Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Every injury can be healed instantly with regenerative medicine. [SEP] Text: Full size image Because chronic alcohol ingestion perturbs glutathione metabolism [7, 8, 22], we next determined the effects of chronic alcohol ingestion and skeletal muscle injury on glutathione (GSH) and oxidized glutathione (GSSG) levels. Similar fluctuations to GSH pools were evident in injured TA muscles from control- and alcohol-fed mice (Figure 3A). However, GSSG levels were significantly elevated in injured, alcoholic TA muscles at 2 and 7 days following injury and returned to baseline levels at 14 days (Figure 3B). Together, the GSSG/GSH ratio – a marker of the oxidative state of the glutathione pool – was increased in alcoholic TA muscles at 7 and 14d following injury (Figure 3C). In addition, we performed dot blot analyses of carbonyl formation to quantify the total amount of protein oxidation in alcoholic, injured skeletal muscle (Figure 3D). Chronic alcohol ingestion alone increased total skeletal muscle protein oxidation compared to controls. Injured, alcoholic TA muscle had elevated total protein oxidation at 2 and 7 days of recovery – an effect that was normalized at 14 days. Figure 3 Oxidant stress is greater in injured muscles from alcohol-fed mice during regeneration. Glutathione (GSH), oxidized glutathione (GSSG), and total protein oxidation were used as markers of oxidant stress due to chronic alcohol ingestion and muscle injury. (A) Levels of GSH were lower in uninjured muscle and in muscle 14 days after injury in alcohol-fed mice. (B) Although GSSG levels were lower in uninjured muscle from alcohol-fed mice muscle compared to controls, these levels rose in TA muscles from alcohol-fed at 2 and 7 days following injury before normalizing at day 14. (C) The GSSG/GSH ratio, a marker of glutathione status, suggested increased oxidant stress 7 and 14 days after injury in muscle from alcohol-fed mice. (D) Total protein oxidation based on carbonyl formation suggested that muscle from alcohol-fed mice is more oxidized basally, and at 2 and 7 days following injury. Significance was accepted at p ≤ 0. 05. *, compared to control-fed, uninjured group. #, compared to control-fed, injured group matched to time following injury. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by providing evidence that chronic alcohol ingestion leads to increased oxidative stress and protein oxidation in injured muscles, which suggests that healing from injury is not instantaneous and is influenced by factors such as alcohol consumption. The mention of muscle injury recovery indicating fluctuations in glutathione levels implies complexity in the healing process, thereby rebutting the idea that all injuries can be healed instantly.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Rhizobacteria enhance plant growth by fixing atmospheric nitrogen. [SEP] Text: Scientifica (Cairo). 2012;963401. A new species of Burkholderia isolated from sugarcane roots promotes plant growth. Microb Biotechnol. 2014;7(2):142–54. 23. 85. 209. 9. 4. Cur Microbiol. 2006;52:186–90. 44. 62. 81. 7. 71. 13. 76. 82. 49. 4744. 9. 29. 27. Microbiol Res. 2012;167:596–60. 2011. p. 37–59. 101. 2016. Genetic diversity of endophytic bacteria which could be find in the apoplastic sap of the medullary parenchyma of the stem of healthy sugarcane plants. J Basic Microbiol. 2008;48:118–24. 87. 6. 6020. 2011. p. 333–64. 58. 66. 72. 4. 23. 3. CAS 45. 16. 53. PubMed 7. 90. 78. 15. Ogut M. Fatih Er, Kandemir N. phosphate solubilisation potential of soil Acinetobacter strains. Soils. 2010;46:707–15. . Plant growth-promoting effects of diazotrophs in the rhizosphere. Plant Sci. 2003;22:147–9. 98. 70. CAS 30. 9. 25. . 35. 99. 8. 9168. 70. 90. 42. Mol Plant-Microbe Interact. 2007;20:619–26. 81. 54. 31. 67. 67. 95. 42. 569. PubMed 68. CAS 82. 76. 6. 2018. Isolation of a citrus chitinase cDNA and characterization of its expression in response to elicitation of fruit pathogen resistance. J Plant Physiol. 2001;158:1585–90. 23. 60. 14. 73. 18. J Basic Microbiol. 2012;52:1–10. 56. 6. 94. 6. 2. Microbiol. 1994;40:1019–25. 112. 207. 57. 53. 40. CAS 103. 76. 19. 25. CAS PubMed 7. 0 for bigger datasets. Evol. 2016;33:1870–4. 1973. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not directly relate to the claim regarding rhizobacteria and their role in fixing atmospheric nitrogen to enhance plant growth. Instead, it presents various references and studies without providing evidence or specific information supporting or refuting the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Physical activity reduces the risk of chronic diseases like diabetes and heart disease. [SEP] Text: Types of Recommended by Providers for Patients at Risk for — — May 6, 2021. Omura, MD1; Kathleen B. Watson, PhD1; Fleetwood Loustalot, PhD2; Janet E. Fulton, PhD1; Susan A. Carlson, PhD1 (View author affiliations) Suggested citation for this 0545. DOI: 80. 0%) suggested walking to their patients at risk for CVD; however, PCPs who infrequently discussed physical activity with their patients at risk for CVD suggested walking less often than those who more frequently discussed physical activity. Walking is an easy and low-cost form of physical activity, and opportunities exist for certain PCPs to promote walking as part of their physical activity counseling practices for CVD prevention. Topinactivity is an important modifiable risk factor for cardiovascular disease (CVD), and health care providers can contribute to CVD prevention by providing intensive behavioral counseling to at-risk patients that includes promoting physical activity (1). Yet only 59% of primary care providers (PCPs) discuss physical activity with their at-risk patients (2). Although behavioral counseling recommendations do not specify types of physical activity, walking is a simple activity to suggest because it is an easy way for most adults to be active (1,3,4). Understanding the types of physical activity PCPs suggest to patients at risk for CVD by PCP characteristics and their physical activity counseling practices can identify opportunities for certain PCPs to promote physical activity through walking. Therefore, we sought to determine the types of physical activity PCPs most often suggest to their patients at risk for CVD and examine variation by physical activity counseling practices. TopMethods DocStyles is a web-based panel survey conducted by Public Services; we used data from the June to August 2018 survey (5). Panelists from Sermo’s Panel (www. sermo. com) were invited to take the 2018 survey on the basis of their past survey participation level. High responders — those who completed more than 75% of surveys they were sent — were invited first, followed by those who answered 25% to 75% of surveys and those who answered fewer than 25%. Panelists who did not participate in the previous year’s DocStyles survey were prioritized above the previous year’s respondents to help facilitate broad coverage among panelists. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by stating that 'top inactivity is an important modifiable risk factor for cardiovascular disease (CVD),' which implies that engaging in physical activity can reduce this risk. It also discusses how primary care providers can promote physical activity, like walking, as part of their counseling for CVD prevention, further supporting the idea that physical activity is beneficial in reducing risk for chronic diseases.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Every injury can be healed instantly with regenerative medicine. [SEP] Text: Full size image Morphology of injured muscles from alcohol-fed miceWe next calculated the cross-sectional areas of regenerating fibers at days 7 and 14 (panels in Figure 4 show representative H&E staining). Areas of regenerating, centrally-nucleated fibers, regardless of diet, are smaller than their contralateral, uninjured controls 7 days following BaCl2 injection (Figure 5A). Moreover, regenerating alcoholic fibers are smaller than those from injured control-fed mice. By 14 days, regenerating fibers in control-fed mice are similar in size to those from uninjured muscle (Figure 5B). In contrast, regenerating fibers from alcohol-fed mice are significantly smaller than uninjured, alcoholic fibers suggesting a delay in the normal regenerative response. Figure 4 Representative histology of regenerating TA muscles following injury in alcohol-fed mice. The processes of skeletal muscle injury and repair in TA muscles from control-fed mice are displayed in panels (A) uninjured muscle, and (C) 2 days, (E) 7 days, and (G) 14 days following BaCl2 injection. Similarly, muscle regeneration in alcohol-fed mice is displayed in panels (B) uninjured muscle, and (D) 2 days, (F) 7 days, and (H) 14 days following BaCl2 injection. Arrow heads in panels F and H denote areas of increased interstitial tissue accumulation and fibrosis in regenerating muscle from alcohol-fed mice. Cross-sectional areas of regenerating fibers, as noted by the presence of centralized nuclei shown in panels E-H, have been quantified in Figure 4. Bar in panel H = 100μm. Full size image Figure 5 Recovery of TA fiber area is delayed following muscle injury in alcohol-fed mice. (A) Regardless of diet, regenerating muscle fibers are smaller than their uninjured, contralateral TA areas. Moreover, regenerating fibers from alcohol-fed mice are smaller than those from alcohol-naïve mice. (B) In control-fed mice, regenerating fibers are similar in cross-sectional area as the uninjured, contralateral TA muscles 14 days after injury. In contrast, regenerating fibers from alcohol-fed mice are still smaller than alcoholic, uninjured muscle. This suggests that regeneration in the presence of continued alcohol ingestion delays skeletal muscle repair following injury. Significance was accepted at p ≤ 0. 05. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by detailing the findings of a study on muscle regeneration after injury. It describes how regenerating fibers from alcohol-fed mice are smaller and take longer to reach sizes comparable to uninjured muscles, indicating a delay in the regenerative process. For instance, it states that regenerating fibers in alcohol-fed mice are still smaller than their uninjured counterparts 14 days post-injury. This suggests that rather than instant healing, there are time-dependent processes involved in regeneration that vary based on the condition of the subject.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Rhizobacteria enhance plant growth by fixing atmospheric nitrogen. [SEP] Text: p. 573. 91. 205. 15. 11. 8. 8. . 1. acds gene amplification in nitrogen-fixing bacteria and approximately 755 bp fragments to be amplified. M is a molecular size marker (100 to 2000 bp), PC is positive control (Pseudomonas entomophila), and NC is negative control (sterile water). Additional files 2: Figure S2. PCR amplification with genomic DNA of nitrogen-fixing bacteria. The nifH gene fragment is amplified at 360 bp. M is a molecular size marker (100 to 2000 bp), Klebsiella verticola as a positive control (PC), and sterile water is negative control (NC). Additional files 3: Figure S3. BOX fingerprinting of the screened bacterial isolates from sugarcane. Strain Codes: B1. CoY3, B2. CoY7, B3. CoY8, B4. CoA1, B5. CoA10, B6. AY6, B7. AY7, B8. AY8, B9. AN8, B10. AN11, B11. AN12, B12. BN5, B13. CY5, B14. CY9, B15. CY10, B16. CY11, B17. CA1, B18. CA6, B19. CA8, B20. CN13, B21. CN14 and B22. N1. M, molecular size marker from 100 bp- 5 kb (Takara). Figure S4. ERIC-PCR fingerprinting of selected bacteria from sugarcane. Strain Codes: B1. CoY3, B2. CoY7, B3. CoY8, B4. CoA1, B5. CoA10, B6. AY6, B7. AY7, B8. AY8, B9. AN8, B10. AN11, B11. AN12, B12. BN5, B13. CY5, B14. CY9, B15. CY10, B16. CY11, B17. CA1, B18. CA6, B19. CA8, B20. CN13, B21. CN14 and B22. N1. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not provide any information supporting or opposing the claim about rhizobacteria enhancing plant growth through nitrogen fixation. Instead, it focuses on technical details related to PCR amplification and the identification of bacterial strains, which are not directly related to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Physical activity reduces the risk of chronic diseases like diabetes and heart disease. [SEP] Text: The types of activities PCPs most often suggested also differed by the percentage of patients at risk for CVD with whom they discussed physical activity (Figure). Prevalence of suggesting walking increased in a nonlinear trend as the percentage of patients increased. However, prevalence of suggesting supervised exercise sessions or other types of activity decreased linearly as this percentage increased. Figure. Prevalence of types of physical activity primary care providers (N = 1,088) most often suggested to patients at risk for cardiovascular disease (CVD), by percentage of patients with whom they discussed physical activity. Patients at increased risk for CVD were defined as those who were overweight or had obesity, hypertension, dyslipidemia, impaired fasting glucose, or the metabolic syndrome. Linear and quadratic trends for walking were significant at P<. 05. Linear trend was significant for supervised exercise sessions and other exercise at P<. 05. Error bars indicate 95% CIs. Source: DocStyles 2018 (5). [A tabular version of this figure is available. ] Topfindings highlight opportunities for certain PCPs to suggest walking as an easy form of activity for CVD prevention as part of their counseling. Health care professionals can contribute to CVD prevention by counseling their patients about physical activity (1); however, only 59% of PCPs in our study discussed physical activity with most of their at-risk patients, which is consistent with previous studies (2). Promoting walking may affect public health because adults at high CVD risk are known to participate in low levels of physical activity, and walking is an easy way for most adults to be physically active (3,6–8). We observed that PCPs who counseled a smaller proportion of their patients at risk for CVD about physical activity less frequently suggested walking, while the opposite was observed for supervised sessions. This suggests that PCPs who do not regularly provide physical activity counseling to their patients at risk for CVD may tend to recommend more involved forms of physical activity. Walking can offer these PCPs a broadly available and accessible form of physical activity to include in their behavioral counseling (3). We observed several differences in the types of physical activity recommended by characteristics of PCPs and their practices. For example, PCPs who were women and aged 45 or older were more likely to suggest walking than those who were men and younger, which is similar to walking practices among the general population (9,10). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text supports the claim by highlighting the role of primary care providers (PCPs) in discussing physical activity, particularly walking, with patients at risk for cardiovascular disease (CVD). It states that promoting walking can affect public health positively as adults at high CVD risk are known to engage in low levels of physical activity. The emphasis on walking as an accessible form of activity for CVD prevention suggests that physical activity, including walking, can contribute to reducing the risk of chronic diseases like heart disease.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Every injury can be healed instantly with regenerative medicine. [SEP] Text: *, compared to control-fed, uninjured group. #, compared to EtOH-fed, uninjured group. Full size image Markers of repair and fibrosisWe next identified the co-morbid effects of chronic alcohol ingestion and muscle injury on CNTF gene levels and TGFβ1 gene and protein expression levels as these two factors have been implicated in skeletal muscle regeneration and fibrosis, respectively [3, 23, 24]. In order to isolate the effects of muscle injury, gene expression data appearing in Figures 6 and 7 have been normalized to uninjured muscle within diet. Levels of CNTF gene expression were significantly elevated at 2, 7, and 14 days following injury in control muscle (Figure 6A-C, respectively). However, CNTF was not induced in alcoholic TA muscles until 14 days post-injury suggesting a delayed regenerative response (Figure 6C). Figure 6 Delayed CNTF gene expression during muscle recovery from injury may hamper regeneration in alcohol-fed mice. CNTF, a growth factor implicated in muscle regeneration, was induced at 2, 7, and 14 days following injury in control-fed mice (A-C, respectively). However, CNTF was only induced at 14 days following injury in alcohol-fed mice suggesting delayed regeneration. Significance was accepted at p ≤ 0. 05. *, compared to uninjured group within diet. Full size image Figure 7 Chronic alcohol ingestion and injury drive TGFβ expression. TGFβ1, a regulator of skeletal muscle fibrosis, was induced at (B) 7 days and remained elevated at (C) 14 days following BaCl2 injection. (A) In contrast, TGFβ1 gene levels peaked 2 days following injury in alcohol-fed mice before returning to baseline levels. (D) Despite these discrepancies at the gene level, TGFβ protein content was elevated at each time point following injury and likely drives the robust fibrotic response. Significance was accepted at p ≤ 0. 05. *, compared to uninjured group within diet. #, compared to EtOH-fed, uninjured group. $, compared to control-fed, uninjured group. Full size image We have previously shown that chronic alcohol ingestion alone increased TGFβ1 gene expression levels [7, 8, 25] which likely accounts for the increased protein content of the inflammatory cytokine in uninjured muscle (Figure 7D). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by detailing a study that shows a delayed regenerative response in muscle injuries affected by chronic alcohol ingestion. It specifically highlights that CNTF gene expression, a factor involved in muscle regeneration, was significantly elevated at multiple time points following injury in control-fed mice, whereas it was only induced at 14 days post-injury in alcohol-fed mice. This suggests that regenerative responses can be delayed and are not instantaneous, undermining the claim that every injury can be healed instantly.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Rhizobacteria enhance plant growth by fixing atmospheric nitrogen. [SEP] Text: Javascript is disabled in your browser. Please enable Javascript to view PeerJ. Growth-promoting characteristics of potential nitrogen-fixing bacteria in the root of an invasive plant Ageratina adenophora All reviews of published 2023. Peer reviewers are encouraged (but not required) to provide their names to the authors when submitting their peer review. If they agree to provide their name, then their personal profile page will reflect a public acknowledgment that they performed a review (even if the 2019. The first revision was submitted on March 22nd, 2019 and was reviewed by 2 reviewers and the Academic Editor. A further revision was submitted on April 25th, 2019 and was reviewed by the Academic Editor. The 2019. Version 0. 3 (accepted) · May 8, 2019 · for addressing the concerns of all reviewers in this version. [# PeerJ - this decision was reviewed and approved by Valeria Souza, a PeerJ covering this Section #] 0. 3 (PDF) Download author's response letter - submitted Apr 25, 2019 Version 0. 2 · Apr 18, 2019 · Please pay strong attention to the comments of reviewer 1. You have not yet presented strong rationale for WHY you chose to use the methodology you did to make the assumption that you were isolating and characterizing N fixing bacteria in this study. Without addressing this issue, it may be difficult to publish the work according to reviewer 1. Reviewer 1 · Apr 13, 2019 Basic reporting no comment Experimental design Although the methodology is better presented and clear in this version of the manuscript, the methods used for endophytic bacteria isolation was not adequate and do not guarantee the isolation of nitrogen-fixing bacteria. No further evidence for nitrogen fixation was provided. However, the authors stands the work on "root endophytic nitrogen-fixing bacteria". Further, there was not a quantification of the endophytic bacteria. Although phylogeny is only used as a way to cluster the isolates, once the authors chose to use it, it must be performed in a correct way. But the tree showed in the manuscript suffer from some conceptual/methodological problems. Please, see details in the attached file. Validity of the findings Please, see observations in "Experimental design" above, that interfere in the validity of the findings and other details discussed in the attached file. Additional comments Please, see the reply for all authors responses (first review) in the attached file. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses the peer review process and methodological critiques regarding the isolation and characterization of nitrogen-fixing bacteria, without providing any specific information about rhizobacteria or their role in plant growth.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Physical activity reduces the risk of chronic diseases like diabetes and heart disease. [SEP] Text: These findings suggest that PCPs who might walk more themselves may be more likely to suggest walking to patients, consistent with research showing that health care providers who are physically active are more likely to provide physical activity counseling (11). In addition, we observed that PCPs with most patients of high socioeconomic status more commonly suggested supervised exercise sessions than PCPs primarily serving patients of low socioeconomic status, suggesting that PCPs may tend to recommend supervised sessions to those who they perceive can afford them. Walking is a simple and low-cost form of physical activity to recommend (3). A strength of our study was that DocStyles is a large, nationwide survey allowing for comparison by provider characteristics. A limitation was that the sample was not nationally representative; therefore, results may not be generalizable. However, our analytic sample of physicians was similar to the 2018 DocStyles sample and the Association master file (5). Walking is an easy and low-cost form of physical activity that PCPs can suggest to their patients at risk for CVD. Although most PCPs do suggest walking, important differences exist by provider characteristics. Our study highlights opportunities for certain PCPs to promote walking as part of their physical activity counseling practices for CVD prevention. Top0341. Telephone: 770-488-6339. E-mail: ydk8@cdc. gov. Author Affiliations: 1Division of Nutrition, Physical Activity, and Obesity, for Prevention and Health Promotion, Centers for and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia. 2Division for for Prevention and Health Promotion, Centers for and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia. Top75. . Primary care providers’ physical activity counseling and referral practices and barriers for cardiovascular disease prevention. 2018;108:115–22. of Health and Human Services. Step it up! General’s call to action to promote walking and walkable communities. 2015, US Department of Health and Human Services, Office of the Surgeon General. Washington (DC): US Department of Health and Human Services. ; on Epidemiology and Committee and Subcommittee. Heart disease and stroke statistics – 2019 update: a report from the Association. Circulation 2019;139(10):e56–528. . DocStyles 2018 methods. Washington (DC): Deanne Weber; 2018. 23, 2021. . Prevalence of physical activity is lower among individuals with chronic disease. 2016;48(6):1062–7. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by indicating that primary care providers (PCPs) recommending walking can contribute to physical activity counseling for patients at risk for cardiovascular disease (CVD). It highlights that physical activity, such as walking, is an effective and low-cost method to reduce the risk of chronic diseases, including CVD, supporting the assertion that physical activity is beneficial for chronic disease prevention.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Every injury can be healed instantly with regenerative medicine. [SEP] Text: Despite these elevated basal levels of TGFβ1, significant muscle injury further induced the cytokine after 2 days of recovery - an effect that was not evident until 7 and 14 days of recovery in control-fed animals (Figure 7A-C). However, TGFβ1 protein levels were elevated at each time point of recovery regardless of diet (Figure 7D). Regenerating muscles from control-fed mice displayed a step-wise increase in the fibrotic index, a measure of collagen density and surrogate marker of overall fibrosis, at 7 and 14 days following injury (Figure 8A). Basally, the fibrotic index of uninjured TA muscle from alcohol-fed mice was higher than controls. Further, the fibrotic index of regenerating muscle from alcohol-fed mice was significantly at both 7 and 14 days following injury compared to time-matched controls (Figure 8A). To verify the fibrotic index, we next measured collagen VI (Figure 8B) and fibronectin (Figure 8C) protein expression in TA muscles 14 days following injury. Both collagen VI and fibronectin levels were significantly elevated in injured muscle from alcohol-fed mice suggesting a more robust fibrotic response compared to controls. Figure 8 Markers of fibrosis suggest more pronounced injury in muscle from alcohol-fed mice. (A) Fibrotic index, a marker of collagen content quantified following trichrome staining, was increased at 7 and 14 days following injury in control-fed mice. Muscle from alcohol-fed mice reported a more robust fibrotic response at these same time points following injury. (B) Collagen VI, a component of fibrotic plaques, was increased 14 days after injury in muscle from alcohol-fed mice. (C) Fibronectin, an extracellular matrix glycoprotein associated with wound healing, was elevated in injured control muscle 14 days after injury. However, fibronectin expression was further increased in injured muscle from alcohol-fed mice. Significance was accepted at p ≤ 0. 05. *, compared to control-fed, uninjured group. #, compared to control-fed, injured group matched to recovery time. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by documenting the timelines of muscle recovery and cytokine response post-injury. It explains that significant muscle injury induced the cytokine TGFβ1 after 2 days of recovery and describes a step-wise increase in the fibrotic index at 7 and 14 days, indicating that healing is not instantaneous but occurs over time. The observations of elevated collagen VI and fibronectin levels further suggest a prolonged healing process, countering the claim that every injury can be healed instantly.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Rhizobacteria enhance plant growth by fixing atmospheric nitrogen. [SEP] Text: Annotated reviews are not available for download in order to protect the identity of reviewers who chose to remain anonymous. Cite this review as (2019) #1 of "Growth-promoting characteristics of potential nitrogen-fixing bacteria in the root of an invasive plant Ageratina adenophora (v0. 2)". PeerJ Reviewer 2 · Apr 11, 2019 Basic reporting The clarity of the information contained within the manuscript has been enhanced through professional English editing and all queries directed to the authors have been addressed in the manuscript Experimental design Queries on the experimental design especially with respect to 16rRNA analysis and media selection have been addressed by the authors Validity of the findings Discussion of the limitations of the manuscript have been adequately addressed by the authors and errors in statistical analysis corrected. Additional comments Thank you for providing edits to the manuscript as requested. The manuscript has improved in quality when compared to the initial submission. I believe the comments I have provided have been addressed adequately. Cite this review as (2019) #2 of "Growth-promoting characteristics of potential nitrogen-fixing bacteria in the root of an invasive plant Ageratina adenophora (v0. 2)". PeerJ 0. 2 (PDF) Download author's response letter - submitted Mar 22, 2019 Version 0. 1 (original submission) · Jan 18, 2019 · The reviewers have highlighted several issues that must be addressed before this manuscript can be considered for publication. One is the English editing which is required; this will take some additional but extensive work. The issue of identification of microbes of interest; use of techniques other than 16S promoter for ID at the species level. In addition, more detailed information and rationale is needed in the materials and methods to justify why you performed techniques or experimentation in a particular way, especially when it deviates from the industry standard. Reviewer 1 · Jan 13, 2019 Basic reporting no comment Experimental design l 151. Root sterilization is normally performed with intact roots. After sterilization, the roots are subjected to fragmentation. Root fragments may spill off internal contents and the sterilization process may reach the root interior. l 154. Why did the authors used NA culture medium to check for surface sterilization, while using YMA to isolate reNFB? Please, clarify. l 156-163. A common practice when isolating root bacteria is to proceed serial dilution from root extract. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses the review process and critiques related to a manuscript concerning nitrogen-fixing bacteria without providing any explicit information or evidence regarding how rhizobacteria enhance plant growth through nitrogen fixation. It primarily focuses on editorial aspects and comments on the manuscript's quality rather than the biological interactions or mechanisms related to plant growth.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Physical activity reduces the risk of chronic diseases like diabetes and heart disease. [SEP] Text: Adults eligible for cardiovascular disease prevention counseling and participation in aerobic physical activity – United States, 2013. 2015;64(37):1047–51. . Walking as an opportunity for cardiovascular disease prevention. Dis 2019;16:E66. . The attributable proportion of specific leisure-time physical activities to total leisure activity volume among US adults, Survey 1999–2006. J Health 2016;13(11):1192–201. . Participation in types of physical activities among US adults — Survey 1999–2006. J Health 2015;12(s1):S128–40. de Quevedo IG. The evidence in support of physicians and health care providers as physical activity role models. 2016;10(1):36–52. . Types of to Patients at Risk for CVD, by 2018a of Physical Activity, % (95% CI) Total 1,088 80. 0 (77. 5–82. 2) 7. 9 (6. 4–9. 7) 12. 1 (10. 3–14. 2) Age, yb <45 385 72. 7 (68. 1–76. 9) 10. 6 (7. 9–14. 2) 16. 6 (13. 2–20. 7) ≥45 703 83. 9 (81. 0–86. 5) 6. 4 (4. 8–8. 5) 9. 7 (7. 7–12. 1) 574 77. 0 (73. 4–80. 3) 9. 4 (7. 3–12. 1) 13. 6 (11. 0–16. 6) Women 514 83. 3 (79. 8–86. 3) 6. 2 (4. 4–8. 7) 10. 5 (8. 1–13. 5) Race/ethnicityd Non-743 82. 0 (79. 0–84. 6) 6. 7 (5. 1–8. 8) 11. 3 (9. 2–13. 8) Other 345 75. 7 (70. 8–79. 9) 10. 4 (7. 6–14. 1) 13. 9 (10. 6–18. 0) 372 82. 0 (77. 7–85. 6) 7. 3 (5. 0–10. 4) 10. 8 (8. 0–14. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text supports the claim by referencing various studies and surveys that emphasize the participation in physical activity as a preventive measure against cardiovascular disease. Notably, it mentions 'adults eligible for cardiovascular disease prevention' in relation to physical activity, which directly relates to reducing chronic disease risks.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Every injury can be healed instantly with regenerative medicine. [SEP] Text: Full size image DiscussionIn this study, we determined the effects of chronic alcohol ingestion on distinct components of skeletal muscle regeneration, including the early inflammatory cytokine response, the development of oxidant stress and temporal alterations to glutathione levels, levels of growth and pro-fibrotic factors, regenerated fiber areas, and fibrosis. The co-morbid effects of chronic alcohol ingestion and skeletal muscle injury temporarily reduced body weight and significantly affected voluntary wheel running activity. Further, muscle from alcohol-fed mice had a more robust cytokine response and prolonged duration of oxidant stress due to injury. Induction of ciliary neurotrophic factor (CNTF), a growth factor implicated in myotube differentiation and accelerated muscle repair [26], was postponed in injured muscle from alcohol-fed mice. Similarly, temporal variations existed in the gene expression of the pro-fibrotic cytokine TGFβ1, despite similar inductions at the protein level due to injury. Together, these data may suggest that this robust cytokine response and prolonged duration of oxidant stress when occurring in concert with altered expression patterns of growth and fibrotic factors may, in part, account for the delayed regeneration and increased fibrosis in injured muscle from alcohol-fed mice. Thus, therapeutic strategies that attenuate surges in catabolic factors common to both chronic alcohol ingestion and muscle injury while simultaneously correcting deficits to protein synthesis and fibrosis pathways may improve the regenerative response in injured muscle from alcoholics. Left untreated, skeletal muscle injuries may result in persistent weakness, decreased flexibility and mobility, or increased likelihood of re-injury. To date, several treatments for mild to severe muscle injuries have been used, including physical modalities such as the R. I. C. E. principle (Rest, Ice, Compression, Elevation) [27],therapeutic ultrasound [28], pharmacologic interventions such as non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs () [29] or administration of growth hormone and IGF-1 [30], or drugs that curb fibrosis by blocking TGFβ1 induction with compounds such as suramin [31, 32]. Alternatively, one may consider anti-oxidant supplementation to attenuate oxidative stress-mediated muscle degeneration; however this strategy has been attempted with mixed results [33–35]. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the delayed regeneration and increased fibrosis in injured muscle, especially in the context of chronic alcohol ingestion. It emphasizes that several factors, including a robust cytokine response and prolonged oxidant stress, can lead to persistent weakness and decreased function in muscle injuries. This indicates that regenerative medicine alone may not provide instant healing and that other therapeutic strategies are necessary to improve outcomes.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Rhizobacteria enhance plant growth by fixing atmospheric nitrogen. [SEP] Text: Normally, endophytic bacteria are isolated in 10^-5 to 10^-8 dilution. Why did not the authors proceed with serial dilution? l 167-171. Was the cultivation of isolates made in nitrogen-free solid medium? Most of endophytic-nitrogen fixing bacteria are not able to growth (fixing nitrogen) in these conditions due to contact with high concentration of oxygen in the air. It includes taxonomic groups identified in this work. The normal procedure is to use semi-solid media. Please, clarify the procedure. l 179. What were the reagents and concentrations in PCR mix reaction tube? l 187-189. How exactly were the sequences filtered for chimeric bases? Why was variation in sequence length not allowed? ". . . cut out chimaeric bases to make each sequence 1351 pb long. . . ". Does the 1351 represent the alignment length (in alignment positions), instead of sequence length (in bp)? How many isolate sequences were generated? From OTUs in supplementary material (peerj-33237-Data. xlsx) it seems that 131 sequences were produced. However, in GenBank database only 23 sequences are available. Why? Although sequences may be very similar, they represent different isolated colonies. Also, clustering sequences at 97% identity means that differences exist within clusters that should be showed. Please, make all sequences available in GenBank database and provide all accession numbers in the manuscript. How was the clustering analysis performed (e. g. , software used)? Versions and 194. Taxonomic identification based on sequence similarity search is sensible to database content. What was the database selected for similarity search analysis (e. g. , nr, 16S ribosomal RNA)? It seems that the taxonomic identification is based on best-blast hit. The authors must make it clear, specifying the database used and its version (or date). For example, strain CY25 was identified as Variovorax gossypii, but similarity search using megablast and "16S ribosomal RNA (Bacteria and Archaea)" show Variovorax guangxiensis as best hit. Strain WS26 was classified as Nocardioides albertanoniae, but its best hit is Nocardioides luteus. The authors should check for other differences. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim about rhizobacteria enhancing plant growth by fixing atmospheric nitrogen. Instead, it raises technical questions regarding the methodology of a study related to endophytic bacteria, focusing on issues like dilution procedures, cultivation methods, sequencing techniques, and taxonomic identification. Therefore, it is irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Physical activity reduces the risk of chronic diseases like diabetes and heart disease. [SEP] Text: Most recently updated ACOG Guidelines, and those jointly published by the Society of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists of Canada and of are proactive, and suggest that virtually all women having a normal pregnancy can benefit from a physical activity program (6,52). Recently, researchers have begun to consider the role of physical activity in a more traditional chronic disease prevention light, for both mother and offspring. This roundtable was undertaken to discuss current findings, as well as future directions that should be considered when studying the role of physical activity during pregnancy/postpartum on long-term health. Specific topic areas included the role of physical activity on pregnancy induced hypertension, gestational diabetes, musculoskeletal disorders, breastfeeding and weight loss, mental health, and offspring health and development. Our educational objectives for the roundtable were to summarize current research on the role of physical activity during pregnancy and postpartum on a woman's health and chronic disease risk, summarize current research on the role of maternal physical activity on growth, development, and chronic disease risk of the offspring, and establish directions for future research on the role of physical activity during pregnancy/postpartum on chronic disease risk. this communication we provide a brief overview of the clinical and public health significance of preeclampsia, and highlight evidence regarding whether physical activity may play a role in its prevention. We will also discuss available data regarding specific details (e. g. , duration, type and intensity) of physical activity associated with clinically relevant reductions in the preeclampsia occurrence. What is Preeclampsia and Why is it Important? Hypertensive disorders during pregnancy are the second leading cause, after embolism, of maternal mortality in the United States, accounting for approximately 15% of such deaths (165). Hypertension in pregnancy is associated with potentially lethal complications including abruptio placentae, disseminated intravascular coagulation, cerebral hemorrhage, hepatic failure, and acute renal failure (122). Preeclampsia, one of the hypertensive disorders of pregnancy, has an incidence of 3-7%. Preeclampsia is characterized clinically by maternal high blood pressure, proteinuria and edema. Preeclamptics are more likely than normotensive pregnant women to experience metabolic disturbances similar to those seen in nonpregnant patients with coronary heart disease. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the benefits of physical activity in the context of chronic disease prevention, specifically during pregnancy and postpartum. It mentions that researchers have begun to consider the role of physical activity in preventing chronic diseases not only for mothers but also for offspring. The text highlights educational objectives that focus on summarizing research on the effects of maternal physical activity on both women's health and chronic disease risk, thereby supporting the claim that physical activity can reduce the risk of chronic diseases.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Every injury can be healed instantly with regenerative medicine. [SEP] Text: For example, N-acetyl cysteine (NAC) and ascorbic acid (Vitamin C) supplementation improved plasma super oxide dismutase and glutathione peroxidase activities, but had little influence on skeletal muscle regeneration in otherwise healthy adults [33]. In contrast, improved muscle repair was achieved using NAC in subjects with underlying chronic disease [34]. For example, Vercherat and colleagues showed that NAC supplementation in Stra13-/- mice, a murine model of dystrophy-like pathology, ameliorated oxidative stress and minimized muscle necrosis. Thus, these results suggest that treating oxidant stress associated with pre-existing pathologies may have the additional benefit of improving functional recovery of degenerating skeletal muscle. This finding is important as we and others have long-described the influence of chronic alcohol ingestion on free radical generation, elevated oxidative stress, glutathione depletion, and induction of redox-sensitive catabolic signaling mechanisms [7, 8, 36–39]. Thus, we believe that appropriate anti-oxidant supplementation may provide a clinically-relevant, convenient treatment option for alcoholic myopathy and act as a protective countermeasure to alleviate acute surges in oxidant stress and redox-sensitive factors following injury. As such, we are currently testing the effectiveness of several dietary glutathione precursors on repair processes in injured, alcoholic muscle. Specifically, we have previously shown and confirmed here that chronic alcohol ingestion increased TGFβ1 levels in skeletal muscle [7, 8]. Alcoholic muscle also had higher basal levels of interstitial fibrosis, a phenomenon recently described in triceps surae muscles from alcoholic rats [40]. Thus, higher basal levels of TGFβ1 and fibrosis in alcoholic muscle may predispose the muscle to a more robust fibrotic response following acute injury. Interestingly, TGFβ1 protein levels were similarly induced regardless of alcohol status and may suggest that fibrosis in regenerating alcoholic muscle may be regulated partly by other members of the TGFβ superfamily [41]. Ciliary neurotrophic factor (CNTF) is a member of the IL6 family of cytokines and has been shown to accelerate myotube differentiation and regenerated fiber number following exogenous application to injured muscle [26]. CNTF may also play a significant role in muscle repair by stimulating neuronal outgrowth [42] and subsequent re-innervation of damaged fibers [43]. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the limitations and specific conditions under which regenerative medicine can improve recovery. It details that while N-acetyl cysteine (NAC) can improve muscle repair in certain cases, there is little influence on skeletal muscle regeneration in healthy individuals. The findings suggest that the effectiveness of regenerative medicine—particularly in context to oxidative stress and chronic diseases—may not support the notion that every injury can be healed instantly.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Rhizobacteria enhance plant growth by fixing atmospheric nitrogen. [SEP] Text: Taxonomic classification based solely on 16S rRNA gene sequences is not reliable below genus level. Other tools and databases may be used and the results showed in a comparative way. l 250-251. "Tree cropland soils mixed with two humus and one vermiculite. . . ". Do the values mean proportions of each substrate used? Please, clarify. Consider change the statement to (or equivalent). . . "substrate was prepared including cropland soils, humus, and vermiculite, mixed in a proportion of 3:2:1". Validity of the findings In order to have the results clear and completely trustable, the authors need to clarify some methodological concerns and answer the specific questions, pointed out in this review. Additional comments l 134. The term "growth-promoting regulators" is better applied to refer only to phytohormones (it not include phosphate solubility and siderophore production). l 293. Several isolates are close related to well known nitrogen-fixing bacteria within Alphaproteobacteria and Betaproteobacteria (e. g. , Burkholderia and rhizobia). Although, those isolates were able to growth during 7 generations in nitrogen-free media, to confirm them as nitrogen fixer, more evidence should be provided, such as nifH amplification/sequencing and nitrogenase activity assay. l 307-308. For each sampling region, three plants were collected and about 23 to 29 bacteria were isolated (only considering those with 16S rRNA gene sequence produced). Is this a representative sample in terms of diversity? If more isolates were taken, could new OTUs be discovered (e. g. , rarefaction curve reach a plateau or not)? If not, Shannon index values may be biased. Figure 1 (legend). "The bootstrap values were indicated at branch node, shown as MrBayes/Maximum Likelihood". Bootstrap analysis do not apply to Bayesian method. Cite this review as (2019) #1 of "Growth-promoting characteristics of potential nitrogen-fixing bacteria in the root of an invasive plant Ageratina adenophora (v0. 1)". [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim because it discusses taxonomic classification issues and methodological concerns related to the study of bacteria, but does not provide information that directly supports or refutes the notion that rhizobacteria enhance plant growth by fixing atmospheric nitrogen.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Physical activity reduces the risk of chronic diseases like diabetes and heart disease. [SEP] Text: Metabolic disturbances consistently associated with preeclampsia include hypertriglyceridemia (65,87), excessive lipid peroxidation (167), antioxidant deficiency (182), insulin resistance (87), sympathetic nervous system over-reactivity (147), plasma elevations of pro-inflammatory cytokines and C-reactive protein (134,170), hyper-homocystinemia (153), hyperleptinemia (124,170), and a thromboxane-prostacyclin imbalance that favors vasoconstriction (168). Moreover, pathologic lesions found in preeclamptic placentas are similar to those seen in atherosclerosis (137). There is considerable overlap between the epidemiology of preeclampsia, essential hypertension and coronary heart disease. Risk factors for the respective disorders include obesity, sedentary lifestyle, history of diabetes, familial history of essential hypertension, depression and anxiety. Women with a history of preeclampsia have increased risk of developing essential hypertension in the years following such pregnancies (97,125,150). For example, Nisell et. al. (125) reported that after seven years of follow-up, women with a history of gestational hypertension or preeclampsia experienced an increased risk of developing essential hypertension compared to normotensive controls (37% and 20% vs. 2%, respectively). Overall, available evidence suggests that the pathophysiological and epidemiological characteristics of preeclamptics are remarkably similar to those seen among men and nonpregnant women with essential hypertension (165,172). However, relatively little research has been conducted to assess the occurrence of the former condition in relation to modifiable risk factors such as physical activity. This is an important area that should be explored further in future studies. What is the Evidence of of Preeclampsia with Physical Activity? To date there are only three published studies that have assessed the occurrence of preeclampsia in relation to maternal recreational physical activity. Over a decade ago, Marcoux et al. performed a case-control study of previously pregnant Canadian women (106). Women who participated regularly in recreational physical activity during the first 20 weeks of pregnancy experienced a 43% reduction in risk of preeclampsia as compared to sedentary women. The investigators also noted that the relative risk of preeclampsia decreased as average time spent performing physical activities increased. Sorensen et al. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by presenting evidence that engaging in regular recreational physical activity during early pregnancy is associated with a significant reduction in the risk of preeclampsia. Specifically, it states that women who were physically active had a 43% lower risk of developing preeclampsia compared to sedentary women. Since preeclampsia shares risk factors and pathophysiological characteristics with conditions like essential hypertension and potentially heart disease, this supports the broader claim that physical activity can reduce risks associated with various chronic diseases.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Every injury can be healed instantly with regenerative medicine. [SEP] Text: Here, chronic alcohol ingestion delayed the temporal expression pattern of injury-induced CNTF. CNTF did not peak in muscle from alcohol-fed mice until 14 days after injury and its absence during the earlier stages of recovery may have contributed to the faulty regenerative response beyond 14 days of recovery in muscle from alcohol-fed mice. ConclusionsWe showed that chronic alcohol ingestion altered the regenerative response following skeletal muscle injury. Specifically, areas of regenerated fibers were significantly smaller after 7 and 14 days of recovery from BaCl2-induced injury in alcohol-fed mice. In addition, injured muscle from alcohol-fed mice had increased fibrosis compared to controls. These effects were likely mediated, in part, by altered temporal expressions of CNTF and TGFβ1, respectively. MethodsAnimals and dietsMale C57Bl/6 mice (~ 8 wk) were purchased from Laboratories (Bar Harbor, ME), housed in groups of five under a 12:12 light–dark cycle, and provided standard rodent chow ad libitum. All procedures were approved by the Institute for. Subgroups of mice were provided alcohol-containing drinking water for 18–20 weeks as previously described [44]. Briefly, alcohol was added gradually to acclimatize the mice to the diet and was sequentially added as 5%, 10%, and 15% for 3–4 days each before finally provided as 20% (v/v) for the duration of the experiment. Barium chloride (BaCl2)-induced injuries were performed in mice that had been on 20% alcohol for up to 18 weeks. Body weights were recorded before muscle injury. Following muscle injury, mice returned to either control or alcohol diet until the study’s conclusion. At this time, mice were euthanized following CO2 asphyxiation, weighed, and their tibialis anterior (TA) muscles were removed, blotted dry, weighed, and prepared for further analyses. Barium chloride-induced skeletal muscle injuryAlcoholic or control mice were anesthetized by intraperitoneal injection of a xylazine (15 mg/kg) and ketamine (100 mg/kg) cocktail. Fifty-μl of a 1. 2% BaCl2 solution were injected into mouse TA muscles using a Hamilton syringe and 27 G needle as previously described [45]. Contralateral TA muscles served as uninjured controls. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by providing evidence that chronic alcohol ingestion impairs the regenerative response following skeletal muscle injury. It states that muscle fibers were significantly smaller in alcohol-fed mice even after 7 and 14 days of recovery, indicating that complete healing was not achieved in this period. Furthermore, the text highlights increased fibrosis and altered regenerative processes due to alcohol, suggesting that regenerative medicine cannot deliver instant healing as implied in the claim.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Rhizobacteria enhance plant growth by fixing atmospheric nitrogen. [SEP] Text: The gaps in current knowledge have been identified by the authors and addressed in the presented experiments. The methods have been explained in sufficient detail to replicate with the exception of the use of unexplained abbreviations and the lack of 0. 1)". PeerJ Submission (PDF) - submitted Dec 6, 2018 All text and materials provided via this peer-review history page are made available under a Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses the identification of knowledge gaps and the methods used in experiments, without providing any information about rhizobacteria or their role in nitrogen fixation.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Physical activity reduces the risk of chronic diseases like diabetes and heart disease. [SEP] Text: found that regular participation in recreational physical activity during the first 20 weeks of pregnancy was associated with a 35% reduced risk of preeclampsia (154). The risk of preeclampsia decreased in proportion to exercise intensity and total energy expended during the activities. The authors also documented a possible reduction in risk of preeclampsia in relation to walking and stair climbing, activities that pregnant women perform routinely. Women who climbed stairs regularly experienced a 44% to 69% reduction in risk of preeclampsia, and the reduction was evident among all women, irrespective of their participation in recreational physical activities. In 2004, Saftlas et al. (143) reported results from a nested case-control study of New Haven, CT women that corroborated the previous reports from Montreal and Seattle (105,154). are Likely to Account for the in in Relation to in Activity during Pregnancy? Evidence from epidemiological, controlled clinical metabolic, and animal studies suggests that physical activity may impact preeclampsia occurrence through a number of biological pathways. Potential intermediate effects include reduced blood pressure, decreased concentrations of pro-inflammatory cytokines and leptin in peripheral circulation, reduced oxidative stress, and improved plasma lipid and lipoprotein concentrations (21,27,61,81,108,123,180). The following paragraphs include a brief review of the literature, which documents metabolic and other physiologic changes associated with habitual physical activity. Where possible, specific indication is provided regarding whether studies included pregnant women. Results from observational epidemiological studies and randomized trials have consistently demonstrated an inverse relation between recreational physical activity and blood pressure in nonpregnant (89,108) and pregnant women (180). In a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials, investigators observed that aerobic exercise performed by nonpregnant women significantly reduced resting systolic and diastolic blood pressures (89). Exercise therapy has also been shown to result in reduced diastolic blood pressures in pregnant women with a history of mild hypertension, gestational hypertension or family history of hypertensive disorders (180). Recreational physical activity is also associated with improvements in lipid concentrations in men and nonpregnant women. Specific improvements include reduced plasma triglycerides and increased high-density lipoproteins (61). Every aspect of lipid metabolism is dramatically altered during pregnancy. Maternal serum or plasma cholesterol and triglyceride concentrations increase 1. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by presenting evidence that regular participation in physical activity is associated with various health benefits, including reduced risks of conditions like preeclampsia and improved blood pressure and lipid profiles. It indicates that exercise therapy has been shown to significantly reduce resting blood pressures in both nonpregnant and pregnant women, and highlights metabolic improvements linked to habitual physical activity. These findings support the broader claim that physical activity can reduce the risk of chronic diseases.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Every injury can be healed instantly with regenerative medicine. [SEP] Text: Briefly, the needle was inserted at the origin of the TA, extended past the mid-belly of the muscle to a region just superior to the distal tendon. Next, the diluted BaCl2 solution was continuously injected into the TA as the syringe was removed. Complete serial sections of the injured TA confirmed that the mid-belly section was affected by the myotoxin (unpublished observations). Injured and uninjured, contralateral control muscles were harvested post mortem at 2, 7, or 14 days following injury (n = 6-8/time) and processed for markers of degeneration and regeneration. Voluntary wheel runningTo assess the influence of alcohol and/or injury on voluntary activity, subgroups of injured or uninjured alcoholic and control-fed mice were provided free access to a running wheel (Super pet comfort wheel, 5. 5” diameter, PetSmart, Inc. , Phoenix, Arizona) that was equipped with a cycle monitor (Velo 8 computer, CatEye Co. LTD, Osaka, Japan). Animals were maintained on either the alcoholic or control diet. Daily (24 h) and total distance accrued over 14 days were recorded. Histological assessment of regeneration and fibrosis in injured TA musclesUninjured and injured TA muscles were removed, embedded in OCT, and immediately frozen in isopentane cooled in liquid nitrogen. To ensure that we were assessing the most damaged portion of the TA, muscles were cut in serial sections at 10 μm beginning at the mid-belly. Sections were then processed for hematoxylin and eosin staining, dehydrated, mounted, and visualized at 10X with a Leica microscope as previously described [7, 8, 22, 46]. Cross-sectional areas of approximately 200 centrally-nucleated fibers (i. e. , regenerated fibers) per muscle were calculated using ImageJ software (). Fibrosis was determined using trichrome staining as previously described [31]. The fibrotic index was calculated using ImageJ software and represents the density of blue, collagen-stained areas relative to the entire muscle-containing visual field of at least 2 independent fields. Collagen VI and fibronectin western blots were used to complement and confirm data used to calculate the fibrotic index. Western blot analysesEqual amounts of protein were boiled for 2 minutes in sample buffer that contained: 0. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by detailing a complex experimental procedure related to muscle injury and regeneration, indicating that healing is not instant but involves a timeline for degeneration, regeneration, and assessment. It discusses the use of solutions injected and various assessment techniques over days (2, 7, and 14) to observe the healing process, implying that healing takes time and is not instantaneous as suggested by the claim.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Rhizobacteria enhance plant growth by fixing atmospheric nitrogen. [SEP] Text: apsoil. 2008. 01. 006 Web of Science®2009. Characterization of plant growth-promoting traits of free-living diazotrophic bacteria and their inoculation effects on growth and nitrogen uptake of crop plants. J. Microbiol. Biotechnol. , 19, 1213–1222. 10. 4014/jmb. 0903. 3028 of Science®2003. Plant growth-promoting effects of diazotrophs in the rhizosphere. Crit. Rev. Plant Sci. , 22, 107–149. 10. 1080/713610853 CASWeb of Science®2008. Evaluation of genetic diversity and plant growth promoting activities of nitrogen-fixing bacilli isolated from rice fields in South Brazil. Appl. Soil Ecol. , 39, 311–320. 10. 1016/j. apsoil. 2008. 01. 006 Web of Science®1993. Pepper breeding. In: Breeding of Solonaceaeous and Cole crops. J. Am. Soc. Hort. Sci. , 129, 826–832. 1998. Calcium, iron, potassium, phosphorus, and vitamin C content of organic and hydroponic tomatoes. HortScience, 33, 255–257. CASWeb of Science®2005. The anti-carcinogenic and anti-atherogenic effects of lycopene: a review. Sci. Technol. , 16, 344–350. 10. 1016/j. tifs. 2005. 02. 002 CASWeb of Science®2004. Composition of main carotenoids in Korean red pepper (Capsicum annuum L. ) and changes of pigment stability during the drying and storage process. J. Food Sci. , 69, FCT39–FCT44. 10. 1111/j. 1365-2621. 2004. tb17853. x CAS2011. Effect of water activity and temperature on the color change of red pepper (Capsicum annuum L. ) powder. Food Sci. Biotechnol. , 20, 215–222. 10. 1007/s10068-011-0029-2 Web of Science®2000. The potential role of biological nitrogen fixation in meeting future demand for rice and fertilizer. In: J. K. Ladha, P. M. Reddy (Eds. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not provide direct information that either supports or contradicts the claim regarding rhizobacteria and their ability to enhance plant growth through atmospheric nitrogen fixation. Instead, it consists of various citations related to plant growth-promoting traits and biological nitrogen fixation, without specifically addressing the role of rhizobacteria in this context.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Physical activity reduces the risk of chronic diseases like diabetes and heart disease. [SEP] Text: 5- and 3-fold, respectively, above nonpregnant levels by the mid-third trimester (132). Pregnancy-associated hyperlipidemia is further exaggerated in women with preeclampsia. Recently, Butler et al. (27) reported that mean triglyceride concentrations were lower (−23. 6 mg·dL−1) among women in the highest tertiles of time performing physical activity (>12 h·wk−1) compared to inactive women. Similar reductions were seen in total cholesterol. Linear relationships were observed across levels of physical activity measures for triglyceride and total cholesterol. There was no association between physical activity and HDL-cholesterol (27). These data suggest that habitual physical activity performed during pregnancy may mitigate the pregnancy-associated dyslipidemia commonly noted in preeclampsia. Moderate intensity physical activity results in decreased concentrations of proinflammatory cytokines and C-reactive protein in peripheral circulation. Clapp and Kiess reported that regular weight-bearing exercise during pregnancy influences alterations in plasma tumor necrosis factor-α during pregnancy (40). Women randomized to the physical activity group experienced a greater attenuation of the pro-inflammatory cytokine concentrations during pregnancy compared to sedentary women. As late pregnancy is characterized by both an increase in insulin resistance and elevated circulating TNF-α levels, regular weight-bearing exercise during pregnancy may moderate insulin resistance, which is characteristic of preeclampsia (87). Results from studies of the relationship between physical activity and increased risk of oxidative stress are equivocal (2,141). Evidence suggests that physical activity also results in increased antioxidant enzyme activity. This increase compensates for greater oxidative stress that may be attributable to vigorous physical activity (87). Given the central role of oxidative stress in the pathophysiology of preeclampsia (167), more studies are needed to clarify the relationship between maternal and fetal enzymatic and non-enzymatic antioxidant response to physical activity during pregnancy. Hyperleptinemia has emerged as a promising clinical risk factor for preeclampsia (123,171). As noted previously, preeclampsia risk is inversely associated with maternal physical activity before and/or during pregnancy (105,143,154). In a study of 879 normotensive, non-diabetic pregnant women, Ning et al. reported that maternal leptin concentration in early pregnancy was inversely related with multiple measures of maternal physical activity (e. g. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the benefits of physical activity during pregnancy, indicating that regular weight-bearing exercise may moderate insulin resistance, which is characteristic of conditions like preeclampsia—a risk factor for chronic diseases. It also mentions that maternal physical activity is inversely associated with the risk of certain complications, thus suggesting a broader benefit of physical activity in reducing disease risks.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Every injury can be healed instantly with regenerative medicine. [SEP] Text: Nadine Didwischus5,6, Alena Kisel5,6 & Michel Modo5,6,7 Part of the book series: Biology and (()) 245 Accesses AbstractIntroduction: Acute brain injuries lead to severe tissue damage and loss. The brain has a limited ability to repair damaged tissues, but does not spontaneously regenerate lost tissue. To overcome this limitation, engineering strategies can be devised to provide a structural support for brain cells to invade, as well as for these scaffolds to release inductive molecules that stimulate the proliferation, migration and differentiation of brain cells. Methods: Inductive bioscaffolds can be derived by the decellularization of tissues to isolate extracellular matrix (ECM). ECM is suitable for brain injections through a thin needle in its liquid form and its cross-linking at body temperature creates a hydrogel. The properties of these natural top-down scaffolds serves as inspiration for synthetic hydrogels that are specifically designed in a bottom-up fashion to invoke the regenerative capacity of the damaged brain. Results: ECM-based inductive bioscaffolds have been shown to induce a tissue regeneration response in tissue cavities caused by acute brain injuries. They supply inductive cues to attract immune cells, neural cells, as well as endothelial cells into the tissue cavity, while providing a structural support for cells to migrate and position themselves in a tissue configuration. Conclusion: Inductive bioscaffolds provide an exciting engineering platform to overcome the lack of tissue regeneration that hampers recovery after acute brain injuries. This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access. Access this 34. 9910 units per month Download 29. 95 Price excludes VAT (USA) Available as PDF Read on any device Instant download Own it forever Buy 149. 00 Price excludes VAT (USA) Available as EPUB and PDF Read on any device Instant download Own it forever Buy e199. 99 Price excludes VAT (USA) Durable hardcover edition Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days Free shipping worldwide - see info calculation will be finalised at checkout Purchases are for personal use only Institutional subscriptions Similar content being viewed by others Emerging scaffold- and cellular-based strategies for brain tissue regeneration and imaging 11. Epub 2003/12/09. : 14660231(2017) Extracellular matrix hydrogels from decellularized tissues: structure and function. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by explaining that while regenerative medicine, particularly through inductive bioscaffolds, can stimulate tissue regeneration, it does not imply that every injury can be healed instantly. The text states that the brain has a 'limited ability to repair damaged tissues' and does not 'spontaneously regenerate lost tissue,' highlighting that there are significant limitations in regenerative medicine, especially for severe injuries. This indicates that healing is not instantaneous and that methods are still required to aid the body's natural regeneration processes.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Rhizobacteria enhance plant growth by fixing atmospheric nitrogen. [SEP] Text: ), for in Rice, Los Banos, Philippines 118. 2009. Characterization of plant-growth promoting diazotrophic bacteria isolated from field-grown Chinese cabbage under different fertilization conditions. J. Microbiol. , 47, 147–155. 10. 1007/s12275-008-0201-4 of Science®2001. Alterations in plant growth and in root hormone levels of lodgepole pines inoculated with rhizobacteria. Can. J. Microbiol. , 47, 793–800. 10. 1139/w01-080 of Science®2010. Isolation, enumeration, and characterization of diazotrophic bacteria from paddy soil sample under long-term fertilizer management experiment. Biol. Fertil. Soils. , 46, 261–269. 10. 1007/s00374-009-0425-4 CASWeb of Science®1989. Molecular Cloning: A laboratory manual, second ed. 10. 1111/j. 1095-8312. 1996. tb01434. x 1991. 16S ribosomal DNA amplification for phylogenetic study. J. Bacteriol. , 173, 697–703. 10. 1128/jb. 173. 2. 697-703. 1991 of Science®1978. The fluorescent pigment of Pseudomonas fluorescens: biosynthesis, purification and physicochemical properties. J. Gen. Microbiol. , 107, 319–328. 10. 1099/00221287-107-2-319 CASWeb of Science®1948. Mobilization of phosphorus in soil in connection with vital activity of some microbial species. Mikrobiologiya, 17, 362–370. CAS2009. Thiosulfate oxidation and mixotrophic growth of Methylobacterium goesingense and Methylobacterium fujisawaense. J. Microbiol. Biotechnol. , 19, 17–22. of Science®2003. Methods for isolating and characterizing ACC deaminase-containing plant growth promoting rhizobacteria. Physiol. Plant, 118, 10–15. 10. 1034/j. 1399-3054. 2003. 00086. x of Science®1987. Universal chemical assay for the detection and determination of siderophores. Anal. Biochem. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it lists various studies and descriptions of microbiology-related topics without directly addressing the role of rhizobacteria in fixing atmospheric nitrogen or enhancing plant growth.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Physical activity reduces the risk of chronic diseases like diabetes and heart disease. [SEP] Text: , duration, intensity and total energy expenditure) (123). The authors reported that mean leptin was 5. 8 ng·mL−1 lower among active vs. inactive women (P = 0. 001). Mean leptin was approximately 8 ng·mL−1 lower (P < 0. 001) among women in the highest levels (>12. 8 h·wk−1) of time performing physical activity and energy expenditure (>70. 4 MET·h·wk−1), compared with inactive women. These findings are consistent with previously published observational studies that have evaluated the impact of habitual physical activity on leptin concentrations in men and nonpregnant women (57,68,140). Physical activity may influence plasma leptin concentrations via several postulated biological mechanisms. Some investigators (92,148,161) have noted that exercise-induced sympathetic nervous system modifications result in increased catecholamine concentration, which may attenuate leptin synthesis and release. Alternatively, physical activity may influence plasma leptin concentrations directly through its impact on synthesis. Results from animal and human studies (69,135) support this thesis. Lastly, some investigators postulate that improved insulin sensitivity, secondary to physical activity, may influence leptin synthesis and concentrations, independent of adipose tissue mass (48). Whatever the mechanism, results from animal and human studies using diverse methodologies suggest that physical activity is an independent determinant of leptin concentration in the peripheral circulation. Finally, recreational physical activity has been linked to improvements in emotional well-being and reductions in stress and anxiety (107). Investigators have shown that pregnant women experiencing anxiety and/or depression are at a 3-fold increased risk of preeclampsia (95). It is reasonable to speculate that the risk of preeclampsia, particularly those cases attributable to maternal psychosocial stress, may be impacted by the psychophysiological benefits of regular physical activity. Should PA be Evaluated as a for Women with Hypertension in Pregnancy? Questions remain unanswered concerning contraindications for recreational physical activity during pregnancy. For instance, although physical activity is often prescribed as a nonpharmacological therapy for mild hypertension in nonpregnant individuals, pregnant women presenting with mild hypertension may be directed to go on bed-rest. The question of whether women with high-normal or slightly elevated blood pressures in early pregnancy should be encouraged to begin a supervised moderate-intensity physical activity regimen, is a good one. Prospective studies, conducted in diverse populations, are needed to address this question. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by indicating that physical activity may improve insulin sensitivity, which is connected to reductions in chronic diseases such as diabetes and heart disease. It also highlights the broader health benefits of regular physical activity, including improvements in emotional well-being and stress reduction, which can indirectly influence chronic disease risk.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Every injury can be healed instantly with regenerative medicine. [SEP] Text: 49:1–15. Epub 2016/12/05. : 27915024; PMCID: PMC5253110(2010) The extracellular matrix at a glance. J 123(Pt 24):4195–4200. : 1830739811. : 8645190; PMCID: PMC1217307Buehler MJ (2006) Nature designs tough collagen: explaining the nanostructure of collagen fibrils. . 103(33):12285–90. Epub 20060808. : 16895989; PMCID: PMC1567872Badylak SF (2002) The extracellular matrix as a scaffold for tissue reconstruction. 13(5):377–383. : 12324220307. Epub 2020/12/01. : 33251379; PMCID: PMC7662879(2015) Concentration-dependent rheological properties of ECM hydrogel for intracerebral delivery to a stroke cavity. 27:116–30. Epub 20150828. : 26318805; PMCID: PMC4609617(2023) Significant acceleration of regional brain aging and atrophy after mild traumatic brain injury. 20230305. : 36879433(2016) Brain atrophy in Alzheimer’s disease and aging. Rev 30:25–48. Epub 2012/06/27. : 22733793(1999) Cellular and molecular mechanisms of glial scarring and progressive cavitation: in vivo and in vitro analysis of inflammation-induced secondary injury after CNS trauma. J Neurosci 19(19):8182–98. Epub 1999/09/24. : 10493720; PMCID: PMC6783021de Vries HE (2016) Immune cell trafficking across the barriers of the central nervous system in multiple sclerosis and stroke. Biochimica et (BBA)—of Disease 1862(3):461–71. Immunomodulatory therapeutic strategies in stroke. 10:630. Epub 2019/07/10. : 31281252; PMCID: PMC6595144(2019) Cytokine responses in severe traumatic brain injury: where there is smoke, is there fire? 30(1):22–32. Epub 2018/03/24. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing various studies and topics related to injuries and medical conditions, but it does not support the notion that every injury can be healed instantly with regenerative medicine. Instead, it presents a broader context of tissue reconstruction, brain aging, glial scarring, and inflammatory responses, which implies that healing varies significantly with each injury type and condition.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Rhizobacteria enhance plant growth by fixing atmospheric nitrogen. [SEP] Text: , 160, 47–56. 10. 1111/j. 1365-2958. 2005. 04979. x of Science®1948. Production of hydrocyanic acid by bacteria. Physiol. Plant, 1, 142–146. 10. 1111/j. 1399-3054. 1948. tb07118. x CASWeb of Science®1999. Screening for plant growth promoting rhizobacteria to promote early soybean growth. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. , 63, 1670–1680. 10. 2136/sssaj1999. 6361670x CASWeb of Science®2005. Wheat root colonization and nitrogenase activity by Azospirillum isolates from crop plants in Korea. Can. J. Microbiol. , 51, 948–956. 10. 1139/w05-052 of Science®2012. Diversity of free-living nitrogen-fixing bacteria associated with Korean paddy fields. Ann. Microbiol. , 62, 1643–1650. 10. 1007/s13213-012-0421-z CASWeb of Science®2004. Non symbiotic bacterial diazotrophs in crop-farming systems: can their potential for plant growth promotion be better exploited? Soil Biol. Biochem. , 36, 1229–1244. 10. 1016/j. soilbio. 2004. 04. 006 CASWeb of Science®2003. Plant growth promoting rhizobacteria as biofertilizers. Plant Soil, 255, 571–586. 10. 1023/A:1026037216893 CASWeb of Science®2006. Bacterial endophytes and their interactions with hosts. Mol. Interact. , 19, 827–837. 10. 1094/MPMI-19-0827 of Science®2010. Diversity of endophytic bacteria in ginseng and their potential for plant growth promotion. J. Microbiol. , 48, 559–565. 10. 1007/s12275-010-0082-1 of Science®2000. Systemic acquired resistance. In: R. S. S. Fraser, L. C. van Loon, A. J. Slusarenko (Eds. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim about rhizobacteria enhancing plant growth specifically through fixing atmospheric nitrogen. Instead, it appears to be a list of scientific references and articles related to various studies on bacteria and their impact on plants, including topics like plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria and nitrogen-fixing bacteria. However, it lacks a direct explanation or evidence that supports or contradicts the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Physical activity reduces the risk of chronic diseases like diabetes and heart disease. [SEP] Text: activity may reduce the risk of preeclampsia through several relevant physiological and metabolic pathways. Emerging results from small clinical and epidemiological studies in pregnant women offer compelling evidence of both short and long-term benefits of physical activity in pregnancy. These data provide evidence to support the biological plausibility of using recreational physical activity to help prevent preeclampsia in pregnant women. Future studies in this area should also explore the link between physical activity and risk of developing chronic hypertension. inactivity is a risk factor for obesity and type 2 diabetes, both of which are reaching epidemic proportions (14,99). Obesity and gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) are closely linked (63,71). The prevalence of GDM in obese women is 17%, and overweight women have a 1. 8-6. 5 times greater risk of developing GDM than normal weight women (99). In addition, women with GDM are at increased risk for type 2 diabetes later in life (99). Sedentary lifestyle is a risk factor for developing GDM (28) and thus, the common link between obesity and GDM is physical inactivity, with both obesity and GDM as risk factors for type 2 diabetes. Definition of is defined as a form of diabetes first diagnosed during pregnancy (7,28). During a normal pregnancy, a series of hormonal events contributes to insulin resistance at the muscle level. An increase in insulin resistance decreases maternal blood glucose uptake by the muscles, ensuring an adequate glucose supply for fetal growth and development (9). If risk factors for GDM are present, pregnancy may tip the balance and abnormally high maternal blood glucose and insulin concentrations may result (58). The cause of GDM is unknown, but may be a combination of genetics and lifestyle, perhaps the cumulative effects of unmodifiable and modifiable risk factors. for Developing GDM Unmodifiable risk factors include a history of diabetes in the immediate family, ethnicity, and maternal age (58,78,138,151). Modifiable risk factors for GDM include physical inactivity, obesity/overweight, previous GDM, and a history of macrosomic (>4000 g) babies (14,85). Up to 60% of women with GDM will develop type 2 diabetes within 4 years after delivery (88). Risk of developing type 2 diabetes is a function of the number of GDM pregnancies a woman has (181). In addition, there is increased health risk for offspring born to GDM women. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by highlighting that physical inactivity is a risk factor for obesity and type 2 diabetes, both of which are chronic diseases. It discusses the relationship between physical activity and the risk of developing gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM), and establishes that physical inactivity contributes to these health risks. This supports the claim that physical activity is important in reducing the risk of chronic diseases.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Every injury can be healed instantly with regenerative medicine. [SEP] Text: : 29569129(2013) Role of inflammation and its mediators in acute ischemic stroke. J Res 6(5):834–51. Epub 20130905. : 24006091; PMCID: PMC3829610'. (2022) Inflammatory responses after ischemic stroke. 44(5):625–48. Epub 20220629. : 35767089(2013) The role of matrix metalloproteinases and tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinases in the pathophysiology of neurodegeneration: a literature study. J 37(2):273–83. Epub 2013/06/25. : 23792694(2022) The role of the extracellular matrix (ECM) in wound healing: a review. Biomimetics (Basel) 7(3). Epub 2022/07/28. : 35892357; PMCID: PMC9326521George N, Geller HM (2018) Extracellular matrix and traumatic brain injury. J 96(4):573–88. Epub 2018/01/19. : 29344975; PMCID: PMC5803383Constantakis JW, Reed-(2023) Astrocyte innate immune activation and injury amplification following experimental focal cerebral ischemia. Neurochem Int. 162:105456. Epub 20221209. : 36509233Koyama R, Shichita T(2023) Glial roles in sterile inflammation after ischemic stroke. 187:67–71. Epub 20221004. : 36206952(2009) The bright side of the glial scar in CNS repair. Neurosci 10(3):235–241. : 1922924226. Epub 20150329. : 25890139Silver J, Miller JH (2004) Regeneration beyond the glial scar. Neurosci 5(2):146–156. : 147351178. Epub 20140211. : 24578611; PMCID: PMC3936028(2020) Advances in the signaling pathways downstream of glial-scar axon growth inhibitors. Neurosci 14:174. Epub 20200702. : 32714150; PMCID: PMC7346763(2018) Portrait of glial scar in neurological diseases. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the complexity of healing processes and mechanisms involved in regeneration and inflammation in neurological injuries. It includes references to various studies that highlight the challenges faced in healing, such as the glial scar in CNS repair, and the role of inflammation, thereby indicating that healing injuries instantly is not feasible with current regenerative medicine techniques.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Rhizobacteria enhance plant growth by fixing atmospheric nitrogen. [SEP] Text: The bacterial strains were cultured, and a loop full of each culture was placed on the plates (five per plate) and plates were incubated at 28°C for 7 days. A clear zone around the colonies after 7 days was scored as a positive for phosphate solubilization, whereas phosphate solubilizing index (PSI) of the rhizobacterial isolates was measured by using the following formula as proposed by Premono et al. (Citation1996). The ACC-deaminase activity was assayed spectrophotometrically by measuring the amount of α-ketobutyrate produced when the enzyme ACC-deaminase cleaves ACC. The number of µmol of α-ketobutyrate produced by this reaction was determined by comparing the absorbance at 540 nm (Honma & Shimomura Citation1978). Auxin production of the selected rhizobacterial isolates as IAA-equivalents in the presence and absence of L-TRP was examined spectrophotometrically by using Salkowski coloring reagent (Sarwar et al. Citation1992). Some pertinent characteristics of the experimental rhizobacteria are shown in Table 2. Table 2. Characterization of rhizobacterial strains. of plant physical parametersShoot and root lengths were measured by using a meter rod after careful separation of roots and shoots from the soil. The fresh weight of the shoots and roots was determined with the help of an analytical balance, whereas for the dry weight determination, plants were oven dried at 70°C to a constant dry weight. Determination of chlorophyll and carotenoidAcetone extract (80% v/v) was used by the spectrophotometric determination of chlorophyll and carotenoid contents at 663, 645, and 480 nm for chlorophyll a, b, and carotenoids contents, respectively (Arnon Citation1949). Macro and micronutrients in plantFor the determination of plant nitrogen (N), 0. 5 g of dry plant material was taken in 100 ml digestion tube. Then pumic boiling granule and 3 g catalyst mixture were added, immediately followed by 10 ml of concentrated H2SO4 addition. After stirring on vortex, mixer tube was placed at block digester set at 100°C for 20 min, then the volume was brought to 100 ml. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim directly as it primarily describes methods for measuring various characteristics of rhizobacteria and plant parameters, such as phosphate solubilization and nutrient analysis, without providing information on rhizobacteria's role in fixing atmospheric nitrogen or their direct impact on plant growth.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Physical activity reduces the risk of chronic diseases like diabetes and heart disease. [SEP] Text: The goals are to achieve normal blood glucose levels through good food choices, and to provide sufficient energy and nutrients to meet pregnancy needs (75). Dietary plans usually include smaller, more frequent meals, reducing simple and increasing more complex carbohydrates (28). Management of women with GDM encompasses self-glucose monitoring up to seven times per day. After two weeks of dietary intervention, failure to control capillary glucose concentrations may result in a need for blood glucose management through insulin injections. It is imperative that maternal blood glucose be maintained below target values (Table 1B), either through dietary intervention or diet plus insulin injections. The course of insulin injections depends on how well maternal blood glucose is controlled throughout the day (119). The type and amount of insulin injected is beyond the scope of this paper but depends on medical intervention and management. Exercise as an for GDM Many health professionals who counsel women with GDM recommend clients increase their physical activity. suggests that, "physical activity should be encouraged, with the frequency, type, duration and intensity tailored to individual obstetric risk" (28). suggests, "women without medical or obstetrical contraindications be encouraged to start or continue a program of moderate exercise as part of treatment for GDM" (7). ACOG suggests that, "women with GDM who lead an active lifestyle should be encouraged to continue a program of exercise approved for pregnancy" (5). In fact, research has shown that the most physically active women have the lowest prevalence of GDM (62). However, frequency, intensity, time and type of activity leading to the best possible outcomes for women with GDM have yet to be determined. Thus, exercise remains an adjunctive therapy. When exercise has been evaluated for controlling blood glucose concentrations, or, for delaying or preventing insulin therapy, results have been inconclusive (10,25,86,96). Mixed results could be due to nonrandomization of the subject pool, small sample sizes, not well-controlled or reported exercise intensity, no evaluation of chronic physical activity, difference in exercise modalities, or exercise program compliance issues. Improvement in Jovanovic-Peterson et al. found a 6-wk arm ergometry exercise program to be successful in normalizing fasted plasma glucose concentrations and glycosylated hemoglobin (A1c) in GDM women randomized to diet therapy plus exercise, compared to diet therapy alone (86). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by indicating that exercise is recommended for women with gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM), and it states that 'research has shown that the most physically active women have the lowest prevalence of GDM.' This supports the idea that physical activity can reduce the risk of chronic diseases, specifically in the context of GDM, which is closely related to diabetes.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Every injury can be healed instantly with regenerative medicine. [SEP] Text: 31:2058738418801406. Epub 2015/05/20. : 25987181Mateos-Aparicio P, Rodriguez-(2019) The impact of studying brain plasticity. Neurosci 13:66. Epub 20190227. : 30873009; PMCID: PMC6400842(2010) Neural plasticity after acquired brain injury: evidence from functional neuroimaging. PM R 2(12 Suppl 2):S306–S312. : 21172692705. : 31051133; PMCID: PMC7961263Ehninger D, (2008) Neurogenesis in the adult hippocampus. Res 331(1):243–50. Epub 20071016. : 17938969Gotz M, Huttner WB (2005) The cell biology of neurogenesis. Biol 6(10):777–788. : 16314867995. Epub 20190111. : 30686969; PMCID: PMC6337062Nemirovich-(2019) New neurons in the post-ischemic and injured brain: migrating or resident? 13:588. Epub 20190618. : 31275097; PMCID: PMC6591486Gómez-Gaviro M-V, (2018) The paracrine neural stem cell niche: new actors in the play. Cell Reports. 4(1):33–38. : 200730849. Epub 20070927. : 17901386-(2013) The late response of rat subependymal zone stem and progenitor cells to stroke is restricted to directly affected areas of their niche. 248:387–97. Epub 20130702. : 23830949; PMCID: PMC3782662(2019) Neural stem cell therapy for stroke: a multimechanistic approach to restoring neurological function. 9(3):e01214. Epub 20190212. : 30747485; PMCID: PMC6422715(2017) Targeting adult neurogenesis for poststroke therapy. Int 5868632. Epub 20170720. : 28808445; PMCID: PMC5541797(2018) Chondroitin sulfate impairs neural stem cell migration through ROCK activation. 55(4):3185–95. Epub 20170505. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text presents various studies and references related to neurogenesis and neural plasticity after brain injuries. These references imply that while regenerative medicine may promote healing and recovery, the process is not instantaneous. For example, discussions about the role of neural stem cells and their restricted response suggest that healing may take time and is dependent on multiple factors, indicating that the claim about instant healing is inaccurate.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Rhizobacteria enhance plant growth by fixing atmospheric nitrogen. [SEP] Text: Then 10 ml of 10 N NaOH solution was added and distillated at distillation apparatus for 10 min. The 35 ml distillate was collected and titrated against 0. 01 N H2SO4 (Van-Schouwenberg & Walinge Citation1973). For measuring the plant phosphorous (P), the plant material was digested and then 10 ml of digested filtrate was taken in a 100-ml volumetric flask, and 10 ml of ammonium vanadomolybdate reagent was added and solution was diluted. The calibration curve was prepared from standards, and the absorbance for P concentration was plotted, and P concentration was determined from the calibration curve (Buresh et al. Citation1982). The plant potassium (K) was determined by using the dry ashing method. For this purpose, 1 g of ground plant material was taken in 50 ml porcelain crucible and was placed in muffle furnace and temperature was increased to 550°C, and crucibles were taken out and then cool ash was dissolved in 5 ml of 2N HCl. After mixing for 20 min, the volume was brought up to 50 ml, and was filtered by using Whatman No. 42 filter paper. concentration was determined through colorimetric method (Chapman & Pratt Citation1961). The Ca+2, Mg+2, Mn+2, Zn+2, Cu+2, and Fe+3 were determined with dry ashing. For this purpose, 1 g of ground plant material was taken in 50 ml porcelain crucibles and placed in cool muffle furnace and increased the temperature gradually to 550°C, for 5 hours after attaining 550°C temperature. After 5 h muffle furnace was shut off and left for cooling, and crucibles were taken out carefully. The cooled ash was dissolved in 5 ml of 2N HCl and mixed with plastic rod. After 20 min, the volume was brought up to 50 ml with distal water and mixed thoroughly and allowed to stand for 30 min. The Ca+2, Mg+2, Mn+2, Zn+2, Cu+2, and Fe+3 were determined by atomic absorption spectroscopy after filtration through Whatman No. 42 filter paper (Chapman & Pratt Citation1961). Plant enzymes activitySamples for enzymes activity analyses were prepared by homogenizing 0. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it focuses on laboratory procedures for measuring various nutrients in plants, such as phosphorus, potassium, calcium, and magnesium, without any mention of rhizobacteria or their role in nitrogen fixation. Therefore, it does not support or contradict the claim, resulting in a 'pass' categorization.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Physical activity reduces the risk of chronic diseases like diabetes and heart disease. [SEP] Text: The exercise program consisted of 20 min of arm ergometry, three times per week, at an intensity ≤ 50% V̇O2max. Bung et al. randomized GDM women into a group with diet and insulin therapy or diet and exercise (25). The exercise program consisted of stationary cycle ergometry (50% V̇O2max) for 45 min (three fifteen minute bouts with two rests), three times per week. Because no differences were found between groups, the authors suggested that exercise might be sufficient therapy for many patients due to an increase in insulin sensitivity (25). Garcia-Patterson et al. also found a positive effect of physical activity on GDM women (70). Those who performed light postprandial walking at 2. 25 km·h−1 showed decreased glucose excursion. More recently, Brankston et al. randomized GDM women to either diet alone or diet plus circuit-type resistance training groups (20). The number of women requiring insulin did not differ between groups. However, overweight women who exercised were less likely to need insulin compared to overweight women who had diet only interventions. Finally, Avery and Walker showed that, compared to rest, a single 30 min bout of cycle exercise at 35% or 55% of V̇O2max improved glucose excursion (11). No improvement in Lesser et al. determined the effects of a single bout of stationary cycling for 30 min at 60% V̇O2max, on six normal and five GDM gravidas (96). Eating a mixed meal 14 h postexercise did not result in improved glucose excursion in the GDM women (96). In another study, GDM women assigned to a partial home-based exercise program (70% of estimated heart rate max) were compared to GDM women with no structured exercise program (10). Although cardiorespiratory fitness improved in GDM women who exercised, glucose excursion did not differ between groups (10). Since 2004, Davenport et al. have assessed conventional management of women diagnosed with GDM using retrospective chart review of patients from London, Canada (51). After conventional management performed for two weeks after diagnoses, 62% of these women required insulin therapy by 30 weeks gestation. Overweight women were 2. 6 times more likely to require insulin therapy than normal weight women. Average prepregnancy BMI of women requiring insulin therapy was 30. 6 ± 6. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text supports the claim by providing evidence that physical activity can improve insulin sensitivity and glucose excursion, particularly in women with gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM). It discusses multiple studies showing that exercise, such as walking and resistance training, is beneficial and may decrease the need for insulin therapy in overweight women. Furthermore, the text notes improvements in glucose metabolism due to physical activity, which corroborates the assertion that physical activity can reduce the risk of chronic diseases such as diabetes.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Every injury can be healed instantly with regenerative medicine. [SEP] Text: : 28477140; PMCID: PMC5842503Chou CH, (2016) Human neural stem cell-induced endothelial morphogenesis requires autocrine/paracrine and juxtacrine signaling. 6:29029. Epub 2016/07/05. : 27374240; PMCID: PMC4931512(2009) The role of collagen bioscaffolds, foamed collagen, and living skin equivalents in wound healing. 26(4):525–533. : 19778686173. : 33212901; PMCID: PMC7698415(2021) A review of biomimetic scaffolds for bone regeneration: toward a cell-free strategy. Med 6(2):e10206. Epub 20201215. : 34027093; PMCID: PMC8126827(2021) Vascular tissue engineering: challenges and requirements for an ideal large scale blood vessel. Biotechnol 9. Current use of biological scaffolds in plastic surgery. Surg 143(1):209–220. : 3028604642. Scaffolds for peripheral nerve repair and reconstruction. 319:112761. Epub 20180602. : 29772248(2020) Engineered biomaterials for in situ tissue regeneration. Mater 5(9):686–705. : WOS:000545952300001Modo M, Badylak SF (2019) A roadmap for promoting endogenous in situ tissue restoration using inductive bioscaffolds after acute brain injury. Bull 150:136–49. Epub 20190522. : 31128250; PMCID: PMC6626582Eslami-(2023) Mechanisms of foreign body giant cell formation in response to implantable biomaterials. Polymers (Basel) 15(5). Epub 2023/03/12. : 36904554; PMCID: PMC10007405Calori IR, Braga G, de (2020) Polymer scaffolds as drug delivery systems. J 129:109621. : Decellularization of tissues and organs. Biomaterials 27(19):3675–83. Epub 2006/03/08. : 16519932. (2023) Mass spectrometry-based atlas of extracellular matrix proteins across 25 mouse organs. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text provides various references and studies concerning regenerative medicine and related technologies, but does not support the claim that every injury can be healed instantly. Instead, it suggests complexities and challenges in the field, such as the need for signaling mechanisms and the role of scaffolds in healing. Furthermore, healing timelines are typically not instantaneous but involve processes that vary by injury type, hence it contrasts with the claim.