Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Bilingual individuals experience no challenges when switching languages. [SEP] Text: 4 WCST 5. 5 Discussion 5. 6 Conclusion 6. 1 Introduction 6. 2 6. 3 Method 6. 3. 1 Participants 6. 3. 2 Materials and Procedure 6. 4 Result 6. 4. 1 6. 4. 2 6. 4. 3 Task 6. 4. 4 WCST 6. 5 Discussion 6. 6 Conclusion 7. 1 Introduction 7. 2 7. 3 Method 7. 3. 1 Participants 7. 3. 2 Materials and Procedures 7. 4 Result 7. 4. 1 7. 4. 2 7. 4. 3 Task 7. 4. 4 WCST 7. 5 Discussion 7. 6 Conclusion 8. 1 Summary of the Results 8. 2 and Aspects of 8. 2. 1 and Inhibition 8. 2. 2 Experience and 8. 2. 3 L2 Proficiency, Language Interpreting, and Shifting 8. 3 Problem 8. 4 Summary 9. 1 of the 9. 2 Theoretical and 9. 3 Limitations 9. 4 1. 1 IntroductionSome early studies (e. g. , Saer, 1923; Smith, 1923) report that learning two languages is detrimental to bilingual learners’ intelligence. In later years, it was reported that the vocabulary size of monolinguals is larger than that of bilinguals in that language (Pearson, Fernandez, & Oller, 1993). This result is also supported by a more recent study (Bialystok, Luk, Peets, & Yang, 2010), which finds that the mean standard of monolinguals is reliably higher than that of compared bilinguals. Therefore, it is reasonable to assume that learning two languages may cause some disadvantages to bilinguals. However, more and more studies have shown that for bilinguals learning two languages, this learning has a significant and positive impact on their cognitive functioning. A study by Peal and Lambert (1962) initiated a significant trend of research on bilingual advantage. They found that bilinguals have an advantage on tests requiring symbol manipulation and reorganization. They suggest that having to switch ← 11 | 12 → between the two languages might be the reason that causes the enhanced mental flexibility, superiority in concept formation, and diversified mental abilities (Peal & Lambert, 1962). More recently, the effect of bilingualism on cognitive control has been an area of great interest. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the challenges that bilingual individuals may face. It references studies that suggest that while bilinguals can have advantages such as enhanced cognitive functioning, there are also disadvantages noted, such as smaller vocabulary sizes in one language compared to monolinguals. The mention of 'learning two languages may cause some disadvantages to bilinguals' supports the idea that bilinguals do experience challenges.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: The suprachiasmatic nucleus is the master regulator of circadian rhythms. [SEP] Text: The host SCN was cocultured with the graft tissue by turning over the graft and laying it on top of the host SCN. The bioluminescence was continuously measured for at least 14 days. Per1-luc or PER2::LUC bioluminescence at the single SCN cell level was measured with an EMCCD camera (ImagEM, Hamamatsu photonics; iXol, Andor). Coronal slices of 200 μm were prepared from neonates with a tissue chopper and those of 100 μm from adults with a microslicer. The SCN tissue was cultured as previously reported,30 except for the concentration of D-(0. 5 mM). TTX (treated 1/100 dilution of 50 μM, final concentration: 0. 5 μM) was applied on the culture day corresponding to the postnatal day 10th (cP10) with fresh medium. The spontaneous firing was measured by a MED system. Coronal brain slices of 200 μm thickness were obtained from 2- to 5-day-old pups using a tissue chopper. An SCN slice was placed on a collagen precoated MED and cultured as previously described32. Half of the culture medium was exchanged every day for the first several days of culturing and then every second day thereafter. The culture medium was not exchanged during the recording period except where indicated (Supplementary Fig. S2). Dispersed SCN cell cultureFour to eight paired SCNs from 2- to 5-day-old pups were dissected from coronal hypothalamic slices of 400 μm thick and then treated together with trypsin as described previously32. Dispersed cells were plated on a 35-mm Petri dish or a MED precoated with 0. 01% poly-L-ornithine in very low cell density (250±80 cells mm−2) or in low cell density (1,100±500 cells mm−2). Dispersed cells were plated on 1–3 dishes for the former and on a single dish for the latter. Medium composition was the same as that for the slice culture except for supplementation with 5% fetal bovine serum. Cell dispersion was performed twice for each cell density in both genotypes. The numbers of animals used for culture in the present study are summarized in S1. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text provided does not address the claim about the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) being the master regulator of circadian rhythms. Instead, it discusses experimental methods involving the SCN without stating its role in regulating circadian rhythms, thus rendering it irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Fiber intake is essential for maintaining digestive health. [SEP] Text: Insoluble fibers mainly include cellulose, lignin, and hemicellulose, which reduce intestinal transit time and promote regularity of the digestive system. This may provide an excellent environment for the growth of the intestinal flora, promote internal microbiota balance and activate the immune system [42]. The subgroup analysis results of our study indicate that compared with participants who have a insoluble fiber intake in the lowest quartile (Q1), an intake in the highest quartile (Q4) and the following characteristics are significantly associated with decreased PCa risk: male sex, age > 65 years, nonsmoker or former-smoker status, education level of less than high school, non-Hispanic white ethnicity and no family history of PCa. Intriguingly, among current smokers, higher insoluble fiber intake is related to an increased risk of PCa (aHR = 1. 49). This is an interesting phenomenon that should be analyzed with a larger sample size as well as the study of underlying mechanisms in the future. In addition, the majority of the study subjects (89%) were white and non-Hispanic, and the number of individuals of other races was relatively small, which may be the reason that no significant associations were observed in the other race groups. Next, we investigated the combined outcome of insoluble fiber intake and other factors, such as age, smoking status and family history of PCa. We treated the high-risk group (elderly individuals and those with lower insoluble fiber intake) as the reference group, and the protective effects gradually became stronger for individuals with higher insoluble fiber intake (aHR = 0. 81) or aged ≤ 65 years (aHR = 0. 73) alone than for those with both factors (aHR = 0. 62). Similar combined outcomes of insoluble fiber intake and family history were also observed. In addition, smoking status had no remarkable combined effect with insoluble fiber intake on PCa risk. These results suggest that insoluble fiber, in addition to its own features, may enhance the protective effect of younger age or a lack of family history of PCa. Although no protective effect of dietary intake on prostate cancer mortality was found in our study, this does not mean that prostate cancer patients do not need an adequate dietary fiber intake. Daily intake of dietary fiber can ensure the healthy functioning of individuals and be of benefit to their quality of life [42]. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by stating that 'daily intake of dietary fiber can ensure the healthy functioning of individuals and be of benefit to their quality of life.' Furthermore, it highlights the role of insoluble fibers in promoting regularity of the digestive system, which is a crucial aspect of digestive health.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Bilingual individuals experience no challenges when switching languages. [SEP] Text: Much research suggests that bilinguals have advantage over their monolingual counterparts when they perform cognitive control tasks (Bialystok, 2011; Bialystok, Craik, Klein, & Viswanathan, 2004; Bialystok, Craik, Green, & Gollan, 2009; Bialystok, Craik, & Ryan, 2006). This cognitive control advantage has been detected among child bilinguals relative to their monolingual peers (e. g. , Bialystok, Barac, Blaye, & Poulin-Dubois, 2010) and among older adult bilinguals who showed delayed cognitive decline compared with their monolingual counterparts (e. g. , Bialystok, Craik, & Freedman, 2007). In fact, some studies have also shown that young-adult bilinguals have cognitive control advantage relative to their counterpart monolinguals, at least in some cognitive control tasks (Bialystok, 2009; Costa, Hernandez, Costa-Faidella, & Sebastian-Galles, 2009; Prior & Gollan, 2011; Prior & Macwhinney, 2010), although a few studies have failed to capture this advantage, particularly in behavioral measures under low cognitive demand (Bialystok, Craik, & Ryan, 2006; Costa et al. , 2009; Luk, Anderson, Craik, Grady, & Bialystok, 2010). Besides behavioral results, ERPs (Event related potentials) studies show that there is a language control mechanism required to regulate and control the use of different languages and to prevent interference between them. In a recent study, an inhibitory effect (N200) was detected in on-line bilingual processing (Moreno, Rodrıguez-Fornells, & Laine, 2008). Moreover, in functional and structural neuroimaging studies (fMRI) (e. g. , Abutalebi et al. , 2012; Hervais-Adelman, Moser-Mercer, Michel, & Golestani, 2014) it is demonstrated that a structure tightly bound to domain-general cognitive control functions (e. g. , dorsal anterior cingulate cortex ACC, the caudate nucleus), is a common locus for language control and resolving nonverbal conflict. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by indicating that bilingual individuals do face challenges related to language control. For instance, it discusses the necessity of a language control mechanism to manage the use of different languages and prevent interference, which suggests that switching languages involves cognitive demands. The mention of an inhibitory effect detected during on-line bilingual processing highlights that there are indeed challenges faced by bilinguals when managing their language, contradicting the assertion of no challenges.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: The suprachiasmatic nucleus is the master regulator of circadian rhythms. [SEP] Text: Bioluminescence recordingBioluminescence at the SCN tissue level was measured by a photomultiplier (Lumicycle; Actimetrics) at 10-min intervals with an exposure time of 1 min in a single run of 10–30 days, as previously described30. The intensity of bioluminescence was expressed in relative light units (counts per min). Bioluminescence at the SCN cell level in cultured slices or in dispersed cells was obtained by DM IRB (Leica), Luminoview 200 (Olympus) or Cellgraph (Atto) equipped with an EMCCD camera cooled at −80 °C. Bioluminescence was measured every 60 min with an exposure time of 59 min for 7–14 days. The pixel size was 2. 3 × 2. 3 μm for DM IRB, 2. 0 × 2. 0 μm for Luminoview 200 and 1. 6 × 1. 6 μm for Cellgraph. Bioluminescence signals were analysed in terms of a region of interest (ROI). A single SCN cell was identified according to the following criteria: (1) the size of ROI corresponded to the typical SCN neuron (the diameter was ~10 μm), (2) the shape of ROI was round, (3) there was only one highlighted area in the ROI. The mean area of a single ROI measured was about 100 μm2, almost equivalent to a single SCN cell. The intensity of bioluminescence was expressed as an average intensity of pixels involved in a ROI. Simultaneous recording of spontaneous firing and bioluminescenceSpontaneous firing was recorded for 7–18 days using a MED 64 system (Alpha MED Scientific). The MED with small electrodes (20 × 20 μm; MED-P210A) was used for the SCN slice culture and that with large (50 × 50 μm; MED-P515A) for the dispersed cell culture. Spike discharges with signal–noise ratio >2. 0 were collected by software (Alpha MED Scientific) as previously described33. The number of spikes per min was calculated for each electrode covered by aSCN slice. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim that the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) is the master regulator of circadian rhythms. It primarily focuses on the methodology of measuring bioluminescence and spontaneous firing of SCN cells without providing information on the regulatory role of the SCN in circadian rhythms.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Fiber intake is essential for maintaining digestive health. [SEP] Text: Many fiber-rich foods contain other nutrients in addition to dietary fiber, such as phytochemicals (e. g. , lycopene and carotenoids), that also have a beneficial effect on the health of PCa patients [43]. Thus, additional studies with larger sample sizes and longer follow-up times are needed. Our study has some strengths. First, the PLCO trial cohort was large and recruited from different research centers across the USA, making these results highly representative and reliable. Second, many potential confounders were included in the multivariate Cox regression analysis to avoid confounding bias. In addition, we explored not only the association between fiber intake and PCa incidence alone but also its potential combined relationship with other risk factors. Some limitations should be acknowledged in the present study. The outcome was overall PCa, and we did not consider the subtypes of PCa, such as localized cancer and advanced cancer. Another limitation was that smoking status, fiber intake dose, drinking status, height and weight, and education were self-reported and therefore subject to inaccuracy. Moreover, further investigations of the mechanisms of insoluble fiber intake alone and of the combined effects on PCa risk are needed. ConclusionWe found that total, insoluble, and soluble dietary fiber all had a protective effect on prostate cancer risk. Among them, insoluble fiber showed a stronger association with PCa risk. Moreover, several factors, such as age, education, smoking history, family history, and race, were significantly involved in reducing the risk of PCa with insoluble fiber. However, further studies are needed to elucidate the underlying mechanisms and determine the specific fiber components associated with these benefits in various populations. Data availability The datasets generated and/or analyzed during the current study are not publicly available due to confidentiality reasons. If necessary, Data can be made available upon reasonable request from the. 49. 496. 2021;13:496. Epidemiology and Prevention of prostate Cancer. Oncol. 2021;4:877–92. 1447. 13. 18. 21. 61. 64. 12. . Viscosity as related to dietary fiber: a review. Nutr. 2006;46:649–63. 6. 88. 35. 9. 3053. 8. 264. 22. 61. 26. 10. 25. 9. 1002. 8. 4. Kawakita D, Lee Y-. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by stating that various types of dietary fiber—total, insoluble, and soluble—demonstrated a protective effect on prostate cancer risk, which implies that fiber intake can have beneficial health effects. The reference to the need for further studies on the mechanisms and specific components of fiber suggests that fiber plays a significant role in health outcomes.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Bilingual individuals experience no challenges when switching languages. [SEP] Text: Because of the need to switch between two alternate languages and because of the need to inhibit one over the other in order to use the target language, bilinguals use this common locus more frequently and more efficiently than monolinguals, so this advantage in language control very likely transfers to ← 12 | 13 → resolving nonlinguistic cognitive conflicts in domain-general cognitive control tasks, leading to bilingual advantage. 1. 2 Definition of TermsThere are two general terms requiring definition for the convenience of the following discussions. More detailed descriptions and discussions of the relevant terms will be presented in the literature review section. The first general term is bilingualism. Bilingualism may have different definitions in different academic fields. “Bilingualism” should be understood to include knowledge of any number of languages beyond one (Valian, 2014). For the current perspective, bilingualism refers generally to the state of speaking/learning two languages (Bialystok et al. , 2009). There are two distinct categories of bilingualism. The first is simultaneous bilingualism in which people take one language as the official language and at the same time take another language as their daily language in life. In this category, the learning of two languages often takes place simultaneously at early childhood, and bilinguals in this case are often balanced bilingual speakers. The second type of bilingualism is sequential bilingualism in which people learn a second or foreign language in a late age after the acquisition of their mother tongue. Learning two languages takes place sequentially, and in this case bilinguals are often unbalanced bilingual speakers. The second general term is cognitive control, which is also referred to as executive control or executive functions or executive processing in the field. Currently, it refers to the ability to control the processes that allow information processing or behavior to change flexibly according to different goals. Cognitive control processes include a broad class of mental operations. Various models have described cognitive control from different focuses, including the Top-down inhibitory model (Aron, 2007), the model (Baddeley, 1986), the System (Norman & Shallice, 1980), the ← 13 | 14 → Self-regulatory model (Barkley, 1997) and the Problem-solving model (Zelazo, Carter, Reznick, & Frye, 1997). Miyake and colleagues (Friedman & Miyake, 2004; Miyake & Friedman, 2012; Miyake et al. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by explaining that bilinguals must navigate the complexities of switching between two languages and inhibiting one language in favor of another, which implies that managing these tasks can present challenges. The passage states, 'the need to inhibit one over the other in order to use the target language' indicates that bilinguals are actively engaged in cognitive processes that may not be entirely seamless.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: The suprachiasmatic nucleus is the master regulator of circadian rhythms. [SEP] Text: The SCN slice of a 2- to 5- day-old pup was cultured on a MED, which was placed in a mini-incubator installed on the stage of a microscope (2000-1000, Nikon). The culture conditions were the same as those described previously32, except that they were performed in 100% air. In some SCN slices, PER2::LUC bioluminescence and spontaneous firing were simultaneously recorded while culturing with artificial cerebrospinal fluid containing 0. 1% D-glucose and 0. 5 mM D-luciferin K. Bioluminescence was recorded with a CCD camera (ORCA-II, Hamamatsu Photonics) cooled at −60 °C. The pixel size was 4. 3 × 4. 3 μm. Data analysisBioluminescence signals from single cells were analysed using Aquacosmos software (Hamamatsu Photonics) or Cellcycle (Actimetrics) as previously described30. Bioluminescence records of the first 12 h were excluded from the rhythm analysis because of extremely high initial levels of bioluminescence. The raw bioluminescence data were smoothed using a three-point moving average method. The bioluminescence data and firing records were detrended by a 24-h running average subtraction method. The significance of a circadian rhythm was evaluated by a χ2 periodogram (ClockLab). A χ2 periodogram was applied for a record of 5 consecutive days in a period range between 10. 0 and 40. 0 h, with a significance level of P<0. 01. When more than one significant peak was detected in a χ2 periodogram, a cosine curve fitting method was performed to select the fundamental frequency and exclude the harmonics (Supplementary Fig. S11). The significance of curve fitting was evaluated with the percent rhythm analysis (P<0. 05). Cosine curve fitting was also applied to test the existence of circadian rhythm or to estimate the mean circadian amplitude of successive rhythms in the SCN tissue. Significance of curve fitting was evaluated with a 99% confidence ellipse34. Circadian peak was determined by a modified method of Inagaki et al30. Circadian amplitude was calculated by subtracting the circadian trough value from the peak in a cycle. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text provided does not directly address the claim regarding the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) as the master regulator of circadian rhythms. Instead, it describes a specific experimental methodology for analyzing bioluminescence and firing records in cultured SCN slices. While the text involves data collection related to circadian rhythms, it does not explicitly support or contradict the claim about the SCN's regulatory role.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Fiber intake is essential for maintaining digestive health. [SEP] Text: Many potential biologic mechanisms that might account for the cholesterol-PFAS association in humans have been studied in experiments [5, 16]. For example, PFAS may alter cholesterol production by hepatocytes, alter the circulation of cholesterol in plasma, or interfere with bile acid metabolism or reabsorption from the intestine and thereby affect hepatic cholesterol production. However, many challenges have arisen in the interpretation of these data because of interspecies differences in cholesterol metabolism and diet (esp. fat content), uncertainties about the relevant doses in experimental models, and inconsistent results. More data from humanized mice may help resolve the issue, though other approaches may also be useful. A possible explanation for the contradictory epidemiologic results is confounding by dietary fiber intake [5, 16]. This explanation is plausible because an inverse relationship between dietary fiber and serum cholesterol has been suggested for many years [17], and a recent report based on Survey () provided evidence of an inverse association between serum PFAS and fiber intake among adults aged 20 years and older [18]. A simplified directed acyclic graph depicting the potential confounding is shown in Fig. 1. Because fiber decreases both serum cholesterol and serum PFAS, not adjusting for it in epidemiologic analyses could produce the appearance of a positive relation, even if none exists. Fig. 1Directed acyclic graph showing relationships between fiber, PFAS, and cholesterol. Grey arrows indicate the direction of the association, specifically, fiber has an inverse relationship with PFAS concentration and cholesterol levels, while PFAS concentration has a positive correlation with cholesterol levelsFull size imageThe biologic mechanisms underlying the relationships of fiber with serum PFAS and serum cholesterol are as follows. Soluble fiber is a bile acid sequestrant [19]. Bile acid sequestrants in the intestine have two key effects. First, they cause an upregulation of bile acid synthesis in the liver, which lowers serum cholesterol [19]. Second, bile acid sequestrants have been shown to decrease serum PFAS by increasing fecal excretion, which is probably due to binding of PFAS by fiber [5, 20, 21]. We investigated the effect of confounding by fiber intake on the PFAS – cholesterol association using data. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the biological mechanisms through which fiber affects cholesterol and PFAS levels. It indicates that fiber has beneficial effects on health by acting as a bile acid sequestrant, which lowers serum cholesterol and increases fecal excretion of PFAS. These relationships highlight the importance of fiber intake, suggesting its role in digestive health by helping in the metabolism of cholesterol and other compounds.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Bilingual individuals experience no challenges when switching languages. [SEP] Text: , 2000) identify three related but separable core aspects of cognitive control: inhibition, mental set shifting, and working memory updating. More recently, Green and Abutalebi (2013) propose the adaptive control hypothesis, stating that cognitive control is divided into eight processes: goal maintenance, conflict monitoring, interference suppression, salient cue detection, selective response inhibition, task disengagement, task engagement, and opportunistic planning. Although different views still exist about the specific subcomponents of cognitive control, it is widely acknowledged that cognitive control as a unitary construct can be separated into some related but independent aspects, which can be measured by different cognitive control tasks. Following this approach, this volume mainly focuses on three aspects: inhibitory control (inhibition), conflict monitoring, and mental set shifting. These aspects have been widely reported related to bilingualism in the literature. Inhibition is one’s capacity to supersede responses that are prepotent in a given situation. Conflict monitoring is one’s ability to monitor performance, internal states, and current environment. Mental set shifting is one’s cognitive flexibility to switch between different tasks or mental states. 1. 3 MotivationAlthough many studies have found evidence of bilingual advantage in bilinguals compared with their counterpart monolinguals (Bialystok et al. , 2005; Bialystok et al. , 2004; Bialystok & Viswanathan, 2009; Costa et al. , 2009; Prior & Gollan, 2011; Prior & Macwhinney, 2010), quite a few studies have failed to capture positive effects of bilingualism, particularly in behavioral measures among young-adult bilinguals (Bialystok, Craik, & Luk, 2008; Colzato et al. , 2008; Hilchey & Klein, 2011; Kousaie & Phillips, 2012a; Luk et al. , 2010; Paap & Greenberg, 2013). ← 14 | 15 → For example, in one such study (Paap & Greenberg, 2013), it was concluded that there is no coherence of bilingual cognitive control advantage across different cognitive control tasks and between different studies. In this study, young adult bilinguals and monolinguals were compared in three sub-studies on 15 indicators of executive processing by their performance in the tasks of anti-saccade, Simon, Flanker, and color-shape switching. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the complexities related to cognitive control in bilingual individuals. It details aspects of cognitive control such as inhibition and mental set shifting, which are integral to switching between languages and indicate that switching is not a straightforward process. Moreover, the mention of studies that found no coherence in bilingual cognitive control advantages points to the challenges faced by bilinguals, thereby contradicting the assertion that they experience no challenges.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: The suprachiasmatic nucleus is the master regulator of circadian rhythms. [SEP] Text: On the other hand, the mechanism of GABA action in the SCN is still a matter of debate. Controversy still exists on whether GABA is an excitatory or inhibitory neurotransmitter18,19,20 and whether it acts as a synchronizer or a destabilizer of the cellular rhythms15,21,22. Previously, we demonstrated that bicuculline, a GABAA receptor antagonist, increased the firing rate of ca. 84% of neurons examined and decreased that of ca. 16% in the dispersed SCN cell culture of neonatal rats, indicating that GABA action is primarily inhibitory but excitatory in some neurons12. These controversies are due in part to differences in pharmacological tools and measuring approaches. The SCN neuronal network is important for the expression of coherent circadian rhythms for the output signals from the SCN23,24,25. In the dispersed SCN cell culture of neonatal rats, circadian rhythms were synchronized in neuron pairs with functional synaptic communications and were not detected in any of the pairs lacking synaptic communication12. The firing rate of spontaneous discharge in the cultured SCN on the multi-electrode array dish (MED) ranged typically from 0–1 Hz at the subjective night to 6–10 Hz at the subjective day6,26. GABA is synthesized by a rate-limiting enzyme, glutamate decarboxylase (GAD), and is accumulated in the synaptic vesicles by the vesicular GABA transporter (VGAT)27. Two isoforms of 65 that primarily locates in axon terminals and GAD67 distributed throughout the cells, are encoded by separate genes28. There was virtually no GABA content in the GAD65/GAD67 knockout mouse brains29 and very little GABAergic inhibitory postsynaptic currents were detected in neuronal cultures from VGAT knockout striatum30. In the present study, we examined GABA signaling in the SCN using mice lacking VGAT (VGAT−/−) or GAD65 and GAD67 (GAD65−/−/67−/−). We simultaneously measured the circadian rhythms with a bioluminescence reporter for the clock gene product PER2 (PER2::LUC), spontaneous firing and intracellular calcium (Ca2+) level for several circadian cycles in the cultured SCN slices of perinatal mice. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is largely focused on the mechanisms of GABA action within the SCN and its role in neuronal signaling. While it mentions the SCN's importance in the expression of circadian rhythms, it does not provide direct evidence or claims that the SCN is definitively the master regulator of these rhythms. Therefore, the text is irrelevant to the specific claim about the SCN's regulatory role in circadian rhythms.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Vitamin D is harder to obtain naturally for individuals in northern regions. [SEP] Text: Abstractvitamin D synthesis can be affected by a number of variables, including skin colour, amount of skin exposed and levels of ultraviolet radiation. The objective of this study was to assess the feasibility of using only sunlight exposure in Canada to meet the daily recommended level of vitamin D, given differences in these variables and adherence to guidelines for sun protection. index data for 13 Canadian sites were obtained from Environment Canada. The sun exposure times required to synthesize 1000 IU of vitamin D in fair- and dark-skinned people who exposed either 1/4 or 1/8 of their body surface area to the sun were calculated for each hour of the year. These times were then classified according to whether the ultraviolet index was 3 or more (when sun protection is advised) or less than 3. the fall and winter months and in the more northern sites, ultraviolet radiation levels were too low for all skin types to use sun exposure alone to obtain enough vitamin D within one time period. The required exposure time became longer when a smaller surface area was exposed. For people with darker skin, it can be difficult even in the summer to find opportunities outside of when sun protection is advised to use sunlight to obtain the recommended dose of vitamin D. sun exposure is an important source of vitamin D, Canadians should look to other safe sources to meet the body’s vitamin D requirements throughout the year. is a major steroid hormone that helps maintain homeostatic levels of calcium and phosphorus in the body and plays an important role in the maintenance of bone health and prevention of osteoporosis. 1 Studies have also linked deficiencies of vitamin D with breast cancer,2,3 depression4 and cardiovascular disease. 5 To mitigate the adverse effects of vitamin D deficiency, Osteoporosis Canada6 and the Foundation7 recommend 1000 IU as the standard daily dose of vitamin D in adults. can be obtained from dietary sources and synthesized endogenously. 8Sunlight contains ultraviolet radiation: ultraviolet B radiation acts on the epidermis and causes erythema. 9 is produced when ultraviolet B radiation interacts with 7-dehydrocholesterol in the skin. 10,11 Several variables can affect this endogenous vitamin D synthesis. Increased age,12 dark skin colour,13 area of skin surface exposed9 and low levels of ultraviolet radiation are some factors that can decrease the ability of the skin to produce vitamin D. The ultraviolet index is a scale that measures the intensity of ultraviolet radiation. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by explaining that 'in the fall and winter months and in the more northern sites, ultraviolet radiation levels were too low for all skin types to use sun exposure alone to obtain enough vitamin D.' This indicates that individuals in northern regions have a harder time acquiring vitamin D naturally due to limited sun exposure.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Bilingual individuals experience no challenges when switching languages. [SEP] Text: Skip to main content in a journal Publish with us Track your research Study and paper Education in Italy: paper First Online: 16 December 2021 pp 209–229 Cite this conference paper Ioriatti13 Part of the book series: - in ((GSCL,)) 339 Accesses AbstractThe contribution describes the situation of legal education in Italy from the point of view of the language of teaching. Here the acquisition of the legal terminology expressed in the national language is an essential part of the still mainly theoretical training in law. This is the main reason why in Italy law is still taught in Italian. This is true also for the bilingual or multilingual territories of Italy, where the law is formulated in Italian and in other minority languages (French, German and Ladin). Recently, for reasons that are independent from regional normative bilingualism, the role of foreign languages—namely English—is rapidly increasing and the use of languages other than Italian in legal education is turning into new teaching methodologies. This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access. Access this 34. 9910 units per month Download 29. 95 Price excludes VAT (USA) Available as PDF Read on any device Instant download Own it forever Buy 169. 00 Price excludes VAT (USA) Available as EPUB and PDF Read on any device Instant download Own it forever Buy e219. 99 Price excludes VAT (USA) Compact, lightweight edition Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days Free shipping worldwide - see info 219. 99 Price excludes VAT (USA) Durable hardcover edition Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days Free shipping worldwide - see info calculation will be finalised at checkout Purchases are for personal use only Institutional subscriptions Similar content being viewed by others Towards a of Legal Education: Case of Luxembourg 1. Cairns and du Plessis (2010). 2. Italian had previously been the language of interstate commercial relations: Maiden (2002), p. 34. 3. Lepschy and Lepschy (1977). 4. Castellani (1982); see also (1963). 5. According to data from the Italian national statistics institute (Istat), in 2018 English was the most known language in Italy (48. 1%, compared to French 29. 5% and Spanish 11. 1%) and is used mainly for study reasons 45. 4% (for 35. 51% at work and for everyone else for free time). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by highlighting the increasing role of foreign languages, particularly English, in legal education in Italy, suggesting that the use of multiple languages introduces complexities and challenges in legal terminology acquisition. The mention of bilingual or multilingual territories emphasizes that the law is primarily taught in the national language, Italian, indicating that bilingual individuals may face challenges when switching between languages in legal contexts.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: The suprachiasmatic nucleus is the master regulator of circadian rhythms. [SEP] Text: c Circadian rhythms of PER2::LUC at the pixel level illustrated in a line scan (1 pixel width) from the dorsal (D) to the ventral (V) region (upper) and on whole tissue level (lower) of the same SCN as indicated in (a). The site of the line scan is shown as a red line in the corresponding acrophase map in (d). d Acrophase map of PER2::LUC rhythms (left) and phase distribution of each pixel in a form of Rayleigh plot (right). Black spots in the phase map of −/−, and GAD65−/−/67−/− SCN indicate electrodes. Scale bars represent 200 µm. OC: optic chiasm, 3V: third ventricle. e Mean vector length, r, calculated from the phase map. The number of SCN used are n = 5, 4, 6, and 4 for +/−, VGAT−/−, and GAD65−/−/67−/−, respectively. Phase distribution was not different among the four genotypes (p = 0. 728, one-way ANOVA)Full size imageBurst firings in the VGAT−/− SCN were detected in all electrodes in synchrony (Fig. 2a, b) throughout the entire SCN slice and strongly correlated in time with each other as shown in the heat map of correlation coefficients (Fig. 2c) which was significantly high in the VGAT−/− SCN (Fig. 2d). Importantly, the occurrence of burst firing in the VGAT−/− SCN was not dependent on the circadian phase (Fig. 2e, Supplementary Fig. 5). The firing rate and shape of burst varied among the SCN slices but was indistinguishable among the electrodes in the same SCN (Supplementary Fig. 2). Fig. 2Synchronous burst firings in the entire SCN of fetal VGAT−/− mice. a Representative spontaneous firings at each of the three MED electrodes located on a unilateral SCN from WT (upper), VGAT+/− (middle) and VGAT−/− (lower) mouse. b Raster plots of firing rates of individual electrodes expressed in pseudocolor (upper) and their mean (lower). The color key of the firing rate (Hz) is indicated in the right margin. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not provide direct evidence or information related to the claim regarding the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) being the master regulator of circadian rhythms. Instead, it discusses specific experimental data and observations regarding circadian rhythms and neuronal activity in various SCN genotypes without addressing the regulatory role of the SCN itself.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Vitamin D is harder to obtain naturally for individuals in northern regions. [SEP] Text: To include the guidelines for sun protection, periods when the ultraviolet index was less than 3 and sun protection was not necessary are in green if it was possible to synthesize the standard dose of vitamin D in 30 minutes or less and in orange if it was possible to synthesize 1000 IU between 31 and 60 minutes. Periods when it was impossible to synthesize 1000 IU or when the ultraviolet index was too low to report are in grey, and periods when the ultraviolet index was 3 or greater and sun protection was recommended are in yellow. Download figureOpen in new tabDownload powerpointFigure 1: Lowest sun exposure time (in min) required to synthesize the standard vitamin D dose of 1000 IU, by site and month. (A) People with type II skin who exposed 1/4 of their body surface area to 1/4 of the minimal erythemal dose. (B) People with type II skin who exposed 1/8 of their body surface area to 1/2 of the minimal erythemal dose. (C) People with type V skin who exposed 1/4 of their body surface area to 1/4 of the minimal erythemal dose. (D) People with type V skin who exposed 1/8 of their body surface area to 1/2 of the minimal erythemal dose. Green areas, ultraviolet index < 3 and exposure duration ≤ 30 min; orange areas, ultraviolet index < 3 and exposure duration = 31– 60 min; gray areas, ultraviolet index < 3 and exposure duration > 60 min, or exposure duration < 60 min and ultraviolet index > 3 (sun protection was recommended); yellow areas, ultraviolet index ≥ 3 (sun protection was recommended). The average, fair-skinned person with type II skin and with 1/4 of their skin exposed (Figure 1A) had no opportunities to synthesize 1000 IU of vitamin D during 1 hourly time period in December at 11 of the 13 sites studied. In Montréal/Dorval and Toronto/Downsview, where opportunities existed during this month, required exposure times ranging between 53 and 60 minutes (1. ↵Holick MF. Vitamin D: important for prevention of osteoporosis, cardiovascular heart disease, type 1 diabetes, autoimmune diseases, and some cancers. J 2005;98:1024-7. pmid:162958172. ↵Abbas S, Linseisen J, Chang-Claude J. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text supports the claim by providing evidence that individuals with type II skin had no opportunities to synthesize 1000 IU of vitamin D during December at 11 of the 13 sites studied. It specifically highlights that in northern areas like Montréal and Toronto, the average exposure times needed to synthesize sufficient vitamin D were between 53 and 60 minutes, indicating a difficulty in obtaining vitamin D naturally during the winter months when the ultraviolet index is low.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Bilingual individuals experience no challenges when switching languages. [SEP] Text: The use of English among family has increased by 6. 9% compared to the past (1987/88 0. 6% of cases). 9 residents out of 10 are Italian mother tongue (52 million. Foreign residents amount to 5. 2 million). 6. This was mostly as to the Fascist policy of linguistic unification, Ben-Ghiat (1997), 2. 2. 7. Sacco (2000), p. 244. 8. and Perry (1997). 9. 10. Posner (1996). 11. The 12 minority languages recognised and protected by a statute (Legge 482/1999) are: French, Provençal, Franco-Provençal, and Croatia. Ladin, in particular, is an officially recognized Romance language, spoken only in a few valleys of the provinces of Trentino, and in a small part of the Veneto region. and Cimbro are protected minority languages at the regional level (see footnote n. 13). 12. It should be noted that the use of the term “South Tyrol” to indicate the part of the region where German language is mostly used is conventional among the speakers. Technically, the term “Province of Bolzano, of the Adige-Süd Tyrol Region” should be used. 13. Together with Italian, German and Ladin, two other minority Germanic languages are recognized in Adige-Süd Tyrol: Mocheno and Cimbro. 14. Art. 6 of the (Costituzione della Repubblica Italiana). 15. See art. 39 Statute of the of Valle d'Aosta. 16. (Corte Costituzionale), Judgment no. 156/1969. 17. In this regard, the Regulation for the of Valle d'Aosta (Statuto per la della Valle d’Aosta) expressly establishes that “in all types and grades of schools the same number of hours per week as are dedicated to the teaching of the Italian language shall be dedicated to the teaching of French”. See also Coonan (2000). 18. Aosta University. 19. in and Valle d'Aosta the drafting process regarding bilingual legislation involves institutions and experts from both linguistic groups, who can guarantee the quality of the drafting, the translation and the correspondence of legal terminology. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing various linguistic policies and challenges faced by speakers of multiple languages, particularly in the context of educational requirements and minority language recognition. This indicates that bilingual individuals may encounter difficulties due to institutional measures regarding language instruction, suggesting that switching between languages is not without challenges.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: The suprachiasmatic nucleus is the master regulator of circadian rhythms. [SEP] Text: Records for 10 min at CT8 are shown for the respective slices, where CT12 is defined as the peak phase of PER2::LUC rhythms. Burst firings were observed only in VGAT−/− SCN. c Correlation matrix heat maps showing the correlation coefficient for all pairs of electrodes on the respective SCN slice. Each square indicates an electrode, and a red diagonal line denotes correlations at the same electrode. A high correlation coefficient was detected in all electrodes of VGAT−/− SCN. Data in (a–c) are obtained from the same SCN slice for each genotype. d The mean correlation coefficient of all SCN slices examined (WT, n = 5; VGAT+/−, n = 4; VGAT−/−, n = 6). The correlation coefficient of VGAT−/− SCN was significantly larger than that of the other two genotypes (*p < 0. 05, versus WT or VGAT+/−, one-way ANOVA with a post-hoc Tukey–Kramer test). e A lack of phase dependency in the number of burst firing (mean ± SD, n = 6) for the VGAT−/− SCN. The number of bins containing burst firings (>35 Hz) was counted for 10 min at every 4 h, and expressed as a relative value to the daily mean (p = 0. 198, one-way repeated measure ANOVA)Full size imageDespite the superposition of burst firing, Chi-square periodogram revealed significant (p < 0. 01) circadian firing rhythms in the VGAT−/− and GAD65−/−/67−/− SCN (Fig. 1b). Their circadian periods (VGAT−/−, 23. 63 ± 0. 55 h; GAD65−/−/67−/−, 23. 79 ± 0. 44 h) were comparable to those of the WT (23. 86 ± 0. 42 h) and VGAT+/− (23. 35 ± 0. 18 h). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not directly address the claim about the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) being the master regulator of circadian rhythms. Instead, it provides data regarding burst firing in specific types of SCN cells and correlations in firing rates among different genotypes. While the information mentions circadian firing rhythms, it does not explicitly support or contradict the claim that the SCN is the master regulator of these rhythms.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Probiotics can support gut health by improving the balance of bacteria. [SEP] Text: Probiotics for human health –new innovations and emerging trends report Open access Published: 26 November 2012 Probiotics for human health –new innovations and emerging trends Sunita Grover1, Rashmi1, Srivastava1 & …Batish1 Show authors 2010. Backed up with more than 200 registered members represented by faculty and students from academic organizations and industry as corporate members, PAi initiated the process of organizing its first annual conference from a broader perspective to give a global touch to this scientific event by clubbing it with an International symposium with the theme title “Probiotics for Human Health- ”. Accordingly, the 1st of PAi and on “Probiotics for Human Health- ” was organized on 27th-28th August, 2012 at. The conference was attended by about 200 participants from different parts of India and abroad. The eminent speakers invited for delivering their lead papers in their respective areas of interest in probiotic research in different plenary and scientific sessions of the conference included seven from abroad representing Finland, Spain, Ireland, UK/Scotland, Australia, Denmark and and nine from India. Three of the overseas speakers in the conference were nominated by Association of Probiotics and Prebiotics (ISAPP). The proceedings of the two day conference as per the program schedule are summarized below. Session on oral presentations by young researchersThe conference began with a session on oral presentations by young researchers to present and exchange new data and cutting edge ideas in the field of probiotics. A total of six young researchers presented their recent work on probiotics in their respective areas of research and their performance was monitored by an expert panel of three judges comprising of Dr. C. S. ; Dr. Karen Scott, of Nutrition and Health, Scotland, UK and Dr. Nagendra Shah, Professor of Food Science, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong. Senan from GAU, Anand, Gujarat, the first speaker in the session presented her work on the annotation of complete whole genome sequence of Lactobacillus helveticus MTCC 5463 [1], the indigenous probiotic strain (claimed to exhibit significant antimicrobial activity, lowering of cholesterol in humans along with expressing positive immuno-modulating effects) from safety perspective. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the work on the indigenous probiotic strain Lactobacillus helveticus MTCC 5463, which is claimed to exhibit significant antimicrobial activity and positive immuno-modulating effects. This suggests that such probiotics can indeed support gut health and improve the balance of bacteria.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Bilingual individuals experience no challenges when switching languages. [SEP] Text: Until now, legislation in Valle d’Aosta has been drafted predominantly in Italian and subsequently translated into French. On the contrary, in the legal texts are often drafted in both languages, and so also in German, to be then translated into Italian. As in both and in Valle d’Aosta bilingual drafting concerns institutions—and therefore concepts—of Italian law, which are applied within one single legal system—the Italian one—it is foreseeable that problems regarding the issue of divergent interpretation between the two language versions may arise. Tyrol it has been expressly established that the Italian text prevails over the German one and therefore, in case of doubt over interpretation, the Italian text is always to be considered the authentic one. Conversely, in Valle d’Aosta the original authentic text is the one in which the law was drafted (either Italian or French) and this is the language version to which the court must refer to for the purposes of interpretation. It can therefore be concluded that in both regions there is no duty for the courts to take into account both linguistic versions: in Valle d’Aosta the court will consider the first version the original text and the other one as a simple translation, while in a hierarchy between the two versions has already been provided by the law, as being Italian the only authentic text for interpretation. Finally, notwithstanding the formal provisions on interpretation, in case of doubt or contradictions, the court will define a reasonable solution in its juridical background, as well as in the general principles and values of the Italian legal system. 21. In this regard, the recruitment of lawyers and judges is carried out locally and so not through a national public selection as in the rest of Italy. The access to the legal professions, as well as to the public administration, is subject to the possession of a specific language certificate enacted by the province, demonstrating a certain language knowledge both in Italian and German. 22. Art. 4, art. 5 and art. 6 Law 482/1999, for the protection of linguistic minorities in Italian regions involved in the matter. 23. Libera Università di Bolzano—Freie Universität Bozen. Regolamento didattico del corso di e Management—Studiengandsregelung des und Betriebsfürung. Art. 3: “The study program is offered in three languages: Italian, German and English”. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing various challenges related to bilingual legislation and legal interpretation in Valle d’Aosta and Tyrol. It highlights that divergent interpretations may arise between Italian, French, and German texts, indicating that bilingual individuals face difficulties in understanding and interpreting legal documents. The complexities surrounding the authentic versions of legislation demonstrate that switching between languages can lead to confusion and challenges.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: The suprachiasmatic nucleus is the master regulator of circadian rhythms. [SEP] Text: Rescue and mimic of burst firings with pharmacological manipulation of GABA signalingVGAT or GAD65/67 deficiency induced burst firings of high frequency in the SCN slice, which could be due to a lack of tonic release of GABA in the SCN. In order to test this possibility, we applied GABA in the culture medium for the VGAT−/− SCN slice to see whether the noisy circadian rhythm with superimposed burst firings was rescued or not. As expected, burst firings in the VGAT−/− SCN were abolished by GABA application, the effective dose of which was as little as 3 mM (Fig. 3a, c, Supplementary Figs. 7 and 8a, b). Lower doses failed to reduce the burst firing (Supplementary Fig. 7). Importantly, even during GABA application, nearly a half of the electrodes examined (44%, 36/82, n = 5 slices) showed significant circadian rhythms in neuronal activity without burst firings, but the rest of electrodes did not exhibit any neuronal activity (56%, 46/82, n = 5 slices). Pixel level analysis of PER2::LUC images revealed that GABA application did not affect the circadian rhythms or distribution of the acrophases (Fig. 3e, g, i). These results support the conclusion that burst firings are ascribed to a lack of GABA signaling. Fig. 3Effects of pharmacological manipulation on spontaneous firings and circadian PER2 rhythms in the fetal SCN. a Effects of GABA application (3 mM) and b GABA receptor antagonists (bicuculline and sacrofen, final concentration 100 μM) on the frequency of spontaneous firing in 1 min bins. Representative results are illustrated from two electrodes in a VGAT−/− and WT SCN slice, respectively. A red horizontal bar indicates the period of GABA application and a blue horizontal bar, the period of GABA receptor antagonists. Drug treatment was done from the 3rd to 7th culture day (ca. 96 h). c, d Representative neuronal activity before (pre) and during treatment (GABA or receptor antagonists) on the same electrodes as shown in (a) and (b). e, f Circadian PER2::LUC rhythms from the entire SCN area before, during and after the treatment with GABA and GABA receptor antagonists in the VGAT−/− (e) and WT (f) SCN. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text discusses experiments involving pharmacological manipulation of GABA signaling in the SCN, particularly focusing on burst firings and circadian rhythms, but it does not directly address or confirm the role of the suprachiasmatic nucleus as the master regulator of circadian rhythms. Therefore, it is considered irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Probiotics can support gut health by improving the balance of bacteria. [SEP] Text: She particularly targeted antibiotic resistance, production of harmful metabolites, potential virulence factors, biogenic amines, D-lactic acid, azoreductase and nitroreductase as the potential carcinogenic biomarkers at the gene sequence level to dwell on their role in the safety of the aforesaid strain. Based on the complete whole genome sequence analysis, she concluded that a detailed bio-informatic analysis related to biosafety of probiotic strain MTCC 5463 could provide very useful information on its genomic stability, antibiotic resistance, virulence and production of harmful metabololites. While addressing the concerns raised over the possibility of antibiotic resistance transfer to the gut microbiota, the absence of mobile genetic elements and chromosomally-encoded antibiotic resistance mechanisms in this indigenous probiotic strain, stated that in-silico analysis of the whole genome sequence could satisfy the queries with regard to its overall safety. Vaidya from M. S. University of Baroda, Vadodara, Gujarat made a presentation of her recent work on the outcome of a cross sectional study designed to determine the associations of gut microbiota on glucose and lipid response in Type 2 diabetic patients. While sharing the data on the key findings of this study, she revealed that almost 77% of the subjects had poor control of diabetes as could be reflected from high values of HbA1c FBS and PP2BS concentrations in the blood. The mean cholesterol and triglyceride levels of the subjects were also on the higher side. Almost 62% of the subjects had considerably high LDL and 61% had poor HDL levels. While commenting upon the changes in the gut microflora in the subjects of the study, she further stated that there was heavy colonization of Lactic acid bacteria and Bifidobacteria that showed a significant negative association with HbA1c, and TC/HDL ratio (p<0. 05) along with BMI. Fat intake of the subjects also showed a strong negative association with fecal LAB and bifidobacterial counts and a positive association with enteric pathogens where as fibre intake and intake of probiotics and prebiotic rich foods showed a vice versa associations with the fecal microbial counts. Lactic acid bacteria and bifidobacteria were significantly low in subjects with presence of 3 or more diabetic complications where as enteric pathogen counts were higher. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the role of lactic acid bacteria and Bifidobacteria in gut health, noting that there was a significant negative association between these beneficial bacteria and HbA1c levels as well as the TC/HDL ratio (p<0.05). This suggests that having a healthy balance of these probiotics is linked to improved metabolic outcomes in Type 2 diabetic patients, supporting the claim that probiotics can enhance gut health.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Bilingual individuals experience no challenges when switching languages. [SEP] Text: 24. However, operatively, courses in the fields of law are activated in Italian. The two other teaching languages are residual, depending on the subject or the availability of German or English-speaking professors: on the one hand, teachers who are fluent in the two languages may voluntarily accept to teach in English or German. On the other hand, the university might create specific teaching positions in which the knowledge of both these languages is a prerequisite. In this regard, special chairs called “Double belonging” (Cattedra con doppia appartenenza) have been recently created within the framework of an agreement among the universities of Trento, Bolzano and Innsbruck (“Euregio” agreement, related to the Tyrol-South Tyrol-Trentino). 25. The protection of other historical minorities is instead laid down in a statutory instrument: no. 482/1999. et al. (2007); Woelk (2007), p. 157. 26. Art 10, Regulation of the “Scuola forense” of Bolzano. 27. Information given by the Director of the Scuola forense di Cappello (avvocato/ Rechtsanwalt/lawyer). 28. The so called “ordinanza”, according to the Decree (Decreto luogotenenziale) no. 545/1945 on the administrative system of Valle d’Aosta. 29. This is one of the joint projects activated in the framework to the Tyrol-South Tyrol-Trentino. 30. See degree University of Turin and Westfälische Wilhelms Universität (WWU) Münster. 32. The so called 1+4 system, requiring five years of training in law was introduced by the no. 270/2004. 33. 33 Universities according to are currently (2018) 77 law schools providing a five-year degree (Laurea in Giurisprudenza) and 44 three-year bachelors (Laurea in Servizi Giuridici/Degree in Legal Services). 35. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by implying that language proficiency varies among individuals, particularly in the context of teaching where the ability to switch between languages depends on the availability of qualified instructors. It mentions that teachers fluent in both languages may voluntarily accept positions in English or German, suggesting that not all bilingual individuals can seamlessly switch languages without facing challenges.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: The suprachiasmatic nucleus is the master regulator of circadian rhythms. [SEP] Text: See also the legend for (a) and (b). The PER2 rhythms were monitored simultaneously with spontaneous firings as shown in (a) and (b). g, h Acrophase-maps (upper) and -distribution (lower) of circadian PER2::LUC rhythm in VGAT−/− (g) and WT (h) SCN before (pre), during and after (post) pharmacological treatment. The acrophase at pixel level is normalized relative to the mean phase of the whole slice and expressed in pseudocolor. A color key indicates the relative circadian phase from the slice mean. 3V: the third ventricle, OC: optic chiasm. A scale bar: 200 μm. Acrophase distribution in the phase map was expressed in a Rayleigh circle. A red line in the circle indicates a distribution vector. i, j Mean vector length in VGAT−/− (n = 6) and WT (n = 5) SCN treated with GABA and GABA receptor antagonists, respectively. No significant difference was detected in the length of vector before (pre) during (antagonists or GABA) and after (post) pharmacological treatment. (VGAT−/−, p = 0. 272; WT, p = 0. 921, one-way repeated measures ANOVA)Full size imageTo test whether or not suppression of GABA action mimics the burst firings, a cocktail of GABAA and GABAB receptor antagonists, bicuculline and sacrofen, was applied to the WT SCN slice. Upon application of GABA antagonists, the WT SCN showed burst firings similar to those detected in the VGAT−/− SCN (Fig. 3b, d, Supplementary Fig. 8c, d). The firing rate showed two bands which persisted for 4 days. The circadian firing rhythms were still obvious even though superimposed by burst firings. The circadian PER2::LUC rhythm was not affected at all by GABA antagonists (Fig. 3f). The standardized circadian amplitude (from trough to peak divided by peak value) on the cycle immediately before the drug application and that on the second cycle after the application were not significantly different. PER2::LUC images revealed that GABA antagonists did not change the circadian phase distribution on pixel level (Fig. 4h, j). These results support the conclusion that burst firings are due to a lack of GABA signaling. Fig. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses experimental results related to circadian rhythms and GABA signaling without explicitly addressing the role of the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) as the master regulator of circadian rhythms. It focuses on specific experimental outcomes and does not provide any support or refutation concerning the specific claim about the SCN's regulatory role.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Probiotics can support gut health by improving the balance of bacteria. [SEP] Text: She concluded that the type of microbiota established in the gut plays a significant role in arresting the complications of Type 2 DM. from Tezpur University, Napaam, Assam spoke about his work on the functional efficacy of two indigenous probiotic Lactobacillus plantarum strains with regard to their acid and bile tolerance, hydrophobicity, adherence property, role of surface layer proteins in colonization, mucosal barrier function, anti-inflammatory and immuno-modulatory effects on HT-29 cells. He briefed the audience that after mass screening of indigenous putative probiotic lactobacilli based on their hydrophobicity and cell adhesion property on HT-29 and Caco-2 cell lines, Lp9 and Lp91 were shortlisted for quantification of relative expression of the genes involved in acid and bile tolerance along with colonization potentials under in vitro conditions simulating gut environment as well as their immuno-modulatory functions in HT-29 cells by RT-qPCR [2]. Lp91 exhibited relatively higher acid tolerance by up-regulating the relative expression ‘atp D’ gene at pH 2. 5 after 90 min [3]. Expression of ‘bsh’ gene was also up-regulated maximally in both the selected strains under 2% bile concentration with maximum attained with Lp91 [4]. In the context of surface proteins, ‘mub’ gene was maximally expressed in Lp9. Almost, the same trend was recorded in the expression of ‘map A’ in Lp9. ‘EF-Tu’ gene, on the other hand, was expressed highest in Lp91. However, there were inter strain variations in respect of the expression of all the three surface proteins. Both the probiotic strains demonstrated strong immuno-modulatory and anti-inflammatory properties by up regulating MUC2, anti-inflammatory cytokines and other signaling molecules [5]. Lp91 was rated as the most effective by significantly up regulating IL-10 and IFN-α expression in HT-29 cells under pre-culturing conditions. He finally concluded that Lp91 and Lp9 were the most promising indigenous probiotic strains and have the prospects to be explored as potential biotherapeutics against inflammatory disorders. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the functional efficacy of two probiotic Lactobacillus plantarum strains, indicating they have beneficial properties relevant to gut health. It highlights their acid and bile tolerance, hydrophobicity, adherence properties, and their immuno-modulatory and anti-inflammatory effects, all contributing factors that support the claim that probiotics can improve gut health.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Bilingual individuals experience no challenges when switching languages. [SEP] Text: Examining whether bilinguals can selectively activate the linguistic knowledge of their two languages when processing spoken or written words in one is a central issue of psycholinguistic research. However, although numerous studies have examined reading-related processes in bilingual adults, there is to our knowledge no published study examining these questions in bilingual beginning readers. This is surprising given that classrooms worldwide continue to become more linguistically diverse, resulting in a growing number of children who learn to read and spell in a second language (L2), before (or without) being formally instructed in their native language (L1). Moreover, phonological processing is a sine qua non of successful literacy devel-opment (see e. g. Share, 1995; 2000). Therefore, it is important to examine whether bilingual children activate the grapheme-phoneme correspondences (GPCs) of their two languages when reading in one, as well as to determine the factors that inﬂuence the relative activation of the two languages. These questions have major educational implications for the teaching of reading to second-language learners, as efﬁcient phonological processing requires the inhibition of the phonological and orthographic representations of the irrelevant language; and lack of such inhibition may lead to inadequate and non-ﬂuent reading. Until the beginning of the 1990s, the dominant conception was that bilingualshad their knowledge of the two languages separated, and could access one language selectively in line with the task being performed (e. g. de Groot, 1992, 1993; de Groot & Kroll, 1997; Kroll, 1993; Paradis, 1997). Although several early studies were compatible with the selective access hypothesis for phonological and orthographic information (e. g. Durgunoglu & Roediger, 1987; Gerard & Scarborough, 1989; Soares & Grosjean, 1984; Scarborough et al. , 1984), recent studies show that bilinguals cannot totally inhibit the language irrelevant to the task, even when its activation is detrimental to performance (e. g. Wang et al. , 2003; see Brysbaert, 1998; Brysbaert & Dijkstra, 2006). For example, based on studies showing that rare words take longer to identifywhen preceded by visually similar frequent words (e. g. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by explaining that bilinguals cannot completely inhibit the language irrelevant to the task they are performing, even when doing so is detrimental to their performance. It highlights the challenges faced by bilinguals in processing their two languages, particularly in the context of phonological and orthographic processing, which indicates that there are indeed challenges associated with switching languages.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: The suprachiasmatic nucleus is the master regulator of circadian rhythms. [SEP] Text: 00014, Welch’s t-test), and Qp value obtained from periodogram (right) (**p = 0. 0015, Student’s t-test) from the WT and VGAT−/− SCN mice were calculated using data from 28 days after DD exposure. d The amount of behavioral activity under the light and dark period were compared between LD (pre) and LD (post) (**p = 0. 0023, paired t-test). e Difference in the amount of behavioral activity between the light and dark or the subjective day and night during free-running was exhibited during LD (pre), LD (post), and DD (post) period (*p = 0. 016, Student’s t-test). f Representative pictures of VGAT immunostaining (red), GFP-Cre or hrGFP (green), and DAPI (blue) from WT and VGAT−/− SCN. Scale bars are 200 μm. g Mean intensity of VGAT immunostaining in the WT and VGAT−/− SCN was significantly different (**p = 0. 00024, Welch’s t-test)Full size imageDiscussionWe found that burst firings of 35–80 Hz appeared in the cultured SCN slice of fetal mice and obscured the circadian firing rhythm when GABA signaling was genetically or pharmacologically disrupted. Calcium spikes, which synchronized with burst firings, were also observed in GABA-deficient SCN. GABA application rescued the noisy neuronal activity in the VGAT deficient SCN slice. By contrast, disruption of GABA signaling did not affect the PER2 circadian rhythm. Mice with deleted VGAT specifically in the SCN showed damped circadian behavioral rhythms without changes in the free-running period. From these findings, we conclude that GABA refines the circadian firing rhythm in the fetal SCN to make output signals clear. Burst firings similar to those observed in the VGAT−/− and GAD65−/−/67−/− SCN slices were reported in the neurons outside the SCN such as the dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra and ventral tegmental area38,39. In the present study, burst firings were observed in non-SCN neurons in the cultured SCN slice on MED (Supplementary Fig. 2), indicating that burst firings are not unique to the SCN neurons. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not directly address the claim regarding the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) as the master regulator of circadian rhythms. Instead, it provides detailed data related to GABA signaling and its effects on neuronal activity within SCN slices, but does not explicitly endorse or refute the claim about the SCN's regulatory role in circadian rhythms.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Probiotics can support gut health by improving the balance of bacteria. [SEP] Text: Mr. from NDRI, Karnal was the next young researcher who presented his work on the anti-allergic effect of dahi made with Lactobacillus acidophilus and Bifidobacterium bifidum in mice. While presenting his data, he informed that feeding of probiotic dahi significantly suppressed (p<0. 001) the elevation of whey proteins-specific IgE and IgG response in the serum of WP-sensitized mice. In addition, sIgA levels were significantly (p<0. 001) increased in intestinal fluid collected from mice fed with La-Dahi or LaBb-Dahi. Production of Th-1 cell-specific cytokines i. e. interferon-γ (IFN-γ), interleukin-12 (IL-12) and IL-10 increased; while Th2-specific cytokines (IL-4) decreased in the supernatant of 48 hr cultured splenocytes collected from mice fed with probiotic dahi compared to the other groups. Moreover, the splenic mRNA levels of IFN-γ, interleukin-10 were significantly increased with concomitant decrease in the expression of IL-4 in La-Dahi or LaBb-Dahi groups, as compared to control groups. From the outcome of this study, he concluded that probiotic dahi suppressed WP-induced allergic consequences characterized by decreasing levels of IgE, IgG in serum and increasing intestinal sIgA levels. Cytokines profile also indicated the shift from skewed Th2-pathway to cytotoxic Th1-pathway for attaining balance. Mr. from NCCS, Pune in his presentation focused on exploring the microbial diversity of Kutajarista, an preparation in quest for finding novel probiotic strains. He demonstrated that microbial diversity in Kutajarista increased after 8th day of fermentation but gradually decreased with only 3 operational taxonomic units (OTU’s) recovered at the saturation of fermentation. Amongst the microbial types, Lactobacillus spp. was found at initial time point of fermentation. When assessed for probiotic attributes, Lactobacillus plantarum isolated from Kutajarista was highly resistant to acidic pH 2, 0. 3% bile concentration and simulated gastric juice [6]. L. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by detailing a study on the anti-allergic effects of probiotic dahi made with Lactobacillus acidophilus and Bifidobacterium bifidum. It specifically notes that the feeding of probiotic dahi resulted in an increase in secretory IgA (sIgA) levels in intestinal fluid and a favorable cytokine profile, indicating an improvement in gut health and a shift towards a balanced immune response. This supports the idea that probiotics can enhance gut health by influencing beneficial bacteria balance.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Bilingual individuals experience no challenges when switching languages. [SEP] Text: blur preceded by blue) than when preceded by visually dissimilar words (Segui & Grainger, 1990), Bijeljac-Babic et al. (1997) asked French-English bilinguals and French monolinguals to perform alexical decision task on French words (e. g. amont). The targets were preceded by masked primes of which some were visually similar and frequent words from French (e. g. amant) or fromEnglish (e. g. among). The results show that the bilinguals with high levels of proﬁciencies in English, but not the ones with lower levels of proﬁciencies, displayed an effect of inhibition of the same magnitude for targets preceded by English words as for targets preceded by French words; whereas the monolinguals only showed an effect of inhibition for the targets preceded by visually similar French words. Relying on the observation that words with many orthographic neighbours (wordsof the same length differing by one letter) are identiﬁed faster than words with few neighbours (see Andrews, 1997, for a review), vanHeuven et al. (1998) further showed that Dutch-English bilinguals were inﬂuenced by the items’ density of orthographic neighbourhood in the other language in progressive demasking and general lexical decision tasks (see also Grainger & Dijkstra, 1992). According to the authors, only models that consider lexical access to be non-selective, but allow some control of the relative level of activation of the two languages, can account for these results. Further studies examining the processing of homographic words (words sharingthe same spelling but different pronunciations and meanings across languages) in lexical decision tasks also showed interference from the other language when such items were presented in mixed lists which contained also non-homographic words of the other language (de Groot et al. , 2000; Dijkstra et al. , 2000; Dijkstra et al. , 1998a). These studies also show that the size of the interference was correlated with the written frequency of the homographs in the other language, even when it was lower than its frequency in the target language. Another study by de Bruijn et al. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by detailing studies that show bilingual individuals do experience challenges in language processing. For instance, it discusses how bilinguals display an effect of inhibition when identifying words, indicating a challenge in language switching as the bilinguals with lower levels of proficiency struggled compared to those with higher proficiency. Furthermore, it discusses interference from the other language in tasks involving homographic words, which further supports the notion that there are indeed challenges faced by bilinguals in language switching.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: The suprachiasmatic nucleus is the master regulator of circadian rhythms. [SEP] Text: Previously, we observed fast synchronous oscillations of the firing activity in the dispersed cell culture of neonatal rat SCN slice on MED, which appeared in synchrony with other neurons40. The fast synchronous oscillation occurred at approximately 1–2 min intervals similar to the burst firing in the present study. Recently, Tsuji et al. 41 demonstrated harmonic burst firings of close to 30 Hz in light-responsive SCN neurons in adult rats. The firing rate of the harmonic bursts was not different between day and night, which is similar to the present study. However, burst firings are not common in the adult SCN neurons42,43,44. Therefore it is a matter of discussion whether the synchronous burst firings throughout the SCN are specific for the neonates or not. Importantly, GABA application abolished the burst firings in the VGAT−/− SCN slice, and GABA receptor antagonists in the WT SCN induced bursting without affecting the circadian oscillation (Fig. 3). These findings lead us to the hypothesis that the burst firing in the fetal SCN is caused by disinhibition of the neuronal activity through depleting the GABA signaling, which has been observed in other brain structures45. Burst firings spread rapidly over the entire area of fetal SCN slice, without affecting the period and the phase of circadian PER2::LUC rhythm. The findings indicate that GABA is not involved in the neural network which is responsible for the coupling of oscillating neurons to build up coherent circadian rhythms in the SCN, partly consistent with the previous report using the GABAA receptor antagonist21,22. In the neural network for the oscillatory coupling, VIP and AVP, and probably other molecules are involved9,11. Previously, GABA receptor antagonists have been reported to block phase shifts by a light pulse, suggesting that GABA is involved in light entrainment46,47. The retinohypothalamic tract for light entrainment is not developed yet in the fetal or perinatal SCN48. Fetus circadian rhythms are entrained by pregnant dam49, which is unlikely disturbed by GABA deficiency, since the first circadian phase in culture of GABA-deficient SCN was not different from that in WT SCN. On the other hand, GABA was reported to produce a phase-dependent phase-shift of the circadian rhythm in vivo50,51 and in cultured SCN neurons15. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text discusses various aspects of neuronal activity in the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) and the role of GABA in those processes but does not explicitly support or dispute the claim that the SCN is the master regulator of circadian rhythms. Instead, it presents findings related to oscillatory activities and the role of specific neurotransmitters, which are related to SCN function but do not directly address the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Probiotics can support gut health by improving the balance of bacteria. [SEP] Text: plantarum also adhered HT-29 cells and colonized mouse gut as revealed by FACS and confocal analysis. He further stated that the maximum colonization of the probiotic Lactobacillus plantarum occurred at colonic part of the intestine. The antibacterial activity of L. plantarum against enteric pathogens was also demonstrated along with amelioration of cytotoxicity caused by Aeromonas veronii in Vero cell line. Besides this, disruption of tight junction proteins in MDCK cell line induced with the same pathogen was prevented by L. plantarum. Immuno-modulatory and anti-inflammatory roles of L. plantarum were also demonstrated in mouse macrophage RAW cells activated by A. veronii. Lactobacillus plantarum strain from Kutajarista was stable for 14 days in comparison to 8 days with commercial GG strain. Furthermore, the viability of Lactobacilli in Kutajarista was found to be enhanced further when co-cultured with Saccharomyces cerevisiae isolated from the same product suggesting specific interaction between these strains which helps in increased survival in Kutajarista matrix. This study highlights the potential use of alternative sources like ayurvedic preparations for isolation of indigenous probiotic microbes. Kutajarista has unique therapeutic properties for gastrointestinal disorders and therefore, it could be an excellent vehicle for incorporation of these strains. Mr. from NDRI, Karnal was the last speaker in the session to present his findings on the anti-diabetic potential of two Lactobacillus rhamnosus strains against type 2 diabetes in a rat model. Diabetes was induced in rats fed with high fat diet followed by streptozotocin and divided into three groups viz. two probiotics and one control. He presented the data on the antioxidative effects of the two strains in terms of total anti-oxidative property (TBARS) and activities of anti-oxidative enzymes viz. , catalase, superoxide dismutase (SOD) and glutathione peroxidase (GPx) in liver and erythrocytes. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by providing detailed information about Lactobacillus plantarum, which is a probiotic that adheres to intestinal cells and colonizes the mouse gut. The text states that the maximum colonization of L. plantarum occurs in the colonic part of the intestine, indicating its role in gut health. Furthermore, it discusses the antibacterial and immuno-modulatory effects of L. plantarum, emphasizing its potential benefits for gut health and suggesting its use in gastrointestinal disorders.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Bilingual individuals experience no challenges when switching languages. [SEP] Text: (2001), which combined the measure of reactiontimes and of evoked potentials, further suggests that the linguistic context in which a homographic word is presented does not inhibit the activation of the words’ meaning in the other language. In this study, Dutch-English bilinguals performed a general lexical decision task on triplets of items (saying ‘no’ if any item was a pseudo-word in both languages), of which the ﬁrst item was a non-homographic word from English (e. g. house) or from Dutch (e. g. zaak). This item was followed sometimes by a homographic word whose meaning was associated with the third item (e. g. angelheaven; angel meaning dart in Dutch) or not (e. g. angel-brush). The main issue was to examine whether a Dutch ﬁrst item would inhibit the English meaning of the (second) homographic word, thus affecting the effect of semantic priming on the third item. Signiﬁcant priming effects were observed both on reaction times and on evoked potentials (on the N400, which would reﬂect semantic integration) when the third item was semantically related to the second, but the effect was not modulated by the linguistic context provided by the language of the ﬁrst item. Thus, semantic priming effects were similar for house-angel-heaven and for zaak-angel-heaven. These results are compatible with a strong non-selective access view of bilingualism. In the domain of phonological activation, several studies also support the non-selective access hypothesis. For example, Nas (1983) showed that in an English lexical decision task, Dutch-English bilinguals produced more errors and responded slower when rejecting pseudo-words of the target language which were homophonous to words of their other language (e. g. snay, which is pronounced like the Dutch word snee -cut-) than when rejecting non-homophonous pseudo-words (e. g. rolm). Such effects were reproduced by Dijkstra et al. (1999) on homophonic (butnot homographic) Dutch-English words (e. g. leaf, homophonous of the Dutch word lief -gentle-). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by providing evidence that bilingual individuals do face challenges, such as increased errors and slower responses when processing pseudo-words that are homophonous to words in their other language. This suggests that although bilinguals have a strong non-selective access to language, the activation of one language can interfere with the processing of another, indicating that they do experience challenges when switching between languages.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: The suprachiasmatic nucleus is the master regulator of circadian rhythms. [SEP] Text: On the other hand, in postsynaptic neurons, GABA-induced hyperpolarization (inhibitory action) decreases intracellular Ca2+, whereas GABA-induced depolarization (excitatory action) increases Ca[2+54. In the SCN, the effects of GABA are complex and could be different depending on co-localized peptides, the areas in the SCN, circadian phases and photoperiods20,64,65. It is interesting to note that the circadian PER2::LUC rhythm persisted despite frequent bursts of intracellular Ca2+ in the SCN through inhibition of the GABA signaling. The circadian rhythm in intracellular Ca2+ received a dual regulation from the neural networks and the core molecular loop. Even when the neural inputs were shut down by the sodium channel blocker Tetrodotoxin, the circadian Ca2+ rhythm persisted with a small change in amplitude33,34,66. Intracellular Ca2+ is suggested to affect the molecular loop for circadian rhythm generation through CaMKll or CREB1. The burst-like increase in intracellular Ca2+ levels may bypass the routes to the molecular loop. The SCN-specific reduction of VGAT in adult mice decreased the activity level during the dark period and increased cycle-to-cycle variability of circadian behavioral rhythms. However, the circadian rhythm was kept entrained to LD and the mean free-running period was not different from that of WT mice, partially confirming the previous pharmacological experiments21,22. These results were essentially consistent with slice experiments in the fetal SCN, although the suppression of VGAT level was not complete (ca. 69%) in the adult. Coherent circadian rhythms in neuronal activity are important in the output of the SCN, since the complete isolation of the SCN from other brain structures by Halàsz knife interrupts the transmission of circadian signals to behaviors67. GABA plays a critical role in refining the circadian firing rhythm in the fetal SCN. In this respect, the present results were not consistent with a previous study in which GABAA receptor antagonists were reported to decrease the variability of circadian period of PER2::LUC rhythms in cultured SCN, suggesting destabilization of the circadian molecular oscillation by GABAA signaling22. The discrepancy could be due to a different approach to GABA signaling; bath application of chemicals into culture medium22 and genetic manipulation of the endogenous GABA system in the present study. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it focuses on detailed mechanistic interactions within the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) and the role of GABA, intracellular calcium, and neural signaling in circadian rhythms. While it discusses components related to the SCN and circadian rhythms, it does not explicitly validate or refute the claim that the SCN is the master regulator of these rhythms.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Probiotics can support gut health by improving the balance of bacteria. [SEP] Text: Besides this, expression of proglucagon and prohormone convertase1 (PC1) genes in cecum, and TNF-α, IL-6 and adiponectin in epididymal fat were also investigated by real-time PCR. Amongst the two experimental groups based on two distinct Lactobacillus rhamnosus strains, HFD+17 group had improved oral glucose tolerance test, lower FBG, GHb, free fatty acids, triglycerides, total cholesterol, LDL-cholesterol and atherogenic index, and higher plasma insulin and HDL-cholesterol after 3 and 6 weeks of feeding. Even though the total number of bacteria was same in the two experimental groups, HFD+17 had more bifidobacteria and lactobacilli in comparison to HFD+LGG. Relative propionate proportions (%) were significantly lower in case of HFD+17 than HFD+SM and HFD+LGG groups. HFD+17 group had significantly lower TBARS and increased activity of catalase, SOD and GPx in liver and erythrocytes. Similarly, HFD+17 group showed increased expression of proglucagon and PC1 and decreased expression of TNF-α and IL-6 genes. It can be concluded from the study that L. rhamnosus NCDC 17 does have anti-diabetic effect through enhancing the beneficial bacteria, activities of anti-oxidative enzymes and expression of incretin hormone, and lowered propionate, TBARS and expression of inflammatory markers in diabetic rats. Inaugural sessionThe conference inaugural session began with the welcome address given by Dr. A. K. Srivastava Director, Research. Institute, Karnal and President, of India. Dr. Srivastava welcomed the delegates and apprised them with the theme of the International symposium on probiotics. He presented a comprehensive overview of the conference scientific programme with major focus on multi-dimensional role of probiotics in human health and well being. Dr. Srivastava comprehended that probiotics as functional foods, dietary supplements and bio-therapeutics are becoming increasingly popular amongst the health conscious consumers, health care professionals besides the research scientists across the world as the scientific evidence continues to accumulate on their enormous health potentials along with their possible mode of action. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing how different strains of Lactobacillus rhamnosus, particularly the HFD+17 group, resulted in an increase of beneficial bacteria such as bifidobacteria and lactobacilli. The mention of these probiotics enhancing the balance of gut microbiota supports the claim about probiotics' role in supporting gut health.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Bilingual individuals experience no challenges when switching languages. [SEP] Text: Phonological activation has also been observed between languages that do notshare the same script. Hence, Gollan et al. (1997) examined Hebrew-English and English-Hebrew bilinguals in a lexical decision task in their L2 or, in another experiment, in their L1. The targets were preceded by primes (presented for 50 msec) of which some were translations of the targets in the other language. The results show a robust effect of priming by translation, but this effect was bigger for the semantically and phonologically close pairs (cognates) than for the ones that were only semantically close (non-cognates). and English words never look alike orthographically, the authors suggest that the advantage observed for the cognate words results from inter-language phonological similarity. Moreover, an advantage for cognate words was observed only when the primes were presented in the participants’ dominant language, and the targets in their non-dominant language. In a bilingual adaptation of the Stroop paradigm, Tzelgov et al. (1996) askedHebrew-English bilinguals to name the colour of visual words either in Hebrew or (in another experiment) in English. Some stimuli were pseudo-words of the language not required in the experiment but were homophonous of colour names of the target language. The results show that the Stroop effect was as important for the English pseudo-words homophonous to colour names in Hebrew (e. g. kahol, which is homophonous of the Hebrew word for blue) as for the colour names written in Hebrew, although the Stroop effect induced by the Hebrew pseudo-words homophonous to colour names in English was less strong and statistically less robust. The results from these two last studies seem to indicate that phonological coding within one script automatically activates phonological representations of words in another script, even when the two scripts are visually dissimilar. The next issue concerns whether bilinguals who know two languages that sharethe same script automatically activate their grapho-phonological knowledge of both languages when processing one language. Doctor and Klein (1992) report results compatible with this hypothesis of multiple phonological coding. The authors observed that in a general lexical decision task, English-Afrikaans bilinguals produced more errors and took longer to accept homophonous heterographic words (e. g. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by detailing studies, such as those by Gollan et al. (1997) and Tzelgov et al. (1996), which indicate that bilingual individuals do experience cognitive challenges related to phonological activation and the Stroop effect when switching languages. For instance, the results show that bilinguals produced more errors and took longer in tasks involving homophonous words and phonological similarity, suggesting difficulties in language processing rather than a seamless switch.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: The suprachiasmatic nucleus is the master regulator of circadian rhythms. [SEP] Text: Furthermore, in the present study we used the fetal SCN, while the previous study monitored the adult SCN. The SCN in hamster68 and mice69 underwent developmental cell death and about 40% decrease was detected in the first 3 postnatal days68. Therefore, GABA may reduce the noisy firings in the SCN before developmental neuronal death occurs. In conclusion, GABA is necessary for suppressing the burst firing of neuronal activity and abrupt increases of intracellular Ca2+ levels but not for the generation and stability of molecular circadian oscillation in the fetal SCN. The GABA network may refine the circadian firing rhythm to ensure noiseless communications with the neurons outside the SCN. −/− 70 and GAD65−/−/67−/− 71 mice on the C57BL/6J background and VGATflox/flox 70,72 mice on the 129/SvEv (back-crossed with C57BL/6J mice for at least two generations) were used. They were bred with mPer2Luc knock-in mice carrying a PER2::LUC fusion reporter32. Mice were bred and reared in the animal quarter at of Medicine, where environmental conditions were controlled (lights-on 6:00–18:00 h; light intensity approximately 100 lx at the bottom of cage: humidity 60 ± 10%). Both male and female mice were used in the present study. Experiments were conducted in compliance with the rules and regulations established by the under the ethical permission of the Committee of (Approval No. 08-0279), (Approval No. 18257), and (Approval Nos. 07-109, 09-047, and 14-006). Preparation of fetal SCN slice for monitoring circadian rhythmsSince VGAT−/− and GAD65−/−/67−/− die postnatally, heterozygote mice (VGAT+/− or GAD65+/−/67+/−) were mated to obtain homozygote fetuses (VGAT−/− or GAD65−/−/67−/−). The fetal SCN were taken under isoflurane anesthesia at the embryonic day 19 or 20 and the fetus genotype was examined later. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim because it discusses experiments regarding the fetal suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) and the effects of GABA on neuronal activity but does not provide any information or evidence supporting or refuting the role of the SCN as the master regulator of circadian rhythms.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Probiotics can support gut health by improving the balance of bacteria. [SEP] Text: The continuing emergence of clinical evidence for benefits to consumers and the subsequent marketing power of these microbial ingredients have now seen probiotics becoming the fastest growing category of functional and health foods. By virtue of expressing a wide spectrum of novel physiological functions beneficial to human health, probiotics are currently being recognized as the grey area of intensive investigations at the global level to derive their beneficial health effects maximally for the welfare of society from nutritional and health perspectives. However, he cautioned that before seeking any specific health claim for any medical condition attributed to a particular probiotic strain or the food formulation developed with the same, it must be validated through well designed double blind placebo controlled clinical studies at least at two differently located centers. The conference was formally inaugurated by Mr. T. who in his inaugural address highlighted the initiatives being taken at FSSAI for regulating the quality, efficacy and safety of processed foods including the value added functional foods particularly dairy based enriched with probiotics to confer their beneficial effects on human health and well being. He called upon the delegates and the probiotic fraternity in the country to deliberate at length on the key issues and challenges before the probiotic industry and suggest possible solutions to address these problems for judicious and effective usage of probiotics in the country for the benefit of the consumers and the society through their innovative R&D initiatives. He also sought the help of distinguished scientists having adequate expertise in probiotic research to advise the food authority how to sustain the quality, efficacy and safety of probiotic formulations in food format and as supplements in the Indian market in the backdrop of many spurious probiotic products with false claims entering the Indian market. Dr. from Finland also spoke on the immense value of probiotics for health applications. Dr. G. P. Talwar also shared his views on the prospects of exploring probiotic therapy in vaginal health to further extend the scope of probiotic applications. In the end, Dr. V. K. Batish, Secretary, PAi and the of the conference proposed a vote of thanks to all the delegates and expressed his deep sense of gratitude to the invited speakers for agreeing to present their key-note addresses and lead papers in the conference. Probiotics - from traditional use to scientifically documented health benefitsProbiotics have a long global history of traditional use [7]. The tradition of using probiotic microorganisms for health benefits is now backed by strong scientific evidence with promising strains of probiotics in the prevention and treatment of diseases [8]. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by stating that probiotics are recognized for their beneficial health effects and have strong scientific evidence supporting their use for health applications, including gut health. The text mentions that probiotics have a history of traditional use and that their health benefits are now backed by scientific evidence, which supports the claim of probiotics improving the balance of bacteria for gut health.