Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Mindfulness programs require no training or structured guidance. [SEP] Text: Full catastrophe living: using the wisdom of your body and mind to face stress, pain, and illness. New York: Random House; 2013. 2013. 2011. Book 75. 86. 56. 61. 63. 2016. Effectiveness and cost-effectiveness of mindfulness-based cognitive therapy compared with maintenance antidepressant treatment in the prevention of depressive relapse or recurrence (): a randomised controlled trial. Lancet. 2015;386(9988):63–73. 2015. Accessed 19 April 2017. Kabat- Training teachers to deliver mindfulness-based stress reduction. Principles and standards. Shrewsbury (MA): for Mindfulness. 2014. 19 April 2017. UCSD Center for Mindfulness. Mindfulness-based cognitive therapy (MBCT) teacher qualification and certification. San Diego: Mindfulness-Training Institute. 2014. Accessed 19 April 2017. University of Oxford. MSt in mindfulness-based cognitive therapy. Oxford (ENG): Department for University of Oxford. 2017 Accessed 19 April 2017. Competence in teaching mindfulness-based courses: concepts, development and assessment. Mindfulness. 2012;3:76–84. 8. 2016. Accessed 19 April 2017. editors. CanMEDS 2015 Framework. Ottawa(ON): of Physicians and Surgeons of Canada; 2015. Accessed 19 April 2017. A pilot study group of mindfulness-based cognitive therapy (MBCT) for combat veterans with posttraumatic stress disorders (PTSD). Depress Anxiety. 2013;30(7):638–45. 1993. 2004. p. 40–60. 59. 600. 66. 72. 2016. Accessed 19 April 2017. Decentering and related constructs: a critical review and meta-cognitive processes model. Sci. 2015;10(5):599–617. 72. 50. 72. . Exeter, Bangor & Oxford; 2012. Accessed 19 April 2017. UC Centre for Mindfulness. Mindfulness-based professional training institute. (CA); 2016. Accessed 19 April 2017. Mindfulness-integrated Therapy (MiCBT) Research. Mindfulness-integrated CBT training for mental health professionals. MiCBT Institute; 2016. Accessed 19 April 2017. Download 4. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by referencing various sources and studies that imply a structured approach to training in mindfulness. For instance, it mentions 'Training teachers to deliver mindfulness-based stress reduction' and 'Mindfulness-based cognitive therapy (MBCT) teacher qualification and certification,' both indicating that formal training and structured guidance are essential components in mindfulness programs.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Circadian rhythms are regulated by light-sensitive proteins. [SEP] Text: Experiment 3: Comparison of HSD to F344 male rats in DD This experiment was designed to compare circadian traits and nocturnality of F344 and HSD rats. Activity patterns of young male F344 rats were compared with those of young male HSD rats (N = 10 per group) in constant darkness (DD). Except for the photoperiod treatment, procedures and data collection were as in Experiment 1. Data collection and analysis of nocturnality and diurnality was carried out using a software package, Tau, generously provided by. Wheel revolutions were recorded in 6-minute bins and plotted as activity records. Preliminary analyses were conducted to test the effect of removing bins with small numbers of wheel rotations. Because variation in nocturnality was most apparent without removing bins, analyses were conducted using all activity. For all statistical analyses, data were taken only from the last 15 days of activity in order to allow rats to adjust to the treatment photoperiod in SD and DD. For rats in LD, data collection was also restricted to the final 15 days of activity in order to match ages across all three experiments. The nocturnality index is defined here as the ratio of time active in the night (or subjective night) to the total time active over 24 hours. Thus, individuals that were more active during the night had a higher nocturnality index. program also calculated the tau (free-running period) by the chi-square periodogram method for each rat in DD. Phase angle of entrainment, activity onset, activity offset, and alpha (duration of activity) were calculated following methods slightly modified from Majoy and Heideman [17] and Sullivan and Lynch [35] as described below. Activity onset was defined as the first bout of running activity lasting at least two 6-min recording bins that was preceded by at least 2 hours with no sustained activity (e. g. , activity in no more than one consecutive bin) and followed by additional activity within the next hour. Eye-fitted lines were drawn through these daily activity onsets on an actogram to obtain a mean daily activity onset for each rat. The activity offset was defined as the end of the last bout of activity followed by at least 2 hours of no sustained activity. Again, eye-fitted lines were drawn through the daily offset times on an actogram to obtain a mean offset for each rat. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the regulation of circadian rhythms by light-sensitive proteins. Instead, it describes an experiment comparing the circadian traits and nocturnality of two different rat strains, focusing on their activity patterns in constant darkness without discussing the role of light-sensitive proteins.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Crop rotation can enhance soil fertility and prevent pests. [SEP] Text: usGuidelines to authorRole of ethicsRole of Authors4. 84Frequency :Quarterly (March, June, September & December):10. 18805/ag. RF-294uses of crop residues and suggesting their management is one of the conservation agricultural practices which have a very efficient strategy to increase the soil fertility and crop productivity. Among the available organic sources of plant nutrients, crop residue is one of the most important sources for supplying nutrients to the crop and for improving soil health besides increasing the organic matter of the soil. Crop residue enhances the physical and chemical characteristics of soils and, in general, serves as a steady source of food for the fauna, flora and many creatures that inhabit the soil. The slope of the farmland determines how much crop residue is left on the farm. As a result, farmlands with steep slopes require a lot of crop leftovers, whereas farmlands with moderate slopes require fewer crop residues. The maintenance and productivity of the farmland, which results in fertile farmland and improved crop output, may be achieved if the principal obstacles pertaining to uses of agricultural leftovers were resolved. and physical soil propertiesCrop productivityCrop residueDepleted soil nutrientsagriculture faces soil fertility depletion and low crop productivity problems in different countries. Use of unbalanced, insufficient and pro-macronutrient fertilizers, as well as insufficient or no use of organic manures and crop wastes, as well as reduced use of high-quality biofertilizers, all contribute to a decline in soil fertility (Babu et al. , 2014). Crop residues are parts of the plants left in the field after crops have been harvested and thrashed. These materials have at times been regarded as waste materials that require disposal, but it has become increasingly realized that they are important natural resources and not wastes (et al. , 2006; Kumar and Goh, 2000). According to Lemtiri et al. , (2016), crop residues are not only the above-ground part not harvested for crop production, but also the below-ground parts known as root systems, which are consistently incorporated into the soil. To manage the residues in a productive and profitable manner, conservation agriculture (CA) offers a good promise. Crop residue can minimize the rain drop impact and splash erosion problems on the cultivated field (Lemtiri et al. , 2016). Soil cover is one of the most critical factors in ensuring the success of CA. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing how the management of crop residues can enhance soil fertility. It describes crop residues as a significant organic source that supplies nutrients to crops and improves soil health. The text states that these residues enhance the physical and chemical characteristics of the soil, contributing to the maintenance of fertile farmland, which is directly related to the claim about crop rotation's benefits for soil fertility.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Mindfulness in education will universally improve academic scores. [SEP] Text: Adding the subscale scores of trait mindfulness in the third step yielded significant increments in R2 (ΔR2) for four of the five outcome variables (i. e. , test anxiety, enjoyment, mind-wandering, and help-seeking avoidance). An examination of the relative effect of each subscale revealed that acting with awareness was a significant predictor of three outcome variables (i. e. , test anxiety, enjoyment, and mind-wandering), while describing, nonreactivity, and nonjudging significantly predicted one outcome each (help-seeking avoidance, mind-wandering, and enjoyment, respectively). Observing was a marginally significant predictor of enjoyment (p = 0. 059). Overall, the results support the hypothesis. Table 2 Hierarchical multiple regression analyses predicting the five outcome variables from motivational factors and mindfulnessFull size tableDiscussionConsistent with our hypothesis, trait mindfulness predicted four of the five academic outcomes after controlling for motivational factors. This result means that the unique characteristics of mindfulness that do not exist in motivational factors predicted academic outcomes. The mindfulness-specific characteristics involve the being mode of mind (i. e. , a present-focused, non-striving, and accepting mind mode), as opposed to the doing mode of mind (i. e. , a goal-oriented, striving, and change-seeking mind mode) that characterizes motivational factors. Why did the being mode of mind predict academic outcomes beyond the doing mode? We suggest that the being mode would facilitate two unique and effective self-regulatory processes—bottom-up self-regulation of learning and present-focused, acceptance-based self-regulation of academic stress—that differ from those facilitated by the doing mode (see Introduction for details). We discuss our findings in light of these self-regulatory processes. Mindfulness and self-regulatory processesActing with awareness showed a positive association with enjoyment of learning and negative associations with test anxiety and mind-wandering. Acting with awareness refers to the tendency to be attentive to and aware of present-moment experience, which reflects a central element of mindfulness and the being mode of mind. This facet promotes bottom-up self-regulation of learning. Specifically, it serves to focus learners’ attention on moment-by-moment input and output information during task processing and to enhance their awareness of moment-by-moment task processing. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing specific outcomes of mindfulness related to academic performance, noting that while trait mindfulness had positive effects on certain academic outcomes (like enjoyment and reduced test anxiety), it did not universally enhance academic scores across all measured variables. Instead, it highlights that Mindfulness predicted only four of the five outcomes, indicating that mindfulness may not universally improve academic scores as suggested by the claim.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Circadian rhythms are regulated by light-sensitive proteins. [SEP] Text: Alpha was defined as the difference between activity offset and activity onset. Phase angle of entrainment was defined as the difference between activity onset and lights off (calculated only in SD and LD photoperiods). Unpaired t-tests were performed to test for statistical significance between the two strains of rats in each photoperiod treatment for each circadian parameter. Mean nocturnality index, tau, phase angle of entrainment, activity onset, activity offset, and alpha were compared between strains in each photoperiod by unpaired t-tests, with the criteria for statistical significance set at P < 0. 05. Because data were taken in multiple runs, run was included as a factor in the analyses. Run did not affect significance tests, and was not considered further. Results and discussion In all three photoperiods, there were strain specific differences in activity patterns. Representative rhythms from individual rats with circadian parameters near the means for their treatment group are shown in Figure 1a–f. Summary data showing the proportion of rats active in each hour are presented in Figure 2. Figure 1 Representative actograms of F344 and HSD rats. (a) F344 rat in LD, (b) HSD rat in LD, (c) F344 rat in SD, (d) HSD rat in SD, (e) F344 rat in DD, (f), HSD rat in DD, (g) arrhythmic HSD rat in DD. Figure 2 Proportion of rats active in relation to time of day (Mean +/- SEM). (a) F344 in LD, (b) HSD in LD, (c) F344 in SD, (d) HSD in SD, (e) F344 in constant dark, and (f) HSD in constant dark. The profiles show the proportion of individual rats active on the running wheel during each hour, averaged over the final four days of activity monitoring. For rats in constant dark, activity was fit to the 24 hour profile by placing the zero time point at the midpoint of activity. In LD, SD, and DD, F344 rats had higher nocturnality indices than HSD rats (LD: t = 6. 85, p < 0. 0001; SD: t = 4. 83, p < 0. 0001; DD: t = 5. 05, p < 0. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim about light-sensitive proteins regulating circadian rhythms. Instead, it focuses on the statistical analysis of activity patterns in different strains of rats under various photoperiods without mentioning the role of light-sensitive proteins.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Crop rotation can enhance soil fertility and prevent pests. [SEP] Text: In conventional agricultural systems, residues are usually fed to animals and the animals manure was not returned into the soil (Gete et al. , 2010). The nutrient cycle is so opened and this leads to depletion of soil nutrients. In many places communal grazing rights are observed and protecting the residues on the fields from free roaming animals. With the adoption of conservation agriculture-based technologies crop residues can be used for improving soil health, increasing crop productivity, reducing pollution and enhancing sustainability and resilience of agricultural crop production. The resource conserving technologies (RCTs) involving no or minimum tillage, direct seeding, bed planting and crop diversification with innovations in residues management are the possible alternatives to the conventional energy and input-intensive agriculture. In the past, role of crop residues has been viewed and evaluated largely in terms of nutrients balance, maintaining biodiversity, greenhouse gases (GHGs) mitigation, improved input-use efficiency, sustaining agriculture and human health (IARI, 2012). Low levels of soil organic matter, appearance of multiple nutrient deficiencies due to over mining from soils and poor management of crop residues (CRs), leading to lower yield of crops were observed in general in developing countries and in particular in Ethiopia (Singh and Sidhu, 2014). Crop residues are good sources of plant nutrients, primary source of organic matter (as C constitutes about 40% of the total dry biomass) added to the soil and important components for the stability of agricultural ecosystems. Recycling of crop residues has to be one of the ways of improving soil nutrient content and maintaining soil productivity (Ogbodo, 2011). Almost all crop residues were removed from the cultivated land and nothing is returned to the cultivated land so that depletion of soil nutrients and lower crop yield productivity are the major problems created especially in developing countries. Therefore, the main objective of this paper is to review the impacts of crop residue management for enhancing soil fertility and crop productivity. The materials for the compilation of this paper, different literatures on enhancing soil fertility and crop productivity through crop residue management was reviewed from books, journals and proceedings from internet sources. The methods of this paper would be organizing the obtained resources from the internet and then it was written by taking the ideas of the resources what the literatures really said about the impacts crop residues management on enhancing soil fertility and crop productivity perspectives. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the role of crop residue management in improving soil fertility and productivity. It states that 'recycling of crop residues has to be one of the ways of improving soil nutrient content and maintaining soil productivity,' which aligns with the idea that practices such as crop rotation can enhance soil health. Additionally, it emphasizes the importance of proper management of crop residues for sustaining agriculture, thereby supporting the notion that agricultural practices, including crop rotation, contribute positively to soil fertility.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Mindfulness in education will universally improve academic scores. [SEP] Text: This self-regulatory process would facilitate engagement in a task, thereby preventing mind-wandering and enhancing enjoyment of learning. Acting with awareness would also promote present-focused self-regulation of academic stress. It leads students to focus their attention on present (but not past and future) and real (but not recalled and imaginary) experiences after they have experienced academic stress and when they possibly experience academic stress in the future. By focusing on present and real events, students are less likely to ruminate about past and future negative academic events [22] and are more likely to use coping strategies flexibly and effectively [26]. These self-regulatory processes would serve to reduce academic stress including test anxiety. Nonjudging and observing predicted enjoyment of learning. Nonjudging refers to the tendency to adopt a non-evaluative, accepting stance toward thoughts and feelings, which is a critical component of mindfulness and the being mode of mind. Observing refers to the ability to notice or attend to internal and external stimuli, which is a prerequisite for mindful states and the being mode. These two facets (i. e. , non-judgmental and accepting observation) would facilitate bottom-up self-regulated learning in ways that lead to enjoyment of learning. Specifically, non-judgmental and accepting observation would enhance receptivity to input and output information and open awareness of ongoing learning activities, which would allow learners to notice important or interesting information in a task and lecture that is likely to be overlooked by a fixed perspective (see also Grund et al. [29] for a related discussion) and important gaps between existing knowledge and real phenomena. These intellectual experiences during bottom-up self-regulated learning would enhance students’ enjoyment of learning. Nonreactivity showed a negative association with mind-wandering (i. e. , distraction by task-unrelated thoughts). Nonreactivity reflects the ability to allow unwanted thoughts and feelings to come and go without reacting to them, which involves an accepting and non-striving attitude (i. e. , not trying to control and change undesirable states but allowing and accepting them). This ability would help learners successfully regulate and reduce negative affect such as irritation, anger, and anxiety that is likely to surface during bottom-up self-regulated learning [54]. Successful affect regulation would allow learners to concentrate more on a task. Nonreactivity would also help learners regulate task-unrelated thoughts occurring during bottom-up self-regulated learning. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the nuances of mindfulness and its effects on academic stress and enjoyment of learning, rather than providing a universal assurance that mindfulness will improve academic scores. It highlights that mindfulness can help in self-regulatory processes that reduce academic stress and enhance focus but does not assert that this will lead to universally higher academic scores. The text clearly indicates that mindfulness can facilitate engagement and reduce stress but does not claim that these benefits will automatically translate into improved scores for all students.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Circadian rhythms are regulated by light-sensitive proteins. [SEP] Text: 0001; Figure 3a), with a higher proportion of their activity during the night period than HSD rats (Figure 2). In all three photoperiod treatments, alpha was significantly longer in HSD than in F344 rats (LD: t = 5. 60, p < 0. 0001; SD: t = 4. 92, p < 0. 0001; DD: t = 3. 86, p = 0. 0005; Figure 3b). There were differences in activity onset in LD (t = 5. 01, p < 0. 0001; Figure 3c) but not in SD (t = 1. 12, p = 0. 27; Figure 3c), and differences in activity offset in both LD (t = 4. 28, p = 0. 0002; Figure 3d) and SD (t = 8. 37, p < 0. 0001; Figure 3d). There was a significant difference in phase angle of entrainment in LD (t = 4. 95; p < 0. 0001; Figure 3e), but not in SD (t = 1. 26; p = 0. 22; Figure 3e). HSD rats also displayed tau longer than 24 h, significantly longer than tau of F344 rats (t = 3. 01; p = 0. 0048; Figure 3f). Figure 3 Circadian parameters for F344 (F) and HSD (H) rats in LD, SD, and DD (Mean +/- SEM). (a) nocturnality index, (b) alpha, the duration of activity, (c) activity onset, with dashed lines indicating the time of lights off, (d) activity offset, with dashed lines indicating the time of lights on, (e) phase angle of entrainment, and (f) tau, the free-running rhythm in DD. Asterisks indicate significant differences between F344 and HSD rats. Overall, HSD rats tended to extend activity into the light period and also had a higher amount of activity during the light period than F344 rats (Figures 1, 2, &3). Some HSD rats had activity spread so evenly through the constant dark period as to appear nearly arrhythmic (Figure 1g). Young male HSD and F344 rats differed in multiple circadian parameters of running wheel activity (Figure 3). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim about circadian rhythms being regulated by light-sensitive proteins. Instead, it provides statistical data on the activity patterns of HSD and F344 rats under various photoperiod treatments without discussing the role of light-sensitive proteins in circadian regulation.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Crop rotation can enhance soil fertility and prevent pests. [SEP] Text: Management options for crop residues Crop residue management (CRM) can be defined as a technology whereby at the time of crop emergence at least 30% of the soil surface is covered by organic residue of the previous crop (Erenstein, 2002). Some countries have developed strategies for successful management of crop residues to avoid on-farm burning. Crop residue usage for crop production perspectives depends on the availability of crop residues in the areas (Valbuena et al. , 2015). The root cause of degradation of agricultural land is its low soil-carbon content that disrupts many important soil-mediated ecosystem functions. Conservation agriculture, with the following three core inter-linked principles, is a viable option for sustainable agriculture and is an effective solution to check land degradation (IARI, 2012): · Minimizing mechanical soil disturbance and seeding directly into untilled soil to improve soil organic matter content and soil health. · Enhancing organic matter cover on soil using cover crops and/or crop residues. This protects the soil surface, conserves water and nutrients, promotes soil biological activity and contributes to integrated pest management; · Diversification of crops in associations, sequences and rotations to enhance system resilience. Permanent crop cover with recycling of crop residues is a pre-requisite and integral part of conservation agriculture. However, sowing of a crop in the presence of residues of preceding crop is a problem. But new variants of zero-till seed-cum-fertilizer drill/planters, and rotary-disc drill have been developed for direct drilling of seeds even in the presence of surface residues. These machines are very useful for managing crop residues for conserving moisture and nutrients as well as controlling weeds in addition to moderating soil temperature (IARI, 2012). Benefits of crop residues on soil properties Crop residue is one of the most important conservation tillage factors for improving physical and chemical soil properties (Meena et al. , 2015). Combined application of crop residues and chemical fertilizers can balance the soil properties and increases the crop yields (Linquist et al. , 2007). Residue helps reduce surface run-off and soil loss, conserving soil moisture and improving soil microorganism populations, soil organic matter content and soil hydraulic/physical properties (Olaoye, 2002). The effectiveness of residue is linked to the soil topography and slope that affect the sustainability of the residue on the soil surface. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the benefits of crop residue management, which includes enhancing soil health and promoting soil biological activity. The mention of diversification of crops through sequences and rotations directly supports the claim that crop rotation can enhance soil fertility. Additionally, it highlights that increasing organic matter cover conserves moisture and nutrients, which aligns with the claim that crop rotation can also help in pest management as part of integrated farming systems.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Mindfulness in education will universally improve academic scores. [SEP] Text: Based on ironic process theory [76] that proposes the paradoxical effects of thought suppression, trying harder to suppress a task-unrelated thought ironically leads to more preoccupation with that thought. In contrast to thought suppression, nonreactivity serves not to try to control task-unrelated thoughts but to let them go. This function would reduce preoccupation with task-unrelated thoughts, and consequently protect against distraction. Describing showed a negative association with help-seeking avoidance in the face of academic difficulties. We suggest that describing ability may be related to social interaction skills such as verbal expression skills, which may reduce help-seeking avoidance. Describing reflects one’s ability to describe what and how they are thinking and feeling in the present moment. When facing academic difficulties, students with this ability will be able to successfully verbalize and express their feelings and thoughts concerning difficulties. These verbal expression skills may lead the students to seek help willingly. Consistent with these views, previous studies suggest that describing would facilitate communication, thereby enabling receipt of social support and promoting problem-solving [77]. Relationships among mindfulness, motivation, and academic outcomesWe found that no facets of trait mindfulness predicted study strategy after controlling for motivational factors. At the correlational level, describing, nonreactivity, and nonjudging were significantly associated with study strategy. However, they were also significantly correlated with competence perception that predicted study strategy. Thus, the effects of these mindfulness facets on study strategy might be attributed to the effect of competence perception. Study strategy examined in this study reflects an organized approach to study, such as planning what to study and where to start. This strategy involves task analysis and goal setting, which might be facilitated more by the doing-mode variables like motivational factors than by the being-mode variable like mindfulness. An alternative explanation for this result is that mindfulness might predict study strategy use indirectly through the mediation of competence perception. This explanation is consistent with recent findings from the perspective of SDT [19, 28, 50, 78] (see also Howell and Buro [31] and Grund and Senker [55] for related findings). Studies have integrated mindfulness into SDT to show that having mindful tendencies is more likely to lead to satisfying needs for competence, autonomy, and relatedness [79] because mindfulness allows individuals to perceive and monitor their inner and outer states in comprehensive and receptive ways [19, 50, 55, 80]. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by suggesting that while mindfulness is associated with certain academic behaviors, it does not directly predict study strategies after controlling for motivational factors. It states, 'no facets of trait mindfulness predicted study strategy after controlling for motivational factors,' indicating that mindfulness may not have the universal positive effect on academic scores suggested by the claim.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Circadian rhythms are regulated by light-sensitive proteins. [SEP] Text: In these natural populations, mutations that act specifically on outputs, such as melatonin sensitivity of the reproductive axis, pelage, body mass or feeding, are more likely to be adaptive or neutral. In contrast, laboratory populations are not under selection to eliminate mutations that alter circadian clock function in ways that affect multiple output systems, including seasonal photoperiodic responses [e. g. , [15]], which may explain differences reported previously between wild-source and laboratory populations. The pattern of differences in photoresponsiveness between HSD and F344 rats, which appear to have little relationship to differences in circadian organization, may indicate greater similarity to wild populations containing natural genetic variation in photoresponsiveness. However, we cannot entirely rule out the possibility that HSD rats are nonphotoresponsive due to differences from F344 rats in circadian organization. Knock-out studies of single circadian clock genes in mice have been reported to cause changes in rhythm parameters, reduced nocturnality or loss of rhythmicity, and also changes in reproductive traits [4]. Nevertheless, it appears more likely that differences between HSD and F344 rats in running wheel activity rhythms, nocturnality, and reproductive photoresponsiveness are merely incidentally correlated. Differences in activity and nocturnality may be caused by subtle differences in circadian organization, while differences in photoresponsiveness are likely due to an independent trait, insensitivity of the reproductive axis, body mass, and food intake to a short-day melatonin pattern [32]. Competing interests The authors declare that they have no competing interests. Authors' contributions CDS participated in design of the study, carried out the data collection and preliminary data analyses, and wrote initial drafts of the manuscript. CEJ helped complete data analysis and helped to draft the manuscript. PDH conceived the study, participated in design of the study and data analysis, and developed the final draft of the manuscript. All authors read and approved the final manuscript. 10. 1177/074873001129001980 and Holley, DC (1997). Circadian performance of suprachiasmatic nuclei (SCN)-lesioned antelope ground squirrels in a desert enclosure 62: 1099–1108, [PubMed] DOI: and Smith, SA (2000). A circadian pacemaker in free-living chipmunks: essential for survival? [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim that circadian rhythms are regulated by light-sensitive proteins. It discusses mutations and differences in photoresponsiveness and circadian organization but does not mention the regulation of circadian rhythms by light-sensitive proteins or their functions. Therefore, it is considered irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Crop rotation can enhance soil fertility and prevent pests. [SEP] Text: Relatively flat fields can be protected against water erosion with 12 to 20% residue cover. Fields with steeper or longer slopes require at least 50 to 60% residue cover. According to (IARI, 2012), beneficial effects of residues depend on distribution, quality and quantity of residues. If residues are standing, they might not adequately intercept vertically falling raindrops compared to flat residues. Quality of residues, which is defined on the basis of the carbon to nitrogen (C: N) ratio determine turnover rates and precursors for SOM build up. Depending on the chemical composition particularly C: N of crop residues and organic matter, decomposition is rapid if it is dominated by sugars, starches and proteins; slow when dominated by cellulose, fats, waxes and resins or very slow when dominated by lignin. Impact of crop residues on soil fertility and crop yields Crop residues play an important role in the cycling of nutrients (Singh et al. , 2019; Singh and Sidhu, 2014). It has a residual effect to improve the soil fertility and crop productivity as compared to inorganic sources (Dhar et al. , 2014). Crop residue had significantly higher levels of pH, total N, available P and exchangeable K, Ca and Mg than crop residue treatments were not applied (Mbah and Nneji, 2011; Ogbodo, 2011; Singh et al. , 2008; Mandal et al. , 2004). This was as a result of the release of the organic forms of those elements in the residue. Incorporation of crop residues into soil or retention on the surface has several positive influences on physical, chemical and biological properties of soils. These practices increase hydraulic conductivity and reduce bulk density of soil by modifying soil structure and aggregate stability (Lemtiri et al. , 2016). Mulching with plant residues raises the minimum soil temperature in rain-season due to reduction in upward heat flux from soil and decreases soil temperature during dry-season due to shading effect. The crop residues act as a reservoir for plant nutrients, prevent leaching of nutrients, increase cation exchange capacity (CEC), provide congenial environment for biological N2 fixation, increase microbial biomass and enhance activities of enzymes such as dehydrogenase and alkaline phosphatase. Increased microbial biomass can enhance nutrient availability in soil as well as act as sink and source of plant nutrients. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text supports the claim by detailing multiple ways in which crop residues contribute to soil fertility. It explains that crop residues play a significant role in nutrient cycling and improve soil characteristics, thereby enhancing soil fertility. For example, it mentions that crop residue incorporation influences the physical, chemical, and biological properties of soils, increases microbial biomass that enhances nutrient availability, and prevents nutrient leaching. These aspects align closely with the idea that agricultural practices, such as crop rotation, can significantly bolster soil health and fertility.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Mindfulness in education will universally improve academic scores. [SEP] Text: In conducting meditation programs, educators might focus especially on cultivating students’ attention to and awareness of present-moment experience, because both the present study and previous studies [29, 32] showed that the acting-with-awareness facet is a promising predictor of academic outcomes. Concentrative meditation (focusing attention on a single object such as breathing) would be helpful to cultivate present-focused attention and awareness. Several limitations concerning this study require consideration. First, because the study design was cross-sectional and correlational, we have limited ability to judge the causality of the observed relationships. Experimental or longitudinal studies are necessary to provide plausible evidence for the causal directions of the associations. The second issue concerns the generalizability of the results due to the nature of the sample. We investigated samples from Japan; thus, we need to consider potential cultural differences. Many previous studies have examined Western samples and shown that trait mindfulness produces desirable academic and achievement-related outcomes. Recent studies examining Eastern samples have yielded the same findings in the academic domains [26, 27, 34, 36] and in achievement-related domains [81,82,83]. Based on these findings, we speculate that among people in both cultures, trait mindfulness supports achievement-relevant processes and outcomes. However, to confirm this suggestion, further investigations in both cultures are necessary. Another issue concerning the study sample was that we used a college student sample and its size was relatively small. To confirm the generalizability of the study findings, it is necessary in future research to examine different age group and to use larger samples. Third, the current study does not provide direct evidence for our proposal that mindfulness and motivation facilitate different self-regulatory processes. The proposal is theoretically sound and is consistent with previous studies indicating that mindfulness and self-control facilitate different self-regulation processes [55], but lacks empirical evidence. Future empirical studies are necessary to verify the differences between mindful and motivated self-regulation. Fourth, because we focused on the unique contribution of trait mindfulness to academic outcomes beyond motivational factors, we did not examine whether trait or state mindfulness and motivation combine to predict academic outcomes. Mindfulness might predict academic outcomes not only directly (i. e. , the unique contribution of mindfulness beyond motivational factors) but also indirectly through adaptive motivational processes [31, 55, 78, 79]. Mindfulness might also moderate or mediate the relationship between motivation and academic outcomes [80]. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing various limitations of the study and emphasizing the need for further research. It mentions that the current study is correlational, which limits the ability to judge causality regarding the effects of mindfulness on academic scores. While it speculates that mindfulness supports academic outcomes across cultures, it stresses that empirical evidence is needed to confirm these relationships and to explore whether mindfulness directly contributes to academic success beyond motivational factors.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Circadian rhythms are regulated by light-sensitive proteins. [SEP] Text: J A 186: 169–180, [PubMed] DOI: Boden, MJ and Kennaway, DJ (2006). Circadian rhythms and reproduction Reproduction 132: 379–392, [PubMed] DOI: and Nelson, RJ (2001). Photoperiodic polyphenisms in rodents: Neuroendocrine mechanisms, costs and functions Biol 76: 293–325, [PubMed] DOI: Smale, L, Lee, T and Nunez, AA (2003). Mammalian diurnality: Some facts and gaps J 18: 356–366, [PubMed] DOI: Arendt, J (2003). Importance and relevance of melatonin to human biological rhythms J Neuroendocrinol 15: 427–431, [PubMed] DOI: Wehr, TA (1997). Melatonin and J 12: 518–527, [PubMed] DOI: Bronson, FH (2004). Are humans seasonally photoperiodic? J 19: 180–192, [PubMed] DOI: Puchalski, W and Lynch, GR (1986). Evidence for differences in circadian organization of hamsters hamsters exposed to short day photoperiod J A 159: 7–11, [PubMed] DOI: Puchalski, W and Lynch, GR (1988). Characterization of circadian function in Djungarian hamsters insensitive to short day photoperiod J A 162: 309–316, [PubMed] DOI: and Menaker, M (1997). Photoperiodic time measurement in tau mutant hamsters J 12: 423–430. [PubMed] and Menaker, M (1998). Effects of a circadian mutation on seasonality in Syrian hamsters (Mesocricetus auratus) [Biol] 265: 517–521, DOI: and Loudon, ASI (1996). A mutation of the circadian timing system (tau gene) in the seasonally breeding Syrian hamster alters the reproductive response to photoperiod change [Biol] 263: 345–350, DOI: and Maywood, ES (1996). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not provide any information related to the claim about circadian rhythms being regulated by light-sensitive proteins. Instead, it focuses on various studies and authors discussing circadian rhythms and their relationship to reproduction, photoperiodic mechanisms in rodents, and other elements of mammalian behavior without specifying the role of light-sensitive proteins.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Crop rotation can enhance soil fertility and prevent pests. [SEP] Text: Crop residues provide a constant food source for soil fauna, flora and a habitat for many organisms (Tilak, 2004). The crop residues play an important role in amelioration of soil acidity through the release of hydroxyls especially during the decomposition of residues with higher C: N and soil alkalinity through application of residues from lower C: N crops, including legumes, oilseeds and pulses. The role of crop residues on carbon sequestration in soils would be an added advantage in relation to climate change and GHGs (greenhouse gases) mitigation besides to soil fertility and crop yield productivity (IARI, 2012). Establishment and maintenance of soil health is inextricably linked to the achievement of effective and efficient nutrient management goal in conservation agriculture. The conservation agriculture builds a stratified layer of crop nutrients, especially P on or near the soil surface. While reduced tillage and soil organic C build-up contribute to stable soil structure. This undisturbed structure produces macro-pores and preferential flow channels that can direct nutrients, including P, downward into deeper parts of the soil profile. The choice of cropping systems can have a strong influence on the soil quality through processes such as nutrient depletion and/or enrichment through production of biomass/crop residues, need for external inputs and impact on environment (IARI, 2012). Crop residue incorporation is one of the ideal management practices for improving soil fertility and crop productivity (Singh et al. , 2019; Tilak, 2004). Yield response with crop residues management varies with soil characteristics, climate, cropping patterns and level of management skills. Higher yields with crop residues application result from increased infiltration and improved soil properties, increased soil organic matter and earthworm activity and improved soil structure after a period of 4-7 years (IARI, 2012). The improvement of soil chemical properties of the residue treated plots provided adequate environment for superior crop growth and yields than on the plots without residue treatments (et al. , 2012; Guto et al. , 2011; Ogbodo, 2011). The crops could also have benefited from the changes in soil physical properties that result from treating soil with organic residues, including reduced soil density, increase soil aggregation, increase porosity, lower soil temperature, reduce resistance to root penetration, increases water infiltration and moisture retention, increase soil aeration and reduce loss of water to run-off (Lemtiri et al. , 2016). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing how crop residues contribute to soil fertility through various processes. It mentions that 'Crop residue incorporation is one of the ideal management practices for improving soil fertility and crop productivity,' which directly supports the assertion that cropping practices can enhance soil health. Furthermore, it outlines benefits related to improved soil structure, increased organic matter, and overall yield improvements, which align with the idea of crop rotation as a method to enhance soil fertility.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Mindfulness in education will universally improve academic scores. [SEP] Text: Skip to main content Explore journals Get published About BMC My account Search all BMC 2019. The students completed two surveys - one in the first, the other in the third term - recording perceived stress and mindfulness via validated scales (PSS-10 and MAAS). In between both, 41 students participated in a voluntary mindfulness-based intervention including six two-hours courses. 86 students served as controls. Scholarly success was assessed via the scores achieved in six exams written during the observation period. ResultsStress was inversely related with mindfulness and with the results of the most challenging exam. The intervention on mindfulness based stress reduction helped to contain stress and maintain mindfulness during the observation period and this effect lasted for at least six months beyond completion of the intervention. In contrast, beneficial effects on scholarly success were transient and only detectable at completion of the intervention. ConclusionOur observation of short- and intermediate term effects resulting from six individual interventions on mindfulness based stress reduction is encouraging and calls for alternative strategies to induce long-lasting impacts. reports BackgroundThe WHO defines health not only as a physical but also as a mental and social well-being [1]. Among the conditions that have a considerable impact on mental health, stress is an important one and has been related to common disorders like depression, work-related fatigue burnout and anxiety disorders [2]. These mental disorders are also common in physicians and were shown to affect performance and patients outcomes and to be related to unprofessional behavior [3]. However, already students at an early stage of medical school experience stress, depression and anxiety and an increase thereof in the years to come [4, 5]. Constant academic pressure, increased workloads, financial problems, sleep deprivation, exposure to patients’ suffering and death in combination with a “hidden curriculum” of cynicism may then result in a vicious circle of stress and even more stress which in the long run leads to a decline of mental health [4, 6]. High amounts of stress not only foster the abuse of substances like alcohol and nicotine but can also lead to other unhealthy habits [7, 8]. Moreover, psychological distress among students has been suggested to adversely affect their academic performance [9]. Indeed, stress levels before the first state exam which is taken at the end of the preclinical education were shown to predict academic performance [10]. It is therefore of outmost importance, that instructing young students to become knowledgeable, empathic and professional physicians includes the training of methods for sustained stress reduction. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by indicating that while mindfulness-based stress reduction can help manage stress and maintain mindfulness, the effects on scholarly success were only transient and not universally beneficial. It states, 'beneficial effects on scholarly success were transient and only detectable at completion of the intervention,' implying that the mindfulness practices do not consistently lead to improvements in academic scores over a long term.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Circadian rhythms are regulated by light-sensitive proteins. [SEP] Text: mutation in the Syrian hamster alters the photoperiodic responsiveness of the gonadal axis to melatonin signal frequency Endocrinology 137: 2183–2186, [PubMed] DOI: Carlson, LL, Zimmermann, A and Lynch, GR (1989). Geographic differences for delay of sexual maturation in Peromyscus leucopus: Effects of photoperiod, pinealectomy, and melatonin 41: 1004–1013, [PubMed] DOI: Majoy, SB and Heideman, PD (2000). Tau differences between short-day responsive and short-day nonresponsive white-footed mice (Peromyscus leucopus) do not affect reproductive photoresponsiveness J 15: 500–512, DOI: and Reiter, RJ (1988). Pineal melatonin content in photoperiodically responsive and non-responsive phenotypes of deer mice Physiol 91A: 535–537, DOI: Blank, JL and Desjardins, C (1986). Photic cues induce multiple neuroendocrine adjustments in testicular function Physiol 250: R199–206. [PubMed] and Blank, JL (1997). Phenotypic variation in seasonal adjustments of testis size, body weight, and food intake in deer mice: Role of pineal function and ambient temperature J B 167: 185–192, [PubMed] DOI: Bauer, MS (1990). Intensity and precision of circadian wheel running in three outbred rat strains 47: 397–401, [PubMed] DOI: Wollnik, F (1991). Strain differences in the pattern and intensity of wheel running activity in laboratory rats Experientia 47: 593–598, [PubMed] DOI: Siebert, U and Wollnik, F (1991). Wheel-running activity rhythms in two inbred strains of laboratory rats under different photoperiods 50: 1137–1143, [PubMed] DOI: Klante, G, Secci, K, Masson-Pevet, M, Pevet, P, Vivien-Roels, B, Steinlechner, S and Wollnik, F (1999). Interstrain differences in activity pattern, pineal function, and SCN melatonin receptor density of rats Physiol 276: 1078–1086. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not provide information about the regulation of circadian rhythms by light-sensitive proteins. Instead, it discusses various studies related to photoperiodic responsiveness and melatonin without directly addressing the role of light-sensitive proteins in circadian rhythms.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Crop rotation can enhance soil fertility and prevent pests. [SEP] Text: Fertilizer and soil fertility potential in ethiopia constraints and opportunities for enhancing the system. Institute, working paper, 11. (IARI). (2012). Crop residues management with conservation agriculture: Potential, constraints and policy needs. Research Institute. New Delhi, vii+32 p. . , Cornelis, W. and Verplacke, H. (2014). Effect of different cover crop residue management practices on soil moisture content under a tomato crop (Lycopersicon esculentum). Tropical and Subtropical Agroecosystems. 17: 509-523. Keshavarznejad, A. G. , Abdolreza, S. K. and Jafar, M. B. (2015). Wheat yield and soil properties as influenced by crops residues and nitrogen rates. of Crop Science. 9(9): 853-858. Kumar, K. and Goh, K. M. (2000). Crop residues and management practices: Effects on soil quality, soil nitrogen dynamics, crop yield and nitrogen recovery. Advances in Agronomy, 68: 197-319. Lemtiri, A. , Degrune, F. , Barbieux, S. , Hiel, M. , Chélin, M. , Parvin, N. , Vandenbol, M. , Francis, F. and Colinet, G. (2016). Crop residue management in arable cropping systems under temperate climate. I: Soil biological and chemical (phosphorus and nitrogen) properties: A review. Biotechnologie, Agronomie, Sociétéet Environment. 20. Linquist, B. A. , Phengsouvanna, V. and Sengxue, P. (2007). Benefits of organic residues and chemical fertilizer to productivity of rain-fed lowland rice and to soil nutrient balances. Nutr. Cycl. Agroecosyst. 79: 59-72. and Mohanty, M. (2004). Rice residue-management options and effects on soil properties and crop productivity. Food, Agriculture and Environment. 2(1): 224-231. Mbah, C. N. and Nneji, R. K. (2011). Effect of different crop residue management techniques on selected soil properties and grain production of maize. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text supports the claim by referencing multiple studies that indicate the positive effects of crop residue management and different agricultural practices on soil quality, fertility, and overall crop productivity. It mentions that crop residues influence soil properties, nitrogen dynamics, and yield, aligning directly with the benefits cited in the claim regarding soil fertility enhancement.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Mindfulness in education will universally improve academic scores. [SEP] Text: In this context, mindfulness-based stress reduction has come to the fore. Kabat-Zinn was one of the first to establish mindfulness in Western medicine and described mindfulness as being fully aware of the present moment and of bodily sensations, without being judgmental [11]. Indeed, mindfulness was shown to be inversely associated with depression and stress [12, 13]. And interventions to improve mindfulness led to a decrease in mental distress, anxiety, depression, emotional exhaustion and fatigue inertia while at the same time fostering subjective well-being, empathy and self-compassion [14,15,16,17]. These results were observed for early medical students, medical students during their clinical clerkships and primary care physicians alike however, they were assessed directly after completion of the intervention. Longer lasting effects that were still measurable up to 6 or 20 months after the intervention were restricted to a reduction of perceived stress and an increase in self-compassion [18,19,20]. As of yet, the impact of mindfulness-based stress reduction on academic achievements is less clear. While greater mindfulness was shown to correlate with better academic performance in middle school and bachelor students [21, 22], the information is still lacking whether teaching or improving formal techniques on mindfulness based stress reduction (MBSR) will also improve academic accomplishments of medical students. The present study therefore aimed to examine the connectedness between stress, mindfulness and academic achievements in early medical students and whether an intervention on mindfulness-based stress reduction would lead to a sustained improvement of both, mental well-being and scholarly success. MethodDesign and settingWe performed a controlled trial on the effect of teaching mindfulness-based stress reduction (MBSR) during the first two preclinical years (term 1 to term 3) of medical school at the Medical Center. Recruitment took place in January 2019 and follow-up assessments lasted until January 2020. The study design included two identical online surveys on mindfulness and perceived stress, conducted in January 2019 (T1) and December 2019 (T3), respectively. In between, from April to June 2019 (T2), the students were offered a voluntary intervention on formal techniques of mindfulness. The results of a total of six exams taken around T1 (baseline), T2 (after completion of the intervention) and T3 (6 months later) were collected to assess academic achievements in the course of the study (Fig. 1). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the current unclear impact of mindfulness-based stress reduction (MBSR) on academic achievements, specifically stating that 'the impact of mindfulness-based stress reduction on academic achievements is less clear.' While it notes a correlation between greater mindfulness and better academic performance in some students, it explicitly points out that there is still insufficient information to determine if teaching mindfulness techniques will improve academic accomplishments, particularly for medical students.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Circadian rhythms are regulated by light-sensitive proteins. [SEP] Text: [PubMed] Ferguson, SA and Kennaway, DJ (1999). Emergence of altered circadian timing in a cholinergically supersensitive rat line Physiol 277: R1171–8. [PubMed] -Olson, S and Turek, FW (1987). Photoperiodic response in the male laboratory rat 37: 22–27, [PubMed] DOI: Heideman, PD and Sylvester, CJ (1997). Reproductive photoresponsiveness in unmanipulated Fischer 344 laboratory rats 57: 134–138, [PubMed] DOI: and Heideman, PD (2001). Genetic variation in photoperiodism among naturally photoperiodic rat strains 281: R1817–R1824. [PubMed] Shoemaker, MB and Heideman, PD (2002). Reduced body mass, food intake, and testis size in response to short photoperiod in adult F344 rats BMC Physiology 2: 11. [PubMed] DOI: and Heideman, PD (2004). Short photoperiod inhibition of growth in body mass and reproduction in and PVG inbred rats Reproduction 128: 857–862, [PubMed] DOI: and Yoshimura, T (2007). Differential response of type 2 deiodinase gene expression to photoperiod between photoperiodic Fischer 344 and nonphotoperiodic Wistar rats 292: R1315–R1319. [PubMed] and Heideman, PD (2005). Failure to Respond to Endogenous or Nonphotoresponsiveness in 3: 12. (8 pages). . [PubMed] DOI: Daan, S (2000). Colin Pittendrigh, Jurgen Aschoff, and the natural entrainment of circadian systems J 15: 195–207, [PubMed] DOI: and York, LM (1998). Food and neonatal androgen interact with photoperiod to inhibit reproductive maturation in Fischer 344 rats 59: 358–363, [PubMed] DOI: Sullivan, JK and Lynch, GR (1986). Photoperiod time measurement for activity, torpor, molt and reproduction in mice 36: 167–174, [PubMed] DOI: Aschoff, J (1979). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text provides a list of PubMed citations related to various studies involving circadian rhythms and photoperiod responses in rat models, but it does not directly address or support the claim regarding light-sensitive proteins regulating circadian rhythms. It appears mostly as an introduction to related studies without confirming or denying the specific role of light-sensitive proteins in circadian regulation.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Crop rotation can enhance soil fertility and prevent pests. [SEP] Text: Create a new account user Can't sign in? Forgot your username? Enter your email address below and we will send you your username Email* the address matches an existing account you will receive an email with instructions to retrieve your username close | or * Password* Forgot password? Reset it here Keep me logged in All fields with * are mandatory Email* All fields with * are mandatory Already have an account? Login here password must have 8 characters or more and contain 3 of the following: a lower case character, an upper case character, a special character or a digit password has been changed Can't sign in? Forgot your password? Enter your email address below and we will send you the reset instructions Email* the address matches an existing account you will receive an email with instructions to reset your password the verification code Cancel Congrats! has been verified close 10. 4141/S98-052 otherformatsContentsof Soil Science, Number 2May 19990. 05) higher, but never significantly lower, under zero tillage than under conventional tillage. However, CO2 evolution (basal respiration) was usually higher under conventional tillage than under zero tillage, resulting in higher specific respiration (qCO2) under conventional tillage than under zero tillage. The higher additions but lower losses of labile C under zero tillage mean that more C is sequestered in the soil in the zero-tillage system. Thus, this system contributes less to atmospheric CO2 than conventional tillage, and that soil organic matter accumulates more under zero tillage. Plots preceded by summerfallow, especially under conventional tillage, usually had the lowest microbial biomass and CO2 evolution, and plots preceded by legume crops had higher microbial biomass and lower qCO2 than other treatments. Tillage and rotation had little effect on total soil organic matter 5 yr after the treatments had been imposed, probably because of the cold climate of northern Alberta, but the results confirm that the labile forms of soil C are more sensitive indicators of soil organic C trends than total soil organic C. These effects of tillage and rotation on soil microbial biomass were similar to those on microbial diversity reported previously. These results confirm that zero tillage and legume-based crop rotations are more sustainable crop management systems than conventional tillage and fallowing in the soils of northern Alberta. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by indicating that 'plots preceded by legume crops had higher microbial biomass and lower qCO2 than other treatments.' This suggests that crop rotation, particularly with legumes, can enhance microbial activity—an important factor in soil fertility. Furthermore, it states that 'zero tillage and legume-based crop rotations are more sustainable crop management systems than conventional tillage and fallowing,' supporting the idea that crop rotation contributes positively to soil health.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Mindfulness in education will universally improve academic scores. [SEP] Text: 3764, the two tailed P value is < 0. 0001. Each dot represents one individualFull size imageFig. 3The improvement of academic achievements following an intervention on MBSR was transient. The boxplots show exam scores of intervention and control cohorts monitored at T2 and T3. Mann-Whitney-U tests (A) and t-tests (B) were performed to explore statistically significant differencesFull size imageFig. 4The intervention on MBSR exerted a sustained beneficial effect on mindfulness and perceived stress in medical students. The boxplots compare perceived stress (A) and mindfulness (B) in the first (white box) and third (black box) term between intervention and control cohorts The boxes represent medians as well as upper and lower quartiles. The whiskers show 90th and 10th percentiles. P-values result from *Wilcoxon matched-pairs signed-ranks and #unpaired t-tests, respectivelyFull size imageFor assessments of reliability and validity, all PSS-10 and MAAS questionnaires returned were included. To assess the reliability, Cronbach’s alphas were calculated. To assess validity, we performed confirmatory factor analyses (CFA) using a two-dimension model for the PSS and a one-dimension model for MAAS in R. The incremental fit was described calculating the comparative fit index (CFI), the Tucker-(TLI) and the Chi-square, respectively. For absolute measure of fit, the root mean square error of approximation (RMSEA) was calculated. ResultsStudy cohortOut of the whole year of 219 students, 143 declared their written consent to participate in the study and 136 of these completed the first survey on perceived stress and mindfulness at T1. 41 students volunteered to take the course on mindfulness based stress reduction (MBSR) in the second term (T2). Even though the proportions of females among the students who completed the first survey and the rest of the academic year (those who opted out or had no interest in the study) were significantly different, the MBSR intervention and control cohorts were comparable (Table 1). Of the 136 students who returned the first, 112 students also completed the second survey on perceived stress and mindfulness at T3. Varying numbers of students who sat the upcoming exams resulted from the possibility to postpone exams, even though this implied the risk of delaying academic progress. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by indicating that while there were improvements in mindfulness and perceived stress following an intervention on mindfulness-based stress reduction (MBSR), the academic achievements following this intervention were described as transient. This suggests that any improvements in academic scores may not be universal or sustained over time.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Circadian rhythms are regulated by light-sensitive proteins. [SEP] Text: However, there are no previous studies examining re-entrainment of the equine circadian system following a phase shift of the LD cycle, and the duration and severity of jet lag related circadian disruption is presently unknown. The precise cellular, organismal, and behavioural mechanisms underlying jet-lag induced reductions in athletic performance, human or equine, remain to be elucidated. Nonetheless, a reasonable first step in understanding the phenomenon may be to characterize the severity and longevity of measurable perturbations in normal circadian organization as can be observed by studying and quantifying the parameters of two or more well characterized circadian rhythms in relation to each other and to the LD cycles employed. Because it is not possible to directly monitor the functional timing of the endogenous circadian clock, marker rhythms that measure clock output are commonly used to assess circadian phase position. Two common, useful and physiologically important markers of circadian phase have been the circadian rhythms of blood melatonin (MT) and core body temperature (BT). The 24-h melatonin profile provides a robust marker of circadian phase in humans [12,13] and has been used to provide reliable estimates of circadian adaptation to phase shifts [14 - 16]. Similarly, core body temperature is a commonly assessed marker of circadian phase [17 - 19] and has been used to determine rates of re-entrainment in humans [16] and rodents [20]. Both MT and BT have previously been shown to exhibit robust rhythms in the horse [21,22]. In the later study [22], seasonal changes in the duration of the nightly melatonin peak, including the circadian timing of melatonin onset and offset, was observed under an acutely extended 24 h dark period. An investigation under constant light (LL) confirmed that the various parameters of the equine body temperature rhythm are similar to those of several species of rodents [23]. The primary aim of this study was to evaluate the rates of re-entrainment of the equine MT and BT rhythms following an abrupt 6-h phase advance of the LD cycle, mimicking an eastward transmeridian journey across 6 time zones. We demonstrate that these two markers of circadian phase resynchronize significantly more rapidly than in humans and rodents in response to a similar phase shift, suggesting a more rapid and robust entrainment response of the central pacemaker in the horse. Six healthy 2 year old mares (Equus caballus) of mixed light horse breed were used in this study. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not directly address the claim about circadian rhythms being regulated by light-sensitive proteins. Instead, it discusses various aspects of circadian rhythms and their measurement, especially in horses, without making any specific mention of light-sensitive proteins or their regulatory role in circadian rhythms. Thus, the relationship to the claim is irrelevant.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Crop rotation can enhance soil fertility and prevent pests. [SEP] Text: Key words: Carbon sequestration, carbon mineralization, microbial activity, soil organic matterRésuméLa matière organique du sol occupe une place importante du point de vue tant agronomique qu'écologique, du fait qu'elle conditionne la capacité du sol à soutenir la croissance des cultures et qu'elle agit comme source et puits du CO2 atmosphérique. La biomasse microbienne du sol ne constitue qu'une faible proportion de la matière organique totale du sol mais elle est plus active. Les mesures de cette biomasse microbienne peuvent donc servir d'indicateur des effets des techniques de conduite du sol sur les changements éventuels affectant la matière organique du sol avant que ces effets ne puissent être détectés dans la matière organique totale. Nous avons étudié de 1995 à 1997, dans le nord de l'Alberta, les effets du régime de travail du sol et de la rotation des cultures sur la biomasse microbienne du sol et sur son activité dans la sole du blé de diverses rotations qui avaient été mises en place en 1992, en régime de semis direct et de travail classique du sol. La biomasse microbienne du sol (bms) était souvent significativement (P < 0,05) plus importante en régime de culture sans labour qu'en régime de travail classique. Elle n'était toutefois jamais significativement moins importante. En revanche l'évolution du CO2 (la respiration basale) était habituellement plus forte sous travail classique de sorte que le quotient métabolique (qCO2) était également plus élevé. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text discusses the effects of crop rotation on soil microbial biomass, indicating that no-till farming (which often accompanies crop rotation) results in significantly higher soil microbial biomass compared to conventional tillage. This suggests that crop rotation practices can enhance soil fertility through improved microbial activity, which is essential for a healthy soil ecosystem. Therefore, the text supports the claim that crop rotation can enhance soil fertility.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Mindfulness in education will universally improve academic scores. [SEP] Text: Figure 1 summarizes the study design and the numbers of students assessed at each time point. Table 1 Demographics of intervention and control cohortFull size tableConfirmation of reliability and validity of the questionnairesThe reliability and validity of the perceived stress (PSS-10) and and Awareness (MAAS) Scales were confirmed by using all data sates that were returned to us (T1: n = 139, T3: n = 148). Internal consistencies were assessed by calculating Cronbach’s alpha for both scales (PSS and MAAS) and both time points. The resulting values ranged between 0. 851 and 0. 914 and thus proved reliable. Validities were confirmed via confirmatory factor analyses and the results also showed a good fit (additional Table 1[see additional file 1]). Further descriptive statistics for the questionnaires are provided in the additional Tables 2–5 [see additional file 1]. Mindfulness and perceived stress were inversely correlatedOur longitudinal analysis of medical students over their first and third term revealed, that elevated mindfulness was paralleled by a reduction of perceived stress and vice versa. Spearman rank correlation analyses performed for our study cohort revealed statistically significant correlations with coefficients of r = − 0. 4594 at T1 (95% CI = − 0. 5831 to − 0. 3149, p < 0. 0001) and r = − 0. 5300 at T3 (95% CI = − 0. 6552 to − 0. 3764, p < 0. 0001) (Fig. 2). Neither mindfulness nor perceived stress correlated with academic achievements in the first year at medical schoolWe here assessed whether mindfulness or perceived stress were associated with exam results in first year medical students and therefore correlated the exam scores achieved at T1 with the scores obtained from the simultaneously assessed stress and mindfulness scales, respectively. While there were no correlations between mindfulness and exam scores, there was a negligible correlation between perceived stress and the results from the biology exam that yielded in a correlation coefficient of 0. 177 and a p-value of 0. 0456. The improvement of academic achievements following an intervention on MBSR was transientIn order to analyze whether our intervention teaching formal techniques of MBSR impacted positively on the academic performance, we compared exam results between intervention and control cohorts. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by stating that despite the assessment of mindfulness and perceived stress among medical students, 'neither mindfulness nor perceived stress correlated with academic achievements in the first year at medical school.' This indicates that mindfulness did not universally improve academic scores as claimed.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Circadian rhythms are regulated by light-sensitive proteins. [SEP] Text: Beginning at lights on (1:30 AM/new ZT 0), blood sampling and BT readings were again taken at 3-h intervals for 24 h (ZT 0 to ZT 0) on alternate days for 11 days. The mares were consistently sampled in the same order at each sampling time with approximately 3 min intervals between animals. Sampling at ZT 0 was conducted immediately following lights-on and at ZT 12, immediately following lights-off. Melatonin radioimmunoassay (RIA) Melatonin was measured by a commercial RIA kit (Alpco, Windham, NH) as described previously [24]. Briefly, a 1 ml serum aliquot was extracted according to the directions of the manufacturer and reconstituted in a buffer solution provided. Aliquots of the extracted samples were assayed in duplicate. Intra-assay coefficients of variation for low and high MT concentration pools were 14% and 5% respectively. The limits of detection of the assay averaged. 5 pg/ml. MT and BT time series data were analysed using a computer program based on the least squares cosine fit method of Nelson et al. [25]. For each mare and each experimental day (9 points, 24 h), this cosinor method gave estimates of 3 rhythm parameters: Acrophase (time of peak value of the fitted cosine function), Amplitude (half the difference between the minimum and maximum of the fitted cosine function) and Mesor (middle value of the fitted cosine curve representing the rhythm adjusted mean). A potential advantage of the cosinor method is that acrophase is calculated from the entire 24-h time series and represents the mean vector of the circular (24 h) distribution. Also, we chose this method because with 3 h sampling we did not have the temporal resolution to track changes in MT or BT rhythm phase adjustments using such markers as the onset (evening rise) of MT or the 24 h nadir in BT. One-way repeated measures ANOVA was used to assess significant changes in mean MT and BT values and changes in cosinor parameters over time on each individual day (pre- and post-shift). Two-way repeated measures ANOVA (Day × Time) was used to assess differences in MT and BT rhythms between Day 0 and Days 1–11 at the corresponding ZT times post-shift. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not directly address the claim regarding circadian rhythms and light-sensitive proteins. Instead, it describes a method for sampling related to melatonin and body temperature rhythm data without explicitly mentioning light-sensitive proteins or their regulatory role in circadian rhythms.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Crop rotation can enhance soil fertility and prevent pests. [SEP] Text: Les apports plus abondants de C labile combinés à de moindre déperditions observées en régime de semis direct se traduisent par le fait que davantage de C était séquestré dans le sol. Ce régime produit donc moins d'émissions de CO2 dans l'atmosphère que le régime de travail classique en même temps qu'il favorise davantage l'accumulation de la matière organique dans le sol. C'est lorsque le blé était précédé d'une sole de jachère, en particulier sous régime de travail classique, que la biomasse microbienne et, par conséquent, l'émission de CO2 étaient les plus basses, alors qu'après une sole de légumineuse, on observait une biomasse microbienne plus importante et un qCO2 plus bas qu'après les autres précédents culturaux. Le régime de travail et la rotation n'avaient plus guère d'effet sur la matière organique totale du sol 5 ans après les traitements, probablement en raison du climat froid de cette région, mais les résultats obtenus viennent confirmer que les formes labiles du C du sol sont de plus sensibles indicateurs de l'évolution du C organique dans le sol que ne l'est le C organique total du sol. Nos observations sur les effets du régime de travail du sol et de la rotation sur la bms du sol sont semblables à celles que nous avons faites précédemment sur la diversité microbienne. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the positive effects of crop rotation, such as increased organic matter accumulation in the soil, which is linked to enhanced soil fertility. It mentions that when legumes are used in crop rotation, there is an increase in microbial biomass, suggesting better soil health, further supporting the idea that crop rotation can enhance soil fertility.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Mindfulness in education will universally improve academic scores. [SEP] Text: Figure 3 shows that indeed, shortly after completion of the intervention at T2, those who participated obtained significantly better results in the anatomy 2 exam than the control cohort as indicated by a p-value of 0. 0014. However, these differences were of short term and no longer detectable at T3 when the biochemistry and physiology exams were written. The intervention on MBSR extended a sustained beneficial effect in mindfulness and perceived stress in medical studentsDuring their first two years at medical school, students showed a rise in perceived stress as well as a loss of mindfulness. However, while the increase in perceived stress was significant for our control cohort (T1: median = 19, IQR = 10. 5, T3: median = 23, IQR = 11. 5), the difference between T1 and T3 did not reach statistical significance in the intervention cohort (T1: median = 18, IQR = 11, T3: median = 21, IQR = 10) (Fig. 4a). Likewise, mindfulness showed no significant decrease in the intervention cohort (T1: median = 54, IQR = 19, T3: median = 52, IQR = 12), whereas the control cohort experienced a significant drop (T1: median = 62, IQR = 15, T3: median = 55, IQR = 20. 5). Of note, the beneficial effect of our intervention persisted for at least six months as the intervention on MBSR was completed in June while perceived stress and mindfulness were assessed in the following December (Fig. 4b). Interestingly, at T1 the intervention cohort showed significantly less mindfulness than the control cohort. Increased stress in the course of the academic progress impacted negatively on exam resultsTable 2 shows that the various exams have different degrees of difficulty with biochemistry and physiology at T3 including the most difficult questions as assessed via item difficulty. However, while 40% of correct answers sufficed to pass biochemistry, all the other exams including physiology required 60%. Among students, the physiology exam is therefore considered the most challenging one. While at T3 there were still no correlations between mindfulness or the loss thereof on the one hand and academic achievements on the other. Likewise, there was no correlation between perceived stress and the exam results in biochemistry. However, stress was inversely related to exam results in physiology, resulting in a correlation coefficient of r = − 0. 3364, a 95% CI of − 0. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by stating that while participants in a mindfulness-based stress reduction (MBSR) intervention showed improved results in a specific exam shortly after the intervention, the improvement was only short-term and not sustained over time. It explicitly mentions 'these differences were of short term and no longer detectable'. Additionally, there was no correlation found between mindfulness and academic achievements at T3, emphasizing that increased stress negatively impacted exam results, particularly in physiology. This evidence does not support the claim that mindfulness in education will universally improve academic scores.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Circadian rhythms are regulated by light-sensitive proteins. [SEP] Text: Bonferroni post hoc tests were used to evaluate differences between time points where appropriate. Data was analyzed using 4. 0 for Windows () and are presented as the means ± SEM. A value of p <. 05 was considered significant. body temperature (BT) and melatonin rhythm assessment Individual cosine fits for both melatonin and BT profiles were significant for all mares on baseline Day 0 (Figure 1). The acrophase of the MT rhythm occurred at 1:35 AM (ZT 17. 5, Table 1), almost exactly midway through the dark period, while the baseline BT acrophase occurred at 12:28 AM, (ZT 16. 5) one hour and twenty minutes prior to the MT acrophase (Table 1). The latter is equivalent to a cosine nadir (bathyphase) at ZT 4. 5 (12:28 PM). One-way repeated measures ANOVA (n = 6) revealed a significant variation in mean MT and BT values over time (p <. 0001, respectively). MT values were low at ZT 0 and dropped to undetectable levels (<. 5 pg/mL) at ZT 3, ZT 6 and ZT 9. Following a consistent but slight non significant rise at ZT 12, post hoc tests revealed that MT values at ZT 15, ZT 18 and ZT 21 were elevated significantly (p <. 0001, respectively) with respect to daytime values. Inferred from ANOVA, the nadir in the BT rhythm was between ZT 3 and ZT 6 with significantly elevated temperatures occurring at ZT 15, ZT 18 and ZT 21 (p <. 001, p <. 001 and p <. 01; respectively) as determined by post hoc comparison. Figure 1 Response of equine circadian melatonin (MT) and body temperature (BT) rhythms to a 6-h phase advance of LD12:12. The LD cycle with 6-h phase advance is depicted above each graph with white bars representing light and black bars times of darkness. The abscissa represents light cycle time (ZT) in hours, where ZT 0 corresponds to lights on and ZT 12 to lights off of a 12 h photoperiod. 0 (curves at left) and for one additional day, lights were on 7:30 AM to 7:30 PM (ZT0-12). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not provide information directly related to the claim about circadian rhythms and light-sensitive proteins. It details various findings related to melatonin and body temperature rhythms but does not mention how these rhythms are regulated by light-sensitive proteins.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Crop rotation can enhance soil fertility and prevent pests. [SEP] Text: Ces observations confirment que le régime de semis direct et l'inclusion d'une légumineuse dans la rotation favorisent davantage la pérennité des cultures que ne le font le travail classique du sol et l'usage de la jachère dans cette zone de luvisols gris du nord de l'Alberta. Mots clés: Séquestration du carbone, minéralisation du carbone, activité microbienne, matière organique du solFormats availableYou can view the full content in the following formats:View PDFInformation & of • Number 2 • May 1999Pages: 273 - 280HistoryVersion of record online: 19 March 2011AuthorsAffiliationsN. Z. LupwayiView all 1999. Soil microbial biomass and carbon dioxide flux under wheat as influenced by tillage and crop rotation. of Soil Science. 79(2): 273-280. Export 1. Long-term cotton stubble return and subsoiling improve soil organic carbon by changing the stability and organic carbon of soil aggregates in coastal saline fields Go to 2. Soil carbon and aggregate stability are positively related and increased under combined soil amendment, tillage, and cover cropping practices Go to 3. Soil respiration as an indicator of soil quality under agrochemical treatment in a semi-arid area of southern to 4. Soil organic carbon, aggregation and fungi community after 44 years of no-till and cropping systems in the to 5. Alteration of the organic wheat rhizobiome and enzyme activities by reduced tillage and diversified crop rotation Go to 6. in the of Côte d’Ivoire: Weather Observations, Perceptions, and of to 7. Comprehensive impacts of diversified cropping on soil health and sustainability Go to 8. The core soil bacterial genera and enzyme activities in incubated soils from century-old wheat rotations Go to 9. Short-term impacts to the soil microbial population during grassland conversion to cropland Go to 10. for to 11. Applications of Community in Carbon Sequestration: Eco-sustainability Go to 12. Management in System: Strategies and to 13. Annual forage impacts on dryland wheat farming in the Go to 14. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text supports the claim by indicating that including legumes in crop rotation promotes the sustainability of crops more effectively than traditional soil tillage and fallowing methods. This implies an enhancement of soil fertility resulting from crop rotation practices.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Mindfulness in education will universally improve academic scores. [SEP] Text: 4997 to − 0. 1501 and a corresponding p-value of 0. 0004. Table 2 Comparison of exam metrics yield physiology as the most challenging examFull size tableDiscussionWe here analyzed the connectedness between stress, mindfulness and academic achievements in early medical students and obtained several results, some of which were to be expected. Firstly, mindfulness and perceived stress showed a significant negative correlation. This is in line with previous studies [9, 12, 13, 25] and serves to confirm the validity of both parameters. Secondly, students progressing from their first to their second year at medical school perceived increasing stress and again, this has previously and internationally been reported [5]. Unfortunately, we here observed – even though in the second academic year only – that the increase in perceived stress had shifted the students’ academic performance along the Yerkes-Dodson curve towards a less productive range [26]. Thirdly, and this again was to be expected considering the above reported connection, the increase in perceived stress was paralleled by a decline in mindfulness [5, 12, 13, 27]. In contrast, the lack of any correlation between mindfulness and academic achievements – assessed twice at T1 and T3 - was unexpected. Even though our findings confirm a previous cross sectional study on 289 medical students across all academic years, results from middle school children and a broad variety of bachelor students were more promising [12, 22]. However, the latter study relied on self-reported grade point averages and did not report on any time delay between exam and assessment of mindfulness [22]. Also, we cannot exclude that any impact of mindfulness on scholarly success is dependent on age or subject specialization. Most importantly, we here showed that six two hours-interventions on MBSR impacted positively on the students and not only helped to preserve mindfulness and to contain the increase in stress, but also fostered scholarly success. Indeed, preclinical and clinical medical students have previously been shown to benefit from an intervention on MBSR, and reductions in psychological distress and perceived stress were paralleled by increases in self compassion, empathy, spirituality and mindfulness. While some of these effects were only measured at completion of the intervention and therefore do not allow to deduce any permanent effect [14,15,16,17], others were shown to last for up to 20 months [18,19,20]. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by indicating that there was a lack of correlation between mindfulness and academic achievements, despite some promising results reported in different studies. It mentions that this finding was unexpected and confirms previous studies indicating that while mindfulness interventions can help manage stress, they do not universally improve academic scores across all subjects and student ages.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Circadian rhythms are regulated by light-sensitive proteins. [SEP] Text: Large red asterisks beneath each curve represent cosine fitted acrophases (ZT), which for BT, are notably phase delayed in association with the waveform distortions on Days 7–11 (see Figure 3A). Other conventions as in Figure 1. Figure 3 Time course of changes in cosine acrophase, amplitude and mesor for equine MT and BT rhythms with a 6-h phase advance of LD12:12 between Day 0 and Day 1. A. Change in acrophase clock time (mean +/- SEM) over Days 0 through 11 of the experiment. B. mean +/- SEM melatonin amplitude and mesor values. C. Means +/- SEM body temperature amplitude and mesor (right y axis) (Range in degrees centigrade: 37. 8°C – 38. 9°C). Dotted horizontal lines in A represent a 6 h phase advance relative to baseline (upper, MT; lower BT). Note that the consistent steep rise in MT between ZT 12 and 15 on all days suggests a rapid MT shift that is essentially complete (+ 6 h) on Day 1 and stable thereafter (Figure 2A). Re-entrainment of BT rhythm post phase advance Following the 6 h phase advance of the LD cycle, there was no significant Day × Time interaction effect on the BT rhythm on Day 0 vs. Days 1, 3 and 5 as determined by two-way repeated measures ANOVA (Figure 1; bottom panel and Figure 2B). On these post-shift days, the shape of the BT rhythm was basically similar to that on pre-shift Day 0, but levels were generally lower and the curves not as sinusoidal as on Day 0. In contrast to the shift in the MT rhythm however, there was a significant Day × Time interaction (p <. 05) with a Day effect manifest in comparing Day 0 vs. Days 7 and 9 (p <. 001, p <. 05; respectively). Also, while there was no significant interaction, there was also an effect of Day between Day 0 and Day 11. On these latter post-shift days, post hoc tests revealed significant differences comparing specific time points to the same ZT on Day 0, as denoted (asterisks) on Figure 2B. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not directly address the claim regarding the regulation of circadian rhythms by light-sensitive proteins. Instead, it discusses experimental results related to acrophases and specific rhythmic patterns without mentioning the role of light-sensitive proteins in circadian rhythms.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Crop rotation can enhance soil fertility and prevent pests. [SEP] Text: Comme les apports de carbone ont été dans l'ensemble inférieurs à ce seuil, le COS a généralement diminué pendant l'expérience. Les simulations du COS établies par le modèle Century ont été compatibles avec nos observations concernant ▵COS par unité d'apport de C. Une légère baisse du COS a été associée au régime de précipitation supérieure à la moyenne durant l’étude. Les simulations ont également corroboré notre conclusion selon laquelle il faudra peut-être plusieurs décennies avant de pouvoir établir des distinctions entre les différences de COS selon l’éventail de cultures et le régime de travail du sol dans ce climat semi-aride caractérisé par des apports de C faibles et variables. The agricultural area of the prairies accounts for more than 80% of the arable land in Canada. A century of cultivation of native land in the prairies has reduced soil organic C (SOC) by approximately 15 to 30% (Monreal and Janzen 1993; Gregorich et al. 1995). Adoption of soil conservation practices on the prairies in recent times has tended to reverse this trend (Janzen et al. 1998; Smith et al. 2001). Several studies on the Canadian prairies have examined the effect of crop management (e. g. , crop rotation, cropping frequency, tillage, crop type, and soil nutrients) on SOC pool and have related the latter to C inputs (Rasmussen et al. 1978; Campbell et al. 2000, 2005b, 2007a, b; Bremer et al. 2002; McConkey et al. 2003; Gan et al. 2009a). These studies have indicated that increased SOC sequestration occurs with adoption of continuous cropping systems following frequent summer fallowing in rotations (McConkey et al. 2003; Campbell et al. 2005b), increases under cropping systems with greater fertilizer or manure application (Campbell et al. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the positive effects of crop management practices, including crop rotation, on soil organic carbon (SOC) sequestration. It mentions studies indicating increased SOC sequestration with the adoption of continuous cropping systems following rotations, suggesting that such practices can enhance soil fertility. Furthermore, it highlights the relationship between different cropping systems and soil nutrients, which supports the claim that crop rotation can improve soil fertility.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Mindfulness in education will universally improve academic scores. [SEP] Text: We here assessed mindfulness and perceived stress six months after completion of our intervention and therefore confirm a medium-term impact of our intervention on these two parameters. However, the situation was different for academic achievements. Here a positive impact resulting from the intervention was short lived and only measureable at T2, shortly after completion of the intervention. Already at T3, any positive impact had tapered off. A previous publication discussed that repeated practice of mindfulness in private might lead to more lasting effects [18]. However, increased academic demand during the first two years at medical school or negligence may prevent students from taking the time for practicing formal mindfulness. To our knowledge, this is the first study to present a controlled analysis of MBSR and its longitudinal impact on academic achievements. We consider our results promising and would like to speculate, that continuous refresher seminars and follow-ups into the clinical years at medical school might strengthen mechanisms to deal with stress and improve scholarly success. Our results were the more astonishing as the students participating in the intervention started out with a significantly reduced mindfulness in the first term (Fig. 4). Even though we have no way of finding out retrospectively, it would be interesting to know if the students who volunteered for our intervention were aware that their mindfulness presented room for improvement or whether we are looking at a chance finding. There are limitations to our study and they concern the study design. Choosing a randomized controlled trial instead of a non-randomized one may have rendered intervention and control cohorts comparable for mindfulness. However, forcing students to participate in a mindfulness-based intervention if there is no appreciation for the topic may be counterproductive [28]. More limitations of our study include the small sample size of the intervention cohort and the duration of both, the intervention itself and the observation period. However, the short term positive effects of our intervention on scholarly success combined with the preservation of mindfulness and containment of perceived stress after six months are encouraging and suggestive of follow-up studies to investigate if longer-lasting effects can be achieved if the formal techniques of mindfulness such as meditation and bodyscan are routinely trained until applied automatically. ConclusionPerceived stress and mindfulness correlated inversely at both time points. The intervention on mindfulness based stress reduction helped to contain stress and maintain mindfulness during the observation period and this effect lasted for at least six months beyond completion of the intervention. In contrast, beneficial effects on scholarly success were transient and only detectable at completion of the intervention. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by detailing that while mindfulness intervention had a medium-term positive impact on perceived stress and mindfulness, the beneficial effects on academic achievements were only short-lived and only measurable shortly after the intervention, tapering off afterward. The text explicitly states that 'beneficial effects on scholarly success were transient and only detectable at completion of the intervention,' thereby challenging the notion that mindfulness will universally improve academic scores.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Circadian rhythms are regulated by light-sensitive proteins. [SEP] Text: Post-shift disturbances in the waveform of the BT rhythm can also be visualized in the number of time points where the mean temperature falls below the 95 % confidence limits of the phase advanced Day 0 means (Figure 2B). Disturbances in waveform were also evident by the failure of individual cosine fits to reach significance in the latter days post-shift (data not shown). While not significant statistically, it is also worth noting the appearance of double peaks (ZT 15 and ZT 21) in the mean BT rhythm on all days following Day 1. There was a significant difference in the BT acrophase between Day 0 and Days 1–11 (p <. 0001; Figure 3A). The acrophase shifted by three hours and twenty-eight minutes on Day 1 and completed the 6-h shift by Day 3. While the amplitude of the BT rhythm was statistically unaffected by the phase shift, there was a significant effect of experimental Day on the cosine mesor (p <. 0001), with post hoc differences on Days 1, 5, 7, 9 and 11 (Figure 3C), reflecting the overall reduction in BT mesor (and mean) post-shift. is the first experiment of its kind to investigate the re-entrainment of two crucial circadian rhythm phase markers in the horse to an abrupt 6-h advance of the LD cycle. The null hypothesis was that following the 6-h phase shift of the LD cycle there would be no change in the phase of the MT and BT rhythms in relation to the LD cycle. Rejection of this null hypothesis would follow with evidence of acrophase times (ZT) on Days 1 through 11 that differ significantly from the corresponding Day 0 baseline acrophase. As no such differences could be demonstrated, there is, based on cosine analysis, no compelling evidence in the present study for phase-shift related transients in the entrainment of these two equine rhythms to a 6-h phase advance of an LD12:12 cycle. This surprising outcome is discussed further below in the context of human jet lag and in association with a more detailed consideration of the present data. In humans, jet lag symptoms persist longer following an easterly rather than a westerly flight [26], theoretically, in part because the human clock displays an intrinsic free-running period greater than 24 h, making it more amenable to phase delays than to phase advances [11]. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text discusses the re-entrainment of circadian rhythms and the effects of phase shifts related to an LD cycle, but it does not address the role of light-sensitive proteins in regulating these rhythms. Therefore, it is irrelevant to the claim.