Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: CRISPR technology allows for targeted gene editing in various organisms. [SEP] Text: 2′ precision edit, FwgAQP2c () and RvgAQP2c (); the overhanging ends that facilitate cloning are in bold. Oligonucleotide pairs were annealed by heating to 70 °C for 3 min followed by slow cooling. Annealed pairs were ligated to BbsI-digested pT7sgRNA and constructs were confirmed by sequencing. pT7sgRNA constructs containing specific gRNA sequences were linearised with NotI prior to electroporation and parasites were selected with phleomycin at 2 µg/mL. 40 µg of single-stranded oligonucleotide () was used as a repair template, which was resuspended in 10 μL of H2O and delivered by electroporation as described above; the edited base is in bold. DNA analysisDNA was extracted from T. brucei using a DNeasy blood and tissue Kit (Qiagen). The primer pairs used for the PCR assays were FwAQP2only () and RvAQP2only (), FwAQP3only () and RvAQP3only (), FwAAT6only () and RvAAT6only (), Fw5430ATG () and Rv5430STOP (). The FwAQP2only or Fw14180 () primers were combined with RvAQP3only for the AQP2-3 PCR assays (lower panels in Fig. 2c). RNA analysisFor northern blotting, RNA was extracted from T. brucei using an RKit (Qiagen). 1. 5 µg of RNA was resolved on formaldehyde agarose gels in MOPS buffer and transferred to nylon membranes by capillary blotting. A digoxigenin (DIG)-labelled riboprobe was hybridized to the membrane and the transcript was detected using an anti-DIG antibody (Roche) with a chemiluminescent CDP-star substrate (Roche). rRNA stained with ethidium-bromide was used as loading control. Protein analysisTotal T. brucei extracts equivalent to 1 × 106 cells were separated on SDS-polyacrylamide gels and subjected to western blotting analysis according to the manufacturers’ instructions (BioRad). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not directly address or support the claim regarding CRISPR technology and its capability for targeted gene editing. Instead, it describes a series of laboratory procedures involving DNA and RNA analysis without explicitly mentioning CRISPR, gene editing, or targeted modifications. Thus, it is irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Sleep is crucial for cognitive health and physical recovery. [SEP] Text: FigureAlthough sleep is a physical state in which a person becomes relatively physically inactive and unaware of the environment, the brain never ceases its activity. This recurrent state is characterized by reductions in interaction with and awareness of the environment, lowered motility and muscular activity, and partial or complete temporary suspension of voluntary consciousness and behavior. 1 When sleeping, humans alternate between rapid eye movement (REM) sleep and non-REM (NREM) sleep. Each stage has its own signature brain activity. The polysomnogram is the primary tool for assessing sleep in the lab for both clinical and research purposes. During a polysomnogram, electroencephalography (EEG) and other sensors are used to categorize sleep in discrete stages. An EEG measures the electrical activity of the brain's neurons. In addition to EEG, common sleep studies also measure eye movements with electrooculography; muscle tone with electromyography (EMG); and cardiac activity with an ECG. Respiratory effort and effectiveness are measured with respiratory inductance plethysmography, pulse oximetry, and devices that measure apnea duration from airflow alteration, such as oronasal thermistry. 2 Stages of normal sleep NREM sleep comprises the majority of the total sleep time in adults. NREM sleep is divided into three substages: stage N1, stage N2, and stage N3. Stage N1 A transition between wakefulness and sleep characterized by mixed EEG frequency of 4-7 Hertz (theta) for at least 50% of the epoch (30-second segment) and relatively low voltage, accounting for 10% or less of a total night's sleep in young adults. 3 Stage N2 This stage is characterized by transient sleep spindles; EEG activity of 12-14 Hz which lasts a minimum of 0. 5 seconds; and K complexes, EEG waves lasting about 0. 5 seconds with a well-delineated negative deflection immediately followed by a positive one, creating a tracing resembling the letter K. 3 High spindle frequency is correlated with sleep maintenance and brain plasticity and negatively correlated with mental health. 4,5 Stage N3 Due to the large delta waves produced on an EEG recording, Stage N3 is also sometimes referred to as deep or delta sleep. A delta wave has an amplitude of greater than 75 millivolts and lasts at least 0. 5 seconds with a low frequency (. 05-2 Hz). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by describing the various stages of sleep, including the importance of NREM sleep, which is characterized by brain activity associated with sleep maintenance and brain plasticity, factors key to cognitive health. Additionally, the mention of 'high spindle frequency' being correlated with brain plasticity supports the claim that sleep is essential for cognitive functions.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Telemedicine eliminates the need for in-person visits entirely. [SEP] Text: MethodsOverviewOur study was conducted across 2 diverse pediatric endocrinology sites in Southern California, University of Children’s Hospital (UCLA) in Westwood and Miller Children’s and Women’s Hospital (MCH) in Long Beach. Electronic health record (EHR) data were retrospectively collected for pediatric patients with type 1 diabetes (based on the ICD-10 [Classification of Diseases, Tenth Revision] codes at visits) using Dexcom CGM who presented for at least 1 outpatient follow-up appointment during the study window of calendar year 2021. We included visits with patients who were aged 5-21 years old with disease duration at least 1-year, last HbA1c <10%, a minimum of 70% CGM use, and no serious and possibly confounding medical conditions. We excluded patients that were documented to have type 2 diabetes or indeterminate type. Baseline demographic information collected from the EHR included patient age, sex, race, ethnicity, duration of disease, insurance type, and insulin pump use. For each visit, and GMI were collected from the app at 4 different time points, that is, 4 weeks and 2 weeks before each visit and then 2 weeks and 4 weeks afterward. Notably, the parameters for each 4-week period were inclusive of the corresponding 2-week period. Changes from baseline analyses were examined comparing TIR and GMI values from 4 weeks before the visit with the values obtained at 2 and 4 weeks post visit. Because of this design, analyses were performed at the visit level to look for changes in these parameters to account for patients presenting for multiple visits during the study window. Completion of screening laboratory tests completion was defined as a binary outcome and considered “complete” if all recommended laboratory tests were up to date by the next outpatient visit. EHR data were also collected on all diabetic emergencies following each visit during the study window, defined as a binary yes/no for the occurrence of glucagon use or a diabetes-related emergency department visits or hospitalization occurring before the next outpatient visit. Ethical ConsiderationsInstitutional review board approval was obtained at both UCLA (IRB#21-002033) and MCH (IRB #278-22). Patient consent was waived given retrospective chart review study design. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by detailing a study involving in-person follow-up appointments for pediatric patients with diabetes. The mention of outpatient visits and analysis of outcomes specifically requires patients to present for these visits, indicating that in-person interaction is indeed necessary, thereby directly contradicting the claim that telemedicine eliminates the need for such visits.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Chassis organisms like E. coli are commonly used in synthetic biology applications. [SEP] Text: Plasmid pSG1144, carrying an F-type of replicational origin, a trfA-oriV replicon from plasmid R2 [27], a chloramphenicol resistance gene and a T7 promoter, was obtained from (). Inducible variants of orf238 and ctxvp60 were constructed by cloning the genes in the multiple cloning site of pSG1144 (Additional file 1). Genes ctxvp60 opt and ctxvp60 dezopt were synthesized by Gen(). Plasmids were prepared using IS-free, MDS42 host strain. Standard laboratory media LB and LB-agar plates were used during the cultivations [28]. Chloramphenicol and ampicillin were added at 25 μg/ml and 50 μg/ml final concentrations, respectively. PCR primersTable 1 lists the oligonucleotides used in our experiments. Table 1 Primers used in this study. Full size tableAnalysis of mutationsTo analyze the mutational spectrum of the ctxvp60 gene, a 2481-bp segment was amplified from the mutant cells using the primer pair T7/chi3. The amplified fragments were resolved on a 1% agarose gel and compared to a fragment generated from the wild-type template. Identical size indicated mutations affecting only one or a few nucleotides, a decrease in size or failure of amplification indicated a deletion, and an increase in size suggested an IS insertion. In case of insertion mutants, the identity and the localization of ISes were determined by PCR using IS- and plasmid-specific primer pairs. For 12 mutants, insertions sites were further analyzed by sequencing. Growth measurements and statisticsGrowth characteristics were monitored in liquid medium in 100-well Honeycomb 2 plates (). Growth curves were taken by following the optical densities (O. D. ) at 540nm in each well using the (). Ten parallels of resuspended colonies for each plasmid-host combination were grown to saturation in ten wells at 37°C using continuous shaking in 200 μl LB medium supplemented with 25 ug/ml chloramphenicol, if required. The orf238 containing plasmids were grown in the presence and in the absence of IPTG. IPTG was added to induce the cultures at 0. 35 O. D. in 0. 6 mM final concentration. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses plasmid construction, gene amplification, and mutational analysis without explicitly addressing the use of chassis organisms like E. coli in synthetic biology applications.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Sleep is crucial for cognitive health and physical recovery. [SEP] Text: 3 Additionally, deep sleep has been called “restorative sleep” because cellular repair is very active in this stage. 5,6 Stage N3 accounts for 10% to 20% of the sleep period in young to middle-aged adults but declines with age. 3 The largest portion of N3 occurs in the early part of the sleep period and is characterized by slumber from which it is difficult to be aroused. 3 During N3, parasomnias, such as sleepwalking, night terrors, and bedwetting are most likely to occur. 3 REM sleep (stage R) REM sleep is also called stage R or “dream sleep” due to the vivid dreams that occur during this stage and is divided into phasic REM sleep and tonic REM sleep. Bursts of rapid eye movements occur during phasic REM sleep and low muscle tone with corresponding limited motor activity during tonic REM sleep. 3 Suppression of muscle tone occurs during this stage. 1 EEG demonstrates a low voltage, mixed EEG pattern. Sawtooth waves are a common finding during REM sleep; these 2-6 Hz wave patterns are sharply contoured and occur in brief bursts. 3 Deprivation of REM sleep results in a lack of memory consolidation. 7 End of cycle Completing REM sleep ends a “sleep cycle,” defined as the regular alteration between NREM and REM, with each cycle lasting approximately 90 minutes. 1 Sleep requirements The amount of daily sleep for average adults is 7. 5 to 9 hours, while children need longer periods. 1 The timing of the sleep period also naturally varies across the lifespan. In addition to changes in sleep timing, the time spent in different sleep stages also varies over the lifespan: older adults spend less time in stage N3 and REM but more in stage N2. 8 This decrease in stage N3 has implications for healing in this population since N3 is critical for cellular repair. 1 extra hours of sleep above and beyond the normal requirements is necessary to decrease sleep debt. Making up for lost sleep is most efficiently accomplished by going to bed earlier rather than sleeping later into the morning; unfortunately, this does not eliminate severe sleep debt for most individuals. 9 Sleeping regular hours all week long can decrease sleep debt. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text supports the claim by indicating that 'deep sleep has been called “restorative sleep” because cellular repair is very active in this stage,' emphasizing the importance of sleep for physical restoration. Additionally, it mentions that 'deprivation of REM sleep results in a lack of memory consolidation,' which relates to cognitive health. This reinforces the notion that both deep sleep and REM sleep play vital roles in recovery and cognitive function.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Telemedicine eliminates the need for in-person visits entirely. [SEP] Text: Statistical MethodsPatient characteristics were summarized overall and by site using means, SDs, medians, and IQRs for continuous variables, and frequencies and percentages for categorical variables. The number of visits per patient were also summarized overall and by visit type (in-person vs telemedicine). Random effects models were used for all statistical analyses since multiple visits could be potentially included for each patient. First, to examine differences in TIR and GMI over time, we conducted a linear mixed effects model using data from both sites with fixed effects for time (2 weeks and 4 weeks) and the baseline value (4 weeks before the visit). We then compared changes in TIR and GMI from baseline (4 weeks before the visit) with 2 and 4 weeks post visit by visit modality using a linear mixed effects model with fixed effects for visit type (ie, telemedicine vs in-person visit) and the baseline measurement. A second model added an interaction term between time and visit type to determine if any changes by visit type differed by time point. Multivariate models were also constructed to assess the effect of potential confounding variables collected such as age, sex, site, duration of disease, race, ethnicity, insurance type, and pump use that could affect measured outcomes. A mixed effects logistic regression model was used to determine if there was an association between visit type and the odds of completing screening laboratory tests. All analyses were conducted in SAS (version 9. 4; SAS Institute). P values of <. 05 were considered statistically significant. ResultsA total of 535 visits across 278 patients at both sites were considered, of which 269 outpatient visits met inclusion criteria among 135 unique patients. Of these, 81 visits among 39 patients took place at UCLA and the remaining 188 visits among 96 patients were at MCH. Of all included visits, 111 were performed by telemedicine (41. 2%, Figure 1). A total of 73 patients within the study were male (n=73, 54. 1%), mean age was 13. 3 years old, and mean duration of type 1 diabetes was 5 years. There were no significant differences in these metrics between sites. However, insurance type, race, and ethnicity varied significantly between UCLA and MCH. Of the patients seen at UCLA (36/39, 92. 3%) had private insurance compared with only (43/96, 44. 8%) of patients seen at MCH. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the analysis of visit types, specifically noting that there were significant in-person visits (188 visits among 96 patients at MCH) and that the study involved both telemedicine and in-person visits under various statistical methods. The presence of in-person visits implies that telemedicine does not eliminate the need for them.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Chassis organisms like E. coli are commonly used in synthetic biology applications. [SEP] Text: When testing the effect of pCTXVP60 on the growth of strains harboring various numbers of IS elements, the median O. D. value of the ten parallel cultures corresponding to each strain (MG1655, MDS12, MDS30 and MDS42) was calculated and plotted for every time point. RNA isolation from colonies and transformation with pCTXVP60, small and large colonies were collected separately from the transformation plate. Cells from small and large colonies were resuspended into fresh minimal medium and the O. D. of the suspensions were adjusted to 1. 0. RNA was isolated from the suspensions using the isolation kit with (Qiagen, Düsseldorf, Germany), supplemented with lysozyme from White (Sigma, St. ). DNA contamination was digested using DNAseI from (Boehringer Mannheim, Germany) for 45 min at 37°C in the presence of 10 mM Tris (Sigma, St. ) and 2. 25 mM MgCl2 (Fermentas, Vilnius, Lithuania). The reaction was stopped by adding 2. 5 mM EDTA (Merck, Darmstadt, Germany) and incubation at 65°C for 10 min. cDNA was synthesized from purified- and DNase-treated RNA samples using the Strand cDNA (Roche, Mannheim, Germany) with random hexanucleotide primers, according to manufacturer's instructions. The cDNA samples were used as templates in the following PCR using ORFstart and ORFstop primers, specific to the previously identified small ORF region of the ctxvp60 transcript. Primers groL1 and groL2 were used as positive controls. Cell imagingCells were incubated 30 mins. at 37°C with 10 μM nonyl acridine orange (NAO) and 10 μg/ml Ethidium bromide (EtBr). DNA staining was performed using 500 ng/ml 4',6-diamidino-2-phenylindole (DAPI) for 10 minutes after 70% ethanol fixation (30 mins) and PBS washes. Two percent agarose gel blocks (1 cm × 1 cm) were used to immobilize the cells on cover slips before microscopy observation. NAO, EtBr and DAPI were from. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not directly address the claim regarding E. coli being commonly used in synthetic biology applications. Instead, it details a specific experimental procedure involving various strains, RNA isolation, and PCR protocols without mentioning chassis organisms or their applications in synthetic biology.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Sleep is crucial for cognitive health and physical recovery. [SEP] Text: Select sleep disorders REM sleep behavior disorder (RBD) Idiopathic RBD, a sleep behavior disorder characterized by behaviors that can occur during a loss of REM sleep atonia and dream-enactment behaviors, has gained attention as a prodromal marker for neurodegenerative disorders, including and Lewy body dementia. 3,10 Sleep paralysis Sleep paralysis is the complete inability to move for 1 or 2 minutes when waking or falling asleep. Sleep paralysis is a feature of narcolepsy. 11 Rarely do healthy individuals experience sleep paralysis unless they are severely sleep-deprived. 11 narcolepsy, a syndrome of daytime sleepiness with cataplexy, transient muscle weakness can occur with brief episodes of muscle paresis as the patient directly enters into REM from being awake. 3,12 Cataplexy can be triggered by events stimulating the sympathetic nervous system, such as excitement or laughter. 3,12 Hypnagogic hallucinations, which are defined as vivid, often frightening sensory experiences not generated by external stimuli, perceptions, or mental activity also occur during an uncoupling of sleep and wakefulness. 3 In these situations, REM, with accompanying sleep paralysis and dreaming, occurs after awakening. 13 Sleep-related breathing disorders Sleep-related breathing disorders are characterized by abnormal respiration during sleep; they occur in both adults and children. There are four major groups of sleep-related breathing disorders: central sleep apnea syndromes (a lack of signals from the brain to initiate breathing), obstructive sleep apnea syndromes (breathing interrupted by soft tissue obstruction of the airway), sleep-related hypoventilation disorders (breathing that is too shallow or too slow to produce adequate oxygenation), and sleep-related hypoxemia disorder (decreased oxygenation without high enough levels of CO2 to initiate adequate breathing). Functions of sleep The body performs biological housekeeping during sleep, such as tissue repair and removing waste from the brain. 14-17 During non-REM sleep, blood supply increases to muscles, energy is restored, tissues grow and are repaired, and children release growth hormones. Therefore, sleep deprivation can impact growth. 18,19 Inadequate sleep can result from a child's environment or amphetamine-based medications prescribed for attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by explaining that sleep plays essential roles in the body's functions, notably biological housekeeping, tissue repair, and waste removal from the brain. It mentions that during non-REM sleep, blood supply to muscles increases, energy is restored, and tissues are repaired, thereby highlighting the importance of sleep for physical recovery and indirectly suggesting its role in cognitive health.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Telemedicine eliminates the need for in-person visits entirely. [SEP] Text: A majority of patients seen at UCLA were White (29/39, 74. 4%), followed by Asian (2/39, 5. 1%) with (7/39, 17. 9%) documented as “Other” or “Unknown” and (1/39, 2. 6%) with Hispanic or Latino ethnicity. Conversely, Hispanic or Latino ethnicity comprised (57/96, 59. 4%) of patients seen at MCH, followed by White at (25/96, 26%), Black at (7/96, 7. 3%), and (10/96, 10. 4%) documented as “Other” or “Unknown. ” Finally, most patients across both sites used an insulin pump, encompassing (23/39, 59%) of UCLA patients and (52/96, 54. 2%) of MCH patients (Table 1). Across all visits, mean TIR increased by 1. 63% and 1. 35% during the 2-week and 4-week period after each visit, respectively (P=. 003 and P=. 01, respectively; Figure 2). Mean GMI decreased by 0. 07% and 0. 06% during the 2-week and 4-week period after each visit, respectively (P=. 003 and P=. 02, respectively; Figure 3). TIR and GMI at 2 and 4 weeks post visit were not statistically different from each other (P=. 61 and P=. 51, respectively). Following telemedicine visits, TIR increased from baseline by 1. 9% at 2 weeks and 1. 7% at 4 weeks, while those seen in-person had TIR improvement from baseline of 1. 4% at 2 weeks and 1. 1% at 4 weeks. This change in TIR between visit modality was not significant at either time point (P=. 54 and P=. 48, respectively; Figure 2). GMI following telemedicine visits decreased from baseline by 0. 1% at 2 weeks and 0. 08% at 4 weeks, while those seen in-person had GMI decrease from baseline by 0. 06% at 2 weeks and 0. 05% at 4 weeks. This change in GMI between visit modality was also not significant at either time point (P=. 39 and P=. 44, respectively; Figure 3). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by presenting data that indicates telemedicine visits can lead to significant improvements in mean time in range (TIR) and mean glucose management indicators (GMI), but it also illustrates that in-person visits yield similar improvements. Specifically, the changes in both TIR and GMI between telemedicine and in-person visits were not statistically significant, suggesting that telemedicine does not eliminate the need for in-person visits, as both modalities have comparable outcomes.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Chassis organisms like E. coli are commonly used in synthetic biology applications. [SEP] Text: Confocal laser scanning microscopy was performed using FV1000 confocal laser scanning microscope () equipped with 60× (oil, NA:1. 35) objective. Fluoview software (version 1. 7. 2. 2), DAPI images were pseudo colored red. Bioinformatic analysis of E. coli IS sequences in shotgun dataShotgun sequencing data from early genome sequencing projects (Sanger method), where clone libraries of various genomes were constructed and maintained in E. coli host, provide a large dataset for checking the frequency of host IS contamination of the cloned sequences. Sequence reads were fetched from the. Bacterial and archaeal genomes were analyzed when individual read sequences, assembled sequence, annotations, and experimental notes were available. We built two BLAST databases for each analyzed organism, one from the read sequences, and the other from the assembled genome. A representative set of E. coli K12 MG1655 (U00096) IS elements was compiled, and expanded by an IS10 sequence from DH10B (NC_010473). Database queries were done by nucleotide level BLAST searches. To produce a conservative estimate for the number of insertion events, stringent parameter settings (expectation value 0. 1, minimum score 75, minimum run length 40 nucleotides) were used. Reads from possibly non-cloning sequencing, with "finishing", "primerwalk", "454" annotations were carefully removed. The first pass of BLAST used IS sequence baits against shotgun read databases. This round of BLAST caught reads that contain some E. coli IS-like sequences. With these reads as baits, a second round of BLAST mapped the genomic sequence parts of the reads onto the assembled genomes. Using IS baits, genome segments with matches to E. coli IS sequences were identified next. Potentially, these segments contain endogenous IS elements (and not elements acquired in the cloning process), and were excluded from further analysis. Using the remaining segments as queries, the read databases were searched, and all the reads matching to IS-acquiring segments were identified. Finally, reads collected at this pass were BLAST-ed against the assembled genomes, to find and retain only the reciprocal best hits. This back-and-forth BLAST-ing identified genome segments from which some cloning inserts acquired E. coli IS elements during the shotgun sequencing process. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim about E. coli being used in synthetic biology applications. It focuses heavily on technical methods related to genetic sequences and bioinformatics analysis involving E. coli, without mentioning its role as a chassis organism in synthetic biology.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Sleep is crucial for cognitive health and physical recovery. [SEP] Text: 20 Paradoxically, children exhibiting signs and symptoms of sleep deprivation, such as an inability to concentrate, may be misdiagnosed with ADHD. 21 Without adequate sleep, the body is at a disadvantage in completing repairs. 14,17,22 This is particularly important in the hospital setting, where patients must adequately recuperate from illness or surgery. A hospital's noisy environment may keep patients awake, and hourly patient assessments will arouse them, diminishing their ability to heal. Sleep is also important for emotional well-being. Persistent sleep deprivation can cause significant mood swings, erratic behavior, and hallucinations. 23 Sleep insufficiency Research has shown that decreased sleep is associated with increased morbidity and mortality. 24 Chronic sleep loss is associated with immunodeficiency, as evidenced by increased susceptibility to viral infections, such as the common cold. 25-27 Chronic sleep insufficiency is correlated with increased heart disease, hypertension, diabetes, dementia, and obesity. 28-31 Without enough sleep, the ability to perform even simple tasks, such as substituting one symbol for another or recognizing letters, dramatically declines. 32 Without adequate sleep, the brain's ability to consolidate information is diminished through decreased long-term potentiation of neuronal synaptic strength, which is associated with learning and memory. 33,34 Being less alert, attentive, and unable to concentrate effectively has obvious implications for nurses providing patient care. 35 Night and shift work Working the night shift impacts sleep-related processes. For example, artificial light at night extends the body's perception of natural daylight and delays the secretion of melatonin that promotes sleep onset. 22 Treatment with exogenous melatonin has positive effects on sleep quality in patients with primary sleep and metabolic disorders, and respiratory diseases. However, exogenous melatonin use is not without potential adverse reactions, including daytime sleepiness, headaches, and dizziness, agitation, and increased bedwetting in children. Exogenous melatonin may also interact with anticoagulation and antiepileptic drugs; the safety of long-term melatonin use has not been established with controlled studies. 36-39 Night-shift workers have an increased risk of type 2 diabetes. 40 Shift work, night work, and changing schedules all contribute to sleep disturbance in healthcare workers. 41 Also, research has highlighted gastrointestinal problems related to rotating shifts, such as deregulation of appetite. 42-44 Leptin, the hormone that regulates appetite, is negatively correlated with sleep. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by detailing how sleep deprivation leads to numerous health issues, including diminished cognitive functions such as concentration and memory. It explains that without adequate sleep, the body struggles to complete necessary repairs and is associated with increased morbidity and mortality, along with chronic conditions like heart disease and diabetes. This underscores the importance of sleep for physical recovery. Additionally, the mental health consequences of sleep insufficiency highlight its role in cognitive health, further supporting the claim.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Telemedicine eliminates the need for in-person visits entirely. [SEP] Text: After adjusting for site, age, sex, race, ethnicity, insurance type, and duration of disease, baseline values of TIR and GMI that were farther from goal were associated with a greater improvement (P=. 02 and P<. 001, respectively). In addition, pump use was found to be associated with improvement in TIR, but not GMI (P=. 045 and P=. 36, respectively). Site, age, sex, race, ethnicity, insurance type, and duration of disease were not statistically associated with CGM metrics. Screening laboratory tests were completed following 81/111 telemedicine visits (73%) compared with 138/157 visits in-person (87. 9%) with 1 patient seen in-person lost to follow-up. This difference was statistically significant with patients seen in-person being 2. 69 times more likely to have up-to-date screening laboratory tests by the next visit compared with those seen by telemedicine (P=. 03). Diabetic emergencies could not be assessed following 9 visits where patients were lost to follow-up at the time of the data collection. However, there were only 2 instances (0. 8%) of documented interim diabetic emergencies, and so were deemed too infrequent to meaningfully analyze. Figure 1. Visit breakdown. Table 1. Patient demographics. CharacteristicsUCLAa (n=39)MCHb (n=96)Overall (n=135)Sex, male, n (%)19 (48. 7)54 (56. 3)73 (54. 1)Age (years), mean13. 513. 213. 3Duration (years), mean5. 15. 05. 0Private insurance, n (%)36 (92. 3)43 (44. 8)79 (58. 5)Pump use, n (%)23 (59)52 (54. 2)75 (55. 6)Race or ethnicity, n (%)White29 (74. 4)25 (26. 0)54 (40. 0)Hispanic or Latinoc1 (2. 6)57 (59. 4)58 (43. 0)Black0 (0)7 (7. 3)7 (5. 2)Asian2 (5. 1)3 (3. 1)5 (3. 7)Native Hawaiian0 (0)1 (1. 0)1 (0. 7)American Indian1 (2. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by presenting data indicating that patients seen in-person were 2.69 times more likely to have up-to-date screening laboratory tests compared to those seen by telemedicine. This suggests that in-person visits still hold significant value in patient care, countering the assertion that telemedicine entirely eliminates the need for in-person visits.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Chassis organisms like E. coli are commonly used in synthetic biology applications. [SEP] Text: Also, the procedure yielded the reads that genuinely map to these segments, including those that contain acquired E. coli IS sequences. To find the functions of the genes encoded in these segments, GenBank annotations were parsed. The relationships of reads, IS elements, genome segments and gene annotations were overlaid in simple diagrams. Supporting online material. Nucleotide sequences of pCTXVP60, pCTXVP60frameshift, pSG1144-orf238, pSG1144-ctxvp60, pSG1144-ctxvp60opt, and pSG1144-ctxvp60dezopt, codon use of ctxvp60 opt and ctxvp60 dezopt, as well as data related to the structure prediction of ORF238 can be found at and at the end of this 1655. Upon transformation by plasmid pCTXVP60, heterogeneous colonies of transformants were obtained on agar plates (Fig. 1A). While the majority of the colonies were small, slow-growing, and translucent, a few percent showed normal growth and appearance, as compared to control pCTX clones (not shown). Upon prolonged incubation, eventually all small colonies started to develop sectors of normal growth. A preliminary analysis of the cells from normal, healthy colonies showed that the plasmids recovered had altered restriction digestion patterns, primarily due to IS element insertions in the fusion gene [24]. An extended analysis of 100 colonies by PCR spanning the fusion gene confirmed the extreme instability of the plasmid. A vast majority, 92%, of the large colonies carried plasmids with IS insertions, while 8% displayed deletions or no alteration detectable by PCR. Insertion events were due to IS1, IS3, and IS5 translocations, as detected by using IS-specific PCR primers. Insertion sites were determined by sequencing 12 clones. All IS insertions occurred in the 5' third of the fusion gene, in the ctx part or near the 5' end of vp60. Results of the analysis are summarized in Fig. 2. Figure 1Transformants of pCTXVP60/MG1655 (A) and pCTXVP60/MDS42 (B) on LB plates containing chloramphenicol. Arrows indicate sectors of colonies that have arisen by outgrowth of cells harboring mutated plasmids. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not directly support or refute the claim about E. coli as a chassis organism in synthetic biology. Instead, it discusses a specific experimental procedure involving plasmids and characteristics of transformants, which does not provide evidence or counter-evidence related to the common use of E. coli in the broader context of synthetic biology applications.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Sleep is crucial for cognitive health and physical recovery. [SEP] Text: 31 Increased food intake associated with sleep loss can lead to weight gain through changes in hormone secretion, increasing hunger. 45,46 Furthermore, irregular meal times contribute to sleep disturbances, such as the ability to maintain sleep-wake schedules, and are particularly problematic when eating close to bedtime. 47 Possible links between chronic sleep insufficiency and dementia have also been documented, but not all studies report consistent results. 44,48 Fatigue has been shown to be significantly associated with night work, less than 11 hours between shifts, shifts greater than 10 hours, and sleep disturbance in night-shift workers. 49 High levels of poor sleep quality have been found in nurses, with the worst quality exhibited by those of the evening chronotype (night owls versus larks). 50 Nurses working rotating shifts may spend more time in bed than their day-working counterparts but exhibit poorer quality of sleep. 51 Sleep deprivation that impairs both short- and long-term memory can negatively impact nurses' ability to provide high-quality care. 52 Sleep hygiene Multiple studies have shown that information about sleep hygiene promotes better sleep:53 Regular bedtime and rise time: maintain a consistent bedtime and wake-up time, even on your days off. Keeping “anchor hours,” or four hours of consistent and fixed slumber daily helps reduce the negative impact of changing schedules on fatigue. To make up sleep, go to bed earlier and do not sleep later into the morning. 51 Exercise in the morning or early afternoon, particularly 4-6 hours before bedtime. Avoid caffeine, nicotine, and alcohol. If used, do not consume them near sleep onset. For example, although alcohol may help you fall asleep, it depresses REM sleep until metabolized and can cause a REM rebound resulting in awakening with vivid dreams that disrupt sleep. 54 Do not do anything in your bedroom except sleeping and having sex. 56,57 White noise, interpreted as a “hissing sound,” and pink noise, with characteristic frequency variation, have been shown to improve sleep. 58 Avoid napping. If you have any issues sleeping, you will only compound sleep problems. If you have no problems sleeping at night, they are not off-limits but should be a full sleep cycle, which means in increments of 90 minutes. If you cannot sleep 90 minutes, never nap longer than 20 minutes. This will keep you from entering stage N3, deep sleep. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the critical impact of sleep on cognitive health, particularly how sleep deprivation affects memory and overall cognitive function, specifically in nurses. The mention of chronic sleep insufficiency being linked to dementia and the various recommendations for sleep hygiene also highlight the importance of sleep for mental and physical well-being.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Telemedicine eliminates the need for in-person visits entirely. [SEP] Text: 6)0 (0)1 (0. 7)Other2 (5. 1)7 (7. 3)9 (6. 7)Unknown5 (12. 8)3 (3. 1)8 (5. 9)aUCLA: University of California, Los Angeles. bMCH: Miller Children’s and Women’s Hospital. cIn the EHR, Hispanic or Latino ethnicity is coded separately and lists race as “other. ”Figure 2. Time in range. Figure 3. Glucose management indicator. DiscussionPrincipal FindingsOur study demonstrated a statistically significant improvement in both TIR and GMI at 2 and 4 weeks after outpatient type 1 diabetes visits compared with baseline values during 4 weeks before. This improvement was observed even after adjusting for patient demographics and study site and was similar by visit modality, indicating that clinically stable pediatric patients using CGM from diverse backgrounds can have immediate improvement in glycemic control following both telemedicine and in-person visits. While not statistically significant, there were greater improvements in TIR and GMI in the immediate 2-week postvisit period, with a slight reversal toward baseline at the 4-week period. Possible explanations include recency of reviewed diabetes education at the outpatient visit (ie, decreased retention of information over time), or potential decrease in motivation to follow recommendations as more time elapsed following a clinical encounter. This would be expected to be more prominent for patients on multiple daily injections since with insulin pump therapy, settings are programmed directly into the pump which alleviates some patient burden for remembering and incorporating dose adjustments. This may result in a greater likelihood for the patients on pumps to be compliant with current insulin regimen recommendations. Regardless, an overall improvement in both TIR and GMI was maintained at 4-weeks post visit, though the magnitude of these changes was small. Goal TIR is typically at least 70% and extrapolating GMI to HbA1c targets suggest an ideal value of <7% (53 mmol/mol) for most pediatric patients [2,11]. This reinforces a need for multiple outpatient visits or insulin regimen adjustments over time to attain a clinically relevant, maintained change in TIR or GMI. We found no significant difference in improvements in our CGM parameters of interest between patients seen in-person versus by telemedicine. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by indicating that even though telemedicine can lead to improvements in glycemic control, there is evidence that outpatient visits (including both telemedicine and in-person visits) are necessary for achieving clinically relevant changes. The statement 'an overall improvement in both TIR and GMI was maintained at 4-weeks post visit' implies that ongoing outpatient visits, whether in-person or via telemedicine, are required to maintain and manage changes effectively.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Chassis organisms like E. coli are commonly used in synthetic biology applications. [SEP] Text: Full size imageFigure 2Map of ctxvp60 orf238 with IS insertion sites. Tick-marks on orf238 indicate potential translational re-initiation sites. F marks the site of a frame-shift mutation introduced in the 5' end of vp60 (Additional file 1). Full size imageSimilar heterogeneity of pCTXVP60 transformants was observed in other regular E. coli hosts, including DH5α, DH10B or C600. In contrast, transformants of IS-less MDS42 [24] displayed a nearly uniform morphology (Fig. 1B) on LB plates. Colonies generally displayed moderately retarded growth, and only < 0. 1% of the colonies was larger, showing normal growth. Generally, plasmid DNA recovered from cultures using MDS42 host yielded unaltered restriction digestion pattern and nucleotide sequence (data not shown). Growth retardation effect of pCTXVP60 is due to an artificial byproduct, a Leu-rich ORFThe synthetic fusion gene ctxvp60 contains a large number of rare Arg ( 1 AGG, 21 AGA) codons. It was assumed that translation of ctxvp60 exerts a toxic effect on the cell by exhausting the rare tRNAArg pool and thus rendering it unavailable for the synthesis of essential proteins. To test this hypothesis, two new versions of ctxvp60 were synthesized. Version ctxvp60 opt was codon-optimized for E. coli and carried no rare codons, while ctxvp60 dezopt contained the rare AGG codons for all the 22 arginines (Additional files 2 and 3). Both versions were cloned in pSG1144 (Additional file 1), using MG1655-T7 host. Surprisingly, induced expression of both constructs, optimized and deoptimized, had only a minor negative effect on the growth of the cell, comparable to that seen with the vector plasmid (Fig. 3). Figure 3Effect of ORF238-expression on cell growth. MDS42-T7 cells harboring derivatives of the original ctxvp60 sequence inserted into the pSG1144 vector were grown in LB at 37°C. Overnight liquid cultures from colonies of freshly transformed cells were diluted into fresh medium and divided into two flasks. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not provide any direct or relevant information regarding the claim about E. coli being used as chassis organisms in synthetic biology applications. While it mentions E. coli in various contexts related to plasmid DNA and gene expression, it does not specifically confirm or discuss its role or common use in synthetic biology.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Sleep is crucial for cognitive health and physical recovery. [SEP] Text: If you nap long enough to enter deep sleep, but do not complete a full 90-minute sleep cycle, you will not feel refreshed. 59,60 If you use an alarm to awaken, be sure to calculate how many 90-minute cycles you can get in after adding the time it normally takes you to fall asleep. Once you calculate how many cycles you can sleep, set the alarm for the end of a cycle. Do not add in those extra few minutes you long for, you will feel worse, not better, by waking yourself during a cycle. 58 Keep your bedroom cool. Natural sleep onset occurs as body temperature decreases. 51 Nursing implications Simple interventions, such as reducing noise at night, could help patients sleep more productively. Scheduling patient checks on a 90-minute interval (if clinical status allows) instead of hourly or every 2 hours, as is a common practice, could also enhance patient sleep by allowing for full sleep cycles. Avoid unnecessary light during patient turning or routine checks to minimize sleep disturbance. 51 Routine environmental cleaning could occur during regular daytime periods rather than nighttime. Sleep deprivation is positively correlated with decreased vigilance and work performance and workplace deviance, such as incivility and cyberloafing, which is the engagement in non-work-related online activities during work time. 61-63 In addition, circadian misalignment related to nightwork may be linked to aggression. 63 Knowledge of sleep and its impact on performance and health is important for nurses and their patients. Nurses should teach patients about sleep and its importance in health and well-being. 1. . Sleep: A Scientific Perspective. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall; 1988:2. 2. . Diagnosis and treatment of obstructive sleep apnea in adults. CMAJ. 2017;189(48):E1481–E1488. doi:10. 1503/cmaj. 170296. | Text | PubMed | CrossRef 3. Kirch D. Stages and architecture of normal sleep. UpToDate. 2022. www. uptodate. com/contents/stages-and-architecture-of-normal-sleep? search=sleep&source=search_result&selectedTitle=3~150&usage_type=default&display_rank=3#H630021532. 4. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the importance of sleep for performance and health, stating that 'sleep deprivation is positively correlated with decreased vigilance and work performance,' which emphasizes the role of sleep in cognitive health. Additionally, the discussion on environmental factors that improve sleep, as well as the mention of the need for nurses to educate patients about the importance of sleep in health and well-being, further supports the assertion that sleep is crucial for cognitive health and physical recovery.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Telemedicine eliminates the need for in-person visits entirely. [SEP] Text: Previous studies have shown that telemedicine is not inferior to in-person visits in terms of key diabetes clinical outcomes among patients on CGM [16]. A likely reason is that data provided by CGM can be easily generated and transmitted remotely, and thus, easily incorporated into a telemedicine type 1 diabetes outpatient visit. Therefore, when CGM data are available, the option for telemedicine encounters in patients who are clinically stable can be a viable alternative to traditional in-person assessment. Completion of screening laboratory tests was significantly higher among patients seen in-person compared with those seen through telemedicine. This may be explained by the accessibility of on-site laboratory tests available to patients seen in-person (ie, blood samples in the laboratory can be conveniently collected after the visit). Patients seen in-person at UCLA always had access to an on-site laboratory, while only patients with public insurance seen at MCH could have blood drawn in the laboratory on site due to insurance contracts. Because not all pediatric endocrinology practices have access to an on-site laboratory, our findings may not be wholly generalizable. Two recent 0. 8% of visits). Certainly, this is influenced by the inclusion criteria of last HbA1c <10% as poorly controlled patients are at much higher risk for hyperglycemia-related emergency department visits and hospitalizations. Another possible explanation could be the previously reported protective nature of CGM use. This was reiterated by a recent publication from the type 1 diabetes exchange data showing that CGM users were about one third as likely to endure a diabetic ketoacidosis event compared with nonusers [22]. Baseline TIR and GMI values farther from goal were associated with greater magnitude of change. This is not surprising as these patients inherently have more room for improvement. Also, while maximizing TIR is an appropriate goal in all patients, minimizing GMI in those with near optimal control can come at the cost of more frequent hypoglycemic episodes. However, we cannot exclude that a regression to the mean may also contribute to the bigger improvement in those with worse baselines. Pump use was also associated with greater improvement in TIR from baseline, although not in GMI. This implies that patients using insulin pumps had more blood sugars centered within the target range, while not necessarily affecting average blood sugar. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by explaining that while telemedicine can be a viable alternative in certain cases, it does not entirely eliminate the need for in-person visits. For example, the study mentions that 'Completion of screening laboratory tests was significantly higher among patients seen in-person compared with those seen through telemedicine,' indicating that some clinical assessments require physical presence. Additionally, it highlights that access to on-site laboratory tests at in-person visits provides benefits that telemedicine cannot fully replicate.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Chassis organisms like E. coli are commonly used in synthetic biology applications. [SEP] Text: One of each pairs was induced by adding 1 mM of IPTG after 90 minutes growth (A+, B+, C+, D+ cultures, solid arrow), with the exception of E+, to which IPTG was added at 120 minutes (arrow with dashed line). (A, A+) pSG1144 vector (B, B+) pSG1144-ctxvp60 (C, C+) pSG1144-ctxvp60opt (D, D+) pSG1144-ctxvp60dezopt (E, E+) pSG1144-orf238. Full size imageOn the other hand, a frame-shift mutation of ctxvp60, introduced in a position near the 5' end of the vp60 part (Fig. 2; Additional file 1), did not relieve the growth retardation effect of the plasmid (data not shown). All these results indicate that neither the CTXVP60 protein per se, nor the supposed rare tRNA depletion phenomenon is the cause of the toxic effect of pCTXVP60. A thorough inspection of the original ctxvp60 gene revealed the presence of a 238 aa ORF (ORF238) out of the original reading frame. ORF238 spans the joint between ctx and vp60 and extends into the 5' part of vp60 (for coordinates, see Fig. 2). Translation of ORF238 results in an extremely Leu-rich (102 Leu residues) protein (Additional file 4). The hydrophobic nature of the protein and its four putative transmembrane domains (predicted with [29] and DAS-TMfilter [30, 31]) strongly suggest that it integrates in the cell membranes, and might be the cause of the toxic effect (Additional file 4). To test the hypothesis that ORF238 was the culprit of the growth defect, it was cloned as an inducible construct in plasmid pSG1144. Upon induction, expression of ORF238 resulted in a phenotype identical to that of the original ctxvp60 cloned in the same plasmid. Growth retardation of the culture, due to induction of ORF238, is demonstrated in Fig. 3. Confocal laser scanning microscopy imaging of the cells expressing either CTXVP60 or ORF238 confirmed its inhibitory role. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses experimental procedures related to the ctxvp60 gene and ORF238 without any mention of E. coli or chassis organisms commonly used in synthetic biology. It focuses on specific molecular details and the impact of certain proteins on growth retardation, which does not address the broader application of chassis organisms.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Sleep is crucial for cognitive health and physical recovery. [SEP] Text: Miner B, Kryger MH. Sleep in the aging population. Clin. 2020;15(2):311–318. | PubMed 25. . The sleep-immune crosstalk in health and disease. Physiol Rev. 2019;99(3):1325–1380. | PubMed | CrossRef 26. Sleep deprivation, immune suppression and SARS-CoV-2 infection. . 2022;19(2):904. doi:10. 3390/ijerph19020904. 27. Cirelli C. Insufficient sleep: definition, epidemiology, and adverse outcomes. UpToDate. 2023. www. uptodate. com/contents/insufficient-sleep-definition-epidemiology-and-adverse-outcomes? search=sleep%20deprivation%20adult&source=search_result&selectedTitle=1~150&usage_type=default&display_rank=1#H433566388. 28. van Associations between sleep duration and sleep debt with insulin sensitivity and insulin secretion in the EGIR-RISC Study. Diabetes Metab. 2019;45(4):375–381. | PubMed | CrossRef 29. Arora A, Pell D, van. How do associations between sleep duration and metabolic health differ with age in the UK general population. PLoS One. 2020;15(11):e0242852. doi:10. 1371/journal. pone. 0242852. 30. King's College reports findings in type 2 diabetes (The impact of sleep debt on excess adiposity and insulin sensitivity in patients with early type 2 diabetes mellitus). Obesity & Diabetes Week. 2016;28. link. gale. com/apps/doc/A458493330/HRCA? u=txshracd2626&sid=HRCA&xid=27a9067f. 31. . The role of sleep curtailment on leptin levels in obesity and diabetes mellitus. Obes Facts. 2021;14(2):214–221. doi:10. 1159/000514095. 32. Nikles J, Mitchell GK, de R, et al. A systematic review of the effectiveness of sleep hygiene in children with ADHD. Med. 2020;25(4):497–518. | PubMed | CrossRef 33. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text, while primarily listing various studies and articles related to sleep, aligns with the claim by referencing topics such as 'sleep deprivation' and its implications on health. Specifically, phrases like 'insufficient sleep: definition, epidemiology, and adverse outcomes' suggest recognition of the negative effects of insufficient sleep on health, which indirectly supports the importance of sleep for cognitive health and physical recovery.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Telemedicine eliminates the need for in-person visits entirely. [SEP] Text: This decreased variability has been historically reported in patients on insulin pumps, and intuitively makes sense if using a hybrid-closed loop algorithm that acts to mitigate both hypo- and hyperglycemia [23]. Our study design had several key strengths including a diverse patient population across both centers representing a spectrum of pediatric ages, durations of disease, and insurance types. Furthermore, within the study period many patients were seen by both telemedicine and in-person visits which mitigated potential patient demographic differences when comparing visit modality. However, there are several notable limitations of this study. This was a retrospective analysis of EHR data so our findings are subject to confounding factors that may have contributed to the patient or health care team decisions on whether to perform an in-person or telehealth visit. In addition, our results are limited to patients who met inclusion criteria of using Dexcom CGM with most recent HbA1c <10%, and therefore may not be generalizable to children and adolescents using other CGM devices or traditional finger sticks for glucose monitoring, with lower CGM adherence rates, or with higher HbA1c levels. Furthermore, there is potential for sampling bias since patients already using CGM to manage diabetes may have increased motivation or investment in their care to follow recommendations from outpatient encounters which could manifest as improved clinical outcomes. In addition, since rates of completion of screening laboratory tests were measured by being up to date by the following visit, it includes visits in which patients were not due for any screening laboratory tests and so it is possible that our 2 cohorts already had a baseline difference in the necessity for screening laboratory testing. Finally, our data are limited to 269 total patient encounters and therefore, larger scale and prospective trials are needed to verify our findings as well as to adequately analyze the risks of low frequency events such as diabetes emergencies. ConclusionOur study found small but statistically significant improvements in TIR and GMI within 2-4 weeks following outpatient pediatric type 1 diabetes visits, which was not statistically different whether conducted in-person or through telemedicine. Because of the small magnitude of these changes, subsequent visits and CGM reviews remain important to achieve clinically relevant improvements over time. However, our study found that completion of screening laboratory tests occurred more often following in-person visits which highlights the importance of alternating between periodic telemedicine and in-person visits at a frequency according to individual patient care needs. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by indicating that while telemedicine can be beneficial, the study found that 'completion of screening laboratory tests occurred more often following in-person visits', suggesting that in-person visits are essential for certain aspects of care. Additionally, the text emphasizes that alternating between telemedicine and in-person visits is important 'according to individual patient care needs', which further underscores that telemedicine does not eliminate the need for in-person visits.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Chassis organisms like E. coli are commonly used in synthetic biology applications. [SEP] Text: Nucleic acid staining (Ethidium bromide or DAPI) combined with differential interference contrast (DIC) imaging and membrane staining (nonyl acridine orange) revealed that cell division is impaired, resulting in slow-growing, abnormally long cells with aberrant nucleoids (Fig. 4B, E, F). Untransformed (MG1655) or uninduced ORF238-harboring cells, on the other hand, displayed normal phenotype and size distribution (Fig 4A, C, D). Figure 4Fluorescence microscopy images (A-F) of cells harboring control and toxic plasmids. Plasmids and host cells are indicated for each panel. While toxic constructs pCTXVP60 (B) or induced ORF238 (E,F) give rise to abnormally long cells, untransformed MG1655 cells (A) and uninduced ORF238 (C,D) cells displayed no defects. Insets of (A) and (B) show nonyl acridine orange-stained (green) membranes superimposed onto ethidium bromide stained (red) nucleoids. DAPI stained nucleoids (pseudocolored red) are shown in (C) and (E). Arrowheads in (B) and (E) indicate abnormal, stretched or multiple nucleoids in undivided cells. Scalebars: 2 μm. Full size imageISes integrated in ctxvp60 block transcription of the Leu-rich integrations, found in pCTXVP60, occurred either upstream or in the 5' end region of ORF238. It was assumed that ISes landing in this region relieve the cell from stress by blocking transcription of ORF238. To prove this, we showed that RNA prepared from cells harboring pCTXVP60 contained transcripts of the toxic gene detectable by RT-PCR. However, when picking a mutant with an IS1 or IS5 inserted into the 5' end of ctxvp60, transcripts of downstream sequences could not be detected (Fig. 5). Figure 5RT PCR results confirm inhibition of transcription by IS 1 insertion. (A) Gel electrophoresis of RT-PCR products made from RNA prepared from cells harboring pCTXVP60IS1 or pCTXVP60, as indicated. Two parallel experiments were performed with each sample. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address or provide any information regarding the use of chassis organisms like E. coli in synthetic biology applications. Instead, it focuses on the effects of toxic plasmids on cell division and transcriptional activities. Therefore, it is irrelevant to the claim about chassis organisms.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Sleep is crucial for cognitive health and physical recovery. [SEP] Text: Niu S-F, Chung M-H, Chen C-H, Hegney D, O'Brien A, Chou K-R. The effect of shift rotation on employee cortisol profile, sleep quality, fatigue, and attention level: a systematic review. J Nurs Res. 2011;19(1):69–80. | Text | PubMed 53. Nikles J, Mitchell GK, de R, et al. A systematic review of the effectiveness of sleep hygiene in children with ADHD. Med. 2020;25(4):497–518. | PubMed | CrossRef 54. Effects of alcohol on polysomnographically recorded sleep in healthy subjects. Exp Res. 2006;30(9):1527–1537. | Text | PubMed | CrossRef 55. Suni E. Sleep Hygiene: what it is, why it matters, and how to revamp your habits to get better nightly sleep. Sleep Foundation. 2022. www. sleepfoundation. org/sleep-hygiene. 56. . Noise as a sleep aid: a systematic review. Rev. 2021;55. doi:10. 1016/j. smrv. 2020. 101385. 57. Trotti LM. Waking up is the hardest thing I do all day: sleep inertia and sleep drunkenness. Rev. 2017;35:76–84. doi:10. 1016/j. smrv. 2016. 08. 005. | PubMed | CrossRef 58. Larson J, Watson S. How to deal with sleep inertia, that groggy feeling when you wake up. Healthline. 2020. www. healthline. com/health/sleep/how-to-deal-with-sleep-inertia#:~:text=Chances%20are%2C%20your%20morning%20grogginess,may%20feel%20groggy%20or%20disoriented. 59. . Investigating the non-work antecedents of workplace deviance. Manage. 2023;10(1):2171559. doi:10. 1080/23311975. 2023. 2171559. 60. Effects of six weeks of chronic sleep restriction with weekend recovery on cognitive performance and wellbeing in high-performing adults. Sleep. 2021;44(8):zsab051. doi:10. 1093/sleep/zsab051. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text includes references to studies that assess the effects of sleep on cognitive performance and wellbeing, such as the study on 'Effects of six weeks of chronic sleep restriction with weekend recovery on cognitive performance and wellbeing in high-performing adults,' which directly supports the claim regarding the importance of sleep for cognitive health.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Telemedicine eliminates the need for in-person visits entirely. [SEP] Text: Since multiple outpatient visits are necessary for a clinically meaningful and maintained impact on glycemic control, hybrid approaches using both telemedicine and in-person visits for type 1 diabetes care in pediatric patients to improve access to care and visit efficiency is an area in need of further study. 497. [FREE Full text] [CrossRef] [Medline] on behalf of the Association. 14. Children and adolescents: standards of care in diabetes-2023. Diabetes Care. 2023;46(Suppl 1):S230-S253. [FREE Full text] [CrossRef] [Medline] Type 1 diabetes in children and adolescents: a position statement by the American diabetes association. Diabetes Care. 2018;41(9):2026-2044. [FREE Full text] [CrossRef] [Medline] T1. Longitudinal changes in continuous glucose monitoring use among individuals with type 1 diabetes: international comparison in the German and Austrian DPV and U. S. T1D exchange registries. Diabetes Care. 2020;43(1):e1-e2. [FREE Full text] [CrossRef] [Medline]Rodbard D. Continuous glucose monitoring: a review of recent studies demonstrating improved glycemic outcomes. Ther. 2017;19(S3):S25-S37. [CrossRef] [Medline]Cardona-. Glycemic outcome associated with insulin pump and glucose sensor use in children and adolescents with type 1 diabetes. Data from the international pediatric registry sweet. Diabetes Care. 2021;44(5):1176-1184. [CrossRef] [Medline]Mayer-' for Diabetes in Group. Diabetic retinopathy in the search for diabetes in youth cohort: a pilot study. Diabet Med. 2012;29(9):1148-1152. [FREE Full text] [CrossRef] [Medline]/. The diabetes control and complications trial/epidemiology of diabetes interventions and complications study at 30 years: overview. Diabetes Care. 2014;37(1):9-16. [FREE Full text] [CrossRef] [Medline]Control and Research Group. The relationship of glycemic exposure (HbA1c) to the risk of development and progression of retinopathy in the diabetes control and complications trial. Diabetes. 1995;44(8):968-983. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by suggesting that multiple outpatient visits are necessary for effective glycemic control. It indicates that a hybrid approach combining telemedicine and in-person visits is essential for managing type 1 diabetes care in pediatric patients, thus rejecting the notion that telemedicine can completely replace in-person visits.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Chassis organisms like E. coli are commonly used in synthetic biology applications. [SEP] Text: Primers ORFstart and ORFstop were used in lanes 1-4, and control primers groL1 and groL2 in lanes 5-8. White arrows mark the expected sizes of the respective PCR products. (B) Map indicating the position of IS1, orf238 and PCR primers relative to the ctxvp60 gene. Full size imageGrowth dynamics and evolution of strains harboring pCTXVP60 is related to the number of genomic ISesGrowth characteristics of transformants of toxic and mutant plasmids were monitored in liquid medium. Ten parallels originating from 10 colonies were grown for each plasmid-host combination, and automatic O. D. -readings were taken in a instrument (Fig. 6). Figure 6Effect of ctxvp60 on cell growth. The graphs display growth curves of individual cultures, with the exception of panel E, where each line represents the median growth curve of 10 independent cultures. Cells were grown in LB at 37°C by inoculating colonies of freshly transformed cells grown on agar+Cam plates, with the exception of panel C, which displays cultures from panel A, re-inoculated into fresh medium at 1:100 volume. (A) pCTXVP60/MG1655, (B) pCTX/MG1655 (non-toxic control), (C) Re-inoculated pCTXVP60/MG1655 cultures from panel A, (D) pCTXVP60/MDS42, (E) pCTXVP60 in MDS cells with different number of resident ISes, indicated by the numbers, (F) pCTXVP60/MDS42+IS. Full size imageInitial growth of MG1655/pCTXVP60 stopped at ~O. D. = 0. 2-0. 5. However, after prolonged incubation, individual cultures resumed growth at various time points, and reached a final density comparable to the MG1655/pCTX control (Fig. 6A, B). Plasmids isolated from these outgrown cultures almost invariably contained ISes inserted in pCTXVP60. Reinoculation of the outgrown cultures into fresh medium resulted in uninterrupted, normal growth (Fig. 6C). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it provides specific experimental details about primers, growth dynamics, and the behavior of certain plasmids in a laboratory setting. It does not mention E. coli or its role as a chassis organism in synthetic biology applications.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Sleep is crucial for cognitive health and physical recovery. [SEP] Text: in through your institution issuesearch term Advance 5214. Email: elshemm@auburn. edu Search for other works by this author on: 10. 1093/sleep/zsz078 Published: 04 April 2019 10. 1093/sleep/zsz195 10. 1093/sleep/zsz078 Select format. ris (Mendeley, Papers, Zotero). enw (EndNote). bibtex (BibTex). txt (Medlars, RefWorks) Download citation issuesearch term issuesearch term attempted to identify the duration and quality of sleep associated with the optimal child outcomes in key developmental domains including cognitive functioning, academic performance, and mental health. In doing so, we examined nonlinear associations between the sleep and developmental variables. Based on racial/ethnic disparities in children’s sleep, we assessed this variable as a moderator of examined relations. MethodsTwo hundred eighty-two children participated (Mage = 9. 4 years, SD =. 72; 52% boys; 65% white/European American, 35% black/African American). Sleep was examined with actigraphy for seven consecutive nights and with self-reports. Actigraphy-based sleep duration (minutes) and quality (efficiency), as well as self-reported sleep quality were derived. Children reported on their mental health and were administered cognitive performance tests. Mothers and teachers reported on children’s mental health; teachers also reported on academic functioning. Schools provided academic achievement data. ResultsSleep duration had an accelerating nonlinear negative association with externalizing behaviors. Nonlinear associations were also detected between both actigraphy-derived and subjective reports of sleep quality and multiple developmental domains including academic functioning and mental health and the best functioning corresponded with the highest levels of sleep quality. Emphasizing the importance of individual differences, several examined associations were moderated by race/ethnicity. ConclusionsSleep duration and quality emerged as nonlinear predictors of multiple domains of child development. Findings illustrate that the benefits of longer and better-quality sleep did not taper off and that assessments of nonlinear relations may enhance understanding of the nature of associations between sleep and child functioning. sleep, children, actigraphy, cognitive functioning, academic achievement, mental healthStatement of SignificanceExamination and identification of what constitutes optimal sleep for various child outcomes is critical yet scarce. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the significant relationships between sleep duration and quality with cognitive functioning, academic performance, and mental health in children. It highlights that both actigraphy-derived and self-reported measures of sleep can act as nonlinear predictors of these developmental domains, indicating that optimal sleep is critical for cognitive health and overall development.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Telemedicine eliminates the need for in-person visits entirely. [SEP] Text: Influence of synchronous primary care telemedicine versus in-person visits on diabetes, hypertension, and hyperlipidemia outcomes: a systematic review 2018. Three studies were conducted in the United States, 2 in Spain, 1 in Sweden, and 1 in the United Kingdom. The telemedicine interventions investigated were multifaceted. All included synchronous visits with a primary care provider through videoconferencing and/or telephone, combined with other components such as asynchronous patient data transmission. Five studies reported on HbA1c changes, 5 on blood pressure changes, and 3 on changes in lipid levels. Compared to usual care with in-person visits, telemedicine was associated with greater reductions in HbA1c at 6 months and similar HbA1c outcomes at 12 months. Telemedicine conferred no significant differences in blood pressure and lipid levels compared to in-person clinic visits. ConclusionsA systematic review of the literature found few studies comparing clinical outcomes resulting from synchronous telemedicine versus in-person office visits, but the existing literature showed that in the primary care setting, telemedicine was not inferior to in-person visits for the management of diabetes, hypertension, or hypercholesterolemia. These results hold promise for continued use of telemedicine for chronic disease management. reports BackgroundTelemedicine is defined as the use of telecommunication and information technologies to provide clinical health care at a distance [1,2,3]. It includes a diverse array of technologies, such as synchronous virtual visits through videoconferencing or telephone consultations, and asynchronous transmission and interpretation of clinical data (e. g. , blood pressure readings, daily weights) [1, 4]. Due to the COVID-19 pandemic, telemedicine use increased dramatically [5], with a 154% increase in telemedicine encounters during the last week of March 2020 compared to the same surveillance period in 2019 [6]. Virtual visits reduced concerns regarding disease transmission and preserved personal protective equipment during the pandemic. Yet they also benefited patients with limited mobility [7] and difficulties with transportation or with taking time off work for appointments [8, 9]. In the United States, temporary federal and state regulatory changes during the pandemic allowed for greater patient access to telemedicine [5]. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by indicating that while telemedicine has been associated with effective management of chronic conditions compared to in-person visits, it does not eliminate the need for these visits entirely. The statement notes that telemedicine was found to be 'not inferior' to in-person visits, suggesting that both methods are still relevant for patient care, rather than representing a total replacement of in-person interactions.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Chassis organisms like E. coli are commonly used in synthetic biology applications. [SEP] Text: The results were consistent with the observed growth characteristics of transformants on agar plates: i) pCTXVP60 causes growth retardation, ii) in a stochastic manner, a fraction of the cells picks up an IS insertion in ctxvp60, due to the mobility of genomic ISes, iii) cells harboring an IS-inactivated ORF238 resume normal growth and quickly become dominant in the culture. In contrast, growth of MDS42/pCTXVP60 displayed a nearly uniform pattern. Initial growth of the cultures stopped at ~O. D. = 0. 3, and only one culture of 10 parallels grew eventually to high density (Fig. 6D). Plasmid isolated from this dense culture revealed a deletion in ctxvp60. Results indicate that the primary route to inactivation of the toxic gene is via IS translocation. Next, strains representing the various stages of the genome reduction process (MG1655, MDS12, MDS30, MDS42), and thus harboring various numbers of ISes (44, 25, 5, and 0, respectively) were transformed with pCTXVP60. The median growth curves observed for the transformants seemed to support the notion that the time needed for evolution of a non-toxic plasmid variant in the culture correlated with the number of ISes in the host genome (Fig. 6E). Even a single IS1, present in the host genome, had a marked effect on growth dynamics, and accelerated the evolution of fast-growing variants (Fig. 6F), as compared to the IS-less, essentially isogenic host (MDS42) (Fig. 6D). Bioinformatic analysis of E. coli IS sequences in shotgun sequencing dataTo test whether IS-mediated instability of cloned sequences could be more wide-spread than anticipated, a bioinformatic analysis of raw data from early genome sequencing projects was performed. Protocols for shotgun genome sequencing by the Sanger method started by the insertion of fragments from a target genome into a plasmid vector, followed by transformation into E. coli cells. Next, transformed cells were grown first on solid medium, then in liquid cultures, prior to processing. Enriched target fragments were then sequenced, and overlapping sequence reads were assembled into contigs. The middle, cell growing steps can be viewed upon as some biological test of E. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not provide specific information regarding the use of E. coli as a chassis organism in synthetic biology. Although it discusses transformations and growth characteristics of E. coli in various contexts, it does not confirm or deny its common application in synthetic biology, rendering it irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Sleep is crucial for cognitive health and physical recovery. [SEP] Text: This gap in the literature is especially evident when considering objectively derived sleep duration and measurement of sleep quality. Based on actigraphy-based assessment of sleep duration and efficiency as well as subjective sleep problems, findings show that relations between sleep and children’s cognitive functioning, academic achievement and mental health are nonlinear. Overall, the benefits of longer sleep duration and better sleep quality do not taper off and continue at an accelerated pace across the full range of sleep duration and quality. Highlighting the importance of examining race/ethnicity, the pattern of associations between sleep and child functioning differed for white/and black/children. represents a critical domain of children’s health. Among community samples of school-aged children, studies are increasingly establishing that longer sleep duration and better sleep quality relate positively to multiple domains of child adaptation [1, 2]. Despite these advances, open questions remain and debate surrounds the duration and quality of sleep children require for optimum functioning across various adjustment and health domains. Leading scholars and practitioners have provided general guidelines for optimal duration [3] and quality [4]. Based on recommendations by the Foundation (NSF) multidisciplinary expert panel [3], a sleep duration between 9 and 11 hr was suggested for school-aged children. These recommendations were based largely on shared opinion and pertain to sleep duration based on reported time in bed (not actual sleep duration that is derived through objective measures). Furthermore, recommendations in the field do not differentiate between the amount of sleep needed for various domains of child functioning [5]. Regarding sleep quality, an expert panel conducted a literature review and made recommendations for what constitutes good sleep quality [4]. For example, a sleep efficiency greater than 85% was considered good quality sleep for school-aged children. Collectively, existing recommendations are not without controversy and empirical examinations conducted to ascertain optimal sleep duration and quality that children need for best levels of functioning across various domains are scarce [5, 6]. This study is consistent with recommendations in the field for conducting empirically based assessments of what may constitute optimal sleep [7]. Our investigation advances the literature by attempting to identify optimal sleep duration and quality parameters associated with primary domains of children’s development including cognitive performance [8], academic functioning [9], and mental health [10, 11]. In doing so, we examined nonlinear associations between sleep and child functioning. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing how longer sleep duration and better sleep quality are positively related to multiple domains of child adaptation, including cognitive functioning, academic achievement, and mental health. It emphasizes the significance of sleep for children's health and development, stating that empirical examinations on optimal sleep duration and quality are essential for understanding their impact on cognitive performance and mental health.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Telemedicine eliminates the need for in-person visits entirely. [SEP] Text: Evidence of the effectiveness of these telemedicine encounters on clinical outcomes would support the utility of continued use of telemedicine. Studies have shown that telemedicine results in good clinical outcomes across various healthcare settings, including psychiatry [10, 11], ophthalmology [12, 13], post-surgical rehabilitation [14, 15], and malnutrition management [16]. Telemedicine may also be particularly beneficial for chronic disease management, but there is a need to understand the effect of telemedicine encounters in the primary care setting on clinical outcomes for patients with chronic diseases. Telemedicine interventions for chronic disease management have mostly investigated team-based care with intensive counseling, many using remote monitoring devices [17,18,19,20,21]. Systematic reviews are lacking on the influence of synchronous telemedicine encounters with a primary care provider on clinical outcomes. The objective of this study is to perform a systematic review of literature to examine the effect of synchronous telemedicine versus in-person primary care visits on clinical outcomes in patients with diabetes, hypertension, and hyperlipidemia. MethodsLiterature search strategyPubMed and Web of Science were electronically searched to find relevant studies published between 1996 and January 19, 2021. We searched PubMed for Headings (MeSH terms) and key words in titles and abstracts. We searched Web of Science for Web of Plus function terms. Searches included terms related to telemedicine, telehealth, telecare, virtual visit, videoconferencing, primary care, diabetes, hypertension, and hyperlipidemia. Reviews, perspectives, commentaries, and case reports were excluded in the initial search. The complete search strategy can be seen in Additional file 1. Study selectionWe combined PubMed and Web of Science searchers and removed duplicate 1. Studies selected for full-text review were those that compared synchronous telemedicine encounters to in-person office visits, occurred in the primary care setting, and reported clinical outcomes related to diabetes, hypertension, or hyperlipidemia. Studies were excluded if virtual visits were not conducted in the primary care setting, there was no synchronous interactive component between the patient and provider, or if the telemedicine intervention was not provided by a primary care provider. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by stating that there is a need to understand the effect of telemedicine encounters in primary care on clinical outcomes for patients with chronic diseases. It highlights that current studies are investigating the differences between synchronous telemedicine encounters and in-person visits, implying that in-person visits are still relevant and necessary in certain contexts.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Chassis organisms like E. coli are commonly used in synthetic biology applications. [SEP] Text: This proved to be extremely unstable in ordinary IS-containing E. coli hosts. Almost invariably, clones with ISes in the 5' end of ctxvp60 were obtained from cells transformed with the plasmid. Analysis of the clones revealed that the toxic component of the clone was a Leu-rich peptide, the translated product of a secondary reading frame. Interestingly, orf238 coding for the Leu-rich peptide is an artificial gene, obtained unintentionally by designing and synthesizing a plant host-optimized variant of ctxvp60. The cause of instability lies in the dynamic process of stress, mutagenesis and selection. The translated product of orf238 interferes with host cell division and caused severe growth retardation. In this slow-growing population, random IS hopping, normally at frequencies ~10-8/gene/generation [9] but potentially elevated several-fold during stress [24], can produce clones with ISes interrupting sequences upstream of orf238. IS-inserted clones that stopped expressing ORF238, resumed normal growth, and rapidly became dominant in the culture. Insertions of IS1 and IS3 were found at multiple locations in both orientations, while IS5 was only seen at a single locus, corresponding to its integration hotspot "CWAR" [37], in opposite orientation only. Why is IS insertion the favored mode of inactivation of ORF238? We propose that ISes, due to their relatively large size and complex composition, are particularly effective at disrupting genes, either directly or indirectly. In a fast-growing pCTXVP60 mutant, we showed that IS1 acted by blocking transcription of orf238. Although in some cases insertion of ISes can generate outward-pointing transcription, expressing downstream genes [38], in this instance, apparently, it is the transcription-disrupting role that comes into play. In principle, point-mutations (such as promoter mutations, active-site mutations, or frame-shifts) can also inactivate a gene. In fact, being generally more frequent than IS translocations, they might eventually be dominantly selected. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the use of chassis organisms like E. coli in synthetic biology applications. Instead, it discusses the instability of constructs in E. coli due to genetic insertion sequences (ISes) and their effects on gene expression and growth, which is unrelated to the claim about the common use of E. coli in synthetic biology.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Sleep is crucial for cognitive health and physical recovery. [SEP] Text: Similar to others’ conceptualizations of this construct [5], we define optimal sleep as the duration or quality required to achieve the best level of cognitive performance, academic achievement, and mental health. The vast majority of studies investigating links between children’s sleep and their development have explored linear associations. This approach assumes that the rate of change in outcomes is equal across all levels of sleep [12]. However, it is plausible that the benefits of longer and better quality sleep may not be evident until, or may taper off at, certain points. Using adult samples, several investigations have demonstrated nonlinear associations between sleep (with most emphasis placed on sleep duration) and multiple outcomes including mental health [13], cognitive functioning [14], and physical health [15]. However, fewer such nonlinear relations have been examined with children and of the existing studies, most emphasis has been placed on children’s self-reported sleep duration. For example, in a sample of adolescents (Mage = 15. 03 years) from Mexican-American backgrounds, nonlinear associations were observed between self-reported sleep duration and externalizing and internalizing behaviors [16]. School-night sleep duration associated with the lowest levels of problem behaviors and symptoms (externalizing, internalizing) ranged between 8. 75 and 9 hr. Furthermore, the most optimal academic achievement (GPA and state standardized tests) was observed for youth who obtained between 7 and 7. 5 hr of sleep [16]. Findings from this novel study highlight the importance of examining nonlinear effects and multiple outcome domains. In another study, nonlinear relations between self-reported sleep duration and academic performance on standardized tests were examined in a large sample of 10- to 19-year-olds [17]. Optimal sleep hours associated with the highest levels of performance on several tests were 8. 34–8. 43 hr for 12-year-olds, and this amount declined with age. Findings indicate that children and adolescents who reported that their sleep duration was below or above this window did not perform as well academically. In one of the few studies to consider school-age children, U-shaped associations between parent-reported child sleep duration and mental health were observed among 9-year-olds [18]. A sleep duration between approximately 9 and 11 hr per night was associated with the fewest internalizing and externalizing behaviors. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the importance of optimal sleep for cognitive performance, academic achievement, and mental health. It states that longer and better quality sleep is linked to improved cognitive functioning and physical health, as demonstrated through various studies focusing on both children and adolescents. For example, optimal sleep durations are associated with lower problem behaviors and better academic performance, indicating that sufficient sleep is indeed a critical factor for cognitive health and recovery.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Telemedicine eliminates the need for in-person visits entirely. [SEP] Text: 1flow diagramFull size imageTable 2 Major study characteristicsFull size tableParticipant characteristicsAll studies included adults at least 18 years of age. Eligibility criteria for studies focusing on diabetes required patients to have HbA1c levels of at least 7% [27], 8. 0% [22, 25], and 8. 5% [26]. Two required patients to be self-monitoring for diabetes [24, 25]. One study examining blood pressure as the outcome measure required participants to have blood pressures greater than 140/90 [23], while another study on blood pressure required an ICD-9 diagnosis of hypertension [28]. Only 2 studies provided information on the number of primary care providers involved in the study, with one reporting involvement of 2 providers [22] and the other 35 [24]. Intervention characteristicsMultiple modalities were described under the umbrella of telemedicine, including face-to-face videoconferencing, telephone consultations, and self-monitoring devices, but all examined interventions included a synchronous encounter with a primary care provider. Table 3 summarizes the intervention components utilized by each study. Table 3 Study intervention componentsFull size tableSix of the 7 studies used a videoconferencing system (involving a computer-based video communication platform) to conduct telemedicine encounters [22, 23, 25,26,27,28]. One utilized a tele-assistance system involving patient and physician mobile phones [24]. Three studies utilized only video [23, 25, 26], 3 used both video and telephone [22, 27, 28], and 1 used only telephone encounters [24]. All studies originating in the employed both videoconferencing and telephone encounters [22, 27, 28], while those from other countries included only videoconferencing [23, 25, 26] or telephone consultations [24]. Only the two studies from Spain used real-time transmission of patient data [24, 25]. In addition to the synchronous interventions, 1 study utilized a messaging system wherein patients could communicate with their provider via a text message in less than 500 words [25], while another 2 studies offered patients the ability to message providers through a patient portal [24, 28]. In one study, structured digital exchanges between patient and primary care provider prompted telemedicine visits. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by explaining that multiple studies demonstrated that telemedicine interventions still involved synchronous encounters with primary care providers, indicating that in-person visits were not entirely eliminated. Specifically, it mentions that various telemedicine modalities included face-to-face videoconferencing and telephone consultations, suggesting that while telemedicine can facilitate care, it does not fully replace the need for in-person interactions.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Chassis organisms like E. coli are commonly used in synthetic biology applications. [SEP] Text: In this particular case, however, point-mutations are rarely selected, because i) the promoter must be preserved to activate the selection marker, cam, and ii) single point-mutations are unlikely to eliminate the membrane-disrupting effect of the relatively large hydrophobic Leu-rich protein, iii) frame-shift mutations are presumably relatively ineffective, due to the presence of several potential in-frame re-initiation sites with AUG codons and ribosome-binding sites in ORF238 (Fig. 2). Deletions, another type of potentially effective, disruption mutation, are also rarely selected, presumably due to the absence of deletion-stimulating repeat sequences in pCTXVP60. Sequence reads from shotgun sequencing libraries provide a convenient, large database for checking how widespread the emergence of ISes in cloned sequences is. We have calculated that, considering typical shotgun library construction/processing steps and background transposition rates of resident ISes of the cloning host, one would expect practically no host ISes to emerge in gene-sized shotgun sequence reads. However, the survey of a large set of shotgun sequence reads revealed quite a number of host ISes in the cloned segments. This elevated rate could be explained by processes analogous to those seen when cloning ctxvp60. In cases the cloned segment imposes stress on the host, individual clones grown for DNA preparation for sequencing can become dominated by IS-inserted variants, due to selection of the faster-growing mutants. This in turn could allow the IS elements of the cloning host to appear in the sequencing reads. The very stringent criteria, by which we identify host ISes in shotgun sequence reads, probably underestimates the real number of IS transpositions. Furthermore, in addition to insertions, other sequence alterations (deletions and rearrangements) can also be induced by ISes. The occurrence and identification of IS-positive segments may depend on other factors as well, that are related to experimental procedures and to data collection protocols. Genes from taxonomically distant organisms may not get expressed in an E. coli host and would be less likely to cause growth retardation, thus, their IS-inserted mutants will not be subjects of selection. Information regarding the handling of clones and the construction of databases is sometimes unavailable, in other times incongruous (annotation is not uniform, same data types may refer to different content). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is largely focused on the specifics of mutation selection and the behavior of insertion sequences (ISes) in cloned segments, without mentioning E. coli or its role as a chassis organism in synthetic biology. Therefore, it does not provide any information that supports or contrasts the claim about E. coli being commonly used in synthetic biology applications.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Sleep is crucial for cognitive health and physical recovery. [SEP] Text: Current study Our primary objective was to determine the duration and quality of sleep that children need for optimal cognitive performance, academic achievement, and mental health. Nonlinear associations between sleep and child outcomes were examined, and multiple sleep parameters were evaluated. Sleep duration was based on actigraphy-based sleep minutes (sleep minutes between sleep onset and morning wake time). Sleep quality was based on actigraphy (efficiency or percentage of the sleep period spent asleep) and self-reports on an established questionnaire (Sleep/scale of the [SSHS]) [19]. This scale measures difficulty with falling asleep and waking up in the morning as well as satisfaction with one’s sleep. Furthermore, efficiency is a well-established sleep parameter known to be a good index of quality [4, 20]. Given the novelty of research questions and scant pertinent evidence, examinations of nonlinear associations were empirically driven and no hypotheses were proffered. A secondary objective was to assess whether the putative nonlinear associations were moderated by race/ethnicity (black/[AA], white/[EA]). Racial/ethnic disparities exist in children’s sleep with AAs having shorter and poorer quality sleep than EAs [21]. Furthermore, the extent to which sleep influences children’s development is not uniform and varies across racial/ethnic lines. For example, relations between insufficient and poor-quality sleep and children’s adjustment may be more robust for AA than EA children [22]. AA children experience race-based stressors, including discrimination, stereotype threat, and prejudice, that increase vulnerability to poor sleep and contribute to disparities in health and achievement [23–25]. It has also been suggested that individual differences (e. g. race/ethnicity) may be related to variability in sleep needs [5, 7, 20]. Thus, it is plausible that what may be considered optimal sleep may vary based on race/ethnicity. In preliminary analyses, we examined socioeconomic status (SES) and gender as potential moderators of relations between the sleep parameters and outcome variables, but no significant effects emerged. To streamline an already complex paper, these variables were not included as moderators in analyses. Participants were drawn from the Sleep (AUS) Study. Data collection occurred in 2009–2010. Two hundred eighty-two children and their families were recruited from local elementary schools. According to mothers, children did not have a diagnosis of a learning disability or clinical sleep disorder. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the necessity of adequate sleep duration and quality for 'optimal cognitive performance, academic achievement, and mental health.' This indicates that sleep plays a vital role in cognitive health as well as overall well-being, aligning with the idea that sleep is critical for recovery and cognitive functions.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Telemedicine eliminates the need for in-person visits entirely. [SEP] Text: Patients in this study entered blood pressure readings, binary responses regarding medication adherence, free text responses regarding medication side effects, and questions for the ordering clinician [28]. Study interventions often included utilization of remote monitoring devices [22, 24, 25, 27, 28]. Three studies used remote monitoring to guide patient counseling and treatment [22, 24, 25]. Patients in 3 studies [22, 24, 25] were provided with glucometers for home self-monitoring while patients in 2 other studies [27, 28] self-monitored using their own blood pressure cuffs. One study required intervention group subjects to use a sphygmomanometer attached to the telemedicine device provided by the investigators [22]. Four studies included interactions with members of a multidisciplinary healthcare team [23, 24, 26, 27]. In one study, participants worked with diabetes-trained clinical pharmacists in addition to their primary care providers [27]. In another, patients received supplemental education from specialized diabetes nurses [24]. Another study coupled telemedicine visits with in-depth primary care-specialist provider meetings to review the care of participating patients [26]. Diabetes outcomesTable 4 summarizes the clinical outcomes assessed in each study. The 5 studies assessing diabetes outcomes examined HbA1c levels at 4 different time points, ranging from 3 to 12 months [22, 24,25,26,27]. Only 3 of the 5 studies compared the intervention and control groups for changes in HbA1c levels [24, 26, 27]. These studies showed that compared to usual care with in-person visits, telemedicine was associated with significantly greater HbA1c improvements at 5 and 6 months [24, 27] and similar HbA1c outcomes at 12 months [24, 26]. Two other studies reported significantly decreased HbA1c levels within the intervention and control groups but did not compare the intervention and control groups [22, 25]. Table 4 Changes in clinical outcomes assessedFull size tableHypertension outcomesThree studies examined hypertension control at 5 or 12 months [24, 26, 27], while 2 did not specify the period for outcome assessment [23, 28]. Three studies compared outcomes among intervention and control groups [23, 26, 27]. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by outlining multiple instances where telemedicine is coupled with in-person interactions, such as collaborations with diabetes-trained clinical pharmacists and specialized diabetes nurses, as well as primary care-specialist provider meetings. This indicates that, while telemedicine is used, it does not eliminate the need for in-person visits altogether, thus countering the claim.