Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Electric vehicles (EVs) can reduce reliance on oil-based fuels. [SEP] Text: The EV industry has grown from the first available electric cars during the 1830–1890s to advanced autonomous featured ones in recent years. The purpose of this research is to establish known technologies in electric vehicles and charging infrastructure, and identify the areas of improvement. Furthermore, the paper delves into preparing a transition for all existing automobiles, buses, trucks, and motorcycles to be electric, thereby obtaining overall energy demand from EVs and the need to add renewable energy resources. Although efficiency of the batteries and charging infrastructure must be considered in minimizing the associated energy loss, the deployment of utility-scale solar farms with battery energy storage systems appears as a promising solution. EV components-wise efficiency ranges from 81–99% depending on component being studied such inverter offers 90–96%, battery input offers 90–99%, battery output offers 93–98%, rectifier offers 96–98%, electric motor offers 81–95%, electric generator offers 82–95%, and transmission offers 89–98% (Albatayneh et al. , 2020). Electric motors are proven to deliver high torque when running at low speed and torque reduces as the speed increases. Electric motors generate counter electromotive force as they pick up higher speed, which reduces the torque; thus, the torque vs speed curve falls after a certain speed is exceeded. With evolving technology in improving rotations per minute (rpm) to 20,000–30,000 for the brushless direct current motors in EVs, better torque vs speed characteristics can be obtained (Stadtfeld, 2020). Similarly, improved designs for permanent magnet synchronous (PMSM) with better speed vs torque characteristics offer excellent applications in EVs (Sankhwar, 2024a). Major powertrain components of an EV comprise battery, motor, gearbox, and power electronics wherein battery and motor are major elements that distinguish them from conventional ICE vehicles (König et al. , 2021). Energy density is a key criterion for Li-ion battery’s success in EV traction applications (König et al. , 2021; Tian et al. , 2021). Authors have researched alternatives of battery chemistry to the current widespread use of lithium-ion (Li-ion) batteries to power EVs (Tian et al. , 2021). Li-ion batteries are economically feasible and provide safe operation. Rising depletion of natural resources raises the need for alternate battery chemistry. Additionally, lithium extraction process is attributed to large water consumption, and air contamination. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the evolution of the electric vehicle (EV) industry and its potential to transition existing automobiles to electric modes. It highlights the need for renewable energy resources alongside the deployment of EVs, suggesting that this transition could decrease reliance on oil-based fuels. Additionally, the mention of battery efficiency and alternatives to resource extraction supports the notion that EVs provide an alternative to conventional internal combustion engine vehicles, further emphasizing their role in reducing oil dependence.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: The value of all cryptocurrencies is stable and unaffected by market changes. [SEP] Text: Computer prices perpetually decline for decades, while the industry is growing. Not only that people did not stop from buying computers, but computers’ sales are gradually increasing. People have needs, and as economists explain, they have a time preference, that is, they do not like to postpone gratifications [16, 17, 18]. If they need a computer, they will eventually buy it, and decreasing prices is a good incentive to make the purchase. Eventually, they will buy the computer. The third misconception is that saving is worse than spending and therefore people should be encouraged to spend their money. In fact, unlike the Keynesian thinking, over consumption is the enemy of economic growth. Clearly, people have to buy to encourage production; however, the economy cannot grow unless there is enough savings and investments. That is, as was explained by Hayek (in “the paradox of savings” [19]), when people save their money, they only postpone their consumption; they do not stop consumption altogether. Saving is a crucial ingredient in any economic growth, and therefore, there is nothing harmful in an economy with rising prices. In fact, at the end of the nineteenth century, when the American economy was based on the gold standard, the US experienced one of its best economic eras during a deflationary period [20, 21]. Evidence shows that any economy will gain from a “deflationary” currency, such as Bitcoin (or even gold, for that matter). However, if, in the future, it will be clear that there are some benefits to inflationary currency, then there are many other coins, in which inflation is part of their algorithm, for which case there is no upper limit to the number of coins. Let the market decide on the best inflationary/deflationary algorithm. Advertisement 8. Bitcoin and the government There is a claim that governments may create a competitive coin to Bitcoin, and simultaneously, the governments can outlaw Bitcoin. Indeed, the government can create a token of its own, and it seems that some governments seriously think about such an enterprise [22, 23, 24]. However, it is not clear what would be their motives. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the nature of economic growth and currency valuation. It states that evidence shows economies can benefit from deflationary currencies, such as Bitcoin, indicating that cryptocurrencies can be affected by market changes. The mention of the potential future benefits of inflationary currencies and the impact of government actions further suggests that cryptocurrency values are not stable and can vary based on market factors.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: The detection of gases like methane on exoplanets is often seen as strong evidence of life. [SEP] Text: 2 This test method is applicable to samples collected at a nominal ambient pressure. Samples collected under high pressures, that is, above ambient pressure, may not be accurately analyzed using this method. 1. 3 This test method is applicable to a variety of dissolved gases; however, for the present standard, only methane, ethane, ethylene, and propane were validated. In order to validate for a gas not listed in this method, the analyst would need to establish the saturation concentration of the new gas, and establish a valid curve, method detection limits, and demonstration of capability following the procedures outlined in this method. 1. 4 It is the analyst’s responsibility to ensure the validity of this test method for dissolved gases other than methane, ethane, ethylene, and propane and other sample matrices. 1. 5 Units—The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard. 1. 6 A single laboratory study was done in order to establish precision and bias for the surrogate (see Section 16). 1. 7 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. 1. 8 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee. Version D8028-17 D8028-17R24 is a Redline? Why Redline? × A PDF redline is a quick and easy way to compare all of the changes between the current, active standard and the previous version. With a redline you'll immediately see: additions deletions and other changes between the two standards. and Trouble! With a Redline you no longer have to spend time trying to determine what has changed in the new standard! Redlines save you time and ensure you see what the changes are to the standard. you select the "Standard + Redline" option you get both documents! Best of all, the cost of a Standard + Redline is only slightly more than buying the by itself. Soon! Price: Add to & and Handling × Domestic orders are delivered via Service (UPS) or (USPS). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim because it discusses a specific test method for analyzing gases, including methane, but does not address the implications of detecting methane on exoplanets or its connection to the existence of life. It focuses on the technical aspects of gas analysis without mentioning exoplanets or the concept of life.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Electric vehicles (EVs) can reduce reliance on oil-based fuels. [SEP] Text: Apart from health and safety and construction challenges, charging at a fast rate of 15 min is a major challenge (Mahesh et al. , 2021). Level 1 chargers allow people to charge with a maximum available option of 2. 4 kW during an elongated period spent during the work shift or overnight. Level 2 chargers allow people to charge with a maximum available option of 12 kW during a short time of 3–4 h in a day. However, Level 3 chargers allow people to charge with a maximum available option of 240 kW during a shorter period ranging from 30–40 min. With a limited network of chargers in the US (Mastoi et al. , 2022), about 60% population have access to the nearest public charging stations (Bestvater & Shah, 2024). Achieving 100% access to every individual requires planning and implementation prior to the depletion of crude oil resources. Given oil reserves are diminishing every year, they might be adequate until or about 2052 (Kuo, 2019; U. S. Administration, 2023, 2024a). The current number of internal combustion engine (ICE) vehicles require transitioning to a battery electric vehicle. There are challenges to manufacturing and supply chains to meet the increasing demand, but leading car manufacturers are aiming for large-scale production to cope with the global EV market reaching $56. 7 trillion by 2050 (ETP Trends, 2023). For instance, has seen an increase in production during 2023 by 35% accounting for 1. 85 M units of production (Business Wire, 2024). Additionally, Government programs such as the (NEVI) have offered funds to states and municipalities to increase EV charging stations. and grants further encourage customers to buy EVs. Continued support for customers positively increases the number of electric vehicles and their use, thus increasing the need to study the required energy for electric chargers. Studies have indicated an incremental rise of a $1000 rebate offers a 2. 6% rise in average EV sales (Jenn et al. , 2018). Typically, in the US market, 30D allows a credit of $2500 to $7500 for qualifying EVs (Sherlock, 2019). However, since February 27, 2024, the federal government has offered three tax credits starting from credit for new, and pre-owned to qualified commercial clean vehicles (Marples & Buffie, 2024). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by highlighting the need to transition from internal combustion engine (ICE) vehicles to battery electric vehicles (EVs) due to the diminishing oil reserves. It suggests that increasing electric vehicle production and establishing a network of charging stations are essential steps in reducing reliance on oil. The text discusses government programs that support EV adoption, indicating a clear relationship between expanding EV usage and the reduction of dependency on oil-based fuels.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: The value of all cryptocurrencies is stable and unaffected by market changes. [SEP] Text: If these governments intend to create simply a true decentralized competitor to Bitcoin, then they would face two problems: (1) a government would never be able to compete against the decentralization level of Bitcoin and (2) with a decentralized coin, the government would lose all its benefits of controlling the national currency, that is, by replacing fiat currency with cryptocurrency, the government literally kills the goose that lays golden eggs. If the government plans on creating a centralized coin (i. e. , government-controlled currency), then it could not rely on the good reputation of decentralized coins. In this case, the government would encounter a great difficulty to sell the coin to the Bitcoin community (see what happens with the new Venezuela’s Petro). Governments can confront the problem differently, and it can try to ban Bitcoin. This is evidently possible de jure but not de facto. The more the government manipulates the currency, the more the people need cryptocurrencies (see, e. g. , the case of Zimbabwe, India, and Venezuela). Advertisement 9. Technology-based money There is a good question regarding Bitcoin’s longevity. Bitcoin, the claim argues, is a technological invention. In principle, there is no reason that it would not be defeated by competing technologies. Unlike gold, which would exist forever, Bitcoin is a technology that changes in time. This is an interesting argument; however, in fact, this argument only emphasizes the similarities between gold and Bitcoin. Gold is here to stay, but so does Bitcoin. Actually, due to its decentralization, it would be extremely difficult to eliminate the entire Bitcoin blockchain. To achieve that, every copy of the blockchain should be erased. The chances of that are extremely low. Clearly, the value of the blockchain can decline substantially, but this is equivalent to a decline in the price of gold due to a lack of (technological or financial) interest. Therefore, gold is not better money than Bitcoin due to the fact that “while Bitcoin can be overthrown by competitive technologies, gold will exist forever. ” In fact, they both will probably survive for a very long time, and both may lose their value due to competitive technologies, because, in its essence, gold is also a monetary technology. Having said that, it must be emphasized that a replacement of a monetary technology is a very challenging task. Financial markets are very conservative. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the volatile nature of cryptocurrencies, particularly Bitcoin. It indicates that while Bitcoin has a decentralized nature, its value can decline substantially, comparing this potential decline to fluctuations in the value of gold. The mention of governments manipulating currencies and the consequent need for cryptocurrencies underscores that their value is indeed affected by market dynamics.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: The detection of gases like methane on exoplanets is often seen as strong evidence of life. [SEP] Text: Transit times average 3 to 5 business days. Please be aware that UPS will not deliver packages to Boxes. . orders are delivered via courier post services which can be either a postal service, courier service, or a combination of both. is untraceable. Please allow 4-7 weeks for delivery. . Please be aware that carriers will not deliver packages to Boxes. Because of the variability of customs processes and procedures in different countries, ASTM International cannot guarantee transit times to international destinations. Customs duty and taxes are the responsibility of the consignee. Shipping & Handling charges follow the rate schedule, below: Shipping & Up to $50. 00 $18. 00 $50. 01 to $100. 00 $20. 00 $100. 01 to $150. 00 $28. 38 $150. 01 to $250. 00 $37. 59 $250. 01 to $500. 00 $54. 09 $500. 01 to $750. 00 $73. 48 $750. 01 to $1000. 00 $89. 57 $1000. 01 to $1500. 00 $116. 61 $1500. 01 to $2500. 00 $152. 29 $2500. 01 to $4999. 00 $201. 00 $5000. 00 to $higher $225. 00 Shipping and Handling charges are approximate. Additional charges may be incurred if your order requires multiple shipments. This does not apply to complete sets and sections. × -. By purchasing a subscription and clicking through this agreement, you are entering into a contract, and acknowledge that you have read this License Agreement, that you understand it and agree to be bound by its terms. If you do not agree to the terms of this License Agreement, promptly exit this page without entering the ASTM Product. 1. Ownership:is copyrighted, both as a compilation and as individual standards, 2. Definitions. A. Types of Licensees: (i) Individual User:a single unique computer, with an individual IP address; (ii) Single-Site:one geographic location or to multiple sites within one city that are part of a single organization unit administered centrally; for example, different campuses of the same university within the same city administered centrally. (iii) Multi-Site:an organization or company with independently administered multiple locations within one city; or an organization or company located in more than one city, state or country, with central administration for all locations. B. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses shipping information, delivery times, and licensing agreements, with no mention of exoplanets, methane, or the search for evidence of life.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Electric vehicles (EVs) can reduce reliance on oil-based fuels. [SEP] Text: Additionally, the Act (IRA) bolsters the electrification and improving EV share in light-duty vehicles (Slowik et al. , 2023). Being responsible for the environment calls upon studying the carbon emissions from electric vehicles. Average emission from electric vehicles is estimated to be 0. 22% for a gasoline-fueled vehicle (Emissions from Electric Vehicles, 2024). Per the electricity generation capacity in 2022 is nearly 1160. 16 million kilowatts, wherein 28. 54% comes from renewables and the rest from coal, natural gas, nuclear, petroleum, and others (U. S. Administration, 2024b). To reduce dependence on non-renewable energy resources, there is a need to increase power generation through renewable energy resources. Given energy generation by renewables has increased periodically (Yolcan, 2023), it is advisable for energy generation companies to focus on growing renewable energy power generation. Solar photovoltaic is an untapped resource when analyzing the increase in energy consumption due to large-scale EV usage by 2052. Roof-top, ground mount, and floating PV are known to be safe and reliable sources of power. For both commercial and residential areas with available unoccupied roof space, ground space, or water bodies, untapped solar potential offers reduced emissions and reduces dependence on non-renewable power resources. Energy demand increases due to climate change (Ruijven et al. , 2019) and global energy demand has risen at a significantly faster rate of 2. 2% in year 2023 but advanced economies have shown temporary decline (IEA, 2024). It is anticipated that advanced economies will see a rising trend by 2026 when industrial production increases together with reduced inflation (IEA, 2024). To ensure dependency on grid power is reduced, an HEMS is a viable solution wherein users control their energy consumption and utility prepares for generation based on historic demand curves. With HEMS customers become capable of supplying power back to the grid from their captive power generation via solar PV systems, an untapped potential of storage system is readily available from EV batteries (Zafar et al. , 2020). The bi-directional power flow, which is essentially a smart grid application, is worth pursuing when HEMS capabilities in monitoring, controlling, managing, logging, and detecting faults are concerned. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing how the increase in electric vehicle (EV) usage, supported by renewable energy sources, can effectively reduce dependence on non-renewable energy resources, including oil-based fuels. It highlights the role of solar power and energy management systems (HEMS) in managing energy consumption and production, which further supports the idea that EVs can contribute to less reliance on traditional fossil fuels.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: The value of all cryptocurrencies is stable and unaffected by market changes. [SEP] Text: Gold has no clear chemical advantage over (for example) platinum, palladium, or iridium, and the main reason that gold is preferred over these precious metals is its early adoption as a medium of exchange (possibly due to its unique yellowish color). It may be instructive to note that there have been several attempts in the history to replace gold with other metals (iron in Sparta, copper in Rome, and even silver in the US); however, these attempts did not affect the gold’s hegemony worldwide. The same thing applies to Bitcoin. Bitcoin enjoys the network effect due to its early adoption. The gold’s unique color and its plasticity made it relatively resistant to counterfeiting. However, gold counterfeiting is still possible (e. g. , by covering tungsten with a layer of gold, because tungsten and gold have almost the same density), while Bitcoin cannot be counterfeited. Advertisement 10. Genuine scarcity This brings us to a well-known argument, that says that Bitcoin, like any other digital asset, is not scarce, and therefore can be repeatedly reproduced. The knowledgeable Bitcoin’s opponent, which uses this argument, does not mean that the number of Bitcoins can be increased ad infinitum. He means that the algorithm can be copied and an infinite amount of rival crypto networks can be created. In fact, during the writing of these lines, there are literally thousands of cryptocurrencies networks: and IOTA to mention only the first 10 within the highest market cap list. Moreover, each one of these coins can be forked to other coins. The original Bitcoin network was forked many times to Bitcoin cash, Bitcoin gold, Bitcoin diamond, Bitcoin segwit2x, etc. The argument is, therefore, that digital assets, like cryptocurrencies, can be even worse than fiat currencies, for while fiat currencies’ inflation is regulated by central banks, and the number of cryptocurrencies can be inflated uncontrollably. However, Bitcoin is not only an algorithm. Indeed, the cost of copying the algorithm is negligible. is also a very secure network. Every new Bitcoin-clone does not benefit from the same level of security. The more computational power is invested in the network; the more secure the network is, and the more people would find it safe to invest their money in it. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by explaining that digital assets, like cryptocurrencies, can be highly affected by market dynamics. It mentions that cryptocurrencies can be inflated uncontrollably as opposed to fiat currencies which are regulated by central banks. Additionally, it discusses the existence of numerous cryptocurrencies and their creation through forking, suggesting instability and variability in value rather than the stability implied by the claim.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: The detection of gases like methane on exoplanets is often seen as strong evidence of life. [SEP] Text: Authorized Users:any individual who has subscribed to this Product; if a Site License, also includes registered students, faculty or staff member, or employee of the Licensee, at the Single or Multiple Site. 3. Limited License. ASTM grants Licensee a limited, revocable, nonexclusive, non-transferable license to access, by means of one or more authorized IP addresses, and according to the terms of this Agreement, to make the uses permitted and described below, each ASTM Product to which Licensee has subscribed. A. Specific Licenses: (i) Individual User: (a) the right to browse, search, retrieve, display and view the Product; (b) the right to download, store or print single copies of individual Documents, or portions of such Documents, solely for Licensee's own use. That is, Licensee may access and download an electronic file of a Document (or portion of a Document) for temporary storage on one computer for purposes of viewing, and/or printing one copy of a Document for individual use. Neither the electronic file nor the single hard copy print may be reproduced in anyway. In addition, the electronic file may not be distributed elsewhere over computer networks or otherwise. That is, the electronic file cannot be emailed, downloaded to disk, copied to another hard drive or otherwise shared. The single hard copy print may only be distributed to others for their internal use within your organization; it may not be copied. The individual Document downloaded may not otherwise be sold or resold, rented, leased, lent or sub-licensed. (ii) Single-Site and Multi-Site Licenses: (a) the right to browse, search, retrieve, display and view the Product; (b) the right to download, store or print single copies of individual Documents, or portions of such Documents for the Authorized User's personal use, and to share such copies with other of Licensee within Licensee's computer network; (c) if an educational institution, Licensee is permitted to provide a hard copy of individual Documents to individual students (Authorized Users) in a class at Licensee's location; (d) the right to display, download and distribute hard copies of Documents for training or groups of Authorized Users. (e) Licensee will undertake all necessary authentication and verification processes to ensure only can access the ASTM Product. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses licensing agreements and usage rights for an ASTM Product, without mentioning anything related to the detection of gases on exoplanets or their implications for life.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Electric vehicles (EVs) can reduce reliance on oil-based fuels. [SEP] Text: Some researchers have put forward the challenges of HEMS when handling a large volume of data communication between home devices and smart grids as cybersecurity issues (Sankhwar, 2024c; Zandi, 2018). Additionally, scalability becomes a limiting factor when HEMS starts to interact with other buildings in the community (Zandi, 2018). Government initiatives on establishing enough protocols for communication between consumers, utility companies, and industries are key to HEMS's success. EV continues to increase its presence in smart grid applications but poses potential risks due to their stochastically charging due to traffic and user’s subjective willingness (Xue et al. , 2021). Addition of harmonics during charging session increases the power quality issues (Ahmadi et al. , 2019). So, smart grid preparedness to power increased EV load requires analyzing the dynamics of EV use behavior as consumers start to grow. The concept of Vehicle to Grid (V2G) promises further independence of the house owners from grid power (Coban et al. , 2022). When HEMS is integrated together between housing units, power grid, and governing bodies (Sankhwar, 2024c), the bi-directional energy transfer either from home battery energy storage system or electric vehicle can be enhanced. The undue burden added by EV charging equipment during existing energy peaks causes power quality issues (Lewicki et al. , 2024), but communicative networking for captive power generation sources such as generator and battery energy storage systems and the power grid is further enhanced by energy management systems such as HEMS. Solar PV panels work on the simple principle of photovoltaic effect wherein a strike of light on its film generates potential difference (open circuit voltage) at its terminals, which can drive current when a load is connected across their terminals. This generated voltage is direct current (DC) in nature whereas external loads are usually alternating current (AC). By using an inverter DC is converted to AC. conductors are connected to service entrance conductors. Thus, the building has two power sources namely utility and solar PV feed. EV reduces household costs thus adding solar PV with a battery energy storage system not only offers savings, but also reliable power throughout the year (Kumar, 2022; Wu et al. , 2024). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing how electric vehicles (EVs) contribute to reducing household costs and suggests that integrating EVs with solar PV systems enhances energy reliability. This indicates that EVs can play a significant role in energy management and contribute to lessening dependence on oil-based fuels, especially through their integration into smart grid applications.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: The value of all cryptocurrencies is stable and unaffected by market changes. [SEP] Text: Bitcoin may lose its hegemony in the crypto sphere; however, as was explained above, it would be very difficult for new networks to pose a real threat to Bitcoin due to its proven high security and reliability. 11. Bitcoin transactions are too slow and too expensive Recently, the Bitcoin adversaries took advantage of the heavy load on the Bitcoin network, which caused slow and high fee transactions, to claim that the Bitcoin does not deliver its promises—Bitcoin transactions are too slow and too expensive. Soon, they predict, the Bitcoin network will be so cumbersome, that transactions will become unfeasible, and the Bitcoin project will be abandoned. This is indeed a problem. But this is a technological problem and not a fundamental one. It may explain why the Bitcoin market dominance declines, but it can never be used to explain why Bitcoin should be worthless. Clearly, the Bitcoin developers are aware of these problems and work constantly to mitigate the harmful effects of the network load. Several technological improvements have been suggested and implemented (SegWit, lighting network, atomic swap, and even raising block size in a forked versions of Bitcoin). Moreover, there are countless other currencies, whose transactions are much quicker and cheaper, and yet their value is considerably lower than the value of the Bitcoin network. Despite the fact that the technology is yet in its infancy stages, and there are still numerous technological challenges, the value of Bitcoin keeps on growing. Therefore, these facts should be an argument for Bitcoin and not against it, because these problems show that the need for reliable decentralized currency in the modern markets is so high, that people keep purchasing it despite the high transaction costs (and despite the fact that there are low cost but less proven alternatives). 12. Currencies backed by nothing A very popular argument against cryptocurrencies is that they are backed by nothing: “They are neither backed by gold nor are they backed by governments. ” Clearly, these are two different arguments. President Nixon, in 1971, was responsible to complete the monetary experiment that began at 1944 with the system. Since then, there is not a single fiat currency in the entire globe, which is backed by gold or by any other commodity. Hence, a commodity backup is not a crucial ingredient in the making of money. As for the second argument, what does it mean that the currency is backed by the government? [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by explaining how Bitcoin, while historically significant and enduring in value, faces considerable challenges that suggest fluctuating values rather than stability. The author discusses how Bitcoin transactions have become slow and expensive, suggesting that these issues might lead to declining dominance and usability in the market, which implies that Bitcoin's value is indeed affected by market changes. Despite the claims that the underlying issues are technological rather than fundamental, the mere existence of market volatility and the thriving competition of alternative currencies indicates instability, contradicting the claim that all cryptocurrencies are unaffected by market changes.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: The detection of gases like methane on exoplanets is often seen as strong evidence of life. [SEP] Text: (f) Licensee will provide ASTM with a list of authorized IP (numeric IP domain addresses) addresses and, if Multi-Site, a list of authorized sites. B. Prohibited Uses. (i) describes all permitted uses. Any other use is prohibited, is a violation of this Agreement and can result in immediate termination of this License. (ii) User may not make this Product, or Documents, available to anyone other than another Authorized User, whether by Internet link, or by permitting access through his or her terminal or computer; or by other similar or dissimilar means or arrangements. (iii) Specifically, no one is authorized to transmit, copy, or distribute any Document in any manner or for any purpose except as described in Section 3 of this License, without ASTM's prior express written permission. In particular, except as described in Section 3, no one may, without the prior express written permission of ASTM: (a) distribute or forward a copy (electronic or otherwise) of any 4. Detection of Prohibited Uses. A. Licensee is responsible for taking reasonable measures to prevent prohibited uses, and promptly notify ASTM of any infringements of copyright or prohibited use of which Licensee becomes aware. Licensee will cooperate with ASTM in investigating any such prohibited uses and will take reasonable steps to ensure the cessation of such activity and to prevent any reoccurrence. B. Licensee shall use all reasonable efforts to protect the Product from any use that is not permitted under this Agreement, and shall notify ASTM of any use of which it learns or is notified. 5. to Product. ASTM reserves the right to terminate this License, upon written notice, if Licensee materially breaches the terms of this Agreement. fails to pay ASTM any license or subscription fees when due, ASTM will provide the Licensee with a 30-day period within which to cure such breach. No cure period will be provided for material breaches relating to violations of Section 3 or any other breach likely to cause ASTM irreparable harm. If Licensee's subscription to an ASTM Product terminates, further access to the online database will be denied. or materially breach this License or make prohibited uses of material in any reserves the right to deny Licensee any access to the ASTM Product, in ASTM's sole discretion. 6. and Service. A. use standard Internet HTML format. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it primarily discusses license agreements, the prohibited uses of a product, and responsibilities of licensees, with no mention of gases, exoplanets, or evidence of life.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Electric vehicles (EVs) can reduce reliance on oil-based fuels. [SEP] Text: Additionally, home energy management systems (HEMS) offer both utility, solar PV, and battery storage systems operating in a collaborative manner, offering savings to homeowners by switching loads to the cheapest option available at a given time of the day. Utility companies implementing TOD (time-of-day) tariffs provide an excellent opportunity for homeowners to limit their costs of energy. Roof-top installations on warehouses and factories have enormous potential for reducing energy costs for low-income residential homes (Stanford Report, 2024). Roof-top PV parking lots add to another prospect of harnessing solar energy (Osório et al. , 2021). Solar PV system application at commercial level often calls upon a detailed study on some of the parameters on type of panel, optimal tilt, wind and snow loads, shading effects, heating effects, and costs (Yao & Zhou, 2023). Often these are mounted on a flat roof with horizontal or zig-zag placement, on a pitched roof with parallel-to-roof placement, and on a curved roof with curved placement (Yao & Zhou, 2023). Residential homes often have a pitched roof, whereas commercial buildings have either flat, pitched, or curved roofs. It is the zig-zag mounting pattern that allows customizing the tilt angle. Around the US a total of 87,510 sq-feet roof-top building surface is available with a potential of 1432 TWh (Gagnon et al. , 2016). Heavy capital costs with large-scale solar PV adoption have been a limiting factor, but return on savings promises a bright future (Lee et al. , 2014; Mangiante et al. , 2020). Modern transportation system by roadways is primarily focused on the reduction of accidents (Retallack & Ostendorf, 2019) and thus improve the driver experience. EVs have seen increased adoption by several US public agencies, and thus, there are multiple programs that develop charging infrastructure along the highways. Without compromising driver safety, manufacturers have launched EVs with safety features in autonomous driving. At the transportation management level, improvement in driver safety by the implementation of intelligent traffic management has enormous opportunities when fully integrated autonomous vehicles with traffic controls are developed. Large-scale adoption of EVs is driven by the availability of frequent charging infrastructure wherein drivers recharge the batteries before fully running out. Developing batteries with increased mileage and reduced charging time is a question for both manufacturers and researchers. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the increased adoption of electric vehicles (EVs) by US public agencies and the development of charging infrastructure along highways. It also mentions that large-scale adoption of EVs is driven by the frequent availability of charging stations, highlighting the move away from oil reliance for transportation.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: The value of all cryptocurrencies is stable and unaffected by market changes. [SEP] Text: Clearly, if the government backs its currency by forbidding the usage of other currencies (in its geographical territory), then it enforces a certain minimum value for the currency. However, not all governments can or do that. In most countries, the population can make economic transactions with many currencies. Most governments back their currencies by enforcing tax payment with them. Similarly, the governments pay their employees with the national currency. However, these conducts are equivalent to the presence of a rich man in a market, who declares that any economic transaction with him can take place only with a certain currency. As richer this man is, the higher will be the value of this currency. Clearly, a government is equivalent to a very rich man, but the differences are quantitative rather than qualitative ones. One of the most instructive examples in this regard is the Swiss dinars in northern Iraq during the gulf war [25]. This is a very interesting example, which vividly illustrates the fact that paper money can be used as a medium of exchange, despite the fact that it is backed neither by any commodity nor by any government. 13. Dependence on the current monetary system An argument against Bitcoin, which was very common in its early years, is that Bitcoin is not a real medium of exchange because most traders, which accept Bitcoin, convert them to fiat currency almost immediately after the transaction. Nowadays, this argument is heard less since many sellers prefer Bitcoin over fiat money. They prefer spending their fiat money and receive and keep their cryptos. Moreover, nowadays many employees are paid in cryptocurrency. However, it is important to stress that whether the users of Bitcoin prefer to make an additional transaction after selling a product, that is, to convert the crypto to fiat, is irrelevant to the validity of Bitcoin as a medium of exchange. First, there is no praxeological difference between the exchange of Bitcoin with fiat and the exchange of Bitcoin with other goods. If a seller prefers to convert Bitcoin into fiat currencies, it only means that he had decided to use Bitcoin as a medium of exchange to purchase the fiat currencies. Moreover, one should not ignore the fact that the main reason that sellers prefer to convert their cryptos back into fiat is due to government regulations (mainly taxation) and has nothing to do with the fundamental monetary properties of Bitcoin. 14. Bitcoin and economic calculations economists used the volatility problem and the last argument to claim that Bitcoin cannot be used for economic calculations. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the volatility of cryptocurrencies, particularly Bitcoin, and how external factors like government regulations influence their value. It states that the argument against Bitcoin is that it cannot be used for economic calculations due to its volatility, which directly opposes the assertion that cryptocurrency values are stable and unaffected by market changes.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: The detection of gases like methane on exoplanets is often seen as strong evidence of life. [SEP] Text: ASTM reserves the right to change such format upon three [3] months' notice to Licensee, although ASTM will make reasonable efforts to use commonly available formats. and the are responsible for obtaining at their expense suitable Internet connections, Web browsers, and licenses for any software necessary to view the ASTM Products. B. are also available in (PDF) format to Licensee and its Authorized Users, who are solely responsible for installing and configuring the appropriate Reader software. C. ASTM shall use reasonable efforts to make online access available on a continuous basis. Availability will be subject to periodic interruption and downtime for server maintenance, software installation or testing, loading new files, and reasons beyond the control of ASTM. ASTM does not guarantee access, and will not be liable for damages or refunds if the Product becomes unavailable temporarily, or if access becomes slow or incomplete due to system back-up procedures, Internet traffic volume, upgrades, overload of requests to servers, general network failures or delays, or any other cause that may from time to time make the Product unavailable for the Licensee or Licensee's Authorized Users. 7. Terms and Fees. A. The term of this Agreement is _____________ ("Subscription Period"). Access to the Product is for the only. will remain in effect thereafter for successive so long as annual subscription fees, as such may change from time to time, are paid. Licensee and/or ASTM have the right to terminate this Agreement at the end of a by written notice given at least 30 days in advance. B. Fees: 8. Verification. ASTM has the right to verify compliance with this Agreement, at its expense, and at any time during the course of normal business hours. To do so, ASTM will engage an independent consultant, subject to a confidentiality agreement, to review Licensee's use of ASTM Product and/or Documents. Licensee agrees to permit access to its information and computer systems for this purpose. Verification will take place upon no less than 15 days notice, during normal business hours and in a manner that does not interfere unreasonably with Licensee's operations. If verification reveals unlicensed or prohibited use of the ASTM Products or Documents, Licensee agrees to reimburse ASTM for the costs incurred in verification and reimburse ASTM for any unlicensed/prohibited uses. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses access to ASTM products, licensing agreements, and the obligations of the licensee, without any mention of exoplanets, methane, or evidence of life.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Electric vehicles (EVs) can reduce reliance on oil-based fuels. [SEP] Text: Ultra-fast chargers and charge while-in-motion on the roadway are some solutions for offering reduced charging times. With current trends in reduced traffic congestion hours and improved charging times with ultra-fast chargers, the EVs promise not only an energy-efficient solution but also feasibility for large-scale adoption. Cost of EVs is another driving factor, but with time and an increasing supply chain system, the costs may tend to decrease. And with fossil fuel running out, alternatives to EVs would be limited to fuel cell-based vehicles. Some biofuel-fueled vehicles may offer alternate solutions but will heavily rely on the production of such biofuels on a large scale. For instance, ethanol-blended gasoline is a practical solution to slow down gasoline consumption, but large-scale availability depends on agricultural infrastructure. The existing research was mainly focused on improving electric motor designs, traction electrification, and present needs for 100% electrification (Haghani et al. , 2023). Some researchers have established the benefits of EVs in reducing emissions and proposed a solution for rising fuel prices (Ahmad et al. , 2022); whereas, many authors have found no clear advantages of EVs when comparing the emissions from EVs with ICE vehicles (Albrechtowicz, 2023). Moreover, the energy mix of a country determines how much emission reduction is possible by EVs (García & Casals, 2024). Grid overloading with increased energy demand from EVs requires investments in both decarbonization and the ability to manage intermittent loading (García & Casals, 2024). The government’s support in improving the charging infrastructure is crucial while technological innovations continue to flourish. However, the preparation of utility companies and governing bodies in 100% transition to electric is in the developmental stages. Additionally, EV technology innovation has been a researched topic from equipment, battery, electric motor, and so on perspectives. However, there is no significant research that established forecasting based on available data resources for commercially available electric vehicles. The scientific aim of the work is to establish a model to calculate energy demand and capacity of charging infrastructure required by each state. This paper delves into quantifying values of additional required energy generation and the capacity of charging infrastructure to allow both utility and government bodies to start a transition plan before the energy crisis is at its peak. The paper begins with modeling the average requirement of power for supporting an EV for residential buildings. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing solutions like ultra-fast chargers and the feasibility of large-scale EV adoption. It highlights the promise of EVs as an energy-efficient alternative, particularly in the context of fossil fuels running out, suggesting that as supplies diminish, the reliance on alternatives is limited. It also mentions the benefits of EVs in reducing emissions and proposes solutions for rising fuel prices, which further supports the idea that EVs can help reduce reliance on oil-based fuels.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: The value of all cryptocurrencies is stable and unaffected by market changes. [SEP] Text: Since economic calculations are essential to any modern economy [16], it is futile, according to them, to replace the current fiat currency with Bitcoin. However, economic calculations can be made with any commodity. When a businessman has four bottles of wines, and he needs to choose between two production alternatives: one alternative that will eventually yield three additional bottles and a second one that will eventually yield five bottles, he will choose the latter. The same thing applies to Bitcoin. Crypto traders already practice this kind of economic calculations using Bitcoin. However, volatility is indeed a problem (mainly in intra-temporal calculations, i. e. , interest rates), which prevents wide adoption. Nevertheless, as was explained above, the volatility gradually declines, and it is one of the infancy problems of Bitcoin, and it is not a fundamental one. 15. Bitcoin and the division of labor Division of labor cannot exist in a nonmonetary economy. The presence of money drives people to specialize and increases their productivity beyond their personal needs. They can trade the surplus of their production in order to pursue higher gratifications (for the analysis of production in the presence of specialization, see Ref. [26]). Therefore, any adoption of Bitcoin as a medium of exchange should be accompanied by an upgrade of the division of labor. Is there any evidence for this? The problem is that it is almost impossible to attribute scientifically a specific improvement in the division of labor to a specific cause. However, it is clear that if a person prefers using Bitcoin than other currency, then he must have found it useful and more efficient for him. Therefore, this individual can spend the surplus time in further specialization. Consequently, in a free market, any unregulated usage of Bitcoin (or anything else for that matter) is a circumstantial evidence for upgrading the division of labor. 16. Bitcoin and property rights Property rights are subtle issues. There is a fundamental claim that intangible objects, like digital assets or ideas, cannot be owned. The claim is based on the presumption that property rights and private ownership are essential to manage scarce resources in the real world. Thus, according to this view, only scarce resources (like, land, houses, gold, etc. ) can be owned, while resources that are not scarce (like, ideas, patents, text, digital pictures, etc. ) and that can be easily reproduced cannot be owned [27]. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the volatility of Bitcoin and indicating that it is a problem that affects its adoption. Specifically, it mentions that volatility is indeed an issue and highlights that this volatility can prevent the wide adoption of Bitcoin. The text notes that while volatility is seen as one of the infancy problems of Bitcoin, it does not imply that the value of cryptocurrencies is stable or unaffected by market changes.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: The detection of gases like methane on exoplanets is often seen as strong evidence of life. [SEP] Text: By invoking this procedure, ASTM does not waive any of its rights to enforce this Agreement or to protect its intellectual property by any other means permitted by law. Licensee acknowledges and agrees that ASTM may imbed certain identifying or tracking information in the ASTM Products available on the Portal. 9. Passwords:Licensee must immediately notify ASTM of any known or suspected unauthorized use(s) of its password(s), or any known or suspected breach of security, including the loss, theft unauthorized disclosure of such password or any unauthorized access to or use of the ASTM Product. Licensee is solely responsible for maintaining the confidentiality of its password(s) and for ensuring the authorized access and use of the ASTM Product. Personal accounts/passwords may not be shared. 10. Disclaimer of Warranty: Unless specified in this Agreement, all express or implied conditions, representations and warranties, including any implied warranty of merchantability, fitness for a particular purpose or non-infringement are disclaimed, except to the extent that these disclaimers are held to be legally invalid. 11. Limitation of Liability: To the extent not prohibited by law, in no event will ASTM be liable for any loss, damage, lost data or for special, indirect, consequential or punitive damages, however caused regardless of the theory of liability, arising out of or related to the use of the ASTM Product or downloading of the ASTM Documents. In no event will ASTM's liability exceed the amount paid by Licensee under this License Agreement. 12. General. A. Termination:is effective until terminated. Licensee may terminate this Agreement at any time by destroying all copies (hard, digital or in any media)of the ASTM Documents and terminating all access to the ASTM Product. B. Governing Law, Venue, and Jurisdiction:shall be interpreted and construed in accordance with the laws of the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania. Licensee agrees to submit to jurisdiction and venue in the state and federal courts of Pennsylvania for any dispute which may arise under this Agreement. Licensee also agrees to waive any claim of immunity it may possess. C. Integration:is the entire agreement between Licensee and ASTM relating to its subject matter. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses legal and procedural aspects of an agreement related to ASTM products without mentioning anything about gases, exoplanets, or life detection. Therefore, it does not support or contradict the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Electric vehicles (EVs) can reduce reliance on oil-based fuels. [SEP] Text: And, it then analyzes the detailed vehicle profile for both public and privately owned automobiles, buses, trucks, and motorcycles to predict the total number of EVs by 2052. Thus, determining the annual energy production required to meet the increased EV demand load. Effects of reduced traffic congestion and improvement in EV energy consumption from improving technology or other factors were factored into the modified model to obtain energy demand. This 13. 5 K miles yearly; energy demand was calculated based on typical energy consumed by an EV per mile. To develop a holistic model, as presented in Fig. 1, to power the EV car from solar PV, capacity of required solar PV system was calculated using (SAM). For homeowners, roof-top mounted solar panels let them go off-grid to meet EV charging demands. To power an EV in Randallstown, Maryland, an average energy of 3373 kWh per year is required. Using the the required size of the roof-top PV system is 2. 8 kW for individual house owners. A total of 7 × 400W panels occupying a 159 sq feet rooftop will generate nearly 3838 kWh yearly (Fig. 2). Fig. 2Home energy management systemFull size imageSince solar irradiance values vary depending on location, similar calculations can be performed to obtain PV system size in kW at any given location. For residential applications, (120/240)V Solar PV Feeders may be tied to service entrance point directly from AC side of the Inverter. However, a battery storage system added to store the energy allows prolonged usage time periods. For commercial (277/480)V systems, a similar methodology becomes viable. The design criterion is governed by local buildings, and electrical codes and standards. For example, the Code and Code are examples of some of the applicable codes and standards; whereas means, methods, and workmanship are defined per the standard technical specifications per owners’ requirements such as Division 26 (Electrical). For commercial applications similar modeling would significantly reduce the dependence on grid power for meeting EV charging demand. Many applications for solar PV systems include integrating with microgrids to facilitate captive power generation and thus provide the ability to go on or off the grid. Deployment of energy management systems as depicted in Fig. 2-3 allows microgrids to stay cost-effective, resilient, and sustainable (Lan et al. , 2021). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing how electric vehicles (EVs) can be powered by solar energy systems, thus reducing the need for oil-based fuels. It outlines the energy requirements for EVs and mentions how solar PV systems can be used to meet these demands, indicating that a shift to EVs could lead to decreased reliance on traditional fossil fuels, especially when integrated with microgrids and energy management systems.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: The value of all cryptocurrencies is stable and unaffected by market changes. [SEP] Text: Bitcoin is a chimera, in that regard, since it is both digital, that is, intangible, and scarce. In fact, the essence of the blockchain technology is the creation of scarce digital assets. That is, the blockchain creates artificial scarcity. Therefore, despite the complex philosophical issue, I believe there is a consensus that Bitcoins can be owned, and property rights can and should be applied to it. There is a claim, however, that Bitcoin advocates ignore traditional property rights, contracts, and traditional legal systems, which were developed and refined for millennia [12]. It is true that currently, it is easier to evade law enforcement using cryptocurrencies than using most bank transactions. The facts that there is nothing tangible in the Bitcoin network and that digital transactions can take place without the regulated banking system complicate law enforcement. However, on the one hand, it can be regarded as a technical difficulty, which may be solved using artificial intelligence technologies, and on the other hand, one may argue that these properties of the Bitcoin network only strengthen property rights, because they prevent government confiscation of private property (private money). Not only aren’t crypto networks against contracts, but also smart contracts are an integral part of these networks. The most well-known is the Ethereum network, but there are many more cryptocurrencies with this property (like Neo, EOS, Cardano, etc. ), and even the Bitcoin network can support smart contracts (Mastercoin, Rootstock, Particl, etc. ). Therefore, the blockchain technology eliminates the need for (external) law enforcement in some cases, because the contracts are enforced within the blockchain itself. In general, cryptocurrencies strengthen private property and property rights. They do not weaken them. 17. Bitcoin and crime Some politicians and economists believe that Bitcoin and other cryptocurrencies have no value to society since most of their users are outlaws and criminals [28]. For one thing, one has to make a distinction between the different cryptocurrencies. Most of the criminal activity was transferred from the Bitcoin network to the more private cryptos (such as Monero, Zcash, Verge, etc. ) since transactions in the Bitcoin network can be traced. Moreover, most of the illegal trade that takes place on the Internet belongs to the category of victimless crimes (like drugs, gambling, and tax evasion), whose prohibition is disputed. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the volatile nature of Bitcoin and cryptocurrencies in general. It indicates that Bitcoin is subject to market dynamics, as evidenced by the statement that it is easier to evade law enforcement using cryptocurrencies and that there is a sophisticated relationship between crime and cryptocurrency use. This implies that the value and trust in cryptocurrencies are influenced by external market conditions, undermining the assertion that their value is stable.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: The detection of gases like methane on exoplanets is often seen as strong evidence of life. [SEP] Text: Policy: ASTM International prohibits the entry of ASTM standards and related ASTM intellectual property (“”) into any form of (AI) tools, such as ChatGPT. Additionally, creating ----derivatives of using AI is also prohibited without express written permission from ASTM’s President. In the case of such use, ASTM will suspend a licensee’s access to and further legal action will be considered. Meetings & | Meetings & & & Standards and Papers & STPs Manuals, Monographs, & of ® (SOP) (TMA) and & & & & and ASTM What is and to to News and & -11. 02 Committee D19 $ 76. 00 In stock and Use 5. 1 This test method covers the determination of the dissolved gases methane, ethane, ethylene, and propane in drinking, waste, and ground waters, including domestic wells; whether naturally occurring or resulting from commercial activities, dissolved gases can be hazardous both to the environment and humans. Due to increased scrutiny of dissolved gases, developing a valid method for the testing of dissolved gases in water has become more imperative. Static headspace sampling is generally applicable for sampling these compounds. However, as these compounds are extremely volatile, a closed sampling system is recommended. This test method can be used for quantitatively determining dissolved gases in ground, waste, and drinking waters. 5. 2 This test method is suitable for analysis of domestic drinking water samples from residential and commercial water supply wells prior to oil and gas exploration activities to form a baseline for monitoring potential impacts during exploration; development, including hydraulic fracturing; operation; closure; and reclamation of nearby oil and gas production and injection wells. Scope 1. 1 This test method covers the determination of the dissolved gases methane, ethane, ethylene, and propane in drinking, waste, and ground waters, including domestic wells whether naturally occurring or resulting from commercial activities, or both. This test method has an analytical range from 10 µg/L to 11 000 µg/L for methane, and 10 µg/L to 5000 µg/L for ethane, ethylene, and propane. If a sample has a dissolved gas concentration above the calibration range, the sample would require dilution. Other analytical ranges may be used as long as the instrument calibration encompasses the desired range and demonstrates adequate linearity. 1. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses policies related to ASTM standards and methods for determining dissolved gases like methane in water sources, without addressing the detection of gases on exoplanets or any implications regarding the existence of life.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Electric vehicles (EVs) can reduce reliance on oil-based fuels. [SEP] Text: $$ (3) 3 offers up to 29 kWh per 100 miles, and BMW 3 Series up to 36 miles per gallon. Using GGE, the EV 3 performed 3. 2 times better than 3 Series. Even after comparing with other commercially available passenger ICE engine cars with EV cars, EV cars offered better fuel economy or lower energy consumption. Safety and costPer the US Department of Defense, EVs are considered safer than ICE based on their ability to catch fire (Office of the of Defense for Acquisition & Sustainment, 2023). Additionally, most light-duty EVs were cheaper when comparing the total cost of ownership (Office of the of Defense for Acquisition & Sustainment, 2023). GHG emissionsThe life cycle analysis indicates EVs emit significantly lower carbon emissions than ICE (Kelly et al. , 2020). Shortcomings of EVsMany concerns with EVs include limited battery size, greater charging time, battery life, and charging infrastructure issues. To improve the charging infrastructure, one of the simple solutions is for house owners to install level 1 chargers at their home. However, for buses and trucks, a plan is required to install a mixture of level 2 and 3 chargers that can offer charging while they park overnight or within a few hours with fast chargers. Based on the frequency of charging required for a trip, it is advisable to have fast chargers readily available, at least at all existing gasoline stations. A roadmap on the size of EV charging infrastructure required for charging automobiles, buses, trucks, and motorcycles is shown in Fig. 16. Given EV drivers must return to charging stations frequently for charging due to limited battery size, and thus spend three to four times as much they spend for refueling ICE, many retail gasoline stations must plan for adding DC fast chargers (level 3) at least three to four times the existing number of gasoline or diesel dispensers. This is based on an average time spent by a driver as 10 min for ICE refueling and 30–40 min spent for EV charging. Electric vehicles act as a huge source of stored energy, and with evolving technologies in smart charging with bi-directional power flow options, it is possible to harness this potential and improve grid resilience to power outages. With EV ownership, there will be increased power consumption; thus, power generation companies must prepare for increasing their power generation by renewable energy resources. There are several studies published that document diminishing fossil fuels and present the need for transitioning to renewable energy. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing how electric vehicles (EVs) offer better fuel economy and significantly lower carbon emissions compared to internal combustion engine (ICE) vehicles. It highlights that as fossil fuels diminish, there is a need to transition to renewable energy, which aligns with the understanding that using EVs reduces dependence on oil-based fuels.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: The value of all cryptocurrencies is stable and unaffected by market changes. [SEP] Text: In any case, the illegal activities that take place on the network only emphasize the fact that the crypto networks are valuable for at least some of the people, and in a market economy, when a commodity is valuable for some of the people, then it is valuable to the entire economy. 18. Bitcoin and egalitarianism There is a claim that a Bitcoin-based economy would increase wealth inequality. This argument is based on the fact that most of the Bitcoin wealth is concentrated in a minuscule amount of Bitcoin addresses [29]. But clearly, wallets and addresses are not persons. Almost every user holds several wallets, and a wallet can and does generate multiple addresses mainly for privacy reasons. This argument suffers from an additional fallacy: the distribution of money in a population does not determine the distribution of wealth. Quite the contrary, the distribution of wealth determines the distribution of money. In a free economy, people are paid for creating wealth. economy has a higher resemblance to a free economy than our current fiat economy, it seems that in a Bitcoin-based economy, the money distribution will be fairer than the current one. 19. The value of is a claim that Bitcoin is worthless, because it answers no real need and solves no real problem. This claim can easily be refuted. Bitcoin is a global, decentralized, highly liquid, and pseudo-anonymous asset. Therefore, in any transaction, which requires all these properties, the benefits of using Bitcoin over other currencies are clear. Moreover, that is exactly the reason that most people do not appreciate these properties. First, most people are unaware of the damage caused by centralized monetary systems. Second, only rarely do they perform international financial transactions in large volumes. Third, most people are against anonymous transactions. However, the benefits of Bitcoin are widely recognized in the following cases: (1) Where the centralized monetary system completely collapses (e. g. , Venezuela and Zimbabwe). (2) Where the government confiscates its own citizen’s assets (e. g. , Cyprus and Saudi Arabia). (3) Among populations, which are excluded from the financial and banking systems (e. g. , bankrupted citizens and minors). (4) Among outcasted populations (e. g. , drug users and gamblers). (5) Among people who are keener on their privacy (e. g. , tax evaders and porn users). (6) Among frequent travelers/flyers. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the value of Bitcoin and the impact of market conditions on its perceived worth. It highlights that Bitcoin is recognized as a valuable asset in circumstances where centralized monetary systems fail or when citizens' assets are threatened by governments. The mention of Bitcoin's value in such volatile situations signifies that its value is indeed affected by market changes, thereby refuting the claim that cryptocurrency values are stable.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: The detection of gases like methane on exoplanets is often seen as strong evidence of life. [SEP] Text: 2 This test method is applicable to samples collected at a nominal ambient pressure. Samples collected under high pressures, that is, above ambient pressure, may not be accurately analyzed using this method. 1. 3 This test method is applicable to a variety of dissolved gases; however, for the present standard, only methane, ethane, ethylene, and propane were validated. In order to validate for a gas not listed in this method, the analyst would need to establish the saturation concentration of the new gas, and establish a valid curve, method detection limits, and demonstration of capability following the procedures outlined in this method. 1. 4 It is the analyst’s responsibility to ensure the validity of this test method for dissolved gases other than methane, ethane, ethylene, and propane and other sample matrices. 1. 5 Units—The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard. 1. 6 A single laboratory study was done in order to establish precision and bias for the surrogate (see Section 16). 1. 7 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. 1. 8 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee. Version D8028-17R24 Active D8028-17 is a Redline? Why Redline? × A PDF redline is a quick and easy way to compare all of the changes between the current, active standard and the previous version. With a redline you'll immediately see: additions deletions and other changes between the two standards. and Trouble! With a Redline you no longer have to spend time trying to determine what has changed in the new standard! Redlines save you time and ensure you see what the changes are to the standard. you select the "Standard + Redline" option you get both documents! Best of all, the cost of a Standard + Redline is only slightly more than buying the by itself. Soon! Price: Add to & and Handling × Domestic orders are delivered via Service (UPS) or (USPS). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses a test method for analyzing dissolved gases, including methane, without mentioning its significance in the detection of life on exoplanets. There is no connection made to astrobiology or the implications of methane detection in relation to life.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Electric vehicles (EVs) can reduce reliance on oil-based fuels. [SEP] Text: However, this research is based on a past number of vehicle data available from FHWA and energy usage of EVs per DOE. Thus, analyzing these data and the results presented were intended to prepare generation companies to start planning for rising demands from EV transition, as EV transition is pressing in the transportation sector. With projected figures for generation required, each state can prepare to start developing guidelines and plans for both EV purchases and Solar PV systems installation. Additionally, generation companies are required to use the untapped potential of renewable energy to meet the rising energy demand. Optimization of the performance of EVs by 2052Alter modern roadway transportation patternTransportation is focused on the reduction of costs, improving safety, and ensuring surplus supply. For most passengers, commute is mainly governed by cost and safety factors. The occurrence of accidents is mainly attributed to vehicle speed, weather conditions, congestion, and a number of vehicles on the road (Retallack & Ostendorf, 2019). Drivers’ safety is proven to improve when vehicle speed and number of vehicles are controlled. The majority of trucks are purposed for the transportation of goods. Buses are mainly for public transportation and often fall into factors that make them safe and cost-effective. For instance, in a large metro city such as City, the majority of public transportation is by subway trains and many other cities have bus services. With the presence of buses for public transportation consumers tend to refrain from using personal cars. This effect of how consumers behave with the presence of large-scale public transportation systems is a topic of research as it may result in decreased customers for automobiles. Implementing park-and-ride options, improving traffic light management, diversion of traffic by alternate routes, and public transportation systems are known methods in improving smoother traffic movement. Some methods, such as engaging a coordinated drive among all semi-autonomous EVs on the road, ensure driver safety and reduce travel times. For instance, entire road transportation systems become one integrated system where all vehicles know their relative position, and so does the traffic light management system. Modeling a transportation system wherein the majority of consumers rely on public transportation systems promises reduced consumption of EVs, thereby reducing energy consumption and, thus, demand. So, a modern transportation system must goal towards energy efficiency by growing means of sharing the resources. Studies have shown that buses and trains can reduce GHG emissions by two-thirds times per capita (Welle et al. , 2023). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the transition to electric vehicles (EVs) in the transportation sector, emphasizing the need for generation companies to prepare for rising demands due to the EV transition. It mentions that a modern transportation system must strive for energy efficiency, implying that the use of EVs and renewable energy can lead to lower reliance on oil-based fuels, as evidenced by the reference to studies showing reduced GHG emissions and the optimization of transportation systems.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: The value of all cryptocurrencies is stable and unaffected by market changes. [SEP] Text: In general, it is clear that the Bitcoin technology has a clear value wherever censorship-resistance is required. Money is one example, social media is another (e. g. , ). As was mentioned above, in a market economy, when an asset is valuable to some people, then it is valuable to the entire economy. Consequently, people who do not belong to any of these populations can still regard Bitcoin as a safe haven for their money. However, the fact that Bitcoin is valuable only increases the mystery as for the origin of its value. In the previous sections, we have presented the problems in arguments, which claim that Bitcoin should be worthless. Before we present the last argument, which will lead us to the origin of the Bitcoin’s value, it is instructive to discuss incorrect explanations, from which we will learn what cannot explain the origin of the value of Bitcoin. 20. Backed by energy It is repeatedly mentioned by crypto advocates that Bitcoin is backed by proof-of-work, or, that it is backed by energy or by the mining’s electricity. In particular, such an explanation was used by John McAfee to justify his prediction of the Bitcoin price at the end of 2020 [30]. The argument goes like that: currently, it costs several million dollars to mine 1800 BTC (the current daily yield). Within few decades, the mining rate will decrease substantially, while there is no reason to assume that the cost will decline (more plausible that it will rise). Therefore, one may conclude that because Bitcoin’s mining cost will rise, its price must rise as well. This is a very common error that is based on the classical economists’ theory of value—the labor theory of value. This theory, which was developed by Smith, Ricardo and their followers (including Marx), was based on the premises that the labor is the source of value. This theory helped them to explain the water-diamond paradox, namely, why the value of diamonds is higher than the value of water, while clearly water is much more useful than diamonds. The classical economists would reply that it costs more to mine and to shape diamonds than to pump water from a nearby well. The subjectivist schools of economics, in general, and the Austrian school, in particular, would strongly disagree. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the volatile nature of Bitcoin's value and how its price is influenced by various factors, including mining costs and market dynamics. It indicates that Bitcoin's value is subject to change, especially as costs associated with mining increase, suggesting that cryptocurrencies do not maintain stable value in the face of market changes.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: The detection of gases like methane on exoplanets is often seen as strong evidence of life. [SEP] Text: Transit times average 3 to 5 business days. Please be aware that UPS will not deliver packages to Boxes. . orders are delivered via courier post services which can be either a postal service, courier service, or a combination of both. is untraceable. Please allow 4-7 weeks for delivery. . Please be aware that carriers will not deliver packages to Boxes. Because of the variability of customs processes and procedures in different countries, ASTM International cannot guarantee transit times to international destinations. Customs duty and taxes are the responsibility of the consignee. Shipping & Handling charges follow the rate schedule, below: Shipping & Up to $50. 00 $18. 00 $50. 01 to $100. 00 $20. 00 $100. 01 to $150. 00 $28. 38 $150. 01 to $250. 00 $37. 59 $250. 01 to $500. 00 $54. 09 $500. 01 to $750. 00 $73. 48 $750. 01 to $1000. 00 $89. 57 $1000. 01 to $1500. 00 $116. 61 $1500. 01 to $2500. 00 $152. 29 $2500. 01 to $4999. 00 $201. 00 $5000. 00 to $higher $225. 00 Shipping and Handling charges are approximate. Additional charges may be incurred if your order requires multiple shipments. This does not apply to complete sets and sections. × -. By purchasing a subscription and clicking through this agreement, you are entering into a contract, and acknowledge that you have read this License Agreement, that you understand it and agree to be bound by its terms. If you do not agree to the terms of this License Agreement, promptly exit this page without entering the ASTM Product. 1. Ownership:is copyrighted, both as a compilation and as individual standards, 2. Definitions. A. Types of Licensees: (i) Individual User:a single unique computer, with an individual IP address; (ii) Single-Site:one geographic location or to multiple sites within one city that are part of a single organization unit administered centrally; for example, different campuses of the same university within the same city administered centrally. (iii) Multi-Site:an organization or company with independently administered multiple locations within one city; or an organization or company located in more than one city, state or country, with central administration for all locations. B. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses shipping and handling policies, and subscription agreements, which do not relate to the detection of gases on exoplanets or their implications for life.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Electric vehicles (EVs) can reduce reliance on oil-based fuels. [SEP] Text: Ensuring smooth traffic flow by solving traffic congestion problems further improves fuel economy (Fig. 17). Fig. 17Improved traffic managementFull size imageImprovement of efficiency by traffic pattern improvementWith current infrastructure in place between FY2009 to FY2019 per FHWA, a reduction of average of 0. 57 h was observed for urban areas (US Department of Highway Administration, 2024). So, from 2022 to 2052, with existing strategies in place, a drop to 1. 81 h is possible. Total urban area in the US comprises of 3% of land area and 80. 7% population (Staff, 2017). So, the energy demand may be adjusted to account for this; whereas with a modified model for obtaining energy demand for EVs, the mentioned congestion hours would approach zero as there is the likelihood of least traffic congestion. However, the modified model accounted for EV improving energy consumption (kWh/mile) based on EPA data published data on fuel economy for EVs. Effects of fuel economy based on improved traffic congestion were not considered in the modified model. Evolving EV technologyThe battery EVs are evolving every year, and the efficiency of both power train and lithium-ion batteries has improved over the last decade. The overall conversion of available battery power in an EV to rotational motion is 90%. And with the missing piston movement of a traditional ICE vehicle, EVs promise improved dynamics on the road. Li-ion battery efficiency depends on charge current, state of charge, and temperature. From 2022 to 2052, with improved vehicles launched by several manufacturers, an energy consumption efficiency of 39% is possible. So, the energy demand was adjusted to account for this in the modified model. Obtaining improvement in energy consumption by EVPer the US Department of Economy (Fuel Economy, 2024), the electric cars available in US market from 2000 to 2024 are depicted in Fig. 18 for amount of their energy consumption (in kWh/mile). Figure 19 shows energy consumption (in kWh/mile) profile for EVs available in the year 2024. Figure 20 provides with average kWh/mile each year. Fig. 18Vehicle energy consumption (kWh/mile) profile 2000 to 2024 (Fuel Economy, 2024)Full size imageFig. 19Vehicle energy consumption (kWh/mile) profile 2024 (Fuel Economy, 2024)Full size imageFig. 20Average energy consumption (kWh/mile) 2000 to 2024Full size imageAnnual energy generation of 38. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the energy consumption efficiency of electric vehicles (EVs) and how improved dynamics and reduced traffic congestion can lead to decreased energy demand. It indicates that as EV technology evolves, there is potential for lower energy consumption and better efficiency which aligns with the idea that EVs can lessen the reliance on traditional oil-based fuels.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: The value of all cryptocurrencies is stable and unaffected by market changes. [SEP] Text: Bohm-Bawerk, the well-known economist, would argue that it may be very costly to prepare a mud pie, nevertheless, the mud pie is still worthless. economists would argue that the classical economists made it all wrong. It is the price of the product that determines its cost and not the vice-versa. That is, if a producer evaluates that he can sell a product for 1000$, he will be willing to pay production costs, which are lower than 1000$. Clearly, the competition enforces the producer to lower the product’s price until it is close to the product’s cost. However, had he not known that he could sell the product at a price higher than the cost he would not have produced it. The same thing applies to any product, and mining is not an exception. As long as the market price of gold is higher than the cost of mining, then mining will continue, otherwise, the miners would stop the mining process. That is, the market cost of gold (approximately 1200$/ounce today) determines the maximum cost of mining. In the case of Bitcoin, the mining process cannot stop. In fact, since every 10 min a new block is added to the blockchain, then the algorithm keeps adjusting the mining difficulty to maintain a constant rate of block production. Therefore, the algorithm makes sure that the mining cost would remain below the market price so that mining would never stop. 21. Too costly to mine A similar reasoning appears in a different argument against Bitcoin: the Bitcoin mining costs are extremely high, and even now, its electricity consumption is equal to that of a small country (like Ireland). Within several years, the costs would be gigantic, and it would be unprofitable to mine additional coins. Again, this is a complete misunderstanding of the mining process. As was explained above, unlike gold mining, there is no given external cost for mining Bitcoin. The causality between cost and prices works in the opposite direction—Bitcoin prices determine the cost of mining. Therefore, at any given time, the users of the Bitcoin network are the ones who determine the amount of money they are willing to invest in the network security. That is, first, the mining cost cannot increase beyond the amount the users are willing to pay, and second, the electricity cost is not a wasted investment; it is a measure of the network security. The more people trust the Bitcoin network, the more they are willing to invest in it. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by explaining how the cost of mining Bitcoin is influenced by market prices, suggesting that fluctuations in market demand affect mining profitability. It argues that Bitcoin prices determine mining costs, which means that if the market price fluctuates, it directly impacts the feasibility of mining, thereby illustrating that the value of cryptocurrencies is not stable and is indeed affected by market changes.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: The detection of gases like methane on exoplanets is often seen as strong evidence of life. [SEP] Text: Authorized Users:any individual who has subscribed to this Product; if a Site License, also includes registered students, faculty or staff member, or employee of the Licensee, at the Single or Multiple Site. 3. Limited License. ASTM grants Licensee a limited, revocable, nonexclusive, non-transferable license to access, by means of one or more authorized IP addresses, and according to the terms of this Agreement, to make the uses permitted and described below, each ASTM Product to which Licensee has subscribed. A. Specific Licenses: (i) Individual User: (a) the right to browse, search, retrieve, display and view the Product; (b) the right to download, store or print single copies of individual Documents, or portions of such Documents, solely for Licensee's own use. That is, Licensee may access and download an electronic file of a Document (or portion of a Document) for temporary storage on one computer for purposes of viewing, and/or printing one copy of a Document for individual use. Neither the electronic file nor the single hard copy print may be reproduced in anyway. In addition, the electronic file may not be distributed elsewhere over computer networks or otherwise. That is, the electronic file cannot be emailed, downloaded to disk, copied to another hard drive or otherwise shared. The single hard copy print may only be distributed to others for their internal use within your organization; it may not be copied. The individual Document downloaded may not otherwise be sold or resold, rented, leased, lent or sub-licensed. (ii) Single-Site and Multi-Site Licenses: (a) the right to browse, search, retrieve, display and view the Product; (b) the right to download, store or print single copies of individual Documents, or portions of such Documents for the Authorized User's personal use, and to share such copies with other of Licensee within Licensee's computer network; (c) if an educational institution, Licensee is permitted to provide a hard copy of individual Documents to individual students (Authorized Users) in a class at Licensee's location; (d) the right to display, download and distribute hard copies of Documents for training or groups of Authorized Users. (e) Licensee will undertake all necessary authentication and verification processes to ensure only can access the ASTM Product. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses licensing and access rights for ASTM Products without any mention of gas detection, exoplanets, or evidence of life.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Electric vehicles (EVs) can reduce reliance on oil-based fuels. [SEP] Text: 15 M GWh by each state converts to 4355 GW of generation capacity, and 15. 06 M GWh to 1719 GW. Each state’s required capacity charging infrastructure was calculated by assuming a 90% efficiency through either Level 1/2/3 type charger at rated power in kW. Figure 14 shows when energy consumption is 38. 15 M GWh and Fig. 24 shows when energy consumption is 15. 06 M GWh. The existing installed capacity of electric charging infrastructure was accounted per EVAdoption (EVAdoption, 2021). Considering the 2014 to 2024 period, the average energy consumption per mile for cars will increase up to 0. 53 kWh/mile in 2052 as per Fig. 21 projections. However, when EVs from one manufacturer (Tesla Motors) were considered, it was observed that kWh/mile reduced from 0. 298 kWh/mile to 0. 061 kWh/mile during the same duration from 2014 to 2024, as seen in Fig. 22. Hence, the forecast from Fig. 21 was discarded. Whether the technology has the potential to reduce the energy consumption per mile to the extent seen in Fig. 22 is questionable, given there will be operational challenges with the optimization of electric motors and batteries. However, an educated judgment allows the author to utilize the year 2038 values (0. 18 kWh/mile) until the end of 2052 for the modified model. When this 0. 18 kWh/mile in 2052 compares with the average of 0. 298 kWh/mile in 2024, a 39. 47% improvement is observed. With this 39. 47% improvement between 2024 and 2052 in EV fuel efficiency, an educated judgment is to apply this to the entire automobile industry, given they have similar EV principles of operation. Additionally, the vehicles were assumed to operate at the same energy consumption per mile during any trip, irrespective of city or highway. Fig. 21Average energy consumption (kWh/mile) projection by 2052Full size imageFig. 22Average energy consumption (kWh/mile) projection by 2052Full size imageModified model and resultsFactoring improvements because of improved EV technology and thus improved energy consumption (kWh/mile) and improved transportation pattern, Fig. 23 shows a modified model for obtaining energy required and hence required generation. Improvements because of modified transportation patterns were not accounted for in the modified model. Fig. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text supports the claim by indicating that electric vehicles (EVs) have improved energy efficiency, with a forecasted 39.47% improvement in fuel efficiency from 2024 to 2052. This reduction in energy consumption per mile suggests that EVs could lessen the reliance on oil-based fuels as their effectiveness in energy use becomes more pronounced, emphasizing the potential of EV technology to reduce overall fuel consumption.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: The value of all cryptocurrencies is stable and unaffected by market changes. [SEP] Text: Consequently, the Bitcoin price increases, and so does, as a byproduct, the mining cost, which measures the network computation power. That is, the more secure the network is, the more trustworthy it becomes in practice via the price mechanism. This is a positive feedback, which strengthens the network. However, there is a limit to the cost of security, which people are willing to pay in any financial transaction. This limit determines the mining cost. It is interesting that a similar argument was put against the gold standard. Followers of the monetary school of economics argued that unlike fiat money, gold mining is a waste of useful resources, which can be directed to other useful industrial sectors. The answer of the Austrian school was that it is a small price to pay to prevent the government from inflating the amount of money [31]. economists have a nice analogy: why so many resources are invested in steel locks? Wouldn’t it be smarter had we replaced them with paper locks and allocate the steel to better uses? This is clearly a rhetorical question. Security is a costly business. We pay for security and safety. This is an important point. In a stationary economy, or, in the Austrian school terminology, the Economy (ERE), the future is already known, and there are neither surprises nor risks. Consequently, there is no need for money. In the ERE, money has no function. People need money only in states of uncertainty. Money helps relieve the sense of uncertainty. However, counterfeiting is a source of concern. Fiat money is susceptible to the whims of the government. Governments can (and do) inflate the money supply indefinitely. The supply of gold, on the other hand, is regulated by the market, since gold counterfeiting is extremely difficult. Only when the market price exceeds the mining cost, new gold is generated by mining. The same reasoning applies to Bitcoin. However, there are some very important differences: as was explained above, it is more difficult to counterfeit Bitcoin than gold, let alone fiat currency. Moreover, the ability to counterfeit fiat currency and gold is independent of their value. Therefore, as their value rises, additional counterfeiting attempts are made. The opposite is true for Bitcoin. The difficulty to attack the Bitcoin network is proportional to the Hash power of the Bitcoin mining; however, the cost of this power is proportional to the price of Bitcoin (since most of the Bitcoins have already been mined). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by explaining that the price of Bitcoin increases, which affects mining costs and security. It indicates that the value of Bitcoin is influenced by market factors, as it states, 'the more secure the network is, the more trustworthy it becomes in practice via the price mechanism.' This demonstrates that the value of cryptocurrencies is not stable and can change due to market dynamics, countering the claim's assertion.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: The detection of gases like methane on exoplanets is often seen as strong evidence of life. [SEP] Text: (f) Licensee will provide ASTM with a list of authorized IP (numeric IP domain addresses) addresses and, if Multi-Site, a list of authorized sites. B. Prohibited Uses. (i) describes all permitted uses. Any other use is prohibited, is a violation of this Agreement and can result in immediate termination of this License. (ii) User may not make this Product, or Documents, available to anyone other than another Authorized User, whether by Internet link, or by permitting access through his or her terminal or computer; or by other similar or dissimilar means or arrangements. (iii) Specifically, no one is authorized to transmit, copy, or distribute any Document in any manner or for any purpose except as described in Section 3 of this License, without ASTM's prior express written permission. In particular, except as described in Section 3, no one may, without the prior express written permission of ASTM: (a) distribute or forward a copy (electronic or otherwise) of any 4. Detection of Prohibited Uses. A. Licensee is responsible for taking reasonable measures to prevent prohibited uses, and promptly notify ASTM of any infringements of copyright or prohibited use of which Licensee becomes aware. Licensee will cooperate with ASTM in investigating any such prohibited uses and will take reasonable steps to ensure the cessation of such activity and to prevent any reoccurrence. B. Licensee shall use all reasonable efforts to protect the Product from any use that is not permitted under this Agreement, and shall notify ASTM of any use of which it learns or is notified. 5. to Product. ASTM reserves the right to terminate this License, upon written notice, if Licensee materially breaches the terms of this Agreement. fails to pay ASTM any license or subscription fees when due, ASTM will provide the Licensee with a 30-day period within which to cure such breach. No cure period will be provided for material breaches relating to violations of Section 3 or any other breach likely to cause ASTM irreparable harm. If Licensee's subscription to an ASTM Product terminates, further access to the online database will be denied. or materially breach this License or make prohibited uses of material in any reserves the right to deny Licensee any access to the ASTM Product, in ASTM's sole discretion. 6. and Service. A. use standard Internet HTML format. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses licensing agreements and prohibited uses related to documents rather than any scientific evidence or discussion about the detection of gases like methane on exoplanets.