Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Nosema ceranae is a parasite that affects honeybee health. [SEP] Text: However, rare haplotypes could not be only originated from mistakes as stringent filters were applied to avoid them as much as possible and as a clonal plasmid control was used to assess the fidelity of the procedure. The origin of this variation remains unclear. In an evolutionary perspective, authors have debated upon the spread of a sexual population of V. ceranae, as suggested by linkage disequilibrium and recombination estimations27,32,33,34, or a clonal mode of evolution linked to polyploidy31,36. Recurrent recombination events, e. g. between heterozygous chromatids, has been suspected to be abundant24,27,32,33 and could generate a flow of diversity. However, such abundance has been questioned31,56, up to the elimination of any evidence of recombination using high quality data36. In contrast, the ubiquitous presence of a limited number of major haplotypes could be explained by the spread of a clonal tetraploid organism36. Microsporidia are thought to evolve rapidly at the sequence level57. The similar proportion of rare haplotypes towards isolates could involve the continuous apparition of diversity through mutation. The numerous non-synonymous polymorphic sites would thus reflect a high mutation rate rather than diversifying selection. Negative selection pressure would eliminate deleterious alleles and keep the emerging haplotype content at low frequency compared to the major ones. Noteworthy, as recalled by Maside et al. 33, most mutations present in an expanding population have a recent origin and, therefore, are rare. The rare haplotypes could also reflect a spreading population. As the major coding haplotypes are present everywhere, including outside the SWIO, and carry mostly non-synonymous polymorphic sites, they ought to be under selection pressure. Such strong selection would also explain the single haplotype observed for 001DR. However, if the relative pressure between alleles is similar, their variation in frequency should be under no or neutral selection, i. e. close to equilibrium. As a conclusion, the allele diversity of V. ceranae is mostly present within a single honeybee host and can be explained by the maintenance of major haplotypes and the continuous generation of rare alleles mostly subjected to negative selection pressure. The frequency of haplotypes—and the most frequent are sufficient—can differentiate parasite subpopulations. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not directly address the claim regarding Nosema ceranae as a parasite affecting honeybee health. Instead, it focuses on the genetic diversity and evolutionary aspects of V. ceranae, including discussions about haplotypes and selection pressures, which does not establish a clear connection to the health impacts on honeybees.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Socioeconomic status can impact access to education and healthcare. [SEP] Text: A strength of the study is the use of linked UCAS and UKCAT data, ensuring that multiple measures of SES were available for the majority of medical schools and a large pool of applicants. Limitations include that the analysis presented does not account for ethnicity or gender. The interaction between ethnicity, gender and SES is of interest but was not the focus of this study, reflecting that widening participation in the UK is largely framed in terms of SES. The findings are consistent with low participation being largely driven by low rates of application from the least affluent, although this will partly reflect variation in academic achievement by SES which was not examined [29]. The analysis also shows that the mix of applicants and selection outcomes vary between medical schools implying that widening participation is possible, and previous analyses have shown that medical schools that more actively use UKCAT test scores in selection admit more applicants from lower SES backgrounds [30]. Eight UK medical schools were not in the during the period of analysis, although in practice a large proportion of applicants will apply to at least one school and will therefore be included. Finally, the analysis is only of UK domiciled ‘secondary school leaver’ applicants. However, measuring SES in graduate entrants is fraught with difficulty, because from a widening participation perspective it is childhood or family SES rather than current SES which is of interest, but existing data collection systems are based on current, individual postcode or income. Additionally, Mathers et al in their analysis of successful applicants to medical school between 2002 and 2006 reported the socio-economic profile of medical students did not seem to have been affected by graduate entry programs [31]. There are two key implications of this research. First, modifying selection processes is unlikely to have major impact on widening participation because so few people from less affluent backgrounds apply in the first place. Contextualised selection processes may be worthwhile and the evidence that individuals from non-selective schools outperform their independent school counterparts with the same A-level or equivalent grades [32] provides some rationale for varying requirements for entry based on socioeconomic background. From a widening participation perspective, more attention therefore needs to be paid to supporting the process of applicants “getting ready” (considering a medical career and preparing to apply) as well as “getting in” (what happens during selection from those who apply) [8, 16]. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing how socioeconomic status (SES) affects medical school applications and participation. It highlights that low application rates from the least affluent students can be partly attributed to variations in academic achievement by SES. Additionally, it mentions the implications of selection processes in medical schools where students from lower SES backgrounds are affected, thus supporting the idea that socioeconomic factors significantly influence access to education in the medical field.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Regenerative medicine eliminates the need for organ transplants. [SEP] Text: The resultant clinical outcomes include incontinence and increased risk of renal failure from high pressures in the genito-urinary system. Figure 3. Macroscopic (left) and histological (right) organization of the bladder, illustrating tri-laminar cellular architecture of this hollow, muscular organ. Reproduced from (Open Access) under terms of agreement. The current standard of therapy for pediatric patients is bladder augmentation through enterocystoplasty, a procedure which involves the surgical removal of a section of large bowel that is then connected to the existing bladder to increase compliance, decrease pressure, and improve overall urine capacity. These surgeries are relatively complex and costly. Even in patients with good technical outcomes, the procedure is associated with numerous immediate risks and potential chronic complications. A similar surgical procedure is performed in adults requiring bladder replacement, typically secondary to the onset of bladder related malignancies. To this end, cancer of the bladder may be manifested as a broad spectrum of disease presenting across distinct bladder compartments. The most common types of bladder cancers originate from the internal epithelial lining of the bladder, the urothelium. Less common cancers of the bladder may include squamous cell carcinoma, adenocarcinoma, sarcoma, and small cell carcinoma. Estimates predict that almost 71,000 new cases of bladder cancer will be diagnosed annually in the USA, with some 14,000 patients succumbing to the disease. Although many patients will have superficial urothelial tumors involving little or no metastasis within the smooth muscle layer, approximately 25% of bladder cancers will invade the detrusor musculature, with the majority of these presenting initially as invasive cancers with metastatic potential. Invasive cancers often require multi-modality therapy which may involve extirpative surgery, i. e. radical cystectomy and construction of a urinary diversion. Despite the risk of adverse effects, there are approximately 10,000 of these procedures performed per year in the United States, including in 10% of children with congenital bladder abnormalities and 90% of adults with acquired disorders such as bladder cancer. In some cases of severe bladder cancer or other pelvic or abdominal cancers, removal of the entire bladder is indicated. In these circumstances, current standard of care also involves reconstruction of a bladder-like replacement using bowel tissue. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by detailing current surgical procedures, such as bladder augmentation and radical cystectomy, used to treat bladder conditions, indicating that organ transplants are still necessary in certain severe cases. The mention of complex surgical options and procedures to reconstruct bladder-like replacements using bowel tissue illustrates that, despite advancements in regenerative medicine, traditional organ transplants and extensive surgical interventions are still a standard of care.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Nosema ceranae is a parasite that affects honeybee health. [SEP] Text: The resulting liquid was transferred into a new tube to get rid of cuticle pieces and boiled again for 10 min. DNA was extracted using the (), with two final elutions with 100 µL EB. The presence of V. ceranae was verified by PCR using the primers MICROmid-F 5′--3′ and -R 5′--AGC-3′9 using Type-it Microsatellite PCR Kit (Qiagen). The absence of Vairimorpha apis was checked using the Na_D1 5′--3′ and Na_R1 5′--3′ primers58. Twenty-eight A. mellifera isolates from different hives were selected in the SWIO, together with three European isolates, one A. cerana and one A. dorsata isolates (Table 1). As the further amplifications failed for the infected isolates from Senegal, there was no continental African outgroup in the study. Markers screening and primer designGenetic markers were selected using the 454 pyrosequencing data of Cornman et al. 40 and the Illumina sequencing data of Pelin et al. 35. The SRA files were extracted and mapped on the V. ceranae PA08 1199 genome35 using the BWA-MEM v0. 7. 12 algorithm59. Mappings were visualized using Tablet software60. All targeted regions were checked visually to choose markers with polymorphic sites and conserved adjacent regions for the design of primers. Three types of markers were designed (Table S2). For markers in coding regions, virulence genes encoding Proteins (PTP1, PTP2, PTP3), Proteins (SWP30) or (EnPB1) were selected as they are known to show variability between or within microsporidian species23,29,31,61. Some of them showed within the mapped sequences. Genes used for fungal or microsporidian phylogenetic analyses (EF-2, RPB1, α-tubulin, hexokinase) were also chosen62,63,64. Other genes showing nucleotide polymorphism in genome data were visually selected. Putative microsatellite sequences, with tandem repeats of di- to penta-nucleotides, were screened in V. ceranae genome using MsatCommander65. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim about Nosema ceranae being a parasite that affects honeybee health. It discusses methods for genetic analysis related to V. ceranae, but does not specifically mention its impact on honeybee health or whether it affects bees at all, thus making it irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Socioeconomic status can impact access to education and healthcare. [SEP] Text: The large variation between medical schools in terms of the applicants they attract, and the proportion of applicants from low SES backgrounds who accept offers may indicate that some medical schools have implemented effective strategies to widen participation and better understanding of why these differences exist could help define and disseminate best practice. Second, there is no ideal measure of SES available. Consistent with our results, the experience of the (EMDP) illustrates this. EMDP applicants are drawn from schools with low average educational attainment in inner London, and represent a significantly broader demographic of applicants than non-EMDP, but one third of enrolled EMDP students were still from professional, middle class backgrounds [33]. Postcode and school type measures are also not straightforward to apply consistently across the four UK countries because the indices of multiple deprivation (IMD) used in each country are not strictly comparable [19] and school systems vary considerably. One reason this matters is because medical schools disproportionately recruit from their local populations, making publicly available league table comparisons of medical schools potentially problematic if based on inconsistent measures [34]. Individual measures like NS-SEC or an assessment of household income avoid this problem, but are not universally collected and the validity of data about parental occupation collected from teenagers is uncertain [26]. Additionally, were such data to be used in selection, then it would inevitably be open to gaming, although postcode of residence is not immune to this either. However, measuring the success or otherwise of widening participation will be difficult in the absence of consistent and robust measurement of individual SES, which will require gathering potentially sensitive data from all applicants and will have resource implications [3]. At present there is no set quota which medical schools must achieve in terms of recruiting for lower SES. However the Selection for (SEEG) set up by the Council have for the first time set ten year targets for medical schools aimed at increasing the percentage of students from a lower SES. These targets are based on the POLAR3 measure [35], which like IMD is a geographic measure, based on small area rates of participation by young people in higher education. It is therefore likely to have similar problems to IMD in relation to medical school applicants not necessarily sharing the characteristics of most residents of the postcode they live in. Indeed the SEEG report highlights that there are challenges with using this measure, including the fact that it is unable to provide a ‘granular view’ of geographic location [35]. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing how medical schools have differences in applicant demographics, particularly those from low socioeconomic status (SES) backgrounds. It mentions the challenges in measuring SES and that medical schools are making efforts to widen participation for lower SES students. The mention of the Selection for (SEEG) initiative, which sets targets to increase the percentage of students from lower SES backgrounds, further supports the claim that socioeconomic status impacts access to education.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Regenerative medicine eliminates the need for organ transplants. [SEP] Text: Application of bowel tissue for reconstruction of urinary neo-organs is clearly problematic for a number of fundamental reasons, including the fact that bowel is a principally absorptive organ, whereas bladder is designed to store and excrete urine. Exposure of bowel tissue to urine or bladder tissue to bowel-derived micro-organisms has the potential to trigger multiple secondary complications. These may include any of the following:Bowel complications. Early complications are usually related to the bowel surgery required to harvest tissue for reconstructive use and typically consist of leaks, fistulas and obstructions. Because vitamin B12 is absorbed in the bowel tissue, loss of this tissue can result in anemia and neurologic abnormalities. Additionally, mal-absorption of salts and lipids can lead to diarrhea. Patients with neurogenic bladder are prone to bowel movement problems even before surgery and the removal of bowel tissue may either exacerbate existing conditions or create new motility problems. These difficulties further contribute to substantial physical and psychological morbidity within these patients. Absorption issues. Use of bowel tissue often leads to electrolyte and metabolic imbalances, which can cause bone loss. Furthermore, certain drugs taken by the patient may be reabsorbed by the implanted bowel tissue, potentially leading to unintended toxic levels of these substances within the bloodstream. The exposure of intestinal surface to urine also results in the inappropriate absorption of ammonium, chloride and hydrogen ions as well as potassium loss, leading to chronic metabolic imbalances or abnormalities. Infection. Persistent and recurrent infections are typical in patients with bowel tissue reconstruction. Such infections may reach the kidney and become life-threatening. Additionally, bacteria normally found in bowel tissue can serve as a source of infection and septic complications when repositioned into the urinary tract. Stone formation. One of the consequences of persistent infection is the development of stones. Stones are hard masses which can cause pain, bleeding, obstruction of urine or infections. Mucus. Bowel tissue, when repositioned in the urinary tract, continues to secrete mucus. Mucus increases the risk of stone formation and the viscosity of urine, and in the case of bladder augments, may require bladder irrigation and more frequent catheterization. Cancer. Malignancy, although rare, is a well-recognized complication following bladder augmentation using bowel tissue (enterocystoplasty), as well as from other reconstructive surgeries that incorporate bowel segments into the genitourinary tract. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by highlighting the complications and drawbacks associated with using bowel tissue for reconstructive surgeries, such as urinary neo-organs. It explains that the use of bowel tissue can lead to various issues including metabolic imbalances, infections, and complications from the surgery itself. These problems suggest that regenerative medicine, in this context, does not eliminate the need for traditional organ transplants, but rather introduces significant challenges and potential for further health issues.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Nosema ceranae is a parasite that affects honeybee health. [SEP] Text: Sites at the ends of scaffolds and inside coding regions were sorted out. Sites with adjacent sequences represented in several scaffolds were also removed to avoid duplicated loci. Eleven microsatellites were eventually selected. At last, eight non-coding sites were selected by screening for intergenic regions showing polymorphism in genome data. Primers were designed using the primer3 tool and manually modified to be localized outside the variable regions in the mapped genome data. Only primers showing low self-complementation and high specificity were selected. Their theoretical specificity was checked on V. ceranae and A. mellifera genomes, and by BLAST search on the nr and microbial genome databases. For each primer couple, the specificity of the PCR was verified on agarose gel electrophoresis on both infected and uninfected samples. Forty-two primer pairs were eventually selected (Table S2). Amplification and sequencingFor amplification, all primers were carrying a 4-nt tag at their 5′ end: GTCA (tag0), CGAT (tag5) or TGTG (tag6). Tags varied with samples but the same tag was carried by both the forward and reverse primers for a same sample. PCR amplification were carried out using 0. 5 pmol of each primer, 5–220 ng of total DNA and 7. 5 µL of 2 × Type-it (Type-it ) in a total volume of 15 µL. The PCR program consisted in an initial step at 94 °C for 15 min, and 35 cycles at 94 °C for 30 s, 58 °C for 30 s and 72 °C for 30 s, and a final step at 72 °C for 7 min. Negative controls without DNA were included in each reaction set and a clonal control amplification was performed using pGEM®-T () plasmid template to amplify a fragment of the ampicillin resistance bla gene using the TEM-F 5′--3′ and TEM-R 5′--3′ primers derived from Monstein et al. 66. PCR reactions were performed in triplicate and their end products were pooled together. Amplification products were checked by electrophoresis on both agarose gel and QIautomate (). PCR products were quantified on the QIAxcel phoregrams relative to standards of known concentrations. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not provide any information related to Nosema ceranae or its impact on honeybee health. It discusses methods and protocols for PCR amplification and sequencing, with no reference to any parasite or bees, making it irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Socioeconomic status can impact access to education and healthcare. [SEP] Text: Additionally like 3 may not be directly comparable across the four UK countries due to differing definitions of what constitutes further or higher education. The SEEG report recommends that work is required to ‘develop additional targets for widening participation that utilise different data sets’. They also recommend that currently medical schools should be using ‘more than one source and different type of contextualised data in their admissions process’ and that they should ‘triangulate data to ensure the individuals they identify are truly from a widening participation background’. In the short term, medical schools are likely therefore to use the POLAR3 measure and to triangulate data such as parental occupation, IMD and school type in their admissions processes. Based on the results of this study and recommendations in the SEEG report, research is urgently required to develop a valid and reliable measure which can be used to compare applicants to and students accepted to medical schools across the four UK countries. ConclusionAdmission to medical school determines the composition of the medical profession in the future, and based on this analysis, medicine in the UK will remain dominated by those from more affluent backgrounds. There is no quick fix to widening participation, partly because gaining a place is rightly largely determined by academic ability. However, whether the future medical workforce will perform better or worse as a result of widening participation is unknown, requiring a consensus on which is the how best to measure SES within longitudinal research that tracks doctors across their careers. AbbreviationsIMD: Index of Multiple deprivation NS-SEC: Socio-SES: socio-economic status UKCAT: clinical aptitude test 19. 09. 13:[42 p. ]. Available from: Accessed 10 Jan 2016. GCSA. for of Medical Schools: Consensus document Accessed 10 Jan 2016. Association. Equality and Diversity in UK 2009. Available from: Accessed 10 Jan 2016. Council. Tomorrow's Doctors: Outcomes and Standards for Education. 2009. . Accessed 10 Jan 2016. Assessment for selection for the health care professions and specialty training: consensus statement and recommendations from the Ottawa 2010 Conference. Med Teach. 2011;33(3):215–23. 2004. Office for for England. for access and student success in higher education. London, UK: Department for Business, Innovation and Skills; 2014. Accessed 10 Jan 2016). for-access-and-student-success. pdf. Accessed 10 Jan 2016). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the impact of socioeconomic status (SES) on medical school admissions and widening participation. It highlights that medical school compositions are dominated by individuals from affluent backgrounds and emphasizes the need for additional measures that utilize various contextualized data, such as parental occupation and index of multiple deprivation (IMD), in admissions processes. This indicates that SES plays a significant role in access to education, particularly in the medical field, supporting the claim about its impact on education and healthcare access.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Regenerative medicine eliminates the need for organ transplants. [SEP] Text: In addition to cancers and developmental abnormalities, patients may present with neurogenic bladder or dysfunctional bladder due to some form of neurologic disease or condition. Treatment may often require an augmentation of the bladder in order to relieve high pressures and incontinence. Current therapies for neurogenic bladder include medical management through a combination of medication and clean intermittent catheterization and, in advanced cases, surgery. Surgical procedures, such as bladder augmentation, are often considered when other medical and less-invasive treatments fail to adequately lower bladder pressure or reduce the frequency of incontinent episodes. Ultimately, it is self-evident that the ideal unit of anastamosis for urinary-like tissue is other urinary-like tissue. However, the lack of such material has generally precluded the widespread leveraging of this option. There is therefore clearly a compelling medical need for an improved approach that would eliminate or at least substantially reduce the complications potentially associated with the current standard of care. To this end, identification of bladder-like materials that may be applied towards bladder reconstruction in place of bowel tissue has been attempted. Pilot experiments in 1917 to augment bladder in dogs leveraged fascia (Neuhof, 1917); since then, numerous other biomaterials candidates have been evaluated, including skin, bladder sub-mucosa, small intestinal sub-mucosa, omentum, dura and peritoneum. Synthetic materials candidates have included polyvinyl sponge, Teflon, gelatin, collagen, vicryl and silicone. Failure to achieve successful outcomes with such biomaterials types may be attributed to physical or mechanical failure, lack of biocompatibility and the induction of fibrosis and scarring leading to contraction of the implant and reduction in effective volume over time. Unfortunately, of these candidates the best biomaterial mimicking the physical and mechanical properties of bladder tissue has been bowel. There is therefore a clear and present need for additional, novel technology platforms. 3. 1. TE/RM methodologies for bladder replacement and augmentationTissue engineering and regenerative medicine approaches offer an alternative, potentially superior methodology to the use of bowel tissue for urinary diversion or replacement. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by outlining the ongoing challenges and complexities associated with bladder augmentation and replacement. It acknowledges that while regenerative medicine approaches offer alternatives, there is still a clear need for better solutions due to the existing complications with current methods. The mention of a 'compelling medical need for an improved approach' indicates that regenerative medicine has not yet eliminated the need for organ transplants but rather presents a potential superior methodology that is still under development.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Nosema ceranae is a parasite that affects honeybee health. [SEP] Text: For each isolate, all 42 amplicons eventually carried the same tag at both ends and an equimolar mixture of the amplification products was prepared To prepare libraries, 0. 9 µg of the mixtures form three isolates, that carried three different tags, were pooled together with 1. 7 ng of the clonal PCR control (Table S7). Libraries were multiplexed and sequenced on Illumina HiSeq2000 system using 2 × 250 bp paired end protocol by Genewiz (). Sequence analysesSequencing resulted in 91,655,818 paired reads. Sequence quality was checked using the FastQC tool67. Reads with uncalled bases were removed using the vsearch tool68. Remaining reads were assigned to each sample using the tool from the FASTX-Toolkit69. The first 5 bases of demultiplexed sequences were trimmed using the fastx_trimmer tool to remove barcode sequences. Each library had over 80% of reads at Q30 after de-multiplexing, with few biases between libraries. The obtained data clearly exhibited 5′ and 3′ tags that were randomly spread instead of being identical for paired reads, showing that the pairing of reads was unsuccessful. We thus renounced joining paired ends and worked with single reads, i. e. the reads corresponding to each extremity of the amplicons had to be considered as separate genetic markers. In order to improve the quality of data, the last 50/75 nt of demultiplexed reads were trimmed and the resulting sequences were mapped on the marker sequences (genome version of Pelin et al. 35) using the BWA-MEM algorithm with a minimum 100 bp-long alignment option59. 166,993,099 demultiplexed cleaned single reads were mapped on the 42 markers. For alignments, complex sequences with INDEL were manually realigned for a maximum parsimony. Noteworthy, there was a good correlation between the coverage of both ends of markers. A list of haplotypes present in the whole dataset was created, keeping only those that covered more than 1% of the reads of the corresponding marker in at least one honeybee isolate. Using these conditions, the control reads for the clonal bla gene exhibited only a single haplotype for each side of the marker. These resulted in 98,226,822 exploited reads. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it focuses on the processes and methods related to sequencing genetic data, without mentioning Nosema ceranae, its effects on honeybees, or any related health implications.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Socioeconomic status can impact access to education and healthcare. [SEP] Text: Figures AbstractLimited scientific, evidence has so far described the interactions between socioeconomic factors and the gap of inequalities in maternal healthcare utilization. This study assessed the interaction between wealth status and education to identify women with greater disadvantage. This analysis used secondary data from the three most recent rounds (2004, 2010, and 2016) of the (TDHS). Maternal healthcare utilization was assessed based on six services (outcomes) which are i) booking during the first trimester (bANC), ii) at least four antenatal visits (ANC4+), iii) adequate antenatal care (aANC), iv) facility-based delivery (FBD), v) skilled birth attendance (SBA), vi) cesarean section delivery (CSD). The concentration curve and the concentration index were used to measure socioeconomic inequality in maternal healthcare utilization outcomes. The interaction coefficients suggest that each unit increase in the wealth status is significantly associated with higher odds of utilizing all maternal healthcare services for women with primary and secondary or higher education compared to those with no education (booking during the first trimester [AOR = 1. 30; 95% CI: 1. 08–1. 57], at least four antenatal visits [AOR = 1. 16; 95% CI: 1. 01–1. 33], facility-based delivery [AOR = 1. 29; 95% CI: 1. 12–1. 48], skilled birth attendance [AOR = 1. 31; 95% CI: 1. 15–1. 49]). The highest wealth-related inequality in bANC (EI: 0. 166), at least four antenatal visits (EI: 0. 259), FBD (EI: 0. 323) and skilled birth attendance (EI: 0. 328) (P < 0. 05) was observed among women with primary and secondary or higher education. These findings provide strong evidence that there is an interaction effect between education attainment and wealth status in socioeconomic inequalities of maternal health services utilization. Therefore, any approach which will address both women’s education and wealth status might be the first step to reducing socioeconomic inequalities in maternal health services utilization in Tanzania. Citation: Bintabara D, (2023) Socioeconomic inequalities in maternal healthcare utilization: An analysis of the interaction between wealth status and education, a population-based surveys in Tanzania. 3(6): e0002006. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by providing evidence of the interaction between socioeconomic factors, specifically wealth status and education, in maternal healthcare utilization. It shows that higher wealth status is significantly associated with improved access to maternal healthcare services for women with varying levels of education, thereby illustrating how socioeconomic status can impact access to healthcare.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Regenerative medicine eliminates the need for organ transplants. [SEP] Text: In this methodology, the patient’s own cells would be sourced from a bladder biopsy (or other, alternate cell source, see below) and applied to an appropriate, degradable biomaterial scaffold to create a neo-organ or organ-like construct that, upon implantation within the patient and anastamosis to native components of the urinary system, would lead to regeneration of functional, urinary-like neo-tissue capable of storing urine and mediating voiding of urine as needed in response to appropriate neuronal signaling. Such a cell/biomaterial construct would catalyze the regeneration of urinary-like neo-tissue recapitulating native, laminarly organized bladder wall histo-architecture composed of a luminal urothelial layer and multiple smooth muscle layers, appropriately vascularized and innervated (Figure 3). Regeneration of urinary-like neo-tissue is accompanied by progressive degradation of the biomaterial, such that a seamless transition is achieved between the degrading biomaterial and the regenerating urinary-like neo-tissue. In preliminary experiments to demonstrate the formation of tissue engineered urothelial-like structures in the rabbit, bladder-derived urothelial cells were used to seed meshes of non-woven polyglycolic acid (PGA), which were subsequently implanted within the peritoneal cavity of athymic mice. Upon recovery, structures composed of degrading biopolymer lined with urothelial cells were observed (Atala et al. , 1992). In follow-up studies, combinations of bladder-derived smooth muscle cells and urothelial cells were used to seed tubular-like structures composed of non-woven PGA mesh. Implantation of these constructs subcutaneously within athymic rabbits led to regeneration of urinary-like tubular organoids composed of urothelial cells lining a central lumen and surrounded by layers of smooth muscle cells, as observed within native bladder tissue. Evidence of neo-vascularization was also noted (Atala, et al. , 1993). These studies provided preliminary proof of concept to support the potential for in vivo regeneration of urinary-like neo-organs through implantation of cell seeded, synthetic bio-polymeric scaffolds. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the methodology of using a patient’s own cells to create neo-organs for regeneration purposes. Although it describes the potential for creating functional tissues like bladder constructs, it does not state that this process wholly eliminates the need for organ transplants. Rather, it implies that regenerative medicine is an alternative that may reduce the reliance on transplants but does not remove the need entirely.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Nosema ceranae is a parasite that affects honeybee health. [SEP] Text: Except for a very limited number of cases, several thousands of reads were obtained per marker and per isolate, with an average of 36,694 reads per marker and per isolate and more than 1200 reads in 99% of cases. Haplotypes frequencies were calculated per marker and per sample. Statistical analysesAnalyses of molecular variance (AMOVA) were performed using Arlequin software70 using the conventional F-statistics (haplotype frequencies) with 10,000 permutations. Principal component analyses (PCA), Neighbor-Joining (NJ) clustering and multivariate analysis of variance () and analysis of similarities () were performed using PAST software71. Groups of isolates were defined earlier (Table 1). PCAs were performed separately on the 43 coding markers, the 40 non-coding marker (including microsatellites) and the 11 microsatellite markers. They were performed on variance–covariance matrix, either disregarding groups or between groups with eigenanalysis carried out on the group means. NJ clustering was performed using Euclidean similarity indices matrix and 10,000 bootstraps. Non-parametric and were performed using Euclidean similarity index and 1,000,000 permutations. Data availability Demultiplexed SRA data are available in NCBI (796498). 47. (2012). 1476. (2019). 10. (2007). 29. (2013). 95. (2006). 19. (2017). 7279. (2020). 217. (2007). 150. (2018). 1329. (2018). 392. (2010). 2669. (2008). 229. (2023). 8580. (2020). 113. (2012). 196. (2015). 155. (2012). 301. (2017). 79. (2010). 2138. (2012). 1896. (2015). 233. (2011). 94. (2015). 13. (2008). 209. (2009). 95. (2011). 50. (2014). 134. (2011). 413. (2014). 1356. (2013). 481. (2014). 5609. (2015). 216. (2016). 4458. (2015). 889. (2019). 10. 1007/978-3-642-20992-5_1. 9234. (2017). 0466. (2009). 487. (2014). 53. (2017). 3621. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not provide any information related to Nosema ceranae or its impact on honeybee health. It focuses on methods of data analysis and statistical procedures without mentioning bees or any parasites.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Socioeconomic status can impact access to education and healthcare. [SEP] Text: : of : January 2, 2023; Accepted: May 8, 2023; Published: June 13, 2023Copyright: © 2023 Bintabara, Mwampagatwa. This is an open access 1. Selection of study respondents included in this analysis. Measurement of variables Outcome variables. The six outcome variables grouped into two major categories of maternal healthcare utilization were analyzed in this study. The first category is related to ANC utilization which included three outcomes (b4+, and aANC). (i) bANC was considered “Yes” if women booked ANC in the first trimester otherwise consider “No;” (ii) ANC4+ was considered “Yes” if women attended at least four visits, otherwise considered “No;” and (iii) aANC was considered “Yes” if a woman reported receiving all of the following; (i) iron/folate tablets or syrup, (ii) antimalarial drugs, (iii) blood pressure measured (iv) urine sample taken (v) blood sample taken (vi) intestinal parasite drugs, otherwise considered “No. ” The second category related to the utilization of delivery care services which also included three outcomes (and CSD). (i) FBD which was considered "Yes" when a woman delivered at any of the following public or private facilities; clinic, dispensary, health center, or hospital, otherwise considered "No. ” (ii) SBA which was considered “Yes” if woman assisted by the following trained health personnel; assistant nurse, nurse/ midwife, clinical assistant, clinical officer, assistant medical officer, medical officer, and medical specialist, otherwise considered “No. ” CSD which was considered “Yes” if women delivered by cesarean section delivery otherwise considered “No. ” Independent variables. The primary independent variables were (i) household wealth index and (ii) education level. The wealth index in TDHS was calculated based on household assets and housing characteristics. The principal component analysis was used to assign a score to each household based on selected household assets. From the continuous index score the households were ranked by dividing the sample population distribution into five equal categories ("poorest," "poorer," "middle," "richer" and "richest"), each including 20% of the population. This approach has been explained in detail elsewhere [14]. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by highlighting that household wealth index and education level are independent variables in analyzing maternal healthcare utilization. This suggests that socioeconomic status—including wealth and education—affects access to healthcare services, thereby supporting the assertion that socioeconomic status impacts access to education and healthcare.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Regenerative medicine eliminates the need for organ transplants. [SEP] Text: For the Neo-Bladder Replacement, a key proof-of concept study was provided using a canine total cystectomy (bladder removal) model. 14 beagles were sub-divided into three groups: A (n=2), underwent cystectomy without further intervention. B (n=6) underwent cystectomy followed by implantation with acellular, bladder-shaped biopolymer scaffold and group C (n=6) was subjected to cystectomy and implantation with cell-seeded biopolymeric scaffold. To create the constructs, PGA/PLGA biomaterial scaffolds (Figure 1) were shaped by hand into bladder-shaped structures. Urothelial and smooth muscle cells were sourced from bladder biopsies and expanded separately to numbers sufficiently meaningful to warrant seeding onto the scaffolds (106 cells per cm2 of polymer surface). Urothelial cells were used to seed the interior, luminal surface of the construct, and smooth muscle cells were applied to the exterior, non-luminal surface. Upon maturation, these constructs were implanted within group C animals. Implanted neo-bladder constructs were wrapped extensively with omentum during surgery, as omentum is a well-established source of pro-angiogenic growth factors (Litbarg, et al. , 2007). All animals were monitored over a period of up to 11 months post-implantation and extensive urodynamic and radiographic measurements taken to document urologic functionality. At the completion of the study period, animals were sacrificed and bladder-like structures examined histologically for evidence of tri-laminar bladder wall architecture from regenerated neo-organs. Structural and functional differences in regenerative outcomes were observed between all three groups of canines. dogs regained only minimal urinary reservoir volumes without approaching pre-cystectomy parameters. dogs presented principally fibrotic neo-bladders with a regenerated luminal urothelial cell layer but minimal regeneration of bladder wall musculature. Urological dynamics were also significantly affected. This ability of acellular constructs to regenerate a normal luminal urothelial cell layer is noteworthy, providing a preliminary indication that prior seeding of constructs with urothelial cells may not in fact be a requirement to achieve full regeneration of native-like urinary neo-tissue from the implanted neo-organ construct. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by detailing a study on neo-bladder replacements, emphasizing that while regenerative techniques were applied, the outcomes did not restore functionality to pre-cystectomy levels. Specifically, the dogs only regained minimal urinary reservoir volumes and presented largely fibrotic neo-bladders. This suggests that regenerative medicine does not completely eliminate the need for organ transplants as the results were insufficient to achieve the desired full function.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Nosema ceranae is a parasite that affects honeybee health. [SEP] Text: RNA midguts were dissected on ice, pooled and immediately homogenized in 400 μL TR(Life Technologies) using first a microtube pestel and then a BioSpec Mini-BeadBeater (3 pulses for 2 min at 30 Hz) after addition of 150 mg of 0. 5 mm glass beads. Following phase separation according to the manufacturer, the aqueous phase was supplemented with 0. 015 volume of β-mercaptoethanol and 1 volume of 70% ethanol and transferred to an RNeasy spin column (RKit, Qiagen). Total RNA was isolated according to the kit instructions. Genomic DNA was removed using the RNA-free DNase set (Qiagen) twice during the RNA extraction. RNA was quantified by spectrophotometry using the ND-1000 (Nanodrop). RNA-of samples were extracted for each experimental group from pools of 3 midguts. RNA quality and concentration were checked using a RNA 6000 on the 2100 Bioanalyzer (Agilent Technologies). Six micrograms of each RNA sample were provided to Montpellier GenomiX (MGX, Institut de Génomique Fonctionnelle, Montpellier, France) for an additional RNA quality control and for library preparation and sequencing (50 bp single-end reads) on an HiSeq 2000 (Illumina) following the manufacturer’s protocol. Image analyses and base-calling were conducting using the HiSoftware 1. 4. 5. 0 and RTA component 1. 12. 4. 0 (Illumina). Sequences were mapped on the Apis mellifera genome (version Amel_4. 5 downloaded from NCBI), allowing up to two mismatches in alignments, and tags that matched predicted transcripts were counted using 1. 8. 2 (Illumina). package DESeq was used to normalize data and determine which genes were differentially expressed among treatments [44]. Genes were considered to be differentially expressed between two treatments at an adjusted p-value <0. 1. The p-values were adjusted for multiple testing with the Benjamini-Hochberg procedure which controls for false discovery rate. A principal component analysis (PCA) was performed under PAST [45] to evaluate the samples distribution according to their expression profiles. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it does not discuss Nosema ceranae or its effects on honeybee health. Instead, it provides detailed methodology about RNA extraction and analysis, which is unrelated to the claim about a parasite.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Socioeconomic status can impact access to education and healthcare. [SEP] Text: The education level was categorized as “none” for women who had not received any kind of formal education, “primary” for women who completed primary education level, “secondary” for women who completed secondary education level, and “highest” for women who completed college and all university level. The following were adjusting factors used in this study; women’s age was grouped into "15–19," "20–24," "25–29," "30–34,” “35–39,” “40–44,” and “45–49. ” Place of residence was categorized as “urban” for households located in cities, municipalities, and town councils gazetted under the Act, 1982 [15], and “rural” for households that were located outside the urban areas. Marital status was categorized as "no spouse" for single women, divorced, separated, or widowed and "living with spouse" for women who were married or living with their partner during the interview. Employment was categorized as "employed" for women who reported to be employed and paid in salary in terms of cash and "not employed" for those who did not have any kind of job and were paid in terms of cash. These variables were selected based on previous studies that assessed the correlates of maternal healthcare utilization in Tanzania [16, 17]. Statistical analysis The analysis of the current study was based on three methods; descriptive analysis, multivariable logistic regression, and assessment of wealth-related inequality by education level. The multivariable logistic regression analyses were performed to assess the relationship between the household wealth index and each of all six outcomes of maternal healthcare utilization. The interactions between household wealth index (as a continuous variable) and education level regarding the six outcomes were considered to assess if the observed relationships vary across the education levels. A similar approach has been used previously in other studies [8, 18]. Furthermore, the following two approaches were used to evaluate socioeconomic inequalities in all six outcomes of maternal healthcare utilization. The methods were the construction of (CC) and the computation of (Ci). Concentration curves. The CC was used to evaluate the patterns of socioeconomic inequalities for each outcome of maternal healthcare utilization. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the relationship between household wealth index and maternal healthcare utilization, indicating that socioeconomic status (measured through education level and wealth) is a variable considered in analyzing healthcare access. The study evaluates correlations and inequalities based on education level, which aligns with the claim that socioeconomic factors can impact access to healthcare.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Regenerative medicine eliminates the need for organ transplants. [SEP] Text: Dedifferentiated adipocytes may also be driven along a smooth muscle lineage using TGF-β and have been reported to contribute towards bladder tissue regeneration in a mouse bladder injury model (Sakuma, et al. , 2009). Finally, methods for TGF-β induced differentiation of smooth muscle cells from bone-marrow derived cells have been described (Kanematsu, et al. , 2005; Becker, et al. , 2008). These studies invariably involve demonstrations of in vitro directed differentiation of SMC-like cells derived from MSC, using various combinations of growth factors and cytokines over an extended time period. Any in vivo data is typically based in small animals, is often subcutaneous and therefore of little relevance to product development and manufacturing. Finally, the use of the peritoneal cavity as a living bioreactor for maturation of tubular organs has been proposed. It is well established that implantation of foreign material into the peritoneal cavity may frequently trigger a fibrotic response, with encapsulation of the foreign matter by multiple layers of fibroblasts. We have observed similar, non-regenerative outcomes associated with implantation of certain synthetic biopolymers such as poly-caprolactate within the renal parenchyma (Basu et al. , 2012). However, this normally unwelcome outcome might be leveraged for induction of tubular neo-tissue formation. In the first such demonstration of this approach, silastic tubing was implanted into the peritoneal cavity of rats/rabbits. At 2 weeks post-implantation, the tube was observed to be coated with several layers of myofibroblasts, collagen and a layer of mesothelium. Removal of the silastic tube followed by eversion of the cellular construct resulted in formation of a vessel-like structure, with laminar wall architecture mimicking that of native vasculature. Anastamosis of this neo-vessel with the vasculature of the original host animal demonstrated evidence of function and patency for up to 4 months post-implantation (Campbell, et al. , 1999). Similarly, neo-organs resembling bladder, uterus and vas deferens could be engineered by grafting biomaterials templates of appropriate shape within the peritoneal cavity of rabbits. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing various methods of tissue and organ regeneration, but ultimately acknowledges the challenges and limitations associated with these methods. For example, while there are studies on inducing tissue formation and engineering neo-organs, it mentions frequent undesired outcomes, such as 'the implantation of foreign material into the peritoneal cavity may frequently trigger a fibrotic response.' This indicates that while regenerative medicine aims to provide alternatives to organ transplants, it does not yet entirely eliminate the need for them, as outlined by the ongoing challenges and experimental nature of these procedures.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Nosema ceranae is a parasite that affects honeybee health. [SEP] Text: This analysis was performed using the log of normalized data corresponding to the 3001 genes showing an adjusted p-value <0. 1 in at least one pairwise comparison. Quantitative Real-time PCR cDNA synthesis was performed in a 20 μL reaction containing 0. 5 μg of total RNA, 0. 5 μg of oligo(dT)12–18 primers (Life Technologies), 0. 5 mM of each dNTP and 200 U of (Life Technologies). All real-time quantitative PCR analyses were performed in 96-well plates on a Mastercycler ep Realplex2 thermocycler (Eppendorf) monitored by the Realplex software (version 1. 5) using the primers and conditions listed in Table S1. All primer sets, whether they were already published or newly designed, have been validated according to their specificity, linearity, efficiency and amplification reproductibility (Table S1). qPCR reaction mixtures consisted in 5 μL of 1∶16 diluted cDNA, the appropriate concentration of each primer and 10 μL of 2(Thermo Scientific) in a final volume of 20 μL. Negative controls (without cDNA) were included in each reaction set. The PCR program consisted in an initial step at 95°C for 15 min, and 40 cycles of 95°C for 15 s, specific annealing temperature for 30 s and 72°C for 30 s. Fluorescence was measured in each cycle after the elongation step. The specificity of the reaction was checked by analysing the melting curve of the final amplified product. The amplification results were expressed as the threshold cycle number (CT), which represents the number of cycles needed to generate a fluorescent signal greater than a predefined threshold. CT values were normalized by subtracting the CT value of the RpS5a reference gene from the corresponding cDNA sample. For every gene, data were analysed under PAST to determine if they fitted a normal distribution. The variation in gene transcript levels between different groups was evaluated by two-way ANOVA followed by a Student’s t-test. When data did not fit a normal distribution, the non-parametric Kruskal-Wallis test was applied. p-values below 0. 05 were considered significant. Response to N. ceranae and/or Fipronil using RNA-Sequencing (Exp. 1) Survival analysis. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim about Nosema ceranae impacting honeybee health. Instead, it focuses on the methodology of a quantitative PCR analysis and various statistical evaluations, without addressing the health effects of Nosema ceranae or any details related to honeybees.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Socioeconomic status can impact access to education and healthcare. [SEP] Text: The CC plot the cumulative percentage of the outcome variable (y-axis) against the cumulative percentage of the population ranked by household socioeconomic status (using a raw score of wealth index), beginning with the poorest, and ending with the richest (x-axis) [19, 20]. In other words, they plot shares of the outcome variable against quintiles of the household wealth index. Concentration indices. The computation of Ci has an additional advantage compared to CC for quantifying the degree of socioeconomic-related inequality in healthcare variables such as the utilization of maternal healthcare services. is defined as “twice the area between CC and the line of equality. ” It takes the values bounded between -1 and +1. If the health variable is "good" such as the utilization of maternal healthcare, an index with a positive value indicates utilization is more among the rich [19, 20]. Mathematically, the Ci can be calculated by using the following formula (1). (1)Because all six outcomes of maternal healthcare utilization were binary, the bounds of the Ci may not lie between −1 and +1. The two techniques which produce Wagstaff and are frequently used to account for the aforementioned limitation [21, 22]. Therefore, this study used the which satisfies four properties of the rank-dependent measure of socioeconomic inequality [8, 23]. Ethical considerations This study was based on an analysis of existing public domain survey datasets that are freely available online with all identifier information removed. The surveys were approved by the of in Tanzania. Therefore, ethics approval for the current analysis was automatically deemed unnecessary. Informed consent was requested and obtained from the participants before the TDHS interviews. For participants under 16 years old the consent was obtained from their parent or guardian. All participants who accepted to participate in the surveys were provided a signed written informed consent. ResultsTable 1 shows the distribution of women by maternal healthcare utilization indicators. It demonstrates that the proportion of utilization of these six maternal healthcare (b4+, aand CSD) were higher among women with secondary or higher education (29%, 67%, 50%, 87%, 88%, and 15%) compared to those without formal education (13%, 42%, 14%, 35%, 35%, 1%) respectively. Examining the wealth status we found that the richest women have a higher proportion in all six indicators of maternal healthcare utilization compared poorest women. Similarly, maternal healthcare utilization (all six indicators) was observed to be higher among women in urban compared to rural areas. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by illustrating that socioeconomic status significantly affects healthcare utilization. It specifically mentions that 'the richest women have a higher proportion in all six indicators of maternal healthcare utilization compared to the poorest women,' demonstrating that wealth influences access to healthcare services.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Regenerative medicine eliminates the need for organ transplants. [SEP] Text: After 2-3 weeks of implantation within the environment of this “living bio-reactor”, neo-organ like frameworks composed of myo-fibroblastic layers could be harvested and grafted onto the appropriate organs of the original host to demonstrate functionality and eventual regeneration of urinary-like tissue (Campbell, et al. , 2008). Although interesting, it is difficult to envision how such a strategy can ever be feasible in practice. Clearly, undergoing major surgery and all associated post-operative care and monitoring simply to create the neo-organ implant will not be an attractive option, given the alternatives currently under development. Therefore, we do not anticipate that tissue engineering of bladder using the peritoneal cavity as a living bioreactor will become a commercially viable strategy. 3. 6. Key learnings from development of Neo-Bladder: Factors facilitating commercial viability of organ regeneration platformThe Neo-Bladder experience at Tengion highlights certain key factors that may impact the commercial success of an organ regeneration platform. These same principles are pertinent to discussion of non-bladder tubular organs as well as to regenerative technologies targeting solid organs such as kidney, liver and pancreas. We outline these principles below:A biodegradable, synthetic scaffold based on well-characterized biomaterials (e. g. , ) that can be manufactured reproducibly with defined characteristics is desirable. A population of committed cell types (e. g. , smooth muscle cells) that is easily isolatable and expandable is required for scaffold seeding to trigger regeneration in vivo. A purified population of defined stem cells in neither needed nor desirable. Cost of goods increases significantly with requirements to monitor stem cell potential and to control directed differentiation. Engineering of an entire organ in vitro or within the peritoneal cavity is neither needed nor desirable. Instead, an in vitro cell seeded scaffold is adequate to trigger the innate regenerative response in the mammalian body, resulting in de novo organogenesis in vivo, including in humans. Advertisement 4. Neo-urinary conduit: IntroductionThe possibility of creating a TE/RM product facilitating urinary diversion without leveraging native GI tissue was the rationale underlying the development of the Neo-(NUC). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the challenges and complexities associated with regenerative medicine approaches, particularly in creating neo-organs. It states, 'it is difficult to envision how such a strategy can ever be feasible in practice' and outlines that undergoing major surgery for neo-organ implantation is not an attractive option compared to existing alternatives. This suggests that regenerative medicine does not currently eliminate the need for organ transplants, as it presents significant practical hurdles that must be overcome.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Nosema ceranae is a parasite that affects honeybee health. [SEP] Text: (2013) Comparative study of Nosema ceranae (Microsporidia) isolates from two different geographic origins. 162: 670–678. View 17. (2010) Pesticides and honey bee toxicity – USA. Apidologie 41: 312–331. View 18. (2010) High levels of miticides and agrochemicals in apiaries: implications for honey bee health. 5: e9754. View 19. Chauzat M-P, Carpentier P, Martel A-C, Bougeard S, Cougoule N, et al. (2009) Influence of pesticide residues on honey bee (Hymenoptera: Apidae) colony health in France. 38: 514–523. View 20. Chauzat M-P, Faucon J-P, Martel A-C, Lachaize J, Cougoule N, et al. (2006) A survey of pesticides residues in pollen loads collected by honey bees in France. J 99: 253–262. View 21. ’hostis M, et al. (2013) Widespread occurrence of chemical residues in beehive matrices from apiaries located in different landscapes of Western france. 8: e67007. View 22. -M (2007) The sublethal effects of pesticides on beneficial arthropods. Entomol 52: 81–106. View 23. -L (2012) Neural effects of insecticides in the honey bee. Apidologie 43: 348–370. View 24. (2004) Imidacloprid impairs memory and brain metabolism in the honeybee (Apis mellifera L. ). Physiol 78: 83–92. View 25. (2005) Effects of sublethal doses of fipronil on the behavior of the honeybee (Apis mellifera). Behav 82: 30–39. View 26. Bernadou A, Démares F, Couret-(2009) Effect of fipronil on side-specific antennal tactile learning in the honeybee. J 55: 1099–1106. View 27. (2004) A method to quantify and analyze the foraging activity of honey bees: relevance to the sublethal effects induced by systemic insecticides. 47: 387–395. View 28. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text primarily lists various studies related to pesticides and their effects on honeybee health, but it does not provide any specific information or evidence regarding Nosema ceranae as a parasite. Therefore, it is irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Socioeconomic status can impact access to education and healthcare. [SEP] Text: Download: PPTPowerPoint slidePNGlarger imageTIFForiginal imageTable 1. Descriptive statistics of women included in the analysis by maternal healthcare utilization indicators. 2 shows the richest to poorest ratios of maternal healthcare utilization indicators according to women’s education level. The results indicate a higher variation in maternal healthcare utilization between the richest and poorest women across all levels of education. This revealed that richer women utilized more maternal healthcare services compared to their poorer counterparts. For example, the richest to the poorest ratio for bANC increased from 0. 92 (no education) to 1. 74 (primary) and 1. 46 (secondary/higher). This indicates education has a significant effect on increasing the utilization of maternal healthcare. Download: PPTPowerPoint slidePNGlarger imageTIFForiginal imageTable 2. Richest to poorest ratios of maternal healthcare utilization by education level. 3 presents the adjusted odds ratios (OR) with a 95% confidence interval (CI) from multivariable logistic regression models. All models were adjusted for woman’s age, marital status, place of residence, year of survey, and employment status. Also, the models included the interaction term between wealth status (as continuous) and woman’s education level. The significant result of the interaction term indicates the strong evidence that women’s education has effect modification in the association between wealth status and maternal healthcare utilization. The interaction coefficients suggest that each unit increase in the wealth status is significantly associated with higher odds of utilizing all maternal healthcare services (for women with primary and secondary or higher education compared to those with no education) except for receiving aANC and CSD. This effect seems to be much higher for women with secondary or higher education. Overall the findings indicate that the wealth-related gradient in maternal healthcare utilization varies significantly across the level of education in Tanzania. Download: PPTPowerPoint slidePNGlarger imageTIFForiginal imageTable 3. Multivariate logistic regression models with an interaction term between wealth index and education. 2 displays adjusted predicted probabilities of maternal healthcare utilization by the interaction of wealth status and education obtained from regression models presented in Table 3. The predicted probabilities for maternal healthcare utilization outcomes increase sharply from poorest to richest for women with primary and secondary or higher education compared to those with no education. This means the wealth gradient in maternal healthcare utilization is steeper due to the effect of educational attainment. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by demonstrating that socioeconomic status, specifically wealth, significantly impacts maternal healthcare utilization. It provides evidence that richer women access more maternal healthcare services compared to poorer women, indicating a relationship between socioeconomic status and access to healthcare. Furthermore, it highlights that education level modifies the association between wealth and healthcare utilization, thereby showing that both education and wealth status are critical factors in accessing healthcare services.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Regenerative medicine eliminates the need for organ transplants. [SEP] Text: In its simplest configuration, the NUC is a cell/scaffold construct that, upon implantation within the body and attachment to native ureters, mediates efflux of urine from the kidneys directly to the external surface of the body. As with the Neo-and related TE/RM products, the NUC construct serves as a template to catalyze the regeneration of native-like urinary tissue concomitant to degradation of the biomaterial scaffold following implantation. 4. 1. GLP preclinical analysis of de novo neo-urinary conduit formation in a porcine cystectomy model32 Gottingen swine with total cystectomy and incontinent ureterostomy (8 animals per data point composed of 4 males and 4 females each) were used in a GLP preclinical analysis to determine the safety and functionality of tissue-engineered NUC constructs seeded with autologous smooth muscle cells derived from the bladder, blood or adipose tissue. Of the 32 animals, the first group (4 males, 4 females) was implanted with NUC seeded with bladder-derived smooth muscle cells. A second group was implanted with NUC scaffold seeded with adipose-derived SMCs, a third group was implanted with a NUC scaffold seeded with blood-derived SMCs, and the 4th group was implanted with unseeded NUC scaffold only. Device effect and performance was monitored through ultrasound imaging, pyelogram, as well as urine and blood analysis at different time-points of the study. At the completion of the recovery period (Day 84+/-5), all animals were euthanized and a necropsy performed for harvesting the kidneys, conduits, and associated organs and tissues for histological preparation and pathological examination. 4. 2. Alternate cell sourcing of SMC for seeding of NUCTissue engineering principles have been successfully applied to provide implantable cell-seeded matrices for use in the reconstruction, repair, augmentation or replacement of laminarily organized luminal organs and tissue structures, such as a bladder or a bladder segment or component, typically composed of urothelial and smooth muscle layers. Smooth muscle cells may be derived from the patient’s own tissue, including the bladder, urethra, ureter and other urogenital tissue. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the use of tissue engineering principles to create implantable cell-seeded matrices for repairing or augmenting existing organs rather than suggesting that regenerative medicine completely eliminates the need for organ transplants. It details preclinical analyses using constructs to regenerate urinary tissue, implying a reliance on surgical procedures and constructs rather than a direct replacement of organ transplant needs.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Nosema ceranae is a parasite that affects honeybee health. [SEP] Text: Lemaitre B, (2007) The host defense of Drosophila melanogaster. Immunol 25: 697–743. View 41. (2003) Proventriculus (cardia) plays a crucial role in immunity in tsetse fly (Diptera: Glossinidiae). 33: 1155–1164. View 42. Pauchet Y, Freitak D, Heidel-(2009) Immunity or digestion: glucanase activity in a glucan-binding protein family from Lepidoptera. J 284: 2214–2224. View 43. Martín-Hernández -Bailón E, et al. (2007) Outcome of colonization of Apis mellifera by Nosema ceranae. Microbiol 73: 6331–6338. View 44. Anders S, (2010) Differential expression analysis for sequence count data. 11: R106. View 45. Hammer Ø, (2001) PAST: Paleontological statistics software package for education and data analysis. 4: 1–9. View 46. Kievits J, (2007) Neurotoxiques systémiques, un risque pour les abeilles? 118: 12–17. View 47. Min- (2010) Cysteamine, the natural metabolite of pantetheinase, shows specific activity against Plasmodium. 125: 315–324. View 48. Bernal J, Garrido-Bailón ález-Porto AV, Martín-Hernández R, et al. (2010) Overview of pesticide residues in stored pollen and their potential effect on bee colony (Apis mellifera) losses in Spain. J 103: 1964–1971. View 49. Pareja L, Colazzo M, Pérez-Parada A, Niell S, Carrasco-Letelier L, et al. (2011) Detection of pesticides in active and depopulated beehives in Uruguay. 8: 3844–3858. View 50. -P, Crauser D, et al. (2013) Ecto- and endoparasite induce similar chemical and brain neurogenomic responses in the honey bee (Apis mellifera). BMC Ecol 13: 25. View 51. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not provide any direct information regarding Nosema ceranae as a parasite affecting honeybee health. Instead, it lists various studies and articles, none of which specifically discuss Nosema ceranae in relation to honeybee health. Therefore, it is considered irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Socioeconomic status can impact access to education and healthcare. [SEP] Text: The flatter predicted probabilities curves for women with no education indicate a less steep wealth gradient in maternal healthcare utilization. This means, there was a low difference in probabilities of maternal healthcare utilization between poor and rich with no education. Download: PPTPowerPoint slidePNGlarger imageTIFForiginal imageFig 2. Adjusted predicted probabilities of maternal healthcare utilization outcomes by education level and wealth index. CCs were used to assess the presence of inequalities in maternal healthcare utilization. Fig 3A and 3B displays the CCs for ANC and delivery utilization services respectively. For all six outcomes, the CCs are below the line of inequality suggesting pro-rich inequalities in maternal healthcare utilization. For example, for ANC utilization, the poorest 40% of women accounted for 34% of ANC4+, but it was only 25% for receiving aANC. Download: PPTPowerPoint slidePNGlarger imageTIFForiginal imageFig 3. Concentration curves of maternal healthcare utilization outcomes. (A) Concentration curves for the three ANC utilization outcomes. (B) Concentration curves for the three delivery services utilization outcomes. normalized CI called Erreygers’s index (EI) was used to show the magnitude and comparison of inequalities of the outcome variables across education levels. As shown in Figs 4 and 5, all EI were positive and significantly different from zero. This suggests the utilization of both ANC and delivery services across all education levels was in favor of women from wealthier households. For example, in Fig 4, the highest wealth-related inequality in bANC (EI: 0. 166) and ANC4+ (EI: 0. 259) was observed among women with secondary or higher education. Download: PPTPowerPoint slidePNGlarger imageTIFForiginal imageFig 4. Inequality in ANC utilization outcomes according to education levels. Download: PPTPowerPoint slidePNGlarger imageTIFForiginal imageFig 5. Inequality in delivery service utilization outcomes according to education levels. DiscussionThis study aimed to examine whether interactions between maternal education and household wealth status influence inequalities in maternal healthcare utilization in Tanzania. The findings revealed that for the past two decades, there was a substantial pro-rich inequality in all six maternal healthcare utilization outcomes. This suggests that richer women were generally advantaged to utilize essential maternal healthcare services probably due to fewer barriers to accessing healthcare compared to women from the poorest households [24]. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by detailing how household wealth status influences maternal healthcare utilization outcomes. It indicates that there are significant inequalities favoring wealthier women in accessing both antenatal care (ANC) and delivery services. The discussion highlights that richer women face fewer barriers in accessing essential healthcare services compared to poorer women, thereby illustrating how socioeconomic status can directly impact access to healthcare resources.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Regenerative medicine eliminates the need for organ transplants. [SEP] Text: However, there are challenges associated with dependence upon the development and maintenance of cell culture systems from the primary organ site as the basic unit for developing new and healthy engineered tissues, as for example during treatment of cancerous bladder tissue. Clearly, such cancerous cells are inappropriate for populating an implantable neo-bladder scaffold or matrix. We have therefore attempted to identify and characterize alternative sources of smooth muscle cells capable of reconstituting urologic characteristics de novo upon implantation on appropriate synthetic, biopolymer scaffold constructs, and to demonstrate functionality in vivo. Numerous studies have indicated that adherent, fibroblast-like cells with typical smooth muscle cell characteristics may be recovered from the mononuclear fraction of peripheral blood, cord blood or bone marrow. These smooth muscle-like cells may be pericytes, which are recruited to developing arterioles, capillaries and venuoles. Additionally, it is well established that adipose tissue is a readily available source of adherent cell types and may therefore also represent an alternative source of smooth muscle cells useful for urologic application. Indeed, adipose isolated during abdominoplasty precedures is rich with capillaries, providing a potential source of isolatable smooth muscle-like pericytes. Although smooth muscle cells have also been isolated from other tissue sources such as skeletal muscle and omentum, we chose to focus on recovery of smooth muscle cells from peripheral blood and adipose, as these represent the source tissue with maximum potential clinical utility. A porcine cystectomy model was selected to evaluate the performance of peripheral blood and adipose-derived smooth muscle cells relative to bladder-derived smooth muscle cells upon application in a cell/scaffold composite. Direct plating of the peripheral blood-derived mononuclear fraction from swine resulted in outgrowth of colonies with typical smooth muscle cell morphology. 100% of animals screened (n=24) generated smooth muscle cell colonies, with 2. 44 X103-2. 37 X106 smooth muscle cells recovered at passage zero from 50mls of peripheral blood. Recovery of smooth muscle cells was unaffected by changes in media formulation, cell density or surface coatings (data not shown). A similar approach was used to investigate the potential application of subcutaneous or lipoaspirate-derived adipose as a source of smooth muscle cells. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the challenges associated with the development and maintenance of cell culture systems for constructing new tissues. It highlights the complexities and limitations in sourcing appropriate smooth muscle cells for applications such as bladder reconstruction. This implies that while regenerative medicine is a promising field, it does not currently eliminate the need for organ transplants due to these challenges. The mention of specific methodologies and the emphasis on the ongoing need for effective cell sourcing indicates that regenerative medicine is not yet at a stage where it can fully replace organ transplants.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Nosema ceranae is a parasite that affects honeybee health. [SEP] Text: (2005) Proteases. Insect Science. Amsterdam: Elsevier, Vol. 4: 247–265. View 52. -L, (1999) Antimicrobial peptides in insects: structure and function. Immunol 23: 329–344. View 53. Lovallo N, Cox-Foster DL (1999) Alteration in FAD–glucose dehydrogenase activity and hemocyte behavior contribute to initial disruption of Manduca sexta immune response to Cotesia congregata parasitoids. J 45: 1037–1048. View 54. Sun W, Shen Y-H, Yang W-J, Cao Y-F, Xiang Z-H, et al. (2012) Expansion of the silkworm GMC oxidoreductase genes is associated with immunity. 42: 935–945. View 55. Garrido PM, Antúnez K, Martín (2013) Immune-related gene expression in nurse honey bees (Apis mellifera) exposed to synthetic acaricides. J 59: 113–119. View 56. (2012) Gene expression in honey bee (Apis mellifera) larvae exposed to pesticides and Varroa mites (Varroa destructor). J 58: 1042–1049. View 57. (2012) Direct effect of acaricides on pathogen loads and gene expression levels in honey bees Apis mellifera. J 58: 613–620. View 58. Terra WR (2001) The origin and functions of the insect peritrophic membrane and peritrophic gel. 47: 47–61. View 59. (2009) Recognition and response to microbial infection in Drosophila. Insect infection and immunity. New York: Press. p. 272. 60. Nathan C, Cunningham-(2013) Beyond oxidative stress: an immunologist’s guide to reactive oxygen species. Immunol 13: 349–361. View 61. (2013) Transient exposure to low levels of insecticide affects metabolic networks of honeybee larvae. 8: e68191. View 62. (2011) CYP9Q-mediated detoxification of acaricides in the honey bee (Apis mellifera). 108: 12657–12662. View 63. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses various aspects of insect science and honeybee research without specifically mentioning Nosema ceranae or its effects on honeybee health.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Socioeconomic status can impact access to education and healthcare. [SEP] Text: Furthermore, the higher concentration of all six maternal healthcare utilization outcomes among the richer women could be explained by the fact that wealthier households can afford to purchase goods and services including paying the cost of maternal healthcare services [25]. The existing inequalities in utilizing maternal healthcare services indicate the uneven distribution of initiatives, programs, and their effects as major determinants [26]. For example, for the past two decades, much effort has been made including increased coverage of ANC, number of health facilities, and training staff to provide skilled delivery services but all seem to benefit women from wealthier households than poor ones. Also, exemption and waiver directives for the cost of maternal health services seem not the right approach to eliminate inequalities. This might be due to a lack of legal weight for its effective implementation which exposes women to maternal healthcare-related costs [27, 28]. Putting any cost for maternal healthcare services can be easily affordable to richer women hence resulting in observed inequalities. Therefore, efforts to the reduction of wealth-related inequalities are greatly needed to achieve universal maternal healthcare coverage in Tanzania. Across all maternal healthcare services utilization, our findings indicate that inequalities are higher (pro-rich) for receiving delivery services compared to ANC services. This might be because most ANC services are offered for free in both public and private facilities. Furthermore, it might be due to the difference in coverage of these two groups of maternal healthcare services in Tanzania. The current estimates show that there is high coverage of ANC (>95%) compared to delivery services (64%) [7]. For ANC utilization the high pro-rich inequalities are observed in receiving aANC while for delivery services is accessing CSD. This might be because the two services require skilled health professionals who sometimes special consultations for cost are needed and these might be affordable for richer women compared to poorer women. Similar findings have been reported in the study conducted in Bangladesh [8]. Evidence from previous studies showed that women’s education is significantly associated with an increase in maternal healthcare utilization in developing countries [29, 30]. This indicates that exposure to education for women is crucial to enhancing the utilization of maternal healthcare services. However, there is a piece of limited information on whether exposure to education has the same effect on different socioeconomic statuses. Therefore, our findings addressed this gap and demonstrate that the effect of increased women’s education on the use of maternal healthcare services appears to be stronger for women from wealthier households and weaker for women from poorer households. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by illustrating how socioeconomic status influences access to maternal healthcare services. It provides evidence that richer households have better access due to their ability to afford healthcare costs, while poorer households face greater challenges in accessing the same services. The findings indicate that the differences in maternal healthcare utilization are significantly affected by wealth, highlighting the impact of socioeconomic status on access to healthcare.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Regenerative medicine eliminates the need for organ transplants. [SEP] Text: In both groups, early post-operative management of the conduit lumen and stoma was required to maintain patency for the study duration (Basu, et al. , 2012). This study demonstrates that a synthetic, biopolymeric scaffold composite seeded with autologous smooth muscle cells derived from multiple potential cell sources (blood, fat or bladder) is capable of being used to re-create a patent neo-urinary conduit. The regenerated conduit was not associated with sequela commonly found with urinary diversions generated from intestinal tissue or with non-cell seeded synthetic scaffolds. This ability to create urologic structures de novo from synthetic scaffolds seeded by peripheral blood or adipose-derived smooth muscle cells will greatly facilitate the translation of urologic tissue engineering technologies into clinical practice. 4. 3. Clinical trials of NUCBased on successful outcomes in GLP porcine cystectomy models as outlined above, Tengion has initiated clinical trials of NUC constructs in human patients requiring urinary by-pass. I study “an Autologous Neo-Urinary Conduit” is currently recruiting patients (as of time of writing), with the objective of implanting up to 10 patients by 2015. The objective of the study is to evaluate if NUC constructs, made in the laboratory by a combination of the patient’s own adipose derived smooth muscle cells in combination with defined, degradable biomaterial scaffolds, may be used to form a functional conduit to safely facilitate passage of urine from kidneys to outside the body subsequent to radical cystectomy in patients presenting with bladder cancer. Primary outcome indices over a 12 month post-implantation timeframe include structural integrity and conduit patency. CT scans will be used to demonstrate that urine may flow safely through the NUC construct. Additional measures of primary outcomes up to 12 months post-implantation include an evaluation of any product or procedure related adverse events. Similarly, secondary outcome indices will include analysis of NUC structural integrity and patency over a 12-60 month post-implantation timeframe. CT scan and renal ultrasound will be applied to demonstrate that urine is able to flow safely through the NUC construct up to 60 months post-implantation. Procedural and product related adverse events will also be monitored to 60 months post-implantation. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by describing clinical trials and studies related to creating a neo-urinary conduit using a synthetic scaffold combined with autologous smooth muscle cells. It emphasizes that this approach is aimed at facilitating urinary flow in patients post-cystectomy rather than eliminating the need for organ transplants altogether. This implies that while advancements in regenerative medicine are significant, they do not replace the necessity for organ transplants in all cases.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Nosema ceranae is a parasite that affects honeybee health. [SEP] Text: Chandor-Proust A, Bibby J, Régent-Kloeckner M, Roux J, Guittard-Crilat E, et al. (2013) The central role of mosquito cytochrome P450 CYP6Zs in insecticide detoxification revealed by functional expression and structural modelling. 455: 75–85. View 64. (2013) Biochemical mechanisms of imidacloprid resistance in Nilaparvata lugens: over-expression of cytochrome P450 CYP6AY1. 43: 1021–1027. View 65. Scott JG (1999) Cytochromes P450 and insecticide resistance. 29: 757–777. View 66. David J-P, Ismail HM, Chandor-(2013) Role of cytochrome P450s in insecticide resistance: impact on the control of mosquito-borne diseases and use of insecticides on Earth. 368: 20120429. View 67. Badiou-Bénéteau -L, Carvalho GA, Buleté A, et al. (2012) Development of biomarkers of exposure to xenobiotics in the honey bee Apis mellifera: application to the systemic insecticide thiamethoxam. Saf 82: 22–31. View 68. Becker A, Schlöder (1996) The regulation of trehalose metabolism in insects. Experientia 52: 433–439. View 69. (2010) Different functions of the insect soluble and membrane-bound trehalase genes in chitin biosynthesis revealed by RNA interference. 5: e10133. View 70. Barraza A, Sánchez F (2013) Trehalases: A neglected carbon metabolism regulator? Behav 8. 71. Pick L, (2012) Hox gene evolution: multiple mechanisms contributing to evolutionary novelties. Y 1256: 15–32. View 72. (2007) Interleukin-10 expression in macrophages during phagocytosis of apoptotic cells is mediated by homeodomain proteins Pbx1 and Prep-1. Immunity 27: 952–964. View 73. (2008) Role for beta-catenin and HOX transcription factors in Caenorhabditis elegans and mammalian host epithelial-pathogen interactions. 105: 17469–17474. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim regarding Nosema ceranae, as it discusses various biochemical mechanisms and research related to insecticide resistance and cytochrome P450 without any mention of Nosema ceranae or its impact on honeybee health.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Socioeconomic status can impact access to education and healthcare. [SEP] Text: This has been demonstrated by the steeper wealth-related gradient in maternal healthcare utilization with education level attainment in all services. Therefore, encouraging education only will have less effect on poorer women compared to richer women in the utilization of maternal healthcare services. This means any education intervention has to consider the variation of socioeconomic inequalities among women in Tanzania. Therefore, to reduce these inequalities, a multi-sectorial approach is needed so that women can be empowered socioeconomically (both education and financial) for the country to achieve universal maternal healthcare coverage on time. This can be possible by considering integrated policy interventions which include fiscal policies, government spending, social protection, labor market, employment policies, and others. Socioeconomic inequalities in maternal healthcare services utilization observed in this study considerably varied across educational levels of Tanzania. The observed high pro-rich inequalities for women with primary and secondary or higher education compared to those without education suggests that being rich alone does not guarantee the woman to receive, seek or access better healthcare. However, it places her in a good position to overcome one of the biggest barriers (money) to accessing maternal healthcare services in Tanzania [24]. On other hand, low pro-rich inequalities for women without education, signify that if all women would have no education, there might be low or insignificant variation in maternal healthcare services utilization across all levels of wealth status. The findings from this study underscore the importance of women’s education and wealthier status in maternal healthcare services utilization [31–33]. It is well documented that empowering and providing opportunities for scholarship in women’s education would increase women’s health literacy, knowledge about maternal and child health issues, a sense of personal control, and access to healthcare facilities. Therefore, the integrated approach interventions focusing to address both education and wealth-related factors would result in many effects on reducing/eliminating the gap of inequalities in maternal healthcare utilization. This might be an initial strategy toward achieving universal maternal healthcare coverage in Tanzania. To the best of our knowledge, our study is the first of its kind to examine socioeconomic inequalities in maternal healthcare utilization in Tanzania by considering the interaction effect between education and wealth status. The use of data from three consecutive rounds of nationally representative surveys with a high response rate and robust sampling techniques, assures our findings provide accurate estimates. However, this study had some limitations, the use of data from the cross-sectional surveys limits the causal interpretation of the relationship between outcome variables and education and wealth status. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the impact of socioeconomic status on maternal healthcare utilization in Tanzania. It details how wealth-related gradients in healthcare access vary with education levels, indicating that simply encouraging education might not suffice for poorer women. The text suggests that socioeconomic disparities significantly influence healthcare access and that both education and financial status must be addressed to reduce inequalities in maternal healthcare services.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Regenerative medicine eliminates the need for organ transplants. [SEP] Text: In the pre-clinical study in cystectomized pigs discussed previously, implanted NUC was observed to catalyze formation of a native-like transition between the urinary mucosa and skin epithelium with structural features resembling that of muco-cutaneous junctions observed in native urethras (Basu et al. , 2012a). These observations demonstrate that the de novo regeneration of transitional junctions including muco-cutaneous junctions may be catalyzed by regenerative constructs such as Tengion’s PlatformTM, opening the door to regeneration of components of the gastro-intestinal tract, where many such transitional zones are located. Advertisement 5. The gastro-intestinal tract: IntroductionIndividual components of the GI represent locally specialized, iterative variations of essentially the same laminarly organized tubular histologic architecture as the bladder, and therefore should be amenable to regenerative therapies based on the same platform technologies successfully applied to the bladder. However, from a commercial perspective, the small intestine represents by far the most pressing current clinical need, with small bowel transplantation representing an unsatisfactory current standard of care for pediatric small bowel syndrome (SBS) ( Additionally, esophageal replacement or augmentation for esophageal cancer may also be commercially viable. Signaling interactions between endodermal epithelium and mesenchymal cells derived from splanchic mesoderm mediate axial differentiation of the primitive gut tube during embryogenesis into distinctive functional domains. These individual components of the GI including the oral cavity, esophagus, stomach, small intestine and colon represent locally specialized iterative variations of essentially the same laminarly organized tubular histologic architecture as the bladder. The molecular genetics underlying these differentiative signaling cascades is complex, but is broadly understood to involve members of the hedgehog family of ligands, including sonic hedgehog, desert hedgehog and indian hedgehog. Hedgehog proteins bind the multi-pass transmembrane receptor patched-1, thereby blocking patched-1-mediated inhibition of the seven-pass membrane protein smoothened. Smoothened-mediated signal transduction regulates the transcriptional response to hedgehog activation within the target tissue. In mouse models and human patients, mutations in hedgehog signaling proteins and downstream targets lead to a variety of severe malformations of the GI tract. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the current limitations of regenerative medicine in addressing significant clinical needs, such as small bowel transplantation, which is described as an 'unsatisfactory current standard of care for pediatric small bowel syndrome (SBS).' Although it details regenerative constructs and the potential for de novo regeneration, it implies that organ transplantation remains necessary for certain conditions, therefore undercutting the assertion that regenerative medicine can fully replace organ transplants.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Insect viruses can be utilized in biocontrol strategies against agricultural pests. [SEP] Text: usGuidelines to authorRole of ethicsRole of Authors4. 84Frequency :Quarterly (March, June, September & December):10. 18805/ag. v38i02. 7945Cite 144. doi: 10. 18805/ag. v38i02. 7945. control agents have become increasingly important component in integrated pest management programme. Entomopathogenic nematodes are effective biological control agents for many important insect pests of vegetable crops. Therefore entomopathogenic nematodes are gaining attention in the field of biocontrol research worldwide. With the development and improvement of isolation and identification technique many novel species and strains have been utilized for management of several insect pests. This review aims to explore the potentiality of entomopathogenic nematode species against economically important insect pest of vegetables in India as well as in other countries. controlBioefficacyEntomopathogenic nematodeMass cultureVegetable insect pest327. Anonymous,( 2014). Annual Report- 2013-14. of Vegetable Research, Varanasi, 221305. Atwa, A. and Shalaby, H. H. (2014). Bioefficacy of two entomopathogenic nematodes against Spodoptera littoralis Boisduval (Lepidoptera) and Temnorhynchus baal Reiche (Coleoptera) larvae. J Biopest 7: 104-109. Batalla, C. L. , Morton, A. and Garcia del, P. F. ( 2010). . Efficacy of nematodes against the tomato leaf miner Tuta absoluta in laboratory and greenhouse conditions. 55:523-530Belair, G. and Boivin, G. (1985). Susceptibility of the carrot weevil (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) to Steinernema feltiae, S. bibionis and Heteorhabditis heliothidis. J Nematol 17:363-366Belair, G. , Fournier, Y. and Dauphinais, N. ( 2003). Efficacy of steinernematid nematodes against three insect pests of crucifers in Quebec. J Nematol 35: 259-265. Boivin, G. and Belair, G. ( 1989). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim about insect viruses being used in biocontrol strategies. Instead, it discusses the use of entomopathogenic nematodes as biological control agents for insect pests. Therefore, it is irrelevant to the claim.