Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Bacteria can be engineered to produce pharmaceuticals like insulin. [SEP] Text: 001 0. 110±0. 025 <0. 001 ∆IGFBP-3 SDS 0. 041±0. 018 0. 025 - 0. 429 ∆IGF-1/IGFBP-3 ratio 0. 147±0. 072 0. 045 - 0. 271 Initial height SDS -0. 069±0. 022 0. 002 - 0. 099 Values are presented as regression coefficient (β)±standard error (SE). SDS, standard deviation score; IGF-1, insulin like growth factor 1; IGFBP-3, insulin-like growth factor binding protein 3. * P<0. 05. 1. . . Nelson textbook of pediatrics. 20th ed. Philadelphia: Elsevier Saunders. 2019;pp 2899–912. 2. Incidence and prevalence of central precocious puberty in Korea: an epidemiologic study based on a national database. J Pediatr 2019;208:221–8. 3. . Precocious puberty and statural growth. Update 2004;10:135–47. 4. . Factors predicting adult height in girls with idiopathic central precocious puberty: implications for treatment. 2002;56:297–302. 5. . The pubertal growth spurt in eight patients with true precocious puberty and growth hormone deficiency: evidence for a direct role of sex steroids. J Metab 1990;71:975–83. 6. . Long-term effect of gonadotropin-releasing hormone agonist therapy on final and near-final height in 26 children with true precocious puberty treated at a median age of less than 5 years. J Metab 1995;80:546–51. 7. Allali S, Lemaire P, Couto-. Predicting the adult height of girls with central precocious puberty. Monit 2011;17:PH41–8. 8. . Final height of girls with central precocious puberty, untreated versus treated with cyproterone acetate or GnRH analogue. A comparative study with re-evaluation of predictions by the Bayley-Pinneau method. 1997;47:54–61. 9. Antoniazzi F, Bertoldo F, Z amboni Bone mineral metabolism in girls with precocious puberty during gonadotrophinreleasing hormone agonist treatment. Endocrinol 1995;133:412–7. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim regarding the engineering of bacteria for pharmaceutical production, particularly for insulin. It discusses various studies on precocious puberty and related medical factors without any mention of bacteria or pharmaceuticals.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Exercise can lower the risk of heart disease and stroke. [SEP] Text: Effects of the amount and intensity of exercise on plasma lipoproteins. N Med. 2002; 347: 1483-1492. Crossref43. O’ Changes in cardiorespiratory fitness and coronary heart disease risk factors following 24 wk of moderate- or high-intensity exercise of equal energy cost. J (1985). 2005; 98: 1619-1625. Crossref44. Horowitz JF, Klein S. Lipid metabolism during endurance exercise. Clin Nutr. 2000; 72: 558S-563S. Crossref45. Effects of four different single exercise sessions on lipids, lipoproteins, and lipoprotein lipase. J (1985). 1998; 85: 1169-1174. Crossref46. . Pathogenesis of hypertension. Med. 2003; 139: 761-776. Crossref47. . Essential hypertension: the heart and hypertension. Heart. 2001; 86: 467-475. Crossref48. 2013 ESH/ESC practice guidelines for the management of arterial hypertension. Blood Press. 2014; 23: 3-16. Crossref49. The 2014 recommendations for blood pressure measurement, diagnosis, assessment of risk, prevention, and treatment of hypertension. Cardiol. 2014; 30: 485-501. 50. Methodological quality of meta-analyses on the blood pressure response to exercise: a review. J Hypertens. 2014; 32: 706-723. Crossref51. . Postexercise hypotension. Key features, mechanisms, and clinical significance. Hypertension. 1993; 22: 653-664. Crossref52. . Exercise for hypertension: a prescription update integrating existing recommendations with emerging research. Rep. 2015; 17: 87. Crossref53. The additive blood pressure lowering effects of exercise intensity on post-exercise hypotension. J. 2010; 160: 513-520. Crossref54. Aerobic exercise reduces blood pressure in resistant hypertension. Hypertension. 2012; 60: 653-658. Crossref55. Blood pressure responses to acute and chronic exercise are related in prehypertension. Sports Exerc. 2012; 44: 1644-1652. Crossref56. Chronic conventional resistance exercise reduces blood pressure in stage 1 hypertensive men. J Res. 2012; 26: 1122-1129. Crossref57. . [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contains various references to studies that indicate the benefits of exercise on heart health and blood pressure management. Specifically, it mentions how moderate- or high-intensity exercise can lead to changes in cardiorespiratory fitness and coronary heart disease risk factors, which supports the claim that exercise can lower the risk of heart disease and stroke.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Telemedicine eliminates the need for in-person visits entirely. [SEP] Text: The ongoing collaboration between the team comprised of various leadership, clinical and technical staff was invaluable for strategy development and implementation. rates and productivity were closely monitored and shared with key stakeholders to ensure optimal staff-to-patient ratios to manage daily volume fluctuations and maintain efficiency. Regular communications to internal and external stakeholders were crucial to rapidly establishing, diffusing and coordinating video visit technologies across multidisciplinary care providers. As face-to-face visits continued to be reduced in response to the pandemic, temporarily displaced staff were redeployed to assist with video visits. Although these staff were effectively leveraged for this new work, a significant challenge emerged with the need to rapidly onboard the ever-growing staff pool. At the outset, the general training time for an inexperienced staff member to reach competency was 5-10 days. To overcome this potential training barrier related to timeliness, remote training was developed leveraging a mix of both asynchronous/self-guided materials (e. g. , videos, training modules and quick reference guides), a mentor model and a reference web page made available for staff. Identifying and onboarding staff at the pace of growth remained an ever-present challenge. To address staffing constraints, the team increased its focus on improving staff efficiency. To meet demand, staff needed to reach a higher daily staff-to-patient ratio. To accomplish this goal, ME&C collaborated with operational partners to identify improvement opportunities and experiment with multiple process enhancement pilots. The pilots included a time study of staff check-in and rooming processes by segmenting the overall processes into subprocesses that could be individually and more accurately timed. Comparison to baseline times was used to validate the efficiency of the process and identify potential improvements. Due to COVID-19, the time study was conducted in person following social distancing guidelines and self-reporting by staff. Based on the learnings, small but significant changes were simultaneously implemented in isolated work groups, allowing for rapid iterations and fast learning cycles. The changes were measured using self-reported trackers and electronic health record (EHR) generated reports. ME&C applied analytics tools to study data from the trackers and reports to determine the efficacy of the changes and those that could be integrated into the standard workflow. Another strategy for managing staffing levels was the integration of the core telehealth staff team and the temporarily displaced labor pool. The integration provided relief to the strained staffing capabilities of the core telehealth team. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the ongoing need for in-person visits. It highlights that face-to-face visits were reduced due to the pandemic, but does not support the idea that telemedicine eliminates the need for them entirely. It indicates that in-person strategies were still employed alongside telehealth efforts, signifying that telemedicine is a complementary approach rather than a complete replacement.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Bacteria can be engineered to produce pharmaceuticals like insulin. [SEP] Text: 10. -. The -202 A allele of insulinlike growth factor binding protein-3 (IGFBP3) promoter polymorphism is associated with higher IGFBP-3 serum levels and better growth response to growth hormone treatment in patients with severe growth hormone deficiency. J Metab 2009;94:588–95. 11. Growth hormone pharmacogenetics: the interactive effect of a microsatellite in the IGF1 promoter region with the GHR-exon 3 and -202 A/3 variants on treatment outcomes of children with severe GH deficiency. 2012;12:439–45. 12. . Influence of the -202 A/ C insulin-like growth factor-binding protein-3 promoter polymorphism on individual variation in height in Korean girls. 2017;22:36–42. 13. . Radiographic atlas of skeletal development of the hand and wrist. 2nd ed. California: Press. 1959;pp 256. 14. Novel promoter polymorphism in insulin-like growth factor-binding protein-3: correlation with serum levels and interaction with known regulators. J Metab 2001;86:1274–80. 15. Cole TJ. The LMS method for constructing normalized growth standards. 1990;44:45–60. 16. 2007 Growth Charts: review of developmental process and an outlook. Pediatr 2008;51:1–25. 17. Reference values for serum levels of insulin-like growth factor-I and insulin-like growth factor binding protein-3 in Korean children and adolescents. 2012;45:16–21. 18. . Serum concentrations of free and total insulin-like growth factor-I, IGF binding proteins -1 and -3 and IGFBP-3 protease activity in boys with normal or precocious puberty. 1996;44:515–23. 19. . Serum insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I) and IGF binding protein-3 levels in children with precocious puberty treated with gonadotropin-releasing hormone analog without or in combination with cyproterone acetate. 1997;11:243–50. 20. . Insulin-like growth factor-I and IGF binding protein-3 remain high after GnRH analogue therapy in girls with central precocious puberty. 1996;45:7–12. 21. . [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim regarding the engineering of bacteria to produce pharmaceuticals like insulin. Instead, it discusses various studies related to insulin-like growth factor binding proteins and their effects on growth hormone treatment, which are irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Exercise can lower the risk of heart disease and stroke. [SEP] Text: Exercise and hypertension: uncovering the mechanisms of vascular control. Dis. 2016; 59: 226-234. Crossref58. . The sympathetic nervous system and blood pressure in humans: implications for hypertension. J Hum Hypertens. 2012; 26: 463-475. Crossref59. . Human investigations into the arterial and cardiopulmonary baroreflexes during exercise. Exp Physiol. 2012; 97: 39-50. Crossref60. Laterza MC, de Exercise training restores baroreflex sensitivity in never-treated hypertensive patients. Hypertension. 2007; 49: 1298-1306. Crossref61. ’Driscoll G, Taylor R. Effect of exercise training on endothelium-derived nitric oxide function in humans. J Physiol. 2004; 561: 1-25. Crossref62. Endothelin-1 vasoconstrictor tone increases with age in healthy men but can be reduced by regular aerobic exercise. Hypertension. 2007; 50: 403-409. Crossref63. Maiorana A, O’. Exercise and the nitric oxide vasodilator system. Sports Med. 2003; 33: 1013-1035. Crossref64. Different exercise training modalities produce similar endothelial function improvements in individuals with prehypertension or hypertension: a randomized clinical trial exercise, endothelium and blood pressure. Sci Rep. 2020; 10: 7628. Crossref65. Aerobic exercise training reduces plasma endothelin-1 concentration in older women. J (1985). 2003; 95: 336-341. Crossref66. Time course of change in vasodilator function and capacity in response to exercise training in humans. J Physiol. 2008; 586: 5003-5012. Crossref67. Shear stress mediates endothelial adaptations to exercise training in humans. Hypertension. 2010; 55: 312-318. Crossref68. . A prospective randomized longitudinal study involving 6 months of endurance or resistance exercise. Conduit artery adaptation in humans. J Physiol. 2013; 591: 1265-1275. Crossref69. Aging, habitual exercise, and dynamic arterial compliance. Circulation. 2000; 102: 1270-1275. Crossref70. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text supports the claim by discussing various studies that explore the effects of exercise on the cardiovascular system, including the improvement of endothelial function, reduction of hypertension, and adaptations in vascular response due to exercise training. For instance, it mentions how exercise training restores baroreflex sensitivity in hypertensive patients and reduces plasma endothelin-1 concentration, both of which are factors linked to heart disease risk.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Telemedicine eliminates the need for in-person visits entirely. [SEP] Text: Various oversight, planning and monitoring structures were needed to ensure daily efficiency targets were met. To support the expanded staffing, various functions and documents were created, including day-to-day visit volume tracking, volume forecasts for upcoming days/weeks, work breakdown structure, staff attendance tracker and staff productivity reports. The creation of staffing-to-workload models was the result of these efforts. High-level weekly metrics were captured for all staff. As part of a formal change management plan, staff was made aware of proficiencies and given additional resources and training opportunities to accomplish the needed work ratios. Early morning and late afternoon daily standup meetings were conducted for the first six months with various leadership stakeholders to enhance communications and ensure the entire telehealth video visit process functioned smoothly each day. the onsite clinical practice began to ramp up during summer and fall of 2020, additional layers of complexity were added to the video visit process and the engagement of the ME&C engineers was extended. While daily video visits slowly decreased to a relatively stable level – about 3,400% above the pre-COVID rate – the corresponding practice reactivation resulted in the recall of temporary staff to their prior roles. To capitalize on this distribution of knowledge and skills, efforts were taken to actively “decentralize” video visit support by directly integrating the functions into more than 100 departments, clinics and hospitals throughout locations across the United States. The staffing plans and staffing-to-workload tools that were developed enabled practice areas to manage surges in video visits in a contextual way. The decentralized approach led to a hybrid approach with centralized and decentralized models being tested and refined to meet the individual department, clinic and hospital needs for patient-centered video visits. The ability to scale and sustain serving thousands of patients per day across the country via video visits during a prolonged pandemic is indicative of the success of this intervention. However, success is best represented by the experience and voice of our patients: Parent of a pediatric neurology patient: “I just want to know what’s going on with my baby and I thought, now of all times, we weren’t going to be able to get an answer [without these visits]. ” A cancer patient during her first video visit: “You’re the first face I’ve seen in six weeks! I can’t believe I get to talk to someone. . . anyone. . . like this. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by emphasizing that while telemedicine has significantly increased the capacity for video visits, it has not eliminated the need for in-person visits. The mention of 'clinical practice began to ramp up' and the reactivation of 'temporary staff to their prior roles' indicate that in-person visits are still occurring alongside video consultations. Additionally, quotes from patients highlight the necessity and importance of face-to-face interaction, as one patient expressed a longing to know about their child and emphasized the value of 'seeing someone' during a challenging time.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Bacteria can be engineered to produce pharmaceuticals like insulin. [SEP] Text: Suppression of the pituitary-gonadal axis in children with central precocious puberty: effects on growth, growth hormone, insulin-like growth factor-I, and prolactin secretion. J Metab 1991;73:734–8. 22. The acid-labile subunit of human ternary insulin-like growth factor-binding protein complex in girls with central precocious puberty before and during gonadotropin-releasing hormone analog therapy. J Metab 2002;87:4629–33. 23. . Relationship between serum insulin-like growth factor-1, IGF binding protein-3 levels and body height before and after gonadotropin-releasing hormone agonist therapy. 2014;19:208–13. 24. van der de Kort SW, et al. Genetic and epigenetic variability in the gene for IGFBP-3 (IGFBP3): correlation with serum IGFBP-3 levels and growth in short children born small for gestational age. 2009;19:198–205. 25. . Influence of IGFBP3 gene polymorphisms on IGFBP3 serum levels and the risk of prostate cancer in low-risk Korean men. Urology 2010;75:1516. e1-7. 26. . Relationship of insulin-like growth factor (IGF) binding protein-3 (IGFBP-3) gene polymorphism with the susceptibility to development of prostate cancer and influence on serum levels of IGF-I, and IGFBP-3. 2011;21:146–54. 27. Association of the (CA)n repeat polymorphism of insulin-like growth factor-I and -202 A/C IGF-binding protein-3 promoter polymorphism with adult height in patients with severe growth hormone deficiency. 2012;76:683–90. 28. Single nucleotide polymorphisms of IGFBP-3 gene and lung cancer risk in a Korean population. 2008;62:152–61. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim regarding the engineering of bacteria for pharmaceutical production, focusing instead on various studies related to insulin-like growth factors and their genetic and hormonal influences in different contexts. Therefore, it is irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Exercise can lower the risk of heart disease and stroke. [SEP] Text: Exercise training increases endothelial progenitor cells and decreases asymmetric dimethylarginine in peripheral arterial disease: a randomized controlled trial. Atherosclerosis. 2011; 217: 240-248. Crossref84. Relationship between exercise capacity, endothelial progenitor cells and cytochemokines in patients undergoing cardiac rehabilitation. Thromb Haemost. 2009; 101: 521-526. Crossref85. Insulin resistance and risk of incident cardiovascular events in adults without diabetes: meta-analysis. PLoS One. 2012; 7: e52036. Crossref86. Determinants of glucose tolerance in impaired glucose tolerance at baseline in the for Prevention of Diabetes () study. Diabetologia. 2010; 53: 435-445. Crossref87. . Critical nodes in signalling pathways: insights into insulin action. Biol. 2006; 7: 85-96. Crossref88. A central role for JNK in obesity and insulin resistance. Nature. 2002; 420: 333-336. Crossref89. . Chronic endothelin-1 treatment leads to insulin resistance in vivo. Diabetes. 2003; 52: 1904-1909. Crossref90. Meta-analysis of the effect of structured exercise training on cardiorespiratory fitness in type 2 diabetes mellitus. Diabetologia. 2003; 46: 1071-1081. Crossref91. Physical activity advice only or structured exercise training and association with HbA1c levels in type 2 diabetes: a systematic review and meta-analysis. JAMA. 2011; 305: 1790-1799. Crossref92. . Volume of supervised exercise training impacts glycaemic control in patients with type 2 diabetes: a systematic review with meta-regression analysis. Diabetologia. 2013; 56: 242-251. Crossref93. Effects of aerobic and resistance training on hemoglobin A1c levels in patients with type 2 diabetes: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA. 2010; 304: 2253-2262. Crossref94. . Exercise-stimulated glucose uptake - regulation and implications for glycaemic control. Endocrinol. 2017; 13: 133-148. Crossref95. Effect of physical exercise on sensitivity and responsiveness to insulin in humans. Physiol. 1988; 254: E248-E259. Crossref96. . [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text provides evidence from multiple studies indicating that exercise training has positive effects on cardiovascular health, such as increasing endothelial progenitor cells and improving insulin sensitivity, which is relevant to lowering the risk of heart disease and stroke.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Telemedicine eliminates the need for in-person visits entirely. [SEP] Text: ” A patient from out-of-state with back-to-back appointments was particularly happy with having these visits from home. Avoiding the risk of COVID was one benefit of video, but also due to their illness, the patient becomes easily tired for even their first face-to-face appointments. Subsequent back-to-back visits were an even greater challenge, and video resolved all of these issues. -19 continues to impact the delivery of healthcare, sustaining video visits throughout 2020 and beyond is, and will continue to be, critical. This modality will ensure continued access to and delivery of high-quality healthcare for regional, national and international patients. Key lessons learned include the need to closely partner with a multidisciplinary team of experts, move with agility, experiment using innovative approaches, employ multifaceted solutions to deal with dynamic and complex situations and always include the voice of the consumer. to and systems engineering along with analytics brings a unique and advanced set of frameworks, methods and models that when integrated with the clinical practice and other multidisciplinary expertise can enable a rapid response in emergent situations. Addressing staffing constraints, scaling video visit technology, experimenting with innovative approaches, and supporting the care of patients in the comfort of their own homes helped to assure safety and satisfaction while delivering medical care. From early March through December 2020, approximately 300,000 video visits have been completed thanks to the collaboration, dedication and tireless work of various teams at Mayo Clinic. Aaron Stelpflug, M. A. , is a senior health systems engineer in the Department of and Consulting (ME&C) and an instructor in in the College of Medicine and Science. Michelle Leung, M. P. H. , is a health systems engineer in the Department of and Consulting (ME&C). . H. A. , M. A. , is an operations manager in the Center for Connected Care. Antony Newman, M. A. , is a unit head in ME&C and an instructor in in the College of Medicine and Science. Amerett (Amy) Donahoe-(Amy) Donahoe-Anshus, M. A. , is a unit head in the Department of and Consulting (ME&C) and an assistant professor of and an instructor in physical therapy in the College of Medicine and Science. Janine R. R. Kamath, M. A. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by describing the continued need for in-person visits. It states that video visits helped a patient with challenges caused by illness, but it does not assert that in-person visits are entirely eliminated. It emphasizes the importance of adapting to complex healthcare situations, suggesting that both telemedicine and in-person care may be necessary for comprehensive patient management.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Bacteria can be engineered to produce pharmaceuticals like insulin. [SEP] Text: single protein molecule with one or more cysteine residues can occupy a plurality of unique residue and oxidation-chemotype specified proteoforms that I term oxiforms. In binary reduced or oxidised terms, one molecule with three cysteines will adopt one of eight unique oxiforms. Residue-defined sulfur chemistry endows specific oxiforms with distinct functionally-relevant biophysical properties (e. g. , steric effects). Their emergent complexity means a functionally-relevant effect may only manifest when multiple cysteines are oxidised. Like how mixing colours makes new shades, combining discrete redox chemistries—colours—can create a kaleidoscope of oxiform hues. The sheer diversity of oxiforms co-existing within the human body provides a biological basis for redox heterogeneity. Of evolutionary significance, oxiforms may enable individual cells to mount a broad spectrum of responses to the same stimulus. Their biological significance, however plausible, is speculative because protein-specific oxiforms remain essentially unexplored. Excitingly, pioneering new techniques can push the field into uncharted territory by quantifying oxiforms. The oxiform concept can advance our understanding of redox-regulation in health and disease. complexity is powerful. Take genetics. 4-nucleotides can be combined in 256 ways to make one tetranucleotide. In a prime example of emergent complexity, tetranucleotide combinations encode genomes. The human genome harbours the instructions to incorporate the sulphur functional group of cysteine into ∼18,625 proteins >250,000 unique residues spanning 92% of the proteome. [1-3] Fittingly, the cysteine proteome reacts with chemically complex mixtures of distinct reactive oxygen species (ROS). [4] ROS-sensitive cysteine redox state changes—a covalent-switch from a reduced to an oxidised chemotype—regulate essential biological processes by post-translationally controlling protein function. [5] Like nucleotides and genomes, a relatively simple event—a reduced or oxidised cysteine—produces the emergent, hierarchal layers of complexity that govern elemental redox-regulatory phenomena: Compositional defines what proteins can be oxidised—identity—and to what extent—a protein molar abundance sensitive parameter. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim because it discusses the biochemical properties and complexity of protein chemistry, particularly focusing on the roles of cysteine and redox states in biology. It does not mention bacteria or the engineering of bacteria for pharmaceutical production such as insulin.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Exercise can lower the risk of heart disease and stroke. [SEP] Text: of Sports and : 2469-5718 10. 23937/2469-5718/1510056 Attributable to Activity: A in the Rosana Poggio1 Laura Gutierrez1, Vilma Irazola1, Adolfo Rubinstein1 and Goodarz Danaei2 1Center of Excellence for Cardiovascular Health, Institute for Argentina 2of Public Health, USA *Corresponding author: Rosana Poggio, Center of Excellence for Cardiovascular Health, Institute for and : +54-11-4777-8767, Fax: +54-11-4777-8767-int-27, E-mail: rpoggio@iecs. org. ar Received: October 04, 2016 | Accepted: April 04, 2017 | Published: April 07, 2017 Citation: (2017) Attributable to Activity: A in the Argentinian Population. Med 3:056. Copyright: © 2017 Poggio R, et al. This is an open-access 2010. We considered 4 categories of PA based on the metabolic equivalent tasks per minute per week (METs. min/week): inactive, < 600, ≥ 600 to < 1,600 and ≥ 1,600. Argentina, 76. 8% (CI 95%; 75. 8%-77. 7%) of the population older than 30-years-old engaged in < 1,600 METs. min/week. This level of insufficient activity contributed to 26% of CVD deaths (IHD or stroke) (11,234 of 43,796 deaths; 6,013 in men and 5,221 in women); 29% (7,292) of IHD deaths; and 21% (3,942) of stroke deaths. The impact of insufficient PA was higher in individuals younger than 70-years-old due to stronger associations between non-optimal PA and mortality from IHD and stroke. non-optimal level of PA contributes substantially to the mortality burden of cardiovascular diseases in Argentina, especially in individuals under 70-years-old. More substantial resources should be directed toward enhancing built and social environments which are essential to effectively increase PA, to improve health-related quality of life and reduce the burden of cardio-metabolic diseases in Argentina. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by indicating that a higher level of physical activity (PA) is associated with lower mortality from cardiovascular diseases (CVD), including ischemic heart disease (IHD) and stroke. It specifically notes that 26% of CVD deaths were attributed to insufficient activity, emphasizing that increasing PA could mitigate these risks, particularly for individuals under 70 years old.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Telemedicine eliminates the need for in-person visits entirely. [SEP] Text: Skip to main content Explore journals Get published About BMC My account Search all BMC 18. ResultsOut of the 1226 participants who completed the questionnaire, 865 (71%) preferred in-person visits, while 361 (29%) preferred telemedicine. Factors such as education level, specific health conditions, and prior experience with telemedicine influenced the preference for telemedicine. The participants provided a total of 183 different reasons for choosing either telemedicine (108 reasons) or in-person visits (75 reasons). Avoiding infectious diseases, saving cost, and eliminating and overcoming geographical distance barriers were three primary telemedicine benefits. The primary reasons for selecting an in-person visit were: more accurate diagnosis of the disease, more accurate and better examination of the patient by the physician, and more accurate and better treatment of the disease. ConclusionThe results demonstrate that despite the numerous benefits offered by telemedicine, the majority of patients still exhibit a preference for in-person visits. In order to promote broader acceptance of telemedicine, it becomes crucial for telemedicine services to address patient p0. 991 and 0. 81 for four-option and two-option questions, respectively, calculated through Cronbach’s alpha and Kuder–Richardson tests (see Additional file 1). Demographic information (section A) and medical conditions (section B) are typically not included in the calculation of Cronbach’s alpha because they are not part of the scale meant to measure a specific construct. This information is collected to describe the characteristics of your study participants, while Cronbach’s alpha is used to assess the reliability of the scale itself [32]. Therefore, Cronbach’s alpha was computed for all 36 questions in section C and the first question of section D. Data collectionPrior to distributing the questionnaire to the participants, 30 test users completed the questionnaire online to accurately gauge the time required for its completion. These users recorded both the start and finish times. The time needed to complete the questionnaire ranged from 10 to 15 min. The questionnaire link was distributed to the patients through social networks, specifically WhatsApp and Telegram, from October 3 to October 30, 2021. 30, 2021, the participants had responded to the questionnaires. In addition to the link, participants received a guide on how to complete the questionnaire. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by indicating that despite the benefits of telemedicine, the majority of participants (71%) preferred in-person visits. It highlights that many patients still believe in-person visits allow for more accurate diagnoses and examinations, which counters the notion that telemedicine could entirely eliminate the need for such visits.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Bacteria can be engineered to produce pharmaceuticals like insulin. [SEP] Text: [6] Spatiotemporal defines the properties setting protein composition in space and time within cellular nanodomains from organelles to biomolecular condensates. [7, 8] Combining the same building blocks in different ways yields complex non-uniform space-geometries evolving on divergent temporal trajectories. [9] Chemical defines the precise cysteine sulphur chemotype[10, 11] (e. g. , a disulphide bond). They cement the non-binary nature of cysteine oxidation and endow it with disparate chemotype-specific chemistries. Chemotype diversity echoes the plurality of (1) heterogenous ROS cysteine reacts with,[4] (2) direct and indirect cysteine oxidation mechanisms[12] and (3) associated regulatory phenomena. [11] All of the above (e. g. , ROS-type), and hence chemotypes are shaped by 1 and 2. Like the p8. 5 × 109 unique cysteine residue- and chemotype-specified proteoforms. I wish to term the cysteine residue- and chemotype-specified proteoforms ‘oxiforms’ to capture the essence of the idea by combining ‘oxi’ from oxidation and ‘forms’ from proteoforms. [14] Herein ‘oxiforms’ refers to cysteine residue- and chemotype-specified proteoforms as opposed to any other redox proteoform (e. g. , a single-molecule with a 3-nitrated tyrosine residue) and chemotype defines different post-translational cysteine modifications (e. g. , a sulfenic acid). Along with other factors (e. g. , splice variants), oxiforms comprise part of the wider proteoform landscape[15] critique the emergent higher-dimensional combinatorial chemistry-dependent single-molecule complexity of oxiforms. Just as discrete genes emerge from combining different tetranucleotides, the essential idea I wish to express is that: cysteine residue and chemotype-specified combinations endow oxiforms with distinct chemistry-dependent functions. The present discourse will (1) define oxiforms terminologically and mathematically; (2) provide a chemical basis for combination-dependent functions and speculate on their biological significance (e. g. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text provides a complex description of biochemical concepts related to cysteine and proteoforms but does not address the claim regarding the engineering of bacteria for pharmaceutical production such as insulin. Therefore, it is irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Exercise can lower the risk of heart disease and stroke. [SEP] Text: activity, Mortality, Ischaemic heart disease, Stroke, Comparative risk assessment, Burden of disease, is substantial evidence from epidemiological studies to support that physical activity (PA) is causally associated with morbidity and mortality from cardiovascular diseases (CVD) [1-3]. For example, a recent meta-analysis of 33 prospective cohort studies found a dose-response relationship between physical activity and risk of ischaemic heart disease (IHD). Individuals who expended at least 600 or 1200 of metabolic equivalent tasks (MET) minute per week had respectively a 14% and 20% lower IHD risk compared with those reporting no leisure time physical activity [1]. These benefits are thought to be mediated through blood pressure reduction [4], weight loss, and improved insulin sensitivity, lipid profile and endothelial function [5,6]. According to the of Disease study 2010, and despite the current international guidelines [7], low PA (< 600 METs. min/week) is the 9th most important risk factor for deaths [8]. However the impact of insufficient PA on deaths from different causes as well as the impact of different non-optimal levels of PA on cardiovascular mortality remains unknown. Previous studies have estimated the impact of non-optimal levels of PA on CVD mortality in the US [9], other high-income countries [10] and one study in Argentina. However, this study only accounted for the impact of engaged in less than 600 METs. min/week [11]. Considering the growing burden of cardiovascular disease and costs in developing countries, especially for transitional countries like Argentina, it is critical to provide local decision-makers with accurate data about the actual proportion of the cardiovascular disease burden attributable to one of the most important modifiable risk factors. Hence, we aimed to estimate the proportion and number of IHD and stroke deaths in Argentina that are attributable to different non-optimal levels of PA (< 1600 METs. min/week) using nationally representative data and age-specific relative risks derived from important observational studies. conducted a population-level comparative risk assessment (CRA) analysis to estimate the number of deaths that would be prevented if current levels of PA were changed to a hypothetical alternative distribution. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by providing substantial evidence from epidemiological studies that physical activity (PA) is causally associated with lower morbidity and mortality from cardiovascular diseases. It presents a meta-analysis showing a dose-response relationship where individuals engaging in sufficient physical activity had a significantly lower risk of ischaemic heart disease (IHD). Specifically, those who engaged in at least 600 or 1200 MET minutes per week saw respective reductions of 14% and 20% in IHD risk compared to inactive individuals. This supports the assertion that exercise can indeed lower the risk of heart disease and stroke.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Telemedicine eliminates the need for in-person visits entirely. [SEP] Text: Initially, the extracted codes underwent a thorough review, leading to the categorization of codes into primary themes and corresponding sub-themes, guided by shared semantic contexts. The subsequent stage entailed a reevaluation of the responses, codes, and thematic structures by a panel of three accomplished medical informatics experts and health information management. It should be noted that, these experts possess a robust background in qualitative research methods, gained from diverse projects involving content analysis, encompassing coding, theme development, and pattern recognition in textual data. Their experience stems from coursework, mentorship, and prior research. With extensive involvement in various qualitative studies and a strong publication record, they showcase skill in thematic analysis, coding coherence, and data interpretation. Ethical considerationsTo conduct this study, ethics approval (IR. KMU. REC. 1401. 390) was obtained from the Committee of of Medical Sciences. Prior to participation in the study, informed consent was obtained from the patients. ResultsOut of the total participants, 922 (75. 2%) were women. The largest age group was between 18 and 27 years old. The majority of participants resided in metropolitan areas (1105 patients). Furthermore, a significant number of participants reported having oral and dental diseases (359 patients). A total of 171 participants (13. 9%) had prior experience using telemedicine (Table 1). Among the 1026 surveyed patients, 856 (71%) favored in-person visits, while 361 (29%) preferred telemedicine (Table 2). The Chi-square test revealed a significant difference in preference percentages, with in-person visits being more popular (Chi-Square = 91. 58; p < 0. 0001). Regardless of gender and location, most participants leaned towards in-person visits. For individuals with a PhD, those with specific conditions (skin/hair, musculoskeletal, disabilities), and those experienced with telemedicine, the preference skewed towards telemedicine visits (p < 0. 0001). Table 2 Selection of telemedicine or in-person visit based on patients’ demographic characteristicsFull size tableConsidering participant consensus or mean scores, three primary telemedicine benefits prominently emerged: avoiding infectious diseases, saving cost, and eliminating and overcoming geographical distance barriers. Quick diagnosis of the disease, better diagnosis of the disease and reduction of medical errors also received the lowest mean scores (Table 3). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by presenting data indicating that a significant majority of surveyed patients (71%) preferred in-person visits over telemedicine (29%). This suggests that, contrary to the claim, telemedicine does not eliminate the need for in-person visits as many patients still favor them. Furthermore, the text discusses various benefits of telemedicine but does not support the idea that it entirely supplants the need for in-person consultations.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Bacteria can be engineered to produce pharmaceuticals like insulin. [SEP] Text: , for phenomena like bet-hedging[16]) and (3) critique technologies for quantifying oxiforms. PART 1. define an oxiform as the unique cysteine residue and chemotype-specified proteoform a single-molecule occupies. The number of unique oxiforms a single-molecule can occupy can be calculated by solving nR where n and r denote the number of cysteine sulphur chemotypes and residues, respectively. The chemical logic of n is specified by the exact sulphur chemotype integer. To a broad approximation, chemotype diversity[10, 11] yields n = 22. Specifically, (1) reduced with (RS-/RSH), (2) persulfide (RSSH/RSS−); (3) sulfenamide (RSN), (4) thiyl radical (RS∙), (5) sulfinyl radical (RSO∙), (6) sulfonyl radical (RSO2∙), (7) sulfonylperoxyl radical (RSO4∙), (8) S-nitrosated (RSNO), (9) S-glutathionylated (RSSG), (10) intramolecular disulfide (RSSR), (12) sulfenic acid (RSOH/RSO−), (12) intramolecular disulfide radical (RSSR. ), (13) intramolecular thiosulfinate (RSSOR); (14) intramolecular thiosulfonate (RSSO2R), (15) inter or intramolecular nitrogen-oxygen-sulfur (NOS) bridge with a lysine (R-NOS), (16) S-palmitoylation (S-PAM), (16) S-coalation (RScoA), (18) S-thiolation with L-cysteine (RS-L-Cys), (19) S-alkylation with an electrophile (e. g. , 4-hydrononeneal), (20) cysteine carboxyethylation (C-ET) mediated by 3-hydropropinic acid,[17] (21) sulfinic acid (RSO2) and (22) sulfonic acid (RSO3). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim since it discusses the definition and calculation of unique oxiforms and various chemical reactions involving cysteine residues, without any mention of bacteria or their potential engineering to produce pharmaceuticals like insulin.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Exercise can lower the risk of heart disease and stroke. [SEP] Text: We included deaths from stroke (ICD10 code: I60-I69), IHD (ICD10 code: I20-I25) and 80% of sudden death (ICD10 code: R96) assuming that this percentage of sudden deaths were due to IHD [19]. We incorporated a correction factor for "garbage coding", by increasing the number of IHD deaths by 21. 5%, which was the percentage globally used in the GBD 2010 study [20]. Garbage codes are deaths that have been coded to an intermediate, immediate, or ill-defined cause and must instead be attributed to the underlying causes. In addition, we corrected the number of deaths for underreporting of deaths which is estimated to be 1% [21]. Data analysis We computed the proportional reduction in disease-specific deaths that would occur if PA level were increased to an alternative level with lower risk (i. e. ≥ 1600 or ≥ 600 METs. min/week separately), through calculating the population attributable fraction (PAF) using the following formula ∑ i p i * ( RR i −1 )/( ∑ i P i * ( RR i -1 )+1 ) where • і is the index categories of PA. • Pі is the prevalence of PA in category і. • RRі is the relative risk of the disease in category і compared with the reference category. We conducted all analyses separately by sex and age group (30-69, 70-79 and +80 years). We restricted analyses to ≥ 30 y because there are limited data on the mortality effects of these risk factors at younger ages and also because there are very few deaths from IHD and stroke in those aged 30 or younger. The number of attributable deaths was simply calculated by multiplying PAFs for each outcome and age-sex group by the observed number of IHD or stroke deaths in that age-sex category. We also report proportion and number of IHD or stroke deaths (hereafter denoted by CVD) that were attributable to non-optimal PA. population of the third ANSRF survey was constituted by 32,365 participants. After exclusion of individuals younger than 30-years-old, the final sample consisted in 24,427 participants of which 10,640 (43. 6%) were men and 13,787 (56. 4%) were women. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing an analysis that incorporates the effects of physical activity (PA) on disease-specific deaths, including ischaemic heart disease (IHD) and stroke. It explains that by increasing PA levels, the proportional reduction in disease-specific deaths can be computed, suggesting a link between higher PA levels, which often involves exercise, and reduced mortality risk from these diseases.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Telemedicine eliminates the need for in-person visits entirely. [SEP] Text: Table 3 Advantages of using telemedicine versus in-person visitFull size tableReasons for choosing an in-person visit or telemedicineA total of 401 reasons for in-person or telemedicine visits were identified. Through an iterative process, similar items were aggregated, resulting in the formation of 183 main reasons (different reasons for choosing either telemedicine (108 reasons for telemedicine and 75 reasons for in-person visits). Reasons for choosing an in-person visits A total of eighty-two reasons for opting for an in-person visit were categorized into ten main themes: physical examination, disease diagnosis, treatment, prescription and drug consumption, face-to-face communication with the physician, psychological aspects, insurances and reimbursements, information technology infrastructure, security and privacy, and laboratory tests. Among the themes, treatment had the most cited sub-themes. “More accurate diagnosis of the disease”, “More accurate and better examination of the patient by the physician” and “More accurate and better treatment of the disease” were the primary reasons for selecting an in-person visit. Table 4 displays the rationales behind patients’ choice of in-person visits. Table 4 Reasons for choosing an in-person visitFull size tablePhysical examinationThe patients believed that an in-person visit allows for a thorough and comprehensive physical examination, precise and accurate decision-making by physicians, increased physician attention to the patients, lowered risk of medical errors, improved patient assessment accuracy, and a more comprehensive understanding of the individual’s condition. “I agree with the in-person visit because the examination is physical, and the physician can provide a more accurate diagnosis. ” (Participant 200) “I believe a more comprehensive examination is possible in-person, aiding the physician’s accurate decision-making. ” (Participant 305) Disease diagnosisCorrect and timely diagnosis was another reason for patients choosing an in-person visit. “I dislike telemedicine as the physician’s accurate diagnosis seems possible only in-person. ” (Participant 105). TreatmentThe most frequently cited reasons for choosing in-person visits were related to treatment. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by providing multiple reasons why patients still prefer in-person visits over telemedicine. Specifically, it mentions that a total of 75 reasons were identified for choosing in-person visits, such as the need for physical examinations and accurate diagnoses that patients believe can only be achieved in person. Quotes from participants further emphasize the importance of physical presence, stating that detailed examinations and accurate diagnoses are not possible through telemedicine, which directly refutes the idea that telemedicine can eliminate the need for all in-person visits.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Bacteria can be engineered to produce pharmaceuticals like insulin. [SEP] Text: N expands if all adducts from acrolein to itaconate or RSSH space (e. g. , persulfide radical) are counted. [18, 19] Separate intermolecular (e. g. , lysine for NOS bridges[20]) or intramolecular partners can multiply n by orders of magnitude owing to their proteome-wide scale. Single protein molecule identity specifies r as the number of cysteine residues in the amino acid sequence inclusive of departures from the canonical genomic template resulting from mutations or translational errors. Some numbers. If we deal in binary reduced (0) and oxidised (1) terms (i. e. , n = 2), then a single-molecule with 1 cysteine can adopt 2 unique oxiforms. A single-molecule with three cysteines yields eight oxiforms: 1: C1-3-RED, 2: C1-OX, C2-3-RED, 3: C2-OX,C1&C3-RED, 4: C3-OX, C1-2-RED, 5: C1-OX, C2-3-RED, 6: C2-3-OX, C1-RED, 7: C1&C3-OX, C2-RED, 8: C1-3-OX (see Figure 1). 223 equals 10,648. The quadratic scale law means adding one cysteine (r = 4) generates an order of magnitude more oxiforms: 16 and 234,256 for 24 and 224, respectively. The average number of cysteine residues in a human protein (∼261,000/18,625) rounded down is 12. 212 and 2212 yield 4,096 and 1. 2 × 1016 unique oxiforms, respectively. Even without considering any other proteoform class like splice variants, the dimensions of the potential oxiform space resulting from 1. 2 × 1016 x 18,625 or 22261,000 are stupefyingly vast. 1Open in figure viewerPowerscheme. Top left: Scheme of oxiform equation. Top right: Sulfur-chemotype space (defining the n term). See text for details on the exact n integer. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim about engineering bacteria to produce pharmaceuticals like insulin. It focuses on biochemical processes regarding cysteine residues and their variants, without mentioning bacteria or pharmaceutical production.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Exercise can lower the risk of heart disease and stroke. [SEP] Text: min/week), was responsible for an estimated 11,234 CVD deaths (26%) of which 7,292 were IHD deaths and 3,942 were stroke deaths (Figure 1). The proportional impact of non-optimal PA on IHD (29%) was higher than that for stroke (21%), because the etiological effect (RRs) of non-optimal PA on IHD mortality was stronger (Table 4). A quarter of CVD deaths in men and women were attributable to non-optimal PA. The proportional impact of non-optimal PA on CVD mortality decreased in older age groups, due to lower RRs and despite higher prevalence of non-optimal PA. Therefore, the higher number of attributable deaths in older ages were mainly a consequence of the larger number of CVD deaths. Figure 1: Cardiovascular deaths attributable to engaging in physical activity < 1600 METs. min/week by sex and age groups. Bars represent the total disease-specific deaths reported in 2010 by sex and age groups. The striped segment represents the number of the total deaths attributable to engaging in < 1600 METs. min/week. 1 Engaging in less than recommended levels of PA (< 600 METs. min/week) was responsible for 7,278 (17%) of CVD deaths (43,796) in Argentina in 2010, 4,907 attributable deaths were from IHD (20% of all IHD deaths) and 2,371 were from stroke (13%) deaths (Table 5 and Figure 2). The largest number of attributable CVD deaths were observed between ages 30 and 69 accounting for 2,680 (19%) of CVD deaths, followed by 2,621 deaths (14%) in those aged 80 years or older. Figure 2: Cardiovascular deaths attributable to engaging in physical activity < 600 METs. min/week by sex and age groups. Bars represent the total disease-specific deaths reported in 2010 by sex and age groups. The striped segment represents the number of the total deaths attributable to engaging in < 600 METs. min/week. 2 Table 5: PAFs and deaths attributable to physical activity < 600 METs. min/week by sex and age. 5 than three quarters (76. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text supports the claim that exercise can lower the risk of heart disease and stroke by stating that engaging in less than recommended levels of physical activity (PA) was responsible for a significant proportion of cardiovascular disease (CVD) deaths. Specifically, it outlines that non-optimal PA contributed to 26% of CVD deaths, with higher attributable deaths from ischemic heart disease (IHD) and strokes among those who engaged in insufficient physical activity. This indicates that proper levels of PA are essential in reducing the risk of heart disease and stroke.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Telemedicine eliminates the need for in-person visits entirely. [SEP] Text: Patients chose in-person visits for several reasons, such as: more accurate and better treatment of the disease, more confidence and trust in-person visits, faster treatment, more adherence of the patient to the treatment, more commitment of the physician to treat the patients, better and more complete exchange of patient information with the physician, reducing medical errors and the risks of treatment, more motivation of the physician to treat the patients, better understanding of how to perform post-treatment processes, easier remembering of previous treatments done for the patient, receiving medical services more easily from the nurses, reducing treatment problems for patients, and high quality of treatment in in-person visits. “In my view, in-person visits are unmatched by telemedicine. I strongly believe they offer superior, more accurate, and effective treatment. ” (Participant 505) “I have more faith in my treatment process during in-person visits, expecting quicker and more effective care. ” (Participant 321) “Unlike telemedicine, I sense that the physician’s dedication to treating the patient is considerably greater during an in-person visit. This is why I never opt for telemedicine. ” (Participant 71). Prescription and medicationPatients pointed out that in-person visits can lead to better prescription of medicines, regular use of medicines, more accuracy of physician in prescribing medicines and fewer errors in prescriptions and fewer drug side effects. “In the clinic, when the patient visits in person, the physician can directly assess test results and the patient’s condition. This leads to more precise medication prescriptions. ” (Participant 41) “During in-person visits, I feel the physician allocates more time to me, resulting in better medication prescriptions that I consistently follow. ” (Participant 320) “The in-person physician’s cautious medication prescriptions lead to fewer drug side effects. ” (Participant 901) Face-to-face communication with the physicianIn-person visits were underscored by patients as they enabled direct face-to-face communication with the physician, leading to heightened physician attentiveness, improved clinical history collection, and a more focused, comfortable interaction between patients and physicians. This approach also resulted in clearer patient responses, stronger patient-physician relationships, enhanced service quality, effective transmission of clinical information, ease of interaction for children, and improved guidance throughout treatment processes. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by providing a comprehensive list of reasons why patients prefer in-person visits over telemedicine. It discusses aspects such as better treatment accuracy and stronger patient-physician relationships, indicating that in-person visits are perceived as offering superior care. Statements from multiple participants emphasize a lack of confidence in telemedicine and highlight the importance of direct interaction for effective treatment.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Bacteria can be engineered to produce pharmaceuticals like insulin. [SEP] Text: Bottom: Graphical representation of the eight oxiforms a molecule with three cysteines can adopt in binary reduced or oxidised terms. An oxiform can only exist if the protein is expressed. The compositional rule drastically constrains the oxiform space on expression grounds alone. A single-molecule can only occupy one oxiform at a time. The occupancy rule means a single-molecule is always an oxiform. Oxiform mathematics must describe change—the evolution from one oxiform to another—and informed by residue- and chemotype-specific rates of oxidation and reduction, assign probabilities to (1) the initial starting condition; (2) the likelihood of each chemically possible evolution of 1 and (3) cyclically repeating 1 and 3 to map defined trajectories. Probability imparts stochasticity. The assigned probability weights depend on the identity of the protein molecule. Consider the hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) regulator peroxiredoxin 2 (PRDX2, UniProt ID:32119). H2O2-specific kinetics means an RSOH is far more likely to form on the active site C51 versus C70. The chance of observing C51-RSOH, C70-RS−/H, C172-RS− oxiform would far outweigh the C51-RS, C70-RSOH, C172-RS oxiform. Two things become clear (1) the probabilities have co-dependencies, in this case H2O2, and (2) the starting oxiform is influential. A unique PRDX2 oxiform with C51-RSO2 is more likely to result from an initial condition of C51-RSOH versus RS− owing to kinetics and co-dependents. With enough time (set by variable single-molecule lifetimes), even an improbable oxiform like C51-RS−, C70-RSOH, C172-RS− can come to pass. Just like the transient hydroxyl radical they can be created by,[21] some oxiforms are ephemeral. RS∙ is unlikely to last in the vicinity of RS− or NO. RS− and NO stress co-dependence and the importance of the initial condition. The word unlikely signifies the Bayesian mathematical basis of oxiforms. PART 2. primary colours produces a kaleidoscope of spectrally distinct shades. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim regarding the engineering of bacteria to produce pharmaceuticals. Instead, it delves into the mathematical concepts of protein dynamics and the behavior of oxiforms based on oxidation and reduction, which are unrelated to the production of pharmaceuticals such as insulin.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Exercise can lower the risk of heart disease and stroke. [SEP] Text: 8%) of adults in Argentina older than 30-years-old did not reach the optimal level of PA (< 1600 METs. min/week) and this was responsible for 29% of IHD deaths and 21% of stroke deaths in 2010. When a more feasible scenario for recommended activity levels was considered, half (52. 5%) of the adult population did not reach these levels. If all adults would engage in at least the recommended level of PA (equivalent to 30 minutes of briskly walking five days a week), one fifth of IHD deaths and slightly less than one-sixth of stroke deaths would have been prevented. We found that women expended less energy than men in all age groups, mainly at expense of engaging in less intense activities. Previous research conducted in showed similar results, women were less likely to perform vigorous activities and to participate in leisure time PA and more prone to spend more time in household activities [22]. Similar patterns of PA were also described in women from developed populations [23,24]. In 2010, the global burden of disease (GBD) Study estimated that low levels of PA (< 600 METs. min/week) accounted for 3. 2 million deaths and 31% of worldwide representing the tenth most important contributor to the total burden of disease. Low PA ranked seventh in America [8]. From 1999 to 2013, prevalence of low PA has increased by 20% worldwide [25]. The impact of non-optimal PA was estimated to be larger in developed versus developing countries (3. 2% vs. 1. 6% of total DALYs respectively), however over the years the proportion of this contribution had changed in different directions. The share of burden of disease that was attributable to non-optimal PA in developed countries declined by 9% (3. 5% to 3. 2% of total DALYs. ) while in developing countries, its share increased by 89% (0. 9% to 1. 6% of total DALYs) [26]. This increase reflects the increased share of cardiovascular diseases in the total burden of disease in the developing countries which itself may be due to urbanization, changes in diet and reductions in physical activity [27]. Previous studies have estimated the impact of low PA on cardiovascular mortality in Argentina. Rubinstein, et al. estimated that low levels of PA accounted for 18. 1% of CVD events in 2006 [11]. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by stating that low levels of physical activity (PA) were responsible for a significant percentage of ischemic heart disease (IHD) deaths and stroke deaths in Argentina. It mentions that if adults engaged in at least the recommended level of PA, a considerable proportion of these deaths could have been prevented. Specifically, the text notes that engaging in regular physical activity could have prevented one-fifth of IHD deaths and slightly less than one-sixth of stroke deaths, supporting the assertion that exercise can lower the risk of heart disease and stroke.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Telemedicine eliminates the need for in-person visits entirely. [SEP] Text: “During in-person visits, I’m certain the physician attentively listens to what I say. ” (Participant 12) “I believe that more effective treatment occurs when there’s direct visual and verbal communication between the physician and the patient. ” (Participant 1002) “I believe direct patient-physician interaction in-person boosts physician accuracy and focus more than telemedicine. That’s why I exclusively visit clinics for treatment. For this reason, I choose to only seek treatment by physically visiting clinics. ” (Participant 679) Psychological aspectsIn this category, creating a positive feeling to continue further treatment, the patient’s mastery of speaking to provide a history to the physician, feeling better and more confident about the quick treatment of the disease, more peace of mind for the patient during the treatment, more understanding of the patient by the physician, traditional and religious view, increasing self-confidence and the habit of visiting the office in person were the most important reasons of patients to choose an in-person visit. “During an in-person office visit, I feel more inclined to pursue additional treatment. ” (Participant 718) “Personally, seeing a physician in person brings me a sense of peace that outweighs a faster recovery, as I trust their in-depth understanding of my condition leads to a more accurate diagnosis. ” (Participant 347) “I will have more self-confidence because I talk face-to-face with the physician during the in-person visit. ” (Participant 417) Insurance and reimbursementPatients believed that in in-person visits, drugs related to certain diseases are covered by insurance and it is possible to use insurance easily. “I have MS and require specific medications. Affording these drugs without insurance is unfeasible due to my financial situation, and I’m unsure if my insurance covers telemedicine visits and prescriptions. ” (Participant 197) “In-person visits offer more accurate clinical examinations, improved patient care from physicians, and notably, the ability for patients to utilize insurance. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by providing multiple statements from participants indicating their preference for in-person visits due to the benefits of direct interaction with physicians. For instance, participants express that in-person visits enhance the physician's accuracy and focus, create a sense of peace, foster better communication, and allow for use of insurance in a more straightforward manner. These sentiments collectively assert that telemedicine does not fully replace the advantages of traditional in-person consultations.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Bacteria can be engineered to produce pharmaceuticals like insulin. [SEP] Text: Combining different chemistries in specific ways produces unique oxiforms (see Figure 2). To draw an analogy to paint, chemistries are the primary colour palettes and oxiforms are the resulting spectrum of shades. The underlying logic rests on the distinctive chemical properties of the cysteine sulphur chemotype ‘colours’. An essential pre-requisite for oxiform ‘shades’. Even if they were monochrome, adding or subtracting a chemotype over r would darken or lighten the shade. The word chemotype betokens specific chemistry. Chemotype-specific chemistries are unequivocally established. For example, RSOH is a soft electrophile and weak nucleophile compared to RSH. [10] And RSS− is a stronger nucleophile than either. [22] Chemotypes endow the modified sulphur atom with distinct steric, electrostatic, nucleophilic and hydrophobic characteristics; which often produce a structural effect. [23] They paint a chemical picture. 2Open in figure viewerPowerpaint. Top left: Mixing primary colours produces a spectrum of shades. Top right: Primary sulfur redox properties with chemotype examples. Bottom: Graphical representation of ‘monochromatic’ functionality about a chemotype, in this case addition and subtraction of SSG versus SH. A single-molecule redox kaleidoscope portraying the discrete chemical characters (italic text) of each oxiform. Depending on the molecular context (e. g. , protein molecule and cysteine residue), chemotypes can produce the same, in uniform or different ways, or a unique, even diametrically opposed, functional effect. First, in cases where the active site relies on deprotonated sulphur nucleophile chemistry (e. g. , C215 in the tyrosine phosphatase PTP1B[24]), any chemotype masking the nucleophilic character will inactivate the enzyme. and RSNO all inhibit PTP1B. Less-appreciated C215-RSH is inhibitory. Despite a low C215 pKa some PTP1B molecules will inhabit the RSH oxiform. Second, unique chemistries produce distinct functional effects even on the same cysteine residue. Take EGFR: C797-RSOH activates it whereas C797-RSSG inhibits it. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim about bacteria being engineered to produce pharmaceuticals like insulin. Instead, it discusses chemistries and chemotypes related to sulfur and their effects on enzymatic activity, which is unrelated to the engineering of bacteria for pharmaceutical production.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Exercise can lower the risk of heart disease and stroke. [SEP] Text: In 2013, the GBD study estimated that low PA was responsible for 12. 6% of IHD deaths and 7. 6% of stroke deaths in Argentina [25]. These analysis estimated a lower proportional impact of non-optimal PA (< 600 METs. min/week compared to that estimated in our study (20% for IHD and 13% for stroke deaths) mainly because the first study [11] used lower relative risks than that used in this study and the second [25] modeled the exposure data from a not representative sample of Argentina which reported a lower prevalence of non-optimal PA (26. 7%) [28,29]. This study has a number of strengths: (1) It is the first population-level analysis in estimating the effects of non-optimal PA on IHD and stroke mortality using a nationally representative survey in Argentina. (2) Age-specific effect sizes were derived from meta-analysis of observational studies that had adjusted for important confounders. (3) Deaths from Stroke and IHD in 2010 were obtained from the death registry, which provides robust national-level data by age and sex for all causes of death with almost complete coverage. (4) The number of CVD deaths was adjusted using methods to enhance comparability by reducing garbage codes and underreported causes. However, this study has some limitations; first, like many other comparative risk assessments conducted in developing countries [30,31], effect sizes (here for non-optimal PA) had to be extrapolated from epidemiological studies conducted in developed countries. Second, these effect sizes were not corrected for regression dilution bias due to insufficient information on exposure measurement error and variability, which is especially important when error and variability of self-reported exposure may themselves differ across studies [9,17]. Third, the number of deaths from different stroke subtypes was not available through the vital registration system as only a small fraction of deaths from stroke are analyzed using imaging. Fourth, we did not adjust the distribution of PA for the regression dilution bias due to insufficient data from epidemiological studies on exposure measurement error and variability. Fifth, we used mortality data from the year 2010 since more recent national data on causes of death were not available. Therefore, we may have overestimated the absolute number of IHD and stroke deaths that are attributable to non-optimal PA in 2013 as CVD death rates are declining in Argentina [32-35]. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text supports the claim by discussing the impact of low physical activity (PA) on ischaemic heart disease (IHD) and stroke mortality. It highlights that low PA was responsible for a significant percentage of deaths from IHD and strokes in Argentina, implying that improving PA levels could potentially lower these risks. The study emphasizes the importance of optimal PA in reducing cardiovascular disease mortality, thus corroborating the claim that exercise can lower the risk of heart disease and stroke.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Telemedicine eliminates the need for in-person visits entirely. [SEP] Text: “ (Participant 521) Information technology infrastructureOther reasons for choosing an in-person visit were: lack of suitable computer and networking infrastructure for telemedicine, slow Internet speed, frequent internet outages, low bandwidth, no need for computer and digital knowledge and literacy, no need for computers and other communication equipment such as mobile phones, lack of culture to use technologies and lack of experience in using telemedicine. “Telemedicine infrastructure should be built in our country first, then we should use telemedicine, I think there is still no strong infrastructure. ” (Participant 359) “I live in a village and I am reluctant to use telemedicine due to the slow internet speed in my area. ” (Participant 344) “Due to my parents’ elderly status, using telemedicine is challenging for them as they lack computer and internet skills. Hence, in-person visits are more suitable for them. ” (Participant 81) “During an in-person visit, there’s no requirement to use devices like laptops or mobile phones for communication with the physician. Additionally, my economic situation does not allow me to afford such tools. ” (Participant 651) “I believe that a culture of using telemedicine has not yet fully developed, and if we intend to adopt it, we are likely to encounter numerous challenges. ” (Participant 25) Security and privacyChallenges related to the fear of easy disclosure of information in telemedicine, maintaining patient privacy, maintaining information security, maintaining confidentiality of information, lack of clear rules in the field of electronic disclosure of patient information, cyber fraud, hacking and unauthorized access to medical record information, fraud and abuse of patient data were other reasons to the choice of in-person visits over telemedicine. “Due to my unique medical condition, I choose not to use telemedicine as I am constantly concerned about information disclosure. I believe that sharing information is much more straightforward in telemedicine compared to an in-person visit. ” (Participant 219) “In my view, a telemedicine system might jeopardize patients’ privacy by potentially sharing their sensitive data with third parties for personal financial gains. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by providing multiple reasons why in-person visits are still necessary despite the existence of telemedicine. Participants mention factors such as inadequate technology infrastructure, slow internet speeds, and a lack of digital literacy as impediments to fully utilizing telemedicine. For instance, one participant states, 'I live in a village and I am reluctant to use telemedicine due to the slow internet speed in my area,' suggesting that in-person visits remain a viable option when telemedicine is not practical. Additionally, another participant explains, 'Due to my parents’ elderly status, using telemedicine is challenging for them as they lack computer and internet skills,' highlighting that telemedicine cannot replace the need for in-person visits for certain populations, such as the elderly.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Bacteria can be engineered to produce pharmaceuticals like insulin. [SEP] Text: [25] There might be more examples lurking in the 500 cysteine residues that the Qian group[26] demonstrated to be modified by multiple distinct chemotypes. Pursuant to the foundational principle of redox-regulation[5]: chemotype-specific chemistry can regulate protein function. Oxiforms are holistic entities. Holism means the totality of the n of each r matters. Consider a purely hypothetical example of a protein called X (PX) with three cysteines. Suppose two PX molecules were defined by different oxiforms RSH (PX-a) and RSSG (Px-B). Compared to PX-a, PX-b has three more negative charges and ˜915 Da extra mass. Mass and charge alter the biophysical properties of the protein (e. g. , charge introduces electrostatic effects). All else being equal, PX-b would bind a positively charged interactant with greater affinity than PX-a. The reverse applies to a negatively charged interactant. Combined electrostatic effects may amplify a functional effect (e. g. , in an enzyme-substrate binding context). If we change PX-a to all RS−, then it would be a greater nucleophile than PX-b and could, unlike PX-b, be targeted by a Michael addition reaction-based drug. [27] Combinatorial chemistry is powerful. Take PX-c where c defines a C1-RSOH, C2-RS− and C3-PAM oxiform. PX-c combines a soft electrophile weak nucleophile (RSOH), a negatively charged nucleophile, and a bulky, aliphatic saturated lipid. Their combination-dependent chemical traits could produce a distinct functionally-significant behaviour. Hypothetically, for a C1-RSOH-dependent degron C3-PAM could spare Px from proteolysis by orientating the degron away from an E3 ligase. PX-c could also provide a unique trajectory for PX-d (same but C2-SOH) by targeting PX-c to a H2O2 rich nanodomain to promote H2O2 + C2-RS− = C2-RSOH + H2O by molecular proximity. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim regarding the engineering of bacteria to produce pharmaceuticals like insulin. It discusses complex biochemical concepts including protein modifications, chemical interactions, and the effects of redox-regulation, but fails to mention anything about bacteria or their use in pharmaceutical production.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Exercise can lower the risk of heart disease and stroke. [SEP] Text: Finally, we did not incorporate the uncertainty of the estimates and were therefore unable to make statistical comparisons across different age groups, gender and outcomes. In summary, non-optimal levels of PA (< 1600 METs. min/week) contribute to about a quarter of deaths from cardiovascular diseases in Argentina in the population older than 30-years-old, showing that the impact of this modifiable risk factor is significantly higher than that previously estimated. The principal advantage of doing a comprehensive and comparable scientific assessment of disease burden caused by non-optimal of PA is that it provides the evidence base for informing discussion about policy and interventions to increase PA. Although, the Ministry of Heath has developed Lifestyle [36,37], more substantial resources should be directed toward enhancing built and social environments which are essential to effectively increase PA, to improve health-related quality of life and reduce the burden of cardio-metabolic diseases in Argentina. This research was supported in part by Center under the Building in Research in South America. (Grant # 4D43TW009126-02). 795. (2010) Physical activity and cardiovascular health: lessons learned from epidemiological studies across age, gender, and race/ethnicity. Circulation 122: 743-752. (2000) Physical activity and risk of stroke in women. JAMA 283: 2961-2967. (2013) Exercise training for blood pressure: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Assoc 2: e004473. Fiuza-(2013) Exercise is the real polypill. Physiology (Bethesda) 28: 330-358. (2012) Independent and combined effects of exercise training and metformin on insulin sensitivity in individuals with prediabetes. 35: 131-136. WHO (2010) Global recommendations on physical activity for health. (2012) A comparative risk assessment of burden of disease and injury attributable to 67 risk factors and risk factor clusters in 21 regions, 1990-2010: a systematic analysis for the of 2010. Lancet 380: 2224-2260. (2009) The preventable causes of death in the United States: comparative risk assessment of dietary, lifestyle, and metabolic risk factors. PLoS Med 6: e1000058. é M, et al. (2012) Ageing, physical activity and mortality-a 42-year follow-up study. Epidemiol 41: 521-530. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text supports the claim by discussing how non-optimal levels of physical activity (PA) contribute significantly to deaths from cardiovascular diseases, thereby suggesting that optimal PA levels can reduce such risks. It highlights that increasing PA is essential for improving health-related quality of life and reducing the burden of cardio-metabolic diseases, which aligns directly with the claim that exercise can lower the risk of heart disease and stroke.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Telemedicine eliminates the need for in-person visits entirely. [SEP] Text: ” (Participant 44) “In my opinion, the prevalence of cyber fraudsters who can readily exploit patients’ data is a significant concern, which is why I choose not to use telemedicine at all. ” (Participant 49) “In my opinion, there is a lot of possibility for fraud and abuse of patient data in telemedicine, which makes people less likely to go to this technology. Therefore, they prefer to use in-person visits. ” (Participant 953) Laboratory testsThe necessity of conducting laboratory tests in person and better interpretation of the results of these tests were the reasons for choosing in-person visits. “I believe that tests like mammography, pap smear, ultrasound, and eye pressure testing for glaucoma should be conducted in person. ” (Participant 852) Reasons for choosing telemedicine A total of 108 reasons for choosing telemedicine to facilitate treatment processes were categorized into 20 main themes: patient and provider safety, physical examination, diagnosis, treatment, medication prescription, access to physicians, cost management, time management, geographical distances, psychological aspects, electronic registration and data management, insurance and reimbursement, healthy environment, interaction and communication, information technology, security, privacy and legal issues, laboratory tests, remote monitoring, and admission and hospitalization. Like the in-person visit in telemedicine, the theme of treatment had the most sub-themes. The most important reasons for choosing telemedicine were “avoiding infectious diseases and preventing their further spread”, “reducing treatment costs” and “saving time” (Table 5). Table 5 Reasons for choosing telemedicineFull size table Patient and provider safetyPatients believed that telemedicine can help reduce the incidence of infectious diseases and prevent their further spread, protect service providers against infectious diseases, initial assessment and triage of patients with symptoms of infectious diseases, increase patient safety, and vaccination at national level. “Currently, due to infectious diseases such as COVID-19, I prefer not to have an in-person visit and instead opt for telemedicine. ” (Participant 230) “I work in a hospital and believe that the primary advantage of telemedicine is its ability to minimize direct contact between providers and patients. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by providing various perspectives on the limitations of telemedicine, highlighting concerns such as the necessity of in-person laboratory tests and the risk of cyber fraud. Participants expressed that certain medical procedures, including mammography and pap smears, should be done in person, reinforcing the idea that telemedicine does not entirely eliminate in-person visits. For instance, one participant noted the importance of conducting lab tests in person, while another indicated a preference for in-person visits due to concerns about data security and the potential for fraud.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Bacteria can be engineered to produce pharmaceuticals like insulin. [SEP] Text: PX-d could via the PAM anchor persist for longer if it were spatially insulated against reductants (e. g. , thioredoxin 1, UniProt: P10599). Combinatorial chemistry produces oxiform-specific molecular properties of functional significance. I wish to speculate on the functional significance of oxiforms. With ∼103 cysteine containing proteins, a single cell (SC) may possess ˜109-12 unique oxiforms. Their proteome and ROS differences,[28, 29] means the abundance of many oxiforms will vary between cells. They host a perpetually evolving amalgam of co-existing oxiforms. Some may contain rare oxiforms. Their stochastic nature brings an arresting thought to mind: some oxiforms may only ever exist once. Or never. The biological implications of 10−9-12 unique oxiforms per cell evolving on the second timescale over decades across the 37-trillion cells in the human body are profound. The sheer number of oxiforms alone provides a redox basis for heterogeneity. They may contribute to our individuality. Fleeting oxiforms, compared to more persistent modifications, are likely to be more important determinants of such individual characteristics as transiently deviating from homeostasis is central to redox signalling. Oxiforms may also contribute to a defining feature of life: the inherent adaptability of cells. They can generate evolutionary significant bet-hedging behaviours[16] by enabling cells to mount divergent responses to the same stimulus. The ability to overtly to subtly perturb the function of a protein by generating unique oxiforms is evolutionary significant. The hotbed of functional possibilities may even enable certain favourable oxiforms to be selected for. Sometimes they can be maladaptive. Perhaps, some pro-proliferative oxiforms are enriched in cancer cells. Their probabilistic nature means they may contribute in idiosyncratic ways to certain stochastic elements of the ageing process, especially when entropy may prolong the lifetime of some oxiforms or even favour their formation. Ultimately, the emergent complexity of oxiforms and their potential functional significance is important for understanding redox-regulation in health and disease. PART 3. fundamental questions on oxiform abundances and functional significances demands technical innovations. Most immunological (e. g. , RedoxiFluor[30]) or proteomic (e. g. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim directly about bacteria being engineered to produce pharmaceuticals like insulin. Instead, it discusses the concept of oxiforms and their biological implications, without mentioning bacteria or pharmaceutical production.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Exercise can lower the risk of heart disease and stroke. [SEP] Text: Secondary prevention trials should not only focus on the first 2–3 years Because the next most common event within 3 years after a stroke is having another stroke, most of the recently published or ongoing clinical trials in secondary prevention of stroke focused, by design, on the prevention of recurrent stroke as primary end-point. This puts an emphasis on outcomes during the next 5 years, but may have led to the wrong perception that MI is not an important event, or trial end-point, after a stroke. Because many studies have relatively short follow-up, of <3 years, they likely did not capture late events, such as the continuously increasing 10 year risk of MI. For example, in the and ESPS-2 trials, the risk of stroke was significantly reduced by 23% with the treatment with combination of low-dose aspirin/dipyridamole, but there were no clear evidence that the agent tested had an effect on the 5–10 year risk of CHD. 16,17 None of the major antiplatelet trials could show a significant reduction in major coronary events (MACE) in patients with stroke likely because they did not accrue enough MACE. 17–19 This was likely because these trials lasted only 18–36 months and were not powered enough to capture the CHD risk in stroke patients. Two long-term (4–5 years) secondary prevention trials showed reduction in coronary heart disease events Antihypertensive trials in patients with stroke, such as which lasted for 4 years, could show a benefit on MACE reduction [118 vs. 158 fatal or non-fatal MACE, 0. 74 (0. 58–0. 94)]. 20 In the trial, performed in patients with recent (<6 months) stroke or TIA, the 5 year risk of any CHD event was 10% in the placebo group and was reduced by 42% (27–54%) in the atorvastatin 80 mg/day group. 21 Since patients with a past history of CAD were excluded from for ethical reasons, this trial demonstrated that stroke with no known CHD is a CHD risk equivalent and that this risk can be substantially reduced by atorvastatin therapy. Stroke/TIA patients are at high long-term risk of major coronary events. Future secondary stroke prevention trials should assess that the drug under investigation not only reduces the risk of having another stroke, but also reduces the risk of MACE. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing secondary prevention trials that effectively show the relationship between managing health risks post-stroke and reducing the incidence of coronary heart disease (CHD) events. For instance, it mentions that patients with a history of stroke exhibit a high risk for future major coronary events, and interventions such as atorvastatin significantly reduce the risk of CHD events, implying that overall management strategies (including exercise) could lower heart disease risk following a stroke.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Telemedicine eliminates the need for in-person visits entirely. [SEP] Text: ” (Participant 765) “A great feature of telemedicine is its ability to perform initial assessments and triage for patients with symptoms of infectious diseases like COVID-19. This allows for prompt identification and guidance towards suitable treatment. ” (Participant 413) “Now that COVID-19 has spread, I think one of the most important applications of telemedicine is national vaccination. Telemedicine can be used to encourage people to get vaccinated as soon as possible through video conferences or text reminder messages. ” (Participant 310) Physical examinationPatients have noted that telemedicine offers easier history-taking, allowing more time for physicians to examine patients. This approach ensures that patients can provide a comprehensive medical history and share information more honestly. “I personally believe that I can more easily explain my medical history and concerns to the therapist through telemedicine. ” (Participant 485) “I have had the experience of using telemedicine once or twice. In my opinion, during telemedicine appointments, physicians devote more time to examining patients. ” (Participant 1012) “During in-person visits, long waits and rushed consultations due to high patient volume can stress patients and lead to missed important illness details. ” (Participant 963) “When using telemedicine, I find that I can provide the physician with a more honest presentation of my clinical information and medical history. ” (Participant 1125) DiagnosisPatients also opt for telemedicine due to factors such as the physician’s enhanced accuracy in diagnosing diseases, minimized diagnostic errors, access to the patient’s complete clinical history, reliable information accessibility for physicians, decreased clinical complications, and cost savings. “I find telemedicine consultations to be better because I believe physicians are more accurate in diagnosing my condition. ” (Participant 842) “In my view, telemedicine leads to better diagnosis and management of diseases, resulting in reduced clinical and financial burdens for the patient. ” (Participant 514) TreatmentPatients prefer telemedicine due to reasons like streamlined treatment with improved quality and speed, convenient access to electronic records, and comprehensive recording of treatment steps. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the various benefits of telemedicine, such as initial assessments and improved history-taking, while implicitly acknowledging the value of in-person visits. For example, patients note that during telemedicine appointments, physicians may devote more time to examining patients, yet these insights highlight that in-person visits still hold significance in certain aspects of care, as indicated by the mention of long waits and rushed consultations in person. Therefore, while telemedicine enhances certain processes, it does not eliminate the necessity for in-person consultations.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Bacteria can be engineered to produce pharmaceuticals like insulin. [SEP] Text: , OxiMouse[31]) techniques cannot quantify oxiforms in binary reduced versus reversibly oxidised terms let alone chemotype-specific oxiforms. RedoxiFluor, a microplate technique based on immunoaffinity-dependent capture of proteins decorated with cysteine redox state-specific fluorophores, cannot differentiate between individual oxiforms. [32] Rather, RedoxiFluor quantifies the class-average cysteine redox state of all the captured target-specific oxiforms. Meanwhile, digesting proteins into peptides for bottom-up proteomic analysis destroys oxiforms. [33] Target-specific oxiforms can be quantified in percentages using mobility-shift immunoblot methods. [34, 35] Invented in 2001,[36] they use cysteine-reactive warheads to ligate polyethylene glycol (PEG)-payloads to reversibly oxidised cysteines. Oxiforms are detected as mobility-shifted bands with target-specific antibodies. A protein with four cysteines can theoretically fractionate into five bands: all reduced, one oxidised three reduced, two oxidised two reduced, three oxidised one reduced, and all oxidised. Many bands may contain reductant-insensitive chemotypes (e. g. , RSO2[37]) or unlabelled cysteines (i. e. , bulky PEG-payloads incur steric labelling penalties[38]). Multiple oxiforms can inhabit the same band. The 3rd band (e. g. , 50% reversibly oxidised), may contain 6 oxiforms: C1 + C2, C1 + C3, C1 + C4, C2 + C3, C2 + C4, C3 + C4. Paradoxically, the PEG-payload—the very thing the method needs to work—causes it to fail for most targets by sterically blocking antibody binding. Placing the antibody-first to capture a target before adding the PEG-payload may prove more effective. Analysing an entire undigested protein by tandem mass spectrometry (m/s) in top-down proteomics[39, 40] can quantify oxiforms[41] by tell-tale chemotype-specific diagnostic mass changes (e. g. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim about bacteria being engineered to produce pharmaceuticals like insulin. Instead, it discusses techniques related to quantifying oxiforms and proteomic analysis, without making any mention of bacteria or pharmaceutical production.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Antibiotics are effective against bacterial infections, not viral ones. [SEP] Text: pneumoniae) was the main infectious agent that caused the diagnosed pneumonia [10]. The autopsy showed the presence of S. pneumoniae in the lungs of 44% and in the blood of 33% of the patients who died from the Spanish influenza [10, 11]. Though S. pneumoniae was the leading cause of mortality, other infectious agents like Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus), H. influenzae and a number of other Streptococcus spp. were also identified in the autopsied lung specimen [5, 7]. Therefore, the catastrophic outcome of the 1918 influenza pandemic could have been defined by the lack of vaccines and antiviral drugs against the influenza virus as well as by the lack of antibiotics that could suppress the secondary bacterial complications. Pandemic influenza in the era of antibiotics in the absence of vaccination and antiviral drugsIn 1957, the pandemic of the Asian flu affected 40-50% of the people around the globe with estimates of total mortality between 1. 5 and 4 million people [13], with the death toll in the reaching around 69,800 people [13-15]. The cause of this pandemic was the A(H2N2) strain of the influenza virus [12]. Analysis of the autopsied specimens revealed evidence of bacterial infection in 80% of all the severe and fatal cases [8, 16, 17]. It should be noted that, by this time, such antibiotics as penicillin and streptomycin were already available and used in medical practice in developed countries. However, during this pandemic in the US and a number of other countries, there was a noticeable increase in the number of hospitalizations associated with pneumonia caused mainly by S. pneumoniae, H. influenzae and S. aureus [18]. Similar data were reported in the Netherlands, wherein, of the 148 deaths allegedly caused by the Asian pandemic influenza, 75% were associated with bacterial pneumonia provoked in 15% of cases by S. pneumoniae and in 59% cases by S. aureus [16]. It should be mentioned that the cited bacteriological examination data could be highly distorted since at that time many patients were already treated with antibiotics [19]. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text supports the claim by discussing the role of antibiotics during the 1918 influenza pandemic, noting that while the influenza virus caused significant mortality, the secondary bacterial infections, particularly pneumonia caused by bacteria such as S. pneumoniae and H. influenzae, were prevalent and could be treated with antibiotics. This illustrates that antibiotics are effective against bacterial infections, which aligns with the claim.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Telemedicine eliminates the need for in-person visits entirely. [SEP] Text: Additionally, they believed that telemedicine offers quick emergency responses, efficient chronic disease management, and enhanced patient engagement Moreover, telemedicine addresses physician shortages, facilitates self-care, and ensures precise treatment recommendations, all while increasing physician involvement in monitoring treatment progress. “I’m very fond of telemedicine because I believe it makes my treatment process easier and faster. ” (Participant 574) “I believe that in emergency situations, physicians can manage and control patients much more quickly online. ” (Participant 1019) For individuals with a chronic disease, telemedicine is highly beneficial as it enables them to enhance their lifestyle and manage their condition through convenient and easy communication with their physician. ” (Participant 1001) “As a disabled person still living with my family, when I fall ill, I need to visit the medical center accompanied by a family member. However, with telemedicine, I can readily undergo treatment without relying on anyone. ” (Participant 219). “Telemedicine enables me to easily manage self-care processes, treatments, and take better care of myself. ” (Participant 917) Medication prescriptionPatients believed that telemedicine could facilitate improved health status monitoring by physicians for prescribing appropriate medicines, particularly benefiting individuals with chronic diseases. “From my perspective, telemedicine holds value in prescribing medication for individuals dealing with chronic conditions. It facilitates convenient communication with physicians to obtain personalized prescriptions. Furthermore, it proves useful in addressing drug side effects through telemedicine consultations, providing guidance on proper usage and the management of emerging effects. ” (Participant 444). Access to physiciansPatients believe that telemedicine provides access to a wider range of specialties and enables quick and easy access to physicians at any time and from any place. “was diagnosed with Covid-19, I could easily communicate with my physician brother who lives in Canada and receive medical advice. ” (Participant 1009) “I live in a village and can’t go to the hospital or the hemophilia treatment center in the city every day for my treatment. With telemedicine, I can easily communicate with my physician anytime and anywhere. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts with the claim by highlighting multiple scenarios where telemedicine enhances healthcare delivery but does not fully eliminate the need for in-person visits. For example, a participant mentions, 'As a disabled person still living with my family, when I fall ill, I need to visit the medical center accompanied by a family member.' This indicates that in-person visits may still be necessary in certain contexts, especially for individuals with specific needs.