Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Video lectures allow students to review material at their own pace. [SEP] Text: In this sense, asynchronous video lectures and synchronous meetings are being well rated and have not been affected by the emotional state [25,48,49]. Still in this regard, a study that included medical and dentistry students attending the first year of the course, showed that although 69% of the students felt a lack of “self-motivation”, the anatomy video lectures were appreciated by most students, who felt free to learn at their own pace, taking advantage of the possibility to pause, go back and watch again, as many times as necessary. In this study, only 9% of the participants said they were dissatisfied with the anatomy video lectures. In conclusion, the authors emphasized the gain that remote education is generating in terms of self-directed learning, which can also be highlighted in relation to self-determination [50]. It is interesting to note that, despite the “damage” caused by the impediments to practical face-to-face study, the emergency model adopted by -BH also had positive and motivating aspects. Therefore, one can affirm that the asynchronous video lectures, available for study prior to synchronous meetings, mimicked the flipped classroom methodology, widely used and well rated in online courses, as it is able to promote aspects of the students’ intrinsic motivation and self-determination [40,51–53]. This online hybrid anatomy curriculum was viewed as the most effective method because it incorporates the best features of synchronous and asynchronous components [54]. Indeed, intrinsic motivation is related to positive learning environment perceptions and is positively correlated with perceived academic rank [55]. Limitations of the study The main limitation of this study is related to the studied population. For the motivation assessment to be carried out during the two semesters of 2020, without including the same students again, the study considered only the students attending the first semester of the medical course. In addition, the evaluation of the emotional state through a single question, instead of a validated measurement instrument, also constituted a limitation of the study. However, this strategy was chosen because the primary objective was to assess motivation through the application of IMMS-BRV, and the incorporation of another questionnaire with several items could cause exhaustion in the students and impair the quality of responses. ConclusionsThis study evaluated an important factor related to meaningful learning. The students showed high motivation for the asynchronous video lectures of human anatomy. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by stating that students appreciated the anatomy video lectures and felt free to learn at their own pace, taking advantage of the ability to pause and replay the content as needed. This aligns with the claim that video lectures enable self-paced review.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Recycled fabrics can replace every type of material used in fashion. [SEP] Text: 4–11 The two most common forms of recycled synthetics are recycled polyester and recycled polyamide. Polyamide, the first synthetic polymer introduced to the market, is commonly used in a wide range of applications from apparels, ropes, carpets, to technical textile applications. Polyamide fibers have excellent tensile strength, good elastic recovery, excellent abrasion resistance, and excellent resistance to most chemicals. Polyester fibers are hydrophobic and have a low moisture regain value of 0. 4%. Polyester fibers are water repellent and quick drying due to its hydrophobicity. They have excellent tensile strength, resistance to stretching, excellent abrasion resistance and resistance to chemicals. They are easy care and wrinkle resistant. 12–14 Recycled polyester can be made from pre-consumer waste, such as waste from spinning of yarn or cutting of garments, or from post-consumer waste, such as plastic PET (polyethylene terephthalate) bottles, industrial fishing nets, or used garments. Recycled nylon can made from pre-consumer spinning or fabric waste or post-consumer industrial fishing nets. It was reported that recycled polyester reduces emissions by 32% and uses 59% less energy compared to virgin polyester. Recycled nylon reduces emissions by 26% and chemically regenerated nylon uses 60% less energy compared to virgin nylon. 4,5,14 Since the recycling process requires a breaking down process, the quality of the recycled fiber varies depending on the fiber and the recycling process used. Replacing virgin fiber with recycled fiber may adversely affect the mechanical properties, performance/quality properties of the final product. In order to achieve the required material properties and performance, recycled fibers can be blended with virgin fibers. 5,6,14–16 Nowadays, some brands, such as Econyl, Repreve, Eco®, Batoko have focused on promoting the use of recycled synthetic fibers in swimwear design to reduce the environmental impact of synthetics. 16,17 In this study, the effect of recycled fiber content on the performance/quality properties of swimwear fabrics was investigated, with the aim of contributing to the circular economy. The performance/quality properties of swimwear fabrics produced from recycled fiber and recycled fiber/virgin fiber combination (100% recycled polyester and 50% recycled polyester/50% polyamide) were compared with those produced from virgin fiber (100%polyester and 100% polyamide). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by explaining that while recycled polyester and recycled nylon can be used in fashion, the quality and performance of recycled fibers may vary significantly depending on the recycling process and the fiber used. It specifically states that 'replacing virgin fiber with recycled fiber may adversely affect the mechanical properties, performance/quality properties of the final product' and suggests that to achieve the required properties, 'recycled fibers can be blended with virgin fibers.' This indicates that recycled fabrics may not be able to fully replace all types of materials used in fashion.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: The detection of gases like methane on exoplanets is often seen as strong evidence of life. [SEP] Text: Because the habitability prospects for planets orbiting M dwarfs are still unclear, we focused here on the question of how many rocky HZ planets a space-based mid-infrared nulling interferometer mission such as LIFE could detect around Sun-like (effective temperature within 4800–6300 K) and FGK-type stars (effective temperature within 3940–7220 K). For this purpose, we presented new simulations of the search phase of such a mission, effectively predicting its expected planet yield. Our simulations are based on the planet occurrence rate model from Bryson et al. (2021), specifically inferred for Sun-like stars, and also propagate the uncertainties in this occurrence rate model, the orbital configurations, and the exozodiacal dust levels from Ertel et al. (2020) to the final results. We find that an interferometric array consisting of four 2 m telescopes operating in the 4–18. 5 µm wavelength range with a total throughput of 5% and targeting Sun-like stars is expected to find and planets within the opt HZ defined according to Kopparapu et al. (2014), assuming a pessimistic and optimistic extrapolation of the Kepler planet occurrence rates beyond 500 days, respectively. If targeting FGK-type stars, these numbers increase to and respectively. The expected number of detected exo-Earth candidates, which are planets with radii between 0. 8 and 1. 4 Earth radii (lower bound depends on spectral type, see Table 1) and instellation fluxes between 0. 356 and 1. 107 solar constants (upper and lower bounds depend on spectral type, see Table 1), is approximately one-third of the expected number of detected planets within the opt HZ. In Sect. 3, we presented the predicted planet yield for 24 different scenarios featuring different extrapolation schemes for the planet occurrence rate, exozodiacal dust levels, interferometric baseline length optimization schemes, and instrument parameters. Furthermore, in Sect. 4. 1, we investigated the dependence of the predicted planet yield on the mirror diameter, the total throughput, the exozodiacal dust level, and the spectral coverage in more detail. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim regarding the detection of gases like methane on exoplanets or its implications for evidence of life. Instead, it discusses the detection of rocky habitable zone (HZ) planets around Sun-like and FGK-type stars using a speculated space-based mid-infrared nulling interferometer mission. Therefore, it is deemed irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Video lectures allow students to review material at their own pace. [SEP] Text: Although the majority of the participants were very affected by their emotional state due to the social isolation imposed by the Covid-19 pandemic, this fact did not interfere with the motivation for the video lectures, probably due to the intrinsic motivation that students attending the first year have regarding the study of anatomy, as they value its importance for good medical training and due to their curiosity regarding the in-depth knowledge of the human body. Moreover, the autonomy given to students to watch the asynchronous video lectures, managing the pace of their own study, revising it when necessary, is also a typical element of the self-determination theory for motivation. These findings alert to the importance of asynchronous video lectures as an adequate strategy for the teaching and learning of human anatomy, suggesting the need for further studies to develop motivating formats adapted to each educational context. Declarationswould like to thank the medical students who participated in this research. Statements and Approval: Committee of José do Rosário () – Approval ID: 03461718. 0. 0000. 5143. Informed Consent: Implied consent was obtained from all individual participants included in the study. Conflict of Interest: The authors declare no competing interests. 1. Schunk DH. Introduction to the on Motivation and Efficacy. J Educ Psychol. 1990;82:3–6. 2. Donald JG. Motivation for higher-order learning. Teach Learn. 1999;1999:27–35. 3. Schunk D. Self-Efficacy and Academic Motivation. Educ Psychol. Informa UK Limited; 1991;26:207–31. 4. Wigfield A. Expectancy-value theory of achievement motivation: A developmental perspective. Rev. 1994;6:49–78. 5. Körhasan ND. The place of learning quantum theory in physics teacher education: Motivational elements arising from the context. Kuram ve Bilim. 2015;15:1087–101. 6. Pintrich PR. A conceptual framework for assessing motivation and self-regulated learning in college students. Rev. 2004; 7. Keller JM. Development and use of the ARCS model of instructional design. J Instr Dev. 1987;10:2–10. 8. Keller JM. for Learning and Performance:. Keller JM, editor. New York: Springer; 2010. 9. Estai M, Bunt S. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by stating that the autonomy given to students to watch the asynchronous video lectures allows them to manage the pace of their own study and to revisit material when necessary. This aligns with the claim that video lectures facilitate self-paced learning.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Recycled fabrics can replace every type of material used in fashion. [SEP] Text: Color fastness to chlorinated water was tested at 50 mg/L active chlorine concentration. Results and discussion The bursting strength of the fabric samples is shown in Figure 1. While 50rPES/50PA, 100rPES and 100PA fabric samples have almost similar bursting strength in the range of 151 kPa-156 kPa, the 100PES sample has the highest bursting strength of 166 kPa. Recycled polyester has lower bursting strength compared to virgin polyester, which could due to the its lower crystalline structure. The decrese in crystallinity may be explained by the process of remelting and reorganization of the polymer in the recycling process. 15 Figure 1 Bursting strength of swimwear fabric samples. Seam strength and abrasion resistance The seam strength of the samples is shown in Figure 2. Figure 2 shows that 50rPES/50PA, and 100PA have similar seam strength in both warp and weft directions, in the range of 30-32 kg. While the seam strength of the swimwear fabric produced from 100% recycled polyester (100rPES) in the weft direction decreases to 23 kg, the warp strength is similar to the fabrics produced with virgin fiber. Figure 2 Seam strength of swimwear fabric samples. The abrasion resistance of textile materials is an important feature that determines the lifespan of fabrics. 16 The abrasion resistance of the fabric samples was evaluated by the mass loss difference between the masses before and after abrasion cycles. It is observed that all swimwear fabric samples withstand 15,000 rubbing cycles without any damage. Air permeability Air permeability, the measure of air flow passed through a given area of a fabric, is related to porous structure of the fabric and greatly affects the thermal comfort properties of fabrics. 17 As can be seen in Figure 3, fabric samples containing recycled fibers (50rPES/50PA and 100rPES) have higher air permeability than virgin ones, indicating that they are more breathable and therefore more comfortable to wear. Air permeability value increased with blending with recycled polyester. This may be because recycled fibers are more porous and have a looser structure, allowing air to pass through more easily. Figure 3 Air permeability of swimwear fabric samples. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the performance characteristics of recycled fabrics compared to virgin materials. Specifically, it mentions that recycled polyester has lower bursting strength than virgin polyester, which raises questions about its ability to fully replace all types of fabrics in fashion. Additionally, although some properties like air permeability may improve with recycled fibers, the overall lesser strength suggests limitations in their use as a complete substitute.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: The detection of gases like methane on exoplanets is often seen as strong evidence of life. [SEP] Text: Overall, we observe no significant dependence of the predicted planet yield Y on the interferometric baseline length optimization scheme, while the mirror diameter D has the strongest impact (approximately Y ∝ D3/2), followed by the total throughput T (approximately Y ∝ T1/2), and finally the exozodiacal dust level z (approximately Y ∝ z−0. 15) and the width of the accessible wavelength range with a similarly weak scaling. Finally, we used the probabilistic habitability assessment tool to predict that roughly half of the detected exo-Earth candidates might indeed be habitable with conditions that would allow liquid surface water to exist. Finding these habitable planets and constraining their frequency is one of the main objectives of the LIFE mission. This new work clearly shows that the LIFE mission would be able to detect a statistically significant sample of Earth-like exoplanets around Sun-like stars. Although focusing on these planets is more difficult, mainly because Sun-like stars are less frequent in the solar neighborhood than M dwarfs, the LIFE mission could achieve its goal of detecting 30 potentially habitable planets during a search phase of 2. 5 yr when focusing solely on Sun-like stars assuming ~3 m mirrors and a throughput of 5%. This result assumes an optimistic extrapolation of the Kepler planet occurrence rates (the hab2max model). With smaller 2 m mirrors, a total throughput of ~20% would result in a similar planet yield. If the stellar sample were extended to all FGK-type stars, the goal of 30 potentially habitable planets could already be achieved with either a 2. 5 m mirror and 5% total throughput combination or a 2 m mirror and 10% total throughput combination. These planets would then be prime targets for an in-depth characterization during a second mission phase. Constructing an observing sequence that only partially investigates Sun-like (or more broadly, FGK-type) stars while leaving some time to search for HZ planets around M dwarfs would further reduce the requirements on mirror diameter and total throughput, although this option hinges on the unclear prospects for habitability around M dwarfs. authors would like to thank for sharing the parameter posterior of their planet occurrence rate model. The authors would further like to thank Christopher C. Stark, Denis Defrére, Olivier Absil, and for valuable feedback and discussions that helped to improve the manuscript. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it does not discuss the detection of gases like methane on exoplanets or their implications for evidence of life. Instead, it focuses on the methodologies and objectives of the LIFE mission related to detecting habitable exoplanets without making any mention of gas detection or life.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: MOOCs provide free or affordable courses from top universities. [SEP] Text: Στα πλαίσια αυτού του συμμετοχικού ερευνητικού σχήματος δράσης σχεδιάστηκε, υλοποιήθηκε και προσφέρθηκε ανοιχτά για δύο διαδοχικές σχολικές χρονιές (2015 και 2016) ένα MOOC για τον προγραμματισμό υπολογιστών. Το MOOC απευθύνονταν σε μαθητές που προετοιμάζονταν για τη συμμετοχή τους στις πανελλαδικές εξετάσεις των Επαγγελματικών Λυκείων στο μάθημα του Προγραμματισμού Υπολογιστών για την εισαγωγή τους στην ελληνική τριτοβάθμια εκπαίδευση. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing a specific MOOC designed for high school students in Greece, which was offered for free over two consecutive academic years. This supports the idea that MOOCs provide accessible educational resources.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Recycled fabrics can replace every type of material used in fashion. [SEP] Text: It is expected that the results obtained from this study will promote the use of recycled fiber or recycled fiber combination in swimwear fabric through circular economy approaches. 1070. Khulbe R, Athalye A. Developments in recycling of polyester textile waste. Text Eng. 2023;8(2):1084. . 14 - Recycled fibres from polyester and nylon waste. In: Rajkishore Nayak, editor. for Fashion and Textile Manufacturing. Woodhead Publishing; 2023:309–332. ISBN 9780128240526. Fibres and Textile Recycling: An overview of the Market and its possibilities for in Switzerland, Commissioned by the for the Environment (FOEN) December 2017. . Recycled fibers: An overview. of Fiber and Textile Research. 2014;4(4):77–82. Leonas KK. The use of recycled fibers in fashion and home products. In: Muthu S, editor. Textiles and Clothing Sustainability. . Singapore: Springer; 2017. Arafat Y, Uddin AJ. Recycled fibers from pre- and post-consumer textile waste as blend constituents in manufacturing 100% cotton yarns in ring spinning: A sustainable and eco-friendly approach. Heliyon. 2022;8(11). Sharma R, Goel A. Development of nonwoven fabric from recycled fibers. J Eng. 2017;7:2. Circular economy and sustainability of the clothing and textile ındustry. Econ. 2021;3:12. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the specific application of recycled fibers primarily in swimwear fabric and highlighting their production from polyester and nylon waste. This implies a limitation to certain types of fabric and does not support the idea that recycled fabrics can fully replace every type of material used in fashion.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: The detection of gases like methane on exoplanets is often seen as strong evidence of life. [SEP] Text: This work has been carried out within the framework of the of Competence in Research PlanetS supported by the Science Foundation. S. P. Q. acknowledges the financial support of the SNSF. This research has made use of the database, operated at CDS, Strasbourg, France. This research has made use of the maintained at the U. S. Naval Observatory. The manuscript was substantially improved following helpful comments from an anonymous referee. 2001. 06683] [1912. 06219] [2. 3) as well as for three different scenarios in different shadings: (1) median exozodiacal dust level of 3 zodi and interferometric baseline length optimization for the center of the opt HZ, (2) median exozodiacal dust level of 3 zodi and interferometric baseline length optimization for the center of the con HZ, and (3) median exozodiacal dust level of 12 zodi and interferometric baseline length optimization for the center of the opt HZ. The top row is based on the hab2min and the bottom row is based on the hab2max planet populations (see Sect. 2. 2), while the left, middle, and right columns show the predicted yields for the 1, 2, and 3. 5 m mirrors, respectively. In the text Fig. 5Same as Fig. 4, but for the sample of FGK-type stars. In the text Fig. 6Observed stars as a function of the distance for the sample of Sun-like stars. Each of the six panels shows the total number of stars in gray and the number of observed stars for two different scenarios: (1) median exozodiacal dust level of 3 zodi and interferometric baseline length optimization for the center of the opt HZ in dark orange, and (2) the same, but with a median exozodiacal dust level of 12 zodi in light orange. The top row is based on the hab2min and the bottom row is based on the hab2max planet populations (see Sect. 2. 2), while the left, middle, and right columns show the predicted yields for 1, 2, and 3. 5 m mirrors, respectively. In the text Fig. 7Predicted planet yield for each individual star. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the detection of gases like methane on exoplanets or its implications for evidence of life. It discusses research frameworks, financial support, and predicted yields for various conditions without mentioning gases or their connections to extraterrestrial life.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Virtual labs and simulations can enhance science and tech learning online. [SEP] Text: Creating a Lab (VSL): the adoption of virtual labs in Saudi schools access Published: 14 September 2018 Creating a Lab (VSL): the adoption of virtual labs in Saudi schools Khulood Aljuhani1, Marwa Sonbul2, Mashail Althabiti2 & …Maram Meccawy2 Show authors Environments 14. 2% were students, and 8. 4% were parents. The results from the second section of the questionnaire indicated that 88. 3% of schools in have a science lab, with 41. 9% of those labs having space and conditions that are only slightly appropriate for the number of students and 29. 1% having space and conditions that were not appropriate at all for the number of students. Furthermore, 59. 9% of the participants sometimes used the school lab to do experiments and 20. 3% said that they had never conducted a laboratory experiment in the school lab. When asked about the issues that hinder the conducting of experiments in the school labs, the answers were varied. Seventy-three percent of the responses spoke about the lack of laboratory equipment and materials, 44. 4% about the short lecture time, 42. 5% about the large number of students in a class, and 33. 8% about the length of the science curriculum. In the last section, the questionnaire defined the virtual laboratory concept and their advantages to make sure that all participants have the same idea about the virtual laboratories and then they were asked about VLs. The results showed that only 17. 9% had used a VL before, but 54. 1% believed that employing VLs in science education would enhance the learning process and increase students’ grades. When the participants were asked about the differences between virtual and real laboratories, 71. 2% spoke of the ability to perform risky experiments in a safe environment in VLs, while 49. 2% indicated the ability of students to re-conduct experiments remotely multiple times, 41. 3% pointed to the synchronization between theoretical and empirical learning, and 31. 6% suggested that the VL system could help teachers evaluate students’ performances electronically and guide students in conducting experiments. InterviewsTo support the survey results, six structured interviews with selected science teachers in Saudi Arabia, but four of them did not cooperate because of either school policies or their time. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by presenting data indicating that 54.1% of participants believe that employing virtual laboratories (VLs) in science education would enhance the learning process and increase students’ grades. Additionally, the text highlights various advantages of virtual labs, such as the ability to perform risky experiments safely and the capacity to conduct experiments remotely multiple times. These points support the idea that virtual labs and simulations positively impact science and tech learning online.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Eco-friendly fashion is just as accessible globally as conventional fashion options. [SEP] Text: 0% of the Bokbunja sludge extract concentration, reduction potential stabilized at below -550 mV was maintained for 13 days while remianed for 11 days at 2. 0%. This indicates that the indigo vat stabilized at −550 ~ −600 mV can be used repeatedly as long as it maintains reducing power. In the case of sodium dithionite (0. 45 g ~ 1. 0 g/l), the reduction potential generated was stabilized at −550 ~ −600 mV (data not shown). It was considered that the reducing power of the Bokbunja sludge extract was comparable to sodium dithionite. In addition, considering that the requisite reduction potential of indigo lies approximately -600 mV (Bozic and Kokol, 2008), the Bokbunja sludge extract can be an alternative choice to sodium dithionite as a reducing agent in indigo dyeing processes. Figure 2 Changes in reduction potential depending on the bokbunja sludge extract concentration. Full size imageFigure 3 The effect of bokbunja sludge extract concentration on the stability of reduction medium. Full size imageColor yieldThe reaction medium obtained resulted from the reduction process was used as a dyebath at 60°C. The quality of dyeing was evaluated at different concentration by measuring the color yield parameter (K/S value). The results are presented in Figure 4. At 0. 1% of the extract, K/S value was 2. 18 and this level of concentration was considered to be too low to give sufficient reducing power. All curves have basically the same shape irrespective of the extract concentration. They are composed of two parts. In the first part within one or two days, it is noted a sharp increasing of color yield which attained maximum K/S values about 7. 83, 13. 22, 11. 55 and 13. 30 at 0. 5, 1. 0, 2. 0 and 3. 0% of the extract, respectively. In the second part of the curves, a rapid decreasing of the color yield as time extended. It was considered that reduction potential should be evolved at least -550 mV for triggering reduction reaction and attaining color yield. Figure 4 Time-based changes in K/S values depending on the extract concentration. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text provided discusses the stabilization of reduction potential in a dyeing process using Bokbunja sludge extract. It focuses on the chemical properties and performance of the extract in comparison to sodium dithionite, which is unrelated to the accessibility of eco-friendly fashion in the global market. Therefore, it does not support or contrast the claim but rather is irrelevant.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: The detection of gases like methane on exoplanets is often seen as strong evidence of life. [SEP] Text: Left: average number of detected planets for each observed Sun-like star, sorted by distance, for the hab2max planet population with a median exozodiacal dust level of 3 zodi and observed with 2 m mirrors. The spectral type is encoded in color, and the detection completeness is shown as a solid black line on the secondary y-axis. Right: same, but for the average number of detected planets normalized by the observing time in days. In the text Fig. 8Predicted planet yield for the Sun-like and FGK-type stars as a function of the mirror diameter D from 1 m to 3. 5 m in steps of 0. 25 m. We show from left to right the predicted planet yields for the opt HZ, the con HZ, and the exo-Earth candidates, for the hab2max planet population with a median exozodiacal dust level of 3 zodi. The data points for the Sun-like and FGK-type stars are slightly offset to the left and right, respectively, to increase their visibility. We overlay in solid and dashed black the power-laws fit to the data with the best-fit power-law exponent shown in the legend. The wavelength range and the total throughput are kept constant at 4–18. 5 µm and 5%, respectively. In the text Fig. 9Same as Fig. 8, but for different mission and astrophysical parameters. The mirror size is kept constant at 2 m. The top three panels show the predicted yield as a function of the total throughput T from 1% to 19% in steps of 2%. The middle three panels show the predicted planet yield as a function of the exozodiacal dust level z from 1 zodi to 1000 zodi in logarithmic steps of log10(∆z) ~ 0. 3. The bottom three panels show the predicted planet yield for different wavelength ranges. In the latter case, the overlaid power laws are functions of the width W of the wavelength range, and the x-axes do not scale linearly with W. In the text Fig. 10Average number of simulated (left) and detectable (right) habitable planets for the LIFE mission obtained by coupling our simulations with the probabilistic habitability assessment tool (Zsom 2015). A habitable planet is here defined as a planet on which liquid surface water can exist. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it primarily discusses the predicted yield of exoplanets around Sun-like stars and other simulation data regarding planetary habitability, without mentioning gas detection or the specific significance of gases like methane in the context of evidence for life.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Virtual labs and simulations can enhance science and tech learning online. [SEP] Text: However, two interviews were conducted: one in a public school in the city of Yanbu and the other in the Dar-Alfikr, which is a private school in Jeddah. These interviews aimed to collect specific information about science education in Saudi schools from their work experience and examine the advantages and drawbacks of using VLs instead of the schools’ HOLs. The results of the interviews were consistent with the responses to the questionnaire as both teachers confirmed that the time allotted to science lectures is an issue when conducting experiments in the laboratory, especially with a large number of students. Also, they spoke about how students’ lack of knowledge regarding the risks associated with some chemical materials and how to deal with a fire or an explosion could cause them harm. Due to this, they strongly supported the idea of using the VSL in middle schools as it would be a safe alternative to the HOLs. They also mentioned that the lack of technology and the loss of internet connectivity in schools could hinder the use of VLs, however, and the need for training programs to train teachers in how to deal with this type of lab. Moreover, both agreed that the frequent use of VLs might lead to a lack of real interactions with laboratory tools. The VSL will allow students to conduct experiments individually and frequently anytime, anywhere. It will also provide additional experiments in different science subjects to support the teaching of science subjects and students’ understanding. Furthermore, it will enable teachers to set laboratory tests and monitor their students’ performance. The proposed virtual science lab systemThe primary objective of creating the VSL was to facilitate science’s educational process by moving the whole environment from reality to virtual. This transition includes replacing heavy equipment with graphical tools, which are easier and faster to move with drag and drop features. Also, the VSL needs technical support instead of a science technician. Furthermore, the VSL uses technical equipment, such as computers, internet components, and specialized software, which costs much less than the equipment used in HOLs. The VSL is a web-based platform designed to introduce a safe and interactive lab environment to students in middle schools in Saudi Arabia. It creates a virtual learning space that enables students to conduct experiments individually or in groups interactively via the internet. It also facilitates the science teaching process by providing communication and cooperation tools for teachers and their students, much like any e-learning system. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by detailing how virtual science labs (VSLs) provide a safe and interactive environment for students to conduct experiments without the risks associated with physical labs. It emphasizes that the VSL enhances the educational process by allowing students to conduct experiments anytime and anywhere, which supports the notion that such systems can improve science and technology learning. The text mentions that VSLs can facilitate the teaching process through collaboration and communication tools, thus enhancing the overall learning experience online.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Virtual reality (VR) therapy is used to treat phobias through controlled exposure therapy. [SEP] Text: That is, with a proviso that research be undertaken to maximize the potential and effectiveness of olfaction as a variable in any form of virtual reality exposure therapy. The authors have reviewed available technologies in terms of odor delivery systems; there are many challenges when considering the type of scents that may be required in the treatment of PTSD. Typically, different odors are created from a limited number of scents (Matsukura et al. 2013); however, VR delivery of unique battlefield simulation ranging from burning flesh to the chemical smells of explosive devices (Rizzo et al. 2006) undoubtedly present specific challenges. Head-mounted display units offer promising results in terms of treatment in situ (Rothbaum et al. 2001), portability being a key requirement in conflict scenarios. Recent developments such as the “Smelling Screen” (Matsukura et al. 2013) may offer greater opportunity in terms of enhancing immersion in any treatment protocol; however, the size of the current apparatus may limit its application in the field. Perhaps a microversion of the “Smelling Screen” technology incorporated into an HMD unit may offer the best combination of both methodologies? The entry of the behemoth Facebook into the VR HMD market may offer significant opportunities for research, investment and technological developments in this area. Employment of the Fogg (2009) model in the development of persuasive technologies may also help to illuminate the research process; however, further research will be required with PTSD population to test this premise. Additionally, it may be interesting to bypass the highly complex process of scent formulation, delivery and display and explore direct electrical stimulation of the olfactory tubercle (FitzGerald et al. 2014). Perhaps some form of electrical stimulation technology could be designed within a VR HMD unit and therefore could automatically deliver olfactory stimulation and simultaneously address some of the existing and ongoing limitations of mechanical odor formation and delivery systems. As always there are cost implications in terms of researching and developing new technical prototypes, future research projects are complex given the vulnerable nature of the specific PTSD population under study. Emergence of apparent online content moderation-induced PTSD arguably provides impetus for technology companies to engage actively in researching and developing VR therapeutic protocols. Given likely cost-efficiencies of technology facilitated early intervention immersive virtual reality multi-sensory therapy, versus long-term standard treatment of PTSD, further innovative research approaches are undoubtedly commercially and scientifically worthy of exploration. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not directly address the claim about VR therapy treating phobias through controlled exposure therapy. Instead, it discusses the complexities and developments related to the implementation of olfactory stimulation in VR therapy for PTSD. Although it touches on virtual reality applications and the necessity for further research, it does not specifically corroborate or contrast the claim regarding phobia treatment.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: It's argued that evidence of life on Europa could be overlooked due to existing biases. [SEP] Text: AbstractA genomic preselection step of young sires is now often included in dairy cattle breeding schemes. Young sires are selected based on their genomic breeding values. They have better Mendelian sampling contribution so that the assumption of random Mendelian sampling term in genetic evaluations is clearly violated. When these sires and their progeny are evaluated using BLUP, it is feared that estimated breeding values are biased. The effect of genomic selection on genetic evaluations was studied through simulations keeping the structure of the Holstein population in France. The quality of genetic evaluations was assessed by computing bias and accuracy from the difference and correlation between true and estimated breeding values, respectively, and also the mean square error of prediction. Different levels of heritability, selection intensity, and accuracy of genomic evaluation were tested. After only one generation and whatever the scenario, breeding values of preselected young sires and their daughters were significantly underestimated and their accuracy was decreased. Genomic preselection needs to be accounted for in genetic evaluation models. Key wordsselection biasgenomic selectionBLUPdairy cattleIntroductionIn dairy cattle breeding, the recent development of genomic tools and methods has led to quick implementation of genomic selection. Due to a higher accuracy of evaluation at birth and a shorter generation interval, an increase of genetic gain is expected as well as a better management of genetic diversity. Efficiency of breeding schemes is improved, whereas their costs could be reduced. However, the use of this new strategy may damage the quality of classical genetic evaluations. In many countries, breeding values for dairy cattle are estimated based on an animal model using BLUP methodology. Under some hypotheses, BLUP estimates have desirable properties: they are unbiased in the sense that the expected value of the prediction is equal to the expected value of what is being predicted, and they are the best among the linear predictors in the sense that they have a minimum mean squared error of prediction (MSE). In the mixed model equations leading to BLUP, it has been shown that the additive genetic relationship matrix (A), assuming an infinitesimal model, can accommodate changes in genetic means and variances due to selection (Sorensen and Kennedy, 1983). This requires that A is complete and correct, that the model includes all records upon which selection is based and that pedigree is complete back to the base population. Today, genomically enhanced breeding values (GEBV) are computed at the birth of candidates. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim, as it discusses genomic selection and bias in the context of dairy cattle breeding without any mention of Europa, evidence of life, or existing biases in that context. Therefore, there is no connection between the text and the claim being analyzed.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Virtual labs and simulations can enhance science and tech learning online. [SEP] Text: Furthermore, it allows teachers to add additional experiments to enhance their students’ knowledge and to perform laboratory tests to observe the improvement of their students. System designThe development process was chosen to evolve the VSL because it supports user interface design and explores specific software solutions (Sommerville 2010). The layered architecture pattern shown in Fig. 1 was selected to design the VSL system because it supports the incremental development of the prototype process. Fig. 1The layered architecture for the VSLFull size imageThe VSL system has two kinds of users: teachers, who coordinate the scientific learning process by adding new experiments to enhance student knowledge and create tests to monitor their students’ performance, and students, who can perform various experiments and complete the available tests. Furthermore, the VSL provides an interactive and safe environment for students and their sciences teachers that is written in Arabic. This facilitates direct communication between students and teachers anywhere, anytime. To activate the VSL, the researchers suggest using ASP. net as a programming language and connecting it to a SQL database, as shown in Fig. 1. designThe VSL’s design depends on the science’s curriculum in middle schools: using the same experiments and tools within the conditions simulated to the real ones. The main components of the system are shown in Fig. 2. Through the home page, the user can find all the courses, experimental tutorials, and technical support. The teacher must log in to set a test, add an experiment, or manage the students’ performance and grades. Students must also log in to access the experiments and view the tests and their grades. Fig. 2Components diagram for the VSLFull size imageThe system begins with the homepage screen (see Fig. 3), which contains the main four sections of the lab: courses, teachers, students, and experiment tutorials, with a separate screen for each. The courses screen provides an electronic copy of the science curriculum for all middle school levels. On the other hand, the experiment tutorial screen displays videos that have been uploaded to YouTube that may help students and teachers learn more about how to use the VSL platform to conduct experiments. Fig. 3Screenshot of the home screen of the VSLFull size imageThe core of the VSL system is the student and teacher screens and registration must be completed to access these two screens. After completing the registration and signing in processes, the student screen (see Fig. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by explaining that the Virtual Science Lab (VSL) allows teachers to add experiments to enhance students' knowledge and perform laboratory tests to monitor student performance. It highlights that the VSL provides an interactive and safe environment for science learning, which directly supports the idea that virtual labs and simulations enhance online learning in science and technology.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Virtual reality (VR) therapy is used to treat phobias through controlled exposure therapy. [SEP] Text: In the follow-up interview, they expressed some anxiety from using VR technology and that they anticipated cybersickness due to what they had heard. However, neither of them reported any symptoms of cybersickness post study. The lower drop of post-task PRPSA score in the Low anxiety group is a result of initial lower scores in the screening PRPSA. The participants’ perceived anxiety levels were not high to begin with and they were not very anxious. Therefore, the intervention can not have a substantial effect on their perceived anxiety levels. Based on these results, it is possible to conclude that PublicVR was effective at positively changing participants’ perception of anxiety toward non-verbal communication related to the implemented factors, as evidenced by the reporting of reductions in self-reported perceived anxiety levels of up to 13. 15% overall across all participants. 4. 4 PRPSA validity and statistical significanceTo assess the validity and statistical significance of the results, both the screening and post-task PRPSA results were analysed through a Homogeneity, Normality and T-Test. A Homogeneity test was performed which indicated a homogeneous distribution with significance of 0. 056 and 0. 187 for the screening results and post-task results, respectively. Table 6 illustrates the results for homogeneity of variances test. Table 6 Results of homogeneity of variances test on both screening and post-task size tableIn the next step of analysis, the data were tested for normality. As presented in Table 7, the results from screening and post-task PRPSA for both Moderate/high and Low anxiety groups are above the alpha value threshold of 0. 05. Hence, the results are included in the normal distribution category and can be used for the parametric statistics T-Test. Table 7 Results of normality test on both screening and post-task PRPSA, across the Moderate/high and Low anxiety groupsFull size tableFinally, a paired sample 2-tailed T-Test was performed to establish the statistical significance of the results of the screening and post-task PRPSA tests. As demonstrated in Table 8, the significance for the total population and the Moderate/high group is lower than the 0. 05 threshold, therefore, they are statistically significant. Hence, it is possible to conclude that PublicVR has been successful in positively changing the participants’ perceived anxiety towards non-verbal communication related to the implemented factors. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by stating that the participants' perceived anxiety levels were not significantly affected by the VR intervention. It highlights that the participants started with low anxiety and did not report substantial changes in their anxiety levels after the VR experience, suggesting that the intervention could not have a substantial effect. This implies a limitation in the effectiveness of VR therapy for addressing anxiety, which is critical in treating phobias through controlled exposure.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: It's argued that evidence of life on Europa could be overlooked due to existing biases. [SEP] Text: It allows selection of animals not only with the highest GEBV but also with the highest Mendelian sampling contribution. This selection leads to a nonrandom set of candidates being recorded for the traits of interest. Hence, the usual assumptions on Mendelian sampling expected value and variance are no longer valid. sampling expected value is no longer zero so that the resulting relationship matrix is no longer the correct one. Two issues are involved. The first is selective information: data on culled animals, especially records on their daughters in the case of young sires, are missing. The second is sequential selection: selection decisions are based on GEBV, and this information is not included in the evaluation model. If the genetic evaluation model remains unchanged, when records of progeny from preselected sires are included in the model, it is feared that genetic evaluations will become biased. The effect of genomic preselection on national and international polygenic evaluations was first discussed by the (Ducrocq et al. , 2008) and by van der Beek (2007). Sires’ ranking, genetic parameters, and genetic trend are likely to be altered at national and international levels. The conse[[page end]]quences of using breeding values of progeny-tested bulls on genomic prediction equations were also mentioned. Due to the rapid and widespread use of genomic evaluations worldwide (11 countries were planning to start genomic evaluations in 2009–2010; Loberg and Dürr, 2009), study of the short-term consequences on the conventional evaluation system is urgently needed. The objective of this paper was to assess via simulation the effect of a genomic preselection step on the quality of genetic evaluations. The latter is measured by the systematic estimation error (i. e. , the bias), and by the accuracy of predicted genetic effects. Comparisons were made between 2 populations, one involving a genomic preselection step of young sires [genomic preselected sires (GPS) population] and the other involving progeny testing only (control population). Sensitivity analysis was conducted with different levels of selection intensity, heritability, and accuracy of genomic evaluation. The effect on the genetic parameter estimates was not investigated. Materials and MethodsOverviewBias and accuracy of genetic evaluations were measured in the GPS and control populations. The control population was expected to provide unbiased prediction and, consequently, a higher accuracy. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text discusses genetic evaluations, genomic preselection, and biases in that context, but does not mention Europa or the potential for overlooking evidence of life there. Therefore, it is irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Virtual labs and simulations can enhance science and tech learning online. [SEP] Text: 4) becomes available for students and enables them to access all the experiments relevant to their levels (stated during registration). Students can also view their schedule, tests, and grades that have been uploaded by the teacher. Before conducting an experiment, a page that contains the experiment’s description and its objectives will appear. Fig. 4Screenshot of the student screen on the VSLFull size imageFigure 5 shows the screen for an experiment. This screen has been designed to simulate the real laboratory environment where students need to find all the laboratory tools, materials, and steps to conduct the experiment; by selecting the materials, then dragging and dropping them into the beaker depending on the shown instructions. Therefore, if there are any hazardous or unknown tools, a warning message will appear. After that, the result of the experiment will be shown. Fig. 5Screenshot of an experiment’s interface on the VSLFull size imageThen, the students can answer questions related to the results and the experiment’s conclusion screen will then provide them with the experiment’s outcome and allow them to re-conduct the experiment if they want to, and as much as they want. The VSL system offers science teachers three significant functions that are shown on the teacher screen (see Fig. 6). The first function displays the data of students who are taught by the teacher and allows them to modify the grades and monitor the students’ achievement by setting laboratory test and send it to the students as will be discussed later. The second function allows the creation of a new experiment by providing an interactive screen similar to the real lab environment that contains all the laboratory tools and materials needed (see Fig. 7). After completing this, the teacher will be able to send the new experiment to students and it will appear on the student screen. The electronic test screen represents the last function provided by the VSL system for teachers. Here, teachers can set a laboratory test and save it in the system. The screen will then show a drop-down menu of the test bank and show two options: display and modify the test or send the test to the student. Fig. 6Screenshot of the teacher screen on the VSLFull size imageFig. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by describing the functions of the VSL (Virtual Science Laboratory) system, which enhances science learning by providing students with an interactive environment to conduct experiments. It details how students can simulate real laboratory activities with guidance, enabling them to access experiments relevant to their learning levels, understand objectives, and interact with materials. These features suggest that virtual labs and simulations indeed enhance online learning in science and technology.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: VR therapy is being studied for its effectiveness in treating PTSD. [SEP] Text: Moving forward with the loss of a loved one: treating PTSD following traumatic bereavement with cognitive therapy Part of: Disseminating CBT: 50 years and beyond Published online by Press: 20 April 2023 [Opens in a new window]andShow author details Jennifer Wild* Affiliation: Department of Experimental Psychology, University of of Psychiatry, University of Melbourne, 161 Barry Street, Melbourne, Victoria 3053, Duffy Affiliation: Queen’s : Department of Experimental Psychology, University of * *Corresponding author. Email: jennifer. wild@psy. ox. ac. uk 0. 5 mb) View PDF [Opens in a new window] Save to to Save to & Permissions [Opens in a new window] loss is associated with high rates of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and appears to inhibit the natural process of grieving, meaning that patients who develop PTSD after loss trauma are also at risk of experiencing enduring grief. Here we present how to treat PTSD arising from traumatic bereavement with cognitive therapy (CT-PTSD; Ehlers et al. , 2005). The paper describes the core components of CT-PTSD for bereavement trauma with illustrative examples, and clarifies how the therapy differs from treating PTSD associated with trauma where there is no loss of a significant other. A core aim of the treatment is to help the patient to shift their focus from loss to what has not been lost, from a focus on their loved one being gone to considering how they may take their loved one forward in an abstract, meaningful way to achieve a sense of continuity in the present with what has been lost in the past. This is often achieved with imagery transformation, a significant component of the memory updating procedure in CT-PTSD for bereavement trauma. We also consider how to approach complexities, such as suicide trauma, loss of a loved one in a conflicted relationship, pregnancy loss and loss of life caused by the patient. Key learning aims (1) To be able to apply Ehlers and Clark’s (2000) cognitive model to PTSD arising from bereavement trauma. (2) To recognise how the core treatment components differ for PTSD associated with traumatic bereavement than for PTSD linked to trauma where there is no loss of life. (3) To discover how to conduct imagery transformation for the memory updating procedure in CT-PTSD for loss trauma. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not specifically mention VR therapy or any related studies about its effectiveness in treating PTSD. Instead, it discusses cognitive therapy for PTSD arising from traumatic bereavement. While it relates to PTSD, it does not corroborate or contrast the claim regarding VR therapy.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: It's argued that evidence of life on Europa could be overlooked due to existing biases. [SEP] Text: To demonstrate bias due to genomic preselection, breeding values (true and genomically enhanced) and performance were simulated based on a real data set coming from the Holstein population in France, which included pedigree, records, and genetic parameters of the traits under consideration. Type traits were chosen for convenience (simple model, no repeated observations). Implementation StepsThe first key element of the chosen strategy was the identification of the candidate bulls; these consisted of the cohort of young sires (YS) that had only one crop of daughters in the real data set. A first BLUP evaluation based on a single trait animal model provided EBV and fixed effects estimates in the initial conditions. These EBV were used to reduce the cohort of young sires to the most promising ones on the basis of their pedigree index. Indeed, these are more likely to be genotyped by the breeding companies implementing genomic preselection. Their daughters (D) were then identified and their performance was deleted from the record file to mimic the data structure before a genomic preselection step. From this new data set, a second BLUP evaluation was run to obtain EBV and reliabilities (R), especially of young sires’ parents. The EBV and R2 were used to simultaneously simulate genomically enhanced breeding values and true breeding values (TBV) for the young sires and potential candidate full siblings. When genomic preselection was mimicked (GPS population), YS were selected among their full siblings, choosing the one with the highest GEBV. In both cases (with or without genomic preselection), consistent daughter records (i. e. , new records) were generated, and a new BLUP evaluation was performed. As a result, EBV and TBV of the young sires and their daughters were available for bias and accuracy assessment in the 2 simulated populations. The simulation of and daughter records, as well as the final BLUP evaluation, were repeated 50 times to measure the bias variability. Evaluations on real or simulated data were all run using an in-house BLUP software, developed by the second author. The different steps of the simulation are summarized in Table 1. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim concerning biases in analyzing evidence of life on Europa. Instead, it discusses genomic preselection and statistical evaluations related to breeding values in Holsteins, which is entirely unrelated to the claim about extraterrestrial life and biases in scientific evidence.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Virtual labs and simulations can enhance science and tech learning online. [SEP] Text: 7Screenshot of the add experiment interface on the VSLFull size imageTesting and resultsTo evaluate the efficiency of using the VSL and to measure its differences compared to HOLs, a pre-test was conducted with five second-year middle school students from different schools in Jeddah. The students used different computers and were supervised by researchers. Before starting the computer test, the students were asked about their knowledge and understanding of the main concepts of certain science experiments that are taught to them in HOLs. The results showed that 60% of the students had difficulty understanding the essential objectives of the given experiments and only 40% understood the experiments well. The students were then asked to conduct the same experiments individually using the VSL. Their experience of using the virtual environment when conducting the experiments was then assessed through a post-test. They have been asked about usability of VSL: ease of use the experiments’ tools, clarity of the experiments’ steps, navigating between the VSL’s screens, and the interaction and enjoyment during the implementation of the experiment in the VSL. And it was found that 80% of students had a good understanding of the practical experiments after performing them in the VSL. Furthermore, the students liked the interface design and did not report any difficulties in navigating between screens. Moreover, according to their answers, using the VSL was an exciting and satisfactory experience for the students. DiscussionAs (Babateen 2011) mentioned the importance of using the computer simulation’s applications in improving the knowledge and learning of the science experiments. Also, VSL’s results agreed with them in the obvious enhancement for students’ understanding of the science experiments. The results indicate the positive impact of using the VSL on the students and demonstrate that there is a need for the VSL in the middle schools in Saudi Arabia. The VSL could improve the learning environment and deliver information to the students more clearly. The students who used the VSL were able to understand the concept of experiments, their objectives, and the results. Using the visualizations that imitated experiments in HOLs and the ability to conduct the experiments individually also helped the students to understand and remember the information. The VSL can promote learning as fun as all the students were happy and enjoyed conducting the experiments. Also, they explored more experiments and learned more things. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by providing evidence that the Virtual Simulation Laboratory (VSL) significantly improved students' understanding of science experiments compared to traditional Hands-On Labs (HOLs). Specifically, it states that after using the VSL, 80% of students had a good understanding of the practical experiments, which demonstrates the effectiveness of virtual labs in enhancing science learning. Additionally, the students reported a positive experience, indicating that using simulations not only facilitated understanding but also made learning enjoyable.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: VR therapy is universally effective for all patients, regardless of individual needs. [SEP] Text: L3 neurons (magenta) express myr::GFP (anti-GFP) driven by 9–9 GAL4 (Nern et al. , 2008). Asterisks in (B) indicate dFezf-expressing lamina neurons (green + blue) that are most likely L3 neurons that have yet to turn on GAL4 expression (youngest L3 neurons). (E–N) MARCM + STaR experiments in adult flies. and methods section for a detailed description. Scale bars when shown are five microns with the exception of the scale bar shown in (E), which is twenty microns. L3 clones (green) expressed myr::tandem Tomato (tdTomato) and were visualized using a DsRed antibody. (E) Broad view (confocal image) of the morphologies of wild type L3 clones (green) in the lamina and medulla, which are indicated by R1-R8 axons (magenta, mAB24B10). Boxed regions indicate examples of the regions shown in confocal images in F-I, M and N. (F–I) Confocal images of terminals from wild type or dFezf1 L3 neurons (green), within the outer medulla (M1-M6), defined by R7 and R8 axons (magenta, mAB24B10). (J) quantification. N is the total number of neurons counted per genotype. 10 brains were analyzed for each genotype. (K, L) Confocal images show L3 clones (magenta) within the outer medulla and, within L3 terminals, Brp (green) expression and localization. Brp expressed from its native promoter within a bacterial artificial chromosome (BAC) was selectively tagged with smFPV5 in L3 MARCM clones, and visualized using an anti-V5 antibody. N-Cadherin (CadN) immunostaining (blue) serves as a neuropil marker. All dFezf1 L3 neurons displayed Brp puncta in their terminals. At least five brains were analyzed for each genotype. (M and N) Morphologies of dendrites from wild type or dFezf1 L3 neurons in the lamina. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address VR therapy or its effectiveness for patients. It discusses scientific findings related to L3 neurons and does not provide any information that corroborates or contrasts the claim regarding the universality of VR therapy.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: It's argued that evidence of life on Europa could be overlooked due to existing biases. [SEP] Text: StepInput dataImplementationOutput data of interestPreliminary (1)Data set 1: pedigree file + whole record fileBLUP 1Initial EBV (â0) + fixed effects estimates (β)Preliminary (2)Pedigree file + â0Identification of all the YS and their DTarget cohorts: YS (size = n) and DPreliminary (3)Data set 2: pedigree file + record file, cohort D removedBLUP 2EBV and reliabilities (â, R) of the YS parents (GS, GD): âGS, â(1) controlData set 2 + âGS, âof breeding values for n YSTrue breeding values of the YS: aYSCIterative (2) controlData set 2 + β + â + aYSCSimulation of D recordsData set 3: including the new records (true D records are replaced by the simulated ones)Iterative (3) controlData set 3BLUP 3â(4) controlâYSC,aYSCBias assessmentΔ(Breeding values) = âYSC−aYSCIterative (1) GPSData set 2 + âGS, âof breeding values for m YS × n GS-GD pairGEBV + TBV of the YS: âYSGPS, a(2) GPSâYS+GPSSelection of the YS based on GEBVCohort of genomically selected YSIterative (3) GPSData set 2 + β + â + aof D recordsData set 3′: including the new records (true D records are replaced by the simulated ones)Iterative (4) GPSData set 3′BLUP 3′â(5) âassessmentΔ(Breeding values), comparison of reliabilitiesTable 1Summary of the simulation strategy and the analyses performed: description of preliminary and iterative (replicated 50 times) steps in the different populations (control, GPS)11GPS = genomic preselection of young sires; YS = young sire; D = daughter; GS = sire of a YS; GD = dam of a YS; GEBV = genomically enhanced breeding value; TBV = true breeding value. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text provided is highly technical and focuses on data analysis related to breeding values in a genetic study, with no mention of Europa, life evidence, or biases. Therefore, it is irrelevant to the claim regarding life on Europa and biases that may affect recognition of such evidence.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Virtual labs and simulations can enhance science and tech learning online. [SEP] Text: Moreover, the system is considered as a smart environment where it provides the students with adequate feedback during the learning process and enables the teacher to follow and assess the student’s performance. Also, its planned to add more feature to make it smarter such as a personalization interface for each student and offering the teachers with recommendations for each student based on their performance records. However, there are some obstacles to applying the VSL in schools: (Afgan et al. 2015) teachers must be trained in how to use the VSL, (Alexiou et al. 2005) some teachers may refuse to use it and prefer using traditional methods, and (Ayesh 2004) some schools in small towns and villages cannot afford the computers and the equipment. Conclusions and future workEmerging technologies have successfully enhanced the learning and teaching process and support science education by providing an interactive learning environment that enables the students to participate and learn. VLs are one of the best ways to teach students and allow them to conduct experiments instead of simply viewing them. Moving from HOLs to VLs could also reduce costs and increase teaching efficiency. Moreover, teaching techniques should always be modern and flexible so they can keep up with evolving technologies. This can be achieved easily in by having VLs in all Saudi schools in the future and linking them with current e-learning systems, such as Noor and Clasera. Limitation of the researchOne of the limitations of VSL research was in the testing phase, because of pre-test existence, the results of the conducting the experiment using VSL may be affected by the pre-test. Also, the researchers, unfortunately, have not been able to test the system with a large number of students as desired because of time constraints. The testing and evaluation phase collided with final exams in Saudi schools. Hence, to have formal permission from schools in that period was difficult. Moreover, some structured interviews have been arranged with about six science teachers, but 4 of them did not cooperate because of either school policies or their time. The researchers believe that although the numbers aren’t significant but this study still highlights the importance of the problem under study and provide a feasible solution that would be assessed further in future studies. AbbreviationsHOL: Hands-on laboratories VL: Virtual laboratories VSL: Lab 10. 25304/rlt. v25. 1968 O. C. Falode, S. A. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by stating that virtual labs (VLs) are effective in teaching students, allowing them to conduct experiments interactively rather than just observing them. It emphasizes that VLs enhance the learning experience and support science education by creating an interactive environment. The text also mentions that moving from hands-on laboratories (HOLs) to VLs can increase teaching efficiency, further supporting the claim that virtual labs can enhance learning.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: VR therapy is universally effective for all patients, regardless of individual needs. [SEP] Text: This edited volume arose from the first on Translation and Accessibility in held at the Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB) on 2 -3 December 2010, organised by the Transof UAB, which is part of the Centre for and Accessibility in Catalunya (CAIAC). The focus of the conference was unique in its comprehensive approach combining game accessibility, game translation and localization and also related issues in broader environments of virtual worlds. Such combination was due to a broad view of accessibility, which not only encompasses users with functional diversity, but also those who due to age or skill are not able to play a game successfully, those who do not speak the original language of the game, and those who due to socioeconomic conditions cannot access games or virtual platforms. In addition, both game localization and accessibility are issues that ideally need to be taken into account early in the development process of a game, in order prevent costly modifications at a later stage. If accessibility and localization are considered since the conception of the game, it should not be too costly or cumbersome to translate the game into other languages or include accessibility ← 9 | 10 → features, such as the possibility to remap the controls or have intralingual subtitles. Gathering together researchers in academia as well as practitioners from the industry, the conference provided an ideal forum to exchange different perspectives to add to the emerging areas of research in translation and media accessibility of digital content. The conference demonstrated how research on game localization and research on game accessibility are gathering momentum, albeit they are still relatively unexplored academic fields. To date, most of the research conducted on game accessibility has been carried out by academics from engineering and computer studies backgrounds, such as the Games (UA-Games) at the Human-Laboratory of ICS-FORTH in Greece, who have developed a number of universally accessible games, and a handful of industry professionals interested in the topic, such as the Group (SIG) at the (IGDA). Most information and guidelines on game accessibility can be found on specialised blogs and websites, and are addressed to developers, to help them make their games accessible to the widest range of population. However, there seems to be a lack of awareness by mainstream developers and publishers about accessibility issues and due to the pressures and time limits associated to the release of a game, accessibility services usually are not a priority. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing various factors influencing accessibility in gaming and virtual experiences, which implies that not all users, including those with functional diversity, age differences, language barriers, or socioeconomic constraints, can benefit equally. It highlights the necessity for tailored accessibility features, suggesting that VR therapy cannot be deemed universally effective without considering individual needs.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: It's argued that evidence of life on Europa could be overlooked due to existing biases. [SEP] Text: Open table in a new tabSimulation of and Records: PrincipleLet aYS be the simulated TBV of a young sire and âYS its EBV, solution of the animal mixed model equations. Let âYS+ be the GEBV of a young sire combining direct genomic value and pedigree information. A selection on this GEBV mimicked the genomic preselection of young bulls before collection of phenotypic records from daughters. If GS and GD refer to the sire and dam of a young sire YS, respectively, and σa2 is the genetic variance of the trait, we haveaYS ∼ N(aGS + aGD2,σa2)âYS ∼ N(âGS + âGD2, RYSσa2)âYS+ ∼ N(âGS + âGD2, RYS+σa2). The GEBV reliability (RYS+), is a combination of the pedigree reliability (RPED), and the direct genomic reliability (RGEN+), with RPED = RGS + RGD4. It was assumed that the genomic information contributes as much as n additional daughter records (et al. , 2009), so that RGEN = nn + k, with k = 4h2−1, and[[page end]][[page end]] h2 the heritability of the trait. and Johnson's (1998) method to approximate reliability coming from different sources of information, the combined reliability (RYS+), was computed asRYS+ = RPED + RGEN − 21−. In the same way, the genomically enhanced reliabilities RGS+ and RGD+ were computed at the GS and GD level, respectively. For example,RGS+ = RGS+14RGEN − 2RGS14RGEN1−. It was assumed that each GS–GD pair has only one selected progeny. This is clearly not true, but this simplification avoids extra assumptions without inflating the importance of the son's GEBV on parental EBV. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim about the evidence of life on Europa being overlooked due to biases. The content discusses genomic evaluation methods without any mention of Europa, extraterrestrial life, biases, or related scientific arguments.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Virtual labs and simulations can enhance science and tech learning online. [SEP] Text: 1—Running enhanced AES message encryption in a remote IoT-Lab 6. 1. 1 and SSH access 6. 1. 2 Running first experiments 6. 1. 3 Running more experiments 6. 2 Challenge 3. 2—Running enhancing AES benchmarking in an IoT-Lab and executing scientific experiments on a remote test bed 6. 2. 1 Running first manual experiments 6. 2. 2 Automizing experiments 6. 3 Challenge 3. 3—Presentation and discussion of results 6. 3. 1 Graph generation 6. 3. 2 Result analysis 7 Conclusion 3. 1 3. 2 Integration with the DigiLab4U Infrastructure 3. 3 Enabling MQTT for 3 Robots 3. 4 for Interaction 3. 4. 1 Enabling Web-based Interaction with the Experiment 3. 4. 2 Enabling GDPR-Compliant and Real-Feedback 3. 5 Considerations for to the Lab 4 Evaluation 5 Conclusion 1. 1 Didactic fundamentals 1. 2 2 Introduction to RFID-2. 1 Use-case Introduction 2. 2 How to Identify the Right RFID-Transponder for a 2. 2. 1 Basics of RFID frequencies 2. 2. 2 RFID-transponders for 2. 2. 3 How to find about 2. 2. 4 Comparison of 3 Measurements with an RFID measurement cabinet 3. 1 3. 2 3. 2. 1 Questions you Should ask Yourself 4 Summary 5 5. 1 Definitions 5. 2 Recommendations for 1 for Understanding the Impact of Measuring and Choosing RFID-Transponders for Applications in Logistics—Handout for LecturersLab environment 2 3 407–424 Data---Hauge, Jannicke Baalsrud--Hauge, 407–424 Details 1 1. 1 Overview of 1. 2 Keywords 1. 3 Learning objectives 1. 4 2 2. 1 2. 2 Tasks 2. 3 3 Introduction to a mixed-reality environment for warehousing operations 3. 1 Overview of game flow 3. 2 Introduction to the physical lab environment 3. 2. 1 Ultrasonic sensors 3. 2. 2 3. 2. 3 3. 3 Currently available sensors and actuators (March 2022) 4 Evaluation 4. 0 463–470 Details 1 Introduction 2 The fischertechnik learning factory 4. 0 2. 1 MQTT 2. 2 2. 3 OPC/UA 2. 4 Communication structure 2. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing various aspects of running experiments in a remote lab environment, indicating that virtual labs, such as those utilizing AES message encryption and IoT technologies, can facilitate experimentation and learning. This aligns with the notion that virtual labs enhance science and tech education, as evidenced by phrases like 'Executing scientific experiments on a remote test bed' and 'Enabling Web-based Interaction with the Experiment,' which demonstrate the use of technology to improve hands-on learning experiences.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: VR therapy is universally effective for all patients, regardless of individual needs. [SEP] Text: It could be argued that by not taking into account accessibility, developers are leaving behind an important segment of the population: people with disabilities, who according to the UN account for 10–12% of the word population (Bank, 2009). People with sensorial (visual, auditory), cognitive, and physical disabilities also can enjoy playing video games, as they are fun and provide hours of entertainment. As regards the topic of game translation, we wish to share a few observations on the development of the domain that is beginning to emerge as a legitimate research field in Translation Studies. Following the official declaration of year one of game studies in 2001 (Aarseth, 2001), academic research on video games has multiplied, helped by its increasingly ubiquitous presence in modern life and, most of all, by its inherent richness, inspiring many a research avenues. When the Handbook (Chandler, 2005) was first published, the domain was a somewhat esoteric practice, little known beyond the immediate circle of practitioners and gamers involved in fan translation of games. Despite its close link to ← 10 | 11 → software localization, which has been integrated into translator training at many universities for some time now, localization practices applied in video games have remained under reported until recently in academia. Similarly, the localization industry has focussed mainly on business-oriented productivity software. For example, in the early days games were not even included in the official statistics of the software industry as they were categorised as consumer goods and part of the entertainment sector (Berry, 2008:66). Localization found early difficulties gaining recognition both in industry and academia, is now an essential part of the game industry which relies on global sales while rapidly establishing itself as an interdisciplinary area of research in academia. Contemporary games are sophisticated technological as well as cultural artefacts with multiple perspectives that lend themselves to study and analysie from many and distant fields: from Psychology to Neuroscience or Sociology. Studies game localization is often introduced as a hybrid mode of (AVT) and (Munday, 2008:190) in an attempt to locate this newly emerged practice within an established category. The research trajectory so far in game localization illustrates how the field tagged itself to these pre-existing domains, motivated by the fact that video games are indeed audiovisual media and also that they are pieces of software. In the sense that both are dynamic fields sensitive to advances on technology, the boundaries between the two currently separate divisions are increasingly becoming blurred. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by highlighting that developers may overlook the needs of people with disabilities, suggesting that VR therapy may not be universally effective for all individuals. It indicates a gap in accessibility that can exclude a significant portion of the population, such as those with sensorial and cognitive disabilities, pointing to the diversity of individual needs that VR therapy must address.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: It's argued that evidence of life on Europa could be overlooked due to existing biases. [SEP] Text: For young sires and their parents, all the breeding values (true, estimated, and genomically enhanced) may be defined together as coming from the following multivariate normal distribution:aâGSâGDâGS+âGD+âYS+∼NμGSμGDμYSμGSμGDμGS+μGD+μYS+,1012RGS0RGS+012RGS+1120RGD0RGD+12RGD+112RGS12RGD12RGS+12RGD+RYS+RGS0RGS012RGS+RGD0RGD12RGD+RGS+012RGS+RGD+12RGD+RYS+σa2. Using Pearson's results (Pearson, 1903) for multivariate normal distributions, GEBV and TBV were jointly simulated conditionally on the GS and GD EBV. These 2 EBV and their associated reliabilities were computed from the second BLUP evaluation on the real data set (i. e. , in absence of progeny information of their sons). It follows that:aâGS+âGD+âYS+∼NâGSâGDâGS + âGD2âGSâGDâGS + âGD2,V =δGS012δGSΔGS012ΔGS0δGS12δGD0ΔGD12ΔGD12δGS12δGDδPED12ΔGS12ΔGDRYS+−RPEDΔGS012ΔGSΔGS012ΔGS0ΔGD12ΔGD0ΔGD12ΔGD12ΔGS12ΔGDRYS+−RPED12ΔGS12ΔGDRYS+−RPEDσa2,with δ = 1–R and Δ = R+ – R; R represents the reliability based on records and relationships information only, whereas R+ refers to the genomically enhanced reliability. In practice, using a Cholesky decomposition of the variance-covariance matrix V, simulated GEBV and TBV were obtained as linear combinations of 6 random standard normal variables. Consistent simulation of GEBV and TBV of full siblings was guaranteed through an[[page end]] adequate repetition of the relevant random variables. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses breeding values, multivariate normal distributions, and genomic evaluations, which has no connection to the topic of evidence of life on Europa and biases regarding it.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Virtual labs and simulations can enhance science and tech learning online. [SEP] Text: 1—Running enhanced AES message encryption in a remote IoT-Lab 6. 1. 1 and SSH access 6. 1. 2 Running first experiments 6. 1. 3 Running more experiments 6. 2 Challenge 3. 2—Running enhancing AES benchmarking in an IoT-Lab and executing scientific experiments on a remote test bed 6. 2. 1 Running first manual experiments 6. 2. 2 Automizing experiments 6. 3 Challenge 3. 3—Presentation and discussion of results 6. 3. 1 Graph generation 6. 3. 2 Result analysis 7 Conclusion 3. 1 3. 2 Integration with the DigiLab4U Infrastructure 3. 3 Enabling MQTT for 3 Robots 3. 4 for Interaction 3. 4. 1 Enabling Web-based Interaction with the Experiment 3. 4. 2 Enabling GDPR-Compliant and Real-Feedback 3. 5 Considerations for to the Lab 4 Evaluation 5 Conclusion 1. 1 Didactic fundamentals 1. 2 2 Introduction to RFID-2. 1 Use-case Introduction 2. 2 How to Identify the Right RFID-Transponder for a 2. 2. 1 Basics of RFID frequencies 2. 2. 2 RFID-transponders for 2. 2. 3 How to find about 2. 2. 4 Comparison of 3 Measurements with an RFID measurement cabinet 3. 1 3. 2 3. 2. 1 Questions you Should ask Yourself 4 Summary 5 5. 1 Definitions 5. 2 Recommendations for 1 for Understanding the Impact of Measuring and Choosing RFID-Transponders for Applications in Logistics—Handout for LecturersLab environment 2 3 407–424 Data---Hauge, Jannicke Baalsrud--Hauge, 407–424 Details 1 1. 1 Overview of 1. 2 Keywords 1. 3 Learning objectives 1. 4 2 2. 1 2. 2 Tasks 2. 3 3 Introduction to a mixed-reality environment for warehousing operations 3. 1 Overview of game flow 3. 2 Introduction to the physical lab environment 3. 2. 1 Ultrasonic sensors 3. 2. 2 3. 2. 3 3. 3 Currently available sensors and actuators (March 2022) 4 Evaluation 4. 0 463–470 Details 1 Introduction 2 The fischertechnik learning factory 4. 0 2. 1 MQTT 2. 2 2. 3 OPC/UA 2. 4 Communication structure 2. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by describing various enhanced experiments conducted in a remote IoT-Lab, which implies an environment that utilizes virtual labs and simulations for scientific inquiries. Phrases like 'running enhanced AES message encryption in a remote IoT-Lab' and 'automizing experiments' indicate the use of virtual technology to facilitate learning and experimentation in science and technology.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: VR therapy is universally effective for all patients, regardless of individual needs. [SEP] Text: 8) and −1. 9 (two-sided 95% CI, −2. 5 to −1. 3), respectively. The percent of remission (MMX-2. 4 vs. MMX-4. 8 vs. controlled-2. 25, 31. 8% vs. 45. 7% vs. 28. 2%, respectively) and ER (10. 6% vs. 19. 8% vs. 14. 1%, respectively) was similar between the MMX-2. 4 and controlled-2. 25 groups, while the percent of remission of the MMX-4. 8 group was higher than those of the controlled-2. 25 group. Adverse events (AEs) exhibited no difference among each group. The study revealed that MMX-4. 8 g/day was more effective than MMX-2. 4 g/day and controlled-2. 25 g/day. Although non-inferiority was not met, considering the secondary endpoint, the authors concluded that the efficacy of MMX-2. 4 g/day was comparable to that of controlled-2. 25 g/day. These results of the study by Ogata et al. 6 were similar to that of a recent meta-analysis. 7 The meta-analysis demonstrated that 50% of patients who received 5-ASA failed to achieve remission compared to 52% of patients who received 5-ASA comparator (RR, 0. 94; 95% CI, 0. 86–1. 02). This suggested that there was no difference among the various 5-ASA formulations in terms of efficacy. 7 Furthermore, there were no significant differences between high and low doses of 5-ASA. 7 Unlike the study by Ogata et al. ,6 the meta-analysis did not assess the significant difference in efficacy between the two 5-ASA dosing regimens (4. 8 g/day vs. 2. 4 g/day), including pH-release and MMX mesalazines. 7 However, similar to the present study,6 subgroup analysis of several studies demonstrated that patients with moderate UC might benefit from the high dose of mesalazine (4. 8 g/day). 789 This indicates that the severity of disease can be a factor that affects the response to 5-ASA treatment. 89 A previous study reported that MMX mesalazine at a dosage of 2. 4 or 4. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by indicating that the efficacy of treatments, such as 5-ASA, can vary depending on individual patient factors like disease severity. It mentions that 'patients with moderate UC might benefit from the high dose of mesalazine (4. 8 g/day),' suggesting that treatment effectiveness is not universal and may depend on individual needs.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: It's argued that evidence of life on Europa could be overlooked due to existing biases. [SEP] Text: Finally, the control and GPS populations differed in the way the breeding values of young sires were distributed. In the control population, random variables were drawn only once in such a way that the young sires’ GEBV were normally distributed. No preselection existed. In contrast, in the GPS population, a genomic preselection step was implemented using a given selection rate defined as the proportion of retained candidates, say 1/m. In practice, TBV and GEBV were generated, on average, m times for each YS, hence mimicking genomic evaluation of m full siblings. In order to be as realistic as possible, the number of full siblings within a family i (mi) was varied from one family to another. To ensure an expected number of m candidates with a minimum number of 1, a random number ui was generated from a Poisson distribution P(λ) with λ = m − 1, and the size of the full-sibling cohort was set to ui + 1. Among these full siblings, the highest GEBV was assigned to the YS undergoing progeny test, whereas the remaining full siblings were culled. Performances for the daughters of each YS were simulated in the 2 populations. From the animal model equations, these records were computed as the sum of fixed and random effects. Without loss of generality, the only fixed effect (β) considered was a contemporary group effect. In other words, data of the initial evaluation were precorrected for all nongenetic (fixed) effects and a contemporary group effect was estimated for each group of identified daughters. The breeding value of any daughter was generated as the sum of its average parental breeding value and a Mendelian sampling term (φ) drawn from a normal distribution with zero mean and a variance equal to half the genetic variance of the trait. The TBV for the sire was available as described above, whereas the TBV for the dam was generated on the basis of her EBV and reliability computed from the second BLUP evaluation when no YS progeny performances were available. A normal random variable ɛ was, thus, added to dam EBV to get TBV. Finally, a residual e was drawn from a normal distribution with zero mean and a variance equal to the residual variance of the trait. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it focuses on the distribution of breeding values and selection processes in genetic populations, without any mention of Europa, evidence of life, or biases. Therefore, it does not contribute to or refute the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Urban agriculture can provide fresh produce for local communities. [SEP] Text: Supporting small farms: how protecting local farms can protect local communities Published: August 16, 2023 Small farms make up more than a half of the agricultural land in the US and produce just over a fifth of the country’s agricultural produce. Not only do they play a vital role in feeding people, small farms are also integral to local communities. And yet, many small farmers have limited access to resources and find themselves at a social disadvantage due to bias and prejudice. E’licia Chaverest, from the at Alabama A&M University, USA, is supporting these farmers to help them run successful and resilient farms. Talk like a Attorney — a person, typically a lawyer, appointed to act for another in business or legal matters Experimental learning — the process of learning by doing. Hands-on experience can make it easier for students to learn and retain information Limited resource farmer — a farmer who has limited or no access to the resources needed for managing a successful farm, such as specialised machinery, high quality seed, financial support or financial literacy Monocrop — cultivation of a single crop species Small farm — a farm (often family-owned) with an income under US$250,000 per year Small farmer — someone who owns or manages a small farm Socially disadvantaged farmer — a farmer who experiences prejudice, bias or discrimination due to their gender, race, ethnicity or nationality, which adds to the challenges of farming What did you have for dinner last night? Whether it was steak and chips, a chickpea curry, or beans on toast, the chances are that most, if not all, of the ingredients were grown or reared on a farm. It can be easy to forget this. Go into any major supermarket and you will be confronted with aisle after aisle of plastic packaging and brightly coloured branding. Despite appearances, the vast majority of the food in our supermarkets started out in the dirt. Since the advent of agriculture, roughly 12,000 years ago, we humans have relied on farming for our very survival. Even today, with our Big Macs, Whoppers and vegan chicken nuggets, farmers are the people who put food on our tables. Some farms can roll on for thousands and thousands of acres. Huge fields of monocrops, like corn and wheat, stretch out beyond the horizon and gigantic barns stuffed full of cows, pigs and chickens see millions of animals slaughtered every day. But not all farms are like this. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by emphasizing the importance of small farms in producing food and their integral role in local communities. It mentions that small farms make up over half of the agricultural land in the US and contribute just over a fifth of the country’s agricultural produce, highlighting their significance in feeding local populations. Furthermore, the text discusses support for small farmers, which aligns with the idea that urban agriculture can enhance access to fresh produce for communities by protecting and empowering local farming.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: VR therapy is universally effective for all patients, regardless of individual needs. [SEP] Text: 8 g/day is superior to placebo in the induction of CR and ER in 517 patients with mild to moderate UC. 9 However, in those patients transferred directly from prior low-dose 5-mesalazine 4. 8 g/day was superior to placebo, while its efficacy over placebo in patients transferred directly to MMX mesalazine 2. 4 g/day was not significantly different. Ogata et al. 6 also reported that MMX-4. 8 g/day had more beneficial than 2. 4 g/day because more than 80% patients were directly transferred from prior low-dose 5-ASA. This suggested that the non-responders to low-dose 5-ASA might respond to escalation in the dose of MMX mesalazine. 9 This treatment strategy has been supported by the findings of another study. The study reported that there was a significant benefit of pH-release mesalazine 4. 8 g/day compared to 2. 4 g/day dosing in patients with difficult-to-treat UC (e. g. , patients who needed steroids or more than 2 medications—steroids, immunomodulators, oral 5-ASA, or rectal 5-ASA). 10 In summary, the current data by Ogata et al. 6 support that the efficacy of oral MMX-2. 4 g/day is comparable to that of controlled-2. 25 g/day, and MMX-4. 8 g/day is more effective than 2. 4 g/day in inducing remission in patients with mild to moderate UC without associated safety concerns. This implies the possibility that sample size and proportion of the prior use of low-dose 5-ASA or patients with moderate UC may affect the result. However, the efficacy of MMX mesalazine was restricted only to induction of remission of UC. Therefore, to ensure the maintenance of long-term remission in Asian patients with UC, further large, prospective, and randomized trials to determine the optimal dose and use of MMX mesalazine are necessary. : The authors received no financial support for the research, authorship, and/or publication of this 1. guidelines for the management of ulcerative colitis. 2017;15:7–37. PMID: 28239313. 2. Kedia P, Cohen RD. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by highlighting that the efficacy of MMX mesalazine in patients with ulcerative colitis (UC) is not universal and is influenced by individual patient circumstances. Specifically, it states that treatment effectiveness can vary based on prior medication use and the severity of the condition, indicating that not all patients will respond the same way to the treatment, which counters the notion of universal effectiveness.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: It's argued that evidence of life on Europa could be overlooked due to existing biases. [SEP] Text: Let y be the record of a daughter:y = β + aYS + (âD + ε)2 + φ + ewithε ∼ N[0,(1−RD)σa2]φ ∼ N(0,12σa2)e ∼ N(0,σe2). Numerical ApplicationsThe simulations were first done following the national data set for a conformation trait, udder depth (UD), for the Holstein breed in France. A total of 4,110,229 records were available, and the pedigree file included 5,917,739 animals. The young sires were chosen among those born in 2001, 2002, and 2003, having more than 10 and fewer than 150 recorded daughters. In all, 1,875 sires fulfilled these criteria. Among them, 799 young sires were selected with their 40,222 daughters. Selection bias was first assessed for the UD trait with a heritability of 0. 36, assuming that the top 25% (proportion, p=0. 25) of the young sires were selected after genomic evaluation. The GEBV simulations also required choosing the number of daughters that would provide the same increase in reliability as that of the genomic evaluation. In the Holstein population, et al. (2009) reported 9 daughter equivalents from genomic prediction for body depth with a heritability of 0. 37. Here, an initial value of 10 genomic equivalent daughter contributions (gEDC) was chosen, which is equivalent to a reliability of genomic evaluation of 50%. This set of parameters (gEDC=10, p = 0. 25, h2 = 0. 36) defines the udder depth trait reference scenario, UD_REF. Sensitivity AnalysisIn order to assess the magnitude of the bias due to genomic preselection and to understand the role of parameters such as the heritability of the trait, intensity of genomic selection, and reliability of genomic evaluations, various scenarios were implemented. Compared with that of the UD_REF scenario, the value of heritability was decreased (h2 = 0. 14): simulations were performed for another conformation trait, foot angle (FA). Notice that decreasing heritability makes the genomic evaluation less accurate if gEDC is kept equal to 10. The gEDC was increased to 26, which is possibly optimistic but made to maintain the same level of genomic accuracy. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it focuses on genomic evaluations and selection biases in cattle breeding, providing detailed statistical parameters and simulations related to dairy animal traits rather than discussing any evidence related to life on Europa or the existence of biases in that specific context.