Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Every hospital has the resources to implement 3D printing for patient care. [SEP] Text: From the ground up: understanding the developing infrastructure and resources of 3D printing facilities in hospital-based settings Download PDF Download eeOpen access Published: 11 July 2022 From the ground up: understanding the developing infrastructure and resources of 3D printing facilities in hospital-based settings Kristy M. Shine1,2,3, Lauren Schlegel1,2, Michelle Ho1,4, Kaitlyn Boyd1,5 & …Robert Pugliese1,6 Show authors 3D Printing in Medicine 2020. Data storage and analysisSurvey response data was stored anonymously and securely using a REDCap database [14, 15]. For free text answers that were returned as non-discrete or a range (e. g. 25+, 10–15), the numeric value stated and range maximum were used for reporting purposes, respectively. Statistical analysis was performed using RStudio software [16]. Given nonparametric data, Wilcoxon rank sum test and Spearman’s rank correlation coefficient tests were used in data analysis. Data analysis was conducted in conjunction with a statistician. All portions of the project were approved by the Board. ResultsGeneral survey responseTwenty-five survey responses were received over the data collection period. Of the responses, 4 were received from international facilities outside of and were excluded, leaving 21 survey respondents in the data set. Although respondents were not required to complete all questions in the survey, all but one respondent completed greater than 95% of the questions posed. For most survey questions, 18–21 responses were received. Annual 3D printing budget was the exception, with only 9 responses. Geographic distribution of 3D printing facilitiesOf the 21 respondents in the data set, 19 reported their 3D printing facility’s location as in the United States, 1 in Canada and 1 in Mexico. Of US respondents, 8 were located in the Northeast, 7 in the Midwest, 4 in the South, and 0 in the West. Pennsylvania was the most frequent state identified with 5 3D printing facilities. Hospital-based environmentsThe majority of respondents (71%) reported their 3D printing facility was housed within a large healthcare system, notably at institutions with greater than 10,000 employees (Fig. 1A). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by providing survey results which indicate that 3D printing facilities are primarily housed within large healthcare systems, specifically noting that 'the majority of respondents (71%) reported their 3D printing facility was housed within a large healthcare system.' This implies that not every hospital, especially smaller ones, has the resources to implement 3D printing technologies for patient care.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Some assert that using pathogens for pest control will never affect beneficial insects. [SEP] Text: Arthropods consist of invertebrates species whose major characteristic are the division of the body into clusters of segments notably the head, thorax and abdomen; the presence of a hard chitinous exoskeleton and jointed limbs. Each set of segments is known as tagma, with each tagma (head, thorax and abdomen) having specialized functions. Segmentation has almost disappeared in some species (mites) but still remains in the embryo. They belong to the insect (Insecta) class with three pairs of legs in adults, a single pair of antennae and a broad tagmatisation (division into tagma) of the body into three distinct sections: the head, thorax and abdomen. They are part of the dipterous (Diptera) order or true flies. True flies are characterized by a thorax bearing a single pair of functional wings. Other winged insects have two pairs of wings but in dipteran flies, the second pair of wings, the hind pair, is reduced to small knob‐like sensory organs called halters which help the insect to maintain a balanced flight. The larvae are different in behaviour and structure to the adults so that the fly can parasitize the tissues of the host either as larvae or as adults but not in both states. Some are also mechanical or biological vectors of diseases. Chrysops are brachyceran flies (suborder Brachycera) whose short antennae are usually composed of different sized segments. These antennae project in front of the fly. face is bulbous and there is no arista on the antennae. Chrysops belong to the Tabanidae family. This family gathers the large robust flies known as horse flies (Tabannus), deer flies (Chrysops) and clegs (Haematopoda). These are flies with antennae made up of three sections, the third one being enlarged and composed of four to eight segments; they have two‐jointed palps with the second segment enlarged and feet with three pads. The genus Chrysops is made up of flies having wings with a simple pattern of a dark band across the width. Their antennae are long with five segments and the proboscis is shorter than the head. Advertisement 5. Geographic distribution and ecological zones Studies on the geographic distribution of Chrysops species have so far aroused little interest. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text discusses the biological characteristics and classification of arthropods, specifically focusing on true flies and their ecological roles, without addressing the claim regarding the impact of pathogens on beneficial insects. Therefore, it is irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Cultural exchange along the Silk Road influenced art, language, and trade across Asia and Europe. [SEP] Text: They reflect the trans-regional interconnectedness and complex transportation networks between diverse economic agents and different cultures during the transition from the to the periods. Figure 1. a) Main trade routes during the first millennium AD (blue: Incense Roads, green: Maritime Roads, red: Silk Roads) (after Gibson (Reference Gibson2011): CC BY-SA 4. 0, via Wikimedia Commons); b) and c) location of and nearby contemporaneous sites (red circles: rubbish middens; after Bing maps aerial view (b); after J. Ben-Michael et al. 2017 (c)); d) aerial view of the site and surrounding landscape (photograph: B. Hildebrandt). Figure 2. Examples of textiles (a) and rope (b) in situ on the surface of rubbish middens (photographs: N. Shamir). is exceptional for textile researchers in being amongst the first archaeological sites at the western end of the to have yielded a great number of cotton textiles, along with linen, wool and goat-hair fabrics, and even some pieces of silk (Baginski & Baginski and Shamir1995). To date, approximately 400 textile fragments of various sizes and shapes have been catalogued, and the new excavation in 2022 has yielded over 1000 more (Figures 3 & 4). Figure 3. Textile fragments from (all after cleaning and preservation, other than (c)): a) wool; b) linen; c) cotton, scarf; d) cotton, with ikat design; e) cotton, with supplementary weft; f) silk (photographs: D. Gazit (a & c), O. Negnevitsky (b, d, e & f); courtesy of the Authority). Figure 4. Microscopic view of selected textiles from Nahal Omer: a) wool; b) cotton; c) cotton; d) cotton (photographs: N. Shamir). These fragments are being analysed from April 2022 to 2025 in the course of our project, which operates in the framework of a research collaboration programme between and Israel (Niedersächsisches Vorab). Most of the textile fragments were cut or torn and show traces of multiple uses prior to being discarded. The majority had probably belonged to garments. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text supports the claim by illustrating the interconnectedness of diverse economic agents and different cultures along the Silk Road and other trade routes during historical periods. It discusses the significant findings in textile research from archaeological sites at the western end of the Silk Road, indicating a cultural exchange of materials such as cotton, linen, wool, and silk. The presence of these textiles signifies the influence of intercultural trade and the movement of goods, which is a key aspect of cultural exchange. Moreover, the text implies that the diversity in textile styles and uses reflects the art and possibly the language exchanges that occurred due to these trade interactions.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Every hospital has the resources to implement 3D printing for patient care. [SEP] Text: 81% (17/21) reported being located in a university-affiliated teaching hospital or multisite hospital system, only 4 labs reported no university affiliation, and only one of the groups responding self-identified as community-based (Fig. 1B). No respondents selected their practice setting as a specialty care tertiary, urban acute care, rural acute care, government/military, or rehabilitation hospital, nor selected ‘other’. In terms of distribution within a hospital or healthcare system, 9/21 vs. 12/21 of the survey respondents reported having a multiple site versus single laboratory location, respectively, indicating a split among respondents. Fig. 1Characterization of hospital-based 3D printing laboratory environments by A size of healthcare institution (i. e. total number of employees), and B type of institutionFull size imageEstablishment and administrationThe earliest reported 3D printing facility in our survey was established in 2004, with 57% of respondents reporting their individual facility opening in the 5 year period prior to the study collection period and 80% in the previous decade (Fig. 2). Eighteen respondents identified their 3D printing facility being administered through a single department, one reported co-departmental administration (without identifying a primary affiliation), and one reported no affiliation (Fig. 3). Among those with an identified primary administrative department, radiology was the most commonly cited (67%). Of those administered outside of radiology, a variety of departments were reported. Fig. 2Respondent hospital-based 3D printing laboratory founding yearsFull size imageFig. 3Characterization of 3D printing laboratory department of administrationFull size imageCollaboration and fundingRespondent 3D printing facilities reported collaboration with a large number of other departments, on average collaborating with 10. 2 ± 7. 5 other departments (mean ± SD) (Table 1). Administration exclusively through radiology versus another department identified had a significant effect on the number of reported collaborators, 13. 3 ± 2. 3 versus 5. 9 ± 1. 3 (mean ± SEM) respectively (p = 0. 017, Wilcoxon rank-sum test). Whereas having multiple 3D printing locations within a hospital or health system did not correlate with increased number of collaborators (p = 0. 30, Spearman’s rank correlation coefficient test). Table 1 Characterization of 3D printing laboratory collaborating departments. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by indicating that only a specific subset of hospitals, particularly those affiliated with universities or multisite hospital systems, are involved in 3D printing initiatives. It suggests that not all hospitals have the necessary resources or affiliations to implement such technology, as evident from the report of only 4 labs with no university affiliation and the lack of representation from various hospital types such as specialty care or community-based hospitals.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Some assert that using pathogens for pest control will never affect beneficial insects. [SEP] Text: The only detailed study showing the confinement area of the fly at country level dates back to many decades ago [8]. Zouré et al. [14] provided a comprehensive distribution of loiasis ( Figure 1 ) in Africa, which nearly corresponds to the distribution of Chrysops vectors [2, 8] because the transmission of loiasis is correlated to the distribution of its vectors. According to these authors, two main zones of highly endemic loiasis can be distinguished: a western zone that comprises part of the Equatorial Guinea, Gabon, Cameroon, Republic of Congo, Republic and Chad, of Congo (DRC) and Angola; the second hyper‐endemic zone is mainly made up of the North‐Eastern part of the DRC. Areas of low endemicity include most parts of DRC, north Cameroon and large sections of Angola, Nigeria, Chad and Sudan. Because some Chrysops are essentially zoophilic, the geographic distribution likely expands beyond the previously described area. For instance, Chrysops species have been described in Egypt [12] and in Rwanda [8], countries not mentioned in the previously described area of distribution. Figure 1. Geographic distribution of loiasis, a Chrysops‐transmitted disease (reproduced from Zouré et al. [14]). Within a given area, Chrysops are found in some particular ecological zones. In general, most species dwell in forested areas. C. silacea was found to be predominant in the cleared forest, particularly in the villages and in their immediate vicinity, whereas C. dimidiata prefers natural vegetation, particularly in the forest [15]. Whether the natural or artificial vegetation, presence of the canopy seems to be the most important criteria for Chrysops to settle, as this offers a resting place from where the host is spotted [2]. The artificial vegetation found as suitable ecological area include cacao farms, crop fields, mixed crop fields and inhabited areas [9, 16], regenerated forest [17] and commercial plantations such as rubber tree plantations [2]. Some but few species also live in savanna areas, as is the case for Chrysops flavipes collected in the Sinai in Egypt [12]. Advertisement 6. of the genus Chrysops are relatively large biting flies with size varying from 5 to 30 mm in length. The head is large, presents bulky eyes with brightly coloured marks and a prominent proboscis ( Figure 2 ). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text discusses the distribution of Chrysops and their potential ecological zones but does not address the claim about the impact of using pathogens for pest control on beneficial insects. Therefore, it is irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Cultural exchange along the Silk Road influenced art, language, and trade across Asia and Europe. [SEP] Text: What can fibre analysis and technical characteristics such as spinning directions, weaving techniques, patterns, and embellishments such as embroidery, reveal about the locations of textile production, and the original shapes and different uses of the fabrics? What can this information tell us about Nahal Omer's local textile production in comparison to contemporaneous sites (Shamir2001, Reference Shamir2022) and the import of textiles? 3. What do these textiles reveal about the identity of the people at Nahal Omer? Since many of the textiles show signs of wear, we assume that the silk fragments derive from fabrics that were worn or used, either by the settlement's inhabitants, or by the traders who rested at this way station before continuing on their journey through the desert. 4. Which insights into the trading and consumption patterns of the as-yet unstudied organic materials in the exchanges between East and West do the organic finds from enable? What can they tell us about the origins of the transporters and trade assemblages? Since textiles take up little space, we assume, based on ancient texts, that they were often part of cargo loads that included other goods, such as spices and aromatics (e. g. frankincense and myrrh). Combining textual and iconographic sources with bioarchaeological and technical analyses of ancient textiles, this project will interweave the different expertise and skills of researchers from the humanities and sciences, in order: (a) to trace continuities and changes in the silk and cotton trade along the peripheral arteries of the Silk Road, as well as to determine the production and consumption of silk and cotton textiles in the period; (b) to shed light on the cultural identity of the ‘silk people’ of Nahal Omer. Our findings will be compared with textual information regarding different cultural groups in the Eastern Mediterranean; and (c) to investigate the flow of organic commodities during these periods, when the connections between the and the flourished, particularly in the period. various organic finds and especially the diversity and abundance of textiles from Nahal Omer, compared with other contemporaneous sites in the region, attest to the wide and inter-regional cultural and geographic trade networks between East and West. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the interactions and exchanges along the Silk Road, particularly through the analysis of textiles which reveals insights into trade and cultural identities. The mention of inter-regional cultural and geographic trade networks highlights the influence of cultural exchange on trade practices and suggests a broader impact on art and identity along the Silk Road.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Every hospital has the resources to implement 3D printing for patient care. [SEP] Text: Note: Several respondents listed additional departments in the “other” category, which are included hereFull size tableOf the total respondents, only 9/21 facilities chose to disclose their annual operating budget. Two facilities reported no specific budget, while the remaining 7 3D printing groups reported budgets ranging from $5000 to $3,000,000. Of those with a nonzero budget, the average was $545,000 ± 1,089,797 (mean ± standard deviation) and the median budget was $100,000, reflecting high variation in the responses. Conversely, all 21 respondents reported on types of funding, including those who reported no specific budget. Overall, 12/21 facilities reported utilizing more than one type of funding annually, with an average of 1. 9 ± 1. 1 (mean ± SD) and median of 2 funding sources (Fig. 4). Departmental funds, grants (research or foundation), and fee-for-service models (internal or external) were used by 14, 12, and 11 of the reporting facilities, respectively, indicating no dominant funding paradigm. Donations were reported by only 2 laboratories and one facility reported ‘other’, citing medical billing as a funding source. Labs reported research versus foundation grants with equal frequency whereas internal fee-for-service payments were slightly more frequent than external contracts. Fig. 4Characterization of 3D printing laboratory funding by sourceFull size imagePersonnel3D printing facilities reported a variable number of employees. Approximately 198 individuals were identified as working in 3D printing facilities across the 21 respondents. The distribution of full vs. part-time employees is shown in Fig. 5. Notably, there were 4 labs that employed more than 50% of the total reported employees. There was no correlation between annual operating budget and its number of employees (Fig. 6A). Fig. 5Characterization of 3D printing laboratory staff including full and part-time employeesFull size imageFig. 6Characterization of 3D printing laboratory A employees vs. annual budget, B annual models vs. budget, C annual models vs. employees, and D publications vs. annual budgetFull size imageTraining of employees was most commonly performed through in-house programs (n = 19) rather than outsourced virtual or in-person programs. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by detailing the financial variability of hospitals' 3D printing resources. It states that only a subset of the facilities disclosed their operating budgets, with reported values indicating a wide range, from $5,000 to $3,000,000. Most facilities utilized multiple funding sources, and the average budget was reported as $545,000. This highlights that many hospitals might lack the necessary resources or funding structures to implement 3D printing effectively, thereby refuting the claim that every hospital has resources for such technology.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Some assert that using pathogens for pest control will never affect beneficial insects. [SEP] Text: The short, stout, anteriorly projecting antennae have no arista and consist of three markedly different segment. The three segments are expanded and the third is marked by five annulations that make the genus antenna look as though it consists of more than three units. The wings have a dark band across the width and when the fly is at rest, they are held apart over the abdomen ( Figure 3 ). The wing venation is characteristic, especially the branching of the fourth longitudinal vein. Figure 2. Morphology of Chysops dimidiata's head (A) (photograph by Kouam) and diagrammatic representation of C. silacea's head (B) showing the three‐segmented antenna (reproduced from Gordon and Crewe [6]. Figure 3. silacea, dorsal (A) and ventral view (B) and female Chrysops dimidiata, dorsal view(C) (photographs by Kouam). C. silacea and C. dimidiata, the two mains vectors of diseases among species are presented below. In C. silacea, the two longitudinal stripes on the yellow abdomen never extend beyond the third abdominal segment and may be so attenuated or interrupted as to be almost absent. In C. dimidiata, the abdominal stripes are broader and reach the fourth segment, where they usually become merged into the darker brown colour of the terminal segments. The wing markings of the two species are similar. Advertisement 7. Life cycle It should also be noticed that recent information on the life history of Chrysops is untraceable and no published work on this topic on species, apart for C. silacea [3] is available. Adult females of the Tabanidae are known to live on a mixed diet, feeding on sugar and blood, whereas adult males feed exclusively on carbohydrates. In the Tabanidae, development of the ovaries is dependent on the taking of a previous blood meal and after the ovoposition, a further blood meal is required before a further batch of eggs will develop. After mating, the female C. silacea seeks a blood meal until sufficient blood has been ingested and then retires for egg maturation. During the “gestation period”, the fly feeds on carbohydrates obtained from fruits or flowers to keep alive or active. The eggs are then laid after development and a new cycle is resumed after which other eggs are laid. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text discusses the morphology, life cycle, and feeding habits of the Tabanidae family of flies, specifically C. silacea and C. dimidiata. It does not reference pathogens, pest control, or the effects on beneficial insects, making it irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Cultural exchange along the Silk Road influenced art, language, and trade across Asia and Europe. [SEP] Text: They can thus provide valuable insights not only into the economy and culture of a road on which exotic goods were transported to the Mediterranean and the larger systems of connectivity, but also into the everyday life in a small way station along the Road in the period. Funding statement This project is financially supported by the State of Lower Saxony, Germany. 1995. textiles, basketry and cordage from Nahal Omer, Israel. ' Atiqot 26: 21–42. 2022. Caravanserai middens on desert roads: a new perspective on the Nabatean-Roman trade network across the Negev. Antiquity 96: 592–610. Nahal Omer: a village from the period in the Arava. Excavations and Surveys in Israel 129: 1–23. 2011. Quranic geography: a survey and evaluation of the geographical 2012. Textiles, in Politis, K. D. (ed. ) Sanctuary of Lot at Deir ‘Ain ‘Abata in 1988–2003: 378–92. Amman: Agency, in association with the British Museum. 2017. Road: a new history, with documents. New York: Press. 2017. Silk: trade and exchange along the between Rome and China in antiquity. Oxford: Oxbow. Species identification of silks by protein mass spectrometry reveals evidence of wild silk use in antiquity. 12: 1–16. Strontium isotope evidence for a trade network between southeastern Arabia and India during antiquity. 11: 1–10. 2001. Byzantine and textiles excavated in Israel. 32: 93–105. Silk textiles from the Byzantine period till the medieval period from excavations in the land of Israel (5th–13th centuries): origin, transmission, and exchange. Serica 7: 53–82. 2017. The earliest cut-to-shape tunic in Israel from Nahal Omer, the period. Excavations and Surveys in Israel 129: 1–18. 1. a) Main trade routes during the first millennium AD (blue: Incense Roads, green: Maritime Roads, red: Silk Roads) (after Gibson (2011): CC BY-SA 4. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the economic and cultural insights provided by the Silk Road. It mentions the transport of exotic goods to the Mediterranean and highlights connectivity systems, which are directly related to trade and cultural exchange. This indicates a relationship between the Silk Road and its influence on various aspects of life, supporting the idea that art, language, and trade were affected across Asia and Europe.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Every hospital has the resources to implement 3D printing for patient care. [SEP] Text: For in-house training, only 5 facilities reported using a formal training program, whereas 3 facilities reported a mix of formal/informal and 11 reported informal/observational training only. Of the respondents, 15/20 (75%) reported multidisciplinary leadership teams with 13 of those 15 (87%) having physicians as part of the leadership group. Engineers were the second most frequent profession on the multidisciplinary leadership teams (10 respondents) and students were involved in leadership teams for a limited number of groups reporting (6 respondents). For respondents reporting a single profession compromising the leadership team, there were a variety of different disciplines (physician(s), engineer(s), scientist(s), or lab technician(s)). A total of 15/20 (75%) respondents reported physicians as part of the leadership team. WorkflowAll 21 groups reported imaging data segmentation as part of their workflow. Two-thirds of the respondents (67%) reported having multiple types of employees performing segmentation. In team-based settings (n = 14 groups), physicians were present in 9, engineers in 10, lab technicians/technologists in 7, and students in 5 groups. For groups with only one personnel type performing segmentation (n = 7), physicians were the sole individual(s) performing segmentation in 2, engineers in 0, lab technicians/technologists in 4, and students in 1 group(s). Overall, regardless of multidisciplinary vs uniform teams, image segmentation was well distributed among physicians (11/21), engineers (10/21), and lab technicians/technologists (11/21), whereas fewer groups reported student participation (6/21). Nineteen groups reported 3D printing as an included element of their workflow. One group reported outsourcing 3D printing post segmentation, and one group did not respond. Within laboratories conducting in-house 3D printing, 15/19 respondents (79%) reported having multiple types of employees operating the 3D printers. In team-based 3D printing settings (n = 15), physicians were present in 7, engineers in 10, lab technicians/technologists in 8, and students in 7 groups. For groups with only one personnel type operating the 3D printers (n = 4), physicians were the sole individual(s) performing printing operation in 1, engineers in 1, lab technicians/technologists in 2, and students in 0 group(s). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by indicating that not all hospitals have the necessary resources or personnel for in-house 3D printing, as only '19 groups reported 3D printing as an included element of their workflow.' It suggests variability in how different hospitals utilize 3D printing, implying that not every hospital is equipped to implement it in patient care.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Some assert that using pathogens for pest control will never affect beneficial insects. [SEP] Text: The complete development of the ovaries and subsequent ovoposition take not less than about 6 days after blood meal. The normal development of the ovaries was shown to occur when the blood meal was larger than 8 mg and if the blood meal happened to be insufficient, the fly must return to attack another host to feed and retire to gestate, only when the blood amount is sufficient to initiate ovaries development [3]. The ovoposition sites of various species of Chrysops have been described to be over water. laid the eggs in the mud along the rivers and lakes, on various objects (vegetation, stones) in the water near the shore, in permanent swamps and in small swampy patches formed throughout the rain forest during the wet season [18–21]. The eggs laid in batch of 100–800 units are 1. 1 mm long and 0. 2 mm wide at the broadest part and tapering more towards the apex than towards the base. The eggs hatch between 5 and 9 days after ovoposition and all the larvae from one egg mass hatch almost simultaneously. After hatching, the larvae leave the substratum to sink in the mud that is covered with very shallow slowly running water. Larvae are saprophageous, whitish in colour, vermiform and hemicephalous. Larval development is very slow, consisting of 7–10 instars according to environmental conditions [19]. In the rainy season, the duration of a larval live history is estimated at 27 days for C. dimidiata and 15 days for C. silacea [19]. During the dry season, the duration of the larval stage is longer for all Chrysops species. For instance, the normal life history of C. silacea appears to occupy 1 year but the eighth or ninth instar fail to pupate in any year before the onset of unfavourable conditions, then the fly can apparently survive in the larval stage for a considerable period; this would account for the small number of pupae and adult flies which are found even during the driest and therefore unfavourable season [3]. Before pupation, the mature larvae of C. silacea moves to the edge of the stream or swam in which it is living and takes up a position in the mud just beyond and above the water's edge. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it focuses on the development and life cycle of certain fly species, specifically Chrysops, and provides details about their oviposition, larval development, and environmental conditions. It does not address the use of pathogens for pest control or any potential effects on beneficial insects.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Bees play a critical role in pollination, supporting food production and biodiversity. [SEP] Text: Editorial • Biota Neotrop. 16 (1) • Mar 2016 • copy Summary for policymakers of the thematic assessment on pollinators, pollination and food production Key messages Values of pollinators and pollination 1. Animal pollination plays a vital role as a regulating ecosystem service in nature. Globally, nearly 90 per cent of wild flowering plant species depend, at least in part, on the transfer of pollen by animals. These plants are critical for the continued functioning of ecosystems as they provide food, form habitats, and provide other resources for a wide range of other species. 2. More than three quarters of the leading types of global food crops rely to some extent on animal pollination for yield and/or quality. Pollinator-dependent crops contribute to 35 per cent of global crop production volume. 3. Given that pollinator-dependent crops rely on animal pollination to varying degrees, it is estimated that 5-8 per cent of current global crop production is directly attributed to animal pollination with an annual market value of $235 billion-$577 billion (in 2015, dollars1 1 Value adjusted to 2015 dollars taking into account inflation only. ) worldwide. 4. The importance of animal pollination varies substantially among crops, and therefore among regional crop economies. Many of the world's most important cash crops benefit from animal pollination in terms of yield and/or quality and are leading export products in developing countries (e. g. , coffee and cocoa) and developed countries (e. g. , almond), providing employment and income for millions of people. 5. Pollinator-dependent food products are important contributors to healthy human diets and nutrition. Pollinator-dependent species encompass many fruit, vegetable, seed, nut and oil crops, which supply major proportions of micronutrients, vitamins, and minerals in the human diet. 6. The vast majority of pollinator species are wild, including more than 20,000 species of bees, and some species of flies, butterflies, moths, wasps, beetles, thrips, birds and bats and other vertebrates. A few species of bees are widely managed, including the western honey bee2 2 Also called the European honey bee, native to Africa, Europe and Western Asia, but spread around the globe by beekeepers and queen breeders. . ( Apis mellifera ), the eastern honey bee ( Apis cerana), some bumble bees, some stingless bees, and a few solitary bees. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by detailing the vital role of animal pollination, including that of bees, in food production and biodiversity. It states that nearly 90% of wild flowering plant species depend on animal pollination and that pollinator-dependent crops contribute significantly to global crop production. Additionally, it highlights how many crucial fruits, vegetables, and nuts that are essential for human nutrition rely on animal pollination, thereby supporting both food production and biodiversity.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Every hospital has the resources to implement 3D printing for patient care. [SEP] Text: Equipment and resourcesMost respondent facilities used more than one segmentation software (13/20), whereas only 7/20 used more than one CAD program in their workflows. For imaging segmentation, Suite and 3D Slicer were the most commonly used software programs among the respondents (Fig. 7A). For CAD/processing, the most commonly used programs included 3-matic, Mimics Medical, and Solidworks (Fig. 7B). Similarly, respondent facilities reported using a variety of 3D printers in their individual facilities, with an average of 3. 3 ± 2. 1 (mean ± SD) printer types (Fig. 7C). Formlabs were the most commonly used printers followed by Ultimaker models. There was no significant association between the budget and number of printers reported by each lab (p = 0. 159, Spearman’s rank correlation coefficient test). Fig. 7Characterization of 3D printing laboratory tools including A segmentation software, B CAD software, and C printer hardware. Note: for segmentation and CAD software, no respondents selected Seg3D, D2P, Amira, or 4 DICOM, and Biomesh3D, Dolphin, or Onshape, respectivelyFull size imageApplications of 3D printsThere was no dominant use for 3D printing among the survey respondents (Fig. 8). All respondent laboratories reported more than one application for their 3D printed projects, with an average of 6. 4 ± 1. 7 (mean ± SD) applications. At least one or more surgical application (i. e. presurgical planning, intraoperative decision making, or surgical guide production) and one or more educational applications (i. e. patient education, student/resident education and simulation, or education/simulation research) were reported by every survey respondent (n = 20). All but one of the respondents also reported at least one research application (i. e. education/simulation research or clinical/patient care research). Approximately half of the groups (11/20) reported also using 3D printing for a medical device application (i. e. production or repair). Only 2 groups reported an ‘other’ application not captured in the survey response selection options - promotion and dental models. Across facilities, approximately half (9 of 20) also had virtual reality capabilities, showing interest in 3D environments outside of printed work. Fig. 8Characterization of 3D printing laboratory output applications. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by illustrating that not every facility responds uniformly about the use of 3D printing technologies. While the text details various software and printer types used across respondent facilities, it also mentions that there is no significant association between the budget and the number of printers reported by each lab. This suggests that implementing 3D printing isn’t universally feasible across all hospitals, which directly challenges the assertion that every hospital has the resources for such technology.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Some assert that using pathogens for pest control will never affect beneficial insects. [SEP] Text: Pupation takes place at the edge of water and the pupa, first pale yellow in colour becomes brown or yellow brown as it ages, showing a size varying from 10 to 13 mm. The time slot between pupa and imago is 4 to 7 days, but the commonest period is 5 or 6 days. When the pupa is about to emerge to imago, it moves upwards to the surface of the mud until the thorax completely get out. The adult fly gradually works its way out from the puparium, taking several minutes to emerge completely and then rests on the mud for up to 1 hour until the body and winds are sufficiently hardened for it to fly away for the resting site in the canopy. The time slot between pupa and imago is 4 to 7 days, but the commonest period is 5 or 6 days. When the pupa is about to emerge to imago, it moves upwards to the surface of the mud until the thorax completely get out. Advertisement 8. Pathology 8. 1. Cutaneous effect not only cause deep painful bites but also cause irritation that result in painful wounds in some people ( Figure 4 ). These wounds are potential entry doors for many pathogens. Figure 4. Photograph of a healing wound (see arrow) following a Chrysops bite on a woman leg in Kokodo, (photograph by Kouam). 8. 2. General effect (vector of diseases) are vectors of L. loa in human and Loa papionis in monkeys [2, 9, 22]. Due to the biting habit of Chrysops whereby several hosts are often necessary to feed to repletion, they are responsible for the mechanical transmission of diseases [23]. They are vectors of many pathogens to livestock; this includes bacteria, viruses, protozoa, Trypanosoma evansi in equines, dogs and camels, Trypanosoma equinum in equine, Trypanosoma simiae in pigs Trypanosoma vivax and Trypanosoma brucei in equine, cattle, sheep and other ungulates [4, 5, 24]; other Trypanosoma transmitted by Chrysops are Trypanosoma gambiense and Trypanosoma rhodesiense, the causative agent of human African trypanosomiasis [24]. Advertisement 9. species are either nocturnal or diurnal biters. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses the life cycle and pathogenic effects of certain insects, specifically Chrysops, without addressing the use of pathogens for pest control or its impact on beneficial insects. There is no indication that it supports or contradicts the claim made.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Bees play a critical role in pollination, supporting food production and biodiversity. [SEP] Text: Beekeeping provides an important source of income for many rural livelihoods. The western honey bee is the most widespread managed pollinator in the world, and globally there are about 81 million hives producing an estimated 1. 6 million tonnes of honey annually. 7. Both wild and managed pollinators have a globally significant role in crop pollination, although their relative contributions differ according to crop and location. Crop yield and/or quality depends on both the abundance and diversity of pollinators. A diverse community of pollinators generally provides more effective and stable crop pollination than any single species. Pollinator diversity contributes to crop pollination even when managed species (e. g. , honey bees) are present in high abundance. The contribution of wild pollinators to crop production is undervalued. 8. Pollinators are a source of multiple benefits to people, beyond food provisioning, contributing directly to medicines, biofuels (e. g. canola3 3 Also called oil seed rape. , palm oil), fibres (e. g, cotton, linen) construction materials (timbers), musical instruments, arts and crafts, recreational activities and as sources of inspiration for art, music, literature, religion, traditions, technology and education. Pollinators serve as important spiritual symbols in many cultures. Sacred passages about bees in all the worlds' major religions highlight their significance to human societies over millennia. 9. A good quality of life for many people relies on ongoing roles of pollinators in globally significant heritage; as symbols of identity; as aesthetically significant landscapes and animals; in social relations; for education and recreation; and governance interactions. Pollinators and pollination are critical to the implementation of: the Convention for the Safeguarding of the Heritage (); the the Protection of the (); and Systems (FAO). Status and trends in pollinators and pollination 10. Wild pollinators have declined in occurrence and diversity (and abundance for certain species) at local and regional scales, in Europe and North America. Although a lack of wild pollinator data (species identity, distribution and abundance) for Latin America, Africa, Asia and Oceania preclude any general statement on their regional status, local declines have been recorded. Long-term international or national monitoring of both pollinators and pollination is urgently required to provide information on status and trends for most species and most parts of the world. 11. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by highlighting the significant role of both wild and managed pollinators in crop pollination, mentioning that a diverse community of pollinators, including bees, contributes to improved crop yield and quality. It emphasizes the crucial nature of pollinators in the ecosystem, linking their biodiversity to essential food production and the broader benefits to human societies.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Every hospital has the resources to implement 3D printing for patient care. [SEP] Text: Note: “other” uses specified in free text included promotion and dental modelsFull size imageThe majority of 3D printing facilities (80%) reported making 350 or fewer 3D printed constructs annually. Only 4 facilities reported making more, ranging from 500 to 3000 pieces per year. There was a strong correlation between annual budget and number of models produced (p = 0. 001, Spearman’s rank correlation coefficient test, Fig. 6B) and number of employees and number of models produced (p = 0. 002, Spearman’s rank correlation coefficient test, Fig. 6C); However, there was no significant correlation between budget and number of applications. Scholarly outputs17 of 19 responding 3D printing groups reported publishing their work with a total of 112 papers published, with an average of 6. 6 ± 5. 8 (mean ± SD), median of 5, and range of 1–20 publications annually among the survey respondents. In total, 112 publications were reported. Notably, 36% of publications were reported by just 2 of the responding facilities and 63% from the top 5 most prolific groups. Publication impact factors or other quality rankings were not assessed in this study. There was a significant correlation between annual budget and number of publications (p = 0. 036, Spearman’s rank correlation coefficient test, Fig. 6D). Nearly all of the respondent groups (19 of 20) reported their staff attending and/or presenting at medical conferences annually, 12 of 20 reported attending and/or presenting at additive manufacturing conferences, and 9 of 20 reported attending innovation conferences. ‘Other’ types of conferences attended included dental, engineering, and medical illustration. Discussion3D printing is increasingly being utilized in healthcare applications, prompting hospital systems to bring this technology and its relevant workflows in-house. Yet, little is known regarding the network of such hospital-based facilities nor their operating characteristics, personnel, resources, or impact, highlighting the gap our preliminary research sought to address. Obtaining such information may allow for an understanding of the conditions that favor the integration and use of 3D printing in medical workflows, thus opening opportunities for research expansion, new medical education tools, and enhanced patient care. To our knowledge, this is the first survey to assess the infrastructure and resources of 3D printing facilities in hospital-based settings. In consideration of survey participation and potentially sensitive information disclosures (e. g. budgets, productivity, etc. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by highlighting the variability in 3D printing capabilities across hospital facilities. It notes that 80% of facilities produce 350 or fewer 3D printed constructs annually, suggesting that not every hospital has the resources to implement extensive 3D printing for patient care. Moreover, the text emphasizes the lack of correlation between budget and the number of applications, indicating that higher budgets do not guarantee broader use of 3D printing technologies, thus refuting the idea that all hospitals have adequate resources for this technology.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Some assert that using pathogens for pest control will never affect beneficial insects. [SEP] Text: The feeding time is correlated with the time when the host is active and available. Thus, C. silacea and C. dimidiata which feed on humans are diurnal feeders [9, 17]. In contrast, Chrysops langi and Chrysops centurionis having monkeys as hosts are crepuscular biters. Environmental conditions probably influence the biting habits of Chrysops. Temperature, humidity and light intensity are some interdependent factors influencing the biting activity of Chrysops. Brilliant sunshine and very dull days were reported to reduce the biting activity of Chrysops [3], whereas the daily biting cycle of C. silacea was showed to present two peaks of activities, 9–11 a. m. and 2–4 p. m. [17]. biting density has been shown to vary according to ecological zones, being higher in forested than in clear areas and habitations [15, 16]. In the in central Cameroon, Demanou et al. [16] reported a Chrysops biting density of 568 and 4696 bites/man/year in inhabited and forest areas, respectively. In general, Chrysops species bites all over the year but Chrysops biting density is the highest in the rainy season (the favourable breeding season) for some species such as C. silacea and C. dimidiata [16, 17], whereas some species (Chrysops neavi) have been collected solely in the dry season [8]. Meanwhile, other species (Chrysops brucei, Chrysops distinctipennis) have been reported solely in the rainy season [8]. To feed on human, usually fly up to the habitations to attack the host at the veranda and even inside well lighted houses [9, 16]. They are persistent and furtive, mostly attacking the legs or walk on the clothing probably in search of a biting site. They can be observed flying around the human host but the usual sign of their presence is the great pain of the bite, since they are pool feeders. In the forest, have also been reported to follow a moving vehicle like other Tabanids and to pursue a human being on foot for at least half a mile [3]. The population density of adults Chrysops is fairly low (∼1000/km2) and their flight range usually not great (theoretical range: <6000 m and maximum distance: 4500 m) in the secondary forest [25]. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim regarding the impact of pathogens on beneficial insects. Instead, it discusses the biting behavior and ecological aspects of certain Chrysops species without mentioning the use of pathogens or their effects on other insect populations.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Bees play a critical role in pollination, supporting food production and biodiversity. [SEP] Text: The number of managed western honey bee hives has increased globally over the last five decades, even though declines have been recorded in some European countries and over the same period. Seasonal colony loss of western honey bees has in recent years been high at least in some parts of the temperate and in South Africa. Beekeepers can under some conditions, with associated economic costs, make up such losses through splitting of managed colonies. 12. Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) assessments indicate that 16. 5 per cent of vertebrate pollinators are threatened with global extinction (increasing to 30 per cent for island species). There are no global assessments specifically for insect pollinators. However, regional and national assessments indicate high levels of threat for some bees and butterflies. In Europe, 9 per cent of bee and butterfly species are threatened and populations are declining for 37 per cent of bees and 31 per cent of butterflies (excluding data deficient species, which includes 57 per cent of bees). Where national assessments are available, they show that often more than 40 per cent of bee species may be threatened. 13. The volume of production of pollinator-dependent crops has increased by 300 per cent over the last five decades making livelihoods increasingly dependent on the provision of pollination. However, overall these crops have experienced lower growth and lower stability of yield than pollinator-independent crops. Yield per hectare of pollinator-dependent crops has increased less, and varies more year to year than yield per hectare of pollinator-independent crops. While the drivers of this trend are not clear, studies of several crops at local scales show that production declines when pollinators decline. Drivers of change, risks and opportunities, and policy and management options 14. The abundance, diversity and health of pollinators and the provision of pollination are threatened by direct drivers which generate risks to societies and ecosystems. Threats include land-use change, intensive agricultural management and pesticide use, environmental pollution, invasive alien species, pathogens and climate change. Explicitly linking pollinator declines to individual or combinations of direct drivers is limited by data availability or complexity, yet a wealth of individual case studies worldwide suggests that these direct drivers often affect pollinators negatively. 15. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by detailing the significant role pollinators, particularly bees, play in food production and biodiversity. It cites that the volume of production of pollinator-dependent crops has increased by 300 percent over the last five decades, indicating that livelihoods are increasingly reliant on pollination. Additionally, it mentions how declines in pollinator populations, such as bees, can lead to decreased production, thereby emphasizing their critical role in sustaining food supply and ecosystem health.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Every hospital has the resources to implement 3D printing for patient care. [SEP] Text: ), we felt it important to make this introductory survey voluntary and anonymous Moreover, respondents were allowed to skip questions for which they did have data or feel comfortable answering. As a result of our current approach, the strength of our survey rests in the scope and depth of detail it elucidated in its anonymous form. Indeed, all but one respondent completed greater than 95% of the survey questions posed. Among our survey respondents, our results show that hospital-based 3D printing laboratories are most frequently associated with large university affiliated and teaching hospitals/healthcare systems rather than non-university or community facilities. Such laboratories also nearly exclusively favored the use of in-house staff training versus external options suggesting such facilities develop onsite expertise. We hypothesize that these observations are a result of current medical 3D printing applications existing largely in the research and development phase, requiring more resource rich institutions, rather than in the clinical application phase secondary to the infancy of the field at large. Indeed, our results showed most 3D printing labs surveyed were established only in the last decade and none greater than 17 years prior to the data collection period. Radiology was the department most frequently cited as the home department for hospital-based 3D printing labs in the dataset, likely reflecting the recruitment process. Reported interdepartmental collaboration was also high among survey respondents with an average of 10–11 departmental partners per group in keeping with the majority of respondent facilities operating within a specialty noted to interact with many other specialties. A third of respondents reported another primary department suggesting at least some diversity in responses captured by the dataset despite inherent bias in the recruitment process. Moreover, individuals comprising lab personnel were similarly diverse including physicians, engineers, technicians, and students. Physicians and engineers were the group most actively involved in lab leadership, whereas specific workflow activities were more evenly split among these groups and laboratory technicians. Despite overwhelmingly similar institutional settings and propensity to collaborate, other baseline characteristics among facilities varied greatly, including employee totals and budgets. Total lab personnel varied 36-fold between the lowest and highest values reported and just 4 facilities employed nearly 60% of all reported hospital-based 3D printing lab staff. Budgets varied even more, ranging from none to millions of dollars. Hardware and software used by facilities also varied to a large extent as did printer models. Finally, outputs in terms of numbers of prints and publications and conference involvement were variable among the groups. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by noting that hospital-based 3D printing laboratories are most frequently associated with large university affiliated and teaching hospitals rather than non-university or community facilities. This suggests that not all hospitals have the necessary resources to implement 3D printing, as such laboratories require more resource-rich institutions, which indicates a disparity in capabilities among hospitals.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Some assert that using pathogens for pest control will never affect beneficial insects. [SEP] Text: Adult female Chrysops spot their hosts using visual or olfactory means. Females are attracted by the movement of people or animals who are directly visible from the canopy [3]. Smoke of wood fire is extremely attractive to C. silacea [26, 27]; this therefore increases the opportunity of contact between human and the flies. The attraction to fire may be related to the diffusion of odorous molecules other than CO2, contained in the smoke in the canopy [2, 27]. Catches carried out around a wood fire is multiple fold higher than in catches without wood fire [2, 28–30]. As reported by Duke [31], this visual attraction to humans appears to be less than that of a wood fire. Advertisement 10. Laboratory diagnosis The coloration of the wing and the three‐segmented antennae is used in differentiating the three major genera of the family Tabanidae ( Figure 5 ). species, the three antennal segments are expanded and the third is marked by five annulations that make the genus antenna look as though it consists of more than three units. The wings have dark bands across the width and when the fly is at rest, they are held apart over the abdomen. Tabanus species have transparent wings and the first two antennal segments are small and the terminal segment has a tooth‐like projection on its basal part and four annulations. Haematopota species have characteristically mottled wings that are held divergent when at rest; its first antennal segment is large, the second is narrower and the third presents three annulations. Figure 5. Specimen of the genus Chrysops (A), Haematopota (B) and Tabanus (C). A = C. dimidiata (photograph by Kouam); B = Haematopota pluvialis (reproduced from De grote, C = Tabanus (Tabanus) gertrudae (reproduced from Maity et al. [32]). 11. to large scale control of Chrysops population in the past relied on the use of insecticides. Dieldrin, DDT and Gamma‐BHC have been used in Kumba in the southwest region of Cameroon against C. silacea and C. dimidiata larvae and pupae. The treatment was successful, leading to a drop in the fly density of 30%, 2 years after dieldrine spreading [21]. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim regarding the use of pathogens for pest control and its impact on beneficial insects. Instead, it focuses on the attraction mechanisms of certain fly species (Chrysops) to hosts and the historical use of insecticides for controlling their populations. Therefore, it is irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Bees play a critical role in pollination, supporting food production and biodiversity. [SEP] Text: Strategic responses to the risks and opportunities associated with pollinators and pollination range in ambition and timescale, from immediate, relatively straightforward responses that reduce or avoid risks, to larger scale and longer-term responses that aim to transform agriculture, or society's relationship with nature. There are seven broad strategies, linked to actions, for responding to risks and opportunities, including a range of solutions that draw on indigenous and local knowledge. These strategies can be adopted in parallel, and would be expected to reduce risks associated with pollinator decline in any region of the world, regardless of the extent of available knowledge about the status of pollinators or the effectiveness of interventions. 16. A number of features of current intensive agricultural practices threaten pollinators and pollination. Moving towards more sustainable agriculture and reversing the simplification of agricultural landscapes offer key strategic responses to risks associated with pollinator decline. Three complementary approaches to maintaining healthy pollinator communities and productive agriculture are: (a) ecological intensification (i. e. , managing nature's ecological functions to improve agricultural production and livelihoods while minimizing environmental damage); (b) strengthening existing diversified farming systems (including forest gardens, home gardens, agroforestry and mixed cropping and livestock systems) to foster pollinators and pollination through practices validated by science or indigenous and local knowledge (e. g. , crop rotation); and (c) investing in ecological infrastructure by protecting, restoring and connecting patches of natural and semi-natural habitats throughout productive agricultural landscapes. These strategies can concurrently mitigate the impacts of land-use change, land management intensity, pesticide use and climate change on pollinators. 17. Practices based on indigenous and local knowledge, in supporting an abundance and diversity of pollinators can, in co-production with science, be a source of solutions to current challenges. Practices include diverse farming systems; favouring heterogeneity in landscapes and gardens; kinship relationships that protect many specific pollinators; using seasonal indicators (e. g. , flowering) to trigger actions (e. g. , planting); distinguishing a wide range of pollinators; and tending to nest trees, and floral and other pollinator resources. Knowledge co-production has led to improvements in hive design; new understanding of parasite impacts; and the identification of stingless bees new to science. 18. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the importance of maintaining healthy pollinator communities, including bees, as essential for productive agriculture and biodiversity. It emphasizes that enhancing agricultural practices, such as ecological intensification and diversifying farming systems, can foster pollinators and thus support essential pollination processes that are crucial for food production.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Every hospital has the resources to implement 3D printing for patient care. [SEP] Text: There was a correlation between annual budget and number of constructs, as well as budget and publications produced. However, the number of employees did not appear to significantly alter publications. While providing initial insights into the developing infrastructure and resources of hospital-based 3D printing facilities, our work is based on a small dataset from largely US participants based on recruitment strategy. In this study, we attempted to identify and contact 3D printing hospital-based facilities through widely subscribed 3D printing special interest group message boards, given no pre-existing central databases for such facilities. However, such message boards target largely a North American, English-speaking audience precluding participation by much of the international community and facilities unaffiliated with the message boards. Message board recruitment also prevented survey response rate determination, so it is unclear how many facilities exposed to our recruitment opportunity opted not to participate. Therefore, we suspect, and consider it highly likely, that there are other hospital-based 3D printing facilities not captured in our dataset. Moreover, there are likely smaller 3D printing groups in non-hospital, but medically-based settings (e. g. rehabilitation facilities, outpatient offices, surgi-centers) that were not captured. Using a specialty-specific (i. e. radiology) message board, as expected, our data showed the majority of facilities responding were administered through radiology. However, given approximately one third of facilities responding were not administered through radiology, there was noted be be at least some diversity of affiliated specialties among respondent message board users. While the recruitment strategy is an identified limitation, it highlights the critical gap in organization for hospital-based and healthcare-associated 3D printing practices. Despite foundational work being done by RSNA, technology/engineering associations, and informal user-led groups, we were not able to identify an organization through which to recruit participants that represents the diversity of focus, personnel, and practice of hospital-based and healthcare-associated 3D printing practices limiting our scope. The dataset was collected over a short period, which may have excluded infrequent message board viewers and contributed to overall reduced participation. It is also important to acknowledge that the study data collection period occurred during the covid-19 pandemic, during which many hospital systems were temporarily suspending operations of non-essential facilities and redirecting resources to support increased clinical demands. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by indicating limitations in the existing dataset of hospital-based 3D printing facilities, suggesting that not all hospitals have the infrastructure or resources necessary for 3D printing implementation. The limitations in recruitment and data collection underscore that there may be many hospitals and non-hospital facilities engaged in 3D printing that were not included in the study, implying a lack of comprehensive resource availability across all hospitals.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Some assert that using pathogens for pest control will never affect beneficial insects. [SEP] Text: Although the result was promising, the method was not recommended due to difficulties to access to breeding sites in densely vegetated areas, the high cost of the treatment and the risk of environmental pollution and contamination of food and water [2]. A 60% solution of dimethylphtalate has also proven to be a good repellent of Chrysops in Kumba. Another promising method attempted was the creation of anthropic savanna hostile for Chrysops development around habitations [33]. Nowadays, it is well established that adults fly dwell in the canopy where they locate their host, that the fly range and density are limited (less than 6000 m and 785–3682 flies/km2) and that the smoke of wood is attractive to Chrysops. So, based on these current knowledge on the biology and ecology of Chrysops, control measures against these pests may encompass: the clearance of large area of bush around habitations in order to destroy the habitats (canopy) of the adult flies, use of repellents for crop or forest workers and livestock, trapping with attractant to reduce the fly density. In this respect, Morlais [30] showed that smoke of wood increased the Loapi trap performance to 14 fold. Also, the Harris trap has been reported to be efficient on wooded savanna–dwelling Chrysops and need to be tested on forest‐dwelling Chrysops [2]. If traps have been developed and largely used for other disease vectors in Africa (tsetse flies, mosquitoes), little has been done as regards African Chrysops. Yet, traps have the advantages of being cheap, harmless to the environment and can be used by a common man. For a rapid and large scale control of Chrysops, modern chemicals without a permanent effect on the environment need to be developed. 12. gap in the knowledge of is huge. fauna in Africa still needs to be elucidated, as well as the role of each species, subspecies or genotype in the transmission of diseases to human and livestock. But before this is done, molecular tools need to be developed for epidemiological studies to clarify whether currently known species vary genetically across geographic areas. Research works are also to be focused on repellents, attractants, traps and environment‐friendly insecticides that can be used for an efficient control of Chrysops. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not directly address the claim about the effects of using pathogens for pest control on beneficial insects. Instead, it discusses various methods of pest control for Chrysops, their ecological context, and the development of traps and repellents without mentioning the impact of pathogens on beneficial species.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Bees play a critical role in pollination, supporting food production and biodiversity. [SEP] Text: in through your institution of Economic EntomologyThis issuesearch term Advance 10. 1093/jee/toy125 Published: 09 May 2018 10. 1093/jee/toy125 Select format. ris (Mendeley, Papers, Zotero). enw (EndNote). bibtex (BibTex). txt (Medlars, RefWorks) Download citation of Economic EntomologyThis issuesearch term of Economic EntomologyThis issuesearch term canola seed production is an important pollination market in Canada; typically both honey bees (Apis mellifera L. (Hymenoptera: Apidae)) and bees (Megachile rotundata Fab. (Hymenoptera: Megachilidae)) are concurrently managed to ensure pollination in this high-value crop. Beekeepers are paid to provide pollination services, and the colonies also produce a honey crop from the canola. Pollen availability from male-fertile plants is carefully managed in this crop to provide an abundance of pollen to fertilize male-sterile (‘female’) plants. This abundance of pollen represents an underutilized resource for beekeepers, and an opportunity to diversify the hive-products produced for market in this management system. We used a commercial-style pollen trap to collect pollen from colonies twice weekly for the duration of canola pollination, and compared the honey production and amount of sealed brood in colonies with pollen traps to those without pollen traps. We found that while pollen trapping reduced honey production, there was no negative impact on brood production, and at current market prices, the per-hive revenue was higher in colonies from which pollen was trapped. Pollen trapping honey bee colonies in the context of hybrid canola pollination, therefore, offers beekeepers an opportunity to diversify their products and increase their revenue. pollen trapping, pollen collection, honey production, honey bee management, pollinationIn addition to water, honey bees gather two foods; nectar is converted to honey and acts as a source of carbohydrates, while pollen satisfies the need of the colony for protein, minerals, and fats (Winston 1987). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the role of honey bees (Apis mellifera) and other bees (Megachile rotundata) in pollination within the context of canola seed production, emphasizing that these bees are managed to ensure effective pollination in high-value crops, which supports both food production and the economic viability of beekeepers.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Wind turbines generate power by converting kinetic energy from wind into electricity. [SEP] Text: However, this stands in contrast to most of the European market, where the average specific power is found to be high, although it is difficult to generalize. Table 1 shows the wind turbines considered in the comparison study against the LSP wind turbine model. The respective power curves (normalized) are shown in Figure 1. It is clearly evident from Figure 1 that the power curve moves toward the left and is able to generate more energy at lower wind speeds, while the specific power is decreasing. To eliminate the influence of hub height variation in the comparison study, all wind turbines in the study are considered with the same hub height of 120 m. Turbine name (units)Rated power (kW)Rotor diameter (m)Specific power (W/m2)SP-379200082379SP-345210088345SP-295200093295SP-271200097271SP-2453000125245SP-2103465145210SP-2002000113200SP-1802100122180SP-1733300156173Table 1. Wind turbine models considered in this study. Figure 1. Power curves considered for the study. 2. 2 Power curve of LSP wind turbineThe power curve of the LSP wind turbine is derived/synthesized in a unique way from one of the latest wind turbine models (SP-173) in the Indian market, not by increasing the blade length, but by reducing the generator capacity and keeping the blade length constant. Considering the logistical and transportation-related constraints imposed by the longer blades [10], especially in complex terrain conditions, such a reverse approach seems to be justifiable. Figure 2 shows the normalized power curves of SP-173 and LSP-105 (derived from SP-173 by reducing the rated capacity to 2000 kW from 3300 kW). Figure 2. Comparison of SP-173 and LSP-105. (derived from SP-173 by reducing the rated capacity to 2000 kW instead of 3300 kW). 2. 3 Wind sitesIn order to understand the impact of Power wind turbines on varying wind climate, four different wind sites have been chosen for the study. The sites have been chosen to represent high (High W), medium (Med W), low (Low W), and low-coastal wind (Low coast W) regimes, considering the future wind farm development possibilities. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the specifics of wind turbine performance and power generation, rather than confirming the basic principle of energy conversion from kinetic energy to electricity. It focuses on comparisons of different models and power curves without directly affirming the claim about how wind turbines generate power.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Some assert that using pathogens for pest control will never affect beneficial insects. [SEP] Text: With the present knowledge on the biology, ecology and behavior of Chrysops, different control measures could be combined at small and large scale level. At small scale level, insecticide‐treated traps or Harris‐type traps could significantly reduce the fly density in rural areas if they are set next to firewood smoke (attractant). At large scale level, aerial spraying of insecticides at the resting sites (canopy) could be done but the most efficient technique would involve limiting or preventing female from breeding by using its natural enemies or the “sterile male” technique. This technique consists of introducing barren males in the population to compete with wild males for mating, as is the case in tsetse fly control. In sum, there is still a lot to know on and a long way to go before their successful control or eradication. 1. Chippaux, J. P. , Boussinesq, M. , Gardon, J. , Gardon‐Wendel, N. , Ernould, J. C. 1996. Severe adverse reaction risks during mass treatment with ivermectin in loiasis‐endemic areas. Parasitol. Today. 12, 448–450. 2. Fain, A. 1978. Loaiasis: The present situation. Bull. O. M. S. 56, 155–167. 3. Crew, W. 1956. The bionomic of Chrysops silacea. Its life history and its role in the transmission of filariasis. PhD thesis, University of Liverpool. 4. Sinshaw, A. , Abebe, G. , Desquesnes, M. , Yoni, W. 2006. Biting flies and Trypanosoma vivax infection in three highland districts bordering Lake Tana, Ethiopia. Vet. Parasitol. 142, 35–46. 5. Kassa, T. , Eguale, T. , Chaka, H. 2011. Prevalence of camel trypanosomiasis and its vectors in Fentale district, Shoa Zone, Ethiopia. Vet. Arhiv. 81, 611–621 6. Gordon, R. M. , Crewe, W. 1953. The deposition of the infective stage of Loa loa by Chrysops silacea, and the early stages of its migration to the deeper tissues of the mammalian host. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim regarding the use of pathogens for pest control and its effects on beneficial insects. Instead, it discusses various control measures for Chrysops and mentions potential techniques such as insecticide-treated traps and the sterile male technique. There is no mention of pathogens or the assertion that their use will never affect beneficial insects.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Bees play a critical role in pollination, supporting food production and biodiversity. [SEP] Text: Nutritionally, pollen is important not only for the production of brood food, but is also critical for newly emerged workers to fully develop tissues such as the hypopharyngeal gland and fat body (Haydak 1970, Fluri and Bogdanov 1987, Hrassnigg and Crailsheim 1998, Keller 2005a) required for brood-rearing and overwintering. In adult workers, pollen consumption is dependent on the age and behavioral tasks performed by workers, with nurse bees that are actively engaged in brood-rearing and feeding the queen consuming relatively large amounts of pollen (Hrassnigg and Crailsheim 1998). Honey bee colonies do not maintain a large amount of stored pollen, rather they actively regulate the amount of pollen in the colony according to their current need. Fewell and Winston (1992, 1996) demonstrated that in contrast to nectar foraging, which is largely controlled by availability, pollen foraging behavior in honey bees is very sensitive to colony state, in particular, the amount of uncapped brood (eggs and larvae) relative to pollen stores. The presence of eggs and larvae stimulate pollen foraging (Free 1967), in particular, the presence of older larvae is highly stimulatory to pollen collection (Hellmich and Rothenbuhler 1986). Colonies manipulated by experimenters or beekeepers to have low pollen stores respond primarily by increasing the foraging effort of individual workers (intensity and load size) (see also Eckert et al. 1994), but also secondarily by changing the choices made by foraging bees (pollen vs. nectar or water, see also Free 1967, Camazine 1993, Dreller et al. 1999, Pernal and Currie 2001) and the recruitment of previously inactive foragers (Fewell and Bertram 1999, Anderson 2001). Fewell and Winston (1992) suggest that there is a ‘set point’ around which honey bee colonies regulate pollen levels; too little incoming pollen would limit the colony’s ability to rear brood, too much is unnecessary expenditure of foraging energy. Ultimately, the ability of the colony to rear adequate amounts of brood determines the population of adult bees and probability of colony survival; therefore, any restriction to the amount of pollen brought into a colony can have dramatic consequences on colony survival, particularly overwintering success in temperate climates. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the critical role of pollen in honey bee colonies, particularly in brood rearing and overall colony health. It emphasizes that pollen is essential for newly emerged workers and highlights how pollen foraging is sensitive to the needs of the colony, especially in relation to breeding and survival. This behavior underlines the importance of bees in the reproduction of their populations, which in turn is crucial for pollination and the support of biodiversity as mentioned in the claim.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Wind turbines generate power by converting kinetic energy from wind into electricity. [SEP] Text: , 20 m/s, 18 m/s, 15 m/s, and 13 m/s), the LCOE seems to be on an increasing trend in high and medium wind sites, mainly because of the anticipated energy loss at the higher wind speeds. Figure 8. LCOE sensitivity analysis for the reduction in cut-off wind speed of the low SP wind turbine – (a) shows 2% reduction in capital cost and (b), (c) and (d) shows 3%, 4% and 5% reduction respectively. The results suggest that though reducing the cut-off wind speed will lead to significant energy loss in high wind sites and may impact the revenue and energy generation balance, in low wind sites it is economical to reduce cut-off wind speeds, as the expected reduction in blade mass and related savings will definitely outweigh the drop in energy generation. This is an encouraging takeaway in the present scenario and may lead to a conducive environment for more wind penetration into low wind sites. Advertisement 5. ConclusionThe design of modern wind turbines has seen major changes over the course of history. For example, one of the most noticeable manifestations is the steady decline in the specific power of wind turbines over time. With an eye toward analyzing the prospects of further specific power reduction in the future, this 24. EA. 1. 1CUF is a metric often used to evaluate the technical performance of a wind turbine/wind farm. It is a measure of “how well the plant is utilized”. Advertisement A. 2 of Energy (LCOE)of Energy (LCOE) is the cost of generating electricity over its lifetime. It is an economic assessment and defines the minimum price at which energy must be sold for a project to break even. Advertisement A. 3 Specific Power(SP) is defined as the ratio between the rated power of the turbine and its swept area [19], and is expressed in units of Watts per square meter (W/m2) as shown below:Specific PowerSP=. 3. 1The specific power is required to be lower in order to extract more output from lower wind speeds. The following equation can explain the reason behind it by showing that power is proportional to the rotor area and wind speed [20]. P=12ρAV3EA. 3. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not provide direct evidence about wind turbines converting kinetic energy into electricity. Instead, it discusses topics such as the cost of energy generation, specific power, and wind speed implications related to turbine design. While these topics may relate to wind turbines, they do not directly corroborate or contrast with the claim regarding how wind turbines generate power.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Some assert that using pathogens for pest control will never affect beneficial insects. [SEP] Text: Ann. Trop. Med. Parasitol. 47, 74–85. 7. Gouteux, J. P. , Noireau, F. 1989. The host p172. 8. Fain, A. 1969. Notes on the geographical distribution of the filarial worm Loa loa and of the horse flies of the genus Chrysops in Congo and Rwanda. Ann. Soc. Belge Med. Trop 49, 499–530. 9. Kouam, M. K. , Tchatchueng‐Mbougua, J. B. , Demanou, M. , Boussinesq, M. , Pion, S. D. S. , Kamgno, J. 2013. Impact of repeated ivermectin treatments against onchocerciasis on the transmission of loiasis: an entomologic evaluation in central Cameroon. Parasit. Vectors. 6, 283 10. Iboh, C. 2012. Occurrence and distribution of Chrysops species in Akamkpa community of State, Nigeria. Pak. J. Biol. Sci. 15, 1139–1143 11. Cheke, R. A, Mas, J. , Chainey, J. E. 2003. Potential vectors of loiasis and other tabanids on the island of Bioko, Equatorial Guinea. Med. Vet. Entomol. 17, 221–223. 12. Müller,. , Kline, D. , Kravchenko, V. D. , Schlein, Y. 2012. An annotated checklist of the horse flies (Diptera: Tabanidae) of the Egypt with remarks on ecology and zoogeography. Acta Trop. 122, 205–211. 13. Inaoka, T. , Hori, E. , Yamaguchi, K. , Watanabe, M. , Yoneyama, Y. , Ogunba, E. O. 1988. Morphology and identification of Chrysops larvae from Nigeria. Med. Vet. Entomol. 2, 141–152. 14. Zouré, H. G. M. , Wanji, S. , Noma, M. , Amazigo, U. V. , Peter, J. ,. 2011. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text provided is a list of references and does not discuss or provide any information regarding the effects of using pathogens for pest control on beneficial insects. Therefore, it is irrelevant to the claim being analyzed.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Bees play a critical role in pollination, supporting food production and biodiversity. [SEP] Text: Even short-term pollen dearth, when severe, can lead to cannibalism of young larvae and a shortening of larval development time (Schmickl and Crailsheim 2001), and the effects of pollen limitation on brood development can be measured for multiple generations (Dustmann and Ohe 1988). However, these effects are not always observed, particularly when traps are placed for a short period of time, or used intermittently (Rybhakov 1961, Lavie and Fresnaye 1963, Lavie 1967, Barker 1971, van Laere and Martens 1971, Goodman 1974, Katsanov and Petkova 1975, Duff and Furgala 1986a, Nelson et al 1987). Provinces of Alberta, Manitoba, and Saskatchewan are the largest honey producers in Canada. Production far exceeds consumption, and beekeepers in the region primarily sell their honey in bulk, to packers in Alberta and other regions of Canada as well as to export markets, notably the and Japan. Beekeepers in Alberta sell an estimated 94% of their honey through bulk sales (Laate 2017) as opposed to direct to consumer sales or retail packages. The price of bulk honey fluctuates with international production, and from 2007 to 2017 ranged between $0. 98 and 2. 25 CDN per lb ($2. 16–4. 95 per kg; Laate 2017). Alberta accounts for 42–45% of honey production in Canada and 43% of national production is exported rather than being consumed domestically (2016). Annually, 55,000–75,000 honey bee colonies are rented to pollinate hybrid canola seed production fields in southern Alberta (Figs. 1 and 2). These fields are carefully managed to produce an abundance of pollen to ensure adequate seed set of this high-value crop. As seed canola pollination takes place primarily in mid-summer (end of June to the beginning of August), these colonies are typically very large, double brood chamber colonies that produce a honey crop while in pollination, despite a high stocking rate (1–1. 5 hives per acre). In addition to quantity, the quality of pollen in this crop is also high. Canola pollen is high in fat, has sufficient protein and the required amino acids for successful brood rearing, and is highly attractive to honey bees (Somerville 2002). As a result, the abundance of quality pollen is a boon to the colonies, which typically grow their populations while on this crop. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by highlighting the importance of honey bees in agricultural pollination, specifically mentioning that 55,000–75,000 honey bee colonies are rented annually to pollinate hybrid canola seed production fields in southern Alberta. It also emphasizes that these carefully managed fields produce an abundance of pollen necessary for adequate seed set of high-value crops, thereby supporting food production and biodiversity.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Geothermal energy harnesses heat from beneath the Earth’s surface for power generation. [SEP] Text: geothermics. 1019155. Technology roadmap. Geothermal heat and power. Technical report, 2011. Agency. Paris, France6. . Assessment of geothermal resources of the – 1975. U. S. Circular 727, U. S. Office. 1975. 155 p7. : A Volume in the Encyclopedia of Ed. 20188. . Technologies. In: M. A. Abraham (Ed. ), Encyclopedia of Sustainable Technologies. Elsevier. 2017. p. 51-619. DiPippo R. Plants: Principles, Applications, : Fourth Edition. 2016. 762 p10. Almaktar M, Shaaban M. Prospects of renewable energy as a non-rivalry energy alternative in Libya. Renewable and Reviews. 2021;143:110852. DOI: 10. 1016/j. rser. 2021. 11085211. . Understanding the Springs, Alaska, geothermal system using temperature and pressure data from exploration boreholes. Geothermics. 2008; 37(6):565-585. DOI: 10. 1016/j. geothermics. 2008. 09. 00112. Zhao Y, Wang J. Exergoeconomic analysis and optimization of a flash-binary geothermal power system. Appl. Energy. 2016;179:159-170. DOI: 10. 1016/j. apenergy. 2016. 06. 10813. Zarrouk SJ, Moon H. Efficiency of geothermal power plants: A worldwide review. Geothermics. 2014;51:142-153. DOI: 10. 1016/j. geothermics. 2013. 11. 00114. . Lifetime design strategy for binary geothermal plants considering degradation of geothermal resource productivity. Energy Convers. Manag. 2017;132:1-13. DOI: 10. 1016/j. enconman. 2016. 10. 02715. Moya D, Aldás C, Kaparaju P. Geothermal energy: Power plant technology and direct heat applications. Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev. 2018; 94:889-901. DOI: 10. 1016/j. rser. 2018. 06. 04716. . CO2 emissions from geothermal power plants: evaluation of technical solutions for CO2 reinjection. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text primarily consists of bibliographic references to various studies and reports related to geothermal energy, without providing a clear explanation or connection to the specific claim about geothermal energy harnessing heat from beneath the Earth’s surface for power generation. As such, it does not directly corroborate or contrast with the claim and is considered irrelevant.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Some assert that using pathogens for pest control will never affect beneficial insects. [SEP] Text: The geographic distribution of Loa loa in Africa: results of large‐scale implementation of the rapid assessment procedure for loiasis (). Plos Negl. Trop. Dis. 5, e1210. 15. Noireau, F. , Nzoulani, A. , Sinda, D. , Itoua, A. 1990. Chrysops silacea and C. dimidiata: fly densities and infection rates with Loa loa in the Chaillu mountains, Congo Republic. Trans. R. Soc. Trop. Med. Hyg. 84, 153–155. 16. Demanou, M. , Pion, S. D. S. , Boussinesq, M. 2001. Entomological study of the transmission of Loa loa in the (Cameroon). Soc. Pathol. Exot. 94, 347–352. 17. Wanji, S. , Tendongfor, N. , Esum, M. E. , Enyong, P. 2002. Chrysops silacea biting densities and transmission potential in an endemic area of human loiasis in south‐west Cameroon. Trop. Med. Int. Health. 7, 371–377. 18. Davey, J. T. , O'Rourke, F. J. 1951. Observations on Chrysops silacea and C. dilllidiata at Benin, Southern Nigeria. Part 1. Ann. Trop. Med. Parasitol. 45, 30–37. 19. Davey, J. T. , O'Rourke, F. J. 1951. Observations on Chrysops silacea and C. dimidiata at Benin, Southern Nigeria. Part III. Ann. Trop. Med. Parasitol. 45, 101–109. 20. Duke, B. O. L. 1955. Studies on the biting habits of Chrysops. 1 – The biting‐cycle of Chrysops silacea at various heights above the ground in the rain‐forest at Kumba, British Cameroons. Ann. Trop. Med. Parasitol. 49, 193–202. 21. Williams, P. , Crewe, W. 1963. Studies of control of the vectors of loasis in West Africa. V. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim directly or indirectly. It focuses on various studies related to the Loa loa parasite and its vectors, specifically the Chrysops flies, without discussing the impact of pathogens on beneficial insects in pest control methods. Therefore, it is irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Bees play a critical role in pollination, supporting food production and biodiversity. [SEP] Text: Interestingly, they also found that colonies fitted with a trap that was not engaged (and therefore did not remove pollen) also had a reduction in honey production, suggesting that in part, the traps themselves act as a physical barrier to foraging. Pollen can either be fed back to bee colonies during periods of pollen dearth, such as early spring or late fall, used to rear other bee species, or sold for human consumption. Locally collected pollen is more expensive than either imported pollen or pollen substitutes for bee feed; however, the risks of introducing new pathogens or pesticides to a beekeeping operation is minimized with the use of locally collected pollen. Pollen for human consumption sells for a greater price; however, the market may become saturated more easily than the market for honey and bumble bee feed. Regardless of the intended use, pollen must be cleaned before use and dried or frozen for storage. The costs of collecting pollen, as well as those of cleaning and storing it must also be considered. Targeting collection to colonies that are high producers, using deep collection trays to minimize the frequency of collection visits (McDonald 1980), and targeting times and areas with a pollen flow are critical to the profitability of pollen collection. In addition, colony size must be optimized, with large (25,000–40,000 adult worker bees) colonies with ample open brood yielding the most pollen (Moeller 1977) and honey. Beekeepers who are being paid to provide pollination services must also consider any effects of pollen trapping on the level of service provided. Pollination effectiveness, the percentage of flowers setting fruit, as well as the number of pollen grains deposited, is linked to the foraging behavior of visiting bees, which could potentially be affected by pollen trapping. In general, bees that are collecting pollen are more effective pollinators than bees foraging only for nectar (e. g. , Bosch and Blas 1994, Javorek et al. 2002, Monzón et al. 2004). For ‘Comice’ pears, e. g. , Monzón et al. (2004) found that the rate of honey bee contact with flower stigmas (the part of the female reproductive organ where pollen germinates) was 51. 8% for pollen nectar foragers, and only 19. 0% for nectar only foragers. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by detailing the role of bees in pollination and how their foraging behavior directly affects the effectiveness of pollination. It highlights that 'pollination effectiveness, the percentage of flowers setting fruit, as well as the number of pollen grains deposited, is linked to the foraging behavior of visiting bees,' indicating that bees are integral to the process of pollination, which is essential for food production and maintaining biodiversity.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Plant-based diets can reduce the risk of certain chronic diseases. [SEP] Text: plant-based diets have been developed (plant-based diet index (PDI), unhealthful PDI (uPDI), and healthful PDI (hPDI)), to evaluate consumption of both animal and plant-based foods, while also considering the quality of plant-based options [14]. While limited research has investigated the association between these indices and CRC risk [14, 15], to our knowledge, no studies has explored this correlation within populations. Notably, the dietary habits of population differ significantly, with large portion sizes and a preference for refined grains like bread and white rice, leading to a higher carbohydrates intake compared to other regions [16]. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the association between PDI, uPDI, hPDI, and the risk of CRC in Iranian adults, contribution to a deeper understanding of the link between diet and CRC risk. Materials and methodsStudy populationThis hospital-based case-control study was conducted in three general hospitals and their associated CRC surgery departments of Tehran, Iran. The sample size was calculated considering a β = 0. 2, α = 0. 05, and anticipated odds ratio (OR) of 0. 45 based on a previous study investigating the association between a similar dietary factor and CRC risk [17]. Cases were individuals aged 40 to 75 years who were diagnosed with CRC, and had no prior history of cancer by convenient sampling method. The control group was randomly selected from the same hospitals, and free of chronic diseases or acute illness that could influence dietary pattern. The diseases of the patients in the control group include 14. 1% osteoarticular disorders, 38% sprains and fractures, 11. 3% disk disorders, 9. 8% acute surgical conditions, 7. 0% trauma, 7. 0% skin diseases, and 12. 0% other diseases. Each CRC patient was paired with two control patients. A total of 267 patients were selected (89 cases and 178 controls). Twenty-four patients did not participate, and 30 were excluded due to dietary reporting error (total energy intake outside the defined range of ± 3 standard deviations from the mean or incomplete food frequency questionnaire (FFQ)). Statistical analysis was performed on the remaining 71 cases and 142 controls. This study received approval from the of of (IR. SUMS. . REC. 1401. 011). Some details of this study have been published previously [18,19,20]. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing a study focused on the association between various plant-based diet indices and colorectal cancer (CRC) risk, which indicates limited research on the effectiveness of plant-based diets specifically in reducing risk for chronic diseases. The lack of studies exploring this correlation within populations suggests uncertainty about the claim's validity.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Some assert that using pathogens for pest control will never affect beneficial insects. [SEP] Text: The effects of DDT, Dieldrin and Gamma‐BHC in the mud of natural tabanid breeding sites in the rain forest of the Cameroons. Ann. Trop. Med. Parasitol. 57, 300–306. 22. Kershaw, W. E. , Crewe, W. , Beesley, W. N. 1954. Studies on the intake of microfilariae by their insect vectors, their survival and their effect on the survival of their vectors. II – The intake of the microfilariae of Loa loa and Acanthocheilonema perstans by Chrysops. Ann. Trop. Med. Parasitol. 48, 102–109. 23. . 1983. Mechanical transmission of equine infectious anemia virus by deer flies (Chrysops flavidus) and stable flies (Stomoxys calcitrans). Am. J. Vet. Res. 44, 155–156. 24. 2007. Veterinary parasitology. 3rd ed, Oxford: Blackwell publishing Ltd 25. Chippaux, J‐P, Bouchité, B. , Demanou, M. , Morlais, I. , Le Goff, G. 2000. Density and dispersal of the loaiasis vector Chrysops dimidiata in southern Cameroon. Med. Vet. Entomol. 14, 339–344. 26. Duke, B. O. L. 1954. The transmission of loiasis in the forest‐fringe area of the British Cameroons. Ann. Trop. Med. Parasit. 48, 349–355. 27. Duke, B. O. L. 1955. Studies on the biting habits of Chrysops. II. The effect of wood fires on the biting density of Chrysops silacea in the rain‐forest at Kumba, British Cameroons. Ann. Trop. Med. Parasitol. 49, 260–272. 28. Duke, B. O. L. 1955. Symposium on loiasis. IV‐ The development of Loa in flies of the genus Chrysops and the probable significance of the different species in the transmission of loiasis. Trans. R. Soc. Trop. Med. Hyg. 49, 115–121. 29. Caubère, P. , Noireau, F. 1991. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text discusses various studies related to insect vectors and parasites in the context of pest management but does not address the claim regarding pathogens for pest control and their effects on beneficial insects. Therefore, it is irrelevant to the claim.