Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Nosema ceranae is a parasite that affects honeybee health. [SEP] Text: Our study is also limited by a general lack of information about 3′UTRs in microsporidian genes, including N. ceranae. Therefore empirical miRNA knock-down studies are required to verify the predicted target genes as well as the role of honey bee miRNAs on N. ceranae parasitism. Additionally, honey bee and parasite strains need to be considered in order to conclude more broadly whether these differentially expressed genes are general responses toward parasite infection or are specific host responses to N. ceranae15,16,17,18. For example, Nosema-resistant bee strains have been developed and may be insightful models to study the molecular mechanisms specific to Nosema resistance8. The honey bee strain used in this study is not from a known Nosema-resistant lineage. Therefore, the honey bee responses we have identified are likely to be general responses toward N. ceranae infection and may differ from the mechanisms within Nosema-resistant strains. This is the first study showing host miRNA responses toward microsproidian infections. Based on current data, it is unclear how N. ceranae infection leads to differentially expressed miRNAs. The key proteins that are important for the formation of small regulatory RNAs have also been reported from several protozoan parasites19,20,21. Fly gut defense against bacterial invasion depends in part on the RNAi component Aubergine22. In contrast, the fungus Botrytis cinerea, manipulates the host RNAi system to attack the host immune response, instead of suppressing its expression2. A previous study did not support that N. ceranae infection could suppress the expression level of honey bee RNAi genes8. The key genes that are involved in small regulatory RNA synthesis have been identified from the N. ceranae genome23. We hypothesize that the parasite might generate and secrete small regulatory RNAs into the cytoplasm to interfere with host miRNAs. Alternatively, small regulatory RNAs from the parasite might directly target honey bee genes, an excellent topic for future work. Materials and MethodsEthics statementThe apiaries for bee sample collection were maintained by the USDA-. No specific permits were required for the described studies. Studies involved the European honey bee (Apis mellifera), which is neither an endangered nor protected species. Infection and SamplingN. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is largely irrelevant to the claim about Nosema ceranae affecting honeybee health. While it discusses aspects of research related to N. ceranae and honeybees, such as the roles of miRNAs and variations among bee strains, it does not directly affirm or refute the claim regarding N. ceranae's status as a parasite affecting honeybee health. Instead, it focuses on the need for further studies and the genetic response of bees to parasitism, which does not confirm the impact of N. ceranae on honeybee health.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Socioeconomic status can impact access to education and healthcare. [SEP] Text: In this respect, controversially, one could argue for the status quo (an excess of women, those with good academic performance, and those of a higher socioeconomic status), as male sex, lower social class, and poor academic performance have been reported to be associated with subsequent professional disciplinary action. 37 38 However, research from the suggests that students drawn from minority populations enrich the teaching environment of a medical school39 and may be more likely to practice in areas underserved by healthcare facilities. 40 In addition, patient satisfaction with their doctor may be increased in cases where they share the same ethnicity41 or sex42 and, although research is lacking, this finding could potentially extend to other sociodemographic characteristics. Also, the issue of social equity and fair opportunities for all applicants of comparable ability cannot be overlooked, and the present findings suggest that the robust use of the UKCAT is a potential tool for dealing with such disadvantage. In summary, our findings suggest that placing an increased weight on an applicant’s UKCAT performance significantly reduces the disadvantage faced by most candidates from under-represented groups when seeking an offer of a place from a medical school. These benefits do not always seem to translate into proportions of entrants from ethnic minority groups; candidate choice and academic performance are likely to be important mediating factors between offer and acceptance and these are factors over which universities will have minimum influence. Nevertheless, medical schools have a duty to act in as fair a way as possible during the admissions process, and the UKCAT seems to be a tool that has the potential to produce a more level playing field for many of those seeking access to the medical profession. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the impact of socioeconomic status on various educational and healthcare dynamics. It states that lower social class can be associated with disadvantage in professional environments and mentions the need for fair opportunities for all applicants, implying that socioeconomic factors influence access to education. Furthermore, it points to research about under-represented groups facing disadvantages in medical school admissions, which relates directly to access to education, and asserts that medical schools have a duty to act fairly to mitigate the effects of socioeconomic status on admissions.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: All patients respond equally well to regenerative therapies. [SEP] Text: of Nephrology and : 2771-1889 10. 33696/nephrology. 1. 004 to the BNT162b2 m-19 Vaccine? Fernando Carrera1,*, Joana Costa1, Luciano Pereira2, Marco Marques3, Belarmino Spencer1, Francisco Ferrer1 123Affidea Laboratory, Lisbon, Portugal + Affiliations - Affiliations *Dr. Fernando Carrera, fernando. carrera@davita. com Received Date: August 04, 2021 Accepted Date: August 17, 2021. to the BNT162b2 m-19 Vaccine? . Ren Stud. 2021;1(1):21-27. Copyright © 2021 Carrera F, et al. This is an open-access 91. 7% of patients. Among patients there was a significant negative correlation between anti-S levels and age after both, the first dose (R= -0. 176, p=0. 01) and the second dose (R= -0. 193, p=0. 005); there was also a significant negative correlation between anti-S and Index adjusted for age after both, the first dose (R= -0. 150, p=0. 028) and the second dose (R= -0. 163, p=0. 018). Finally, a negative correlation between anti-S and Index was found after the first dose (R= -0. 140, p=0. 04). No correlations were found with dialysis vintage, Kt/V, or diabetes. Conclusions: Following vaccination, patients had a significantly lower anti-S response than healthcare workers. Age, Index and Index negatively impacted the humoral response. However, with more than 91% response we believe that vaccination can be recommended strongly in the hemodialysis population. January 2020, the Organization (WHO) classified COVID-19 to be a Emergency of and declared it a pandemic on March 11, 2020 [1]. Over one hundred and eighty-five million people have been infected by SARS-CoV-2 and roughly four million have died worldwide so far [2]. In addition, the economic and social impact of the pandemic has been extensive [3,4]. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by indicating that different factors, such as age, negatively impact the humoral response in patients. It mentions significant negative correlations between anti-S levels and age, suggesting that not all patients respond equally well, particularly in the context of vaccination responses.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Nosema ceranae is a parasite that affects honeybee health. [SEP] Text: We define significantly differentially expressed miRNAs as those with both a fold-change of expression >2 and p value < 0. 05. Annotated 3’UTR of honey bee protein coding genes were used for miRNA target prediction using Miranda package with an energy threshold of 2026. We then used the protein sequences of predicted target genes to retrieve GO terms using Blast2GO software27. Biological pathways were retrieved from KEGG database by screening the predicted target genes. association between miRNAs and their target genes at the expression level were analyzed by WGCNA package28. Original small RNA sequencing data have been uploaded to NCBI bio-project PRJNA282511. MicroRNA data verification with RT-qPCRThe same total RNA that was used to construct the sequencing library was used to synthesis cDNA with mikit (). The reverse transcription reaction setup is revised from the factorial instruction by increasing the input total RNA to 1000 ng. The primers for miRNA were designed based on the mature sequence and master mix () was used for RT-qPCR reaction according to factory instruction. We randomly selected 5 miRNAs (ame-miR-12, ame-miR-315, ame-miR-317, ame-miR-31a, ame-miR34) for RT-qPCR assays. The amplification efficiency for each miRNA primer was calculated with qpcR package29. Ame-miR-12 is used as reference to calculate the relative expression level of the other four miRNAs. The correlation of their expression levels between sequencing data and RT-qPCR data was calculated by SPSS package for data validation. Additional InformationHow to cite this 10. 1038/srep17494 (2015). 10. 1038/Nrg1379 (2004). 10. 1126/science. 1239705 (2013). 10. 3390/V5092282 (2013). 10. 1051/Apido/2009046 (2010). 10. 1002/Arch. 20362 (2010). 10. 1038/Nrg2290 (2008). 10. 1371/journal. pone. 0062589 (2013). Dussaubat, C. et al. and Responses to the ceranae in the Apis mellifera. PloS One 7, 10. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim regarding Nosema ceranae. Instead, it focuses on the methodology of analyzing miRNAs in honeybees and does not provide any information about the effect of Nosema ceranae or its relationship to honeybee health.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Socioeconomic status can impact access to education and healthcare. [SEP] Text: What is already known on this topicThe introduction of the UK clinical aptitude test (UKCAT) was part of an initiative to broaden the demography of medical school entrantsUKCAT scores are modestly correlated with A level attainment, and performance is associated with white ethnicity, professional or managerial background, independent or grammar school education, and male sexIt is unknown whether the UKCAT has tackled the relative disadvantage of certain socioeconomic groups when applying to UK medical schools and how this impact might vary according to the use of the test in the admissions processWhat this study addsBeing from an under-represented socioeconomic group was not a major disadvantage for candidates applying to medical schools that used UKCAT as a threshold, after controlling for academic attainment and UKCAT score; this was not so for applications to universities using the test more weaklyStronger use of the test (threshold score) was associated with increased proportions of males, possibly state school students, and those from low socioeconomic status backgrounds entering medical schoolWeaker use of the test (borderline cases, weighted factor) was associated with higher proportions of entrants with relatively low academic attainment and English as a second languageNotesCite this as: BMJ 2012;344:e1805FootnotesWe thank (chair of the UKCAT consortium and reader in medical education) for advice on data analysis and interpretation; (chief operating officer for the UKCAT consortium); (fellow, Brasenose College, Oxford University) for assistance with data abstraction; and (statistician, the Institute) for providing supplementary statistical advice in relation to the project. Contributors: PAT led on conception, design, statistical analysis, and interpretation of data, and is the guarantor of the paper. JCMcL contributed to the study conception design, literature review, drafting, revising the 2. 0/ and Widening access by changing the criteria for selecting medical students. Educ2007;23:1235-45. OpenUrlCrossRefWeb of Science↵McLachlan JC. Outreach is better than selection for increasing diversity. Med Educ2005;39:873-5. OpenUrl↵Mathers J, Parry J. Why are there so few working-class applicants to medical schools? Learning from the success stories. Med Educ2009;43:219-28. of Science↵Schwartz S. Fair admissions to higher education: recommendations for good practice. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing how the UK clinical aptitude test (UKCAT) was introduced to broaden the demographic of medical school entrants, indicating that socioeconomic factors such as professional or managerial background can influence educational access. Furthermore, it highlights that being from an under-represented socioeconomic group did not majorly disadvantage candidates applying to certain schools, but stronger use of the test was associated with increased representation from low socioeconomic backgrounds. This implies a connection between socioeconomic status and access to educational opportunities in medical schools.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: All patients respond equally well to regenerative therapies. [SEP] Text: Vaccination safety Acute reactions after 30 minutes of each vaccine dose: No participants had any acute reaction and all left the clinic after vaccination without event. Local (injection-site) reactions within 7 days after each dose: Mild pain was the most commonly reported local reaction among patients (31% after the first dose and 38% after the second dose) as well as among healthcare workers (63% after the first dose and 11. 6% after the second dose). In both cases this resolved within 1 to 2 days without requiring medication. Systemic reactions within 7 days after each dose: Systemic reactions were reported more often by healthcare workers than by patients; in both groups, they were more prevalent after the second dose. Headache (8. 4% in patients and 26% in healthcare workers), mild muscle pain (12. 6% in patients and 39. 1% in healthcare workers) and fatigue (8. 4% in patients and 34. 5% in healthcare workers) were the most commonly reported events (Figure 1). Serious adverse events: None of the patients reported lymphadenopathy along the study period but 8 healthcare workers (1 male and 7 females) reported ipsilateral axillary lymphadenopathy: one female 8 days after the first dose and the others after the second dose. In 2 females it lasted for 3 weeks; in the others it resolved within 1 week. Lymphadenopathy, is likely to have resulted from a robust vaccine-elicited immune response [9]. One patient, 82 years old with Index of 10, died suddenly at home, eight days after the second dose. This fatality was not considered to be related to vaccination. Two other patients missed the antibody tests 21 days after the second dose because they were hospitalized for reasons unrelated to vaccination. They remained RT-PCR negative for SARS-CoV-2. Vaccination efficacy One patient, arrived for the regular dialysis session on day 21st after the first dose, with fever and mild respiratory symptoms. A nasopharyngeal swab was RT-PCR positive for SARS-CoV-2. The second dose of vaccine was not administered and the patient was dialyzed in a dedicated room for SARS-CoV-2 positive patients. That day, blood tests for anti-N and anti-S were negative, meaning that the patient had not responded to the first dose of vaccine. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by stating that one patient did not respond to the first dose of the vaccine, indicating that not all patients respond equally well. The case described demonstrates variability in patient responses, highlighting that some patients may not achieve the intended immune response from the vaccine.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Nosema ceranae is a parasite that affects honeybee health. [SEP] Text: It comprises the microcontinent of Madagascar and several archipelagoes: the (La Réunion, Mauritius, and Rodrigues islands), the (Mahé, Praslin, main islands) and the (Grande Comore, Mohéli, Anjouan and Mayotte islands). These islands differ by their environmental conditions and apicultural practices. On most islands, honeybee genotypes belong to the native A-lineage, with variable rates of hybridization with European lineages following the introduction of allochthonous queens or hives38. The prevalence of V. ceranae also varies. While one tenth of Malagasy colonies are carriers of the parasite, V. ceranae prevalence is very high in the small islands (79. 6 to 100%)39. As outgroups, we aimed to include A. mellifera isolates from continental Africa and Europe, as well as isolates from other Apis host species in Thailand. Here, we assessed the haplotype frequencies by the high throughput sequencing of 42 coding and non-coding regions within V. ceranae genome in single honeybee isolates, avoiding the multicopy rDNA region. We demonstrated that the haplotype frequency distribution enabled the detection of parasite population structure. To our knowledge, it is the first population study depicting such a fine geographically structured populations of a microsporidian parasite. Figure 1Map of the (SWIO) showing the studied islands. Color-codes indicate the grouping of isolates throughout the forthcoming figures and tables. Full size imageResultsA. mellifera individuals were collected in the SWIO and in continental Africa and screened for the presence of Vairimorpha spores (Table S1). Except two individuals from one colony in Senegal, no spores were detected in continental Africa. In contrast, spores were commonly found in honeybees in the SWIO, all identified as V. ceranae. Twenty-eight honeybee isolates from different hives were eventually selected in the SWIO, representing the different geographic areas (Table 1). archipelago was divided into two areas: La Réunion on one side, Mauritius and Rodrigues on the other, corresponding to known contrasted apicultural regions38. The honeybees had been genotyped by Techer et al. 38. Most were from the A lineage, including one from its sublineage Z. Six individuals were from C lineage and one from M lineage. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text discusses the prevalence of V. ceranae in different geographical regions but does not directly address the claim about Nosema ceranae being a parasite affecting honeybee health. It focuses on the distribution of the parasite in honeybee populations and mentions V. ceranae without providing specific insights into its effects on honeybee health.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Socioeconomic status can impact access to education and healthcare. [SEP] Text: The demography of medical schools: a discussion document. BMA, 2004. ↵. The standardised admission ratio for measuring widening participation in medical schools: analysis of medical school admissions by ethnicity, socioeconomic status, and sex. BMJ2004;328:1545-6. ↵Multi-Stata for Windows [program]. Version 12. Stata, 2011. ↵. Widening access to medical education for under-represented socioeconomic groups: population based cross sectional analysis of UK data, 2002-6. BMJ2011;342:539. OpenUrlCrossRefWeb of Science↵Hoare A, Johnston R. Widening participation through admissions policy—a British case study of school and university performance. Educ2011;36:21-41. OpenUrlCrossRefWeb of Science↵Office for National Statistics. Statistics socio-economic classification (NS-SEC). 2011. www. ons. gov. uk/ons/guide-method/classifications/current-standard-classifications/soc2010/soc2010-volume-3-ns-sec--rebased-on-soc2010--user-manual/index. html. ↵. Sensitivity analysis for non-random dropout: a local influence approach. Biometrics2001;57:7-14. of Science↵. Medical school applicants from ethnic minority groups: identifying if and when they are disadvantaged. BMJ1995;310:496-500. OpenUrlAbstract/↵Collier J, Burke A. Racial and sexual discrimination in the selection of students for London medical schools. Med Educ1986;20:86-90. OpenUrlPubMedWeb of Science↵Commission for Racial Equality. Report of a formal investigation into St George’s School. Commission for Racial Equality, 1988. ↵McManus IC. Factors affecting likelihood of applicants being offered a place in medical schools in the in 1996 and 1997: retrospective study. BMJ1998;317:1111-6. OpenUrlAbstract/↵of Physicians. Women and medicine: the future—summary of findings from of Physicians research. RCP, 2009. ↵McKinstry B. Are there too many female medical graduates? Yes. BMJ2008;336:748. ↵. Career choices of medical graduates of 1999 and 2000: questionnaire surveys. BMJ2003;326:194-5. ↵. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing various analyses and reports related to medical school admissions that explicitly mention the roles of socioeconomic status and ethnicity in accessing education. For example, it references analyses of admissions by 'socioeconomic status' and highlights studies focused on 'widening access to medical education for under-represented socioeconomic groups,' directly supporting the idea that socioeconomic status influences educational access.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: All patients respond equally well to regenerative therapies. [SEP] Text: He did not need hospitalization and recovered completely. No other participant became infected with SARS-CoV-2 along the study period. IgG anti-N response All participants considered to be without previous infection remained negative for anti-N throughout the study, except for one patient who become positive for anti-N 21 days after the second vaccine dose. He had no symptoms of SARS-CoV-2 infection and had been anti-N negative 21 days after the first vaccine dose. It is presumed that he contracted SARS-CoV-2 infection via asymptomatic spread in the period between the two anti-N tests. All patients considered to have had previous infection had positive anti-N in both determinations except for one patient with previous symptomatic and RT-PCR positive SARS-CoV-2 infection who was anti-N negative 21 days after both the first and second vaccine doses. He was anti-S positive after both doses. There were no statistically significant differences between the levels of antibody anti-N after the first and second doses in all participants, when the groups with or without previous SARS-CoV-2 infection were analyzed separately. IgG anti-S response One of the primary end points was to evaluate how participants responded to vaccination through anti-S levels and the factors which may have influenced the magnitude of the responses. Patients and healthcare workers anti-S response to each dose of vaccination are presented in Table 2. Anti-S level (relative light units) No. and % 1st dose 2nd dose 1st dose 2nd dose (range) Median (range) N (%) N (%) With previous SARS-CoV-2 12 567. 3 (1. 3-3029. 2) 768. 9 (22. 2-3983. 7) p=0. 01 12 (100%) 12 (100%) Without previous SARS-CoV-2 204 0. 5 (0. 5-17. 9) 34. 2 (0. 5-487. 5) p<0. 001 73 (35. 8%) 187 (91. 7%) Age ≤55 33 0. 5 (1. 0-10. 8) 69. 9 (0. 5-295. 8) p<0. 001 19 (57. 6%) 32 (97. 0%) Age >55-65 34 0. 5 (0. 5-9. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by providing evidence that different groups of patients had varying responses to vaccination. Specifically, it details how patients with previous SARS-CoV-2 infection had significantly different anti-S levels compared to those without prior infection. This indicates that patient responses to regenerative therapies (in this context, the vaccination) are not uniform and depend on prior health conditions.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Nosema ceranae is a parasite that affects honeybee health. [SEP] Text: infected honeybees were chosen as a geographical outgroup. One isolate from A. cerana and one from A. dorsata were chosen as a host outgroup. Table 1 Honeybees studied in the present work. Full size tableThe major haplotypes represented 96% of the detected readsForty-two primer pairs were selected to amplify V. ceranae coding and non-coding regions, including microsatellites (Table S2). All markers were amplified by PCR but amplification was less efficient for several markers of the MAD26. 1 isolate. The 052A amplification products showed two bands on electropherograms. Sequencing showed that these amplicons mapped on two loci on V. ceranae genome and the marker was kept for analysis. sequencing, the data provided by the subcontractor showed essentially mismatching paired reads, denoting wrong pairing. Thus, the two ends of each amplicon were treated separately as independent markers. The 0386AR marker (in EnP1B gene) was not exploitable due to large of a repeated motif31 that exceeded the reads length. As a consequence, 83 markers were considered and a total of 636 haplotypes were obtained following filtering (Table S3). One marker (001DR) as well as the clonal control did not show any variation in any isolate, validating the polymorphism in other markers. The distribution of frequencies of the 636 haplotypes in the 33 isolates (28 in the SWIO and 5 for outgroups) showed numerous values with low frequencies (Fig. 2). We considered haplotypes with a frequency higher than 0. 12 in at least one isolate as “major haplotypes”, and other haplotype, with a frequency higher than 0. 01 in one isolate but always lower than 0. 12, as “rare haplotypes”. The high numbers of frequencies close to one represented highly dominant haplotypes. Interestingly, the frequency distribution also showed peaks at 0. 25, 0. 5 and 0. 75. Figure 2Distribution of haplotype frequencies, showing the number of values with a frequency from 0. 01 to 1, with increasing intervals of 0,01 (n = 10,942 values). Haplotypes whose frequency was below and above 12% were classified as “rare” (yellow) or “major” (blue), respectively. Peaks at frequency close to 0. 25, 0. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not provide information that directly supports or contradicts the claim about Nosema ceranae affecting honeybee health. It discusses PCR amplification and sequencing of genetic markers, as well as haplotype frequency distributions, without specifically mentioning the impact of Nosema ceranae as a parasite on honeybee health or providing any biological context about the parasite itself.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Socioeconomic status can impact access to education and healthcare. [SEP] Text: Fair access to medicine? Retrospective analysis of UK medical schools application data 2009-2012 using three measures of socioeconomic status 12. Data were analysed for all 32,964 UK-domiciled applicants aged <20 years to 22 non-graduate medical schools requiring applicants to sit the Test (UKCAT). Rates of applicants and accepted offers were compared using three measures of SES: (1) Postcode-assigned Index of score (IMD); (2) School type; (3) Parental occupation measured by the Classification (NS-SEC). ResultsThere is a marked social gradient of applicants and applicants with accepted offers with, depending on UK country of residence, 19. 7–34. 5 % of applicants living in the most affluent tenth of postcodes vs 1. 8–5. 7 % in the least affluent tenth. However, the majority of applicants in all postcodes had parents in the highest SES occupational group (NS-SEC1). Applicants resident in the most deprived postcodes, with parents from lower SES occupational groups (NS-SEC4/5) and attending non-selective state schools were less likely to obtain an accepted offer of a place at medical school further steepening the observed social gradient. Medical schools varied significantly in the percentage of individuals from NS-SEC 4/5 applying (2. 3 %–8. 4 %) and gaining an accepted offer (1. 2 %–7. 7 %). ConclusionRegardless of the measure, those from less affluent backgrounds are less likely to apply and less likely to gain an accepted offer to study medicine. Postcode-based measures such as IMD may be misleading, but individual measures like NS-SEC can be gamed by applicants. The previously unreported variation between UK countries and between medical schools warrants further investigation as it implies solutions are available but inconsistently applied. reports BackgroundOver 100 years ago Flexner wrote ‘We have no right… to set up standards which will close the profession to “poor boys” [1]’. However, medicine in the UK remains dominated by those from more affluent backgrounds, and policy and professional stakeholders internationally identify widening participation as a significant issue facing the medical profession [2–7]. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by providing evidence that individuals from less affluent backgrounds are less likely to apply for and gain accepted offers to medical school. It highlights a 'marked social gradient' where applicants from affluent areas significantly outnumber those from deprived areas, thereby demonstrating that socioeconomic status influences access to education in the medical field, indicating broader implications for healthcare access.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: All patients respond equally well to regenerative therapies. [SEP] Text: 5) 54. 8 (0. 5-210. 7) p<0. 001 11 (32. 4%) 29 (85. 3%) Age >65-75 61 0. 6 (0. 5-17. 9) 39. 1 (0. 8-487. 5) p<0. 001 25 (41. 0%) 59 (96. 7%) Age >75 76 0. 5 (0. 5-11. 8) 23. 2 (0. 5-148. 9) p<0. 001 18 (23. 7%) 67 (88. 2%) BMI ≥30 41 0. 5 (0. 5-8. 3) 17. 8 (0. 5-138. 0) p<0. 001 10 (24. 4%) 38 (92. 7%) With previous SARS-CoV-2 5 166. 9 (20. 2-210. 5) 194. 2 (90. 2-245. 6) p=0. 08 5 (100%) 5 (100%) Without previous SARS-CoV-2 41 9. 3 (0. 5-79. 2) 146. 3 (18. 0-647. 3) p<0. 001 38 (97. 0%) 41 (100%) Age ≤55 26 14. 0 (0. 6-79. 2) 163. 4 (33. 5-647. 3) P<0. 001 25 (96. 2%) 25 (100%) Age >55 15 6 (0. 5-31. 9) 121. 1 (18-579. 2) P<0. 001 13 (86. 7%) 13 (100%) BMI ≥30 7 7. 2 (0. 6-19. 8) 116. 4 (33. 5-366) P=0. 018 6 (85. 7%) 7 (100%) Abbreviation: BMI: Index. Table 2: Vaccine efficacy: anti-S levels according to Age and Index. Influence of age Among patients there was a significant negative correlation between anti-S levels and age after both the first dose (R= -0. 176, p=0. 01) and the second dose (R= -0. 193, p=0. 005). Among healthcare workers there was also a significant negative correlation between anti-S levels and age after the first dose (R= -0. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text presents statistical data showing variations in response rates based on factors such as age and body mass index (BMI), indicating that not all patients respond equally well to regenerative therapies. For example, it details significant differences in anti-S levels across various age groups with negative correlations, suggesting variability in patient responses.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Nosema ceranae is a parasite that affects honeybee health. [SEP] Text: 5 and 0. 75 are indicated by stars. Full size imageThree hundred and five haplotypes were considered as major haplotypes. They represented 95. 7% of the reads. These included 86 haplotypes whose frequency where higher than 0. 12 in all the isolates, representing 60. 1% of the reads (Fig. 3). The 331 rare haplotypes represented only 4. 3% of the reads. Twenty-four major haplotypes were specific to one isolate, always A. dorsata, denoting the distance of that isolate. Among rare haplotypes, 115 were specific to one isolate, including 100 that were specific to one honeybee in the SWIO, i. e. they were present in only one SWIO isolate. Nine out of the 28 SWIO isolates carried at least one specific haplotype. Interestingly the continental Malagasy honeybees carried most of the specific haplotypes: 32 for MAD26. 1 and 31 for MAD30. 2. MAD26. 1 was the most divergent SWIO isolate in term of presence or absence of haplotypes. Thirty-five other major or rare haplotypes where present in only one archipelago (mainly Madagascar) and 33 in the SWIO only. There was no clear differentiation of isolates or groups of isolates when considering only the presence or absence of haplotypes (Figure S1). This changed once considering their frequency. Figure 3Cumulated frequencies of the 636 haplotypes from 83 markers in isolates (a) and their distribution in selected categories (b). Since markers were independently studied, the cumulative frequency that equaled 1 for each marker reached 83 over the dataset. A haplotype was considered present with a frequency higher than 1% in one isolate and ubiquitous with a frequency higher than 1% in all isolates. Haplotypes with a frequency higher than 12% in at least one isolate were considered as “major”. Haplotypes with a frequency higher than 1% in at least one isolate but never higher than 12% were considered as “rare”. If rare haplotypes were numerous (b), their cumulated frequency was low (a). Ubiquitous major haplotypes appear in blue, including those that are frequent in all isolates (dark blue). Shared major haplotypes, defined as present in at least two groups, appear in green. Isolate-specific major haplotypes are in purple. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text discusses haplotypes and isolates related to honeybees and does not mention Nosema ceranae or its impact on honeybee health. Therefore, it is considered irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Socioeconomic status can impact access to education and healthcare. [SEP] Text: Widening participation has been defined as ‘ensuring that students from disadvantaged backgrounds can access higher education, get the support they need to succeed in their studies, and progress to further study and/or employment suited to their qualifications and potential’ [8]. Recruitment from disadvantaged groups is not a problem confined to UK medical schools. In the USA, there is a persistent decline in applicants and matriculants from the Black and male population along with a recognised need for continued work in recruitment from under-represented ethnic and racial groups [9]. In Australia, recruitment to undergraduate medical degrees from indigenous populations is increasing but remains low [10]. In the UK, female and ethnic minority groups are now well represented in medicine, but those from a lower socio-economic status remain under-represented (SES). In 2012, the Commission reported that within the UK, the proportion of medical students from private schools was not changing, that the responses from professional bodies regarding widening participation (WP) were poor and ultimately concluded that “medicine has made far too little progress” [11]. The most common argument for widening participation is on the grounds of social justice and the wider desirability of improving social mobility. Other benefits may include the development of a more diverse workforce providing better care for the whole population. The evidence for this is mostly from the USA, where for example, physicians from ethnic minority groups are more likely to work in underserved communities and with patients of the same ethnicity [12, 13]. Studying in a more diverse medical school also has positive effects on students’ attitudes towards diversity related issues and may increase preparedness to care for minority groups within society [14, 15]. In Scotland, general practitioners from less affluent backgrounds have been shown to be more likely to work in practices serving the most deprived communities [16]. Research from the USA also suggests that students from lower income groups may be more likely to pursue family medicine, which is a priority in many countries, including the UK where the government has proposed that 50 % of foundation year trainees should enter GP speciality training [17] in order to allow health services to effectively manage the growing number of older people with multimorbidity [18]. Despite the policy focus, it remains unclear how best to measure whether the social mix of medical students according to SES is changing as the result of widening participation activity. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by providing multiple examples of how socioeconomic status (SES) affects access to education and healthcare. It discusses 'widening participation' efforts aimed at ensuring students from disadvantaged backgrounds can access higher education, which implicitly links socioeconomic status with educational access. It highlights issues of under-representation in medical schools for those from lower socioeconomic backgrounds, the need for recruitment from disadvantaged groups, and mentions that general practitioners from less affluent backgrounds are more likely to work in deprived communities. This all supports the idea that SES impacts access to education and healthcare.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: All patients respond equally well to regenerative therapies. [SEP] Text: 357, p=0. 015) but not after the second dose (R= -0284, p=0. 056). Healthcare workers always reached higher levels of anti-S in comparison with patients. Other correlations Among patients there was also a significant negative correlation between anti-S and Index adjusted for age after both the first dose (R= -0. 150, p= 0. 028) and the second dose (R= -0. 163, p=0. 018). Finally, a negative correlation between anti-S and Index was found after the first dose (R= -0. 140, p= 0. 04) (Table 3). Logistic regression of variables associated with being reactive after the 1st vaccine dose OR (Odds ratio) P value Age (per 1 year) 0. 970 0. 008 Index age-adjusted 0. 894 0. 015 Index 0. 938 0. 044 Table 3: Patients without previous SARS-CoV-2 infection. No correlations were found with dialysis vintage, Kt/V, diabetes, treatment with ACEi or ARB, or smoking. patients and other immunocompromised individuals were excluded from all phase 3 SARS-CoV-2 vaccine trials and, when our study began, there was no published study of the effects of vaccination in ICHD patients. We therefore decided to use the same criteria for safety and efficacy in our study as used by the vaccine manufacturer in its phase 3 study [9] in an attempt to identify possible differences between hemodialysis patients and the general population [10,11]. These differences may be aggravated by immunosenescence associated with ageing [12,13], as ICHD patients in this setting tend to be of older age. From the experience of vaccination for hepatitis B in hemodialysis patients it is known that higher and more frequent doses are needed than in the general population [14]. Is this also true with SARS-CoV-2 vaccination? All (100%) of our patients with previous SARS-CoV-2 infection had an anti-S response after the first vaccine dose, but only 35. 8% of patients without previous infection responded to the first dose. After both doses of vaccine, 91. 7% of all patients had responded compared to 100% of healthcare workers. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by illustrating that there are significant differences in vaccine response rates among patients. For instance, it states that 'only 35.8% of patients without previous infection responded to the first dose,' compared to '100% of all patients with previous SARS-CoV-2 infection.' This indicates that not all patients respond equally well, as different factors such as previous infection status impact their response.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Nosema ceranae is a parasite that affects honeybee health. [SEP] Text: Pairwise distances between isolates were calculated using the frequency data, showing lower distances within geographic groups and within SWIO isolates than between SWIO isolates and outgroups (data not shown). To visualize how the haplotype frequencies organized the parasite populations, principal component analyses (PCAs) were also performed. All parasite populations from honeybees collected in the SWIO, except MAD26. 1, and the one from Switzerland formed a distinct population compared to the outgroups (Fig. 4a). As the outgroups affected the distribution, PCAs were performed on SWIO isolates only, showing geographic groups (Fig. 4b). All the Reunion isolates were grouped together with the Swiss isolate. and Rodrigues islands isolates also formed a distinct group. The other SWIO isolates, except three, formed a group that could itself be separated between two Seychellois isolates, the Comoros isolates and the Malagasy isolates. isolate was close to the Reunion/Swiss group and the Mayotte isolate was located midway. The MAD26 isolate was clearly a single separated isolate, demonstrating its divergence from the other parasite populations. Figure 4Principal component analyses (PCAs) of the N. ceranae haplotypes frequencies in A. mellifera isolates from the (SWIO). Honeybees were sampled in La Réunion (blue), Mauritius and Rodrigues (green), the Comoros archipelago (orange), the Seychelles archipelago (pink) and Madagascar (red). Outgroup from Europe (grey) and from A. ceranae and A. dorsata in Thailand (black) were included. For details on the isolates, see Table 1. (a) PCA of all the 636 haplotypes, whatever their frequency, representing 83 coding and non-coding genetic markers from the 7 considered groups. The three first components represented 52. 7% of the variance. (b) PCA (53. 7% of the variance represented) of the 636 haplotypes from the SWIO isolates, i. e. without the outgroups. (c) PCA (53. 7% of the variance) of the 305 major haplotypes from the SWIO isolates. (d) PCA (57. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not provide direct information about Nosema ceranae as a parasite nor its impact on honeybee health. It primarily discusses the genetic analysis of various isolates without explicitly linking to the effects of the parasite on honeybee health.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Socioeconomic status can impact access to education and healthcare. [SEP] Text: The most common measures used in the UK rely on postcode assigned SES such as the Index of (IMD, a small area measure of SES routinely used in UK health services research as a proxy for individual SES) or on school type (selective or not, state vs. independent/fee paying) which are relatively easy to measure. These are area or institutional variables and so subject to ecological fallacy when applied to individuals. They are also not comparable across the UK, since IMD measurement is country specific [19, 20], and the four UK countries (England, Northern Ireland, Scotland, Wales) have different schooling systems which vary both in the proportion of children attending independent schools and the degree of selection in the state system. Individual measures, such as parental Socio-of occupation (NS-SEC) and assessment of household income avoid the problems of area-based measures, but would be complex to measure on a large scale and are more open to gaming by applicants if explicitly used in selection. The aim of this study is to examine how UK secondary school leaver applicants to medical school and those with an ‘accepted offer’ of a place vary by SES using two measures in widespread use (postcode-assigned IMD score and school type) and one individual measure (parental NS-SEC). MethodsDatasetApplicants to medical school in the UK apply through the Universities and System (UCAS) and most UK medical schools also require applicants to take one of two specific aptitude tests. Over the period examined, 25 (78 %) medical schools required applicants to sit the test (UKCAT). Linked UCAS and UKCAT data were used to examine the SES of applicants to, and those with an accepted offer from 22. PopulationData from three admission cycles were examined (2009–2010 to 2011–2012). An admission cycle crosses calendar years since an applicant sits the UKCAT and makes their UCAS application in one year for medical school entry in the next calendar year at the earliest. Widening participation in the UK is primarily framed in terms of the family and social-economic background of applicants. From this perspective, it is relatively difficult to account for graduate entrants, whose current individual SES based on any measure may or may not reflect their family background. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by detailing how socioeconomic status (SES) is measured in the context of UK education, particularly for applicants to medical school. It discusses the use of postcode-assigned SES and individual measures like parental occupation and household income to analyze how these factors influence access to education. The text indicates that widening participation in education is linked to the family and socioeconomic background of applicants, supporting the idea that SES impacts access.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: All patients respond equally well to regenerative therapies. [SEP] Text: Despite this lower response, the risk of hospitalization and mortality from COVID-19 infection in ICHD patients and the low rate of adverse reactions, suggest that all ICHD and the healthcare workers caring for them should be vaccinated. Our older ICHD patients appeared to respond less well to vaccination: in patients without previous SARS-CoV-2 infection, 90. 5% in those older than 75 years were reactive after two doses of vaccine to 97. 0% in those younger than 55 years. (Table 4). Probability of being reactive to the 1st first and 2nd dose (age = 55 and > 75 years) Reactive after 1st dose Reactive after 2nd dose Age ≤ 55 years (n=33) 14 (42. 4%) 19 (57. 6%) 1 (3. 0%) 32 (97. 0%) Age > 75 years (n=76) 58 (76. 3%) 18 (23. 7%) 7 (9. 5%) 67 (90. 5%) Table 4: Patients without previous SARS-CoV-2 infection. We found inverse associations between vaccine response and age, Index and Index. All of these are relevant in ICHD patients, who are predominantly of older age, have several comorbidities and have impaired exercise capacity, which can contribute to obesity. We did not include cellular immunity or neutralizing antibody (nAb) assays in our study. However, a recent study of the immune responses elicited by SARS-CoV-2 infection showed that anti-S IgG (which we did measure) correlates highly with nAb and its response can be used as a marker of neutralizing activity in individuals [15]. This seems likely also to be the case after vaccination. The main goals of this COVID-19 vaccination program were to reduce morbidity and mortality by reducing disease severity and hospitalization. However, we know that ICHD patients remain a high-risk population for SARS-CoV-2 subsequent infection with variants [16] and efforts to prevent it should be maintained. Further studies are needed to ascertain how long the protection from vaccination will last in this population group and guide timing of booster doses. Conflict of All authors have nothing to disclose. 1. Organization. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by indicating that older patients, specifically those over 75 years, respond less well to vaccination compared to younger patients. It states that 90.5% of older patients were reactive after vaccination compared to 97.0% of those younger than 55 years, demonstrating that not all patients respond equally well to the treatment. This disparity in vaccine response suggests variability in treatment effectiveness based on factors such as age.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Nosema ceranae is a parasite that affects honeybee health. [SEP] Text: 3% of the variance) of the 274 haplotypes, whatever their frequency, representing 43 coding markers from the SWIO isolates. (e) PCA (56. 1% of the variance) of the 362 haplotypes, whatever their frequency, representing 29 non-coding markers from the SWIO isolates. (f) PCA (68. 4% of the variance) of the 142 haplotypes, whatever their frequency, representing 11 microsatellites markers from the SWIO isolates. Full size imageAlthough clonal control did not show any sequence variation, some rare haplotypes may still be originated from amplification or sequencing errors36. In order to rule out any bias, the same analyses were performed removing all rare haplotypes (Fig. 4c). An almost identical distribution was observed, demonstrating that the structure of the parasite population is poorly affected by rare haplotypes. Thus, at this scale of deep multilocus sequencing, the artifactual or technical variations of the haplotypes that may have occurred did not change the observed structure. As coding and non-coding regions may be submitted to different evolutionary processes, PCAs were also performed separately on the coding markers (Fig. 4d), the non-coding markers (including microsatellites, Fig. 4e) and on microsatellites only (Fig. 4f). While the isolates distribution varied, groups were mostly maintained, showing that both coding and non-coding regions, including microsatellites only, allowed structuring populations. NJ clustering showed that all Reunion island and one Seychellois isolates were grouped together, as well as the isolates from Mauritius and Rodrigues and the isolates from Madagascar (Figure S3). The two other Seychellois isolates and the ones from Comoros formed a last group. When including the outgroups, the Malagasy group was included in a Madagascar-Comoros-Seychelles group. and the Reunion isolates were grouped together. The other outgroup isolates and MAD26. 1 form a group with long branches. Not considering the outgroups, and showed uncorrected p-values that were below 0. 05 between all the SWIO subgroups expect between Seychelles and Comoros and Seychelles and Madagascar for. However, differences were considered significant for Bonferroni-corrected p-values. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses the statistical analysis of haplotypes and the structural population of an unspecified parasite without any mention of Nosema ceranae or its effects on honeybee health.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Socioeconomic status can impact access to education and healthcare. [SEP] Text: This analysis is therefore of UK domiciled applicants aged 19 or under at the time of application, who applied to at least one of 22 medical schools (three graduate-entry schools were excluded). For all included applicants, data are available on whether the individual received an offer from each of the UKCAT medical schools they applied to, and whether they firmly accepted that offer. Measures of SESThree measures of SES were defined. First, the Index of (IMD) was calculated for the postcode of residence recorded in the UCAS application. IMD is a weighted score of a number of indicators of SES and ranks small areas in order of deprivation. IMD is not an individual measure of SES, since an affluent individual may live in a deprived area and vice versa. Each UK country has its own IMD measure, and although they are similar, there is variation in the indicators used, the weighting assigned to each indicator, the frequency of updating, and the size of the geography being measured (from ~750 residents in Scotland to ~2000 in Northern Ireland) [20]. IMD scores are therefore not strictly comparable across countries and the Office of recommends not using IMD as a UK wide measure [20], although IMD is often treated as such. For each country, small areas defined by postcode were ranked in ascending order of affluence, and categorised into centiles (equally sized hundredths) and deciles (equally sized tenths, where centile/decile 1 represents the least affluent group). Second, data from the UCAS application were used to define the school type an applicant attended. Like IMD, school type is a proxy rather than an individual measure of SES, but because it is routinely collected, it is also commonly used to examine participation. The state schooling systems in the four UK countries differ. In England, following the Regulations of 1975 many grammar schools were closed, but some English counties retain significant numbers of state-funded selective grammar schools, which have a higher percentage of students from more affluent backgrounds [21]. Selective schools are those which require potential students to sit an entrance examination with selection and admission to the school based on the individual’s performance. Scotland and Wales no longer have a selective grammar system. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing various measures of socioeconomic status (SES) and how they are used to analyze access to education in the context of medical school applications in the UK. It explains that the Index of Multiple Deprivation (IMD) and school type are key indicators of SES that influence which applicants receive offers from medical schools. This implies that lower SES can correlate with reduced access to educational opportunities in the medical field.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: All patients respond equally well to regenerative therapies. [SEP] Text: 00 Add to cart ISBN: 978-981-4630-66-5 (ebook) Checkout Description10. 1142/9789814630658_fmatterAbstractPDF/following sections are included: 1: Cells: or a Source of Dilemmas? Audrey R. ChapmanPages:1–20 sections are included: IntroductioniPSCs as a Substitute for hand OversightPluripotent into Totipotent Cells: The Re-emergence of the Embryo IssueConclusion10. 1142/9789814630658_0002AbstractPDF/following sections are included: in Tissue RegenerationMSCs in Cell Co-TransplantationConclusion10. 1142/9789814630658_0003AbstractPDF/following sections are included: and IntegrationBackgroundParkinson's Disease (PD)Regenerative Therapy: Use of Stem CellsProtocolsfor TreatmentSafety in the Infusion of Stem CellsResultsConclusion10. 1142/9789814630658_0004AbstractPDF/following sections are included: History and EvolutionComposition of Fat TissueAdipose-Cells (ASC)Growth Factorsof Growth FactorsTechnique of GraftingTechnique of and Carcinogenicity of and ASCsConclusionConflict of Interest10. 1142/9789814630658_0005AbstractPDF/following sections are included: Approaches for Bone Reconstruction10. 1142/9789814630658_0006AbstractPDF/is the third cause of mortality worldwide and the leading cause of long-term disability in adults. However, there are no neuroprotective or neurorestorative therapies approved for ischemic stroke. Based on animal stroke models, cell therapy is a potentially new treatment for regaining neurological functions after stroke. Autologous bone marrow transplantation has demonstrated efficacy in acute stroke models through different mechanisms, such as attenuation of neuronal death, modulation of inflammatory response and stimulation of neuroplasticity and neoangiogenesis, mainly due to secretion of growth factors and cytokines. There is a scarcity of experience with bone marrow transplantation in stroke patients. We have performed a pilot phase I/II controlled clinical trial to evaluate the safety and feasibility of intra-arterial bone marrow mononuclear cell (BM-MNC) transplantation. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by demonstrating that there is a 'scarcity of experience with bone marrow transplantation in stroke patients,' suggesting that not all patients may respond equally well to regenerative therapies like autologous bone marrow transplantation. Furthermore, while the text mentions the efficacy of such treatment in models, it indicates variability in results and outcomes, which refutes the assertion that all patients have equal responses.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Nosema ceranae is a parasite that affects honeybee health. [SEP] Text: Significant difference was observed between La Réunion and Mauritius/Rodrigues (p = 0. 010), La Réunion and the Comoros archipelago (including Mayotte, p = 0. 002), La Réunion and Madagascar (p = 0. 030), Mauritius and the Comoros (p = 0. 027). Removing the divergent MAD26 isolate did not change the results. Similar results were also obtained excluding the rare haplotypes or using the coding or non-coding markers only. A supplementary significant difference was observed between the Comoros and Madagascar using the coding regions or the microsatellites only. To get into more details, fixation indices were calculated for every marker with and without the divergent MAD26. 1 isolate (Table S4). Except the invariable 001DR marker, all markers significantly differed within the whole populations (FST) and between groups (FSC) whereas significance varied with marker when comparing populations among groups (FCT). Altogether, these results confirmed the distribution depicted with PCAs and the geographical grouping. DiscussionThe present study allowed the differentiation on V. ceranae isolates based on the high throughput sequencing of numerous genomic loci. It demonstrated that allele or haplotype frequency, whatever their nucleotide diversity, can be used to study Vairimorpha population structure. The data explained, at least partly, why the former cloning-sequencinq approaches could not resolve sub-populations. The major haplotypes represented 95. 7% of the reads, including 86 haplotypes whose frequency where higher than 0. 12 in all the isolates. As many major haplotypes are present in most or all individuals, the sequencing of a limited number of haplotypes in one isolate cannot resolve any differentiation. For instance, single cloning procedure would most probably lead to the sequencing of one major allele, and lead to wrong topology assertions. Moreover, as most alleles were ubiquitous, no topology could be established based on their sequences alone. In accordance with the genome analysis of isolates performed by Peters et al. 36, the data confirmed that discrimination of V. ceranae sub-populations can be performed through multilocus and genome-wide analyses. In the present work, the coverage was much higher (several thousand reads per marker and per isolate) than in previous whole genome analyses35,36,40, possibly allowing finest differentiation. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not mention Nosema ceranae or its impact on honeybee health at all; thus, it is irrelevant to the claim being examined.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Socioeconomic status can impact access to education and healthcare. [SEP] Text: has attempted to move away from selective secondary schooling and no longer uses the ‘transfer test’ to determine secondary school entry at age 11 years, although most secondary schools continue to set their own entrance exam. Given the differences in interpretation of state school type between countries, and the public focus on independent vs. state schools when considering widening participation, we defined school type as independent (fee-paying) school, grammar school (selective entrance exam, state funded), or a non-selective state funded school (comprehensive, sixth form college, or further education college). In the UK as a whole, only 6. 5 % of children are educated in the independent sector [22]. Third, for each candidate we calculated parental Socio-(NS-SEC) based on applicant responses to the self-report questions used by the Office of (ONS) [23] undertaken during the UKCAT registration process. Applicants were allocated to one of five NS-SEC groups based on the highest NS-SEC of either parent. NS-SEC differs from the previous Classification of occupation. Firstly, it is not strictly linear. NS-SEC 1 (higher managerial, administrative and professional occupations) and NS-SEC 2 (intermediate occupations) can be considered higher SES and NS-SEC 4 (lower supervisory and technical occupations) and NS-SEC 5 (semi-routine and routine occupations) lower SES, but NS-SEC 3 (small employers and own account workers) is a distinct occupational group which is not ordered in the same way. Secondly when considering the most affluent group in both classification systems, NS-SEC 1 is a broader, numerically larger group than the previous social class 1, including both traditional professional occupations like medicine and law and modern professional occupations like nursing and teaching, as well as senior management. The proportion of the UK population in the five categories in 2011 was NS-SEC 1 41. 4 %, NS-SEC 2 12. 7 %, NS-SEC 3 9. 4 %, NS-SEC 4 6. 9 % and NS-SEC 5 25. 2 % [24]. Unlike IMD and school type, NS-SEC is an individual measure of SES, but completion of the NS-SEC questions during registration is voluntary so this information is not available for all applicants with approximately 10 % of data missing for school-leaver applicants in the period examined. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing socioeconomic status (SES) classifications, specifically how they relate to access in the education sector in the UK. It explains the different NS-SEC groups based on parental occupation and suggests that SES influences the type of educational institutions attended. Additionally, it notes the voluntary nature of providing SES data during the application process, indicating that access to this data—and consequently the insights on the impact of SES on educational access—may vary, affirming a link between socioeconomic status and educational access.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: All patients respond equally well to regenerative therapies. [SEP] Text: Twenty middle cerebral artery (MCA) stroke patients were included, and the outcomes were assessed blinded to the group assignment. Intra-arterial BM-MNCs were injected between 5 and 9 days after stroke and follow-up was done for up to 6 months. The safety and efficacy endpoints were evaluated and also biological effects of cell therapy in serum changes of growth factors and cytokines were also assessed. In this trial, a total of 1. 58 = 108 CM-MNCs were injected into the ipsilateral MCA cases. There were no serious adverse events related to BM-MNC transplantation and there was also no tumour formation during follow-up. Although no significant differences in neurological outcomes were found between both groups, there was a trend to better the functional outcomes with a higher number of CD34+ cells injected. We have also observed some biological effects after transplantation. After BM-MNC injec tion, a positive correlation between the number of BM-MNCs injected and serum levels at 90 days of GM-CSF and PDGF-BB were found and higher levels of nerve growth factor were detec ted as well, 8 days after transplantation. Based on recent reports in literature and our experience, bone marrow mononuclear cell transplantation is feasible and safe in the acute-subacute phase of ischemic stroke. Changes in serum levels of growth factors detected after injection of BM-MNC are probably due to the secretory function of these cells in the ischemic environment. New clinical trials are ongoing to further assess dose and timing of this therapy and to elucidate the efficacy BM-MNC transplantation. No Access7: Practice-of Cell-based Products in Regenerative MedicineüterPages:141–167 is emerging as an interesting tissue source for obtaining adipose-derived stromal cells (ASCs) for cellbased therapies in regenerative medicine. The highly heterogeneous, freshly processed stromal vascular fraction (SVF) cells or the expanded adipose-tissue derived mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs), both are characterised with respect to their regenerative properties. Based on in vitro and preclinical data a number of clinical trials have been initiated to assess their potential clinical benefits. Since basic research is far from the clinical applications, a number of issues emerge and become challenging, when translation of research findings in clinical studies begins. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by indicating that in a study with stroke patients, although no significant differences in neurological outcomes were found between groups, there was a noted trend suggesting that a higher number of CD34+ cells injected resulted in better functional outcomes. This suggests variability in patient response to the treatment, implying that not all patients respond equally well, thereby contradicting the claim.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Nosema ceranae is a parasite that affects honeybee health. [SEP] Text: Yet, as the frequency of major haplotype was sufficient to assess population structure (Fig. 4c), one may wonder if such high coverage was necessary. Estimations have been made to test which reduced datasets may still assess the population structure. A discriminating PCA distribution appeared with a coverage as low as 20 reads per marker and per isolate, and the removal of singletons (Fig. S4). Noteworthy, no structuration appeared using the 10 most polymorphic markers with a coverage of 200, supporting the need for genome-wide analysis. Sequence quality, e. g. performing high fidelity amplification, ought to be of importance as it influences SNP distribution, and consequently haplotype frequency, and was shown to erase evidences for recombination36. For instance, a comparative analysis of V. ceranae genomes suggested that some SNPs were study-specific and thus did not depict true population differentiation36. Fortunately, the observed population structure was maintained analyzing the major haplotypes only, i. e. removing all possibly biased haplotypes. In conclusion, the frequency-based differentiation of isolates should rely on multiple informative loci, ideally genome-wide analyses, and a moderate sequencing coverage. Sequencing (GBS) could also be a method of choice as its strategy differs from the present one only in the unchosen loci that are linked to restriction sites. The three Vairimorpha species infecting the honeybee have been detected in some African regions7,41,42 but no ascertained data are available concerning their prevalence. Here a very limited number of honeybees sampled in continental Africa carried Vairimorpha spores (Table S1) with only 2 individuals from the same colony in Senegal. The data suggested that the parasite had a low prevalence in continental Africa, while it was common in the SWIO, reaching 100% of the colonies in La Réunion39. More comprehensive data would be needed to test hypotheses that can be formulated upon these findings. Honeybee subspecies in Africa mostly belong to the A-lineage, with other lineages present in the north of the continent43,44. If the genetic background of the A-lineage would confer resistance to V. ceranae and a limitation of its spread, its absence would also be in some of the SWIO islands, such as Madagascar and the Comoros, were only the A-lineage is present. Climate and temperature could also influence V. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text discusses various aspects of the genetic analysis and population structure of honeybees in Africa, as well as mentions Vairimorpha species that infect honeybees. However, it does not provide any direct information or evidence about Nosema ceranae and its impact on honeybee health. Therefore, the text is irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Socioeconomic status can impact access to education and healthcare. [SEP] Text: Data analysisFor each country and for the UK as a whole, we calculated the percentage of applicants from each decile of IMD score (equal tenths of postcodes ranked in ascending order of affluence), each school type and each NS-SEC category. For IMD and NS-SEC, we then estimated an ‘application ratio’ which is the ratio of the proportion of applicants in each subcategory to the expected proportion of the population in that subcategory (akin to the standardised admission ratio proposed by Seyan et al) [25]. This process was repeated for the percentage of applicants who received an accepted offer, with a ‘selection ratio’ estimated which is the ratio of the proportion of applicants with an accepted offer in each subcategory to the proportion of all applicants in that subcategory. To further examine the distribution of applicant by SES, we calculated the percentage of applicants and the percentages of applicants with an accepted offer for 100 equally sized groups of postcodes ranked in ascending order of affluence by IMD, and examined how school type and NS-SEC were distributed across the range of IMD. Finally, we defined a single binary measure of participation by applicants from less affluent families as an applicant having parents in NS-SEC 4 or 5 (lower supervisory and technical, and semi-routine and routine occupations), and examined how the percentage of applicants and accepted offers made to this group varied between the 22 medical schools. Data were analysed in a web-based safe haven managed by the Centre, University of Dundee, under data governance rules established by the. The study was reviewed and approved by the University of Teaching and Committee. Analysis was carried out in v11. ResultsThere were 32,964 UK domiciled applicants aged 19 or under to one or more of the 22 medical schools for the three admission cycles 2009–10, 2010–11 and 2011–12. 32,065 (97. 3 %) had a postcode from which IMD could be calculated and were included in the analysis. 28,902 (90. 1 % of those included) had a valid parental NS-SEC and 31,028 (96. 8 % of those included) had a valid school type. Rates of missing data varied across countries, from 4. 9 to 10. 8 % for NS-SEC (highest for England) and 2. 9 to 5. 0 % for school type (highest for Scotland). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by providing detailed analysis on how socioeconomic status (SES) influences the proportion of applicants to medical schools. It includes calculations of application ratios based on IMD scores—which rank areas by affluence—and shows how these ratios vary across different school types and NS-SEC categories. The focus on applicants from less affluent families and their participation rates in accessing medical education highlights the impact of socioeconomic status on educational opportunities.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: All patients respond equally well to regenerative therapies. [SEP] Text: The more progress is achieved with the “bench-to-bedside” approach the more regulatary issues come into place, like: formalities, obligations, regulations, laws and provisions. As there is only limited clinical data available on safety and efficacy, novel cell-based products are highly regulated to assure patient safety and a favorable riskbenefit assessment. To comply with the innovations in regenerative medicine the has classified these novel cell-based drugs as “advanced therapy medicinal products (ATMP). ” ATMPs include products derived by gene therapy, somatic cell-based therapy as well as biotechnological therapy, such as tissue engineering. ASCs are considered as ATMPs. In contrast to conventional drugs, ASCs comprise a number of complex biological functions, such as being differentiable, anti-apoptotic, anti-fibrotic, immune regulatory, trophic or pro-regenerative. Nevertheless the regulatory context of ATMPs from preclinical to clinical assessment, to marketing authorisation reclines the authorisation process of classical drugs. This regulatory context also covers the whole manufacturing process from procurement of the tissue, transportation into the manufacturing center, manufacturing, storage, quality control, transport and application to the patient. This cell processing is subsumed under the terms “Good laboratory practice (GLP)” or even “Good manufacturing practice (GMP)” to assure safe and high-quality cell production. Points to consider in the GMP-compliant manufacturing of ASCs will be reviewed in the following. Section 2 Tissue Engineering-Based TherapiesNo Access8: and Stefan BohrPages:171–185 sections are included: BackgroundChallengesClinical TrialsConclusion10. 1142/9789814630658_0009AbstractPDF/following sections are included: IntroductionDevelopment and Importance for the FunctionTransfer of the to for Cartilage RepairScaffoldsThe in vivo Trials with Cultured ChondrocytesThe clinical and EngineeringConclusion10. 1142/9789814630658_0010AbstractPDF/tissue normally has the ability of healing. However, in some cases the healing ability is impaired. Delayed healing occurs when the bone does not unify within nine months. If after nine months the bone is still not unified, the term nonunion is used. Regeneration in such cases can be achieved by different methods, depending on the patient's condition. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by indicating that regeneration can be achieved by different methods, depending on the patient's condition. This suggests that patients may not respond equally well to regenerative therapies, as their individual conditions affect the choice and effectiveness of the treatment methods.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Nosema ceranae is a parasite that affects honeybee health. [SEP] Text: 4, S1 and S2). These was in good accordance with the genome analyses of Peters et al. 36. The strong divergence between the SWIO and outgroups isolates suggested that the V. ceranae population in the SWIO may have a common origin and had enough time to diverge in allele frequency since its introduction. As the number of isolates in outgroups was restrained it was not possible to propose a geographic origin for this introduction. However, the proximity of the Swiss isolate with the population from la Reunion could be a hint towards a European origin (Fig. 4a). The data also revealed, for the first time, fine local geographical patterns, despite the genetic proximity between SWIO isolates. The population structure within the SWIO appeared very robust as it was maintained with or without the outgroups, with or without the divergent Malagasy isolate, using all haplotypes or only the major ones, using all markers or only the coding or non-coding ones (Fig. 4). Samples were mostly grouped by island or Archipelago, with the exception of one Seychellois isolate, one strongly divergent Malagasy isolate and the Mayotte isolate. Each insular group seemed to possess allelic frequencies differentiated from another and the organization of the insular populations was coherent with the geography of the SWIO. Such a genetic clustering was observed for honeybee populations in the SWIO as well as other archipelagos38, suggesting a similar insular evolution of both hosts and parasites. The discrimination of insular groups suggested that (1) there has been enough time since the parasite introduction to install divergences in the allelic frequency between areas and that (2) if there were gene flows between areas or from outside the SWIO through new introductions, they have not been sufficient to erase these divergences. Gene flow between islands could not be demonstrated by the present work, but the proximity of one Seychellois isolate and of the Mayotte isolate with those from la Réunion (the last two are French islands) could suggest such exchanges. However, the apparent absence of parasite substructure within islands or archipelagos may indicate that gene flow within these areas, i. e. through the exchange of parasite between colonies, had been sufficient to maintain allelic homogeneity. For instance, the closer proximity of isolates within La Réunion (Fig. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim regarding Nosema ceranae specifically. Instead, it discusses genetic analyses and population structures related to honeybee populations and their geographical distribution in the SWIO, without mentioning Nosema ceranae or its effects on honeybee health. Therefore, it is irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Socioeconomic status can impact access to education and healthcare. [SEP] Text: 10,437 (32. 5 %) applicants accepted an offer of a place from any UKCAT medical school. IMD centileFigure 1 shows the percentage of applicants and applicants with accepted offers resident in each centile of postcodes ranked in ascending order of affluence (1 = deprived, 100 = affluent). In all four UK countries, there is a marked and consistent social gradient with fewer applicants and applicants with accepted offers resident in less affluent postcodes. Across the four UK countries, 19. 7 to 34. 5 % of applicants lived in the most affluent decile of postcodes compared to 1. 8 to 5. 7 % of applicants living in the least affluent decile (Table 1). The application ratio across the whole of the UK increased progressively by IMD decile from 0. 51 for the most deprived decile (half the applicants expected) to 2. 19 for the most affluent (twice the applicants expected). did appear to have the least inequitable distribution of applicants (although IMD rankings are not strictly comparable between countries). Fig. 1Percentage of applicants and applicants with an accepted offer by centile of IMD in 2009–2010 to 2011–2012 admission cyclesFull size imageTable 1 Percentage of applicants to medical school by UK country according to four measures of socioeconomic status (SES)Full size tableBetween 22. 9 and 37. 7 % of applicants with accepted offers lived in the most affluent decile, compared to 1. 2 to 3. 5 % from the least affluent decile (Table 2). Again, there was a consistent social gradient with accepted offer: applicant ratio ranging from 0. 6 for the most deprived decile to 1. 19 for the most affluent. Table 2 Percentage of applicants with an accepted offer for medical school by UK country according to four measures of socioeconomic status (SES)Full size tableSchool typeThe application ratio for the UK for independent school applicants is 3. 74 (three times the number of applicants expected) and for state schools 0. 78 (about three quarters of the applicants expected). English (25. 9 %) and Scottish (29. 6 %) applicants were more likely to attend independent schools than Welsh (14. 9 %) or (0. 2 %) (Table 1). Applicants from independent and grammar schools were slightly more likely to receive an accepted offer than average, with accepted offer: applicant ratios of 1. 09 and 1. 15 respectively (Table 2). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by illustrating how socioeconomic status influences access to medical school offers in the UK. It shows a consistent social gradient where applicants from more affluent postcodes have higher acceptance rates compared to those from less affluent areas. Specifically, it states that 'between 22.9 and 37.7 % of applicants with accepted offers lived in the most affluent decile, compared to 1.2 to 3.5 % from the least affluent decile,' clearly indicating that socioeconomic factors affect education access.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Regenerative medicine eliminates the need for organ transplants. [SEP] Text: In these systems, cell-based strategies harnessing pluripotent and tissue specific stem cells as well as dedifferentiation have been leveraged to mediate the regeneration of whole limbs and organs (reviewed by Tanaka and Reddien, 2011). Systematic experimentation with limb regeneration in urodeles has permitted the decipherment of key mechanistic pathways of regeneration at the molecular level. Activation of salient signaling cascades including p53, TGF-β, Delta, ppRB and Wnt/β-catenin have all been associated with limb regeneration (reviewed by Roy and Gatien, 2008). These signaling pathways catalyze a sequence of instructive interactions between mesodermal and ectodermal cell populations that are ultimately responsible for lineage specification (reviewed by Wessels, 1977). In addition, the methodical depletion of macrophages within the first 24 hours subsequent to limb amputation in urodeles has been demonstrated to lead to permanent failure of limb regeneration, extensive fibrosis and dis-regulation of transcriptional patterns associated with synthesis of extra-cellular matrix (ECM) components (Godwin et al. , 2013). This specific sequence of cellular events associated with regeneration of the urodele limb as defined below recapitulates aspects of embryonic organogenesis and may serve as a model system for establishing the existence of similar pathways in mammals:Stages in regeneration of urodele limb secondary to amputation:The open wound is enclosed by wound epithelium to form a permissive epithelial structure referred to as the apical ectodermal cap (AEC). Up-regulation of matrix metallo-proteinase (MMP) expression catalyzes structural reorganization of the ECM. Dedifferentiation of cell populations takes place proximal to the plane of amputation. Proliferation and migration of dedifferentiated cells is observed under the AEC. Induction of a blastema, a mass of mesenchymal cells that will eventually re-differentiate to create the new muscles, bones, nerves and tendons required to regenerate a functional limb. An understanding of these stages has already been applied to accelerate regenerative outcomes in mammals. For example, application of MMP1 to digit remnants of adult mice with amputation at the mid-second phalanx significantly improved regeneration of soft tissue and observed rates of wound closure. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the process of limb regeneration in urodeles and its applications in mammals, highlighting that while regenerative medicine shows promise in improving regenerative outcomes, it does not indicate that the need for organ transplants is eliminated. The text mentions specific cellular mechanisms and stages involved in regeneration but does not provide evidence that regenerative medicine can fully substitute for organ transplants.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Nosema ceranae is a parasite that affects honeybee health. [SEP] Text: 4) could be linked to a transfer of parasites facilitated by the small size of the island, the high colony density (> 20,000 colonies declared in 2020 for 2 512 km255), the absence of overwintering and apicultural practices such as the transhumance of beehives following resource cycles. In contrast, in the Comoros Archipelago, where beekeeping is poorly developed and honeybee populations are structured by island38, V. ceranae isolates showed higher within-group distances. The malagasy MAD26. 1 isolate strongly differed from all other SWIO isolates (Fig. 4). Its divergence might even have been underestimated as PCR amplification seemed less efficient for many markers. It is possible that primers used were not optimal for this isolate and did not allow the amplification of all haplotypes. Thus it cannot be excluded that, as for A. dorsata, there would be specific allele content in this isolate and that the observed frequencies might have been misevaluated. The clear divergence of this Malagasy isolate from the other SWIO isolates, with a distance comparable to the ones of the A. ceranae and A. dorsata isolates, suggested that it could belong to a distinct cluster of V. ceranae parasites. The origin of such variation could reflect an independent introduction of V. ceranae in this area of Madagascar, that originated from a source distinct from the rest of the SWIO and that erased the original SWIO signature if V. ceranae was already present. It could also reflect an accumulation of divergence in allele frequency in an isolated area of this huge continental island where transhumance is hardly practiced. The distribution of haplotype frequencies, with three peaks at 0. 25, 0. 5 and 0. 75 (Fig. 2) was similar to the distribution previously observed in genome data by Pelin et al. 35, confirming that V. ceranae may be polyploid, at least tetraploid. Another genome analysis of parasite isolated in A. mellifera and A. ceranae in Thailand, showed only a high peak at 0. 5, suggesting diploidy36. In our data the Thai isolates from A. ceranae and A. dorsata did not show such a unique peak at 0. 5 but rather three as mentioned above. The results are not incompatible. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not directly address the claim about Nosema ceranae as a parasite affecting honeybee health. Instead, it discusses the genetic divergence of V. ceranae and its relationship to different populations of honeybees, without explicitly confirming or denying the effects on honeybee health.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Socioeconomic status can impact access to education and healthcare. [SEP] Text: Figure 2 shows the distribution of school type among applicants from each IMD centile, the differences demonstrate why school type is an inconsistent measure to use within the UK. Applicants attending independent schools were more likely to live in more affluent postcodes, but were distributed across the entire distribution of IMD. Fig. 2School type by centile of IMD for all applicants in 2009–2010 to 2011–2012 admission cyclesFull size imageNS-SECApproximately three-quarters of applicants in all four UK countries had at least one parent in NS-SEC 1, ranging from 73. 9 % in England to 83. 7 % in Scotland (Table 1). Only 1. 9 % of applicants across the UK had parents in NS-SEC 4 and only 2. 9 % from NS-SEC 5 despite the fact that the NS-SEC 5 group accounts for 25. 2 % of the population (Table 1). The application ratio for NS-SEC 1 was 2. 0 (twice the applicants expected) and for NS-SEC 5 the ratio was 0. 1 (one tenth of the applicants expected). 79. 8 % of applicants with accepted offers had parents in NS-SEC 1 group, and this group has an accepted offer: applicant ratio of 1. 06. The ratio in NS-SEC 4 and 5 groups were 0. 79 and 0. 59 respectively (Table 2). Figure 3 shows the distribution of applicants to medical school within each IMD centile by NS-SEC. Strikingly, those with parents in NS-SEC 1 are the predominant applicant group across the spectrum of IMD centiles from deprived to affluent. Fig. 3Parental NS-SEC by centile of IMD for all applicants in 2009-2010 to 2011-2012 admission cyclesFull size imageMedical schoolsThere was a near fourfold variation in the percentage of applicants to the 22 medical schools who had parents from NS-SEC 4 or 5, from 2. 3 % (medical school 1) to 8. 4 % (medical school 22), and six-fold variation in the percentage of applicants with an accepted offer with parents from NS-SEC 4 or 5, from 1. 2 % (medical school 2) to 7. 7 % (medical school 20) (Fig. 4). The percentage of applicants with accepted offers who had parents in NS-SEC 4 or 5 was highly correlated with the percentage of applicants from these groups (Pearson correlation coefficient 0. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the distribution of school type heavily influenced by socioeconomic status (NS-SEC). It highlights that applicants attending independent schools, typically associated with higher socioeconomic status, were predominantly from more affluent areas. Additionally, the text provides statistics indicating that a large majority of medical school applicants had parents from higher NS-SEC groups, underscoring the relationship between socioeconomic status and access to education, particularly in medical school admissions.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Regenerative medicine eliminates the need for organ transplants. [SEP] Text: More multi-potent progenitor cells, capillary vasculature and neuromuscular related tissues were also noted (Mu et al. , 2013). Furthermore, recent data on regenerative outcomes in mammals from tissue engineering of bladder, esophagus and intestine provides additional evidence of the existence of a regenerative pathway in adult mammals mimicking aspects of that observed in urodeles, including formation of a neo-blastema. This regenerative pathway is characterized by a dependence on adequate vascularization and innervation at the site of regeneration. Importantly, these observations provide insight into a potential mechanism of action for tissue engineered products characterized broadly as instructive signaling between mesenchymal cells of the regenerative construct and host epithelial cell populations. This insight may be harnessed to facilitate development of novel neo-organ products. Here, we review recent progress in regeneration of tubular organs with a particular focus on the gastrointestinal tract that highlights how Tengion’s PlatformTM may harness these fundamental regenerative pathways. Advertisement 2. Tengion’s organ regeneration platformTubular organ regeneration involves a specific, temporal sequence of cellular infiltration, vasculogenesis, neurogenesis and the defined differentiation of mucosal, stromal and parenchymal laminar tissue architectures (reviewed by Basu and Ludlow, 2010). Strategies for organ and tissue regeneration must therefore achieve the dual objectives of triggering a true regenerative response while ameliorating any tendency towards fibrotic repair. The methodology first pioneered for regeneration of the bladder may serve as a foundational platform for the regeneration of any tubular organ including penis, vagina, lung, small intestine, stomach and vessels. Illustrated by Tengion’s Neo-Bladder AugmentTM (NBA), this approach initially applied committed cell populations of target organ sourced (bladder)-derived urothelial cells (UC) and smooth muscle cells (SMC) complexed with a biodegradable, synthetic scaffold to trigger de novo organogenesis (Oberpenning et al. , 1999). The NBA is composed of a biodegradable scaffold seeded with autologous, bladder derived UC and SMC. During implantation, the NBA is wrapped with omentum to facilitate vascularization of the developing neo-organ (Figure 1). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing how regenerative medicine, while showing potential for organ regeneration, highlights the complexities involved in achieving true organ regeneration. It emphasizes that strategies for organ regeneration must trigger a regenerative response while managing repair processes, suggesting that current methods may not fully eliminate the need for transplants but rather represent an alternative approach to organ replacement. Furthermore, the detailed description of regenerating specific tubular organs indicates that regeneration is still a developing field rather than a complete replacement for traditional organ transplants.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Nosema ceranae is a parasite that affects honeybee health. [SEP] Text: Tetraploidy does not necessitate all chromatids to differ, as shown for some markers, and local evolutionary processes may result in a reduction of allele diversity toward a bi-allelic content of genes. The available data thus lean towards a tetraploid organism with two heterozygous diploid nuclei, with possible loss of heterozygosity36. The present work depicted a mixed similarity, with few major ubiquitous haplotypes, and diversity, with numerous but rare haplotypes. The allele content, in term of presence, appeared stable, as the major haplotypes were ubiquitous in A. mellifera. This clearly explained that the nucleotide diversity is present within a single colony or a single honeybee as well as between isolates, as observed in many previous studies24,30,31,32,33,34. Only fine frequency assessment allowed geographical clustering. On the other hand, the numerous rare haplotypes that represented only 4. 3% of the reads, highlighted a variable but small portion of allele content. The analysis of haplotypes sequences showed 485 polymorphic sites in the dataset, counting microsatellites as single sites (Table S5). As expected more transitions than transversions were observed, especially in coding regions (Table S6). In coding region, there were lots of non-synonymous polymorphic sites but most of them were observed in rare haplotypes, supporting the difference between major and rare haplotypes. Taking frequencies into consideration there were more synonymous than non-synonymous polymorphic sites. Very few induced a stop codon or a reading frame shift, almost all in rare haplotypes from A. dorsata. To explain this variability, several authors suggested a multiple infection with different strains on V. ceranae24,27,32,34. This implies that repeated infection events would be systematical. The ubiquity and frequency distribution (Fig. 2) of the major haplotypes could also be explained by a single infection with a tetraploid heterozygous parasite that experiences recombination and mutation events. Peters et al. 36 demonstrated that biased polymorphic sites may also be generated during the procedure, especially through low polymerase proofreading activity and sequencing quality. Such mistakes could not be excluded in the present data, as suggested by the introduction of stop codons or reading frame shifts in a few coding haplotypes. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim about Nosema ceranae being a parasite affecting honeybee health. It discusses genetic diversity, haplotypes, and polymorphic sites within honeybee populations, but does not mention Nosema ceranae or its impact on honeybee health.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Socioeconomic status can impact access to education and healthcare. [SEP] Text: 842, p < 0. 001), but schools did vary significantly in the proportion of the NS-SEC 4 or 5 applicant group to their school who were given an offer and then accepted that offer with a range of 2. 5 % to 26. 1 % (median 8. 0 %, interquartile range 6. 5 %). Fig. 4The percentage of NS-SEC 4/5 applicants and applicants with accepted offers out of all applicants all accepted offers for 22 size imageDiscussionPostcode-assigned IMD is the most commonly used measure of SES in this context in the UK, but may be very misleading, since the majority of applicants had at least one parent in NS-SEC 1 across the entire distribution of IMD [26]. It is also notable that the observed social gradients in terms of the application ratio are much larger for the individual NS-SEC measure than postcode-derived IMD and school type, indicating that the latter two are likely to overestimate how wide participation is. However, irrespective of the measure used, it is clear that school-leaver applicants to medical courses are predominately drawn from the more affluent, and this largely drives the distribution of applicants with accepted offers. There are marked differences between medical schools in terms of the mix of applicants they attract, with almost a fourfold variation in the proportion of applicants from NS-SEC 4/5. Selection processes do therefore matter, but there will not be large-scale widening participation in medicine in the UK unless applicants come from a broader range of the population. There are also differences in applicants and those with accepted offers between the UK countries, with England appearing to have a more equitable distribution than the other three countries (although differences in IMD and school systems between countries may at least partly account for this). This analysis shows that the dominance of medicine by the more affluent [8, 11, 27] is persistent despite increasingly intense activity over the last decade intended to widen participation [2]. Direct comparisons over time are difficult because SES measures have changed, but new measures like IMD and NS-SEC have the same problems as older measures. Do and Parry’s examination of English medical school applicants between 1996 and 2003 using older measures of SES ( Classification) demonstrated that 60 % of applicants were from the professional/managerial class, and that while there was a positive association between parental occupation and Townsend score this was far from perfect [28]. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing how socioeconomic status (SES) affects the distribution of medical school applicants and their acceptance rates. It highlights that applicants predominantly come from more affluent backgrounds, which demonstrates the impact of socioeconomic status on access to education. The reference to the differences in applicant proportions and the need for wider participation indicates that SES is a significant factor in educational access, aligning with the claim.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Regenerative medicine eliminates the need for organ transplants. [SEP] Text: This is a critical requirement for successful organ regeneration (Basu & Ludlow, 2010; Basu & Ludlow, 2011; Basu & Ludlow, 2012). Analysis of the matured construct at the cellular level highlights committed SMC interacting with polymer fibers of the biodegradable scaffold (Figure 2). Over time (~3 months), a laminarly organized neo-organ develops. Variations of this approach have recently been described, and the key methodological elements arising from these principal recent reports demonstrating in vivo regeneration of neo-bladder or neo-bladder related tissue has been reviewed in detail (Basu & Ludlow, 2010; Basu & Ludlow, 2011; Basu & Ludlow, 2012). Figure 1. Tengion Neo-(NBA) during implantation (left) and subsequent to wrapping with omentum (right). Figure 2. SMC interacting with woven mesh of PGA (poly-glycolic acid), a biodegradable polymer. 170XExamination of the temporal sequence of neo-bladder regeneration in canine clinical studies illustrates the dichotomy in outcomes between implantation of acellular and cellularized scaffolds (Jayo et al. , 2008a,b). This distinction is a principal theme of most studies describing the regeneration of tubular organs. Cell seeded scaffolds mediated a regenerative response within one month post-implantation, characterized by induction of heavily vascularized, smooth muscle-like parenchyma. In contrast, acellular scaffolds triggered a principally fibrotic, reparative outcome characterized by randomly organized collagen fibers with minimal vascularization. Baseline urodynamics were reconstituted within four months of implantation with cell seeded scaffolds, whereas the urodynamic profile of animals implanted with acellular scaffolds remained abnormal throughout the trial period (Jayo et al. , 2008a). In a related dog study, restoration of tri-laminar bladder wall architecture occurred within three months post-implantation and normal compliance characteristics of a urinary bladder wall developed by 12 months (Jayo et al. , 2008b). Regenerated bladders were functionally and structurally stable for up to two years post-implantation (Jayo et al. , 2008b). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the complexities of organ regeneration. It notes that while regenerative techniques exist, the outcomes vary significantly depending on the type of scaffold used (cellular vs. acellular). Additionally, it emphasizes that complete restoration and functioning of organs is a process that takes time (with outcomes noted at four months and stable health for up to two years), indicating that organ transplants may still be necessary in certain cases where regenerative medicine has not yet fulfilled all requirements.