Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Some claim that life on Earth could have originated from extraterrestrial sources. [SEP] Text: : Tailings dam failures: A review of the last one hundred years, Geotechnical News, December 2010, 50–53, available at: (last access: 27 March 2020), 2010. Bingham, E. C. : An investigation of the laws of plastic flow, Bull. Bureau Standard. , 13, 309–353, 1916. Bowker, L. N. and Chambers, D. M. : In the dark shadow of the supercycle tailings failure risk and public liability reach all-time highs, Environments 4, 75, 2017. Bowles, D. : ALARP evaluation: Using cost effectiveness and disproportionality to justify risk reduction, Proceedings of the on Risk Workshop, October 2003, Launceston, Tasmania, Australia, 2003. Chow, V. T. : Open-channel hydraulics, McGraw-1959. Church of England: Investor mining and tailings safety initiative, 2020, available at: last access: 10 November 2020. Clarke, L. Mission improbable: Using fantasy documents to tame disasters, published by the University of 1999. Clarke, L. : Worst cases: Terror and catastrophe in the popular imagination, published by the University of 2006. De Blasio, F. V. : An introduction to the physics of landslides: Lecture notes on the dynamics of mass wasting, Springer, Dordrecht, the Netherlands, ISBN 978-94-007-1121-1, 2011. De Carvalho, D. W. : The ore tailings dam rupture disaster in Mariana, Brazil 2015: What we have to learn from anthropogenic disasters, Nat. Resour. J. , 59, available at: (last access: 4 January 2021), 2019. Nordeste: Um ano após catástrofe, Brumadinho segue paralisada, available at: last access: 22 April 2020. Di Mauro, M. and Lumbroso, D. : Hydrodynamic and loss of life modelling for the 1953 flood, Management, Proceedings of 2008. Downing, T. E. : Does the Project's proposed forced displacement of Kosovars comply with international involuntary resettlement standards? , Consortium for Sustainable Development, available at: (last access: 4 January 2021), 2014. Emery, A. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text provided discusses various studies related to tailings dam failures and other geotechnical topics but does not mention anything related to the origin of life on Earth or extraterrestrial sources. Therefore, it is irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Regular physical activity reduces the risk of chronic diseases like diabetes and heart disease. # factual [SEP] Text: Regular physical activity in old age : effect on coronary heart disease risk factors and well-being A. J. Nutrition & output: Thesis › internal. Regular physical activity is considered an important aspect of a healthy lifestyle. It may improve fitness, physical competence and may lower the risk of coronary heart disease (CHD). However, until now, data on the effects of regular exercise on CHD risk factors in elderly are limited, and there is a particular lack of data about the training effects on recently indicated risk factors, such as fibrinolytic and coagulation factors, and factors involved in the autonomic regulation of the heart. Methods. We have conducted a randomised, controlled intervention study, which addressed the effect of a 6 months training programme on 'classical' and 'new' CHD risk factors and well-being in 229 (intervention: 143 and control:86) apparently healthy, free- living elderly men and women (60-80 years). Results. Physical fitness (maximal exercise capacity) improved significantly in subjects of the intervention group (mean increase 14. 1 Watt 95%Cl: 10. 1-18. 1, +9%), compared to the controls. Among the classical CHD risk factors, only the reduction in serum triglyceride concentration in women was significant (-0. 11 mmol/L, 95%Cl: -0. 22-0. 0, -7%). Blood pressure, high- and low density lipoprotein and total serum cholesterol concentration changed in a favourable direction, but not significantly from the control group. No effect of training on body weight and fasting insulin concentration was found. Among the new risk factors, the concentration of tissue type plasminogen activator (t-PA), a fibrinolytic factor, was significantly increased (+0. 07 IU/mL, 95%Cl: 0. 0-0. 14,+11%) in subjects of the intervention group, while plasminogen activator inhibitor (PAI-1, inhibitor of fibrinolysis) was reduced, but not significantly different from the controls. These changes reflect an increase in fibrinolytic activity. However, fibrinogen concentration increased (+0. 18 g/L 95%Cl 0. 04-0. 32,+6%). In addition, heart rate variability was increased and heart-rate- adjusted-QT interval was reduced in subjects of the intervention group (P<0. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by stating that 'regular physical activity is considered an important aspect of a healthy lifestyle' and that it 'may lower the risk of coronary heart disease (CHD).' The study presented indicates positive effects on CHD risk factors, such as improvements in physical fitness and fibrinolytic activity, thus supporting the claim that regular physical activity contributes to reducing the risk of chronic diseases.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Smart city technology is completely secure and immune to cybersecurity threats. [SEP] Text: This information is needed in recommending suitable training and professional development to operators of smart IDSs whenever audit reports suggest that operators lack sufficient knowledge to carry out their daily jobs’ specifications. Auditors of smart IDSs and log analyzers should evaluate the effectiveness of training facilities that are available for conducting in-house training in the organization. In-house training can be recommended to operators in case the required facilitators are available in the organization. It is ethical for auditors to recommend training outside the organization to operators of smart IDSs whenever there are insufficient facilities to conduct in-house training in the organization [25, 27]. Operational training should include topics such as network or traffic content, false positives. false negatives, policy scripting or writing rules or signature, signature-matching, uninteresting activities, interesting activities, cyber threats and attacks, security, user privileges, front-end and back-end of smart IDSs; installation, configuration, maintenance and execution of smart IDSs and log analyzers to empower operators of smart IDSs in Systems (CPSs). Auditors should ascertain operators if smart IDSs that aware or unaware of the official websites of various smart IDSs in the organization during audit of smart IDSs and log analyzers. The audit should establish operators of smart IDSs that subscribe or unsubscribe to news update in the official websites of IDSs in the organization. The reason is that official websites of IDSs often contain helpful documentations and new tips about bugs and attacks and strategies to fix them. There should be no bandwidth limitations in the networks for most smart IDSs to be effective. Organizations should strictly adhere to the hardware requirements such as hard disk and processor of host computers; software requirement such as operating systems (Linux, Windows and Solaris) and the required versions of auxiliary tools such as libpcap, Perl and tcpdump that service providers recommend for smart IDSs to ensure high performance. Audit reports should state the location of smart IDSs in the organization; other options for location the toolkits and their respective benefits to enlighten the organization. For instance, smart IDSs can be installed behind an external firewall in the networks. This will enable the firewall to reduce numbers of suspicious packets that smart IDSs in CPSs will analyze. Some organizations may install smart IDSs before the external firewall. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the need for adequate training for operators of smart Intrusion Detection Systems (IDSs) and highlights the importance of understanding cyber threats and attacks. It indicates that operators may lack sufficient knowledge about cybersecurity, suggesting vulnerabilities in smart technologies. Furthermore, the mention of auditing smart IDSs implies that there are necessary measures and evaluations to ensure security, which contradicts the idea of these technologies being completely secure and immune to threats.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Some claim that life on Earth could have originated from extraterrestrial sources. [SEP] Text: : Good practice in emergency preparedness and response, on Mining and Minerals, available at: (last access: 4 January 2021), September 2005. Graham, W. J. : A procedure for estimating loss of life caused by dam failure DSO-99-06, US Department of of 1999. Graham, W. J. : Dam failure – An effective warning and evacuation, 2008 available at: failure - An effective warning and evacuation&cad=h&safe=active&ssui=on# (last access: 3 September 2020), 2008. HSE – Health and Safety Executive: Reducing risks, protecting people: HSE's decision-making process, 's Stationery Office, London, UK, 2001. HSE – Health and Safety Executive: Societal risk: Initial briefing to Group, published by Her Majesty's Stationery Office, Norwich, UK, 2009. ICOLD – Dams: Bulletin 121: Tailings dams: Risk of dangerous occurrences, lessons learnt from practical experiences, (UNEP), Division of Technology, Industry and Economics (DTIE) and on (ICOLD), Paris, France, 2001. ICOLD – Dams: Bulletin 139: Improving tailings dam safety – Critical aspects of management, design, operation and closure, 2011. Jeyapalan, J. K. , Duncan, J. M. , and Seed, H. B. : Analyses of flow failures of mine tailings dams. J. Geotech. Eng. -ASCE, 109, 150–171, 1983. Johnstone, W. M. : Life safety modelling framework and performance measures to assess community protection systems: Application to tsunami emergency preparedness and dam safety management, Doctor of Philosophy, University of 2012. Johnstone, W. M. and Garrett, M. : Return to Malpasset: Using the Model to assess the effectiveness of community evacuation plans, in: 21–24 September 2014, San Diego, USA, 2014. Jones, D. : Nomenclature for hazard and risk assessment in the process industries, 2nd Edn. , 9780852952979, 1992. Keaveny, P. : Brumadinho dam collapse: Mining industry needs radical change to avoid future disasters, 8 March 2019, The Conversation, 2019, available at: (last access 8 April 2020), 2019. Kossoff, D. , Dubbin, W. E. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim about the origins of life on Earth or any extraterrestrial sources. Instead, it focuses on various topics related to emergency preparedness, dam safety, and risk management, making it irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Regular physical activity reduces the risk of chronic diseases like diabetes and heart disease. # factual [SEP] Text: 05). Both changes probably represent increase in parasympathetic activity and a more favourable autonomic regulation of the heart. Finally, physical self-efficacy was significantly improved in the subjects of the intervention group. Symptoms of depression were reduced, but not significantly different from the controls. Conclusion. Regular physical activity beneficially affected CHD risk factors, physical fitness and self-efficacy, which are important determinants of the quality of life and longevity in elderly. The magnitude of the benefits on CHD incidence remain unclear, since there is little information on the predictive value of the new risk factors in elderly. However, since elderly, in general, have advanced atherosclerosis and autonomic dysbalance, the improvements of these factors may be of particular importance in this age- group. In conclusion, our observations underline the importance of a public health policy aiming at stimulating regular physical activity in elderly people Original languageEnglishQualificationDoctor of PhilosophyAwarding InstitutionSupervisors/. G. , Promotor, External personAward date16 Jun 1997Place of 9789054857112DOstatusPublished - 16 Jun 1997 Keywordshealth caremedical servicessocial servicestherapysportfood hygienenutritional stateconsumption patternsvascular diseasesblood disorderscardiovascular diseasescardiovascular disorderselderlyold agenetherlands output contributes to the following UN Goals (SDGs) Access to Document 10. 18174/206750 Files and links into the research topics of 'Regular physical activity in old age : effect on coronary heart disease risk factors and well-being'. Together they form a unique fingerprint. Medicine and Dentistry 100% and Dentistry 100% and Dentistry 100% Science 100% and Dentistry 28% Medicine and Dentistry 28% Self-28% Neuroscience 28% View full fingerprint Cite this. J. (1997). Regular physical activity in old age : effect on coronary heart disease risk factors and well-being. [internal PhD, WU]. Landbouwuniversiteit Wageningen. Schuit, A. J. . / Regular physical activity in old age : effect on coronary heart disease risk factors and well-being. Wageningen : Landbouwuniversiteit Wageningen, 1997. 163 p. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by stating that 'Regular physical activity beneficially affected CHD risk factors, physical fitness and self-efficacy, which are important determinants of the quality of life and longevity in elderly.' This indicates that regular physical activity contributes positively to factors that can influence the risk of chronic diseases such as coronary heart disease.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Smart city technology is completely secure and immune to cybersecurity threats. [SEP] Text: This method will enable smart IDSs to detect potential attacks migrating into the networks. The trade-offs is that smart IDSs will produce high number of alerts for log analyzers and operators to analyze. Smart IDSs can also be installed inside internal firewall if the human element in Systems (CPSs) aims to detect internal hosts that are vulnerable to computer worms and computer virus. Audit reports should specify agencies that require external reports of incidents from the organization that is being audited. Statistics on incident information can suggest prevalence of security breaches of systems (CPSs) nationwide. Auditors can evaluate compliance of the organization to the various requirements of regulatory bodies by reviewing information about the frequency regulators required for submitting mandatory reports to the government and for (NAIA). The formats of the reports may be summary of critical incidents or all cases of security violations on monthly, quarterly, biannual or annual basis. Interview with someone who inspects and forwards the reports to the required external recipients will appropriately establish details of how and when the reports are due for submission. The reports to agencies should be informative in case they require the reports in specific formats. Operators should express the date and time the incident begin and end. The number of each type of incident could be included in the report period for statistical purpose. Smart IDSs and log analyzers merely detect suspicious events. They cannot make authoritative decisions if a suspicious event is an attack or not attack. These mechanisms also lack the intelligence to decide whether an attack is successful attack or a failed or unsuccessful attack. Therefore, operators and recipients of alerts from smart IDSs and log analyzers must constantly investigate the reports they receive from the above mechanisms. Furthermore, IDS audit reports and reports on log analyzers should be simultaneously made available to the IDS operators in the organizations to address all audit issues pinpointed in the reports. Above all, the above audit model is an integral part of the information security of an organization. Host machines, hardware-based IDSs and repository for storing reports on smart IDSs should be regularly protected from intruders like burglars. For software-based IDSs, the logical security of databases of the IDSs; web servers and various infrastructural components on the networks such as router, firewall and location of the smart IDSs in relation to the firewall should be thoroughly reviewed to ascertain their levels of compliance with best security standards. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by highlighting the vulnerabilities and limitations of smart Intrusion Detection Systems (IDSs). It states that while smart IDSs can detect potential attacks, they cannot definitively determine if a suspicious event is an actual attack or assess the success of an attack. Therefore, the notion that smart city technology is completely secure and immune to cybersecurity threats is refuted by the indication that operators must constantly investigate alerts from smart IDSs and log analyzers, suggesting that these systems are not foolproof.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Some claim that life on Earth could have originated from extraterrestrial sources. [SEP] Text: , Alfredsson, M. , Edwards, S. J. , Macklin, M. G. , and Hudons-Edwards, K. A. : Mine tailings dams: characteristics, failure, environmental impacts and remediation, Appl. Geochem. , 51, 229–245, 2014. Lumbroso, D. : Brumadinho tailings dam, Brazil model animations of mudflow and risk to people plus GIS files, Version 1, Zenodo, 2020. Lumbroso, D. and Davison, M. : Use of an agent-based model and analysis to estimate the effectiveness of emergency management interventions to reduce loss of life during extreme floods, J. Manage. , 11, S419–S433, 2018. Lumbroso, D. and Di Mauro, M. Recent developments in loss of life and evacuation modelling for flood event management in the UK, in: on Flood Recovery, Innovation and Response (FRIAR), 2–3 July 2008, London, UK, 2008. Lumbroso, D. and Vinet, F. : Tools to improve the production of emergency plans for floods: are they being used by the people that need them? , J. Contingen. Cris. Manage. , 20, 149–165, 2012. Lumbroso, D. , Johnstone, W. , De Bruijn, K. , Di Mauro, M. , Lence, B. , and Tagg, A. : Modelling mass evacuations to improve the emergency planning for floods in the UK, the Netherlands and presented at the on (InterCEPt), the Challenges of Mass Evacuation, 21–23 September 2010, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK, 2010. Lumbroso, D. , Sakamoto D. , Johnstone, W. , Tagg, A. , and Lence, B. : The development of a Model to estimate the risk posed to people by dam failures and floods, Dams and Reservoirs, in: Vol. 21, Society, nstitution of 2011. Lumbroso, D. , McElroy, C. , Goff, C. , Roca Collell, M. , Petkovšek, G. , and Wetton, M. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses various studies and models related to environmental impacts, emergency management, and flood management without mentioning the origins of life on Earth or extraterrestrial sources.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Regular physical activity reduces the risk of chronic diseases like diabetes and heart disease. # factual [SEP] Text: Regular physical activity in old age : effect on coronary heart disease risk factors and well-being. / Schuit, A. J. Wageningen: Landbouwuniversiteit Wageningen, 1997. 163 p. Research output: Thesis › internal - THEST1 - Regular physical activity in old age : effect on coronary heart disease risk factors and well-beingAU - Schuit, A. J. N1 - WU thesis 2286 Proefschrift WageningenPY - 1997/6/16Y1 - 1997/6/16N2 - Background. Regular physical activity is considered an important aspect of a healthy lifestyle. It may improve fitness, physical competence and may lower the risk of coronary heart disease (CHD). However, until now, data on the effects of regular exercise on CHD risk factors in elderly are limited, and there is a particular lack of data about the training effects on recently indicated risk factors, such as fibrinolytic and coagulation factors, and factors involved in the autonomic regulation of the heart. Methods. We have conducted a randomised, controlled intervention study, which addressed the effect of a 6 months training programme on 'classical' and 'new' CHD risk factors and well-being in 229 (intervention: 143 and control:86) apparently healthy, free- living elderly men and women (60-80 years). Results. Physical fitness (maximal exercise capacity) improved significantly in subjects of the intervention group (mean increase 14. 1 Watt 95%Cl: 10. 1-18. 1, +9%), compared to the controls. Among the classical CHD risk factors, only the reduction in serum triglyceride concentration in women was significant (-0. 11 mmol/L, 95%Cl: -0. 22-0. 0, -7%). Blood pressure, high- and low density lipoprotein and total serum cholesterol concentration changed in a favourable direction, but not significantly from the control group. No effect of training on body weight and fasting insulin concentration was found. Among the new risk factors, the concentration of tissue type plasminogen activator (t-PA), a fibrinolytic factor, was significantly increased (+0. 07 IU/mL, 95%Cl: 0. 0-0. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the impact of regular physical activity on coronary heart disease (CHD) risk factors among elderly individuals. It states that regular physical activity is an important aspect of a healthy lifestyle and suggests it may lower the risk of coronary heart disease. Specifically, the text mentions a study where physical fitness improved in subjects engaging in a training program, supporting the argument that physical activity can positively influence health outcomes related to chronic diseases.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Smart city technology is completely secure and immune to cybersecurity threats. [SEP] Text: Segregation of duties among network engineers, (DBAs), internal control and operators of smart IDSs in Systems (CPSs) is highly recommended. It is disastrous if the logs are deleted while the toolkit is running. Auditors should recommend enforcement of strong access controls to restrict illegal logging in to the configurations and logs of smart IDSs as panacea to information leakages and attacks on smart IDS through the back-end of applications in Systems (CPSs) [12]. The root causes of intrusions are dynamic security and privacy issues in Systems (CPSs). Broad audit should be able to reveal how log analyzers adopt classification rules to segment logs of smart IDSs in Systems (CPSs) and classify alerts into normal and abnormal events. Without sound understanding of data mining procedures, IDS auditors might face difficult challenges to audit association and episode rules necessary to expose hidden relationship among alerts that are not obviously related. Research has discovered that sequence of the intrusions on cyber physical resources in an organization can occur within different timestamp. Practically, it is difficult to find the mean of categorical datasets that have no numerical attributes. Instances whereby the designers of log analyzers have adopted weighted values to transform alerts in the logs of smart IDSs must be clearly reviewed during audit. The reports will enable end users to establish limitations of algorithms that adopt concepts like k-nearest-neighbor (KNN) classifiers and how to improve on the underpinning concepts for transposing alerts into human readable form in the organization. Auditors should establish types of (SIEM) and other threat solutions in Systems (CPSs). The above results submit that auditors must audit log analyzers irrespective of whether they are locally designed or they are proprietary models in the organization. The reports should reveal expert rules that are used to process events’ logs and their characteristics. Auditors should strongly recommend proper documentations for log analyzers and other threat solutions in Systems (CPSs). Essentially, the above audit model should establish the existence or absence of audit team in the organization. Reports obtained from the audit should be submitted to the unit in charge of monitoring smart IDSs in the organization. Thereafter, auditors should notify them and management with written reports stating past audit issues that have been suitably addressed [16, 26]. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing significant cybersecurity concerns related to smart city technology. It emphasizes that effective segregation of duties, strong access controls, and thorough auditing of systems are necessary to mitigate the risks of intrusions and information leakages. The mention of dynamic security and privacy issues along with the challenges of auditing intrusive events indicates that smart city technology is not completely secure, contradicting the claim that it is immune to cybersecurity threats.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Some claim that life on Earth could have originated from extraterrestrial sources. [SEP] Text: : The potential to reduce the risks posed by tailings dams using satellite-based information, Int. J. Disast. Risk Reduct. , 38, 101209, 2019. Lumbroso, D. Roca Collell, M. , Petkovšek, G. , Davison, M. , Liu, Y. , Goff, C. , and Wetton, M. : An eye in the sky for monitoring tailings dams, and the Environment, J. Int. Assoc. , 2020. Lyu, Z. , Chai J. , Xu, Z. , Qin, Y. , and Cao, J. : A comprehensive review on reasons for tailings dam failures based on case history, Adv. Civ. Eng. , 2019, 4159306, 2019. Martin, T. E. and McRoberts, E. C. : Some considerations in the stability analysis of upstream tailings dams, in: Proceedings of Conference on Tailings and '99, 24–27 January 1999, 1999. Martin, V. and Akkerman, A. : Challenges with conducting tailings dam breach assessments, in: Annual meeting of the Dams (ICOLD), 3–7 July 2017, Prague, Czech Republic, 2017. McConnell, A. and Drennan, L. : Mission impossible? Planning and preparing for a crisis, J. Contingen. Cris. Manage. , 14, 59–70, 2006. Milanović, P. T. : Dam engineering and its environmental aspects, in: Environmental Geology, Encyclopaedia of edited by: LaMoreaux, J. , 2019. Mining Journal: March underway to Brumadinho to mark year since fatal dam collapse, 21 January 2020, available at: last access: 8 April 2020. and Ghataora, G. S. : Improving the accuracy of prediction of breach formation through embankment dams and flood embankments, in: Proceedings of the international conference on fluvial hydraulics (Riverflow 2002), 3–6 September 2002, Louvainla-Neuve, France, 2002. Morris, M. W. : Breaching of earth embankments and dams, PhD thesis, 2011. Naef, D. , Rickenmann, D. , Rutschmann, P. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim regarding the origins of life on Earth from extraterrestrial sources. It discusses various aspects of tailings dam risks and environmental assessments without mentioning life, extraterrestrial phenomena, or any connection to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Regular physical activity reduces the risk of chronic diseases like diabetes and heart disease. # factual [SEP] Text: 14,+11%) in subjects of the intervention group, while plasminogen activator inhibitor (PAI-1, inhibitor of fibrinolysis) was reduced, but not significantly different from the controls. These changes reflect an increase in fibrinolytic activity. However, fibrinogen concentration increased (+0. 18 g/L 95%Cl 0. 04-0. 32,+6%). In addition, heart rate variability was increased and heart-rate- adjusted-QT interval was reduced in subjects of the intervention group (P<0. 05). Both changes probably represent increase in parasympathetic activity and a more favourable autonomic regulation of the heart. Finally, physical self-efficacy was significantly improved in the subjects of the intervention group. Symptoms of depression were reduced, but not significantly different from the controls. Conclusion. Regular physical activity beneficially affected CHD risk factors, physical fitness and self-efficacy, which are important determinants of the quality of life and longevity in elderly. The magnitude of the benefits on CHD incidence remain unclear, since there is little information on the predictive value of the new risk factors in elderly. However, since elderly, in general, have advanced atherosclerosis and autonomic dysbalance, the improvements of these factors may be of particular importance in this age- group. In conclusion, our observations underline the importance of a public health policy aiming at stimulating regular physical activity in elderly peopleAB - Background. Regular physical activity is considered an important aspect of a healthy lifestyle. It may improve fitness, physical competence and may lower the risk of coronary heart disease (CHD). However, until now, data on the effects of regular exercise on CHD risk factors in elderly are limited, and there is a particular lack of data about the training effects on recently indicated risk factors, such as fibrinolytic and coagulation factors, and factors involved in the autonomic regulation of the heart. Methods. We have conducted a randomised, controlled intervention study, which addressed the effect of a 6 months training programme on 'classical' and 'new' CHD risk factors and well-being in 229 (intervention: 143 and control:86) apparently healthy, free- living elderly men and women (60-80 years). Results. Physical fitness (maximal exercise capacity) improved significantly in subjects of the intervention group (mean increase 14. 1 Watt 95%Cl: 10. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by indicating that 'regular physical activity beneficially affected CHD risk factors' and highlights improvements in physical fitness and self-efficacy, which are important for reducing chronic disease risk. It suggests that regular exercise may lower the risk of coronary heart disease (CHD), supporting the assertion that physical activity is linked to reduced chronic disease risk.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Smart city technology is completely secure and immune to cybersecurity threats. [SEP] Text: Otherwise, a terminal date to ensure that all pending audit issues must be addressed and potential impacts of noncompliance must be issued to the above stakeholders as well. Advertisement 6. ConclusionThis 1. A. W. Colombo, T. Bangemann, S. Karnouskos, J. Delsing, P. Stluka, R. Harrison, F. Jammes, and J. Lastra: Towards the of Industrial Cyber-in: Industrial Cloud-Based Cyber-Physical Systems: The IMC-. 2. J. Epstein: Learned from Société Générale. IEEE Security & Privacy, Vol. 6, Issue 3 (2008)3. W. H. Baker, A. Hutton, C. D. Hylender, C. Novak, C. Porter, B. Sartin, P. Tippett: (2009)4. L. George: Cyber-Physical Attacks: A growing invisible threat. Oxford, UK; Elsevier Science. ISBN 9780128012901 (2015)5. Gubb P, Takang A. Software Maintenance. New Jersy, USA: World scientific Publishing; 20036. IANA: (ICMP) Parameters D. Adams and A. Maier: & Audit of GoldBug-Encrypting E-Mail-Client & Messenger (2016)8. J. O. Nehinbe: for Detection Systems, 1st on Intelligent Systems, Modelling and Simulations (ISMS2010), proceedings of ’s Services (CPS), London (2010)9. J. O. Nehinbe: Methods for reducing workload during investigations of Intrusion Logs; PhD Thesis, University of Essex, Colchester, London (2011)10. J. Fitzgerald, P. G. Larsen, M. Verhoef (Eds. ): for Embedded Systems: Co-modelling and Co-simulation. 9783642541186 (2014)11. K. Julish, C. Suter, T. Woitalla and O. Zimmermann: Compliance by Design – Bridging the Chasm between Auditors and IT Architects. Computers & Security, Elsevier. Vol 30, Issue 6-7 (2011)12. D. Wu; D. W. Rosen; L. Wang and D. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by highlighting concerns related to cybersecurity, specifically mentioning 'Cyber-Physical Attacks: A growing invisible threat.' This suggests that smart city technology is not completely secure and may be subject to threats, thereby contradicting the claim of complete security.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Some claim that life on Earth could have originated from extraterrestrial sources. [SEP] Text: , and McArdell, B. W. : Comparison of flow resistance relations for debris flows using a one-dimensional finite element simulation model, Nat. Syst. Sci. , 6, 155–165, 2006. Council: Tsunami warning and preparedness: An assessment of the US tsunami program and the nation's preparedness efforts. . C. , USA, 2011. NSW – Wales: Department of Planning, Hazardous industry planning advisory paper number 10 – Land use safety planning, Wales (NSW) Department of Planning, Australia, 2011. Owen, J. R. , Kemp, D. , Lèbre, É. , Svobodova, K. , and Pérez Murillo, G. : Catastrophic tailings dam failures and disaster risk disclosure, Int. J. Disast. Risk Reduct. , 42, 101361, 2020. Palú, M. C. and Julien, P. Y. : A review of tailings dam failures in Brazil, 24 to 28 November 2019, in: Conference: ósio Recursos Hídricosat: Foz do Iguaçú, Brazil, 2019. Petkovšek, G. , Hasan, M. A. A. H. , Lumbroso, D. , and Roca Collell, M. : A two-fluid simulation of tailings dam breaching, and the Environment, J. Int. Assoc. , 2020. Petley, D. : The speed of the Brumadinho tailings dam landslide, The landslide blog, 4 February 2019, available at: (last access: 2 April 2020), 2019. Porsani, J. L. , de Jesus, F. A. N. , and Stangar, M. C. : iGPR Survey on an iron mining area after the collapse of the tailings dam I at the Córrego do Feijão Mine in Brumadinho-MG, Brazil, Remote Sens. , 11, 860, 2019. Raman, A. and Liu, F. : An investigation of the Brumadinho dam break with simulatio, preprint: arXiv:1911. 05219 [physics. comp-ph], 2019. Rickenmann, D. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address or provide any information related to the claim about the origins of life on Earth from extraterrestrial sources. Instead, it discusses various studies and assessments on unrelated topics, such as tsunami preparedness and tailings dam failures. Therefore, it is irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Regular physical activity reduces the risk of chronic diseases like diabetes and heart disease. # factual [SEP] Text: 1-18. 1, +9%), compared to the controls. Among the classical CHD risk factors, only the reduction in serum triglyceride concentration in women was significant (-0. 11 mmol/L, 95%Cl: -0. 22-0. 0, -7%). Blood pressure, high- and low density lipoprotein and total serum cholesterol concentration changed in a favourable direction, but not significantly from the control group. No effect of training on body weight and fasting insulin concentration was found. Among the new risk factors, the concentration of tissue type plasminogen activator (t-PA), a fibrinolytic factor, was significantly increased (+0. 07 IU/mL, 95%Cl: 0. 0-0. 14,+11%) in subjects of the intervention group, while plasminogen activator inhibitor (PAI-1, inhibitor of fibrinolysis) was reduced, but not significantly different from the controls. These changes reflect an increase in fibrinolytic activity. However, fibrinogen concentration increased (+0. 18 g/L 95%Cl 0. 04-0. 32,+6%). In addition, heart rate variability was increased and heart-rate- adjusted-QT interval was reduced in subjects of the intervention group (P<0. 05). Both changes probably represent increase in parasympathetic activity and a more favourable autonomic regulation of the heart. Finally, physical self-efficacy was significantly improved in the subjects of the intervention group. Symptoms of depression were reduced, but not significantly different from the controls. Conclusion. Regular physical activity beneficially affected CHD risk factors, physical fitness and self-efficacy, which are important determinants of the quality of life and longevity in elderly. The magnitude of the benefits on CHD incidence remain unclear, since there is little information on the predictive value of the new risk factors in elderly. However, since elderly, in general, have advanced atherosclerosis and autonomic dysbalance, the improvements of these factors may be of particular importance in this age- group. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by providing evidence that regular physical activity positively impacts CHD (coronary heart disease) risk factors such as serum triglyceride concentration and heart rate variability. These factors are associated with chronic diseases, and the text states that physical activity beneficially affects these determinants, which are important for reducing disease risk and enhancing quality of life.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Smart city technology is completely secure and immune to cybersecurity threats. [SEP] Text: Schaefer: Cloud-based design and manufacturing: A new paradigm in digital manufacturing and design innovation; Computer-Aided Design, Vol 59, pp 1-14 (2014)13. P. R. Bitterli, J. Brun, T. Bucher, B. Christ, B. Hamberger, M. Huissoud, D. Küng, A. Toggwhyler and Wyniger: Guide to the Audit of IT Applications. ISACA (2009)14. R. E. : Cascarino, Auditor’s Guide to Auditing. & Sons publication (2007)15. R. Ciprian-Radu; H. Olimpiu; T. Ioana-Alexandra and O. Gheorghe: of Potato Crop: A Cyber-in the Field of Precision Agriculture; Agriculture and Procedia, vol. 6, 16. R. U. Rehman: Systems with Snort: and ACID, Library of Congress, (2003)17. Manual 2. 9. 11:Project; Cisco and/or its affiliates (2017)18. S. Senft and F. Gallegos: Control and Audit; (2009)19. T. S. Kumar and P. Radivojac: Introduction to Data Mining:- (2017)20. ISACA: Auditing: Tools and (2016)21. Certification (2003), Audit: An Auditor’s pers-pective; GSNA practical version 2. 1 (2007)22. D. E, Robert: IT Auditing: Process. Mission Viejo: (2005)23. Science Foundation-US: Cyber-(CPS) (2020)24. T. Phatak; P. Isal, O. Kadale; A. Nalage and S. Bhongle: Detection System, International research journal on engineering and technology, Vol. 4, Issue 04 (2017)25. R. . Esler, J. C. Foster, M. Jonkman, C. Keefer, R. Marty and E. S. Seagren: Snort: IDS and IPS Toolkit, Syngress publishing, Burlington, Canada (2007)26. R. K. Rainer, C. G. Cegielski, I. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text indirectly contrasts the claim by discussing various aspects of IT auditing and cybersecurity systems, indicating that there are protocols in place (like Snort IDS and IPS) for monitoring and auditing IT applications. This suggests that while measures are taken to secure smart technologies, the existence of such audits and systems implies that the technologies are not completely secure and still face cybersecurity threats.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Some claim that life on Earth could have originated from extraterrestrial sources. [SEP] Text: : Empirical relationships for debris flows, Nat. Hazards, 19, 47–77, 1999. Rickenmann, D. , Laigle, D. , McArdell, B. , and Hübl, J. : Comparison of 2D debris-flow simulation models with field events, Comput. Geosci. , 10, 241–264, 2006. Robertson, P. K. , de Melo, L. , Williams, D. J. , and Ward Wilson, G. : Report of the expert panel on the technical causes of the failure of Feijão Dam I, available at: (last access: 4 January 2021), 12 December 2019. Rotta, L. H. S. , Alcântara, E. , Park, E. ,. , Mendes, T. S. G. , and Filho, C. R. S. : tailings dam collapse: Possible cause and impacts of the worst human and environmental disaster in Brazil, Int. J. Appl. Earth Obs. Geoinform. , 90, 102119, 2020. Sagan, S. : The limits of safety: Organizations, accidents and nuclear weapons, 1993. Sampaio, J. A. L. : The deficiencies of the emergency action planning for dams in Brazil, Vol. 12, de Direito, Passo, Fundo, 7–17 December 2016. Tagg, A. , Di Mauro, M. , Lumbroso, D. , Vinet, F. , and Stone, K. : Development of a framework for improving flood emergency plans, and its use in dam risk reduction, in: Association of 16–20 September 2012, Denver, Colorado, USA, 2012. Terra: Diário de Brumadinho de vilarejo bucólico a comunidade esvaziada, available at: last access: 22 April 2020. Tudor, I. , Bublić, I. , and Vukadin, V. : The sound propagation prediction of the siren alarm system for Peruća hydropower dam, in: Euronoise conference, June 2012, Prague, Czech Republic, 2012. Department of Dams sector: Estimating loss of life for dam failure scenarios, available at: (last access: 4 January 2021), September 2011. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text provides a list of references and does not pertain to the claim about the origins of life on Earth. Therefore, it is irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Regular physical activity reduces the risk of chronic diseases like diabetes and heart disease. [SEP] Text: The recommendation that COPD patients be encouraged to maintain or increase their levels of regular physical activity should be considered in future COPD guidelines, since it is likely to result in a relevant public health benefit. COPD, chronic obstructive pulmonary diseaseFEV1, forced expiratory volume in 1 secondFVC, forced vital capacitychronic obstructive pulmonary diseasephysical activityhospitalisationmortality Statistics from Altmetric. com If you wish to reuse any or all of this 12. 0 years. The study is part of the (CCHS) which has already provided relevant information about the course of COPD. 14–16 design and population The CCHS involves the study of an ongoing prospective cohort of adults recruited from the general population, with repeated examinations every 5–10 years. A random age stratified sample of the general population aged 20 years or more was drawn from the Register as of 1 January 1976 and a first examination (n = 14 223) took place in 1976–8. At the second examination 5 years later (1981–3), the cohort was supplemented with a new sample of subjects aged 20–24 years (total n = 12 698). In the third examination (1991–4) the sample was supplemented with 20–49 year old subjects (total n = 10 135). 17,18 The institutional review board and Danish regional ethics committees approved the research protocol. Participants gave written informed consent. Since the first CCHS examination provided limited information about regular physical activity, for the present study we selected all participants included in the second examination (1981–3) together with the complementary sample of the third CCHS examination (1991–4). Of these 15 563 subjects, 2386 met the criteria for COPD and were included in the present analysis. COPD was defined on the basis of lung function test results including forced expiratory volume in 1 second (FEV1) and forced vital capacity (FVC) as the presence of airway obstruction (FEV1/FVC ⩽70%) and classified according to the degree of airway obstruction:3,4 mild (FEV1 ⩾80%), moderate (FEV1 <80% and ⩾50%), severe (FEV1 <50% and ⩾30%), and very severe (FEV1 <30%). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text supports the claim by suggesting that maintaining or increasing levels of regular physical activity for COPD patients could lead to significant public health benefits. This implies a broader benefit of physical activity, which aligns with the claim that regular physical activity can reduce the risk of chronic diseases.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Smart city technology is completely secure and immune to cybersecurity threats. [SEP] Text: is Open Access? is an initiative that aims to make scientific research freely available to all. To date our community has made over 100 million downloads. It’s based on principles of collaboration, unobstructed discovery, and, most importantly, scientific progression. As PhD students, we found it difficult to access the research we needed, so we decided to create a new publisher that levels the playing field for scientists across the world. How? By making research easy to access, and puts the academic needs of the researchers before the business interests of publishers. are a community of more than 103,000 authors and editors from 3,291 institutions spanning 160 countries, including winners and some of the world’s most-cited researchers. Publishing on IntechOpen allows authors to earn 5. 0 Era [Working Title] Open access peer-reviewed 10. 5772/intechopen. 115018 this 1. Choose citation style Select style to clipboard Get citation 2. Choose citation style Select format Bibtex RIS Download citation IntechRole of Cybersecurity in the Industry 5. 0 by From the of Cybersecurity in the Industry 5. 0 Era [Working Title] Associate Prof. 1. Choose citation style Select style to clipboard Get citation 2. Choose citation style Select format Bibtex RIS Download citation Impact of this 5. 0 and smart grid technologies are mutually dependent and synergistic. They complement each other by leveraging advanced digital capabilities to enhance energy efficiency, integrate renewable energy sources, and improve the resilience and reliability of industrial operations and electricity distribution systems. With the mounting threat of cyberattacks targeting digital supply chains, including those of the smart grid, it is evident that vendors, service providers, and outsourced Information and (ICT) providers face equal susceptibility to exploitation by malicious actors. Since all security measures hinge on dependable hardware, comprehending the origins of hardware vulnerabilities in Devices (IEDs), a key component in smart grid systems, is imperative. Given the extended nature of digital supply chains, often involving components from various manufacturers, it is equally important to adopt novel approaches and methodologies to verify that IEDs are as secure as required. Integrating a Engineering business subprocess into the equipment procurement process offers a promising avenue for enhancing the cybersecurity and the cyber resilience of the digital supply chain of smart grid operators. This 1. IntroductionIndustry 5. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by stating that there is a 'mounting threat of cyberattacks targeting digital supply chains' and emphasizes that both vendors and service providers are susceptible to exploitation by malicious actors. This indicates that smart city technology, which relies on digital systems, is not completely secure and immune to cybersecurity threats, contrary to the claim being analyzed.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Some claim that life on Earth could have originated from extraterrestrial sources. [SEP] Text: USACE – of Engineers: Safety of dams policy and procedures, Report ER 1110-2-1156, available at: (last access: 4 January 2021), 28 October 2011. USBR – Bureau of Reclamation: Guidelines for achieving public protection in dam safety decision making, Office, Department of the 2003. USBR – Department of the of Reclamation: RCEM – – Interim – Guidelines for estimating life loss for dam safety risk analysis, available at: (last access: 4 January 2021), February 2014. Vale: information on the dam breach in Brumadinho 27 January 2019, available at: last access: 3 September 2020. Vick, S. : Planning, design, and analysis of tailings dams, 978-0921095125, 1990. Xinhua: 200 people missing after tailings dam collapse in Brazil, available at: last access: 14 April 2020. YouTube: Brumadinho dam collapse footage Brazil, 2019 provided to the investigation by the Agency of Brazil, available at: last access: 9 April 2020. 1 The lead time is the time between a warning being issued and an event occurring. 2 A Newtonian fluid is a fluid in which the viscous stresses arising from its flow, at every point, are linearly correlated to the local strain rate, the rate of change of its deformation over time. 3 An agent-based model comprises a collection of autonomous decision-making entities called agents. Each agent individually assesses its situation and makes decisions on the basis of a set of rules. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text appears to provide a variety of reports and guidelines largely focused on dam safety and fluid dynamics, which are unrelated to the claim regarding the origins of life on Earth. None of the content addresses extraterrestrial sources or the concept of life originating from them, making it irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Regular physical activity reduces the risk of chronic diseases like diabetes and heart disease. # factual [SEP] Text: Subjects with more severe COPD had lower levels of physical activity. View this table:View inline View popup Table 2 Regular physical activity in 2386* COPD subjects recruited from the general population in Copenhagen, Denmark according to COPD severity (GOLD stages) During the mean (SD) follow up period of 12. 0 (5. 9) years, 22% of participants had at least one hospital admission due to COPD (median 3, interquartile range 1–5 for those with an admission). As expected, the subjects admitted to hospital were older, had a higher proportion of cardiovascular disease and asthma, performed lower levels of physical activity, and suffered more severe COPD. The time to first COPD admission during follow up was shorter for the subjects with lower levels of physical activity (fig 1A). Download figure Open in new tab Download powerpoint Figure 1 (A) Kaplan-Meier curve of time to first COPD admission during follow up according to level of regular physical activity. (B) Kaplan-Meier curve of time to death (all-cause mortality) according to level of regular physical activity. During the follow up period 1425 subjects (60%) died. Death from respiratory and cardiovascular diseases constituted 18% and 32% of all deaths, respectively, with 14% of deaths due to COPD. The subjects who died were older, had a higher proportion of cardiovascular disease and diabetes, performed lower levels of physical activity, and also suffered more severe COPD. The time to death was shorter in subjects with lower levels of physical activity (fig 1B). Association between physical activity and both COPD hospital admission and mortality In the multivariate negative binomial model with the number of COPD admissions as the outcome, subjects who reported low, moderate, or high levels of physical activity had a lower risk of a COPD admission than those reporting a very low level of physical activity, after adjusting for confounders (incidence rate ratio (IRR) 0. 72, 95% CI 0. 53 to 0. 97, p = 0. 033; table 3). Using the time to first COPD admission as the outcome in a multivariate Cox regression model yielded very similar results (hazard ratio (HR) 0. 76, 95% CI 0. 58 to 0. 99, p = 0. 039). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by indicating that lower levels of physical activity are associated with a higher risk of COPD admissions and mortality, which can be linked to chronic diseases like cardiovascular disease and diabetes. It mentions that subjects who performed lower levels of physical activity had a higher proportion of cardiovascular disease and diabetes, thus supporting the idea that regular physical activity reduces the risk of chronic diseases.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Smart city technology is completely secure and immune to cybersecurity threats. [SEP] Text: 0 marks the evolution of industrial progression, centered on the synergy between human operators and robots and the incorporation of cutting-edge technologies such as artificial intelligence, robotics, the Internet of Things (IoT), and big data analytics. In contrast to the emphasis on automation and machine-to-machine communication in Industry 4. 0, Industry 5. 0 prioritizes the seamless collaboration between humans and machines to foster the development of adaptable, flexible, and highly productive industrial ecosystems. A smart grid refers to a sophisticated electrical grid infrastructure incorporating digital communication technology, sensors, and automation to oversee, regulate, and enhance the generation, transmission, and distribution of electricity. These grids facilitate two-way communication between utility providers and consumers, enabling real-time monitoring of energy consumption, integration of renewable energy resources, and effective electricity distribution management. Industry 5. 0 technologies, such as IoT sensors and data analytics, can be employed in industrial facilities to monitor energy consumption patterns, identify inefficiencies, and optimize energy usage. Smart grid technologies provide the infrastructure necessary to support these energy optimization efforts by offering real-time data on electricity availability, pricing, and demand. Industry 5. 0 emphasizes sustainability and environmental consciousness. Smart grid technologies facilitate the integration of renewable energy sources, such as solar and wind power, into the electricity grid. Industrial facilities adopting Industry 5. 0 principles can leverage smart grid infrastructure to incorporate renewable energy into their operations, reducing reliance on fossil fuels and lowering carbon emissions. Industry 5. 0 technologies enhance the resilience and reliability of industrial systems through predictive maintenance, fault detection, and adaptive control mechanisms. Similarly, smart grid technologies improve the electricity grid’s reliability by enabling proactive maintenance, rapid fault identification, and dynamic load balancing. The synergy between Industry 5. 0 and smart grid technologies enhances overall system resilience and reduces the risk of disruptions in industrial operations and electricity supply. Therefore, Industry 5. 0 and smart grid technologies complement each other by leveraging advanced digital capabilities to enhance energy efficiency, integrate renewable energy sources, and improve the resilience and reliability of industrial operations and electricity distribution systems. Moreover, this symbiotic relationship extends to the supply chain of the components crucial for the smart grid’s functionality. The concept of supply chain embodies the intricate network of procedures, individuals, entities, and suppliers engaged in the production and delivery of a finished product or service. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the enhanced resilience and reliability of systems through ‘predictive maintenance, fault detection, and adaptive control mechanisms.’ While it emphasizes advances in technology (such as smart grids and Industry 5.0), it implies that there are still risks and challenges to manage, thus contradicting the assertion that smart city technology is completely secure and immune to cybersecurity threats.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Some claim that life on Earth could have originated from extraterrestrial sources. [SEP] Text: AbstractSimple and complex climate models suggest a hard snowball – a completely ice-covered planet – is one of the steady-states of Earth’s climate. However, a seemingly insurmountable challenge to the hard-snowball hypothesis lies in the difficulty in explaining how the planet could have exited the glaciated state within a realistic range of atmospheric carbon dioxide concentrations. Here, we use simulations with the Earth system model MPI-ESM to demonstrate that terminal deglaciation could have been triggered by high dust deposition fluxes. In these simulations, deglaciation is not initiated in the tropics, where a strong hydrological cycle constantly regenerates fresh snow at the surface, which limits the dust accumulation and snow aging, resulting in a high surface albedo. Instead, comparatively low precipitation rates in the mid-latitudes in combination with high maximum temperatures facilitate lower albedos and snow dynamics that – for extreme dust fluxes – trigger deglaciation even at present-day carbon dioxide levels. Similar content being viewed by others The radiative feedback continuum from to an ice-free hothouse 2. Two extraordinary glacial periods are thought to have occurred during the Neoproterozoic Era1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8, but it remains a matter of debate whether these would have featured a complete ice cover, a so called “hard” snowball (HSB), or whether parts of the oceans remained ice free—a state often referred to as a “waterbelt”9,10,11,12. On one hand, certain factors—such as the survival of photoautotrophic organisms or large-scale basin-filling sedimentary patterns—are harder to explain in the context of a complete glaciation2. On the other hand, energy balance models, as well as intermediate- and full-complexity climate models agree that an HSB is indeed one of Earth’s equilibrium states13,14,15,16,17, whereas it is vastly more difficult to maintain an extreme icehouse state that retains open ocean surfaces17,18,19,20,21,22. Possibly the largest obstacle for the HSB hypothesis lies in the difficulty in explaining how Earth could have left the snowball state once it had been established. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim about the origin of life on Earth from extraterrestrial sources. It discusses climate models and the hard snowball hypothesis of Earth's climate without mentioning anything related to the origins of life or extraterrestrial influences.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Regular physical activity reduces the risk of chronic diseases like diabetes and heart disease. # factual [SEP] Text: View this table:View inline View popup Table 3 Crude and adjusted associations between level of physical activity and number of COPD admissions in COPD subjects (zero-inflated negative binomial regression) After adjusting for all relevant confounders, subjects who reported low, moderate or high physical activity had a lower risk of all-cause mortality (HR 0. 76, 95% CI 0. 65 to 0. 90, p = 0. 001), death from respiratory causes (HR 0. 70, 0. 48 to 1. 02, p = 0. 060), and death from cardiovascular causes (HR 0. 77, 0. 58 to 1. 02, p = 0. 065) than the group with very low physical activity (table 4). View this table:View inline View popup Table 4 Crude and adjusted associations between physical activity and mortality in COPD subjects (Cox regression) After stratification for sex, age, COPD stage, and history of ischaemic heart disease, subjects who reported low, moderate or high level of physical activity had a reduced risk of both hospital admission for COPD and death due to any cause in all subgroups of subjects than those with a very low level of physical activity, although statistical significance was lost in many models, most likely due to a reduction in statistical power (data not shown, available from the authors). Sensitivity analyses yielded very similar results. After excluding the subjects who reported having suffered asthma at some time, the adjusted IRR of a COPD admission for those with low, moderate or high physical activity compared with those reporting very low physical activity was 0. 72 (95% CI 0. 50 to 1. 04, p = 0. 082); correspondingly, the adjusted HR for all-cause mortality was 0. 76 (95% CI 0. 63 to 0. 91, p = 0. 003). After excluding never smokers, the adjusted IRR of a COPD admission was 0. 70 (95% CI 0. 52 to 0. 96, p = 0. 026) and the adjusted HR of all-cause mortality was 0. 76 (95% CI 0. 64 to 0. 90, p = 0. 001). After excluding subjects less than 40 years of age, the adjusted IRR of a COPD admission was 0. 72 (95% CI 0. 53 to 0. 98, p = 0. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by indicating that subjects who reported low, moderate, or high physical activity had a lower risk of all-cause mortality and death from cardiovascular causes compared to those with very low physical activity. Specifically, it notes that the adjusted hazard ratio for all-cause mortality was 0.76, suggesting a significant reduction in risk associated with higher levels of physical activity. This supports the idea that regular physical activity can reduce the risks associated with chronic diseases.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Smart city technology is completely secure and immune to cybersecurity threats. [SEP] Text: In pivotal sectors like the smart grid, the digital supply chain encompasses a diverse array of Information and (ICT) components, encompassing hardware, software, storage solutions (cloud-based or local), distribution platforms (such as web applications and online stores), and management software [1]. While the integration of ICT and (OT) offers evident advantages for advancing the smart grid, it also expands the vulnerability to cyber threats. Potential risks within the digital supply chain encompass various issues such as the infiltration of counterfeit goods, unauthorized manufacturing, tampering, theft, introduction of malicious software and hardware, and subpar manufacturing and development standards. These risks stem from organizations lacking comprehensive insight into the development, integration, and deployment of the technology they procure, as well as the processes and practices employed to ensure the integrity, security, resilience, and quality of products and services. Moreover, threats and vulnerabilities originating from malicious actors, including individuals, entities, or even nation-states, are often highly sophisticated and elusive, posing significant challenges for detection and thereby presenting substantial risks to organization. Building entirely secure systems is almost impossible; the smart grid and its components may be vulnerable to cyberattacks, and existing cybersecurity techniques may not satisfy cybersecurity requirements [2]. Regarding software, it is generally understood that purchasers expect comprehensive support agreements from suppliers, ensuring timely software updates to rectify programming flaws as they emerge. Nevertheless, vulnerabilities are not confined to software alone; they can also extend to hardware components. Many embedded systems and devices incorporate diverse hardware elements sourced from various vendors across the power infrastructure, spanning from generic IT products to specialized industry-specific components. This diversity amplifies the potential actions a deceitful vendor within the supply chain could undertake. While the specific capabilities may vary based on the attacker’s motives, malicious actors might seek to obtain sensitive operational data from businesses, individuals, or even nation-states or perform permanent or temporary equipment damage [3]. A digital supply chain attack can breach even the most sophisticated security defenses through legitimate third-party vendors. Over the past year, significant cyberattacks have occurred against critical infrastructure and digital supply chains. Adversaries may manipulate hardware components in products before receipt by the end user. Through alterations to hardware or firmware within the supply chain, adversaries possess the ability to embed backdoors into consumer networks. These backdoors, challenging to identify, afford the adversary significant control over the system. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by emphasizing the vulnerabilities and potential cyber threats associated with smart city technology. It states that while there are advantages to integrating ICT in smart grids, this integration also increases exposure to cyber threats. It lists various risks such as counterfeit goods, unauthorized manufacturing, and sophisticated attacks from malicious actors, indicating that building completely secure systems is nearly impossible and that existing cybersecurity measures may not meet requirements. This clearly undermines the assertion that smart city technology is completely secure and immune to cybersecurity threats.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Some claim that life on Earth could have originated from extraterrestrial sources. [SEP] Text: Deglaciation is thought to have eventually occurred as the ice cover prevented silicate weathering and photosynthesis, causing volcanic emissions to raise the atmospheric CO2 concentration (pCO2) to a level that allowed the planet to leave the icehouse state1. However, it has been extremely difficult to simulate the onset of deglaciation under plausible conditions. This can partly be attributed to the specific characteristics of the atmosphere of snowball Earth, such as the nearly isothermal structure during winter and a low water vapor content that leads to a comparatively weak greenhouse effect23,24,25,26,27,28. But the most fundamental challenge for initiating the deglaciation of an ice-covered planet is posed by its surface albedo. The high reflectivity of ice and snow, which would have enabled snowball Earth in the first place, may have also prevented its surface from absorbing enough energy to initiate a terminal deglaciation. In the following, we analyze simulations with the Earth system model MPI-ESM1. 2 (ref. 29, “Methods—Model configuration”) to investigate dust deposition fluxes as a potential cause for HSB deglaciation. First, we use the model in a setup with prescribed reflectivities, that are independent from the snow cover, to estimate the surface albedos that trigger deglaciation within a range of plausible pCO2 (“Dependency of ablation rates on albedo and CO2”). Then, we briefly discuss the processes that modulate the albedo on an ice-covered planet (“Snowball albedo”), before using the MPI-ESM with interactive surface albedos--based on an adapted snow-albedo-scheme—to investigate if these mechanisms could have sustained sufficiently low albedos to deglaciate an HSB (“Thawing the snowball”). The key modifications to the MPI-ESM’s snow-albedo-scheme enable the representation of a sustained dust accumulation due to variable deposition fluxes and separate the snowpack into a main layer and a top layer, each possessing its own thickness, cover fraction, age, and albedo (“Methods—Snow-albedo-scheme”). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text discusses the scientific challenges related to Earth's deglaciation and the mechanisms involved in climate modeling. It does not address the claim about life's origins, making it irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Regular physical activity reduces the risk of chronic diseases like diabetes and heart disease. # factual [SEP] Text: 037) and the adjusted HR of all-cause mortality was 0. 77 (95% CI 0. 65 to 0. 91, p = 0. 002). Given the results of the bivariate analysis (figs 1A and B), all analyses were run taking together those reporting a very low or low level of physical activity (n = 513) as the reference category, providing an adjusted IRR for a COPD admission of 0. 80 (95% CI 0. 64 to 1. 01, p = 0. 065) and the following adjusted HRs for mortality: all-cause 0. 71 (95% CI 0. 63 to 0. 80, p<0. 001), respiratory causes 0. 71 (95% CI 0. 53 to 0. 95, p = 0. 021), and cardiovascular causes 0. 82 (95% CI 0. 66 to 1. 03, p = 0. 084). 20 year follow up study of 2386 subjects with COPD shows that, for these subjects, a level of physical activity equivalent to walking or cycling 2 hours/week or more was associated with a 30–40% reduction in the risk of both hospital admission due to COPD and respiratory mortality. This is the first population-based cohort study showing that a relatively small amount of physical activity may have important beneficial effects on the course of COPD. To date, only the British guidelines for COPD8 advise that COPD patients should be encouraged to exercise (page S12), a recommendation that so far is not evidence-based. The present results provide robust evidence in favour of this recommendation and support for its consideration in future COPD guidelines. The results of this study are highly consistent with our previous observation of a reduction in COPD hospital admissions among patients with COPD recruited from tertiary hospitals in Barcelona who reported a level of physical activity equivalent to walking 1 hour daily. 6 The important environmental and climatic differences between Copenhagen and Barcelona are likely to result in different patterns of physical activity, reinforcing the external validity of the reported associations. Some respiratory rehabilitation trials have shown a reduced risk of COPD admission. 29–31 Since the majority of respiratory rehabilitation programs include a component of exercise training, it could be considered that the effects reported in our study and those reported in respiratory rehabilitation studies are consistent. However, respiratory rehabilitation also incorporates other pharmacological and non-pharmacological interventions and the effect of exercise training cannot be isolated. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by providing evidence that a level of physical activity equivalent to walking or cycling 2 hours/week or more was associated with a significant reduction in the risk of hospital admission due to chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and respiratory mortality. It also indicates that regular physical activity contributes to positive health outcomes, aligning with the assertion that physical activity reduces the risk of chronic diseases.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Smart city technology is completely secure and immune to cybersecurity threats. [SEP] Text: Furthermore, hardware backdoors could potentially infiltrate a wide array of devices, including servers, workstations, network infrastructure, or peripherals [4]. A single attack may have a widely propagated impact on Systems (ICS) in critical infrastructures. These attacks can lead to disruption, destabilization, chaos, and even physical harm [5]. Given the critical importance of the smart grid, it is essential to understand such attacks and attack vectors, the security challenges thereof, and measures to mitigate these [6]. The ICT devices used in critical sector applications contribute to the integrity of the digital supply chain. The components of the ICT devices are manufactured, owned, and operated by different entities across the globe. Therefore, they need a long-term trustworthy relationship between the end users and the companies who developed and produced it. The relationship between makers and buyers of ICT devices is thus very different from most other buyer–vendor relationships. Nevertheless, vendors continue to exhibit a deficiency in grasping the concept of secure-by-design. In addition to common implementation errors like plaintext and hardcoded credentials, various recurring design flaws underscore the insufficient grasp of fundamental security control design principles among numerous OT vendors. Moreover, the superficial nature of many identified vulnerabilities raises concerns regarding the efficacy of the security testing procedures employed by these vendors for their products [7]. Engineering (HRE) can significantly enhance digital supply chain security in OT systems in the smart grid. Potential vulnerabilities, counterfeit components, or security weaknesses can be identified by applying reverse engineering techniques to electronic components and devices. This encompasses a range of techniques, methodologies, tools, procedures, and a systematic approach for their application. Such measures are designed to aid the power industry, critical infrastructure operators, and relevant authorities in verifying the security of currently deployed products, even in the absence of prior knowledge regarding their potential vulnerabilities. This 2. BackgroundThis section delves into the transformation of the power grid into a Cyber-(CPS) through the integration of computing and communication. It discusses the evolution to smart grids, driven by IoT, and the significance of DG(DS) and Devices (IEDs) in enhancing real-time functionalities and information access in power systems. However, ensuring the cybersecurity of these intelligent embedded systems and their components is essential for maintaining the reliability of the power infrastructure. The incorporation of computing and communication functionalities has transformed the power grid into a vast CPS. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing various cybersecurity risks and vulnerabilities associated with smart city technology. It emphasizes that hardware backdoors can infiltrate devices and that attacks can lead to significant disruption and physical harm. Additionally, it points out the inadequacies in security measures and design flaws among vendors, which underscores that smart city technology is not immune to cybersecurity threats.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Some claim that life on Earth could have originated from extraterrestrial sources. [SEP] Text: This allows a more accurate representation of the surface albedo of an HSB, where the reflectivity would have partly been determined by a thin layer of comparatively fresh snow, which partially covers a thicker layer of perennial snow, and whose optical properties and extent can vary substantially on short timescales. Our simulations with this adapted model confirm previous studies, showing that a sustained dust accumulation at the surface could indeed have allowed to escape the snowball state30,31,32,33. However, in contrast to previous findings our results indicate that deglaciation would not have been triggered in the tropics, where a strong hydrological cycle constantly regenerates fresh bright snow at the surface, but in the midlatitudes, where snowfall rates are notably lower. Results and discussionDependency of ablation rates on albedo and CO2 Plausible albedos on an HSB range between roughly 0. 9, the albedo of fresh snow and precipitated salt, and 0. 45, the albedo of sea ice34,35,36,37. In agreement with previous studies17,21,27,38, our simulations with prescribed surface albedos show that ablation rates, and hence the CO2-threshold for deglaciation, are very sensitive to this surface property, especially for higher values that are representative of extensive snow covers (Fig. 1). For albedos > 0. 65, a tenfold increase in pCO2 hardly increases the maximum ablation rates, while an albedo reduction of <0. 1 increase them by up to two orders of magnitude. Only when the albedo approaches that of old snow or meteoric ice—an albedo < 0. 65—do ablation rates become more sensitive to changes in pCO2. Fig. 1: Dependency of maximum ablation rates on surface albedo and atmospheric CO2 concentrations. Simulated annual mean net ablation rates, that is the sum of sublimation and melt minus precipitation, as a function of atmospheric CO2 concentration (pCO2) and surface albedo (α). Rates show the average over the 18. 75°-wide latitudinal band (~2000 km), in which maximum ablation rates were simulated. Values are interpolated between 10 simulations with the MPI-ESM1. 2 (ref. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim regarding the origin of life on Earth from extraterrestrial sources. Instead, it focuses on surface albedo, CO2 concentrations, and their impact on ablation rates in a scientific context, which is unrelated to the claim about extraterrestrial origins.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Regular physical activity reduces the risk of chronic diseases like diabetes and heart disease. # factual [SEP] Text: 32 Whereas respiratory rehabilitation should be considered in specific COPD patients, our results suggest the convenience of incorporating the advice of increasing or maintaining a moderate level of physical activity at any medical encounter with patients with COPD of all stages. Further interventional studies should test the efficacy and effectiveness of physical activity advice in COPD subjects. The mechanisms underlying the potential beneficial effects of regular physical activity in COPD are not known, although some evidence regarding muscle function, exercise capacity, and inflammation may give support to its biological plausibility. Physical activity improves peripheral muscle function,33 and this has been related to reduced use of health services in patients with COPD. 34 At the cellular level, exercise training improves the bioenergetics of skeletal muscle in COPD patients35 which, through a reduction in lactate production during exercise, could reduce symptoms. 36 On the other hand, exercise capacity has been associated with a lower risk of hospital admission for COPD exacerbation37 and a lower risk of mortality38,39 in COPD cohorts. The extent to which exercise capacity in COPD patients is influenced by regular physical activity and vice versa is not known, although a cross sectional association between the two has been reported. 40 Finally, important anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidant effects have been reported both in healthy subjects exposed to moderate levels of exercise41,42 and in COPD patients participating in rehabilitation programs. 43,44 As with any observational study, ours may be affected by several limitations. Since losses to follow up are the main cause of selection bias in longitudinal studies45 and only four subjects (0. 2%) were lost to follow up in our study, it is unlikely that selection will have biased the estimates of the effects of physical activity in the course of COPD. It is most likely that we will have measured regular physical activity with a degree of non-differential misclassification, both because of the inherent limited validity of the questionnaire and the omission of changes in physical activity during follow up. In either case, the resulting effect was most probably a reduced estimate of the effects of physical activity. 22,45 Given that the present study was not specifically designed to examine the effects of physical activity, direct measures were not available but should be considered in future studies. Our study was designed to test the hypothesis that physical activity may reduce the risk of COPD admission or respiratory related death in COPD patients, and consequently our study population included only patients with COPD. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by suggesting that incorporating moderate levels of physical activity can have beneficial effects in patients with COPD, which aligns with the idea that regular physical activity may reduce the risk of chronic diseases. It mentions that exercise capacity is associated with a lower risk of hospital admission and mortality for COPD patients, which supports the assertion that physical activity improves health outcomes.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Smart city technology is completely secure and immune to cybersecurity threats. [SEP] Text: CPS serves as a collective term for systems wherein cyber components, Internet of Things (IoT) elements encompassing computing and communication, and physical components are closely intertwined, both during the design phase and throughout operation. These systems leverage embedded computations and communication, intricately interwoven with other processes, to introduce novel capabilities to physical systems [10]. Power grids have also heavily adopted information and communication technology (ICT) to perform real-time control, monitoring, and maintenance tasks through IEDs, turning into smart grids [11]. The IoT-based smart grid is the empowered form of conventional power lines with IoT technologies. A (DS) is an electrical substation where operational management occurs through interconnected IEDs, facilitated by communication networks. A typical design of a DS is shown in Figure 1, where HMI stands for “Interface” and MU stands for “Measurement Unit. ” It is possible to use microprocessors and computing technology in the substation environment [12]. DS offers essential functionalities for industrial power operations, providing real-time capabilities and access to critical information. A novel approach, aligned with the IEC 61850 standard, involves the adoption of process bus technology over fiber cabling to replace traditional hardware copper connections within the substation. The evolution of DS enhances real-time functionality and access to valuable information essential for optimizing the efficiency of power infrastructure operations. DS encompasses a combination of physical and cyber infrastructures located within switchyard and substation buildings. Ensuring the security, availability, and reliability of power systems, akin to conventional methods, alongside ensuring interoperability among different vendors, poses a significant challenge in DS implementation [13]. These components are embedded systems susceptible to cybersecurity risks and necessitate protection measures to prevent, mitigate, and manage cyberattacks, thereby safeguarding the availability and reliability of the power system. Figure 1. Typical design of a DS. IEDs are microprocessor-based controllers that provide advanced monitoring, control, and automation functions to the power systems equipment, such as circuit breakers, transformers, and capacitor banks. A typical architectural design of an IED is shown in Figure 2 [14]. Figure 2. Block diagram of a typical IED. IEDs are more cutting-edge substitutions for typical remote terminal units (RTU) [15]. They offer several advantages, including robust communication capacities, flexibility, adaptability, and multipurposeness. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by highlighting that Distributed Systems (DS) and their components are susceptible to cybersecurity risks, necessitating protection measures to prevent, mitigate, and manage cyberattacks. It explicitly states that ensuring the security and reliability of power systems is a significant challenge, indicating that smart city technology is not completely secure or immune to cybersecurity threats.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Some claim that life on Earth could have originated from extraterrestrial sources. [SEP] Text: Here, the most prominent hypothesis for HSB deglaciation argues that the tropics featured a particularly low albedo—making it the region where deglaciation would have started—due to additional mechanisms that increase the surface dust concentration in ablation zones30,31,32,33. While ablation is driven by sublimation, it is reasonable to assume that degrading snow and ice leave behind the embedded p49. Here, the tropics—between 10°N and 10°S—constitute the main ablation zone with sublimation outweighing the precipitation rates during the largest part of the year (Fig. 3). However, even during the (boreal) winter and summer season not all of the sublimated water is advected into the extratropics, and this fraction is almost negligible during spring and fall. Thus, fresh snow is constantly being regenerated at the surface within the tropics and only north of 30°N and south of 30°S does precipitation cease entirely during certain months. Fig. 2: Surface albedos on a hard snowball. Positive (solid lines) and negative (dashed lines) feedbacks between surface albedo, atmospheric CO2 concentrations (pCO2s), dust deposition fluxes, sublimation, melt, and snowfall. Blue colors pertain to the hydrological feedbacks for temperatures below the melting point, while yellow colors refer to feedbacks at the melting point. On an HSB, the surface albedo is largely determined by the albedo and extent of the snow cover. The snow albedo decreases due to snow aging, while snowfall (partly) restores it to the values of fresh bright snow. Here, the rate of decrease depends on the surface temperature and the dust deposition rates, with higher temperatures and dust fluxes accelerating snow aging. Furthermore, the surface albedo is reduced by sublimation and melt, because these diminish the snow cover, exposing more of the underlying darker surface. The temperature dependency of the above processes, leads to a lower albedo in ablation regions and an albedo decrease with rising pCO2s. However, as long as temperatures stay below the melting point, the sublimated water will precipitate eventually, stabilizing the snow albedo and cover fraction, especially in regions with high and frequent precipitation. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text discusses the deglaciation processes and surface albedo mechanisms in the tropics but does not mention or address the claim regarding extraterrestrial origins of life on Earth. Thus, it is irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Regular physical activity reduces the risk of chronic diseases like diabetes and heart disease. # factual [SEP] Text: 47 However, because the kind of dose-response relationship is important for public health, we recommend that this issue should be addressed in further research by using more accurate measures of physical activity including frequency, duration, and intensity. 47 In summary, our results provide robust evidence that the performance of regular physical activity by patients with COPD is associated with an important reduction in the risk of both admission to hospital with COPD and all-cause and respiratory mortality. The magnitude of this effect and the fact that the type of physical activity required to achieve it can be easily recommended without the need for additional training or specialised supervision make these findings particularly promising. Our results provide evidence that future COPD guidelines should consider the recommendation that COPD patients be encouraged to maintain or increase their levels of regular physical activity. Given that COPD is a chronic disease associated with a high socioeconomic burden and health consequences, such a measure is likely to result in a relevant public health benefit. 2000. MMWR2002;51:1–16. OpenUrlPubMed ↵. Alternative projections of mortality and disability by cause 1990–2020: of Disease Study. Lancet1997;349:1498–504. of Science ↵ Global strategy for the diagnosis, management and prevention of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. NHLBI/WHO for (GOLD). Workshop summary. 2001;163:1256–76. ↵ Society and Society. Standards for the diagnosis and treatment of patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Available at ↵. The economic burden of COPD. Chest2000;117:5–9S. ↵ Garcia- Risk factors of readmission to hospital for a COPD exacerbation: a prospective study. Thorax2003;58:100–5. OpenUrlAbstract/↵ Morgan MD. Preventing hospital admissions for COPD: role of physical activity (editorial). Thorax2003;58:95–6. ↵ of the Standards of of the BTS. BTS guidelines for the management of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Thorax1997;52 (Suppl 5) :S1–28. ↵ Physical activity and public health. A recommendation from the Centers for and Prevention and the of Sports Medicine. JAMA1995;273:402–7. of Science ↵ Make your diabetic patients walk: long-term impact of different amounts of physical activity on type 2 diabetes. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by highlighting that regular physical activity is associated with an important reduction in the risk of chronic diseases, specifically mentioning that performance of regular physical activity by patients with COPD reduces the risk of COPD-related hospital admissions and mortality. These findings suggest that maintaining or increasing levels of regular physical activity can lead to significant health benefits for patients with chronic diseases, aligning with the claim that physical activity reduces the risk of chronic diseases.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Smart city technology is completely secure and immune to cybersecurity threats. [SEP] Text: They gather information from sensors and other equipment, process it, and then send commands or change the tap positions to maintain the proper voltage level and avoid failures [16]. Because of its multiport communication capability, an IED can connect simultaneously with a substation and several other IEDs in the network. The typical IED functions can be divided into five categories: protection, control, monitoring, metering, and communications [17]. The IED can be used as a protection device circuit from basic overcurrent and earth fault protection to more complex functionalities, which can be integrated at the generation, transmission, and distribution levels. One of the essential functionalities of IEDs is event recording and fault diagnosis. With the help of IEDs, events can be reported in the order in which they occurred. Once events are correctly time-tagged, the need for additional sequencing in the control room is eliminated. Even after a blackout, faults are easily diagnosed, as the values are recorded in the IED and can be recovered later. IEDs are crucial components of the power system. Therefore, they must have built-in cyber security protection. Advertisement 3. Related workAs operators of critical infrastructure integrate technology into their operations, adopting a holistic approach to their supply chain resilience strategy becomes imperative. This involves implementing prudent procurement practices, understanding the composition of their extended supply chains, and adhering to fundamental cybersecurity hygiene principles [18]. Numerous strategies have been suggested to enhance the security of the digital supply chain. Certification stands out as a particularly effective method for guaranteeing the security of components sourced from various vendors. Nonetheless, challenges arise when third-party vendors and suppliers neglect to implement proper cybersecurity practices or adhere to industry standards aimed at safeguarding sensitive data and functionalities [5]. Additionally, there is a risk that some third-party vendors may have ulterior motives and could be affiliated with state-sponsored adversaries. As a result, these vendors might produce parts or components in regions where laws or standards prohibit access to their supply chains, rendering certification unattainable. When evaluating vendor security practices, the (NCSC) advises operators against solely depending on vendor documentation to assess vendor security [19]. Rather than relying solely on vendor documentation, security assessments should be grounded in the observed security practices implemented by the vendor. This entails conducting product-line-specific spot checks and gathering objective evidence derived directly from the product. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by indicating that inherent cybersecurity challenges exist within smart city technologies, particularly regarding third-party vendors who may not comply with cybersecurity standards. It states that 'challenges arise when third-party vendors and suppliers neglect to implement proper cybersecurity practices' and warns against relying solely on vendor documentation for security assessments. This suggests that smart city technology is not completely secure and is vulnerable to cybersecurity threats.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Some claim that life on Earth could have originated from extraterrestrial sources. [SEP] Text: As precipitation also increase with higher pCO2s, the rise in snowfall could potentially offset the effects due to accelerated snow aging at higher temperatures. When temperatures reach the melting point this negative snowfall-albedo feedback is eliminated because the meltwater drains from the surface and there is no link between melt and precipitation. Full size imageFig. 3: Atmospheric dynamics on an HSB approaching deglaciation. a Zonal mean divergence, precipitation (thick solid line), sublimation (dotted line), and precipitation–sublimation rates (dashdotted line) averaged over the the period December—February, simulated with a prescribed surface albedo of 0. 66 and atmospheric CO2 concentrations of 100 mbar. b Same as a but for March–May. c Same as a but for June–August. d Same as a but for September–November. When simulated with ECHAM6, the atmospheric dynamics of an HSB are comparable to those simulated with other GCMs28, hence the resulting precipitation minus sublimation (P − S) patterns are also very similar. The center of the tropics, roughly between 10. 0° N–10. 0° S, constitutes a predominantly descending region and the sublimation fluxes are larger than the precipitation rates, while they are much smaller than the precipitation rates in the ascending regions between 10. 0° N–20. 0° N and 10. 0° S–20. 0° S. This results in the typical P − S pattern with the tropical ablation zone located between 10. 0° N–10. 0° S and the main accumulation regions located between 10. 0° N–20. 0° N and 10. 0° S and 20. 0° S. Full size imageThe year-round precipitation in the tropics constitutes a crucial element of the HSB’s hydrological cycle, because it means that even the main ablation zone did not necessarily feature the low albedo of exposed—potentially dust covered—(sea) ice. Rather than being snow free, the surface in the tropics would have been partly covered by a regenerative fresh-snow-layer at any given point in time. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses atmospheric dynamics and precipitation patterns without any mention of extraterrestrial sources or the origin of life on Earth. Therefore, it does not provide any information that would support or contrast with the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Vaccinations have been critical in eliminating diseases like smallpox. # factual [SEP] Text: Citation: Hsieh MH, Mentink-Kane MM (2016) Smallpox and Dracunculiasis: Value of or Targeted for Eradication. Next? PLoS Pathog 12(1): e1005298. Glenn F. : January 7, 2016Copyright: © 2016 Hsieh, Mentink-Kane. This is an open access 1980. Vaccinia virus (VACV), like smallpox a member of the Poxviridae family, was used to produce the vaccine that led to smallpox eradication. Today, VACV remains a critical research tool and serves as the laboratory model for poxvirus. VACV is currently used for the production of 2nd- and 3rd-generation smallpox vaccines as well as for the exploration of immuno-oncolytic therapies against melanoma and other cancers [2,3]. VACV and its derivatives, including modified vaccinia virus (MVA) and attenuated vaccinia virus (NYVAC), are used as vectors by which to induce immunity to pathogens including HIV, Plasmodium falciparum, and Mycobacterium tuberculosis [4,5]. VACV also continues to be an important tool for examining fundamental viral mechanisms of immune evasion, including viral immunomodulation and inhibition of cell apoptosis, and has aided investigators in characterizing the innate and adaptive host immune response to viral infection [6]. Therefore, despite the eradication of human disease caused by smallpox virus, basic and applied research using the model vaccinia virus continues to guide our understanding of host immune responses, antigen immunogenicity, viral manipulation of host defenses, and vaccine efficacy. A second infectious pathogen that is targeted for eradication is Dracunculus medinensis, or guinea worm, the nematode parasite that causes drancunculiasis. D. medinensis is contracted by drinking larvae-contaminated water. The parasite matures to an adult worm in the host gut and emerges painfully months later through the skin of the lower extremities. Through efforts of the Assembly (as part of WHO), the Carter Center, and other organizations, dracunculiasis is nearing worldwide eradication. In the 1980s, 20 endemic countries accounted for 3. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by explicitly stating that 'Vaccinia virus (VACV), like smallpox...was used to produce the vaccine that led to smallpox eradication.' This provides direct evidence supporting the assertion that vaccinations have played a crucial role in the elimination of smallpox.