; Keegan, K; Paddock, B; Emery-Le, M; Rosbash, M; Allada, RA role for casein kinase 2α in the Drosophila circadian clock Nature 420: 816–820, DOI: [PubMed] Lin, JM; Schroeder, A; Allada, RIn vivo circadian function of casein kinase 2 phosphorylation sites in 25: 11175–11183, DOI: [PubMed] Akten, B; Jauch, E; Genova, GK; Kim, EY; Edery, I; Raabe, T; Jackson, FRA role for CK2 in the Drosophila circadian oscillator 6: 251–257, DOI: [PubMed] Iitaka, C; Miyazaki, K; Akaike, T; Ishida, NA role for glycogen synthase kinase-3β in the mammalian circadian clock J 280: 29397–29402, DOI: [PubMed] Yin, L; Wang, J; Klein, PS; Lazar, MANuclear receptor Rev-erbα is a critical lithium-sensitive component of the circadian clock Science 311: 1002–1005, DOI: [PubMed] Harada, Y; Sakai, M; Kurab [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not provide information that directly supports or contradicts the claim about circadian rhythms being regulated by light-sensitive proteins. Instead, it lists various studies related to circadian regulatory proteins and their functions, but does not specifically address the role of light-sensitive proteins in the regulation of circadian rhythms.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Social support is crucial for mental health and resilience. [SEP] Text: The mental health of family caregivers: do the complementary roles of personality trait, social support, and resilience matter? Ike1, Nwufo1, Adubi1 DOI: 10. 5603/pmp. 99443 Abstract Background: Caregivers form an integral informal workforce that is usually overlooked, undervalued, and faces challenges such as maintaining optimal well-being and caring roles. This present study investigated the roles of personality, social support, and resilience in the mental health of family caregivers. Participants and methods: The study based on self-report measures of the and Questionnaire adopted a descriptive cross-sectional design. The participants in the study were 250 caregivers. Hierarchical multiple regression was used for data analysis. Results: Results showed that the dimensions of the big five personality traits neuroticism (β = −0. 15, p < 0. 05), extraversion (β = 0. 16, p < 0. 05), openness to experience (β = 0. 17, p < 0. 05), conscientiousness (β = 0. 15, p < 0. 05) and agreeableness (β = 0. 13, p < 0. 05) significantly associated with family caregivers’ mental health. In addition, social support (β = 0. 13, p < 0. 05) and resilience (β = 0. 13, p < 0. 05) were positively associated with the mental health of caregivers. Conclusions: Families, providers of health care, hospital management, and policymakers in the health care sector should take cognizance of these endogenous and exogenous factors (e. g. , social support, personality traits, and resilience) in the development of intervention and support services for both existing and potential health caregivers. This is pertinent since their mental health is dependent on the positive correlation among these variables of interest. Keywords: personality traitssocial supportresiliencefamily caregivers 1969. A systematic review of the association between coping strategies and quality of life among caregivers of children with chronic illness and/or disability. BMC Pediatr. 2019; 19(1): 215–237. : an implementation of an evidence-based caregiver program. Gerontologist. 2018; 58(2): e130–e137. The impact of both spousal caregivers' and care recipients' health on relationship satisfaction in the Effects Study. J Health Psychol. 2019; 24(12): 1744–1755. . [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by presenting empirical data indicating that social support has a positive association with the mental health of caregivers (β = 0. 13, p < 0. 05), thereby highlighting its importance for mental health and resilience.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: All space missions are environmentally sustainable with no pollution. [SEP] Text: In connection with the study conducted to evaluate the energy efficiency potential in the City of Stockholm mentioned earlier, Shahrokni et al. (2014b) found that the least energy-efficient buildings in the city are those built between 1926 and 1945 in contradiction to commonly held beliefs, and the large number of buildings constructed between 1946 and 1975 have poor energy performance. Their findings indicate the need for a shift in public policy towards the buildings with highest retrofitting potential. This applies to Barcelona as well. Indeed, to enable the full enabling potential of advanced iCT requires designing and implementing a number of policies. These include rewarding the best–in–class buildings’ owners and operators; incentivizing operators to retrofit their buildings, providing funding schemes to owners to invest in BMS, subsidizing design and district development projects supporting energy efficiency technology adoption; developing energy efficiency building assessment tools; regulating the application of automation measures in the construction of buildings, developing strategic alliances between city governments and industries, and so froth. Environmental monitoring: air and noise pollution to 2018 Index (EPI), Sweden stood out for high scores in air quality among the world’s five most environmentally friendly countries (Buder 2019). leads in Sweden given its progressive environmental performance and strong environmental policy. of Stockholm has made substantial efforts towards meeting its climate change commitments, including a GHG emission target of 3 t per capita by 2020 and making SRS a candidate of Initiative’s Program (Shahrokni et al. 2014b). SRS as a world–class environmental city district has set three ambitious environmental goals (2020): 1. To reduce CO2 emissions from 4. 5 t in 2008 to a level below 1. 5 t per inhabitant by 2020. 2. To be fossil fuel–free and climate + by 2030. 3. To be adapted to a changed climate, i. e. , increasing precipitation. One of the key strategies of the environmental program for SRS to achieve the aforementioned energy goals is “resource efficiency and climate responsibility” (2020). The focus of this strategy is to develop SRS as a district that strives for a fossil-fuel-free and low-resource future. Energy flows are designed to minimize environmental and climate impacts. In addition, the local production of electricity through solar panels is required due to the awareness that GHG emissions in Stockholm mostly come from heating (42%) and electricity (20%) (Bibri 2020a). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing environmental sustainability and pollution in the context of urban energy efficiency and climate change commitments, rather than space missions. It highlights that cities like Stockholm are striving for goals such as reducing CO2 emissions and being fossil fuel-free, which indicates that environmental impacts need to be managed. This implicitly suggests that activities like space missions may not be environmentally sustainable, contradicting the claim that all space missions are free of pollution.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Circadian rhythms are regulated by light-sensitive proteins. [SEP] Text: ayashi, N; Hirota, T; Fukada, YSer-557-phosphorylated mCRY2 is degraded upon synergistic phosphorylation by glycogen synthase kinase-3β J 280: 31714–31721, DOI: [PubMed] Lamia, KA; Sachdeva, UM; DiTacchio, L; Williams, EC; Alvarez, JG; Egan, DF; Vasquez, DS; Juguilon, H; Panda, S; Shaw, RJ; Thompson, CB; regulates the circadian clock by cryptochrome phosphorylation and degradation Science 326: 437–440, DOI: [PubMed] Vieira, E; Nilsson, EC; Nerstedt, A; Ormestad, M; Long, YC; Garcia-Roves, PM; Zierath, JR; Mahlapuu, MRelationship between AMPK and the transcriptional balance of clock-related genes in skeletal muscle Metab 295: 1032–1037, DOI: Partch, CL; Shields, KF; Thompson, CL; Selby, CP; Sancar, APosttranslational regulation of the mammalian circadian clock by cryptochrome and protein phosphatase 5 103: 10467–10472, DOI: [PubMed] Rivers, A; Gietzen, KF; Vielhaber, E; Virshup, DMRegulation of casein kinase Iε and casein kinase Iδ by an in vivo futile phosphorylation cycle J 273: 15980–15984, DOI: [PubMed] Cegielska, A; Gietzen, KF; Rivers, A; Virshup, DMAutoinhibition of casein kinase Iε (CKIε) is relieved by protein phosphatases and limited proteolysis J 273: 1357–1364, DOI: [PubMed] Eide, EJ; Woolf, MF; Kang, H; Woolf, P; Hurst, W; Camacho, F; Vielhaber, EL; Giovanni, A; Virshup, DMControl of mammalian circadian rhythm by CKIε-regulated proteasome-mediated PER2 degradation Biol 25: 2795–2807, DOI: [PubMed] Shirogane, [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not directly address the claim regarding circadian rhythms and light-sensitive proteins. It discusses various studies and proteins involved in the regulation of circadian rhythms, but it does not confirm or deny the claim specifically about light sensitivity. Therefore, it is deemed irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Social support is crucial for mental health and resilience. [SEP] Text: Caregiving for older adults and the caregivers’ health: an epidemiologic review. Rep. 2016; 3(1): 72–80. Psychological distress and burden of care among family caregivers of patients with mental illness in a neuropsychiatric outpatient clinic in Nigeria. PLoS One. 2021; 16(5): e0250309. . Informal caregiving and its impact on health: a reappraisal from population-based studies. Gerontologist. 2015; 55(2): 309–319. . The intersection of family caregiving and work: labor force participation, productivity, and caregiver well-being. Work. 2019: 399–413. Changing structures and processes to support family caregivers of seriously ill patients. J Palliat Med. 2018; 21(S2): S36–S42. Community versus family support in caregiving of older adults: implications for social work practitioners in South-East Nigeria. Family. 2021; 25(2): 152–173. Family caregivers' awareness and perceived access to formal support care services available for older adults in Enugu State, Nigeria. Soc Work. 2022; 12(2): 12–27. Quality of life and mental health in mothers and fathers caring for children and adolescents with rare diseases requiring long-term mechanical ventilation. . 2020; 17(23): 8975. . Family care, social services, and living arrangements factors influencing psychosocial well-being of elderly from selected households in Ibadan, Nigeria. Intern. 2011: 1–6. Challenges faced by informal caregivers of patients in a Nigerian hospital and implications for social work. J Soc Work. 2022; 22(5): 1189–1206. Exploring the benefits of respite services to family caregivers: methodological issues and current findings. Health. 2017; 21(3): 224–231. . Mental health and well-being of caregivers: a review of the literature. Indian Psychol. 2016; 3(4): 98–105. CrossRef Hernández- Mental health and well-being of university students: a bibliometric mapping of the literature. Front Psychol. 2020; 11: 1226. önig HH, Hajek A. Consequences of different types of informal caregiving for mental, self-rated, and physical health: longitudinal findings from the Survey. Res. 2018; 27(10): 2667–2679. . [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim as it discusses multiple aspects of caregiving and the associated psychological distress among caregivers, indicating the importance of social support in maintaining mental health. For instance, it highlights the burden of care among family caregivers and mentions community versus family support in caregiving, which implies that social support systems are critical for the well-being of caregivers, aligning with the broader assertion that social support is essential for mental health.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: All space missions are environmentally sustainable with no pollution. [SEP] Text: However, there are a number of barriers to adopting data-driven smart solutions and realizing the full opportunity of GHG emissions reductions, especially in relation to buildings. However, the use of ICT in the SRS project pertains mainly to its role in and potential for reaching the environmental targets set by the SRS district as part of the digital city plan developed for this purpose (Bibri and Krogstie 2020a; Kramers et al. 2016). In short, it is largely associated with environmental planning. The interview showed that the database systems for collecting the environmental data on SRS were secured and used to inform the residents about different aspects of energy and GHG emissions. The strategic implementation of ICT was brought in to SRS by the environmental program for the City of Stockholm, which requires the district to be smart in the area of environmental sustainability (Bibri 2020a, b). Among the smart sustainable solutions implemented by SRS are the establishment of digitalized monitoring and feedback processes (e. g. , the IoT and visualization) (2017). With respect to the IoT, one of Stockholm’s main domains is air pollution, in addition to smart grids, smart lighting, smart traffic, and environmental policies. The small–scale tests performed within the different areas of the city to see if smart technologies work have been converted into pilot projects within these domain (Johansson 2018). With respect to air pollution, the sensors connected to the city’s Wi-Fi network report in real-time the air pollution level concentrated in particular urban environments and provide real-time information about the air quality in the city. The IoT has great potential to improve air quality. This is usually achieved by deploying and setting up stations for environmental monitoring across the city, as well as mounting sensors on bike wheels and cars for measuring the air quality. The collected data can be used to make inferences about the quality of the air. Then the outcome can be transferred to the decision-making unit for implementing pollution preventive measures to remove different types of pollutants detrimental to public health. The air quality monitors are operated by regulatory agencies, citizens, as well as researchers to investigate the air quality and the effects of air pollution. Commonly, the interpretation and analysis of ambient air monitoring data involves a consideration of the spatial and temporal representativeness of the data gathered, and the health effects or risks associated with the exposure to the monitored levels. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing various aspects of environmental monitoring and pollution in urban settings, particularly in relation to air quality. It highlights that initiatives to improve air quality exist due to pollution, thus implying that pollution is indeed a concern even in smart sustainable projects. The mention of air quality monitoring and the need for preventive measures to address pollutants suggests that pollution is a reality that is being managed, contradicting the claim that all space missions are environmentally sustainable with no pollution.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Circadian rhythms are regulated by light-sensitive proteins. [SEP] Text:  T; Jin, J; Ang, XL; β- TRCP controls clock-dependent transcription via casein kinase 1-dependent degradation of the mammalian period-1 (Per1) protein J 280: 26863–26872, DOI: [PubMed] Cardone, L; Hirayama, J; Giordano, F; Tamaru, T; Palvimo, JJ; Sassone-Corsi, PCircadian clock control by SUMOylation of BMAL1 Science 309: 1390–1394, DOI: [PubMed] microarray analyses of circadian timing: the genomic basis of biological time J Neuroendocrinol 15: 991–1002, DOI: [PubMed] Hunt, T; Sassone-Corsi, PRiding tandem: Circadian clocks and the cell cycle Cell 129: 461–464, DOI: [PubMed] Matsuo, T; Yamaguchi, S; Mitsui, S; Emi, A; Shimoda, F; Okamura, HControl mechanism of the circadian clock for timing of cell division in vivo Science 302: 255–259, DOI: [PubMed] Fu, L; Pelicano, H; Liu, J; Huang, P; Lee, CThe circadian gene Period2 plays an important role in tumor suppression and DNA damage response in vivo Cell 111: 41–50, DOI: [PubMed] Oishi, K; Miyazaki, K; Kadota, K; Kikuno, R; Nagase, T; Atsumi, G; Ohkura, N; Azama, T; Mesaki, M; Yukimasa, S; Kobayashi, H; Iitaka, C; Umehara, T; Horikoshi, M; Kudo, T; Shimizu, Y; Yano, M; Monden, M; Machida, K; Matsuda, J; Horie, S; Todo, T; Ishida, NGenome-wide expression analysis of mouse liver reveals CLOCK-regulated circadian output genes J 278: 41519–41527, DOI: [PubMed] Nyberg, KA; Michelson, RJ; Putnam, CW; Weinert, TAToward maintaining the genome: DNA damage and replication checkpoints Genet 36: 617–656, DOI: [ [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not provide relevant information about the regulation of circadian rhythms by light-sensitive proteins. Instead, it references various studies without directly addressing the claim regarding light-sensitive proteins' role in the regulation of circadian rhythms.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Social support is crucial for mental health and resilience. [SEP] Text: Impact of informal caregiving on caregivers' subjective well-being in China: a longitudinal study. Health. 2023; 81(1): 209–227. . Distinct impacts of high intensity caregiving on caregivers' mental health and continuation of caregiving. Rev. 2017; 7(1): 15. Personality traits and dimensions of mental health. Sci Rep. 2023; 13(1): 7091. Do big five personality traits moderate the effects of stressful life events on health trajectories? Evidence from the health and retirement study. . 2021; 76(1): 44–55. The relationship between big five personality and social well-being of chinese residents: the mediating effect of social support. Front Psychol. 2020; 11: 613659. . Personality in adulthood. Guilford Press. 2003. Personality and psychological well-being among cancer caregivers at the Uganda cancer institute and mbarara regional referral hospital. . 2022; 5(3): 62–75. . Big five personality traits and predicting mental health among Iranian older adults. Med. 2022; 8(2): 1–10. CrossRefPubMed Löckenhoff Five-factor personality traits and subjective health among caregivers: the role of caregiver strain and self-efficacy. Psychol Aging. 2011; 26(3): 592–604. van Lieshout CFM, van Aken MAG. Relations between big five personality characteristics and perceived support in adolescents' families. J Psychol. 2004; 86(4): 615–628. Hope uniquely predicts objective academic achievement above intelligence, personality, and previous academic achievement. J Res Personal. 2010; 44(4): 550–553. CrossRef Muñoz--Mota S, et al. Relationship of perceived social support with mental health in older caregivers. . 2020; 17(11): 3886. . When is received social support related to perceived support and well-being? When it is needed. Differ. 2015; 77: 97–105. Family relations, social connections, and mental health among Latino and Asian older adults. Res Aging. 2015; 37(2): 123–147. . Informal and formal social support and caregiver burden: the AGES caregiver survey. J Epidemiol. 2016; 26(12): 622–628. CrossRefPubMed Kort-Butle LA. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text supports the claim by discussing various studies that examine the relationship between social support and mental health outcomes. For example, it references the relationship of perceived social support with mental health in older caregivers and suggests that social connections play a critical role in psychological well-being. The mention of informal and formal social support along with caregiver burden further emphasizes the importance of social support in maintaining mental health.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: All space missions are environmentally sustainable with no pollution. [SEP] Text: pollutants as atmospheric substances—especially anthropogenic—have negative impacts on the environment, as well as pose a high environmental risk to human health, so too is noise pollution, both direct and indirect. Noise pollution denotes harmful outdoor sound with road traffic being the greatest contributor. The demand for the smart systems that monitor the quality of the environment has increased due to the elevation of pollutants in the atmosphere The escalating urbanization trend leads to the environmental degradation of the air. Nevertheless, new and emerging technologies allow a real-time tracking of the various substances in the air and applying preventive measures in a timely manner. For a city to have the best air quality, it must significantly reduce GHG emissions from its energy and transport sectors, and to become zero-carbon. According to the Program for Barcelona, the city has to achieve a significant objective: the definition of a new development model for a healthy and hyper-connected city with zero emissions “where the environment, urban planning, and ICT infrastructures are fully integrated” and characterized by “productive neighborhoods at a human pace” (Mora and Bolici 2016, p. 4). Many recent studies on Barcelona focus on the impacts of energy consumption on the environment, control over transport flows and their effects on the noise level, and car exhaust gases (Bibri and Krogstie 2020b; Nikitin et al. 2016). In Barcelona, the solutions devised for control over air pollution entail the analysis of the data collected from sensors on the level of air pollution in the different districts of the city to alleviate it. And the solutions devised for noise pollution control involve the analysis of the data collected from sensors on the level of noise pollution for planning of work to reduce it. The environment monitoring system is based on the data automatically collected from the sensors installed across the city. It has been implemented in the framework of a pilot project, and allows users to collect data about the noise level, air pollution, temperature, and humidity by special sensors, which are transmitted via Wi-Fi network in real-time mode to social centers (Nikitin et al. 2016). The recorded data is used to analyze the effects of the measures taken or the impact of the solutions adopted to improve the environmental conditions of the city, compile further programs for environment protection, and identify the areas where further actions are to be undertaken (Bibri and Krogstie 2020b). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the negative impacts of pollutants and environmental risks, asserting that pollution, including noise and air pollution, is a significant concern. It emphasizes the necessity for cities to track and reduce pollutants, which contradicts the idea of space missions being entirely environmentally sustainable.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Circadian rhythms are regulated by light-sensitive proteins. [SEP] Text: PubMed] Sancar, A; Lindsey-Boltz, LA; Unsal-Kacmaz, K; Linn, SMolecular mechanisms of mammalian DNA repair and the DNA damage checkpoints Biochem 73: 39–85, DOI: [PubMed] Hogenesch, JB; Panda, S; Kay, S; Takahashi, JSCircadian transcriptional output in the SCN and liver of the mouse Symp 253: 171–180. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not provide any information directly supporting or contradicting the claim about circadian rhythms and light-sensitive proteins. It mentions DNA repair mechanisms and circadian transcriptional output but does not elaborate on the regulatory role of light-sensitive proteins in circadian rhythms.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Social support is crucial for mental health and resilience. [SEP] Text: Social support theory: The encyclopaedia of juvenile delinquency and justice. Wiley Blackwell. 2017: 819–823. . Social networks and mental health among older Europeans: are there age effects? Ageing. 2015; 12(4): 299–309. Structural equation modeling of parkinson's caregiver social support, resilience, and mental health: a strength-based perspective. Int. 2020: 7906547. . Depression, social support, and mental health: a longitudinal mediation analysis in custodial grandmothers. Dev. 2016; 82(2–3): 166–187. Resilience level, its determinants and its effect on psychological well-being: A cross-sectional evaluation among school-going adolescents of Patna, Bihar, India. Med J. 2022; 29(1): 29–35. . The role of ego control and ego resiliency in the organization of behavior. In: Collins WA. ed. symposium on child psychology. Development of cognition, affect, and social relations, Hillsdale NJ 1980: 89–101. Feldman R. Social behavior as a transdiagnostic marker of resilience. Clin Psychol. 2021; 17(1): 153–180. . Indicators of resilience in family members of adults with serious mental illness. North Am. 2015; 38(1): 131–146. CrossRefPubMed Raosoft. Size Calculator. Raosoft, Inc. 2004:. (30. 11. 2023). John OP, Srivastava S. Five trait taxonomy: history, measurement, and theoretical perspectives. In:. ed. Handbook of personality: theory and research. 2nd ed. Guilford, 1999: 102–138. Gender differences, personality traits and mental health among secondary school adolescents in Enugu, Nigeria. Dis J. 2015; 4(41): 83–146. The multidimensional scale of perceived social support. J Personal Ass. 1988; 52(1): 30–41. Informal caregiving burden and perceived social support in an acute stroke care facility. Life Outcomes. 2018; 16(1): 57. . Development and psychometric evaluation of the resilience scale. J Nurs Meas. 1993; 1(2): 165–178. . Role of resilience and quality of life among caregivers of intellectually challenged children and adolescents in a dwindling economy. J Resourcefuland Distinction. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text provides multiple references and studies indicating the significant role of social support in mental health and resilience. For instance, titles such as 'Structural equation modeling of parkinson's caregiver social support, resilience, and mental health: a strength-based perspective' and 'Depression, social support, and mental health: a longitudinal mediation analysis in custodial grandmothers' imply a direct link between social support and mental health outcomes. Thus, the text corroborates the claim by highlighting various perspectives on the importance of social support in enhancing mental health and resilience.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: All space missions are environmentally sustainable with no pollution. [SEP] Text: From a technical perspective, the Sentilo platform, as mentioned earlier, collects the city data provided by the network of sensors for city management. Up till 2016, there were almost 1800 sensors installed as part of the Sentilo platform in Barcelona, monitoring data about different areas, including noise monitoring (Sinaeepourfard et al. 2016). Noise monitoring management detects any kind of noise and acoustic pollution data using about 50 sensors deployed in the city and installed in seven different urban areas. The number of components, frequency of measure, frequency of sending and updating information, and some other information details are presented in Table 4. The smart noise control solution implemented in Barcelona enables to optimize and centralize the collection, integration, processing, and dissemination of information by the noise sensors of different suppliers and sound level meters distributed throughout the city (Bibri and Krogstie 2020b). Table 4 Noise monitoring managementFull size table As stated by Sinaeepourfard et al. (2016), air monitoring is part of urban lab monitoring management, which provides a variety of services related to the air, temperature, humidity, and other transportation issues. The active sensors recording the relative and appropriate information for the services are spread in the different zones of Barcelona for obtaining the accurate data for services. Table 5 presents only the data for the air quality. The sensors provide real-time information about the air quality in the city. Table 5 Airmonitoring managementFull size table However, due to the challenges of enacting environmental monitoring, the collection of information of various types about the state of the environment does not guarantee a maximized effect of the use of this information. This opens up wide prospects for further developing environmental monitoring technologies and enhancing their applications in the future. The current challenge lies in the effective integration of multiple environmental data sources originating from different environmental networks and institutions, which requires specialized observation equipment, tools, techniques, and models to establish air pollutant concentrations at different spatial and temporal scales. Among the technologies implemented in Barcelona for environmental monitoring include: (CMAQ) modeling system, Real-time Index (AQI), NMMB/BSC-OMI (Instrument), (ANN) to forecast PM10 daily concentration (Nikitin et al. 2016). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the challenges of environmental monitoring and pollution management within urban areas, such as Barcelona. It highlights that despite the efforts to monitor air quality and other environmental factors, there are complexities in effective integration of environmental data and the acknowledgement that monitoring does not guarantee the elimination of pollution. This suggests that not all activities related to technological deployment, which may include space missions, can be considered environmentally sustainable.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Circadian rhythms are regulated by light-sensitive proteins. [SEP] Text: full_text. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not provide any relevant information regarding the regulation of circadian rhythms or the role of light-sensitive proteins. As a result, it is considered irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Social support is crucial for mental health and resilience. [SEP] Text: 2019; 17(1): 1–15. Psychometric properties of the positive mental health scale (PMH-Scale). BMC Psychol. 2016; 4(8): 27–39. . Quality of life and associated factors among family caregivers of individuals with psychiatric illness at 2020. Sci Rep. 2022; 12(1): 18550. . M (2009). Introduction to probability and statistics. Belmont, CA: Brooks/Cole, 2009. . The five-factor theory of personality. In:. ed. Handbook of personality: Theory and research 2008; 3rd ed. 2008: 159–181. . Neuroticism and depressive symptoms among spouse caregivers: do health behaviors mediate this relationship? Psychol Aging. 2003; 18(3): 587–592. Personality traits, quality of life and perceived health in adolescents with congenital heart disease. Psychol Health. 2013; 28(3): 319–335. Model personality traits and all-cause mortality in the Study cohort. Psychosom Med. 2009; 71(6): 631–641. . The big five personality traits, perfectionism and their association with mental health among UK students on professional degree programmes. BMC Psychol. 2020; 8(1): 54. . Self-determination theory and the facilitation of intrinsic motivation, social development, and well-being. Am Psychol. 2000; 55(1): 68–78. . The correlation of social support with mental health: a meta-analysis. Electron Physician. 2017; 9(9): 5212–5222. CrossRefPubsite uses cookies We use cookies on our website. We use them to ensure the proper functioning of the site and, if you give us your consent, for purposes we set, such as analytics or marketing. We would like to ask your permission to store them on your device. We will not run optional cookies until you have enabled them yourself. If you would like to learn more about how cookies work and how we process personal data related to them, please visit our page Allow all Reject all Allow selection About cookies Necessary cookies Allways active These cookies are necessary for the proper display and operation of the website. Blocking them may cause the website to malfunction. Analytical cookies As part of our website, we use analytical tools, such as Google Analytics, that allow us to verify website traffic. These tools may require the use of cookies. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text includes a reference to a meta-analysis on the correlation of social support with mental health, which inherently supports the claim that social support is crucial for mental health and resilience. The mention of this analysis implies that there is a researched link between social support and the well-being of individuals, thus corroborating the claim.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: All space missions are environmentally sustainable with no pollution. [SEP] Text: 2015a, b) it is based on: the integration of high-quality (up to real-time), siloed, heterogenous data streams in urban environments; high temporal resolution in the sense of processing energy and material flows in a real-time calculation engine to provide real-time data on energy consumption, GHG emissions, water consumption, material consumption, and waste production; high spatial resolution in the sense of simultaneously providing the UM on several levels of urbanism, from the city down to the household; and the continuous illustration of energy and material flows to city officials, organizations, and citizens through real-time feedback (visualizations) tailored to each stakeholder level, from the household to the urban district. Smart sustainable cities are increasingly utilizing urban dashboards in the operations and management tasks of their complex UM. These intelligent systems aid in monitoring the dynamics of the city, integrating numerous sensors and big data analysis technologies with the aim of optimizing the infrastructures and services of the city and maintaining its robustness. However, important to note is that the focus of this paper is on energy flows and related environmental issues. These flows, detailed in Table 6, are collected on the lowest level possible, starting at the household, then aggregated to the building level, and finally to the district level. Table 2 includes only local flows of energy related to electricity consumption, heating and cooling consumption, and on/site generation; fuel consumption; and on-side energy production as relevant to this paper. Table 6 Data sources for energy for developing SUM: Adapted from Shahrokni et al. (2015a)Full size tableShahrokni et al. (2015b) present the first implementation of SUM in the Smart Eco-City SRS R&D project, and further analyze some challenges and barriers to this implementation and discuss the potential long-term implications of the findings. Four key performance indicators (KPIs) are generated in real time based on the integration of heterogeneous, real–time data sources, namely: 1. Kilowatt–hours per square meter 2. Carbon dioxide equivalents per capita 3. Kilowatt–hours of primary energy per capita 4. Share of renewables percentage. These KPIs are fed back on three levels (household, building, and district) on four interfaces developed for different audiences. Table 7 provides an overview of current smart urban metabolism feedback metrics. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing energy flows and environmental issues related to urban areas, indicating that there are significant emissions and resource consumption involved. For instance, it mentions 'GHG emissions,' 'energy consumption,' and 'waste production,' which suggest the presence of pollution rather than the absence of it. The mention of monitoring these flows implies the recognition of environmental impacts, which directly opposes the assertion that all space missions are environmentally sustainable with no pollution.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Circadian rhythms are regulated by light-sensitive proteins. [SEP] Text: [PubMed] You, Z; Saims, D; Chen, S; Zhang, Z; Guttridge, DC; Guan, KL; MacDougald, OA; Brown, AM; Evan, G; Kitajewski, J; Wang, CYWnt signaling promotes oncogenic transformation by inhibiting c-Myc-induced apoptosis J 157: 429–440, DOI: [PubMed] Pucci, B; Kasten, M; Giordano, ACell cycle and apoptosis Neoplasia 2: 291–299, DOI: [PubMed] Evan, GI; Vousden, KHProliferation, cell cycle and apoptosis in cancer Nature 411: 342–348, DOI: [PubMed] Vafa, O; Wade, M; Kern, S; Beeche, M; Pandita, TK; Hampton, GM; Wahl, GMc-Myc can induce DNA damage, increase reactive oxygen species, and mitigate p53 function: a mechanism for oncogene-induced genetic instability 9: 1031–1044, DOI: [PubMed] Sheen, JH; Dickson, RBOverexpression of c-Myc alters G1-S arrest following ionizing radiation Biol 22: 1819–1833, DOI: [PubMed] Vafa, O; Wade, M; Kern, S; Beeche, M; Pandita, TK; Hampton, GM; Wahl, GMc-Myc can induce DNA damage, increase reactive oxygen species, and mitigate p53 function: a mechanism for ontogeny-induced genetic instability 9: 1031–1044, DOI: [PubMed] Roy, PG; Thompson, AMCyclin D1 and breast cancer Breast 15: 718–727, DOI: [PubMed] Gréchez-Cassiau, A; Rayet, B; Guillaumond, F; Teboul, M; Delaunay, FThe circadian clock component BMAL1 is a critical regulator of p21WAF1/CIP1 expression and hepatocyte proliferation J 283: 4535–4542, DOI: [PubMed] Antoch, MP; Kondratov, RVCircadian proteins and genotoxic stress response 106: 68–78, DOI: [PubMed] [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim about circadian rhythms and light-sensitive proteins. It primarily contains references to studies on oncogenic transformation, apoptosis, and related cancer biology, with no mention of circadian rhythms or the regulation of these rhythms by light-sensitive proteins.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Social support is crucial for mental health and resilience. [SEP] Text: ViewpointAmy Rayland1, MSc Jacob Andrews1,2,3, PhD 1of School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom2for Health and Co-operative, Institute of Mental Health, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom3for Health and of Mental Health, University of :for Health and Co-operativeInstitute of Mental HealthUniversity of 7 2TUUnited KingdomPhone: 44 1157484 218Email: jacob. andrews@nottingham. ac. ukAbstractAn increasing number of psychological interventions are shifting to online modes of delivery. One such intervention is peer-to-peer support, which in this context may provide internet users living with mental health disorders an opportunity to connect with and support others living with similar conditions. This paper presents a call for further research into how platforms such as Facebook could be used as channels for peer support and the mechanisms that may underlie their effectiveness. We discuss the background of peer support, how it has transitioned online, and consider theories and models that may have relevance. We also consider the importance of moderation within online peer support and the development of specific social network–based online interventions. We conclude that for social network sites to be used as peer-to-peer support interventions, more research is needed to understand their effectiveness, the role of moderation in these communities, and the mechanisms that produce the benefits experienced by users. 2023;10:e41855doi:10. 2196/41855Keywordspeer-to-peer support; Facebook; social networking sites; mental health; moderation IntroductionMental illness can be described as “health conditions that involve changes in emotions, thinking or behavior (or a combination of these)” [1]. Mental illnesses range from “common mental disorders” (CMDs), such as depression and anxiety, to psychotic and personality disorders [2]. Research indicates that 1 in 6 adults in England had a CMD in 2014 [3], and recent evidence suggests that the effects of the COVID-19 pandemic have exacerbated mental illness, with almost 1 in 5 adults in the experiencing some form of depression in 2021 [4]. Furthermore, 16% of children younger than 16 years were identified as having a probable mental health disorder in the same period [5]. Mental illnesses have a significant impact on quality of life, social functioning, work, and family activities. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the transition of peer support to online platforms and highlighting its importance for individuals with mental health disorders. It specifically mentions that peer-to-peer support can provide opportunities for connecting with others facing similar challenges, which supports the idea that social support contributes to mental health and resilience.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: All space missions are environmentally sustainable with no pollution. [SEP] Text: Nevertheless, the new SUM framework involves a number of long–term opportunities, including enabling a new understanding of the causalities that govern urbanism and allowing citizens and city officials to receive feedback on the consequences of their choices in a systematic way (Shahrokni et al. 2015b). Integrating and analyzing data from different city systems and domains to provide real-time feedback to such city stakeholders as planners, businesses, industries, organizations, institutions, and citizens can support decision making and generate new insights through making them aware of the effects of their actions. This is important to meet the vision of the real-time feedback as outlined in the city’s sustainability program for SRS, which represents the joint collaboration effort of utilities, developers, citizens, as well as the departments of the city (Kramers et al. 2016). DiscussionThe results have shown that smart grids, smart meters, smart buildings, smart environmental monitoring, and smart urban metabolism are the main data-driven smart solutions applied for improving and advancing environmental sustainability in both eco-cities and smart cities. Such solutions are increasingly being implemented within sustainable cities as part of their sustainable energy systems and within smart cities as part of their smart energy systems. Smart grids are considered as the backbone or anchor of smart cities. A number of studies on the overall relationship between ICT and climate change show that the positive effects of ICT on reducing GHG emissions result from increasing the efficiency and flexibility of energy production, distribution, and transmission (e. g. , GeSI 2008; Griffiths 2008; ITU 2007; MacLean and Arnaud 2008; EEF 2008; EICTA 2009; Reding 2008), and such effects increase more significantly when energy efficiency is combined with renewable energy sources (WWF, Pamlin and Pahlman 2008). Renewables continue to scale faster than expected. According to for the 21st Century (REN21) (2010), renewable energy capacity grew at annual rates of 10–60% worldwide for many renewable technologies. The levelised cost of renewables has come down to the point where build-out (work done to make energy systems ready for use or to expand them) have become cheaper than fossil fuels coupled to carbon capture and storage technology. This puts the emphasis on how renewable energy should be integrated with the power grid system at scale, and what this requires in respect to storage solutions as well as mechanisms for decentralized energy generation, sharing, and sale. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the environmental impacts of energy systems and the necessity to integrate renewable energy with power grids. It highlights that energy production and infrastructure can have implications for greenhouse gas emissions, indicating that not all activities, including possibly space missions, are devoid of environmental impacts. The emphasis on integrating renewable energy to reduce emissions demonstrates that sustainability is complex and cannot guarantee that all operations, such as space missions, align with the claim of being entirely sustainable with no pollution.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Circadian rhythms are regulated by light-sensitive proteins. [SEP] Text:  Riley, T; Sontag, E; Chen, P; Levine, ATranscriptional control of human p53-regulated genes Biol 9: 402–412, DOI: [PubMed] Mullenders, J; Fabius, AW; Madiredjo, M; Bernards, R; Beijersbergen, RLA large scale shRNA barcode screen identifies the circadian clock component ARNTL as putative regulator of the p53 tumor suppressor pathway PloS One 4: e4798. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses the p53 tumor suppressor pathway and mentions circadian clock components without establishing a connection to light-sensitive proteins regulating circadian rhythms.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Social support is crucial for mental health and resilience. [SEP] Text: Many of those living with mental illness have educational difficulties, being less likely to finish school or enter college [6]. This is compounded by social and relationship problems, vulnerability to abuse, and significant social stigma and discrimination. Aside from the individuals themselves, family members of those with a mental illness often take on caring responsibilities and experience chronic stress from the emotional burden of care. It is estimated that mental illnesses cost the UK economy at least £117. 9 billion (US $141 billion) annually (amounting to around 5% of the United Kingdom’s gross domestic product), with almost three-quarters of this being attributable to the loss of productivity and the costs associated with unpaid informal care [7]. As the demands for mental health services exceed physical resources, it is more important now than ever that individuals are able to access free and widely available support. The use of social media is widespread across the world, with use in developing countries exceeding that in developed countries [8]. The growth of social media has seen it being used for many different reasons, including communication, marketing, advertising, media sharing, and entertainment. More recently, as the widespread accessibility of the internet for clinical interventions has been noticed, there has been an increased interest in using social media to deliver online interventions for mental health. Facebook, as the most popular social media platform [9], provides all the necessary tools to make it a suitable location for peer-to-peer support groups. However, as this is an emerging area of research, little is known about the effectiveness of Facebook-mediated peer support or what potential mechanisms may underlie any behavioral and attitudinal changes observed as a result of its use. This viewpoint paper considers the background to peer support, how it is currently being used online, and the scope for Facebook to be used in this area, as well as suggesting some models and theories that may help to explain the mechanisms underlying effective online peer support. We suggest next steps in research to enable the development and rollout of online peer-to-peer support interventions for the benefit of those living with mental illness. SupportPeer support within mental health can be defined as support or services provided to individuals experiencing mental health problems by others who have experienced similar problems [10]. Peer support is not based on psychiatric models or diagnostic criteria but can be understood as an extension of the natural human tendency to respond compassionately to shared difficulty [11]. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the importance of social support in the context of mental health. It emphasizes the role of peer support and highlights the necessity for accessible support systems, particularly through platforms like Facebook, for individuals with mental illness. It also mentions that peer support is based on a natural human tendency to respond compassionately to shared difficulty, which aligns well with the claim that social support is vital for mental health and resilience.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: All space missions are environmentally sustainable with no pollution. [SEP] Text: Smart grid technologies provide numerous benefits associated with energy management, energy conservation, cost reduction, as well as the integration of alternative energy sources in power generation, transmission, and distribution systems in the context of smart cities and sustainable cities (e. g. , et al. 2015; Bibri 2018b, 2019b, 2020a; Brown and Zhou 2012/2014, 2013; Brown 2014; Ersue et al. 2014; Hashem et al. 2016; Kumar and Prakash 2016; Mohamed and Al-Jaroodi 2014; Kyriazis et al. 2014; Parello et al. 2014; Yin et al. 2013). They allow bi-directional energy flows and information between suppliers and consumers and provide data on real time usage and energy pricing. This in turn provides numerous advantages, including real time visibility, service reliability, control of cost and electricity usage, shift in peak load, capacity requirement of the grid, and energy production and sharing (prosumer). Similarly, smart building technologies have proven to be effective in curbing energy consumption (e. g. , Bibri 2018b; GeSI 2008; Kramers et al. 2014). They can provide a multifunctional role in energy efficiency and GHG emissions reductions through highly advanced automatic systems for efficient and natural lighting, temperature control, window and door operations, efficient electric appliances, and many other functions. BMS allows more efficient operation, keeps the building climate within a specified range, reduces energy consumption, decreases energy costs, and gurantees safety and security. The different methods of collecting information about the air quality and the presence of different harmful substances in the air have undergone major advances thanks to the IoT and the associated sensor networks. These are able in real time to gather data about the air condition in different parts of the city and transmit these data via a wireless connection to special analytical centers for further processing and analysis. Moreover, it is possible now to produce a comprehensive analysis of the obtained data, which enables the city authorities to observe the condition of the air and then forecasts about its pollution on the basis of such analysis based on sophisticated modelling and simulation systems. This is to effectively build a variety of preventive systems for environmental protection and to inform citizens and other city stakeholders about GHG emissions. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing various advanced technologies aimed at energy management and pollution monitoring, indicating that pollution is indeed a concern. It emphasizes the importance of real-time data collection about air quality and harmful substances, suggesting that environmental impacts, such as GHG emissions, are important issues that need monitoring and prevention, which directly contradicts the idea that space missions, or any missions, can be completely without pollution.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Circadian rhythms are regulated by light-sensitive proteins. [SEP] Text: DOI: [PubMed] Gery, S; Komatsu, N; Baldjyan, L; Yu, A; Koo, D; Koeffler, HPThe circadian gene per1 plays an important role in cell growth and DNA damage control in human cancer cells 22: 375–382, DOI: [PubMed] Barnes, JW; Tischkau, SA; Barnes, JA; Mitchell, JW; Burgoon, PW; Hickok, JR; Gillette, MURequirement of mammalian Timeless for circadian rhythmicity Science 302: 439–442, DOI: [PubMed] Unsal-Kacmaz, K; Mullen, TE; Kaufmann, WK; Sancar, ACoupling of human circadian and cell cycles by the timeless protein Biol 25: 3109–3116, DOI: [PubMed] Wood, PA; Yang, X; Taber, A; Oh, EY; Ansell, C; Ayers, SE; Al-Assaad, Z; Carnevale, K; Berger, FG; Pena, MM; Hrushesky, WJPeriod 2 mutation accelerates ApcMin/+ tumorigenesis Res 6: 1786–1793, DOI: [PubMed] Yang, X; Wood, PA; Ansell, CM; Ohmori, M; Oh, EY; Xiong, Y; Berger, FG; Pena, MM; Hrushesky, WJBeta-catenin induces beta-TrCP-mediated PER2 degradation altering circadian clock gene expression in intestinal mucosa of ApcMin/+ mice J Biochem 145: 289–297, DOI: [PubMed] Hua, H; Wang, Y; Wan, C; Liu, Y; Zhu, B; Yang, C; Wang, X; Wang, Z; Cornelissen-Guillaume, G; Halberg, FCircadian gene mPer2 overexpression induces cancer cell apoptosis 97: 589–596, DOI: [PubMed] Hua, H; Wang, Y; Wan, C; Liu, Y; Zhu, B; Wang, X; Wang, Z; Ding, JMInhibition of tumorigenesis by intratumoral delivery of the circadian gene mPer2 in C57BL/6 mice Ther 14: 8 [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text provides a series of citations related to circadian genes and their functions in various biological processes and cancer research but does not directly address whether circadian rhythms are regulated by light-sensitive proteins. Therefore, it is considered irrelevant to the specific claim about light-sensitive proteins and their regulatory role in circadian rhythms.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Social support is crucial for mental health and resilience. [SEP] Text: Peers, seen as equals, use their lived experiences to provide “been there” empathy, insight, encouragement, and assistance and to inculcate hope in a reciprocal relationship [11,12]. The roots of peer support services lie in long-established groups, such as [13], designed to build upon peer support that occurs naturally between people [14]. Mental health service providers recognized the benefits of these groups and have since introduced peer support programs across the [13], with peer workers employed in various roles, including facilitating mutual support groups, providing one-to-one support, or running alternative services [15]. As services are provided by nonprofessionals, they can be available in a community setting at a relatively low cost compared to professional services. The effectiveness of peer support has been examined in relation to multiple outcome measures. A recent meta-analysis of 28 randomized controlled trials investigating the effectiveness of peer support for individuals with a range of mental illnesses demonstrated significant improvements in clinical recovery (ie, measures of psychiatric symptoms) and personal recovery (ie, measures of perceived recovery, sense of purpose, and personal agency) but not functional recovery (ie, measures of quality of life and the degree of vocational and social functioning) [16]. Functional recovery did, however, show significant improvements for those with serious mental disorders. Peer support also has a positive impact on psychosocial and recovery outcomes [15], which include increased community integration, sense of control, social functioning, and social support; peer support also promotes feelings of empowerment and hope [17-20]. Furthermore, peer support can improve self-esteem, self-efficacy, and self-management of difficulties [21]. Despite evidence supporting their effectiveness, these formal services are usually only available through mental health services, which are facing pressures due to cuts in funding [22] and demand exceeding available Service resources [23]. SupportRecent figures suggest that 99% of people aged 16 to 44 years in the are internet users, with 89% of UK adults reporting using the internet daily [24]. There is a growing body of evidence demonstrating the benefits of internet interventions for mental health conditions, including depression and anxiety [25]. Interventions delivered online eliminate geographical barriers, can be accessed and used at any time, and may be more cost-effective than traditional services for young people aged 12 to 25 years [26]. Peer support can be provided informally online. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by emphasizing the importance and effectiveness of peer support services in enhancing mental health and resilience. It notes that peer support leads to significant improvements in both clinical and personal recovery measures, thereby highlighting its role in fostering social support and empowering individuals. Additionally, the text mentions positive outcomes such as increased community integration, sense of control, and social functioning, all of which are critical elements of mental health resilience.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: All space missions are environmentally sustainable with no pollution. [SEP] Text: In this light, more and more technologies have recently been developed and implemented in Stockholm and Barcelona for the purpose of monitoring the environment and the timely implementation of preventive measures for its protection, as well as dealing with the problem of air pollution. The identified data-driven smart solutions for air pollution are complementary to those for energy efficiency. The latter are indeed intended to control GHG emissions. Smart environmental control systems in smart sustainable cities can help to collect critical information to make better policy decisions to reduce GHG emissions. Such systems can also guide citizens on making their own efforts for rediucing GHG emissions by a variety of means. However, although the two cities do collect information of various types about the state of the environment, not all competent authorities have an idea about how to maximize the effect of the use of the collected data, which opens up wide prospects for advancing this technology in the future. Air quality monitoring is challenging to enact as it requires the effective integration of multiple environmental data sources, which often originate from different environmental networks and institutions (Rada et al. 2016). These challenges require specialized observation equipment and tools to establish air pollutant concentrations, including sensor networks, geographic information system (GIS) models, and the Service (SOS), a web service for querying real-time sensor data (Rada et al. 2016). The benefits of UM are numerous as to supporting the sustainable development of urban systems (Baccini 1997; Barles 2010; Minx et al. 2010) through a holistic analysis of energy and material pathways. This serves to conceive of management systems and technologies that allow for the reintegration of natural processes, increasing the efficiency of resource use, and the conservation of (and even production of) energy (Newman 1999). These are expected to undergo major transformations thanks to big data analytics. Indeed, advanced ICT has recently demonstrated high potential not only to overcome the limitations associated with UM, but also to provide sophisticated approaches to data collection and analysis under the new SUM framework. Big data technology can allow for radical increases in the speed and complexity of data processing and analysis. The associated solutions often contribute to strategies for decoupling environmental impact from urban development as to various dimensions of urbanization, increasingly achieved through the increase in efficiency enabled by the IoT and big data analytics. The development of data-driven smart solutions to improve the environmental sustainability of cities has been triggered by the co-development of advanced ICT and infrastructure systems. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the environmental challenges associated with air quality monitoring and pollution in urban environments, suggesting that while technologies aim to improve sustainability, there are significant obstacles and limitations. It emphasizes that effective environmental control requires integration of data sources and that managing air pollution is a complex issue, hinting at the possibility that space missions may also contribute to environmental problems rather than being entirely sustainable.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Circadian rhythms are regulated by light-sensitive proteins. [SEP] Text: 15–818, DOI: [PubMed] Gauger, MA; and Res 65: 6828–6834, DOI: [PubMed] Kondratov, RV; Kondratova, AA; Gorbacheva, VY; Vykhovanets, OV; Antoch, MPEarly aging and age-related pathologies in mice deficient in BMAL1, the core component of the circadian clock 20: 1868–1873, DOI: [PubMed] Antoch, MP; Gorbacheva, VY; Vykhovanets, O; Toshkov, IA; Kondratov, RV; Kondratova, AA; Lee, C; Nikitin, AYDisruption of the circadian clock due to the Clock mutation has discrete effects on aging and carcinogenesis 7: 1197–1204. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim regarding light-sensitive proteins regulating circadian rhythms. Instead, it cites various studies related to BMAL1 and clock mutations in the context of aging and carcinogenesis, which are not directly related to the role of light-sensitive proteins in circadian rhythm regulation.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Social support is crucial for mental health and resilience. [SEP] Text: This support is more informal in that it is not tied to services and can be accessed by anyone on the internet. Asynchronous platforms, such as forums, discussion groups, and bulletin boards, allow users to post topics and engage in discussions, using these platforms to exchange knowledge, ask for help, discuss problems, and share stories [27]. Synchronous platforms, which can be text-based chat rooms or purposely created virtual worlds, host real-time communication between users [28]. A systematic review indicated that internet support groups (ISGs) are most often used for emotional and informational support (more often experiential knowledge than “second-hand” professional knowledge), which creates a sense of social companionship [29]. This review found that 10 of 16 single-intervention or cross-sectional trials showed a positive effect of ISGs on depression symptoms, although study quality was rated as low, and the studies covered a range of mental and physical health conditions [30]. In one of these studies, which specifically examined individuals with depression, those who were more frequent users of the ISG (defined as using the group for 5 or more hours per week) showed a higher likelihood of depression resolution than less frequent users [30]. A review of online peer support for individuals with depression suggested several benefits, including increased empowerment and self-efficacy, enhanced coping strategies, and reduced social isolation [31]. However, there was limited empirical evidence to validate these descriptive findings. In a systematic review of online peer support for adolescents and young adults, Ali and colleagues [32] found mixed results, with only 2 of the 6 studies included in the review showing evidence of a positive effect. These 2 studies demonstrated reductions in anxiety [33] and higher abstinence from smoking [28] after using online peer support. A further review of digital peer support for mental health found early evidence of feasibility, acceptability, and effectiveness among all studies, though it reported that the studies were lacking in measurements of fidelity, limiting understanding of underlying mechanisms [34]. Qualitatively, many advantages of online synchronous peer support platforms have been identified, including emotional support, the availability of advice, enablement of positive personal changes, engagement in valuable social interactions, and the opportunity to disclose and express feelings and views [35,36]. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by highlighting the importance of social support for mental health, specifically mentioning that internet support groups (ISGs) provide emotional and informational support that helps to create a sense of social companionship, which could enhance mental health. It also notes that frequent users of ISGs showed a higher likelihood of depression resolution, implying that social support can lead to improved mental health outcomes. Furthermore, the text discusses various advantages of online peer support platforms, including emotional support, advice availability, and reducing social isolation, all of which support the claim that social support is essential for mental health.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: All space missions are environmentally sustainable with no pollution. [SEP] Text: The increasing integration of the core enabling technologies of the IoT and big data analytics in smart sustainable cities, such as sensor networks, real-time heterogeneous data-sources, and data processing platforms, creates the possibilities of obtaining a better understanding of energy flows in urban environments. This can have several effects as to enhancing smart infrastructure systems to augment energy flows and communicate related information to achieve the environmental objectives of sustainable development by different city stakeholder using a number of communication tools and methods. These include sustainable human computer interaction (HCI) (DiSalvo et al. 2010), eco-visualization (Holmes 2007), augmented reality (Azuma et al. 2001), computers and smart phones (Townsend 2010; Zapico et al. 2009), persuasive technology (Fogg 2002), and climate pervasive services (Zapico et al. 2009). On the whole, the real-time data collection and analytics provides great opportunities for developing applications to use and visualize energy consumption and GHG emissions, directed for behavioral change, sustainable lifestyles, environmental stewardship, and so on. Worth discussing moreover is that SUM is in line with the unprecedented paradigmatic and scholarly shifts that the many sciences underlying smart sustainable urbanism are undergoing in light of big data science and analytics (see Bibri 2019d for further details). This relates to what has been termed “the fourth paradigm of science,” a scientific revolution that is marked by both the emergence of big data science and analytics and the increasing adoption of the underlying technologies in scientific and scholarly research and social practices. Everything about knowledge production is fundamentally changing thanks to the fast-flowing torrent of big data. This is the primary fuel of the new age, which powerful computational processes algorithms are using to generate valuable knowledge for enhanced decision-making and deep insights pertaining to a wide variety of practical uses and applications. This is at the core of UM given its inherent quantitative nature. UM studies have been used to provide indicators for assessing urban sustainability and quantifying GHG emissions of cities, such as measures of energy consumption (Kennedy et al. 2011). UM is also applied to sustainable urban planning and design as well as policy analysis. These applications are categorized by Kennedy et al. (2011) into four main areas: sustainability indicators (e. g. , information pertaining to energy efficiency, quantification of GHG emissions, dynamic mathematical models for policy analysis, and urban design). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing urban sustainability, energy consumption, and GHG emissions, which implies that not all technological advancements, including those in urban environments, lead to sustainability without environmental impact. The mention of quantifying GHG emissions suggests that there are measurable pollutants associated with urban activities, which could also relate to space missions, thus challenging the assertion of 'no pollution' in the claim.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Circadian rhythms are regulated by light-sensitive proteins. [SEP] Text: [PubMed] Ozturk, N; Lee, JH; Gaddameedhi, S; Sancar, ALoss of cryptochrome reduces cancer risk in p53 mutant mice 106: 2841–2846, DOI: [PubMed] Kang, TH; Reardon, JT; Kemp, M; Sancar, ACircadian oscillation of nucleotide excision repair in mammalian brain 106: 2864–2867, DOI: [PubMed] Schernhammer, ES; Laden, F; Speizer, FE; Willett, WC; Hunter, DJ; Kawachi, I; Colditz, GARotating night shifts and risk of breast cancer in women participating in the nurses' health study J Inst 93: 1563–1568. [PubMed] Hansen, JRisk of breast cancer after night- and shift work: current evidence and ongoing studies in 17: 531–537, DOI: [PubMed] Stevens, RGArtificial lighting in the industrialized world: Circadian disruption and breast cancer Control 17: 501–507, DOI: [PubMed] Davis, S; Mirick, DKCircadian disruption, shift work and the risk of cancer: a summary of the evidence and studies in 17: 539–545, DOI: [PubMed] Keith, LG; Oleszczuk, JJ; Laguens, MCircadian rhythm chaos: a new breast cancer marker Med 46: 238–247. [PubMed] Pushkala, K; Gupta, PDPrevalence of breast cancer in menopausal blind women IJMMS 1: 425–431. Viswanathan, AN; Hankinson, SE; and the Risk of 67: 10618–10622, DOI: [PubMed] Band, PR; Le, ND; Fang, R; Deschamps, M; Coldman, AJ; Gallagher, RP; Moody, JCohort study of pilots: mortality, cancer incidence, and leukemia risk Epidemiol 143: 13–43. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not provide any direct information about the regulation of circadian rhythms by light-sensitive proteins. Instead, it consists of various references and studies related to topics such as breast cancer and the effects of light and shift work. Therefore, it is irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Social support is crucial for mental health and resilience. [SEP] Text: Furthermore, it has been suggested that online forums can function as platforms for peer education—being “experiential experts,” peers can provide others with health-related information, such as potential interventions or treatments or how to behave or cope in the situation they are facing, and a greater understanding of how others experience the same illness. This is often information that individuals don’t have access to offline [27]. However, users have also identified disadvantages, including the potential for others’ experiences to cause personal distress, restrictive rules and moderation, and unhelpful interactions with others [36]. A survey study exploring adverse events in the use of online peer support found social exclusion and emotional contagion to be other potential risks [37]. Research has also raised the need for guidelines to safeguard vulnerable people, both as users and as moderators of online mental health peer support groups [38]. Furthermore, certain groups, including those with more serious mental illness, may be less likely to engage with the internet, and so may be less inclined to use these groups, missing out on any benefits they provide [39]. for Peer SupportInterventions for mental health, such as online peer-to-peer support, have the potential to exploit the increasing use of social media [40,41]. Social media provides users the ability to connect with similar others without fear of stigma or judgement, to create supportive networks and communities to discuss mental health, and to control their own actions, choosing how much to post and interact with others [40,42,43]. Evidence suggests that social media is already being used by individuals with mental illness for support—in a survey of young adults (aged 18-35 years) with a self-identified mental illness, social media was used for sharing personal experiences (68%), connecting with others with a mental illness (66%), learning coping strategies (50%), and learning about mental illness from others (42%) [38]. The most popular social media platform in the is Facebook [9], with 23% of users aged 18 to 24 years and 31% of users aged 25 to 34 years [44]. Recent evidence suggests that Facebook is used by around 90% of people aged 12 to 34 years who identify as having a mental illness [44,45]. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing how online forums and social media can act as platforms for peer support, facilitating connections and support networks for individuals with mental illnesses. It highlights that individuals use social media to share experiences, connect with others facing similar challenges, and learn coping strategies, all of which contribute to mental health and resilience. Furthermore, it emphasizes the potential benefits of social support provided through these online interactions, suggesting that access to such support can be crucial for individuals dealing with mental health issues.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: All space missions are environmentally sustainable with no pollution. [SEP] Text: Generally, urban sustainability as entailing complex dynamics of human-natural system interactions requires a decisive, radical change in the way the science is undertaken and developed. This change is what data-intensive science—a data-driven exploration-centered form of science, where big data computing and the underpinning technologies are heavily used to help scientists and scholars to manage, analyze, and share data for multiple purposes—is about (Bibri 2019d). SUM is one of the transformations that is enabled by what data-intensive science is offering in terms of its novel computational and scientific approaches in the light of the nature of the shortcomings associated with the application of UM in the context of urban planning and design, including intensive data collection and analysis and a lack of data at the city scale. Stockholm has the best practices for environmental sustainability given its high level of sustainable development practices, including the implementation of applied data-driven solutions and their integration with green energy technologies to reach environmental targets. This can further be demonstrated by the SUM solution that has been implemented in the Smart Eco-city District of SRS to monitor environmental sustainability outcomes concerning energy consumption and GHG emissions. SUM as a new framework is more associated with sustainable cities given their strong environmental policies than smart cities. The concept of UM is fundamental to the development of sustainable cities (Kennedy et al. 201; Niza et al. 2009). UM research “involves conceptualizing a city … as an organism and tracking resources that go into the system and products and wastes that leave it” (Bai 2007, p. 1). In the eco–city as defined by Register (2002) as an urban environmental system, input of resources and output of waste are minimized (Register 2002). Nonetheless, while the two cities differ in the nature rather than the degree of the implementation of data-driven smart solutions as best reflected in their overall environmental performance, Barcelona as a smart city is taking concrete actions with respect to energy efficiency and pollution mitigation. Accordingly, the smart ecological/environmental ideal has succeeded in enabling action in major cities around the world, and has recently become normalized as a widely accepted set of consensus concepts and ideas related to the sustainable city (Bibri 2020a; Cowley 2016). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the complexities of urban sustainability and environmental impacts. It specifically mentions that while best practices for sustainability exist, cities like Barcelona are taking actions regarding energy efficiency and pollution mitigation. This implies that there are environmental concerns and pollution associated with urban activities, which would extend to space missions as part of broader environmental impacts.