Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Certain claims suggest that advanced algorithms might predict emotions based on brain scans. [SEP] Text: Supervised learning is applied to data separated into input variables, or features, and an output or target variable. Classification and regression techniques are supervised. Supervised ML algorithms perform algorithm classification. The dataset used for the analysis does not belong to the category of binary classification. Classification algorithms are employed for categorical variables, and regression methods are employed for continuous variables. Regression algorithms can estimate claim amounts for insurance companies. The ML classification algorithms applied to the prediction analysis are and KNN. The key goal of designing an AI solution is to explore the simplest and most effective model that has better performance than the rest of the models used in the 4. Display full sizeFigure 4. ML framework for health insurance claims analysisThe target variable is discrete values, and different regression models are used for future claim prediction. Therefore, different performance measures for all models, using parametric and non-parametric regression models, such as algorithm, and LR are applied. After model selection, the training data is used to initially train the models with all available features. Subsequently, classification algorithms are applied, focusing exclusively on the features chosen through feature selection techniques. Lastly, a comprehensive comparative analysis of the models is performed to pinpoint the most effective model for the datasets. This evaluation encompasses the utilization of performance measures and feature importance for distinct algorithms to assess the best performance of the model. ResultsThe dataset consists of 1,340 rows and 11 columns, 10 of which are features, and 1 target variable of the dataset for better understanding. After the data is gathered, the next step is data preparation. First, missing values are checked, and then several statistics of the features are performed for the observation. One-hot encoding is done before splitting the training, and the testing dataset is performed for the “claim” to understand the distribution and patterns of different features in different regions, accompanied by additional features. The data shows gender distribution among insurance claimants, with males representing 50. 3% and females slightly lower at 49. 7%, suggesting an almost even split in insurance claim ratios between the two sexes. It also displays that diabetic patients account for 47. 8% of the claimants, nearly half, compared to nondiabetic patients at 52. 2%. Moreover, smokers are 20. 6% and 79. 4% of non-smokers request for the insurance claim (Table 2). Table 2. Insurance claims based on gender, diabetic patients, and smokersVariableInsurance claim (%)GenderMale50. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim about advanced algorithms predicting emotions based on brain scans. Instead, it focuses on supervised learning techniques, classification and regression algorithms used for insurance claims analysis, and details about the dataset used. There is no mention of emotions or brain scans.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: CRISPR technology allows precise editing of specific genes. [SEP] Text: No mutation was detected in the GmPDS18g counterpart, again demonstrating gene targeting specificity. The observed mutations predominantly occurred in the guide RNA regions, a few bp upstream of PAM. The vast majority were short deletions of one to several nucleotides (Fig. 3). Longer deletions of over 30 nucleotides were detected in some clones. One-nt insertion in front of PAM was also common. Insertions longer than 1-nt were not detected. Fig. 3Detection of mutations in GmPDS1, GmPDS3, and GmPDS7 T0 plants. A Examples of sequencing chromatograms showing mutations. The 20-nt target sequence is highlighted in blue, PAM sequence is indicated in the green box, and mutations are circled in red. B Representative mutations at target sites. Individual T0 plant harboring the mutation is indicated to the right of each sequence. Wild type sequence is shown at the top with the 20-nt guide sequence in blue and PAM sequence in green. Mutations are shown in red. The number of mutated nucleotides is indicated to the right of each sequence. -: deletion, + : insertion. The number of clones for each mutation is indicated in bracketsFull size imageSimultaneous targeting of both PDS genes at conserved regions resulted in dwarf and albino phenotypesA total of 21 GmPDS8 T0 plantlets, of 17 independent events, were regenerated. Among those, 19 were confirmed for transformation by PCR. A range of phenotypes were observed: six plantlets were strongly dwarf and albino (Fig. 2E), typical of the pds loss of function mutant [40]; three were partially dwarf with albino or variegated leaves; three had pale leaves; one had variegated leaves, but not dwarf (Fig. 2F); and eight had phenotypes similar to wild type. Of the six shoots with strong mutant phenotypes, only three could form roots. Due to developmental defects, only two T0 plants with visible mutant phenotypes (line #3 and #5) survived in soil. Fifteen plantlets of independent events were recovered from GmPDS9 transformation. Among those, one plantlet showed variegated leaves (Fig. 2H); three shoots were completely or partially albino that did not elongate and form roots (Fig. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by providing specific examples of gene targeting specificity and mutation detection in the context of CRISPR technology. It states that 'no mutation was detected in the GmPDS18g counterpart, again demonstrating gene targeting specificity,' indicating that CRISPR enables precise edits to specific genes without unintended mutations in others.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Urban agriculture alone can fully meet the food demands of major cities. [SEP] Text: If there is agricultural land that adds to the food security and it is nearby expanding cities, this land should be preserved and neither encroached upon by growing populations nor be subject to seizure by eminent domain laws for economic development. Here we have a moral question: Should cities limit population growth from in-migration and immigration to prevent encroachment? The flow of people to cities can be arrested if urban attractions are not driving forces. This means improving the services available in rural areas by subsidizing farming, increasing employment opportunities, and upgrading and increasing educational offerings. There should also be improvement in rural health care facilities with professional and support staff, and well stocked with basic medications, and with ready access to diagnostic medical equipment. This solution is easily prescribed but difficult to bring to fruition mainly for economic reasons but also by the reluctance of some trained personnel to move to rural areas such as those needed to provide professional health services. Nonetheless, a start in bringing this prescription to reality may slow urban population influx from in-migration and lessen the possible encroachment on productive land. 6. 3NeedsAs indicated above, it is good practice to preserve farmland near an urban center not only from population encroachment but also from processes that can degrade good agricultural soil and affect the quality and yield of food crops grown and hence food security. The former action requires a municipal decree that will prevent squatting and establishment of shantytowns on protected land. The latter requires that consultants assess erosion potential of farm acreage and provide solutions to prevent erosion by wind (e. g. , change plow and seed method to slice and seed; plant vegetation wind breaks at peripheries of croplands) or by flowing water after heavy rains (e. g. , by diversion channels to safe discharge locations) if this could be a problem. When protected land is to be used for agriculture, experts have to determine what water requirements will be for crops that are planned and consider how this might change if crops are rotated (alternated) and thus affect urban water security. Will crops be irrigated or rain fed, or be sustained by a combination of both? If irrigation is necessary, will the irrigation technique to be used preserve water supplies (e. g. , drip irrigation that needs initial investment and subsequent maintenance) or will it lose precious water to evaporation during arm irrigation? Will the irrigation water come from aquifers or surface waterways? [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by emphasizing the need for preserving agricultural land near cities and discusses the challenges related to urban population growth and food security. It highlights that urban agriculture alone may not suffice to meet food demands, pointing out the importance of rural improvements and infrastructure, as well as the potential degradation of agricultural soil. The text suggests multiple factors that affect food production and security, indicating that urban agriculture is part of a larger complex issue, rather than a complete solution.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Certain claims suggest that advanced algorithms might predict emotions based on brain scans. [SEP] Text: 3Female49. 7DiabeticYes47. 8No52. 2SmokerYes20. 6No79. 4Display full sizeIt is observed that insured individuals in the Southeast USA region report the highest number of insurance claims, followed by those in the and Northeast USA (Table 3). Table 3. Insurance claims based on regionRegionInsurance claim (%)Southeast USA33. 2Northeast USA17. 3Southwest USA23. 6Northwest USA25. 9Display full sizeIt is also observed that average insurance claims are around $13,325, and most of the insurance claims range between $1,200 and $14,000. Apart from these observations, the Northeast USA is less likely to file insurance claims than other regions (Tables 3 and 4). Table 4. Statistics on attributes in the health insurance databaseStatisticsAge (years)BMIBlood pressure (mmHg)ChildrenClaim ($)Minimum1816. 008001,121. 87Maximum6053. 10140563,770. 43Mean38. 0930. 6694113,325. 25Standard deviation11. 116. 1211112,109. 62Display full sizeThe insurance claims data shows an inverse relationship between the number of children and the likelihood of filing a claim in the USA (Figure 5). It also indicates that claimants within the age group of 50 to 60 years are exclusively female, while those under 25 are exclusively male. Display full sizeFigure 5. Numeric based on gender data. A. Histogram of age; B. histogram of BMI; C. histogram of blood pressure; D. histogram of children; E. histogram of claimThe regional gender distribution of claims across the USA, with the Southeast USA leading at 33. 2%, followed by the Northwest USA at 25. 9%, the Southwest USA at 23. 6%, and the Northeast USA at 17. 3% (Table 3 and Figure 6). Display full sizeFigure 6. Numeric based on four regions. A. Histogram of age; B. histogram of BMI; C. histogram of blood pressure; D. histogram of children; E. histogram of claimMoving to smoking habits, 20. 6% of claims are from smokers, whereas a significantly larger portion, 79. 4%, comes from non-smokers (Figure 7). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it focuses entirely on insurance claims data within different regions of the USA and various demographic factors. It does not mention anything about advanced algorithms, emotions, or brain scans, which are central to the claim being analyzed.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: CRISPR technology allows precise editing of specific genes. [SEP] Text: 2G); one shoot was pale green that failed to develop roots; and the ten remaining plantlets were phenotypically similar to wild type. Due to loss of plants growing in soil, only 11 plantlets were collected to verify transformation by PCR. Transformation efficiencies for all constructs are indicated in Additional file 3: Table S1, the highest being 7%. Mutations were detected in T0 GmPDS8 and GmPDS9 plants, in both PDS genesWe selected 11 GmPDS8 T0 plants for sequencing, of which 10 were positive for transgene detection. Two plants developed from the same explant (#6A, #6C), and the rest were all independent lines, denoted by different numbers. Mutations were detected in 9 out of 10 transgenic plants in both PDS genes, corresponding to 90% mutation efficiency (Table 2, Additional file 4: Table S2). Interestingly, plants with visible mutant phenotypes had higher proportions of clones that showed gene editing, compared to those with wild type phenotypes. Specifically, plant #6C exhibited strong dwarf and albino phenotypes and all sequenced clones had mutations at target loci in both PDS genes, equivalent to 100% indel frequencies. Plant #7 and #10 also developed strong mutant phenotypes, they had 70% and 61% indel frequencies in GmPDS18g, as well as 52% and 68% indel frequencies in GmPDS11g, respectively. Plant #3 and #12 were partially dwarf, with albino leaves; 46% and 60% of clones showed mutations in GmPDS18g, as well as 39% and 29% of clones with mutations in GmPDS11g, respectively. Plant #5 was not dwarf, but had variegated leaves. It had 65% and 64% indel frequencies in GmPDS18g and GmPDS11g, respectively. Other plants exhibiting wild type phenotypes had between 4 to 15% indel frequencies in GmPDS18g, and 3% to 13% in GmPDS11g. We sequenced six independent GmPDS9 T0 plants. Out of the five plants verified for transformation, four had mutations in both PDS genes, and one had mutation only in GmPDS11g. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by providing detailed observations on the outcomes of gene editing via CRISPR technology. It states that certain plants exhibited high mutation frequencies (e.g., 90% mutation efficiency and up to 100% indel frequencies in specific genes), indicating precise edits at targeted loci. This supports the assertion that CRISPR technology enables accurate and effective gene modification.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Urban agriculture alone can fully meet the food demands of major cities. [SEP] Text: If from aquifers, is the seasonal discharge balanced by recharge so as to sustain water supplies and prevent subsidence as may occur? If subsidence were to take place, there can be additional problems that affect a population that were discussed in a previous 6. 4 and GMO to Food security for citizens from farm crops can be abetted by the use of agricultural chemicals (fertilizers) that replenish the nutrient content of soils depleted by a previous crop. The application of herbicides protects crops from weeds that take up nutrients while pesticides repel pests (insects, animals) that infect or consume crops. The judicious use of an optimum amount of pesticides, herbicides, and fertilizers on in-soil, bush, and tree crops will assure full growth and maximum crop yield and limit their effects on any excess that may access ecosystems. That there is no overuse is essential. It is also economically advantageous to a farmer by saving on agricultural chemicals expenses. Overuse of these chemicals can result in runoff of an excess into nearby surface waters when it rains, or after irrigation, and can also result in seepage of the chemicals and biocides into aquifers thus contaminating groundwater that may flow towards cities and be used by urbanites. Contaminated groundwater that discharges into waterways can affect the life forms inhabiting them to the detriment of society by harming an important food source. For example, runoff of nutrient rich agricultural chemicals into waterways will contribute to algal blooms that can be responsible for great fish kills (red tide) in oceans, estuaries, lakes and rivers as phytoplankton comprising the bloom die and release toxins that attack fish gills. Red tide also causes closure of shellfish beds for harvest and may cause skin problems and respiratory distress in people in coastal zones from wind borne toxins. As important is the fact that decomposition of dead organisms (mainly algae) in marine and terrestrial water bodies can use all of a habitat’s oxygen (eutrophication) thus causing fish kills and dead zones. Such actions reduce the yield of food fish for cities and for rural coastal populations. 6. 4. 1 FoodsGenetic modifications can produce seeds that may protect farm crops from weeds and repel pests that harm crops or diminish yields thereby avoiding the application of chemicals to do the job. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing various challenges associated with agricultural practices, such as the potential for groundwater contamination and reduced fish yields due to agricultural runoff. It highlights that while urban agriculture may contribute to food production, the reliance on agricultural chemicals, water supply issues, and the consequences of nutrient runoff suggest that urban agriculture alone may not suffice to meet the food demands of major cities.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Certain claims suggest that advanced algorithms might predict emotions based on brain scans. [SEP] Text: Lastly, the distribution of insurance claims for smoking status and gender indicates that most claims are filed by non-smokers, and the frequency of filing claims is not notably affected by the policyholder’s gender (Figure 8). Display full sizeFigure 7. Numeric based on smokers. A. Histogram of age; B. histogram of BMI; C. histogram of blood pressure; D. histogram of children; E. histogram of claimDisplay full sizeFigure 8. Graphical presentation of insurance claims by smokers and non-smokersIt is observed that most non-smokers file for claims, while smokers are comparatively less likely to file a claim, and the sex of the policyholders does not matter the same (Figure 8). There is no significant relationship between charges and age or blood pressure (Figure 9). However, higher charges are associated with a higher BMI and smoking status. Furthermore, there is no distinct trend in the number of children in charge. The information in this dataset, which includes details on age, gender, BMI, blood pressure, diabetes status, number of children, smoking status, and region, offers useful insights into the demographic trends of people who file insurance claims. Determining which populations most urgently want assistance can be used to help corporations and the government make decisions. It is ideally suited for research and ML applications like predictive analytics. Increased computing power: the rise of an extensive environment of new analytics products is a phenomenon. Display full sizeFigure 9. Scatter plot of insurance claims. A. Age; B. BMI; C. blood pressure; D. children. However, it is challenging to choose the optimum model based on the evaluation metrics listed in Table 5, since certain metrics can be more pertinent in various situations. Table 5. Performance measures of algorithmsPerformance measures-square0. 100. 570. 770. 680. 790. 31Adjusted R-square0. 090. 570. 770. 680. 780. 30Mean square error (MSE)149,194,459. 2258,612,767. 5230,736,317. 1043,614,936. 7429,099,812. 4994,609,424. 94Root MSE (RMSE)12,214. 527,595. 895,544. 036,604. 165,394. 429,726. 74Mean absolute error (MAE)8,188. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim because it discusses the filing of insurance claims related to smoking status and gender, and it mentions analytics and predictive modeling in the context of insurance claims, but does not address the prediction of emotions based on brain scans. The focus is on demographics of policyholders and the performance measures of various predictive algorithms in an insurance context, rather than emotional prediction using brain scans.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: CRISPR technology allows precise editing of specific genes. [SEP] Text: The combined mutation frequency was 90% for both loci (Table 2). Similar to GmPDS8 plants, higher indel frequencies were observed in plants with strong mutant phenotypes (Additional file 4: Table S2). Plant #12 and #14 developed albino shoots that could not form roots. In both cases, mutations were detected in all sequenced clones for both PDS genes (100% indel frequencies). Interestingly, plant #12 had the same mutation in GmPDS18g, which is 1-nt insertion at 2-bp upstream of PAM (Fig. 5). Plant #5 and #15 had variegated and partially albino leaves. These 2 plants had 27% and 67% indel frequencies in GmPDS18g, as well as 85% and 88% indel frequencies in GmPDS11g, respectively. Similar to plant #12, plant #5 had the same 7-nt deletion a few bp upstream of PAM in GmPDS11g. Plant #6 exhibited phenotypes similar to wild type, only one clone showed a 2-nt deletion in GmPDS11g, while no mutation was detected in GmPDS18g. Together, these findings demonstrate that a single guide sequence at conserved region can simultaneously induce mutations in both PDS genes, and the severity of mutant phenotypes relates to indel frequencies. Again, wild type controls as well as the GmPDS8 and GmPDS9 plants negative for transgene detection did not show sequence change in both PDS genes, indicating absence of confounding basal mutations (Additional file 4: Table S2). The majority of transgenic plants had multiple mutations at each target site. Both insertions and deletions were detected. Similar to plants transformed with other genome editing constructs, mutations in GmPDS8 and GmPDS9 T0 plants were predominantly small deletions within the guide RNA regions, occurring one to several nucleotides upstream of PAM (Fig. 4, 5). In some cases, large deletions of over 15-nt encompassing PAM were detected. One-nt insertions at 2–3 bp upstream of PAM were also common, although less frequent compared to deletions (Figs. 4, 5). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by providing evidence of specific gene editing through CRISPR technology. It discusses how a guide sequence can induce mutations at targeted genes (GmPDS genes) with varying frequencies of insertions and deletions, which aligns with the claim that CRISPR allows for precise gene editing.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Urban agriculture alone can fully meet the food demands of major cities. [SEP] Text: This eliminates chemical residues on vegetables and fruits, that if not thoroughly washed, can enter the human food chain and potentially be harmful to consumers. However, ingestion of GMO grown products could be a risk to human health as suggested by controlled experiments. In these, rats developed lesions, suffered organ damage, and died after consuming GMO grown potatoes. However, a critical review of the literature suggested that the published research left an incomplete evaluation regarding the safety (toxicity) of GM crops eaten by humans and fed to animals. This is because there was no unified experimental methods so that reports could not be properly reviewed, and perhaps more important, experiments could not be repeated, a key to validation of experimental results [4]. There have been failures in GM grown corn that contributes to mutated, resistant insects that attack GM growing crops and pesticide protected crops. For example, the rootworm that infected corn developed a resistance to GMO corn treated with Bacillus thuringiensis (BT) [5, 6]. In a sense, this can be likened to the overuse of antibiotics in cattle feed consumed in feedlots that resulted in the mutation of bacteria to strains resistant to antibiotic therapy. There is the fear that during pollination of GM crops, the pollen will be carried to non-GMO fields and affect the purity of their crops. In Capulalpam, Mexico scientists documented the discovery of transgenic genes in the Mexican native corn. In 2013 Mexico banned the entry of GM corn. It is because of uncertainty of their effects on human and animal health and food security that GM crops are not allowed in the European Union, several nations in Africa, and elsewhere. In addition, some researchers believe that there is the potential for an allergic reaction in humans from ingestion of GM based corn products. Organically grown foodstuffs obviate the chemicals or GMs problems but do not produce the mass of crops needed to feed large and growing global and urban populations as was the case for the GMO “green revolution” that allowed many countries to improve their food security. 6. 4. 2 Microbes to Microbes associated with plants from biomes on all continents except Antarctica have been studied in great detail and some identified as to the characteristic they give to plants that assist agricultural projects. These have been cultured, batch produced, and used to coat seeds. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by stating that organically grown food does not produce the mass of crops needed to feed large and growing global and urban populations. It points out that, unlike GMO crops from the 'green revolution,' organic farming lacks the capacity to satisfy the full food demands of major cities, indicating that urban agriculture alone would be insufficient.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Certain claims suggest that advanced algorithms might predict emotions based on brain scans. [SEP] Text: 165,170. 154,066. 945,072. 643,870. 036,769. 37Mean absolute percentage error (MAPE)1. 010. 720. 660. 710. 630. 98Display full sizeAccording to the performance measures, the XGBoost and RF models have the highest R-squared with adjusted R-squared values of 0. 78 and 0. 77, respectively, which together indicate their ability to capture a significant share of the variance in the data. The XGBoost model has the lowest MSE of 29,099,812. 49, RMSE of 5,394. 42, and MAE of 3,870. 03 among the models considered, demonstrating that it has the lowest relative prediction error compared with the other models (Table 5). Furthermore, the XGBoost model recorded a MAPE of 0. 63, while the RF model recorded 0. 66, implying the lowest relative prediction error among the models taken into consideration. Moreover, both the RF and XGboost models appear to perform better than the rest of the models. The XGboost model has the highest R-squared and adjusted R-squared values and the lowest RMSE and MAE of the other models, indicating a superior fit to the data. Similarly, the RF model demonstrated low RMSE and MAE with high R-squared and adjusted R-squared values, and these indicators point to the commendable performance of the model. In terms of the XGboost model’s evaluation, the following values of R-squared, adjusted R-squared, and MAPE are 0. 79, 0. 78, 29,099,812. 49, 5,394. 42, 3,870. 03, and 0. 63, respectively, outperformed the RF model compared to other models. The above results are displayed in Table 5. The XGBoost model is the better-performing model when compared to the other model. Before selecting the ideal model, it is crucial to consider additional aspects, including model complexity, interpretability, and computing time. As a result, to forecast a customer’s insurance claim, an empirical analysis is conducted. There are six different ML algorithms used to build the model. A finance firm can successfully use the XGboost approach to anticipate a customer’s insurance claim. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text discusses the performance and metrics of machine learning models (specifically XGBoost and RF models) in predicting outcomes related to insurance claims rather than emotions based on brain scans. Therefore, it does not provide any support or contradiction regarding the claim about advanced algorithms predicting emotions.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: CRISPR technology allows precise editing of specific genes. [SEP] Text: In three GmPDS8 plants, 1-nt substitution, or a combination of mutation types were observed (Fig. 4). Fig. 4Representative mutations at target sites in GmPDS8 T0 plants. Individual plant harboring the mutation is indicated to the right of each sequence. Wild type sequence is shown at the top with the 20-nt guide sequence in blue and PAM sequence in green. Mutations are shown in red. The number of mutated nucleotides is indicated to the right of each sequence. -: deletion, + : insertion, S: substitution. The number of clones for each mutation is indicated in bracketsFull size imageFig. 5Representative mutations at target sites in GmPDS9 T0 plants. Individual plant harboring the mutation is indicated to the right of each sequence. Wild type sequence is shown at the top with the 20-nt guide sequence in blue and PAM sequence in green. Mutations are shown in red. The number of mutated nucleotides is indicated to the right of each sequence. -: deletion, + : insertion. The number of clones for each mutation is indicated in bracketsFull size imageSimultaneous targeting of both PDS genes did not induce mutations in several potential off-target sitesTo further examine the specificity of PDS gene targeting, we performed off-target analysis in two GmPDS8 T0 plants with visible mutant phenotypes: #5 and #6C. By using the 20-nt guide RNA sequence as query in BLAST search, potential off-target loci were identified in two homologous auxin response factor genes (Glyma. 10g053500 and Glyma. 13g140600) as well as two homologous genes (Glyma. 10g221500 and Glyma. 20g170000). They are hereafter referred as ARF10, ARF13, GGT10, and GGT20, respectively. It is worth noting that all of these sites are followed by PAM ‘AGG’. ARF10 and ARF13 contain 5 and 10 consecutive mismatches to GmPDS8 target sequence, located immediately upstream of PAM. GGT10 and GGT20 have 7 and 6 interspaced mismatches, respectively; both contain 4 consecutive mismatches directly upstream of PAM (Additional file 6, Table S4). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by providing detailed information about gene targeting and mutations at specific sites in the GmPDS8 and GmPDS9 plants. It explains how mutations are identified and the analysis of potential off-target sites, indicating that the technology is utilized for precise editing.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Urban agriculture alone can fully meet the food demands of major cities. [SEP] Text: The first product of this effort, Indigo Cotton™, cotton seeds coated with a proprietary mix of microbes (bacteria and fungi) were sown in in 2016. This resulted in an 11% improvement in yield by protecting the crop against drought stress [7]. Similarly treated seeds of soy, rice, wheat and corn coated with proprietary microbe mixtures have been produced with like results. This adds to the food security of city and mega-city populations dependent on foods from outside the urban locations, complementing advances in natural hybridization and GMO that impart seed properties that protect crop yield. The company is working on microbial products that can reduce the need for nitrogen fertilizer and that offer protection against pests. 6. 5 Wastes: A Threat to Unless Used, Controlled, or Disposed of SecurelyThe demand for food is rising worldwide with increasing populations, and where incomes are also increasing, the demand for meat is rising as well. For example, the Chinese population increased by more than 40% from 1980 to 2015 and the income has increased significantly more. This resulted in a fivefold increase in the demand for pork. These changes put pressure on the animal husbandry industry to produce more product, ofttimes at a faster rate, using chemicals and vaccines. The problems that exist in this industrial production mode and solutions to them are discussed in the following paragraphs. 6. 5. 1 Problems that Affect PeopleAnother major food security concern for growing urban (and global) populations are problems with animal husbandry during growth and after slaughter and distribution. It is most threatening to ecosystems close to where thousands to millions of animals are bred in close quarters (e. g. , cattle feed lots and commercial chicken farms, respectively) and where they are taken for slaughter. The problems are how to capture and control the wastes and how to safely use them or dispose of them so as not to contaminate soils and waterways or aquifers. These are manure and urine from cattle (plus pigs, sheep, and goats) and fecal matter from chickens (plus ducks, turkeys). Added to this are slaughter house wastes (fluids [blood, wash water]) and solids (heads, innards, skins, bones, feathers), plus pathogens (e. g. , salmonella, E. Coli, listeria, coronavirus, foot and mouth disease) from dressing the food animals. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the limitations of urban agriculture in meeting food demands. It highlights the rising global food demand exacerbated by increasing populations and incomes, which pressures the animal husbandry industry to produce more food. This implies that urban agriculture alone is insufficient to meet the food demands of major cities, as it is complemented by external sources of food and the pressing concerns regarding industrial food production and its environmental impact.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Certain claims suggest that advanced algorithms might predict emotions based on brain scans. [SEP] Text: By computing feature importance, the algorithm determines each feature’s contribution to USA insurance claim prediction. By computing feature importance, the algorithm determines each feature’s contribution to USA insurance claim prediction. The significance of every feature in the extension of the predictive models for the insurance claims featured in the study (Figures 10, 11, and 12). A greater value indicates the greater significance of the feature in the model and the relative weights of the explanatory factors that have the greatest influence on forecasting insurance claims. Therefore, it can be concluded that the main feature or variable is the same for the DT, RF, and XGBoost models, but their rankings vary slightly. In this dataset, smoking is a very significant factor for insurance claims in the USA, which is observed in the mentioned three models; BMI and blood pressure value are also key features and significantly impact those models. Age, children, and region have relatively insignificant impacts on the model selection for this dataset. In addition, the comparative influence of each feature target is standardized so that the cumulative sum equals 100%, with a higher value indicating a significant impact on the response variable. Smoking has the highest influence on predicting insurance claims for the RF, XGBoost, and DT models (Figures 10–12). LR, RF, and XGBoost show better claim prediction than the SVM, DT, and KNN, but XGBoost has the best performance among the six models for claim prediction (Table 5 and Figure 12). This methodology can also help review and reduce the company’s budget for insurance coverage. Display full sizeFigure 10. Feature importance of DT modelDisplay full sizeFigure 11. Feature importance of RF modelDisplay full sizeFigure 12. Feature importance of XGBoost modelThe result showed that smoking status accounted for a greater share of the explanatory variation than other variables, making it a significant factor in predicting insurance claims. This demonstrates how smoking status must be considered when creating insurance policies and pricing schemes in the USA. DiscussionInsurers can automate data processing with AI algorithms, improving efficiency and reducing errors. Insurance claim analysis of the dataset is performed on six ML models. For the dataset used, XGBoost resulted in the best prediction of an efficient insurance claim process for customer behavior and could be used for better anticipation of claim amounts. Then the next best performance model is RF. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses algorithms for predicting insurance claims based on features like smoking status, BMI, and blood pressure. There is no mention of emotions or brain scans, therefore it does not support or contradict the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: CRISPR technology allows precise editing of specific genes. [SEP] Text: No mutation at those sites was detected (Additional file 6: table S4), indicating high specificity for PDS gene editing. /Cas9-induced mutations and altered phenotypes were inherited in T1 generationTo examine whether gene editing induced byCas9 can be passed down to the next generation, T1 plants from three GmPDS8 lines were analyzed. Because of limited amount of seeds produced from T0 plants, all T1 seeds from GmPDS8 line #3 (1), #5 (7), #8 (2), #13 (5), and #15 (8) were planted in soil, with respective quantities for each line indicated in brackets. Due to developmental defects, seeds from line #3 and #8 did not germinate. A total of six T1 line #5 plants grew in soil, among which three (#5–1, 5–2, 5–4) exhibited strong dwarf and albino phenotypes, while others (#5–3, 5–5, 5–6) had phenotypes indistinguishable from wild type (Fig. 6). To detect the presence of transgene in this generation, PCR analysis was conducted using two sets of construct-specific primers (Additional file 7: Table S5). The first set amplified a 885-bp fragment described earlier. The second set amplified a 1117-bp fragment containing part of Cas9 and eGFP. The presence of transgene was only detected in the three plants with strong mutant phenotypes (Table 3, Additional file 8: Figure S3). Consistent with these findings, mutations were detected in all sequenced clones for both PDS genes in plant #5–2 and 5–4 (100% indel frequencies). Plant #5–1 had 100% and 93% indel frequencies in GmPDS18g and GmPDS11g, respectively (Table 3, Additional file 5: Table S3). Similar to the T0 generation, the vast majority were small deletions upstream of PAM. Longer deletions of up to 65 nucleotides were observed as well. One-nt insertions were also detected. More rarely, 1-nt substitution and 39-nt insertion were observed in single clones (Fig. 7). Interestingly, all GmPDS18g fragments from plant #5–1 shared the same 18-nt deletion upstream of and within PAM. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by describing the high specificity of CRISPR technology in gene editing, particularly with regards to the PDS gene. It states that no mutations were detected at specific sites, indicating precise targeting. Furthermore, it details the inheritance of specific phenotypes and the presence of transgenes only in plants exhibiting certain mutant traits. This aligns with the assertion that CRISPR allows for precise editing of genes.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Urban agriculture alone can fully meet the food demands of major cities. [SEP] Text: If these wastes are not collected and put to use by manufacturers or not disposed of securely to prevent interaction with the environment, they can pollute and diminish food production and contaminate natural resources in terrestrial and aqueous ecosystems. This may be by rainwater runoff of fecal matter rich in nutrient into food fish habitats (e. g. , oceans, estuaries, rivers ). The nutrient rich runoff fuels algal blooms that poison habitats (with toxins) or cause depletion of oxygen (eutrophication). As cited previously, both toxins and eutrophication can result in great fish kills. Also, leakage of pollutants in waters from animal husbandry locales into soils can contaminate crops. This might be by unregulated disposal of solid matter that allows rainwater to interact with soils and as previously noted, move dissolved contaminants into soils and by seepage through soils into aquifers thereby contaminating them. As noted in an earlier paragraph, free range stock will not cause such environmental harm when herds are properly tended (e. g. , prevent overgrazing) but will have fewer but organically bred food animals to sell. 6. 5. 2 of the Problem and Possible SolutionsTo appreciate the extent of the animal husbandry waste problem, we can examine the issue with thousands and thousands of tons of manure generated at cattle feedlots. Each head of cattle in a feedlot can drop 15–20 times the mass of manure as does one person. A lactating dairy cow can excrete ~44 times a person’s output [8]. Thus, a feedlot with 50,000 cattle would excrete the same mass of manure daily of about 800,000 people. There are 32 such lots licensed in Kansas, USA, state with well over 2,000,000 heads of cattle in feedlots. The sheer mass and volume of manure that has to be disposed of and well cleansed of pathogens and residues of growth hormones (anabolic steroids) and antibiotics used in animal husbandry. This can be accomplished in three ways. Done properly, this can reduce the risk of contamination of water and soils that can negatively affect food delivered to urban centers as well as clean water security, and limit the evolution of antibiotic resistant strains of bacteria that threaten the healthcare community, topics that will be treated in following paragraphs. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the environmental issues associated with animal husbandry and manure disposal, indicating that these challenges can negatively affect food production and water quality which are essential for urban centers. It highlights that without proper management, significant contamination can occur, posing a threat to food delivery to urban areas. This suggests that relying solely on urban agriculture is insufficient without addressing broader environmental impacts.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Certain claims suggest that advanced algorithms might predict emotions based on brain scans. [SEP] Text: To anticipate insurance claims more accurately, this study analyzes numerous variables, including smoking, that affect insurance claims across the USA. However, demographics, medical history, lifestyle and behavior, and policy details are important determinants for predicting insurance claims. These characteristics can help to anticipate claims, make appropriate decisions, and reveal insureds’ risk profiles. The degree of accuracy of the data acquired and the privacy concerns of individuals must be balanced. Responsible AI can improve the accuracy of claim processing as well as anticipate a customer’s claim in the USA. If it is not used responsibly, then it can cause bias. As a result, it is crucial to assess an AI model’s performance not only on its accuracy but also on its fairness and transparency. The use of AI for the analysis of health insurance claim data can impact the accuracy of claim processing. Therefore, to avoid biases and discrimination in the processing of insurance claims, it is necessary to think carefully about the responsible use of AI. AI algorithms can identify trends in insurance claim data and determine individuals who will need more medical care in the future. Insurance companies could use this data to modify their pricing and policy designs to more effectively satisfy their clients’ demands. Nevertheless, to prevent possible negative impacts on patients and medical professionals, it is crucial to ensure that the use of predictive models in healthcare insurance is done responsibly and ethically. Health insurance claims processing can benefit from AI and predictive models. To protect insured people’s rights, ethical considerations are crucial. Fairness, openness, data privacy, and accountability should guide model development and deployment. Insurers can use predictive modeling to preserve ethical norms and build confidence by addressing these ethical problems. The use of responsible AI in analyzing health insurance claims data and predicting healthcare utilization patterns can significantly impact the accuracy of claims processing, health insurance pricing, and policy design in the USA. Through performance measurement and feature importance analysis, the XGBoost model outperforms the best model to ensure accurate predictions over the rest of the algorithms, the role of smoking status, blood pressure, and BMI predicted insurance claims, underscoring their importance in risk assessment and policy pricing. The selection of the appropriate model should also include model complexity and computational complexity. The output of the models can assist insurance providers in making deft pricing and policy design choices, resulting in more effective and efficient healthcare delivery. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses the use of AI to predict insurance claims rather than predicting emotions based on brain scans. It focuses on ethical considerations and the effectiveness of AI in health insurance claim processing without any reference to emotions or brain scans.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: CRISPR technology allows precise editing of specific genes. [SEP] Text: The 20-nt target sequence is highlighted in blue, PAM sequence is indicated in the green box, and mutations are circled in red. B Representative mutations at target sites on chromosome 18 and chromosome 11. Individual T1 plant harboring the mutation is indicated to the right of each sequence. Wild type sequence is shown at the top with the 20-nt guide sequence in blue and PAM sequence in green. Mutations are shown in red. The number of mutated nucleotides is indicated to the right of each sequence. -: deletion, + : insertion, S: substitution. The number of clones for each mutation is indicated in bracketsFull size imageAll T1 line #13 and #15 seeds germinated and developed into plants showing wild type phenotypes. The transgene was not detected in these plants. Targeted fragments from plant #13–1, 13–2, 13–3, 15–1, 15–2, 15–3, and 15–4 were sequenced, and no mutation was detected (Additional file 5: Table S3). DiscussionIn recent years,Cas9-mediated genome editing has been employed in soybean to knock down genes involved in various traits, such as fatty acid and storage protein synthesis, plant height, node, stem, and flowering development, as well as altering ALS1 gene for herbicide resistance [27, 30,31,32,33,34, 36, 38]. Plants with altered traits were obtained, demonstrating the potential of using this technology for crop trait improvement. Nevertheless, utilization of genome editing in soybean is still not widespread, largely due to difficulties with genetic transformation or low mutation efficiencies. Several groups have successfully mutagenized the PDS gene in Arabidopsis, rice, apple, tomato, grape, melon, cassava, etc. , usingCas9 [13, 15, 18, 19, 41,42,43]. Similar work was conducted in soybean by Du et al. [21] using cv. Jack. The authors targeted each PDS gene specifically as well as both simultaneously. Different from our research, most of their constructs were assessed in hairy roots. One construct (D7) targeting both PDS genes was selected for stable transformation using cotyledonary nodes derived from 5-day-old seedlings as explants. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by detailing the application of Cas9-mediated genome editing in plants, specifically mentioning how it has been used to knock down genes involved in various traits and how specific genes were targeted. The evidence of altered traits in plants obtained through these genome-editing techniques supports the assertion that CRISPR technology facilitates precise gene editing.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Urban agriculture alone can fully meet the food demands of major cities. [SEP] Text: Pigs and sheep raised in close quarters and that are infused with growth hormones and antibiotics generate masses of solid wastes that should be treated as described below for cattle. An initial disposal method used was to spread raw manure over acreage with its contained pathogens and residues of growth hormones and antibiotics. Mobilization of these pollutants by rainwater, melting snow, or floodwater has contaminated nearby surface waters by inflow, and via leakage into soils and seepage through soils into aquifers. Ingestion of these residues from soil grown and irrigated foodstuffs that are not thoroughly washed can be health threatening over time to consumers (by bioaccumulation in body organs). In the end, the volume of manure generated daily overwhelmed the available acreage and required the use of other disposal methods that would not endanger people and ecosystems. Planning teams for building a new city have to determine possible health risks may originate from previous use of what appear to be good terrain for development but that may have been for animal husbandry If so, the teams have to assess how and where wastes were disposed of and the efficiency of such disposal. One disposal method uses heat generated by manure fermentation to kill pathogens at or close to the waste accumulation site. Masses of manure are stacked up and with time ferment and heat up from within to temperatures that eliminate pathogens, growth hormones and antibiotics (>131 °F but <160 °F for 15 days). Higher temperatures will kill beneficial microbes. A problem with this method is that the high temperatures do not reach the outer edges of the stacks leaving a significant amount of the contaminants active [9, 10]. These would have to be retreated. Another fermentation method to cleanse cattle manure is to compost it in large rotatable drums that hold thousands of pounds of manure that are turned once a week for six weeks. This mixes and aerates the manure thus distributing the built up heat (>131 °F but <160 °F) throughout the mass eliminating >90% of the health threatening components. In this way, the tonnage of manure changed to compost is reduced by ~60%. The sterilized nutrient rich manure product can be dried, bagged, and sold as fertilizer that also enhances moisture retention by soils. The manure product can also be dried, pressed into briquets and combusted to produce energy [9, 10]. This can be an economic benefit to feedlot owners. Chickens produce an average of 0. 054 pound of manure daily [8]. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the environmental and health issues related to raising pigs and sheep in urban settings, emphasizing the overwhelming amount of waste produced. It details how these wastes can contaminate water supplies and soil, posing health risks. This highlights that urban agriculture may not be sufficient to meet the food demands safely without significant challenges related to waste management and contamination.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Certain claims suggest that advanced algorithms might predict emotions based on brain scans. [SEP] Text: This study demonstrates how the results of these models can help insurance companies make wise decisions about pricing and policy design, leading to more effective and efficient healthcare delivery. It is crucial to ensure justice, transparency, and accountability during the development and deployment of these models to prevent any biased results. Predictive modeling and AI have enormous potential applications in the healthcare sector, but it is also crucial to uphold ethical and responsible standards. In conclusion, the healthcare sector in the USA could benefit significantly from the prudent use of AI for insurance claim forecasting. This study also has some limitations. First, small sample sizes increase sampling bias because the data may not accurately represent the population. This can affect claim processing and prediction accuracy. It is crucial to remember that the study only looked at some variables and might not have adequately reflected the full complexity of variables that influence insurance claims. The model can detect more population patterns and variability with a larger sample size. Second, data privacy is essential in insurance claim data analysis. Insurers are in charge of handling personal, financial, and health data. Insurers should observe strong data privacy rules to ensure data confidentiality and security. Analyzing multiple variables helps predict insurance claims. Sociodemographic criteria, medical history, lifestyle and behavior, and policy details are important variables that depend on the insurance type and data. Therefore, these characteristics can reveal insured persons’ risk profiles and anticipate insurance claims. It is crucial to balance the level of insurance claim data and uphold individual privacy concerns. Furthermore, it is critical to consider any potential moral dilemmas brought on by the application of such predictive models. There can also be opportunities to size and apply advanced ML techniques to analyze and improve the current models. Third, more data must be gathered to increase the sample size and boost the model’s precision. Lastly, to develop a more accurate model, it is needed to investigate more external variables, such as economic indicators, that might affect the target variable and monitor performance over time to ensure its accuracy. The future scope of the research involves employing more ML models to discover the best AI model to predict claim success or failure and compare predictions to the actual results of insurance claims. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it focuses on the application of predictive modeling and AI in the insurance sector, discussing issues related to ethical standards, data privacy, and model improvement without addressing the predictive capabilities regarding emotions based on brain scans.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: CRISPR technology allows precise editing of specific genes. [SEP] Text: Adventitious buds were regenerated, of which 5 out of 16 buds had dwarf and albino phenotypes, but the rest turned out to be false positives. Fully regenerated plants were not recovered in that study. We used ‘half-seed’ explants dissected from overnight-imbibed seeds for transformation of cv. Williams 82, based on the improved methodology described by Paz et al. [49]. T0 plants harboring mutations at desired loci were regenerated for all five constructs. Our genetic transformation system was reliable, with low occurrence of escapes overall. Transformation efficiency was as high as 7%. Very recently, Zhang et al. [37] also used similar transformation procedures for cv. Williams 82, and obtained a large number of transgenic plants. et al. [21] and Zhang et al. [37] used one guide RNA to induce mutations in the two PDS genes, similar to our GmPDS8 and GmPDS9 constructs. However, neither group evaluated targeting specificity as well as transmission of gene modifications beyond the T0 generation. Using simple constructs, we demonstrated efficient and specific editing of PDS genes in stably transformed soybean plants. Mutations and the associated phenotypes were transmitted to T1 progenies. Our simple and reliable system can be used as a reference to modify other genes for soybean trait improvement, contributing to the advancement ofCas9-mediated genome editing in soybean. We obtained 75% to 100% mutation efficiencies for the five constructs. A few transgenic plants did not show mutations at target loci, likely because Cas9-induced DSB failed to take place, or the cleavage was correctly repaired by cellular DNA repair mechanisms. Observed mutations typically occurred a few nucleotides upstream of PAM, consistent with the location of Cas9-induced DSB [7, 9]. The vast majority were small deletions, although 1-nt insertion was also common. These indel types corroborate with the findings reported in earlier publications [33, 34, 36, 37]. As the guide sequences fall within the coding regions, such mutations caused missing amino acids, or frame shift, leading to altered amino acid sequences or premature termination of peptide synthesis. Indel frequencies varied among individual plants, with higher frequencies in plants exhibiting mutant phenotypes, consistent with the findings reported by Zhang et al. [37]. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by detailing how the authors used a genetic transformation system that enables specific editing of genes in soybean plants. It discusses obtaining high mutation efficiencies and how mutations occur at desired loci, which supports the assertion that CRISPR technology allows for precise genetic modifications.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Urban agriculture alone can fully meet the food demands of major cities. [SEP] Text: A commercial operation with one million chickens would produce 27 lbs. (12 1/4 kg) of manure daily or 54 lbs. (24. 5 kg) daily for two million chickens. The manure is nutrient rich (nitrogen and phosphorus) but is a carrier of disease and internal parasites. When this is spread on fields as a disposal method, runoff during rainstorms can carry the waste to discharge into productive rivers estuaries, and oceans that may be serving the interests of urban populations. As discussed earlier, the nutrient rich matter stimulates algal and toxic dinoflagellates growth. When algae die, they decompose using oxygen in the water to the point where there is no oxygen for fish and a resulting massive fish kill including oysters and clams. When toxic dinoflagellates die, they release a neurotoxin into the water that manifests itself in the ocean as a “red tide” and millions of dead fish. This causes a break in the aqueous food web and temporarily diminishes food fish security for coastal communities (cities and towns, villages) as well as causing a temporary economic disruption for fisheries. Instead of spreading the chicken manure on fields and causing ecological and economic problems, many commercial poultry producers are composting and aging the manure for 2–3 months and then recycling it as fertilizers. chicken producer set up a large scale controlled composting operation that has profitably processed 650,000 tons (591,000 tonnes) of chicken manure (waste from more than 48 million chickens) during 16 years to produce certified organic fertilizer [11]. 6. 5. 3 Waste ProblemUrine from feedlots that is not captured and properly treated before discharging it at the surface can seep through soil into groundwater and contaminate it with the chemical nitrate. Groundwater carries the nitrate slowly down flow commonly at 1–5 ft. (30–150 cm) a day depending on the aquifer rock permeability. If there is a population 5 mi (8 km) down flow (“out of sight, out of mind”) that uses the groundwater as its primary source, a 5 ft. a day flow rate would bring the nitrate contaminated water from a feedlot to unaware users in about 14 years. If urine input were to stop, it would take 14 years for the contaminated aquifer water to clear a municipal or individual well 5 mi away. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the negative environmental impacts associated with large-scale poultry operations, specifically the production of high amounts of manure, which can lead to ecological disruptions such as algal blooms and fish kills. These issues suggest that urban agriculture, which includes poultry farming, cannot solely fulfill the food demands of cities sustainably without causing significant environmental harm, thus challenging the notion that it can fully meet those demands.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Certain claims suggest that advanced algorithms might predict emotions based on brain scans. [SEP] Text: AbbreviationsAdaBoost:adaptive boostingAI:artificial intelligenceBMI:body mass indexDT:decision treeEDA:exploratory data analysisKNN:k-nearest neighborsLR:linear regressionMAE:mean absolute errorMAPE:mean absolute percentage errorML:machine learningMSE:mean square errorRF:random forestRMSE:root mean square errorSVM:support vector machineXGBoost:extreme gradient boosting DeclarationsAuthor contributionsAA: Conceptualization, Data curation, Formal analysis, Methodology, Software, Writing—original draft, Writing—review & editing. VRP: Supervision, Validation, Writing—review & editing. All authors read and approved the submitted version. Conflicts of interestThe authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest. Ethical approvalNot applicable. Consent to participateNot applicable. Consent to publicationNot applicable. Availability of data and materialsThe datasets analyzed for this study can be found in Kaggle by Shukla ( applicable. Copyright© The Author(s) 2024. 1. National health expenditure (NHE) fact sheet [Internet]. [cited 2023 Sep 3]. Available from: 2. . Demographic variation in health insurance coverage: United States, 2021. Hyattsville (MD): for Health Statistics; 2022 Nov. Report No. : 177. 3. Health costs and financing: challenges and strategies for a new administration. (Millwood). 2021;40:235–42. [DOI] [PubMed] 4. . All models are wrong, but many are useful: learning a variable’s importance by studying an entire class of prediction models simultaneously. J Res. 2019;20:177. [PubMed] [PMC]5. . Big data analytics and business intelligence in industry. Front. 2017;19:1229–32. [DOI] 6. . Global AI survey: AI proves its worth, but few scale impact [Internet]. McKinsey & Company; 1996-2024 [cited 2023 Sep 1]. Available from: 7. Jefferies D. What AI can do for the insurance industry? [Internet]. ; 2024 [cited 2023 Sep 10]. Available from: 8. The use of artificial intelligence-based innovations in the health sector in Tanzania: a scoping review. Technol. 2023;12:100728. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim regarding advanced algorithms and their capacity to predict emotions based on brain scans. Instead, it consists of abbreviations, author contributions, declarations, and references, none of which provide any relevant information related to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: CRISPR technology allows precise editing of specific genes. [SEP] Text: In a few severely dwarf and albino GmPDS8 and GmPDS9 T0 plantlets, 100% indel frequencies in both PDS genes were obtained. Whereas in GmPDS8 and GmPDS9 plants without visible mutant phenotypes, indel frequencies were low. These plants could be chimeras. Previous studies compared the targeting efficiencies using the soybean U6 promoter vs. Arabidopsis U6 promoter, and reported increased efficiency using the former [21, 23]. Evaluation of several soybean U6 promoters for mutation efficiencies was also undertaken [25]. Switching to an efficient soybean U6 promoter for sgRNA expression could further improve theCas9 system. One of the concerns withCas9 is off-target effect [50]. Although we did not perform full genome sequencing for full off-target analysis, our assessments suggested specific targeting of PDS genes. First, we sequenced both GmPDS11g and GmPDS18g fragments in examined plants. GmPDS1 and GmPDS3 target GmPDS18g specifically, each guide RNA contains 3 mismatches to the GmPDS11g counterpart. In both cases, the 3 interspaced mismatches occur at positions within 14-nt at the 3’ end of the 20-nt guide sequence. Mutation was not detected in the sequenced GmPDS11g fragments. Similarly, GmPDS7 targets GmPDS11g specifically, also with 3 interspaced mismatches to the GmPDS18g counterpart. One mismatch is 18-nt away, and two mismatches within 14-nt upstream of PAM. No mutation was detected in the GmPDS18g counterpart either. As expected, plants transformed with the constructs targeting one PDS gene specifically were phenotypically similar to wild type, as disruption in one paralogue could be functionally compensated by the other. For additional analysis, we examined several potential off-target loci outside of PDS genes, with sequence similarities to GmPDS8 guide RNA, followed by PAM ‘-NGG’. ARF10 has 5 consecutive mismatches located immediately upstream of PAM. Its homologue ARF13 contains 10 consecutive mismatches, also at the 3’ end. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by providing detailed evidence of the use of CRISPR technology for precise gene editing, specifically referring to high indel frequencies achieved in targeted PDS genes in soybean. It discusses the specific targeting capabilities of the CRISPR system (using sgRNA) and highlights that mutations were detected only in specific target genes, indicating the precision of the gene editing process. Additionally, it notes that there were no mutations detected in non-targeted genes, further supporting the idea of precise editing enabled by CRISPR.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Urban agriculture alone can fully meet the food demands of major cities. [SEP] Text: 6 Threats to from (Anabolic Steroids) and in Animal HusbandryFor many of the ~4 billion people living in cities/mega-cities in 2018 or of the 6. 9 billion projected to inhabit them in 32 years (2050) in developed, developing, and less developed countries, meat from ruminants, foul, or fish is or will be a common food in their diets. This often comes from distant sources. Methods of production of these comestibles varies according to the standards established by health agencies charged with protecting the food supplies and security for their citizens. For some, this means disallowing the use or overuse of chemicals and/or vaccines to stimulate animal growth or as protection against diseases especially in large scale operations such as cattle feedlots, dairy farms, pig pens, commercial poultry farms, and aquaculture. This applies as well to smaller meat production set ups. Planning teams should consider food sources/security when they assess the availability of food needed to sustain people that will inhabit a purpose built city or existing cities with rapidly growing urban populations. These are discussed in the following sections. 6. 6. 1 Residues in Meat ProductsAs important as dealing with solid and liquid wastes generated in food supply businesses is dealing with the residues from growth hormones (anabolic steroids) implanted in cattle as they enter feedlots in the United States. There are three natural and three synthetic steroids in use. At slaughter houses, these are found in measurable concentrations in beef (muscle and fat), and organ meats (e. g. , liver and kidneys). These may be consumed by most urban citizens that do not opt to buy organic meat products, most often because of higher cost. In addition to beef cattle, the steroids are also allowed for use in dairy cows and sheep, but not for pigs or poultry. The use of the recombinant bovine growth hormone (rbGH) was banned in meat production in the in 1988, and subsequently in Canada, Australia, New Zealand, and Japan because the rbGH gives rise in milk to IGF-1, a chemical that helps some types of cells to grow and may influence the risk of prostate, breast, or colorectal cancer [13, 14]. Because the growth hormones cause unnatural cell growth, a phase in the development of cancer, it is incumbent on governments to further investigate banning their use in animal husbandry. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the significant reliance of urban populations on meat from various sources, often from distant locations. It emphasizes that urban agriculture cannot meet the food demands alone as traditional animal husbandry practices and the associated meat production methods are crucial for food supply. The mention of potential food security issues in planning for urban populations supports this contrast, indicating that urban agriculture must be complemented by other food production methods to adequately supply the food needs of major cities.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Certain claims suggest that advanced algorithms might predict emotions based on brain scans. [SEP] Text: [DOI] 9. . Artificial intelligence in insurance sector. J Soc. 2019;21:79–91. 10. . artificial intelligence strategy: implications and challenges for digital health. Health. 2020;2:e376–9. [DOI] [PubMed] 11. Minssen T, Gerke S. Ethical and legal challenges of digital medicine in pandemics. In: editors. Pandemics and ethics: development – problems – solutions. Berlin, Heidelberg: Heidelberg; 2023. 202. [DOI] 12. . Responsible artificial intelligence in healthcare: predicting and preventing insurance claim denials for economic and social wellbeing. Front. 2023;25:2179–95. [DOI] 13. . Role of risks in the development of responsible artificial intelligence in the digital healthcare domain. Front. 2023;25:2257–74. [DOI] 14. Brundage M. Artificial intelligence and responsible innovation. In: Müller VC, editor. Fundamental issues of artificial intelligence. Cham: Publishing; 2016. 54. [DOI] 15. . Fraud detection and analysis for insurance claim using machine learning. In: 2022 on Signal Processing, Informatics, Communication and (). on Signal Processing, Informatics, Communication and (); 2022 Mar 10-12; Thiruvananthapuram, India. IEEE; 2022. 11. [DOI] 16. Biddle J. Do high claim-denial rates discourage claiming? Evidence from workers compensation insurance. J Risk Insur. 2001;68:631–58. [DOI] 17. . Analysis of effectiveness of apriori algorithm in medical billing data mining. In: 2008 4th on Emerging Technologies. on 2008 Oct 18-19; Rawalpindi, Pakistan. IEEE; 2008. 31. [DOI] 18. . A backtesting protocol in the era of machine learning. J Sci. 2019;1:64–74. [DOI] 19. Buchanan BG. Artificial intelligence in finance [Internet]. CC BY; [cited 2023 Sep 17]. Available from: 20. . Comparison of the primitive classifiers with extreme learning machine in credit scoring. In: 2009 on. on 2009 Dec 08-11; Hong Kong, China. IEEE; 2009. 8. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is not relevant to the claim regarding the predictive abilities of advanced algorithms related to emotions and brain scans. It discusses various topics related to artificial intelligence in healthcare and insurance, without mentioning anything about predicting emotions or using brain scans.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: CRISPR technology allows precise editing of specific genes. [SEP] Text: GGT10 and GGT20 have 7 and 6 interspaced mismatches, respectively; both contain 4 consecutive mismatches directly upstream of PAM. No mutation was detected at these sites among all sequenced clones, providing further evidence for gene editing specificity. It has been revealed that single base specificity ranges from 8–14 bp directly upstream of PAM (named PAM proximal region), whereas mismatches at 5’ end of the guide sequence are more tolerated [12, 51]. Five consecutive mismatches or at least three interspaced mismatches eliminated detectable off-targeting in most cases [51]. To maximize specificity, guide sequences are recommended to contain a maximal number of consecutive mismatches to the off-target sites, or at least three mismatches spaced less than four bases apart, among which at least two should be located within the PAM-proximal region [51]. Our guide sequences selected by -PLANT online tool [45] satisfy most of the above conditions, thus enabling specific targeting. It has also been shown that high concentration of Cas9/sgRNA complex results higher off-target incidences [51, 52]. The use of tissue specific or inducible promoter to drive the expression of Cas9 can be used to further minimize off-target effect. We examined T1 plants derived from three independently transformed GmPDS8 lines for inheritance of mutant phenotypes as well as gene modifications at target loci. Three plants of line #5 exhibited dwarf and albino phenotypes. Transgene was detected in each, and indel frequencies were 100% in GmPDS18g, as well as 93% and 100% in GmPDS11g. Two other plants of the same line did not show visible mutant phenotypes. PCR analysis showed that the transgene was not present. Interestingly, the 18-nt and 25-nt deletions present in the T0 parent were detected in these plants uniformly among GmPDS18g or GmPDS11g fragments, indicating that mutations induced byCas9 were transmitted to progenies while the transgene was segregated out. This inheritance pattern is the most desired for crop trait improvement as the plants are transgene free. However, in the case of line #13 and #15, both the transgene and mutations were not inherited in the T1 progenies. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by providing detailed evidence that supports the precision of gene editing through CRISPR technology. It discusses the ability to ensure specificity in targeting genes, as indicated by the presence of mismatches in interspaced regions and the elimination of off-target effects with properly designed guide sequences. Additionally, the successful transmission of mutations in progenies while maintaining transgene-free plants demonstrates the effectiveness of CRISPR in achieving precise gene editing for crop trait improvement.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Urban agriculture alone can fully meet the food demands of major cities. [SEP] Text: The sea water from the tanks is then channeled into three salt lakes for aquaculture cultivation of Tilapia and milk fish (Chanos chanos) for food and to make products including shrimp feed from recycled fish heads. Waste from the lakes rich in organic nutrients, is carried by water to fertilize Salicornia farming. Salicornia is a succulent plant that can grow normally in fields irrigated with salt water. Its seeds are pressed to give oil and young shoots of Salicornia are exported to Europe where they are considered a gourmet vegetable. The waste from Salicornia is used to make p6. 7. 2 Aquaculture in Ocean/Estuarine WatersNet-penned fish aquaculture (plus shellfish [shrimp, oysters], algae) in estuarine and nearshore ocean environments that allows free water exchange with the pens has a lesser ecosystem waste problem than the contained pseudo ecosystems. However, if the fish have been genetically modified to stimulate growth and prevent disease, there is the problem of escape from a pen and interaction with wild species that may negatively alter the wild species genome. Aquaculture products should be checked periodically by certified consultants to detect any unhealthy contents of chemicals in their flesh in the same way ocean food fish (e. g. , tuna, swordfish, tilefish, king mackerel, shark) are tested for mercury (a neurotoxin). Results would then be subject to recommendations made by the medical community for rate of consumption as is the case for mercury in the species named above. 247. Unpaginated. 48. 0107. PDF Alberta, Agriculture and Forestry. (2005). Manure composting manual. Unpaginated, Online. www1. agric. gov. ca/%24department/deptdocs. nsf/all/agdex8875 Augustin, C. , & Rahman, S. (2010). Composting animal manures: A guide to the process and management of animal manure compost. State University, 8 p. Online. www. ag. ndsu. edu/manure/documents/nm/478. pdf Record. (2017, November 9). Perdue farms now selling recycled poultry manure as fertilizer. Online. Press, 2011, May 10. thedailyrecord. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing aquaculture and the use of salt water for farming, indicating that alternative methods of food production, such as aquaculture and the cultivation of plants like Salicornia, are needed for food supply. This suggests that urban agriculture by itself may not be sufficient to meet all the food demands of major cities.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Certain claims suggest that advanced algorithms might predict emotions based on brain scans. [SEP] Text: Skip to Content eLife home page your research Search by keyword or author Reset form my search to 10. 7554/eLife. 40765 Open access Copyright information Version of RecordJanuary 17, 2019 Accepted ManuscriptJanuary 8, 2019 Open annotations (there are currently 0 annotations on this page). 5,457 views 635 downloads 41 0765. Copy to clipboard Download BibTeX Download. RIS Full text Figures and data Peer review Side by side Additional files 7 figures, 2 tables and 3 additional files 1 with 4 supplements Download asset Open asset The difference of functional connectivity in smoking group and drinking group. (A) The matrix of t values for the smoking group. The lower triangle matrix shows the functional connectivities significantly associated with smoking. The baseline for the smoking was the never smoking group. The upper triangle matrix shows the significant links after multiple comparison correction (FDR corrected, p<0. 005; no positive link survived correction for multiple comparisons). The regions are the AAL2 regions in the order shown in Supplementary file 1. (B) The matrix of t values for the drinking group. The lower triangle matrix shows the functional connectivities significantly associated with the amount of drinking per day. The baseline for the drinking was the low drinking group. The upper triangle matrix shows the significant links after multiple comparison correction using FDR correction (FDR corrected, p<0. 05). The regions are the AAL2 regions in the order shown in Supplementary file 1. (C) The distribution of t values for the two groups for all AAL2 functional connectivity links. (D) The correlation between the t values of the above contrasts for the drinking and smoking groups. A positive t value indicates a stronger FC in a substance use group compared to the control group here and in the other Figures. Figure 1—figure supplement 1 Download asset Open asset A comparison of the whole brain functional connectivity difference patterns between different pipelines of data preprocessing. The upper figures show the distribution of t values of the whole brain links for three different pipelines of data preprocessing. (A) For smoking and (B) for drinking. (C, D) showed the distribution of t values of significantly different links for three different pipelines of data preprocessing. (E, F) show the correlation between the t value corresponding to the pipeline with GS (global signal) and the t value corresponding to the pipeline without the GS, that is with the global signal regressed out. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim regarding advanced algorithms predicting emotions from brain scans. Instead, it discusses functional connectivity differences in substance use groups without mentioning any algorithms or emotion prediction.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: CRISPR technology allows precise editing of specific genes. [SEP] Text: Indel frequencies in the T0 generation were low in these two lines, thus it is likely that the T0 plants were chimeric and the mutations were only present in somatic cells, thus not passed down to the T1 generation. Michno et al. [35] examined integration and inheritance patterns inCas9 soybean lines, and reported several patterns including transmission of mutations but segregation of transgenes, no transmission of transgenes and mutations, and inheritance of transgenes located within the target sites. The loss of transgenes and mutations in subsequent generations appear to be common forCas9-induced mutagenesis [35]. Methods to increase mutation transmission are being explored, such as the use of germ-cell specific promoters to drive the expression of Cas9 [29]. ConclusionsWe demonstrated a simple, efficient, and specific genome editing system by targeting PDS genes withCas9 in stably transformed soybean plants. Simultaneous targeting of both PDS genes using one guide RNA led to the development of dwarf and albino phenotypes. Induced gene modifications were transmitted to the T1 generation, even in progenies that lost the transgene through segregation. /Cas9-mediated genome editing system can be employed to modify other genes for soybean trait improvement. MethodsPlasmid constructionNucleotide and peptide sequences of the two homologous soybean PDS genes were obtained from Phytozome v. 12. 1 [46]. Guide sequences targeting each gene specifically were selected using -PLANT online tool [45]. Sequences targeting both PDS genes simultaneously were designed manually by selecting 20 nucleotides on exons in the upstream locations of the genes, in the conserved regions preceding PAM ‘-NGG-’. Selected nucleotide sequences were then used as query in BLAST against the soybean genome in Phytozome to check for specificity. Each 20-nt guide sequence was included as part of the forward primer used to amplify a sgRNA-U6 terminator (TAtU6) fragment (Additional file 7: Table S5), using an existing sgRNA-TAtU6 plasmid as template [48]. The fragment was amplified by PCR using Phusion high fidelity DNA polymerase (Biolabs). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by detailing a specific genome editing system that utilizes Cas9, which is a core component of CRISPR technology. It explains how targeting PDS genes in soybean plants through CRISPR resulted in specific induced modifications that were transmitted to the next generation, thus demonstrating the precise editing capability of CRISPR in modifying specific genes.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Community gardens require no maintenance and thrive without human intervention. [SEP] Text: Skip to content in Search in book: to create or adapt books like this? Learn more about how Pressbooks supports open publishing practices. Acknowledgement of CountryAbout the Authors and EditorsPrefaceIntroductionand 1. Approaches to SupervisionChristine Bruce; Ian Stoodley; and Susan Gasson2. Supervision: Accounting for TimeSusan Gasson3. Collaboration as a Supervisory PracticeCapacity Building4. Establishing a and Susan Mowbray5. Early Intervention: Thrive throughout 6. in a - Frieda Siaguru; Imelda Ambelye; Jillian Blacker; Lydia Yalambing; Mirzi Betasolo; Rachel Aisoli-Orake; Sogoing Denano; Susan Gasson; and Veronica Bue7. Supervision of and Sana Nakata; Martin Nakata; and Felecia Watkin-Lui8. Researchers from Non-CountriesFuture Focus9. for the Research Lifecycle10. Supervisors: Literacy in ResearchersLyndelle Gunton; Sal Kleine; and Stephanie Bradbury11. Degree Researchers' Career PlanningAlan McAlpine12. Integrity13. Supervising for Societal Impact: A to by Research Support. GivenConclusionAbbe Winter; Jillian Blacker; and : Researchers 5. Early Intervention: Thrive throughout read this 1. Self-assessment The self-assessment part of the GREAT consists of six items. The aim is to develop self-awareness and accept responsibility for any challenges before they turn into roadblocks. Completing the self-assessment part of the GREAT can ensure supervisors and higher degree researchers are on the same page with respect to progress and expectations. A copy of the – HDR Student Self-directed form is available [Word document]. Items 1-4 are completed by all members of the higher degree research team and provide an opportunity for higher degree researchers and supervisors to reflect on: “How are things going? ” The information provided by the university pertaining to the expectations of a supervisor and higher degree researchers. “What are my expectations? ” There is also an opportunity to brainstorm and problem-solve any challenges by thinking about possible options and outcomes before deciding on the best option for moving forward. 2. Risk assessment Before completing item 5 “need additional support? ” the higher degree researcher is directed to completing a risk assessment. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by implying that community gardens, like research projects, require supervision, ongoing assessment, and structured support to thrive. The mention of self-assessment and risk assessment reflects the necessity of human intervention to manage and sustain successful outcomes.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Certain claims suggest that advanced algorithms might predict emotions based on brain scans. [SEP] Text: (G, H) show the correlation between the t value corresponding to the pipeline with GS and the t value corresponding to the HCP pipeline. Figure 1—figure supplement 2 Download asset Open asset Whole brain functional connectivity difference pattern using the fconn atlas (Shen et al. , 2013) for comparison with the AAL2 atlas results shown in Figure 2. We modified the fconn atlas so that it includes the AAL2 parcellation produced by Rolls et al. (2015) of the medial orbitofrontal cortex areas (OFC_med, OFC_ant, OFC_post, Rectus, and OLF) and lateral orbitofrontal cortex areas (OFC_lat, and IFG_orb). (A) The fconn areas with different functional connectivity (measured by the number of significant links p<0. 001 and using a threshold of 20 links) involving that area, for the smoking group compared to the non-smoking group. (B) The same for the high drinking group compared to the low drinking group using a threshold of 10 links (p<0. 001) within an area. Figure 1—figure supplement 3 Download asset Open asset The correlation between four scans. (A) The correlation of the strength of the whole brain functional connectivity between four scans. All the correlations between the different scans are larger than 0. 98, which means that the whole brain functional connectivity pattern is very robust among the four sessions, even though these acquisitions have different phase encodings (LR and RL). (B) Comparison of whole brain functional connectivity difference pattern between the four scans. The lower triangle matrix shows the correlation of t values of the whole brain links based on the four scans in the smoking group. The upper triangle matrix shows the correlation of t values of the whole brain links based on the four scans in the drinking group. Figure 1—figure supplement 4 Download asset Open asset Comparison of whole brain functional connectivity difference patterns between male and female groups. (A, B) show the distribution of t values of the whole brain links for three different groups: all participants, male, and female participants. (C, D) show the distribution of t values of the significantly different links for three different groups. (E, F) show the correlation between the t value of the whole brain links based on all participants and male participants. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text discusses various aspects of whole brain functional connectivity and comparisons between different groups (e.g., smoking vs. non-smoking, male vs. female), but it does not specifically address the claim about advanced algorithms predicting emotions based on brain scans. Therefore, the text is irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: CRISPR technology allows precise editing of specific genes. [SEP] Text: These repeats are interspaced by stretches of variable sequences of between 24 and 75 base pair spacers (Raz and Tannenbaum 2010; Marraffini and Sontheimer 2008). The spacer sequences usually originate from (1) fragments of captured foreign DNA; (2) coding or non-coding DNA; or (3) DNA derivative of RNA from various viruses, phages, transposons or plasmids (Ferguson et al. 2011; Golkar 2016) (Fig. 1). Fig. 1Overview of the -Cas9 system. loci are found in roughly 40% of bacterial genomes and can be transmitted both horizontally and verticallyFull size imagetechnology and its revolution seem to occur at a truly astonishing pace, this prokaryotic immune system is especially flexible for genome engineering, thus offering more precise on-target and decreasing off-target editing rates. Prokaryotes have utilized as an adaptive immune system against viral attacks and have long like a winning strategy to ensure prokaryotic survival. This system is proving to be just as powerful for research studies, outshining existing genome editing research applications such as ZFNs and TALENs (Bondy-Denomy et al. 2013; Bondy-Denomy 2018). The development and understanding of theCas and bacterial immune system and its application into a gene-editing tool are the efforts of several researchers over long period of time. This review offers a brief history of each significant contribution of the researchers who were involved in this discovery and shaped the gene editing technology to its clinical application thus crossing boundaries by gene surgery in human embryo (2018). Discovery of and its functionIn 1987, discovered the sequences in E. coli genome (Ishino et al. 1987) and extensive analysis of gene coding for isozyme conversion of alkaline phosphatase was reported by him later on in 2018 (Ishino et al. 2018). However, their function as a defense mechanism against phages was not discovered until 2007. In 1993, from the University of Alicante, Spain was the first scientist to elucidate locus, and he reported the structures of the currently known sequences in 2000 (Mojica et al. 2000) He further characterized some of sequences that have homology with genome of bacteriophages, and he reported that is a unique form of bacterial adaptive immune system in 2005 (Mojica et al. 2005). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by describing how the prokaryotic immune system that CRISPR technology is based upon is flexible for genome engineering, thus offering 'more precise on-target and decreasing off-target editing rates.' This indicates the technology's capability for accurate gene editing, supporting the claim that CRISPR allows for precise editing of specific genes.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Rooftop farms do not face any environmental constraints, such as wind or pollution. [SEP] Text: Accordingly, this analysis served as a manipulation check securing that the experimental manipulation of bringing participants in contact with data graphs conveying information on predictability and fluctuation of wind energy supply had indeed been achieved. Figure 4 suggests that the manipulation was successful. The group means of lower-rated vs. higher-rated data graphs spanned a large part of the scale implying that participants showed high consistency in ratings based on processing the data graphs. Fig. 4Consistency of fluctuation and predictability ratings across the participants for each individual graph. Error bars depict the standard errors in the ratings of each individual graph in one specific groupFull size imageDiscussionWith the growing share of wind power in the electric energy supply, fluctuation in wind energy supply might increasingly become part of public debate as they influence energy prices. Here we explored whether this might lead to acceptance problems that should be taken into account by developing appropriate communication strategies. Our results suggest that acceptance of wind energy is robust and not perturbed by salient information on fluctuation of wind energy supply. Participants’ acceptance of wind energy plants was not compromised by making information on fluctuation in wind energy salient. Furthermore, mean scores of fluctuation and predictability ratings were not different for groups working on labelled data graphs vs. participants working on unlabelled data graphs (not knowing that the data was about wind energy supply). Thus, potential stances towards wind energy did not affect judgment of fluctuation and predictability (cf. Lewandowski et al. , 2016). Our study contrasts work suggesting that reliability, predictability, and stability of wind energy supply are considered to be important elements of wind energy acceptance (Rohrig et al. , 2013; Schubert et al. , 2014). Different from prior work we experimentally manipulated the availability of information on predictability and fluctuation. The divergence in results might hint that in other studies reliability, predictability, and stability were used as arguments by citizens to support a negative stance towards wind energy (rather than this actually being the basis of their position). Many studies emphasize that the resistance toward wind energy plants mainly exists on the local level (Hammami et al. , 2018; Olson-Hazboun, 2018; Sharpton et al. , 2020). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the importance of predictability and fluctuation in wind energy supply, indicating that fluctuation might influence public acceptance, which implies that rooftop farms, particularly those involving wind energy, may indeed face environmental constraints related to wind. Additionally, the mention of local-level resistance towards wind energy highlights potential environmental factors that could also extend to rooftop farms, suggesting they are not free from such constraints.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Certain claims suggest that advanced algorithms might predict emotions based on brain scans. [SEP] Text: (G, H) show the correlation between the t value of the whole brain links based on all participants and female participants. For smoking, the distribution for all participants was close to that of the male FC distribution, and more males than females were smokers. For drinking, there was a larger FC difference in females than males, and this is reflected in the closeness of the distribution for all participants to that of females. Figure 2 Download asset Open asset The smoking associated functional connectivities. (A) The AAL2 areas with different functional connectivity (measured by the number of significant links FDR p<0. 005) involving that area, using a threshold of 10 links for the smoking compared to the non-smoking group. IFG – inferior frontal gyrus; OFClat –lateral orbitofrontal cortex; PCUN – precuneus; STG – superior temporal gyrus. (B) Significant links (FDR p<0. 005) between the AAL2 areas with blue showing a decrease for the smoking group compared to the non-smoking group. The left hemisphere is on the left of each brain diagram in this and other Figures. Figure 2—source data 1 All significant links (FDR p<0. 05) between the AAL2 areas for the smoking group. Download elife-40765-fig2-data1-v2. docx Figure 3 Download asset Open asset The drinking associated functional connectivities. (A) The AAL2 areas with different functional connectivity (measured by the number of significant links FDR p<0. 05) involving that area, using a threshold of 10 links for high drinking compared to the low-drinking group. OFCmed – medial orbitofrontal cortex; ACC – anterior cingulate gyri; MCC – middle cingulate gyri; PreCG – precentral gyrus; STG – superior temporal gyrus; (B) Significant links (FDR p<0. 05) between the AAL2 areas with red showing a increase for the drinking group. Figure 3—source data 1 All significant links (FDR p<0. 05) between the AAL2 areas for the drinking group. Download elife-40765-fig3-data1-v2. docx Figure 4 Download asset Open asset Comparison of functional connectivity in three groups (i. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim about advanced algorithms predicting emotions based on brain scans. It focuses on functional connectivity related to smoking and drinking in the brain, which is unrelated to the prediction of emotions through algorithms.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: CRISPR technology allows precise editing of specific genes. [SEP] Text: In 2005 discovered set of Cas genes, that coding for a large functioning protein that projected to have nucleus activity, later named as Cas9 in locus of S. thermophilus. His team noticed that all spacers with conserved similarity to bacteriophage genes share a unique sequence at one end, now known as Motif (PAM) which is necessary for target recognition (Bolotin et al. 2005; Jansen et al. 2002). In 2006, demonstrated a fundamental structure for cascades based on insertions of homologous sequences to bacteriophage genome in the spacer array (Koonin and Makarova 2019; Makarova et al. 2006). In 2007, Barrangou et al. (2007) demonstrated that consistent exposure of targeted bacteria to bacteriophage attack may led to resistance; that viral DNA will be inserted into bacterial interspacing regions; and that if these viral DNA are removed from the spacers, targeted bacterial will be sensitive to viral attack and lose resistance. Furthermore, performed the first experiment with systems in S. thermophilus by insertion of new sequence of phage DNA into the array, and he studied the immunity of bacteria against the next round of phage attack. He demonstrated that Cas9 protein is only required for interference, while cascade inactivates phage attacks (Horvath and Barrangou 2010). In 2008, John van der Oost and his colleagues from the University of Wageningen, Netherlands confirmed the presence of (crRNAs) spacer sequences in E. coli genome. These spacers are originated from viral DNA and are transcribed into crRNAs, which directly target the DNA after activation of Cas protein (Lander 2016). Marraffini and Sontheimer (2008) further confirmed that the concept of target molecule is always DNA not RNA, and that the system is a unique tool that could be applicable to the eukaryotic system. Later, in 2009, Hale and colleagues discovered different types of that could exclusively target RNA (Hale et al. 2009; Garneau et al. 2010). In 2010, S. Moineau introduced Type II of systems, which demonstrated that in -Cas9’ system, the Cas9 protein, in conjunction with crRNAs, is required to cleavage the target DNA in 3 nucleotides upstream of the PAM and in very specific positions (Deveau et al. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by detailing the development and mechanism of CRISPR technology, particularly the Cas9 protein's role in the precise cleavage of target DNA at specific sites. It emphasizes that the Cas9 protein functions in partnership with crRNAs to accurately target and edit DNA sequences, thus supporting the claim that CRISPR enables precise genetic editing.