Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Bioengineered yeast can produce biofuels from sugars. [SEP] Text: Experimentally it has been demonstrated in radiolabeled sucrose transport studies that the majority of the translocated sucrose is taken into parenchyma cells of both developing and mature internodes, extensively reviewed [53], despite cell wall invertase activity was present in the apoplasm. Initially, vacuoles in the parenchyma cell of sugarcane stalk function as a sink to store sucrose through growth and development-dependent reversible process, but at a later stage when elongation of internodes stops then mature culm stores sucrose in the apoplast, intercellular spaces outside the plasma membranes. Through the interventions of genetic engineering approaches, several attempts have been made to improve the sucrose contents of the sugarcane genotypes. Sucrose synthase and cell wall invertase are the main regulatory enzymes of sucrose metabolism. When sucrose synthase was overexpressed in sugarcane, the contents were not improved [54]. Similarly, cell wall invertase was regulated to improve the sucrose contents of the sugarcane but no significant increase in sucrose accumulation was observed [55]. Though sucrose contents were increased in sugarcane cell suspension cultures by suppressing the invertase [56] yet it was not reproducible in stable transgenic sugarcane plants [57], indicating the role of the regulatory feedback mechanism between source and sink during accumulation [58]. Recently, two homologs of invertase inhibitors are identified in sugarcane, believed to be members of the superfamily of pectin methylesterase inhibitor, moderately conserved in plants [59]. To demonstrate where both enzymes are precisely located in the plant, both genes were fused with the green fluorescent protein and experimentally observed that ShINH1 is targeted to the apoplast. Further, expressed tissue specifically and is developmentally regulated, suggesting its role in metabolic regulation of sucrose between source and sink during sucrose accumulation in sugarcane. The gene expresses at relatively high levels in leaves and stalk but decreases significantly in stalk toward the maturity of the internodes. Experimentally, ShINH1 potently inhibited acid invertase, making it a candidate for controlling the deterioration of sucrose in sugarcane. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it focuses on sucrose metabolism in sugarcane and the mechanisms of genetic engineering related to sugar content in sugarcane plants. It does not mention bioengineered yeast or their ability to produce biofuels from sugars, therefore it does not support, contradict, or relate to the claim about biofuels.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Vaccines help in preventing the spread of infectious diseases. [SEP] Text: 17 Comparison 3 Rotavac versus placebo, Outcome 17 Subgroup analysis: severe cases of rotavirus diarrhoea by G and P types (up to 2 years follow‐up). Using systematic reviews (free)Navigate to figure in ReviewPrint figureOpen in new tab Summary of findings for the main comparison. RV1 compared to placebo for preventing rotavirus diarrhoea in low‐mortality countries Patient or population: children Setting: low‐mortality countries (WHO strata A and B) Intervention: RV1 Comparison: placebo comparative risks* (95% CI) Relative effect (95% CI) Number of participants (studies) Certainty of the evidence (GRADE) risk Corresponding risk Placebo RV1 Severe cases of rotavirus diarrhoea Follow‐up: up to 1 year 13 per 1000 2 per 1000 (1 to 3) RR 0. 16 (0. 09 to 0. 26) 43,779 (7 studies) ⊕⊕⊕⊕ higha RV1 reduces severe rotavirus diarrhoea compared to placebo at up to one year follow‐up. One study (RV1 Vesikari 2007a‐EU) reported higher efficacy compared to the pooled data. When we excluded this study from the analysis, there was no heterogeneity observed in the pooled data Severe cases of rotavirus diarrhoea Follow‐up: up to 2 years 24 per 1000 4 per 1000 (3 to 5) RR 0. 18 (0. 14 to 0. 23) 36,002 (9 studies) ⊕⊕⊕⊕ high RV1 reduces severe rotavirus diarrhoea compared to placebo at up to two years follow‐up. Severe cases of all‐cause diarrhoea Follow‐up: up to 1 year 41 per 1000 24 per 1000 (19 to 30) RR 0. 59 (0. 47 to 0. 74) 28,051 (3 studies) ⊕⊕⊕⊝ moderateb due to reporting bias RV1 probably reduces severe all‐cause diarrhoea compared to placebo at up to one year follow‐up. Severe episodes of all‐cause diarrhoea Follow‐up: up to 2 years 39 per 1000 24 per 1000 (22 to 28) 0. 63 (0. 56 to 0. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by providing evidence that the RV1 vaccine reduces severe cases of rotavirus diarrhoea compared to a placebo. It presents statistical data showing that after up to 1 year, the incidence of severe rotavirus diarrhoea was significantly lower in the group receiving the RV1 vaccine (2 per 1000) compared to the placebo group (13 per 1000), indicating the vaccine's efficacy in preventing disease. Furthermore, it shows a similar trend at the 2-year follow-up, reinforcing the claim that vaccines help in preventing the spread of infectious diseases.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Telemedicine eliminates the need for in-person visits entirely. [SEP] Text: 11,14 However, the pattern of virtual care provision beyond 2020, particularly when in-person visits rise amid the ease of COVID-19 restrictions, remains uninvestigated. 18In this work, we aim to address this gap in knowledge by assessing the impact of the pandemic on the trends in billing in-person visits and virtual visits (comprising phone/video, OTN, and e-assessments visits) in Ontario from January 2016 to March 2021. The findings of this study have important implications for virtual care reimbursement policies as telemedicine is likely to become a permanent and routine mode of care delivery post-pandemic. MethodsStudy design and populationThis retrospective population-based analysis was conducted in Ontario, Canada (population 14. 6 million) where all medically necessary physician services are covered for residents under the (OHIP). Physician visits claim data were aggregated on a weekly basis from 3 January 2016 to 27 March 2021 (273 weeks) where visit codes were classified into either an in-person visit or virtual visit using well-defined procedural codes guidelines. 19 The study protocol was reviewed and approved by ICES' Privacy and Legal Office. All databases were linked using unique encoded identifiers and analyzed at ICES. The use of secondary de-identified administrative data provided by ICES was authorized under section 45 of Ontario’s Act, which does not require review by a Board. As such, an ethical review of these de-identified datasets was not required by a Board even though individual written consent was not obtained. OutcomeWe assessed the weekly billing volume of in-person and virtual visits per thousand OHIP-eligible adults (aged 18 years or older). Virtual visits initially included videoconferencing visits physicians delivered on the Network (OTN)’s platform (henceforth OTN visits) and e-assessments. To be eligible to submit claims for OTN visits through OHIP, physicians must first submit a registration form to the to become a licensed virtual care provider. All video visits need to be conducted exclusively using an OTN-approved platform (i. e. physicians can either travel to a videoconferencing studio that is part of OTN or use an OTN software). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the importance of in-person visits and indicating that the dynamics of virtual care and in-person visits are still under investigation. It implies that while telemedicine is becoming a routine mode of care, it does not fully replace the need for in-person visits, especially given the context of billing trends showing both in-person and virtual visits occurring simultaneously.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Bioengineered yeast can produce biofuels from sugars. [SEP] Text: However, experimental and in silico studies have revealed that both ShINH1 and ShINH2 have a role in sucrose accumulation and may contribute to the improvement of sugar yield and recovery in sugarcane. 2. 4 Genetic improvement for bioconversion of biomassCommercially, the juice is extracted from sugarcane and processed through multistep procedures to develop sugar, ethanol, or biodiesel, leaving fibrous material, bagasse, in a large volume of approximately 540 million metric tons on yearly basis, worldwide, which is used in sugar mills as a furnace fuel and apparel industry for paper or board manufacturing, however, its use as a feedstock for cellulosic ethanol is gaining importance and several independent reports have been published on its chemical composition, constituents preparation, and utilization. Sugarcane bagasse consists of 41 to 55 percent cellulose, 20 to 27. 5 percent of hemicellulose, 18 to 26. 3 percent of lignin, and around 7 percent of others by weight. Of these three major constituents, cellulose and lignin have gained much attention to develop byproducts, and/or for value addition [60]. Bioconversion of lignocellulosic biomass from bagasse has gained much attention of the plant biotechnologists and microbiologists for bioethanol production and value-added products as bagasse has long been considered in bioethanol industries for ethanol production, referred to as ‘second-generation ethanol. Biotechnological interventions have enabled the efficient bioconversion of bagasse through the introduction of improved microbial strains, media formulations, and product recovery processes. As the bagasse has a complex structure, therefore it is pretreated to dissociate the lignin-cellulose and to increase the surface area for better enzymatic activities to convert the biomass to fermentable sugars. Different approaches including; biological treatment, dilute acid hydrolysis, alkali hydrolysis, and solvent-based pretreatment have been reported for saccharification of the bagasse. However, all such processes significantly add to the cost of bioethanol production from lignocellulosic biomass [61]. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it primarily discusses the composition and processing of sugarcane bagasse and its potential use in bioethanol production, rather than specifically addressing bioengineered yeast or its ability to produce biofuels from sugars.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Vaccines help in preventing the spread of infectious diseases. [SEP] Text: aWe observed heterogeneity (I2 statistic = 61%) in the pooled data, but given the strength of the evidence, and that estimates were all in the same direction, we did not downgrade the outcome. bDowngraded by one for risk of selective reporting bias. Only three of the seven studies reporting on severe rotavirus diarrhoea provided data for this outcome. cDowngraded by one for risk of selective reporting bias. Only five of the nine studies reporting on severe rotavirus diarrhoea provided data for this outcome. dDowngraded by two for imprecision. These trials were not powered to detect an effect on mortality. eDowngraded by two for imprecision. There was a 1:10,000 to 1:32,000 increased risk of intussusception with a previous rotavirus vaccine (Bines 2005), so these trials were not powered to detect an association between RV1 and intussusception. Figures and Tables - Summary of findings for the main comparison. RV1 compared to placebo for preventing rotavirus diarrhoea in low‐mortality countries Navigate to table in of findings 2. RV1 compared to placebo for preventing rotavirus diarrhoea in high‐mortality countries Patient or population: children Settings: high‐mortality countries (WHO strata D and E) Intervention: RV1 Comparison: placebo or no intervention comparative risks* (95% CI) Relative effect (95% CI) Number of participants (studies) Certainty of the evidence (GRADE) risk Corresponding risk Placebo or no intervention RV1 Severe cases of rotavirus diarrhoea Follow‐up: up to 1 year 60 per 1000 22 per 1000 (14 to 36) RR 0. 37 (0. 23 to 0. 60) 6114 (3 studies) ⊕⊕⊕⊕ high RV1 reduces severe rotavirus diarrhoea compared to placebo or no intervention at up to one year follow‐up. We did not downgrade for inconsistency as the heterogeneity observed in the pooled data (I2 statistic = 57%) was due to within‐study heterogeneity (RV1 Madhi 2010‐AF results split by country) Severe cases of rotavirus diarrhoea Follow‐up: up to 2 years 43 per 1000 28 per 1000 (22 to 35) RR 0. 65 (0. 51 to 0. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text provides evidence that the rotavirus vaccine (RV1) significantly reduces severe rotavirus diarrhoea compared to a placebo, indicating that such vaccines contribute to the prevention of infectious diseases. The provided data presents a significant reduction in cases (from 60 per 1000 to 22 per 1000), thus supporting the claim that vaccines are effective in preventing disease spread.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Telemedicine eliminates the need for in-person visits entirely. [SEP] Text: 20 An e-assessment is when a specialist returns a written opinion electronically (such as via a secure messaging server) to a primary care physician or nurse practitioner upon receiving a request from them on the management of a specific patient. 19 Since 14 March 2020, virtual visits also included phone or video visits using a non-OTN platform as temporary OHIP fee codes (i. e. “phone codes”) were launched for physicians to claim under an emergency order. 17 On 14 March 2021, additional new fee codes for phone- or video-based palliative care consultations were launched21; we did not consider these codes in the present analysis as our study window ended on 27 March 2021. The rate of remuneration for each virtual visit (delivered by phone or on an OTN or non-OTN video platform) is equivalent to that of an in-person visit of the same nature (see Table 1 for example fee codes and rates). These virtual care codes are set to expire on 30 September 2022. 22Table 1. Ontario physician visits by the modality of delivery. Types of visitsExample OHIP fee codes and rateaIn-person visitsA001 – Minor assessment ($23. 75)A007 – Intermediate assessment >10 min ($36. 85)A005 – Consultation >50 min ($84. 45)A003 – General assessment, one per patient per physician per year ($84. 45)K005 – Primary mental health care ($67. 75 for each 30 min increment)A945 – Special palliative care consultation >50 min ($159. 20)K023 – Palliative care support ($72. 15 for each 30 min increment)A095 – Cardiac surgery consultation ($90. 30)OTN visitsUntil 31 March 2020, on top of receiving the same rate for an equivalent OHIP in-person service, physicians can bill the B-codes to receive a $35 premium for establishing a new patient encounter and a $15 premium for each subsequent encounter (B100A, B101A, B102A, B200A, B201A, B202A, and B099A). These codes were discontinued on 1 April 2020. bE-assessmentsU025 – Initial e-assessment by a dermatologist ($44. 45)U235 – Initial e-assessment by an ophthalmologist ($45. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by explaining that telemedicine, such as e-assessments and virtual visits, does not entirely eliminate in-person visits. It provides details on various modalities of patient care, including e-assessments and phone or video visits but acknowledges the existence and remuneration for in-person visits. Additionally, it discusses fee codes for both virtual and in-person services, indicating that in-person visits still have a role alongside virtual care.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Bioengineered yeast can produce biofuels from sugars. [SEP] Text: The saccharification process is affected by the high contents of lignin and lignin syringyl to guaiacyl (S/G) ratio in the bagasse hence the composition of the lignin is needed to be changed as they prevent cellulase from accessing the cellulose molecules in the process of ethanol production [61]. Biotechnological approaches may help in altering the composition of this fibrous material by regulating the genes involved in its biosynthesis pathway. Three key genes; namely, COMT (caffeic acid O-methyltransferase), (caffeoyl-CoA O-methyltransferase), and F5H (ferulate 5-hydroxylase) have been targeted employing techniques; RNAi (RNA interference), TALEN (transcription activator-like effector nuclease), and ()/case9. The gene, COMT was downregulated from the biosynthesis pathway of lignin using the RNAi approach, and the expression of the gene was lowered by 67–97%, and the lignin contents were reduced by 3. 9% to 13. 7%, respectively. Further, the S/G ratio in the lignin was reduced from 1. 47 in the wild type to values ranging between 1. 27 and 0. 79. Consequently, levels of fermentable sugar were increased up to 29% without pretreatment however, these levels were further increased by 34% when biomass was treated with dilute acid [62]. Further, COMT mutant lines developed by targeting the conserved region of the gene through the TALEN approach showed lignin reduction up to 19. 7% with 43. 8% improved saccharification efficiency. The lignin contents were further reduced from 29 to 32% in COMT mutants [63]. Owing to the highly complex and polyploid genome, targeted mutagenesis usingCas9 could be a valuable tool to reduce the lignin contents. As far as the bioconversion of the lignocellulosic biomass to fermentable sugars is concerned, significant quantities of cellulolytic and hemicellulolytic enzymes are required, and currently, microbes are used to produce these enzymes that have substantially increased the production cost of bioethanol. Therefore, in planta production of enzymes could have a significant impact on the economics of bagasse-based ethanol production. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not directly address the claim regarding bioengineered yeast producing biofuels from sugars. Instead, it focuses on the challenges of lignin in bioethanol production from biomass and the genetic modifications aimed at improving sugar yield from lignocellulosic materials. While it discusses processes that may indirectly relate to biofuel production, it does not provide evidence or information specifically about bioengineered yeast or their capabilities.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Vaccines help in preventing the spread of infectious diseases. [SEP] Text: 83) 13,768** (2 studies) ⊕⊕⊕⊕ high RV1 reduces severe rotavirus diarrhoea compared to placebo or no intervention at up to two years follow‐up. Sensitivity analysis excluding the cluster‐RCT (RV1 Zaman 2017‐BGD) that contributed data to this outcome showed no significant change in effect estimate or 95% CI (RR 0. 58, 95% CI 0. 42 to 0. 79, n = 2764, 1 RCT) Severe cases of all‐cause diarrhoea Follow‐up: up to 1 year 176 per 1000 129 per 1000 (99 to 167) RR 0. 73 (0. 56 to 0. 95) 5639 (2 studies) ⊕⊕⊕⊕ high RV1 reduces severe all‐cause diarrhoea compared to placebo or no intervention at up to one year follow‐up. We did not downgrade for inconsistency as the heterogeneity observed in the pooled data (I2 statistic = 75%) was due to within‐study heterogeneity (RV1 Madhi 2010‐AF results split by country) Severe cases of all‐cause diarrhoea Follow‐up: up to 2 years 233 per 1000 191 per 1000 (166 to 222) RR 0. 82 (0. 71 to 0. 95) 2764 (1 study) ⊕⊕⊕⊝ moderatea due to indirectness RV1 probably slightly reduces severe all‐cause diarrhoea compared to placebo or no intervention at up to two years follow‐up. All‐cause death Follow‐up: 2 months to 2 years 24 per 1000 21 per 1000 (16 to 30) RR 0. 88 (0. 64 to 1. 22) 8181 (8 studies) ⊕⊕⊝⊝ lowb due to imprecision RV1 may make little or no difference to all‐cause death compared to placebo or no intervention. All serious adverse events Follow‐up: 2 months to 2 years 95 per 1000 84 per 1000 (72 to 99) RR 0. 89 (0. 76 to 1. 04) 7481 (7 studies) ⊕⊕⊕⊕ high RV1 makes little or no difference to serious adverse events compared to placebo or no intervention. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text provides evidence that the RV1 vaccine reduces severe cases of rotavirus diarrhoea and all-cause diarrhoea compared to placebo or no intervention. This indicates that the vaccine is effective in preventing diarrhoea, which is an infectious disease, thus corroborating the claim that vaccines help in preventing the spread of infectious diseases.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Telemedicine eliminates the need for in-person visits entirely. [SEP] Text: 85)K480 – Physician to allied professional telephone consultation ($31. 35)Phone or video visitscK080 – Minor assessment ($23. 75)K081 – Intermediate assessment including psychotherapy >10 min ($36. 85)K082 – Psychotherapy, psychiatric, or mental health counseling ($67. 75 for each 30 min increment)K083 – Specialist consultation ($5. 00 per increment)K092 (phone) or K093 (video) – Palliative care consultation >50 min ($159. 20)K094 (phone) or K095 (video) – Palliative care support ($72. 15 for each 30 min increment)OHIP: insurance Plan;. aAll information is based on the most recently released of Benefits (effective 1 October 2021). bPhysicians hosting OTN visits with rural patients continued to receive a $15 premium for each visit until 31 March 2021. cThese fee codes were introduced on 14 March 2020 (except for palliative care codes that were launched on 14 March 2021) and are set to expire on 30 September 2022. We did not consider virtual palliative care codes (K092–K095) in this analysis. Statistical analysisWe used 15 March 2020, when the of Health advised all hospitals to halt non-emergent and elective procedures, to represent the start of the COVID-19 pandemic. 16 A pre-pandemic period (3 January 2016 to 14 March 2020) and a pandemic period (15 March 2020 to 27 March 2021) were created accordingly. 23,24 For in-person and virtual visits, separate segmented negative binomial regression models were fitted to estimate the weekly billing volume per thousand OHIP-eligible adults. These models comprised three estimates: the weekly pre-pandemic trend in billing volume per thousand adults (slope); the immediate change in mean billing volume at the start of the pandemic (relative change in intercept); and the subsequent change in slope during the pandemic era. In a sensitivity analysis, we repeated the modeling procedures separately on OTN visits and e-assessments. All regression analyses were 2-sided using a p-value <0. 05 to indicate statistical significance. All analyses were performed using SAS 7. 15 (SAS Institute). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by providing details about telemedicine consultations alongside in-person visits, indicating that although telemedicine services exist, they do not completely eliminate the need for in-person visits. The mention of specific billing codes for telephone and video consultations suggests that there are still various types of assessments and consultations performed, implying that in-person visits may still be necessary for certain circumstances.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Bioengineered yeast can produce biofuels from sugars. [SEP] Text: Several independent reports have been published describing the hydrolysis of pretreated biomass by mixtures of purified cellulases from wheat and barley straw, corn stover, switchgrass, and poplar. Afterward, genes encoding the enzymes like; cellobiohydrolase I (CBH I), cellobiohydrolase II (CBH II), and endoglucanase (EG) were stably introduced into the genome of the sugarcane, and the accumulation of enzymes was confirmed in the leaves of plants [64]. However, the enzymes CBHI and CBHII of fungal origin remained resistant to proteolysis during sugarcane leaf senescence, while bacterial origin (EG) was degraded, demonstrating the stability of recombinant cellulase in transgenic sugarcane. When tissue-specific regulatory elements, with or without targeting sequences, were used to control the expression of transgenes the accumulation of enzymes was variably enhanced. All three enzymes accumulated to higher levels when targeted to vacuoles however, the highest levels of accumulation of endoglucanase were recorded when the enzyme was targeted to the chloroplasts. This practically demonstrates a significant step forward for the economic production of lignocellulosic ethanol. Hence, such initiatives could advance cellulosic ethanol technology. 2. 5 Genetic improvement for ethanol productionRenewable fuels are an attractive alternative to petroleum-derived gasoline since it potentially lowers the production of greenhouse gases, and add to the country’s economy. Amongst biofuels, bioethanol is being produced from non-food as well as food parts of the plants including sugarcane. It is prepared from can juice, molasses, and bagasse. The renewable bioethanol industry has been successfully developed in countries like the USA, Brazil, Mexico, the EU, and China, and bioethanol is being used to unravel the energy crisis. Developing bioethanol from non-food sources has emerged as a trend due to several advantages like availability of abundant raw materials, low price, and renewability. Such bioethanol industry is strategically being developed in China. Bioethanol production in the USA is from corn with a maximum production of 56. 7 billion liters from cereal grains, though the focus has been shifted recently from corn to cellulosic ethanol, facing many challenges like feedstock availability and high conversion costs. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim directly regarding bioengineered yeast specifically producing biofuels from sugars. Instead, it discusses the hydrolysis of biomass to produce bioethanol, focusing on enzymes and transgenic sugarcane for ethanol production, which does not provide evidence supporting or contrasting the specific claim about bioengineered yeast.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Vaccines help in preventing the spread of infectious diseases. [SEP] Text: RV5 compared to placebo for preventing rotavirus diarrhoea in low‐mortality countries Patient or population: children Settings: low‐mortality countries (WHO strata A and B) Intervention: RV5 Comparison: placebo comparative risks* (95% CI) Relative effect (95% CI) Number of participants (studies) Certainty of the evidence (GRADE) risk Corresponding risk Placebo RV5 Severe cases of rotavirus diarrhoea Follow‐up: up to 1 year 17 per 1000 1 per 1000 (1 to 5) RR 0. 08 (0. 03 to 0. 22) 4132 (5 studies) ⊕⊕⊕⊝ moderatea due to imprecision RV5 probably reduces severe rotavirus diarrhoea compared to placebo at up to one year follow‐up. Severe cases of rotavirus diarrhoea Follow‐up: up to 2 years 25 per 1000 4 per 1000 (2 to 10) RR 0. 18 (0. 08 to 0. 39) 7318 (4 studies) ⊕⊕⊕⊝ moderateb due to inconsistency RV5 probably reduces severe rotavirus diarrhoea compared to placebo at up to two years follow‐up. Severe all‐cause diarrhoea Follow‐up: up to 1 year ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ We found no studies that reported on this outcome in this setting Severe all‐cause diarrhoea Follow‐up: up to 2 years ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ We found no studies that reported on this outcome in this setting All‐cause death Follow‐up: 2 months to 2 years 1 per 1000 1 per 1000 (0 to 1) RR 1. 13 (0. 65 to 1. 96) 77,642 (9 studies) ⊕⊕⊝⊝ lowc due to imprecision RV5 may make little or no difference to all‐cause death compared to placebo. All serious adverse events Follow‐up: 2 months to 2 years 27 per 1000 25 per 1000 (23 to 28) RR 0. 93 (0. 86 to 1. 02) 75,672 (8 studies) ⊕⊕⊕⊕ high RV5 makes little or no difference to serious adverse events compared to placebo. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text supports the claim by stating that RV5 (a vaccine) probably reduces severe rotavirus diarrhoea compared to placebo in children. This reduction in severe cases indicates that vaccines can be effective in preventing the spread of infectious diseases like rotavirus.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Telemedicine eliminates the need for in-person visits entirely. [SEP] Text: ResultsDuring the pre-pandemic period, 133,9129,606 in-person visits and 3,869,297 virtual visits have taken place in Ontario, Canada (Table 2). Since the start of the pandemic on 15 March 2020, 17,952,559 in-person visits and 35,580,999 virtual visits occurred over the pandemic era (i. e. until 27 March 2021). Hence, on a weekly basis, there was an increase of 57. 6% in total physician visit volume after the start of COVID-19. Table 2. Results of the segmented regression analysis on a weekly number of OHIP billings per thousand adults in Ontario, Canada. ParametersIn-person visits (pre-pandemic N = 133,912,606; pandemic N = 17,952,559)Virtual visitsa (pre-pandemic N = 3,869,297; pandemic N = 35,580,999)RR95% CIp-valueRR95% CIp-valueRelative change in weekly volume (slope before the start of COVID-19b)1. 00030. 99995–1. 00060. 091. 00531. 0050–1. 0056<0. 01Relative change in mean volume at the start of COVID-19 (relative change in intercept)0. 350. 32–0. 39<0. 0121. 319. 6–23. 0<0. 01Relative change in weekly volume (further change in slope after the start of COVID-19c)1. 0141. 011–1. 017<0. 011. 00120. 9989–1. 00340. 31OHIP: insurance Plan; RR: rate ratio; CI: confidence intervals; COVID-19: coronavirus disease 2019. aVirtual visits comprised OTN visits and e-assessments during pre-pandemic and later also included phone and video visits using a non-OTN platform once phone codes were launched under a temporary emergency order. bPre-pandemic period is from 3 January 2016 to 14 March 2020. We use 15 March 2020 to proxy the start of the COVID-19 pandemic in Ontario, Canada as hospitals services were halted. cThe pandemic period is from 15 March 2020 to 27 March 2021. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by providing data on both in-person and virtual visits before and during the pandemic, indicating that despite an increase in virtual visits, in-person visits are still occurring in significant numbers. For instance, there were 17,952,559 in-person visits during the pandemic period, suggesting that telemedicine has not entirely eliminated in-person visits.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Bioengineered yeast can produce biofuels from sugars. [SEP] Text: The feedstock used to extract oil is rapeseed and or cooking oil in the EU whereas in the USA and Brazil is soybean. The soybean has been grown on 33 million hectares in the US with per hectare oil production from 0. 36 to 0. 61 MT/ha [USDA, 2015]. However, total biodiesel production would have been only about one-tenth of the US distillate fuel oil consumption (about 155 million MT) by crushing the total soybean produced [69]. This situation demands the introduction of other crops, and interventions of recombinant technology to engineer metabolic pathways in plants to accumulate oil, and could be grown on marginal land avoiding any possible competition with major food and feed crops. Metabolic pathways have been engineered in tobacco and Arabidopsis, highly regarded model plants used in genetic engineering experiments, to accumulate triacylglycerol [70]. In another independent study three genes namely; WRI1 (1), DAGA T1–2 (diacylglycerol acyltransferase1–2), and OLE1(Oleosin1) were expressed, and the triacylglycerol was accumulated in leaves and culmus stalk of sugarcane [71]. The accumulation of triacylglycerol added to the total fatty acid contents of up to 4. 7% and 1. 7% of dry weight in mature leaves and stems, respectively. Interestingly, confocal micrographs have shown the presence of lipid droplets within the transgenic mesophyll cells, indicating a step forward in the accumulation of high levels of triacylglycerol in sugarcane. In another independent study, multiple genes were either expressed or suppressed in sugarcane to increase the lipid contents in the vegetative biomass. The genes 1, DAGAT1–2, OLE1, WRI1 were co-expressed, whereas, tgd1 and sdp1 were simultaneously suppressed in the sugarcane and an elevated amount of the TAG was recorded. The transgenic plants with constitutively co-expressed 1, DAGAT1–2, OLE1, WRI1, and simultaneously suppressed tgd1 in different plasmids elevated the TAG accumulation by 277-fold and 109-fold in leaf and stem tissues, respectively [71]. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses the use of rapeseed, soybean, and sugarcane for biodiesel production and genetic engineering of those plants, without mentioning yeast or its ability to produce biofuels from sugars.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Vaccines help in preventing the spread of infectious diseases. [SEP] Text: RV5 compared to placebo for preventing rotavirus diarrhoea in high‐mortality countries Patient or population: children Settings: high‐mortality countries (WHO strata D and E) Intervention: RV5 Comparison: placebo comparative risks* (95% CI) Relative effect (95% CI) Number of participants (studies) Certainty of the evidence (GRADE) risk Corresponding risk Placebo RV5 Severe cases of rotavirus diarrhoea Follow‐up: up to 1 year 30 per 1000 13 per 1000 (9 to 19) RR 0. 43 (0. 29 to 0. 62) 5916 (2 studies) ⊕⊕⊕⊕ high RV5 reduces severe rotavirus diarrhoea compared to placebo at up to one year follow‐up. Severe cases of rotavirus diarrhoea Follow‐up: up to 2 years 63 per 1000 37 per 1000 (27 to 51) RR 0. 59 (0. 43 to 0. 82) 5885 (2 studies) ⊕⊕⊕⊕ high RV5 reduces severe rotavirus diarrhoea compared to placebo at up to two years follow‐up. Severe cases of all‐cause diarrhoea Follow‐up: up to 1 year 77 per 1000 62 per 1000 (45 to 85) RR 0. 8 (0. 58 to 1. 11) 4085 (1 study) ⊕⊕⊕⊝ moderatea due to indirectness RV5 probably makes little or no difference to severe all‐cause diarrhoea compared to placebo at up to one year follow‐up. Severe cases of all‐cause diarrhoea Follow‐up: up to 2 years 130 per 1000 110 per 1000 (97 to 127) RR 0. 85 (0. 75 to 0. 98) 5977 (2 studies) ⊕⊕⊕⊕ high RV5 slightly reduces severe all‐cause diarrhoea compared to placebo at up to two years follow‐up. All‐cause death Follow‐up: 2 months to 2 years 26 per 1000 23 per 1000 (17 to 32) RR 0. 92 (0. 68 to 1. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text discusses the effectiveness of the RV5 vaccine in reducing severe cases of rotavirus diarrhoea compared to a placebo, indicating that the vaccine helps prevent illness caused by rotavirus, which is an infectious disease. By showing reduced rates of severe rotavirus diarrhoea in vaccinated populations, the text corroborates the claim that vaccines help in preventing the spread of infectious diseases.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Telemedicine eliminates the need for in-person visits entirely. [SEP] Text: The regression coefficients can be interpreted as followed: the volume of in-person visits per thousand adults was increasing at an insignificant rate of 0. 03% for each week during pre-pandemic, followed by a drop in the mean volume of 65% at the start of the pandemic, then a weekly rise of 1. 4% (i. e. the product of pre-pandemic slope, 1. 0003, and the relative change in slope in pandemic vs. pre-pandemic era, 1. 014) until 27 March 2021. The results of the segmented regression analysis on billing volume per thousand OHIP-eligible adults are presented in Table 2 and Figure 1. Before the start of the pandemic, the number of in-person visits per thousand adults was stable (p-value = 0. 09) whereas virtual visits remained at a very low level with a 0. 5% increase (rate ratio [RR]: 1. 0053, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1. 0050–1. 0056) in each subsequent week. A dramatic 65% decline (RR: 0. 35, 95% CI: 0. 32–0. 39) in mean in-person visits volume occurred at the start of the pandemic, accompanied by a 21-fold rise (RR: 21. 3, 95% CI: 19. 6–23. 0) in mean virtual visits volume. Afterward, in-person visits slowly recovered towards pre-pandemic levels with a weekly rise of 1. 4% (RR: 1. 014, 95% CI 1. 011–1. 017) although no significant change was observed for virtual visits (p-value = 0. 31). Figure 1. Weekly trends in physician billing of in-person and virtual visits per thousand adults between 3 January 2016 and 27 March 2021. Notes: Virtual visits comprised Network (OTN)-supported videoconferencing visits and e-assessments during the pre-pandemic era and later also included phone and video visits on a non-OTN platform once new “phone codes” were launched under a temporary emergency order. We repeated the modeling procedures on OTN visits and e-assessments, respectively, in a sensitivity analysis (Table 3 and Figure 2). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by providing statistical data indicating that, throughout the pandemic, in-person visits did decline significantly (by 65%) but were shown to gradually recover towards pre-pandemic levels with a weekly rise of 1.4%. Therefore, while telemedicine saw an increase, it did not eliminate the need for in-person visits, as they remained a necessary part of healthcare, evidenced by the increasing rate of in-person visits over time.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Bioengineered yeast can produce biofuels from sugars. [SEP] Text: Hence, the yield of fermentable sugars could be enhanced by improving the translocation and by bioconversion of lignocellulosic biomass for bioethanol and biodiesel production, sustainably. Further, Cellulose and lignin could be separated and used to develop high-quality fiber and lignosurfactants, respectively. 1. OECD/FAO (2020). “OECD-FAO Agricultural Outlook”, OECD Agriculture statistics (database),. Developmental and photosynthetic regulation of Bacillus thuringiensis δ-endotoxin reveals that engineered sugarcane conferring resistance to ‘dead heart’ contains no toxins in cane juice. Reports. 2011;38:2359-23693. Mustafa G, Khan MS. Transmission of engineered plastids in Sugarcane, a C4 monocotyledonous plant, reveals that sorting of preprogrammed progenitor cells produce heteroplasmy. Plants. 2021;10:26-384. Khan MS, Maliga P. Fluorescent antibiotic resistance marker to track plastid transformation in higher plants. Nature Biotechnology. 1999;17:910-9155. . Milestones in chloroplast genetic engineering: An environmentally friendly era in biotechnology. Trends in Plant Science. 2002;7:84-916. . Transgenic sugarcane plants expressing high levels of modified cry1Ac provide effective control against stem borers in field trials. Transgenic Research. 2011;20:759-7727. Falco MC, Silva-Filho MC. Expression of soybean proteinase inhibitors in transgenic sugarcane plants: Effects on natural defense against Diatraea saccharalis. and Biochemistry. 2003;41:761-7668. . Evaluation of lectin-expressing transgenic sugarcane against stalkborers (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae): Efects on life history parameters. Journal of Economic Entomology. 2002;95:469-4779. -Kumar M. Impact of combined abiotic and biotic stresses on plant growth and avenues for crop improvement by exploiting physio-morphological traits. Frontiers in Plant Science. 2017;8:537-55110. . Scope of genetic transformation in sugarcane: a review. Genomics and Applied Biology. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses various aspects of genetic engineering in sugarcane and the enhancement of fermentable sugars but does not specifically mention bioengineered yeast or its ability to produce biofuels from sugars. It covers topics such as lignocellulosic biomass, bioconversion, and the genetic modification of sugarcane, which do not contribute to supporting or contrasting the claim about bioengineered yeast.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Vaccines help in preventing the spread of infectious diseases. [SEP] Text: There was a 1:10,000 to 1:32,000 increased risk of intussusception with a previous rotavirus vaccine (Bines 2005), so these trials were not powered to detect an association between RV1 and intussusception. Figures and Tables - Summary of findings 4. RV5 compared to placebo for preventing rotavirus diarrhoea in high‐mortality countries Navigate to table in of findings 5. Rotavac compared to placebo for preventing rotavirus diarrhoea in high‐mortality countries Patient or population: children Settings: one high‐mortality country (India) (WHO stratum D) Intervention: Rotavac Comparison: placebo comparative risks* (95% CI) Relative effect (95% CI) No of Participants (studies) Certainty of the evidence (GRADE) risk Corresponding risk Severe cases of rotavirus diarrhoea follow‐up: up to 1 year 31 per 1000 13 per 1000 (9 to 19) RR 0. 43 (0. 30 to 0. 60) 6799 (1 study) ⊕⊕⊕⊝ moderatea due to indirectness Rotavac probably reduces severe rotavirus diarrhoea compared to placebo at up to one year follow‐up. Severe cases of rotavirus diarrhoea follow‐up: up to 2 years 47 per 1000 21 per 1000 (16 to 28) RR 0. 46 (0. 35 to 0. 60) 6541 (1 study) ⊕⊕⊕⊝ moderatea due to indirectness Rotavac probably reduces severe rotavirus diarrhoea compared to placebo at up to two years follow‐up. Severe cases of all‐cause diarrhoea follow‐up: up to 2 years 93 per 1000 78 per 1000 (66 to 91) RR 0. 84 (0. 71 to 0. 98) 6799 (1 study) ⊕⊕⊕⊝ moderatea due to indirectness Rotavac probably slightly reduces severe all‐cause diarrhoea compared to placebo at up to one year follow‐up. All‐cause death follow‐up: up to 2 years 7 per 1000 6 per 1000 (4 to 11) RR 0. 92 (0. 52 to 1. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text provides evidence that a vaccine called Rotavac likely reduces severe rotavirus diarrhoea compared to a placebo in high-mortality countries. Specifically, it states that Rotavac probably reduces severe cases of rotavirus diarrhoea and that its effectiveness is supported by comparative risk data. This supports the claim that vaccines help in preventing the spread of infectious diseases, as reducing severe diarrhoea can prevent outbreaks of rotavirus.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Telemedicine eliminates the need for in-person visits entirely. [SEP] Text: Prior to the start of the pandemic, the weekly billing volume of OTN visits per thousand OHIP-eligible adults was growing at 0. 5% per week (RR: 1. 005, 95% CI: 1. 004–1. 005). After experiencing a 2. 6-fold rise (RR: 2. 61, 95% CI: 1. 72–3. 98) in mean volume as the pandemic arrived, OTN visits started to drop dramatically by 59% each week (RR: 0. 41, 95% CI: 0. 37–0. 46) in the COVID-19 era. E-assessments remained low-volume throughout the study periods as we only observed 54,257 billings of such visits over 5 years. Figure 2. Weekly trends in physician billing of Network (OTN) visits (upper diagram) and e-assessments (lower diagram) per thousand adults between 3 January 2016 and 27 March 2021. Table 3. Results of the segmented regression analysis on a weekly number of OTN visits and e-assessments billing per thousand adults in Ontario, Canada. ParametersOTN visits (pre-pandemic N = 3,814,299; pandemic N = 94,710)E-assessments (pre-pandemic N = 41,084; pandemic N = 13,173)RR95% CIp-valueRR95% CIp-valueRelative change in weekly volume (slope before the start of COVID-19a)1. 0051. 004–1. 005<0. 011. 0021. 001–1. 003<0. 01Relative change in mean volume at the start of COVID-19 (relative change in intercept)2. 611. 72–3. 98<0. 011. 160. 99–1. 360. 07Relative change in weekly volume (further change in slope after the start of COVID-19b)0. 410. 37–0. 46<0. 010. 9940. 989–0. 998<0. 01OTN: Network; RR: rate ratio; CI: confidence intervals; COVID-19: coronavirus disease 2019. aPre-pandemic period is from 3 January 2016 to 14 March 2020. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by providing statistical evidence that after the introduction of telemedicine due to the pandemic, there was a significant drop in OTN visits, indicating that telemedicine did not replace the need for in-person visits entirely. Instead, the data shows that OTN visits 'started to drop dramatically by 59% each week,' which suggests that many individuals still required in-person visits despite the increase in telemedicine.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Bioengineered yeast can produce biofuels from sugars. [SEP] Text: 2017;8(1):1-711. . Stably transformed herbicide resistant callus of sugarcane via microprojectile bombardment of cell suspension cultures and electroporation of protoplasts. Reports. 1992;11:494-49812. . High efficiency, microprojectile-mediated co-transformation of sugarcane, using visible or selectable markers. Molecular Breeding. 1996;2:239-24913. . High transgene expression levels in sugarcane (Saccharum officinarum L. ) driven by the rice ubiquitin promoter RUBQ2. Plant Science. 2003;165:743-75014. -. Regeneration of sugarcane elite breeding lines and engineering of stem borer resistance. Science. 2006;62:178-18715. . Expression of foreign genes in sugarcane. In: Cock JH, (eds) Proceedings of the XXII Congress of the of Sugarcane Technologists, Tecnicana, Cali. Vol. 2;1995. p. 369-37316. . Preparation of from Sugarcane for Textile Use. In: in Science, Hindawi. Vol. 2013;2013. p. 1-617. . Regeneration of sugarcane elite breeding lines and engineering of stem borer resistance. Science. 2006;62:178-18718. . Codon optimization of cry1Ab gene for hyper expression in plant organelles. Reports. 2010;37:1011-101719. . Improvement of sugarcane for borer resistance using Agrobacterium mediated transformation of cry1Ac gene. GM Crops and Food. 2021;12(1):47-5620. . Kinetic model of sucrose accumulation in maturing sugarcane culm tissue. Phytochemistry. 2007;68:2375-239221. Moore PH. Temporal and spatial regulation of sucrose accumulation in the sugarcane stem. Biology. 1995;22:661-67922. Viswanathan R, Samiyappan R. Red rot disease of sugarcane: major constraint for Indian sugar industry. Sugar Cane. 1999;5:9-1523. . Ecofriendly management of red rot disease of sugarcane with Trichoderma strains. Sugar Tech. 2008a;10:158-16124. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not provide information specifically about bioengineered yeast or its ability to produce biofuels from sugars. Instead, it discusses a variety of topics related to sugarcane, including transformation techniques and regulation of sucrose accumulation. Therefore, it is irrelevant to the claim about bioengineered yeast.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Exercise can lower the risk of heart disease and stroke. [SEP] Text: Some of the modifiable risk factors that increase risk for HD are: Tobacco use, obesity, diets high in sodium and fat, and poorly controlled diabetes and hypertension [2]. Exercise recommendations and endurance exercise in the USA Fortunately, there are known solutions which can counteract the modifiable risk factors for developing HD. Long-term moderate exercise is one of the most important interventions that has been proven to reduce body weight, normalize insulin sensitivity, reduce cholesterol, and normalize blood pressure [3]. The exercise guidelines for adults are 2. 5 hours to 5 hours a week of moderate exercise or 1. 25 hours to 2. 5 hours of vigorous intensity, aerobic exercise once a week. This is also recommended to be in combination with weight training of all muscle groups 2 times a week [3]. Following these recommendations ultimately has lasting impact on reducing the risk of developing HD and mitigating the effects of existing HD [4]. Exercise unequivocally results in many physical and psychological health benefits; however, the upper limit of exercise and its implications on cardiac health are not as clear. Athletic hearts structurally and physiologically adapt towards the body's increased oxygen demand during extensive exercise [4]. For instance, hearts of athletes are larger in mass, have an increased right and left ventricular End-(EDV) and increased contractility, resulting in increased lung perfusion and (CO) [5]. However, it has also been suggested that individuals who participate in long-term and intense endurance exercise have a higher prevalence of cardiovascular complications than their sedentary counterparts [6]. The association between endurance exercise and HD is becoming more important since self-trained individuals within the general public are participating in highly intensive endurance activities that sometimes require vigorous exercise well beyond the recommendations by the CDC. In the USA, the number of individuals who participated in triathlons increased from 0. 92 million in 2006 to 4. 08 million in 2017 [7]. This does not include other forms of extensive endurance exercise such as marathons, cycling, and canoeing. While these forms of exercise promote healthier lifestyles, improper modifications in diet along with excessive training may have an association with HD. It has been suggested that intense endurance exercise could lead to increased cardiac remodelling, myocardial fibrosis, and arrhythmias which could ultimately progress to cardiac dysfunction [8]. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by stating that 'long-term moderate exercise is one of the most important interventions that has been proven to reduce body weight, normalize insulin sensitivity, reduce cholesterol, and normalize blood pressure.' These effects collectively contribute to lowering the risk of heart disease (HD) and mitigating existing HD, thereby supporting the overall assertion that exercise can lower the risk of heart disease and stroke.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Telemedicine eliminates the need for in-person visits entirely. [SEP] Text: We use 15 March 2020 to proxy the start of the COVID-19 pandemic in Ontario, Canada as hospitals services were halted. bThe pandemic period is from 15 March 2020 to 27 March 2021. The regression coefficients can be interpreted as followed: the volume of OTN visits per thousand adults was increasing at 0. 5% for each week during pre-pandemic, followed by a 2. 61-fold increase in mean volume at the start of the pandemic, then a weekly decline of 59% (i. e. the product of pre-pandemic slope, 1. 005, and the relative change in slope in pandemic vs. pre-pandemic era, 0. 41) until 27 March 2021. DiscussionIn this Ontario-based study, we revealed the billing of virtual visits rose 21 folds in response to COVID-19 and the high volume did not recede even when in-person visits started to gradually rebound to pre-pandemic levels. Overall, a 57. 6% rise in the total weekly billing volume of physician visits since the start of COVID-19 was observed. Due to the high capture of physician billing data in a universal healthcare system, Ontario serves as a unique setting to assess the impact of the temporary introduction of phone codes on physician visits and billing. In this case, we concluded that the surge in virtual visits was largely driven by the availability of phone codes under the temporary emergency order. These results imply Ontario physicians responded swiftly and positively to modifications in remuneration, which is also evident by the substantially declined billing of OTN-supported video visits when the associated incentives expired shortly after the arrival of COVID-19. Our results are somewhat incongruent with the two early Ontario analyses using billing records in the first 4 to 5 months of the pandemic. Glazier et al. 12 found a 56-fold growth in virtual primary care visits between March and July 2020 relative to 2019, which is a much larger increase than our estimate (i. e. 21 folds). This discrepancy might be due to distinct behaviors of primary care physicians who shifted to virtual care provision faster and to a larger extent than other medical specialists. 9,11 A more recent analysis by Bhatia et al. 11 found phone visits that were enabled by the new temporary billing codes accounted for 91. 5% of all virtual visits in Ontario between January and August 2020. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by indicating that while there was a significant increase in virtual visits due to the COVID-19 pandemic, in-person visits did not completely cease. The study highlighted that the total weekly billing volume of physician visits rose but also noted that in-person visits started to rebound to pre-pandemic levels. Thus, this implies that telemedicine did not eliminate the need for in-person visits entirely but rather coexisted with them during and after the pandemic.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Bioengineered yeast can produce biofuels from sugars. [SEP] Text: . Biological control of red rot disease of sugarcane by Trichoderma harzianum and T. viride. Indian Phytopathology. 2008;61:486-49325. -. Comparative transcriptomics reveals different strategies of Trichoderma mycoparasitism. BMC Genomics. 2013;14:121-12526. . Mycoparasitic interaction relieves binding of the Cre1 carbon catabolite repressor protein to promoter sequences of the ech42 (endochitinase-encoding) gene in Trichoderma harzianum. Proceedings of the of Sciences USA. 1996;93:14868-1487227. Howell CR. The role of antibiosis in biocontrol. In: eds. Trichoderma and Gliocladium. Enzymes, biological control and commercial applications. London: Taylor & Francis. Vol. 2;1998. p. 173-18428. . Red rot resistant transgenic sugarcane developed through expression of β-1,3-glucanase gene. . 2017;12(6):e017972329. Vazquez-Garciduenas S, Leal-Morales CA, Herrera-Estrella A. Analysis of the beta-1,3-of the Trichoderma harzianum. Applied and Environmental Microbiology. 1998;64(4):1442-144630. Saumtally A, Dookun-. Leaf scald of sugarcane: A disease of worldwide importance. In: Sugarcane Pathology: Bacterial and Nematode Diseases. New Hampshire: Science Publishers; 2004. p. 65-7631. . First report of sugarcane leaf scald caused by Xanthomonas albilineans in the province of Guangxi, China. Plant Disease. 2017;101(8):154132. Huang YK. , Li WF. , Zhang RY. , Wang XY. Diagnosis and Control of Diseases. In: of Diagnosis and Control for Diseases, Pests, and Weeds. Springer, Singapore; 2018. p. 1-10333. . Engineered detoxification confers resistance against a pathogenic bacterium. Nature Biotechnology. 1999;17:1021-102434. . [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not relate to the claim about bioengineered yeast producing biofuels from sugars. Instead, it discusses various studies related to Trichoderma harzianum, a fungus, its role in biological control of sugarcane diseases, and transgenic sugarcane developed for disease resistance. There is no mention of yeast or biofuel production, making the text irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Exercise can lower the risk of heart disease and stroke. [SEP] Text: [19] studied the association between long term endurance exercise, coronary artery calcification and myocardial fibrosis. The researchers examined 108 apparently healthy male marathon runners who were ≥ 50 years. All participants competed in at least 5 marathons within the last three years of the study and have already completed a median of 20 marathons in total. The control group (n = 216) were non marathon runners that were matched by age and other cardiovascular risk factors; such as smoking and diabetes. Mohlenkamp, et al. [19], measured all participants' Calcification (CAC) scores using (EBCT). The presence of DGE with the CMRI was also measured as in the previous studies. The differences between the two groups were evaluated using a paired t-test, where p < 0. 05 was considered a significant difference. The odds ratios for CAC scores and the number of marathons completed in relation to the presence of DGE were statistically analysed using Spearman correlation and confirmed by logistic regression. It was discovered that there was no difference in CAC scores between the two groups. It was also observed that only 12 participants in total displayed DGE. However, the marathon runners who also displayed DGE had a significantly higher CAC score. The median CAC (Q1-Q3) was 192 (129-603) in the runners and 26 (0-159) in the controls, P = 0. 0046. The odds ratio of CAC scores and DGE was 1. 17 (p < 0. 05) and the odds ratio of number of marathons completed and DGE was 1. 62, (p < 0. 05). Wilson, et al. [20] investigated the effects of endurance exercise on cardiac function and presence of myocardial fibrosis. The researchers recruited 12 male endurance athletes who have competed in endurance competitions throughout their lives (56 ± 6 years-old), 20 age-matched non-athletic controls (60 ± 5 years-old) and 17 young male endurance athletes (31 ± 5 years-old). They used the CMRI to measure cardiac function and used DGE as a measure of fibrosis. A 1-way ANOVA test with a post hoc Bonferroni was used to compare the three groups. A Mann-Whitney test, where p < 0. 05, was used to compare the older athletes and age matched controls. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text discusses studies on endurance exercise and its association with coronary artery calcification and myocardial fibrosis. Since these are key indicators of heart disease, the text supports the claim by indicating that exercise, particularly endurance exercise, may relate to heart health outcomes.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Telemedicine eliminates the need for in-person visits entirely. [SEP] Text: According to our analysis, between 15 March 2020 and 27 March 2021, nearly 99. 7% of virtual visits were delivered by phone or non-OTN video platform. This exceedingly high proportion of phone/video visits is likely a result of the rapidly decreasing uptake of OTN visits by physicians once the incentive codes expired and continuously high billing of phone codes. Nearly all early literature concludes a net reduction in total physician visits during the first 3 months of the pandemic, despite a surge in virtual visits. 5–9,12,13 We extend this result by showing that 12 months after the arrival of COVID-19, the total weekly physician visits volume in Ontario has grown by 57. 6% compared to pre-pandemic levels. It is possible that physicians, especially those who were unfamiliar with virtual care technology, needed to meet with the same patient repeatedly to achieve the same level of oversight. Furthermore, the increase in the volume of virtual visits might be attributed to an influx of patients requiring mental health counseling amid the provincial lockdown. 25 However, regardless, these findings raise concerns about increased healthcare spending on physician services. In light of the current fiscal constraints and given that virtual visits are reimbursed similarly to in-person visits in Ontario, there is a need to assess the quality of virtual care and to advance physician remuneration models to reward value over volume. This concern is especially relevant for phone visits which have become billable to most Ontario physicians for the first time under the emergency order. 17 While clinical guidelines exist on how best to use video visits even for activities that are thought to rely heavily on close and sustained physical contact between provider and patient (such as a physical examination),26,27 it seems unlikely a phone call alone would be adequate under this circumstance. Still, phone visits might uniquely benefit certain patient populations during the pandemic, such as those who do not have the required video conferencing software installed and ready to use on their device and those who lack high-speed internet access. 28 We would be able to statistically assess these scenarios using the updated physician claims data after October 2021 as Ontario now mandates a tracking code to be billed to indicate if the virtual visit is a phone call or a video visit on Skype, Zoom, or FaceTime. 11,22For disadvantaged patient populations, virtual care represents an opportunity to promote access to care. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by indicating that, despite a high volume of virtual visits, there was a net reduction in total physician visits during the early months of the pandemic. It specifically notes that nearly all early literature concludes a reduction in total visits and highlights that telephone calls alone may not be adequate for providing certain types of care, suggesting that in-person visits still hold importance.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Bioengineered yeast can produce biofuels from sugars. [SEP] Text: Disease (Leaf Scald) of Sugarcane in China: Pathogenesis, Diagnosis, and Management. In: Plant Diseases-. Intech Open; 201935. Birch RG. Xanthomonas albilineans and the anti-pathogenesis approach to disease control. Pathology. 2001;2(1):1-1136. Moore PH. Temporal and spatial regulation of sucrose accumulation in the sugarcane stem. of Plant Physiology. 1995;22:661-67937. . The evolutionary significance of sugar accumulation in Saccharum. of Biological Sciences. 1963:16:737-74238. . Supply and demand: sink regulation of sugar accumulation in sugarcane. Journal of Experimental Botany. 2009:60:357-36439. . Increasing the utility of genomics in unravelling sucrose accumulation. Research. 2005;92:149-15840. . Metabolic engineering of sugars and simple sugar derivatives in plants. Journal. 2013;11:142-15641. Patrick JW. Phloem unloading: sieve element unloading and post-sieve element transport. of Biology. 1997;48(1):191-22242. . Encyclopedia of Agriculture and Food Systems. 201443. . Sucrose partitioning between vascular bundles and storage parenchyma in the sugarcane stem: a potential role for the ShSUT1 sucrose transporter. Planta. 2005;220(6):817-82544. Lalonde S, Tegeder M, Throne-. Phloem loading and unloadin of sugar and amino acids. Plant, Cell and Environment. 2003;26:37-5645. . Sugarcane sucrose metabolism: scope for molecular manipulation. of Plant Physiology. 2001;28:1-1246. . Cycle in Sugar Cane. III. Physical & of Cycle in Tissues. Plant Physiology. 1963;38(3):348-35447. . Carbon partitioning in sugarcane (Saccharum species). Frontiers in Plant Science. 2013;4:201-20648. . Sucrose synthase affects carbon partitioning to increase cellulose production and altered cell wall ultrastructure. Proceedings of the of Sciences USA. 2009;106:13118-1312349. . [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses various aspects of sugarcane disease management and sugar metabolism in plants without mentioning bioengineered yeast or its ability to produce biofuels from sugars.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Exercise can lower the risk of heart disease and stroke. [SEP] Text: 05). All mRNA levels were significantly increased in the exercise rats after 16 weeks of exercise (Figure 1) for specific locations in the heart displaying increased expression). Benito, et al. [9] also measured the same parameters after 2 weeks of deconditioning and all of the pro-fibrotic markers returned to normal levels. Figure 1: Mean ± SEM mRNA-expression of fibrotic markers (A) TGF-β1, (B) fibronectin-1, (C) MMP-2, (D) TIMP1, (E) procollagen-I (Proc-1), and (F) procollagen-III (Proc-III) at 16 weeks in the Sed and Ex groups, quantified by real-time polymerase chain reaction and normalized to β-actin. n = 6 (Sed) and n = 8 (Ex); 2-way ANOVA, repeated measure = region. *P < 0. 05, **P < 0. 01,***P < 0. 001, Bonferroni-adjusted t test (correction factor = 4), Ex vs. Sed [9]. 1 Sinus node disease and arrythmias Calvo, et al. [11] investigated the association between Fibrillation (LAF) and endurance exercise using a case-control study. LAF is the presence of AF without any underlying heart or systemic conditions. The researchers examined 115 cases of LAF and 57 controls to investigate different risk factors associated with LAF. The significant variables associated with LAF were determined by using conditional logistic regression and backward-stepwise selection. After it was found that endurance exercise had a significant association with LAF, Receiver-(ROC) and positive likelihood ratio were used to determine the cut-off points for lifetime hours of intense endurance exercise. The participants were stratified into > 2000 hours and < 2000 hours of lifetime endurance exercise. The sample sizes were estimated in order to yield 80% power, where p < 0. 05 would indicate a significant AF-risk odds ratio; these conditions only applied if the prevalence of intense endurance exercise was 50% and 33% in the LAF group and control group, respectively. It was determined that there were increased odds in developing AF for those who completed ≥ 2000 hrs lifetime endurance exercise compared to sedentary cases (OR 3. 88 [1. 55-9. 73]). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing research that shows a significant association between endurance exercise and reduced risk factors related to heart conditions. Specifically, the text mentions that endurance exercise was linked to a reduced occurrence of atrial fibrillation (AF), indicating a potential lowering of risk for heart disease, thus supporting the claim.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Telemedicine eliminates the need for in-person visits entirely. [SEP] Text: has canceled the OTN visits premium for most providers on 1 April 2020, those delivering OTN visits to rural patients continued to receive a bonus payment of $15 for each completed visit until 31 March 2021. 20 Our findings suggest these incentive codes had minimal impact on the total volume of OTN visits, as we observed the visit volume to decline by nearly 60% each week from 15 March 2020 to 27 March 2021. It is unclear to us if this is the result of low uptake of incentive codes or low levels of physician interactions with rural patients in general, which future study should clarify. Furthermore, on 1 May 2020, new temporary codes (K087, K088, and K089) were introduced so that physicians could be remunerated for providing in-person and virtual care to uninsured patients. 17 We did not assess these codes in the analysis as we only focused on physician visits delivered to an insured adult patient. Hence, future study needs to use the billing records of these codes to quantify the care use of uninsured patients during the pandemic, and to assess if providers tended to meet with uninsured patients virtually or at the office. These results are potentially useful to guide the expansion of telemedicine in traditionally underserved populations. This analysis has limitations. First, we did not assess the content of billing, especially whether the billing was related to COVID-19 (such as vaccine inquiry and mental health counseling). However, it is unlikely that a surge in COVID-19-related services could have accounted for the visit trends revealed by our analysis given the relatively low incidence of the disease during the study period. Furthermore, evidence from Ontario has demonstrated similar rates of virtual care use across individuals of different health conditions (including mental health conditions) and age groups. 11 Second, this analysis is limited by the lack of covariate adjustment and thus represents a descriptive trend analysis. Particularly, we did not consider the potential urban–rural disparities in the access of and satisfaction about virtual visits, as rural residents might experience obstacles due to inadequate digital infrastructure. 29 Third, this analysis did not account for the latest changes in virtual care reimbursement policy, most notably the launch of fee codes targeting palliative care physicians and psychotherapists in mid-March 2021. 21 Hence, future research needs to continue monitoring the uptake of virtual care codes to understand the impact of these programs. Similarly, we were unable to examine additional waves of the pandemic beyond its initial arrival in March 2020. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by detailing that although telemedicine is being utilized, there is still a significant volume of in-person visits. For instance, it mentions that OTN visits had declined by nearly 60% due to factors such as low uptake of incentive codes or physician interactions. Moreover, it highlights that new temporary codes were introduced to allow remuneration for both in-person and virtual care, indicating that in-person visits still play a vital role and are not entirely eliminated.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Bioengineered yeast can produce biofuels from sugars. [SEP] Text: Mechanism of sugar storage by mature stem tissue of sugarcane. Physiologia Plantarum. 1965;18:444-45350. . Sugar transport in immature intermodal tissue of sugarcane II. Mechanism of sucrose transport. Plant Physiology. 1972;49:789-79351. . Sugar transporters in Plants: and Discoveries. Physiology. 2017;58(9):1442-146052. Ruan YL. Sucrose metabolism: gateway to diverse carbon use and sugar signaling. of Plant Biology. 2014;65:33-6753. Tarpley L, Vietor DM. Compartmentation of sucrose during radial transfer in mature sorghum culm. BMC Plant Biology. 2007;7:33-4354. . Effects of tissue culture, biolistic transformation, and introduction of PPO and SPS gene constructs on performance of sugarcane clones in the field. Science. 2005;56:449-45655. . Down-regulation of neutral invertase activity in transgenic sugarcane cell suspension cultures leads to a reduction in respiration and growth and an increase in sucrose accumulation. Biology. 2007;34:490-49856. . Metabolic engineering of invertase activities in different sub-cellular compartments affects sucrose accumulation in sugarcane cells. of Plant Physiology. 2000;27:1021-103057. . Sucrose metabolism in the culm of transgenic sugarcane with reduced soluble acid invertase activity. Congress Proceedings-of Technology. 2001;24:588-59158. . Revisiting the source–sink paradigm in sugarcane. Current Science. 2011;100:978-98059. . Identification and of Inhibitor (ShINH1): A for Reducing Pre- and Post-harvest Loss of Sucrose in Sugarcane. Frontiers in Plant Science. 2018;9:598-61160. . Lignin as a of (A Review). Petroleum Chemistry. 2020;60:227-24361. -Hyun L. Evaluation of Pretreatments for of Agricultural Residues. Biotechnology and Bioengineering Symposium. 1981;11:29-4562. . [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses various aspects of sugar metabolism and transport in sugarcane, without mentioning bioengineered yeast or the production of biofuels from sugars. There is no indication that relates to the claim that bioengineered yeast can produce biofuels.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Exercise can lower the risk of heart disease and stroke. [SEP] Text: AbstractDespite advances in drug development and medical treatments, cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) remain a leading cause of mortality across the globe. Fortunately, CVD can be delayed by engaging in appropriate lifestyle behaviors. An abundance of epidemiological evidence supports a direct association between increased levels of physical activity or cardiovascular fitness and reduced premature CVD morbidity and mortality. These data have been used as the basis for many medical organizations to issue physical activity guidelines to citizens to improve physical activity participation and, ultimately, reduce the risk of CVDs and other chronic diseases. Despite these efforts, physical activity participation around the globe remains low. The medical professional is well suited to promote exercise as a preventative treatment for CVD, although promotion efforts may be less effective without a clear understanding of the mechanisms through which exercise confers cardioprotection. Thus, the purpose of this review is to highlight the cardioprotective effects of exercise training and to explore the underlying mechanistic pathways that might explain these benefits. The review will focus on those physiological pathways that are directly involved in atherosclerotic disease development. They include hypercholesterolemia, hypertension, chronic inflammation, and insulin resistance. IntroductionAdvancements in drug development, medical devices, and imaging technologies have contributed to a significant decline in age-adjusted death rates from cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) over the last half century. 1 Yet, according to the remains the leading cause of death across the globe, accounting for 32% of all global deaths in 2019. Moreover, out of the 17 million deaths that occurred before the age of 70 years due to noncommunicable diseases, 38% were caused by CVD. Fortunately, the clinical threshold at which most CVDs compromise the health of individuals can be prevented or delayed by addressing lifestyle risk factors. Apart from eating a “healthy” diet and avoiding tobacco products, increasing levels of physical activity and exercise offers the most promising preventative treatment of CVDs. 2In 1953, Morris et al3 reported that myocardial infarction among double-decker bus conductors in London was about half the rate as among the sedentary bus drivers. Shortly thereafter, in an 18-year follow-up prospective study of over 3000 longshoremen, Paffenbarger et al4 demonstrated that cargo handlers sustained mortality from coronary artery disease (CAD) at a 27% lower rate than their less active counterparts. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by stating that 'increasing levels of physical activity and exercise offers the most promising preventative treatment of CVDs.' It further supports this by mentioning that there is epidemiological evidence linking increased physical activity with reduced cardiovascular disease morbidity and mortality, emphasizing the importance of exercise in lowering the risk of heart disease.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Telemedicine eliminates the need for in-person visits entirely. [SEP] Text: Notably, the second round of hospital services ramping down was announced in January 2022 to curb the spread of cases associated with the Omicron variant in Ontario. 30 This policy might have caused another surge in virtual visits that is beyond the scope of our data. Finally, the single-province setting of this analysis does not permit us to generalize our findings to other Canadian provinces and territories or internationally. The findings of this analysis have implications for future studies to understand the clinical value, quality, and cost-effectiveness of virtual care provision in the pandemic era and beyond. We demonstrate that Ontario physicians are increasingly blending virtual and in-person visits which have driven an increase in total weekly visits volume. Future study needs to assess the nature of these “excessive” virtual visits to ensure they do add a significant value to the standard of care. For example, chronically ill patients might benefit from having additional virtual physician check-ups to help build a self-care routine. 31 However, virtual visits are low-value and thus should be avoided if they are used to diagnose medical conditions that clearly require an in-person assessment (such as sudden loss of vision). 27 Regarding the quality of virtual visits, the study needs to incorporate both objective and subjective measures of patient outcomes to demonstrate the full spectrum of experiences. While administrative data can be used to establish hard outcomes such as the rate of hospitalization and disease progression, in-depth interview approaches are more suitable to capture patient perspectives on ease of use, levels of engagement, and perceived satisfaction. 32 These studies are particularly important for phone visits, as there is a lack of consensus on clinical situations where an audio-only visit is sufficient and how best to monitor and judge their quality. 26,27 The same analytical approach could be implemented to study the attitude of physicians toward transforming practice methods from in-person to virtual and if certain provider-level characteristics, such as payment model, age, and specialty, would impact the rate of telemedicine adoption. 33,34The financial consequence and cost-effectiveness of virtual care warrant close scrutiny. Telemedicine usually requires high upfront costs to have the digital infrastructure set up and medical personnel well trained. 35 In the case of phone visits, the health system likely faces a much smaller initial investment, but the high billing of phone codes revealed in our analysis means there would be a dramatic increase in the expenditures on physician services. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by highlighting that while virtual visits have increased, in-person visits are still necessary for certain conditions. It states that 'virtual visits are low-value and thus should be avoided if they are used to diagnose medical conditions that clearly require an in-person assessment (such as sudden loss of vision).' Additionally, it mentions that Ontario physicians are increasingly blending virtual and in-person visits, indicating that telemedicine does not completely replace the need for face-to-face consultations.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Bioengineered yeast can produce biofuels from sugars. [SEP] Text: RNAi suppression of lignin biosynthesis in sugarcane reduces recalcitrance for biofuel production from lignocellulosic biomass. Journal. 2012;10:1067-107663. Jung JH, Altpeter F. TALEN mediated targeted mutagenesis of the caffeic acid O-methyltransferase in highly polyploid sugarcane improves cell wall composition for production of bioethanol. Biology. 2016;92:131-14264. . Recombinant cellulase accumulation in the leaves of mature, vegetatively propagated transgenic sugarcane. Molecular Biotechnology. 2014;56(9):795-80265. Altieri A. in Brazil. In: Sayigh A, editor. Energy. Elsevier; 2012. p. 15-2666. . New components of a system for phosphate accumulation and polyphosphate metabolism in Saccharomyces cerevisiae revealed by genomic expression analysis. Cell. 2000;11(12):4309-432167. . Bioethanol production from sugarcane molasses by instant dry yeast. 2019; IOP Conf. Ser. : Earth Environ. Sci. 230 01207668. . 2G ethanol from the whole sugarcane lignocellulosic biomass. Biotechnology Biofuels. 2015;8:44-5969. . Evaluation of the quantity and composition of sugars and lipid in the juice and bagasse of lipid producing sugarcane. Biocatalysis and Agricultural Biotechnology. 2017;10:148-15570. . and Droplet Proliferation. Plant Cell. 2015;27(9):2616-263671. . Metabolic engineering of sugarcane to accumulate energy-dense triacylglycerols in vegetative biomass. Journal. 2016;14(2):661-669 information 1. Introduction2. Sugarcane genetic improvement3. Conclusion 1. Choose citation style Select style to clipboard Get citation 2. Choose citation style Select format Bibtex RIS Download citation 1. Choose citation style Select style to clipboard Get citation 2. Choose citation style Select format Bibtex RIS Download citation © 2021 The Author(s). Licensee IntechOpen. This 3. 0 License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not provide information specific to bioengineered yeast producing biofuels from sugars. Instead, it discusses various aspects of biofuel production related to sugarcane and other processes, making it irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Exercise can lower the risk of heart disease and stroke. [SEP] Text: At the same time, Slattery et al5 were measuring cardiorespiratory fitness in a group of American railroad workers. The advantage of objectively measured cardiorespiratory fitness over classifying individuals according to job status is that it more accurately reflects physical activity habits at the time of assessment. 6 The researchers5 followed the railroad workers for an average of 20 years and found that among the 2578 men who were free from diagnosed CVD when first examined, the least fit had the greatest risk of dying of coronary heart disease. Blair et al7 extended these findings by demonstrating in a cohort of nearly 10 000 men that those who improved their fitness at subsequent medical examinations had an approximate 50% reduction in the risk of CVD mortality compared with those who were unfit at both examinations. Since the publication of these landmark epidemiological papers, further evidence has accumulated that supports an independent and graded relationship between higher levels of physical activity and cardiorespiratory fitness and lower incidence of CVD outcomes. 8-11 Importantly, the protective benefits extend to women as well. For instance, among 73 743 postmenopausal, ethnically diverse women, those who reported a weekly energy expenditure score of over 10 metabolic equivalent (MET) hours per week and at least 100 minutes of vigorous exercise per week were about 60% less likely to develop CVD12 compared with women who reported less than 2 MET hours per week and no vigorous exercise. Moreover, data derived from the Women’s Health Study13 show a linear reduction in CVD with a higher level of physical activity. Specifically, compared with a reference group of women who reported less than 200 kcal per week burned during physical activity at the baseline visit, those who achieved an activity level of 200 to 599 kcal, 600 to 1499 kcal, and more than 1500 kcal burned per week had relative risk reductions of CVD of 27%, 32%, and 41%, respectively. 13 Finally, in a representative cohort study14 of 4840 American men and women over the age of 40 years, those who took 8000 steps per day, compared with those taking 4000 steps per day, had lower CVD morality (ie, 2. 1 vs 4. 6 deaths per 1000 adults per year) after adjustment for age, diet quality, body mass index, smoking status, and other CVD risk factors. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by providing substantial evidence that higher levels of physical activity and improved cardiorespiratory fitness are associated with lower incidence of cardiovascular disease (CVD). It mentions findings from studies showing that the least fit individuals had the greatest risk of dying from coronary heart disease and that those who improved their fitness demonstrated an approximate 50% reduction in risk of CVD mortality. Additionally, the text states that women who engaged in higher levels of physical activity were substantially less likely to develop CVD, further supporting the claim.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Telemedicine eliminates the need for in-person visits entirely. [SEP] Text: 36 Hence, cost-effectiveness studies need to examine if phone visits, especially repeated phone visits delivered to the same patient without any face-to-face encounters in between, are economically worthwhile to the system and society. In conclusion, using physician billing records from Ontario, Canada from 3 January 2016 to 27 March 2021, we found a 21-fold rise in the mean volume of virtual visits at the start of the pandemic when the mean volume of in-person visits dropped by 65%. More importantly, as in-person visits slowly returned to pre-pandemic levels by growing 1. 4% per week, virtual visits, over 99% of which were phone or video visits reimbursed through the new temporary fee codes, were not correspondingly decreasing, which resulted in a 57. 6% increase in total weekly physician visits in the pandemic era. These findings warrant careful scrutinization of the quality and sustainability of virtual visits to determine how best to monitor these visits in the post-pandemic era. AcknowledgementsThis study was supported by the ICES (previously known as the Institute for Sciences), which is funded by an annual grant from the of Health (MOH) and the Ministry of Long-(MLTC). The opinions, results, and conclusions reported in this 9892. ORCID iD Trends in the use of telehealth during the emergence of the COVID-19 pandemic—United States, January–March 2020. 2020; 69: 1595–1599. CrossrefPubMedWeb of Science2. COVID-19 transforms health care through telemedicine: Evidence from the field. J 2020; 27: 1132–1135. CrossrefPubMed3. Evidence of a rapid shift in outpatient practice during the COVID-19 pandemic using telemedicine. Telemed e-Health 2020; 26: 1301–1303. CrossrefPubMed4. Uptake of virtual visits in a geriatric primary care clinic during the COVID-19 pandemic. J Soc 2020; 68: 1392–1394. 5. In-person and telehealth ambulatory contacts and costs in a large US insured cohort before and during the COVID-19 pandemic. 2021; 4: e212618. Crossref6. Changes in health services use among commercially insured US populations during the COVID-19 pandemic. 2020; 3: e2024984. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by indicating that while there was a significant increase in virtual visits during the pandemic, in-person visits did not completely disappear. The passage notes that in-person visits dropped 65% at the start of the pandemic, but they slowly returned to pre-pandemic levels, growing 1.4% per week. This suggests that while telemedicine became more prevalent, it did not eliminate the need for in-person visits entirely.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Bioengineered yeast can produce biofuels from sugars. [SEP] Text: Bose – to Plastics and BiofuelsSep 8, 2021 | & Share 0 Reddit +1 0 LinkedIn 0 Email Voxygen was widely available in Earth’s atmosphere, ancient microbes looked to other elements to obtain electrons for photosynthesis. Some of these microbes are called ‘photoferroautotrophs’ – which can take up electrons from iron available in their surrounding environment and use them to transform carbon dioxide (CO2) into biomolecules. In their research, Bose and her team at in St Louis, explore the mechanisms these microbes exploit to produce biomolecules, using the electrons they take in. Their discoveries are leading to sustainable new ways to produce both plastic and fuel – and could soon prove to reduce our reliance on the compounds derived from crude oil. Microorganisms have evolved a bewildering array of techniques to obtain nutrients from their surrounding environments. As biologists learn more about these methods, their potential use in our technology is now looking increasingly promising. Perhaps one of the most fascinating of these feeding methods is called ‘microbial electrosynthesis’. The process can be controlled using devices named ‘microbial electrochemical cells’ powered by electricity, in which oppositely-charged electrodes are placed in a charge-carrying electrolyte. By attaching themselves to the device’s negatively-charged cathode, photoautotrophic microbes that feed through microbial electrosynthesis can use the abundant incoming electrons to catalyse biochemical photosynthesis reactions, and convert CO2 into value-added multi-carbon compounds. By exploiting these behaviours, Bose and her team at hope that they can mitigate some of humanity’s most environmentally-damaging activities, including plastic use. However, many improvements are needed before these techniques can be rolled out on industrial scales. In their research, and her team explore this issue in detail, drawing from the latest advances in chemistry, microbiology, and materials science. : Sean Garcia, WashingtonUniversity in St. In previous studies by the Bose team, promising opportunities for improving the performance of microbial electrosynthesis emerged with the use of a rod-shaped photosynthetic bacterium named Rhodopseudomonas palustris TIE-1 (TIE-1) – which takes up electrons using a surface protein system called Pio. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text discusses the role of photoferroautotrophic microbes in producing biomolecules and briefly mentions microbial electrosynthesis. However, it does not specifically address bioengineered yeast or their ability to produce biofuels from sugars. Therefore, the text is irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Exercise can lower the risk of heart disease and stroke. [SEP] Text: Given the strong evidence demonstrating that an “active” lifestyle is cardioprotective, (and, similarly, that a sedentary lifestyle is inherently dangerous),15 several nations have issued guidelines for physical activity participation. The first of these documents was issued by the Center for and Prevention and the of (ACSM) in 1995. 16 The objectives of these evidence-based position statements are to encourage Americans of all ages to increase participation in physical activity and to provide guidance on the types and amount of exercise needed to promote good health and avoid chronic disease. Most recently, the Association and of Cardiology17 and the of Cardiology and Society18 have published nutrition and physical activity guidelines specific for the primary prevention of cardiovascular disease. With respect to general physical activity recommendations, both reports suggest that citizens achieve 150 minutes per week of moderate-intensity (3–5. 9 METs) physical activity or 75 minutes per week of vigorous-intensity (>6 METs) physical activity, while emphasizing that individuals who cannot meet these thresholds may accrue cardioprotective benefits simply by increasing the physical activity levels above the baseline. A separate report, issued by the 19 advises that patients with known hypertension, dyslipidemia, or metabolic syndrome achieve 90 to 180 minutes per week of moderate to vigorous physical activity. Furthermore, in 2007, the ACSM, in collaboration with the Association, launched the Exercise is Medicine (EIM) nonprofit initiative designed to urge healthcare providers to assess physical activity levels of their patients, provide physically inactive patients with counseling, and prescribe exercise or referrals to physical activity resources. Despite the publication of physical activity guidelines and EIM growing into a global health initiative with a presence in 40 countries, data from the indicate that levels of physical activity remain relatively low. 20,21 This trend may, in part, reflect a reluctance by practitioners to prescribe exercise, given the evidence from some studies suggesting that the risk of atrial fibrillation is increased in men who exercise more often22,23 or at high intensities. 24 Yet, the data on this topic are conflicting25 and while it is clear that the relative risks of sudden cardiac death and acute myocardial infarction are higher during vigorous exercise compared with rest, the absolute risk of these cardiac events is extremely low, especially for those who are frequently active. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by highlighting the strong evidence that an 'active' lifestyle has cardioprotective benefits and emphasizing various organizations' guidelines that promote physical activity to prevent cardiovascular disease. The guidelines recommend achieving significant weekly physical activity, underlining the positive impact of exercise on heart health.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Telemedicine eliminates the need for in-person visits entirely. [SEP] Text: CrossrefWeb of Science7. Trends in outpatient care delivery and telemedicine during the COVID-19 pandemic in the US. 2020; 181: 388–391. Crossref8. Telemedicine and office-based care for behavioral and psychiatric conditions during the COVID-19 pandemic in the United States. Med 2021; 174: 428–430. 9. Use and content of primary care office-based vs telemedicine care visits during the COVID-19 pandemic in the US. 2021; 3: e2021476. 10. Implementation and outcomes of virtual care across a tertiary cancer center during COVID-19. JAMA Oncol 2021; 7: 597–602. CrossrefPubMed11. Virtual care use before and during the COVID-19 pandemic: A repeated cross-sectional study. CMAJ Open 2021; 9: e107–e114. Crossref12. Shifts in office and virtual primary care during the early COVID-19 pandemic in Ontario, Canada. CMAJ 2021; 193: E200–E210. CrossrefPubMed13. Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on primary care access for patients with hematologic malignancies. Blood 2021; 138: 4011. Crossref14. . Paying for telemedicine after the pandemic. JAMA 2021; 325: 431. CrossrefPubMedWeb of Science15. Branch. Virtual care program-billing amendments to enable direct-to-patient video visits and modernize virtual care compensation. INFOBulletin #4731. Ottawa, ON: Ministry of Health, (2019, accessed 28 June 2021). 16. Ministry of Health. Ontario hospitals asked to take a planned approach to ramping down elective surgeries. Ontario Newsroom, (2020, accessed 23 June 2021). 17. Branch. COVID-19 temporary fee schedule codes implemented-physicians can begin to submit claims for COVID-10 on May 1, 2020. INFOBulletin #4755. Ottawa, ON: Ministry of Health, (2020, accessed 28 June 2021). 18. Office of the Premier Health. Roadmap to reopen, (2021, accessed 30 July 2021). 19. (OHIP). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing various studies and articles about telemedicine and outpatient care delivery during the COVID-19 pandemic. While there is an emphasis on virtual care and its implementation, the reference to 'outpatient care delivery' and 'office-based care' suggests that in-person visits still play a role, thereby implying that telemedicine does not entirely eliminate the need for such visits.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Bioengineered yeast can produce biofuels from sugars. [SEP] Text: In principle, this mechanism can be exploited to manufacture useful biomolecules sustainably – but before applying it in real-world applications, researchers would need to find ways to improve the growth and electron uptake ability of TIE-1. In a 2018 study, and her team took an important step towards this goal by examining the interaction of TIE-1 with various forms of iron as a source of electrons – a behaviour known as ‘photoferroautotrophy’. This microbial metabolism is widely believed by biologists to be one of the most ancient forms of photosynthesis. In their experiment, the team explored how microbial electrosynthesis in TIE-1 could be enhanced with the inclusion of different forms of iron. They discovered that while electron uptake didn’t noticeably change when iron was dissolved in the electrolyte, it improved significantly when an insoluble iron-based compound named Prussian blue was deposited as a film onto the electrochemical cell’s graphite cathode. With this simple addition, TIE-1 took in 4. 2 times as many electrons as the uncoated cathode, paving the way for their more widespread application in the synthesis of value-added biochemicals. Despite this knowledge, the mechanisms used by TIE-1 to take in electrons were still poorly understood. Leading on from their discovery, and her team wished to explore the process in more detail. In their next study, published the following year in 2019, the researchers shed new light on this uptake process – again using Rhodopseudomonas palustris TIE-1 as a model. Through their analysis, they found that photoferroautotrophy in TIE-1 originates from specialised proteins named ‘cytochromes’, which harbour iron-containing molecules called ‘hemes’ at their core. More specifically, this metabolism is driven by a system containing a cytochrome (PioA) and a porin (PioB), found in the bacterial periplasm and outer membrane, respectively. Together, this two-protein complex enables photoferroautotrophic microbes such as TIE-1 to transfer electrons from iron-based donors to biomolecular acceptors. TIE-1 can take up electrons from a number of possible electron sources, such as soluble iron or certain insoluble minerals and poised electrodes. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text describes the mechanisms related to the microbial metabolism of Rhodopseudomonas palustris TIE-1 and its interaction with iron. While it discusses the potential for enhancing electron uptake for applications in biochemistry, it does not directly address bioengineered yeast or their specific ability to produce biofuels from sugars. Therefore, it is irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Exercise can lower the risk of heart disease and stroke. [SEP] Text: 26 Indeed, there is overwhelming evidence that exercise is safe for most people and the ACSM has published a new exercise preparticipation healthy screening model to eliminate unnecessary diagnostic testing that may result in false positives and thus serve as a barrier to initiating exercise programs. 26 Some have argued2 that expanding our knowledge of the biological links between physical activity and CVD risk would help to boost physical activity promotion efforts. Indeed, if we are to convince medical professionals to embrace exercise as a medicine and, in turn, widely prescribe it to their patients, a clear understanding of its mechanisms of action is imperative. The overarching goal of this review is to explore ways in which exercise, a form of structured physical activity, helps to reduce the risk of CVDs. It should be stated at the onset that this review is not intended to provide an exhaustive listing of all potential mechanistic pathways through which exercise confers cardioprotection. The list of these mechanisms is quite extensive15,27 and it is beyond the scope of this paper to review them all. Nor is it intended to provide an in-depth comparison of the effectiveness of exercise in relation to drug treatments or other lifestyle interventions (eg, diet, weight loss, or smoking cessation). Furthermore, whether a genetic predisposition for certain CVD risk factors influences the responsiveness to exercise training is an important topic that has been widely studied,28-30 but one that will not be explored on the following pages. Instead, this review is designed to provide the reader with a short, introductory primer on the topic. To provide the appropriate context, we begin with a discussion of atherosclerosis, arguably the initiating event in CVD development and, consequently, the leading cause of CAD and stroke. AtherosclerosisAtherosclerosis is a disease of medium-sized and large arteries characterized by chronic inflammation and fibroproliferation. Comprehensive reviews of this topic can be found elsewhere. 31,32 Briefly, the development of atherosclerosis begins with the extravasation of low-density lipoprotein (LDL) p4. 6%). This improvement was observed across studies utilizing moderate-to-high intensities of exercise in which diet was held constant. Moreover, the magnitude of improvement in the level of HDL cholesterol was not associated with changes in aerobic fitness– or exercise-induced changes in body weight. Significant reductions in LDL cholesterol and triglyceride levels were observed less frequently. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the positive effects of exercise on cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk. It states that there is overwhelming evidence that exercise is beneficial and aims to reduce the risk of CVDs, which aligns with the claim. The review aims to explore how exercise helps mitigate risk factors for heart disease and stroke, thereby supporting the assertion that exercise can have protective effects against these conditions.