Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Some assert that brain implants could enhance intelligence beyond natural limits. [SEP] Text: Dans ce cas précis, on peut dire que la prothèse est intégrée au plus profond du corps, elle en fait totalement partie, et en un certain sens, les frontières de l’enveloppe corporelle se sont comme refermées sur elle. Elle fait partie intégrante du territoire corporel. Mais ce n’est pas toujours le cas, notamment lorsqu’on aborde la problématique des exoprothèses. En effet, celles-ci sont à l’extérieur du corps. Elles sont donc visibles en permanence. Et quand bien même on est en mesure de « maquiller » les prothèses par le biais d’un habillage couleur chair parfois très réaliste, une prothèse de jambe ou de bras ne sera jamais une jambe ou un bras, et si l’observateur extérieur ne s’en rend souvent pas compte, l’amputé appareillé, lui, n’est pas dupe. Le deuxième point concerne le fait qu’elles sont amovibles. Elles ne sont pas fixées de façon permanente au corps, et doivent être retirées régulièrement (durant la nuit, pendant la toilette, etc. ). Les frontières du corps sont alors sans cesse modifiées selon que la prothèse est portée ou non, et le corps passe successivement de « complet » à « incomplet » et de « valide » à « invalide ». [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text discusses the integration of prosthetic devices into the body and their implications for personal identity and corporeality. It does not address the claim regarding brain implants enhancing intelligence; instead, it focuses on the distinction between internal and external prostheses and how they affect the perception of body completeness. Therefore, it is irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Gene editing in plants can improve crop resistance to pests and diseases. [SEP] Text: MethodsConstruction of the synthetic cryIAb gene and bacterial strain. The cry1Ab gene under the control of the CaMV35S promoter and kanamycin resistance gene (npt-II) as a plant selectable marker under the NOS promoter were sub-cloned in the binary plasmid vector pBI121, designated as pBI121 cry1Ab has a 1845 bp fragment of the cry1Ab gene containing the intron of castor bean catalase-1 gene (190 bp) with a pair of synthetic linkers of BamHI site and the terminator of nopaline synthase gene (Fig. 1). The cry1Ab gene has been cloned and their nucleotide sequence was determined from Bacillus thuringiensis. The plasmid pBI121 cry1Ab was constructed by Prof. Dr. Hemaid I. A. Soliman from cloning the synthetic cry1Ab gene. The plasmid pBI121 cry1Ab were transformed into the A. tumefaciens strain LBA4404 and used for peach (L. ) transformation experiments. In vitro regeneration of peach (L. ) Leaves collected after on month from in vitro proliferating microshoots of peach (L. ) cv. Balady grown in Taif governorate, previously propagated by stem nodal sections on MS medium containing 2 mg L-1 Benzyle adenine (BA), 0. 2 mg L-1 indole3 butyric acid (IBA), 30 g l-1sucrose and 2. 5 g l-1phytagel as described by Soliman (2013). The MS medium was adjusted for pH 5. 8 and was autoclaved for 20 min at 121°C. All samples were incubated at 25 ± 2 ° C with a light period of 16 hrs (3240µmol m2s-1 intensity). The in vitro leaves were cut (5 mm length) and planted on two different media: MS (Murashig and Skoog 1962) and WPM (Lloyd and McCown 1980) containing different concentrations of 0. 5 - 4. 0 mg L-1 2,4-D in combination with 0. 25 - 3. 0 mg L-1 BAP or kinetin. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim as it describes the construction of a synthetic gene (cry1Ab) from Bacillus thuringiensis, which is commonly used in genetic engineering for pest resistance. The text implies that the transformation experiments involving peach are part of efforts to improve crop varieties, potentially increasing resistance to pests and diseases through gene editing techniques.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: The value of all cryptocurrencies is stable and unaffected by market changes. [SEP] Text: The results illustrated that (1) the MF-DCCA suggested that multifractality existed in the cross-correlations among the three hedging assets, and Bitcoin was more prone to price fluctuations than gold and crude oil markets. (2) The dynamic correlations between gold and crude oil markets were almost positive, whereas those between Bitcoin and gold and between Bitcoin and oil markets were nearly negative. Kang et al. (2019) utilized wavelet coherence and dynamic conditional correlations (DCCs) to analyze the hedging and diversification properties of Bitcoin prices in regard to gold futures. They examined whether the bubble patterns in gold futures prices could be utilized to hedge against the same behavior in the Bitcoin market in the short-term, and vice versa. They also examined whether each could be employed to manage and hedge the overall market and the sector downside risk of the other asset or commodity. The wavelet coherence results indicated a relatively high degree of comovement across the 8- to 16-week frequency band between Bitcoin and gold futures prices for the 2012–2015 time period. Noda (2020) investigated whether the market efficiency of selected cryptocurrencies (Bitcoin and Ethereum) changed over time based on the AMH. He measured the extent of market efficiency by applying a time-varying model that did not have any type of dependency upon sample size, unlike prior studies that utilized common approaches. The empirical findings indicated that (1) the extent of market efficiency fluctuated with time in the markets, (2) the level of Bitcoin’s market efficiency was higher than that of Ethereum over most of the periods, and (3) a market with high market liquidity was evolving. Generally, the findings supported the AMH for the most well-established cryptocurrency market. Tran and Leirvik (2020) applied a method to quantify the level of market efficiency, the so-called adjusted market inefficiency magnitude (AMIM; see Tran and Leirvik 2019). They showed that the level of market efficiency in the five largest cryptocurrencies was highly time-varying. Their study noted two reasons for this phenomenon. First, by applying a longer sample than previous studies and, second, by implementing a robust measure of efficiency, they were able to determine directly whether the efficiency was significant. They concluded that Litecoin was the most efficient cryptocurrency, and Ripple was the least efficient one. Tripathi et al. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by presenting evidence that Bitcoin exhibits price fluctuations, indicating that its value is not stable. It specifically mentions that Bitcoin is 'more prone to price fluctuations than gold and crude oil markets,' thereby refuting the notion that cryptocurrencies maintain stable values regardless of market changes.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Some assert that brain implants could enhance intelligence beyond natural limits. [SEP] Text: Cette situation rend le sentiment identitaire très instable, et sujet à de grandes variations (certains amputés sont ainsi très à l’aise avec leur corps lorsqu’ils portent leur prothèse, assumant totalement leur condition et n’hésitant pas à l’exhiber au grand jour, mais sont pourtant incapables de se montrer en public ou même de se regarder dans une glace lorsqu’ils ne la portent pas, car la douleur de leur corps mutilé redevient à ce moment une évidence à leurs yeux). Enfin, le dernier point relève du fait qu’elles sont difficilement compatibles avec le moignon. Elles sont souvent source de gêne et de douleurs, quand bien même elles sont parfaitement ajustées par les prothésistes (une prothèse est systématiquement faite sur-mesure, et est créée de sorte à s’accorder à l’anatomie du patient de façon optimale), car leur usage n’est pas anodin, il fatigue et abime le moignon, qui – en plus d’être une partie du corps particulièrement fragile – n’est pas fait pour supporter une utilisation trop intensive d’un tel objet. Son bon fonctionnement est bien souvent le fruit d’un effort (en plus de nécessiter un apprentissage long et intense), et même la meilleure prothèse est soumise à des limites, précisément parce qu’elle n’est pas le corps, elle en est une annexe mécanique imposée. Cependant, malgré tous les inconvénients liés à sa nature, ses bénéfices sont inestimables. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text discusses the challenges and complexities of prosthetics and identity but does not address brain implants or enhancements in intelligence at all. Thus, it is irrelevant to the claim regarding brain implants and cognitive enhancement.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Gene editing in plants can improve crop resistance to pests and diseases. [SEP] Text: Putative transformed adventitious microshoots was elongated on medium containing 0. 5 mg L-1 2iP after one month (Fig. 4a) and started to forming root using MS liquid medium supplemented with 100 mg L-1 myo-inositol, 30 g L-1 sucrose, 2. 0 mg L-1 IBA and 0. 5 mg L-1 NAA and 162 mg L-1 phloroglucinol at 26±2°C in complete dark for one week and then transferred into light condition for three weeks (Fig. 4 b-C). Acclimation protocol was successfully achieved highest percentage of survival transgenic peach plants (91%) as described by Soliman (2013) (Fig. 4d). Recently study proposed that the ability of explants from woody fruit species to regenerate shoots and efficiency protocols for Agrobacterium-mediated transformation remains a major impediment to genetic modification and gene editing technologies (Song et al. 2019; Orbović 2019). PCR detection of transformed peach plants Transformed peach plants were screened for the presence of the cry1Ab gene using PCR analysis with cry1Ab gene specific primers. The expected 2035 bp cry1Ab fragment was amplified only from genomic DNA isolated from the kanamycin resistant peach plants compared to non-transformed peach plants. The PCR has the potential to become a widespread tool to confirm the presence of a foreign gene such as Vis1 in tomato (Metwali et al. 2015), GmbZIP2 in soybean (Yang et al. 2020) and PpMYB10. 1 in peach (Xu et al. 2020) in transgenic plant tissues. In the current study out of 60 plants examined from kanamycin resistant peach regenerated plants only 17 gave positive results. This indicated the success of the process of transferring the cry1Ab gene through Agrobacterium-mediated transformation method with the rate of 28% as putative transgenic peach plants (Fig. 5). That rate of obtaining genetically modified plants is not constant and varies, and that may be due to a difference in type of explants, culture condition, PGR, genotypes, agrobacterium strain and plasmid type (Aisley et al. 2001; Wang et al. 2015). For peach, internodes (56. 8%), cotyledons (52. 7%), and embryonic axes (46. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the success of Agrobacterium-mediated transformation methods in creating transgenic peach plants. Specifically, it mentions the transfer of the cry1Ab gene, which is known for its pest resistance properties, into peach plants, indicating that gene editing can indeed enhance crop resistance. The text highlights the successful survival rate of transgenic plants and the potential of PCR to confirm the presence of the foreign genes, reinforcing the idea that gene editing technologies are effective in improving plant traits related to resistance.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: The value of all cryptocurrencies is stable and unaffected by market changes. [SEP] Text: (2020) investigated the AMH for 21 major global market indices for 1998–2018. They employed quantile-regression methodology to scrutinize the market efficiency of 16 financial markets. The findings showed that the returns in higher quantiles were negatively autocorrelated, and those in lower quantiles were positively autocorrelated. In general, market efficiency seemed to be time-varying and conditioned to the state of the market. Moreover, the analysis suggested significant evidence supporting the AMH for a considerable number of financial markets. Varghese and Madhavan (2020) investigated the long memory dynamics in crude oil markets from an AMH perspective. In doing so, they selected the three benchmark crude oils, namely, WTI, Brent, and Dubai crude prices, for a rolling Hurst exponent analysis. Their findings showed the WTI market to be the most efficient, followed by the Brent and Dubai markets. Furthermore, by applying an extensive dataset of more than 36 years, they realized crude oil markets to be efficient most of the time and to be interposed only with transitory and short-lived periods of market inefficiency. This study’s main contributions are as follows: First, we tested the AMH on benchmark cryptocurrencies and gold and WTI crude oil to analyze the return predictability of the data by employing well-known linear and nonlinear statistical techniques. These techniques could distinguish any time-varying serial dependence in the conditional mean, support an unidentified form of conditional heteroskedasticity, and confirm the fluctuating conduct of efficiency. Second, we implemented a "rolling sample" approach with different window lengths of time instead of an appointed event approach (which is usually faced with criticism). The remainder of this study is organized as follows: “Methodology” section cites the methodology of the study. “Data and summary statistics” section shows the data and relevant descriptive analysis. The analysis of the research results is given in “Analysis of the empirical results” section, and finally, “Conclusion” section concludes the study. MethodologyThe generalized spectral testThe GS test (Escanciano and Velasco 2006) is a nonparametric test used to detect the presence of linear and nonlinear dependencies in a stationary time series. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the findings of a study that suggests significant evidence supporting time-varying market efficiency in financial markets, including cryptocurrencies. It highlights that the analysis of benchmarks, including cryptocurrencies, indicates fluctuating conduct of efficiency and potential market inefficiencies. This implies that the value of cryptocurrencies can be affected by market dynamics, directly opposing the assertion of their stability.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Some assert that brain implants could enhance intelligence beyond natural limits. [SEP] Text: Elle permet au sujet appareillé de retrouver ce qui lui manquait : sa motricité (mais aussi ses fonctions sensorielles ou organiques dans le cas des prothèses auditives, visuelles, cardiaques, etc. ) et la totalité de ses frontières. Car même une prothèse non-fonctionnelle offre déjà un mieux-être à la personne qui en bénéficie. Les prothèses externes esthétiques en sont l’exemple-même. Prescrites dans la majorité des cas d’amputation du membre supérieur (les prothèses fonctionnelles de bras sont plutôt rares, la plupart des amputés préférant se servir de leur moignon pour les tâches quotidiennes – en tout cas, lorsque cela s’avère possible –, et ne se tournant vers la prothétique que dans un but de recouvrement esthétique de leur membre perdu), elles permettent au corps mutilé de retrouver une apparence « normale », c’est-à-dire complète. Et ce bienfait ne doit en aucun cas être sous-estimé. Car les frontières du corps sont également des frontières visibles, et grâce à ces prothèses le territoire endommagé retrouve une configuration proche de son état initial. Ainsi, si elle ne s’intègre pas toujours fonctionnellement, la prothèse peut au moins s’intégrer visuellement dans l’ensemble du paysage corporel, et rendre à celui-ci son intégrité aux yeux des observateurs extérieurs. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim regarding brain implants and enhancing intelligence. It discusses the benefits and functionalities of prosthetic devices in restoring motor and sensory functions to individuals, focusing on their aesthetic and functional integration rather than on enhancing cognitive abilities or intelligence.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Gene editing in plants can improve crop resistance to pests and diseases. [SEP] Text: 7%) had the highest transformation rates where hypocotyl was less competent for transformation (Padilla et al. 2006). Also, previous study indicated the efficiency of TDZ comparing to other PGR to enhance agrobacterium-mediated transformation in Petunia hybrid, it shortened the duration of intermodal bud regeneration, in addition to reducing the somaclonal variations in most of the regenerated buds (Thirukkumaran et al. 2009). RT-PCR and Northern blot analysis Seven randomly selected putative transgenic peach plants were used for RT-PCR analysis to confirm cry1Ab gene expression at transcript level. All seven transgenic plants showed the expected 1845 bp amplified fragment in RT-PCR with cry1Ab gene specific primers compared to non-transgenic peach plant (Fig. 6 a). Also, the results were showed that 190bp intron is removed by RNA splicing and gave 1845 bp amplified fragment in RT-PCR. Also, accumulation of mRNA for the introduced cry1Ab was determined in putative transgenic of peach plants using Northern blot analysis. The presence of a single 1845 bp band obtained after splicing of a 190 bp intron from the cry1Ab gene showed higher level of gene expression at the transcriptional level compared to non transgenic peach plants (Fig. 6 b). Cry1Ab protein detection in transgenic peach plants The expression of Cry1Ab protein was assayed in the peach (Prunus persica L. ) plants of PCR-positive transgenic plants via immune-strip test and insect bioassays. Immune-Strips assay Immune-Strips showed the band related to Cry1Ab protein in the peach transgenic plants. The control band appeared in transgenic and nontransgenic plants, but Cry1Ab protein bands just appeared in transgenic peach plant, but not appeared in the of non-transgenic peach plants (Fig. 7). The results indicated that high gene expression of Cry1Ab protein in transgenic peach plants. Insect bioassay Insect bioassay of transformed peach (Prunus persica L. ) plants with the Synanthedon exitiosa (peachtree borer) larvae’s was performed and the mortality was recorded every 24 hours for four days. Table 3 shows the mortality percentage of Cry1Ab toxin expressed in transgenic plants against Synanthedon exitiosa. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by providing evidence that transgenic peach plants expressing the cry1Ab gene demonstrate higher resistance to pests, specifically the Synanthedon exitiosa larvae. It describes the successful transformation of peach plants and the subsequent protein expression leading to insect bioassays which show significant mortality in larvae, indicating improved pest resistance as a direct result of the gene editing.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: The value of all cryptocurrencies is stable and unaffected by market changes. [SEP] Text: Second, we could compare the data and analyze market efficiency based on the two different methods (linear and nonlinear) mentioned in the study. Table 3 The number of observations that reject the null hypothesis for the corresponding test statisticFull size tableAccordingly, the following figures show each of the variables' behaviors in terms of market efficiency. Figure 1 expresses the variation in the number of observations,Footnote 3 and the results showed the market's inefficiency. As the figure reveals, some data, such as Bitcoin, Ripple, and WTI, moved along with the increasing window length toward an improved market efficiency situation. This phenomenon was evident in Bitcoin. For the other data (including Ethereum and gold), we found a declining trend in market efficiency, which was specifically noticeable as the study's time window increased from 100 to 150 days. Fig. 1Analyzing the behavior of market efficiency by AQ tests statistics at 5 percent significant levelFull size imageAs shown in Fig. 2, we examined the market's behavior at a 10% significance level. A review of the results in this case compared with the previous cases suggested that the gold and the Ethereum market conditions still deviated from the efficient state. This phenomenon was remarkable regarding the gold returns, whereas the market efficiency of Ethereum changed slowly with increasing window length. Bitcoin's behavior as the window length increased from 100 to 150 days indicated that the market was moving from the efficient condition, as this momentum decreased. Fig. 2Analyzing the behavior of market efficiency by AQ tests statistics at 10 percent significant levelFull size imageThe results shown in Fig. 3 refer to the number of observations that rejected the GS test's null hypothesis at a significance level of 5%. As can be understood from the plots, the results’ examination suggested that by increasing the time window length from 50 to 150 days, the market moved toward an inefficient condition (except for WTI). market took a more evident form. The number of observations that rejected the null hypothesis of the GS test increased from 89 in the 100-day window to 164 in 150-day mode; however, for three other data sets (i. e. , gold, Ripple, and Bitcoin), the changing pace among the various periods was small. Fig. 3Analyzing the behavior of market efficiency by GS tests statistics at 5 percent significant levelFull size imageFigure 4 illustrates the GS test's relevant results at a significance level of 10%. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the market behaviors of cryptocurrencies such as Bitcoin and Ethereum, highlighting that their market conditions show inefficiencies and are influenced by market changes over different time windows. Specifically, it notes that Bitcoin's market efficiency improved initially but then showed a declining trend, indicating instability rather than stability.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Some assert that brain implants could enhance intelligence beyond natural limits. [SEP] Text: Il est toutefois à noter que de façon générale, et quel que soit le type de prothèse dont on parle, l’intégration n’est jamais aussi efficace que lorsque l’amputé accepte de lui-même sa prothèse (à travers les bénéfices qu’elle lui procure) au sein de son corps et de sa vie. C’est parce que le sujet lui-même lui autorise l’accès à son territoire corporel qu’elle en devient réellement un membre à part entière. Dépasser les frontières initiales du corps Au-delà de cette visée de réparation et de restauration des frontières corporelles, de nouveaux usages prothétiques se mettent actuellement en place, répondant à une visée non plus thérapeutique, mais plutôt ludique, artistiques ou politique. Ces usages répondent à une évolution récente des approches et conceptions du corps. La vision occidentale du corps a en effet radicalement changé avec la montée en puissance de la science et de la technologie dans notre environnement (Le Breton, 1999). Et c’est dans ce cadre qu’émergent de nouvelles pratiques de modifications corporelles et des prothèses utilisées dans une perspective ludique et avec l’ambition d’augmenter les capacités corporelles. Face aux différentes façons de transformer le corps afin de le conformer à certains modèles admis (comme c’est le cas pour la chirurgie plastique et ses nombreuses prothèses esthétiques) ou à des fins réparatrices, de nouveaux usages du corps apparaissent. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses the integration of prosthetics into the body and the evolving uses of body modifications, without mentioning anything about brain implants or enhancing intelligence. It focuses on the acceptance and incorporation of prosthetics in a broader context rather than addressing the specific assertion regarding brain implants.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Gene editing in plants can improve crop resistance to pests and diseases. [SEP] Text: The results indicated that the LC50 value from Cry1Ab toxin protein from transformed peach plants were 300 ppm against the Synanthedon exitiosa larvae’s. The mortality percentage of Cry1Ab toxin expressed in transgenic peach plants against Synanthedon exitiosa was 100% with 1000 ppm compared to the other treatments; as they reached 30, 50, 60 and 80 % with 200, 400, 600 and 800 ppm from Cry1Ab toxin protein, respectively (Fig. 8). This data showed the high expression of cry1Ab gene in the transformed peach plant. In constructing plant expression vector pBI121-cry1Ab, the coding sequence of synthetic cry1Ab was fused to CaMV35S promoter and the polyadenylation signal of the octopine synthase gene as described by Soliman et al. (2017). The combination of 35S promoter and the castor bean catalase-1 intron has previously been demonstrated to confer high-level expression of foreign genes in transgenic plants (Tanaka et al. , 1990). The stable integration of the cry1Ab gene, presence or absence of specific transcript and accumulation of mRNA was assured in plants using the RT-PCR and Southern blot analysis (Salehian et al. 2021). The copy number determination of transgenes in transgenic plants is important due to the effect of the copy number on the gene expression level and genetic stability. In our study highest gene expression of Cry1Ab protein in transgenic peach plants level was detected, however, this high rate is not necessarily expected in other experiments, as Ramirez-Romero et al. (2008) indicated that the Variability and significant differences of Cry1Ab levels seems to occur related with the type of plant tissue, development stage and physiological conditions of transgenic plants. Our results in this study indicated the importance of Northern plot and Immune-Strips as of molecular analyzes to confirm the stability of crystal protein gene into transgenic peach genome. This result is in agreement with (Chen and Wu 2012). In our experiment a positive correlation between pest resistance and the mortality percentage of Cry1Ab toxin was detected. Kumar et al. (2010) showed that bioassay method and mortality were effective in identifying lines with intermediate to significant resistance against pest attack used. The interest in producing GMO from peaches cloning with Cry1Ab gene is an important scientific development, where Rahnama et al. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by presenting evidence that the Cry1Ab toxin expressed in transgenic peach plants significantly increased mortality rates in the pest Synanthedon exitiosa. The mention of a 100% mortality rate at 1000 ppm demonstrates that gene editing yields high levels of disease and pest resistance in crops. Additionally, it discusses the correlation between pest resistance and mortality percentage, reinforcing the idea that gene editing can indeed enhance crop resistance.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: The value of all cryptocurrencies is stable and unaffected by market changes. [SEP] Text: The behavior of the market varied over two different periods (50–100 and 100–150 days) and pertained to two series of data (gold and Bitcoin). Therefore, in the period from 50 to 100 days, we found the related market distances from the efficient condition. With an increase in the time window from 100 to 150 days, however, the situation slightly improved. Ethereum, in this case, as before, also encountered a reduction in its market efficiency. Fig. 4Analyzing the behavior of market efficiency by GS tests statistics at 10 percent significant levelFull size imageAnalysis of the evolving behavior of market efficiencyThis section evaluated the study results based on the two different methods (AQ and GS test statistics). The results were investigated in various time windows (50–150 days) to measure the degree of conformity of these results with the AMH. Additionally, by comparing the results of each study's data, we can better understand the relevance of the relationship between markets and their alignment. The evolutionary behavior of the data with respect to market efficiency and in different periods has been studied based on this idea. We first analyzed the results based on the AQ method. Evaluation of the results based on the AQ methodBitcoinFigures 5, 6 and 7 examine the changing p values over the three different periods. As shown in Fig. 5, the market efficiency of Bitcoin was evolving (over the 50-day window), and by looking carefully at the initial and the last observations, this phenomenon was noticeably visible. In previous observations, we detected that the level of market inefficiency was significant. Fig. 5The evolving p values of AQ test statistic checked for the Bitcoin (BTC) in 50-day window lengthFull size imageFig. 6The evolving p values of the AQ test statistic checked for the Bitcoin (BTC) in 100-day window lengthFull size imageFig. 7The evolving p values of the AQ test statistic checked for Bitcoin (BTC) in 150-day window lengthFull size imageEthereumThe evolutionary behavior of the market efficiency of Ethereum was visible. As shown in Fig. 8, the market experienced an oscillatory trend in terms of efficiency (inefficiency), and this iterative trend was visible in all observations. In 100- and 150-day intervals (Figs. 9, 10), this trend was apparent in the last observations, and as shown in Fig. 10, the market remained inefficient within the 150-day window. Fig. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by describing the behavior of market efficiency for Bitcoin and Ethereum, indicating that their market values are not stable. It notes significant levels of market inefficiency and oscillatory trends over various time periods, demonstrating that the market for these cryptocurrencies is affected by changes over time.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Some assert that brain implants could enhance intelligence beyond natural limits. [SEP] Text: Ils s’inscrivent dans une démarche volontaire et expérimentale ayant pour conséquence la création de nouveaux dispositifs qui peuvent être ajoutés au corps. Ces nouvelles formes de modification corporelle s’appuient sur le déploiement de nouvelles technologies très avancées, notamment la biomédecine, et modèlent une vision futuriste du corps technologiquement transformé, vision déjà au cœur des productions culturelles contemporaines cyberpunk. Il existe à ce jour un grand nombre d’artistes dont la posture vis-à-vis des composants technologiques externes – ou d’interaction – semble particulièrement significative dans le cadre de l’exploration des possibilités inédites du corps. L’artiste Stelarc par exemple, basé en Australie, intègre des thèmes liés à l’interface homme-machine dans ses œuvres. Un de ses travaux les plus représentatifs, intitulé « Ear on Arm », implique l’ingénierie d’une prothèse souple constituée en partie de sa propre peau, ayant le format d’une oreille, et dans laquelle il a installé un microphone miniature avant de la fixer chirurgicalement sur son avant-bras, afin de pouvoir « entendre par le bras ». L’un de ses autres projets liés à l’augmentation du corps fut la création d’une main humaine mécanique – et fonctionnelle – qui a été attachée à son bras droit (projet intitulé « »). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is largely irrelevant to the claim as it discusses various aspects of bodily modification and technological enhancements, particularly in the context of art and culture, without specifically addressing the enhancement of intelligence through brain implants.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Gene editing in plants can improve crop resistance to pests and diseases. [SEP] Text: (2017) pointed out that the consumption of GMP food carrying Cry1Ab had no effect on the growth rate, and general health status of the rats. ConclusionPeach (L. ) is an important deciduous fruit tree that is widely cultivated in the world. Peach is susceptible to many pests such as insects, virus, mites and borers which limit peach production. Modern methods of tissue culture and regeneration from in vitro leaves via indirect somatic embryogenesis using the method of genetic transfer are useful technique to impart the desired characteristics of peach plants. In this study, genetically peach modified with cry1Ab gene that has inserted into peach genome by Agrobacterium, showed results are resistance to Synanthedon exitiosa larvae’s. Various molecular analyzes confirmed that CryIAb toxin protein is stable integrated into peach genome. This paper is the first to have successfully used the Bt-cry1Ab gene to produce genetically modified peach plants targeted to improve agricultural efficiency and product quality by acquisition of insect borer's resistance particularly the peach tree borer. These transgenic peach plants could be produced commercially in the future and cultivated to increase the productivity of peach fruits. AbbreviationsBA: 6-Benzyladenine; bp: Base pairs; Cry: Crystal protein; IAA: Indole-3-acetic acid; IBA: Indole-3-butyric acid; 2iP: N-6-(Δ2-isopentenyl) adenine, Kn: kinetin, TDZ: Thiadiazuron (N-phenyl-N-1,2,3,-thiadiasol-5-ylurea); 2,4-D: 2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic acid; WPM: Woody plant medium; MS: Murashige and Skoog’s medium; nptII: Neomycin phosphotransferase; PCR: Polymerase chain reaction; RT-PCR: Reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction. Declarationsauthors are thankful to the Tissue culture and Biotechnology Labs. ,. Author contributions planned the whole work, performed the tissue culture experiments, helped in write up and designed the figures and tables. analyzed data, helped in write up, participated in the discussion results, contribution in the statistical analysis, reviewed several draft of the manuscript. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by detailing a study where genetically modified peach plants containing the Cry1Ab gene demonstrated resistance to peach tree borers, a significant pest that limits production. It describes the methods used for gene transfer and confirms the stability of the Cry1Ab protein integrated into the peach genome. This aligns directly with the claim of gene editing improving crop resistance to pests.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: The value of all cryptocurrencies is stable and unaffected by market changes. [SEP] Text: 8The evolving p values of the AQ test statistic checked for Ethereum (ETH) in 50-day window lengthFull size imageFig. 9The evolving p values of the AQ test statistic checked for Ethereum (ETH) in 100-day window lengthFull size imageFig. 10The evolving p values of the AQ test statistic checked for the Ethereum (ETH) in 150-day window lengthFull size imageRippleWith precise attention given to the behavior of Ripple's data shown in Fig. 11, it can be seen that in the 50 days, the market efficiency experienced a notable fluctuation, which was more visible in the movement of early observations. By shifting to longer time intervals (Figs. 12, 13), it was evident that the level of the market efficiency improved so that the condition of the marketFootnote 4 changed from a relatively inefficient state to an efficient state in the initial observations. As shown in Fig. 13, the market fluctuated between efficient and inefficient conditions, and ultimately, in a dampening process, it moved toward an inefficient state. Fig. 11The evolving p values of the AQ test statistic checked for the Ripple (XRP) in 50-day window lengthFull size imageFig. 12The evolving p values of the AQ test statistic checked for the Ripple (XRP) in 100-day window lengthFull size imageFig. 13The evolving p values of the AQ test statistic checked for the Ripple (XRP) in 150-day window lengthFull size imageGoldBy examining the results obtained for gold, we found that by increasing the length of the time window, a definite pattern in the p values emerged, which is shown in the Figs. 14, 15 and 16. By increasing the time window (from 50 to 150 days), this behavior can be observed as a W-shaped pattern. This form of behavior was traceable from the initial values of observations to the middle values that became highly volatile in this stage and then again repeated the same pattern as in the first phase (i. e. , pattern of the p values formed a W shape). In this situation, however, the period that the market remained in an inefficient state and then moved into more efficient states was more extended, which is visible in Fig. 16. Fig. 14The evolving p values of the AQ test statistic checked for the Gold in 50-day window lengthFull size imageFig. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by indicating that the market efficiency of cryptocurrencies, specifically Ethereum and Ripple, experienced notable fluctuations over different time intervals. It discusses how the market fluctuated between efficient and inefficient states, contradicting the notion of stability in cryptocurrency values. For instance, the response mentions that there were 'notable fluctuations' in the market efficiency observed for Ripple and that ultimately, it moved toward an inefficient state, demonstrating that cryptocurrency values can be affected by market changes.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Some assert that brain implants could enhance intelligence beyond natural limits. [SEP] Text: La caractéristique commune de la plupart de ses projets concerne la conception de la prothèse non comme un signe de manque, mais comme une augmentation de l’organisme. Des travaux similaires ont également été entrepris par la « body artist » française Orlan. Dans les années quatre-vingt, elle a créé un projet appelé « La réincarnation de » qui consistait en une série de neuf opérations chirurgicales afin de redessiner son visage avec des caractéristiques de femmes de l’art de la Renaissance (en se faisant notamment implanter d’étonnantes prothèses sur les tempes). Toutes les chirurgies ont été effectuées en direct en public. Son projet le plus récent s’appelle « Self-hybridization », dans lequel elle utilise un logiciel informatique pour projeter numériquement son propre visage sur des photos de différentes personnes d’origines ethniques diverses, dans le but de critiquer les préjugés culturels et raciaux. Dans le cadre de la modification corporelle extrême, nous pouvons citer l’artiste et « performer » français Lukas Zpira. Il affirme être le premier modificateur du corps et artiste à avoir implanté une puce R. F. I. D ou « Radio-» sous la peau. Il a par ailleurs travaillé sur le projet M. A. T. S. I ou « Interface ». La procédure consiste en une implantation de plaques de titane conçues pour remplacer des parties du corps, et pour servir de réceptacles à divers composants. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses body modification through surgical procedures and implants, specifically focusing on artistic practices rather than any assertion about improving intelligence through brain implants.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Gene editing in plants can improve crop resistance to pests and diseases. [SEP] Text: Sensors 12:11684–11696 (1998) Agrobacterium-transformed rice plants expressing synthetic cry1Ab and cry1Ac genes are highly toxic to striped stem borer and yellow stem borer. 95:2767–2772. (1990) Kanamycin sensitivity of cultured tissues of Vitis. Rep 9: 237-240. (2015) Medicago truncatula transformation using leaf explants. Protocols (88. Declerck V, Korban SS (1996) Influence of growth regulators and carbon sources on callus induction, growth and morphogenesis from leaf tissues of peach (Prunus persica L. Batsch). J 71: 49-55. Dulmage HT (1971) Production of delta-endotoxin by 18 isolates of Bacillus thuringiensis, serotype 3, in 3 fermentation media. J 18:353–58. (1971) A proposed standardized bioassay for formulations of Bacillus thuringiensis based on the international unit. J 18: 240-245 (2005) Effects of Bt maize expressing Cry1Ab and Bt spray on Spodoptera littoralis. Entomological Society, 114: 161–169 (2005) Effects of Bt maize expressing Cry1Ab and Bt spray on Spodoptera littoralis. App 114: 161-169. El-(2020) Characterization, cloning, expression and bioassay of vip3 gene isolated from an thuringiensis against whiteflies. 27:1363-1367. (2004) Plant–insect interactions: molecular approaches to insect resistance. Biotechnol 15:155-161. Food and (2020) (2003) Adventitious shoot regeneration for Agrobacterium-mediated transformation in Prunus. 616:331–333 (2002) Adventitious shoot regeneration in peach (Prunus persica L. Bastsch). Rep 20: 1011-1016 Gomez I, Sanchez J, Munoz-garay (2014) Bacillus thuringiensis Cry1A toxins are versatile proteins with multiple modes of action: two distinct pre-pores are involved in toxicity. 459:383–396 Hofte H, Whiteley HR (1989) Insecticidal crystal proteins of Bacillus thuringiensis. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by providing examples of gene editing and transformation techniques, particularly through Agrobacterium-transformed rice plants expressing synthetic cry1Ab and cry1Ac genes, which are cited as being highly toxic to specific pests. This indicates that gene editing can enhance crop resistance to pests, supporting the notion that such biotechnological approaches improve agricultural resilience.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: The value of all cryptocurrencies is stable and unaffected by market changes. [SEP] Text: 15The evolving p values of the AQ test statistic checked for the Gold in 100-day window lengthFull size imageFig. 16The evolving p values of the AQ test statistic checked for the Gold in 150-day window lengthFull size imageWTIAs time intervals increased (Figs. 17, 18, 19), the market behavior changed from the central part of the observations. The market inefficiency emerged mainly in the middle section of the observations, accompanied by excessive fluctuations (see Fig. 19). Moreover, the last part of the observations pointed to the market's movement toward the inefficient state, which is consistent with most of the other research data results. Fig. 17The evolving p values of the AQ test statistic checked for the WTI in 50-day window lengthFull size imageFig. 18The evolving p values of the AQ test statistic checked for the WTI in 100-day window lengthFull size imageFig. 19The evolving p values of the AQ test statistic checked for the WTI in 150-day window lengthFull size imageEvaluation of the results based on the GS methodIn the previous section, we examined the adaptive behavior of the study's data in terms of the AMH based on a linear method (AQ test). We next evaluated this concept by applying a nonlinear method (GS test). Accordingly, we investigated the behavior of the data over time and in the form of different window lengths (50, 100, and 150 days). Furthermore, we evaluated the sequence of the p values of the relevant test statistic, which indicated changes in the level of market efficiency. The following sections provide an analysis of the results related to each set of data. BitcoinBy contemplating p values, we verified the high degree of adaptation of the results with the AMH concept. Therefore, we witnessed a particular behavior in the marketFootnote 5 through the slowdown of inefficiency over time and a rolling back toward a more efficient state. This behavior was detectable over the entire length of the observations. The intensity of the market swing was higher at some times, which is visible in Fig. 20. In addition, by increasing the window range, we found that the number of observations that led to the rejection of the test's null hypothesis decreased, and somehow, the market conditions moved toward a more efficient state. This feature is well illustrated by comparing Figs. 20, 21 and 22. Fig. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the market's movement toward inefficiency and highlighting fluctuations in market behavior. It mentions that 'the intensity of the market swing was higher at some times', indicating that cryptocurrencies are affected by market changes and do not maintain stable values.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Some assert that brain implants could enhance intelligence beyond natural limits. [SEP] Text: Aux États-Unis, nous trouvons également le modificateur corporel Steve Haworth, qui se définit comme un artiste 3D et évolutionniste humain. Il est devenu célèbre pour la popularisation des implants sous-cutanés et transdermiques, les implants magnétiques8, en plus de la fabrication de bijoux et d’outils pour la modification corporelle. Les exemples similaires ne sont pas rares. Cyborg, un artiste et modificateur corporel finlandais a eu une grande influence dans la conception de techniques de pointe pour diverses interventions extrêmes. Nous citerons, le « Flesh Stapling9 » et deux autres prototypes, l’implant LED et l’implant génital vibrant. Une autre mention importante concerne le Warwick, professeur de cybernétique à l’université de Reading, en Angleterre, et créateur du « ». Il s’autoproclame le premier cyborg de l’histoire, après avoir implanté une puce de type R. F. I. D sur son avant-bras. Cet implant lui a permis d’être reconnu dans certains environnements technologiques et de contrôler l’équipement de son lieu de travail. Les autres phases de son projet consistent en l’implantation d’une grille de vignettes avec une centaine d’électrodes connectées au nerf médian de son bras, lui permettant de gérer des périphériques distants de façon élargie. Dans la lignée du professeur Warwick, citons l’expérience d’Amal Graafstra, un entrepreneur nord-américain passionné de technologie. Lui aussi a implanté des dispositifs électroniques de type R. F. I. D sous sa peau. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim about brain implants enhancing intelligence beyond natural limits. It instead discusses various types of body modifications and implants made by specific individuals, such as Steve Haworth and Professor Warwick, focusing on their experiences and innovations rather than any implications of mental enhancement.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Gene editing in plants can improve crop resistance to pests and diseases. [SEP] Text: Bt-maize effects on biological parameters of the non-target aphid Sitobion avenae (Homoptera: Aphididae) and Cry1Ab toxin detection. Physiol 91:110-115. (2003) Genetic engineering of crop plants for insect resistance. 84:321-329. (1987) Biochemical evidence for resistance of rootstocks to the peachtree borer and species separation of peachtree borer and lesser peachtree borer (Lepidoptera: Sesiidae) on peach trees. J 80: 338-343. -Catarina C, (2021) Pretreatment free of 2, 4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid improves the differentiation of sugarcane somatic embryos by affecting the hormonal balance and the accumulation of reserves. Cult 145:101-115 (2020) Regeneration from of the Hansen 536. Plants 9: 755 -Jimenez M, (2020) in Peach (Prunus persica L. ): Challenges and Ways Forward. Plants 9:971 (2019) Comparison of regeneration capacity and Agrobacterium-mediated cell transformation efficiency of different cultivars and rootstocks of Vitis spp. via organogenesis. 9:1-10. (2019) the Regeneration, via Organogenesis, and the Selection of in the Hansen 536 (Prunus persica × Prunus amygdalus) to Express an RNagainst PPV Virus. Plants 8:178. and (2021) Constitutive expression of a synthetic cry1Ab gene confers resistance to potato tuber moth (Phthorimaea operculella Zeller) larva. 21(1):1-9. (2014) Adventitious shoot regeneration from in vitro cultured leaf explants of peach rootstock Guardianfi is significantly enhanced by silver thiosulfate. Cult 120:757–765. (1998) Bacillus thuringiensis and its pesticidal crystal proteins. 62:775-806. Shapiro-(2009) A novel approach to biological control with entomopathogenic nematodes: Prophylactic control of the peach tree borer, Synanthedon exitiosa. 48: 259-263. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by detailing various instances of genetic engineering and its effects on crop resistance. Specifically, it mentions 'Constitutive expression of a synthetic cry1Ab gene confers resistance to potato tuber moth (Phthorimaea operculella Zeller) larva,' which directly supports the assertion that gene editing can enhance pest resistance in plants.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: The value of all cryptocurrencies is stable and unaffected by market changes. [SEP] Text: 20The evolving p values of the GS test statistic checked for the Bitcoin (BTC) in 50-day window lengthFull size imageFig. 21The evolving p values of the GS test statistic checked for the Bitcoin (BTC) in 100-day window lengthFull size imageFig. 22The evolving p values of the GS test statistic checked for the Bitcoin (BTC) in 150-day window lengthFull size imageEthereumAn examination of the results for Ethereum concerning the GS test statistics (Figs. 23, 24, 25) indicated that, despite the verification of the AMH, the direction of market movement tended toward an inefficient state, primarily by increasing the length of the time window. We witnessed a situation in the 150-day time window (particularly in the early and middle of the observations) in which the market was sustained in its existing condition, and the intensity of the changing market direction was diminished. Fig. 23The evolving p values of the GS test statistic checked for the Ethereum (ETH) in 50-day window lengthFull size imageFig. 24The evolving p values of the GS test statistic checked for the Ethereum (ETH) in 100-day window lengthFull size imageFig. 25The evolving p values of the GS test statistic checked for the Ethereum (ETH) in 150-day window lengthFull size imageRippleThe obtained results for the p values of Ripple (Figs. 26, 27, 28) showed that an increase in the length of the study's time window did not have a considerable effect on the changing behavior in the market in terms of efficiency. Nevertheless, we still observed an evolutionary manner in the results, which confirmed the concept of AMH. Fig. 26The evolving p values of the GS test statistic checked for the Ripple (XRP) in 50-day window lengthFull size imageFig. 27The evolving p values of the GS test statistic checked for the Ripple (XRP) in 100-day window lengthFull size imageFig. 28The evolving p values of the GS test statistic checked for the Ripple (XRP) in 150-day window lengthFull size imageGoldA review of the data for gold suggested that the changing market directions, from moving toward an efficient state or moving away from it, could be understood by separating the observations into three distinct parts. As shown in Figs. 29, 30 and 31, p values declined, and once again, an increasing trend initiated and then descended. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the variability in the market directions and efficiencies of different cryptocurrencies including Bitcoin, Ethereum, and Ripple. It describes how the market movement tends toward an inefficient state and that the condition of the market is not stable, as evidenced by varying p values and changing behaviors over time, indicating that the value of cryptocurrencies is indeed affected by market changes.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Some assert that brain implants could enhance intelligence beyond natural limits. [SEP] Text: Toutefois, cette démarche ne se réduit pas à une expérience scientifique, sa motivation étant la volonté de changer son propre corps à travers l’auto-développement d’une technologie fonctionnelle. Pour avancer dans cette direction, Graafstra a publié un livre sur les RFID Toys, dans lequel il décrit la façon d’utiliser ce type de technologie chez soi pour faciliter la vie quotidienne. L’utilisation des technologies et ses applications en dehors des limites de la formation disciplinaire médicale et académique sont présentées comme une forme subversive d’auto-émancipation par certains praticiens. Cependant le discours dominant sur la modification du corps qui émane de leurs débats est marqué par l’accent libéral lié au choix individuel et la liberté personnelle de personnaliser son propre corps selon ses désirs et besoins. L’autre particularité de ces nouvelles modifications relève de leur non-institutionnalisation et de leur réalisation par de nouveaux « spécialistes du corps ». Ce sont des artisans et bricoleurs de la chair qui explorent les perspectives imaginaires de la science-fiction et qui n’ont a priori aucun but réparateur ou thérapeutique. Selon Liotard, « ces transformations corporelles se font comme ça, pour le plaisir, pour le fun, pour soi, avec sans doute un même axe directeur : échapper aux déterminismes sociaux, ne pas succomber aux normes sociales » (2003, p. 13). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not directly address the claim about brain implants enhancing intelligence. Instead, it discusses the broader context of body modification and self-empowerment through technology, particularly focusing on RFID technology. There is no mention of brain implants or intelligence enhancement, making it irrelevant to the specific claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Gene editing in plants can improve crop resistance to pests and diseases. [SEP] Text: Shapiro-(2015) Field suppression of the peachtree borer, Synanthedon exitiosa, using Steinernema carpocapsae: Effects of irrigation, a sprayable gel and application method. 82:7-12. (1983) A general method for the transfer of cloned genes to plant cells. Gene 23:315-330. (2019) Agrobacterium-of Plum cv. “Startovaya” (Prunus domestica L. ) With Virus-to PPV Infection in Mature Plants. 10:286. (2017) A non-antibiotic selection strategy uses the phosphomannose-isomerase (PMI) gene and green fluorescent protein (GFP) gene for Agrobacterium-mediated transformation of Prunus domestica L. leaf explants. Cult 128:197–209 Soliman HI (2013) In vitro regeneration and genetic transformation of peach (Prunus persica L. ) plants. J 10: 487-496. Soliman HI, Abo-El-Hasan F, El-seedy A S and M (2017). Agrobacterium-mediated transformation and regeneration of transgenic tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill. ) plants using a synthetic cry1Ab gene for enhanced resistance against Tuta absoluta (Meyrick). J 7 (1): 67-74. (2019) Agrobacterium-mediated transformation of tree fruit crops: methods, progress, and challenges. Sci 10:226. (2005) Optimizing shoot regeneration and transient expression factors for Agrobacterium tumefaciens transformation of sour cherry (Prunus cerasus L. ) cultivar Montmorency. 106:6 (2011) Production of peach grafts under hydroponic conditions. Ciência e Agrotecnologia 35: 322-326. (1997) Principles and procedures of statistics a biometrical approach 3rd ed. McBook Co. Inc. , New York, USA. (1960) Principles and procedures of statistics. Principles and procedures of statistics. (1990) Field development of resistance to Bacillus thuringiensis in diamondback moth (Lepidoptera: Plutellidae). J 83:1671-1676. . and Nakamura K. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text supports the claim by mentioning various studies and methods that utilize gene editing and transformation techniques, particularly focusing on enhanced resistance in plants. For instance, it references 'Agrobacterium-mediated transformation and regeneration of transgenic tomato plants using a synthetic cry1Ab gene for enhanced resistance against Tuta absoluta,' indicating that gene editing contributes to increased pest resistance.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: The value of all cryptocurrencies is stable and unaffected by market changes. [SEP] Text: This behavior confirmed the concept of AMH, which was visible in the form of the 150-day window. Fig. 29The evolving p values of the GS test statistic checked for the Gold in 50-day window lengthFull size imageFig. 30The evolving p values of the GS test statistic checked for the Gold in 100-day window lengthFull size imageFig. 31The evolving p values of the GS test statistic checked for the Gold in 150-day window lengthFull size imageWTIThe observed results for WTI (Figs. 32, 33, 34) in many cases were similar to the results for gold. This behavior was visible in the market's changing direction from the efficient to inefficient state and vice versa. Altering the time window did not influence the overall market situation in terms of efficiency. Note that the results in “Analysis of the empirical results” section, in which the number of p values that rejected the null hypothesis was computed, confirmed this finding. Fig. 32The evolving p values of the GS test statistic checked for the WTI in 50-day window lengthFull size imageFig. 33The evolving p values of the GS test statistic checked for the WTI in 100-day window lengthFull size imageFig. 34The evolving p values of the GS test statistic checked for the WTI in 150-day window lengthFull size imageConclusionThis study scrutinized the evolving efficiency by utilizing daily historical data for the three benchmark cryptocurrencies (Bitcoin, Ethereum, and Ripple), gold, and WTI crude oil. To assess any variation in market efficiency and check the market's evolving behavior over time, we applied a rolling-sample technique with diverse window lengths that was consistent with AMH implications. We applied two alternative tests to examine linear and nonlinear dependency, which included AQ and GS. We analyzed the obtained results from two aspects: First, we focused on each market's overall condition in terms of efficiency and degree of conformity with the AMH. Second, we examined the evolving behavior of each market by moving toward longer window lengths (e. g. , from 50 to 150 days). Considering these results, the observed behavior in all markets indicated verification of the AMH, but the degree of adaptability of the data was different. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the evolving efficiency and behavior of cryptocurrencies in response to historical data analysis. It highlights how market conditions can shift between efficient and inefficient states, implying that the value of cryptocurrencies is not stable and is indeed affected by market changes, as demonstrated in the analysis of Bitcoin, Ethereum, and Ripple.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Some assert that brain implants could enhance intelligence beyond natural limits. [SEP] Text: Bien que ces personnes aient des raisons très distinctes de s’engager dans leur démarche de modifications du corps, ils ont pour autant ont la même quête, c’est-à-dire, travailler le caractère fonctionnel de leur corps à travers des expériences associées à la technologie. Toutes ces transformations du corps par les implants provoquent et questionnent les croyances normatives de longue date sur ce que le corps fait, ce à quoi il devrait ressembler et comment il devrait se comporter. Nature, science et technologie, corps intérieur et extérieur s’entrelacent et donnent naissance à des formes inédites et inattendues. Non seulement les limites du corps sont repoussées, mais les définitions même de nature et de culture se voient contestées. Observer les usages des prothèses et implants pour comprendre les nouvelles pensées du corps Nous avons longuement illustré la façon dont notre corps possède des frontières flexibles et perméables, par le biais d’un passage en revue des différents aspects et approches des pratiques de modifications corporelles à travers l’usage d’objets technologiques (notamment par l’insertion de ces derniers dans le corps). Ce développement « panoramique » a surtout pour but de montrer combien les objets intégrés que sont les prothèses et les implants sont en mesure de nous donner à penser sur le corps. Dans le contexte contemporain, ils sont même probablement l’une des manifestations et l’un des « outils à penser » les plus éloquents de cette évolution fulgurante du rapport au corps qui modèle notre société actuelle. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses body modifications and the implications of implants and prosthetics on the perception of the body without directly addressing the enhancement of intelligence or brain implants specifically.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Gene editing in plants can improve crop resistance to pests and diseases. [SEP] Text: (1990) Enhancement of foreign gene expression by a dicot intron in Rice but not in tobacco is correlated with an increased level of mRNA and an efficient splicing of the intron. Res 18, 6767-6770. (2009) Thidiazuron: an efficient plant growth regulator for enhancing Agrobacterium-mediated transformation in Petunia hybrida. Cult 99:109-115 (2002) Genetic mapping of the evergrowing gene in peach [Prunus persica (L. ) Batsch]. J Hered 93:352-358. (2018) Characterization of transgenic rice expressing fusion protein Cry1Ab/Vip3A for insect resistance. 8:1-8 (2020) Development of a fast and efficient root transgenic system for functional genomics and genetic engineering in peach. 10:1-9. (2020) The soybean bZIP transcription factor gene GmbZIP2 confers drought and salt resistances in transgenic plants. 21:670. (2001) Field evaluation of resistance of transgenic rice containing a synthetic cry1Ab gene from Bacillus thuringiensis Berliner to stem borers. J 94:271–276 (2001) Effects of kanamycin on tissue culture and somatic embryogenesis in cotton. Regul 33:137-149. (2010) Plant regeneration from in vitro leaves of the peach rootstock ‘Nemaguard’(Prunus persica× P. davidiana). Cult 101:79-87 (2002) The wuschel gene promotes vegetative-to-embryonic transition in Arabidopsis. 30: 349‒359. TablesTable 1 The best of different concentrations of plant growth regulators and various culture media on callus induction of peach (L. ) after four weeks. Callus fresh weight (g) % of explants formed callus Culture medium and concentration of plant growth regulators MS (Murashige and Skoog 1962) medium BAP Kinetin 2,4-D 2. 25±0. 18i 33. 8±0. 27i 0. 5 0. 0 2. 0 2. 48±0. 23h 49. 5±0. 38h 0. 5 0. 0 2. 5 3. 55±0. 44c 84. 9±0. 57c 1. 0 0. 0 3. 0 3. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text provides evidence that supports the claim by referencing research on transgenic plants, specifically mentioning 'transgenic rice expressing fusion protein Cry1Ab/Vip3A for insect resistance,' which directly correlates with improving crop resistance to pests. It also highlights the field evaluation of resistance in transgenic rice containing a synthetic cry1Ab gene, further reinforcing the argument for the effectiveness of gene editing in enhancing plant resistance against pests and diseases.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: The value of all cryptocurrencies is stable and unaffected by market changes. [SEP] Text: According to the AQ test statistic, which was a linear method, we observed that the degree of adaptation of Bitcoin with respect to the AMH concept was relatively trivial (in other words, the change in market direction from an efficient state to an inefficient state and vice versa was insignificant). Gold returns, however, represented a greater degree of conformity with the AMH. Furthermore, concerning the achieved results of the GS test, which was a nonlinear method, we found that the level of adaptability of WTI with AMH was relatively insignificant. In contrast, Ethereum showed a more compatible manner from an evolutionary perspective with respect to market efficiency. Another aspect of the study was to analyze the existence of evolutionary behavior in the market. To achieve this goal, we checked the results by applying a rolling-window method with three different window lengths (50, 100, and 150 days) to the test statistics. When we increased the window length for each set of data, the market's behavior (in terms of efficiency) changed. For example, at a significance level of 10% and based on the AQ test, the market efficiency of Ethereum improved slowly as the window length increased. For the GS test results at the same level of significance, we found that the market changed over two different periods (from 50 to 100 and 100 to 150 days) for gold and Bitcoin. Thus, in the period of 50–100 days, we observed market distances during the efficient conditions; however, as the window length increased from 100 to 150 days, the situation improved slightly. Availability of data and materials The datasets used and/or analyzed during the current study are available upon request. NotesIn this regard, we refer to some studies that have analyzed the financial markets through different aspects and methods (e. g. , Kou et al. 2014, 2019; Chao et al. 2019). Represents the inefficiency of the market. Indicates the rejection of the null hypothesis of the test statistic at a significance level of 5%. In the 150-day window. In the 50-day window. AbbreviationsAQ: Automatic portmanteau GS: Generalized spectral AMH: Adaptive market hypothesis EMH: hypothesis MDH: Martingale difference hypothesis AIC: Akaike information criterion BIC: Bayesian information criterion ADF: Augmented Dickey–Fuller PP: Phillips–Perron 2013. Papers, No 2016-41. for the World Economy. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by indicating that the value of cryptocurrencies such as Bitcoin and Ethereum is subject to market changes, evidenced by their varying degrees of market efficiency over different time periods. For instance, the text states that 'the degree of adaptation of Bitcoin...was relatively trivial' and that market efficiency for Ethereum 'improved slowly as the window length increased,' suggesting that market conditions can affect the stability of cryptocurrency values.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Some assert that brain implants could enhance intelligence beyond natural limits. [SEP] Text: C’est en partie pour cette raison que nous avons choisi de composer cet 782. 8 Les implants magnétiques ont la forme d’un disque en métal et sont insérés sous la peau par une opération chirurgicale mineure. L’implant est… 9 Il s'agit d'un bijou de piercing dans lequel la barre centrale est exposée à l'extérieur de la peau, ce qui le fait ressembler à une agrafe. 10 La thèse de doctorat menée par Valentine Gourinat, intitulée « Du corps reconstitué au corps reconfiguré : conceptions et représentations croisées… 11 La thèse de doctorat menée par Duarte, intitulée « O body hacktivism e os primitivos modernos : pour um estatuto so corpo na… 39. Berthoz, A. et Petit, J. -L. , 2006, Phénoménologie et physiologie de l’action, Paris, Odile Jacob. Descola, P. , 2006, Par-delà nature et culture, Paris, Gallimard. Descola, P. , 2010, Diversité des natures, diversité des cultures, Montrouge, Bayard Éditions. Descola, P. , 2011, L’écologie des autres : l’anthropologie et la question de la nature, Versailles, Éditions Quae. Goffette, J. , 2007, Naissance de l’anthropotechnie. De la médecine au modelage de l’humain, Paris, Vrin. Haraway, D. , 1991, « A Cyborg Manifesto: Science, Technology, and Socialist-Feminism in the Century », in Simians, Cyborgs and Women: of Nature. Routledge, Nova York, p. 149-181. Haraway, D. , 1992, « The promise of monsters: a regenerative politics for innapropriate/d others » in Cultural Studies, Grossberg, L. , Nelson, P. A. Treichler, (eds. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses various academic works and references related to anthropology and technology but does not address the assertion that brain implants could enhance intelligence beyond natural limits.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Hydropower is a major source of renewable energy in many countries. [SEP] Text: In total, renewable energy contribution to total energy production is approximately 5% (with hydro being main contributor with 3. 3%) in Japan, which is projected to increase to 20% by 2020 to become more energy independent as well as to overcome energy security challenges. However, for achieving such a goal, Japan has to scrutinize and revaluate all the challenges and opportunities present in its geopolitical scenarios. Geographically speaking, Japan is considered to be one of the potential countries for geothermal energy because of its location within the Pacific “ring of Fire”, and this potential is considered to be one of the largest in the world (Figure 1). Figure 1. Amount of geothermal resources available worldwide and the amount of geothermal power generated (Source: detailed feasibility analysis of technological advancement for geothermal energy harvesting, it is worth looking at the current status of this non renewable energy source in neighboring countries Indonesia and the Philippines. It is observed that there is an increase in the direct use of geothermal energy from 58% to 78% in a decade (2000–2010) based on the data from 82 countries [4]. They mention that approximately 55% is used for ground-source heat pumps, followed by 20% for bathing and swimming (including balneology), 15. 0% for space heating, 4. 5% for greenhouses and open ground heating, 2. 0% for aquaculture pond and raceway heating, 1. 8% for industrial process heating, 0. 4% for snow melting and cooling, and 0. 4% for agricultural drying [4]. 2. 2. Status of geothermal energy in IndonesiaIndonesia is the largest archipelago in the world. It consists of over 17,000 islands and approximately 70,000 villages. Meanwhile, because of the large territory, 45% of the villages out of 70,000 are located in remote areas and about 6,200 villages have not been supplied by electricity. The population of Indonesia in 2010 reached 237 million, or is increasing by average of 1. 48% per year. Indonesia’s steady economic growth of more than 6%, even during the recent global recession, was accompanied by a 9% growth in electricity demand each year [5,6]. The increase of energy consumption is derived from the sectors of industry, transportation, and commercial. Total current annual primary energy demand in Indonesia is 168. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text supports the claim by indicating that in Japan, hydropower is a significant contributor to renewable energy, making up 3.3% of the total energy production, which is a substantial portion. The mention of Japan's goal to increase renewable energy contributions further emphasizes the importance of hydropower as part of the renewable energy landscape in that country.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: The value of all cryptocurrencies is stable and unaffected by market changes. [SEP] Text: On the other hand, since Bitcoin is a decentralized technology, it was warmly adopted by anarchist organizations worldwide [1, 2, 3], but for similar reasons, it was attacked by many others [4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9]. Some attacked the Bitcoin from the fear of shaking the current centers of powers, but most attacked it out of ignorance. Strangely enough, even in the libertarian community, which in general embraced the new currency, there are some that used allegedly Austrian economics arguments to debunk the foundation of the Bitcoin economy [10, 11, 12, 13, 14]. In general, we encounter two strategies to attack Bitcoin: (1) presenting multiple minor or even clearly erroneous arguments. Consequently, the arguments keep reappearing, despite the fact that they are constantly refuted. And (2) using fundamental economic laws to allegedly demonstrate that Bitcoin does not possess the essential properties of money. The object of the 2. a Ponzi scheme? The most common criticism against Bitcoin is that Bitcoin is actually a Ponzi scheme [7, 10]. Clearly, there is no resemblance between the two. A Ponzi scheme is a fraudulent investment operation. The investors are made to believe that they gain from the investment operation, while in fact, the money comes from new investment, that is, a Ponzi scheme is a pyramid fraud. While some cryptocurrencies or tokens do seem to be a Ponzi scheme, Bitcoin is definitely not. Everything about Bitcoin: its algorithm, its network, and its development projects are completely transparent. The network, the mining process, and the entire project are all decentralized. There are no managers, no organizers, and no control. Therefore, there could be no fraud. Bitcoin does not even have a pyramid structure. An investor in Bitcoin can make a profit by selling it at a higher price, just like in any other trade. Unlike pyramid structures, the owner of Bitcoins does not have to convince multiple people to invest in order to make a profit. It is true that in both cases, the first investors gain more than the last ones, and that their profit rises with the number of traders. However, by the law of demand, it is clear that the price rises with the increase in demand, that is, the price increases with the number of buyers. This is valid for any commodity, and Bitcoin is no exception. This is definitely not a pyramid structure’s fingerprint. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing how Bitcoin, a prominent cryptocurrency, is not stable and is subject to market demands. It states that 'the price rises with the increase in demand,' indicating that the value of Bitcoin can fluctuate based on buyer interest, which contradicts the assertion of stability in cryptocurrencies.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Some assert that brain implants could enhance intelligence beyond natural limits. [SEP] Text: ) New York, Routledge, p. 295-337. Latour, B. , 1991, Nous n’avons jamais été modernes, Paris, La Découverte. Latour, B. , 2001, A esperança de pandora : ensaios sobre a realidade dos estudos científicos,. Latour, B. , 2004, « How to talk about the body The normative dimension of science studies » in Body and Society, 10, p. 205-229. Latour, B. , 2005), Reassembling the social : an introduction to Actor-Network-Theory. . Le Breton, D. , 2001, Anthropologie du corps et modernité,. , 2002, La sociologie du corps,. , 2002, Signes d’identité. Tatouages, piercings et autres marques corporelles, Paris, Métailié. Le Breton, D. , 1999, L’Adieu au corps, Paris, Métailié. Leroi-Gourhan, A. , 1964, Le geste et la parole, Paris, Albin Michel. Liotard, P. , 2003, « Corps en Kit », Quasimodo, n° 7, “Modifications corporelles”, Montpellier, p. 7-20. Marcellini, A. , 2003, « Réparation des corps “anormaux” et des handicaps : Nouvelles biotechnologies et vieux débats » in Quasimodo, n° 7 “Modifications corporelles”, Montpellier, p. 269-288. Ritt M. J. P. F. , Stuart P. R. , Naggar L. , Beckenbaugh R. D. , 1994, « History of Arthroplasty of the Amputation to Implant », in of : British & European Volume, vol. 19, Issue 6, December. Stelarc, 2003, « La troisième oreille ou une oreille sur le bras » in Quasimodo, n° 7, “Modifications corporelles”, Montpellier, p. 258-260. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim about brain implants enhancing intelligence. It consists of references and citations related to various authors and topics, including the body and modifications, but does not provide any information about brain implants or intelligence enhancement.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Hydropower is a major source of renewable energy in many countries. [SEP] Text: , IZZO M. P. ,. ,. ,. ,. , Potential of small hydropower plants using water conveyed by drinking water systems in the Molise region, in the Proceedings of Lincei Conventions, January, 2012. [15] (ESM), Energy from renewable sources in Italy, Statistical report, 2016, p. 81. [16] L. n. 1643 1962, Establishment of the national electricity company and transfer trough companies operating in the electrical industries, published in G. U. n. 316 the 12th December 1962. [17] D. Lgs. n. 79 1999, 96/92 EC about common rules for internal market in electricity, published in G. U. n. 75 the 31st March 1999. [18] Directive n. 60, Directive establishing a framework for Community action in field of water, published in G. U. U. E. n. L327/1 the 23rd October 2000. [19] D. M. , Directive establishing a framework for Community action in the field of water Implementation of the art. 24 of 3 March 2011, n. 28, which provides incentives for the production of electricity from plants with renewable sources other than photovoltaics, published in G. U. n. 143 the 6th July 2012. [20] D. M. , Incentive of electricity produced from renewable sources other than photovoltaics, published in G. U. n. 51 the 29th June 2016. [21]. , Indicators to Market in Sicily. 2016, No. 3, 157. [22] [23] (2015). Analysis of Indicators for Biomass in Sicily. vol. 4, p. 19-32. 74. Copy | Martina Sgandurra. Hydropower as an Energy Source. Int. J. Nat. Resour. Ecol. Manag. 2018, 3(4), 66-74. doi: 10. 11648/j. ijnrem. 20180304. 14 Copy |. Hydropower as an Energy Source. . 2018;3(4):66-74. doi: 10. 11648/j. ijnrem. 20180304. 14 Copy | Download @10. 11648/j. ijnrem. 20180304. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing hydropower as an energy source within the context of renewable energy, referencing its potential and incentive frameworks in Italy. It indicates that hydropower is recognized as a significant contributor to the renewable energy sector by mentioning various directives and statistical reports pertaining to energy from renewable sources in the region.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: The value of all cryptocurrencies is stable and unaffected by market changes. [SEP] Text: Moreover, the whole network structure is different. A pyramid is a centralized structure, where there is a clear asymmetry between investors and all profits eventually dissipate toward the founders of the pyramid (this is a “top-down” business model). Bitcoin is a decentralized network, where all the Bitcoins’ owners have the same status. Moreover, the founders of a crypto network may not even own a share in this network, or they can sell their share, if they have one (like Charlie Lee, the founder of the Litecoin network, who recently sold all his Litecoins). Advertisement 3. Bitcoin is a bubble Another common criticism is that Bitcoin and the other cryptocurrencies are a bubble [4, 6, 8]. This claim is not a very informative one. What does it mean? Does it mean that the Bitcoin price is too high? In a free market, the price is always right. If there is something “wrong” with the price, then it means that the market is not really free. When there is a housing bubble, it does not mean that there is something wrong with the houses, or that the sellers are greedier than they usually are, but it does mean that the government manipulates the interest rate and subsidizes bad mortgages, etc. Therefore, any “bubble” claim is actually not a criticism against Bitcoin, but a claim against something external to its network—probably against governments. If everyone buys cryptocurrencies, it is probably because the public has no other investment channels. The banking interest is practically zero; the stock market is too high after 10 consecutive years of rising prices; and the housing market is recovering from the latest collapse. The fact that Bitcoin is in a state of a bubble, whatever that means, cannot be used as evidence to the argument that Bitcoin is worthless. Wittgenstein wrote, “For whenever we test anything, we are already presupposing something that is not tested. ” Similarly, when one believes the price of Bitcoin is too high, he presupposes that Bitcoin has some value. Advertisement 4. Bitcoin yields no return Another repeating argument is that Bitcoin is not a real asset in the sense that it does not yield any return. Unlike stocks or real estates, which yield dividends and rents, Bitcoin does not “yield” anything. People purchase Bitcoin only to sell it later. But this is a strange argument, since, after all, money never yields return. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing various criticisms against Bitcoin, including the notion that it is a bubble. It highlights that the price of Bitcoin can be influenced by external market conditions and public sentiment regarding other investment channels. The mention of Bitcoin's perceived bubble indicates volatility in its value, thereby contradicting the assertion that the value of all cryptocurrencies is stable and unaffected by market changes.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Some assert that brain implants could enhance intelligence beyond natural limits. [SEP] Text: Tibon-Cornillot, M. , 2002, « Démesure des techniques contemporaines. Du réductionnisme technologique aux sources involontaires des techniques », in Roux J. (dir. ), : une pensée opérative, PU St-Étienne. Notes 1 Les travaux de Breton (2001, 2002, 2008), (2006, 2010) et (1991) sont à la source de ce constat critique. 2 Par l'intermédiaire de l'exceptionnelle plasticité cérébrale dont nous disposons, notre corps est constamment dans l'adaptation, le réajustement de sa situation et de ses possibilités, notre corps n'est jamais le même en ce qu'il se constitue progressivement, et n'est jamais défini. 3 Même sans connaître la nature exacte d'un objet ou d'un outil, l'individu est capable d'imaginer ou de déterminer une fonction propre à celui-ci, et de mobiliser son corps afin de réaliser l'action attendue, voire d'obtenir le résultat espéré. Voir à ce propos : Berthoz A. , Petit J. -L. (2006). 4 Les conséquences sur la motricité ne sont évidemment pas les mêmes selon qu'on ampute un doigt, un orteil, une jambe ou un bras… 5 Actuellement conservées au et au Musée du Caire. 6 On peut ainsi citer une main de fer datant du 15e siècle et exposée au Musée d'art et d'histoire de Fribourg, ou encore la jambe de bronze romaine dite « de Capoue », datant de 300 av. J. -C. , et reconstituée en plâtre au of Surgeons de Londres. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim regarding brain implants enhancing intelligence. Instead, it discusses the concept of technological reductionism and the adaptability of the human body. It touches upon historical and philosophical topics rather than focusing on brain implants or cognitive enhancement.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Hydropower is a major source of renewable energy in many countries. [SEP] Text: This paper has the aim to analyse and classify REs and the Italian situation referred to green energy, showing many successful cases of hydropower plants in different Italian regions. Thus, the installed power and the environmental conditions of different Italian regions are illustrated, comparing the different results and potentialities related to each region. It is possible to state that, generally, Italy has seen different stages of development of green energy, with relevant differences among its regions. VL - 3 IS - 4 ER - Copy | × captcha is required. Captcha is not valid. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by highlighting successful cases of hydropower plants in different regions of Italy, suggesting that hydropower plays a significant role in the country’s green energy landscape. The analysis emphasizes the development of renewable energy sources (REs) in Italy, which includes hydropower as a major contributor.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: The value of all cryptocurrencies is stable and unaffected by market changes. [SEP] Text: A one-dollar note does not yield a return. It will be worth 1$ forever. Nevertheless, people “purchase” dollars only to “sell” them later for goods. This is exactly the function of money and the same applies to Bitcoin. Advertisement 5. The Bitcoin’s volatility One very common attack on Bitcoin is that it must be useless as money (or currency) since it has very high volatility [12, 13]. Clearly, if an asset’s value is very volatile, then it is less likely to be adopted as a unit of account, which is one of the properties of money. However, it should not considerably affect its prospects to be used as a medium of exchange. Even today, most Bitcoin transactions are quantified in US dollars, that is, in these transactions, Bitcoin is used as a medium of exchange, while the US dollar is used as a unit of account. However, it should be stressed that in these transactions, the dollar takes no role. Bitcoin is currently exploring a new territory, in which it is used as a medium of exchange, but yet to be used as a unit of account (on this discrepancy see Ref. [15]). Moreover, the usage of the volatility criterion is useful only in close-to-equilibrium’s markets. In the case of Bitcoin, the price increases exponentially, which is a clear sign of a nonequilibrium scenario. Exponential rise is an indication of a constant amplification process, which cannot occur in the vicinity of equilibria. In this case, it is clear that the volatility will increase exponentially as well. Therefore, there could be two options: (A) the approximately constant amplification process is close to its end, in which case the market will converge to a semiequilibrium state, and the volatility will decrease dramatically. (B) The constant amplification process is going to last for some time, in which case the value of Bitcoin will continue to rise dramatically. Therefore, in both cases, the attractiveness of Bitcoin will increase, and in any case, the high volatility in an exponentially growing process cannot be used as an argument for the claim that Bitcoin is worthless. It is only a sign that the crypto market is in its infancy stages. In an exponentially growing economy, the volatility should be evaluated in logarithmic scale, and in this scale, the Bitcoins’ volatility actually declines. Advertisement 6. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by indicating that Bitcoin demonstrates high volatility, which suggests that the value of cryptocurrencies is not stable and is indeed affected by market fluctuations. It notes that Bitcoin's price can increase exponentially and that this volatility undermines it as a reliable unit of account. The statement 'if an asset’s value is very volatile, then it is less likely to be adopted as a unit of account' directly opposes the idea that cryptocurrency values are stable.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Some assert that brain implants could enhance intelligence beyond natural limits. [SEP] Text: Pensons également aux célèbres membres artificiels imaginés et réalisés au 16e siècle par Ambroise Paré. 7 Ritt M. J. P. F. , Stuart P. R. , Naggar L. , Beckenbaugh R. D. , 1994, p. 778-782. 8 Les implants magnétiques ont la forme d’un disque en métal et sont insérés sous la peau par une opération chirurgicale mineure. L’implant est composé de néodyme, un métal de terre rare que l’on utilise habituellement dans l’industrie. Les implants magnétiques ont été élaborés en 2004 par et et sont devenus très populaires dans les médias. Le but est de rendre possible une réaction aux ondes et champs électromagnétiques, et de créer des sensations inhabituelles dans le corps de la personne qui le porte. 9 Il s'agit d'un bijou de piercing dans lequel la barre centrale est exposée à l'extérieur de la peau, ce qui le fait ressembler à une agrafe. 10 La thèse de doctorat menée par Valentine Gourinat, intitulée « Du corps reconstitué au corps reconfiguré : conceptions et représentations croisées de la prothèse et du corps appareillé à l'ère des bio-technologies », sous la direction de (Strasbourg) et (Lausanne). 11 La thèse de doctorat menée par Duarte, intitulée « O body hacktivism e os primitivos modernos : pour um estatuto so corpo na contemporaneidade », sous la direction de Breton (Strasbourg) et Poz (Juiz de Fora). 2024. URL : 7367 Dynamiques Européennes. En cotutelle avec l’université de Lausanne. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim directly as it focuses on historical artificial limbs and magnetic implants rather than brain implants intended for enhancing intelligence. Therefore, it is irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Electric vehicles (EVs) can reduce reliance on oil-based fuels. [SEP] Text: Evaluation of transition to 100% electric vehicles (EVs) by 2052 in the access Published: 03 October 2024 Evaluation of transition to 100% electric vehicles (EVs) by 2052 in the Pravin Sankhwar1 Research 2052. Utilizing the US Administration (FHWA) published data on the number of registered vehicles by each state, the profile of vehicles by 2052 was forecasted using a time series. The vehicle profile comprised vehicles by each type classified as automobiles, buses, trucks, and motorcycles. This future profile became the basis of the quantification of total EVs by the end of 2052. Based on the available fuel economy data published by the US Department of Energy, the average energy consumption per mile (kWh/mile) of each vehicle type was factored into the energy demand calculation for 100% electrification by 2052. A roof-top solar photovoltaic system is easy to install on unoccupied roof space for US house owners. Obtaining the capacity of such a roof-top solar PV system acts as a good decision-making criterion for both house owners and developers. However, for city-dwellers living in multi-family residential buildings, the potential of utilization of roof-top solar PV becomes a subject of future work when effective sharing of resources for local power generation by renewables and development of community-shared EV charging infrastructure is concerned. How well EVs performed against internal combustion engine (ICE) vehicles in terms of fuel efficiency and reduced carbon emissions is a driving factor for this transition. For energy demand calculations, a base model was framed, and results were obtained by utilizing mathematical and statistical tools. After accounting for the effects of improved fuel efficiency or reduced energy consumption by EVs over time, the model was modified to obtain revised energy demand and, thus, effective energy generation required. Accordingly, the capacity of EV charging infrastructure required by each state determined the need for preparation by utility companies and local jurisdictions. With limitations on battery size and thus increased frequency for drivers to return for charging, additional fast chargers (level 3) at existing gasoline stations become an option that requires further assessment. IntroductionThe electric vehicle (EV) charging technology has been evolving, and thus, there is scope for improvement to the existing battery electric vehicles and their charging infrastructure. Car manufacturers have found alternatives to fossil-fueled cars by deploying cars with battery or fuel cells (Sorlei et al. , 2021). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the transition to 100% electric vehicles (EVs) and how this shift can reduce reliance on internal combustion engine (ICE) vehicles, which use oil-based fuels. It mentions that EVs perform better in terms of fuel efficiency and reduced carbon emissions, highlighting that these factors drive the transition away from fossil-fueled vehicles. Additionally, the mention of car manufacturers finding alternatives to fossil-fueled cars reinforces the idea that EVs contribute to the reduction of reliance on oil.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: The value of all cryptocurrencies is stable and unaffected by market changes. [SEP] Text: The hoarding dilemma Another important claim is that Bitcoin is worthless as a medium of exchange because most people, who purchased it, hoard the coins [12, 13]. Since most people regard Bitcoin as a store of value and “Hodl” (the crypto nickname for hold) the coins, how can it be used as a medium of exchange? This claim is often heard even in the crypto community, where the holders are encouraged to exchange their coins with goods, that is, to sell and buy the coins repeatedly (e. g. , ). However, the two properties of money are tightly linked. A good cannot be a store of value unless it is a medium of exchange and vice versa. How can an object be valuable, without the option of exchanging it for something else? How can something be a medium of exchange, unless it is valuable? Moreover, hoarding takes place only when people expect that the coins’ price will rise in the future. In this case, fewer coins are used in circulation and, as a consequence, their price increases. This is the mechanism that persuades the hoarders to part with their coins. Advertisement 7. A deflationary economy The hoarding dilemma is a very important point because it is related to another criticism: how can Bitcoin be used as a medium of exchange while being a deflationary currency? In a deflationary monetary economy, the argument continues, prices decrease perpetually, and therefore people have no incentive to buy anything, for they know that they will probably get it for less money in the future. In such an economy, consumption decreases, and the economy stagnates. There are several problems with this argument. First, there is a problem of definition. Bitcoin is an inflationary currency, not a deflationary one since the number of coins increases gradually. It is true, however, that its rate decreases, and eventually the total number of coins is limited (around 21 million). Consequently, in a progressing economy, which is based on Bitcoin, eventually, the Bitcoin inflation will be lower than the economy’s growth rate. In such an economy, the products’ prices will eventually decrease. This state is wrongly termed “deflationary” [16, 17]. However, and this brings us to the second misconception, there is nothing wrong with rising prices. In fact, the economic sectors, which experience decreasing prices, are the sectors with the highest growth rate. The computer industry belongs to this category. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the concept of hoarding in relation to Bitcoin, suggesting that its value can fluctuate based on market expectations. It states that hoarding occurs when people anticipate the price of coins will rise, leading to fewer coins in circulation, which increases their price. This emphasizes that Bitcoin's value is not stable as it is influenced by market behaviors and expectations, directly opposing the idea that cryptocurrencies are unaffected by market changes.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: The detection of gases like methane on exoplanets is often seen as strong evidence of life. [SEP] Text: Policy: ASTM International prohibits the entry of ASTM standards and related ASTM intellectual property (“”) into any form of (AI) tools, such as ChatGPT. Additionally, creating ----derivatives of using AI is also prohibited without express written permission from ASTM’s President. In the case of such use, ASTM will suspend a licensee’s access to and further legal action will be considered. Meetings & | Meetings & & & Standards and Papers & STPs Manuals, Monographs, & of ® (SOP) (TMA) and & & & & and ASTM What is and to to News and & -11. 02 Committee D19 $ 91. 00 In stock and Use 5. 1 This test method covers the determination of the dissolved gases methane, ethane, ethylene, and propane in drinking, waste, and ground waters, including domestic wells; whether naturally occurring or resulting from commercial activities, dissolved gases can be hazardous both to the environment and humans. Due to increased scrutiny of dissolved gases, developing a valid method for the testing of dissolved gases in water has become more imperative. Static headspace sampling is generally applicable for sampling these compounds. However, as these compounds are extremely volatile, a closed sampling system is recommended. This test method can be used for quantitatively determining dissolved gases in ground, waste, and drinking waters. 5. 2 This test method is suitable for analysis of domestic drinking water samples from residential and commercial water supply wells prior to oil and gas exploration activities to form a baseline for monitoring potential impacts during exploration; development, including hydraulic fracturing; operation; closure; and reclamation of nearby oil and gas production and injection wells. Scope 1. 1 This test method covers the determination of the dissolved gases methane, ethane, ethylene, and propane in drinking, waste, and ground waters, including domestic wells whether naturally occurring or resulting from commercial activities, or both. This test method has an analytical range from 10 µg/L to 11 000 µg/L for methane, and 10 µg/L to 5000 µg/L for ethane, ethylene, and propane. If a sample has a dissolved gas concentration above the calibration range, the sample would require dilution. Other analytical ranges may be used as long as the instrument calibration encompasses the desired range and demonstrates adequate linearity. 1. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses ASTM standards and methods for determining dissolved gases such as methane in water, without any mention of exoplanets or their relation to life detection. It focuses solely on environmental testing and does not support or contradict the claim about exoplanets.