Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Critical thinking skills are crucial for effective problem-solving. [SEP] Text: So, how does De Bono’s metaphor of wearing the six different thinking hats enable us to overcome these three difficulties? The mighty power of De Bono’s coloured hats metaphor in addressing these difficulties lies in the ability of the hat wearer to take off one coloured hat once they have finished with it and wear another one. The wearing of a different coloured hat enables the wearer to bring a different perspective to thinking critically about an issue and to trying to find alternative solutions to any problem confronted. Arguing that “Emotions at the right place in thinking are essential [but] emotions at the wrong place can be disastrous, [De Bono, 1992 says that] the six hats method allows us to use emotions and feelings at the right place” (p. 8). Arguing that helplessness arises when we don’t have a clear plan of action to take when confronted with a problem, (1992c) suggests that the wearing of different coloured hats “provides us with a basic framework for thinking actions, [in the form of] definite next steps that can be taken” (p. 8) to solve the problem. And as for the third problem, (1992c) says that “confusion arises when we try to do too much at once [but] the six hats method allows us to take one direction at a time” (p. 8). The six thinking hats metaphor represents six different cognitive approaches to critical thinking and analysis to understand an issue or problem and trying to come up with an appropriate resolution. In the metaphor, the six hats are coloured Black, Blue, Green Red, White, and Yellow, and each coloured hat represents a different logical and philosophical approach to critical thinking about a problem and trying to solve it. Figure 1, uses hat images sourced from: to summarize the conceptual thinking associated with each hat. (1992d) says that “the six hats method allows students to think more richly and more comprehensively” (p. 15). As already said and now illustrated in Figure 1, De Bono’s model comprises six different coloured hats. Each hat represents a different way of dealing with critical thinking about how to approach and solve a problem. As summarized in Figure 1, the black hat is for caution in critical thinking. chose the colour black for the cautious critical thinking perspective because the word critical has its origin in Greek where it means judge. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by explaining how De Bono’s six thinking hats metaphor enhances critical thinking, which is identified as essential for problem-solving. The text elaborates on how each coloured hat symbolizes a different cognitive approach, which aids in analyzing issues and generating alternative solutions, confirming that critical thinking skills significantly contribute to effective problem-solving.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: All cryptocurrencies maintain stable values like traditional currencies. [SEP] Text: В настоящее время центральными банками различных государств проводится исследовательская работа по изучению необходимости добавления к уже существующим двум формам национальных валют (наличная и безналичная) цифровой формы, которая сочетала бы в себе лучшие свойства криптоактивов, при этом оставаясь подконтрольной государству. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing ongoing research by central banks on the development of a digital form of currency that could incorporate benefits of crypto-assets while remaining state-controlled. This implies that cryptocurrencies do not inherently maintain stable values and highlights the need for a regulated digital currency.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Disruption of circadian rhythms can lead to health issues. [SEP] Text: Apparently, there is a developmental reduction in Calbindin-D28k expression parallel to RHT formation and a developmental increase in calretinin expression which is independent of RHT connections to SCN neurons [250]. Galanin (Gal) Galanin is yet another peptide associated with the SCN. It is a 29/30 amino acid neuropeptide seen in many parts of the nervous system [251], including the SCN [9,252,253]. In fact, neurons containing both galanin and AVP have been reported in human SCN [253]. In rat SCN, galanin receptor subtype R2 (Gal-R2) expression has been identified [254]. Angiotensin II (ANG II) Angiotensin II (ANG II) is an octapeptide found in the SCN [15,255] and is likely to be involved in circadian function. The presence of ANG II in the SCN has been demonstrated both at light microscopic [15] and electron microscopic level [256] in normotensive rats. Of late there has been much interest in the physiological, pharmacological, and immunohistological studies of angiotensins of the SCN. At present the available information on the role of angiotensin II at the level of the SCN is much less than that on the role of known transmitters of the SCN. It has been proposed that SCN-derived angiotensin II acts as a neuromodulator as well as neurotransmitter with the effects being mediated through angiotensin1(AT1) receptors located on the endothelial plasma membrane of SCN parenchyma [257]. Met-Enkephalin (mENK) These neurons are located primarily dorsomedially in the shell of the SCN and overlap with the distribution of AVP neurons. mENK cells are large to medium sized. Enkephalin has been found in the neurons of the IGL [116,117,122,258] projecting to the ventrolateral aspect of the SCN. The role of enkephalin as a putative neurotransmitter has been demonstrated in hamster SCN. Injection of retrograde tracer fluoro-gold into the SCN showed the existence of a population of labelled neurons in the intergeniculate leaflet which are immunoreactive for enkephalin [117]. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text provided discusses various neuropeptides and their association with the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) without making a direct connection to health issues arising from disruptions in circadian rhythms. It primarily focuses on the role and expression of certain neuropeptides like galanin and angiotensin II within the SCN, lacking evidence or discussion related to health consequences of circadian rhythm disruptions.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Critical thinking skills are crucial for effective problem-solving. [SEP] Text: (1992c) explains that in many countries judges wear black and so the colour black is appropriate for this way of thinking because it represents a serious consideration of issues or problems to solve. The issues involve questioning the feasibility of alternative approaches to problem solving, assessment of issues at hand, identifying what’s wrong, looking for weaknesses in an argument or proposal and evaluating issues so as to be able to pass judgment. Although the black hat is associated with thinking that questions and checks the feasibility and validity of proposals and seeks to evaluate and pass judgment, it does not represent adversarial or undesirable thinking. It is not a bad hat. (1992b) says, “With the black hat, the words checking and checking out are very important to explaining its uses. These words convey the essence of critical thinking―and do not carry a negative image” (p. 31). It informs critical thinking by providing for caution so that well thought out strategies can be designed to solve the problem. Critical thinking and problem solving while wearing the black hat creates opportunity for assessing the possible consequences of our decisions and can save us the costs of implementing unworkable strategies or embarking upon disastrous courses of action. Figure 1. A synthesis of De Bono’s six thinking hats model. As illustrated in Figure 1, wearing the blue hat brings the perspective of organizational critical thinking and metacognition. This makes blue hat thinking different from all the other hats because while the other hats are concerned with thinking about how to solve a particular problem, blue hat thinking is focused on thinking about thinking that will lead to a solution. Thus, blue hat thinking brings to the critical thinking and problem solving process, higher order thinking which involves active control over the cognitive processes engaged in seeking for a reasonable solution to a problem. It helps to identify strategies and to plan activities that can be implemented to solve a given problem. Because the blue hat thinking is a higher order thinking hat, justifies its colour as follows: We can associate the blue hat with the blue sky which is above everything. If we were up in the sky, we could look down and see what was happening on the ground below. With the blue hat, we try to rise above the thinking that is taking place and to get an overview of this thinking. With the blue hat we try to take charge of our thinking in order to organize what is going on. (De Bono, 1992b: p. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text supports the claim by emphasizing the importance of critical thinking for problem-solving processes. It discusses various thinking hats, particularly the black and blue hats, indicating that critical thinking involves assessing issues, questioning alternatives, and evaluating arguments, which are essential components for effective problem-solving. The text elaborates that critical thinking creates opportunities for assessing the consequences of decisions and aids in designing effective strategies to solve problems, thereby underlining the claim that critical thinking skills are fundamental for successful problem resolution.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: All cryptocurrencies maintain stable values like traditional currencies. [SEP] Text: По состоянию на 2021 год уже более 80 государств с долей общемирового ВВП более 90% находились на тех или иных стадиях изучения или внедрения цифровых валют центральных банков в своей юрисдикции [7]. При этом по данным аналитического интернет-ресурса “CBDC Tracker” по состоянию на апрель 2023 года вопросами ЦВЦБ занималось уже более 130 государств [8]. Основные статистические факты о ЦВЦБ по состоянию на 2023 г. приведены на рисунке 2. Рис. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the development and introduction of central bank digital currencies (CBDCs) across various countries without mentioning the stability of cryptocurrencies. This indicates that unlike traditional currencies, cryptocurrencies do not maintain stable values.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Disruption of circadian rhythms can lead to health issues. [SEP] Text: Among the three main classes of opioid receptors, little δ or μ opioid receptor expression has been identified through autoradiographic techniques in hamster SCN in vitro [259,260]. No direct effect on basal or N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA)-evoked firing rates of SCN neurons in hamster has been observed on short -term application of opioid receptor agonists [261]. However, the observation of SCN neurons exhibiting withdrawal responses after the influence of enkephalins had been removed indicates that endogenous opioids may play a role in modulation of SCN function. On the other hand, naloxone injection into the SCN is reported to produce disruption of the circadian pattern of food [262] and water [263] intake. Prokineticin 2 (PK2) Prokineticin 2 (PK2) has been identified as an output molecule from the SCN circadian clock [236]. PK2 is a cystein-rich secreted protein. It is reported to be involved in the transmission of behavioural circadian rhythm as well as in local function within the SCN to synchronize the out put [236]. PK2, named for its ability to stimulate intestinal smooth muscle contractility, is proposed to have a major role in inhibiting locomotor activity during the day in nocturnal species [236]. Receptors for PK2, PKR2, are found abundantly in the target nuclei of the SCN output pathway, indicating again that it is an output molecule. A recent study [264] demonstrated that the molecular rhythm of PK2 in the SCN is regulated by both circadian clock and light, with the clock having a predominant role and light having a modulatory role. PK2 expression induced by light independent of the circadian oscillator may also indicate participation of PK2 in the photic entrainment of circadian rhythms. Evidence suggesting diurnality in behavioural patterns based on alterations in PK2 receptors in regions receiving SCN efferents does not seems to provide a complete answer at least in rodents[265]. The action may be downstream of the SCN or may be in parallel to the PK2/PKR2 receptor systems[265]. Relationship between the biological clock of humans and those of other mammals The majority of studies of SCN function has been conducted on laboratory animals, particularly the rat. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text provides detailed information about opioid receptors in relation to the SCN (suprachiasmatic nucleus), including how the application of opioid receptor agonists affects neuronal firing rates and the role of PK2 in circadian function. However, it does not directly address health issues stemming from disrupted circadian rhythms or support the given claim; rather, it focuses on the mechanisms within the SCN and their responses without explicitly linking them to health outcomes.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Critical thinking skills are crucial for effective problem-solving. [SEP] Text: 102) Thus, blue hat think brings a special perspective to critical thinking and problem solving which helps to define and articulate the nature of the problem, set clear objectives or targets to be pursued in solving that problem, identify alternative steps to be taken in the pursuit of the solution, assess and re-assess progress being made, and continually decide on the next steps as movement takes place towards the planned outcome. With reference to Figure 1, we can see that the green hat is for creative critical thinking and problem solving. (1992d) explains the essence of the green hat perspective when he says: We can look at the word creative in two ways. The first way means “generating, producing, creating something which was not there”. The second way means “having new ideas, fresh ideas and ideas that have not been used before”. (p. 72) In justifying the colour green for this hat, (1992) says that the colour green conjures up images of nature and vegetation and so green can easily symbolize the productive capacity and energy bound in the natural resources. It brings to the critical thinking and problem solving process new ideas, new possibilities, suggestions and proposals not offered before. So it represents thinking creatively and innovatively. “This means moving forward to possibilities and new ideas” (De Bono, 1992b: p. 72). 1 we can see that the red hat brings to the critical thinking and problem solving process opportunities to express personal emotions. These are expressed without fear of being judged and with no need for justification. Emotions, feelings, hunches and intuitive ideas are shared in a context of freedom of expression. Participants are free to say how they feel about an approach being taken in attempts to solve a problem, at a particular moment in time, without having to provide an explanation, or giving reasons for their feelings. As there is freedom of expression and no need for justification, participants are free to express their feelings without having to look for logic and rationalization for those feelings. Thus, this hat creates opportunities for participants to be humanly real, not always having to be objective and free to hold on to what they value and think, without fear that they will be challenged. justifies the use of the colour red for this hat saying, “Think of the redness of fire. Think of anger and joy but also of warmth and contentment. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text supports the claim by explaining various critical thinking approaches, such as the 'blue hat' and 'green hat' perspectives, that contribute to effective problem-solving. It discusses how these approaches facilitate the articulation of the problem, the setting of objectives, and the evaluation of progress. Furthermore, it emphasizes the necessity of creativity in problem-solving, represented by the 'green hat,' which champions new ideas and possibilities that enhance critical thinking. This indicates that critical thinking skills play a vital role in successfully navigating and resolving problems.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: All cryptocurrencies maintain stable values like traditional currencies. [SEP] Text: 3 Мотивы для запуска цифровых валют центральных банков со стороны регуляторов Источник: составлено автором Последние несколько причин, приведенных на рисунке 3, тесно связаны с усиливающимся распространением криптовалют, операции с которыми в силу их особых характеристик трудно поддаются контролю со стороны государственных органов. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the difficulties in regulating cryptocurrencies due to their unique characteristics, implying that they do not possess the stability of traditional currencies.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Disruption of circadian rhythms can lead to health issues. [SEP] Text: The suprachiasmatic nucleus of the golden hamster: Immunohistochemical analysis of cell and fiber distribution Neuroscience 13: 415–431. [PubMed] van den Pol, AN (1986). Gamma-aminobutyrate, gastrin releasing peptide, serotonin, somatostatin, and vasopressin: ultrastructural immunocytochemical localization in presynaptic axons in the suprachiasmatic nucleus Neuroscience 17: 643–659. [PubMed] Rusak, B and Bina, KG (1990). Neurotransmitters in the mammalian circadian system Neurosci 13: 387–401. [PubMed] Reghunandanan, V, Reghunandanan, R and Marya, RK (1991). Vasopressin: its possible role in circadian time keeping Chronobiologia 18: 39–47. [PubMed] Abrahamson, EE and Moore, RY (2001). Suprachiasmatic nucleus in the mouse: retinal innervation, intrinsic organization and efferent projections 916: 172–191. [PubMed] van den Pol, AN and Tsujimoto, KL (1985). Neurotransmitters of the hypothalamic suprachiasmatic nucleus: Immunocytochemical analysis of 25 neuronal antigens Neuroscience 15: 1049–1086. [PubMed] Moore, RY (1983). Organization and function of a central nervous system oscillator: the suprachiasmatic nucleus 42: 2783–2789. [PubMed] and Sofroniew, MV (1991). Evidence for subdivisions in the human suprachiasmatic nucleus J 305: 508–525. [PubMed] Reghunandanan, V, Reghunandanan, R and Singh, PI (1993). Neurotransmitters of the suprachiasmatic nucleus: role in the regulation of circadian rhythms 41: 647–655. [PubMed] Hannibal, J (2002). Neurotransmitters of the retino-hypothalamic tract Res 309: 73–88. [PubMed] Harmar, AJ (2003). An essential role for peptidergic signalling in the control of circadian rhythms in the suprachiasmatic nuclei J Neuroendocrinol 15: 335–338. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text consists of a list of scientific references and studies regarding the suprachiasmatic nucleus and neurotransmitters related to circadian rhythms. However, it does not provide any explicit evidence or discussion about how the disruption of these rhythms can lead to health issues, making it irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Critical thinking skills are crucial for effective problem-solving. [SEP] Text: The red hat includes both intense and more gentle feelings” (De Bono, 1992c: p. 87). As illustrated in Figure 1, under the red hat lie emotions, feelings, hunches, and intuitions. The emotions brought to the thinking process with this hat include joy, fear, anger, jealousy and sorrow. Feelings are broader than emotions and they include likes, dislikes, anxiety, uncertainty, interest, exciting, aesthetics, respect and camaraderie. Intuitions are even broader than feelings and they surface when one acts instinctively without subjecting their actions to rationalization. They might be logical but they involve no deliberate cognitive processing and their probabilities are unknown. Essentially, red hat thinking helps to answer the question “What do I feel about this? ” (De Bono, 1992c: p. 90). As illustrated in Figure 1, white hat thinking brings to the critical thinking and problem solving process requests for information that is needed to help solve the problem at hand. Its focus is on three questions, “what information do we have? and to increase the information base, what information do we need? [and] how do we get the information we need” (De Bono, 1992b: 4. How to Bono’s to Thinking and that we have an understanding of the approach to critical thinking and problem solving associated with each of De Bono’s Hats Model, let’s have a look at how this model can be used to explicitly teach critical thinking and problem solving. 4. 1. consideration of the thinking perspective that wearing the black hat means as explained above and illustrated in Figure 1, students can be taught critical thinking and problem solving under this hat by giving them activities which require them to provide evidence that substantiates what they say. The following ten questions are a good way to design and implement activities that teach students black hat critical thinking and problem solving. 1) What is the evidence? 2) Is what we are proposing fair? 3) What is the logic behind what is being proposed? 4) Is it feasible? 5) Why might this plan not work? 6) Is this proposal or approach reasonable in terms of the learning outcomes we are seeking to achieve? 7) What might go wrong if we proceed that way? 8) What are the weaknesses in this strategy? 9) What threats shall we face? 10) What consequences will flow from these actions? [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing how different thinking perspectives, represented by De Bono’s Hats Model, contribute to critical thinking and problem-solving. Specifically, the text emphasizes the importance of using 'white hat thinking' to gather necessary information and the role of 'black hat thinking' in critically assessing proposals through evidence and logic. This indicates that critical thinking skills, as indicated in the process, are essential for effective problem-solving.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: All cryptocurrencies maintain stable values like traditional currencies. [SEP] Text: Зачастую цифровые валюты центральных банков сравнивают с криптовалютами, цифровой рубль называют “крипторубль”, однако несмотря на кажущееся сходство между данными цифровыми активами, различия между ними имеют фундаментальный характер. Цифровые валюты центральных банков - это прежде всего новая цифровая форма денег, которая должна обращаться наряду с денежными средствами в наличной и безналичной формах. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by explaining that central bank digital currencies (CBDCs) and cryptocurrencies are fundamentally different. While CBDCs might maintain more stable values as they are designed to function alongside traditional currencies, cryptocurrencies often do not exhibit the same stability.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Disruption of circadian rhythms can lead to health issues. [SEP] Text: [PubMed] and Ferreyra, GA (2004). Signaling in the mammalian circadian clock: the NO/cGMP pathway 45: 929–936. [PubMed] Aton, SJ and Herzog, ED (2005). Come together, right. . . now: synchronization of rhythms in a mammalian circadian clock Neuron 48: 531–534. [PubMed] Moore, RY (1966). ed. Entrainment pathways and functional organization of the circadian system Hypothalamic integration of circadian rhythms Progress in Brain Research. 111Amsterdam Elsevier, 119. Shirakawa, T, Honma, S and Honma, K (2001). Multiple oscillators in the suprachiasmatic nucleus 18: 371–387. [PubMed] and Reppert, SM (1995). Individual neurons dissociated from rat suprachiasmatic nucleus express independently phased circadian firing rhythms Neuron 14: 697–706. [PubMed] and Honma, K (2004). Diversity in the circadian periods of single neurons of the rat suprachiasmatic nucleus depends on nuclear structure and intrinsic period 358: 173–176. [PubMed] and Herzel, H (2005). Spontaneous synchronization of coupled circadian oscillators 89: 120–129. [PubMed] Hastings, MH and Herzog, ED (2004). Clock genes, oscillators, and cellular networks in the suprachiasmatic nuclei J 19: 400–413. [PubMed] and Okamura, H (2003). Synchronization of cellular clocks in the suprachiasmatic nucleus Science 302: 1408–1412. [PubMed] Mai, JK, Tripel, J and Metz, J (1987). Neurotensin in the human brain Neuroscience 22: 499–524. [PubMed] Moore, RY (1992). ed. The organization of the human circadian timing system The human hypothalamus in health and disease. Amsterdam, Progress in Brain research Elsevier, 118. Romijn, HJ, van and Buijs, RM (1999). Colocalization of VIP with AVP in neurons of the human paraventricular, supraoptic and suprachiasmatic nucleus 832: 47–53. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text lists various studies and articles related to circadian rhythms and their signaling mechanisms but does not provide any information on health issues resulting from the disruption of circadian rhythms. Therefore, it is irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Critical thinking skills are crucial for effective problem-solving. [SEP] Text: suggests that in teaching critical thinking and problem solving with the black hat, we should ask students to check for evidence that supports what they say. They should check for truth or validity of logical arguments raised within their study groups. They should examine suggestions made to see if they are feasible, given the prevailing circumstances. They should think deeply about the possible consequences of their actions before making related decisions, and in particular “The most important part of checking the impact of an idea is the effect it may have on values. [So students should ask] how does the idea affect others’ values? ” (De Bono, 1992b: p. 31). 4. 2. consideration of the thinking perspectives associated with the blue hat as shown in Figure 1 and explained above, (1992c) suggests that blue hat thinking, “is most often used at the beginning, in the middle and at the end of a thinking session” (p. 102). Thus, in a normal lesson plan, blue hat thinking can be used in the introduction, body of the lesson and in the conclusion to the lesson. So, it gives students opportunities to apply it across all parts of a lesson. Kivunja (2015a: p. 34) recommends the following ten strategies to help students develop critical thinking and problem solving skills applying the blue hat: 1) Before you start, define the purpose of what you are planning to do. 2) Here are some alternative views to start exploring this idea. Start with them and develop your thinking further. 3) Can you explain how you reached that conclusion? 4) What are we trying to achieve and how shall we get there? 5) What learning outcomes should we aim for and how shall we achieve them? 6) How about examining each of these steps and considering its implications? 7) What have we got so far? 8) What plan or strategy would enable us to complete this activity successfully? 9) In organizing a menu for a party that will include vegetarians, what thinking steps would you use to complete this task? 10) Clearly define your learning expectations of this lesson or activity. recommends that to teach students critical thinking and problem solving while wearing the blue hat, they should be told that “If we are going somewhere, it is useful to know where we are trying to go. The blue hat defines the problem or task and the purpose of the thinking. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the importance of critical thinking in problem-solving contexts. It highlights various strategies recommended for teaching critical thinking, specifically mentioning the need for students to evaluate evidence, consider implications, and define learning goals, all of which are essential for effective problem-solving.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: All cryptocurrencies maintain stable values like traditional currencies. [SEP] Text: Необходимо отметить, что вне зависимости от выбранного варианта модели ЦВЦБ, данные валюты, существующие в цифровой форме, будут, с одной стороны, существенно отличаться от криптовалют, но, с другой стороны, способны составить им конкуренцию или как минимум снизить интерес участников сделок к расчетным операциям с использованием криптовалют, вобрав в себя лучшие черты криптоактивов. По мнению Н. К. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by indicating that cryptocurrencies differ significantly from traditional currencies and suggests that alternative digital currencies can provide competition to cryptocurrencies, implying that these digital currencies may not have stable values like traditional currencies.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Disruption of circadian rhythms can lead to health issues. [SEP] Text: [PubMed] Kalsbeek, A, van Heerikhuize, JJ, Wortel, J and Buijs, RM (1996). A diurnal rhythm of stimulatory input to the hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenal system as revealed by timed intrahypothalamic administration of the vasopressin V1 antagonist J Neurosci 16: 5555–5565. [PubMed] and Buijs, RM (2000). Melatonin sees the light: blocking GABA-ergic transmission in the paraventricular nucleus induces daytime secretion of melatonin Neurosci 12: 3146–3154. [PubMed] Buijs, RM and Kalsbeek, A (2001). Hypothalamic integration of central and peripheral clocks Neurosci 2: 521–526. [PubMed] Colwell, CS and Menaker, M (1996). ed. Regulation of circadian rhythms by excitatory amino acids Excitatory amino acids: Their role in neuroendocrine function. New York: CRC Press, 252. Ebling, FJP (1996). The role of glutamate in the photic regulation of the suprachiasmatic nucleus 50: 109–132. [PubMed] and Morin, LP (1988). Loss of entrainment and anatomical plasticity after lesions of the hamster retinohypothalamic tract 460: 297–313. [PubMed] Myers, MP, Wagner-Smith, K, Rothenfluh-Hilfiker, A and Young, MW (1996). Light induced degradation of and entrainment of the Drosophila circadian clock Science 271: 1736–1740. [PubMed] and Storm-Mathisen, J (1993). Glutamate-like immunoreactivity in retinal terminals of the mouse suprachiasmatic nucleus Neurosci 5: 368–381. [PubMed] and Fahrenkrug, J (2000). PACAP and glutamate are co-stored in the retinohypothalamic tract J 418: 147–155. [PubMed] Hannibal, J and Fahrenkrug, J (2002). Immunoreactive substance P is not part of the retinohypothalamic tract in the rat Res 309: 293–299. [PubMed] and Cutler, DJ (2001). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not directly address the claim regarding the health issues resulting from the disruption of circadian rhythms. Instead, it presents a series of studies and references on various aspects of circadian rhythm regulation and mechanisms without explicitly linking these mechanisms to health issues.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Critical thinking skills are crucial for effective problem-solving. [SEP] Text: The blue hat lays out the situation” (De Bono, 1992d: p. 102). Emphasizing that critical thinking using the blue hat should be constructive, suggests that learners being taught to use this hat should be asked to restate their original thinking so that they keep focused, redefine the task if they see that changes need to be made and set up a structure of thinking steps that they should follow as they try to solve a problem or complete the assigned task. From time to time, students should be asked “to stand back from thinking in order to comment upon their own thinking” (De Bono, 1992b: p. 103). 4. 3. the green hat thinking brings the creativity and innovation perspective to critical thinking and problem solving, suggests that four types of activities that can be used to teach students how to use this hat are: 1) Generating reactive ideas 2) Generating starting ideas 3) Generating further and better ideas, [and], 4) Generating new ideas (De Bono, 1992b: p. 74). In applying De Bono’s suggestion of getting students to engage in generating reactive ideas to teach them critical thinking, I ask them to design another very simple model also designed by (1982) which is called the PMI model. It is called the PMI model because it asks students to think critically about an issue or idea and identify what they regard as “plus points in it, minus points and interesting points” (De Bono, 1982: p. 5). As students try to think of what is a plus or minus or interesting (PMI) idea, they engage in creative thinking as they explore different dimensions of the topic or idea being discussed. Asking students to use the green thinking hat reactively also gives them training in creative thinking as they are challenged to come up with new ideas to modify or improve upon what is said. A strategy that is very effective in teaching students critical thinking through generating starting ideas is what is often referred to in pedagogy as the brain-storming strategy (Killen, 2013; Petty, 2009). Using this strategy, students are given only a hint as a starting idea which they then use to develop their thinking and volunteer their own ideas to be added to the pool of ideas contributed by the whole class. A strategy that is quite helpful in generating further and better ideas is getting students to develop what is called a (Pohl, 1997). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing various strategies employed in teaching critical thinking, such as the blue hat and green hat thinking. It highlights the importance of restating thoughts, generating ideas, and evaluating different aspects of an idea through the PMI model, all of which are aimed at enhancing problem-solving skills. The emphasis on engaging students in creative thinking through structured methodologies supports the assertion that critical thinking is essential for effective problem-solving.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: All cryptocurrencies maintain stable values like traditional currencies. [SEP] Text: Норец, проводившей исследование цифрового рубля и криптовалют, поскольку у данных активов разная правовая природа, сравнение данных двух активов является не совсем уместным [11]. Цифровые валюты центральных банков, в т. ч. цифровой рубль, действительно являются полноценными платежными средствами, одной из форм фиатных денег, в то время как криптовалюты всеми свойствами денег не обладают. Д. А. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by stating that cryptocurrencies do not possess all the properties of money, which indicates that they may not maintain stable values like traditional currencies. It emphasizes the different legal nature of these assets and points out that central bank digital currencies do qualify as forms of fiat money, unlike cryptocurrencies.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Disruption of circadian rhythms can lead to health issues. [SEP] Text: Distribution of substance P and neurokinin-1 receptor immunoreactivity in the suprachiasmatic nuclei and intergeniculate leaflet of hamster, mouse, and rat J 438: 50–65. [PubMed] and Fahrenkrug, J (2002). The photopigment melanopsin is exclusively present in pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide-containing retinal ganglion cells of the retinohypothalamic tract J Neurosci 22: RC191. [PubMed] Piggins, HD and Rusak, B (1997). Effects of microinjections of substance P into the suprachiasmatic nucleus region on hamster wheel-running rhythms Bull 42: 451–455. [PubMed] and Moller, M (1992). Gating of retinal inputs through the suprachiasmatic nucleus: role of excitatory neurotransmission 27: 263–272. [PubMed] and Gillette, MU (1994). Resetting the biological clock: mediation of nocturnal circadian shifts by glutamate and NO Science 266: 1713–1717. [PubMed] and Meijer, JH (1994). The effects of electrical stimulation of the optic nerves and anterior optic chiasm on the circadian activity rhythm of the Syrian hamster: involvement of excitatory amino acids 642: 206–212. [PubMed] van der Want, J, de Wolf, A and Meijer, JH (1993). Glutamate immunoreactivity in terminals of the retinohypothalamic tract of the brown Norwegian rat 612: 231–237. [PubMed] Gannon, RL and Rea, MA (1994). In situ hybridization of antisense mRNA oligonucleotides for and metabotropic glutamate receptor subtypes in the rat suprachiasmatic nucleus at different phases of the circadian cycle Res 23: 338–344. [PubMed] and Biello, S (1999). Pituitary adenylate cyclase activating peptide phase shifts circadian rhythms in a manner similar to light J Neurosci 19: 6637–6642. [PubMed] and Shibata, S (2002). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text provides a list of studies related to the distribution of neurokinin receptors and various aspects of circadian rhythms but does not directly address the claim regarding the health issues associated with disruption of circadian rhythms. Therefore, it is not relevant and is classified as 'pass'.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Critical thinking skills are crucial for effective problem-solving. [SEP] Text: Map is a kind of graphic organizer which students can use to generate further and better ideas relating to what has already been given. Using this structure students are encouraged to extend creative thinking to come up with something new or better ideas that they can add to the Concept Map. Thus this strategy can also be a very effective way of engaging learners in critical thinking through De Bono’s fourth type of activities for “generating new ideas” (De Bono, 1992b: p. 74). 4. 4. explained and illustrated above, wearing the red hat brings to critical thinking and problem solving the opportunity for the wearers to formally express their emotions, feelings, hunches and intuition. To train students in how to use this hat, they can, for instance, be asked to say what they like or dislike about an idea. The following ten questions give students the opportunity to practice critical thinking and problem solving under this hat: 1) What are your feelings about this issue? 2) Can you tell the class what you don’t like about this character? 3) How certain are you that this is an accurate account of what happened? 4) What do you find interesting about this? 5) What do you regard as the exciting aspects of this story? 6) Which parts of this activity did you find boring? 7) Why do you have preference of A over B? 8) What choices would you like to make? 9) What is your assessment of this act? 10) Which course of action would you like to take? Questions such as these can be used to help students realize the main value of red hat thinking which (1992b) says, “is at the beginning of a discussion (to make feelings known) and at the end (assessment and choice)” (p. 90). 4. 5. emphasis in trying to teach students how to use white hat thinking in critical thinking and problem solving is on information that is needed to problem solve. If the information is available then it is mined, analyzed and used to inform critical thinking and to solve the problem being tackled. If it is not available, then critical thinking is undertaken to identify relevant sources for the needed information. Training students in the use of this hat asks them to explain why the information they have found is relevant to the solution of the problem. It asks them to chunk the information into categories such as, of low value, important, very important. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing various strategies, such as using Concept Maps and De Bono’s 'red hat' and 'white hat' thinking, to engage students in critical thinking during problem-solving activities. It emphasizes the need for critical thinking skills in assessing information, expressing emotions, and making informed decisions, thus supporting the idea that these skills are essential for effective problem-solving.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: All cryptocurrencies maintain stable values like traditional currencies. [SEP] Text: Сахаров занимает аналогичную позицию, указывая, что криптовалюты не могут считаться деньгами, поскольку не выполняется функция меры стоимости и средства накопления, предлагая называть криптовалюты более точно криптоактивами. При этом последние призваны не противодействовать, а дополнять криптовалюты [12], с чем однако не соглашается А. А. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by stating that cryptocurrencies cannot be considered money because they do not fulfill the function of a measure of value and means of accumulation, suggesting that they should be categorized more accurately as crypto-assets. This implies that cryptocurrencies do not maintain stable values like traditional currencies.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Disruption of circadian rhythms can lead to health issues. [SEP] Text: Pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide produces a phase shift associated with induction of mPer expression in the mouse suprachiasmatic nucleus Neuroscience 113: 37–45. [PubMed] Bos, NP and Mirmiran, M (1993). Effects of excitatory and inhibitory amino acids on neuronal discharges in the cultured suprachiasmatic nucleus Bull 31: 67–72. [PubMed] Scott, G and Rusak, B (1996). Activation of hamster suprachiasmatic neurons in vitro via metabotropic glutamate receptors Neuroscience 71: 533–541. [PubMed] Abe, H, Rusak, B and Robertson, HA (1992). NMDA and non-NMDA antagonists inhibit photic induction of Fos protein in the hamster suprachiasmatic nucleus Bull 28: 831–835. [PubMed] Colwell, CS and Menaker, M (1992). NMDA as well as non-NMDA receptor antagonists can prevent the phase shifting effects of light on the circadian system of the golden hamster J 7: 125–136. [PubMed] Decker, K and Reuss, S (1994). Nitric oxide -synthesizing neurons in the hamster suprachiasmatic nucleus: a combined NOS -and NADPH-staining and retinohypothalamic tract tracing study 666: 284–288. [PubMed] -mayer, A and Sppessert, R (1995). Nitric oxide synthase in the hypothalamic suprachiasmatic nucleus of rat: evidence from histochemistry, immunochemistry and western blot and colocalization with VIP 695: 257–262. [PubMed] le, Mayer, B and Gillette, MU (1997). Localization and characterization of nitric oxide synthase in the rat suprachiasmatic nucleus: evidence for a nitergic plexus in the biological clock J Neurochem 68: 855–861. [PubMed] and Schirar, A (2000). Endothelial and neuronal nitric oxide synthases are present in the suprachiasmatic nuclei of Syrian hamsters and rats Neurosci 12: 649–661. [PubMed] and Gillette, MU (1989). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text provided is a compilation of various studies focusing on the mechanisms involving the suprachiasmatic nucleus and its relation to circadian rhythms, but it does not directly address or support the claim that disruption of circadian rhythms can lead to health issues. The content instead discusses specific interactions and cellular activities within the circadian system without linking these to broader health implications.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Critical thinking skills are crucial for effective problem-solving. [SEP] Text: They are taught about validity of information (Hill, 1981) and how to assess whether the information they have is reliable (Cunningham, 1998) or not. So in teaching students how to engage in critical thinking it is helpful to also teach them some basic research methods techniques (Burns, 2000) such as the need not only to ensure that the information is valid and reliable but also that all data gathered need to be kept for some time so that it is available if further assessments of observations or results are called for. White hat wearers are taught how to identify and define gaps in data sets so they know what is missing and can therefore spend their time efficiently on gathering relevant data that are missing rather any data they come across. They have therefore to be trained in data gathering techniques such as different data sources, e. g. documents or internet or interviews; and if the data are to be gathered through interviews, which type of questions they should ask, how to interpret the answers and how to analyze the data and make sense of them. Seeking for answers to the following ten questions could help in the design of strategies that get white hat thinkers to engage in critical thinking and problem solving under this hat metaphor (Kivunja, 2015a) : 1) What information do we have about this issue? 2) What information do we need? 3) Which questions should we ask to get relevant information? 4) Where does the information come from? 5) How shall we analyze and make sense of the data? 6) How reliable is the information? 7) How valid is the information? 8) Is the information relevant to our efforts to understand this concept or to solve this problem? 9) What other information might be helpful? 10) Do we have enough information? 4. 6. students to think critically and problem solve under the metaphor of the yellow hat is to get them to make a “deliberate effort to find benefits, …to be able to pick out the good points even when there are very few or there are many more bad or dangerous points… [or when] the benefits may not be obvious” (De Bono, 1992c: p. 44). So students need to learn to be alert so they can detect circumstances which create opportunities for good outcomes to be experienced. They have to learn to recognize their strengths which they can utilize or exploit to achieve better results and to improve their performance. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by detailing the importance of critical thinking skills in the context of problem-solving. It emphasizes that students are taught to assess the validity and reliability of information, which are vital skills needed when addressing problems. Moreover, it outlines specific strategies such as analyzing data, asking relevant questions, and recognizing strengths, all of which support effective problem-solving by fostering critical thinking.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: All cryptocurrencies maintain stable values like traditional currencies. [SEP] Text: Таблица 2 Сравнение цифровых валют центральных банков и криптовалют Цифровые валюты центральных банков Криптовалюты Контролируются эмитентом (центральный банк) децентрализованы, не подконтрольны единому центру Эмиссия по решению эмитента не лимитирована/лимитирована в случае биткойна Обеспечение государство отсутствует/присутствует частично по стейблкойнам Является ли деньгами да, одна из форм нет Стоимость обслуживания низкая низкая Уровень доверия высок [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by indicating that cryptocurrencies are decentralized and not controlled by a single entity, leading to their values not being stable. It specifically mentions that cryptocurrency values can fluctuate and do not always behave like traditional currencies, which have a central bank backing.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Disruption of circadian rhythms can lead to health issues. [SEP] Text: Melanopsin-containing retinal ganglion cells: architecture, projections, and intrinsic photosensitivity Science 295: 1065–70. [PubMed] and Saper, CB (2001). Melanopsin in cells of origin of the retinohypothalamic tract 4: 1165. [PubMed] Takatsuji, K, Miguel-Hidalgo, JJ and Tohyama, M (1991). Substance P-immunoreactive innervation from the retina to the suprachiasmatic nucleus in the rat 568: 223–229. [PubMed] and Hong, SK (1999). Electrophysiological evidence for the role of substance P in retinohypothalamic transmission in the rat 274: 99–102. [PubMed] and Kim, YI (2001). Substance p plays a critical role in photic resetting of the circadian pacemaker in the rat hypothalamus J Neurosci 21: 4026–4031. [PubMed] Tuomisto, L (1991). Watanabe T, ed. Involvement of histamine in circadian and other rhythms Histaminergic neurons: Mophology and function. 295. and Moss, RL (1981). Efferent connections of the rat suprachiasmatic nucleus Neuroscience 6: 2625–2641. [PubMed] Jacobs, EH, Yamatodani, A and Timmerman, H (2000). Is histamine the final neurotransmitter in the entrainment of circadian rhythms in mammals? Sci 21: 293–298. [PubMed] and Wada, H (1991). Effects of intracerebroventricular histamine injection on circadian activity phase entrainment during rapid illumination changes 123: 53–56. [PubMed] and Ueki, S (1983). Inhibitory and excitatory effects of histamine on suprachiasmatic neurons in rat hypothalamic slice preparation 41: 109–113. [PubMed] Stehle, J (1991). Effects of histamine on spontaneous electrical activity of neurons in rat suprachiasmatic nucleus 130: 217–220. [PubMed] and Harrington, ME (1995). Histamine synthesis inhibition reduces light-induced phase shifts of circadian rhythms 695: 227–230. [PubMed] and Harrington, ME (1996). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text primarily consists of references and citations to various studies regarding particular mechanisms and neurotransmitters related to circadian rhythms, but it does not provide any information directly supporting or contradicting the claim about health issues linked to the disruption of circadian rhythms.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Critical thinking skills are crucial for effective problem-solving. [SEP] Text: They need to recognize the factors within their context that they can control or influence so as to achieve a better result. To engage in critical thinking and problem solving under the yellow hat, students should search for optimism which could come from simplifying the tasks they are given to complete. They should practice setting SMART objectives (Drucker, 1954). uses the acronym SMART to refer to goals that are Simple, Measurable, Achievable, Realistic and Time-able. goals enhances optimism as it can lead to greater efficiency, as students don’t spend a lot of time to achieve results and greater effectiveness when the students achieve the desired learning outcomes. Students should be taught that if they can come up with ideas that their peers accept as correct or as adding value to what they are doing or learning, this contributes to optimism in whatever they are learning or doing. They should look for new opportunities to accomplish what they are learning and try to employ personal learning strategies that facilitate their mastery of content and the skills being taught (Martinez & Martinez, 1999). Students learning to apply yellow hat thinking will benefit from activities that give them opportunities to assess the value of their activities, to identify the variety of benefits that could flow from what they are doing and through using their skills to make something work or to illuminate understanding. They may be helped along this trajectory by asking the following ten questions: 1) What good points can I summarize from this text? 2) What are the benefits to the group, class, school or wider community of that policy measure? 3) Why do you think that idea will help solve this problem? 4) What value do you see in this alternative course of action? 5) What is the likelihood that the resources or materials we have will suffice to complete the task satisfactorily? 6) What is the likelihood that this will be accomplished within the time allowed? 7) What contribution can I make to make this work? 8) What is the likelihood that we shall achieve these learning goals? 9) In what alternative ways can we improve our performance on this task? 10) If we could change the situation, what could we do to make the situation better? 5. Conclusions and of Bono’s Model to Critical thinking and problem solving are not just important skills. They lie at the heart of Kivunja’s (2014) “Paradigm” (p. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by emphasizing the importance of critical thinking and problem-solving skills. It discusses how students can enhance their learning outcomes through optimistically engaging in problem-solving and employing strategies such as SMART objectives. The mention of activities that help students assess the value of their actions reinforces that critical thinking is not just a skill but fundamental to effective problem-solving, aligning with Kivunja’s 'Paradigm' that places critical thinking at the core of educational success.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: All cryptocurrencies maintain stable values like traditional currencies. [SEP] Text: ий может быстро меняться Уровень анонимности транзакций низкий высокий Уровень волатильности низкий высокий Источник: составлено автором на основе [11]. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text indicates that the level of volatility of cryptocurrencies can vary, suggesting that they do not maintain stable values like traditional currencies. The mention of both low and high volatility implies fluctuations in value, contrasting with the claim of stability.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Disruption of circadian rhythms can lead to health issues. [SEP] Text: Circadian rhythm photic phase shifts are not altered by histamine receptor antagonists. Bull 41: 227–229. [PubMed] Alexander, MJ and Leeman, SE (1998). Widespread expression in adult rat forebrain of mRNA encoding high-affinity neurotensin receptor J 402: 475–500. [PubMed] and Beaudet, A (1996). Cellular distribution of neurotensin receptors in rat brain: immunohistochemical study using an antipeptide antibody against the cloned high affinity receptor J 373: 76–89. [PubMed] Francois-and Beaudet, A (1992). Association of neurotensin receptors with VIP-containing neurons and serotonin-containing axons in the suprachiasmatic nucleus of the rat Synapse 10: 282–290. [PubMed] Meyer-Spasche, A, Reed, HE and Piggins, HD (2002). Neurotensin phase-shifts the firing rate rhythm of neurons in the rat suprachiasmatic nuclei in vitro Neurosci 16: 339–44. [PubMed] and Piggins, HD (2001). Effects of neurotensin on discharge rates of rat suprachiasmatic nucleus neurons in vitro Neuroscience 103: 663–672. [PubMed] Schmahl, C and Bohmer, G (1997). Effects of excitatory amino acids and neuropeptide Y on the discharge activity of suprachiasmatic neurons in rat brain slices 746: 151–163. [PubMed] and Mason, R (1998). Responses to neuropeptide Y in adult hamster suprachiasmatic nucleus neurones in vitro Pharmacol 345: 155–162. [PubMed] van den Pol, AN and Yocca, FD (1998). Phase shifting of circadian rhythms and depression of neuronal activity in the rat suprachiasmatic nucleus by neuropeptide Y: mediation by different receptor subtypes J Neurosci 18: 3014–3022. [PubMed] and Zhou, JN (2003). Neurotensin expressing neurons developed earlier than vasoactive intestinal polypeptide and vasopressin expressing neurons in the human suprachiasmatic nucleus 335: 175–178. [PubMed] and Kojima, M (2004). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim directly but focuses on neurotensin and various studies related to its effects on circadian rhythms. It mentions phase shifts and the firing rates of neurons in specific brain regions but does not connect these findings to health issues stemming from disrupted circadian rhythms.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Critical thinking skills are crucial for effective problem-solving. [SEP] Text: 86), and they should be taught in every curriculum that seeks to prepare students for the challenges of the Digital Economy. They are “super skills” (Kivunja, 2015b: p. 4) essential for successful studies, work and living in the 21st century Knowledge Economy. It is vital that these skills be explicitly included in pedagogy otherwise students will finish school and graduate without them. This would be a tragedy because as pointed out by leaders in the field such as Dewey (1910; 1933) Facione (2011) and Larrivee (2008) they are essential for success in all walks of life. so cogently asserts: There is hardly a time or a place where it would not seem to be of potential value. As long as people have purposes in mind and wish to judge how to accomplish them, as long as people wonder what is true and what is not, what to believe and what to reject, strong critical thinking is going to be necessary. (Facione, 2011: p. 10) Tapscott (2009) and Trilling and Fadel (2009) also agree that these skills are essential for success not only at school, college and university, but also in life after studies. (2015a) admonishes “It is critical thinking skills that enable meaning to be made in all modes of thinking whether they are legal, commercial, political, psychological, philosophical or sociological” (p. 464). Thus critical thinking and problem solving are essential for life. Given the convergence of expert opinion that critical thinking and problem solving are essential skills in all walks of life, it is regrettable that they do not occupy more dominant positions in the curriculum documents of many educational institutions. Whether this is due to some fallacious misconstruction that because all people think there is no need to teach thinking skills, or due to the realization that these skills are not easy to teach, the fact of the matter is that there is a pedagogical gap that needs to be filled. This is why it is important, and plausible, to employ a well-proven model, designed by a world-renown expert on critical thinking and problem solving (Maltese Dr. Edward de Bono) whose “critical thinking models are used worldwide” (De Bono, 1982: p. 5) to teach students how to think critically and how to solve problems. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by emphasizing the importance of critical thinking skills as essential for effective problem-solving. It states that 'critical thinking and problem solving are essential for life' and highlights consensus among educational leaders about their necessity in various domains. The text argues that these skills should be included in curricula to ensure students graduate with the ability to think critically and solve problems effectively, further supporting the assertion that such skills are crucial for success.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: All cryptocurrencies maintain stable values like traditional currencies. [SEP] Text: Соответственно, недобросовестные хозяйствующие субъекты при возможности выбора между криптовалютой и наличными или цифровой валютой центрального банка, в частности, цифровым рублем, сделают его не в пользу последнего. С другой стороны, возможности для злоупотреблений при введении ЦВЦБ будут снижены. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the preference of economic actors for stable digital currencies, such as central bank digital currencies (CBDCs), over cryptocurrencies. This implies that cryptocurrencies do not have stable values compared to traditional currencies, as they are not favored when stability is prioritized.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Disruption of circadian rhythms can lead to health issues. [SEP] Text: he gut-brain peptide neuromedin U is involved in the mammalian circadian oscillator system 318: 156–161. [PubMed] and Kangawa, K (2005). Identification of neuromedin S and its possible role in the mammalian circadian oscillator system EMBO J 24: 325–335. [PubMed] and Barrett, P (2005). Neuromedin -U is regulated by circadian clock in the SCN of the mouse Neurosci 21: 814–819. [PubMed] Battey, J and Wada, E (1991). Two distinct receptor subtypes for mammalian bombesin-like peptides 14: 524–528. [PubMed] and Moran, TH (1990). Receptor heterogeneity for bombesin-like peptides in the rat central nervous system 537: 233–240. [PubMed] and Moran, TH (1992). Distinct distributions of two bombesin receptor subtypes in the rat central nervous system 593: 168–178. [PubMed] and Ibata, Y (1997). Direct retinal projections to GRP neurons in the suprachiasmatic nucleus of the rat NeuroReport 8: 2187–2191. [PubMed] Aïoun, J, Chambille, I, Peytevin, J and Martinet, L (1988). Neurons containing gastrin-releasing peptide and vasoactive intestinal polypeptide are involved in the reception of the photic signal in the suprachiasmatic nucleus of the Syrian hamster: an immunocytochemical ultrastructural study Res 291: 239–253. Piggins, HD and Rusak, B (1999). Lydic R, Baghdoyan HA ed. Intercellular interactions and the physiology of circadian rhythms in mammals Handbook of behavioral state control: cellular and molecular mechanisms. 44. and Piggins, HD (2000). Gastrin-releasing peptide phase-shifts suprachiasmatic nuclei neuronal rhythms in vitro J Neurosci 20: 5496–5502. [PubMed] and Silver, R (2005). Signaling within the master clock of the brain: localized activation of mitogen-activated protein kinase by gastrin-releasing peptide J Neurosci 25: 2447–2454. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text provided does not directly address the claim regarding the health issues resulting from disruption of circadian rhythms. Instead, it contains references to various studies focused on the role of specific peptides and neuronal systems related to the circadian oscillator without discussing any health implications. Therefore, it is deemed irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Critical thinking skills are crucial for effective problem-solving. [SEP] Text: As explored and demonstrated in this paper, De Bono’s Hats model equips pedagogues with the opportunity to teach their students how to develop their critical thinking and problem solving skills by using a certain type of thinking and to stop using it when they have exhausted its utility and switch on to another type of thinking. The metaphor of “wearing a different coloured hat” serves to effectively dramatize the ease with which students can move from thinking critically about an issue from one perspective to another. For example, by wearing their black hat thinking students can assess the feasibility of alternative approaches to problem solving. They can then take it off and switch to the blue hat thinking to analyze how far they have advanced in trying to solve the problem. They can take the blue hat thinking off and wear the green hat thinking to come up with new and better ways of solving the problem. They can take off the green hat and switch to the red hat so that they express their likes and dislikes about the progress made so far. They can switch to the white hat to go search for additional data that will help them shed new light on the problem and facilitate its solution. They can switch to the yellow hat thinking to encourage their peers as they see a lot of good that could flow from completing the project satisfactorily, in spite of the difficulties that their black hat revealed. Having the hats coloured differently helps students to understand that in critical thinking and problem solving, there usually is no one-way to solve a problem. And that if one approach does not appear to derive a solution, they should be prepared to try other approaches that help to advance their thinking and problem solving. The variety of coloured hats is a simple and convenient way to teach students that they should be prepared to try alternative approaches to problem solving but it is important to also point out that in the normal course of thinking, it is quite common to utilize several coloured hats simultaneously. Besides, even though the hats have been described and discussed alphabetically in this paper for convenience, it is worth pointing out to students that there is no set sequence in which the hats are always to be worn. It depends on the nature of the problem that is being solved. For example, one problem might require a basic explanation (white hat thinking) before any steps to its solution can be attempted. Another search for a solution might be started by a motivational speaker who convinces shareholders of a very promising investment alternative (yellow hat thinking). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by illustrating how different thinking approaches, exemplified by De Bono’s Hats model, enhance critical thinking and problem-solving skills. It emphasizes the significance of being adaptable in thought processes to tackle problems effectively. The explanation of switching between various hats shows the necessity of critical thinking in assessing, analyzing, and solving problems from multiple perspectives.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: All cryptocurrencies maintain stable values like traditional currencies. [SEP] Text: Ряд исследователей, при рассмотрении сценария полной замены ЦВЦБ иных форм фиатных денег, делают предположения о возникновении “антиутопии” вследствие того, что ЦВЦБ являются идеальным инструментом для тотального контроля со стороны государства, поскольку интеграция ЦВЦБ в экономику позволит государству не только контролировать, но и ограничивать траты и перемещения их пользователей [16]. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing concerns about Central Bank Digital Currencies (CBDCs) and their potential for government control over users' spending and movement, implying that CBDCs may not offer the same value stability as traditional currencies. It suggests that transitioning to CBDCs could lead to dystopian consequences rather than the stability proposed in the claim.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Disruption of circadian rhythms can lead to health issues. [SEP] Text: [PubMed] Bina, KG, Rusak, B and Semba, K (1993). Localization of cholinergic neurons in the forebrain and brainstem that project to the suprachiasmatic nucleus of the hypothalamus in rats J 335: 295–307. [PubMed] Nishino, H and Koizumi, K (1977). Responses of neurons in the suprachiasmatic nuclei of the hypothalamus to putative transmitters 120: 167–172. [PubMed] Zatz, M and Brownstein, MJ (1981). Injection of alpha-bungarotoxin near the suprachiasmatic nucleus blocks the effects of light on nocturnal pineal enzyme activity 213: 438–442. [PubMed] Earnest, DJ and Turek, FW (1985). Neurochemical basis for the photic control of circadian rhythms and seasonal reproductive cycles: role for acetylcholine 82: 4277–4281. [PubMed] Liu, C and Gillette, MU (1996). Cholinergic regulation of the SCN circadian rhythm via a muscarinic mechanism at night J Neurosci 16: 744–752. [PubMed] and Menaker, M (1993). Phase shifting mechanisms in the mammalian circadian system: new light on the carbachol paradox J Neurosci 13: 1454–1459. [PubMed] Janik, D and Mrosovsky, N (1994). Intergeniculate leaflet lesions and behaviorally-induced shifts of circadian rhythms 651: 174–182. [PubMed] Rusak, B, Meijer, JH and Harrington, ME (1989). Hamster circadian rhythms are phase-shifted by electrical stimulation of the geniculo-hypothalamic tract 493: 283–291. [PubMed] and Pevet, P (2001). Intergeniculate leaflets lesion delays but does not prevent the integration of photoperiodic change by the suprachiasmatic nuclei 906: 176–179. [PubMed] Harrington, ME (1997). The ventral lateral geniculate nucleus and the intergeniculate leaflet: interrelated structures in the visual and circadian systems Rev 21: 705–727. [PubMed] Moore, RY and Speh, JC (1993). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text provides a list of scientific studies related to the suprachiasmatic nucleus and its role in circadian rhythms but does not directly address or support the claim about health issues resulting from disruption of circadian rhythms. Therefore, it is irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Critical thinking skills are crucial for effective problem-solving. [SEP] Text: Yet another one might start with what is called a SWOT analysis showing the Strengths (blue hat), Weaknesses (black hat) Opportunities (yellow hat), and Threats (black hat). Bono’s Hats are used one at a time, in unison or in a sequence of steps they represent a pedagogical model that can be used to effectively teach students how to think critically and engage in serious problem solving in a colourful and entertaining way. The model is not only good fun in the classroom or lecture theatre, it is also versatile so that it can be applied at every feasible level of critical thinking and problem solving ranging from very simple to highly complicated problems. The level of sophistication depends on the learning stage of students or the individuals involved in trying to solve a nominated problem. Bono (1992b) himself reports, “It has already been in use with six-year-olds and with senior executives in the world’s largest businesses” (p. 161). Noting that it is not easy to explicitly teach critical thinking and problem solving skills, here is a model that is simple and practical enough to be made a good tool for teaching these skills in a fun-filled way and making them, as Costa and Kallick (2000) say habits of mind for our students, so they can learn them, live by them, and pass them on to other people. In the Hats model, no coloured hat is prettier than another. None is more important than the other. They are all of greatly equal value. And each has potential to contribute to the understanding of a problem and to identifying how the problem can best be solved. Applying them helps students to learn that critical thinking and problem solving are indeed skills that anyone can learn. They are not the preserve of a few gifted individuals or those endowed with exceptional capacity for argumentation. Just as anyone can wear different coloured hats, so can anyone bring different perspectives to critical thinking and problem solving. To end this discussion with De Bono’s (1992d) words of wisdom, if properly taught: The hats allow full attention to be paid to the critical aspects of thinking, the constructive aspects of thinking, and the creative aspects of thinking. The hats provide a framework for learning about the different aspects of thinking and for understanding thinking. Without them, it can be difficult to teach thinking. (p. 165) Conflicts of authors declare no conflicts of interest. 05. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the importance of critical thinking skills in problem-solving, specifically through the use of the Hats model. It is stated that this model helps students learn to think critically and engage effectively in problem-solving, emphasizing that these skills can be taught and learned by anyone. Therefore, it supports the idea that critical thinking skills are essential for effective problem-solving.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: All cryptocurrencies maintain stable values like traditional currencies. [SEP] Text: Полагаем, что данный сценарий является маловероятным как минимум потому, что ни один из центральных банков, исследующих ЦВЦБ, не заявил о необходимости полной замены уже существующих форм денег новой цифровой формой. Более вероятным является сценарий введения ЦВЦБ как дополнения к уже существующим формам фиатных валют, позволяя владельцам пользоваться преимуществами цифровых технологий, обеспеченных государством. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by suggesting that traditional forms of money will not be entirely replaced by digital currencies, implying that cryptocurrencies do not have stable values like traditional currencies. It indicates that central banks are not advocating for such a complete replacement, which implies a lack of stability in cryptocurrencies compared to fiat currencies.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Disruption of circadian rhythms can lead to health issues. [SEP] Text: GABA is the principal neurotransmitter of the circadian system 150: 112–116. [PubMed] Morin, LP and Blanchard, J (1995). Organization of the hamster intergeniculate leaflet: NPY and ENK projections to the suprachiasmatic nucleus, intergeniculate leaflet and posterior limitans nucleus 12: 57–67. [PubMed] Byku, M, Legutko, R and Gannon, RL (2000). Distribution of delta opioid receptor immunoreactivity in the hamster suprachiasmatic nucleus and intergeniculate leaflet 857: 1–7. [PubMed] Byku, M and Gannon, RL (2000). SNC 80, a delta-opioid agonist, elicits phase advances in hamster circadian activity rhythms Neuroreport 11: 1449–1452. [PubMed] and Card, JP (1984). Identical immunoreactivity of afferents to the rat suprachiasmatic nucleus with antisera against avian pancreatic polypeptide, molluscan cardioexcitatory peptide and neuropeptide Y Res 236: 41–46. [PubMed] and Harrington, ME (1997). Circadian phase shifts to neuropeptide Y In vitro: cellular communication and signal transduction. J Neurosci 17: 8468–8475. [PubMed] Moore, RY and Card, JP (1994). Intergeniculate leaflet: an anatomically and functionally distinct subdivision of the lateral geniculate complex J 344: 403–430. [PubMed] Mrosovsky, N (1995). Chadwick DJ, ed. A non -photic gateway to the circadian clcok of hamsters Circadian clocks and their adjustment. New York, John Wiley, 174. and Takahashi, JS (1995). Pharmacological and genetic approaches for the study of circadian rhythms in mammals 16: 191–223. [PubMed] and Albers, HE (1995). Bicuculline blocks neuropeptide Y-induced phase advances when microinjected in the suprachiasmatic nucleus of Syrian hamsters 675: 333–336. [PubMed] Chen, G and van den Pol, AN (1996). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim directly or provide evidence regarding the impact of circadian rhythm disruption on health issues. Instead, it focuses on various studies about neuropeptides and neurotransmitter roles in circadian rhythms without mentioning health outcomes related to disruption.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Critical thinking skills are crucial for effective problem-solving. [SEP] Text: AbstractBackground: hats is a time-tested, proven, and practical thinking tool that acts as a role-playing model. It is as a team-based problem solving and brain storming technique that can be used to explore problems and solutions and uncover ideas and options that overlooked by a homogeneously thinking group. On the same line, it separates the components of thinking in order to do them properly as there is no one brain ideal for all types of thinking. Also, it provides a framework to help people think clearly and thoroughly and directs thinking attention in one direction at a time. Edward de Bono identified 6 types of one-dimensional personalities or Thinking Hats, while the average person will often imbue qualities from several of these 6 types. Participants put on hats in turn to indicate directions of thinking, possibly more than once but not necessarily all of them, the color of each is related to a function. Method: exploratory descriptive design was used with two tools used in data collection” Inventory” and “problem solving Application questionnaire”. Results: There were statistical significant differences between both groups of students in relation to critical thinking disposition and problem solving skills in post assessment phase in the favor of study group (p <. 001). Conclusion: In the current study, the six hats technique was used in training of nurse students to improve their critical thinking disposition and the skills of problem solving, which facilitates productive critical thinking, collaboration, communication, creativity and enables each person's unique point of view to be considered in problem solving Keywords: six hats critical thinking disposition problem solving skills 1. IntroductionNumerous individuals think from perceptive, basic, consistent viewpoints, and once in a while see the world from enthusiastic, instinctive, innovative, or even intentionally negative perspectives. Hence, they're contentions don't take jumps of creative minds, they disparage protection from change, or they neglect to draw emergency courses of action. Critical thinking is a reasoning that offers better approaches for seeing issues coming at the side instead of from the front to cultivate change, imagination, and development. One tool of this lateral thinking is the Hats method, was conceived by in 1985 to give bunches intends to reflect together more successfully by six hats with six tones. It is recommended that synthetic settings in the cerebrum might be distinctive when individuals are being imaginative, being positive, and being negative 1, 2, 3. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the use of the 'six hats' technique, which is aimed at enhancing critical thinking and problem-solving skills among participants. The conclusion notes that this method improves critical thinking disposition and problem-solving skills, emphasizing the importance of critical thinking in facilitating effective problem resolution.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: All cryptocurrencies maintain stable values like traditional currencies. [SEP] Text: Для государств введение цифровых валют центральных банков позволит сохранить стабильность финансовой системы в период роста использования криптоактивов и снизить интерес к криптовалютам, улучшить государственный контроль за совершением транзакций, поскольку каждая транзакция будет регистрироваться в базе данных, доступной при необходимости различным государственным органам. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by suggesting that the introduction of central bank digital currencies could lead to greater financial stability and reduced interest in cryptocurrencies, implying that cryptocurrencies do not have stable values compared to traditional currencies.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Disruption of circadian rhythms can lead to health issues. [SEP] Text: Multiple NPY receptors coexist in pre- and postsynaptic sites: inhibition of GABA release in isolated self-innervating SCN neurons J Neurosci 16: 7711–7724. [PubMed] and Jones, BE (1978). Serotonin neurons of the midbrain raphe: ascending projections J 180: 417–438. [PubMed] and Assenmacher, I (1983). Efferences dextrahypothalamiques de noyau suprachiasmatique chez le rat C R 297: 347–350. Medanic, M and Gillette, MU (1992). Serotonin regulates the phase of the rat suprachiasmatic circadian pacemaker in vitro during the subjective day J Physiol 450: 629–642. [PubMed] and Dement, WC (1993). Serotonin and the mammalian circadian system: phase shifting rat behavioral rhythms with serotonergic agonists J 8: 17–31. [PubMed] Block, M and Zucker, I (1976). Circadian rhythms of rat locomotor activity after lesions of the midbrain raphe nuclei J 109: 235–247. and Ibata, Y (1987). VIP-like immunoreactive neurons and retinal projections in the rat suprachiasmatic nucleus 8: 253–262. and Bengston, L (1999). Retinal afferents to the dorsal raphe nucleus in rats and Mongolian gerbils J 414: 469–484. [PubMed] Prosser, RA (2000). Serotonergic actions and interactions on the SCN circadian pacemaker: In vitro investigations Res 31: 315–339. and Allen, CN (2000). Pre- and postsynaptic actions of serotonin on rat suprachiasmatic nucleus neurons 866: 247–256. [PubMed] and Colwell, CS (1994). Serotonin modulates photic responses in the hamster suprachiasmatic nuclei J Neurosci 14: 3635–3642. [PubMed] Ying, SW and Rusak, B (1994). Effects of serotonergic agonists on firing rates of photically responsive cells in the hamster suprachiasmatic nucleus 651: 37–46. [PubMed] and Gannon, RL (1995). Serotonergic potentiation of photic phase shifts of the circadian activity rhythm Neuroreport 6: 1289–1292. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not directly address the claim regarding the consequences of disrupted circadian rhythms on health issues. Instead, it provides a list of studies related to serotonin and its effects on the circadian pacemaker in rats, without explicitly discussing health implications. Therefore, it is considered irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Critical thinking skills are crucial for effective problem-solving. [SEP] Text: hats is a tried and true, demonstrated, and time-tested thinking that described as a pretending model. It is as a group based critical thinking and conceptualizing procedure that can be utilized to investigate issues and arrangements and reveal thoughts and choices that disregarded by a homogeneously thinking gathering. On a similar line, it isolates the segments of intuition to do them appropriately as there is nobody cerebrum idealistic for a wide range of reasoning. Even more than that, it gives a structure to help everyone think unmistakably and completely and coordinates thinking consideration toward each path in turn. Even more than this, it encourages gainful reasoning, coordinated effort, correspondence, and innovativeness and empowers every person's remarkable perspective to be thought of and allot every individual from the group an alternative, one-dimensional "Thinking Hat" for the term of the critical thinking or meeting to generate new ideas. 4, 5, 6 Edward de Bono recognized 6 kinds of one-dimensional characters or Thinking Hats, while the normal person will regularly saturate characteristics from a few of these 6 types. Learner put on hats thusly to show bearings of critical thinking, conceivably more than once yet not every one of them, the color of each is identified with a capacity; as the white hat is focused on logical and target thinking, with accentuation on realities and achievability, it emphasis on the information accessible, takes a gander at the accessible data at that point see what is required data lastly search for gaps in information and fill them. cap is concerned with enthusiastic thinking, abstract sentiments, discernment, and assessment; it sees issues utilizing instinct, gut response, feeling, and attempt to figure how others will respond sincerely and comprehend the reactions of them. While, blue hat pertains to organized thinking, significant level outlines of the circumstance, which is the higher perspective and see everything from a good way 5, 6, 7. Black hats is focused on basic, theoretical, distrustful speculation, zeroed in on dangers, recognizing issues in a doubter hoping to take a gander at it carefully and protectively and features the feeble focuses and tragic defects in an arrangement prior to leaving on a game-plan. Yellow hat is the hopeful perspective that assists with seeing all the advantages, estimations of the choice and gives the most ideal situation and inspirational attitude toward things and expecting the best result. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the importance of critical thinking and the 'Thinking Hats' method developed by Edward de Bono. It explains how this model promotes diverse thinking approaches and collaboration, emphasizing that critical thinking can lead to effective problem-solving by investigating issues and presenting different perspectives. The mention of how different hats represent various thinking styles, such as logical, emotional, and strategic thinking, illustrates how critical thinking is not only essential but also structured to enhance problem-solving abilities.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: CRISPR technology allows precise editing of specific genes. [SEP] Text: We further speculate that the discrepancy between the genomic PCR and immunofluorescence could result from a more complete co-transfection using electroporation and a bias towards easier detection of larger PCR products (i. e. , the KI and WT fragments) using ethidium bromide integration for detection. We have now included these data in the manuscript as Figure 4—figure supplement 3 and discussed this in the context of the GluA2 KO seen with TKIT (Results). Also see the Discussion. We also added a description of this methodology to the Materials and methods section of the manuscript. 2) Recent reports suggest that AAV vector genomes can integrate at DSBs created by Cas9 (PMIDs: 33087932, 31570731), and Cas9 can often create an opportunity for unintended insertions. Although PCR of genomic DNA (shown in Figure 4—figure supplement 2) detected both WT and KI alleles, it is not clear how often insertion of other sequences (with variable length) occurs, and no data at the level of DNA sequence is provided following AAV delivery methods. The fidelity of clean donor insertion could be examined by Sanger sequencing of genomic DNA clones to more completely define the results of insertion and genomic sequence changes around cut sites. This would also help to identify potential issues that may affect non-coding sequences (which, at the locations targeted here, are likely to be important regulatory elements). We are grateful to the reviewers for raising this important point. We agree that this is a necessary consideration when coupling AAVs withCas9 methods for genome editing (which is being widely adopted in the field). In fact, we now also speculate that 5’UTR integration of fragments of AAV could explain the lower efficiency in vivo with AAVs compared to in vitro with transfections. We have updated the text in the Results section to account for this possibility and include the recommended 2. The hippocampus will then be dissected, and genomic DNA amplify using a high-fidelity polymerase and a very long extension time (to account for variable sized insertions) flanking the KI sites. The PCR products will be sent for deep sequencing (as in Hanlon et al. , 2019). This will enable us to calculate the percentage of reads that have AAV insertions. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text discusses various aspects of gene editing and methodologies related to the use of AAV vectors and Cas9, but it does not directly address or support the claim regarding CRISPR technology's ability to allow precise editing of specific genes. Instead, it mentions concerns about unintended insertions and the fidelity of donor insertions, which do not corroborate or contrast with the claim but rather explore technical details related to the editing process.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Disruption of circadian rhythms can lead to health issues. [SEP] Text: Castel, M and Morris, JF (2000). Morphological heterogeneity of the GABAergic network in the suprachiasmatic nucleus, the brain's circadian pacemaker J Anat 196: 1–13. [PubMed] and Golombek, DA (2001). Rhythmic variation in gamma-aminobutyric acid(A)-receptor subunit composition in the circadian system and median eminence of Syrian hamsters 310: 178–182. [PubMed] van den Pol, AN (1993). Glutamate and GABA presence and action in the suprachiasmatic nucleus J 8: 11–15. Gao, B, Fritschy, JM and Moore, RY (1995). GABAA-receptor subunit composition in the circadian timing system 700: 142–156. [PubMed] O'and Kilduff, TS (1995). and NMDA receptor subunit expression in the suprachiasmatic nucleus and other brain regions Res 28: 239–250. [PubMed] deand Dudek, FE (1999). A re-examination of the role of GABA in the mammalian suprachiasmatic nucleus J 14: 126–130. [PubMed] and Dudek, FE (2003). GABA receptor -mediated inhibition of neuronal activity in rat SCN in vitro: Pharmacology and influence of circadian phase J Neurophysiol 90: 1438–1448. [PubMed] Wagner, S, Sagiv, N and Yarom, Y (2001). GABA-induced current and circadian regulation of chloride in neurons of the rat suprachiasmatic nucleus J Physiol 537: 853–869. [PubMed] and Dudek, FE (1997). GABA A-mediated local synaptic pathways connect neurons in the rat suprachiasmatic nucleus J Neurophysiol 78: 2217–2220. [PubMed] and Yarom, Y (1997). GABA in the mammalian suprachiasmatic nucleus and its role in diurnal rhythmicity Nature 387: 598–603. [PubMed] and Herbison, AE (2002). Effect of GABA on GnRH neurons switches from depolarization to hyperpolarization at puberty in the female mouse Endocrinology 143: 1459–1466. [PubMed] Obrietan, K and van den Pol, AN (1995). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text primarily lists studies and publications regarding the role of GABA and the suprachiasmatic nucleus in the circadian system but does not explicitly support or refute the claim about disruption of circadian rhythms leading to health issues. It is more focused on the morphological and functional aspects of circadian regulation without addressing potential health issues that might arise from disruptions.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Critical thinking skills are crucial for effective problem-solving. [SEP] Text: At last, green hat, which focused on imaginative, affiliated reasoning, groundbreaking thoughts, conceptualizing thoughts out of the crate without worry for plausibility; it is a unrestricted perspective, wherein there is miniature analysis of ideas 6, 7, 8. Critical thinking association defined critical thinking as "the method of pondering any subject, substance, or issue in which the mastermind improves the nature of their deduction by capably dissecting, evaluating, and recreating it. Critical thinking has numerous aptitudes incorporate intellectual and emotional abilities. Psychological aptitudes incorporate numerous abilities as; translation in which precisely deciphering issues from normal data sources while examination is analyzing thoughts in issues and emotional information. Additionally, there is induction that incorporates queering claims, evaluating contentions and arriving at resolutions, just as the clarification that incorporates; unmistakably clarifying and guarding the thinking in which an individual shows up at explicit choices. At long last, assessment which incorporates assessing data to learn it is likely reliability or not. 9, 10, 11 On a similar vein, there are emotional abilities which incorporate; receptiveness as having an enthusiasm for substitute viewpoints and readiness to with others perspective, curious incorporate; inquisitive and eager in needing to get information, needing to realize how things work. Additionally, there is truth seeking for which incorporate; fearless about proposing inquiries to acquire the best information regardless of whether information may neglect to help one's assumption, while foundational; incorporate esteeming connection and have centered way to deal with issues of all degrees of multifaceted nature, lastly self-assured which incorporates confiding in one's own thinking and tendency to use these aptitudes. 12, 13 On the other vein, there is the critical thinking attitude which is a characteristic or propensity for mind that is incorporated into one's convictions or activities to adequately tackle issues and settle on choices as a result of reasoning. Likewise, it impacts a choice or the capacity to control one to determine issues identified with proficient circumstances. Reasoning mien is the soul of criticality or the inclination to think chiefly that has the qualities of internal interest, the sharpness of the psyche, the constancy of creating reason, and the need for dependable data. In this way, it will urge somebody to apply the fitness of basic intuition in each part of life. 14, 15, 16 There are three basic parts of critical thinking disposition which are eagerness, affectability, and capacity. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by detailing the components and importance of critical thinking, which includes skills necessary for evaluating and analyzing problems. It emphasizes that critical thinking is essential for improving reasoning capabilities, evaluating arguments, and making informed decisions, all of which are integral to effective problem-solving.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: CRISPR technology allows precise editing of specific genes. [SEP] Text: However, in 2015, along with other researchers, ethicists and advocates commented that germline-engineering raises the risk of unanticipated consequences for future generation since there are limits to our current understanding of gene-environment interactions in human disease, genetics, and the pathways to other respective disease (Baltimore et al. 2015). He et al. (Unpublished) announced that his lab used the technique to create genetically modified babies. Despite the ambitions about the technology which allows researchers to take such risks to make precise modifications to human DNA, (Stein 2018; Li et al. 2019; Barton and Rochman 2017) and like any great scientific inventions and discoveries, approach has triggered ethical concerns among scientific communities that are not easy justifications. It is a fact that is an exciting yet challenging area in modern biology with the aim of making notable change in the genome of different species, and germline engineering could be done exclusively on faulty genes that lead to severe diseases while there are not may practical therapeutic options available. In parallel to the current developments, extensive evidence on risk factors, and health benefits, improvements during clinical trials are required. Despite all its promises, this technique still requires crucial steps toward maximizing the system until it is considered safe enough to be used on humans. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by highlighting the ethical concerns and limitations associated with CRISPR technology. While it acknowledges that CRISPR can enable precise modifications to human DNA, it stresses the risks and the necessity for further understanding and safety measures, indicating that despite the potential for precise editing, there are significant challenges and ethical debates surrounding its application.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Disruption of circadian rhythms can lead to health issues. [SEP] Text: GABA neurotransmission in the hypothalamus: developmental reversal from Ca2+ elevating to depressing J Neurosci 15: 5065–5077. [PubMed] and Proctor, WR (1995). Ionic mechanisms of neuronal excitation by inhibitory GABAA receptors Science 269: 977–981. [PubMed] de Jeu, M and Pennartz, C (2002). Circadian modulation of GABA function in the rat suprachiasmatic nucleus: excitatory effects during the night phase J Neurophysiol 87: 834–844. [PubMed] and Albers, HE (1996). Rhythms of glutamic acid decarboxylase mRNA in the suprachiasmatic nucleus J 11: 311–316. [PubMed] and Albers, HE (1999). Glutamic acid decarboxylase mRNA in the suprachiasmatic nucleus of rats housed in constant darkness 851: 266–269. [PubMed] and Colwell, CS (2004). Circadian rhythm in inhibitory synaptic transmission in the mouse suprachiasmatic nucleus J Neurophysiol 92: 311–319. [PubMed] Liu, C and Reppert, SM (2000). GABA synchronizes clock cells within the suprachiasmatic circadian clock Neuron 25: 123–128. [PubMed] Ohta, H, Yamazaki, S and McMahon, DG (2005). Constant light desynchronizes mammalian clock neurons 8: 267–269. [PubMed] and Tei, H (2004). Temporal precision in the mammalian circadian system: a reliable clock from less reliable neurons J 19: 35–46. [PubMed] and Okamura, H (2003). Two types of VIP neuronal components in rat suprachiasmatic nucleus J 74: 852–857. [PubMed] and Masson-Pevet, M (2002). Per and neuropeptide expression in the rat suprachiasmatic nuclei: compartmentalization and differential cellular induction by light 958: 261–271. [PubMed] and Masson-Pevet, M (2002). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text provided is a collection of references to various studies on GABA function and circadian rhythms, but it does not directly address the claim regarding the health issues stemming from the disruption of circadian rhythms. It primarily lists research articles without summarizing findings or conclusions that relate to the claim, making it irrelevant.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Critical thinking skills are crucial for effective problem-solving. [SEP] Text: Educator should assist students with building their own insight through request measures, both freely and intellectually, to play out these cycles, they need the eagerness, affectability, and capacity to take care of the issues experienced, hence thinking fundamentally as an expertise part of deep rooted learning should be possible well. Reasoning manner has explicit seven pointers: truth-chasing, liberality, analyticity, systematicity, fearlessness, curiosity, and development. The seven hats out intelligent abilities and inclination to carry on. In this relation, the basic reasoning mien mirrors an individual's demeanor toward a critical thinking ability. An individual with a basic inclination will show high interest, scholarly excitement, committed to recommending an activity, urgent for significant data, and tending to utilize critical thinking disposition contrasted with people with low reasoning propensities. 17, 18 Six hats thinking skills improve problem solving which defined as a cycle comprises of understanding the issue, at that point contriving an arrangement, doing the arrangement lastly thinking back for assessment. Problem solving has the explicit cycle which incorporates firstly, appraisal of the issue to distinguish its reality then gather information and set up it. Second examination to distinguish the issue, its measurements, viewpoints, related components, causes, potential arrangements and the need of it. Thirdly, result distinguishing proof as having a reasonable brief objective and right course by recognizing the idealistic and undesired results and potential systems. Fourthly, arranging by choice the choices that have the most obvious opportunity with regard to progress and least unfortunate results, at that point the pre-latter is execution of the chose arrangement or option. At long last, the assessment of the difficult arrangement on the off chance that it is fruitful or not and contrast it and the ideal results, it is positive and negative perspectives and the level of progress. 16, 17, 18, 19 1. 1. The aim of the studyIs to determine the effect of six hats thinking technique on development of critical thinking disposition and problem solving skills of nursing students. 1. 2. Research HypothesesH1: Students who are subjected to six hats thinking technique exhibits higher critical thinking disposition than those who do not. H2: Students who are subjected to six hats thinking technique exhibit higher problem solving skills than those who do not. 2. Materials and Method2. 1. MaterialsResearch design; A quasi experimental research design was used to conduct this study. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by emphasizing the role of critical thinking skills in the problem-solving process. It details how critical thinking is essential for evaluating problems, developing strategies for solutions, and assessing outcomes. Additionally, the text mentions specific thinking skills such as analytical and systematic thinking, which are integral to effective problem-solving.