Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Mindfulness meditation is linked to improved focus and academic performance. [SEP] Text: Figures AbstractThe present study investigated acute cognitive effects of mindfulness meditation (MM) compared to an active control intervention in meditators (n = 22) and novices (n = 20) using a within-subject design. We analyzed reaction times in a digitized Stroop task at baseline, after a 10-minute MM session with a fundamental breathing exercise, and after a 10-minute attentive listening intervention. Interventions order was randomized and a 10 min delay was respected before testing. Relative to baseline, meditators and novices showed faster reaction times after both interventions, but more so after MM for the congruent and incongruent Stroop task conditions that are associated with attention, inhibition and cognitive flexibility. Although the two interventions showed cognitive effects independent of previous meditation experience, MM appeared to induce larger benefits. Our findings are encouraging and support MM’s potential as a means to enhance cognitive performance on the short-term without the need of any previous practice. Citation: Sleimen-Malkoun R, Devillers-Réolon L, Temprado J-J (2023) A single session of mindfulness meditation may acutely enhance cognitive performance regardless of meditation experience. 18(3): e0282188. : September 26, 2022; Accepted: February 8, 2023; Published: March 15, 2023Copyright: © 2023 Sleimen-Malkoun et al. This is an open access 0. 25, α = 0. 05, 1-β = 0. 080, ρ = 0. 5, [32]). More participants than planned were included in order to prevent any drop-out or difficulties to follow the proposed interventions or even problems with data acquisition. Forty-two healthy adults volunteered to participate in the study. None of them had previous or current neurological or psychiatric disorders, recent or current musculoskeletal problems of the dominant upper-limb, ongoing psychopharmacological medication, uncorrected vision, an addiction to illegal substances or alcoholism. They were recruited through advertisements in a newspaper, a sports club and via instructors of MM. Twenty-two participants were regular meditators (mean age ± SD: 49. 23 ± 13. 19 years, 14 women) and twenty had no prior experience in meditation practice, which we called novices (41. 50 ± 13. 28 years, 11 women). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text supports the claim by presenting findings that mindfulness meditation (MM) is associated with enhanced cognitive performance, particularly highlighting faster reaction times in tasks that require attention and cognitive flexibility after a 10-minute MM session. This indicates a positive relationship between MM and cognitive abilities, which can be linked to improved focus and potentially academic performance.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Banks are completely immune to cyber attacks due to advanced cybersecurity. [SEP] Text: After gathering measurements in the control center, state estimation is conducted by the EMS to determine the most probable system state, considering measurements might be inaccurate or incomplete (Vrakopoulou et al. 2015). The process estimates state even when field devices provide imperfect measurements or the control center fails to receive measurements due to device or communication channel malfunction (Sridhar et al. 2011). Additionally, the EMS provides the bad data detection and elimination (BDDE) process, that removes bad data from the measurements (He and Yan 2016). Based on the estimated state, the SCADA system alerts the operator if control actions should be taken (Vrakopoulou et al. 2015). Moreover, balancing and frequency control occur across a continuum of time utilizing diverse resources at multiple steps (Zhe et al. 2021). First, the primary control units detect frequency/speed changes of generator units using a sensor and adjust governor and turbine settings to maintain the voltage at a specified set point (Mohan et al. 2020). It is provided by Regulator (AVR) (Sridhar et al. 2011). Then, the AGC is a secondary control loop that corrects inter-area tie-line flow and frequency deviation (Sridhar et al. 2011) and restores frequency to its scheduled value, usually 60 Hz (Zhe et al. 2021). Unlike governor control, secondary control schemes allow frequency control of multiple generators operating in parallel, sharing large electrical loads (Mohan et al. 2020). Finally, Tertiary control follows secondary control to guarantee sufficient secondary control reserve through manual or automatic change of generator or participating load working points (Mohan et al. 2020). In our review, we focus on the vulnerability of the AGC unit to cyber attacks, specifically FDIA, considering its crucial role in ensuring a constant frequency and preventing cascading failures or blackouts. An AGC system is comprised of two primary functions, the LFC, which maintains the load-generation power balance and system frequency; and the (ED), which distributes the generation among generators with minimal operating costs (He and Yan 2016). First, the LFC incorporates an Error (ACE) into the frequency feedback loop. ACE values for each area are calculated using frequency and tie-line power flow measurements received from PMUs (Mohan et al. 2020; Kabalci 2016). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the vulnerability of the Automatic Generation Control (AGC) unit to cyber attacks, specifically mentioning the threat of False Data Injection Attacks (FDIA). This indicates that despite cybersecurity measures, certain critical systems, such as those in banking, may still be susceptible to cyber threats.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Symbiotic relationships between microbes and plants can improve nutrient uptake. [SEP] Text: Chemosphere 44:655-661. -édrot M, (2017) Elements in wetlands, in and Sediments. Taylor & Francis Group/CRC Press, 162. de (2020) The molecular–physiological functions of mineral macronutrients and their consequences for deficiency symptoms in plants. 229:2446-2469. de Tombeur F, Laliberté E, Lambers H, Faucon M--T, (2021) Plants sustain the terrestrial silicon cycle during ecosystem retrogression. Science 369:1245-1248. (1999) The effects of rare earth elements on the growth and nutrition of plants. ’98, Forum 315:354-360. (2020) Contribution of External and Sources to Loading in (Triticum durum L. ) Levels. Sci. (2021) Cross-talks between macro- and micronutrient uptake and signaling in plants. Sci. (2022) Multiscale imaging on Saxifraga paniculata provides new insights into yttrium uptake by plants. 18268. Han F, Shan X-Q, Zhang J, Xie Y-N, Pei Z-G, Zhang S-Z, Zhu Y-G, (2005) Organic acids promote the uptake of lanthanum by barley roots. 165:481-492. (2009) Rhizosphere: biophysics, biogeochemistry and ecological relevance. 321:117-152. (1998) Why plants bother: root proliferation results in increased nitrogen capture from an organic patch when two grasses compete. Environ 22:811-820. ès-(2021a) Interactions between below-ground traits and rhizosheath fungal and bacterial communities for phosphorus acquisition. 35:1603-1619. -P (2021) Tradeoffs among phosphorus-acquisition root traits of crop species for agroecological intensification. 461: 137-150. Jones DL (1998) Organic acids in the rhizosphere – a critical review. 205:25-44. (2016) Chemical speciation and bioavailability of rare earth elements (REEs) in the ecosystem: a review. 24:22764-22789. and Piñeros MA (2004) How do crop plants tolerate acid soils? Mechanisms of aluminum tolerance and phosphorous efficiency. 55:459-493. 10. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not directly address the claim regarding symbiotic relationships between microbes and plants and their effects on nutrient uptake. Instead, it lists various studies and topics related to plant nutrition and biogeochemistry without specific mention of microbial interactions, thereby rendering the text irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Mindfulness meditation is linked to improved focus and academic performance. [SEP] Text: It can be explained, at least partially, by the breathing exercise included in the MM intervention, which probably slowed the participants’ breathing and in return affected the cardiovascular dynamics [40]. Nevertheless, as a significant effect was also found during AL, focusing on the breath doesn’t seem the only mechanism mediating the observed slowing-down in HR. It could be also due to the quiescence state induced by the selective mental processing, combined, in the case of MM, to the diffuse attentiveness to the present experience, which helps in decreasing mental distress and developing a reflexive awareness [4]. The used subjective and objective measures suggested that all participants, independent of whether or not they had a previous experience in MM practice, were properly engaged in both interventions. We note however a divergence between the self-assessment score and mean HR, with the former showing a statistically significant group effect, but not the latter. It could be that HR is not after all an accurate objective measure of how successfully the participants meditated. Cognitive performance was evaluated using the Stroop task. As a prerequisite, we first analyzed the number of errors which were overall negligible (less than 0. 7% of the achieved trials). The number of errors was not affected by the intervention or the previous experience in MM. It was only affected by task condition, with the least errors occurring in the easiest congruent condition and the more errors in the most challenging incongruent condition (large size effect). These findings are not surprising as similar results were found in previous studies investigating the acute MM effects using the Stroop task [11, 14]. Regarding reaction times in Stroop task, our results showed that, compared to baseline, the participants were faster in the three conditions after both interventions (large size effect). They were additionally even faster after MM than after AL in the congruent and incongruent conditions, which supposedly reflects better selective attention, inhibition and cognitive flexibility abilities. Accordingly, our findings suggest that focusing attention on a specific object (the content of the recording in the AL, breath in the MM) may enhance the ability to select perceptual task-relevant information, and to inhibit stimuli that are not relevant to fulfill the task goal. In addition, it appears that orienting attention to the present experience, which was the specificity of the MM session, induced larger cognitive benefits. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by presenting findings that suggest mindfulness meditation (MM) enhances cognitive performance, specifically noting that participants demonstrated faster reaction times in the Stroop task after engaging in MM, which reflects improved selective attention, inhibition, and cognitive flexibility abilities. Additionally, the text indicates that the focused attention on breathing during MM may help in selecting relevant perceptual information, thus supporting the link between mindfulness meditation and enhanced focus and academic performance.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Banks are completely immune to cyber attacks due to advanced cybersecurity. [SEP] Text: Types of cyber attacksEach type of attack has unique characteristics and potential consequences. For instance, MiTM attacks involve intercepting communication between two devices, while RA and TDAs manipulate historical measurement data or control signals. TSA and FDIA target timing information and exploit vulnerabilities in bad data detection techniques to manipulate meter measurements and influence state estimation, respectively. On the other hand, DoS attacks aim to render messages inaccessible to the intended destination. Identifying these attack categories, specific countermeasures can be developed to protect against them and can help in prioritizing cybersecurity efforts and resources, as some attacks can have more severe consequences than others. Therefore, this section provides an overview of each of these attack categories and examines their potential impact on a SG. Man-in-middle attack (MiTM)MiTM attacks pose a variety of threats to a SG. In a MiTM attack, an attacker embeds himself within a dialogue between two devices to either eavesdrop or spoof one of the devices, making the passage of information appear regular (Conti et al. 2016). Kulkarni et al. (2020) examines the potential security dangers posed by a MiTM attack on a power system while focusing on the weaknesses in the Modbus TCP/IP protocol used for communications. The authors in Fritz et al. (2019), present a prototype of a MiTM attack to be implemented on a SG emulation platform. They offer a method for breaking the integrity and authenticity of packets. The physical distance between PMUs and the Concentrator (PDC) makes it harder to detect packet interception and the speed at which the PDC must acquire data provides minimal time for encryption, authentication, and integrity checks. Replay attack (RA) and time delay attack (TDA)Getting the control signal at the appropriate moment is essential for controlling the system. The TDA affects the system by randomly delaying the transmission and reception of packets (Wu et al. 2019). The RA strategy is implemented by recording sensor measurements for a certain time window and replacing actual sensor measurements leading to modifying control signals, or by maliciously repeating the control signals sent from the operator to the actuator (Zhu and Martinez 2013). Hence, in both types, the control center drives the system states out of their normal values by using historical measurement data or control signals, which could render the power system damaged (Mo and Sinopoli 2009). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by detailing various types of cyber attacks, such as Man-in-the-Middle (MiTM) attacks, Replay attacks (RA), and Time Delay attacks (TDA), which pose threats to systems like smart grids. By discussing the characteristics and potential impacts of these attacks, it implies that no system, including banks, can be completely immune to cyber attacks, as these risks and vulnerabilities exist regardless of cybersecurity measures.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Symbiotic relationships between microbes and plants can improve nutrient uptake. [SEP] Text: 1146/annurev. arplant. 55. 031903. 141655. Kovarikova M, Tomášková I, (2019) Rare earth elements in plants. Biologia plantarum 63:20-32. (2002) Analytical procedures for the determination of selected trace elements in peat and plant samples by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. B 57(8):1277-1289. Variation in phosphorus uptake efficiency by genotypes of cowpea (Vigna unguiculata) due to differences in root and root hair length and induced rhizosphere processes. 251:83-91. (2022) Phosphorus acquisition and utilization in plants. 73:1. 1-1. 26. é (2015) Leaf manganese accumulation and phosphorus-acquisition efficiency. Sci 20:83-90. (2013) How a phosphorus-acquisition strategy based on carboxylate exudation powers the success and agronomic potential of lupines (Lupinus, Fabaceae). Bot 100: 263-288. (2014) Synthesis, structure and reactivity of rare-earth metal complexes containing anionic phosphorus ligands. Rev 43:42-57. Liu C, Ding T-X, Liu W-S, Tang Y-T, Qiu R-L (2022) Phosphorus mediated rhizosphere mobilization and apoplast precipitation regulate rare earth element accumulation in Phytolacca americana. 240. Liu C, Liu W-S, van der -B, Tang Y-T, Qiu R-L (2021) Simultaneous hyperaccumulation of rare earth elements, manganese and aluminum in Phytolacca americana in response to soil properties. Chemosphere 282, 131096 and (2001) Aluminium tolerance in plants and the complexing role of organic acids. Sci 6:273-278. Ma JF, (2000) Form of aluminium for uptake and translocation in buckwheat (Fagopyrum esculentum Moench). Planta 211:355-360. MCLennan SM (2001) Relationships between the trace element composition of sedimentary rocks and upper continental crust. 2. (1995) Mineral nutrition of higher plants. Academic Press, London. (2004). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim regarding symbiotic relationships between microbes and plants improving nutrient uptake. Instead, it discusses various studies and findings related to trace elements and plant nutrient acquisition without directly linking these concepts to symbiotic interactions.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Mindfulness meditation is linked to improved focus and academic performance. [SEP] Text: More importantly, our results suggest that both meditators and novices could show comparable acute cognitive benefits from the proposed interventions. Due to the different ways in which the Stroop task has been implemented in previous studies (computer vs. paper, number of trials, absence or presence of neutral words, kind of neutral words) and analyzed (reported outcomes and their calculation), it is not straightforward to compare our results to those reported in the available literature. While some studies reported a lack acute effects on Stroop task performance following MM (e. g. , [14]), others did report benefits (e. g. , [22]). Anyhow, to our knowledge, no direct comparison was previously made between meditators and novices as in the present study. Here, we go even further by using a within-subject design. We also respected the post-intervention time delay that was shown to optimize the chances of observing acute effects [22]. Our results suggest that acute cognitive benefits of MM can be observed following even a single 10-minute session, without the need of a previous practice or familiarity with mindfulness training. However, in the present study, the number of used cognitive tests had to be limited since acute effects are transient and their duration is still unknown. While we used a broad spectrum task (Stroop), the lack of specific tests to assert separately the implicated processes (attention, cognitive flexibility, inhibition) is a limitation. Another limitation of the present work is the absence of a passive control intervention in addition to the AL and MM interventions. As suggested by Davidson and Kaszniak [41], a rigorous approach must include several control groups designed to rule out all alternative explanatory mechanisms of the expected effects. Additionally, even if the intervention’s randomization permitted to exclude a potential test-retest effect, adding a second baseline test phase would further confirm the test-retest reliability of the used Stroop task and exclude any possible repetition effect that might contribute to the observed baseline vs. post-intervention differences. It must be acknowledged as well that some individuals could be disturbed by the laboratory setting, which could interfere with their ability to fully engage in the proposed intervention, and hence lead to an underestimation of the potential real-life benefits. ConclusionsThe present study used a rigorously controlled within-subject design to investigate MM’s acute effects in comparison to an attentive listening intervention. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by stating that 'acute cognitive benefits of MM can be observed following even a single 10-minute session,' implying that mindfulness meditation (MM) leads to improvements in cognitive performance, which is closely related to focus and potentially academic performance. It also notes results showing comparable cognitive benefits for both meditators and novices and references research suggesting benefits for tasks that measure cognitive skills related to focus.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Banks are completely immune to cyber attacks due to advanced cybersecurity. [SEP] Text: False data injection attack (FDIA)State estimation is the technique of estimating unobserved state variables in a power system based on meter readings. FDIA were introduced in Liu et al. (2011) to manipulate meter measurements and covertly influence the outcome of state estimate (SE) by exploiting the vulnerabilities of bad data detection techniques in the EMS. The attacker injects a vector of observed measurements that may contain malicious data that cannot be detected by BDDE. As many power system applications (such as ED that meets the expected system demand at the lowest cost possible) rely on the results of state estimate, faked estimation may confuse the system operation and control functions and lead to wrong decisions (Liang et al. 2016). In addition, FDIA affects stability. The authors of Chen et al. (2016) demonstrated how an FDIA attack might lead to unnecessary rescheduling of generation and load shedding. Load redistribution attack (LRA)The authors of Yuan et al. (2011) introduced the LRA, a specific kind of FDIA, which can disrupt the power grid functioning by targeting the ED. The purpose of ED is to reduce the entire system operation cost (generation cost, load shedding cost, etc. ) by re-dispatching the generated outputs. After the estimated state has been modified by an LRA, the false ED solution has the potential to force the system into an uneconomic operational state. There are two approaches for LRA: immediate and delayed attacking objectives. The immediate attacking objective is to maximize the cost of power system operations immediately following the attack, whereas the delayed attacking objective is to gradually overload the power lines, which can result in physical damage to the power system. Denial of service attack (DoS)A variety of measuring equipment, such as SMs, smart appliances, data aggregators, and PLCs, are present in SGs. On these devices, several DoS targeting vulnerabilities are exploitable. In a power system, a DoS is an action that renders measuring device data inaccessible to the intended user, or prevents control commands from reaching actuators, and eventually causes system instability. This interrupt the operation of the SG since it is unable to log any events occurring at that time. A DoS attack consists of either flooding to overload a device or channel with data, or the manipulation of protocol and system weaknesses and abnormalities (e. g. jamming and routing attacks, etc) (Jhaveri et al. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by detailing various types of attacks, such as false data injection attacks (FDIA) and denial of service attacks (DoS), that exploit vulnerabilities in systems. It emphasizes how these attacks can lead to significant system instability and economic consequences, indicating that no system, including banks, is completely immune to cyber threats.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Symbiotic relationships between microbes and plants can improve nutrient uptake. [SEP] Text: of Metal 452 Complexes, Database 46, Version 8, NIST, Gaithersburg. (2011) Time and substrate dependent exudation of carboxylates by Lupinus albus L. and Brassica napus L. Biochem 49:1272-1278. (2022) Effect of substrate properties and P-supply on facilitating the uptake of rare earth elements (REE) in mixed-culture cropping systems of Hordeum vulgare, Lupinus albus and Lupinus angustifolius. 29, 57172–57189. Neumann G, Römheld V (2001) The release of root exudates as affected by the plant’s physiological status. In: (eds) – Biochemistry and organic substances at the soil–plant interface. . ömheld V, (2000) Physiological aspects of cluster root function and development in phosphorus-deficient white lupin (Lupinus albus L. ). 85:909-919. (2006) Carboxylate composition of root exudates does not relate consistently to a crop species’ ability to use phosphorus from aluminium, iron or calcium phosphate sources. 173:181-190. Pourret O, van der (2022) The ‘europium anomaly’ in plants: facts and fiction. 476:721-728. (2007) Rare earth elements complexation with humic acid. 243:128-141. . 1974. Differences among Lupinus species in field response to superphosphate. 14:214-223 (2003) Agricultural soils in northern Europe. Schweizerbart, Stuttgart. (1996) Variation, co-ordination and compensation in root systems in relation to soil variability. 187:57-66. Römer W, Kang D-(2000) The acquisition of cadmium by Lupinus albus L. , Lupinus angustifolius L. , and Lolium multiflorum Lam. J 163:623-628. Saiz-(2021) Split-root systems: detailed methodology, alternative applications, and implications at leaf proteome level. 17. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text discusses various studies and findings related to plant species and their interactions with soil and substrates but does not address or provide evidence specifically about symbiotic relationships between microbes and plants enhancing nutrient uptake. Therefore, it is irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Mindfulness meditation is linked to improved focus and academic performance. [SEP] Text: It extends existing literature by showing that a single 10-minutes MM session can acutely enhance attention, inhibition and cognitive flexibility processes that are implicated in the used Stroop task, regardless of previous experience in mindfulness meditation practice. The observed cognitive benefits were also present, but to a lesser extent, after a simple attentive listening intervention. Hence, the MM component of orienting attention to the present moment seems to be crucial to optimize the cognitive benefits. These findings are encouraging and support the potential of both intervention approaches to enhance cognitive performance on the short-term, and presumably to improve brain functioning and well-being on the longer run, but this remains to be specifically addressed in future studies. Supporting informationS1 Fig. Heart rate (HR) per group and intervention. Mean HR values ± normalized 95% confidence interval for meditators (A) and novices (B) at baseline and during the attentive listening (AL) and mindfulness meditation (MM) interventions. S2 Fig. Stroop task reaction times (RT) per group, condition and test. Mean RT values ± normalized 95% confidence interval in the three Stroop task conditions for meditators (A) and novices (B) at baseline and following the attentive listening (TAL) and the mindfulness meditation (TMM) interventions. S1 File. Instructions about the organization of the provided data files. S2 File. NN intervals data for the meditators group. S3 File. NN intervals data for the novices group. S4 File. Stroop task data for the meditators group. S5 File. Stroop task data for the novices group. 1. Baminiwatta A, Solangaarachchi I. Trends and Developments in over 55 Years: A of in Web of Science. Mindfulness (N Y). 2021;12: 2099–2116. pmid:34306245 View 2. Kabat-Zinn J. to Tell: Impact and Challenges—Ethical and Otherwise—Inherent in the Mainstreaming of Dharma in an World. Mindfulness (N Y). 2017;8: 1125–1135. pmid:28989546 View 3. Mindfulness: A proposed operational definition. Sci Pract. 2004;11: 230–241. View 4. . Attention regulation and monitoring in meditation. Sci. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by presenting findings that a single 10-minute mindfulness meditation (MM) session can enhance attention, inhibition, and cognitive flexibility, which are crucial for academic performance. It indicates that these cognitive benefits are significant, suggesting a strong link between mindfulness meditation and improved focus, indeed supporting the claim.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Banks are completely immune to cyber attacks due to advanced cybersecurity. [SEP] Text: 2012; Liang et al. 2016; Xu et al. 2006). A puppet attack is a novel DoS attack that can result in preventing communication in an AMI network, as described by Yi et al. (2016). The intruder can designate any regular node as a puppet node and transmit attack packets to it. When the puppet node gets these attack packets, this node can be controlled by the attacker and can overflow the network communication capacity and node’s energy with additional packets. Instead of initiating an assault from a single source, another derivative attack from DoS in the power system is distributed DoS (DDoS) attacks launched concurrently from many dispersed systems (Raja et al. 2022). Time synchronization attacks (TSA)TSA is possible CAs on SG that target timing information. Some applications in SG require synchronous measurements, and the majority of measurement devices, such as PMU, may use GPS as a time source and Protocol (NTP) as a means of time distribution (Singh et al. 2015). In the case of GPS, the device synchronizes itself to the time reference received from a group of GPS satellites, while in NTP, the equipment clock operates as a slave device and adjusts its time to a reference received from a master clock device, which is equipped with an accurate clock. The most common protocol for NTP is the Protocol (PTP). Both systems have been demonstrated to be susceptible to TSAs through GPS jamming, spoofing, and software compromise (Jiang et al. 2013; Zhang et al. 2013). Switching attacks (SA)A switching attack (SA) is a type of CA where the attacker discovers a switching sequence for the circuit breaker that induces instability in the phase angle (also known as the rotor angle) and frequency of the generator, compelling it to disconnect (Liberati et al. 2021). Coordinated SAs were proposed in Liu et al. (2011a, 2011b) where the transmission system is represented as a single-machine infinite bus system. This model includes a generator and a load linked to the bus through a breaker. In practical scenarios, a substation SA refers to the deliberate disconnection of various power equipment components, such as transformers, transmission lines, and buses, which are linked to substations via compromised local networks. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text provides an extensive explanation of various cyber attack methods, such as puppet attacks, distributed denial-of-service (DDoS) attacks, time synchronization attacks (TSA), and switching attacks (SA). This directly contrasts the claim, as it highlights vulnerabilities in systems, including potential attacks on cybersecurity measures. The mention that these attacks can compromise network communication, timing information, and equipment stability contradicts the assertion that banks are immune to cyber attacks.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Symbiotic relationships between microbes and plants can improve nutrient uptake. [SEP] Text: Hopefully, with more research like Nate’s, scientists will find ways for farmers to have high enough crop yields to feed the global population, while minimising the environmental impact. BoyerInstitute of of research: Sciences, project: Investigating nitrogenase expression in diazotrophs with the aim of improving crop yields in an environmentally friendly way Funder: US Department of Agriculture (USDA) This work is supported by Agricultural and Initiative grant no. 2021-67034-35148 from the of Food and Agriculture. The content is solely the responsibility of the authors and does not necessarily represent the official views of the funding agencies. About biochemistry Biochemists study chemical processes and structures in animals, plants and microorganisms (such as bacteria and viruses). As well as working in medical, dental and veterinary areas, biochemical scientists can work in food science, pharmacology and agriculture. They might study anything from how an organism gets energy from food to how insecticides affect plants, to how diseases are passed down through genetics. “Biochemical research provides the opportunity to solve complex puzzles in a collaborative setting on a daily basis,” says Nate. What research opportunities will be open to the next generation of biochemists? “The amazing thing about research is that it’s a self-perpetuating system,” says Nate. “Our scientific understanding builds on the work of those who came before us, and the answer to any well-thought research question should allow scientists to ask more interesting questions. So, there are countless opportunities for the next generation of biochemists! ” What does a typical day look like for Nate? “One thing that I really enjoy about research is how variable a ‘typical’ day can be,” says Nate. “I may be in the lab performing experiments, on the computer analysing data or performing computational experiments, presenting my findings, or reading to stay up to date with rapidly evolving cutting-edge techniques. Some experiments require highly specific, expensive equipment, so I often travel to other labs to collaborate with scientists from different backgrounds, which I’ve always enjoyed. ” Pathway from school to biochemistry • If you are interested in becoming a biochemist, take classes in biology, chemistry, physics and mathematics at high school and post-16. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not directly address or provide evidence related to the claim about symbiotic relationships between microbes and plants improving nutrient uptake. Instead, it focuses on various aspects of biochemistry research and the broader implications for agriculture without mentioning specific symbiotic relationships.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Mindfulness meditation is linked to improved focus and academic performance. [SEP] Text: 2008;12: 163–169. pmid:18329323 View 5. Moore A, Malinowski P. Meditation, mindfulness and cognitive flexibility. Conscious Cogn. 2009;18: 176–186. pmid:19181542 View 6. . Mindfulness training modifies subsystems of attention. Behav Neurosci. 2007;7: 109–119. pmid:17672382 View 7. . The effects of mindfulness on executive processes and autobiographical memory specificity. Ther. 2009;47: 403–409. pmid:19232573 View 8. Wimmer L, Bellingrath S, von Stockhausen L. Cognitive effects of mindfulness training: Results of a pilot study based on a theory driven approach. Front Psychol. 2016;7. pmid:27462287 View 9. . , Bishop SR. Mindfulness-based stress reduction and attentional control. Psychother. 2007;14: 449–463. View 10. . Attention in Novices: ERPs and Moderation by Neuroticism. Neurosci. 2018;12. pmid:30127731 View 11. Wenk-Sormaz H. Meditation can reduce habitual responding. Health Med. 2005;11: 42–58. View 12. Baranski MFS. Effects of Meditation on the of Inhibition, Shifting, and Updating. J Cogn Enhanc. 2021;5: 311–329. View 13. . The impact of a brief mindfulness meditation intervention on cognitive control and error-related performance monitoring. Neurosci. 2013;7. pmid:23847491 View 14. Polak EL. Impact of of on Attention. Dissertation. 2009. 15. . Does mindfulness training improve cognitive abilities? A systematic review of neuropsychological findings. Rev. 2011;31: 449–464. pmid:21183265 View 16. Gallant SN. Mindfulness meditation practice and executive functioning: Breaking down the benefit. Conscious Cogn. 2016;40: 116–130. pmid:26784917 View 17. . Cognitive effects of MBSR/MBCT: A systematic review of neuropsychological outcomes. Conscious Cogn. 2016;45: 109–123. pmid:27580462 View 18. Pickering C, Kiely J. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text provides several citations and studies related to mindfulness, suggesting that there is research supporting the idea that mindfulness training has cognitive benefits. For instance, it mentions works that examine the effects of mindfulness on attention, cognitive flexibility, executive functioning, and performance monitoring. This collectively supports the claim that mindfulness meditation is linked to improved focus and academic performance.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Banks are completely immune to cyber attacks due to advanced cybersecurity. [SEP] Text: This type of attack, by disconnecting the compromised substations, has the potential to introduce grid congestion, giving rise to various forms of instability stemming from subsequent events (Yamashita et al. 2020a). In response to the recommendations provided by the Corporation (NERC) regarding the implementation of anomaly detection features in IP-based substations, the research (Yamashita et al. 2020a) focuses specifically on IP-based substations and indicates that SA through intrusion into an IP-based substations network can be possibly executed through a local computer that has complete access to all breakers and controlled switchgear in the substation, or through a digital relay that has partial switching control of the circuit breakers in the substation. Moreover, Yamashita et al. (2020b) discusses how switching attacks that involve the opening of circuit breakers at substations can be potentially carried out through direct IP-based IEDs widely used in the SG. Furthermore, switching attacks have the potential to trigger cascading tripping events, resulting in the occurrence of blackouts (Yamashita et al. 2020a). Malicious command injection and malware attacksPopping the HMI is one of the disruptive CAs aimed against the SG that may be used to introduce malicious commands. In this instance, an attacker exploits vulnerabilities in the device’s software or operating system and installs a remote shell, which enables the adversary to connect remotely to the server from the adversary’s computer. The objective of this attack is to gain unauthorized access and control over the compromised system. By mapping harmful commands, Lin et al. (2018) examines the effects of control-related attacks on the dynamic reactions of a power system. CAs targeting SG systems include further malware attacks, such as logic bomb and Trojan horse. A logic bomb is an attack that is designed to execute a specific action when certain conditions are met and can result in system failure, auto-deletion of hard drives, data modification, etc. Dusane and Pavithra (2020). Trojan horse typically hides malicious malware as a nice software that the user is ready to execute (Namanya et al. 2018). Botnet (Liu et al. 2009), is a network of hacked remote control computers used to transmit malware, spam, and steal communications. Typically, botnets are installed covertly on the target computer, allowing an unauthorized person to remotely manipulate the target system for malicious purposes. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by highlighting various forms of cyber attacks, including malware and command injection attacks, that can compromise systems, particularly in the context of smart grids. It emphasizes the vulnerabilities in networked systems, such as IP-based substations, showing that no system, including those in critical sectors like banking, is completely immune to cyber threats.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Symbiotic relationships between microbes and plants can improve nutrient uptake. [SEP] Text: • “There are many great educational resources on YouTube that can help you get a basic understanding of biochemistry,” says Nate. “I watched a lot of videos throughout my education. As you get started, it can feel like learning a new language, and sometimes it can feel overwhelming. If you keep striving to understand the concepts, fluency will come with time. ” Have a look at Khan Academy’s explanation of the nitrogen cycle. • Study for a bachelor’s degree in biochemistry or a related field such as biology, molecular biology or biomedical engineering. However, Nate recommends choosing the classes that inspire you. “Personally, I’ve found that my degree in philosophy, focused on advanced logic and philosophy of science, has been indispensable to designing effective experimental strategies,” says Nate. “Research takes all kinds, so my best advice would be to follow your passion and keep an eye open for where your expertise fits in. ” • Try to gain laboratory experience whenever you can, such as through a summer placement at a university or an internship at a pharmaceutical company. To work in research, you will need to complete a master’s degree and a PhD after your bachelor’s degree. • “Taking any computer science classes will position you well to make use of machine learning and other computational tools that are revolutionising the field of biochemistry,” says Nate. • If you are a high schooler in the US and come from a community, have a look at University’s ‘College Leaders’ (EXCEL) programme, which allows students to conduct their own mini biochemical project. Explore careers in biochemistry • has some great information on the field of biochemistry, as well as information on the differences between working in academia, industry, government or for a non-profit organisation. • The US Bureau of has a useful page on what being a biochemist involves, as well as a list of similar occupations. • According to Payscale. com, the average annual salary for a biochemist in the US is around $70,000. Who or what inspired you to become a scientist? I’ve always wanted to be a scientist. was 5 years old, my parents got my older brother a chemistry set for Christmas, and, even though I was well below the age recommendation, I was far more excited about this gift than he was. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses educational resources, personal experiences in biochemistry, and career advice but does not mention anything about symbiotic relationships between microbes and plants or their role in nutrient uptake.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Mindfulness meditation is linked to improved focus and academic performance. [SEP] Text: While it is easy to empathize with and give aid to close, similar others, such as family and friends, it can be difficult to extend prosociality toward strangers who are perceived as “psychologically distant” from and/or dissimilar to oneself (e. g. , Kurzban et al. , 2015). In intergroup contexts, empathy and prosocial behavior are often shown preferentially toward one’s social in-group over social out-group members (called parochial empathy; Bruneau et al. , 2015; Cikara et al. , 2011). Parochial empathy can have deleterious consequences for collective well-being, including taking pleasure in out-group members’ pain (Cikara et al. , 2014) and even intergroup conflict (Cikara et al. , 2014). The consequences of parochial empathy point to the need to overcome it as a barrier to prosociality when it is most difficult—in intergroup contexts marked by conflict and animosity. Meditation refers to a family of practices that entail self-regulation of mental capacities such as attention, emotion, and memory (e. g. , Tang et al. , 2015). Social psychological and contemplative theory has long posited that these forms of regulation via meditation (or other psychological interventions) are critical for empathy and kindness to grow (Davidson & Harrington, 2002; Decety & Jackson, 2004). On the surface, compassion meditation seems most obviously linked to empathy and prosocial behavior, as it includes explicit instruction to cultivate compassion toward others (Lippelt et al. , 2014), and indeed, it appears to do so. For example, a form of compassion meditation called loving-kindness meditation has been shown to enhance helping behavior (Leiberg et al. , 2011; Weng et al. , 2013). Loving-kindness meditation has also been shown to reduce implicit biases in social cognition, and this reduction was due in part to positive other-regarding emotions (Kang et al. , 2014; Stell & Farsides, 2016). Previous research has also demonstrated that mindfulness meditation can promote prosocial responses in various interpersonal contexts, despite the lack of explicit compassion-based instructions (e. g. , Berry et al. , 2018; Hafenbrack et al. , 2020; Iwamoto et al. , 2020; Tan et al. , 2014). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by detailing how mindfulness meditation can enhance prosocial responses and emotional regulation, which are connected to focus and interpersonal behavior. It mentions that mindfulness meditation promotes beneficial responses in various interpersonal contexts, supporting the notion that mindfulness strategies could improve focus, which may indirectly lead to better academic performance.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Banks are completely immune to cyber attacks due to advanced cybersecurity. [SEP] Text: Attack classification based on target pointsOne critical aspect of protecting the SG is identifying potential points of access for cyber attackers. In this context, attack classification based on target points is an essential tool for assessing the vulnerability of the SG. Various components of the SG can be targeted by cyber attackers, such as measuring devices, systems, communication technologies in WAN, the power markets, the service providers, and the customer as shown in Fig. 4. Each of these components has unique vulnerabilities that can be exploited by attackers, which can lead to severe consequences for the power system. This section provides an overview of the potential CAs that could be launched against each component. Fig. 4Attack points in the smart gridFull size imageCustomerTo build a network, the equipment in the customer domain used widely wireless technology for information exchange between entities. As demonstrated in Lounis and Zulkernine (2020) wireless networks are vulnerable to DoS, MiTM, and spoofing attacks. An attacker may be able to intercept wireless communications if unauthorized eavesdropping occurs on the communication channels or compromise vulnerable meters and arbitrarily alter their readings. Through intercepting, an adversary can obtain information, such as a consumer’s power consumption, and deduce the consumer’s daily routine, and personal information and pose grave risks to the privacy of customers. This domain also consists of a smart charging management system (SCMS) that optimizes the charging of plug-in electric vehicles (PEVs) and offers various grid services. The 37. 118 and IEC 61850-90-5 are widely recognized as two of the most popular PMU communication frameworks. The vulnerabilities associated with the IEEE C37. 118. 2 communication protocol can lead to various types of CAs, including Distributed Denial-of-Service (DDoS) attacks (Farooq et al. 2018). Additionally, PMUs are highly vulnerable to TSAs, where an attacker compromises the time reference of a group of PMUs, enabling them to manipulate the phase angle of the recorded phasors. This manipulation can have severe consequences on the operation and control of the grid (Zhang et al. 2013; Shereen et al. 2022). Furthermore, the propagation of tampered substations within a WAN has the potential to impact all synchronized substations, resulting in inaccurate metering, disruptions to state estimation, and significant socio-economic or operational impacts (Wang et al. 2017). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by detailing various vulnerabilities within critical systems such as the smart grid, illustrating that advanced cybersecurity does not eliminate potential points of access for cyber attackers. It describes multiple attack vectors and specific threats that can compromise security, indicating that no system, including banks, is completely immune to cyber attacks.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Symbiotic relationships between microbes and plants can improve nutrient uptake. [SEP] Text: So, my parents spent a lot of time supervising me while I mixed the colourful chemicals, and ever since then, I’ve wanted to be a researcher. Coming from a small, rural town, I didn’t really have any examples of scientists growing up, but I was fortunate to have the support of family, friends and mentors who have all encouraged me to find what I want to do and pursue it. It wasn’t until the summer after my second year at the University of Missouri that I had the opportunity to participate in research. Assuredly, I am in this position today because of the mentorship of Baker and Braun, who both believed in me and provided me with the opportunity to chase my curiosity. What experiences have shaped your career path? My biggest eureka moment, so far, was probably looking at the model of the NifL protein structure I created. To build the model, I had to bring together knowledge from 30 years of scientific literature and integrate this with newer bioinformatic techniques. It was like putting together a 5,000-piece jigsaw puzzle! The whole process took several months, but when everything fell into place, it revealed a picture that showed us so much more than we thought we knew at the time. What has been the worst advice you have been given? “Drop philosophy – you’ll never use it. ” “Give the problem time – it’ll figure itself out. ” What attributes have made you successful as a scientist? Curiosity and persistence. I’ve always been curious about biology and what makes organisms functional and adaptable, and it’s this curiosity that pulled me in initially. Research can be slow and difficult though, and success requires persistence and hard work. What are your proudest career achievements so far? My proudest achievement is independently securing funding for my graduate research by applying for and being awarded the US Department of - Doctoral fellowship. Nate’s top tips 1. Believe in yourself and don’t be afraid to fail. graduated high school, I honestly didn’t think I was capable of understanding chemistry, and the fear of failure associated with this delayed me from pursuing a position in research. You’re capable of more than you think you are. 2. Follow your passion. Success requires hard work, but if you follow your passion, the work will be fun along the way. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim at all. It focuses on personal experiences in scientific research, mentorship, and career development without any mention of symbiotic relationships between microbes and plants or their impact on nutrient uptake.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Mindfulness meditation is linked to improved focus and academic performance. [SEP] Text: That mindfulness predicted prosocial behavior but not parochial empathy when controlling for all covariates suggests that empathy may not be a reliable mechanism in intergroup prosociality (but see Berry et al. , 2018). Future research should examine social cognitive mechanisms mutable to mindfulness including social categorization (Pinazo & Breso, 2017), attribution (Tincher et al. , 2016), and implicit attitude bias (Lueke & Gibson, 2015). In designing conflict resolution interventions, researchers should be cognizant of the behaviors and emotions they intend their trainees to emit; in doing so, researchers may wish to design interventions to highlight active ingredients like mindfulness meditation that changes intergroup prosocial behavior, and compassion meditation that reduces parochial empathy. Most importantly, further research is needed to show whether longer-term mindfulness-based and compassion-based interventions impact parochial empathy and prosocial behavior. There is one additional finding in this study that diverged from previous research. Contrary to research upon which this study’s procedure was constructed (Bruneau et al. , 2017), the present results showed that parochial empathy predicted out-group altruism but was not a predictor of support for out-group immigration after accounting for the well-established role of trait empathic concern in prosocial outcomes. One explanation for this result is that participants in this study showed very little parochial empathy, making it less likely that parochial empathy could affect prosocial behavioral outcomes. Eight items measured in-group empathy and 8 items measured out-group empathy (Bruneau et al. , 2017). In past research, parochial empathy has been calculated as in-group empathy score minus out-group empathy score. Greater parochial empathy would be indicated by higher positive values (maximum difference score = eight). Average scores for parochial empathy in the total sample were very close to zero, indicating that participants in this study reported a similar amount of empathy for in-group and out-group members. Another explanation for these results is that the parochial empathy measure in this study measured experience or emotional sharing (i. e. , sharing emotions that are congruent with the target’s emotions) for in-group and out-group members. Past research has shown that mindfulness enhances state empathic concern and that state empathic concern was a significant mediator between mindfulness and prosocial behavior toward ostracized strangers (Berry et al. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text discusses the implications of mindfulness on prosocial behavior and empathy but does not directly address the claim regarding improved focus or academic performance. The mention of mindfulness's role in empathy does not specifically corroborate or contrast with the claim about focus and academic outcomes.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Banks are completely immune to cyber attacks due to advanced cybersecurity. [SEP] Text: Automated generation control (AGC)AGC depends on the SCADA telemetry system to provide tie-line and frequency measurements. A CA on AGC could result in significant consequences for system frequency, stability, and economic operation. The primary controller of AGC is vulnerable to the Aurora attack (Zeller 2011), wherein an attacker could quickly open and close the circuit breakers of a generator, causing it to become desynchronized and eventually damaged if the timing of such actions falls within a critical time window. The main resources targeted by the DoS attack are the communication channels (linking RTU/PMU and the control center, and connecting the control center and governor). DoS attacks can delay the transfer of measurement data to the control center, impact the updating of the control command from the control center, and delay the control signals given to the actuator, so degrading the performance of the power system (Li et al. 2019). Another attack capable of corrupting the LFC system’s functionality, the main component of AGC can be launched by distorting data (e. g. , FDIA) (Abbaspour et al. 2019) or by injecting delays (e. g. TDA Sargolzaei et al. 2013, 2014) into the telemetered measurement states or control signals. Further, the local control loops of the AVR and governor control are independent of the SCADA telemetry infrastructure as they rely on local sensing of the terminal voltage and rotor speed. However, these control loops are still susceptible to malware that may infiltrate the substation via other entry points, like USB keys. Solutions and countermeasures for cybersecurity in SG categorized based on NIST frameworkToday, cybersecurity threats have become more frequent and sophisticated, necessitating the implementation of effective risk management strategies by organizations. Utilizing a standardized framework for managing cybersecurity risks is a crucial method for achieving this objective. is a well-recognized and valuable tool that organizations from a variety of industries have adopted to enhance their cybersecurity risk management (Standards 2021). It provides a comprehensive set of best practices and guidelines for successfully addressing cybersecurity risks. The three primary components of this framework are Core, Implementation Tiers, and Profiles. As shown in Fig. 5, the Core consists of five concurrent and continuous functions (Identify, Protect, Detect, Respond, and Recover). It provides a strategic perspective on the cybersecurity risk management approach of an organization. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by highlighting the vulnerability of critical control systems like Automated Generation Control (AGC) and the potential for various cyberattacks that can significantly impact operational stability and security. It mentions specific attacks such as the Aurora attack and DoS attacks that can compromise the performance of power systems, indicating that even well-defined cybersecurity frameworks cannot guarantee complete immunity, thereby challenging the assertion that banks or any organizations are completely immune to cyber threats.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Symbiotic relationships between microbes and plants can improve nutrient uptake. [SEP] Text: of for to & Inclusion Statement/Code of News and this journal Search all journals of for to & Inclusion Statement/Code of News and this journal Search all journals HortDate: 01 Jun 2021 Online ISSN: 2327-9834 Advertisement 1. Spinach plant growth responses to nutrient solution pH 4. 0, 4. 5, 5. 0, or 5. 5. Individual charts are (a) fresh shoot mass, (b) fresh root mass, (c) dry shoot mass, (d) dry root mass, and (e) leaf count per plant after 3 weeks. Means of 10 sample plants of two trials are shown. All responses were significant by analysis of variance (P < 0. 15) and expressed with linear or quadratic regressions: (a) y = –1. 82 x2 + 21. 6 × –56. 6; (b) y = –1. 15 x2 + 12. 4 x – 30. 7; (c) y = –0. 0919 x2 + 1. 18 x – 3. 15; (d) y = –0. 0553 x2 + 0. 587 x – 1. 41; (e) y = –1. 10 x2 + 11. 7 x – 23. 2. values are shown in each chart. View in gallery Fig. 2. Responses of leaf nutrient concentrations of spinach plants to nutrient solution pH 4. 0, 4. 5, 5. 0, or 5. 5 (Expt. 1). Responses significant by analysis of variance (P < 0. 15) were expressed with linear or quadratic regressions: (a) y = –19. 3 x2 + 193 x – 424; (b) y = –5. 35 x2 + 56. 1 x – 132; (c) y = –19. 2 x2 + 198 x – 431; (d) NS; (e) y = 3. 28 x – 9. 11; (f) y = –0. 272 x2 + 3. 02 x – 6. 67; (g) NS; (h) y = 0. 926 x – 2. 109; (i) y = 18. 5 x – 9. 34; (j) y = 22. 1 x – 48. 1; (k) NS; (l) y = –94. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not directly address the claim regarding symbiotic relationships between microbes and plants. Instead, it focuses on specific growth responses of spinach plants related to nutrient solution pH levels and presents various statistical analyses. Because the text does not provide any information supporting, contrasting, or discussing the claim, it is deemed irrelevant.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Mindfulness meditation is linked to improved focus and academic performance. [SEP] Text: S M L You need 7. 0 or later in order to read PDF files on this site. Reader is not installed on your computer, click the button below and go to the download site. Feature 2023. Awareness in Mindfulness Meditation—Investigation of the Psychological, Physiological, and of meditation, which is used to cultivate a state of awareness of the experience of the present moment as it is (called mindful awareness), has been shown to contribute to enhancing well-being. There are two types of mindfulness meditation: focused attention meditation and open monitoring meditation. To understand mindful awareness, our group focused on the psychological, physiological, and neural mechanisms of open monitoring meditation thought to be involved in mindful awareness. Keywords: mindfulness, mindful awareness, open monitoring meditation 1. The importance of awareness of the present moment experience as it is Mindfulness is the state of receptive attention to and awareness of ongoing events and experiences as they are. “Receptive attention” means, as opposed to intentionally focusing attention on a specific object, the spontaneous broadening of attention by letting go of such an intention. “Awareness” means the bringing to consciousness of previously unaware experiences. “Experiences” means the sensations, feelings, and thoughts that arise one after another in one’s body and mind. “As they are” means an attitude of not reacting, judging, or inhibiting the experiences within awareness after broadening of attention. We call this kind of awareness mindful awareness in this 2. Focused attention and open monitoring meditations There are two types of mindfulness meditation: focused attention meditation (FAM) and open monitoring meditation (OMM) (Fig. 1). FAM is a method of intentionally focusing attention on a specific object [3]. For example, we focus our attention on breathing, which occurs naturally. However, when distracting stimuli arise, such as stronger sensations or emotions, our attention is captured by them. When we become aware of this, we try to shift attention back to the specific object. This shifting attention allows it to be diverted away from the distracting stimulus. Repeatedly doing this can improve the ability to focus attention on a target object. However, focusing attention on a specific object does not enable us to become aware of experiences that occur one after another in the range other than the narrow range of attention. Fig. 1. Two types of meditation methods comprising mindfulness meditation. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text supports the claim by explaining that focused attention meditation (FAM), a type of mindfulness meditation, involves intentionally focusing attention on a specific object, such as breathing. It elaborates that when distractions arise, awareness of these distractions allows individuals to shift their attention back to the intended object, which can ultimately 'improve the ability to focus attention on a target object.' This suggests a direct connection between mindfulness meditation practices and enhanced focus, which is relevant to academic performance.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Banks are completely immune to cyber attacks due to advanced cybersecurity. [SEP] Text: By utilizing the organizations are able to identify and understand their cybersecurity risks, secure their assets and data, detect attacks, respond to and recover from incidents, and continually enhance their cybersecurity posture. Fig. 5The five functions of the NIST cybersecurity frameworkFull size imageNumerous research efforts have been devoted to addressing cybersecurity in the SG. This section aims to provide a comprehensive overview of solutions and countermeasures proposed in different studies that can be implemented to enhance SG’s cybersecurity. To this end, we classify these solutions according to the five functions. Specifically, we investigate the use of BC-based techniques as a means of protecting the SG in the Protect function, while in the Detection function, we focus on the use of AI mechanisms. The most important categories of solution techniques covered in our study are listed in table 4. Additionally, it presents some of the mentioned solutions based on their potential application locations within the SG. Table 4 Methods and countermeasures to defend against CA in SG classified based on NIST frameworkFull size tableThe identify functionfunction is the initial stage in the five-step framework that concentrates on comprehending an organization’s cybersecurity risk situation. This function involves gaining a clear understanding of the business context of the organization, the critical systems, and devices, as well as identifying the potential cybersecurity risks and vulnerabilities associated with them. As part of a risk assessment, vulnerabilities can be identified and documented. Management subcategory within this function is responsible for identifying and managing the devices, systems, data, personnel, and facilities that support the organization in achieving its business objectives. This is done by prioritizing the assets based on their relative significance and the organization’s risk strategy. Assessment is responsible for evaluating identified risks. The methodology is iterative and dynamic, allowing it to be modified as new threats emerge, new vulnerabilities are identified, and the impact of cyber assaults on the SG changes. This phase involves analyzing the physical, economic, and social effects of a successful CA. In the 802. 15. 4 networks based on the spatial correlation property of the received signal strength (RSS). Similarly, the authors of Wang and Wyglinski (2016) propose a received signal strength indicator (RSSI)-based detection mechanism for MiTM attacks. The authors of Delcourt and (2020) propose a of Arrival TDOA-localization technique that is resistant to TSA. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the dynamic and iterative nature of cybersecurity risk assessment, indicating that vulnerabilities can be identified and managed but that organizations must continually adapt to new threats. The mention of 'identifying and managing the devices, systems, data, personnel, and facilities' along with the analysis of cyber assault impacts suggests that complete immunity is not achievable, but rather an ongoing process of enhancement and response to threats.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Symbiotic relationships between microbes and plants can improve nutrient uptake. [SEP] Text: 3 x2 + 1013 x – 2481; (m) y = –277 x + 1692. values (ns = nonsignificant at P < 0. 05) are shown in each chart. View in gallery Fig. 3. Spinach plant growth as affected by high electrical conductivity (EC) when grown at low or standard pH of nutrient solution (Expt. 2). Means and ses (n = 8). Pairwise comparisons by t test with the control treatment (standard pH and standard EC) are shown (ns = nonsignificantly different at P = 0. 05; *, ** = significantly different at P < 0. 01 or 0. 05, respectively). P values of additional pairwise comparisons between standard and high EC at low pH (LP/SE vs. LP/HE) are shown. raw image Fig. 1. Spinach plant growth responses to nutrient solution pH 4. 0, 4. 5, 5. 0, or 5. 5. Individual charts are (a) fresh shoot mass, (b) fresh root mass, (c) dry shoot mass, (d) dry root mass, and (e) leaf count per plant after 3 weeks. Means of 10 sample plants of two trials are shown. All responses were significant by analysis of variance (P < 0. 15) and expressed with linear or quadratic regressions: (a) y = –1. 82 x2 + 21. 6 × –56. 6; (b) y = –1. 15 x2 + 12. 4 x – 30. 7; (c) y = –0. 0919 x2 + 1. 18 x – 3. 15; (d) y = –0. 0553 x2 + 0. 587 x – 1. 41; (e) y = –1. 10 x2 + 11. 7 x – 23. 2. values are shown in each chart. View raw image Fig. 2. Responses of leaf nutrient concentrations of spinach plants to nutrient solution pH 4. 0, 4. 5, 5. 0, or 5. 5 (Expt. 1). Responses significant by analysis of variance (P < 0. 15) were expressed with linear or quadratic regressions: (a) y = –19. 3 x2 + 193 x – 424; (b) y = –5. 35 x2 + 56. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not provide any information related to symbiotic relationships between microbes and plants or how such relationships might enhance nutrient uptake. It mainly discusses the effects of electrical conductivity and pH on spinach plant growth and nutrient concentrations, which are unrelated to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Mindfulness meditation is linked to improved focus and academic performance. [SEP] Text: OMM, however, is a method for maintaining awareness of the ongoing flow of experiences as they naturally occur one after another, without selectively focusing on specific objects [3]. With this method, since there is no specific object, the range of attention is broadened, and every breath, sensation, and emotion that arises one after the other becomes an object of awareness. However, when distracting stimuli, such as stronger sensations or emotions, arise, our attention is captured by them. When we become aware of this, we try to be aware of the stimulus as it is, rather than moving our attention away from it. The distracting stimulus is then returned to the object of awareness, and the range of attention that was captured by the stimulus is naturally broadened. By repeating this process, it becomes possible to maintain awareness of various sensations, feelings, and thoughts as they are, without differentiation between selected and deselected objects. Our group has been working to elucidate the psychological, physiological, and neural mechanisms of OMM to clarify the mechanism of mindful awareness. I describe three of these studies in the following sections. 3. Study 1: Investigation of the psychological mechanism of OMM When we concentrate on a task, we subconsciously inhibit distracting stimuli that are irrelevant to the task, such as visual stimuli. Such inhibition is fatiguing. It is believed that mindfulness meditation reduces such inhibition. However, previous studies have not confirmed that FAM and OMM as well as mindfulness meditation reduce inhibition to distracting stimuli at the behavioral level. Therefore, we designed a cognitive task to assess the degree of inhibition against distracting stimuli and examined the effects of FAM and OMM on inhibition [4]. The experiment was conducted by dividing 72 meditation-naïve participants into three groups: and relaxation. A 30-minute intervention was first given using voice instruction [5], followed by a questionnaire to measure the state of relaxation, then two tasks were performed (Fig. 2). 1, 24 face images that included 3 facial expressions of 8 people were presented repeatedly in turn, and the participants were asked to respond as quickly and accurately as possible to the orientation of the letter presented in the center of the face images. In this task, the face images were distractors. 2, participants were asked to rate their attractiveness toward the eight neutral face images presented in Task 1 and another eight neutral face images that were not presented. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the psychological mechanisms of mindfulness meditation (OMM) and how it may reduce inhibition of distracting stimuli, which could potentially lead to improved focus. The mention of studying the effects of mindfulness meditation on task performance suggests a link to academic performance, as the experiments are designed to assess participants' responses to visual stimuli while concentrating on a task.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Banks are completely immune to cyber attacks due to advanced cybersecurity. [SEP] Text: These localization-based approaches to detect attacks in SGs can quickly identify the location of an anomaly, allowing operators to isolate and mitigate its effects. However, these techniques have limited network coverage and may not be able to detect attacks outside of the monitored areas. Then, Numerous CA detection algorithms are based on the technique of watermarking in order to detect malicious actions during RA (Romagnoli et al. 2019). It involves embedding a unique signature within the data to verify the authenticity and detect any tampering that may have occurred. et al. (2018) an online watermarking algorithm is proposed to detect RA on AGC systems. The watermark is embedded in the control signal and extracted at the generator side to detect RA. Porter et al. (2020) proposes a dynamic watermarking technique that embeds the watermark signal in the system’s input signal. The watermark varies over time and is extracted at the system’s output to detect RA. These papers demonstrate the potential of watermarking techniques in detecting RA and MiTM in SGs. However, the effectiveness of these techniques may depend on the specific application and system being monitored. Watermarking can be computationally intensive and may increase system overhead, so it is important to carefully design and optimize the watermarking scheme to balance the trade-off between security and system performance. Moreover, Kallitsis et al. (2016) introduces an adaptive statistical approach to detect malicious intrusion attacks, that can compromise vulnerable meters and manipulate their readings. The method utilizes cumulative sum and exponentially weighted moving average algorithms, to detect sudden changes in sensor readings. Nezhad et al. (2016) proposes a method for detecting DDoS attacks. The method extracts features from the network traffic and builds a time series. Average (ARIMA) model is used to predict the number of packets, and the chaotic behavior of the prediction error time series is examined using the Exponent (MLE) to classify normal and attack traffics. ARIMA model employs statistical analysis and time-series data to analyze the information and forecast future values, while the MLE is a measure used to quantify the rate of divergence or convergence of nearby trajectories in the system (Franchi and Ricci 2014). Another approach based on prediction technique is proposed in Manandhar et al. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing various techniques for detecting cyber attacks, such as localization-based approaches and watermarking. It emphasizes that while these techniques exist, they have limitations. For instance, localization-based approaches may have limited network coverage and watermarking techniques can be computationally intensive, suggesting that banking systems, while employing advanced cybersecurity measures, are not completely immune to cyber attacks.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Symbiotic relationships between microbes and plants can improve nutrient uptake. [SEP] Text: 1 x – 132; (c) y = –19. 2 x2 + 198 x – 431; (d) NS; (e) y = 3. 28 x – 9. 11; (f) y = –0. 272 x2 + 3. 02 x – 6. 67; (g) NS; (h) y = 0. 926 x – 2. 109; (i) y = 18. 5 x – 9. 34; (j) y = 22. 1 x – 48. 1; (k) NS; (l) y = –94. 3 x2 + 1013 x – 2481; (m) y = –277 x + 1692. values (ns = nonsignificant at P < 0. 05) are shown in each chart. View raw image Fig. 2. Responses of leaf nutrient concentrations of spinach plants to nutrient solution pH 4. 0, 4. 5, 5. 0, or 5. 5 (Expt. 1). Responses significant by analysis of variance (P < 0. 15) were expressed with linear or quadratic regressions: (a) y = –19. 3 x2 + 193 x – 424; (b) y = –5. 35 x2 + 56. 1 x – 132; (c) y = –19. 2 x2 + 198 x – 431; (d) NS; (e) y = 3. 28 x – 9. 11; (f) y = –0. 272 x2 + 3. 02 x – 6. 67; (g) NS; (h) y = 0. 926 x – 2. 109; (i) y = 18. 5 x – 9. 34; (j) y = 22. 1 x – 48. 1; (k) NS; (l) y = –94. 3 x2 + 1013 x – 2481; (m) y = –277 x + 1692. values (ns = nonsignificant at P < 0. 05) are shown in each chart. View raw image Fig. 3. Spinach plant growth as affected by high electrical conductivity (EC) when grown at low or standard pH of nutrient solution (Expt. 2). Means and ses (n = 8). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim about symbiotic relationships between microbes and plants improving nutrient uptake. Instead, it discusses statistical responses of leaf nutrient concentrations of spinach plants to various nutrient solution pH levels and other equations related to plant growth. Therefore, the text is irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Mindfulness meditation is linked to improved focus and academic performance. [SEP] Text: This indicates a higher state of relaxation. These results also suggest that by focusing attention on a specific object, the participants were less likely to be distracted by other sensations, emotions, and thoughts, thus were able to relax. During OMM, interestingly, sympathetic nerve activity increased while cortisol levels decreased (Fig. 5). This indicates that the stress level was lower despite the higher arousal level. These results suggest that OMM is not simply a state of relaxation but may be a state in which the participants were aware of various sensations, emotions, and thoughts but were less able to react to or inhibit them. Fig. 5. The effect of FAM and OMM on the autonomic nervous activity and salivary cortisol levels. 5. Study 3: Investigation of the neural mechanism of OMM What type of activity occurs in the brain during mindful awareness of various sensations, emotions, and thoughts? Previous studies have not clearly shown the difference in brain activity during FAM and OMM. Therefore, we designed an experiment for extracting brain activity during meditation and identified brain activity during FAM and OMM [8]. This study was conducted while I was a member of the of Education, Kyoto University. The experiment included 17 meditation practitioners. Conventional studies comparing brain activity during FAM and OMM have mainly used a block design, for example, 6 minutes of FAM, 6 minutes of rest, and 6 minutes of OMM, during which brain activity was measured with functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). However, as a meditation practitioner, I realized that it is difficult to achieve an optimal meditative state in a 6-minute meditation session. Therefore, we measured brain activity during 6 minutes using fMRI immediately after 1 hour of meditation in a soundproof room. had felt that the meditative state continued for a while after the 1-hour meditation, we divided the days of FAM and OMM conditions into two separate days. Functional connectivity analysis, which examines the correlation between activities of brain regions, was used for the analysis. Mindfulness meditation is known to involve a wide range of brain regions because it involves various cognitive functions such as attention control, emotion regulation, awareness of bodily sensations, and change in perspective on the self. The striatum, which is located below the cerebral cortex, forms multiple different circuits with each brain region of the cortex and involved in various functions such as movement, attention, emotion, motivation, learning, and memory. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text supports the claim by discussing how mindfulness meditation is associated with various cognitive functions, including attention control. It indicates that mindfulness meditation involves brain activity related to attention and emotion regulation, which are critical for focus and academic performance. The mention of cognitive functions being engaged during mindfulness meditation, such as 'attention control' and 'change in perspective on the self,' further establishes the link to improved focus.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Banks are completely immune to cyber attacks due to advanced cybersecurity. [SEP] Text: (2014) by developing a detection algorithm that uses the Kalman filter (KF) to estimate the expected behavior of the system and analyze deviations using the chi-square test or Euclidean detector to detect faults and attacks. One advantage of these techniques is their ability to predict future behavior and state, which can be useful for systems, however, they may require a significant amount of data and computational resources to be effective, and poor data quality can lead to inaccurate forecasts and false alarms. Despite the previously mentioned techniques, AI-based techniques have emerged as a prominent research area in this field due to their potential to provide real-time detection and adaptability to evolving threats. In this context, the next paragraph focuses on AI-based countermeasures. Artificial intelligence based cybersecurity techniques The SG’s AI security-based techniques are becoming increasingly apparent. SG systems’ reliability and stability can be enhanced by employing AI techniques. Wang et al. (2017) create a machine learning (ML) classifier for TS attack detection. It suggests that artificial neural networks (ANNs) are a feasible option for implementing this detector. Methods of ML are also utilized in the malware detection method in Gubbi et al. (2022). The authors in Elsaeidy et al. (2020), Sriranjani et al. (2023) created models based on Network (CNN) and Machine (SVM) for RA detection in SGs. In the context of FDIA in a SG, numerous ML techniques have been implemented (Chen et al. 2017). Bitirgen and Filik (2023) proposes an approach for optimizing CNN, Long Short-(CNN-LSTM) with P2024. (2021) Communication technologies for smart grid: a comprehensive survey. Sensors 21(23):80873. (2022) Zigbee vs. Z-wave: understanding 10 key differences. Cloud computing applications for smart grid: a survey. 26(5):1477–14946. (2021) Cyber attack detection scheme for a load frequency control system based on dual-source data of compromised variables. 11(4):15848. øndel (2021) Improving smart grid security through 5g enabled IoT and edge computing. Concurr Comput: 33(18):646617. 10. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing various techniques, including AI-based cybersecurity measures, that are employed to counter cyber threats. It mentions that despite the existence of advanced techniques like machine learning classifiers and neural networks for attack detection, these systems are not foolproof. The mention of the need for significant data and computational resources, as well as the problems with poor data quality leading to inaccurate forecasts, suggests that banks cannot be considered completely immune to cyber attacks.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Symbiotic relationships between microbes and plants can improve nutrient uptake. [SEP] Text: Together, our results will help to develop a new and low-cost nutrient management methodology to produce leafy greens hydroponically. Keywords: acid; CEA; controlled environment; electrical conductivity; EC; deep water culture; DWC; pH Increased demand for prewashed, prepackaged baby leaves of spinach (Spinacia oleracea) over the past decade has led to 51% increase in U. S. spinach production from 2012 to 2017 [Correll et al. , 2011; U. S. Department of Service (), 2014, 2019]. Although spinach production and demand has increased, the distribution of spinach production in the has changed little, as 93% of fresh market spinach comes from four states, California, Arizona, New Jersey, and Texas (2019), where spinach is grown in conventional open field production systems. In recent years, the growing number of greenhouse and indoor hydroponic operations has increased the availability of clean, locally grown leafy greens. Most leafy green hydroponics operations employ liquid-based cultivation systems such as nutrient film technique and deep water culture (DWC), which allow for efficient water and nutrient use and high productivity. However, although many operations have been successful in growing lettuce (Lactuca sativa), arugula (Eruca sativa), kale (Brassica oleracea), sweet basil (Ocimum basilicum), and other leafy greens, most hydroponic operations, anecdotally, avoid growing spinach due to its susceptibility to Pythium spp. infection (Mattson, 2018). Previous research introduced several mitigation strategies of Pythium and other oomycete disease control for spinach (e. g. , Albright et al. , 2007) and other hydroponically grown crops (e. g. , Stanghellini, 1996). Recently, we showed that lowering pH of nutrient solution was a potential control measure for oomycete disease introduction using two cultivars of sweet basil (Gillespie, 2019; Gillespie et al. , 2020). In these studies, we found that basil plants could uniquely tolerate pH as low as 4. 0, whereas the same low pH was shown to lower the incidence of root rot disease caused by Pythium aphanidermatum. In fact, numerous studies have shown the negative effect of low pH (pH <5. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim regarding symbiotic relationships between microbes and plants enhancing nutrient uptake. Instead, it discusses hydroponic cultivation techniques for leafy greens, particularly spinach, and mentions issues with root rot diseases caused by Pythium spp., without referencing any microbial symbiotic relationships or their effects on nutrient uptake.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Mindfulness meditation is linked to improved focus and academic performance. [SEP] Text: By examining changes in functional connectivity between the striatum and each brain region, we identified brain activities specific to FAM and OMM and estimated the functions of meditation from these activities. The results indicated that the functional connectivity between the ventral striatum and visual cortex increased during FAM while it decreased during OMM. This functional connectivity is thought to be related to intentional attention control directed at a specific object. The results support the conventional understanding that FAM enhances intentional attention control, while OMM reduces it. Functional connectivity between the ventral striatum and retrosplenial cortex was also reduced during OMM (Fig. 6(a)). Notably, the longer the lifetime of meditation practice, the greater the decrease in functional connectivity (Fig. 6(b)). This functional connectivity is thought to be related to the degree to which one is captured by memories. This suggests that when the participants were aware of sensations, feelings, and thoughts during OMM, there may have been a decrease in brain activity that connected these experiences to past memories. Fig. 6. (a) The retrosplenial cortex showing reduced functional connectivity with the ventral striatum during OMM. (b) The correlation between total meditation-practice hours and altered functional connectivity from the resting state to the OMM state between the right retrosplenial cortex and left ventral striatum. 6. light of the three aforementioned studies, let me summarize the concept of mindful awareness. Mindfulness is the state of receptive attention to and awareness of ongoing events and experiences as they are. We call this type of awareness mindful awareness. OMM is considered more effective than FAM in cultivating mindful awareness. We have found that OMM reduces inhibition to distracting stimuli. This is consistent with the understanding that mindful awareness does not distinguish experiences as the target object and other distracting stimuli but rather receives everything as an object of awareness. In addition, the physiological parameters of mindful awareness of these experiences revealed that the participants were not merely relaxed but in a state of low stress despite their high arousal levels. We were also able to identify the possibility that such a low stress state may be related to not associating their experiences in the present moment with their past memories. 7. Future perspectives On the basis of these findings, we are currently developing biomarkers to quantify mindful awareness. We believe that the establishment of such a technology will contribute to increasing the effectiveness of mindfulness-meditation interventions while reducing adverse events. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text provides evidence that mindfulness meditation, specifically Open Monitoring Meditation (OMM), can enhance intentional attention control and reduce inhibition to distracting stimuli. It explains that while focused attention meditation (FAM) enhances intentional attention control, OMM is considered more effective in cultivating mindful awareness. This awareness is directly tied to improved focus, as it allows individuals to be receptive to ongoing events without distinguishing them as distracting or target objects. Thus, the findings in the text support the claim that mindfulness meditation is linked to improved focus, which can correlate with better academic performance.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Banks are completely immune to cyber attacks due to advanced cybersecurity. [SEP] Text: 2023]Cabus JEU, Bütün İ, Lagerström R (2022) Security considerations for remote terminal units. In: 2022 IEEE zooming innovation in consumer technologies conference (ZINC), pp 47–52. (2020) Load altering attack-tolerant defense strategy for load frequency control system. 280:116015277. (2021) Long term benefits of advanced communication techniques in smart grids. In: 2021 9th International conference on smart grid (icSmartGrid), pp 283–288. (2016) A survey of man in the middle attacks. 18(3):2027–20512023. pdf. [Online; accessed: 22. 10. 2023]Delcourt M, J-Y (2020) TDOA source-localization technique robust to time-synchronization attacks. 16:4249–426401. 05. 2023]Dusane PS, (2020) Logic bomb: an insider attack. 9(3)Electronics HT (2023) Bluetooth low energy basics: classic bluetooth vs. bluetooth LE. [Online; accessed: 06. 09. 2023](2020) Replay attack detection in smart cities using deep learning. IEEE Access 8:137825–1378374. 0: opportunities and challenges. Rev 30:1–30Faheem M, Gungor VC (2018) Energy efficient and qos-aware routing protocol for wireless sensor network-based smart grid applications in the context of industry 4. 0. Comput 68:910–922(2019) A multi-channel distributed routing scheme for smart grid real-time critical event monitoring applications in the perspective of industry 4. 0. 32(4):236–256(2019) Software defined communication framework for smart grid to meet energy demands in smart cities. In: 2019 7th smart grids and cities congress and fair (ICSG), pp 51–55. (2018) Mptcp based mitigation of denial of service (dos) attack in pmu communication networks. In: 2018 IEEE international conference on power electronics, drives and energy systems (PEDES), pp 1–5. (2014) Statistical properties of the maximum lyapunov exponent calculated via the divergence rate method. E 90(6):0629206. (2010) On scada control system command and response injection and intrusion detection. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing various types of cyber threats such as 'man in the middle attacks' and 'insider attacks,' which indicate that sophisticated cybersecurity measures are not foolproof. The mention of specific vulnerabilities, such as 'replay attack detection' and 'denial of service (DoS) attack mitigation,' suggests that while there are defenses in place, banks cannot be considered completely immune to cyber attacks.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Symbiotic relationships between microbes and plants can improve nutrient uptake. [SEP] Text: 0) on oomycete sporangia development and zoospore motility (Blaker and MacDonald, 1983; Ho and Hickman, 1967; Kong et al. , 2009). Although the conventional pH 5. 5 to 6. 5 (Savvas and Gruda, 2018) seems to be a range where almost all hydroponically grown crops exhibit normal growth and nutrient uptake, species-specific pH responses of leafy greens grown in liquid culture hydroponic systems is largely unexplored. Our general understanding is that nutrient disorders and thereby growth reduction occur when pH is outside the optimum range (Adams, 2002). Although commonly referenced pH nutrient availability charts indicate that micronutrients, such as Cu, Zn, Mn, and B availability is increased with decreasing pH (Peterson, 1982), we found that nutrient uptake at low pH declined for many micro and macro elements in our previous experiments for sweet basil (Gillespie et al. , 2020). When soilless substrates are used instead of liquid-based hydroponics, pH in the nutrient solution interacts with substrates (Dickson and Fisher, 2019), and micronutrient toxicity occurs rather than deficiency. Therefore, evaluation of plant’s pH response must consider the growing systems employed. Arnon and Johnson (1942) examined seven levels of pH (3. 0–9. 0) for lettuce and tomato plants grown hydroponically and showed significant reductions in shoot and root fresh weight below pH 5. 0 for both species. However, because pH affects nutrient availability and nutrient uptake across plasma membrane, it is difficult to determine whether growth inhibition and nutrient disorders observed at low pH of the nutrient solution are a result of the direct effect of excessive hydronium ion concentration or pH-dependent factors affecting nutrient availability and uptake. Nevertheless, studies suggest that the direct effect of pH seems to be detrimental only at the extreme ends of acidity and alkalinity, and growth reductions and nutrient disorders outside of the conventional pH ranges can typically be attributed to pH-dependent factors (Arnon and Johnson, 1942; Bugbee, 2004; Gillespie et al. , 2020; Islam et al. , 1980; Mengel et al. , 2001; Vlamis, 1953). Additionally, it has been reported that taking certain precautionary measures to account for pH-dependent factors, such as increasing nutrient concentrations in solution, may mitigate pH-dependent factors affecting nutrient availability and uptake. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not directly address or provide evidence for the claim regarding symbiotic relationships between microbes and plants improving nutrient uptake. Instead, it discusses the effects of pH on nutrient availability and uptake in hydroponic systems and does not focus on microbial interactions.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Mindfulness meditation is linked to improved focus and academic performance. [SEP] Text: As outlined above, momentary introspective monitoring as practiced in many meditation forms is expected to result in enhanced awareness of phenomena taking place in the moment. Therefore, it is important to examine if this would be reflected in differences between groups of meditators and meditation-naïve participants regarding different measures assessing self-awareness-related constructs. Besides self-report evaluation measures, an imaginative scenario task assessing emotional awareness and a behavioral verbal report task assessing spontaneous momentary stream-of-consciousness phenomena have been used to examine potential differences between these different methods. Regarding the latter method, the challenge is to find an appropriate task, which would reflect awareness of present-moment phenomena similar to awareness as trained in most forms of introspective meditation training. In both concentrative and open monitoring meditation, the practice usually involves awareness of all momentary phenomena, albeit in many meditation practices, some phenomena receive more attention (often interoceptive sensations, such as related to breathing), while others may be only monitored to become aware of and return to the object of the primary focus. These forms of attention training, which usually occur in a stimulus-free environment, are supposed to counteract the habitual tendency to wander off into automatic thinking when resting, facilitating awareness of perceptual phenomena (Schooler et al. 2011). Therefore, the behavioral task preferably should assess awareness of (i) all kinds of phenomena, including the often important interoceptive ones (ii) taking place in the successive ongoing moments, (iii) in a spontaneous way, i. e. , not triggered or interrupted by stimuli, and (iv) in an unbiased way, i. e. , not prompted toward a certain response. Finally, it should be possible to obtain scores on the task, resulting in a quantitative variable. In previous work in different research areas, methods have been developed that may fulfill some of these criteria. The popular experience sampling or ecological momentary methodology is typically based on many repeated reports of experiences that occurred before a signal (Linz et al. 2018; Smallwood et al. 2009). Although this methodology has large benefits, it has some potentially serious limitations as well. The assessment is not a real-time assessment of ongoing experience in a stimulus-free context. Especially in the context of a stimulus-free task, in which the mind may easily wander, retrospective reports may be inaccurate (Hurlburt and Heavey 2015; et al. 2017). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text discusses introspective monitoring and awareness in meditation practices but does not provide direct evidence or conclusions related to mindfulness meditation's effects on focus or academic performance. It elaborates on tasks and methodologies to assess awareness, which may indirectly relate to academic performance but does not directly corroborate or contradict the claim. Therefore, it is deemed irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Banks are completely immune to cyber attacks due to advanced cybersecurity. [SEP] Text: In: 2010 esummit, pp 1–9. (2023) A deep learning-based attack detection mechanism against potential cascading failure induced by load redistribution attacks. -J (2021) Hidden markov models-based anomaly correlations for the cyber-physical security of ev charging stations. 13(5):3903–391441. (2018) Privacy-preserving and efficient aggregation based on blockchain for power grid communications in smart communities. 56(7):82–88334. (2011) Smart grid technologies: communication technologies and standards. 7(4):529–53901. 05. 2023]He H, (2016) Cyber-physical attacks and defences in the smart grid: a survey. IET Cyber-Phys Syst: 1(1):13–275. (2018) An online detection framework for cyber attacks on automatic generation control. 33(6):6816–6827541. (2013) Impact of data quality on real-time locational marginal price. 29(2):627–636802. 15. 4 networks based on received signal strength. Ad hoc networks 11(8):2648–2660(2016) A survey on smart metering and smart grid communication. 57:302–318830. (2016) Simulation and impact analysis of denial-of-service attacks on power scada. In: 2016 National power systems conference (NPSC), pp 1–5. Şekercioğlu YA (2012) Security and smart metering. In: European wireless 2012; 18th European wireless conference 2012, pp 1–8. (2021) A review of cyber securities in smart grid technology. In: 2021 2nd International conference on computation, automation and knowledge management (), pp 151–156. (2014) Smart grid sensor data collection, communication, and networking: a tutorial. 14(11):1055–10874. (2010) Is stuxnet the best malware ever? A comprehensive survey on the cyber-security of smart grids: cyber-attacks, detection, countermeasure techniques, and future directions. arXiv preprint arXiv:2207. 07738Kim Y-(2011) Sstp: a scalable and secure transport protocol for smart grid data collection. In: 2011 IEEE international conference on smart grid communications (SmartGridComm), pp 161–166. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing various cybersecurity measures and frameworks in place, indicating that while there are advanced detection mechanisms, the existence of cyber-physical attacks and defenses shows that banks and smart grid infrastructures are not completely immune to such threats. It presents evidence of studies on attack detection, denial-of-service attacks, and vulnerabilities in systems like smart grids, thereby reinforcing the notion that cybersecurity is an ongoing challenge and that complete immunity is unattainable.