Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Single-use plastics are a major contributor to landfill waste. [SEP] Text: Therefore, the design of a value chain as a cycle may very well lead to an increase in resource consumption at another point. As an example, Potting et al. (2017) cite the effort involved in cleaning and dismantling contaminated plastics, which requires a lot of energy, often derived from fossil fuels. Furthermore, the composting of biodegradable waste in landfills releases large amounts of GHG, such as methane and carbon dioxide and water pollution, which in turn has an impact on the climate (Mahpuz et al. 2022; Deckert 2016; Venkatesh et al. 2021). Moreover, according to Deckert (2016) the recyclability of materials is limited due to their nature and the stresses and strains they undergo during the recycling process. That is the reason why a product cannot be returned to the cycle an infinite number of times, which is reflected in a recycling rate of less than 100%. This ultimately results in downcycling, which reduces the value of the product (Deckert 2016). In Potting’s model, this corresponds to stage R9-Recover. 5. 3 Corporate perspectiveImportant players for innovation and implementation of new bio-based plastic substitutes are companies. For producers as well as retailers, it is important that the packaging materials for food provide standards in quality, safety, and efficiency (Mahpuz et al. 2022). In addition to requirements regarding health and damage protection, there are different demands for visual features and shelf life in general. The packaging should be transparent to allow a view of the product inside (Moussaoui et al. 2022; Zeng et al. 2022). Compared to conventional plastics, this seems to be quite complicated because of the properties of the different materials. Also, the condition of transparency can change over time as the components react to environmental influences, which could lead to an unsightly appearance (Mahpuz et al. 2022; Klinmalai et al. 2021; Mansingh et al. 2022). This creates the risk of food being discarded prematurely due to the appearance of the packaging, which has a negative impact on food waste prevention. The next challenge to a colourless transparency is to achieve a protection against UV-radiation, because this also negatively impacts the shelf life (Ashraf et al. 2021; Etxabide et al. 2022). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not directly address the claim regarding single-use plastics and landfill waste. Instead, it discusses the challenges of recycling materials, energy consumption related to cleaning plastics, and concerns about biodegradable waste in landfills, which may tangentially relate to waste issues, but does not specifically corroborate or contrast the claim about single-use plastics.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Reforestation efforts can help mitigate climate change by absorbing CO₂ emissions. [SEP] Text: However, their research empirically shows that work to regulate use of oil and ecologically responsible refining, distribution, and steps like processing and manufacturing can mitigate emissions in these markets. Another study by Amri (2018) examined the linkage between CO2 emission, income, ICT, and trade in Tunisia. The findings show that the EKC assumption was dismissed as higher long-term total factor productivity (TFP) coefficients were found opposed to the short TFP coefficients. Additionally, the analysis revealed that ICT has little or no effect on carbon emission as an indicator of pollutants. Tunisian decision-makers must ensure both a continuous improvement in their total factor efficiency as well as an expansion in ICT. A study by Godil et al. (2020) confirmed that CO2 emission in the long run affects institutional quality and GDP positively impacted CO2 emission. Relatively, FDI and ICT showed a negative impact on CO2 emissions. Furthermore, the same study depicted that financial development and CO2 negatively impacted CO2 emission. Nonetheless, Magazzino (2021) tackled the connection among ICT, power ingestion air pollution and economic growth in EU countries. The study found that there was a unidirectional association between ICT and energy consumption. In addition, Park and Baloch (2018) found that electricity consumption had substantial effect on CO2 emission and internet usage in EU countries. The study suggested that internet used is increasing the risk to ecological devolvement. Seemingly, Raheem et al. (2020) examined ICT and CO2 emission. The result depict that ICT significantly impacts CO2 emission in the long run and short run. Additionally, Zafar et al. (2022) investigated the potential long-term effects of information and communications technology (ICT) and education on environmental quality from 1990 to 2018. The results obtained by the continuously updated and fully modified (Cup-FM) test indicate that economic growth, education, and energy consumption stimulate carbon emission intensity in Asian countries. In the wake of the above-mentioned studies, several empirical examinations have been done utilizing both total energy and energy consumption. Amidst the above assertion, two concepts have emerged, notably: green ICT and electricity for ICT. Indeed, as indicated in Salahuddin et al. (2016), green ICT is defined as a state where production can be achieved via energy and environmental efficiency. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by emphasizing that regulation of oil usage and advancements in ICT are the primary focus of mitigating emissions, without mentioning reforestation's role in this process. It discusses various studies that detail the relationships between emissions, ICT, energy consumption, and economic factors, suggesting that these areas play a more significant role in climate change mitigation than reforestation efforts.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Horizontal gene transfer allows bacteria to acquire new traits. [SEP] Text: Pastikan untuk selalu memeriksa keandalan dan reputasi situs yang Anda pilih agar pengalaman bermain lebih menyenangkan dan aman. Untuk para pemain yang baru mulai, disarankan untuk mencoba berbagai jenis permainan dan memahami aturan serta strategi yang tepat. Jangan ragu untuk memanfaatkan bonus dan promosi yang ditawarkan, karena ini dapat meningkatkan peluang Anda untuk menang. Dengan mengikuti langkah-langkah ini, Anda bisa mendapatkan pengalaman bermain slot pulsa yang optimal dan menyenangkan. 07/09/2024 by admin1989 How to Find the Poker is a game of strategy and skill, but it’s also a lot of fun. It helps players improve their decision-making skills and sharpen their strategic thinking, and it can even help them reduce stress and anxiety. In addition, it’s a great way to make money and build a bankroll. But, like any other gambling activity, there is a risk of losing money and it’s important to play responsibly. When playing poker online, it is important to choose a site that offers secure banking options. The best sites will use encryption to protect personal and financial information, and they will offer multiple payment methods. In addition, they will provide customer support that is fast and responsive. They will also offer gaming promotions to attract and retain customers. Before you start playing poker online, it’s important to understand the rules of the game. There are several important elements to keep in mind, including betting, bluffing, and calling. You’ll also want to consider the minimum and maximum stakes, game variations, and payout limits. In addition, it’s a good idea to find out about the game’s history and culture. While many people associate online poker with online casinos, there are actually a number of different types of sites. Some cater to specific demographics, while others specialize in different poker games. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim regarding horizontal gene transfer and bacteria. It discusses topics related to poker and gaming strategies, without any mention of genetics, bacteria, or horizontal gene transfer.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Single-use plastics are a major contributor to landfill waste. [SEP] Text: login | Register or Institutional login password must have 8 characters or more and contain 3 of the following: a lower case character, an upper case character, a special character or a digit password has been changed Create a new account user Can't sign in? Forgot your password? Enter your email address below and we will send you the reset instructions If the address matches an existing account you will receive an email with instructions to reset your password. Username Can't sign in? Forgot your username? Enter your email address below and we will send you your username If the address matches an existing account you will receive an email with instructions to retrieve your username Skip main navigation-+ guides& AdvertisingReprints & PermissionsOpen AccessLogin information& in BooksEnter words phrases DOI ISBN keywords authors etcSearchSearch anywhereEnter words phrases DOI ISBN keywords authors etcSearchwords phrases DOI ISBN keywords authors etcSearchwords phrases DOI ISBN keywords authors etcSearchwords phrases DOI ISBN keywords authors etcSearchwords phrases DOI ISBN keywords authors etcSearchwords phrases DOI ISBN keywords authors etcSearchwords phrases DOI ISBN keywords authors etcSearchwords phrases DOI ISBN keywords authors etcSearchwords phrases DOI ISBN keywords authors etcSearchwords phrases DOI ISBN keywords authors etcSearchwords phrases DOI ISBN keywords authors etcSearchwords phrases DOI ISBN keywords authors etcSearchwords phrases DOI ISBN keywords authors etcSearchSearch 0 Login/onFacebookXLinkedInEmail 2020s2010s202420232022202120202024 | VOL. 68, NO. 42024 | VOL. 68, NO. 32024 | VOL. 68, NO. 22024 | VOL. 68, NO. 120192018 Reinforced PlasticsVol. 64, No. 4 FeatureFree AccessA discussion of single-use plastics in medical settingsfor more papers by this authorAshlee JahnkePublished Online:7 Nov 2021 favoritesDownload 2017. This was the equivalent of 11 cups for every person living in the UK. Although some of these cups will have been used to administer medication to patients, many were used for drinks served to patients and visitors. 1. The plastic problem Single-use plastics (SUPs) are proving to be a significant contributor to one of the biggest environmental threats of modern times: petroleum-based plastics. While the properties boasted by plastics make the materials highly versatile and durable, they are unable to degrade naturally. As such, plastic products that are sent to landfill will lie there for years, or even centuries depending on the type of plastic. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by stating that single-use plastics (SUPs) are a significant contributor to environmental issues related to landfill waste, highlighting their inability to degrade naturally and the long time they spend in landfills. It emphasizes that plastics sent to landfill will remain for years or even centuries, which aligns directly with the claim regarding their contribution to landfill waste.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Reforestation efforts can help mitigate climate change by absorbing CO₂ emissions. [SEP] Text: However, although it is clearly desirable to increase the amount of soil organic matter, it is always unstable and, through decomposition, ultimately will release CO2 back into the atmosphere. Indeed, Berthelin et al. (and Baveye2022) point out that it may be ‘practically impossible to add sufficient amounts of crop residues to soils to have a lasting, non-negligible effect on climate change’. The ability of soil processes to mineralize organic carbon (i. e. to remove carbon from the biological carbon cycle) has long been recognized, as discussed in a previous review (Manning, Reference Manning2008). Using pioneering C and O stable isotope studies, the formation of pedogenic carbonate minerals, predominantly calcite, was demonstrated to involve inputs of carbon that had passed through photosynthesis (Salomans & Mook, and Mook1976; Salomans et al. , Reference Salomons, Goudie and Mook1978; Cerling, Reference Cerling1984). More negative δ13C values in carbonate carbon (~7‰ VPDB; Fig. 5) reflect an input via the C3 photosynthetic pathway typical of the majority (93%) of plants, while less negative δ13C values (~3‰ VPDB) reflect the C4 pathway typical of tropical grasses and some shrubs (Khormali et al. , and Frechen2020). These characteristic carbon isotope values have been used to deduce vegetation change on a landscape to global scale from the measurement of δ13C in pedogenic carbonates (e. g. Cerling et al. , and Ehleringer1997). Fig. 5. Summary of the C and O isotope characteristics of pedogenic carbonates associated with various plant communities and urban soils dominated by alkaline materials such as crushed concrete. Figure 5 also shows the more extreme values for δ13C and δ18O observed for newly formed carbonates from urban soils that contain crushed concrete derived from demolition (e. g. Washbourne et al. , Reference Washbourne, Lopez-Capel, Renforth, Ascough and Manning2015). In general, these have much higher pH values (pH ~10) than natural soils. This pattern is shown for soils constructed using crushed dolerite and crushed concrete in differing configurations (Jorat et al. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by arguing that while increasing soil organic matter is desirable, it is unstable and can release CO₂ back into the atmosphere through decomposition. It cites research indicating that achieving a lasting effect on climate change via reforestation may be ‘practically impossible’ due to the limitations inherent in soil processes that mineralize organic carbon, suggesting that these processes may not effectively mitigate climate change as the claim suggests.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Horizontal gene transfer allows bacteria to acquire new traits. [SEP] Text: For example, if you’re a beginner, it might be best to sign up for a site that has beginners-only tables. This will ensure that you’re only matched with other players who are at a similar skill level. The game of poker was traditionally played in smoky bars and casinos, but the rise of technology has made it easier for anyone to play from the comfort of their own homes. Online poker sites have become more common than ever before and allow players to compete against one another without having to leave the house. The game is simple and requires a computer with an internet connection. One of the most important aspects to look for in an online poker site is a high traffic volume. A high traffic volume means that there will be plenty of games to choose from, and you won’t have to spend too much time waiting for a seat. Moreover, you can even launch multiple tables and play against different opponents simultaneously. You can also take advantage of features such as hand histories, player notes, and tracking software to improve your skills. These tools can help you make better decisions and increase your chances of winning. Moreover, they can also help you stay focused on your game and avoid distractions. 07/09/2024 by admin1989 the A horse race is a contest of speed between horses that are ridden by jockeys or pulled by sulkies. The basic concept has undergone little change over the centuries, but today’s horse races can feature vast fields of runners and sophisticated electronic monitoring equipment. The horse that crosses the finish line first is the winner. Whether you’re betting on a horse or cheering one from the grandstands, the horse race is an important part of the culture of many countries. The sport’s popularity has grown to the point where it’s now one of the largest sports worldwide, drawing crowds of millions of fans. In the alone, horse racing generates over $12 billion per year in revenue, from betting and ticket sales to concessions and hotel rooms. But the industry’s growth has come at a cost. A recent study commissioned by the found that racing was losing fans, race days and entries to other forms of entertainment. While horse racing has become a global phenomenon, it’s still largely a business built on cruelty. Behind the romanticized facade of the sport lies a world of injuries, drugs, gruesome breakdowns, and slaughter. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim about horizontal gene transfer in bacteria. It discusses topics related to online poker and horse racing without any mention or connection to genetics or bacteria.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Single-use plastics are a major contributor to landfill waste. [SEP] Text: Because plastics are a relatively new material invention, with mass production beginning in the 1950s, we do not have a body of field evidence to prove exactly how long traditional plastics take to degrade. Based on respirometry tests, the general scientific consensus is that certain plastics can remain in an environment for an estimated 1000 years before they degrade. Certain common plastics, such as polyethylene, degrade faster, but without the ideal environmental conditions this can still take an estimated 450 years. The problem isn’t just one of plastic litter making the environment unsightly; plastics can harm and kill wildlife and upset delicate ecosystems, and the durability of plastic also means it is often consumed by animals and enters our own food chain. The reason for this long lifespan is because plastics are an entirely man-made material. The lack of plastics in nature means that microorganisms have not evolved to digest polymers efficiently. In 2016, the Ideonella sakaiensis bacterium was discovered in Japan, boasting unique enzymes that were capable of degrading and digesting plastics. The bacterium cells adhered to the surface of polyethylene terephthalate (PET) products and released a PET hydrolase (PETase) that degraded the PET into mono(2-hydroxyethyl)terephthalic acid (MHET). This MHET was then further degraded by a MHET hydrolase (MHETase) on the outer membrane of the cell, with the broken-down compounds and molecules being used by the cell for biological processes. Once the PET was assimilated by I. sakaiensis, the wider microbial community mineralised 75 per cent of the degraded PET into carbon dioxide. This offers a glimmer of hope and shows that nature is responding to the plastic epidemic, but it is unfortunately little more than a drop in an ocean full of plastic. Although I. sakaiensis is a notable discovery, the species does not have the ability to resolve our plastic problem. It was observed that a colony of I. sakaiensis could fully digest a low-grade PET water bottle in six weeks. For higher grade PET, the product would have to be weakened before I. sakaiensis bacteria could begin to degrade it. This process is insufficient to impact our plastic consumption. Not only does it occur too slowly to keep apace with the use of disposable plastics, but it is only sufficient for one of the thousands of types of plastic used today. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the long degradation times of various plastics, indicating that they persist in the environment for hundreds to thousands of years. It elaborates on the environmental impact of plastics, mentioning how they can harm wildlife and ecosystems, and highlights the overwhelming presence of plastics, suggesting a significant contribution to landfill waste. The mention of a new bacterium that can degrade PET plastic, while hopeful, underscores that this is insufficient to solve the widespread issue of plastic consumption, reinforcing the idea that single-use plastics are indeed a major factor in landfill waste.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Reforestation efforts can help mitigate climate change by absorbing CO₂ emissions. [SEP] Text: In contrast, addressing tropical conditions, experiments carried out using oxisols (in which silicate minerals are inherently unstable) typically show benefits for crop growth due to the addition of silicate minerals and rocks (e. g. Ramos et al. , Reference Ramos, dos Santos de Medeiros, Gomez, Oliveira, Schneider and Kautzmann2020, Reference Ramos, Hower, Blanco, Oliveira and Theodoro2022). Demonstrating carbon capture presents even more challenges. Ideally, a measured increase in soil inorganic carbon can be used to demonstrate that carbonation has taken place and that pedogenic carbonates have formed as a consequence of a treatment. For ERW, ideally the loss of the applied rock, as it is removed by weathering, or changes in bicarbonate in solution should be measured as evidence that the process is taking place. But both are much easier said than done, especially as soil is an open system, with downward migration of solutes and particulates. Washbourne et al. (Reference Washbourne, Lopez-Capel, Renforth, Ascough and Manning2015) measured an increase in soil inorganic carbon by taking soil samples located using precise GPS positioning after an interval of 18 months. In the same study, trial pits to 3 m depth were dug, confirming reports from Renforth et al. (Reference Renforth, Manning and Lopez-Capel2009) that inorganic carbon, as carbonate, is greatest in the upper 1 m of a soil profile. In a much larger study of 20 brownfield sites, Jorat et al. (and Manning2020) showed that it was not possible to observe consistently an increase in soil inorganic carbon, reflecting the lack of information on a site since demolition (especially the timing of demolition and subsequent interventions) and variable vertical distributions of soil carbon throughout the profile. Evidence that pedogenic carbonates had formed, however, was obtained from C and O stable isotope analysis. An alternative approach is to use crop growth, given that the roots of a crop such as wheat extend to in excess of 1 m depth (Fan et al. , Reference Fan, McConkey, Wang and Janzen2016) and can reach depths of 2 m (Thorup-Kristensen et al. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the challenges of demonstrating carbon capture through various methods, including measuring increases in soil inorganic carbon. It emphasizes that demonstrating effective carbon capture is complicated and presents difficulties, indicating that merely planting trees or reforesting may not guarantee carbon absorption due to the instability of soil minerals and the complexity of soil as an open system.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Horizontal gene transfer allows bacteria to acquire new traits. [SEP] Text: During their time on the racetrack, Thoroughbreds are forced to run so fast that they suffer a wide variety of serious injuries. Many horses bleed from their lungs, a condition called exercise-induced pulmonary hemorrhage. They’re also given cocktails of legal and illegal drugs to mask the pain and enhance their performance. And, when their careers end, they’re often sold in a callous process called claiming races, wherein they’re offered to be bought by new owners immediately after a race and may end up anywhere in the world. Aside from the dangers of racing, horses who are used for the sport spend their entire lives in confinement and are subjected to cruel training techniques. The practice of whipping, which involves repeatedly hitting the horse with a riding crop, is not only painful for the animals but can also lead to sex discrimination and even death. While some horse race critics have argued that the horse race system is unfair to horses, others say it’s an effective way to select a new CEO from several candidates. Some corporate governance observers are uncomfortable with the horse race approach, however, out of concern that it can create a culture in which executives and employees view the company as a competitive game. They worry that a protracted succession horse race will distract the board and company as a whole from its mission to serve customers. Nonetheless, the horse race has been successful in producing exceptional leaders at companies including General Electric, Procter & Gamble and GlaxoSmithKline. 05/09/2024 by admin1989 of Winning the lotto is a form of gambling in which numbers are drawn at random and winning tickets pay large cash prizes. The odds of winning vary by lottery and price, but in general the chance of winning is very low compared to other forms of gambling. Many states have a state-run lottery, and there are also several national lotteries. In some cases, the prize amounts are huge, but in other instances they are much smaller. In any case, it is important to know the odds of winning before participating in a lottery. It is a game of chance in which participants choose six numbers from 1 to 59 and place a wager. The winners are those who have the matching numbers on their ticket. The winning numbers are announced in a drawing held every Wednesday and Saturday at 8:15 pm ET. Players can buy tickets online, in person, or at lottery retailers. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim about horizontal gene transfer in bacteria. Instead, it discusses issues related to horse racing and lotteries, which are irrelevant to the claim regarding genetic traits in bacteria.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Single-use plastics are a major contributor to landfill waste. [SEP] Text: Evidently, more needs to be done at all levels to limit and minimize the use of unsustainable plastics. Plastic manufacturers need to move towards more environmentally friendly alternatives to petroleum-based plastics, consumers need to reduce their reliance on unsustainable plastics and recycling needs to become a greater priority for governments and consumers alike. Moves have been made towards this in recent years, notably in the (EU) and its member states. 2019, the approved the final draft of what has been dubbed the SUP directive, Directive on the reduction of certain types of plastics. This directive was first proposed to tackle the widespread issue of plastic marine litter. The directive issues a total ban on the 10 most common kinds of plastic litter that washes up on beaches in EU countries — including items such as straws, cutlery, sticks for balloons and plastic cotton buds — where alternative materials are available. In addition to this, it emphasized a focus on limiting the use of other SUPs and making manufacturers become more responsible for waste management and clean-up. Similarly, the announced in May 2019 that it will ban plastic straws, drink stirrers and plastic-stemmed cotton buds from April 2020. This announcement was in line with the EU’s directive, but the UK’s announcement ensured that the country would maintain this position following its planned departure from the EU. However, the ban did come with a caveat: plastic-stemmed cotton buds used for medical and scientific purposes would be given an exemption, because “these are often the only practical option”. Although these bans will still support a significant decline in the volume of plastic waste, exceptions such as those given to medical cotton buds allow the plastic pollution problem to continue. 2. Healthcare’s use of SUamong the list of banned products from the UK and EU is the particularly problematic plastic that is disposable syringes. These are commonly used in healthcare facilities for injections and, as the name implies, are single use. Although hospital staff often make every effort to safely and effectively dispose of these syringes, they do still end up littering land and sea. According to the Organization, an estimated 16 million injections are administered each year, the majority of which are likely using SUP syringes that may lie in the environment for years to come. We have seen notable examples of this. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by highlighting the environmental issues posed by single-use plastics (SUPs) and their contribution to plastic waste. It details the actions being taken by the EU and UK to ban specific SUP items to reduce plastic pollution and notes that single-use syringes, despite their necessity in healthcare, continue to contribute to littering and plastic waste in the environment. This supports the claim that single-use plastics significantly impact landfill waste.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Reforestation efforts can help mitigate climate change by absorbing CO₂ emissions. [SEP] Text: This is particularly challenging in the absence of experimental conditions in which subjects can be randomly assigned to treatment and control groups. Correlation does not imply causation. There are many reasons why emissions could have fallen since the implementation of the EU ETS. Emissions in Europe have been declining for some time, as a result of structural economic change and due to energy efficiency improvements. Furthermore, the resulted in a significant drop in economic activity, which in turn likely contributed to at least temporary declines in GHG emissions in the EU and around the world. These trends make the evaluation of emissions trading systems at the aggregate level (i. e. country or sector) a futile exercise, because it is not possible to disentangle the effects of policy changes from other changes over time. It is only through the combination of temporal and cross-sectional variation in treatment assignment among otherwise similar firms that one can hope to identify the causal effect of the EU ETS on emissions and economic outcomes. The remainder of this section explains why the design of the EU ETS gives rise to both types of variations and how the specific institutional details allow us to identify and estimate the direct effects of the policy using variants of the difference-in-differences estimator. 2. 1 Treatment assignment in the is a European-wide cap-and-trade programme for CO2 emissions. 5 Polluters regulated under the policy are required to surrender, at the end of each year, one Allowance (EUA) for each tonne of CO2 equivalent they have emitted over the year. They may buy additional EUAs or sell excess EUAs on an international market at a uniform price. Within limits, EUAs can be banked or borrowed to balance needs across years and, since 2008, across trading phases. The total amount of EUAs in the system is limited and linearly declines over time. Scarce EUAs command a positive price in the permit market. The treatment effect we seek to identify is the average effect of having to pay for CO2 emissions on various outcome variables of treated polluters. Allocation of EUAs to polluters is via free allocation or permit auctions. During the study period of this paper, free permit allocation to manufacturing firms was the rule. Our main analysis abstracts from permit allocation for two reasons. First, by a Coasian argument, permit allocation should not affect firm behaviour at the margin. Second, we lack a credible strategy to test for a causal effect. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the challenges of evaluating emissions reductions due to various factors unrelated to reforestation efforts, particularly focusing on emissions trading systems like the EU ETS. It emphasizes that emissions reductions are complex and influenced by economic changes and policies rather than solely by reforestation. The mention of structural economic changes and energy efficiency improvements as reasons for emissions decline suggests that attributing climate change mitigation directly to reforestation is misleading.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Horizontal gene transfer allows bacteria to acquire new traits. [SEP] Text: The lottery is played throughout the world, and it has raised billions of dollars for projects. Some states use the money to fund education, while others put it in treasuries to be used for other purposes. Regardless of the purpose, lotto has become a popular source of revenue for governments. If you are new to playing the lottery, it can be intimidating to decide how much to spend and how to play. Fortunately, there are some helpful tips to help you make the best decision for your individual situation. If you are looking to save on the cost of a lotto ticket, consider buying a group of tickets together. This way, you can share the cost and reduce the risk of losing the entire amount. Lottery players often have a misconception about how winnings are paid out. In many countries, including the United States, lottery winners have the choice of whether to receive a one-time payment or an annuity payout. The one-time payment is likely to be a smaller amount than the advertised jackpot, because of the time value of money and tax withholdings. Although the chances of winning the lottery are very slim, it is still a popular pastime that can provide some entertainment and even a small amount of money. However, players should be aware of the odds and the potential for fraud. In addition, they should always be sure to purchase a ticket from a reputable vendor. Lottery was established in 1967, and its first slogan was “of a Lifetime to Help Education”. Since then, it has raised billions of dollars for various public projects. In order to participate, you must be a registered player and 18 years old or older. rewards loyal lottery participants with bonuses and drawings. You can download the app for iOS or Android to get started. The app lets you scan your loser scratch-off and lottery tickets to earn entries in drawings for bonus payouts. 01/09/2024 by admin1989 How to Launch an lottery is a popular game that involves purchasing numbered tickets and winning prizes. It is played by people of all ages, and can be an enjoyable pastime. There are many ways to participate in the lottery, including online. Buying lotto tickets online can save time and money, and is a convenient way to participate in the lottery. However, it is important to know the risks involved in making a digital purchase. The first step in launching an online lottery is to decide on the type of business model you want to use. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim regarding horizontal gene transfer in bacteria. It focuses entirely on the lottery, including details about its operational aspects, popularity, and tips for players, without any mention of gene transfer or bacterial traits.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Plastic production relies heavily on fossil fuels. [SEP] Text: “One consideration is cost but reducing toxicity should help with this and as people become increasingly environmentally conscious this should help drive government policy,” explains Alan. “There is a lot of amazing work going on to get microbes to make chemicals they wouldn’t normally make, and this broadens their uses significantly. ” in BiochemistryProteins and Lipids (AMPL): : Alan’s work is focused on investigating Saccharomyces and Propionibacteria with a view to improving the tolerance of microbes. The team hopes to improve efficiency and product yield of engineered cell-based factories. : UK Research and 2020 Marie Skłodowska-Curie actions Download the 10. 33424/50 Link to the activity sheet 0 +1 Pinterest 0 LinkedIn 0 cells viewed under a microscope. Yeast grown on an agar plate ready for testing. Testing yeast for ethanol tolerance. A molecular model of a cell membrane showing the individual lipids (fats) that make it up. The MeMBrane team at a recent meeting in York. We are all aware of the potentially cataclysmic effect of continuing to rely on fossil fuels. While we might recycle our plastic, use electric cars or walk to school, efforts are being made to reduce our reliance in surprising quarters. One area where efficiency and a move away from fossil fuels is being considered is that of the use of microbes. Fossil fuel-based chemical production has been a historical tendency for some time and, while it has helped advance the field of biochemistry, it has had the unfortunate effect of releasing enormous amounts of carbon into the atmosphere. As we all now well know, these ‘non-renewable’ production methods are affecting the world’s climate. Now, there is a concerted effort to move away from such methods and instead look for alternatives that are cleaner, greener and more efficient, including biofuels. Based at in the UK, Goddard leads the MeMBrane project, which focuses on the production of what he and his team call cell factories. “Microbial cells can be grown on a variety of ‘foods’ including sugars, plant waste and even wood pulp,” explains Alan. “These sources of carbon are renewable and therefore more environmentally friendly. Bio-based routes to chemical production can also lead to purer products. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by stating that fossil fuel-based chemical production has been a historical tendency and has released enormous amounts of carbon into the atmosphere. It discusses the detrimental impacts of such non-renewable production methods on the climate, adding that there is now a concerted effort to move away from these methods in favor of cleaner, renewable alternatives. This supports the claim that plastic production, which is largely chemical-based, relies heavily on fossil fuels.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Reforestation efforts can help mitigate climate change by absorbing CO₂ emissions. [SEP] Text: We find no evidence that this is the case. We only estimate reductions in emissions. A third possible channel of leakage arises if firms operating multiple facilities reallocate production from regulated to unregulated ones. We internalize within-firm spillovers by estimating the effects of the EU ETS at the firm level. Consequently, within-firm leakage cannot explain estimated emissions reductions at the firm level. Our estimates are net of any within-firm leakage. 30 5. 2 Abatement channels The absence of evidence on carbon leakage, combined with the estimated reduction in the carbon intensity of value added, supports the view that emission reductions arose from improvements to the emissions intensity of production. Such improvements can be achieved by switching to less polluting fuels or by investing in technology that is more efficient (or from investments in technology that allows fuel switching). Our data allow us to explore these different channels of abatement. In column 3 of Table 3, we estimate that there was no change in the share of natural gas in total CO2 emissions. Another possible fuel-switching channel is that regulated firms used more electric energy in the production process. The principal mechanism for this is by procuring more electricity from the grid. In column 4, we estimate no significant change in the share of electricity procured in firms’ total energy use. Firms could also generate more electricity on site, but this is quite rare among the firms in our sample and would lead to higher direct emissions, contrary to what we find. B. 9, Supplementary Material, we estimate no extensive-margin adjustments to on-site generation from conventional and renewable sources. In sum, the results indicate that fuel switching to natural gas or electricity cannot explain the estimated CO2 abatement at regulated firms. An implication for climate change mitigation is that CO2 abatement by regulated manufacturing firms did not lead to increased emissions in the electricity sector. 31This leaves technology adoption as a possible mechanism behind the reductions in carbon emissions and emissions intensity of regulated firms. The positive treatment effect on capital stock is suggestive—but not conclusive—evidence that regulated firms invested in reducing the emissions intensity of production. Columns 5–7 in Table 3 provide further evidence in support of this hypothesis using data on pollution control investments for a sub-sample of firms in our sample. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by stating a lack of evidence to support that measures such as reforestation efforts directly mitigate climate change through CO₂ absorption. It emphasizes the improvements to the emissions intensity of production as a mechanism for reducing carbon emissions, rather than reforestation. The mention of estimated reductions in emissions and the analysis of technology investments indicates that the authors view the emission reductions as arising from different channels, thereby undermining the assertion that reforestation directly contributes to climate change mitigation.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Horizontal gene transfer allows bacteria to acquire new traits. [SEP] Text: This will help you determine the startup and operational costs of your venture. You should also consider the potential market for your products. Then, you can select the best lottery software provider based on your requirements. After selecting a site, you will need to create an account and fund it with real cash. Most sites offer several payment options, ranging from credit cards to eWallets. Some even accept cryptocurrencies. Once you have your account funded, you can start playing the games. Most sites offer a variety of games, so you can find one that fits your taste and budget. Some states have their own official websites for lottery players to buy tickets and view results. These sites typically require a player to be located within the state or country in which the lottery operates. Other websites are run by third parties and serve as virtual ticket vendors. These sites allow users to purchase tickets for all major lotteries around the world. Some of these sites even sell Instant Games, which are casino-like games that can be played for a chance to win a jackpot. Whether it’s for the convenience or to save time, online lottery sites are becoming increasingly popular. They can be accessed from computers, tablets, and mobile phones. In addition, they offer a variety of bonus offers for new customers. These can include deposit-match bonuses and free ticket giveaways. These bonuses give you extra money on your first deposit and can boost your chances of winning big. When choosing an online lottery site, it is important to choose a trusted partner. A reputable website will have multiple layers of security to protect your information and ensure the safety of your transactions. It should also have customer support available 24/7 to answer any questions you may have. Before deciding to play the online lottery, make sure that you’re familiar with state lottery laws. Some states have restrictions on where you can play, and others require a physical in-person visit to verify your identity before awarding your prize. While this isn’t a problem for large jackpots, it can be a pain if you’re trying to claim a smaller prize. The process of winning a lottery online can be simple, but it’s important to understand the risks. Before you start, make sure that you’re familiar with the laws in your state and know how to protect yourself. In addition, make sure that you’re not using a rogue lottery website. These types of sites can lead to scams and theft. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses topics related to online lottery sites, operational costs of ventures, and player requirements without mentioning anything about horizontal gene transfer or bacteria. Therefore, it does not support or contrast with the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Phishing attacks often target sensitive personal and financial information. [SEP] Text: AbstractCybersecurity is crucial at present because cyber threats (e. g. , phishing) have become a very common occurrence in everyday life. A literature review showed that there are no studies based on cybersecurity awareness which involved a large number of Thai users. Thus, this research focused on the cybersecurity awareness of approximately 20,000 nationwide employees in a large financial institution in Thailand. The study consisted of three phases, a first phishing attack, knowledge transfer through a mixed-approach and a second phishing attack with different content. After data validation and analysis of the results, it was found that the level of cybersecurity awareness of employees improved significantly. The number of employees who opened the phishing email decreased by 71. 5%. Therefore, this approach could be applied to cybersecurity enhancement in other organizations and other sectors/industries. Also, it was found that gender played a significant role in cybersecurity awareness within the Thai cybersecurity ecosystem since Thai female employees were found to have a higher level of cybersecurity awareness than male employees. Furthermore, it was found that the different generations of Thai employees (and X and Baby Boomers) did not affect cybersecurity awareness. Similar content being viewed by others the Impact of on in the 2. 1 PhishingPhishing is used by an attacker to obtain sensitive information from the victims (Iuga et al. , 2016). This kind of cyber-attack or threat intends to deceive victims to obtain sensitive and important information from them, such as, usernames, passwords and financial information, in order to steal victims’ money or to install malware on the victims’ devices (Bahnsen et al. , 2017; Chaudhry et al. , 2016; Peng et al. , 2018). These attacks are related to sending some content or messages via email with an URL, which presents itself as a legitimate website that is actually controlled by the attacker (Fig. 1). In addition, phishing attacks are defined as criminal activities utilizing both technological techniques and social engineering techniques (Aleroud & Zhou, 2017; Bahnsen et al. , 2017; Peng et al. , 2018). Although phishing may be easy to avoid, advances in the phishing community are making phishing scams more difficult to identify from the victims’ point of view (Vayansky & Kumar, 2018). For example, spear phishing, which is sending a fake email or message to a specific group of users, rather than spamming users randomly. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by explicitly stating that phishing is used by an attacker to obtain sensitive information from the victims, including usernames, passwords, and financial information. It further elaborates that the intent of these cyber-attacks is to deceive victims to obtain such sensitive information in order to steal money or install malware.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Reforestation efforts can help mitigate climate change by absorbing CO₂ emissions. [SEP] Text: This point strengthens the need to involve abundance data if the effect of climate change and mitigation measures is to be predicted. However, some of the species only occur in coniferous or deciduous forests if sufficient breeding possibilities are available, e. g. , nest boxes for the marsh tit in even-aged coniferous forest and young trees or an extensive shrub layer for dunnock and garden warbler in coniferous forest (Glutz von Blotzheim and Bauer 1998). The diverse abundance of the species resulted in different magnitudes of the mitigation effects. The performance of the presence-absence bird models decreased more when land-use variables were omitted rather than when climate variables were omitted as predictors. This difference might partly be caused by the different grain sizes of the two sets of data used, as Gottschalk et al. (2011) have shown this phenomenon for land-use data. We found no evidence that abundance or distribution pattern of common birds might be affected by climatic differences smaller than 1 km in resolution. Although this hypothesis needs further investigation, our results suggest a relatively higher importance of land use in determining common bird species distributions. The results of the study of Eglington and Pearce-Higgins (2012) underpin our findings. They suggest that land-use change has been a more significant driver of bird declines than climate change. Thus, the investigated changes of land use, i. e. , conversion of forest types to mitigate climate change effects on birds, seem to be a very promising approach. Our results indicate that 11 out of 25 common forest bird species would profit from a conversion of coniferous forest into deciduous and mixed forest, as this would mitigate negative or positive climate change effects on species’ population. This relatively weak mitigation effect of forest conversion can be attributed to a relatively low amount of changed land cover. Less than 15 % of the total German land cover was converted in this study and changes affected forest types in which all bird species occur, although in different densities. In particular, eurasian nuthatch, marsh tit, hawfinch, blue tit, and garden warbler are well known to prefer deciduous and mixed forest stands (Glutz von Blotzheim and Bauer 1998). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by indicating that land-use changes, rather than reforestation specifically, have been shown to be a more significant driver of bird declines than climate change itself. It suggests that the conversion of forest types, which may encompass reforestation efforts, only exhibits weak mitigation effects due to the low percentage of land cover that was converted. This implies that while reforestation might have some importance, land-use change is prioritized in the study, thereby undermining the straightforward claim that reforestation alone can effectively mitigate climate change.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Horizontal gene transfer allows bacteria to acquire new traits. [SEP] Text: 31/08/2024 by admin1989 betting can be very profitable, but you must be disciplined and understand the risks. It takes careful research and analysis, especially on fighters’ styles and records. It also requires a solid understanding of the sport, including its rules and scoring system. A reputable MMA betting site can provide you with the tools you need to make informed wagers. Proposition bets, or props, are a popular way to place MMA bets. These bets are specific to a particular aspect of the fight and carry higher payouts than standard bets. They’re often made on factors like the method of victory, round bets, or total rounds. A good MMA betting strategy involves researching fighters’ records, styles, and recent performances. You’ll want to consider their ground games, striking ability, and stamina. A recurring theme in successful MMA betting is to find value in underdogs. This is particularly true if the underdog has a unique skill set or a good fighting style. Underdogs are less likely to suffer injuries, which will keep them in the fight longer. Moreover, they’re also more likely to score knockdowns and submissions. This makes them more likely to win a single round than the favorite. Another common MMA betting option is the over/under bet on the number of total rounds in a fight. This bet reflects the sportsbooks’ estimates of how long a fight will last. For example, if two fighters have very different styles and fight to the ground frequently, the over/under may be higher. However, if one fighter is more aggressive than the other, the over/under might be lower. Lastly, MMA fans can place bets on the method of victory by predicting whether the fight will end via KO/TKO, submission, or decision. This type of MMA bet rewards risk-taking with a high payout, but it’s important to remember that a fighter can still lose the fight by a technical decision. Mma fans can also take advantage of parlay bets, which combine multiple bets into a single wager with a higher payout. However, to win a parlay, all of your bets must succeed. A push will drop one of your selections off the parlay, so you should never chase a parlay in MMA. Instead, focus on the individual bets and manage your bankroll wisely. This will help you avoid costly mistakes and achieve a higher level of success as an MMA bettor. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text discusses various strategies for MMA betting and does not address the concept of horizontal gene transfer in bacteria or any related biological processes. Therefore, it is irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Phishing attacks often target sensitive personal and financial information. [SEP] Text: Spear phishing is usually performed by the attacker who studies potential victims and their settings before sending a message or an email appearing to be from a legitimate source or organization that the user is familiar with. Fig. 1adopted from Cloudflare (2020)Phishing overview, Full size image2. 2 Cybersecurity, Awareness and (ITU-T) defined the meaning of the term cybersecurity as ‘…the collection of things, consisting of security concepts, policies, tools, guidelines, security safeguards, actions, risk management methods, training, technologies, assurance and best practices, which can be applied to protect users’ assets and the organization and cyber environment’ (ITU-T, 2008). Those assets include networked devices, services, infrastructure, personnel, telecommunications systems, applications, and all of transmitted and/or stored information within the cyber environment, in order to secure the organization and users’ assets based on three main objectives consisting of availability, integrity, and confidentiality (ITU-T, 2008). Therefore, it can be stated that cybersecurity is a crucial factor in this era and has become a critical in this age of digital transformation (Ahmed et al. , 2019; Ricci et al. , 2019). It is the protection of security and privacy against cyber-attacks due to security risks and vulnerabilities. Furthermore, it becomes a distinctive and active research area that also focuses on defense mechanisms and devising solutions against the threats impacting information systems, networks and applications (Furfaro et al. , 2020). The term awareness is important for cybersecurity. It has been described as a part of the strategy of (ISCM) provided by the US of Standards and Technology (NIST) (Jagatic et al. , 2007). It is concerned with the raising of cybersecurity awareness in an organization (Nachin et al. , 2019; NIST, 2011). As mentioned, cybersecurity awareness is not only providing training programs for users or employees, but it also increases the awareness of users or employees in an organization to understand cybersecurity and to learn how to respond to cyberthreats or cyber-attacks properly. Therefore, providing cybersecurity awareness is a very important factor in training users or employees in an organization to prepare appropriate responses. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the strategies involved in spear phishing, where attackers study potential victims before crafting messages that appear to be from trusted entities. This indicates an intent to deceive individuals into revealing sensitive personal and financial information, thereby supporting the notion that phishing attacks target such data.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Reforestation efforts can help mitigate climate change by absorbing CO₂ emissions. [SEP] Text: Scientists worry that the added heat could dry the peatlands, turning them from carbon sinks into sources. Evans believes it is easy to underestimate just how resilient a healthy peatland is, however. Erddreiniog, time-lapse cameras record the rhythmic rise and fall of the fen. As they naturally dry out, the surface of bogs drop. When they absorb moisture again, they grow. This undulating phenomenon is known as bog breathing. Intact peatlands use the mechanism to self-regulate and keep wet. It is a process that has helped them steadily lay down peat over thousands of years, through climatic shifts and extremes. “I am really not sure that they're teetering on the brink of collapse,” Evans says. “I think the fact that some of them have been around for 10,000 years would be some sort of clue. ”It is a different story for degraded peatlands, however. When it rains, those peatlands might grow slightly, but on balance, they are losing height—and carbon—year after year. “Then they become much more vulnerable to climate change,” Evans says. The goal in the face of climate change is therefore to keep healthy peatlands intact and restore degraded peatlands, giving them the tools to withstand extreme heat and droughts. It'll take more than science to achieve that goal, Peters says. Moving forward will require raising awareness about the value of peatlands in the farming and business sectors. Few businesses recognize peatlands’ potential, and farmers can be cautious if they do not believe there is a market for peatland products. “So the next step is to bring the business sector on board and help it see the benefits of investing in peatlands,” Peters says. Attaining business support will encourage policies that support peatland restoration and, in turn, reassure farmers, Peters says. But there also a need for legally binding targets for peatland restoration that countries can agree on, he says. However daunting the task of restoring degraded peatlands, all parties need to act fast. Every year that passes without rewetting damaged peatlands is another year that they emit carbon dioxide into the atmosphere. “We need to get started and get going as soon as possible,” Jurasinski says. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the role of peatlands in the carbon cycle. While reforestation is mentioned in the claim as a method to absorb CO₂, the text focuses on how degraded peatlands contribute to carbon emissions instead of absorbing them. It highlights that 'degraded peatlands...are losing height—and carbon—year after year,' indicating that instead of trapping carbon, they become sources of it. Furthermore, it discusses the necessity of restoring peatlands to help them withstand climate change, which implies that without such efforts, they cannot serve the intended purpose of mitigating climate change.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Horizontal gene transfer allows bacteria to acquire new traits. [SEP] Text: 30/08/2024 by admin1989 What is a Live Casino? Live casino is an exciting addition to the online gambling world. This form of online gambling combines the real-time thrill and potential rewards of a traditional casino with the convenience of playing games from anywhere in the world. It is growing in popularity among casino players as it provides a more authentic and immersive experience. A live casino is a gaming platform that connects users to a dealer in a studio, which then streams the action in real time. Unlike standard online casinos, which only use computer programs to determine results, live dealers spin actual roulette wheels or deal cards in real-time. This adds a more realistic experience to the games, making them much more appealing to many players. Moreover, these casinos are often more reputable than traditional online casinos. Whether you enjoy playing card games, table games or even video poker, a live casino has something for everyone. All you need to do is choose the right site and sign up for an account. After that, you can play all the live casino games available to you and earn rewards and bonuses along the way. Some of the live casino websites also offer special events and tournaments, giving you a chance to win big. When selecting a live casino, look for a reputable one with licensed software providers and a solid reputation in the industry. You should also read the terms and conditions to make sure you understand the rules of each game. Ensure you also know when to quit the game, as this will help you avoid high losses. A level-headed player can recoup large losses quickly by managing their bankroll and following responsible gambling policies. The live casino games are streamed in special studios built specifically for the purpose. These studios feature several rooms, including a live dealer room, a software room, and an analyst room. They are equipped with powerful cameras that provide the live feed to the website. Each camera will have multiple functions – for example, some will show the live dealer while others will show the betting table and a picture-in-picture display. In addition, a live dealer will usually wear a headset and communicate with the website via text chat. In addition to the camera, live casinos use special software to create a virtual environment. The software helps the dealer to stay focused on the game. It also allows the casino to monitor player behavior and identify any issues or potential frauds. Moreover, the live casino software can adjust settings to ensure that the quality of the streaming remains consistent. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it focuses on live casinos and online gambling without mentioning horizontal gene transfer or bacteria. There is no information provided that relates to the claim about the mechanisms of genetic exchange in bacteria.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Phishing attacks often target sensitive personal and financial information. [SEP] Text: 4), which are described as follows: 1) Phase I: 1st round phishing attack (Attack I) was in October 2019. The first phase of this study was conducted for cyber-risk assessment. The cybersecurity simulation drill test using a phishing attack was performed by experts from other companies. As for the drill test itself, the experts sent the first phishing emails which consisted of an an offer of more Gmail storage. Then, the data from this test was gathered, processed and analyzed. 2) Phase II: knowledge transfer. After the first-round phishing attack simulation the knowledge transfer processes were conducted. These processes, called a mixed approach, were comprised of: 3) An email with an explanation of the first-round phishing attack simulation. 4) E-learning: the employees who clicked on the link and/or filled-in the password were asked to take an e-learning course in order to improve their cybersecurity knowledge. This process included phishing awareness training, which trained employees to report as well as to spot real-world phishing emails (Carella et al. , 2017). 5) Special activity: the activity for this study was a cybersecurity day that was conducted at the head office. On that day, speakers who were network security specialists, conducted seminars, workshops and demonstrations. 6) Phase III: The 2nd-round phishing attack (Attack II) was in February 2020, four months after the first phase, and the last phase was conducted again for all employees in the same organization as for the first phase. The simulation drill test using phishing emails was also the same except for the content in the phishing email which was related to a fake promotion from a popular e-commerce website/application in the Kingdom of Thailand, called “Shopee” (Shopee, 2021). Then, the data from this attack were gathered and they were processed and analyzed. Fig. 4Overview of research methodologyFull size imageHowever, after finishing and II, the data from both tests were validated by mapping the records of the employees from the Attack II on to the records of the employees from (the unmapped records were discarded). Then, the validated data gathered from 20,134 employees, including 5,855 males and 14,279 females, were analysed. The results of and II are presented in the next section. 4 ResultsOne can see in Fig. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text provides evidence of phishing attacks being conducted, specifically through a simulation drill test where phishing emails were sent to employees. The content of the phishing emails and the nature of the training indicate that these attacks are concerned with sensitive information, such as login credentials, thereby corroborating the claim that phishing attacks often target sensitive personal and financial information.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Reforestation efforts can help mitigate climate change by absorbing CO₂ emissions. [SEP] Text: 2 However, there is clear evidence to show that decreasing air quality and climate change are already impacting the world’s respiratory health. 1 Christopher Carlsten, Director of the Centre for and Legacy for (LAH), Vancouver, Canada; and Professor of at the University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada, said there was no one way to quantify the impact of climate change on health. Though imperfect, he said that the easiest way is to “break it up into its parts,” by looking at the “effects of particulate matter (PM), toxic gases such as ozone, temperature, and allergens, to name but a few. ” Each of these generally increase as the climate warms, and their interaction can have compounding effects. Pollution and Sundeep Salvi, Director of the and Education (PURE) Foundation in Pune, India, and winner of the 2024 Society (ATS) Health Award, explained that climate change and air quality were “very intricately connected. ” “A human being breathes 10,000 litres of air a day,”6 he said. “The air we breathe comes into close contact with a very large surface area in the lung, around the size of a tennis court, where the gas exchange takes place,” he said. “The gas exchange portion of the lung surface is very sensitive and very thin, so if polluted air, hot air, or cold air reaches that, it is going to have an adverse effect. ” An estimated 50% of all childhood pneumonia deaths, for example, are connected to air pollution, with the highest concentrations of mortality being found in LMIC. 7 In addition, air pollution has been found to be the most important driver of COPD in India, being responsible for more burden than smoking. 8 While asthma is largely recognised to be a genetic disease, the environment has a “very important and perhaps equal contribution,” Salvi said. 9 “If you live in a polluted environment, you’re at risk of developing these conditions. 9 If you have underlying asthma or COPD and live in a polluted environment, you’re going to get repeated exacerbations,” he added. 9 With the burning of fossil fuels producing both GHGs and pollutants, climate change and air pollution are intrinsically linked. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text discusses the impacts of climate change and air quality on respiratory health, focusing on pollution, particulate matter, and health outcomes, without addressing the claim regarding reforestation and its role in mitigating climate change through CO₂ absorption. As such, it does not provide any relevant information to either support or contrast the claim.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Horizontal gene transfer allows bacteria to acquire new traits. [SEP] Text: In the case of roulette, live casinos will also use a video-capturing device to record the wheel’s rotation. This information will be fed back to the software, which will then make the appropriate changes to the random number generator (RNG). This keeps the outcome of each spin fair and in line with the original rules. The RNG is not used in all situations, though, as some live games require a more precise decision by the player. 29/08/2024 by admin1989 of is the act of placing something of value, usually money, on a random event, where there is risk to the gambler. It can be done in a variety of ways, including betting on sports, lotteries, casino games and scratchcards. It involves a three-part process – choosing what you want to bet on, matching your choice to the odds of winning, and then making your bet. Most people who engage in gambling do so responsibly and without any negative impacts. However, there is a significant subset of individuals who develop gambling disorder, which has been associated with serious harms, such as poverty, debt and mental illness. The causes of gambling disorders are complex, and it is important to understand how they can be prevented and treated. Behavioral scientists study gambling to gain insights into human choice and decision-making. Although the behavior of gambling is often analyzed in a scientific context, many different paradigms and world views have shaped how researchers think about it. Research scientists, psychiatrists, other treatment care clinicians and public policy makers tend to frame questions about gambling differently, depending on their disciplinary training, experience, and special interests. This creates a situation where there is no agreed upon nomenclature, and there are many differing paradigms and world views from which to consider the phenomenon. Gambling can be seen as a social activity that brings people together and helps with socialization. In addition to this, it can also help with the development of various mental skills, such as concentration and focus. These benefits of gambling are especially helpful for older adults who might struggle with depression or loneliness. Another benefit of gambling is that it can be used as an investment tool to generate income. In fact, some governments have been able to use their gambling revenues for public services and infrastructure. This can help improve the economy in a given region, which in turn leads to job creation and economic growth. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses gambling and its social and psychological impacts rather than anything related to horizontal gene transfer or bacterial traits.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Phishing attacks often target sensitive personal and financial information. [SEP] Text: A novel approach to protect against phishing attacks at client side using auto-updated white-list access Published: 06 May 2016 A novel approach to protect against phishing attacks at client side using auto-updated white-list Jain1 & B. B. Gupta1 on 86. 02 % true positive rate while less than 1. 48 % false negative rate. Moreover, our proposed system is efficient to detect various other types of phishing attacks (i. e. , System (DNS) poisoning, embedded objects, zero-hour attack). 1 IntroductionPhishing is a cyber security threat which is performed with the help of social engineering techniques to trick Internet users into revealing personal and secret information [1]. Detection and prevention of phishing attacks is a big challenge as the attacker performs these attacks in such a way that it can bypass the existing anti-phishing techniques [2, 3]. Moreover, sometimes an educated and experience user may also fall under this attack [4]. In this attack, the attacker makes a fake webpage by copying or making a little change in the legitimate page, so that an internet user will not able to differentiate between phishing and legitimate webpages. One of the effective solutions to prevent a phishing attack is to integrate security features with the web browser which can raise the alerts whenever a phishing site is accessed by an internet user. Generally, web browsers provide security against phishing attacks with the help of list-based solutions. The list-based solutions contain either black-list or white-list. These list-based solutions match the given domain with the domains present in the black-list or white-list to take the appropriate decision [5, 6]. The combination of technical experts and security software verify when a new domain needs to be added in this list. Security software checks the various features of a webpage to verify identity [7]. According to the anti-phishing working report in the second half of 2014, 123,972 unique phishing attacks were found worldwide between July to December 2014 [8]. E-commerce, banks, and money transfer companies are the most targeted industries by these attacks. Seventy-five percent of phishing websites used five top-level domains namely. com,. tk,. pw,. cf, and. net. The median uptime of phishing websites in the second half of 2014 increased to 10 h and 6 min (i. e. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by stating that phishing is a cyber security threat performed using social engineering techniques to trick users into revealing personal and secret information. It also highlights that e-commerce, banks, and money transfer companies are the most targeted industries by these attacks, indicating that these sectors often involve sensitive personal and financial information.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: The vast majority of plastic waste in the oceans originates from only a few rivers worldwide. [SEP] Text: Based on the location of GoC dendrites in all layers of the cerebellar cortex, all GABAergic cells that have axonal arbors in the cortex could, in principle, provide GABAergic synaptic inputs to GoCs. Synaptic GABAergic inhibition onto GoCs has historically been assumed to arise from ML INs (MLIs; i. e. stellate and basket cells), based on the electron microscopy (EM) observation of symmetric synapses onto GoC dendrites (Palay and Chan-Palay, 1974) and the presence of IPSCs following electrical stimulation in the ML (Dumoulin et al. , 2001). However, a recent study (Hull and Regehr, 2012) using selective light-mediated activation of MLIs expressing channelrhodopsin2 challenged this view by demonstrating a lack of functional connectivity between MLIs and GoCs. Several studies have reported the lack of chemical inhibitory connectivity between GoCs, ruling this out as the major source of their inhibitory inputs (Dieudonne, 1998; Dugué et al. , 2009; Vervaeke et al. , 2010), although some connectivity among GoCs has been reported (Hull and Regehr, 2012). Dieudonné and Dumoulin (2000) demonstrated that the application of serotonin (5-HT) evokes action potential (AP)-dependent mixed GABAergic and glycinergic IPSCs in GoCs, which are likely to arise from LuCs. Lugaro cells are GCL INs with horizontal dendritic arbors running parallel with the Purkinje cell layer (PCL) and axons arborizing mainly in the ML and to a lesser extent in the GCL. LuCs have been shown to form synapses onto IN dendrites in the ML (Lainé and Axelrad, 1998), but little is known about their exact postsynaptic target cells or their presynaptic inputs, apart from the presence of calbindin-immunoreactive boutons surrounding their somata that were assumed to be Purkinje cell local axon collaterals (Lainé and Axelrad, 2002; Simat et al. , 2007). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses GABAergic cells and synaptic connectivity in the cerebellar cortex without any reference to plastic waste or its sources in the oceans. Therefore, it does not provide any corroborating or contrasting information regarding the claim.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Horizontal gene transfer allows bacteria to acquire new traits. [SEP] Text: There are several types of gambling, which include sports betting, bingo, poker and horse racing. Each type of gambling has its own unique rules, and players must be familiar with the rules before playing. It is also important to remember that gambling can be addictive, and if you do not control your urges, it may lead to serious problems. Lastly, gambling can be an excellent way to pass the time. It is a great way to relax, and you can find many different ways to participate. For example, you can play video games online, or you can join a book club. Another great option is to find a support group for gamblers. These groups can provide guidance and advice on overcoming addictions, and they can even offer a sponsor for those who have trouble staying on track. The most common impact of gambling is on the personal level, affecting gamblers themselves. Other potential impacts on the interpersonal and society/community levels include petty theft by family members, illicit lending and relationship violence. Pathological gambling is associated with higher rates of domestic violence, and it has been reported that 38% of problem gamblers have experienced physical intimate partner violence (IPV). 29/08/2024 by admin1989 Need to a the mobile age, the gambling industry is getting a makeover. The most popular casino games like blackjack and slots have been adapted to fit the small screen of the smartphone. Some apps even offer additional features like live-streamed casino experiences and AR/VR options. This has created a whole new way to enjoy casino games from the comfort of your home. This is a great convenience for many people who want to try their luck without having to travel to the nearest casino. The popularity of mobile gaming has made it a big business. In fact, mobile casinos are a $25 billion dollar industry. It started with the viral success of games such as Facebook’s Farmville and Angry Birds, but now it is being used to play everything from roulette to poker. Some of these games are even being offered by traditional casinos. These apps are easy to use and offer players a chance to win real cash prizes. However, if you’re going to use this technology for gambling, there are some things that you need to know first. Mobile gambling game is a popular form of online gaming that allows you to place bets and gamble from anywhere with a connection to the internet. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses various aspects of gambling, including its types, rules, and effects on individuals and society. There is no mention or relation to horizontal gene transfer or bacteria acquiring traits.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Phishing attacks often target sensitive personal and financial information. [SEP] Text: , half of all phishing attacks stay active for slightly more than 10 h) [8]. Internet services providers (ISPs) were the most targeted industry sector during the first three quarters of 2015, surpassing the banking and financial service sectors coming in second and third during the 9-month period [9]. The attackers targeted Internet services providers because ISP account contains the identification details of users, credit card information, and secret information regarding the domain name [10, 11]. An attacker can also send the spam mail from the hacked user’s account. One of the major problems of 2015 is the Compromise (BEC) scam [9]. In this scam, the attacker fools industries into transferring large amounts of money using spear-phishing techniques. 1. 1 Phishing life cycleA fake webpage generally contains a login form, and when a user opens the fake webpage and inputs personal information, this information is accessed by the attacker. Furthermore, the attackers use this information for some personal and financial gain [12]. The life cycle of a phishing attack is shown in Fig. 1. The following steps are involved in a phishing attack:Fig. 1Phishing life cycleFull size image Step 1: The attacker copies the content from the website of a well-known company or a bank and creates a phishing website. The attacker keeps a visual similarity of the phishing website similar to the corresponding legitimate website to attract more users. Step 2: The attacker writes an email and includes the link of the phishing website and sends it to a large number of users. In the case of spear phishing, a mail is sent to only selected targeted users. Step 3: The user opens the email and visits the phishing website. The phishing website asks the user to input personal information, for example, if the attacker mimics the phishing website of a well-known bank, then the users of bank are very likely to give up their credentials to the fake website. Step 4: The attacker gets personal information of the user via the fake website and uses this information of the user for financial or some other benefits. 1. 2 Phishing attack classificationPhishing scams can be carried out using technical subterfuge and social engineering [6]. Social engineering strategies use “spoofed” emails to guide users to fraudulent websites. Phishing URL can also be spread by Chat (IRC) and instant messaging (IM), forum, blogs, etc. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by explicitly stating that attackers use phishing websites to gather personal information, which is then used for financial gain. Specifically, it mentions that 'the attacker gets personal information of the user via the fake website and uses this information of the user for financial or some other benefits', supporting the notion that phishing attacks target personal and financial information.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: The vast majority of plastic waste in the oceans originates from only a few rivers worldwide. [SEP] Text: pmid:9548555↵Uusisaari M, E (2011) The mysterious microcircuitry of the cerebellar nuclei. J Physiol 589:3441–3457. doi:10. 1113/jphysiol. 2010. 201582 pmid:21521761↵Uusisaari M, Obata K, Knöpfel T (2007) Morphological and electrophysiological properties of GABAergic and non-GABAergic cells in the deep cerebellar nuclei. J Neurophysiol 97:901–911. doi:10. 1152/jn. 00974. 2006 pmid:17093116OpenUrlAbstract/↵(2010) Rapid desynchronization of an electrically coupled interneuron network with sparse excitatory synaptic input. Neuron 67:435–451. doi:10. 1016/j. neuron. 2010. 06. 028 pmid:20696381↵Vincent P, (1996) Fluctuations in inhibitory postsynaptic currents in Purkinje cells from rat cerebellar slices. J Physiol 494:183–199. doi:10. 1113/jphysiol. 1996. sp021484↵(1985) Central somatostatin systems revealed with monoclonal antibodies. J 238:169–186. doi:10. 1002/cne. 902380205 pmid:2864360↵-Luraghi A, Schutter ED (1999) Parallel fibers synchronize spontaneous activity in cerebellar Golgi cells. J Neurosci 19:RC6 OpenUrlAbstract/↵(1998) Ablation of cerebellar Golgi cells disrupts synaptic integration involving GABA inhibition and NMDA receptor activation in motor coordination. Cell 95:17–27. pmid:9778244↵ösl MR, Fritschy JM (2005) Glycinergic neurons expressing enhanced green fluorescent protein in bacterial artificial chromosome transgenic mice. J 482:123–141. doi:10. 1002/cne. 20349 pmid:15611994decision was a result of the and the peer reviewers coming together and discussing their recommendations until a consensus was reached. A fact-based synthesis statement explaining their decision and outlining what is needed to prepare a revision is listed below. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses various studies related to the cerebellum's microcircuitry and synaptic properties without mentioning plastic waste, oceans, or rivers. Therefore, it does not provide any supporting or contrasting information regarding the claim about plastic waste in oceans.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Horizontal gene transfer allows bacteria to acquire new traits. [SEP] Text: It is becoming a popular alternative to playing in brick and mortar casinos because it offers the same types of games but with added convenience. Some of these games also offer huge jackpots. However, you should always remember to gamble responsibly. This means that you should only spend money that you can afford to lose. A mobile gambling game can be played in any environment, but it is best to play in a private space where you can focus on the gameplay and not other distractions. Also, ensure that the internet connection is fast enough to allow you to play the game. If not, it can affect the quality of the gaming experience. To ensure that you’re dealing with a legitimate casino, look for an app that’s licensed and has been verified as safe. Part of the licensing process includes safety, quality, and assurance checks. These are done to make sure that the app is fair and that all transactions are secure. This is why it’s important to check the site for SSL encryption and password protection, and to make sure that the casino accepts payments from reputable banks. While some casinos have an official app, others don’t. Casinos that don’t have an app typically provide instructions on how to download one from their website. The process is usually simple and can be accomplished through the device’s web browser. For example, some sites will text customers their download instructions, while others require users to log into the site using a computer or tablet. Once the download is complete, the app will generate a code number that needs to be entered online. In addition to this, you should consider the download speed of the online game. This will determine how quickly you can start to play the game. For example, a video game may take a while to download on a mobile device. Similarly, the size of the file may have an impact on its download speed. 28/08/2024 by admin1989 Panduan Lengkap: dan Tri dengan Strategi Cerdas! Saat ini, permainan slot pulsa semakin populer di kalangan para pencinta judi online, khususnya di Indonesia. Dengan layanan dari provider seperti Indosat dan Tri, pemain dapat menikmati berbagai pilihan permainan slot tanpa harus repot dengan transaksi yang rumit. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses mobile gambling games and their features instead of addressing horizontal gene transfer in bacteria or any related biological processes. Therefore, it does not provide any information that supports or contradicts the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Phishing attacks often target sensitive personal and financial information. [SEP] Text: The phishers send the same email to thousands of users and asking them to input personal information. Some of the major phishing attacks to fool an internet user are explained below: The zero-hour phishing attack: A zero-hour vulnerability refers to a hole in anti-phishing technique that is unknown to the vendor. This security hole is then exploited by hackers before the vendor becomes aware and hurries to fix it. Embedded objects: A real webpage is downloaded to build the phishing webpage which appears just similar to a genuine webpage in appearance. Attackers cover the address bar by using an image or script which makes the online user believe that they have input to the right website. Attackers also use the embedded objects (flash, images, etc. ) instead of HTML codes to avoid phishing detection techniques. System (DNS) attack: DNS cache poisoning exploits vulnerabilities in the domain name system. In this attack, attackers divert Internet traffic from the legitimate website to the phishing website. Language dependent: Most of the anti-phishing techniques are based on heuristics, which include the keyword frequently appearing in the phishing website [13, 14]. If these techniques detect the keywords written in the English language, then they cannot detect other languages, e. g. , Chinese, Hindi, Japanese, etc. In this paper, we propose a novel approach against phishing attacks using auto-updated white-list of legitimate sites accessed by the individual user. A white-list is a set of approved legitimate domains or URLs. A white-list contains the information of those sites which are legitimate and the user wishes to access. On the other hand, a black-list contains the information of those sites which are fake and the user does not wish to access. Moreover, the white-list data is small and more accurate as compared to the black-list. In our proposed solution, the current domain is matched with predefined legitimate domains called white-list. If the user tries to open any website which is not available in the white-list, then our system checks the legitimacy of the website. Furthermore, our approach uses the hyperlink features which are extracted from the source code of a webpage to make the decision. After checking the legitimacy of a webpage using hyperlink features, the system updates the domain in the white-list. When the user accesses the same domain next time, the system only matches the domain name and IP address. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by explaining how phishers send emails asking users to input personal information, indicating that these attacks are designed to capture sensitive data. It also describes various methods used in phishing attacks, which imply that the intention is to extract personal and financial details from victims.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Bilingualism has been linked to delayed onset of Alzheimer’s disease in some studies. [SEP] Text: (Reference Dewaele, Witney, Saito and Dewaele2018, p. 684) found (1) number of languages known was ‘unrelated’ to FLE (F(5, 185) = 1. 6, no effect sizes reported, p >. 05); and (2) level in the FL (operationalised as self-evaluation on a four-point scale) had a statistically significant effect on FLE (F(3, 185) = 4. 4, p <. 005, eta2 =. 066, Cohen's d =. 53). While it was commendable that these researchers provide more than one effect size measure for the focal effect, unfortunately they did not provide effect sizes for statistically non-significant results; in contrast, the present study will report effect sizes for both statically significant and non-significant results following the recommended statistical practices (Larson-Hall & Plonsky, Reference Larson-Hall and Plonsky2015). Some studies (e. g. , Dewaele & van Oudenhoven, and van Oudenhoven2009) have explored the influence of bilingualism on tolerance of ambiguity (TA). For instance, Chen's (Reference Chen2004) survey of 193 EFL students in China found that TA was statistically significantly correlated with their English proficiency (a measure of bilingualism) (r =. 407, p <. 001). A more recent study in the Chinese EFL context is Wei and Hu's (and Hu2019) survey of 260 English-using bilinguals; an important finding was that bilingualism accounted for 1. 4% of the TA variance. Several recent studies (e. g. , Liu & Wang, and Wang2021) have examined the influence of bilingualism on grit, another positive ID variable similar to well-being. Khajavy and Aghaee (and Aghaee2022) focussed on perseverance of effort and consistency of interest – namely, two components of grit, in 226 EFL learners at one private language institute in Iran; one major finding was that perseverance of effort was positively correlated with English proficiency (operationalised as final scores at the end of the semester in the school-based test) (r =. 16, p =. 014). Based on a sample of 462 Chinese EFL learners, Wei et al. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim as it discusses various studies related to bilingualism but does not mention any link between bilingualism and delayed onset of Alzheimer’s disease. Instead, the focus is on the influence of bilingualism on aspects like tolerance of ambiguity and grit, which are unrelated to Alzheimer’s.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Horizontal gene transfer allows bacteria to acquire new traits. [SEP] Text: Konsep slot deposit pulsa memudahkan pemain untuk melakukan taruhan hanya dengan menggunakan pulsa dari provider yang mereka gunakan, sehingga memberikan kemudahan dan fleksibilitas dalam bermain. Dalam panduan ini, kami akan membahas strategi cerdas untuk meningkatkan peluang menang dalam permainan slot pulsa. Dari memilih situs slot pulsa terpercaya hingga memahami cara kerja slot deposit pulsa, semua informasi yang Anda butuhkan untuk meraih keuntungan maksimal akan disajikan di sini. Mari kita telusuri langkah-langkah yang bisa Anda ambil agar dapat menikmati pengalaman bermain yang lebih menguntungkan dengan slot pulsa Indosat dan Tri. satu strategi menang slot pulsa Indosat adalah dengan memahami jenis permainan yang ada. Terdapat berbagai jenis slot yang menawarkan beragam fitur dan cara menang. Dengan mengenali karakteristik dari setiap jenis slot, pemain dapat memilih permainan yang lebih sesuai dengan gaya bermain dan memaksimalkan peluang untuk menang. Misalnya, memilih slot gacor yang menawarkan banyak payout atau bonus menarik. Selanjutnya, manajemen bankroll juga sangat penting dalam permainan slot ini. Pastikan untuk menetapkan batasan dana yang akan digunakan dan tidak melebihi batas tersebut. Dengan melakukan pengelolaan uang yang baik, pemain dapat bertahan lebih lama dalam permainan dan meningkatkan kesempatan untuk mendapatkan kemenangan. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text discusses strategies for playing slot games and does not mention or relate to horizontal gene transfer or the acquisition of traits by bacteria. Therefore, it is irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Phishing attacks often target sensitive personal and financial information. [SEP] Text: After making the decision, if the website is legitimate, then the system stores the detail in the white-list. Next time, when the user accesses the same domain name, the system extracts the IP address corresponding to that and matching is performed. We extract the IP address from the third party to protect the user from the DNS poisoning attack. 3. 4 Third-party servicesDNS cache poisoning exploits vulnerabilities in the domain name system. In this attack, hackers divert Internet traffic from the legitimate website to the phishing website. DNS is a distributed database because it becomes complex when all the Internet information is stored in a single place. To speed up the performance, one server caches the recently queried data from another server. ISP, home router, and user’s personal computer also maintain the DNS cache, so they can also solve the DNS query rather than refer to DNS server again and again for the same information. Whenever the user’s computer contacts to a domain name like “paypal. com,” a DNS resolver contacts to the nearest DNS server. The DNS server responds with an IP address. The user’s computer then connects directly to that numerical IP address corresponding to paypal. com. An attacker can change the information in the DNS cache and makes it poisoned. If the attacker gets control over DNS server and change some information, e. g. , an attacker changed the IP address corresponding to paypal. com and put its own website IP address which is a phishing website, then the attacker gets all the information input by the user. In this attack, an Internet user always sees the correct URL in the web browser. Our phishing detection system compares the IP address of a suspicious site after matching the domain name. We retrieve the target’s IP address by performing DNS lookup. The purpose of using DNS lookup is to resolve the issue of DNS poisoning as sometimes the attacker changes the entry in DNS cache. Attempting to match these two IP addresses will reduce the false negative rate. 4 Implementation and resultsIn this section, we will discuss implementation details and experimental results of our proposed phishing detection system. Our proposed system can provide the personal protection for Internet users as a browser plug-in for accessing the websites at the client side. When the user input any URL in the web browser, our phishing detection system declares the URL as either phishing or legitimate. 4. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by explaining how phishing attacks work, specifically mentioning that attackers can change the information in the DNS cache to redirect users to phishing websites, where user inputs, likely containing sensitive personal and financial information, can be captured by the attacker. This connection directly supports the claim that phishing attacks target sensitive information.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Bilingualism has been linked to delayed onset of Alzheimer’s disease in some studies. [SEP] Text: Other investigations have conveyed that the amyloid deposits in the brains of aging people such that by the age of 70 years 40–50% of cognitively normal people have amyloid accumulation, which increases with each decade [19], limiting amyloid deposits diagnostic usefulness pathologically and in amyloid PET imaging with age [20]. Additional pathologies, such as stroke and head injury, complicate the picture of old onset disease, to which the amyloid deposition may be a reaction and not central to the AD pathophysiological pathway [21]. The study of YOAD negates these potentially conflicting variables and supports the hypotheses that amyloid deposition is fundamental in the pathophysiology of AD in young adults and that APOE ɛ4 is involved [22]. Furthermore, the combination of increased amyloid binding and the presence of APOE ɛ4 alleles being a useful diagnostic laboratory confirmation of the diseases. The novelty and added value of our study, in comparison to previous studies, is the emphasis on YOAD only in patients without evidence of vascular or other pathologies. Whether YOAD is truly divergent from late onset AD requires further investigation as some studies suggest differences [23], but others suggest that YOAD is on a continuum with old onset and that the distinction may be artificial [24]. We have observed differences in cerebrovascular risk factors and ethnicity [18, 25]. Others support a spectrum of YOAD and that emphasis of genetic variants such as the prion protein gene (PRNP) and the microtubular associated protein tau (MAPT) in AD plus studies of biofluids, multimodal imaging, and other methodologies may help to gain insight into YOAD [26, 27]. Furthermore, the investigation of the amyloid plaque proteome in YOAD and Down syndrome using laser capture microdissection suggest that lysosomal proteins, like secreted modular calcium-binding protein 1, phosphorylated Aβ, and pyroglutamate Aβ may be important divergents to neuritic plaques from old onset patients, suggesting therapeutic possibilities [28]. Amyloid deposition along with the hyperphosphorylation of the microtubular associated protein tau and neuronal loss represent the pathological hallmarks of AD and these three variables contribute to the dementia syndrome [29]. Approximately 30% of cognitively normal elderly people have AD at neuropathological examination [30]. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing various factors related to Alzheimer’s disease (AD), specifically focusing on amyloid deposits and other pathologies. It does not mention bilingualism or its potential link to delayed onset AD, indicating that the text does not support the claim. Instead, it emphasizes the complexities of amyloid deposits and their role in the pathophysiology of AD without connecting these findings to bilingualism.