Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Some theorists argue that mapping cognitive functions will unlock the secrets of artificial consciousness. [SEP] Text: Drawing in Nonhuman Primates: Know and to Be Investigated. J. Comp. Psychol. Wash. DC 1983 2021, 135, 176-184, doi:10. 1037/com0000251. Conflict of interest:The recommender in charge of the evaluation of the 10. 1101/2023. 03. 05. 531080 Version of the preprint: 2 Author's Reply, 27 Sep 2023 Download author's reply Download tracked changes file Dear recommender, please see our response to reviews in the pdf. We also provide a version with track-change so you can more immediately see the revisions made. The document with these changes accepted is the lastest version online on bioRxiv. We hope this revision will match your expectations. Best regards, Simon Chamaillé-Jammes, on behalf of the authors. Decision by Cédric Sueur, posted 18 May 2023, validated 21 May 2023 Dear authors, We received the comments of two reviewers. Please prepare a response. We will be pleased to review another version of your manuscript. All the best, Cédric by Jacob Davidson, 17 May 2023 The authors develop a machine learning approach for predicting animal trajectories that uses the Transformer network architecture in order to incorporate past information of multiple features into predictions. By fitting to data from many different species using openly available MoveBank data, the authors compare predictive ability for different features and as a function of how much time of previous data is included. I think the approach is interesting and makes a contribution that others working with movement data can use and build on. I have one main concern about the fitting procedure though: mainly, can the conclusions comparing the species be made, when the model is fit to all data together and the number of data points varies so large between species? The authors also note this (line 468). Does this discrepancy of data affect the conclusions? I could imagine an alternative fitting procedure, where each species is weighted equally, instead of each trajectory point. I feel that this comparison, or else further description justifying why the species comparison is driven by behavioral differences instead of simply different amounts of data, is needed. Minor comments:Legend text on Fig 1 is too small, and lacks units Fig 2 shows PCA results for comparing the species, but does not show the PCA vectors. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim about mapping cognitive functions and artificial consciousness. It discusses a machine learning approach for predicting animal trajectories and addresses concerns regarding data fitting procedures, which do not relate to cognitive functions or theories surrounding artificial consciousness.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Gene editing has shown promise in treating genetic disorders like cystic fibrosis. [SEP] Text: trial, while not demonstrating a sustained improvement in lung function, remains promising by demonstrating a reduction in exacerbation frequency and a small improvement in QoL (Elkins 2006a). This effect was not seen in in children without airflow limitation as measured by spirometry (FEV1 over 80% predicted) (Amin 2010). It did improve mucociliary clearance and ventilation inhomogeneity as measured by the LCI in those with mild lung disease, though the long‐term implications of this finding are unclear. When delivered following a bronchodilator it is an inexpensive additional therapy for people with CF, which does not appear to be associated significant adverse effects (Amin 2010). In younger children hypertonic saline did not improve measures of infant lung function or reduce pulmonary exacerbations (Rosenfeld 2012). We chose lung function as our primary outcome because of its relationship in the long term with mortality in CF and by inference to see if hypertonic saline would alter this decline (Courtney 2007). Elkins performed the largest trial in adults and children over six years of age, to address whether hypertonic saline (7%) compared to isotonic saline (0. 9%) would improve FEV1 after 48 weeks of treatment (Elkins 2006a). They failed to demonstrate a significant improvement in lung function over 48 weeks, although our pooled analysis of both the smaller trial by Eng together with the Elkins trial did demonstrate a small improvement in FEV1 after four weeks of treatment (Elkins 2006a; Eng 1996). One limitation of using lung function markers such FEV1 is that, despite their association with long‐term outcomes, they may be relatively insensitive to small changes in CF, especially over time given the progressive nature of the disease. Also, those with intact lung function who may benefit most in the long term from hypertonic saline, would be less likely to demonstrate an improvement. With this in mind, Amin used the LCI, which is a novel measure of ventilation inhomogeneity using an inert gas multiple‐breath washout technique and which has been validated in CF and shown to be more sensitive in detecting early airways disease (Gustafsson 2008). Amin proposed that in those with only mild airflow limitation this would be more sensitive to change with hypertonic saline, and demonstrated this after four weeks of treatment, although there was no improvement seen with FEV1 or even improvement in symptom scores (Amin 2010). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the use of hypertonic saline as a therapy for cystic fibrosis (CF), noting improvements in quality of life and mucociliary clearance in patients. Although lung function improvements were not sustained, the text implies that the ongoing research and treatment strategies hold promise for addressing CF, which aligns with the general claim about the potential of gene editing and other innovative therapies for treating genetic disorders.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Cryptocurrencies are entirely immune to fraud and hacking. [SEP] Text: Writing recently in the of Immunology with UCSF colleague Kole Roybal, he reviewed ongoing work to engineer immune cells for new therapies. Here, Lim discusses some of the biggest wins and failures in this rapidly advancing area of research. This interview has been edited for length and clarity. How did you become interested in synthetic biology? My interest has always been trying to understand how cells make decisions. Essentially living cells are a type of computer, they just don’t use electronic circuits — they use molecular circuits. They have this amazing capability to read what’s going on in their environment and read signals from other cells and use that information to make very complicated decisions. One of the things that I saw as I began my career was that although there were many different cellular programs, a lot of the molecules being used and the ways that the circuits were linked together were very similar. I started to become interested not just in how one particular molecule or pathway works, but the logic of how molecular systems can be programmed in different ways. For example, when I was working on the structure and mechanism of signal transduction switch proteins — proteins that mediate communication both within and between cells — I was struck by how the different molecules that we studied used very similar conceptual mechanisms despite being completely different in detail. Cells don’t just say, “I’m going to turn on this response because I see signal A. ” They are usually monitoring many different signals and integrating that information with basically the equivalent of Boolean logic, where if inputs A, B and C are there, then it’s going to have a certain response, whereas if D and E are there it will do something different. That’s the beauty of living systems. They can react not in a simple way, but a nuanced and sophisticated way. It’s been very exciting to realize that we now understand the principles underlying these behaviors well enough that we can create cells that do useful things. What does it mean to “hack” immune cells? “That’s the beauty of living systems. They can react not in a simple way, but a nuanced and sophisticated way. ”Wendell LimThe immune system is a pretty new thing, evolutionarily. It’s an incredible system that is still evolving to have cells that carry out a lot of different complex functions. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses immune cells and their complex functions, without mentioning cryptocurrencies, fraud, or hacking. Therefore, it does not provide supporting or contrasting information regarding the claim.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Some theorists argue that mapping cognitive functions will unlock the secrets of artificial consciousness. [SEP] Text: I'm not familiar with the Wikipedia2Vec data, but for PCA the vector components are normally shown, so that one can see what the embeddings represent. If this is not relevant for showing the Wikipedia2Vec embeddings, then it should at least be mentioned. Reviewed by anonymous reviewer 1, 12 May 2023 # General commentsIn this paper, the authors propose a deep learning (neural network) model for analysing animal movement trajectories, called MoveFormer. The model is step-based, predicting an animal’s next step based on the environmental context (as in a step-selection function). However, the model learns the entire trajectory before that step, thus incorporating (potentially long) temporal context to make predictions. Being a deep learning approach, we expect that the model is capable of learning complex relationships and having high predictive power. I believe that a similar deep learning approach for analysing trajectories (sequences) is Term Memory, but the paper uses recent developments such as the Transformer architecture. In my reading, I have not seen a similar approach applied to trajectory data. In general, I think this is a useful contribution to movement ecology: I feel we will (and should) see more approaches like this, which leverage the potential of deep learning methods for incorporating sequence (temporal) information when analysing animal trajectories. Specifically, the incorporation of previous movements (history) is an important advantage of the approach, and the estimation of a ‘context length’ (time window) that is most important for being able to learn the trajectory is a key contribution. I have some familiarity with simpler machine learning methods, but not much expertise in deep learning. I cannot comment on many technical aspects of the work, particularly the specific architecture and implementation of this model. Nonetheless, I offer below a few general comments, and a small number of specific comments. Clearly the model has impressive predictive capability – I wondered whether it’s possible to forecast more than one step ahead, or to predict a whole sequence of the same output length as the input? I understand that this is no longer exactly step selection, then, but I think this would be the kind of application many movement ecologists would be interested in. If we can only predict one step ahead, then a simpler approach may be better (next point)? I was curious about inference from the model. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim regarding mapping cognitive functions and artificial consciousness. Instead, it discusses a deep learning model for analyzing animal movement trajectories without making any reference to cognitive functions or theories related to artificial consciousness.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Gene editing has shown promise in treating genetic disorders like cystic fibrosis. [SEP] Text: It remains to be determined if this change will result in significant long‐term improvement in health for individuals with CF or how this may relate to the progression of CF lung disease. It is important to realise that before participants started the trials, they were pre‐treated with salbutamol and lung function measured to determine whether they could tolerate hypertonic saline and only those who did tolerate it were allowed to carry on. This means that the results of the trials only apply to those people with CF who can tolerate hypertonic saline. Ballmann compared hypertonic saline 5. 75% 10 mL twice‐daily to nebulised rhDNase 2. 5 mg and found that in both groups FEV1 improved to a similar degree in three weeks (Ballmann 1998). In the Suri trial, twice‐daily 5 mL hypertonic saline 7% was compared to daily and alternate‐day rhDNase 2. 5 mg (Suri 2001). When treated with either rhDNase regimen, participants had a significant improvement in lung function from baseline, but when treated with hypertonic saline there was an increase of only 3% from baseline, less than seen in the Ballmann and Eng trials (Ballmann 1998; Eng 1996). In both of these trials 10 mL of hypertonic saline was used compared to 5 mL as used by Suri and Weller (Suri 2001; Weller 1980). This raises the possibility that the effectiveness of treatment may also depend on the total volume of saline nebulised and this may account for the lower effect size seen by Suri (Suri 2001). In addition, Suri found a wide variation in response to treatment with both rhDNase and hypertonic saline, with over 50% of participants demonstrating a more than 10% increase in FEV1 with rhDNase and 35% of participants with hypertonic saline. Thus, despite the overall reduced effect seen with hypertonic saline on lung function in individuals, both rhDNase and hypertonic saline have the potential to substantially improve lung function in the medium term. The wide variation seen in response to both hypertonic saline and rhDNase raises the possibility that there may be subgroups of people with CF who are more likely to respond to efforts to improve mucociliary clearance. It also suggests that some individuals may respond better to one treatment compared to the other and physicians may wish to consider this particularly in individuals who fail to respond to rhDNase. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text primarily discusses the effects of hypertonic saline and rhDNase treatments on lung function in individuals with cystic fibrosis (CF), rather than addressing gene editing specifically. As a result, it does not corroborate or contrast with the claim about gene editing's promise in treating genetic disorders, making it irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: The value of all cryptocurrencies is stable and unaffected by market changes. [SEP] Text: The entire system operation cryptocurrency is based on cryptology, the field of knowledge about the transmission of information in a manner protected against unauthorized access [3]. However, this system is also based on trust and institutions certifying the authenticity of even cryptographic keys. On the other hand, the currently operating cryptocurrencies are mostly based on bilateral trust (sellers and investors), and additionally, at the very end, the creators have the ability to manipulate and change the operating principles of the algorithms on which the operating system is based. This is the biggest danger, as is evidenced by numerous cryptocurrencies that have gone bankrupt or stopped functioning overnight. That is why this topic is so important. On the one hand, these systems seek solutions that could work without the need for third party trust. The global cryptocurrency system operates despite the lack of confirmation of trust from the countries or institutions. At the same time, it gives the opportunity to speculate and create large estates for private individuals or enterprises, which are basically in the global system unnoticeable to the whole. On the other hand, it can cause great systemic threats and great economic losses around the world and be a source of hiding large crime and financial crises. In this 2. The current development cryptocurrencies in the world The biggest interest in cryptocurrencies results from two reasons. First of all, this is due to the idea of freedom and independence from third parties, such as state or financial institutions. Secondly, from the point of view of possible investment gains, both legal and illegal. One of the main features of cryptocurrencies is that it acts like a virtual currency. The holder of such a cryptocurrency stores it on his computer or in a smartphone application in the so-called wallet that only he can access. If he wishes to make a transaction, it takes place electronically, directly between him and the contractor. Each unit of cryptocurrencies has a unique code, which contains information preventing its copying or re-spending. The key to the concept of cryptocurrencies is also the fact that there is no regulator in circulation. Therefore, there is no, for example of Crypocurrency, which may decide, for example, to increase the supply of cryptocurrency and thus to decrease its value. The author decides how much of a given cryptocurrency is in circulation at the stage of creating the system. Its value is in the hands of the free market. Trading in cryptocurrencies takes place electronically, without the participation of any banking system directly between users of the cryptocurrency, that is, in peer-to-peer technology. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by emphasizing that the value of cryptocurrencies is determined by the free market and is subject to manipulation and change by creators, as well as being influenced by bilateral trust among users. It describes systemic dangers, such as bankruptcies and economic losses, illustrating that cryptocurrencies are not stable and can be affected by market changes.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Some theorists argue that mapping cognitive functions will unlock the secrets of artificial consciousness. [SEP] Text: If the model cannot (or should not) be used to predict more than one step ahead, and inference is limited due to the black box nature of the model, is it better to sticks with more traditional step selection functions if inference is the goal? I guess this is particularly relevant given how much data are clearly required for the present model. Regarding inference, is it possible to look at ‘selection’ of environmental conditions, along with the importance currently shown in the paper? I appreciated that some features of the model – I’m thinking particularly of the different time-scale periods in the model – were kept general to maximise the wider (future) application of the model. Regarding the stated contributions number 2 and 3 -- “Second, the proposed approach is flexible enough to allow each step in the context to be defined not only by the locations of the start and end points, but also by any kind of features that could be relevant, in particular environmental variables. Third, we show how the model can be used to gain insights about the importance of the provided context, both in terms of the extent of the past that it is useful to know, and in terms of what kinds of information are most ecologically relevant to predict an animal’s movement” – it would be really interesting (in future work! ) to see how the model responds to variation in the spatial scale and resolution of the environmental context variables. I found the evaluation of the relevant context length very interesting. In future work it would be interesting to further examine patterns of context length among species, beyond what is presented here, and in different ecological settings. The present study uses GPS data – I would be interested to hear the authors’ thoughts on how to deal with lower accuracy tracking data such as Argos. An important positive element of the work is the open-source release of the software, although I have not had the opportunity to try it. Overall, the manuscript is clearly written and neatly presented. # A few specific commentsL70-73: I don't agree that step selection functions are *the* approach to analyse animal trajectories. My own feeling is that other methods such as Models or regression of trajectory parameters against environmental covariates are *at least* equally common, if not more so. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim regarding mapping cognitive functions and artificial consciousness. Instead, it discusses the limitations of a model in predicting and analyzing animal trajectories, with no reference to cognitive functions or theories related to consciousness.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Gene editing has shown promise in treating genetic disorders like cystic fibrosis. [SEP] Text: In addition to its health implications, SCD also impacts on individuals and their families both socially and psychologically when trying to meet the demands of this chronic illness. SCD often also interferes with educational development due to its unpredictable and debilitating nature. There is a higher incidence of school absenteeism and hospital costs in families that have a child with SCD (Manci 2003; Platt 1991; Powars 2002; Serjeant 1993). Life expectancy is on the rise for people with SCD, but is still less than that of the general population (Platt 1994). There are no firm data on the survival of individuals with sickle cell anaemia on the African continent (Platt 1991). The median survival was estimated in 1994 to be 42 years for men and 48 years for women in the USA, whereas comparable figures for Jamaica published in 2001 suggested 53 years for men and 58. 5 years for women (Platt 1991). The mortality rate is higher amongst people with SCD, and is usually caused either by chronic organ failure consequent on the sickling process, or as a result of an acute catastrophic event, such as a stroke (Powars 1983); acute sickle chest syndrome; splenic sequestration (Steinberg 2003); sudden death or other complications (Gray 1991). Management of SCD is multidisciplinary. Penicillin prophylaxis to prevent pneumococcal infections, appropriate use of blood transfusions and other supportive measures have improved survival of people with SCD (Gaston 1986; Lezcano 2006). Hydroxycarbamide (hydroxyurea) made a major impact on sickle cell therapy when it was shown to reduce morbidity and mortality (Steinberg 2003). Bone marrow transplantation remains the only possible curative therapy (Mankad 2001). Although palliative therapies and bone marrow transplantation therapy have been developed for these disorders, treatment still remains sub‐optimal and many individuals suffer significant morbidity and early mortality (Persons 2003). Therefore, development of a gene therapy approach has been sought for many years (Nathan 2001; Persons 2003). Description of the intervention Gene therapy holds a great deal of promise for the future of medical treatment. It involves the introduction of genetic material into a cell to treat disease. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by stating that 'development of a gene therapy approach has been sought for many years' and mentions that 'gene therapy holds a great deal of promise for the future of medical treatment.' Although the text specifically discusses sickle cell disease (SCD), it establishes a clear relationship with the concept of gene therapy as a promising treatment for genetic disorders, aligning well with the claim regarding gene editing's potential in treating genetic ailments.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: The value of all cryptocurrencies is stable and unaffected by market changes. [SEP] Text: This means that the transaction is not supervised in any way. Therefore, there is no entity that will inform tax authorities if we want to sell a large number of cryptocurrencies, as it happens in the case of banking transactions for an amount exceeding the equivalent of 15,000 Euro. No one can also block our account. The bailiff will not come. Considering the above, it turns out that the mission of cryptocurrency really boils down to one word, which is “freedom. ” Cryptocurrencies are electronic currencies completely free from the control of politicians, domestic or international financial institutions, whose turnover is not controlled in any way, and is subject only to a strong system of electronic, automated securities. Cryptocurrencies are, first of all, breakthrough internet technology, and using it as a means of payment is just one of its possible applications. It is a system based on a peer-to-peer network, that is, fully dispersed, without a central unit, organization or place that controls it. System users, their computers, are network nodes through which transactions are exchanged, authorized, and settled. This system stores information on the state of ownership in contractual units of cryptocurrency. The possession of a given cryptocurrency is related to individual portfolios containing information about the cryptocurrency of a given user. The wallet is created automatically during the first user authorization in the system. Only the owner of the corresponding encrypted private key has control over the portfolio. Advanced mathematical and cryptographic methods make it impossible to double-issue cryptocurrency, counterfeit or theft. The whole system is based on blockchain technology. Cryptocurrency is the first invention in the financial system that was developed outside of financial institutions, even without cooperation with them. It is innovative, simple, and does not use existing financial systems. Moreover, it poses a threat to the status quo of the financial system. Therefore, many market regulators, including the countries and international financial institutions, regard this system as a threat primarily of their own income and generally understood power and authority. For this reason, we observe a very different reaction of countries in the world. Starting from Japan (as an example of the most far-reaching regulation), one can point to the rapid evolution of the Japanese regulators’ approach. Starting from the recognition of cryptocurrency as a means of payment, but not yet as the currency introduced by the act on payment services of 25 May 2016, until the adoption in April 2018 of new regulations fully recognizing cryptocurrencies as legal tender. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by explaining that cryptocurrencies operate outside the control of financial institutions and regulatory bodies, indicating a level of volatility and susceptibility to market changes. It discusses how regulatory responses to cryptocurrencies differ around the world, suggesting that market perceptions and regulations can significantly impact their value. The mention of cryptocurrencies being considered a threat to financial systems also implies the instability associated with their valuation, which directly contradicts the claim of stability.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Some theorists argue that mapping cognitive functions will unlock the secrets of artificial consciousness. [SEP] Text: To avoid this statement (which I think is debatable), consider: "Step-selection function (SSF) models, which compare actual movement steps with realistic candidate ones, are routinely used to infer and quantify the effect of environmental variables, such as land cover or temperature, on animal trajectories". L105-107: I assume the time-window is arbitrary, which was one of your criticisms of current methods for incorporating previous context ("familiarity") in step selection functions. Table 1: Add column name abbreviations to the table caption. Describe 'Section' part of the table (training, validation, test) in the caption. L150: '408 observations'. Also, translate this approximately to a real duration in days? L150-153: How is the split assigned (what proportions)? L156-158: What is the reason for doing this? L159: I think the taxon vectors will need some further explanation. Is the vector approximating the taxonomic relationships? Okay, I see this information down on L171-172. I suggest moving this information (or something like it) up to the beginning of the paragraph, to immediately give readers the context. Although, I still wonder if the vector embedding is capturing the actual taxonomic relationship, or only the ‘semantic similarity’ [L164-165] (in other words, how similar given Wikipedia entries are). The PCA figure, for example, shows that the embedding is okay at class level, but not very good at order level (no clear clustering of orders within classes). Also, the Spearman correlation (= 0. 68, L 170) is not great. Could there be a different way to embed taxonomy? In understand that there may not be, and this is a minor point. L184: ‘resample’ rather than ‘sample’? L189: From this dataset (and Figure 1), I gather that no marine trajectories are included. Were these explicitly excluded using a filter at some point? L312. Perhaps start a new paragraph here. Figure 7: The labels ‘bioclim’ are not informative. L502-505: I’m not sure I completely understood this point, but it seems to be quite relevant give our wish to make inference from the model. So, currently you present no inference for features that were relevant in the learned trajectory, only for the next predicted step? [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it does not address cognitive functions or artificial consciousness. Instead, it discusses technical aspects of modeling and data analysis related to animal trajectories, environmental variables, and the structure of scientific data, which are not connected to the theorists’ argument about consciousness.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Gene editing has shown promise in treating genetic disorders like cystic fibrosis. [SEP] Text: The momentum was generated in 2000 when it was demonstrated that lentivirus vectors containing normal human globin genes and regulatory regions from the beta‐globin locus control region could be faithfully transduced into mouse hematopoietic stem cells and expressed in erythroid cells (Bodine 2003; May 2000). How the intervention might work Gene therapy is the introduction of genes into an individual's cells and tissues in order to treat a disease. Most of the conditions treated in this way are genetic disorders that result from gene mutation malfunctions (Postnote 2005). Viruses are the most widely used vectors in gene therapy. Some of the different types of viruses used as vectors in gene therapy include: retroviruses; adenoviruses; adeno‐associated virus; parvovirus; herpes simplex virus; hepatitis virus; and vaccinia virus (Postnote 2005). The viral vectors are made harmless by removing the viral gene and replacing them with the therapeutic gene. This approach is known as gene addition (the transfer of normal beta globin gene into hematopoietic cells via retroviral vectors or adeno‐associated viruses that have been modified or crippled so they do not become infective). In theory, the viral vectors used in gene therapy are made harmless to prevent them from replicating and causing unwanted effects. However, these viruses could trigger unwanted immune responses and cause unwanted side effects. Other approaches of gene therapy that have been developed include gene replacement (targeted insertion of the transferred gene into the endogenous globin locus by homologous recombination) and gene repair or chimeroplasty (introduction of chimeric oligonucleotides composed of DNA and modified RNA residues into stem cells to direct correction of the mutation in the sickle gene). Good candidates for gene therapy include autosomal recessive disorders (such as SCD) because a normal phenotype can be restored in diseased cells with only a single normal copy of the mutant gene (Goncz 2002). Gene therapy, if successful, will provide a viable alternative for permanent correction of the abnormal gene in SCD. It will circumvent the problem of donor shortage and avoid complications related to graft versus host rejection that are involved with bone marrow or other forms of stem cell transplant. Gene therapy has been used to correct SCD in mice (Nathan 2001). Despite the technical problems faced, major progress in the globin gene therapy field has been achieved. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text supports the claim by discussing gene therapy as a method for treating genetic disorders resulting from gene mutations. It mentions the successful use of gene therapy for conditions such as sickle cell disease (SCD) and explains how gene therapy aims to correct these mutations using various techniques. The principle of gene therapy aligns with the idea that gene editing can provide viable strategies for treating genetic disorders, indicating its promise.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: The value of all cryptocurrencies is stable and unaffected by market changes. [SEP] Text: What is more, the Bank began work on creating its own digital currency, whose working name is J-Coin. On the other hand, we have a contrast. For example, in China, we have a ban on making cryptocurrencies. On the other hand, Bangladesh and Nepal, by introducing the relevant regulations, penalized the marketing of cryptocurrencies. In Bangladesh, the use of cryptocurrencies is currently regarded as a violation of the provisions on money laundering and is punishable by imprisonment of up to 12 years. In Nepal, after introducing changes prohibiting the circulation of crypts, the first detainees of such activities took place [4]. On the other hand, many countries have no regulations on this matter, and in principle, are considering which party to address in relation to cryptocurrencies. For example, in Europe, so far none of the countries has banned trading in cryptocurrencies. However, many countries are preparing the right law because they are aware of the facts that point to the rapid growth of transactions in cryptocurrencies. Most countries see this as primarily a threat system, which will receive the role of management, which takes obvious opportunity to influence the financial and economic phenomena. Maybe a system in which there is no supervision of specific organizations due to a change in rules it’s a good direction of development. However, it is certainly not a cryptocurrency system, where one person can play such a role [5]. Currently, the most popular cryptocurrency in the world is bitcoin. It has the highest market capitalization and the highest rate, and often as part of discussing the topic, cryptocurrencies are a flagship example. The most popular cryptocurrency in the world, bitcoin, was created in 2008. It is not known who are its creators. Almost simultaneously, three IT specialists (King, Oksman, and Bry) patented solutions similar to those on which the bitcoin system was based [6]. So, we see that bitcoin is 10 years old. Due to the review of Bitcoin’s development history, you can notice characteristic phases for the entire cryptocurrency market. February 9, 2011—for the first time in history, one bitcoin was priced at the same rate as the US dollar. April 5, 2011—the Polish bitmarket. eu market is established. June 2, 2011—1 BTC was valued at $ 10. August 26, 2011—the Polish bitomat. pl. stock market collapsed, with 17,000 BTC lost. November 19, 2013—1 BTC was valued at $ 1000. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by detailing the instability of cryptocurrency values, illustrated by specific historical price points of bitcoin, indicating significant fluctuations in value over time. For example, it mentions notable changes in bitcoin's price from being equal to the US dollar to reaching a valuation of $1000. Furthermore, it discusses regulatory impacts, such as bans in countries like China and the consequences of the illegal usage of cryptocurrencies in Bangladesh and Nepal, all suggesting that the cryptocurrency market is not stable and is indeed affected by market changes and regulations.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: It's proposed that all cognitive functions can be understood through neural mapping alone. [SEP] Text: The literature provides many heuristic ways to justify the equation, but most of the heuristics are not completely satisfactory in terms of understanding. The postulates of quantum mechanics are just stated, including and in particular the operator substitution rules for energy and momentum. Especially confusing is the imaginary nature of these differential operators. Even though the Schrödinger equation is adopted as a postulate of in the literature, we argue that it can be derived in a meaningful manner and therefore from a didactical and pedagogical point of view, the postulate approach is not totally satisfying. The same challenges are omnipresent also in the sphere of relativistic quantum mechanics. The stochastic optimal control approach to quantum mechanics can be traced back to Edward Nelson3. Among others, Yasue4 and Papiez5 have worked with stochastic control and quantum mechanics in the 1980s. and Ding have done quantum mechanics with control theory6. This study takes the control view as a starting point, where ultimately the Schrödinger equation is essentially the Hamilton-Jacobi-Bellman (HJB) equation from optimal control theory, when one takes into account relativistic coordinate-invariance of the action and demands linearity. Linearity of the Schrödinger equation is important due to the well-known properties of ‘matter’ waves, such as interference and superposition. The mathematical apparatus of linear operators yields also other useful tools such as spectral theory, eigenfunction expansions and so forth. In terms of more recent research, see the paper by Ohsumi7. Alas, what is missing also from Ohsumi’s paper is a proper and physically meaningful explanation why the Schrödinger equation is the diffusion equation in imaginary time. It should also be noted that recently it has been shown that the famous Heisenberg uncertainty relations seem to be inherent to stochastic systems in general, and they are not unique to quantum mechanical systems, see the recent paper8. There is also thread of literature, where stochastic quantization is incorporated with of Relativity, see for example9,10, but analytic continuation is not explained, again. We work in units so that we choose the reduced Planck’s constant to be \(\hslash =1\). There are three space dimensions and one time dimension, i. e. we are working in the normal spacetime setting. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim directly and instead focuses on the complexities of quantum mechanics and the derivation of the Schrödinger equation. It discusses topics such as stochastic control theory and relativistic quantum mechanics, which are not related to cognitive functions or neural mapping. Therefore, it is irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Gene editing has shown promise in treating genetic disorders like cystic fibrosis. [SEP] Text: There is a higher incidence of school absenteeism and hospital costs in families that have a child with SCD (Manci 2003; Platt 1991; Powars 2002; Serjeant 1993). Life expectancy is on the rise for people with SCD, but is still less than that of the general population (Platt 1994). There are no firm data on the survival of individuals with sickle cell anaemia on the African continent (Platt 1991). The median survival was estimated in 1994 to be 42 years for men and 48 years for women in the USA, whereas comparable figures for Jamaica published in 2001 suggested 53 years for men and 58. 5 years for women (Platt 1991). The mortality rate is higher amongst people with SCD, and is usually caused either by chronic organ failure consequent on the sickling process, or as a result of an acute catastrophic event, such as a stroke (Powars 1983); acute sickle chest syndrome; splenic sequestration (Steinberg 2003); sudden death or other complications (Gray 1991). Management of SCD is multidisciplinary. Penicillin prophylaxis to prevent pneumococcal infections, appropriate use of blood transfusions and other supportive measures have improved survival of people with SCD (Gaston 1986; Lezcano 2006). Hydroxycarbamide (hydroxyurea) made a major impact on sickle cell therapy when it was shown to reduce morbidity and mortality (Steinberg 2003). Bone marrow transplantation remains the only possible curative therapy (Mankad 2001). Although palliative therapies and bone marrow transplantation therapy have been developed for these disorders, treatment still remains sub‐optimal and many individuals suffer significant morbidity and early mortality (Persons 2003). Therefore, development of a gene therapy approach has been sought for many years (Nathan 2001; Persons 2003). Description of the intervention Gene therapy holds a great deal of promise for the future of medical treatment. It involves the introduction of genetic material into a cell to treat disease. The momentum was generated in 2000 when it was demonstrated that lentivirus vectors containing normal human globin genes and regulatory regions from the beta‐globin locus control region could be faithfully transduced into mouse hematopoietic stem cells and expressed in erythroid cells (Bodine 2003; May 2000). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing gene therapy, which involves the introduction of genetic material into cells to treat diseases, potentially including genetic disorders like cystic fibrosis. The text mentions that 'development of a gene therapy approach has been sought for many years' and highlights the promise of gene therapy for future medical treatment, specifically referencing the transduction of normal human globin genes into mouse hematopoietic stem cells. This provides supportive information for the claim regarding the promising nature of gene editing in treating genetic disorders.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: The value of all cryptocurrencies is stable and unaffected by market changes. [SEP] Text: February 13, 2012—the collapse of the large TradeHill exchange. May 11, 2012—the fall of the Bitcoinica platform. July 2013—billionaires Winklevoss brothers are entering Bitcoin. March 25, 2013—Denmark exempts bitcoin sales from tax. September 20, 2013—Bitcoin recognized as a full-fledged private money in Germany. December 5, 2013—beginning of the bitcoin ban in China. February 28, 2014—the demise of the largest bitcoin exchange—Mt. Gox. The first characteristic phase, which is noticeable in the graphs of all new cryptocurrencies, is the so-called the phase of gaining confidence. It is visible on the cryptocurrency charts, which have passed to the following phases: the second (interest, growth) and third (determination of the maximum value for the period). The time between consecutive phases is different for specific cryptocurrencies and depends on many factors. There are many examples of cryptocurrencies that have arisen and fallen in the first phase of the life cycle. There are also many examples, often local cryptocurrencies, which have passed to the third phase, where the achieved maximum value is visible, followed by a very fast drop in value or even a momentary fall and the cryptocurrency ceases to function. We also see this on the example of the most popular cryptocurrency, bitcoin. November 19, 2013 reached its maximum value of $ 1000 after which, among others, also due to the collapse after 3 months of the largest bitcoin exchange. This recession lasted for 2 years, where the value accounted for one-fourth of the maximum value achieved in this period, which can be seen in Figure 2. The return to the value of 1000 dollars for one bitcoin was made at the end of 2016, so after 3 years. In addition, the actual revival and return to the maximum value from 2013 took place in 2016. This additionally shows very dynamic movements, both upward and downward, in comparison to the existing system of recognized means of payment. There are many examples where there is not so much interest on the part of investors and co-financing as in the case of bitcoin, which causes bankruptcy of the system and the collapse of these cryptocurrencies. This causes a lot of damage to the trust of the cryptocurrency system and gives arguments to their opponents, which show the use of the system to create financial pyramids and other scams. The same negative consequences for the system are caused by falls of exchanges and cryptocurrency exchange platforms. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by providing numerous examples of significant fluctuations and instabilities in the cryptocurrency market. It details various events such as the collapse of the TradeHill exchange and the demise of Mt. Gox, which indicate a lack of stability in cryptocurrency values. The mention of dramatic changes in cryptocurrency values, particularly Bitcoin's drop to one-fourth of its maximum value, demonstrates that the value of cryptocurrencies is indeed affected by market changes, directly opposing the claim.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: It's proposed that all cognitive functions can be understood through neural mapping alone. [SEP] Text: Together with to Quantum MechanicsWe have specified a four-dimensional diffusion for the spacetime coordinates and now one needs to consider the respective Hamilton-Jacobi-Bellman equation. In principle it is straightforward, we follow11,14. In essence, we need to be careful with two things: first, we need to remember that the inner product is determined by the Minkowski metric so that covariant and contravariant objects are generally different, as the sign changes in the time-coordinate. Second, what used to be time, is now proper time. Additionally, we need to insert the imaginary unit properly into the HJB equation, due to the invariant volume form and thus due to the imaginary Hamiltonian and imaginary Lagrangian. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses concepts related to Quantum Mechanics and equations without making any reference to cognitive functions or neural mapping. The focus is on mathematical principles and does not interact with the ideas of neuroscience or cognitive understanding.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Gene editing has shown promise in treating genetic disorders like cystic fibrosis. [SEP] Text: How the intervention might work Gene therapy is the introduction of genes into an individual's cells and tissues in order to treat a disease. Most of the conditions treated in this way are genetic disorders that result from gene mutation malfunctions (Postnote 2005). Viruses are the most widely used vectors in gene therapy. Some of the different types of viruses used as vectors in gene therapy include: retroviruses; adenoviruses; adeno‐associated virus; parvovirus; herpes simplex virus; hepatitis virus; and vaccinia virus (Postnote 2005). The viral vectors are made harmless by removing the viral gene and replacing them with the therapeutic gene. This approach is known as gene addition (the transfer of normal beta globin gene into hematopoietic cells via retroviral vectors or adeno‐associated viruses that have been modified or crippled so they do not become infective). In theory, the viral vectors used in gene therapy are made harmless to prevent them from replicating and causing unwanted effects. However, these viruses could trigger unwanted immune responses and cause unwanted side effects. Other approaches of gene therapy that have been developed include gene replacement (targeted insertion of the transferred gene into the endogenous globin locus by homologous recombination) and gene repair or chimeroplasty (introduction of chimeric oligonucleotides composed of DNA and modified RNA residues into stem cells to direct correction of the mutation in the sickle gene). Good candidates for gene therapy include autosomal recessive disorders (such as SCD) because a normal phenotype can be restored in diseased cells with only a single normal copy of the mutant gene (Goncz 2002). Gene therapy, if successful, will provide a viable alternative for permanent correction of the abnormal gene in SCD. It will circumvent the problem of donor shortage and avoid complications related to graft versus host rejection that are involved with bone marrow or other forms of stem cell transplant. Gene therapy has been used to correct SCD in mice (Nathan 2001). Despite the technical problems faced, major progress in the globin gene therapy field has been achieved. This progress has advanced the possibility of gene therapy for haemoglobin disorders in the near future (Persons 2003; Chang 2006). Review is an update of previously published versions (Olowoyeye 2010; Olowoyeye 2012). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing gene therapy as an approach to treat genetic disorders, specifically mentioning that good candidates for gene therapy include autosomal recessive disorders, which could encompass conditions like cystic fibrosis. Additionally, it highlights the progress in gene therapy for other hemoglobin disorders, indicating broader applications within genetic mutations. The mention of successful gene therapy attempts in models, such as correcting sickle cell disease in mice, further supports the potential effectiveness of these methods in treating genetic disorders.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: The value of all cryptocurrencies is stable and unaffected by market changes. [SEP] Text: Although in this case, it often happens that the defenders of the current system, that is state and financial institutions, also bear responsibility for these events. For example, additional taxes are imposed in Poland, and financial institutions, such as banks, refuse to provide services to such entities. Analyzing the history of the most popular cryptocurrency, we see that states have different approaches to the cryptocurrency system, from a total ban and establishing penalties to full recognition. Some countries often use the tax burden imposed on cryptocurrencies, but do not intend to lay down specific legal provisions on this matter, although it considers this activity to be legal. Figure 2. Bitcoin exchange rate in the years 2010–2017. Source: [7]. The recent history of Bitcoin, basically from the last year of 2017, shows renewed interest and an almost unimaginable increase in value. From the return and breakthrough value of $ 1000 to as much as $ 20,000 in mid-December 2017 for one bitcoin. Since then, for less than half a year, we have seen a decline in around a quarter of the historical maximum value, another increase and oscillation around half of this value, as shown in Figure 3. February 20, 2017—you can receive 1055,26 USD for 1 bitcoin. March 2, 2017—bitcoin worth more than gold at $ 1268 for 1 BTC. December 2017—historical maximum value of 1 bitcoin worth 20,000 dollars. May 1, 2018—for 1 bitcoin you can receive 8951. 64 USD (31. 105 PLN). Figure 3. Bitcoin exchange rate in the years 2015–2018 (today). Source: [8]. Bitcoin is a flagship example of a cryptocurrency system, most of which repeat the regularity of the system’s behavior. However, there are several hundred other cryptocurrencies, which are referred to as altcoins (alternative coins, including the “bitherin’s younger brother” currency ethereum). The creation of some of them had at the same time to achieve other goals, for example, namecoin creates a decentralized DNS system and peercoin tries to spread the income from the extraction of its units more evenly. There are also plans to build cryptocurrencies on the forecasting market. New cryptocurrencies are constantly being created due to the use of open source software and P2P networks. The source code is based on free software, so anyone can download it and create your cryptocurrency. Currently, there are more than 1500 individual cryptocurrencies. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by describing the volatility of cryptocurrency values, particularly Bitcoin, which has shown significant fluctuations from a price of $1000 to as high as $20,000 in a short period, with notable declines and increases. This evidence demonstrates that the value of cryptocurrencies is not stable and is indeed affected by market changes.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Some assert that brain implants could enhance intelligence beyond natural limits. [SEP] Text: Not only should the patient be able to tell the device about his or her behavior, but the device should be teaching the patient,” Dr. Litt said. “For instance, when the device detects subclinical spikes, it should be able to ask the patient: ‘What are you doing? Drinking beer? Staying up late? You need to stop that. ’”The ProposalHis proposal, “Ghost in the Machine: Melding Brain, Computer and Behavior,” laid out a plan that begins with a focus on epilepsy, Dr. Litt's wheelhouse, but extends to other neurologic disorders. In Parkinson's disease, for instance, a deep brain implant might be directed by the patient to target gait so he or she can take a walk, or instead to reduce tremor so they can write a letter. For a psychiatric disorder, the device might query the patient about their symptoms to correlate them with EEG signals and then apply a particular type of stimulation. Even beyond the brain, Dr. Litt said, “I'm looking to develop software that works universally, in insulin pumps and heart defibrillators. For diabetes, the device should be able to look at your blood sugar and ask you, ‘Did you just eat something sweet? ’ It should eventually be able to learn your patterns and habits without having to ask. ”to NeurologyDr. Litt has been asking those questions for a long time. Arriving at as a freshman in 1978, he originally wanted to become an astrophysicist. “I had already completed two years of AP physics during high school,” he said. “But that first semester, my dorm room was on a hallway with three guys who would take an hour or two to finish all the problem sets that took me an entire week. People say that if you want to go into physics, you have to have a gift for it. I thought: those guys had the gift, and I didn't. I left physics and went into engineering. ”His advisor, while at Harvard, became Thomas McMahon, the late professor of applied mechanics and biology, once described by the journal Nature as “a pioneer in the field of biomechanics. ”Inspired by McMahon's vision of combining engineering with medicine, he graduated from Harvard cum laude in engineering and applied sciences and headed to School of Medicine in 1982. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim about brain implants enhancing intelligence beyond natural limits. Instead, it discusses the functionalities of brain devices in managing medical conditions and patient behavior, such as epilepsy and Parkinson's disease. This focus on medical applications rather than cognitive enhancement makes the text irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Gene editing has shown promise in treating genetic disorders like cystic fibrosis. [SEP] Text: This overall improvement was due to the improvement in participants with moderate disease severity, as demonstrated by a subgroup analysis of this group which showed an improvement, MD 14. 26% (95% CI 10. 79 to 17. 74), compared to the group with severe disease which did not show any improvement, MD ‐2. 81% (95% CI ‐8. 77 to 3. 15). Unfortunately there was only one trial which included participants with severe disease. We were not able to include participants with mild disease in the pooled result; however, one small trial including only participants with mild disease showed no change in FEV1, MD 0. 08% (95% CI ‐5. 59 to 5. 74) (Amin 2011). trial also looked at lung clearance index (LCI) and identified a decrease in LCI of ‐0. 90 (95% CI ‐1. 87 to 0. 07) in the dornase alfa group compared to placebo. This decrease was significant when baseline lung function was taken into account, which emphasizes the importance of using more sensitive measures of lung function in people with mild lung disease. There were fewer trials of longer duration, but FEV1 was significantly better in the dornase alfa group in trials ranging from three months to two years. This included trials involving participants with severe disease (McCoy 1996) as well as mild to moderate disease (Fuchs 1994; Quan 2001). It was not possible to perform a subgroup analysis comparing trials using once‐daily versus twice‐daily dornase alfa, but the single large trial which compared these two interventions directly, did not find a difference in FEV1 between the groups (Fuchs 1994). Interestingly, one small trial that directly compared once‐daily versus alternate‐day dornase alfa also did not find a difference in FEV1 (Suri 2001). Dornase alfa also decreased the number of participants experiencing pulmonary exacerbations, which is an important outcome measure in cystic fibrosis (CF). We calculated the risk ratio (RR) of a pulmonary exacerbation as 0. 78 (95% CI 0. 62 to 0. 96) in participants receiving dornase alfa compared to control. Quality of life improved in some trials and was unchanged in others. Dornase alfa was well‐tolerated and other than voice alteration, RR 1. 69 (95% CI 1. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the outcomes of dornase alfa, which is a treatment used in cystic fibrosis. It notes that participants in trials with moderate disease severity showed significant improvements in lung function and pulmonary exacerbations, thereby supporting the idea that advancements in treatment, such as gene editing or similar therapies, can have promising results for genetic disorders like cystic fibrosis.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: The value of all cryptocurrencies is stable and unaffected by market changes. [SEP] Text: Many of them work on the same code principle, they present only a few minor changes and different parameters (time distribution of blocks or number of coins) in contrast to the original coin. Currently, more than 1500 cryptocurrencies are listed on more than 7000 special exchanges market. Each of them has some advantages and unfortunately disadvantages. A large number, especially local cryptocurrencies, have a short history of functioning and then disappear from the market. It has the negative effect of receiving the cryptocurrency system as a whole, because there are many examples for using it for financial fraud purposes. Undoubtedly, however, there are also advantages, the emphasis, and full use of which would require certain legal and technological solutions. To confirm the importance of the subject matter in the world of finance and economies in the world, Table 1 presents cryptocurrencies, whose market capitalization currently amounts to over 1 billion US dollars. No. Exchange rate Number of coins Market capitalization 1. Bitcoin BTC $ 8951. 6394 17,180,188 $ 153,790,855,757 2. Ethereum ETH $ 646. 5789 100,154,753 $ 64,757,950,249 3. Ripple XRP $ 0. 80371665 39,541,619,593 $ 31,780,258,035 4. XBC $ 1281. 7728 17,275,946 $ 22,143,838,920 5. $ 16. 7904 835,329,772 $ 14,025,521,010 6. Cardano ADA $ 0. 3254823 26,188,960,137 $ 8,524,042,980 7. Litecoin LTC $ 143. 9658 56,898,395 $ 8,191,423,098 8. XLM $ 0. 39935016 18,759,309,869 $ 7,491,533,398 9. Tronix TRX $ 0. 09088398 66,412,089,292 $ 6,035,794,995 10. $ 80. 4078 65,659,718 $ 5,279,553,500 11. $ 1. 8513 2,800,940,157 $ 5,185,380,514 12. Monero XMR $ 230. 3433 16,146,465 $ 3,719,230,081 13. Dash DASH $ 454. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the instability inherent in the cryptocurrency market, highlighting that many cryptocurrencies lack a long history and often disappear from the market, suggesting unpredictability and market changes. It also mentions the negative effects of the cryptocurrency system as a whole and provides examples of various cryptocurrencies with substantial market capitalizations, further emphasizing that their values are not stable.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Some assert that brain implants could enhance intelligence beyond natural limits. [SEP] Text: There he fell under the spell of Robert S. then a Fellow at and now a professor of neurology and director of the Epilepsy Center. “He showed me how I could combine my engineering background and combine it with a medical degree,” Dr. Litt said. “I've been fortunate to work with people who crossed disciplines. ”After serving as chief resident in neurology at from 1990 to 1991, and as a Fellow in Epilepsy and from 1991 to 1993, Dr. Litt became an instructor and assistant professor there. In 1996, he decamped to the School of Medicine, where he was director of the EEG Lab. And then later in 1996, Penn recruited him with the promise that he could work in both engineering and medicine. “They created a position for me and said I could split my time to be half and half,” Dr. Litt said. “I even had to go up separately for tenure in neurology and engineering. ”He now serves as director of the Center at the Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania, director of the university's Center for Neuroengineering and Therapeutics, and co-director of the for Health, Devices and Technology. Across SpecialtiesHis work to date has included collaborations with many scientists and companies. “I'm an integrator,” he said. “The strength I have is crossing disciplines and helping people from different areas work together on difficult problems. ” For instance, he has collaborated with two MacArthur “genius” award winners. Rogers, PhD, an engineer at Northwestern, he coauthored a 2010 paper in describing the development of ultrathin, dissolvable, silk-based electronics that could be draped across the brain. Bassett, PhD, a systems neuroscientist at Penn, he is working on a method to map epileptic networks to optimize locations for ablation, resection, or modulation with an implantable device. “Behavior is one of the biggest determinants of health, but the devices we have to date are blind to the patients' behavior. We need to develop two-way communication. Not only should the patient be able to tell the device about his or her behavior, but the device should be teaching the patient. ”—DR. affinity for collaboration has now led him to seek validation of the brain-mapping method with 15 major epilepsy centers. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim, as it does not provide any information regarding the enhancement of intelligence through brain implants. Instead, it discusses Dr. Litt's career and work with epilepsy, focusing on interdisciplinary collaboration and the development of brain-mapping methods, without addressing the assertion about enhancing intelligence.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Gene editing has shown promise in treating genetic disorders like cystic fibrosis. [SEP] Text: Significant benefit for dornase alfa also present in twice‐daily dornase alfa group Change in quality of life ‐ CFQ‐R respiratory at 1 month See comment See comment MD 0. 84 (‐10. 74 to 12. 42) 19 (1 cross‐over study)5 ⊕⊕⊝⊝ low6,7 Positive MD indicates an advantage for dornase alfa daily. Participants received both interventions in cross‐over design. Change in quality of life ‐ CFQ‐R respiratory (parent) at 1 month See comment See comment MD 9. 78 (‐2. 58 to 22. 14) 19 (1 cross‐over study)5 ⊕⊕⊝⊝ low6,7 Positive MD indicates an advantage for dornase alfa daily. Participants received both interventions in cross‐over design. Number of people experiencing exacerbations at up to 2 years 252 per 1000 196 per 1000 (156 to 242) RR 0. 78 (0. 62 to 0. 96) 1157 (3 studies)8 ⊕⊕⊕⊝ moderate9 RR <1 indicates an advantage for dornase alfa. *The basis for the assumed risk (e. g. the median control group risk across studies) is provided in footnotes. The corresponding risk (and its 95% confidence interval) is based on the assumed risk in the comparison group and the relative effect of the intervention (and its 95% CI). Assumed and corresponding risk not calculated for quality of life. Relative effect and 95% CI presented is adjusted for the cross‐over design of the study CI: confidence interval; RR: risk ratio MD: mean difference grades of evidence High quality : Further research is very unlikely to change our confidence in the estimate of effect. Moderate quality : Further research is likely to have an important impact on our confidence in the estimate of effect and may change the estimate. Low quality : Further research is very likely to have an important impact on our confidence in the estimate of effect and is likely to change the estimate. Very low quality: We are very uncertain about the estimate. 1. Additionally four trials included in analysis at one month showed a significant advantage to dornase alfa over placebo or no dornase alfa treatment (Laube 1996; Ramsey 1993; Ranasinha 1993; Shah 1995a). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by describing the positive effects of dornase alfa, which is relevant in the context of cystic fibrosis. It notes significant benefits in terms of quality of life for patients receiving the treatment and presents data indicating advantages in health outcomes, thereby demonstrating the potential of interventions related to genetic disorders.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: The value of all cryptocurrencies is stable and unaffected by market changes. [SEP] Text: 2615 8,121,006 $ 3,689,060,743 14. Nem XEM $ 0. 39074508 9,090,909,088 $ 3,552,227,999 15. Tether USDT $ 0. 99 2,450,101,824 $ 2,425,600,806 16. Vechain VEN $ 4. 3362 530,773,566 $ 2,301,540,339 17. ETC $ 20. 7207 102,514,915 $ 2,124,180,807 18. Qtum QTUM $ 21. 4731 89,476,920 $ 1,921,346,857 19. $ 16. 1964 103,074,544 $ 1,669,436,555 20. BNB $ 13. 7511 115,221,419 $ 1,584,421,260 21. Lisk LSK $ 12. 2463 106,472,521 $ 1,303,894,445 22. RaiBlocks XRB $ 9. 4347 134,639,002 $ 1,270,278,593 23. BTG $ 69. 7455 17,146,505 $ 1,195,891,577 24. Verge XVG $ 0. 07307982 15,092,890,527 $ 1,102,985,723 25. Zcash ZEC $ 272. 6064 3,856,723 $ 1,051,367,505 Table 1. A list of cryptocurrencies with market capitalization of over USD 1 billion. Source: own study based on the courses of 01/05/2018. Table 1 contains a list of cryptocurrencies with market capitalization exceeding USD 1 billion. Currently, such cryptocurrency is 25. Market capitalization is the value of all coins that are in circulation, multiplied by their current value (Eq. (1)). market capitalization = number of coins in circulation × current value of one coin E1 The rate defines the price of one digital coin in US dollars. Cryptocurrency is the first invention in the financial system that was developed outside of financial institutions, even without cooperation with them. It is innovative and does not use existing financial systems. Moreover, it poses a threat to the status quo of the financial system. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by providing data on various cryptocurrencies, emphasizing that their market capitalization and current values fluctuate significantly. It states that the value of cryptocurrencies is influenced by the number of coins in circulation multiplied by their current value, indicating variability and instability in prices. Moreover, the notion that cryptocurrency poses a threat to the existing financial system suggests that its value is subject to changes based on market dynamics.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Some assert that brain implants could enhance intelligence beyond natural limits. [SEP] Text: He has also created a platform for data sharing, which has over 3,000 users. And with 17 patents to his name, he has worked with such companies as MC10, and EpilepsyCo. “My lab contributed significantly to the algorithms for the NeuroPace device, the first responsive neurostimulator for epilepsy,” he said. And as a board member of NeuroVista, he encouraged the firm to work with Mark Cook, MD, of the University of Melbourne, in the development of its seizure prediction technology. “What patients found most useful was when the device predicted they would be safe for at least an hour,” Dr. Litt said. “That allowed them to know when they could go shopping, go out for a run, or be left alone for an hour without having to worry about having a seizure. ” For all his accomplishments to date, Dr. Litt said the will give him an opportunity unlike any he has ever had. “I've been waiting my whole career to do something like this,” he said. “For most NIH grants, you have to work up a detailed budget in advance and tell them exactly what you're going to do. For this one, they say, here's the money, go for it. The stipulation is the project has to be really interesting, it has to be really hard, it has to be really important, it has to be something you're capable of doing, but you can't have done it before. It's a really cool thing. ”Dr. Litt is not focused on developing implants that can make phone calls, read emails, or order take-out. Rather, his goal is to improve the treatment of diseases. Even then, he does not expect the work to be done in a mere five years. “can improve the ability of patients and devices to communicate with each other if I can demonstrate that it's actually possible, and stimulate other researchers to work on this project or compete against our team, that will be a success,” he said. for • Model-based design for seizure control by stimulation J 2020 Mar 26;17(2):026009. 7147. 2020;24(8):2389–2397. 10. 1088/1741-2552/aaf92e. J 2019;16(2):026016. 8201. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it focuses on the achievements of Dr. Litt in the context of epilepsy treatment and the development of devices like NeuroPace and does not discuss brain implants enhancing intelligence or any claims related to surpassing natural limits of intelligence.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Gene editing has shown promise in treating genetic disorders like cystic fibrosis. [SEP] Text: Three of these studies included both men and women aged 12 years and over and one study only included adult men. The studies compare gene therapy to a dummy treatment (placebo) both of which are inhaled as a mist into the lungs. The studies were of different designs and used different agents. This meant we could not combine their results. Key results Three of the studies, including the largest and most recent study, showed an improvement in some measures of lung function in people with CF given gene therapy. We did not find that any more clinically relevant outcomes such as quality of life, treatment burden or flare‐up of lung disease had improved with treatment. In one study "influenza‐like" symptoms were more common in people who received CFTR gene transfer agents but this was not reported when the agent was used repeatedly in a larger study. In those people who took the gene transfer agents, molecules and salt in their lower airways moved more like they do in healthy people. The limited evidence of benefit does not support this as a routine therapy at present. We recommend that future studies are designed and reported clearly so that their results can be incorporated into a systematic review. Quality of the evidence The most recent study provided detailed information on how the people were put into different treatment groups completely at random, and so we are satisfied that those taking part in the study had an equal chance of being in either group (CFTR gene transfer agent or placebo) and that no one could work out which group the next person would be put into. The other studies reported that people were put into groups at random but did not specify how, so we cannot be sure that there was an equal chance of them being in either group. We believe that the clinicians running all the studies did not know which treatment the people taking part were receiving and that in three of the studies those taking part did not know either, but we could not be sure whether the people taking part in the latest study knew which treatment they were receiving and what effect this knowledge might have on results. Unfortunately, the studies did not report all their results clearly; sometimes results were not reported in a way that we could use for the review and sometimes they were not reported at all. This reduced the certainty with which we judged the overall results. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by stating that three studies showed improvement in lung function measures for people with cystic fibrosis who received gene therapy, indicating that gene editing holds potential benefits for treating genetic disorders. It suggests that gene therapy could be beneficial, supporting the idea that gene editing has promise in this context.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: The value of all cryptocurrencies is stable and unaffected by market changes. [SEP] Text: Undoubtedly, this trait of independence and lack of trust in the third party (institutions that create and regulate the financial system) would be a revolution in the world of finance, where only two parties would be required. This is the main argument for creating a system that is not dependent and subjected to the influence of financial regulators. Unfortunately, however, in practice, despite the vision of the scattering of the system and dependence only on the parties to the transaction, so it does not work. In fact, a technology-based system also has regulators and is based on trust, but this can be a natural feature of social systems that must be based on social recognition. However, unfortunately many cryptocurrencies and exchange market depend on a group of people or even one person, who may have malicious intentions, as exemplified by many scams related to the cryptocurrency market. On the one hand, manipulations are made by the creators or regulators of the rules of operation, including changes in the algorithm itself, and on the other, players who have a huge impact on the entire market. An excellent example is the most popular cryptocurrency (bitcoin), where 97% of the currency is in the hands of only 4% of all portfolios [9]. Therefore, more and more people and institutions from the financial world warn against investing in cryptocurrencies, speaking about the financial pyramid, the speculative bubble, or ordinary scams. Currently, when they do not function as legal means of payment, it is a form of speculation or thesaurisation of values. However, undoubtedly this technology has great possibilities, which is why it is so difficult to define a system that would function in a safe way. You can store any type of transaction in transaction books. It does not matter if bitcoin represents currency, property, real estate, or shares. Users can decide themselves by defining the bitcoin parameters, which the given bitcoin unit represents. Each bitcoin is individually identifiable and programmable. This means that users can assign different properties to each individual. The user, using specialized applications, can program bitcoin to represent eurocents, company shares, kilowatt hours of energy, votes in elections, loans, or digital holding certificates. Because of this, this cryptocurrency is much more than just money and payments. Bitcoin behavior rules can also be programmed as needed. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by explaining that cryptocurrencies, including Bitcoin, are heavily influenced by market participants and can be subject to manipulation. It states that many cryptocurrencies and the exchange market depend on individuals who may have malicious intentions and highlights that a significant portion of Bitcoin is controlled by a small percentage of holders. This suggests that the value of cryptocurrencies is not stable and can be affected by market dynamics, contradicting the claim that their value is stable and unaffected by market changes.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Some assert that brain implants could enhance intelligence beyond natural limits. [SEP] Text: Slot X500 Gratis & slot x500 atau slot demo x500 merupakan fitur yang dihadirkan oleh provider pragmatic play untuk membantu para pemain demo slot anti rungkad. Dimana dengan hadirnya demo slot online sudah sangat dicari oleh seluruh kalangan petaruh slot pragmatic play. Karena slot demo pragmatic play dimainkan dengan tanpa uang sepersenpun atau bisa dikatakan gratis. hal ini dilakukan untuk mengasah kemampuan pemain slot demo gacor dan menemukan pola permainan didalam slot demo gacor. Tentu dengan adanya akun demo slot ini membuat para pemain link demo slot tidak akan takut saat bermain slot online gacor. Dengan bermain demo slot x500 para pemain demo slot gacor pasti akan mendapatkan keuntungan dengan mendapatkan kemenangan jacpot yang besar. Serta pemain slot demo online akan merasakan keseruan mendapatkan maxwin dengan mudah tanpa mengeluarkan uang asli. Selain itu seluruh pemain link demo slot akan mendapatkan layanan 24 jam setiap hari tanpa batasan dan bisa bermain dengan santai. Kelebihan yang diberikan demo slot pragmatic play ini harus slotmania gunakan secara maksimal untuk mengetahui seluruh fitur didalam permainan pragmatic play agar mudah mendapatkan maxwin setiap hari. dalam suatu fitur yang dihadirkan seluruh provider slot demo online salah satunya pg soft yang memiliki manfaat dan kelebihan yang berbeda dengan provider slot demo slot lainnya. fitur yang disediakan tentu membuat seluruh pemain mendapatkan kenyamanan dan aman dalam memainkan slot demo pg soft. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses slot games and their features in online gambling, specifically mentioning 'slot demo pragmatic play' and related terms. There is no mention of brain implants or enhancement of intelligence.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Gene editing has shown promise in treating genetic disorders like cystic fibrosis. [SEP] Text: Consequently the airway is not able to remove bacteria and chronic airway infection results in an intense local inflammation and mucus secretion (Boucher 2004). Subsequently a cycle of increasing lung inflammation and lung damage progressively reduces lung function, leading eventually to premature death (often in the third or fourth decade of life) from respiratory failure (FitzSimmons 1993; Frederiksen 1996). Description of the intervention These disease processes could be prevented by inserting a correct copy of the CFTR gene into the cells of people with CF, a process termed CFTR gene transfer therapy (Griesenbach 2004). How the intervention might work There are three main reasons why CFTR gene transfer therapy has been proposed for CF lung disease: the CFTR gene has been identified and characterised and it is possible to manufacture artificial CFTR genes (Riordan 1989); CF is a progressive condition with a potential window for early treatment when the lungs are relatively unaffected (Ranganathan 2004); delivery of gene therapy reagents to the lungs may be possible by aerosolisation or other methods of topical application (Lee 2005). Early laboratory studies demonstrated the successful transfer of the CFTR gene to cells and animal airways using a variety of different gene delivery methods (Southern 1996). Essentially, delivery agents have been described as viral (where the CFTR gene is incorporated into a replication incompetent virus) and non‐viral (most commonly positively‐charged liposomes which when mixed with DNA increases uptake into cells) (Lee 2005). Human studies using viral vectors suggest that topical delivery to nasal airway cells results in uptake of the CFTR gene and expression of the gene by the airway cells (Knowles 1995; Zabner 1996). These studies demonstrate some correction of abnormal salt transport; however, repeat dosing results in inflammation (immune‐mediated) and no detectable gene transfer (Harvey 1999; Zabner 1996). Repeated dosing of non‐viral gene delivery agents does not result in such marked immune‐mediated responses; however, steady‐state levels of gene expression and functional changes have been less impressive than those achievable acutely with viral vectors (Hyde 2000). Much effort is being directed towards developing gene transfer agents and strategies with both improved gene uptake and expression, and reduced immunogenicity (Ferrari 2002; Griesenbach 2004; Lee 2005). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the potential of CFTR gene transfer therapy in treating cystic fibrosis (CF). It mentions that the disease process could be prevented by inserting a correct copy of the CFTR gene into the cells of people with CF, highlighting the role of gene editing in addressing the genetic disorder. Furthermore, early laboratory studies have demonstrated successful gene transfer to cells and animal airways, aligning with the notion that gene editing holds promise in treating conditions like cystic fibrosis.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: The value of all cryptocurrencies is stable and unaffected by market changes. [SEP] Text: They can be automatically deleted after the expiration date and can be exchanged; they can automatically return to the owner, if the recipient does not meet, for example, the agreed terms of the transaction, will not pay on time or will not send the goods to the buyer. Just this feature could be used against fraudsters. However, establishing such a system is in fact not an easy task and undoubtedly requires a trusted party, otherwise regulators, who will somehow watch over the safety of turnover. It seems that a financial system based on the discussed technology should go this way. Currently, despite the great interest, the problem itself is not fully recognized as evidenced by, for example, different approaches of countries around the world to properly apply this technology. In the next section, we will look at the development of cryptocurrencies and their exchange market in Poland against the background discussed cryptocurrency market in the world. Advertisement 3. The condition of the cryptocurrency market and exchanges in Poland Undoubtedly, the development of the cryptocurrency market in a given country depends on government legal decisions in relation to this market. As discussed before, the possibilities are a lot, from a total ban to full acceptance as a full-fledged currency, and there are many important options and solutions. At present, Poland has taken 24th place on the list of countries through which the largest cryptocurrencies take place. Of course, this also has to do with the state’s decisions in relation to the cryptocurrency market. Currently in Poland, cryptocurrencies are not considered a currency unit, a payment instrument, or electronic money. However, in spite of this, creating units as part of the built-in algorithm (so-called mining or digging) is legal under the law. However, as a result, it often happens that cryptocurrencies do not benefit from the tax relief provided for currency trading. In any case, the impression is often that, just like in Poland, states deliberately impose tax burdens, on the one hand, for profitable purposes for the state budget, and on the other hand, for the purpose of authenticating and protecting potential clients. on (KNF) and the of Poland (NBP) also launched a campaign on this subject. They remind about the risk associated with investing in cryptocurrencies and issuing an official warning, where they pay attention to the possibility of theft, high price volatility, and the lack of any guarantee of invested capital. In tax matters, many countries see short-sightedly only the desire to tax for profit. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by highlighting the high price volatility associated with cryptocurrencies, as stated in the warning by financial authorities in Poland. It emphasizes that there is 'the risk associated with investing in cryptocurrencies and issuing an official warning, where they pay attention to the possibility of theft, high price volatility, and the lack of any guarantee of invested capital.' This directly contradicts the claim that the value of all cryptocurrencies is stable.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Some assert that brain implants could enhance intelligence beyond natural limits. [SEP] Text: Dengan menggunakan akun slot demo pg soft anti rungkad tentu seluruh pemain akan mendapatkan manfaat yang menguntungkan seperti: 1. bermain demo slot pg soft kita dapat mencoba seluruh permainan yang dihadirkan oleh provider pg soft secara gratis. sehingga para pemain demo pg soft dapat mengetahui permainan slot yang sedang gacor hari ini dan mendapatkan keuntungan yang berlimpah. 2. yang paling terlihat adalah bebasnya dari resiko besar yang disediakan fitur demo slot anti rungkad. Pemain akun slot demo pg soft dapat menikmati keseruan slot online gacor tanpa takut kehilangan uang asli. Hal ini dapat dilakukan oleh para seluruh petaruh slot online untuk mencoba berbagai permainan dan mempelajari pola serta fitur unggulan yang dihadirkan provider pg soft. 3. >Dengan ratusan permainan slot gacor yang dihadirkan oleh provider pg soft. Pasti menemukan game yang mudah cuan sangat sulit. Slot demo pg soft memberikan kepada pemain slot demo gacor untuk memasuki game dan dapat memilih game yang paling mereka sukai berdasarkan tampilan, grafik yang menarik tanpa mengeluarkan uang sepersenpun. 4. Slot demo online memungkinkan seluruh pemain slot pg soft dalam mendapatkan strategi permainan. Meskipun slot online dicap sebagai permainan keberuntungan. Tetapi pemain slot online dapat mencoba berbagai strategi secara gratis dan memberikan kebebasan dalam melakukan eksperimen dengan taruhan yang maksimal. 5. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim about brain implants and intelligence enhancement. It discusses the benefits of using a demo slot game platform, including the ability to play for free and experiment with different strategies, but does not mention brain implants, intelligence, or any related topic.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Gene editing has shown promise in treating genetic disorders like cystic fibrosis. [SEP] Text: Combined data at Day 60 show no significant difference between gene therapy (n = 70) and placebo (n = 68), MD ‐0. 06 L (95% CI ‐0. 13 to 0. 02) (Analysis 1. 5). At later time points there remained no significant difference in the change from baseline in FVC (L) when comparing CFTR gene replacement to placebo in either study; these data were not suitable for pooling in a meta‐analysis. Alton 2015 reported the change in FVC % predicted from baseline at monthly intervals up to 12 months (Alton 2015). Alton demonstrated a significant post‐treatment effect in favour CFTR gene replacement therapy compared to placebo: at two months (gene therapy n = 60; placebo n = 52), MD 2. 70% (95% CI 0. 13 to 5. 27); at three months (gene therapy n = 59; placebo n = 53), MD 3. 96% (95% CI 1. 34 to 6. 58); at 11 months (gene therapy n = 58; placebo n = 52), MD 3. 18% (95% CI 0. 63 to 5. 73); and at 12 months (gene therapy n = 60; placebo n = 54) MD 3. 03% (95% CI 0. 35 to 5. 71) (Analysis 1. 6). Data from the remaining monthly time points showed no significant difference between treatment groups (Alton 2015). c. Relative change in FEV1 or FVC Only one study reported on relative change in FEV1 % predicted as the primary endpoint, again at monthly intervals (Alton 2015). Results demonstrated small but significant benefits with gene replacement therapy: at two months (gene therapy n = 60; placebo n = 52), MD 3. 05% (95% CI 0. 14 to 5. 96); at three months (gene therapy n = 59; placebo n = 53), MD 3. 41% (95% CI 0. 26 to 6. 56); and at 12 months (gene therapy n = 60; placebo n = 54), MD 3. 66% (95% CI 0. 15 to 7. 17) (Analysis 1. 7). There was no significant difference between treatment groups at the remaining monthly time points (Analysis 1. 7) (Alton 2015). d. Other relevant lung function tests (e. g. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by detailing the results of studies on CFTR gene replacement therapy for cystic fibrosis, indicating significant post-treatment effects in favor of gene therapy compared to placebo. Specifically, it notes improvements in lung function represented by changes in FVC and FEV1 after gene therapy, suggesting that gene editing could indeed be effective in treating genetic disorders like cystic fibrosis.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: The value of all cryptocurrencies is stable and unaffected by market changes. [SEP] Text: In addition, disinformation and lack of regulation occur in many countries. However, even without such regulations, tax officials collect data on the circulation of cryptocurrencies and in order to show income in testimony and pay tax. Therefore, the taxation of trading in cryptocurrencies raises a number of controversies on the basis of tax law due to the lack of detailed regulations relating to these issues. It can be safely said that this is one of those examples where legal regulations, including tax regulations, do not keep up with the economic reality. In addition, on April 20, 2018 in Poland, there was a protest against the unclear introduction of tax obligations in relation to trading in cryptocurrencies. The regulators themselves did not understand the clarity of the cryptocurrency market and introduced defective legal provisions. At present, in Poland in the area of personal income tax, the income from the sale of purchased cryptocurrencies will constitute income from property rights referred to in the abovementioned Art. 18 of the act on personal income tax [10]. The consequence of obtaining income from property rights is an obligation on the seller to prove this income and to calculate the tax due on the sum of income obtained according to the tax scale. However, during the tax year, there is no obligation to pay advance payments for personal income tax. On the other hand, with regard to VAT, the turning point in the tax authorities’ approach to taxation with this trade tax was the judgment of the Court of Justice of the (CJEU) in the Skatteverket/case, in which the CJEU stated that the exemption from VAT provided for in Art. 135 of law 1e) [11]. The VAT Directive also covers the provision of services consisting in the exchange of traditional currencies into units of virtual currency, and vice versa, made on payment of an amount corresponding to the margin resulting from the difference between the price at which the trader acquires currencies and the price at which he sells them to clients. The above position of the CJEU is currently applied by tax authorities, who previously refused to apply exemption to this type of services. In current interpretations, tax authorities take the view that the cessation of the use of Art. 43 section 1 point 7 of the act on goods and services tax relating to transactions in currencies, banknotes, and coins used as legal tender [12]. The KNF wants to clearly separate the topic of cryptocurrencies and new financial technologies. We are positive about new technologies in the financial market. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the instability and legal controversies surrounding cryptocurrencies. It highlights that, despite the absence of regulations, tax officials are actively collecting data on cryptocurrency transactions, indicating a dynamic and potentially unstable market. The mention of protests against unclear tax regulations signifies that there is ongoing economic debate and regulatory issues, which undermines the notion of cryptocurrency stability.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Some assert that brain implants could enhance intelligence beyond natural limits. [SEP] Text: slot anti rungkad sangat berbeda dengan permainan casino yang memiliki batasan waktu. Demo slot pg soft dapat diakses kapan saja dan dimana saja tanpa adanya batasan selama jaringan internet slotmania tidak terputus. Dengan ini membuat para petaruh slot demo gacor dapat dengan nyaman berlatih sesuai waktu luang pemain. 10 pemain slot online yang ingin bermain demo slot pragmatic play, pasti akan merasakan kekesalan saat mengalami kekalahan dalam memainkan slot demo pragmatic play. Tapi untuk saat ini kami memiliki saran untuk mengurangi kekalahan yang dialami oleh pemain slot demo x500. Namun saat ini sangat sedikit pemain slot gacor yang mengetahui adanya fitur demo slot anti rungkad. Harus kalian ketahui bahwa salah satu provider terbaik dalam menghadirkan demo slot x500 adalah slot demo pragmatic play anti rungkad. Tidak semua pemain slot online gacor mengetahui game pragmatic play yang sedang gacor. dengan ini kami memiliki pilihan 10 permainan slot demo pragmatic play anti rungkad. 1. gates of olympus sudah menjadi game sangat populer dari permainan lainnya yang dihadirkan demo slot pragmatic play karena didalam game ini memiliki fitur demo slot x500 yang sangat menguntungkan bagi pemain slot online pragmatic play saat ini. 2. gates of olympus memiliki tampilan seorang pahlawan gatot kaca yang sangat dikenal di Indonesia yang sering membantu masyarakat yang mengalami kesulitan. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses online slot gaming and the features of specific slot games, which has no relation to brain implants or intelligence enhancement.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Gene editing has shown promise in treating genetic disorders like cystic fibrosis. [SEP] Text: Thus effective CFTR gene replacement should reduce the fall in potential difference seen following amiloride. Alton 1999 demonstrated no significant change in response to perfusion with amiloride in either the CFTR gene replacement group (n = 8) mean (SD) change ‐12. 6 (14. 66) or the placebo group (n = 8) mean (SD) change ‐16. 50 (13. 17) (Alton 1999). Our analysis showed no difference between the groups, MD 3. 90 (95% CI ‐9. 76 to 17. 56) (Analysis 1. 11). c. Response to perfusion with a zero chloride solution The response to zero or low chloride secretion following prior perfusion with amiloride is the airway potential difference measurement that is the most effective discriminator between CF and non‐CF participants (Alton 1999; Griesenbach 2005). studies reported this as a summed response to low chloride solution and isoprenaline (Alton 1999; Alton 2015). A separate control group of participants without CF had a mean (SD) response of 10. 70 (4. 11). Data from Alton 1999 have been estimated from figures in the original paper (Alton 1999). The study reported that in the CFTR gene replacement group there was a significant improvement following perfusion with a zero chloride solution, mean (SD) 5. 4 (3. 82) (P < 0. 05), with no significant change in the placebo group, mean (SD) ‐1. 46 (2. 29) (Alton 1999). This change in the CFTR replacement group (n = 8) was significantly different from that in the placebo group (n = 8) (P < 0. 0001), MD 6. 86 (95% CI 3. 77 to 9. 95) (Analysis 1. 11). 2015, participants in the placebo group (n=7) had a median (range) change of 3. 1mV (9. 3 to ‐1. 2) compared to a median (range) change of ‐1. 3mV (4. 0 to ‐5. 8) (P = 0. 032) in the CFTR gene therapy group (n = 10). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by providing evidence that CFTR gene replacement therapy resulted in a significant improvement in patients with cystic fibrosis compared to a placebo group. It notes that the gene replacement group showed a mean change of 5.4 (SD 3.82) following treatment, which was statistically significant (P < 0.05), indicating that gene editing approaches have potential in treating this genetic disorder.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: The value of all cryptocurrencies is stable and unaffected by market changes. [SEP] Text: When it comes to blockchain technology, we support it and see it as a chance for development, so it is not like crypts and blockchain have to be put in one bag. The KNF explains that the first step was the Anti- Act. In his opinion, however, there are still no mechanisms to protect cryptocurrencies from dishonest sellers. It is an unregulated market, so there are no tools to protect consumers. At the time when such an entity would cease its activity from day to day, the institutions are not able to help clients to recover their funds. Undoubtedly, there is an unfavorable regulatory and tax climate in Poland, as well as information chaos, which limits the use of cryptocurrencies. In addition, four banks (BZ WBK, mand Alior Bank) terminated contracts with companies that ran platforms allowing them to invest in cryptocurrencies. As a result of such actions, the largest stock exchange of cryptocurrencies in Poland announced that they are considering relocating their activities abroad. Table 2 presents the largest stock exchange of cryptocurrencies operating in Poland. . pl Company’s headquarters (address) BitBay Sp. z o. o. st. Zacisze 2/6, 40–025 Sp. z o. o. st. Słowackiego 12, 87–800 Włocławek Coinroom Sp. z o. o. st. 60 02–188 Sp. z o. o. st. Kołłątaja 47/4381–333 Enterprises LimitedChytron 26, Office 211075 NikozjaCapital 100,000 PLN 50,000 PLN 100,000 PLN 10,000 PLN — Available cryptocurrencies currencies on transactions 0. 43–0. 25% 0% 0. 39–0. 15% 0% 0. 00–0. 45% Commissions on deposits/withdrawals in PLN 0/1 PLN—simple transfer, 10 PLN—fast transfer10-20PLN—withdrawal from an ATM 0 (Simple transfer), 1. 9% (Link)/1 PLN (simple transfer), 10 PLN (fast transfer) 0 (Simple transfer), 2% (dotpay)/1 PLN (for —simple transfer) 0/1 PLN 0/1 PLN—simple transfer, 0. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by highlighting the instability and challenges faced by cryptocurrencies in the market. It mentions the lack of mechanisms to protect cryptocurrencies from dishonest sellers and how the unregulated nature of the market impedes consumer protection. Moreover, the reference to institutions not being able to assist clients in recovering funds when an entity ceases operation suggests volatility within the cryptocurrency market, directly countering the notion of stability in value.