Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Beauveria bassiana is used as a biocontrol agent against various pests. [SEP] Text: First-strand cDNA was synthesized from heat-denatured, purified mRNA using a Strand cDNA Synthesis kit (ThermoFisher Scientific) and random hexamer primers at a concentration of 200 ng/µL along with a final concentration of 40 ng/µL Actinomycin D, followed by () bead purification on a robot (). The second strand cDNA was synthesized following the cDNA Synthesis protocol (Biolabs) that incorporates dUTP in the dNTP mix, allowing the second strand to be digested using USER™ enzyme (Biolabs) in the post-adapter ligation reaction and thus achieving strand specificity. cDNA was fragmented by Covaris LE220 sonication to achieve 250–300 bp average fragment lengths. The paired-end sequencing library was prepared following the Canada’s Centre strand-specific, plate-based library construction protocol on a robot (Hamilton Company). Briefly, the sheared cDNA was subject to end-repair and phosphorylation in a single reaction using an enzyme mix (Biolabs) containing T4 DNA polymerase, Klenow DNA Polymerase and T4 polynucleotide kinase, incubated at 20°C for 30 minutes. Repaired cDNA was purified in 96-well format using PCR Clean dX beads (Aline Biosciences) and 3’ A-tailed (adenylation) using Klenow fragment (3’ to 5’ exo minus) and incubated at 37°C for 30 minutes prior to enzyme heat inactivation. Illumina TruSeq adapters were ligated at 20°C for 15 minutes. The adapter-ligated products were purified using beads, then digested with USER™ enzyme (1U/µL) (Biolabs) at 37°C for 15 minutes followed immediately by 10 cycles of indexed PCR using 5 (Biolabs) and Illumina’s primer set. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it details the process of cDNA synthesis and sequencing without mentioning Beauveria bassiana or its use as a biocontrol agent against pests. There is no support, contrast, or discussion relevant to the stated claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Depression can result from a combination of genetic, biological, and environmental factors. [SEP] Text: MAGE-D1 gene defectMice with a gene deficiency for MAGE-D1 present with abnormal behavior similar to that observed in patients with depression, such as increased fatigue, restricted psychomotor abilities, diminished socialness, diminished motivation, and diminished cravings (Fig. 1). The release of serotonin is also decreased in the frontal cortex and hippocampus. In the absence of MAGE-D1, serotonin transporters are not ubiquitinated, which targets the transporter for degradation, and, thus, they are not broken down by proteasomes. As a result, there is an overabundance of transporter, and more uptake of serotonin in the synaptic cleft. Accordingly, the amount of free serotonin is reduced. The aforementioned abnormal behaviors were attenuated by sertraline, a serotonin transporter inhibitor. Imipramine also mitigated some of the abnormal behaviors [37] (Fig. 2). Currently, depression is diagnosed by a psychiatrist based on patient symptoms. However, approximately 80% of new patients seek consultation from a doctor of internal medicine but do not receive a proper diagnosis. If we could provide biomarkers for diagnosis of depression similar to blood glucose for that of diabetes, even a general physician could make a diagnosis. Because patients with intractable depression have diminished amounts of ubiquitinated serotonin transporter in their lymphocytes, we have applied for a patent and propose the possibility that the amount of ubiquitinated serotonin transporter may be a biomarker for depression diagnoses [38]. Disrupted-in-Schizophrenia 1 (DISC1) defectsIn a family in Scotland, five generations include multiple patients with psychiatric disorders, including schizophrenia and mood disorders. The gene Disrupted-in-schizophrenia (DISC1) was shorter in these patients compared to healthy controls [35]. The protein product of the DISC1 gene was later found to be necessary for neural development [38]. We extracted 14-day-old mouse embryos from the mothers' womb and subjected them to a treatment that would silence the DISC gene in the prefrontal cortex using siRNA. The embryos were then returned to the womb to continue gestation and go through natural childbirth in order to investigate the question of whether they would exhibit abnormal behavior eight weeks later [39]. These mice had delayed neural development, undeveloped neural network formation, and diminished function of the prefrontal cortex nerves, for which dopamine is a neurotransmitter. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by providing evidence that genetic factors, such as the MAGE-D1 gene defect and the DISC1 gene, contribute to abnormal behaviors associated with depression. It discusses how the MAGE-D1 gene deficiency relates to behaviors similar to depression and highlights the role of serotonin transporters in this context. Moreover, it mentions a family with a history of psychiatric disorders linked to genetic defects in DISC1, indicating the involvement of genetic factors in depression, thus supporting the claim that depression arises from a combination of such factors.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: All patients respond equally well to regenerative therapies. [SEP] Text: In addition, these SNPs may not act in isolation but is the cumulative effect of SNP of genes that will give more precise and final patient outcome information. Disease-causing or susceptible SNPS from donors may have impacts on regenerative properties of stem cells There have been many examples showing that SNPs, either located in coding or non-coding region of a protein-coding gene, shows intermediate to strong associations with certain diseases. This effect may be due to the altered expression level, or more directly, the interfered function of the coded protein. In many of these diseases, the corresponding tissue homeostasis maintenance is impaired, implicating the lost or weaken tissue endogenous stem cells and their regenerative properties. In fact, tissue stem cells have now been considered as the key factor and even a target of various disease-causing factors33 and the potential role of particular SNP in affecting stem cell characteristics and quality should thereby be kept aware. Particularly, we should keep being cautious when autologous stem cells are used for a disease obviously associated with certain SNPs, or allogeneic stem cells from a donor carrying with disease-causing or susceptible SNPs same as recipients are transplanted. As people live longer and whole populations become older in society, the prevalence of musculoskeletal diseases increases rapidly, including inflammation, autoimmune disorders, degeneration, trauma and malignancies in bone, cartilage and the related tissues. Thanks to the numerous GWAS in large populations completed in recent years, it has been well documented that each of most musculoskeletal diseases, such as osteoporosis, osteoarthritis and intervertebral disc degeneration, is highly associated with a number genes and their SNPs,34 although the particular role of most of these SNPs remains to be experimentally validated in proper animal and cellular models, including stem cells. Bone, cartilage and joint surrounding tissues all have a mesenchymal origin. By coincidence, MSC appear to be the most mature and widely used stem cell type for clinical therapy and research for bone and cartilage diseases. Among them is osteoarthritis (OA), the most common and severe degenerative disease of the joints. 35 Early pathological changes of OA most likely take place in the slow metabolism of cartilage progenitors or mesenchymal stem cells. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by highlighting the role of specific genetic factors, such as single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), in influencing the effectiveness of regenerative therapies. It discusses how SNPs may impact stem cell properties and their regenerative capabilities, suggesting that not all patients will respond equally well due to these genetic differences.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Beauveria bassiana is used as a biocontrol agent against various pests. [SEP] Text: The PCR products were purified and size-selected twice using a 1:1 beads-to-sample ratio, and the eluted DNA quality was assessed with Caliper LabChip GX for DNA samples using the Assay () and quantified using a Quant-iT dson a Qubit fluorimeter (Invitrogen) prior to library pooling and size-corrected final molar concentration calculation for Illumina HiSeq sequencing with paired-end 150 base reads. The samples were submitted to the under BioProject accession PRJNA877233. The corresponding BioSample accessions are presented in Table 5. Table 5 BioSample accession information for Beauveria bassiana samples under investigation. 299 Beauveria bassiana strain UAMH 299 SAMN30686972 Bb_UAMH_299 UAMH 299-UVR Beauveria bassiana strain UAMH 299 (UV-resistant derivative) SAMN30686973 Bb_UAMH_299-298 Beauveria bassiana strain UAMH 298 SAMN30686974 Bb_UAMH_298 UAMH 298-UVR Beauveria bassiana strain UAMH 298 (UV-resistant derivative) SAMN30686975 Bb_UAMH_298-1076 Beauveria bassiana strain UAMH 1076 SAMN30686976 Bb_UAMH_1076 UAX-29 Beauveria bassiana strain UAX-29 SAMN30686977 Bb_UAX-29 UAMH 4510 Beauveria bassiana strain UAMH 4510 SAMN30686978 Bb_UAMH_4510 110. 25 Beauveria bassiana strain 110. 25 SAMN30686979 Bb_110. 25 and Co-Gene-level expression was quantified against CDS from the reference BB strain ARSEF 2860 (32) with Salmon v1. 5. 2 (81). Salmon was run in quasi-mapping mode and additionally corrected for sequence-specific and fragment-level GC biases using the --seqBias and --gcBias options. Differential expression analysis was carried out to using DESeq2 (82). Gene expression was compared between the red and non-red strains, with the non-red strains used as the reference level. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not mention the use of Beauveria bassiana as a biocontrol agent against pests. Instead, it discusses technical details related to DNA analysis and gene expression of various Beauveria bassiana strains, which is irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Depression can result from a combination of genetic, biological, and environmental factors. [SEP] Text: They also had higher responses to stimulant drugs, impairment of memory and learning in visual perception testing, and diminished attention and cognition in pre-pulse inhibition testing [39]. Thus, when a specific gene is prevented from working, mice present with abnormal behavior. : -to : -first "hit" (presented below, such as environmental and genetic factors), when it occurs during the embryonic or perinatal period, appears to cause neural development disorders and create circumstances that are favorable for the onset of psychiatric symptoms, such as affective disorders and schizophrenia [40, 41]. The first "hit":Environmental factors: Obstetric complications, undernourished birthing, winter birth, birth/growth in a large city, influenza infection during the midgestation period, or relationships with family members (high-risk children). Genetic factors (gene mutations): ABCB1, HDAC6, 5-1, neuritin, dysbindin, neuregulin-1, catechol-O-methyl-transferase (COMT), and proline dehydrogenase (PRODH). The theory is that children who receive the first "hit" are vulnerable to psychiatric disorders, and when they receive the following second "hit" during puberty they may develop affective disorders or schizophrenia [40, 41]. The second "hit":Environmental factors: Mental stress, social nonconformity, withdrawal and other forms of diminished communication, bullying, bereavement of a close relative, being raised by a stepmother, or addictive drug abuse. According to epidemiological research, approximately 80% of occurrences of bipolar disorder involve a genetic factor. However, with depression, the genetic factors are 30~40%, and environmental factors play a more important role [29]. Resilience and resistance to stress are common; therefore, although a certain extent of stress might be received during the embryonic or perinatal period, having a genetic predisposition to mental disorders does not imply that a mental disorder will develop [42]. Environmental enrichment (EE)-the addition of tubes, ladders, and running wheels in an enlarged home environment-enhances motor, sensory, and cognitive function. EE has beneficial physiological and behavioral effects in animal models of neurodegenerative diseases and psychiatric disorders. Of particular importance, EE can ameliorate emotional disturbances induced by psychological stress [43-45]. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by detailing various factors contributing to the development of psychiatric disorders, including depression. It mentions that 'environmental factors' such as mental stress and social nonconformity, combined with 'genetic factors' like specific gene mutations, play vital roles in creating conditions that may lead to affective disorders. Additionally, it states that while genetic factors account for 30~40% in depression cases, environmental factors are considered more influential, supporting the idea that depression results from a combination of these genetic and environmental factors.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: All patients respond equally well to regenerative therapies. [SEP] Text: Even small articular cartilage injury is difficult to repair by itself and may cause joint degeneration, so the restore of chondrocytes from their progenitor cells is the key to the treatment of osteoarthritis. 36 In fact, MSC transplantation has been emerging as one of the most promising methods for treating OA and has been demonstrated in several animal models. 37-39 In addition, registered in website Clinicaltrials. gov is more than 50 proof-of-concept clinical trials. Many trials revolve around the intra-articular injection of autologous bone marrow- or adipose-derived MSCs. 40 However, some studies showed that the proliferation, chondrogenic and adipogenic capacity of MSCs isolated from OA patients was significantly decreased. 41 Similar results raise suspicion that genetic background of OA patient-derived MSC may influence its therapeutic effect. 42 The genetic architecture of OA is complex and may involve hundreds of genes. Growth differentiation factor 5 (GDF5), known to be indispensable in cartilage development and homeostasis, is the most susceptible gene thus far, based on population replication and functional studies. 43 Mutations of GDF5 lead to severe abnormal development of joints and skeletal both in mice and humans. 44 SNP (rs144383) (+104T/C), lying in 5' un translated promoter region of GDF5, is significantly associated with OA. 45 The OA-risk T allele of rs143383 was found more likely to recruit trans-acting factors Sp1, Sp3, P15 and DEAF-1, which mediate a reduction up to 27% in GDF5 expression relative to the C allele. 46,47 Subsequently, the replication experiments for different ethnic groups have confirmed the strong correlation of rs143383 with OA. About 80% of patients with OA carry the T allele, while the C allele exerts a lower risk of OA (30-40%). 48 The association and functional studies above revealed that a small but persistent imbalance of GDF5 expression throughout life renders an individual more susceptible to OA. As MSC, either originated from bone marrow and residing within cartilage tissue, are responsible for the homeostasis and regeneration of cartilage, it is therefore assumable that the precise balance of GDF5 would bea key factor affecting the physiological function of MSC in cartilage. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by indicating that the proliferation, chondrogenic, and adipogenic capacity of MSCs (mesenchymal stem cells) isolated from osteoarthritis (OA) patients was significantly decreased. This suggests that not all patients respond equally well to regenerative therapies, as the success of such treatments may be influenced by factors such as the genetic background of the patients and the specific characteristics of their MSCs.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Beauveria bassiana is used as a biocontrol agent against various pests. [SEP] Text: Differential expression (DE) was tested using a log2 fold change (LFC) threshold of 1 and altHypothesis=”greaterAbs” to identify upregulation and downregulation, and significantly DE genes were selected at FDR < 0. 05. GO enrichment analysis was performed using clusterProfiler (76). 2860 annotations were obtained for this analysis from AnnotationHubv2. 22. 1 (83) under the record AH86840, and significantly enriched terms were selected at FDR < 0. 05. Genes with mean normalized count values of 0 were excluded from the background gene set for the GO enrichment analysis. Differential co-expression was assessed using the DGCA R package (v1. 0. 2) (84). Variance stabilizing transformation from DESeq2 was applied to the raw count data with blind = F, and genes in the lowest 25th percentile of variant were filtered out. Co-expression was calculated between gene pairs consisting of all filtered genes and OpS1 (BBA_08179) and OpS3 (BBA_08181), and differential correlation was identified between red and non-red strains. P-values were adjusted using FDR and significantly co-expressed gene pairs were identified between red and non-red strains at FDR < 0. 05. bassiana gene cluster NRPS Non-ribosomal peptide synthetase PKS Polyketide synthase -1PKS polyketide synthase CDS Coding sequence LFC Log(2) fold change TF Transcription factor ROS Reactive oxygen species --performance liquid chromatography --in Emulsion EST Expressed sequence tag by Islands of Sites DE Differential expression DeclarationsEthics approval and consent to participate Not applicable. Consent for publication Not applicable. Availability of data and materials The sequencing data generated for the current study are available in the under BioProject accession PRJNA877233. The datasets generated and analyzed during the current study are included in this published 2006. 66. Cross-scale drivers of natural disturbances prone to anthropogenic amplification: The dynamics of bark beetle eruptions. Bioscience. 2008Jun;58(6):501–17. . Predicting the risk of mountain pine beetle spread to eastern pine forests: Considering uncertainty in uncertain times. Manage. 2017 Jul15;396:11–25. . [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses differential expression analysis, gene analysis, and bioinformatics methods related to the sequencing data without any mention of Beauveria bassiana or its use as a biocontrol agent against pests.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Depression can result from a combination of genetic, biological, and environmental factors. [SEP] Text: However, having a genetic predisposition to disorders does weaken resistance to stresses received during puberty, and without the ability to recover, a mental disorder is triggered. Knockout of the DISC1 gene resulted in abnormal behaviors observed after growth [39]; therefore, mice were genetically engineered to have a surplus of abnormal DISC1 accumulation in the brain in order to study the question of whether behavior would also be abnormal. However, no substantial behavioral abnormalities were observed. To investigate the interaction between genetic factors and environmental factors, these mice were subjected to stresses in order to determine whether abnormal behaviors would be exhibited [46, 47]. In one study, when wild-type mice free of genetic abnormalities (C57BL/6J mice) were separated from their mothers and the sibling and reared individually (high stress) at two to seven weeks of age, they exhibited abnormal behavior after reaching adulthood [48]. However, in another study, no abnormal behavior was observed when wild type mice were separated from the sibling and reared in isolation (low stress) at five to eight weeks of age, equivalent to puberty [47]. The question of what happens when mice that possess an abnormal DISC1 gene (G) are subjected to this low stress (E) was investigated [47]. When mice carrying the G were exposed to the E (combination of genetic factor and environmental stressor, which we designate GXE), despite the fact that the stress was weak, they exhibited abnormal behaviors, including diminished social behavior, depression-like behavior in forced swimming tests, diminished attention and cognitive function in pre-pulse inhibition tests, impairment of learning and memory function in visual perception tests, and increased responses to stimulant drugs [47] (Fig. 3). Thus, genetic factors and environmental factors are strongly involved in the onset of mental disorders. The term genetic expression refers to the transcription of information into RNA on the basis of genetic information in DNA, and the creation of a protein on the basis of the RNA information. In recent years, the existence of a mechanism ("epigenetics") whereby the expression of genetic function is regulated without changing the gene structure has been elucidated. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by detailing how genetic factors (such as the DISC1 gene) and environmental factors (like stress during puberty) can interact to trigger abnormal behaviors associated with mental disorders, including depression. It describes experiments where mice with specific genetic predispositions displayed depression-like behaviors when exposed to certain environmental stresses, thus supporting the idea that both genetic and environmental factors contribute to depression.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: All patients respond equally well to regenerative therapies. [SEP] Text: Therefore, even if allogeneic MSC are used for the therapy of cartilage degeneration or defects, SNP (rs143383) of the GDF5 gene might be a selection parameter for MSC donors. Currently this hypothesis is being tested in our group for the potential effects of this particular SNP on autologous and allogeneic MSC in proliferation, and chondrogenic differentiation as well as in vivo repair efficacy. As soon as this is experimentally validated, we would be confident to recommend that the detection of this SNP to be seriously considered when selecting MSC donors for OA patients. Furthermore, we would also like to extend this idea to any other SNPs as long as they have experimentally proved to owe a negative impact on MSC since this would throw a new light on developing new strategies to achieve optimal outcomes of stem cell therapy for diseases and injuries of cartilage. Future perspectives Stem cell and genomics research are two closely interplaying areas in modern biomedicine, which both can provide opportunities and perfect examples for personal therapeutics from multi aspects. Both areas advance rapidly and new technologies and facilities are becoming much accessible for most hospitals and laboratories, including new stem cell sources and their functional assay, more efficient, detailed and extensive next-generation sequencing, and gene modifications in safe and efficient manner. For most species and cell types, the data amount has reached at the multi-Giga level and probably keeps accumulated daily in an accelerating speed rate. In order to fully take advantage of genomics research in the stem cell and regenerative medicine, the key would still be to clarify the functional significance of each of genetic variations for a particular tissue or cell types involved in a particular clinical condition. This requires both of population replication studies in more specific clinical settings and more functional assays in animal or stem cell models. 49,50 For the latter, it would be deal to establish a sort of high throughput screening assays as multiple SNPs are often implied in most clinical conditions. In this respect, iPSC may be selected on the basis of successful experimental systems mediating its differentiation into multiple cell line ages, and of its nature of the monoclonal growth. The latter will also be an advantage for genetic manipulation using a genome targeting technique such as the newly developed and highly efficient ()-associated protein 9 (Cas9). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing how genetic variations, specifically the SNP (rs143383) of the GDF5 gene, may influence the effectiveness of allogeneic MSC therapies in patients with cartilage degeneration. It suggests that individual differences, such as genetic factors, must be taken into account when selecting MSC donors, indicating that not all patients respond equally well to regenerative therapies.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Beauveria bassiana is used as a biocontrol agent against various pests. [SEP] Text: The economic impact of the mountain pine beetle infestation in British Columbia: Provincial estimates from a CGE analysis. Forestry. 2016 Jan;89(1):100–5. . Chemical similarity between historical and novel host plants promotes range and host expansion of the mountain pine beetle in a naïve host ecosystem. New Phytol. 2014 Feb;201(3):940–50. How the mountain pine beetle (Dendroctonus ponderosae) breached the Mountains. Evol. 2014;31(7):1803–15. Cudmore TJ, Björklund. Climate change and range expansion of an aggressive bark beetle: evidence of higher beetle reproduction in naïve host tree populations. Journal of [Internet]. 2010 Oct 1 [cited 2023 Feb 27];47(5):1036–43. Available from:. Comparison of lodgepole and jack pine resin chemistry: Implications for range expansion by the mountain pine beetle, dendroctonus ponderosae (coleoptera: Curculionidae). PeerJ [Internet]. 2014 Feb 11 [cited 2023 Feb 27];2014(1):e240. Available from: Available from: Erbilgin N. Phytochemicals as mediators for host range expansion of a native invasive forest insect herbivore. New Phytol. 2019 Feb 1;221(3):1268–78. . Mountain pine beetle host-range expansion threatens the Boreal Forest. Mol Ecol. 2011;20(10):2157–71. . The lodgepole × jack pine hybrid zone in Alberta, Canada: A stepping stone for the mountain pine beetle on its journey east across the Boreal Forest? J Chem Ecol. 2013 Sep;39(9):1209–20. . Predicting the risk of mountain pine beetle spread to eastern pine forests: Considering uncertainty in uncertain times. Vol. 396, For. Ecol. Manag. Elsevier B. V. ; 2017. 25. . TRIA-Net: 10 years of collaborative research on turning risk into action for the mountain pine beetle epidemic. Vol. 49, Can. J. For. Res. Publishing; 2019. p. iii–v. . 2006. p. 155–72. Chiu CC, Bohlmann J. Beetle Epidemic: of Terpenoids in. [Internet]. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not mention Beauveria bassiana or its role as a biocontrol agent. It focuses on the mountain pine beetle and its impacts on forests, which is irrelevant to the claim about Beauveria bassiana.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Depression can result from a combination of genetic, biological, and environmental factors. [SEP] Text: Epigenetic gene function encompasses instances where DNA methylation or demethylation turns the switch on or off with no change in the DNA base sequence, as well as instances where DNA is wrapped around histones, proteins that make up the chromosome, and the switch is turned on or off when the histones are methylated, acetylated, or phosphorylated [49]. Recent breakthroughs in understanding of the mechanisms underlying epigenetic phenomena and their prevalence as contributors to development of human disease have led to a greatly enhanced interest in epigenetic research. The importance of epigenetics in maintaining normal development and biology is reflected by the observation that development of many diseases occurs when the wrong type of epigenetic marks are introduced or are added at the wrong time or in the wrong place. For instance, a clear causality role for DNA methylation in cancer is suggested by hypermethylation of the same gene as an early event in tumorigenesis, as well as by tumor type-specific methylation landscape [50]. In multicellular organisms, the ability of epigenetic marks to persist during development and potentially be transmitted to offspring may be necessary for generation of a large range of different phenotypes raised from the same genotype [50]. Although high concordance rate of bipolar disorder in monozygotic (MZ) twins supports the contribution of genetic factors in bipolar disorder, importantly, it is not 100%. Since MZ twins have been regarded as having identical genomes, these facts suggest the importance of environmental or epigenetic factors in the onset of mental disorders. In fact, considerable epigenomic differences between MZ twins have been reported by several groups [51]. A study of the DISC1 abnormal gene X isolated rearing stress (GXE) described above showed that gene expression of enzymes that synthesize dopamine was epigenetically suppressed via DNA methylation [47]. Dopamine is a type of neurotransmitter in the frontal cortex; lowering the amount of dopamine compromises neurotransmission, thereby triggering behavioral disorders. After isolated rearing, even when these mice were returned to group rearing for three months, they maintained decreased gene function. This is dependent on glucocorticoids (GC) that are secreted in excess because of stress, and administration of a GC receptor antagonist led to full recovery from neurological and behavioral disorders [47] (Fig. 3). It is becoming increasingly clear that gene function is subject to epigenetic impact by the environment of rearing, stress, or drugs after birth. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the interplay between genetic and environmental factors in mental disorders, specifically mentioning how epigenetic changes, influenced by environmental conditions such as stress, can affect gene function and contribute to disorders like depression. It highlights that while genetic factors have a role, they are not solely responsible, thereby supporting the idea that multiple factors including biological and environmental contribute to the onset of depression.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: All patients respond equally well to regenerative therapies. [SEP] Text: 51 In fact, stem cells, particularly iPSC in combination withCas9, have been currently recognized as an ideal system for validating function of a gene, or multiple genes in combination, in cell differentiation and regeneration, and utilizing the gene function to develop a new therapy. 52 Inevitably, any formal clarification and recommendation with regards of the impact of particular SNP carried with stem cells on the outcomes of stem cell therapy will eventually require investigations in patients with design of clinical trials, just as done for HSCT. To this end, we are just starting but hopefully on the right track. work is supported by Foundation of China (NSFC) (81472126), and for Science and Innovation (Funding for Laboratory: ZDSYS20140509100746679, and Project: JCYJ20150324141711672). Conflict of interest The author declares no conflict of interest. 832. Goichberg P. Current understanding of the pathways involved in adult stem and progenitor cell migration for tissue homeostasis and repair. Rev. 2016;12(4):421–437. Concise review: workshop review: understanding and assessing the risks of stem cell-based therapies. Transl Med. 2015;4(4):389–400. Clinical research skills development program in cell-based regenerative medicine. Transl Med. 2015;4(2):118–122. Knoepfler PS. From bench to FDA to bedside: US regulatory trends for new stem cell therapies. Deliv Rev. 2015;82–83:192–196. Blum HE. Advances in individualized and regenerative medicine. Sci. 2014;59(1):7–12. Stem cell therapy. Use of differentiated pluripotent stem cells as replacement therapy for treating disease. Science. 2014;345(6199):1247391. Grieshammer U, Shepard KA. Proceedings: consideration of genetics in the design of induced pluripotent stem cell-based models of complex disease. Transl Med. 2014;3(11):1253–1258. . The precision medicine initiative's all of US research program: an agenda for research on its ethical, legal, and social issues. Genet Med. 2016;19(7):743–750. Systematic review of patient factors affecting adipose stem cell viability and function: implications for regenerative therapy. Res Ther. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by suggesting that outcomes of stem cell therapies may vary depending on individual genetic factors, as indicated by the need for 'investigations in patients with design of clinical trials' to understand the impact of specific SNPs on therapy outcomes. This implies that not all patients will respond equally well, countering the claim.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Beauveria bassiana is used as a biocontrol agent against various pests. [SEP] Text: Isolation and characterization of a fungal vacuolation factor (bikaverin). J C [Internet]. 1971 Jan 1 [cited 2022 May 22];(0):2786–8. Available from: Available from: Systematic analyses reveal uniqueness and origin of the CFEM domain in fungi. [Internet]. 2015 Aug 10 [cited 2022 Jul 28];5(1):1–7. Available from: Available from:pmc/40. Available from: Bbmsn2 acts as a pH-dependent negative regulator of secondary metabolite production in the entomopathogenic fungus Beauveria bassiana. [Internet]. 2015 Apr 1 [cited 2022 May 24];17(4):1189–202. Available from: Muniz ER, Ribeiro-. The Msn2 transcription factor regulates acaricidal virulence in the fungal pathogen Beauveria bassiana. Infect Microbiol. 2021 Jul20;11:604. . Preservation of plant samples for DNA restriction endonuclease analysis. Taxon [Internet]. 1987 Nov 1 [cited 2022 May 11];36(4):715–22. Available from: Resolving the full spectrum of human genome variation using Linked-Reads. [Internet]. 2019 Apr 1 [cited 2022 May 11];29(4):635–45. Available from:. Direct determination of diploid genome sequences. [Internet]. 2017 May 1 [cited 2022 May 11];27(5):757–67. Available from: Li H, Durbin R. Fast and accurate short read alignment with Burrows–Wheeler transform. Bioinformatics [Internet]. 2009 Jul 15 [cited 2022 May 11];25(14):1754–60. Available from: ão FA, Zdobnov EM. : Novel and streamlined workflows along with broader and deeper phylogenetic coverage for scoring of eukaryotic, prokaryotic, and viral genomes. Evol [Internet]. 2021 Sep 27 [cited 2022 May 11];38(10):4647–54. Available from: Available from: Available from: RepeatModeler2 for automated genomic discovery of transposable element families. . 2020 Apr;28(17):9451–7. . [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not provide information regarding the use of Beauveria bassiana as a biocontrol agent against pests. It instead lists various research articles that seem to discuss different aspects of Beauveria bassiana and related fungi without directly addressing its application in pest control. Therefore, it is irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Depression can result from a combination of genetic, biological, and environmental factors. [SEP] Text: Accordingly, as with identical twins, despite being born with identical gene structures, an abnormal gene may or may not work depending on environmental differences after birth. It is possible that these differences determine whether or not a mental disorder will occur. to : -is much gloomy news, including parental neglect or abuse, bullying/teasing by friends, or overworking of employees in sweatshops. Such environments are truly disadvantaged. Therefore, there have been many patients with depression in recent years, and the number of suicide victims has hovered at approximately 30,000 people per year in Japan. However, it appears that even with a genetic predisposition to mental illness during birth, resistance to mental illness is possible. Resilience is heightened because of a favorable nurturing environment after birth or perhaps due to exercise. People should create enriched environments where they help and support each other, exercise actively, and gain resistance to stress. to : -. 1. Fig. 2. Fig. 3. 769. Kyodo News. Mental illness is subsumed under "five major disease" by medical program policy of Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare [Internet]. Tokyo: Kyodo News; 7 Jul 2011, Available from: Kyodo News. Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare estimates that about 2. 7 trillion yen loss is depression and suicide [Internet]. Tokyo: Kyodo News; 7 Sep 2010, Available from: Williams S, Dale J. The effectiveness of treatment for depression/depressive symptoms in adults with cancer: a systematic review. Cancer 2006;94:372-390. . Do stress-related psychosocial factors contribute to cancer incidence and survival? . 2008;5:466-475. . Chronic spinal pain and physical-mental comorbidity in the United States: results from the national comorbidity survey replication. Pain 2005;113:331-339. . Comorbid mental disorders account for the role impairment of commonly occurring chronic physical disorders: results from the Survey. J Med 2003;45:1257-1266. . Neuroendocrinology and pathophysiology of the stress system. Y 1995;771:1-18. . Drug-induced depression. 1997;66:63-73. Healy D, Savage M. Reserpine exhumed. Psychiatry 1998;172:376-378. . [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by highlighting that both genetic predispositions and environmental factors play significant roles in the development of mental disorders, including depression. It mentions that identical twins may have an abnormal gene potentially influenced by environmental differences, suggesting that these differences can determine the occurrence of mental illness. Additionally, the text discusses the impact of various adverse environmental experiences, such as parental neglect or bullying, alongside the importance of a supportive, nurturing environment that can enhance resilience against depression.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: All patients respond equally well to regenerative therapies. [SEP] Text: 2017;8(1):45. . Allogeneic stem cell transplantation: A historical and scientific overview. Cancer Res. 2016;76(22):6445–6451. Widman A, Reshef R. Precision in donor selection: Identifying ideal stem-cell donors through their T cells. Exp Hematol. 2016;44(11):1020–1023. Rannala B. Finding genes influencing susceptibility to complex diseases in the post-genome era. Pharmacogenomics. 2001;1(3):203–221. The impact of the human genome project on complex disease. Genes (Basel). 2014;5(3):518–535. a curated resource of SNP-trait associations. Res. 2014;42(Database issue):D1001–1006. . Genomic approaches to studying human-specific developmental traits. Development. 2015;142(18):3100–3112. . Genetics meets pathology - an increasingly important relationship. J Pathol. 2017;241(2):119–122. Comprehensive population-based genome sequencing provides insight into hematopoietic regulatory mechanisms. . 2017;114(3):327E–336E. Katoh M. Dysregulation of stem cell signaling network due to germline mutation, SNP, Helicobacter pylori infection, epigenetic change and genetic alteration in gastric cancer. Ther. 2007;6(6):832–839. Wen L, Tang F. Single-cell sequencing in stem cell biology. Genome Biol. 2016;17:71. Proserpio V, Lönnberg T. Single-cell technologies are revolutionizing the approach to rare cells. Biol. 2016;94(3):225–229. Detection of single cell heterogeneity in cancer. Dev Biol. 2016;64:143–149. Kyttälä A, Moraghebi R, Valensisi C, et al. Genetic variability overrides the impact of parental cell type and determines iPSC differentiation potential. Reports. 2016;6(2):200–212. From single nucleotide polymorphisms to constant immunosuppression: mesenchymal stem cell therapy for autoimmune diseases. Int. 2013;2013:929842. Choi SW, Reddy P. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text discusses various factors influencing the outcomes of regenerative therapies, including genetic variability and the impact of parental cell type on differentiation potential. This indicates that responses to therapies can differ among patients, thus contrasting the claim that all patients respond equally well.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Beauveria bassiana is used as a biocontrol agent against various pests. [SEP] Text: Repbase Update, a database of repetitive elements in eukaryotic genomes. Mob DNA [Internet]. 2015 Jun 2 [cited 2022 May 11];6(1):1–6. Available from:. RepeatMasker Open-4. 0 [Internet]. [cited 2022 May 11]. Available from: Stamatakis A. RAxML version 8: a tool for phylogenetic analysis and post-analysis of large phylogenies. Bioinformatics [Internet]. 2014 May 1 [cited 2022 May 11];30(9):1312–3. Available from: Available from: Katoh K, Standley DM. software version 7: Improvements in performance and usability. Evol [Internet]. 2013 Apr 1 [cited 2022 May 11];30(4):772–80. Available from: Available from: Korf I. Gene finding in novel genomes. BMC Bioinform [Internet]. 2004 May 14 [cited 2022 May 11];5(1):1–9. Available from: Borodovsky M, Lomsadze A. Eukaryotic gene prediction using GeneMark. hmm-E and GeneMark-ES. Bioinform [Internet]. 2011 Sep [cited 2022 May 11];35:4. 6. 1–4. 6. 10. Available from:pmc/9. Available from: Res [Internet]. 2021 Jan 8 [cited 2022 May 11];49(D1):D480–9. Available from: Available from: Available from: Available from: InterProScan 5: Genome-scale protein function classification. Bioinformatics [Internet]. 2014 May 1 [cited 2022 May 11];30(9):1236–40. Available from: Available from: Benjamini Y, Hochberg Y. Controlling the Rate: A practical and powerful approach to multiple testing. J R [Internet]. 1995 [cited 2022 May 11];57(1):289–300. Available from: antiSMASH 5. 0: Updates to the secondary metabolite genome mining pipeline. Res [Internet]. 2019 Jul 2 [cited 2022 May 11];47(W1):W81–7. Available from: Available from:pmc/4. Available from:. Salmon provides fast and bias-aware quantification of transcript expression. [Internet]. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim regarding Beauveria bassiana and its role as a biocontrol agent. It primarily lists references and articles related to unrelated topics in bioinformatics and genome analysis, making it irrelevant to the specific claim about Beauveria bassiana.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Depression can result from a combination of genetic, biological, and environmental factors. [SEP] Text: Neuron 2008;59:399-412. Groves JO. Is it time to reassess the BDNF hypothesis of depression? . 2007;12:1079-1088. . Grandparents, parents, and grandchildren at high risk for depression: a three-generation study. 1999;38:289-296. . Offspring of depressed parents. 10 Years later. Psychiatry 1997;54:932-940. Heim C, Binder EB. Current research trends in early life stress and depression: review of human studies on sensitive periods, gene-environment interactions, and epigenetics. 2012;233:102-111. . ABCB1 gene polymorphisms are associated with the severity of major depressive disorder and its response to escitalopram treatment. 2011;21:163-170. . Loss of deacetylation activity of Hdac6 affects emotional behavior in mice. PLoS One 2012;7:e30924. . Influence of life stress on depression: moderation by a polymorphism in the 5-HTT gene. Science 2003;301:386-389. . Life stress, 5-and mental disorder: findings from a 30-year longitudinal study. Psychiatry 2011;198:129-135. . Neuritin produces antidepressant actions and blocks the neuronal and behavioral deficits caused by chronic stress. 2012;109:11378-11383. . Association within a family of a balanced autosomal translocation with major mental illness. Lancet 1990;336:13-16. . MAGE-D1 regulates expression of depression-like behavior through serotonin transporter ubiquitylation. J Neurosci 2012;32:4562-4580. . DISC1-binding proteins in neural development, signalling and schizophrenia. Neuropharmacology 2012;62:1230-1241. -'. Knockdown of DISC1 by in utero gene transfer disturbs postnatal dopaminergic maturation in the frontal cortex and leads to adult behavioral deficits. Neuron 2010;65:480-489. . Genetic and non-genetic vulnerability factors in schizophrenia: the basis of the "two hit hypothesis". J 1999;33:543-548. Gaebel W, Zielasek J. Integrative etiopathogenetic models of psychotic disorders: methods, evidence and concepts. 2011;37:S5-S12. . [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by referencing various studies that address factors contributing to depression, including genetic vulnerabilities, environmental stressors, and the interactions between genes and environments. For example, it mentions 'gene-environment interactions' and highlights the importance of genetic predispositions observed in family studies, which aligns with the claim that depression arises from a combination of factors.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: All patients respond equally well to regenerative therapies. [SEP] Text: Current and emerging strategies for the prevention of graft-versus-host disease. Clin Oncol. 2014;11(9):536–547. Ratajczak MZ, Suszynska M. Emerging strategies to enhance homing and engraftment of hematopoietic stem cells. Rev. 2016;12(1):121–128. Dickinson AM, Norden J. Non-HLA genomics: does it have a role in predicting haematopoietic stem cell transplantationoutcome? Immunogenet. 2015;42(4):229–238. Analysis of a genetic polymorphism in the costimulatory molecule TNFSF4 with hematopoietic stem cell transplant outcomes. Marrow Transplant. 2016;22(1):27–36. A single nucleotide polymorphism in SLC7A5 is associated with gastrointestinal toxicity after high-dose melphalan and autologous stem cell transplantation for multiple myeloma. Marrow Transplant. 2014;20(7):1014–1020. Matching for the MICA-129 polymorphism is beneficial in unrelated hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. Blood. 2016;128(26):3169–3176. The impact of KIR2DS4 gene on clinical outcome after hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. Hum Immunol. 2017;78(2):95–102. IL28B genetic variation and cytomegalovirus-specific T-cell immunity in allogeneic stem cell transplant recipients. J Med Virol. 2017;89(4):685–695. Jiang Y, Tuan RS. Origin and function of cartilage stem/progenitor cells in osteoarthritis. Rheumatol. 2015;11(4):206–212. . Genetic association studies in osteoarthritis: is it fairytale? Rheumatol. 2017;29(1):103–109. Cushnaghan J, Dieppe P. Study of 500 patients with limb joint osteoarthritis. I. Analysis by age, sex, and distribution of symptomatic joint sites. Dis. 1991;50(1):8–13. . How does surgery compare with advanced intra-articular therapies in knee osteoarthritis: current thoughts. Musculoskelet Dis. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by indicating that there are multiple genetic factors that can influence outcomes in therapies, particularly in the context of hematopoietic stem cell transplantation and osteoarthritis. It mentions studies analyzing genetic variations and their correlations with clinical outcomes, suggesting that variability exists in how different patients respond to these therapies.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Beauveria bassiana is used as a biocontrol agent against various pests. [SEP] Text: bassiana selective medium (2% oatmeal infusion, 2% agar, 550 μg ml−1 dodine, 5 μg ml−1 crystal violet) (Chase et al. 1986). To evaluate the efficacy of the surface sterilization method 20 ml of the water used to rinse the tissues after surface sterilization was taken and 20 μl aliquots of a 10−3 dilution were plated on the selective media and spread with a sterile glass rod, incubated for ten day at 22 ± 2°C to count for colony forming units. However, the sterilization resulted in no growth of microorganisms; thus any ensuing B. bassiana growth from surface-sterilized tissues is inferred to have originated from internal plant tissues as endophytes. The presence or absence of B. bassiana growth on the pieces was recorded after ten days at 20–23°C. A total of 120 plants and 600 plant pieces were examined in experiment-I, while a total of 60 plants and 180 plant pieces were examined in experiment-II. The data were expressed as colonization frequencies: colonization frequency = 100 × (number of plant pieces colonized/total number of plant pieces) (Petrini and Fisher 1987). The colonization frequency data (expressed as percentages) were angular transformed to stabilize the variances. The transformed data were analyzed using analysis of variances (ANOVA) of the program SPSS Version 16. Significant differences between means were determined with the Student–Newman–Keuls test (P = 0. 05). Plant growthThe effect of the fungus on plant growth (Experiment-I) was determined by measuring shoot height, root length, and shoot and root fresh weight 35 days after inoculation of the plants with the fungus. Plant height was measured from the soil surface to the tip of the stem. After shoot fresh weight, root fresh weight (roots had been washed to remove soil), and root length were recorded, the fresh shoots and roots were placed in a paper bag and kept at 45°C for six days before dry weights were determined. The plant growth data were subjected to one-way ANOVA using the SPSS Version 16. Significant differences between means were determined with the Student–Newman–Keuls test (P = 0. 05). ResultsExperiment-I: effect of inoculation method on colonization by B. bassiana and the growth of sorghumNo B. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text discusses experimental methods related to B. bassiana, such as its colonization frequency and effects on plant growth, but it does not provide information or evidence to confirm its role as a biocontrol agent against pests. Therefore, the text is irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Depression can result from a combination of genetic, biological, and environmental factors. [SEP] Text: Psychobiology and molecular genetics of resilience. Neurosci 2009;10:446-457. . Environmental enrichment requires adult neurogenesis to facilitate the recovery from psychosocial stress. 2010;15:1152-1163. . Exposure to enriched environments during adolescence prevents abnormal behaviours associated with histone deacetylation in phencyclidine-treated mice. Neuropsychopharmacol 2012;15:1489-1501. . Voluntary exercise impacts on the rat hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenocortical axis mainly at the adrenal level. Neuroendocrinology 2007;86:26-37. -. Combined effect of neonatal immune activation and mutant DISC1 on phenotypic changes in adulthood. Res 2010;206:32-37. Niwa M, Jaaro-. Adolescent stress-induced epigenetic control of dopaminergic neurons via glucocorticoids. Science 2013;339:335-339. . Vulnerability in early life to changes in the rearing environment plays a crucial role in the aetiopathology of psychiatric disorders. Neuropsychopharmacol 2011;14:459-477. Bird A. Perceptions of epigenetics. Nature 2007;447:396-398. Portela A, Esteller M. Epigenetic modifications and human disease. 2010;28:1057-1068. . Hypermethylation of serotonin transporter gene in bipolar disorder detected by epigenome analysis of discordant monozygotic twins. 2011;1:e24. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by mentioning the influence of environmental factors on psychiatric disorders, as indicated in the statement: 'Vulnerability in early life to changes in the rearing environment plays a crucial role in the aetiopathology of psychiatric disorders.' This emphasizes the interplay of biological and environmental factors contributing to psychiatric conditions, which includes depression.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: All patients respond equally well to regenerative therapies. [SEP] Text: 2016;8(3):72–85. Stem cell therapy in a caprine model of osteoarthritis. Arthritis Rheum. 2003;48(12):3464–3474. Intra-articular delivery of purified mesenchymal stem cells from C57BL/6 or MRL/MpJ superhealer mice prevents posttraumatic arthritis. Cell Transplant. 2013;22(8):1395–1408. Intra-articular injection of human mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) promote rat meniscal regeneration by being activated to express Indian hedgehog that enhances expression of type II collagen. Osteoarthritis Cartilage. 2012;20(10):1197–1207. Intra-articular injection of mesenchymal stem cells for the treatment of osteoarthritis of the knee: a proof-of-concept clinical trial. Stem Cells. 2014;32(5):1254–1266. Reduced chondrogenic and adipogenic activity of mesenchymal stem cells from patients with advanced osteoarthritis. Arthritis Rheum. 2012;46(3):704–713. Retropatellar fat pad-derived stem cells from older osteoarthritic patients have lesser differentiation capacity and expression of stemness genes. Cytotherapy. 2014;16(5):599–611. Ikegawa S. The genetics of common degenerative skeletal disorders: osteoarthritis and degenerative disc disease. Genet. 2013;14:245–256. Genetic contribution to radiographic severity in osteoarthritis of the knee. Dis. 2012;71(9):1537–1540. A functional polymorphism in the 5' UTR of GDF5 is associated with susceptibility to osteoarthritis. Nat Genet. 2007;39(4):529–533. Southam L, J, et al. An SNP in the 5'-UTR of GDF5 is associated with osteoarthritis susceptibility in Europeans and with in vivo differences in allelic expression in articular cartilage. Genet. 2007;16(18):2226–2232. The GDF5 rs143383 polymorphism is associated with osteoarthritis of the knee with genome-wide statistical significance. Dis. 2011;70(5):873–875. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by detailing findings related to variations in patient responses to regenerative therapies. It mentions reduced chondrogenic and adipogenic activity in mesenchymal stem cells from patients with advanced osteoarthritis, indicating that some patients may not respond as well to treatments as others. Furthermore, it discusses genetic variations and their contributions to osteoarthritis susceptibility, which suggests that individual differences affect the efficacy of regenerative therapies.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Beauveria bassiana is used as a biocontrol agent against various pests. [SEP] Text: bassiana was recorded from the control plants growing in non-sterile soil, sterile soil, or vermiculite (data not shown). For sorghum growing in non-sterile soil, inoculation method significantly affected the colonization of leaves (P < 0. 01; F 2,27 = 73. 61) and stems (P < 0. 01; F 2,27 = 22. 53) but not roots (P = 0. 35; F 2,27 = 1. 08) by B. bassiana (Fig. 1a). Leaf and stem colonization were highest with leaf inoculation, lower with soil inoculation, and non-detectable with seed inoculation. Root colonization was much lower than leaf and stem colonization. Although the differences were not significant, root colonization was highest with seed inoculation, lower with soil inoculation, and non-detectable with leaf inoculation. Fig. 1Mean (±SE) percent colonization of sorghum leaves, stems, and roots by Beauveria bassiana as affected by inoculation method (leaf, seed, or soil inoculation) of plants grown in (a) non-sterile soil, (b) sterile soil and (c) vermiculiteFull size image For sorghum growing in sterile soil, inoculation method significantly affected the colonization of leaves (P < 0. 01; F 2,27 = 40. 68), stems (P < 0. 01; F 2,27 = 50. 62), and roots (P = 0. 35; F 2,27 = 15. 77) by B. bassiana (Fig. 1b). Leaf inoculation resulted in the highest leaf colonization, while seed inoculation caused the highest stem and root colonization. Regardless of plant part colonized, colonization by B. bassiana of sorghum growing in sterile soil was low with soil inoculation. For sorghum growing in vermiculite, inoculation method significantly affected colonization of roots (P < 0. 01; F 2,27 = 692. 1) but not of leaves and stems by B. bassiana (Fig. 1c). Colonization was greater than 90% with all inoculation methods and plant parts except that colonization was 0% with leaf inoculation of roots. Within each experiment (i. e. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim about Beauveria bassiana being used as a biocontrol agent against pests. Instead, it focuses on the effects of different inoculation methods on the colonization of B. bassiana in various plant parts and conditions, without mentioning any pest control applications.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT) is effective for many mental health conditions. [SEP] Text: Original PaperNicholas Bisconti1*, BA, MS Mackenzie Odier1*, BA, MS Matthew Becker1*, BA, MS Kim Bullock2*, MD 1PGSP-Stanford PsyD. 2of of Psychiatry and *all authors contributed equallyCorresponding Author:-Stanford PsyD. Consortium401 94304United StatesPhone: 1 6506449946Email: nbisco@stanford. eduAbstractBackground: is an automated stand-alone digital mobile mental health tool currently undergoing beta testing with the goal of providing evidence-informed self-help lessons and exercises to help individuals reduce depressive symptoms without guidance from a mental health provider. Users work through intensive basic training (IBT) and ongoing training models that provide education regarding cognitive behavioral therapy principles from a smartphone. Objective: The key objective of this study was to perform a nonsponsored third-party academic assessment of an industry-generated data set; this data set focused on the safety, feasibility, and accessibility of a commercial automated digital mobile mental health app that was developed to reduce feelings associated with depression. Methods: development team created a waitlist cohort crossover design and measured symptoms of depression and anxiety using the Questionnaire-9, Disorder-7, and an app-specific measure of negative feelings called the 7 Slider (7-DES). The waitlist cohort crossover design divided the participants into 2 groups, where 48. 6% (141/290) of the participants were given immediate access to the apps, while 51. 4% (149/290) were placed on a 2-week waitlist before being given access to the app. Data collected by the App development team were deidentified and provided to the authors of this paper for analysis through a nonsponsored university data use agreement. All quantitative data were analyzed using SPSS Statistics (version 28. 0; IBM Corp). Descriptive statistics were calculated for demographic variables. Feasibility and acceptability were descriptively assessed. All participants included in the quantitative data were given access to the App; this study did not include a control group. Results: In terms of safety, there was no statistically significant change in suicidality from preintervention to postintervention time points (t288=0. 0; P>. 99), and there was a statistically significant decrease in hopelessness from preintervention to postintervention time points (F289=30. 16; P<. 01). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text supports the claim by describing a mobile mental health tool that incorporates cognitive behavioral therapy principles aimed at reducing depressive symptoms. The objective of the study is to assess the effectiveness of this tool, which aligns with the claim regarding the efficacy of CBT for mental health conditions. Additionally, the results indicate a statistically significant decrease in hopelessness from preintervention to postintervention, suggesting that the implementation of CBT techniques through the app may be effective in alleviating certain mental health issues.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: All patients respond equally well to regenerative therapies. [SEP] Text: AbstractAim: Over the last two decades, numerous experimental studies have examined the feasibility of delivering stem cells into the cochlea to restore hearing. While these studies have spawned new cell therapy companies, there is little information on what patients understand or expect from these emerging therapies. Methods: This study sought to understand the awareness and perspectives of Australian audiologists and their adult patients toward stem cell therapies for treating hearing loss. Results: An anonymous survey indicated 91% of patients and 39% of audiologists were unaware of these therapies being developed. Thirty percent of audiologists reported being asked about stem cell therapies for hearing loss, but 70% were not confident answering patient queries about this and were unsure where to gather information. Primary concerns reported by patients were cost (45%) and safety of treatment (42%). Interestingly, 58% of patients were unsure of how this therapy would improve their hearing, yet 25% of these patients expected that their hearing would return to normal. Conclusion: There was strong support for development of educational materials for both patient and clinician. The increasingly important role of audiologists in providing patient counselling was reflected in overwhelming support (from both patient and clinician) for audiologists providing such information. SummaryIn recent years, scientific studies have investigated the possibility of using stem cells to improve or restore hearing. Although some companies claim to be able use stem cell therapies to treat hearing loss now, there is currently not enough evidence to show these treatments are safe or effective. This study aimed to understand the awareness and perspectives of Australian audiologists and their adult patients toward stem cell therapies for hearing restoration. The study was conducted as a survey at an audiology clinic in Melbourne, Australia. The study found 91% of patients and 39% of audiologists were not aware of stem cell therapies for hearing loss. Although 30% of audiologists said they had been asked by a patient about stem cell therapies, 70% said they would not feel confident responding to a question from a patient. Primary patient concerns about stem cell therapies for hearing loss were cost (45%) and safety (42%). Most patients (57%) were unsure what stem cell therapies would do, but 25% expected that this treatment would return their hearing to normal. This study demonstrates the increasingly important role of audiologists in providing support to patients about future potential therapies for hearing loss, as reflected in overwhelming support (from both patient and clinician) for audiologists providing such information. 91. 1%), consultation with a health professional was the most preferable choice. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by stating that patient responses to stem cell therapies for hearing loss are varied. For instance, it indicates that while 25% of patients expected their hearing to return to normal with treatment, a significant portion (57%) were unsure about the effects of the therapy on their hearing. This indicates that not all patients have the same expectations or responses regarding regenerative therapies.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Beauveria bassiana is used as a biocontrol agent against various pests. [SEP] Text: 2006; Posada and Vega 2005; 2006; Posada et al. 2007; Akello et al. 2007). Endophytic colonization by B. bassiana however, depended upon the inoculation method, fungal isolate, and plant species. For example, the highest post-inoculation recovery of B. bassiana occurred after direct injection in coffee (Posada et al. 2007), dipping plants in conidial suspension in banana tissue culture (Akello et al. 2007), foliar application in opium poppy (Quesada-Moraga et al. 2006) and maize (Bing and Lewis 1991, 1992a, b), and seed coating in tomato (Ownley et al. 2008). In the current study, B. bassiana colonization differed among the plant parts. Leaves and stems were colonized to a greater extent than roots. The colonization of the different plant parts indicate that the fungus moves within the plant system. The reason for higher colonization of leaves and stems is not clear but could reflect differences in microbial and physiological conditions in the different plant parts. Petrini and Fisher (1987) and Liang-Dong et al. (2008) reported that endophytic fungi exhibited tissue specificity because they are adapted to particular conditions present in a given plant part. Planting conidia-treated seeds in vermiculite and sterile soil, rather than in non-sterile soil, improved endophytic colonization of B. bassiana. Autoclaving the soil might have eliminated microorganisms that otherwise would have competed with or antagonized B. bassiana. However, seed and soil inoculation methods did not significantly increase in endophytic colonization by the fungus in non-sterile soils, compared to leaf inoculation method. The reason for the lack of endophytic colonization in seeds treated with B. bassiana in non-sterile soil is not clear and requires further investigation. Abiotic and biotic soil factors, however, were reported to affect occurrence of the entomopathogenic fungus Beauveria brongniartii after application at different times of the year (Kessler et al. 2003). The low endophytic colonization of the fungus in non-sterile soil suggests that biotic factors may have a stronger influence on the fungus than abiotic factors. Fungistatic effects of soil (Lingg and Donaldson 1981) and soil antagonism (Pereira et al. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text primarily discusses the endophytic colonization of B. bassiana in various plant parts and the factors influencing it. While it mentions different inoculation methods that could potentially relate to its use in pest control, it does not directly provide evidence or support for the claim about B. bassiana being used specifically as a biocontrol agent against pests. Therefore, the text is deemed irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT) is effective for many mental health conditions. [SEP] Text: Depression is the world’s leading cause of disability, and despite various known and effective treatments, >75% of people in low- and middle-income countries receive no treatment [7]. Many individuals with depression are unable to receive effective treatment for a variety of reasons including due to a lack of resources [2], barriers to access such as systems without enough trained providers, and concerns about privacy and stigma. Providing accessible scalable services at low cost is imperative in combating the global mental health crisis. Mobile smartphone apps and internet-based treatments present a tremendous opportunity to increase the accessibility of mental health care due to their ability to scale and reduce other barriers to entry [8,9]. A meta-analysis from Serrano-Ripoll et al [10] examined existing app-based interventions for reducing depressive symptoms and found that most of these apps significantly reduced symptoms, with moderate effect sizes (0. 51) and significantly larger efficacy in more severe cases. There are a variety of publicly available mobile apps for depression that demonstrate clinically significant decreases in depression. Many interventions use a mixed model of automated multimedia and guided interventions to treat symptoms of depression. These interventions, which use both user-guided material as well as clinician support (nurse-moderated and therapist-guided), are shown to be effective, yet they are limited in their practicality and scale, as they rely heavily on clinician support [11-15]. There is also substantial literature into the efficacy of self-guided apps to treat symptoms of depression and anxiety, with many of the publicly available apps based in basic psychoeducation, mindfulness, and cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT). CBT and mindfulness-based apps, interventions that typically range from 4 to 12 weeks, show significant reductions in symptoms and symptom severity from baseline [16-23]. With >10,000 mental health apps in the market, the choices are overwhelming, and knowing how to evaluate and choose a high-quality app is important. One potential danger in the development and innovations surrounding mental health mobile app–based solutions for depression is that they can be distributed without scientific evidence supporting their treatment techniques [10]. A recent study by Larsen et al [24] showed that in the description of the top 73 mental health apps, 44% used general scientific language such as evidence-based treatment while only 2 apps cited low-quality primary evidence and 1 app included a citation to published literature [24]. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by stating that there is substantial literature into the efficacy of self-guided apps, including those based on cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT), which demonstrate effective treatment for symptoms of depression and anxiety. Specifically, the text notes that 'CBT and mindfulness-based apps' show 'significant reductions in symptoms and symptom severity from baseline.' This directly supports the assertion that CBT is effective for mental health conditions.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: All patients respond equally well to regenerative therapies. [SEP] Text: Unsurprisingly, a strong preference for online materials was noted given the ease with which this material can be accessed. Notably, unverified information online can be dangerous for patients as it can be biased toward public opinion over empirical data and exaggerate positive aspects of experimental stem cell therapies without fully disclosing the burdens that come with such treatment. Opportunities for improved patient care through open discussion & informed, evidence-based decision making The findings of this study highlight the opportunity for discussion among audiologists, patients, researchers, audiology governing bodies, stem cell peak bodies and other important stakeholders on the role of audiologists in educating patients about potential future stem cell therapies for hearing loss. This dialogue could facilitate the establishment and integration of educational material and professional guidelines that could assist audiologists with their knowledge and confidence in advising patients, as well as managing their expectations in matters relating to stem cell therapies. In turn, this could enhance patient-centered care as patients are equipped with accurate information relating to the risks, benefits and limitations of stem cell therapies. With this information, patients could be better positioned to make informed decisions about their hearing health. Keywords: : audiologistsaudiologyawarenessclinichearing losspatientsperspectivesstem cellsstem cell therapysurvey 1. IntroductionHearing loss is a major contributor to global disability and currently affects over 1. 5 billion people. This number is projected to rise to 2. 5 billion people globally by 2050 [Citation1]. Common causes of hearing loss include ageing, overexposure to loud noise, use of ototoxic drugs and untreated ear infections caused by bacteria and viruses. Untreated hearing loss has a major economic cost, estimated to be over 980 billion US dollars globally per annum [Citation1]. To the individual, unaddressed hearing loss contributes to an increased risk of loneliness and social isolation across all ages [Citation2,Citation3]. Hearing loss can also exacerbate psychological issues such as anxiety and depression [Citation4]. Cognitively, hearing loss is the greatest modifiable risk factor for age-related dementia at a population level [Citation5–7]. The current clinically available treatments for hearing loss include hearing aids, assistive listening devices and cochlear implants. These medical devices compensate for hearing loss through either sound amplification or direct electrical stimulation of the auditory nerve, yet they do not provide a cure. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by explaining that not all patients respond the same way to treatments. It highlights the need for informed, evidence-based decision-making among patients regarding experimental stem cell therapies. The mention of 'managing their expectations' indicates that responses to these therapies can vary and are not uniform across all patients.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Beauveria bassiana is used as a biocontrol agent against various pests. [SEP] Text: Login to your accountEmail/UsernameYour email address is a required field. E. g. , [email protected]PasswordShowYour password is a required field. Forgot password? Remember meDon’t have an account? Create a If you don't remember your password, you can reset it by entering your email address and clicking the button. You will then receive an email that contains a secure link for resetting your passwordEmail*If the address matches a valid account an email will be sent to __email__ with instructions for resetting your passwordinRegisterLog inSubmitLog in Access provided by Main menu This journal this journal editors Frequently asked questions accepted Latest content Current issue Special issues Peek - preprints Section alerts & medical sciences & of (partner) (partner) (partner) (partner) (partner) (partner) Methods & (partner) (partner) Oncology (partner) (partner) Reports (partner) Trends in Trends in in Trends in Ecology & in Endocrinology & in in in in Trends in in in Trends in Physical sciences & engineering in i(partner) (partner) Trends in in Submit 10. 1016/j. heliyon. 2022. e09694Also available on ScienceDirectCopyright: © 2022 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd. User License: Attribution – NonCommercial – NoDerivs (CC BY-NC-ND 4. 0) | Elsevier's open access license policy 1 Introduction2 Materials and methods3 Results and discussion4 ConclusionDeclarations93. 4%, 89. 7% and 90. 1%) leaf and (93. 5%, 94. 4% and 95%) fruit protection under greenhouse condition. The combined treatments improved leaf protection efficacy up to 95. 3% under field condition. When the entomopathogens were combined with half or quarter reduced concentrations of Tutan36% SC, it showed 94. 4% of pest protection. In all the treatments, 72–96% of marketable fruit was obtained as par insecticide treatment scored 85–93%. All the entomopathogens did not cause any adverse effect on the growth of tomato rather improved shoot length, shoot branching, leaf and fruit numbers. Therefore, application of entomopathogens in single, consortium or in combination reduced the recommended concentration of Tutan36%SC to control T. absoluta. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not relate to the claim about Beauveria bassiana being used as a biocontrol agent. It discusses login procedures and some technical aspects of a publication, but does not provide any information relevant to the use of Beauveria bassiana or any other biocontrol agents against pests.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT) is effective for many mental health conditions. [SEP] Text: Differentiating between an app being based in evidence (ie, informed and including principles of evidence-based treatments) and being evidence based (ie, research demonstrating the app is efficacious) is crucial for both app developers and consumers alike [25]. Often, obtaining high-quality evidence is challenging given the cost of industry and academia collaboration in the form of sponsored projects. These projects often occur after the app has been developed and do not leave room for academic or clinical input into industry design during the translational process. A challenge for mobile mental health solutions is whether an effective app is actually being used. In assessing the usability of a mobile mental health app, one of the primary criteria is adherence. Baumel et al [8] showed that in a study of 100,000 downloads of mental health apps, the median retention rate after 15 days was only 3. 9%. In a review of randomized controlled trials of smartphones apps targeting depressive symptoms, Baumel et al [8] found a mean dropout rate of 26. 2% that increased to 47. 8% when accounting for publication bias. While digital tools with no human interaction have shown to be similarly effective compared with traditional face-to-face treatment, dropout rates are more than twice as high (33% dropout with no interaction) when compared with 11% dropout rates in apps with human interaction [8]. As many conventional evidence-based therapies make the leap to incorporating technology and mobile app use into their dissemination processes, evaluating the efficacy and use of these innovations by independent clinician researchers is crucial. Our group set out to evaluate such a mobile app based on a very popular and common therapy from Burns’ Feeling Great, a self-help CBT book for depression by the Corporation. being developed is a smartphone app based upon the principles of (TEAM-CBT) [26-29]. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing a mobile app based on the principles of CBT, indicating that the app is developed from a well-established therapy known to be effective for mental health conditions. It highlights the transition of traditional evidence-based therapies into technological solutions, suggesting a belief in the continued efficacy of CBT even through digital applications.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: All patients respond equally well to regenerative therapies. [SEP] Text: New discoveries and advances in stem cell biology offer possible future therapies for hearing loss, by replacing damaged cells and/or tissues, thus restoring function. Such therapies could remove the need for a medical device. Successful stem cell therapies are used clinically for the treatment of blood conditions such as leukemias, lymphomas and sickle cell diseases [Citation8–10], with over 9600 clinical trials currently registered (www. clinicaltrials. gov) to treat a range of other conditions including diabetes, eye, heart, liver, lung and brain disease and also spinal cord injury. Despite a large number of trials overall, only a limited number are investigating the actual transplantation of pluripotent stem cells into patients [Citation11]. The first reports describing stem cell therapy for the treatment of hearing loss, included transplantation into the mammalian cochlea for the replacement of hair cells [Citation12] or spiral ganglion neurons [Citation13–15]. More recent cell transplantation approaches have described the successful transplantation of human stem cell-derived auditory neural progenitors into mice [Citation16,Citation17], gerbils [Citation18] and guinea pigs [Citation19]. An emerging British-based company, Rinri Therapeutics, is about to commence recruitment for cell transplantation clinical trials for a small number of patients with age-related hearing loss or auditory neuropathy ( In addition to cell transplantation studies, stem cells are being developed into in vitro tissue models, that could serve as a way to screen potential drug candidates for hearing loss in future, prior to pre-clinical trials [Citation20,Citation21]. Despite these advances in the field, the awareness and perspectives of key stakeholders including audiologists and their patients are minimal. A review of patient enquiries received by the authors over the last decade, illustrates that there is genuine interest in stem cell therapy for hearing loss from both Australian and international patients (Figure 1; [Citation22]). There is also a strong willingness to volunteer for such treatments. A study in the UK investigated attitudes of ear, nose and throat specialists toward stem cell therapies for hearing loss, and these clinicians reported little-to-no knowledge of stem cell therapies and a desire for increased training [Citation23]. It is not reported how many (if any) clinical audiologists were surveyed in the latter study, and patient perspectives were not collected [Citation23]. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by indicating that despite advancements in stem cell therapies, the effectiveness and patient experiences vary significantly. The text highlights that while new therapies are in development, awareness among stakeholders, including patients and audiologists, is minimal and that there is a strong willingness to volunteer for treatment, which suggests variability in patient interest and likely responses. Furthermore, the lack of collected data on patient perspectives indicates that not all patients may respond equally well to these therapies.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Beauveria bassiana is used as a biocontrol agent against various pests. [SEP] Text: The culture was incubated at 30 °C for one month, and mixed in a two-day interval at the first week to profuse conidiation. 2. 4 Conidial harvestingThe conidia were harvested from the culture by using a manual sifter method [33]. The culture substrates were air-dried, squashed and sieved using a pore size of 500 μm fine wire mesh. The conidia were weighed, collected in sterile 100 mL reagent bottle, and stored at 4 °C for further work. 2. 5 Conidial viability testConidial viability of the entomopathogens was evaluated by germination test on PDA medium through incubating at 28 °C for 24 h [34]. Percent germination of conidia was determined after having treated the medium with 70% ethanol to halt germination. The number of germinated conidia was detected based on the formation of conidia germ tubes under 40× magnification of a compound microscope. The percentage germination was calculated using the following formula;G=TC−NGTC×100where, present of G: germinated conidia; NG: non-germinated conidia and TC: total count of conidia. Of these, an appropriate amount of conidia were suspended into sterile water containing 0. 01% of Tween 80 and the concentration was adjusted to 1 × 108 conidia mL−1 to use for greenhouse and field applications. 2. 6 Culturing of Bacillus thuringiensisPure isolates of B. thuringiensis-AAUF6, and B. thuringiensis-AAUMF9 were cultured on nutrient agar medium adjusted at pH of 7. 1 [35]. A portion of an active colony was inoculated in to 250 mL of nutrient broth medium prepared in 500 mL Erlenmeyer flask and incubated at 28 °C with subsequent hand shaking for 84 h. The bacterial growth was checked through visual observation of cloud formation in culture medium and the cell concentration was adjusted to 1 × 108 cfu (colony forming units) mL−1 using serial dilution techniques for greenhouse and field applications. 2. 7 Design of greenhouse experimentsFor greenhouse experiment, seeds from each of Awash and Venes tomato varieties were surface sterilized using sodium hypochlorite (3%) and ethanol (70%) for 3 min and rinsed with sterile water five times [36]. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not mention Beauveria bassiana or its usage as a biocontrol agent against pests. Instead, it focuses on the procedures for culturing B. thuringiensis and the preparation of tomato seeds for greenhouse experiments without making any reference to the claim being analyzed.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT) is effective for many mental health conditions. [SEP] Text: The results support the initial App prototype as most likely safe for users, having acceptable levels of engagement throughout the length of the intervention and evidence of use correlating with significant decreases in symptoms of depression and anxiety for those with moderate to low levels of clinical symptoms of depression. The qualitative and quantitative measures of safety demonstrated evidence that this app is generally safe to use when excluding users with current safety concerns before use. Safeguards such as providing resources to individuals who indicated any amount of suicidal ideation on the PHQ-9 and encouraging all users to report concerns of safety allowed for users to proceed with the app without significant safety concerns arising throughout the duration of study. Further consideration of safety for users must be considered as the app moves toward commercial use. These may include protocols in place for allowing those with current or past safety concerns to use and benefit from the app since suicidal behaviors and parasuicidal are unfortunately common in those with mood disorders. Measures of acceptability demonstrate varying points at which users cease use of the app, indicating that improving the app’s engagement could benefit its widespread usability. App-based mental health tools are often affected by high dropout rates, particularly those that target depression symptoms. Dropout rates for these depression symptom apps tend to fall approximately 47. 8%, and apps with smaller samples and more individualized feedback have lower rates on average than larger, generalized samples [34]. Dropout rates in the study can be considered after basic training, when a large percentage of total improvement has already taken place or at the end of the study and follow-up, which would put it above those reported average dropout rates. The dropout rates through the EBT for both groups combined were 28%, which can be attributed to the IBT’s high engagement value and low-time commitment of 1 to 2 days. Over the 4-week period that users engaged with the app, there was a total dropout rate of 66% for the IS group and 64% for the WC group. Further app development may want to focus on improving this dropout, as it is a common problem currently with all forms of treatment for depression and especially for automated digital app– or web-based treatments. The qualitative data analysis illuminates several salient content-based themes that underscore the multifaceted nature of users’ experiences with the mental health app. These themes encompass users’ expectations, personalization needs, technical functionality, and engagement dynamics. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim as it provides evidence of significant decreases in symptoms of depression and anxiety among users of the app that employs principles consistent with Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT). It highlights that the intervention led to positive outcomes for individuals with moderate to low levels of depression, suggesting that app-based mental health tools can be effective, reflecting the effectiveness of CBT for treating these mental health conditions.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: All patients respond equally well to regenerative therapies. [SEP] Text: Similarly, recent studies investigating the awareness and perspectives of Australian optometrists [Citation24], ophthalmologists [Citation25], physiotherapists and neurologists [Citation26] to stem cell therapies in their respective clinical practice, have reported a lack of knowledge and need for further education. Australian patients who had undergone or contemplated stem cell therapies for neurological conditions [Citation27–29], osteoarthritis [Citation30] and stroke [Citation31] had a positive perception of the stem cell therapies, willingness to use stem cell therapies, and high expectations of benefit from stem cell therapies. To date, there are no published studies investigating the perspectives of audiologists and their patients toward stem cell therapies for hearing loss. Figure 1. Patient requests for stem cell therapy. A word cloud was made by combining the text from all emails sent to authors Nayagam and Munsie between 2007 and 2022 that were requesting information on stem cell therapies for hearing loss. Names and identifying text were removed along with conjunctions, then the top 100 words were extracted and arranged as shown above. 87% of the emails received were from Australia, 7% from England and 6% from Macedonia. Display full sizeAudiologists are major providers of hearing care and have a prominent role in counselling patients who are experiencing hearing loss. As the available treatments for hearing loss expand, audiologists must be well-equipped in managing patient enquiries and expectations. Equally as important is an understanding of patient awareness and perspectives, to ensure that the recipients of any future treatment are empowered to make informed decisions to receive therapies that are safe and effective. There is an increasing need for reliable information in this field, as restoring hearing loss is already marketed by “stem cell clinics" offering putative therapies without any credible evidence of efficacy or safety [Citation32]. While hearing loss remains one of the lesser targets, such unethical business practices place both patients and those trying to responsibly advance new stem cell-based therapies at risk [Citation33]. The current study therefore aimed to explore the awareness and perspectives of Australian audiologists and their adult patients toward future stem cell therapies for the treatment of hearing loss. The acquisition of this information was sought as a first step toward the design of educational resources for both audiologists and their patients, and as a means to gauge support for this emerging therapy. 2. MethodsWe developed an online survey to capture the views and perspectives of Australian clinical audiologists and their patients. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by highlighting variability in patient perspectives and responses to stem cell therapies. It discusses how Australian patients reported positive perceptions and high expectations of benefit from these therapies, indicating that there is not a universal response. Furthermore, it mentions a lack of knowledge among healthcare providers about these therapies, further suggesting that responses may differ based on patient and provider awareness and education.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Beauveria bassiana is used as a biocontrol agent against various pests. [SEP] Text: Five seeds of each variety were sown in 3 kg capacity pots filled with a 2:1 ratio of sandy soil and compost mixture. They were thinned down into three after a week of germination. All the seedlings were grown and watered as required and fertilized twice monthly with nitrogen (0. 05% NPK). The greenhouse experimental design includes six single entomopathogen applications such as, B. bassiana-AAUB03, B. bassiana-AAUB28, M. anisopliae-AAUM39, M. anisopliae-AAUM78, B. thuringiensis-AAUF6, and B. thuringiensis-AAUMF9, and positive (Tutan 36% SC (insecticide with active ingredient of chlorphenapyr 36% SC)) and negative (untreated) control. The treatments were arranged in a complete randomized design (CRD) with three replications. Four pots with tomato plantation were arranged separately by enclosing with cotton meshed net to prevent insect transfer from one treatment in the greenhouse with photoperiod of 12/12 h of day and night at College of Natural Sciences, University. Then, after four days of hatching, three pairs of T. absoluta moths (male and female) were released on each treatment replica using wet cheese close wrap method. The formulated fungal conidia and bacterial culture cells were sprayed using a hand sprayer nozzle after five days of insect release after one month of plantation with a frequency treatment twice a week in the first month and once per week thereafter for a period of three months. 2. 8 Design of field experiments2. 8. 1 Preparation of land, seedling transplant and treatmentsThe field site was ploughed and prepared according to the cultural practices of the tomato farming system in the area. A total of 392 m2 (14 m × 28 m) land was divided into six blocks or replications separated by a canal with a width of 0. 75 m. Each block was sub-divided into nine plots (each 3 by 45 cm apart separated by 0. 5 m canal) corresponding to nine treatments (Table 1S). Treatments were designed in complete randomized block design (CRBD) with six replications. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text describes an experimental setup involving different entomopathogenic microorganisms, including B. bassiana, but does not provide explicit information about its use as a biocontrol agent against pests. Therefore, it is not directly relevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT) is effective for many mental health conditions. [SEP] Text: org/issues/state-mental- health-america? eType=EmailBlastContent&eId=071fe8fa-9a08-419f-989b-f062af601066&sl_tc=2022_State_Of_MH_In_America &sl_gr=grp_2022_state_of_mh_in_america_report [accessed 2024-04-05]. Health economics and cost implications of anxiety and other mental disorders in the United States. Psychiatry. Aug 06, 2018;173(S34):4-9. [CrossRef]Insel TR. Assessing the economic costs of serious mental illness. Psychiatry. Jun 2008;165(6):663-665. [CrossRef] [Medline]ñoz RF, Baumeister H. Prevention of mental health disorders using internet- and mobile-based interventions: a narrative review and recommendations for future research. Front Psychiatry. 2017;8:116. [FREE Full text] [CrossRef] [Medline]. There is a non-evidence-based app for that: a systematic review and mixed methods analysis of depression- and anxiety-related apps that incorporate unrecognized techniques. J Affect Disord. Aug 01, 2020;273:410-421. [FREE Full text] [CrossRef] [Medline]. Guided self-help works: randomized waitlist controlled trial of Pacifica, a mobile app integrating cognitive behavioral therapy and mindfulness for stress, anxiety, and depression. J Res. Jun 08, 2019;21(6):e12556. [FREE Full text] [CrossRef] [Medline]Serrano-Ripoll MJ, Zamanillo-Campos R, Fiol--Cabello I. Impact of smartphone app-based psychological interventions for reducing depressive symptoms in people with depression: systematic literature review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. . Jan 27, 2022;10(1):e29621. [FREE Full text] [CrossRef] [Medline]. Digital cognitive behavior therapy intervention for depression and anxiety: retrospective study. . Aug 26, 2020;7(8):e21304. [FREE Full text] [CrossRef] [Medline]. Evaluation of a commercial mobile health app for depression and anxiety (AbleTo Digital+): retrospective cohort study. . [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text includes references to studies evaluating various interventions, including those that integrate cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT), which suggests that CBT is being utilized in effective treatments for conditions such as anxiety and depression. For instance, it mentions a randomized waitlist controlled trial of a mobile app that integrates CBT, indicating its effectiveness in managing stress, anxiety, and depression, thus corroborating the claim.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: All patients respond equally well to regenerative therapies. [SEP] Text: General awareness: clinical audiologistsWhen asked about their awareness of current or potential stem cell therapies for hearing loss, only 32% of clinical audiologists indicated they were aware, with the remainder divided between those who were unaware (39%) or unsure (29%). Of the audiologists who were aware of the potential use of stem cells in audiology, the application most cited was regeneration of hair cells (n = 4), with potential use in regenerative medicine, clinical trials, noise-induced hearing loss and potential use for children with Usher syndrome each cited once. One participant also commented that they were aware “but not in any level of detail”. 6. Professional experiences: clinical audiologistsOver a third of these respondents had been approached by patients seeking information relating to stem cell therapies for hearing loss. However, when reflecting on their professional experience, none of the clinical audiologists had received any educational or professional development sessions on current or future stem cell therapies and 70% reported a lack of confidence in advising patients on stem cell therapies for hearing loss. Only 10% indicated that they were somewhat confident and the remaining 20% indicated that they had not yet had an opportunity to advise patients on the topic. Despite the reported lack of confidence, almost all participants (97%) believed that audiologists should have a role in educating patients in stem cell therapies for hearing loss. In the absence of being able to access formal training, only one participant believed that information about stem cell therapies was easily accessible, with others either indicating that this was not the case (70%) or they were unsure (27%). When asked where they would source information related to stem cell therapies, academic and other scientific literature or lectures were most identified (37%), with audiology colleagues or other medical specialists also identified (33%). Only 10% indicated they would rely on the internet. Approximately half of the respondents (40%) indicated that they had not sought information relating to stem cell therapies for hearing loss (Figure 2). Figure 2. Responses from clinical audiologists describing current (top) and preferred (bottom) sources of information on stem cell therapies for hearing loss. *Note that multiple responses were allowed to this question, thus percentages do not sum to 100. Display full sizeAlmost all clinical audiologists (93%) expressed an interest in learning more about current or potential stem cell therapies for hearing loss, with one participant indicating that they were unsure and another indicating that they were not interested in learning more. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by indicating variability in the awareness and confidence of clinical audiologists regarding stem cell therapies for hearing loss. The statement that 'none of the clinical audiologists had received any educational or professional development sessions on current or future stem cell therapies' suggests a lack of consistency in knowledge and application, implying that not all patients would respond equally well due to differences in professional understanding and guidance. Additionally, the data revealing that '70% reported a lack of confidence in advising patients' further underscores the disparity in responses to regenerative therapies.