Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: The body requires both macronutrients and micronutrients for proper functioning. [SEP] Text: Conclusions:The food intake of the Brazilian population at higher SFI risk is characterized by energy reduction, reduced consumption of macronutrients and high prevalence of inadequate micronutrient intakes, as well as a lower mean intakes, when compared with the first quartile with the lowest SFI risk. food insecurityFood intakeNutritional restrictionMicronutrient inadequacy paper Issue 4 March 2020 10. 1017/S1368980019003057 [Opens in a new window] Copyright © 2019 Food insecurity (FI) occurs when people do not have continuous access to food in sufficient quantity and quality to maintain their health. FI causes important changes in the individual’s diet(1–Reference Rodríguez, Mundo-Rosas and Méndez-Gómez-Humarán4). In FI the amount of food consumed is reduced and the quality of the diet is compromised, with lower consumption of fruits and vegetables, for example(Reference Leung, Epel and Ritchie5,Reference Russell, Flood and Yeatman6). FI also has negative health consequences, such as increasing the incidence of diseases associated with a poor diet, including obesity, diabetes, cardiovascular problems and other chronic non-communicable diseases in adults, as well as nutritional deficiencies, stunting, short stature and cognitive problems in children(Reference Laraia7–Reference Gubert, Spaniol and Segall-Corrêa12). dietary pattern has been changing over the last decades and it is now characterized by a low-quality diet with increased consumption of ultra-processed foods, even among people living in poverty(Reference Martins, Levy and Claro13). In households with FI families experience the so-called double burden of malnutrition, where nutritional deficiencies (malnutrition and micronutrient deficiency) coexist with overweight and other chronic non-communicable diseases(Reference Gubert, Spaniol and Segall-Corrêa12,Reference Morais, Dutra and Franceschini14). Over two billion people worldwide suffer from micronutrient deficiencies, also known as ‘hidden hunger’(Grebmer, Saltzman and Birol15). Vitamin and mineral deficiencies occur in cases of food deprivation, but also when the diet is monotonous and based on low-quality energy-dense foods(16,Reference Gödecke, Stein and Qaim17). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by highlighting the importance of adequate intake of both macronutrients and micronutrients for maintaining health. It discusses how food insecurity leads to reduced food consumption, leading to both malnutrition and micronutrient deficiencies. The mention of 'nutritional deficiencies, stunting, short stature and cognitive problems in children' and the impact of a poor diet on chronic diseases emphasize that a balanced intake of both macronutrients and micronutrients is essential for proper body functioning.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Autonomous vehicles require no human oversight or intervention in any scenario. [SEP] Text: В настоящее время широкому распространению беспилотных транспортных средств (БТС) препятствуют известные технические проблемы, относящиеся в основном к снижению качества систем принятия решений при маневрировании БТС в интенсивном потоке и в условиях ухудшения характеристик внешней среды, в частности, при резком снижении видимости на дорогах, неожиданном появлении агентов с аномальным поведением, например, агентов-пешеходов «возникающих» перед БТС, при [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by identifying current technical problems that hinder the widespread deployment of autonomous vehicles (AVs), specifically pointing out issues related to decision-making in complex environments, suggesting that human oversight may still be necessary in certain scenarios.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: The brain's visual cortex processes visual information in a hierarchical manner. [SEP] Text: docx Figure 3 illustrates potential correlation patterns for pairs of several hypothetical neurons, each having a ‘mixture’ response patterns, but two with a similar or ‘congruent’ individual stimulus preference (unit 1, unit 2, more spikes elicited by ‘A’ than ‘B’ when presented alone) and one with a different stimulus preference compared to the other two (unit 3, more spikes elicited by ‘B’ than ‘A’ when presented alone, ‘incongruent’) (Figure 3a). When spike count correlations are computed across trials in which both ‘A’ and ‘B’ are presented, four different scenarios (or combinations thereof) could occur. ‘Congruent’ units 1 and 2 could be positively correlated, suggesting they are encoding the same stimulus on the same trials (i. e. , both ‘A’ or both ‘B,’ Figure 3b, left). Alternatively, they could be negatively correlated, suggesting they are encoding different stimuli on different trials (i. e. , one ‘A’ and the other ‘B,’ Figure 3c, left). Conversely, when considering the spike count correlations between pairs of neurons exhibiting ‘incongruent’ stimulus p0. 56, panel d) and the two pairings involving incongruent p0. 45, –0. 34, panels e and f). This pattern is borne out when the full set of pairings involving unit 1 and other units recorded at the same time that also showed ‘mixture’ response patterns is considered (Figure 4b): all the pairings that involved congruent tuning p0. 05). In contrast, all the pairings that involve incongruent tuning p0. 05). We next considered the population level (with each pair of units contributing multiple rsc values to the population distribution, one value for each relevant stimulus condition; see ‘Methods’ for additional details). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not directly address the hierarchical processing of visual information in the brain's visual cortex. Instead, it focuses on the correlation patterns of hypothetical neurons and their response to different stimuli, which is related to neural activity rather than the hierarchical organization of visual processing. Therefore, it is irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: The body requires both macronutrients and micronutrients for proper functioning. [SEP] Text: Hidden hunger, as well as chronic hunger, have economic impacts as it negatively influences the individual’s productivity, leading to persistent poverty and impacting the Product of many developing countries(Grebmer, Saltzman and Birol15,Reference Gödecke, Stein and Qaim17). In 2008–2009, the Survey (INA) evaluated the Brazilian population’s food consumption, collecting data on the food intake of 34 003 individuals. At that time a high prevalence of micronutrient inadequacy was identified, meaning a high percentage of individuals with intake below the Requirement (EAR), especially for vitamins A, C, D and E, Ca and Mg(18). Despite the existence of data on the dietary profile of the Brazilian population in general, little is known about how FI can affect the quality of the diet regarding macro- and micronutrient intakes. Therefore, the aim of the present study was to analyse the usual intakes of energy, macronutrients, and micronutrients and their inadequacy in the Brazilian population in severe food insecurity (SFI) risk, determined from a predictive model that used two national databases. used We used two surveys of the Brazilian population: the (PNAD 2009) and the Survey (POF 2008–09) (18,19). The PNAD 2009 interviewed 399 387 individuals in 153 837 households throughout Brazil. The survey evaluated household FI using the (EBIA)(19). Although there are more recent data for FI from PNAD (PNAD 2013), we chose to use the 2009 survey for its temporal proximity to the second survey used in the present study. The POF 2008–09 is a survey with a representative population sample that aimed to evaluate consumption, expenditures, income and assets of Brazilians(18). In the POF 2008–09 a sub-sample was selected to participate in the module that evaluated personal food consumption, the Survey (INA). This module included the participation of 34 003 individuals from 13 569 households (24·5 % of the total households participating in the POF 2008–09). The POF 2008–09 did not have data on FI, only food consumption(18). The complex sample design of the two surveys are similar, based on census tracts and differing only in the number of stages (conglomerate or cluster). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text supports the claim by discussing the evaluation of dietary intake in the Brazilian population, which highlights the prevalence of micronutrient inadequacy, indicating the importance of both macronutrients and micronutrients in achieving proper nutrient intake. The aim of the study is to analyze the usual intakes of energy, macronutrients, and micronutrients, thus reinforcing the need for both types of nutrients for proper functioning of the body.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Autonomous vehicles require no human oversight or intervention in any scenario. [SEP] Text: К сожалению, общим недостатком подобных подходов является трудность оценки устойчивости транспортной системы по отношению к множественным риск-факторам, таким как, резкое снижение видимости на дорогах и аномальное поведение других участников дорожного движения. Поэтому необходима разработка новых методов идентификации агентов, несущих угрозу нормальному функционированию транспортной системы масштаба «умного города». [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by mentioning the difficulty in assessing the resilience of transportation systems in the face of various risk factors, such as low visibility and abnormal behavior of other road users. This implies that there are scenarios where human intervention may be necessary.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: The brain's visual cortex processes visual information in a hierarchical manner. [SEP] Text: We first focused on the full set of formally identified ‘mixtures’ subgroup in the adjacent stimulus dataset (Figure 4c), we can see that the pattern observed for the example cells in Figures 2a and 4a holds at the population level: neural pairs in which both units responded better to the same individual stimuli tended to have positive correlations with each other (‘congruent p0. 486), whereas those that had different (‘incongruent’) stimulus p0. 252, –0. 052). However, this is much less true of the superimposed-gratings dataset (Figure 4f): here, there is very little difference between the congruent-preference and incongruent-preference pairs of neurons (median congruent-preference rsc = 0. 159, median incongruent-preference rsc = 0. 144), nor is there much difference between the spike count correlations observed on dual-gratings presentations vs. individual grating presentations for this dataset (orange dashed line). In contrast, there is a distinct difference between spike count correlations observed on the dual-stimuli vs. individual-stimulus presentations in the adjacent-stimulus dataset (orange dashed line, Figure 4c and d). We verified that this unusual pattern of positive and negative spike count correlations evoked by two objects was not an artifact of multiunit recordings: Figure 4e shows the spike count correlation patterns observed for the subset of 24 combinations of well-isolated units recorded simultaneously in the adjacent gratings dataset. While the data is sparse, the overall pattern is consistent with the observations from the full dataset. We next considered whether this overall pattern was robust to the classification categories emerging from the Bayesian model comparison. While ‘mixtures’ reflect the strongest evidence for activity fluctuations at a stimulus presentation timescale, activity fluctuations are not fully ruled out among ‘singles’ and ‘intermediates. ’ For example, if a neuron tended to respond in an ‘A-like’ fashion on a preponderance of trials but in a ‘B-like’ fashion on only a few of them, the Bayesian model classifier will rate ‘single’ as more likely than ‘mixture’ even though there is some evidence of fluctuation. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not directly address the claim regarding the hierarchical processing of visual information in the brain's visual cortex. Instead, it discusses specific research findings related to neural responses to stimuli, spike count correlations, and does not provide insights or evidence about the hierarchical organization of visual processing.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: The body requires both macronutrients and micronutrients for proper functioning. [SEP] Text: We used the and macros developed by the NCI to estimate the percentiles of usual intake. The first macro transforms the data and adjusts the model, then uses the parameters previously estimated by to determine the usual intake or percentage of inadequate intake through a simulation(Reference Barbosa, Sichieri and Junger27). The NCI model was developed for simple random samples. In order to use the NCI method in a complex sample like INA, an additional programming was necessary. We used the balanced repeated replication (BRR) – Fay method – to calculate the standard errors considering the variability between the sub-samples (or replicate estimates). BRR is a method to estimate the variance used specifically in cases that have two primary sampling units per stratum. Since the INA has more than two primary sampling units per stratum, it was necessary to randomly group the primary sampling units of each stratum into two groups and then apply the BRR method; this procedure is called the grouped balanced half-sample (GBHS) method(Reference Barbosa, Sichieri and Junger27). Two non-consecutive daily food records were used to obtain the usual intake, which corresponds to the average long-term nutrient intake(Reference Tooze, Midthune and Dodd26). The models took into consideration the quartile of SFI probability in which the individual fit by sex and age group. We analysed the usual intake of energy, carbohydrates, fibres, proteins and total lipids. We also calculated the 95 % CI for the mean intake in grams, in the first and fourth quartiles of SFI, to verify if the difference in intake between quartiles was significant (data available in the online supplementary material, S3). For macronutrients and fibres, the results are described by life-cycle stage (adolescents 10–18 years, adults 19–59 years, elderly aged 60 years or older). To analyse micronutrient intakes, we selected those with the highest percentage of inadequacy for the Brazilian population and those that are most relevant for public health(18). Vitamins A, C, D and E, along with Ca, Fe, Mg and Na were analysed. The prevalence of inadequacy was calculated according to sex and age group using the EAR of each nutrient(28,29). This inadequacy can be interpreted as the proportion of individuals with intake lower than the EAR recommendation. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the analysis of nutrient intake which includes both macronutrients (like carbohydrates, proteins, and lipids) and micronutrients (such as vitamins and minerals). It emphasizes the importance of evaluating the adequacy of both types of nutrients, indicating that both are necessary for the health of different age groups.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Autonomous vehicles require no human oversight or intervention in any scenario. [SEP] Text: К сожалению, общим недостатком подобных подходов является трудность оценки устойчивости транспортной системы по отношению к множественным риск-факторам, таким как, резкое снижение видимости на дорогах и аномальное поведение других участников дорожного движения. Поэтому необходима разработка новых методов идентификации агентов, несущих угрозу нормальному функционированию транспортной системы масштаба «умного города». [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the complexities and risks within transportation systems, particularly emphasizing the challenges posed by reduced visibility and abnormal behavior from other road users, which imply the need for human oversight in managing these risks.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: The brain's visual cortex processes visual information in a hierarchical manner. [SEP] Text: Relatedly, if a neuron tended to switch between A-like and B-like response patterns more rapidly than the 200 ms stimulus presentation timescale, its overall response pattern would be best described as ‘intermediate. ’ Thus, one might expect the general pattern observed among ‘mixtures’ to also be present to a lesser degree in these other model categories. Indeed, this is the case. Figure 5 illustrates the median spike count correlation by model classification category, for ‘congruent-preference’ and ‘incongruent-preference’ pairs of neurons. We excluded the ‘outside’ category from this analysis as there were too few units that were classified as such. We found that all nine combinations of classifications yielded positive median spike count correlations among ‘congruent’ preference pairs and negative correlations among ‘incongruent’ preference pairs. Thus, the overall pattern of results described above does not rest critically on the particular details of the model comparison we implemented here, and is present even among units that could not be formally shown to be fluctuating fully between ‘A’-like and ‘B’-like response distributions. Figure 5 Download asset Open asset Median spike count correlations as a function of congruent-incongruent preference (panel a vs. panel b) and as a function of the spike count response profile classification resulting from the Bayesian model comparison for the V1 adjacent stimulus dataset. The ‘mixture’-‘mixture’ combinations produced the strongest positive (congruent preference pairs) and strongest negative (incongruent preference pairs) median spike count correlations, but all other combinations also involved positive median correlations for congruent preference pairs and negative median correlations for incongruent preference pairs. 4—source data 1 for additional information. Returning to the predictions laid out in Figure 3d–f, the implication of congruent-preference units being on average positively correlated and incongruent-preference units being on average negatively correlated from a coding perspective is that V1’s representation (among ‘mixture’ units) may be slightly biased toward one or the other stimulus on each individual stimulus presentation, most closely resembling the schematic depiction in Figure 3d. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not directly address the hierarchical processing of visual information in the brain's visual cortex. Instead, it discusses neuron response patterns and correlations among neuron classifications without specifically linking these concepts to hierarchical processing of visual information.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: The body requires both macronutrients and micronutrients for proper functioning. [SEP] Text: For Na, the cut-off point was the (UL), since the intake of this micronutrient in Brazil is considered high(Reference Sarno, Claro and Levy30). Intake values above the UL were considered excessive, and therefore inadequate. The results were described for each of the sex and age groups according to EAR values for each nutrient(28,29). For Fe, the inadequacy was estimated using the probability approach method, since the requirement distribution of this micronutrient in women of reproductive age is not symmetric and does not allow use of the EAR as a cut-off point(31). The method was used to estimate the usual intake and the percentage of inadequacy for both sexes, to allow comparisons. Percentiles of the usual Fe intake distribution were estimated (10, 15, 25, 50, 75 and 90). For each percentile, a probability of Fe inadequacy was associated with the Fe requirement intervals by sex and age group. The risk of inadequacy was calculated taking account of the number of individuals in each group, their intake and probability of inadequacy. The prevalence of Fe inadequacy was obtained by adding the percentage of individuals with inadequacy in each percentile. The probability approach method does not allow estimation of the standard error of the Fe inadequacies(31). Usual intakes of energy, macro- and micronutrients, as well as the micronutrient inadequacies, were analysed in the statistical software package SAS version 9. 4. usual intake of energy was significantly lower in Q4 (the one with higher SFI risk), except for women aged over 60 years. Energy intake was lower among men, especially adolescents. Male and female adolescents in Q4 consumed 16·7 and 19·4 % less energy, respectively, than those in Q1 (Table 1). Table 1 Mean usual intakes of energy and nutrients by sex, age group and quartile of probability of severe food insecurity. Brazil, 2008–2009 Q1, quartile 1 (lowest probability of severe food insecurity); Q4, quartile 4 (highest probability of severe food insecurity). The confidence intervals are shown in the online supplementary material, S3. * To convert to kJ, multiply kcal values by 4·184. † Difference between the mean consumption of Q1 and Q4 was not significant according to 95 % CI. The reduction in protein intake in Q4 ranged from 7·1 to 14·3 % when compared with Q1. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the importance of both macronutrients (like energy and protein) and micronutrients (such as sodium and iron) in the context of dietary intake in Brazil. It highlights that the examination of usual intakes of energy, macro- and micronutrients is critical and reflects the various inadequacies observed in different population segments. Therefore, the emphasis on both types of nutrients supports the claim that they are necessary for proper bodily functioning.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Autonomous vehicles require no human oversight or intervention in any scenario. [SEP] Text: К сожалению, общим недостатком подобных подходов является трудность оценки устойчивости транспортной системы по отношению к множественным риск-факторам, таким как, резкое снижение видимости на дорогах и аномальное поведение других участников дорожного движения. Поэтому необходима разработка новых методов идентификации агентов, несущих угрозу нормальному функционированию транспортной системы масштаба «умного города». [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by highlighting the difficulties in assessing the resilience of transportation systems under various risk factors, such as reduced visibility and abnormal behavior from other road participants. This implies that there are situations where human oversight may still be necessary.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: The brain's visual cortex processes visual information in a hierarchical manner. [SEP] Text: However, the actual data involves a broad distribution with positive spike count correlations also occurring among the incongruent-preference pairs and negative spike count correlations among the congruent-preference pairs. Overall, this is most consistent with the schematic depiction in Figure 3f. In short, while the overall pattern of activity among ‘mixture’ units is biased toward one stimulus over the other on individual stimulus presentations, there are ample cases of units that do not follow this pattern, and these exceptions may be sufficient to preserve information about the other stimulus on any given trial. To visualize this in another way, we repeated the calculation of Pearson’s correlations between pairs of unit conditions classified as mixtures using not the spike counts on each stimulus presentation but an assignment score concerning how ‘A’-like vs. ‘B’-like the spike count was on an individual stimulus presentation (ranging from 0 to 1; see ‘Methods’). Plotted this way, a positive correlation indicates that the two units in the pair tended to exhibit response patterns consistent with the same object at the same time, whereas a negative correlation indicates that the two units tended to exhibit responses consistent with different objects at the same time. The overall pattern in the data is positively skewed (Figure 6), but with a long tail on the negative side, consistent with the population of units giving an edge to one stimulus over the other on each individual presentation, but not to the complete exclusion of the other stimulus. Figure 6 Download asset Open asset Activity fluctuations in ‘mixture’ pairs of unit conditions are consistent with a bias toward both units in the pair tending to signal the same stimulus at the same time. This analysis involved the Pearson’s correlation coefficients computed on assignments scores (ras), which take into account whether the response on combined ‘AB’ stimulus presentations is more ‘A-like’ vs. ‘B-like. ’ For two units that share a similar preference (e. g. , both respond better to A or both respond better to B), this correlation will have the same sign as the spike count correlation (panel a, green points, positively sloped best-fit line). For two units that prefer different stimuli, this correlation will be opposite in sign to the spike count correlation (panel a, brown points, negatively sloped best-fit line). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the hierarchical processing of visual information in the brain's visual cortex. Instead, it discusses various patterns of response among units when presented with different stimuli, focusing on correlations between spike counts and response patterns. Since it does not provide information about hierarchical processing, the text is considered irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: The body requires both macronutrients and micronutrients for proper functioning. [SEP] Text: In the same way as with energy, there were significant differences in protein intake, except among elderly women. Usual intakes of carbohydrates and lipids were also lower among individuals with a greater risk of SFI (Q4), regardless of sex and age group. While the decrease in carbohydrate intake was up to 15·5 %, for lipids this reduction reached 32·6 % among male adolescents in Q4. There were no significant differences in the usual fibre intake, since there was a low intake in both quartiles (Table 1). In general, the prevalence of inadequate intake of micronutrients was high in both quartiles. However, in Q4 the prevalence of inadequacy was greater, and the usual micronutrient intake amounts were lower than in Q1 (Table 2 and Table 3). Table 2 Usual mean intakes of vitamins, and percentage of vitamin inadequacy (%I), by sex, age group and quartile of probability of severe food insecurity. Brazil, 2008/2009* Q1, quartile 1 (lowest probability of severe food insecurity); Q4, quartile 4 (highest probability of severe food insecurity). * Women who were pregnant or nursing were not included in the analysis. Table 3 Mean usual intakes of minerals, and percentage of inadequacy (%I) of calcium, iron, sodium and magnesium, by sex, age group and quartile of probability of severe food insecurity. Brazil, 2008/2009* Q1, quartile 1 (lowest probability of severe food insecurity); Q4, quartile 4 (highest probability of severe food insecurity). * Women who were pregnant or nursing were not included in the analysis. High prevalence of inadequacy (above 90 %) of vitamin A was observed among individuals at higher risk of SFI. also had higher percentages of inadequacy in Q4, reaching 81 % among men over 70 years of age. Almost 100 % of individuals in both groups had inadequate intakes of vitamins D and E. In addition to the high percentage of inadequacy, a lower usual intake was also observed in Q4. The usual intake of vitamin C in Q4 was almost half of what was consumed in Q1. Furthermore, the usual intakes of vitamins D and E were lower in the quartile with more SFI, reaching a reduction of 1·2 µg for vitamin D among male adolescents in Q4 (Table 2). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the intake and prevalence of inadequacy of both macronutrients (such as carbohydrates and lipids) and micronutrients (vitamins and minerals) among individuals with varying levels of food insecurity. It highlights that the usual intakes of micronutrients were low and often inadequate, thus indicating the necessity of both macronutrients and micronutrients for proper nutritional needs.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Autonomous vehicles require no human oversight or intervention in any scenario. [SEP] Text: Цель данной статьи – разработка имитационной модели движения беспилотных транспортных средств (БТС) с реализацией в системе крупномасштабного агент-ориентированного моделирования FLAME GPU [7] и поддержкой возможностей сценарного анализа дорожной ситуации с целью минимизации рисков возникновения ДТП и увеличения траффика выходного потока. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the development of a simulation model for autonomous vehicles that includes scenario analysis aimed at minimizing accident risks and increasing traffic flow. This implies that there may be scenarios where human oversight is necessary to manage risks effectively, thereby rebutting the claim that no human intervention is required in any scenario.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: The brain's visual cortex processes visual information in a hierarchical manner. [SEP] Text: The overall positive skew in the assignment score correlations for both the ‘same’ and ‘different’ preferring unit condition pairs (panel b) therefore indicates a bias for the same stimulus at the same time. The negative tail indicates the other stimulus is nevertheless also represented in a (smaller) subpopulation of neurons. We note that this correlation pattern cannot be accounted for by any obvious confounds. As mentioned previously, all stimulus presentations with microsaccades were excluded from the analyses, limiting the degree to which shared dependence on eye movements could affect the correlation patterns. Furthermore, any variability in fixation position across stimulus presentations might affect the assessment of spike count correlations within a particular pair of neurons, but would not be expected to produce (1) a bimodal distribution of spike count correlations at the population level, that (2) occurs especially strongly when two distinct objects are presented. For example, if variability in fixation caused positive correlations between pairs of neurons whose receptive fields were aligned (likely at most a very small subset of our data), this effect should be equally present on both single-stimulus presentations when the stimulus is in those receptive fields and on double-stimulus presentations. Yet, as can be seen in Figure 5c and d, the positive extent of the correlations on double-stimulus presentations among ‘congruent preference’ pairs is higher than is observed on single-stimulus presentations (green bars extend to higher values than the orange curve), and vice versa for the ‘incongruent preference’ pairs. With two objects, distinct distributions of spike count correlations occur in V4 We next assessed V4, which showed both similarities and differences in comparison to V1. Like V1, activity patterns differed considerably in the superimposed vs. adjacent stimuli cases. However, the details of these differences differed: while ‘mixtures’ were present in both the superimposed and adjacent stimulus conditions in V4, ‘intermediates’ were more prevalent in the adjacent stimulus case than in the superimposed stimulus case. Given that ‘intermediates’ could also reflect fluctuations (like ‘mixtures’ but on a faster-than-stimulus-presentation timescale), we considered both mixtures and intermediates as subcategories of particular interest for the V4 dataset (Figure 7). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim regarding the hierarchical processing of visual information in the brain's visual cortex. Instead, it discusses correlation patterns among neuron activity and their relationship to stimulus presentations, which are unrelated to the hierarchical structure implied in the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: The body requires both macronutrients and micronutrients for proper functioning. [SEP] Text: The usual intake of all studied minerals (Ca, Fe, Na and Mg) was lower in Q4 across all age and sex groups. The prevalence of inadequate Fe intake was greater for females in both quartiles. The greatest prevalence of inadequacy of Fe (above 40 %) was observed among menstruating women in Q4 (Table 3). The highest prevalence of Mg inadequacy occurred among adolescents (14–18 years) and the elderly (over 70 years; Table 3). Regarding Na, unlike the other minerals and vitamins studied, intake above the UL was more prevalent in Q1, the one with a lower risk of SFI. However, in both quartiles the usual intake of this nutrient exceeded the UL for daily intake of Na (2300 mg/d; Table 3). results revealed that intakes of macro- and micronutrients were associated with SFI. The amount of energy and nutrients in the diet tended to be lower among individuals in the quartile with highest probability of SFI (Q4). The average energy intake of the Brazilian population is approximately 7112–9623 kJ/d (1700–2300 kcal/d), depending on sex and age group(18). In our study, the usual energy intake among the individuals with the greatest risk of SFI (Q4) was about 6066–8158 kJ/d (1450–1950 kcal/d) across age and sex groups, indicating lower energy intake when compared with the average Brazilian. In addition to energy, we found important reductions in protein and lipid intakes among individuals in Q4, as well as low fibre intake in both quartiles. Frozi et al. point out that smaller portion sizes and reduced fruit and vegetable consumption are usually adopted as coping strategies by families in extreme poverty(Reference Frozi, Sichieri and Santos32). In other studies, although they did not associate energy or macronutrient intakes with FI, they indicated a compromised diet quality, with the substitution of healthy foods by other energy-dense foods which are high in sugar and fat(Reference Bocquier, Vieux and Lioret3,Reference Leung, Epel and Ritchie5). Consumption of these energy-rich and nutrient-poor foods, either because of their low cost(and Drewnowski33) or because of the unavailability of healthy foods nearby (i. e. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the intake of minerals and macronutrients such as protein and lipids, indicating that inadequate intake of these nutrients was observed across different demographics. It emphasizes that a proper diet includes both macronutrients and micronutrients, revealing associations between these nutrient intakes and food insecurity. This supports the idea that both types of nutrients are necessary for the body's functioning.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Autonomous vehicles require no human oversight or intervention in any scenario. [SEP] Text: Цель данной статьи – разработка имитационной модели движения беспилотных транспортных средств (БТС) с реализацией в системе крупномасштабного агент-ориентированного моделирования FLAME GPU [7] и поддержкой возможностей сценарного анализа дорожной ситуации с целью минимизации рисков возникновения ДТП и увеличения траффика выходного потока. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the development of a simulation model for autonomous vehicles with a focus on scenario analysis to minimize traffic accident risks and increase traffic throughput. This implies that human oversight and intervention might still be necessary to ensure safety and efficiency in various scenarios.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: The brain's visual cortex processes visual information in a hierarchical manner. [SEP] Text: Figure 7 with 1 supplement see all Download asset Open asset Results of the spike count response pattern classification analysis for V4 units. Shown here are classifications for all units regardless of confidence level, and results from gabors and natural images are combined. 7—figure supplement 1 for a breakdown by confidence level and for gabors and natural images separately. ‘Mixtures’ were seen in both datasets, but ‘intermediates’ were seen primarily in the adjacent-stimulus dataset. These two categories can in principle both contain fluctuating activity, and are grouped here as ‘between’ (i. e. , the average response for dual stimuli for these two categories is between the average responses to single stimuli). As with V1, the relative proportions of ‘singles’ vs. ‘outsides’ also differed across these datasets. The combined incidence of these ‘not between’ categories was higher for the superimposed dataset than for the adjacent dataset. The patterns of spike count correlations across mixture–mixture pairs in V4 varied considerably based on whether the stimuli were adjacent vs. superimposed and, for adjacent stimuli, whether the two units in the pair exhibited the congruent or incongruent stimulus p0. 002, see ‘Methods’). (b) Similar but including intermediate–intermediate pairs since they too may be fluctuating (median difference p<0. 0001). (c) All unit pairs tested with adjacent stimuli, regardless of classification in the modeling analysis (median difference p<0. 0001). Orange line shows the results for single-stimulus presentations. (d) Similar to (a) but for superimposed stimuli (median difference not significant). (e) Similar to (c) but for superimposed stimuli (median difference not significant). (f) Comparison of median spike count correlations in the adjacent vs. superimposed datasets, color coded by tuning preference. However, again like V1, when the two stimuli were presented in a superimposed fashion, this difference was no longer evident. This was the case across the whole dataset (Figure 8e and f) as well as for mixture–mixture pairs (Figure 8d and f), suggesting that when fluctuations do occur for superimposed/bound stimuli, they likely reflect a somewhat different underlying mechanism or purpose than when distinct stimuli are presented. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not provide any explicit information about the hierarchical processing of visual information in the brain's visual cortex. Instead, it discusses various patterns of spike count responses in V4 units concerning different stimuli without linking it to hierarchical processing, making it irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: The body requires both macronutrients and micronutrients for proper functioning. [SEP] Text: food deserts)(Reference Walker, Keane and Burke34,Reference Pessoa, Mendes and Gomes35) can compensate in terms of kilojoules for the quantitative reduction in their diet and can contribute to increase obesity in this population(Reference Farrell, Thow and Abimbola36). Therefore, discussions about the diet of people at risk for SFI must go beyond simply assessing energy intake. Throughout the world, the micronutrients with the lowest adequate intake levels are Ca, Fe, vitamin A and Zn(Reference Beal, Massiot and Arsenault37). In Brazil, these same nutrients present high percentages of inadequate intake(18). Our study also found important prevalences of inadequacy in both quartiles of SFI probability. However, the reduction in intake was even more pronounced in Q4, especially for vitamins A and C, Ca and Fe. The inadequacy of vitamin A is closely related to a low quality of diet, with insufficient consumption of vegetables, especially those with yellow/orange colour(18,38). Vitamin C, especially, draws attention because the recommended intake should be easy to achieve through the consumption of citrus fruits that are abundant in Brazilian flora(Reference Soares39), for example the orange, which is one of the most consumed fruits in the country and has a low cost(18). Apparently, even access to these foods is limited for those who have greater probabilities of experiencing SFI (Q4). Regarding Fe, the problem was more prevalent in women of reproductive age in Q4. FI further exposes these women, who are already a risk group, to the development of Fe-deficiency anaemia(Reference Jones, Mundo-Rosas and Cantoral40). and E presented similar and high prevalences of inadequacy in both quartiles, which was expected because the INA had already demonstrated this phenomenon in the Brazilian population in general, reflecting the recent changes in Brazilians’ diet(18). What is striking in our study is the amount of these micronutrients ingested. Although the inadequacy of these two vitamins is generalized in both quartiles, Q4 had a much lower usual intake than Q1. In this case, in addition to the percentage of inadequacy, it is important to analyse the amount consumed, which is far less than the EAR reference value of 12 mg/d for vitamin E and 10 µg/d for vitamin D(28,29). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the importance of micronutrients, specifically noting the inadequacy of essential micronutrients such as calcium (Ca), iron (Fe), vitamin A, and zinc (Zn) which are crucial for proper functioning and indicate a low quality of diet. The mention of 'the inadequacy of vitamin A is closely related to a low quality of diet' reinforces the necessity of these micronutrients alongside macronutrients for overall health.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Autonomous vehicles require no human oversight or intervention in any scenario. [SEP] Text: Находясь в зоне принятия решений (рис. 2), то есть на перекрестке с разрешенным поворотом направо или налево, агент-БТС осуществляет выбор наиболее предпочтительного направления движения из двух имеющихся альтернатив, например, «прямо по ходу движения» и «поворот направо или налево в зависимости от типа перекрестка». [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by describing a decision-making process where the autonomous vehicle (агент-БТС) must choose between different directions at an intersection, indicating that it involves active decision-making rather than operating completely autonomously without any oversight.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: The brain's visual cortex processes visual information in a hierarchical manner. [SEP] Text: The preceding spike count correlation analyses capture correlations as a single correlation value per pair of units. This approach is necessary for population-level statistical comparisons and comparison with similar published values in the literature. Reassuringly, the general findings from this approach can also be observed when considering the pattern of responses in a larger set of simultaneously recorded units across individual trials within individual recording sessions. Figure 9a shows the results from an individual recording session involving V1 units responding to pairs of adjacent stimuli. Ten units that exhibited ‘mixture’ response patterns to a particular set of stimuli are shown, with their activity illustrated in color across the 18 trials involving those stimuli. Key observations from this figure match the observations presented previously: (1) individual units show both ‘A-like’ and ‘B-like’ (red and blue) response patterns across trials – as expected since we selected ‘mixture’ units to include in the plot; (2) pairs of units can show correlations with each other (e. g. , units 1 and 2 show strongly positively correlated fluctuation patterns, and units 3–5 show positive correlations that are present but somewhat weaker). However, this figure also makes clear that simultaneously recorded units do not correlate perfectly – there is considerable independence in what individual units are doing (compare, for example, units 3–5 with units 1 and 2). The net result of this is that on individual trials some units across the population are responding in an A-like fashion and others are responding in a B-like fashion. Figure 9b and c quantify this in a different way – at the cell level and at the trial level, individual cells exhibit some A-like and some B-like responses (as baked in by the selection criteria Figure 9c), and on individual trials, some cells exhibit A-like and others B-like responses (Figure 9b). This supports our overall interpretation that, at the population level, information about both stimuli is preserved on individual trials. Figure 9 Download asset Open asset At the population level, each stimulus appears to be encoded by at least some units on every trial. (a) The activity of 10 simultaneously recorded V1 units on 18 trials in which a particular combination of two adjacent gratings were presented. The activity of each unit was color coded according to how ‘A-like’ (red) or ‘B-like’ (blue) the responses were on that trial. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not directly address the claim regarding the hierarchical processing of visual information by the brain's visual cortex. Instead, it focuses on spike count correlation analyses among units in the visual system and their response patterns to stimuli, without mentioning hierarchical processing.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: The body requires both macronutrients and micronutrients for proper functioning. [SEP] Text: It should be noted that the consumption of vegetable oil (vitamin E) and sun exposure (vitamin D) contribute to the supply of these vitamins and there are analytical limitations in the measurement of the contribution of these sources in population studies(28,29). The low consumption of fruits and vegetables, a monotonous diet, and the presence of junk foods or ultra-processed foods may explain part of the high prevalence of micronutrient inadequacy observed(Reference Leung, Epel and Ritchie5,Reference Coelho41,and Oh42). Clearly, limiting the explanation of inadequate food consumption and the consequent high prevalence of micronutrient inadequacy to a restricted economic access is not correct, as the inadequacy also appears in the quartile with less risk of SFI. The influence of finances on the consumption of food sources with vitamins and minerals is already known(Reference Hassen, Castetbon and Cardon43,Reference Bailey, Akabas and Paxson44) but other factors may also be considered in this dynamic, such as the presence of food deserts or swamps(Reference Walker, Keane and Burke34,Reference Pessoa, Mendes and Gomes35,Reference Luan, Law and Quick45). An intervention study, which distributed vouchers for fruits and vegetables to a poverty-stricken population participating in a social assistance programme, observed increased purchases of these foods only when physical access to establishments that sold them was also facilitated(Reference Okeke, Ekanayake and Santorelli46). Na intake among Brazilians is very high(Reference Sarno, Claro and Levy30), and our study illustrated this. Intake above the UL was observed in the two groups analysed. In Brazil, much of the Na available for consumption comes mainly from cooking salt and salt-based condiments; however, the share of processed food with added salt has increased in the Brazilian diet(Reference Sarno, Claro and Levy30). It is known that excessive intake of this nutrient produces adverse health consequences favouring the emergence of hypertension(Reference Whelton, Carey and Aronow47). Among individuals experiencing FI, high Na intake can maximize potential harm, as these individuals generally have a lower consumption of potentially protective foods and limited access to health services, which makes proper treatment difficult(and Ziliak10,Reference Pérez-Escamilla, Villalpando and Shamah-Levy48). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text supports the claim by highlighting the importance of micronutrients, such as vitamins provided by vegetable oil (vitamin E) and sun exposure (vitamin D), for proper bodily function. It discusses the prevalence of micronutrient inadequacy and indicates that a well-rounded diet including fruits and vegetables is essential for adequate intake of these nutrients, which corroborates the claim that both macronutrients and micronutrients are necessary for proper functioning.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Autonomous vehicles require no human oversight or intervention in any scenario. [SEP] Text: Находясь в зоне принятия решений (рис. 2), то есть на перекрестке с разрешенным поворотом направо или налево, агент-БТС осуществляет выбор наиболее предпочтительного направления движения из двух имеющихся альтернатив, например, «прямо по ходу движения» и «поворот направо или налево в зависимости от типа перекрестка». [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by illustrating a decision-making process that suggests a level of human-like intervention and choice, indicating that autonomous vehicles may need to make decisions at intersections rather than operate without oversight.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: The brain's visual cortex processes visual information in a hierarchical manner. [SEP] Text: Only units for which ‘mixture’ was the best descriptor of their response patterns are shown (winning probability >0. 5, indicating ‘mixture’ was at least as likely as all other possibilities combined). There are both red and blue squares in every row, supporting the interpretation that these cells exhibited fluctuations across trials. There are also red and blue squares in every column, indicating that on every trial some cells were responding in an ‘A-like’ fashion and others in a ‘B-like’ fashion. (b) Histogram of the number of cells responding in ‘A-like,’ ‘B-like,’ or intermediate levels on each trial (each trace is a separate trial). (c) Similar histogram, but indicating the number of trials in which each cell responded in an ‘A-like,’ ‘B-like,’ or intermediate firing pattern. (d) A simulation of the expected pattern if the observed fluctuations chiefly involved covert fluctuations of attention – cells would be expected to show strong correlations with each other and respond in ‘A-like’ or ‘B-like’ fashion on the same trials. This simulation was constructed by retaining the cell identity and sets of responses observed for each cell, then instituting a strong correlation between them and shuffling the trials in random order. (e) A simulation of the expected pattern if cells were not fluctuating but instead averaging their inputs. This simulation was constructed by assuming that each trial’s response represented a draw from a normal distribution with the same mean as the observed distribution (0. 34) and a standard deviation of 0. 10. Figure 9d and e illustrate how very different these observed patterns are from two a priori alternative possibilities that would involve loss of information about the two stimuli at the population level. Figure 9d captures what one might expect if fluctuations were due to covert shifts of attention – in this case, there might have been strongly correlated fluctuations in activity across all the neurons in the population, not merely individual pairs or small groups. This would appear as vertical stripes of shared blue or shared red across the neural population, indicating that only one stimulus was being encoded at a time. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the hierarchical processing of visual information in the brain's visual cortex. Instead, it discusses the response patterns of certain cells and simulations of expected patterns under different conditions. There is no explicit mention of hierarchical processing, making the text irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: The body requires both macronutrients and micronutrients for proper functioning. [SEP] Text: The high prevalences of inadequate nutrient intakes may lead to nutritional deficiencies with important repercussions on individuals’ health. In addition to FI, inadequate nutrient intake is associated with negative health consequences such as anaemia and cognitive problems in children, as well as obesity, diabetes, hypertension and dyslipidaemia in adults(and Ziliak10,and Ford-Jones49,Reference Dhurandhar50). In addition to the repercussions on health, hidden hunger (lack of vitamins and minerals) also has important social and economic consequences, contributing to the perpetuation of the vicious cycle of poverty and malnutrition, reducing individuals’ productive capacity, minimizing their chances of migrating to a more favourable living condition, generating costs for the health system and limiting the country’s economic growth(Grebmer, Saltzman and Birol15,Reference Ruel-Bergeron, Stevens and Sugimoto51). Clearly, the best strategy for adjusting the food consumption of a population at risk of SFI would be to reduce their FI. Brazil has made great progress in improving this situation over the last decades. Economic growth coupled with policies that prioritize social services, including cash transfers to people living in situations of extreme poverty(and Côrtes Neri52), were important factors for coping with hunger. Cash transfer programmes, such as the Bolsa Família in Brazil, are used in several countries to improve access to food, with a positive impact on improving food security and its consequences(and Ziliak10,11,and Zizza53,Reference Segura-Pérez, Grajeda and Pérez-Escamilla54). This set of actions contributed to the removal of Brazil from the UN in 2015(11). However, all these achievements are threatened by the political instability that Brazil has experienced in recent years, marked mainly by fiscal austerity measures, with budget cuts, including to assistance programmes, which can aggravate the main social problems in the country(Reference Rasella, Basu and Hone55,Reference Oliveira, Dweck and Rossi56). An example of the effects of this economic crisis is the infant mortality rate, which recently increased for the first time since 1990, and with continued growth being expected if the level of social services continues to decline(Reference Rasella, Basu and Hone55,57). In addition to coping strategies for FI, some tools can also be used to specifically fight against nutritional deficiencies. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by highlighting the importance of adequate nutrient intake for health. It discusses the repercussions of inadequate nutrient intake, which can lead to nutritional deficiencies and various health issues. It emphasizes that deficiencies in vitamins and minerals (micronutrients) contribute significantly to health problems, indicating that both macronutrients and micronutrients are essential for the body to function properly.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Autonomous vehicles require no human oversight or intervention in any scenario. [SEP] Text: При этом, наиболее существенными для транспортной системы являются два сценария развития дорожной ситуации, в частности, связанные со снижением видимости на дорогах, особенно в условиях аномального поведения других участников дорожного движения, например, неожиданного появления препятствий в виде агентов-пешеходов и хаотичного движения отдельных обычных транспортных средств (ОТС), обусловленного паникой, недостаточным опытом вождения, неадекватным состоянием [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing scenarios where reduced visibility and unexpected behaviors of other road users, such as pedestrians and chaotic movements of conventional vehicles, require human oversight and intervention, indicating that autonomous vehicles may not be able to operate without human input in these situations.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: The brain's visual cortex processes visual information in a hierarchical manner. [SEP] Text: Figure 9e captures what one might expect if neurons were not fluctuating at all, but responding to combinations of stimuli by exhibiting normalized or averaged responses intermediate between the responses evoked by either stimulus along – a relatively uniform purple pattern across the neural population. In short, the pattern of responses we observed is quite different from these two alternative ‘lossy’ possibilities. central observations in this 0. 06 in our study and a maximum of about 0. 12 in theirs. This suggests that the same-preference vs. different-preference correlation patterns observed in the two studies are likely to generalize across different experimental designs. There has been a rich literature concerning the implications of correlated activity between visually responsive neurons in recent decades. One school of thought considers correlations in the context of the variability of neural firing. Under this ‘noise correlation’ view, positive correlations have historically been seen as detrimental for encoding information at the population level (Shadlen and Newsome, 1994; Zohary et al. , 1994). Such views have also seen notable refinement and qualification since these early studies (Romo et al. , 2003; Averbeck and Lee, 2004; Averbeck et al. , 2006; Moreno-Bote et al. , 2014; Kanitscheider et al. , 2015; Kohn et al. , 2016; Nogueira et al. , 2020; Kafashan et al. , 2021), including recent work noting that neural variability could be a signal reflecting stimulus uncertainty (Hénaff et al. , 2020). Arguably closer to the current work is a different school of thought, the temporal correlation hypothesis (Milner, 1974; Gray and Singer, 1989; Malsburg, 1994; Singer and Gray, 1995; Gray, 1999). This theory focused on the need to connect the brain’s representation of different attributes of a given object together, and proposed that such binding might be mediated through precise synchrony of spikes among neurons responding to the same object. This view, then, sees correlated activity as both useful and specifically relevant to object vision. Studies exploring this hypothesis have, however, primarily focused on within-trial temporal synchrony of spikes on the order of milliseconds, whereas the noise correlation literature has focused on spike counts in the domain of hundreds of milliseconds and analysis at the level of the ensemble of trials or stimulus presentations. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not directly address the claim about the hierarchical processing of visual information in the brain's visual cortex. Instead, it discusses various theories related to neural activity and correlations without clearly connecting to the hierarchical processing structure of the visual cortex. Therefore, it is considered irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: The body requires both macronutrients and micronutrients for proper functioning. [SEP] Text: In Brazil, wheat and maize flour (low-cost and largely consumed foods) are required to be fortified with Fe and folic acid(58,59) but the impact of this intervention in Brazil and other low-income countries is limited(Reference Keats, Neufeld and Garrett60). There are also Fe and vitamin A supplement programmes(38,58) but this intervention in Brazil is addressed only for the population at risk (women and children). Food fortification and micronutrient supplementation programmes could be reinforced and maybe expanded to address people below the poverty line as a short- and medium-term intervention for hidden hunger reduction(Reference Gödecke, Stein and Qaim17,Reference Beal, Massiot and Arsenault37). Other interventions could be considered such as options that improve fruit and vegetable consumption. Encouragement of family/community gardens, as well as food and nutrition education, are also useful tools in the fight against nutritional deficiencies in low-income populations(Reference Beal, Massiot and Arsenault37,Reference Pandey, Dev and Jayachandran61). The present study has some limitations in the comparability of the results that should be considered. A limited number of variables were used to construct the predictive model of SFI, since these had to be present in the two databases used. However, in the absence of a direct indicator of food security(Reference Pérez-Escamilla, Gubert and Rogers62), this model has the advantage of capturing the phenomenon using a greater number of variables associated with FI besides only income. This allowed our study to predict the risk of individual FI from household FI. Another limitation is the use of the EAR as a cut-off point, because this nutritional reference parameter was established for the and Canadian population; however, there are no reference values for average nutrient requirements based on studies with Brazilians. food consumption of the Brazilian population at risk of SFI (Q4) is characterized by energy reduction, reflecting lower intakes of macronutrients, as well as a high prevalence of inadequate intakes of vitamins and minerals when compared with the portion of the population with lower risk of SFI (Q1). There is a clear need for investment in new strategies and the strengthening of existing actions in the country to guarantee physical and financial access to a quality diet, to protect the more vulnerable population from the consequences of a poor diet. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the importance of both macronutrients and micronutrients in the diet. It notes that populations at risk of food insecurity (FI) face inadequate intakes of macronutrients, vitamins, and minerals. This emphasizes the necessity of both types of nutrients for proper nutritional status and functioning.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Autonomous vehicles require no human oversight or intervention in any scenario. [SEP] Text: При этом, наиболее существенными для транспортной системы являются два сценария развития дорожной ситуации, в частности, связанные со снижением видимости на дорогах, особенно в условиях аномального поведения других участников дорожного движения, например, неожиданного появления препятствий в виде агентов-пешеходов и хаотичного движения отдельных обычных транспортных средств (ОТС), обусловленного паникой, недостаточным опытом вождения, неадекватным состоянием [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by highlighting specific scenarios where visibility conditions and the unpredictable behavior of other road participants—like the sudden appearance of pedestrians and chaotic movements of regular vehicles—suggest that human oversight or intervention may still be necessary for autonomous vehicles to safely navigate such situations.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: The brain's visual cortex processes visual information in a hierarchical manner. [SEP] Text: By evaluating spike count variation at the level of stimulus presentations and comparing the results as a function of the number of stimuli/objects, the present work forges a bridge between these two areas of the literature. Our findings also suggest reconsideration of two other key processes in visual neuroscience: selective attention and normalization. Selective attention refers to the fact that perceptual awareness is not equal across all stimuli present in a sensory scene. Selective attention can be controlled through ‘top-down’ means, such as via tasks in which participants are cued to focus on one stimulus and ignore others. Indeed, the monkeys were performing just such a task in our adjacent V1 dataset, and thus were in theory ignoring the stimuli whose responses we studied here. But even with correct task performance, top-down control of attention is imperfect. Might the fluctuating responses we observed be due to covert shifts of attention from one of the supposedly unattended stimuli to the other (which could contribute to the observed activity patterns; Ecker et al. , 2016; Engel et al. , 2016; Denfield et al. , 2018)? We think not. If this were the case, then the neurons should have fluctuated in more perfect harmony with one another. As shown quantitatively in Figure 6 and qualitatively in Figure 9, although there is a bias in which stimulus is ‘capturing’ the response patterns on individual trials, there remains a substantial portion of the neural population that is responding to the other stimulus. And the observed pattern of fluctuating activity is very different from a simulation of covert attention (Figure 9a vs. Figure 9d). While further work on this question is needed, we think it is worth noting that the patterns of activity that we observed can in principle support preservation of information about all stimuli in the scene. Processes involved in selective attention might contribute to the creation of biases within this representation or could act at later stages on the information preserved within these representations to enhance awareness of one or more of the represented stimuli. Previous findings from the existing literature on attention and related areas are consistent with this new view, and could easily be evaluated anew using the approach we described here. Trial-averaged neural responses to attended and unattended stimuli can often be modeled as a weighted combination of the responses to those stimuli when presented alone (Boynton, 2009; Lee and Maunsell, 2009; Reynolds and Heeger, 2009; Ni et al. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim about the hierarchical processing of visual information in the brain's visual cortex. Instead, it discusses selective attention and the responses of neural populations to stimuli during tasks without directly addressing the hierarchy of processing within the visual cortex.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: The body requires both macronutrients and micronutrients for proper functioning. [SEP] Text: Intakes of energy, macronutrients, and micronutrients in adult Lithuanian population: a national study of 2019–2020 Published online by Press: 23 September 2024 Gabija Bulotaitė [Opens in a new window]Roma BartkevičiūtėandShow author details Gabija Bulotaitė* Affiliation: Department of Public Health, Institute of Health Sciences, Faculty of of Hygiene, Vilnius, Bartkevičiūtė Affiliation: Department of Public Health, Institute of Health Sciences, Faculty of of : Department of Public Health, Institute of Health Sciences, Faculty of of : Department of Public Health, Institute of Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Vilnius University, Vilnius, Lithuania * *Corresponding author: Gabija Bulotaitė, email: gabija. bulotaite@mf. stud. vu. lt 0. 26 mb) View PDF [Opens in a new window] Save to to Save to Dietary surveys are critical in evaluating dietary trends prevailing across the entire population. The aim of this study is to present the results of the latest research into the intakes of energy, macronutrients, and micronutrients amongst the adult population in Lithuania from 2019 through 2020. A cross-sectional study was conducted and dietary data was collected using a 24-h dietary recall method from a total of 2555 Lithuanian adults. Medians, 25th and 75th percentiles were calculated. The diet of Lithuanian adults was found insufficient as the energy intake from fats exceeded the recommended norms, while the energy intake from carbohydrates was below the lower range. The intakes of dietary fibre and most vitamins and minerals were insufficient. Men, compared to women, had a statistically higher total energy intake and energy intake from fats, and a higher intake of dietary fibre. Younger adults, compared to older ones, had statistically lower intakes of energy from fats, including saturated fats, and lower intakes of sodium chloride. Respondents with primary education, compared to those who had attained a higher degree of education, had a statistically lower intake of total energy and dietary fibre. Study showed that intakes of majority of nutrients in the diet of the adult Lithuanian population are not in compliance with the recommended daily intakes. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the importance of macronutrients and micronutrients in the diet. It highlights that 'the intakes of dietary fibre and most vitamins and minerals were insufficient,' which implies that these micronutrients are necessary for proper health function. Furthermore, the reference to dietary trends among the Lithuanian population underscores the need for appropriate levels of both macronutrients and micronutrients, aligning with the claim that the body requires both for functioning.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Autonomous vehicles require no human oversight or intervention in any scenario. [SEP] Text: При этом, наиболее существенными для транспортной системы являются два сценария развития дорожной ситуации, в частности, связанные со снижением видимости на дорогах, особенно в условиях аномального поведения других участников дорожного движения, например, неожиданного появления препятствий в виде агентов-пешеходов и хаотичного движения отдельных обычных транспортных средств (ОТС), обусловленного паникой, недостаточным опытом вождения, неадекватным состоянием [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing specific scenarios where the limitations of autonomous vehicles are highlighted, such as reduced visibility and unpredictable behavior from other road users, suggesting that human oversight may still be necessary.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: The brain's visual cortex processes visual information in a hierarchical manner. [SEP] Text: , 2012; Ni and Maunsell, 2017; Verhoef and Maunsell, 2017; Ni and Maunsell, 2019; Lee and Maunsell, 2009; Ni et al. , 2012; Ni and Maunsell, 2017; Verhoef and Maunsell, 2017; Ni and Maunsell, 2019). Such averaging responses are seen not only in attention paradigms but in other contexts as well (e. g. , see also Xiao et al. , 2014; Xiao and Huang, 2015) and are generally referred to as normalization. Importantly, these reports have generally concerned responses pooled across trials. Trial-wise spike count distribution models such as those used here and/or faster subtrial analyses such as those we have introduced in previous work (Caruso et al. , 2018; Glynn et al. , 2021) might indicate that such apparently averaging responses actually indicate fluctuations occurring on either the stimulus presentation or sub-stimulus presentation timescales, and not a true stable average (e. g. , Figure 9a vs. Figure 9e). That ‘normalization’ may not involve a fixed, stable operation that is constant across trials has recently garnered considerable interest. For example, several important recent studies have begun to explore how recurrent circuit mechanisms might implement dynamic fluctuations in neural activity (Heeger and Mackey, 2019; Heeger and Zemlianova, 2020) and have postulated that shifts in the balanced excitation and inhibition that is thought to underlie normalized average responses when two stimuli are presented might contribute to sizeable positive or negative spike count correlations (Verhoef and Maunsell, 2017). Finally, recent work by Coen-Cagli and colleagues proposes a method of assessing normalization strength on individual trials and demonstrated a connection between the neural responses that are well-described under a normalization model and the level of variability of firing that they show (Coen-Cagli and Solomon, 2019; Weiss et al. , 2022). Returning to the topic of attention, recent work suggests a perceptual tie to the findings we report here. The likelihood of detecting a brief near-threshold visual stimulus varies with the phase of the brain wave oscillations at the time the stimulus is presented (Busch et al. , 2009; Busch and VanRullen, 2010; Vanrullen et al. , 2011; Fiebelkorn et al. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it does not discuss the hierarchical processing of visual information in the visual cortex. Instead, it mentions concepts related to normalization and neural responses in various contexts without specifically addressing the claim about hierarchical processing.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: The body requires both macronutrients and micronutrients for proper functioning. [SEP] Text: Continuous nationally representative studies into food consumption and nutrient intake of the adult Lithuanian population must be carried out to assess the changes in the population’s diet and the effectiveness of policies aimed at promoting healthy diets. surveyEnergy intakeFood consumption surveyNutrient intake 10. 1017/jns. 2024. 40 [Opens in a new window] This is an 4. 0/), which permits unrestricted re-use, distribution and reproduction, provided the original 2024. Published by Press on behalf of Although the life expectancy of the population in Lithuania has increased in recent years, it still remains among the shortest in the (EU) and the national preventable mortality rate is significantly higher than the EU average. (1) Unhealthy nutrition is recognized as one of the preventable risk factors for health. Furthermore, scientific evidence shows that changing one’s diet can have significant, both positive and negative, lifelong effects on human health. The consumption of foods high in fat, especially saturated fats and trans fatty acids, sugars, sodium can have a negative effect on health, while the consumption of products high in dietary fibres such as vegetables, fruits, legumes, whole grain products, fish, vitamins is beneficial for health. (2) However, the studies of food and nutrient intake carried out in different European countries, including Lithuania, show that the diet of European residents is still insufficient in nutrients. The intakes of sugars, fats, saturated fats, sodium exceed the recommended norms, however, the intake of dietary fibre is insufficient. (Reference Rippin, Hutchinson and Jewell3) Dietary surveys are critical in evaluating dietary trends prevailing across the entire population. The importance of nationally representative diet and nutrition surveys is highlighted in the WHO’s Plan, as well as in the Strategy for 2014–2025 adopted in 2014. (4,5) These and similar surveys provide essential information about dietary trends of the population, facilitate the identification of inequalities and are important tools in evaluating policies aimed at promoting healthy diets. (2,Reference Rippin, Hutchinson and Evans6) The first nationally representative study of food consumption and nutrient intake of the adult Lithuanian population was carried out in 1997, subsequent studies were carried out in 2007, 2013 and 2019–2020. The aim of this 2020. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by showing the importance of consuming a variety of nutrients for health. It mentions that 'the consumption of products high in dietary fibres such as vegetables, fruits, legumes, whole grain products, fish, vitamins is beneficial for health', which aligns with the idea that a balanced intake of both macronutrients and micronutrients is essential for the body's proper functioning.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Autonomous vehicles require no human oversight or intervention in any scenario. [SEP] Text: при недостаточной видимости существенно снижается качество распознавания кластеров ТС и соответствующих характеристик, поэтому объезд проблемных участков ИДС оказывается затруднительным. На рисунке 3(в) показан сценарий неожиданного появления агента-пешехода на проезжей части (то есть вне зоны пешеходного перехода) в условиях недостаточной видимости и реакция агента-БТС на данное событие. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing limitations of autonomous vehicles under poor visibility conditions, indicating that human oversight may be necessary in scenarios where recognition of obstacles is compromised, such as 'неожиданного появления агента-пешехода на проезжей части.'


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: The brain's visual cortex processes visual information in a hierarchical manner. [SEP] Text: , 2013; Fiebelkorn et al. , 2018; Helfrich et al. , 2018; Fiebelkorn and Kastner, 2019; see also Engel et al. , 2016). This might reflect a perceptual consequence of a brain mechanism in which neurons are slightly biased toward representing some stimuli in the visual scene over others in a naturally occurring oscillatory fashion. Such bias was evident in the responses observed here, although we did not deploy a task to assess any potential connection to behavior. In our previous study (Caruso et al. , 2018), we found that the LFP signal prior to stimulus onset was predictive of whether neurons would ‘pick’ A vs. B on a given trial. Future work will be needed to ascertain whether a similar phenomenon occurs in V1 or V4. Finally, it is worth noting here that considering how the brain preserves information about two visual stimuli presented is still a far cry from understanding how the myriad details present in a natural scene are encoded. When the number of objects gets too great, it is unlikely that neurons can fluctuate between all of them, and this is likely to have consequences for perception, perhaps accounting for well-known limits on the number of objects we can perceive, attend to, and remember (e. g. , Miller, 1956; Whitney and Levi, 2011; Henry and Kohn, 2020). Future studies incorporating many stimuli and investigating how this changes the pattern of fluctuating activity and correlations between units are needed to shed light on how our brains operate outside the rarefied environment of the laboratory. recordings and visual stimuli The full experimental procedures are described in Ruff et al. , 2016 and Ruff and Cohen, 2016 and summarized below. All animal procedures were approved by the Care and of the University of Pittsburgh and University (Protocol #: 20067560 PHS Assurance Number: D16-00118). Each of the datasets consisted of multielectrode recordings from two adult male rhesus monkeys for each brain area (Tables 1 and 2). Recordings were made using chronically implanted a 10 × 10 microelectrode arrays (Blackrock Microsystems) in V1 and 6 × 8 arrays in V4 (Figure 1a). The electrode shafts were 1 mm long, and the minimum distance between the nearest electrodes was 400 μm. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the hierarchical processing of visual information in the brain's visual cortex. Instead, it discusses neuron responses, biases toward stimuli, and merits of future research without confirming or denying the claim about hierarchical processing.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: The body requires both macronutrients and micronutrients for proper functioning. [SEP] Text: population Based on the latest Lithuanian census data provided by the Agency of Lithuania, a sample of the local adult population was defined to represent the adults of Lithuania based on gender, age, and other socio-demographic characteristics. The current study on food consumption and dietary intake of Lithuanian adults was completed over the period of 2019-2020 and is part of the national study initiated by the Ministry of Health of the Republic of Lithuania in cooperation with and being sustainably carried out into the actual nutrition, dietary and physical activity habits and knowledge of nutrition and physical activity of the Lithuanian adults and elderly. Dietary intake The assessment of dietary intake of energy and nutrients was conducted using a single 24-h dietary recall. The data was collected using a face-to-face interview. Interviewers were trained prior to the interviews. Average duration of an interview was 30 minutes. An atlas with photos of commonly consumed foods and their portion sizes was used to record the data on food products and their quantities consumed by each respondent during the previous day. The intakes of energy, macronutrients and micronutrients were estimated using nutritional software which contains a food composition database supplemented with the composition of food products and dishes which are typically consumed in Lithuania. Nutrient intakes of the adults were compared with the recommended daily intakes (RDI), which have been approved by the order of the Minister of Health of the Republic of Lithuania. (7) These recommended daily intakes are listed in Table 1. Table 1. Recommended daily intakes (RDI) of nutrients for Lithuanian adults a Total sugar intake. b Total daily dietary fibre intake. Statistical analysis The Kolmogorov-Smirnov test was used to examine if variables were normally distributed. Since all the variables were not normally distributed, the Mann-Whitney and Kruskal-Wallis non-parametric tests were used for conducting a comparison between groups. Medians, the 25th and 75th percentiles were calculated for the individual intake of energy, macronutrients and micronutrients categorized by age, gender, living area, and degree of education. All statistical analyses were performed using the SPSS software package for Windows (version 20). Ethics statement This study was conducted according to the guidelines laid down in the Declaration of Helsinki, all individual participants provided verbal informed consent. Verbal consent was witnessed and formally recorded. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the assessment of dietary intake of energy, macronutrients, and micronutrients among Lithuanian adults. It mentions that nutrient intakes were compared with the recommended daily intakes, indicating the importance of both types of nutrients for proper dietary health.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Autonomous vehicles require no human oversight or intervention in any scenario. [SEP] Text: при недостаточной видимости существенно снижается качество распознавания кластеров ТС и соответствующих характеристик, поэтому объезд проблемных участков ИДС оказывается затруднительным. На рисунке 3(в) показан сценарий неожиданного появления агента-пешехода на проезжей части (то есть вне зоны пешеходного перехода) в условиях недостаточной видимости и реакция агента-БТС на данное событие. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by stating that under conditions of poor visibility, the recognition of vehicle clusters and their characteristics significantly decreases, making it difficult for autonomous vehicles to navigate problem areas. This implies that human oversight or intervention may be necessary in such scenarios.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: The brain's visual cortex processes visual information in a hierarchical manner. [SEP] Text: In some sessions, recordings were also made using other electrodes in areas MT and 7a, but these data are not included in the current analyses. The visual stimuli and behavioral experiment for the superimposed stimulus dataset are fully described in Ruff et al. , 2016. Monkeys were rewarded for passively viewing individual or superimposed orthogonal drifting gratings, positioned to span the receptive fields of the entire population of neurons under study (size range: 2. 5–7o). As noted above, the fixation windows were ±0. 5° horizontally and vertically, and stimulus presentations with microsaccades (defined as eye velocity exceeding 6 standard deviations above the mean velocity observed during steady fixation; Engbert and Kliegl, 2003) were excluded from further analysis. In the full dataset, multiple contrast levels were presented, most of which were not included for analysis in this study. Here, we included trials in which one grating had a contrast of 0 (i. e. , was not visible) and the other had a contrast of 0. 5 (‘A’-alone and ‘B’-alone cases) or both gratings had a contrast of 0. 5 (‘AB’). In most sessions, each stimulus lasted for 200 ms; a few sessions with 1000 ms stimuli were also included but only the first 200 ms were analyzed, that is, spikes were counted in a 200 ms window after stimulus onset for all the analyses in this study. This spike counting window was offset by the typical response latency for the region under study, that is, 30–230 ms for V1 and 50–250 ms for V4. The visual stimuli and behavioral experiment for the V1 adjacent stimulus dataset are fully described in Ruff and Cohen, 2016. The animals performed a motion direction change detection task in which they were cued in blocks of trials to attend to small drifting Gabor patches (~1o) in various locations and respond when the orientation of the attended location changed. In this study, we analyzed trials in which attention was directed to a Gabor patch located in the hemisphere ipsilateral to the recorded V1 neurons (i. e. , well away from those neurons’ receptive fields, see below). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text provided does not address the claim regarding the hierarchical processing of visual information in the brain's visual cortex. Instead, it describes methodologies and experimental details focused on visual stimuli and behavioral responses of monkeys, without discussing the hierarchical organization of visual processing. Therefore, the relationship to the claim is considered irrelevant.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: The body requires both macronutrients and micronutrients for proper functioning. [SEP] Text: Men had statistically higher total energy intake than women. The energy intake from fats, including saturated fats, was statistically higher for men than women. The energy intake from carbohydrates, including sugars, was statistically higher for women compared to men. The comparison of the energy contribution of different macronutrients according to respondents’ age showed that fat intake, including saturated fats, was statistically lower for the youngest group (aged 19–34) of adults than for older adults. Men, compared to women, and older adults compared to the youngest group of adults, had a statistically higher intake of dietary fibre. Table 2. Daily energy and macronutrient intakes by gender and age group (median (25th and 75th percentiles)) a Total sugar intake. b Total dietary fibre intake. Table 3 shows the results of the total energy and macronutrient intakes according to the respondents’ living area and degree of education. While analysing the differences in macronutrient contribution to the total energy intake with respect to the respondents’ living area, it was found that the respondents who lived in urban areas had a statistically higher energy intake from sugars. The respondents with primary education, compared to respondents who had attained a higher degree of education, had statistically lower intakes of total energy and dietary fibre. Table 3. Daily energy and macronutrient intakes by the living area and degree of education (median (25th and–75 percentiles)) a Total sugar intake. b Total dietary fibre intake. Vitamin intake The study showed that the intakes of vitamin A, vitamin E, thiamine, riboflavin, vitamin B6, and vitamin B12 in the diet of Lithuanian adult population were in adherence or almost in adherence to the recommended daily intakes. However, study found inadequate intakes of vitamin K, vitamin D, niacin, vitamin C, pantothenic acid, and biotin. Table 4 shows the results of the total vitamin intakes and the intakes according to respondents’ gender and age. For all vitamins, with the exception of vitamin K, men tended to have a statistically higher intake than women. Significant differences were found between the age groups for the intake of vitamin K, thiamine, and vitamin C – the respondents from the youngest age group, compared to older respondents, had a statistically lower intake of these vitamins. Table 4. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the intake of various macronutrients (fats, carbohydrates, dietary fibre) and micronutrients (vitamins A, E, K, D, niacin, C, etc.) among different demographics, indicating that both are essential for proper nutritional health. The mention of adherence or inadequacy to recommended daily intakes for multiple vitamins supports the idea that micronutrients are also crucial for proper functioning.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Autonomous vehicles require no human oversight or intervention in any scenario. [SEP] Text: при недостаточной видимости существенно снижается качество распознавания кластеров ТС и соответствующих характеристик, поэтому объезд проблемных участков ИДС оказывается затруднительным. На рисунке 3(в) показан сценарий неожиданного появления агента-пешехода на проезжей части (то есть вне зоны пешеходного перехода) в условиях недостаточной видимости и реакция агента-БТС на данное событие. 17 Подпись к рисунку/медиа Рисунок 3. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the limitations of autonomous vehicles in scenarios with insufficient visibility, indicating that they may struggle to recognize obstacles and therefore require human intervention in certain conditions. This directly challenges the assertion that autonomous vehicles need no oversight or intervention in any scenario.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: The brain's visual cortex processes visual information in a hierarchical manner. [SEP] Text: On these trials, two unattended Gabor patches were presented in close proximity to each other within the area covered by the receptive fields of the recorded V1 neurons – these receptive fields were approximately 3° eccentric and had classical receptive field diameters typically estimated to be <1° of visual angle. These patches were centered 2. 5–3. 5° eccentrically and each stimulus typically subtended 1° of visual angle (see Ruff and Cohen, 2016 Fig. 1B for a sketch, reproduced here in Figure 1—figure supplement 1). The patches had the same orientation but drifted in opposite directions and were flashed on for 200 ms and off for 200–400 ms. We analyzed responses to all stimuli before the orientation change, excluding the first stimulus in every trial. Again, only correctly performed trials with no microsaccades during stimulus presentations were included for analysis. As noted previously, monkeys were required to maintain fixation within ±0. 5°, and typically fixation was more precise than required; see Figure 1—figure supplement 2 for fixational scatter in an example session and across sessions. Correlations between firing rates and scatter in fixation position were assessed for the dual-stimulus trials using the component of eye position that lay along a line connecting the two stimulus locations chosen for the recording session (see Figure 1—figure supplement 3 for results). The adjacent stimulus dataset for V4 involved two types of stimuli, small drifting Gabor patches as above or natural images of animals or common objects, from Long et al. , 2018. Results for the two types of stimuli were combined for the main analyses presented in this 1. The monkeys performed a fixation task. Analysis of spike count distributions The full description of the statistical evaluation of spike count distributions on combined stimulus presentations can be found in Caruso et al. , 2018; Mohl et al. , 2020. Briefly, we deployed a Bayesian procedure for modeling the distribution of spike counts in response to combined stimuli. Assuming that the spike counts corresponding to condition A and condition B are both Poisson-distributed with the rate parameters λA and λB, respectively (and excluding exceptions, see below), the four hypotheses for the spike count distributions for condition AB consist of ‘Single’: A single Poisson distribution Poi(λAB), where λAB exactly equals either λA or λB. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim directly and instead focuses on experimental procedures involving receptive fields and stimulus presentation. It provides detailed information on the methodology used for analyzing neuronal responses but does not discuss the hierarchical processing of visual information by the brain's visual cortex.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: The body requires both macronutrients and micronutrients for proper functioning. [SEP] Text: Daily vitamin intakes by gender and age group (median (25th and 75th percentiles)) Table 5 shows the results of vitamin intake according to the respondents’ living area and degree of education. No significant differences were observed in vitamin intake between urban and rural respondents. The intake of pantothenic acid statistically differed in different groups by degree of education. The respondents who had attained a primary degree of education had a lower intake of pantothenic acid, compared to those, who had attained a higher degree of education. Table 5. Daily vitamins intakes by the living area and degree of education (median (25th and 75th percentiles)) Mineral intake According to our study, the intakes of magnesium, manganese, and zinc in the diet of Lithuanian adult population were in line with the recommended daily intakes, while the intakes of phosphorus and copper were higher than the recommended daily intakes. Inadequate intakes in the diet of Lithuanian adults were observed for potassium, calcium, chromium, iron, selenium, and iodine. The median intake of sodium chloride (salt) for Lithuanian adults was determined to be 5. 9 g/d which is in line with the recommended daily intake of 5–6 g/d. Table 6 shows the results of the total mineral intake and the intake according to respondents’ gender and age. As for all minerals, with the exception of calcium, men tended to have statistically higher intakes than women. While analysing the differences in mineral intake with respect to respondents’ age, it was found that the respondents from the youngest age group, compared to older respondents, had a statistically lower intake of chromium and iodine. Women, compared to men, as well as younger respondents, compared to older, had a statistically lower intake of sodium chloride. Table 6. Daily mineral intakes by gender and age (median (25th and 75th percentiles)) Table 7 shows the results of mineral intake according to the respondents’ living area and degree of education. Respondents living in rural areas, compared to those, living in urban areas, had a statistically higher intake of sodium chloride (salt). The intakes of magnesium, phosphorus, and potassium were statistically lower in respondents with a degree of primary education, compared to those, who have attained a higher degree of education. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text supports the claim by discussing the intake of various vitamins and minerals in the diet of the Lithuanian adult population. It highlights the importance of adequate intakes of vitamins and minerals, which are classified as micronutrients, to meet recommended daily intakes, thus implying that these nutrients are essential for proper bodily functions.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Autonomous vehicles require no human oversight or intervention in any scenario. [SEP] Text: 18 Таким образом, при неожиданном появлении пешехода на пути следования агента-БТС в условиях плохой видимости, реакция БТС состоит в резком увеличении радиуса своего личного пространства с целью минимизации рисков последствий некорректного распознавания координат расположения агента-пешехода на проезжей части дороги. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by stating that the autonomous vehicle (агент-БТС) must respond to unexpected pedestrian appearances by making drastic adjustments in its spatial awareness to minimize risks, implying the necessity of oversight or intervention in certain scenarios.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: The brain's visual cortex processes visual information in a hierarchical manner. [SEP] Text: ‘Outside’: A single Poisson distribution Poi(λAB), where λAB lies outside the range between λA and λB. ‘Intermediate’: A single Poisson distribution Poi(λAB), where λAB lies inside the range between λA and λB. ‘Mixture’: A mixture of the two single-stimulus distribution with an unknown mixing rate α: α Poi(λA) + (1-α) Poi(λB). For each ‘triplet’ or combination of A, B, and AB conditions, the hypothesis with the highest posterior probability was selected, based on the intrinsic Bayes factor (Berger and Pericchi, 1996) and using the equal prior (¼) among the four hypotheses, Jeffrey’s prior (Berger and Pericchi, 1996) for the Poisson rate parameters, and a uniform prior in [0, 1] for the mixing weight α. Only the triplets satisfying two exclusion criteria are used: (1) the single-stimulus distributions follow Poisson distributions, and (2) the single-stimulus rate parameters λA and λB are substantially separated. The first criterion was tested using p-value calculation for a chi-square goodness-of-fit test (p>0. 10), and the second criterion was tested by whether the intrinsic Bayes factor of the model λA ≠ λB is more than three times higher than that of the model λA = λB. These exclusion criteria were applied to all the analyses in the 2. The trial counts were adequate to provide accurate model identification according to our previous simulations. Depending on the separation between λA and λB, we previously found that model identification accuracy in simulations is high for trial counts as low as 5 ‘AB’ trials, and plateaus near ceiling around ‘AB’ trial counts of about 10 trials and above – that is, below the mean trial counts available here for all datasets (see Figure 4 of Mohl et al. , 2020). Correlation analysis We calculated spike count correlations between pairs of units recorded at the same time in the same experiment. correlation coefficient was calculated on the spike counts for each presentation of each relevant stimulus combination. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim since it discusses statistical methods and model identification, particularly in the context of Poisson distributions and spike count correlations, without addressing how the visual cortex processes information hierarchically.