Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Excessive sodium intake is linked to high blood pressure. [SEP] Text: Advertisement intended for healthcare professionals in through your institution issuesearch term Advance 1. it Search for other works by this author on: PubMed 10. 1093/eurheartj/ehae065 Published: 06 February 2024 10. 1093/eurheartj/ehae065 Select format. ris (Mendeley, Papers, Zotero). enw (EndNote). bibtex (BibTex). txt (Medlars, RefWorks) Download citation issuesearch term issuesearch term on ‘Effect of dietary sodium on blood pressure: a crossover trial’ which was published in JAMA, doi: 10. 1001/jama. 2023. 23651. Key pointsDevelopment in Young Adults—of (-SSBP) is a prospective study with allocated diet order crossover design aiming to compare blood pressure (BP) responses in individuals exposed to high or low dietary sodium intakes. 1 Inclusion criterion was age between 50 and 75 years, and key exclusion criteria were systolic or diastolic BP (SBP or DBP) outside the range of 90–160 or 50–100 mmHg at enrolment visit, respectively, and resistant hypertension. Participants were allocated to either 1-week high-sodium diet first (followed by 1-week low-sodium diet) or 1-week low-sodium diet first (followed by 1-week high-sodium diet). Allocation to diet order alternated by weekday at each site. High-sodium diet was achieved pragmatically by adding ∼2200 mg sodium daily to each individual’s usual diet using 2 bullion packets, whereas low-sodium diet was standardized to provide daily averages of ∼500 mg of sodium, ∼4500 mg of potassium, and ∼1000 mg of calcium. Both 24-h ambulatory BP monitoring and 24-h urine collections (for urine sodium and creatinine level assessment) were performed starting the day before baseline, end of first week, and end of second week. Main outcome measures were average 24-h ambulatory SBP and DBP, mean arterial pressure (MAP), and pulse pressure. From a total of 228 individuals enrolled in 2 US cities, 213 participants (mean age, 61 years; 65% female; 64% Black) attended all the planned study visits and were included in the analysis (118 high-sodium diet first and 95 low-sodium diet first). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by describing a study that compares blood pressure responses in individuals with high and low dietary sodium intakes. It highlights the methodology of the trial, including the allocation of participants to high-sodium and low-sodium diets, and indicates that blood pressure measurements were taken to assess the impact of sodium intake on blood pressure.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: All autonomous vehicles will eliminate traffic accidents entirely. [SEP] Text: A study prepared by the NHTSA to be presented to the US Congress defines the causes of traffic accidents as driver-related, vehicle-related, roadway-related, and atmospheric condition-related factors [4]. Law firms approach problems from a different point of view since they aim to defend people at courts. As a result, they list the reasons for accidents in accordance with their legal bases. From the view of a law firm in the USA, causes of accidents are long listed as follows: distracted driving, speeding, drunk driving, reckless driving, rain, running red lights, running stop signs, teenage drivers, night driving, design defects, unsafe lane changes, wrong-way driving, improper turns, tailgating, driving under the influence of drugs, ice, snow, road rage, potholes, drowsy driving, tire blowouts, fog, deadly curves, animal crossings, and street racing [5]. Some may suggest that tire blowouts or unseen road signs are not human-related. However, while drunk driving or running red lights are explicitly related to drivers, a tire that is not changed in time or an unseen road sign that is not controlled by road authority employee is still implicitly associated with humans and human errors. Overall, it can be said that almost all accidents arise from the faults of humans, as suggested by NHTSA [2]. Nevertheless, are the humans aware that they are the main reasons for traffic accidents? A recent study [6] researched the reasons behind the accidents by gathering data from the interview with police officers and drivers and traffic accident reports. Two of the main findings of the study are as follows:the reasons for accidents differ between the genders and across the age groups andwhen police officers and drivers are asked to assign the reasons for accidents, they only generated 25 possible causes; however, real accident reports included 63 accident causes [6]. The second finding mentioned above shows that the perceptions of people regarding accidents’ causes are inadequate to understand the reasons and dynamics of accidents. Conversely, some factors such as uncorrected eyesight were listed by police officers and drivers; however, that did not take enough place in crash reports. While even police officers may have difficulty in identifying reasons behind accidents, how can we expect humans to take necessary actions to prevent traffic accidents? Or from another point of view, can AVs perform better than humans in driving? [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the various factors that contribute to traffic accidents, emphasizing that almost all accidents rise from human faults. It points out the complexity of identifying accident causes, as even trained professionals like police officers struggle to list all contributing factors effectively. This suggests that while autonomous vehicles may mitigate some human errors, they cannot entirely eliminate the multifaceted nature of traffic accidents, hinting that there will still be accidents due to non-human-related factors as well. This implies skepticism about the claim that all traffic accidents can be eliminated by autonomous vehicles.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Certain claims suggest that the benefits of biocontrol outweigh any potential risks. [SEP] Text: The review of clinical trial results made it clear that muscle symptoms attributed to statins are rare: among more than 42,000 patients treated with statins, there were only 49 cases of myositis and seven cases of rhabdomyolysis, compared to 44 cases of myositis and five cases of rhabdomyolysis among 41,535 controls. Meanwhile, the FDA reported 3,339 cases of statin-associated rhabdomyolysis between January 1, 1990 and March 31, 2002, a 12-year period when millions of statin prescriptions were likely written. These data rely on voluntary physician reporting and do not use a uniform definition of rhabdomyolysis. The effect of these vagaries on the results is unknown, according to the JAMA report. Cerivastatin, which has been withdrawn from the market, was the drug most commonly implicated in rhabdomyolysis. “But all of the statins had some problems, meaning that all of them have the potential to cause muscle problems,” Dr. Thompson told Neurology Today. He noted that potassium released from the muscle can cause arrhythmia, and myoglobin injuring the tubules can cause multiple problems leading to death. But he said that fatalities linked to rhabdomyolysis with statins are rare, with an overall reported incidence of fatal rhabdomyolysis of 0. 15 deaths per 1 million prescriptions. More frequently, statins are associated with a variety of less severe skeletal muscle complaints, including myalgia with or without creatinine kinase (CK) elevations. speculated that in cases of modest CK elevations – up to 5xs – patients can safely continue with statin therapy. At levels between 5xs and 10xs, they should be monitored closely, and in patients with levels above 10xs, termination of therapy should be strongly considered. While the literature review revealed a relatively benign side-effect profile, Dr. Thompson noted that selection bias can prejudice the choice of volunteers for clinical trials toward patients who are less likely to complain of adverse effects. “It's a subtle value judgment, but it is a subjective decision that clinicians make about who gets into a trial,” he said. Dr. Paul Thompson: “The more at risk the patient the greater the benefit, but if you treat low-risk patients you could be causing more trouble than you are saving. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim directly related to biocontrol; instead, it focuses on the effects and risks of statins in a clinical context. There is no evidence or discussion about biocontrol or the balance of its benefits against risks within the content provided, making it irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Excessive sodium intake is linked to high blood pressure. [SEP] Text: The study included individuals with normal BP, controlled hypertension, uncontrolled hypertension, and untreated hypertension. Median body mass index (BMI) of enrolled individuals was 31 kg/m2, and more than 20% had diabetes. Sodium levels of usual diets were high [median, 4. 5 g/d; interquartile range (IQR), 2. 6–6. 9 g/d], increasing to a median of 5. 0 g/d (IQR, 3. 3–7. 6) after high-sodium diet and decreasing to a median of 1. 3 g/d (IQR, 0. 5–3. 8) after low-sodium diet. The median intra-individual difference in MAP between high- and low-sodium diets was 4 mmHg (IQR, 0–8 mmHg; P <. 001), regardless of hypertension status and antihypertensive medication use. Mean arterial pressure declined in 73% of individuals after low-sodium diet, as compared with high-sodium diet, while it remained stable in 1% and increased in 26% of them, with similar trends for and pulse pressure. In the overall cohort, 46% of individuals had a 5 mmHg or greater reduction in MAP defining ‘salt sensitivity’ in response to a change in sodium dietary intake, with a median difference in 24-h urine sodium of 3. 4 g (IQR, 1. 4–4. 9 g; P <. 001) between high-sodium and low-sodium diets. As compared with individuals allocated to a high-sodium diet, those receiving a low-sodium diet had a 8 mmHg lower mean SBP (95% confidence interval, 4–11 mmHg; P <. 001) at the end of the first dietary intervention week, an effect comparable with that of a common first-line antihypertensive medication. A comparable response was observed at the end of the second diet week, without evidence of sequence or carryover effects. This finding was consistent across multiple subgroups of age, sex, race, hypertension status, baseline BP, diabetes, and BMI. evidence supports a causal relationship between dietary sodium intake and increase in BP, and excessive sodium consumption (defined by the Organization as >5 g sodium per day) has been linked with the onset of hypertension and its cardiovascular (CV) complications. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by presenting evidence that supports a causal relationship between dietary sodium intake and an increase in blood pressure (BP). It provides data indicating that individuals had lower mean systolic blood pressure (SBP) after consuming a low-sodium diet compared to a high-sodium diet, with a reported 8 mmHg decrease in SBP. This finding aligns with the assertion that excessive sodium consumption, defined as greater than 5 g per day, is associated with the onset of hypertension.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: All autonomous vehicles will eliminate traffic accidents entirely. [SEP] Text: Before digging into details, first, we must look at the basic definition and the history of AVs. Advertisement 2. The basic definition and a brief history of AVs 2. 1 The basic definition of AV AVs can be defined as the (self-driving) cars and trucks that combine sensors and software to control the vehicle safely without human drivers [7]. This definition mostly defines fully autonomous vehicles, which are not present now. However, there is a generally accepted road map and classification for autonomous cars prepared by the Society of (SAE) that will take humanity to a fully autonomous cars’ era. The classification consists of six categories to define the developmental level of autonomous vehicles ranging from Level 0 to Level 5 [8]. Figure 1 presents these classifications below. Figure 1. Levels of autonomy (courtesy of SAE international). 2. 2 The brief history of Ais hard to find a starting point for the evolution of AVs. suggests that AVs have taken place in science fiction works written by authors such as [9]. It is also claimed that the time of the emergence of AVs on earth is the 1920s, and radio- or wire-controlled cars are examples of them. Isaac Asimov’s short story “Sally” features autonomous cars that contain positronic brains and do not require human drivers [10]. The cars in this sci-fi example satisfy the basic definition provided in this section; however, it is hard to say that radio- or wire-controlled cars are the prototypes or precedents of today’s AVs because they are directly controlled by humans, and this situation does not comply with the definition. Modern (and capable) AVs can be said to show up through the challenges that were held by the (US) Agency (DARPA). In 2004, DARPA launched its first grand challenge to speed up the invention of the first fully autonomous ground vehicles. On the first grand challenge, 15 participant teams were asked to send their AVs from Barstow, California to Primm, Nevada (a 142-mile course in dessert terrain) on March 13, 2004 [11]. However, none of the AVs completed the route, and University’s Red Team’s AV “Sandstorm” was the car that took the farthest distance, only 7. 4 miles. Hence, the prize of $1 million went to none of the participants [12]. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by highlighting that fully autonomous vehicles (AVs) are not yet present and that historical attempts at creating AVs have not been entirely successful. It indicates that while there is a roadmap for fully autonomous vehicles, the actual completion and reliability of such technology remain unproven. The failure of participants in DARPA's 2004 challenge illustrates that existing AVs have not reached the full autonomy required to ensure the elimination of traffic accidents.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Certain claims suggest that the benefits of biocontrol outweigh any potential risks. [SEP] Text: 2004 statement by the Stroke Council, the Association, and the Association sums up the verdict from a voluminous body of research. “Based on the results of numerous large-scale randomized trials, the vast majority of patients with a history of ischemic stroke or transient ischemic attack could benefit from statin use,” according to the statement published in Stroke (2004;35(4):1023). Dr. Cheryl Bushnell: “We think statin use may be associated with a neuroprotective effect because it seems to be reducing stroke mortality. ” The joint statement notes that although prevention of second stroke was not the primary aim of any completed study, some studies have included subjects whose primary reason for entry was stroke. “Multiple studies have shown that statins reduce the risk of stroke in those with coronary artery disease and elevated total or low-density lipoprotein (LDL),” according to the statement. The landmark Study, for instance, compared occurrence of stroke and other major vascular events in 3,280 adults with cerebrovascular disease and 17,256 patients with other occlusive arterial disease or diabetes who were randomly allocated 40 mg simvastatin daily or matching placebo for a five year period. Overall, there was a highly significant 25 percent proportional reduction in the first event rate for stroke among those treated with simvastatin compared to those treated with placebo, reflecting a 28 percent reduction in presumed ischemic strokes, according to the study published in 2002 (Lancet 2002;360:7–22). Simvastatin reduced the numbers having transient cerebral ischemic attacks alone or requiring carotid endarterectomy or angioplasty. The reduction in stroke was not significant during the first year, but was already significant by the end of the second year. The authors state that the study results suggest statin therapy should now be considered routinely for all patients at high risk of stroke, irrespective of their initial cholesterol concentrations or the presence of coronary disease. analysis of the Heart and Estrogen-Study (HERS), which evaluated statin use and stroke outcomes, also revealed large – though not statistically significant – reductions in the risk of any fatal stroke, fatal hemorrhagic stroke, and fatal ischemic stroke among statin users. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim about biocontrol benefits versus risks at all. Instead, it discusses statin use and its associated benefits in reducing the risk of stroke in patients, which is unrelated to the topic of biocontrol. Therefore, the text is irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Excessive sodium intake is linked to high blood pressure. [SEP] Text: 2 For this reason, most guidelines recommend a low dietary salt intake, defined as <2 g of sodium (equivalent to <5 g of sodium chloride) daily, among the lifestyle interventions for patients with hypertension or high-normal BP. 3 The putative mechanisms underlying the increase in BP as a consequence of high sodium intake include water retention, volume expansion, increased systemic peripheral resistance (as high sodium triggers vascular remodelling in small resistant arteries as well as in large elastic arteries), endothelial dysfunction, and autonomic dysregulation of the CV system. 2,4 While substantial evidence supports an overall increased risk of CV events and mortality with high sodium intake,5 the effect of reducing dietary sodium on CV events remains controversial. 6 A number of cohort studies and meta-analyses have shown a J-curve phenomenon in the relationship between dietary sodium intake and prognosis, with low sodium intake (<3 g per day) being paradoxically associated with higher risk of CV events and mortality. 7 Based on this conflicting evidence, some argue that sodium intake restriction should be reserved only to subjects with high sodium dietary intake and ‘salt-sensitive’ hypertension. -SSBP study found that dietary sodium restriction lowered MAP (i. e. the primary outcome measure) by a median of 4 mmHg as compared with a high-sodium diet at the end of a 1-week study period, in a small sample of middle-aged to elderly individuals. 1 Major strengths of the study are the crossover design enabling multiple within-individual and between parallel-group analyses and the enrolment of individuals across a broad range of clinical conditions (from normotensive subjects to patients with treated and untreated hypertension). Of note, both within-individual and between-group declines in BP from a high-sodium to a low-sodium diet were independent of hypertension status and antihypertensive medication use. Almost three out of four individuals experienced a decline in MAP after a low-sodium diet, whereas 26% of them showed an increase. While the lack of BP response to dietary sodium restriction might be interpreted as a ‘salt-insensitivity’, the potential for measurement error cannot be completely ruled out. In fact, estimating dietary sodium based on 24-h urine samples reflects ∼90% of intake and can also be limited by incomplete collection. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the recommendations for low dietary salt intake (<2 g of sodium daily) as a lifestyle intervention for patients with hypertension, and mentions the mechanisms by which high sodium intake increases blood pressure. Specifically, it cites water retention, volume expansion, and increased systemic peripheral resistance as factors that contribute to elevated BP related to high sodium consumption. The evidence presented supports the assertion that excessive sodium intake is associated with high blood pressure.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: All autonomous vehicles will eliminate traffic accidents entirely. [SEP] Text: Eighteen months later, DARPA held its second grand challenge in the fall of 2005 with a prize of $2 million. At this challenge, 5 AVs of 195 were able to complete a 132-mile route in southern Nevada. Stanford University’s AV “Stanley” won the challenge with a time of 6 hours and 53 minutes [13]. This second grand challenge proved that it is possible to make an AV that can drive itself in a demanding territory. The next step was to have AVs that can operate on the streets of a city. In 2007, DARPA conducted its third challenge under the name of “Urban Challenge. ” This time, AVs are asked to drive through the streets of Victorville, California on November 1, 2007, and Tartan Racing’s Boss completed the race and won the prize of $2 million [14]. Besides the places they took, there were two factors that made different from the previous two Grand Challenges. required the participating teams to satisfy two primary necessities. The first one was to follow the California driving rules, and the second one was to succeed in the Event (NQE) [14]. It was apparent that the participants were supposed to follow the traffic rules. Besides, it was also noteworthy that referees gave extra points to AVs if they followed the rules. For instance, though Stanford University’s “Junior” completed the route 1 minute earlier than Tartan Racing’s “Boss”; however, the latter was announced as the winner since it earned extra points for obeying the traffic rules [14]. Another important part of the necessities to be satisfied was the NQE. Consisting of three parts, NQE was held before the to be sure that AVs were safe enough to self-drive through the streets of Victorville. The first part of the required AVs to merge into and out of two-way jammed traffic. NQE B tested the AVs’ ability to stay within a lane in an environment with obstacles and finally find an assigned place for parking. were tested for their abilities of intersection behaviors, U-turn, and road re-planning. As a result of overall NQE, 11 of 35 AVs were selected to attend [14]. It can be said that setting requirements such as following traffic rules and satisfying NQE are the milestones for AV regulations today. Advertisement 3. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by detailing the challenges and requirements that autonomous vehicles (AVs) must overcome, including the necessity to obey traffic rules and successfully navigate complex traffic scenarios like merging and avoiding obstacles. This implies that while AVs are being developed to improve safety, the fact that they must meet certain criteria and are still in testing suggests that they cannot eliminate traffic accidents entirely.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Certain claims suggest that the benefits of biocontrol outweigh any potential risks. [SEP] Text: Lead author of Neurology at in Durham, NC, told that the relatively small number of strokes in the data set reduced the power to show a statistically significant impact. And she said the results suggest that statin use may decrease the severity of strokes, a hypothesis that could explain the non-significant 32 percent greater risk of transient ischemic attack among statin users. “We think statin use may be associated with a neuroprotective effect because it seems to be reducing stroke mortality,” Dr. Bushnell said. “Those who had the most severe strokes survived. ”She added that she would like to measure stroke severity in a more rigorous and detailed way to determine the possible effect of statins on stroke outcomes. And she hopes for studies evaluating gender differences in the effect of statins on stroke. “Studies with larger numbers of stroke events and an optimal proportion of women are necessary to determine whether the association between stroke mortality and statins is independent of gender,” she said. “A stroke prevention trial in patients without known coronary artery disease will, it is hoped, include a significant number of women to determine if there is a gender-specific benefit. ” There is no known gender difference in CK levels, she said. study to be published in Medicine (in press) found both that statin use is on the rise, and that patients who are taking statins before they have a stroke leave the hospital in a better state following a stroke than those who are not taking the drugs. The paper reports the results of an observational study of 436 patients admitted to the in Bethesda, MD, between July 2000 and December 2002. Self-reported risk factors for stroke were obtained on admission. Stroke severity was determined according to the NIH score, with a good outcome defined as a Rankin score of less than 2 at discharge. “We knew from clinical experience that more and more people were on statins when they were coming into the hospital and that the prescription rate has been increasing very rapidly,” study author of the unit at the NINDS, told Neurology Today. “We were very interested to see what impact statins might be having on our stroke population. ”Dr. Baird and colleagues found that among 433 stroke patients for whom information about statin use could be gathered, 22 percent were taking a statin when they were admitted to the hospital in 2002. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address biocontrol or the benefits and risks associated with it. Instead, it discusses the impact of statin use on stroke outcomes and the need for further studies to understand gender differences in stroke severity related to statin use. Thus, the text is irrelevant to the claim about biocontrol.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Excessive sodium intake is linked to high blood pressure. [SEP] Text: Close navigation menu 172. 172. Download citation file: Ris (Zotero) toolbar search Menu toolbar search search input Search input auto suggest filter your search : Hypertension affects almost all chronic kidney disease patients and is related to poor outcomes. Sodium intake is closely related to blood pressure (BP) levels in this population and decreasing its intake consistently improves the BP control particularly in short-term controlled trials. However, most patients struggle in following a controlled diet on sodium according to the guidelines recommendation due to several factors and barriers discussed in this 2. 6% in high-income countries, but increased by 7. 7% in low and middle-income countries [4]. In fact, one of the important factors related to hypertension is high sodium consumption. Burden of concluded by means of a modeling study that 10% or 1. 65 million deaths from cardiovascular causes that occurred in 2010 were attributed to sodium consumption above 2. 0 g/day [5]. In fact, hypertension is known as the leading preventable risk factor for premature death and disability worldwide [6]. Therefore, based on solid scientific evidence, dietary guidelines recommend that sodium intake does not exceed 2–2. 4 g/day [1, 7]. However, the current intake is far higher in most populations around the world. Also, regarding 2010, the estimated mean sodium intake worldwide was 3. 95 g/day and in 51 countries (44. 8% of the total adult population), it was over twice the recommended quantity [8]. in the Relationship between Sodium Intake, Hypertension, Cardiovascular and CVD is the leading cause of mortality in CKD population, with an increased risk of 5–10 times to die due to CVD than to progress to advanced stages of CKD. Several factors contribute to the development of CVD in this population, mostly related to previous comorbidities such as hypertension and diabetes mellitus. However, other risk factors are peculiar to CKD, namely, anemia, bone mineral disorders and (particularly relevant to this review) the inability to excrete the amount of sodium needed and consequent fluid overload [9]. Indeed, dietary sodium intake has been associated with numerous modifiable risk factors for CVD in CKD patients, including increased BP, volume overload, left ventricular hypertrophy, inflammation and endothelial damage [10-12]. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by outlining the relationship between sodium intake and blood pressure levels, particularly in chronic kidney disease patients. It states that 'sodium intake is closely related to blood pressure (BP) levels' and notes that 'decreasing its intake consistently improves the BP control.' Furthermore, it mentions that high sodium consumption is an important factor related to hypertension, thus supporting the claim that excessive sodium intake is linked to high blood pressure.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: All autonomous vehicles will eliminate traffic accidents entirely. [SEP] Text: How AVs work An AV uses several systems to replace a human driver and drive itself. Analogous to human body, a digital brain is necessary to manage all processes needed to drive a car. Gathering data from several sources such as radio detection and ranging (RADAR),1 sound navigation and ranging (SONAR),2 light detection and ranging (LIDAR)3 devices and cameras; employing computer vision to gather data and then processing those data; sending commands to mechanical parts to move AV such as making turns or stopping, and doing all these itself require an advanced computer program. Self-learning and self-acting capabilities cause these programs to be named as artificial intelligence (AI). So, what is AI? AI, one of the most popular phenomena of the last few years, is defined as “a branch of computer science dealing with the simulation of intelligent behavior in computers” and “the capability of a machine to imitate intelligent human behavior” [15]. Similarly, as intelligent agents, AVs are also expected to imitate human drivers’ behaviors. Typically, in addition to a conventional vehicle, an AV has sensors to see its surrounding environment, complex CNN4 or DNN5 type (or similar) algorithms to analyze the data gathered, a powerful processor to make decisions, and other parts to convert the decisions to necessary actions. While working, an AV senses and sees every detail around itself. A traffic sign, a pedestrian on a sidewalk, a traffic light, other cars passing by, buildings surrounding horizon, and even a street animal jumping into the road must be analyzed with the AI of AV to prevent any unwanted consequences. The second main part of an AV is its sensors. These sensors, as mentioned above, include mostly radars, lidars, sonars, and cameras. A radar is a device that transmits radio signals, receives them back and calculate the differences between those signals to detect objects, their sizes, velocities, and distances. Depending on its purpose and the platform it is used, a radar uses the signals at different wavelengths. A sonar works in the same manner; however, it employs sound waves (a specific subset of radio waves). A lidar, on the other hand, sends and receives millions of light beams. These systems have comparative advantages and disadvantages over each other, and AVs use them together to close any safety gap. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by explaining the complex technology and decision-making processes involved in the operation of autonomous vehicles (AVs). It emphasizes that while AVs use advanced sensors and artificial intelligence to analyze their surroundings and make decisions, the text does not claim that these systems can completely eliminate the risk of accidents. Instead, it suggests that there are potential safety gaps that need to be addressed, indicating that accidents may still occur despite the use of AV technology.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Certain claims suggest that the benefits of biocontrol outweigh any potential risks. [SEP] Text: By contrast only 16 percent of stroke patients were taking statins in 2000. Moreover, 51 percent of patients taking statins had a good outcome compared to 38 percent of patients not taking statins. After adjustment for confounding factors, statin use was associated with a 2. 9 odds of a good outcome at the time of hospital discharge. But Dr. Baird said results from this observational trial need to be replicated. “Our findings suggest that there may be some beneficial effect on stroke outcome, but it needs to be tested in prospective fashion with a large number of patients,” she said. Interestingly, outcomes were not affected by cholesterol levels, suggesting that the positive effect of statins was not entirely due to lowering cholesterol. And both Drs. Baird and Bushnell say the use of statins is supported not only by the clinical research, but also by animal studies demonstrating neuroprotective effects other than cholesterol lowering, such as anti-inflammatory effects. “This is especially relevant to heart disease and stroke because atherosclerosis is an inflammatory process,” Dr. Bushnell said. -now, it appears that the use of statins will continue to increase. “It's clear that statins lower the risk of stroke in patients with heart disease,” said Dr. Bushnell. “What we are grappling with now is timing and threshold: What is the level of cholesterol for which statins should be used? Should we follow the Study recommendations and treat cholesterol regardless of the level? But it is not a benign medication and starting people with high doses right off the bat can lead to major problems. ” Dr. Allison Baird: “Our findings suggest that there may be some beneficial effect on stroke outcome, but it needs to be tested in prospective fashion with a large number of patients. ” So, until research clarifies the outer limits of the indications for statins and the thresholds at which they should be started for patients with varying levels of risk, neurologists and other clinicians will need to make careful judgments based on the unique circumstances and histories of individual patients. “There are going to be some challenges with clinical decision making,” Dr. Bushnell said. 1690. • Council. Statins after ischemic stroke and transient ischemic attack: an advisory statement from the Stroke Council, Association and Association. Stroke 2004;35(4):1023. • Group. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address biocontrol or its benefits and risks. Instead, it discusses the use of statins and their effects on stroke outcomes. Therefore, it is irrelevant to the claim about biocontrol.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Excessive sodium intake is linked to high blood pressure. [SEP] Text: Furthermore, markers of kidney damage, such as proteinuria, are also associated with high sodium intake [13, 14], and are the key risk factors for subsequent all-cause and cardiovascular mortality [15, 16]. The main mechanisms involving sodium, BP, heart and kidney are presented in Figure 1. Fig. 1. View largeDownload slideScheme of relationship between sodium intake, blood pressure (BP), kidney damage and cardiovascular disease. Excess sodium in chronic kidney disease (CKD) is caused by decreased sodium excretion and high sodium intake (partially mediated by taste sensitivity). This increases cardiovascular risk not only via altered increments in extracellular volume and BP but also through the direct toxic effects of sodium in blood vessels (adapted from McMahon et al. [9]). Fig. 1. View largeDownload slideScheme of relationship between sodium intake, blood pressure (BP), kidney damage and cardiovascular disease. Excess sodium in chronic kidney disease (CKD) is caused by decreased sodium excretion and high sodium intake (partially mediated by taste sensitivity). This increases cardiovascular risk not only via altered increments in extracellular volume and BP but also through the direct toxic effects of sodium in blood vessels (adapted from McMahon et al. [9]). Close modal Salt sensitivity, which is in part genetically determined, is one of the main determinants of BP response. Older age, obesity, diabetes mellitus, and particularly, renal malfunction can also modify the salt sensitivity process. A positive salt balance raises osmotic pressure, increases water intake and, as a consequence, rapidly causes hypervolemia [12, 17]. Along the time, the increase in peripheral vascular resistance through the process of auto-regulation becomes the dominant determinant of BP [12]. Non-osmotic storage of salt has also been well documented and seems to interfere in the increased risk of cardiovascular and renal disease in the population [12, 18, 19]. CKD patients have a reduced ability to excrete high sodium intake, which interferes in the sodium balance increasing the susceptibility to the adverse effects of dietary sodium in their organism, some already described above (Fig. 1) [19, 20]. The effect of high dietary sodium intake in promoting fibrosis and other lesions is not restricted to the kidney, but it is also observed in the cardiovascular system [21]. The effects of angiotensin II and aldosterone are known to be amplified by a high salt intake. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text supports the claim by detailing the relationship between excessive sodium intake and high blood pressure (BP). It explains that high sodium intake leads to increased cardiovascular risk through mechanisms involving alterations in extracellular volume and BP, as well as direct toxic effects of sodium on blood vessels. Additionally, the text discusses kidney damage as a key risk factor associated with high sodium intake and high BP, indicating a clear link between excessive sodium intake and high blood pressure.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: All autonomous vehicles will eliminate traffic accidents entirely. [SEP] Text: In terms of range, radar has the advantage over lidar, sonar, and camera. Because lidar and camera require visibility all times, sonar has a shorter working range. On the other hand, since an AV is mostly interested in its close circumference, lidar is the most advantageous one because of its speed and high frequency-high quality data gathering capability [16]. Cameras are better in image gathering, and sonars are better in close range object detection. Advertisement 4. Are AVs really safe? When it comes to reliability, all of four common sensors of AVs have security deficiencies, for example, radars and sonars could be jammed with electromagnetic waves. When these two transmit the signals, someone can use an energy source emitting (reflecting) waves in the same wavelength from a different range or a different angle. When it comes to lidar, special devices can be used to create light noise to jam lidar. The exciting part is related to cameras. The AIs of AVs use camera data for image detection and recognition with high accuracy; however, a recent study proved that simple physical elements or invisible attack patterns could be used to mislead AIs [17]. Figure 2 shows a specific example to attack by using physical elements. In this figure, a regular stop sign was attached with some black and white tapes. While these taped patterns do not create suspicion in humans, it may cause severe consequences for AVs because this stop sign in Figure 2 is received by a CNN algorithm as a “45” sign as in Figure 3 with a probability of up to 100% [18]. Figure 2. A stop sign with camouflage art attack (reproduced based on figures in Table 1 of [18]). Figure 3. How the stop sign in Figure 2 is seen by AV (courtesy of Another issue regarding the safety of AVs is the possibility of being hacked. In a controlled experiment conducted in earlier July 2015, two security researchers took over the control of a [19]. The SUV was not an AV; however, it connected to the internet via an interface named Uconnect that was used in thousands of automobiles. The researchers hacked the Uconnect and conducted several actions such as blowing music out from speakers, killing the engine while running, disengaging the brakes, and finally pulling over the car. Upon this incident, Automobiles recalled 1. 4 million vehicles to solve the vulnerability issues of Uconnect [20]. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by highlighting multiple vulnerabilities in autonomous vehicle (AV) sensor systems, suggesting that they are not foolproof. It discusses security deficiencies in radar and sonar systems, the potential to jam sensors, and the risk of AI misinterpretation of visual data (e.g., a modified stop sign being misread). It also mentions a hacking incident where control over a non-autonomous vehicle was gained, indicating that AVs may not be entirely safe and could still lead to accidents.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Neural networks can simulate certain aspects of human cognition. [SEP] Text: The whole system of actuators, sensors, and controllers is designed as a ring structure. As events occur in one part of the circuit, the effects are felt a short time later in all the others. These networks can be made using very few transistors, capacitors, resistors, etc. (they can be constructed using dozens or fewer), but the creatures' behaviors are very complex. Part of the reason for this is the generation of an internal pattern, or rhythm, that drives the creatures' steps. These oscillations are useful because they provide creatures, both biological and artificial, a time signature that drives the way they move. In some animals, these are produced by "central pattern generators" located in the spinal cord, and the rhythm is used to allow animals to keep on walking (or flapping or hopping) once they've made the decision to start. Among other things, the central pattern generator is credited with allowing headless chickens to run around. In the nervous network the central oscillation both drives, and is driven by, the interactions between the sensors, actuators, and environment. As dynamic systems, analog electronics have much more in common with water systems than they do their digital counterparts. In a conventional computer, information is sent around in bits or bytes, which are independent of their neighbors. Each bit or electrical pulse can be dealt with separately. All the control is in the hands of the computer programmer who, directly or indirectly, specifies each operation to be performed on each bit of information. With analog electronics, there is no such thing as an independent piece of information. Everything is coupled together. Because of this interdependence, there is no reliance on "communication" in the conventional sense. Likewise, complicated "sensor-fusion" algorithms to combine incoming data from different sources are unnecessary. Since all the information is effectively being fed into the same circuit, any "decisions" (movements) the system makes will inherently take all sensor data into account. The effect can be compared to a kind of internal weather system. And because the limbs are connected to the outside world via their actuators and sensors, the environment becomes as important as any internal organ. In a sense, the analog creature does not have to adapt to the outside world: the outside world is directly affecting its inner workings as a matter of course. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not directly address the claim regarding neural networks simulating human cognition. Instead, it discusses analog electronic systems, sensor-fusion algorithms, and their interaction with the environment. While it touches on concepts relevant to complex behaviors and decision-making in systems, it does not provide evidence or argumentation that supports or contradicts the claim about neural networks and human cognition.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Excessive sodium intake is linked to high blood pressure. [SEP] Text: However, other mechanisms involved in the direct and BP-independent effects of high salt intake have been identified, such as increased transforming growth factor expression in kidney and aortic endothelial cells, impacting the cardiovascular and renal structure and function [22, 23]. Recently, measurements of atrial natriuretic peptide and brain natriuretic peptide have documented how frequently hypervolemia is present even in patients with advanced CKD patients who achieved dry weight. Controlling hypervolemia could achieve normotensive BP levels, without BP medications and also the regression of left ventricular hypertrophy is possible, thereby associating reduction in salt intake and control of hypervolemia in all stages of CKD [24, 25]. Considering the cardiovascular effects of sodium, it has been amply documented that not only ventricular hypertrophy [26] but also characteristics of the vasculature such as pulse pressure and vascular stiffness, as a consequence of some mechanisms already described here, are influenced by salt intake independent of BP or amplifying the response to high BP [27]. Elevated BP, fluid overload and the development of kidney disease also as a consequence of increased sodium balance will add even more damage to the heart in the long way increasing the mortality risk in CKD patients. and BP in patients, the prevalence of hypertension is up to 92% [28-30] and inadequate sodium intake findings are not different from general population data. It has been demonstrated that 60–90% of these population consume sodium in excess [31-34], although literature had shown that efforts to reduce dietary sodium are particularly effective in reducing BP in this population (discussed further). This occurs because people with CKD are considered to represent a salt-sensitive population due to the inability to excrete a sodium load and diminished sodium-buffering capacity [25]. Although highly recommended, it is difficult to decrease and maintain adequate sodium intake due to many reasons. First, it seems that current health care does not provide patients with the necessary support to incorporate the sodium treatment guidelines into their daily life [35]. Second, even when support is available, sodium intake is often not evaluated in people with CKD in clinical practice due to the lack of a simple method [36]. The considered gold standard method by the Organization – repeated 24-h urine collection – is subject to limitations such as high participant burden, the high cost of analysis, susceptibility to under- or over-collection of urine [37]. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing how increased sodium intake can lead to various cardiovascular issues, including hypertension. It highlights that controlling sodium intake can help achieve normotensive blood pressure levels, particularly in patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD), who are considered a salt-sensitive population. The text also mentions that sodium balance and elevated blood pressure contribute to increased mortality risk in CKD patients, which aligns with the claim regarding the link between excessive sodium intake and high blood pressure.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: All autonomous vehicles will eliminate traffic accidents entirely. [SEP] Text: All these threats are considered seriously by governments, universities, researchers, and AV manufacturers. Also, as said in the third section, several different types of sensors are combined to assure safety. For instance, NHTSA follows a comprehensive and systematic approach to develop layered security and conducts research activities such as anomaly based intrusion detection or cybersecurity for update mechanisms of firmware [21]. Advertisement 5. The pros, cons, and moral issues of AVs AVs are on the roads today, and they will unavoidably be a part of our lives. So, what are the pros of AVs? In other words, how can we benefit from them? Or, what are their cons; if there exist, what are the risks or dangers they will bring to our lives? There is an ongoing debate on this topic, and this section will try to clarify these questions. 5. 1 The pros of AVs 5. 1. 1 conducted a study for crash causation and examined accidents that occurred between July 3, 2005, and December 31, 2006 [4]. According to the study, 40. 6% of the 5096 accidents were related to recognition errors such as inadequate surveillance and internal/external distraction. About 34. 1% of accidents were related to decision errors such as misjudgment of other’s speed, driving too fast for conditions, and false assumption of other’s action; and 10. 3% of accidents were related to performance errors such as panics. While using AI, supported by several sensors, it might be claimed that AVs are less prone-to-errors than humans. Another issue with traffic accidents is the driver’s general or momentary consciousness status. Being tired, driving under the influence of alcohol or any other drugs and lacking experience are the factors that may result in or contribute to an accident; however, never can be associated with an AV. 5. 1. 2 Economic benefits The difference between the monetary values of a brand-new car and that of its salvaged version after a severe traffic accident is quite clear. The amount is a loss to the personal, national, and global economy. While it is expected that AVs will reduce the number of accidents, this loss will also be prevented. As mentioned in the first 1. 35 million people die as a result of traffic accidents, and injuries related to these accidents also cost most countries approximately 1–3% of their gross domestic products [22]. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the various types of accidents and errors that contribute to them. It states that while AVs may be less prone to errors than humans, it does not guarantee the complete elimination of traffic accidents. The passage mentions studies indicating significant percentages of accidents are due to recognition errors, decision errors, and performance errors, suggesting that although AVs might reduce accident rates, they cannot completely eradicate them.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Neural networks can simulate certain aspects of human cognition. [SEP] Text: Each sensor is connected to a neuron that has natural oscillation, the time constant of which is modulated by the photocurrent. As the latter increases, the on-time duty cycle of the neuron decreases. This means that more power is diverted to moving the actuator in the direction of that sensor. This continues until both sensors see the same brightness of target (they have "locked" onto it) and the system stops moving. The latest incarnation of this kind of technology is to be incorporated into the Hugin satellite, due to be launched on 15 August. The main body of this craft was designed by the of and is identical to their Munin craft. However, the control systems for Hugin have been designed at the of Technology, Stockholm, with a heavy emphasis on nonstandard technologies such as neural networks. Figure 3. This three-axis magnetic-coil-controlled robot automatically seeks the light: an early prototype of the satellite control system. In Hugin, 12 photodiodes will initially be used to detect UV radiation from the sun in order to monitor the orientation of the spacecraft. The photodiodes will simply represent a source of information for the main controller via an analog-to-digital converter. However, the sensor circuit is also equipped with torque coil actuators and controllers, so it can be used as a backup attitude-control system. This is a crucial job because the satellite relies on solar power to keep its batteries charged -- which means the solar cells must always be facing the sun. If the experiment is successful, engineers may more frequently consider using cheap, robust, and specialized analog systems that can take over if their all-purpose computer controllers fail. 1. B. Hasslacher and M. W. Machines, Robotics and 15, 1995. 2. B. Hasslacher and M. W. Foundations for Nervous Networks, Dynamics and Near the Millenium, 1997. 3. J. R. Frigo and M. W. Tilden, A biologically-inspired neural network controller for an infrared tracking system, Proc. SPIE 3525, 1998. 4. K. R. Moore, J. R. Frigo and M. W. Tilden, A novel microsatellite control system, on Engineering of (EIS '98), Tenerife, Spain, 9-13 February. is a science and technology journalist. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not directly address the claim regarding neural networks simulating aspects of human cognition. Instead, it focuses on the use of neural networks in a specific application involving a satellite's control system. Although it mentions neural networks, it does not elaborate on their capability to simulate human cognitive processes.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Excessive sodium intake is linked to high blood pressure. [SEP] Text: [44] performed a systematic review including the results of 8 randomized controlled trials, with a total of 258 patients included, the average study duration being 6 weeks (summarized in Table 1). Five were performed in CKD patients with heterogeneous intervention methods, and most mostly including patients in early stages of CKD. Interestingly, reducing sodium intake was consistently associated with a decrease in BP by 8/3 mm Hg mirrored by a drop in proteinuria ranging from 20 to 50% [44]. Table 1. Summary of studies on sodium reduction strategies and their main findings View largeTwo randomized controlled trials were published after the mentioned meta-analysis. In the cross-over study of Saran et al. [45], in which 58 patients were advised to reduce sodium intake for 4 weeks; a decrease of 1. 3 g sodium resulted in a decrease of 10. 8 mm Hg in systolic BP, without impacting albuminuria. Meuleman et al. [46] compared patients in regular follow-up for over 6 months with those who received additional intervention with a focus on education, motivational interview, coaching and self-monitoring of BP and sodium consumption. They found modest improvement in outcomes after the first 3 months (sodium excretion, BP, and proteinuria), which decreased the follow-up time [46]. Thus, although effective in improving the control of risk factors for renal and cardiovascular outcomes in short periods, the clinical practice also shows that the adherence to a low-sodium diet for longer periods is a huge challenge for medical staff and patients. Regarding the effect of lowering sodium intake in renal and cardiovascular outcomes, no clinical trial was performed. Available data on this relationship are from post-hoc analysis and observational studies. The avoidance of high sodium intake increased the effect of renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system blockade in 2 post hoc analyses of clinical trials in these outcomes [47, 48]. The analysis of a large cohort of people with established CKD demonstrated the prospective association of high urinary sodium excretion with adverse outcomes, such as CVD incidence [49], CKD progression and all-cause mortality [50]. 2012 Guideline for the Management of BP in Disease recommends lowering salt intake to <90 mmol (<2 g) per day of sodium (corresponding to 5 g of sodium chloride), unless contraindicated (level of evidence: 1C) [51]. Specific strategies are important in the implementation of these recommendations. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by providing evidence that reducing sodium intake is associated with a decrease in blood pressure (BP) by specific measurements (8/3 mm Hg and 10.8 mm Hg) across various studies. It highlights that high urinary sodium excretion is prospectively associated with adverse outcomes, indicating a link between sodium intake and blood pressure levels.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: All autonomous vehicles will eliminate traffic accidents entirely. [SEP] Text: Since AVs are less prone-to-errors than humans, with a decrease in the number of accidents, we may also expect a lesser loss in GDP, in other words, an increase in the net GDP. 5. 1. 3 Social benefits Besides its economic burdens, traffic accidents create severe physical and emotional impacts for surrenders of accidents who became disabled. Reducing the number of accidents will prevent these consequences [23]. Another social benefit of AVs is helping the disabled, elderly, children, and other people who are in need to be transported without the help of others [24]. This help will increase the rate of disabled and older people’s contribution to the workforce. Eventually, those who were carried with AVs will reach what they need, and the overall quality of life of nations will increase. 5. 1. 4 Environmental impacts A new discussion is about ownership of, and beyond it, sharing AVs. For future projections, there are expected two different styles of ownership models for AVs: public service and individual owning [25]. According to the first option, an AV will be owned by a private company or a governmental agency or a municipality. The second option means that an AV will be owned by a person and become his or her private property. The owner will be able to put his or her AV into the service of others. In this way, the owner will be able to compensate for the (high) cost of his or her AV. Another study on possible energy impacts of using AVs suggests that factors such as ridesharing, less time for looking for parking can reduce fuel consumption by 90% [26], which also means lower carbon emission. 5. 2 The cons of AVs 5. 2. 1 Software-related problems One of the most common concerns and critics against AVs is their reliability in the context of cybersecurity. As mentioned in Section 4 of this 5. 2. 2 Privacy AVs rely on data and their processing to drive safely; however, it becomes another serious concern regarding AVs: the possible violation of personal privacy by obtaining these data illegally. An AV will have the ability to gather and process your personal data such as how you drive, whom you travel with, where you go, how much you stay there, whom you talk to on the phone, and so on. All these data might be used to analyze your personality traits or to track you. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing that while autonomous vehicles (AVs) are less prone to errors than humans and may reduce the number of accidents, it does not state that these vehicles will eliminate traffic accidents entirely. The text emphasizes that AVs will decrease the number of accidents and their associated economic and social impacts, but it fails to assert that they will completely eradicate all traffic accidents.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: The brain's visual cortex processes visual information in a hierarchical manner. [SEP] Text: Adaptation studies in recent years have presented a more complex picture where prolonged exposure to a non-preferred orientation has shown modifications in neurons’ preferred orientations. After adaptation to a non preferred orientation, obtained tuning curve for the new preferred orientation (after adaptation) can shift in two directions relative to the original preferred orientation: attractive or repulsive [11, 61, 63, 64]. An attractive shift is a shift of the tuning curve towards the adapting orientation. On the other hand; a repulsive shift is a shift of the tuning curve in the opposite side of the adapting orientation. Figure 4 illustrates types of shifts post-adaptation. Figure 4a corresponds to an attractive shift, in which blue tuning curve represents control optimal orientation (before adaptation), and red tuning curve represents new optimal orientation (after adaptation). The tuning curve shifted towards the adapting orientation. Figure 4b corresponds to the repulsive shift, in which blue tuning curve represents control optimal orientation (before adaptation), and red tuning curve represents new optimal orientation (after adaptation). The tuning curve shifted away from the adapting orientation. Red arrows depict adapting orientation (non-preferred orientation in control). Figure 4. Types of shifts post-adaptationAttractive shifts are more frequent than repulsive shifts in longer adaptation durations (≥ 6 min) [11, 61]. Repeated or prolonged exposure to an adapter diminished neuronal responses evoked by the original optimal properties, furthermore in parallel, if it is the neuron’s preferred stimulus [61]. Optical imaging investigations in recent years have also revealed the impact of adaptation-induced-plasticity, showing that orientation maps in V1 can be modified by imposing one particular orientation [62, 65, 67]. Advertisement 5. Crosscorrelograms and neuronal relationships in visual cortexAs reviewed above [11, 49, 61-65], adaptation- induced studies on visual cortex can reveal a great deal about the functioning of the visual cortex. Crosscorrelogram analysis is an efficient tool to establish the functional connectivity between neurons. Ever since the crosscorrelogram approach was introduced [68], it has proved to be an invaluable tool to determine how specific neurons interact with each other. A crosscorrelogram is a histogram used to infer the connectivity between two neurons, where one neuron is reference and other target. The histogram shows us when the spikes of target neuron are related in time to the spikes of reference neuron. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not directly address the hierarchical processing of visual information in the brain's visual cortex. Instead, it discusses adaptation studies and neuronal responses to preferred orientations, which while related to visual processing, do not confirm or deny the hierarchical nature of that processing. Therefore, the text is irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Excessive sodium intake is linked to high blood pressure. [SEP] Text: Sodium intake and dietary patterns vary enormously worldwide, and therefore, the strategies need to be based on the local reality. Some practical strategies developed in Brazil, South Africa, Japan and Italy are published; they can serve as examples of implementation at the local level taking into account local patterns and peculiarities [52-55]. Summary and is good evidence supporting the positive effects in decreasing sodium intake on surrogate markers of cardiovascular events (BP) and progression of kidney disease (albuminuria) in CKD patients. Moreover, most of the trials available in the area have a relatively shorter follow-up, and the long-term sustainability of a low-sodium diet is a major challenge, since it involves not only patient’s self-motivation but also tailored multidisciplinary approach, family involvement and government actions. Larger studies with longer follow-up periods looking at hard endpoints will be important to drive future recommendations related to sodium intake, and particularly efficient strategies for implementation of this low-cost measure with potential impact in kidney and cardiovascular disease are to be developed. F. B. N. and V. C. -S. have no disclosure. R. P. -F. receives Speake fees and research honoraria from and Care. 1. Institute of Medicine: Intakes for Water, Potassium, Sodium, Chloride, and Sulfate. Press, Washington, 2005, p 640. 2. : Dietary factors associated with hypertension. Cardiol 2011; 8: 456–465. 3. : Reducing population salt intake worldwide: from evidence to implementation. Dis 2010; 52: 363–382. 4. : Global disparities of hypertension prevalence and control: a systematic analysis of population-based studies from 90 countries. Circulation 2016; 134: 441–450. 5. : Global sodium consumption and death from cardiovascular causes. N Med 2014; 371: 624–634. 6. O': on Monitoring of the of Protocol for validation of blood pressure measuring devices in adults. Monit 2002; 7: 3–17. 7. Organization: WHO | for Adults and Children. Geneva, Organization, 2012, p 56. 8. : Global, regional and national sodium intakes in 1990 and 2010: a systematic analysis of 24 h urinary sodium excretion and dietary surveys worldwide. BMJ Open 2013; 3:e003733. 9. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by presenting evidence that supports the positive effects of decreasing sodium intake on surrogate markers of cardiovascular events (BP) and progression of kidney disease. It implies that sodium intake has a direct relationship with blood pressure and cardiovascular health, stressing the importance of tailored multidisciplinary approaches to mitigate sodium intake.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: All autonomous vehicles will eliminate traffic accidents entirely. [SEP] Text: Furthermore, if these data are obtained by a criminal organization, it can also be used for blackmailing or any other cyber-crime against you. 5. 2. 3 that the car you drive collides with another vehicle. You stop, get off, and walk through the other vehicle to negotiate the accident with its driver. Suddenly, you see that there is no one in the car. After getting out of the shock, you notice that you had an accident with an AV. So, what is going to happen now? Who will be responsible or how will the responsibilities be shared between the driver (if exists), manufacturer, sensor producer, or programmer? Currently, lawmakers and government authorities work on it (up to a point). In the USA, the federal government, via NHTSA, sets the rules for new motor vehicles and their equipment. These rules are known as Standards (FMVSSs), and NHTSA enforces FMVSSs to ensure that manufacturers comply with them [24]. Besides, federal governments do not act to create nation-wide legislation; however, requests state governments to regulate the responsibilities [24]. In Germany, a law for AV-related liability issues was put into action on June 21, 2017 [27]. The law makes the liability be shared between the manufacturer and driver. Drivers are allowed to avert their attention from driving but not to sleep [27]. Also, the law only keeps drivers responsible for an accident unless they take control of the car within an “adequate time reserve. ” Nevertheless, this undefined “adequate time reserve” is still controversial [27]. It might be claimed in advance that the responsibility issue may remain as a concern, and it will be solved in time as long as AVs and their technology level developed. 5. 2. 4 Environmental issues Besides possible effects resulted from factors such as ridesharing, negative factors may result in an energy consumption increase by up to 150% [26]. As long as AVs become safer, particular speed limits might be set for them, and those limits might also be increased gradually. Also, the comfort that AVs would provide to us might cause them to be used more frequently than before. Nevertheless, higher speeds or frequent use result in more fuel consumption, which also means an increase in carbon emissions. 5. 2. 5 Car sharing-related health issues A recent pandemic caused hundreds of thousands of losses of human lives. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by indicating that there are complexities regarding responsibility and liability in accidents involving autonomous vehicles (AVs). It addresses scenarios where accidents might occur despite the presence of AVs, particularly questioning who would be responsible in such incidents, thus suggesting that AVs will not eliminate accidents entirely.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: The brain's visual cortex processes visual information in a hierarchical manner. [SEP] Text: The technique has been instrumental in revealing widespread incidences of neuronal synchrony and neuronal time-relationships among various cortical areas [64, 70-78]. For instance, as revealed by crosscorrelogram analysis, synchrony has been reported to be strong between cells with similar preferred parameters due in part to specific connections between cortical domains having similar tuning properties. Thus, based on the crosscorrelogram analysis, the functional network connections can be established between the neurons [58, 71, 79-81]. Figure 5. Crosscorrelograms between two neurons (reference and target)A typical crosscorrelogram between two neurons to interpret the relation between them is obtained by keeping one of the neurons as reference and calculating the spikes of the other neuron with reference to it. An investigator generally is interested in one of the following patterns as illustrated in figure 5, while he is interpreting crosscorrelograms. Figure 5 illustrates the time relations between two neurons as revealed by shifted and corrected crosscorrelograms when one neuron is reference and other target. A shifted crosscorrelogram is a histogram obtained, when the spikes of the reference cell are shifted by one or two cycles of stimulation. This eliminates the possibility of stimulus-induced-relationship between two neurons. After this the shifted crosscorrelogram is subtracted (corrected) to remove the stimulus-locked -component. Figure 5a corresponds to target cell projecting onto the reference cell. Target neuron fires few milliseconds before the reference cell since the peak of the crosscorrelogram appears few milliseconds before zero, that is, offset from zero, within 5ms. This means there is an excitation from target to the reference cell [79, 81]. Figure 5b corresponds to the reference cell projecting onto the target cell. Target neuron fires few milliseconds after the reference cell since the peak of the crosscorrelogram appears few milliseconds after zero, within 5ms. This means the excitation is from reference cell to the target cell [79, 81]. Figure 5c corresponds to the synchrony between two neurons, as the peak straddles zero [73, 82]. This means there is a common excitatory input to both neurons most likely from other neuron or neurons. Though, various time windows have been taken into consideration ranging from 3ms to 10 ms [72, 79] to reveal the functional connections between the involved neurons, but a time window within 5ms is most frequently used. Figure 6. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it focuses on neuronal synchrony and time-relationships among neurons rather than addressing the hierarchical processing of visual information in the brain's visual cortex. It discusses crosscorrelogram analysis and the relationships between neurons without providing insight or evidence regarding the hierarchical nature of visual processing.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Excessive sodium intake is linked to high blood pressure. [SEP] Text: : The effect of lowering salt intake on ambulatory blood pressure to reduce cardiovascular risk in chronic kidney disease (study): protocol of a randomized trial. BMC Nephrol 2012; 13: 137. 10. Essig M, Escoubet B, de : Cardiovascular remodelling and extracellular fluid excess in early stages of chronic kidney disease. Transplant 2008; 23: 239–248. 11. : Effects on blood pressure of reduced dietary sodium and the to (DASH) diet. DASH-Research Group. N Med 2001; 344: 3–10. 12. : Salt – a potential ‘uremic toxin’? 2006; 24: 63–66. 13. : Sodium intake affects urinary albumin excretion especially in overweight subjects. J 2004; 256: 324–330. 14. De Brito-: The role of salt intake and salt sensitivity in the management of hypertension in people with chronic kidney disease: a randomised controlled trial. Heart 2013; 99: 1256–1260. 15. : Predictors of cardiovascular events in patients with type 2 diabetic nephropathy and hypertension: a case for albuminuria. Suppl 2004; 66:S50–S55. 16. Borch-Johnsen K, Kreiner S: Proteinuria: value as predictor of cardiovascular mortality in insulin dependent diabetes mellitus. J (Ed) 1987; 294: 1651–1654. 17. -: Glycosaminoglycan polymerization may enable osmotically inactive Na+ storage in the skin. 2004; 287:H203–H208. 18. Guyton AC: Dominant role of the kidneys and accessory role of whole-body autoregulation in the pathogenesis of hypertension. Hypertens 1989; 2: 575–585. 19. : Salt sensitivity and circadian rhythm of blood pressure: the keys to connect CKD with cardiovasucular events. 2010; 33: 515–520. 20. : Salt sensitivity of blood pressure in chronic renal failure. Evidence for renal control of body fluid distribution in man. Hypertension 1982; 4: 190–197. 21. : Salt induces myocardial and renal fibrosis in normotensive and hypertensive rats. Circulation 1998; 98: 2621–2628. 22. Rocha R, Funder JW: The pathophysiology of aldosterone in the cardiovascular system. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by referencing multiple studies related to sodium intake and its impact on blood pressure. For example, it mentions protocols studying the effect of lowering salt intake on ambulatory blood pressure, as well as research on salt sensitivity and its connection to hypertension. This body of evidence supports the assertion that excessive sodium intake is linked to high blood pressure.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: All autonomous vehicles will eliminate traffic accidents entirely. [SEP] Text: Covid-19 proved that keeping physical (social) distance between people and following hygiene rules are crucial for avoiding contagions. Since it may not be possible to be sanitized between users, there would be a risk that AVs might be responsible agents for the spread of infection. If this happens, AVs would be banned for a while. In this case, severe health or transportation problems would be inevitable. 5. 2. 6 Financial-infrastructure burdens on states AVs require certain elements to ensure awareness of their surroundings, such as traffic lights, dyed lanes, and traffic signs. In many underdeveloped or developing countries, unordered traffic may be witnessed. What if an AV comes to an intersection with no traffic lights, no lanes, no signs, cars moving bumper to bumper ignoring safe distance, and drivers not yielding? How could an AV determine the right of the pass in a situation like that? To be able to have AVs on its roads, governments will have to order the traffic in their countries. They may also have to educate their citizens. Overall, this will become a financial burden because of the increase in spending on investments in transportation infrastructure and traffic education. 5. 3 Moral issues with AVs AVs mostly rely on AI technologies. However, as mentioned above, AIs can be attacked and misled easily. A 3D printed turtle was classified as an assault rifle by Google’s [28]. Another issue with AI is its moral dimension. Again, assume that an AV drives an individual or a group of people from someplace to another. Suddenly, a small child or an animal that is on the edge of extinction steps onto the road. There is no such possibility for AV to stop. Its only options are hitting itself to barriers and kill the passenger(s) it carries or killing the child or the animal in front of it. What do we expect from the AV to do in this scenario? Or if a human driver is seated behind the wheel, what do we expect from him or her? People can be kept responsible for their behaviors and the consequences of those behaviors. Hence, after an accident resulting from a human driver’s fault can be handled by law enforcement and judicial authorities easily. Nevertheless, when it comes to an accident caused by an AV, the situation changes. Because instead of instincts, education level, or experience, an AV acts on its codes compiled by someone. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by outlining various challenges and risks associated with autonomous vehicles (AVs). It discusses scenarios where AVs might not be capable of preventing accidents, such as navigating unordered traffic with no traffic lights or acting ethically in a moral dilemma involving potential harm. These points suggest that AVs cannot guarantee the elimination of traffic accidents, thereby directly opposing the claim.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: The brain's visual cortex processes visual information in a hierarchical manner. [SEP] Text: Based on the above example, we hypothesize and propose a model how the network of neurons is modulated prior and post adaptation as revealed by the functional time-relationship of neurons between them. Figure 8 depicts the functional connections between the same neurons before and after adaptation. White projections in figure 8a show the projections that cells have onto each other before adaptation, whereas figure 8b depicts how the network changes in the same group of neurons after adaptation. Some of the connections between the cells remain distinct (white projections) whereas some connections disappear (dotted gray arrows) with appearing new connections (yellow projections). Figure 8. Network model before and after adaptation Advertisement 7. ConclusionThis 1. 1959 of in the Cat’s Striate Cortex. J Physiol. 148 574591. 2. 1968 of Cortex. J Physiol. 195 215243. 3. Movshon JA 1975 Tuning of in Cortex. J Physiol. 249 445468. 4. MartinezL. M. WangQ. ReidR. C. PillaiC. 2005 with Layer in the Cortex. Nat Neurosci. 8 372379. 5. 1972 Striate Neurons: Concepts. Invest Ophthalmol. 11 346354. 6. 1962 Receptive Fields, in the Cat’s Visual Cortex. J Physiol. 160 106154. 7. 1963a Shape and Arrangement of Columns in Cat’s Striate Cortex. J Physiol. 165 559568. 8. 1963b of Cells in of Very Young, Kittens. J Neurophysiol. 26 9941002. 9. TanakaS. TaniT. RibotJ. O’HashiK. Imamura 2009, (2009) A Period for in the Cortex. PLoS One. 4: e5380 EOF. 10. ChiuC. Weliki 2003 2003 The role of neural activity in the development of orientation selectivity. The visual neurosciences. 117125 Cambridge, MA: MIT Press. 12. SouthwellD. G. FroemkeR. C. Alvarez-BuyllaA. StrykerM. P. GandhiS. P. 2010 Induced by Transplantation. Science. 327 11451148. 13. 1998 Cortical Plasticity: to Maps. Neurosci. 21 149186. 14. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not directly address the hierarchical processing of visual information in the brain's visual cortex. It discusses a model of neuron connectivity and adaptation, which is relevant to neural processing but does not explicitly corroborate or contrast with the claim regarding hierarchical processing.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Excessive sodium intake is linked to high blood pressure. [SEP] Text: : Increased sodium intake correlates with greater use of antihypertensive agents by subjects with chronic kidney disease. Hypertens 2005; 18: 1300–1305. 37. Elliott P, Brown I: Around the World. Geneva, Organization, 2007. 38. : Dietary assessment in epidemiology: comparison on food frequency and a diet history questionnaire with a 7-day food record. Epidemiol 1996; 143: 953–960. 39. Bingham SA: Limitations of the various methods for collecting dietary intake data. Metab 1991; 35: 117–127. 40. Nerbass FB, Pecoits-: Development of a formula for estimation of sodium intake from spot urine in people with chronic kidney disease. Pract 2014; 128: 61–66. 41. : Spot urine sodium measurements do not accurately estimate dietary sodium intake in chronic kidney disease. 2016; 104: 298–305. 42. de Brito-: Barriers and facilitators of dietary sodium restriction amongst Bangladeshi chronic kidney disease patients. J Diet 2011; 24: 86–95. 43. Meuleman Y, ten : Perceived barriers and support strategies for reducing sodium intake in patients with chronic kidney disease: a Qualitative study. 2015; 22: 530–539. 44. : Altered dietary salt intake for people with chronic kidney disease. Cochrane database 2015; 2:CD010070. 45. : A randomized crossover trial of dietary sodium restriction in stage 3-4 CKD. Nephrol 2017; 12: 399–407. 46. van der Boog PJM, et al: Sodium restriction in patients with CKD: a randomized controlled trial of self-management support. 2017; 69: 576–586. 47. : Sodium intake, ACE inhibition, and progression to ESRD. J Nephrol 2012; 23: 165–173. 48. : Moderation of dietary sodium potentiates the renal and cardiovascular protective effects of angiotensin receptor blockers. 2012; 82: 330–337. 49. : Sodium excretion and the risk of cardiovascular disease in patients with chronic kidney disease. JAMA 2016; 315: 2200–2210. 50. : Urinary sodium and potassium excretion and CKD progression. J Nephrol 2016; 27: 1202–1212. 51. Foundation: KDIGO clinical practice guideline for the management of blood pressure in chronic kidney disease. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text provides various studies and findings that support the claim, emphasizing that increased sodium intake correlates with medical outcomes in patients, including the increased use of antihypertensive agents in those with chronic kidney disease. This suggests a relationship between sodium intake and the management or exacerbation of high blood pressure.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: All autonomous vehicles will eliminate traffic accidents entirely. [SEP] Text: The codes of an AV may change with its programmer’s nationality. A study published on Nature was conducted upon scenario-based AV behaviors. The researchers managed to collect 39. 61 million decisions made by thousands of people from 233 countries [29]. An online platform called has been shared in the domain of the of Technology (MIT). Machine reached people in 10 different languages and asked them questions related to the actions of AVs in 13 different scenarios. With the first question, people are asked to answer what an AV should do in case of sudden brake failure at a pedestrian crossing. Omitting whom it carries, the AV is supposed to hit and kill:two pedestrians – a homeless person and a woman – who are violating the law by crossing on red andtwo male executives crossing the street on the green abiding by the law. Upon completing the questions, people are also given an option to enter their demographic data. In the end, results are shared, and people can have a chance to compare their standings to the general average of others. Some of the findings of the study are as follows:Globally; humans, more lives, and younger people are preferred to pets, single life, and older people, respectively andCulturally; when people are clustered by their geographic and cultural proximity, people fromWestern countries [and European (protestant, catholic, and orthodox Christian)] give higher importance to humans over the pets more lives over the single life, young over old, and fit over less fit;Eastern countries [Confucianist (i. e. , Japan and Taiwan) and Islamist (i. e. , Indonesia, Pakistan, and Saudi Arabia)] give higher importance to pedestrian over (AV) passenger, humans over the pet, and law-abiding over law-violating; andSouthern countries (France, French-influenced, and Latin American) give higher priority to females over males, fit over less fit, higher status over lower status, young over old, and more lives over the single life. These findings may lead us to ask this question: Should these types of differences and concerns be taken into account by manufacturers? from Audi implies the importance of this type of studies [30]. From the legislative perspective, the first ethical guideline regulating AVs was published by the of Germany’s of Transport and in 2017 [30]. This guideline brings some regulations on decisions that would be made by AVs in future. 6. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the ethical and cultural implications of how autonomous vehicles (AVs) make decisions in scenarios involving potential accidents. It highlights differences in decision-making based on cultural contexts and the inherent dilemmas of prioritizing lives in accident scenarios, suggesting that AVs may not have a universally accepted way to eliminate traffic accidents entirely, thus indicating that they might still occur due to these complexities.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: The brain's visual cortex processes visual information in a hierarchical manner. [SEP] Text: 2003 Communication in Neuronal Networks. Science. 301 18701874. 15. Singer 2011 (2011) of by Synchronization. Neuron. 69 191193. 16. Buzsáki 2010 (2010) Neural Syntax: Cell Assemblies, Synapsembles, and Readers. Neuron. 68 362385. 17. (2012) of the Extrastriate Cortex. Funct. [Epub ahead of print]18. 1991 Processing in the Cortex. Cereb Cortex. 1 147. 19. KaschubeM. SchnabelM. LöwelS. CoppolaD. M. WhiteL. E. Wolf 2010 (2010) Universality in the Evolution of in the Visual Cortex. Science. 330 11131116. 20. 1998 of the Macaque and Cortex: of Elements. J Comp Neurol. 400 449468. 21. OhkiK. ChungS. Ch’ngY. H. KaraP. ReidR. C. 2005 with Micro-architecture in Visual Cortex. Nature. 433 597603. 22. SD 2007 Similarity and Diversity in Visual Cortex: a of Cortical Computation? Neuroscientist. 13 639656. 23. Casagrande VA, 2004u X (2004) Parallel visual pathways: a comparative perspective. Neurosciences. 494506 Cambridge, MA: MIT Press. 24. 1979 Morphology and of Neurones in the Cortex. Nature. 280 120125. 25. DavisF. A. BergenD. SchaufC. Mc DonaldI. Deutsch 1976 (1976) in Optic Neuritis: A Sign. Neurology. 26 11001104. 26. 1977 in Demonstrated by the 2-Technique. Nature. 269 328330. 27. Blasdel 1986G, (1986) Voltage-sensitive a in Cortex. Nature. 321 579585. 28. 2007 of Columns in Visual Cortex. J Neurosci. 27 1039110403. 29. 1996 of in Monkeys. J Neurosci. 16 72287239. 30. 1978 in Layer IV of the Cat’s and the Effects of Monocular Deprivation. J Physiol. 281 267283. 31. CarandiniM. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim directly and consists mostly of a list of references related to the visual cortex without elaborating on how the visual cortex processes information. Therefore, the text is irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Excessive sodium intake is linked to high blood pressure. [SEP] Text: In conclusion, the results show that a high-Na diet introduced immediately after suckling does not affect Na preference and Na intake in adult WKY rats. Furthermore, the findings provide evidence that both blood volume and arterial blood pressure are highly protected in normotensive rats on a high-Na diet. Keywords High-sodium dietFood preferenceBlood volumeof Nutrition Issue 2 28 July 2011 10. 1017/S0007114511000110 [Opens in a new window] © 2011 Both humans and rats demonstrate an innate appetite for salt and ingest it in excess of their apparent needs. A high-Na diet may result in hypertension; however, there are significant individual differences between humans as well as between strains of rats in sensitivity to salt(Reference McCarron1, and Yuan2). The causes of Na intake in amounts greater than physiologically needed as well as the mechanisms whereby salt intake elevates blood pressure are not clear. Several causative links between a high-Na diet and the development of hypertension have been postulated. For example, it has been suggested that a high-Na diet increases the concentration of Na in the plasma or the cerebrospinal fluid. These in turn may stimulate peripheral or brain mechanisms leading to the expansion of blood volume, increased cardiac output or peripheral resistance, all of which may elevate arterial blood pressure(Reference de Wardener, He and MacGregor3, Reference Huang, and Leenen4). Interestingly, there is strong evidence for the involvement of common pathways in the regulation of Na intake and arterial blood pressure. It has been found that aldosterone and angiotensin II, two hormones that play a pivotal role in the regulation of blood pressure, have also a significant influence on Na intake(Reference Stellar5). Total intake of Na depends on Na appetite, also referred to as Na hunger, and on Na preference. The latter can be described as a relative measure of the ingestion of high-Na food in comparison with the ingestion of low-Na food. An increased preference for a high-Na diet usually signifies the increased intake of Na, on condition that total food intake is not affected. Pioneer research studies on Na appetite were undertaken by Richter(Reference Richter6), who found that adrenalectomised rats significantly increase their intake of saline solutions in preference to water. Later, Epstein & Stellar(and Stellar7) demonstrated that salt appetite is innate and does not depend on learning. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the relationship between a high-sodium diet and hypertension. It states that 'a high-Na diet may result in hypertension' and elaborates on the mechanisms through which high sodium intake can lead to elevated blood pressure. The mention of 'causative links between a high-Na diet and the development of hypertension' supports the claim that excessive sodium intake is indeed linked to high blood pressure.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: All autonomous vehicles will eliminate traffic accidents entirely. [SEP] Text: Legal concerns AVs are supposed to decrease the number of accidents and improve safety for people. However, accidents involving AVs happen, and some of them even be fatal. While in some cases those accidents have been alleged to stem from human errors, questions arise for the safety of AVs and eyes turn to government authorities to see how they regulate AV testing and deployment procedures. A study published on by Taeihagh and Lim provides a detailed analysis of how selected states regulate the main issues related to AVs: safety, liability, privacy, cybersecurity, and industrial risks [33]. The study also groups the strategies implemented by states chosen into five groups, as well:No-response; due to the uncertainty of the situation, policymakers do not take any action. Prevention-oriented; policymakers set preventive regulations to avoid risks. Control-oriented; the existence of risks is allowed; however, necessary steps are taken to control it. Toleration-oriented; policymakers clarify the steps to be taken in case of realization of risks. Adaptation-oriented; policymakers seek opinions to adopt regulations based on common sense. Selected states are then categorized by their strategy implementations on four domains of safety, liability, privacy, and cybersecurity [33]. On the other hand, in Section 5 of this 4. Figure 4. Comparison of moral value and policy points. Figure 4 shows a comparison of policy points of states and moral value points of their citizens. It was prepared by a primary data visualization method in the absence of enough data for further statistical analyses. However, the figure still helps us compare states’ p7. Conclusion Today, thousands of AVs are on roads. Besides, that number is anticipated to climb up, and AVs are expected to constitute 25% of cars worldwide in 2035 [37]. This 1. Road traffic injuries [Internet]. Organization. 2020. Available from: [Accessed: 20 April 2020] 2. for Safety [Internet]. Administration. 2020. Available from: [Accessed: 22 April 2020] 3. What causes traffic accidents? [Internet]. Available from: [Accessed: 05 February 2020] 4. (Report to Congress). Springfield, VA: Information Service; 2008 5. Top 25 Causes of [Internet]. Available from: [Accessed: 10 February 2020] 6. . What are the factors that contribute to road accidents? [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing how autonomous vehicles (AVs) are expected to decrease accidents and improve safety, but it acknowledges that accidents involving AVs still occur, with some even being fatal. This suggests that AVs will not eliminate traffic accidents entirely, and it raises concerns about their safety and the regulatory measures surrounding their deployment.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: The brain's visual cortex processes visual information in a hierarchical manner. [SEP] Text: Sengpiel 2004 (2004) of in Visual Cortex. J Vis. 4 130143. 32. IssaN. P. TrepelC. StrykerM. P. 2000 Maps in Cortex. J Neurosci. 20 85048514. 33. IssaN. P. RosenbergA. HussonT. R. 2008 Models and Measurements of in 1 J Neurophysiol. 99: 2745 EOF2754 EOF. 34. 1990, (1990) Modular and of Cortex in the Macaque Monkey. . 55 679696. 35. 1978 Organization of Prestriate Cortex. J Physiol. 277 193226. 36. 1992, Gadotti A, (1992) 4 and its Role in the Perception of Color. J Neurosci. 12: 4056 EOF65 EOF. 37. 2005 Structure and Function of MT. Neurosci. 28 157189. 38. MishkinM. UngerleiderL. Macko 1983 (1983) : Pathways. Trends in Neuroscience. 6 414417. 39. Di CarloJ. J. ZoccolanD. RustN. C. 2012 the Recognition? Neuron. 73 415434. 40. MilnerD. A. GoodaleM. (1995 (1995). The visual brain in action. Press41. 1979 Morphology of Neurons in the of the Cat. Brain Res. 172 344348. 42. Peters 1984 (1984) Identified neurons in visual cortex. Trends in Neurosci. 7 375378 43. González-BurgosG. . LewisD. A. 2005 of Interneurons and their with in Prefrontal Cortex. J Neurophysiol. 93 942953. 44. PovyshevaN. V. Gonzalez-BurgosG. ZaitsevA. V. KrönerS. BarrionuevoG. LewisD. A. KrimerL. S. 2006 Properties of Responses in Fast-spiking Interneurons and Cortex. Cereb Cortex. 16 541552. 45. MarkramH. Toledo-RodriguezM. WangY. GuptaA. SilberbergG. Wu 2004 (2004) Interneurons of the System. Neurosci. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text provides a list of references and citations related to studies on the visual cortex but does not directly address the claim concerning the hierarchical processing of visual information in the brain's visual cortex. Thus, it is irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: The body requires both macronutrients and micronutrients for proper functioning. [SEP] Text: Influence of macronutrients and micronutrients on maize hybrids for biogas production 1, Petro Kucheruk2, Kostantin Pavlichenko1 & …Hynek Roubík ORCID: orcid. org/0000-0002-7498-41403 Show authors 1913 Accesses 1 all metrics in the cultivation of corn for biogas production is the selection of appropriate hybrids, macro- and micronutrient dozing and the evaluation of energy and economic efficiency of their use. Therefore, this 1. 4–24. 0% compared to options without their use. The evaluation of the theoretical yield of CH4 based on the content of fats, protein, cellulose, and hemicellulose is also presented in different samples of maize. The findings show that the application of macro-and micro-fertilizers is suitable from the energy and economic points of view — profitability begins to appear at the price of biomethane of 0. 3–0. 4 euros per 1 m3. Similar content being viewed by others Influence of the Quantitative and of Hybrids 7. 5 kg N da−1 as a starter fertilizer at the sowing stage and 15. 0–22. 5 kg N da−1 as top dressing in the 6-leaf stage. et al. (2014) noted decreased maize grain yield with the sole application of N, P and K in a split (2% each) in the 30 days after emergence (DAE). At the same time, the combined application of N + P and N + P + K in a split at 30 DAE or 60 DAE or in two equal splits (1% each at 30 and 60 DAE) increased the yield of the maize grain. Furthermore, the results showed the increased productivity of maize with the combined application of the N + P + K at a rate of 1% each in two equal splits at 30 and 60 DAE. The grain yield of maize increased by 43% with the application of half N as base and half N as foliar spray compared to that obtained by applying full N (100 kg N/ha) (Islam et al. 1996). Foliar fertilization with nutrients cannot replace soil fertilization in the case of maize and it is recommended to use it as a supplement to fertilizers applied to the soil-applied fertilizers (Ling and Silberbush 2002). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the importance of both macro- and micronutrients in the cultivation of maize for biogas production, indicating that their combined application increases productivity and efficiency. It explains the necessity of these nutrients for proper functioning as seen in the increased yields from their application.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Self-driving technology makes human drivers obsolete immediately. [SEP] Text: AbstractDiscussions of autonomous land vehicles often invoke the example of air traffic, where the autopilot is responsible for steering except for take-off and landing. The question arises: what can we learn from air traffic? What autonomously flying aircraft and autonomously driving vehicles have in common is that the pilot or driver bears the final responsibility. But, there are a number of differences between road traffic and air traffic (besides their type of locomotion) that make transferring the systems from one to the other impractical. You have full access to this open access 1. The “driver,” i. e. the person in the driver’s seat, is preoccupied with other activities inside the vehicle and eye contact does not occur. In that case, the other road user cannot assume that their negotiation proposal has been accepted and will act accordingly. 2. The “driver” of the autonomous vehicle is looking outside and makes incidental eye contact with the other road user. In that case the eye contact with non-autonomous road user can lead to an inaccurate understanding of the situation and thus cause a conflict. If the driver’s seat is not occupied, the other road user does not receive any information, so the situation is equivalent to the “no eye contact” scenario. Gestures and body movements Gestures are a pervasive and effective method of communication between road users. Many signals conveyed using gestures are generally comprehensible and mostly clear. For instance, nodding signifies agreement with the other person’s request. Pedestrians move their arms up and down to request vehicles to stop, for instance in order to secure the scene of an accident. Moving one’s hands downwards (Fig. 7. 1) signifies that the other person should slow down. A sweeping hand movement (Fig. 7. 2) or a gesture of offering (Fig. 7. 3) with the palm facing upward signifies “Go ahead. I cede my right-of-way. ”Fig. 7. 1Slow down. Image rights: Risser [8]Full size image Fig. 7. 2Sweeping hand movement. Image rights: Risser [8]Full size image Fig. 7. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by explaining that while autonomous vehicles may operate under certain conditions, the human driver still bears final responsibility for the vehicle's operation. It highlights differences between road and air traffic, indicating that the dynamics of human interaction—such as lack of eye contact when the driver is preoccupied—can lead to misunderstandings and conflicts. This suggests that human drivers will not become obsolete immediately, as they are still needed to manage complex interactions on the road.