Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Attention can be selectively focused, altering cognitive processing. [SEP] Text: MRI assessmentsWe obtained MRIs using a 3 T MRI system with a 32-channel phased array head coil, except 3 dyads with a 16-channel phased array head coil. All participants were asked to lie still on the table, and head movement was restricted with expandable foam cushions. We acquired transaxial sections covering the whole brain, with the imaging planes parallel to the line that connects the anterior commissure and the posterior commissure on the sagittal localizer. We acquired T1-weighted images of the whole head using a 3-dimensional magnetization-prepared rapid gradient echo () sequence with the following parameters: repetition time (TR) 2530 ms, echo time (TE) 3. 4 ms, slice thickness 1. 0 mm, matrix size 256 × 256, field of view (FOV) 256 × 256 mm. Diffusion-weighted images (DWIs) were acquired using a pulsed-gradient spin-echo echo-planar imaging sequence with a twice-refocused balanced echo. 52 The DWI volumes were acquired by applying diffusion-sensitive gradients with different strengths and directions to fill isotropic grid points in the diffusion-encoding space (q-space). 42 A total of 102 DWI volumes corresponding to the grid points within a half sphere of the q-space (DSI102) were acquired with the maximum diffusion sensitivity value (bmax) set to 4000 s/mm2. The acquisition scheme was a modified version (a half sphere rather than a full sphere) of the optimal q-space sampling method, DSI 203, as previously described. 53 Other acquisition parameters were as follows: TR 9600 ms, TE 130 ms, matrix size 80 × 80, FOV 200 × 200 mm2, and slice thickness 2. 5 mm without gap. The scan time for each DSI acquisition was approximately 16. 5 min. DSI reconstruction and template-based tract-specific analysisHaving acquired DSI data, we obtained the diffusion probability density function (PDF) on the basis of the Fourier association between the PDF and q-space signal. 54 Within each voxel, there were 102 samples at the grid points within a half sphere of the q-space. These 102 samples were first projected around the origin to fill the other half sphere based on the fact that the q-space data were symmetric around the origin. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses the technical details of MRI data acquisition, including parameters and methods for imaging the brain, without addressing the concept of selective attention and cognitive processing.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Climate change is causing more extreme weather events worldwide. [SEP] Text: Thus, this represents a significant potential increase in the risk that heat will pose to human health in the twenty-first century, as substantial increases in heat-related mortality are projected in the future. In addition, the results suggest that already vulnerable cities in the Northeast and Midwest will bear the brunt of large mortality increases if the weather warms as the models indicate. It appears that an intervention and mitigation strategy with respect to greenhouse gas emissions could have a noticeable impact on future EHE-attributable mortality, as the estimated deaths associated with the lower emissions scenario are less than half of those projected to occur under higher emissions scenarios by the 2090s. However, the proportionality of these differences is less likely to exist in earlier periods as the impact of emissions control increases over time in these scenarios. Similarly, the comparison of results using the two different mortality algorithms suggests that advances in EHE notification and response that have occurred during the period 1996–2004 have had a significant impact in reducing EHE-related mortality. Projecting these benefits into the future highlights the importance of these advances in a warming climate. The magnitude of the resulting estimates shows the potential health benefits that could be realized by continuing to improve these efforts. 213. Anderson, B. G. , and BellM. L. , 2009: Weather-related mortality: How heat, cold and heat waves affect mortality in the United States. Epidemiology, 20 (2), 205–213. )| falseSearch 42. . , and HayhoeK. , 2008: Climate change scenarios for the California region. Climatic Change, 87 (Suppl. 1), S21–S42. )| falseSearch 70. and KalksteinL. S. , 1998: Analysis of differences in hot weather-related mortality across 44 U. S. metropolitan areas. Environ. Sci. Policy, 1 (1), 59–70. )| falseSearch 2143. Collins, W. D. , and Coauthors, 2006: Model version 3 (CCSM3). J. Climate, 19, 2122–2143. )| falseSearch 519. Dai, A. , WigleyT. M. L. , BovilleB. A. , KiehlJ. T. , and BujaL. E. , 2001: Climates of the twentieth and twenty-first centuries simulated by the NCAR climate system model. J. Climate, 14, 485–519. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim as it discusses the projected increases in heat-related mortality due to warming weather, specifically mentioning that vulnerable cities will experience significant increases in mortality if weather warms as models indicate. This supports the idea that climate change is contributing to more extreme weather events, which in turn lead to more health risks associated with extreme heat.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Gig economy jobs are as secure as traditional employment. [SEP] Text: Moreover, methodological differences are evident, with qualitative research methods such as in-depth interviews and case studies being predominant in exploring the experiences of workers. Comparative case studies, as exemplified by Lehdonvirta (2018), offer valuable insights into the variations in temporal flexibility across different platforms. However, limitations in generalizability and power dynamics between workers and capital are acknowledged across studies, indicating the challenges inherent in extrapolating findings to broader contexts. Despite these limitations, each study contributes novel perspectives, such as the interplay between precarity and autonomy, the role of migrant labor, and the sociomaterial practices of gig workers. Collectively, the research underscores the pressing need for policy interventions to protect workers and address the multifaceted challenges posed by precarious employment arrangements. 4. 4. Synthesis and IntegrationIn this section, the research conducts a synthesis and integration analysis of the dataset by extracting and compiling relevant data from the dataset to prepare for a meta-analysis. The compiled data include information such as the year of publication, authors, journal, conclusions, summarized abstracts, results, methods used, literature survey, limitations, contributions, qualitative data, and practical implications. Statistical analysis on the compiled data to assess the magnitude and consistency of the associations between precarious employment and financial well-being outcomes. This included calculating effect sizes and examining the variability across studies. Based on the provided statistical results, the mean effect size across the studies is 0. 50, with a standard deviation of 0. 00, indicating a moderate and consistent association between precarious employment and financial well-being outcomes. The effect size is uniform across the studies, as evidenced by the lack of variability (std = 0. 00), suggesting that precarious employment consistently has a moderate impact on financial well-being outcomes among the employed poorThe forest plot visualization (Figure 5) reinforces the consistency of the effect sizes across different years, with all studies reporting an effect size of 0. 50. The plot does not show confidence intervals, which are typically used to assess the precision of the effect size estimates. However, the lack of variation in effect sizes suggests that the results are homogeneous. Figure 5. Forest plot of effect size by year. The evidence suggests a moderate and consistent association between precarious employment and financial well-being outcomes among the employed poor. A full meta-analysis would require additional data on confidence intervals, and the integration of qualitative evidence would provide a more comprehensive understanding of the issue. 4. 5. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the inherent challenges of precarious employment arrangements, emphasizing the limitations and power dynamics workers face within the gig economy. It highlights the consistent association found between precarious employment and financial well-being outcomes, suggesting that gig economy jobs are not as secure as traditional employment. The mention of the need for policy interventions to protect workers further underscores the lack of security in gig roles compared to more traditional job structures.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Attention can be selectively focused, altering cognitive processing. [SEP] Text: The 8 corners outside of the sphere were filled with zeros, resulting in a 7 × 7 × 7 data grid in the q-space. A Hanning filter with a width of 17 units was applied to the q-space data and followed by a 3-dimensional Fourier transformation of the q-space signal to obtain the PDF. The ODF (Ψ(u)) was computed by obtaining the second moment of the PDF along each of the 362 radial directions (6-fold tessellated icosahedron). At each voxel, GFA was quantified in terms of SD(Ψ)/RMS(Ψ), where SD is the standard deviation and RMS is the root mean square. The GFA indicates the directionality of the ODF and ranges from zero (when the diffusion is completely isotropic) to 1 (when the diffusion is restricted to only 1 direction). 45 To determine the local tract directions in each voxel, we used an iterative approach to decompose the ODF into several constituent Gaussian ODFs. 55 The resulting local tract direction field was obtained for tractography. To avoid subjective variation arising from manual tractography, we used a template-based approach. First, a study-specific DSI template (SSDT) was constructed from all the recruited participants using a coregistration method under the framework of large deformation diffeomorphic metric mapping. 56 Two of us (W. -Y. I. T. , Y. -C. L. , who has more than 7 years’ experience in DSI tractography) reconstructed 10 target tracts, namely the bilateral frontostriatal tracts (i. e. , caudate-VLPFC, caudate-DLPFC, caudate-OFC, Fig. 1), SLF (Fig. 2) and cingulum bundles (Fig. 2), under consensus. They placed appropriate ROIs on the SSDT to segment the target tracts. The appropriate ROIs were defined in the automated anatomic labelling (AAL) system57 using the WFU PickAtlas version 3. 0. 4. The coordinates of these ROIs in AAL were transformed to SSDT after performing the coregistration between SSDT and the for 152 template using a Dartel toolbox in SPM12. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses technical aspects of data processing and tractography methods in a neuroimaging context. It does not mention attention or cognitive processing, thus failing to support or refute the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Climate change is causing more extreme weather events worldwide. [SEP] Text: 10. 5194/wcd-4-427-2023 © Author(s) 2023. This work is distributed under the Attribution 4. 0 License. Special issue: Past and future European atmospheric extreme events under. . . © Author(s) 2023. This work is distributed under the Attribution 4. 0 License. 10. 5194/wcd-4-427-2023, 2023. Received: 30 Sep 2022 – Discussion started: 17 Oct 2022 – Revised: 22 Feb 2023 – Accepted: 24 Mar 2023 – Published: 12 May 2023 1 events in highly populated areas are one of the main natural hazards for modern society (Hammond et al. , 2015; Kreibich et al. , 2014; Barredo, 2007). has regularly been affected by substantial flooding events in the last few decades in several river catchments due to extreme precipitation events. Remarkable flooding events were the Rhine floods in June 2021 and in December 1993, the Oder floods in May 2010 and in July and August 1997, and the flooding events in central Europe in June 2013 and in August 2002. During the two latter events, several catchments, but mainly the Danube and Elbe, were affected. Such an impact on several river catchments often occurs with spatially very extended extreme precipitation events. Many of the flood events had devastating impacts such as several to hundreds of human life losses, thousands of evacuations and economic losses of several million to billion euros (Munich Re, 2022; Engel, 2004; Munich Re, 1999). The central European flood in August 2002 was the most expensive natural hazard for central Europe, caused accumulated costs of about EUR 15 billion for both public and private properties, and even impacted business interruptions after the event (Mueller, 2003), while the Rhine flood in June 2021 was globally the second most expensive natural hazard in 2021 (Statista, 2022). These damages were associated with high water levels, partly even the highest water levels on record. For instance, during the central European flood in June 2013, several gauges measured record water levels including in the German city Passau (at the Danube) where the highest water levels of about 12. 75 m were recorded since 1501 (Merz et al. , 2014). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by detailing various extreme flooding events in central Europe that have occurred due to substantial precipitation. It emphasizes that such extreme weather events have been increasingly frequent, leading to significant human and economic losses, which supports the idea that climate change is influencing the frequency and severity of weather-related disasters.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Gig economy jobs are as secure as traditional employment. [SEP] Text: Gap AnalysisThe analysis conducted on the dataset for meta-analysis (Table 5) purposes has provided valuable insights into the completeness, suitability, and potential avenues for further exploration regarding precarious employment and its impact on financial well-being. Through meticulous examination, it was found that the dataset exhibits a commendable level of completeness, with no missing values impeding analysis. Moreover, the presence of a diverse range of sources and methodologies underscores the comprehensive approach taken in studying precarious employment. Table 5. Completeness and suitability of dataset for meta-analysis. The dataset exhibits a mean of 0. 00 for missing data, indicating no missing values. Consistency of mean of 3. 71 for year counts and 1. 37 for journal counts suggests moderate reporting consistency. Diversity of dataset comprises 19 unique journals, 7 unique years, and 26 unique methods, indicating a diverse range of sources and methodologies. The integration of qualitative data, elucidating themes such as autonomy and precarity among young workers, enriches the quantitative findings, offering a nuanced understanding of the research question. While no glaring research gaps were identified within the dataset, the absence of missing entries in crucial columns warrants further scrutiny to pinpoint areas necessitating additional investigation. Consequently, longitudinal and cross-cultural studies are recommended to delve deeper into the evolving nature of precarious employment and its varied impacts across different socio-economic contexts. Policy implications gleaned from the analysis underscore the imperative for autonomy-sensitive labor market policies and radical overhauls to address precarisation, particularly concerning migrant gig work. The findings also advocate for transnational regulatory arrangements to effectively govern platform-mediated labor, emphasizing the need for comprehensive labor protections and innovative regulatory measures in today’s dynamic employment landscape. This research contributes to the growing body of literature on precarious employment, offering valuable insights for policymakers, researchers, and practitioners alike. 5. DiscussionThe research findings make significant contributions to the understanding of precarious employment in the gig economy. By highlighting the trade-offs between autonomy and security, the studies provide nuanced insights into the experiences of workers in non-standard employment arrangements. Moreover, the research expands the discourse beyond Western contexts by examining the specific challenges faced by young workers and migrant gig workers. This broadens the scope of existing literature and contributes to a more comprehensive understanding of precarious work globally. The use of qualitative methods is notable strength of the research. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by providing insights into the precarious nature of gig economy jobs and the autonomy-security trade-offs faced by workers. It emphasizes that while gig workers may have autonomy, they often lack the security found in traditional employment. The analysis discusses the need for comprehensive labor protections and highlights the specific vulnerabilities of migrant gig workers, suggesting that gig economy jobs do not provide the same level of security as traditional employment.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Attention can be selectively focused, altering cognitive processing. [SEP] Text: We performed a streamline-based fibre tracking algorithm with whole brain seeding using DSI studio ( based on the local tract directions. Having obtained tractography of each target tract on SSDT, the coordinates of streamlines were aligned along the proceeding direction of each tract bundle and were saved as the sampling coordinates of GFA. The sampling coordinates of target tracts were then transformed from SSDT to individual DSI data set according to the established transformation between SSDT and native DSI space. Finally, the GFA values of each target tract were sampled on the corresponding sampling coordinates in the native DSI space. Statistical analysesWe conducted statistical analyses using SAS version 9. 2 software (SAS Institute). The α value was preselected at the level of p < 0. 05. The descriptive results are displayed as the mean ± SD for continuous variables. Because of the matched case–control study design, we used the paired t test to compare the mean scores of IQ and ADHD symptom counts, CCPT performance, and GFA values of the white matter tracts between the ADHD and control groups. We computed the Cohen d to indicate small (0. 2–0. 5), medium (0. 5–0. 8) and large (≥ 0. 8) effect sizes. To control for the inflation of type I error in computing multiple bivariate correlations, we used multiple linear regression models with the backward elimination procedure to determine the association between the attention measures (i. e. , ADHD symptoms and CCPT indexes) as dependent variables and the GFA values of the 10 target tracts as independent variables. We used the backward elimination procedure to identify the fitted model containing variables from these 10 tracts, which maintained significant effects on each of the attention measures. We calculated R2 values to present the proportion of the variance of each attention measure that can be explained by the microstructural property, presented by the GFA values, of some of the fibre tracts in the final fitted model. ResultsParticipantsThe sample consisted of 50 youths with ADHD and 50 controls. The demographic and clinical characteristics of participants are shown in Table 1. Among the 50 youths with ADHD, 26 (52%) had the combined type and 24 (48%) had the predominantly inattentive type. Seventeen of the youths with ADHD had comorbid oppositional defiant disorder (ODD), 2 youths had comorbid conduct disorder, and 3 youths had both comorbid ODD and conduct disorder. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is largely technical and describes a methodology for studying brain connectivity and differences between youths with ADHD and controls. It details procedures and statistical analyses without addressing the concept of selective attention or how it alters cognitive processing. Thus, it is irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Climate change is causing more extreme weather events worldwide. [SEP] Text: However, several improvements in flood risk management implemented in the beginning of the 21st century following the floods at the end of the 20th century prevented some areas from socioeconomic losses to a large extent (Merz et al. , 2014; Bissolli et al. , 2011). Nevertheless, as losses can never be totally eliminated, it is important to gain more knowledge about the atmospheric triggering mechanisms that induce such extreme floods to improve forecasts of these events and warn the public at an early stage. Additionally, flooding events can become even more relevant in the future, as climate simulations show a higher frequency of extreme precipitation events in the mid-latitudes in a warmer climate (Pendergrass and Hartmann, 2014; Fischer et al. , 2013; O'Gorman and Schneider, 2009). flooding is typically associated with large-scale extreme precipitation events over a river catchment, which are linked to mid-latitude cyclones that become quasi-stationary over central or eastern Europe for a few days as described in Grams et al. (2014), Pfahl (2014), Blöschl et al. (2013), Bissolli et al. (2011) and Ulbrich et al. (2003). In case studies, Grams et al. (2014) and Ulbrich et al. (2003) found that the origin of such a circulation anomaly was linked to upper-level Rossby wave breaking and the formation of an upper-level cutoff low over western Europe. The stationarity of such a cutoff low can be facilitated by a blocking anticyclone over the North Atlantic, sometimes in combination with a blocking over western Russia as shown by Blöschl et al. (2013). Such an upper-tropospheric configuration is often associated with either a surface cyclone moving from western Europe southeastwards around the southern flanks of the Alps or with cyclogenesis over the Ligurian Sea, followed by a northeastward track of the surface cyclone towards central or eastern Europe (Bissolli et al. , 2011; Mudelsee et al. , 2004; Ulbrich et al. , 2003). Such cyclone tracks are typically known as a “Vb” weather type (van Bebber, 1891). However, the central European flood in June 2013 was triggered by surface cyclones that formed over eastern Europe but moved towards central Europe as well (Grams et al. , 2014). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by stating that climate simulations indicate a higher frequency of extreme precipitation events in warmer climates. This suggests that as climate change progresses, the likelihood of such extreme weather events, particularly flooding due to heavy precipitation, will increase, aligning with the assertion that climate change is causing more extreme weather phenomena.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Gig economy jobs are as secure as traditional employment. [SEP] Text: These methods offer rich, detailed insights into workers’ experiences, allowing for a deeper understanding of the nuances of precarious employment. However, the research also identifies limitations, including the limited structural power of young workers against capital and their weaker unionization and bargaining power. Additionally, the difficulty in imagining alternatives to neoliberal employment arrangements poses challenges to addressing the underlying issues of precarious work. The research findings have important implications for policymakers, practitioners, and researchers. Policymakers are urged to implement autonomy-sensitive labor market and social policies, overhaul existing policies to counter migrant gig work precarization, and establish universal labor protections and living wage standards. Practitioners are encouraged to engage migrant gig workers in unions and regulatory agencies and develop innovative regulatory measures to disrupt platform-mediated labor commodification. For researchers, there is a call to focus on outcomes over control for flexible working assessment and explore literacies for working on digital platforms among high-skilled freelancers. The research findings suggest several evidence-based interventions to address the challenges of precarious employment. Policy interventions are needed to minimize the scarring effects of precarious employment and to rethink immigrant integration into labor markets for better conditions. The establishment of transnational regulatory arrangements to govern platforms beyond labor laws could inform evidence-based interventions and promote fair labor practices globally. Addressing the challenges of precarious employment is essential for promoting equity and social justice within the gig economy. The research underscores the need for broader worker protections and redistributive social policies to ensure fair treatment and adequate compensation for all workers. Interdisciplinary collaborations are also highlighted as valuable in developing comprehensive strategies to address the multifaceted challenges of precarious employment and promote social justice within the gig economy. Finally, the research identifies several promising paths for future research. Continued exploration of the relationship between technology and work, including the impact of platform design on worker practices, is recommended. Additionally, there is a need for more studies focusing on the intersection of precarious employment with factors such as race, gender, and immigration status to inform more inclusive policies and practices. Future research should aim to further our understanding of precarious employment and inform evidence-based interventions to promote fair and equitable labor practices in the gig economy. 6. ConclusionThis comprehensive review of precarious employment within the gig economy offers a nuanced understanding of the challenges confronting low-income workers. The synthesis of empirical findings underscores the precarious balance between autonomy and security that characterizes non-standard work arrangements. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by highlighting the precarious nature of employment within the gig economy. It discusses the limitations faced by workers, such as 'limited structural power' and 'weaker unionization and bargaining power,' which imply that gig jobs lack the security typically associated with traditional employment. Furthermore, the text emphasizes the need for protections and policies to address the challenges of precarious work, suggesting that gig economy jobs are not as secure as conventional jobs.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Attention can be selectively focused, altering cognitive processing. [SEP] Text: Third, our sensitivity analysis produced almost consistent results after removing the 6 participants in whom a different type of coil was used or after removing the 2 left-handed participants. Therefore, the significant group difference in the mean GFA for some tracts is unlikely to be a chance variation. Finally, we did not correct for multiple comparisons in our analyses given the scarce literature on this topic. 67 We presented original statistical results to allow readers to evaluate their importance and significance. 7 Research in an independent sample would be necessary to replicate and validate the present findings. ConclusionThis study provides strong evidence to support altered white matter tract property in the left frontostriatal tracts, bilateral SLF and right cingulum bundle in youths with ADHD. Besides the frontostriatal tracts, our data suggest that the SLF and cingulum bundle are also involved in the core neuropathological underpinnings of ADHD since the property of these tracts was associated with several attention components. In addition, such differential association patterns between youths with ADHD and controls implied the possibility of a compensatory mechanism. We suggest further studies to examine other fibre tracts theoretically associated with ADHD neuropathology and that such studies use different tasks to assess more dimensions of neuropsychological functions, conduct subgroup analyses if the sample size is large enough and collect longitudinal data. AcknowledgementsThis work was supported by the Council (NSC99-2627-B-002-015, NSC100-2627-B-002-014, NSC101-2627-B-002-002, NSC101-2321-B-002-079) and the (NTUH101-S1910), Taiwan. The manuscript preparation was supported by the (NHRI-EX102-0008PI) and Ministry of (101-EC-17-A-19-S1-175), Taiwan. FootnotesCompeting interests: None declared. Contributors: H. -L. Chiang and S. S. -F. Gau designed the study. W. -Y. I. Tseng and S. S. -F. Gau acquired the data, which and S. S. -F. Gau analyzed. H. -L. Chiang, Y. -J. Chen and S. S. F. Gau wrote the 2008. 21, 2014. Revision received August 29, 2014. 25, 2015. 46. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim about selective focus of attention or its impact on cognitive processing. Instead, it discusses findings related to white matter tract properties in youths with ADHD and the implications for understanding ADHD's neuropathology. The details provided—including sensitivity analysis and study conclusions—do not correlate with the claim about attention and cognitive processing.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Climate change is causing more extreme weather events worldwide. [SEP] Text: Such conditions are often the result of the accumulation of precipitation during the days or weeks before the extreme flooding (Grams et al. , 2014; Merz et al. , 2014; Bissolli et al. , 2011; Engel, 1997). In most previous studies, detailed analyses of the atmospheric dynamics of historical extreme precipitation events associated with central European flooding have been done in case studies. Some of these studies have compared their results with a few other floods in the same river catchment. However, due to the shortage of the observational record it is difficult to determine the return level of the most severe historical floods, and there are too few events to systematically investigate the generic atmospheric processes leading to such events. Today's knowledge about the mechanisms of such extreme events is, therefore, based on analyses of single events as well as on statistical investigations of more moderate precipitation events with return periods on the order of 1 up to a few years (Donat et al. , 2013; Sillmann et al. , 2013; Pfahl and Wernli, 2012; Kenyon and Hegerl, 2010). Higher return levels are typically estimated based on extreme value theory such as in Maraun et al. (2011). Still, the length of observational time series plays an important role in the precision of such statistical estimates as well. Additionally, a detailed analysis of the underlying meteorological processes is complicated, as the extreme events are usually not explicitly identified in such statistical assessments. Kelder et al. (2020) recently showed that a large ensemble simulation approach can yield novel insights into more extreme events and their changes during the last few decades. They investigated 3 d precipitation extremes with return periods of up to 100 years in Norway and showed that a 100-year precipitation event in 1981 is equivalent to a 40-year event in 2015. Nevertheless, there is still a systematic lack of knowledge on the mechanisms leading to very extreme precipitation events with return periods on the order of 100 years. It is also unclear how these mechanisms of 100-year events distinguish from more moderate precipitation events. These knowledge gaps are addressed in the present study. This study focuses on the dynamical mechanisms behind very extreme large-scale precipitation events with a return period of 100 years in five major central European river catchments, which have the potential to cause devastating flooding events. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing extreme precipitation events and their associations with flooding. It notes that recent studies show changes in extreme events over the decades and specifically mentions that significant changes in the return periods of precipitation events have been observed, indicating a link to the increasing severity of weather phenomena. For example, it states that a '100-year precipitation event in 1981 is equivalent to a 40-year event in 2015,' suggesting that extreme weather events are becoming more frequent, which supports the overarching claim about climate change's impact on weather.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Gig economy jobs are as secure as traditional employment. [SEP] Text: The research highlights the pressing need for policy interventions and cross-disciplinary collaborations to address the multifaceted nature of precarious work. By advancing our knowledge of the conditions under which gig economy workers operate, this study calls for a reevaluation of labor protections and social policies to promote equitable treatment and economic stability for this vulnerable segment of the workforce. Future inquiries should continue to explore the complex relationship between technological advancements and employment practices, with a focus on developing inclusive strategies that safeguard worker rights in the evolving landscape of the gig economy. 179. [2] Alberti, G. , Bessa, I. , Hardy, K. , Trappmann, V. , & Umney, C. (2018). In, against and Beyond Precarity: Work in Insecure Times. Work, Employment and Society, 32, 447-457. [3] Behl, A. , Rajagopal, K. , Sheorey, P. , & Mahendra, A. (2022). Barriers to Entry of in the Gig Platforms: Exploring the of the Gig Economy. of Information Management, 74, 818-839. [4] Berger, T. , Frey, C. B. , Levin, G. , & Danda, S. R. (2019). Uber Happy? Work and Well-Being in the ‘Gig Economy’. Economic Policy, 34, 429-477. [5] Cornelissen, J. , & Cholakova, M. (2019). Everything? Economy and the Morality of Category Work. Strategic Organization, 19, 722-731. [6] Coyle, D. (2017). Precarious and in the Digital Economy. Economic Review, 240, R5-R14. [7] Friedman, G. (2014). Workers without Employers: and the Rise of the Gig Economy. Review of Keynesian Economics, 2, 171-188. [8] Gauffin, K. (2020). Precariousness on the Market: A Theoretical and Empirical Account. Review, 31, 279-298. [9] Glavin, P. , Bierman, A. , & Schieman, S. (2021). Über-Alienated: Powerless and Alone in the Gig Economy. Work and Occupations, 48, 399-431. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by highlighting the precarious nature of gig economy jobs as opposed to traditional employment. It emphasizes the need for policy interventions and reevaluation of labor protections, indicating that gig workers operate under insecure conditions. This suggests that gig economy jobs lack the security associated with traditional employment, calling attention to the vulnerabilities faced by workers in this segment.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Attention can be selectively focused, altering cognitive processing. [SEP] Text: ↵Validation of diffusion spectrum magnetic resonance imaging with manganese-enhanced rat optic tracts and ex vivo phantoms. Neuroimage 2003;19:482–95. ↵Tuch DS. Q-ball imaging. Med 2004;52:1358–72. ↵Basser PJ, Pierpaoli C. Microstructural and physiological features of tissues elucidated by quantitative-diffusion-tensor MRI. J B 1996;111:209–19. ↵A 3-year panel study of mental disorders among adolescents in Taiwan. Psychiatry 2005;162:1344–50. ↵. Association between early attention-deficit/hyperactivity symptoms and current verbal and visuo-spatial short-term memory. Disabil 2013;34:710–20. ↵. Rapid visual information processing as a cognitive endophenotype of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. 2014;44:435–46. ↵Conners CK (2000) Staff. M. Conners’ Test II: computer program for Windows technical guide and software manual (Mutli-). ↵Egeland J, Kovalik-Gran I. Validity of the factor structure of Conners’ CPT. J 2010;13:347–57. ↵Reduction of eddy-current-induced distortion in diffusion MRI using a twice-refocused spin echo. Med 2003;49:177–82. ↵Optimization of diffusion spectrum imaging and q-ball imaging on clinical MRI system. Neuroimage 2008;41:7–18. ↵Diffraction-like effects in NMR diffusion studies of fluids in porous solids. Nature 1991;351:467–9Available: www. nature. com/nature/journal/v351/n6326/abs/351467a0. htmlaccessed 2015 Apr. 7OpenUrlCrossRef↵. Estimation of fiber orientation and spin density distribution by diffusion deconvolution. Neuroimage 2011;55:1054–62. ↵. A large deformation diffeomorphic metric mapping solution for diffusion spectrum imaging datasets. Neuroimage 2012;63:818–34. OpenUrl↵Tzourio-Automated anatomical labeling of activations in SPM using a macroscopic anatomical parcellation of the single-subject brain. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it consists of a compilation of references and citations in the field of neuroscience and MRI studies without any direct mention or discussion about selective attention or cognitive processing.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Climate change is causing more extreme weather events worldwide. [SEP] Text: These intensity differences are larger for the Weser/Ems, Oder and Danube catchments and even statistically significant for the former two, compared to the Rhine and Elbe. This is consistent with the result from the composite analysis that dynamical factors distinguish MEPEs from LEPEs in the former three catchments (see Sect. 4. 2. 2). In addition to the cyclone pathway and intensity, its velocity may be an important factor for extreme precipitation, as slower-moving systems can lead to a larger precipitation accumulation at a specific location. In order to analyse cyclone velocities, Fig. 10 shows the travelled distances of tracked cyclones in 6-hourly intervals for MEPEs (in red) and LEPEs (in blue). Only on the day of the events and the previous day can reasonable distributions be produced, as the number of identified cyclones is too low during earlier periods (see grey bars in Fig. 10). In general, cyclones tend to decelerate on the day of the event compared to the previous day, which is consistent with the hypothesis that slower-moving cyclones can enhance the precipitation amounts in the river catchments. However, comparing cyclone velocities between MEPEs and LEPEs during the day of the extreme events shows that there is a large scatter and no clear difference in the median velocities. Similar results are found for the other river catchments (not shown). Only for the Elbe and Oder catchments is there a slight tendency towards slower cyclones for MEPEs compared to LEPEs. Figure 10Distributions of travelled distances during 6-hourly time intervals of tracked cyclones during (red) MEPEs and (blue) LEPEs over the Danube catchment. The grey bars show the absolute cyclone counts at each time step for (dark grey) MEPEs and (light grey) LEPEs. The time on the x axis is specified relative to the occurrence of the extreme event, and 0 h corresponds to the end of the daily event. summary, the results of the cyclone tracking analysis show that extreme precipitation events in the selected river catchments are associated with typical cyclone tracks from the south towards the east of the respective catchment and with a deceleration of the cyclones during the day of the event. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing extreme precipitation events in specific river catchments and suggesting that the dynamics of cyclone movements, including their velocities, are key factors contributing to these events. It highlights that there is an association between extreme precipitation and cyclone tracks, backed by cyclone tracking analysis that shows a relationship between cyclone behaviors and extreme weather patterns. This aligns with the broader understanding that climate change is impacting weather systems globally.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: All high-paying jobs require a college degree. [SEP] Text: In the second stage of our analysis, we used a meta-analytic approach to summarize findings across institutions (Cooper & Hedges, 1994; Lipsey & Wilson, 2001). Although the impact studies for each institution followed a generally consistent approach, there was some variation among the OER initiatives and the institutions rolling them out as described (see the “Research context and procedure” section). Using meta-analysis offered more flexibility to combine the results across individual studies with variation as compared to combining the data into a single analysis. Though it was not possible to test for interactions between student- and institutional-level characteristics, our meta-analytic approach allowed us to explore implementation and study design features that are associated with the size of the impact in different institutions. ResultsDescriptive statisticsTable 3 presents the characteristics of the final analysis samples for each site in terms of size and student demographics. These data are for the matched samples, after propensity score matching was used to establish baseline equivalence between the treatment and comparison conditions. The sample size available for analysis ranged considerably across the 11 colleges, with some having samples in the low hundreds and others approaching 5,000. With the exception of one site, the average student age was around 20 years old. At least a third or more of the sample at each college consisted of students eligible for or who had received Pell grants. The proportion of students from historically underrepresented ethnic minority groups ranged considerably across colleges from 25 to 88%. Table 3 Demographic characteristics of the final analysis samples, by collegeFull size tableRQ1 main impact analysisCredit accumulationIn 6 of the 11 colleges, treatment students taking OER courses accumulated significantly more course credits than those who had not taken any OER courses (see Table 4). The number of additional credits accumulated by treatment students ranged from 2 to 8 across these six schools. In the remaining 5 colleges, students’ credit accumulation in the two conditions was not statistically different after controlling for differences in student characteristics. Table 4 Credit accumulation results, by collegeFull size tableTable 4 also shows the estimated effect size for each of the research partner colleges on credit accumulation. An effect size is a standardized measure of the magnitude of an effect and is calculated as the standardized mean difference between two groups. The effect size increases in magnitude as the difference between the groups on the outcome measure gets larger. The U. S. Department of Education’s Clearinghouse (2017) defines effect sizes equal or greater than 0. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim regarding high-paying jobs and their educational requirements. It discusses a meta-analytic approach to summarize findings across institutions about credit accumulation and demographic characteristics of student samples. There is no information in the text that corroborates or contrasts with the claim.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Attention can be selectively focused, altering cognitive processing. [SEP] Text: Neuroimage 2002;15:273–89. ↵Differential fractional anisotropy abnormalities in adolescents with ADHD or schizophrenia. 2010;181:193–8. ↵White-matter abnormalities in attention deficit hyperactivity disorder: a diffusion tensor imaging study. Mapp 2009;30:2757–65. ↵Development of cortical asymmetry in typically developing children and its disruption in attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Psychiatry 2009;66:888–96. ↵Smaller prefrontal and premotor volumes in boys with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. 2002;52:785–94. ↵Ten years of Neuroscience: insights from the highly cited. Neurosci 2010;11:718–26. ↵White matter microstructure in superior longitudinal fasciculus associated with spatial working memory performance in children. J 2011;23:2135–46. ↵Fassbender C, Schweitzer JB. Is there evidence for neural compensation in attention deficit hyperactivity disorder? A review of the functional neuroimaging literature. Rev 2006;26:445–65. ↵Validity of the executive function theory of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: a meta-analytic review. 2005;57:1336–46. ↵Multimodal imaging of the self-regulating developing brain. 2012;109:19620–5. OpenUrlAbstract/↵Veazie PJ. When to combine hypotheses and adjust for multiple tests. Res 2006;41:804–18. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it lists various academic references and studies related to attention deficit hyperactivity disorder and cognitive functions, without directly discussing the idea of selective focus in attention or its impact on cognitive processing.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Climate change is causing more extreme weather events worldwide. [SEP] Text: MEPEs are linked to higher cyclone frequencies and also to more intense cyclones compared to LEPEs, in particular in the Oder, Danube and Weser/Ems catchments. However, the cyclones' translation velocities are similar for MEPEs and LEPEs and thus do not allow for distinguishing 100-year events from less extreme precipitation events. 5 Discussion and conclusion The aim of this study has been to robustly investigate the atmospheric processes during 100-year precipitation events in large central European river catchments and their differences compared to less extreme events. A better understanding of these high-impact events may be instrumental to provide more accurate forecasts of river floods and reduce uncertainties in projections of their potential future changes. To perform such a robust process analysis, we use a large dataset of model-generated daily precipitation fields obtained from the ECMWF operational ensemble weather prediction system following a method introduced by Breivik et al. (2013). Statistical analyses show that the 10th forecast days from these simulations produce quasi-independent precipitation events, in particular with regard to extremes such as annual maxima, and that the intensity distribution of these simulated events lies within the uncertainties obtained from different observational datasets. With the help of extreme value theory, return levels of 100-year and more moderate, 20- to 50-year extreme precipitation events are determined for each selected river catchment, and the events surpassing these return levels are investigated with regard to the underlying atmospheric conditions. An analysis of the temporal and spatial characteristics of the extreme precipitation events shows that most 100-year events occur during the extended summer June–September, with only a few exceptions in May or October. This corresponds well with historical precipitation extremes (e. g. Grams et al. , 2014; Ulbrich et al. , 2003) and statistical analyses of rain gauge data (Fischer et al. , 2018). More moderate precipitation extremes also peak during the summer season but may occur during winter in the Rhine and Weser/Ems catchments as well. The spatial distribution of precipitation during the extreme events is influenced by the topography of the catchments, in particular by the orographic effect of the Alps in the Danube and Rhine catchments. In order to determine the characteristic atmospheric conditions associated with the 100-year precipitation events, a composite analysis is used in combination with a cyclone tracking algorithm. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the increase in cyclone frequencies and intensities in the context of extreme weather events, specifically mentioning the investigation of atmospheric processes during significant precipitation events. The study indicates a robust analysis of extreme events, which aligns with the overarching idea that climate change is contributing to the occurrence of more extreme weather phenomena.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Climate change has contributed to more frequent and intense heatwaves. [SEP] Text: Meanwhile, the two ensembles agree with the two reanalyses in terms of negative heat flux anomalies at remote locations along the eastern and southern flanks of the blocking regions. The negative heat flux anomaly is spatially coincident with below-normal heatwave frequency for each ensemble and reanalysis, implying that the negative anomalies can, along with cold air advection, contribute to below-normal heatwave frequency. Fig. 5a Net surface heat flux anomaly and c temperature advection anomaly (850 hPa) with wind vector anomaly (arrows over grid points) of ERA-Interim, NCEP-DOE-R2, and CanESM2 and CanESM5 ensemble averages (EAs) when blocking occurs in BR2 and BR3 for 1981–2010 baseline, and b, d those of CanESM2 and CanESM5 EAs for 2071–2100 future period. Black dots over grid points in (a) and (c) of ERA-Interim and NCEP-DOE-R2 represent statistical significance at the 10% significant level tested by bootstrap approach. Larger dot size of CanESM2 and CanESM5 ensembles represents larger number of ensemble members yield statistical significance (percentages of the number are defined in the legend)Full size imageThe two models simulate similar spatial patterns of 850 hPa temperature advection anomalies as the two reanalyses over (Fig. 5c). In particular, strong negative temperature advection anomalies are found on the eastern and southern flanks of the blocking cores, due to northerly and/or north-easterly wind anomalies that result from anomalous clockwise anti-cyclonic circulation. This spatial pattern of negative temperature advection anomalies over during blocking is in line with findings over Europe (e. g. , Trigo et al. 2004; Sousa et al. 2018). Below-normal heatwave frequency at remote eastern and southern regions away from blocking cores (Fig. 3a) can be explained by the negative temperature advection anomalies. Meanwhile, the two climate models and the reanalyses display positive temperature advection anomalies on the southwestern and western regions away from the blocking cores. These are driven by southerly wind anomalies associated with anomalous anti-cyclonic circulation during blocking and they result in above-normal heatwave frequency in those regions. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by indicating that negative heat flux anomalies and cold air advection can lead to below-normal heatwave frequency. It explains that certain regions exhibit a below-normal heatwave frequency associated with negative temperature advection anomalies, which goes against the idea that climate change is causing more frequent and intense heatwaves.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Attention can be selectively focused, altering cognitive processing. [SEP] Text: / 2003 Emotion and intuition : Effects of positive and negative mood on implicit judgments of semantic coherence 14 (5) : 416 ~ 5 4. [학술지] Botvinick, M. M. / 2001 Conflict monitoring and cognitive control 108 (3) : 624 ~ 3 5. [기타] Bradley, M. M. / 2007 Sounds (2nd Edition; IADS‐2): of Sounds and NIMH Center for the Study of Emotion and Attention 6. [학술지] Choi, Y. / 2015 International affective digitized sounds in Korea : a cross-cultural adaptation and validation study united with Acustica 101 (1) : 134 ~ 1 7. [학술지] Dreisbach, G. / 2004 How positive affect modulates cognitive control : Reduced perseveration at the cost of increased distractibility Journal of : and Cognition 30 (2) : 343 ~ 2 8. [학술지] Egner, T. / 2007 Congruency sequence effects and cognitive control & 7 (4) : 380 ~ 4 9. [학술지] Fan, J. / 2002 Testing the efficiency and independence of attentional networks Journal of 14 (3) : 340 ~ 3 10. [학술지] Fredrickson, B. L. / 2005 Positive emotions broaden the scope of attention and thought‐action repertoires Cognition & Emotion 19 (3) : 313 ~ 3 11. [학술지] Glickman, M. / 2018 Attentional capture by irrelevant emotional distractor faces is contingent on implicit attentional settings Cognition & Emotion 32 (2) : 303 ~ 2 12. [학술지] Gratton, G. / 1992 Optimizing the Use of Information-of Activation of Responses Journal of : General 121 (4) : 480 ~ 4 13. [학술지] Gray, J. R. / 2004 Integration of emotion and cognitive control in 13 (2) : 46 ~ 2 14. [학술지] Hodsoll, S. / 2011 by Emotion 11 (2) : 346 ~ 2 15. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not provide any direct information or support regarding the claim that attention can be selectively focused, altering cognitive processing. It appears to be a list of references related to cognition and emotion, but does not establish a clear relationship with the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Climate change is causing more extreme weather events worldwide. [SEP] Text: This is especially relevant for the Danube and Rhine catchments, as a northerly flow towards the Alps enforces orographic precipitation enhancement. Previous case studies have shown that, during such situations, typically various moisture sources contribute to the precipitation, with evapotranspiration from the land surface often playing a dominant role (Krug et al. , 2022; Grams et al. , 2014; Winschall et al. , 2014). The important role of moisture transport in particular for orographic precipitation associated with European floods has already been recognised in previous studies (Gvoždíková and Müller, 2021; Froidevaux and Martius, 2016). To identify the mechanisms that distinguish the very extreme, 100-year precipitation events (MEPEs), they are compared to a sample of less extreme events with return periods between 20 and 50 years (LEPEs). The general synoptic-scale patterns associated with LEPEs are similar to MEPEs, with an upper-level trough over western Europe on the day before the event that often develops into a cutoff low, going along with surface cyclogenesis slightly downstream. The specific differences between MEPEs and LEPEs depend on the river catchment. On the one hand, differences in dynamical processes are the most important for the Danube and Oder catchments. In particular, the cutoff low is intensified, surface cyclogenesis occurs more regularly and the surface cyclones are also more intense during MEPEs compared to LEPEs. This is expected to enhance moisture transport towards the catchments and dynamical forcing for ascent in the catchments, resulting in stronger precipitation. These results are in slight contrast to the findings of Pfahl and Wernli (2012), who did not detect differences in the intensity of cyclones associated with extreme precipitation in central Europe. This is likely due to the fact that they analysed less extreme events than those studied here. The difference in cyclone intensity thus appears to be a specific characteristic of very extreme, 100-year events. However, there are no clear differences between the translation velocities of cyclones associated with MEPEs and LEPEs. On the other hand, MEPEs in the Elbe and Rhine catchments differ from LEPEs mainly due to significantly higher temperature and lower-tropospheric moisture content over large areas east and northeast of the river catchments. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the mechanisms related to extreme precipitation events, particularly focusing on the intensification of cyclones and enhanced moisture transport, which can contribute to severe weather phenomena. It specifically references the differences in precipitation events observed in the Danube, Rhine, and other European catchments, indicating a link between changes in atmospheric dynamics and increased intensity of rainfall during extreme weather events.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Climate change has contributed to more frequent and intense heatwaves. [SEP] Text: Cat 4–5 proportions are lower than those for the global hurricane data, an expected result since high intensities are only maintained for a relatively short period of the overall cyclone lifetime and could easily be missed by the similarly short period spent within landfall range. The slope of the Cat 4–5 trend for this land-proximity subset is ~27 % per °C, essentially the same as the ~29 % per °C from the Kossin (2012) homogenized satellite data in Fig. 6a. Fig. 7Relationship of anthropogenic change to annual proportions of Cat 1–2 and Cat 4–5 hurricanes in proximity to land. A 5-year running mean smoothing has been used, thin solid lines indicate linear trends, and all variances have p < 0. 01 (using unsmoothed data)Full size image General agreement with Fig. 7 is found for landfall in each ocean basin except the Ocean and the western North Pacific. The landfall rarity of intense Ocean hurricanes means the data are too noisy for analysis. For the western the trend is very weak and slightly negative, which we attribute to a general eastward and equatorward movement of the main genesis location in recent decades (Wu and Zhao 2012). This promotes the development of a higher proportion of intense hurricanes, but also means that fewer of them will make landfall. Weinkle et al. (2012) examined the global number of hurricanes that actually make landfall in each of the Saffir–Simpson categories. The proportion of Cat 4–5 at landfall to all landfall hurricanes in their data set has increased with ACCI at a rate of ~21 % per °C (p < 0. 01) since 1975. This study leads us to the following observational conclusions. Over the past few decades there has been an observed ~40 % per °C trend relative to the ACCI in the proportion of 4–5 hurricanes (p < 0. 01) and a compensating decrease in Cat 1–2 proportions. Comparison with the Kossin (2012) homogenized satellite data and with global sets of tropical cyclones in proximity to land indicates that changing analysis and observing practices may have contributed 10–15 % of the trend. This leaves a real trend in the proportion of Cat 4–5 hurricanes of 25–30 % per °C that is directly attributed to anthropogenic warming as defined by the ACCI. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text discusses the relationship between anthropogenic climate change and the trends in hurricane intensity, specifically Cat 4-5 hurricanes, rather than addressing heatwaves. While it mentions the impact of climate change on hurricane proportions and trends, it does not provide evidence or information supporting or contrasting the specific claim regarding heatwaves. Therefore, the relevance to the claim is considered cold.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Attention can be selectively focused, altering cognitive processing. [SEP] Text: [학술대회] Hristova, P. / 2011 Anxiety fosters relational encoding Proceedings of the on cognitive Science: on 16. [학술지] Isen, A. M. / 1992 An influence of positive affect on social categorization Motivation and Emotion 16 (1) : 65 ~ 1 17. [학술지] Kazen, M. / 2005 Intention memory and achievement motivation : Volitional facilitation and inhibition as a function of affective contents of need-related stimuli Journal of Personality and 89 (3) : 426 ~ 3 18. [학술지] Kim, C. / 2016 of the Running- Location on Choice Psychology 30 (6) : 1014 ~ 6 19. [학술지] Kuhl, J. / 1999 Volitional facilitation of difficult intentions : joint activation of intention memory and positive affect removes stroop interference Journal of : General 128 (3) : 382 20. [학술지] Lang, P. J. / 1997 Picture System(IAPS) : NIMH Center for the Study of Emotion and Attention 1 : 39 ~ 21. [학술지] Lindsay, D. S. / 1994 Dissociations-the Relationship between Facilitation and Interference Journal of : and Performance 20 (2) : 219 ~ 2 22. [학술지] Lu, C. H. / 1995 of Information on Performance-a Review of the Simon and Effects &Review 2 (2) : 174 ~ 2 23. [학술지] MacLeod, C. M. / 1991 Half a century of research on the Stroop effect : an integrative review 109 (2) : 163 ~ 2 24. [학술지] Mayr, U. / 2003 Conflict adaptation effects in the absence of executive control 6 (5) : 450 ~ 5 25. [학술지] Miller, E. K. / 2001 An integrative theory of prefrontal cortex function Neuroscience 24 : 167 ~ 26. [학술지] Padmala, S. / 2011 Negative emotion impairs conflict-driven executive control Frontiers in Psychology 2 : 192 27. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text provides a list of various academic references and does not directly address or support the claim regarding selective attention and cognitive processing. Hence, it is irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Climate change is causing more extreme weather events worldwide. [SEP] Text: September 01 2023 Connecting extreme weather events to climate change Advances in attribution science are improving understanding of human influence on our planet. Search for other works by this author on: PubMed 10. 1063/PT. 3. 5309 Open the PDF for in another window and Connecting extreme weather events to climate change. 1 September 2023; 76 (9): 40–46. Download citation file: Ris (Zotero) toolbar search Menu toolbar search search input Search input auto suggest filter your search his house in Oxford, UK, was flooded by an exceptionally rainy storm in January 2003, proposed that the anthropogenic influence on severe weather events could be quantified. 1 Before that, most climate scientists avoided discussing how human activity affected individual extreme weather events. Rather, they would deflect, saying, for example, “While no individual event can be tied to climate change, whatever happened is consistent with expectations. ” That statement is no longer true. Using extreme-event attribution techniques, it is now possible to make quantitative statements about the human influence on many classes of individual weather and climate events. View largeDownload slide. COM/E4CView largeDownload slide. COM/E4C Close modal In 2003, shortly after Allen’s proposal, central Europe experienced a disastrous heat wave that caused more than 70 000 excess deaths. At the time, using a high-quality record of European temperatures and a single climate model, Allen and colleagues estimated that climate change at least doubled the chances of the measured high daytime temperatures. 2 Since then, the field of extreme-weather-event attribution has expanded to include not just heat waves but also floods, droughts, heavy precipitation, and certain extreme storms, such as hurricanes (reference 3, 2017. (Courtesy of US Guard/Staff Sgt. Daniel J. Martinez. )View largeDownload slidePort Arthur, Texas, was devastated by the overwhelming amount of precipitation from in 2017. (Courtesy of US Guard/Staff Sgt. Daniel J. Martinez. ) Close modal A second technique, known as Granger causality, after the econometrician Clive Granger, can be useful when direct interference in the experiment is undesirable or impossible. In epidemiology, for instance, a study of heart disease in a selected population might consider obesity, smoking habits, family history, and other relevant causal factors. A statistical model that involves those factors as variables can provide information on their possible influence. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing advances in attribution science that enhance the understanding of how human activities are influencing extreme weather events. Specifically, it mentions that techniques are now available to quantitatively assess the impact of climate change on various extreme events such as heat waves, floods, and heavy precipitation. This aligns with the claim that climate change is linked to an increase in the frequency and severity of extreme weather events.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Climate change has contributed to more frequent and intense heatwaves. [SEP] Text: Each set of experiments consists of three ensemble members forced by three GCMs. The historical baseline period consists of 31 years from 1975 to 2005 and the projected future period covers 31 years from 2070 to 2100. Selection of the used for specifying the boundary conditions for MRCM are selected from among the many participant models in CMIP5 by applying the following criteria:We adopt the 19 GCMs evaluated favorably by McSweeney et al. 48 based on their performance over Southeast Asia. And then we select 6 GCMs out of the 19 by requiring an oceanic horizontal resolution of 1. 11° or higher, capable of simulating complex ocean processes over this region. Over land, the surface temperature, TW, relative humidity, and precipitation from GCMs are objectively analyzed and compared to CRU43, ERA-Interim41, and TRMM49 datasets. To assess the performance of each GCM, the and annual cycle for each variable are compared separately over two regions (). As a result of applying the above criteria, three GCMs are selected: CCSM445, 1. 0 46, and MPI-ESM-MR47. More detailed information about the GCMs is presented in 1. Bias correctionSimulations by a regional climate model may contain a systematic bias arising from inadequate physics, and/or bias in the global climate model simulations used as lateral boundary conditions50,51. These model biases impact historical as well as future climate change projections. To reduce the impact of this bias, we applied the same bias correction procedure developed by Pal and Eltahir16 for correcting future projections in southwest Asia. This methodology allows correction of daily TWmax. TW is computed by the formulation developed by Davis-Jones52. Reliable reanalysis data at high spatial and temporal resolution is the key to correct bias in simulated daily variables. ERA-Interim reanalysis represents spatially complete and dynamically consistent estimates of the state of the climate system41 and is therefore used for the following bias correction procedure. In the first step, TW is computed by the formulation developed by Davies-Jones52for both the MRCM hourly output and the ERA-Interim reanalysis 3-hourly 0. 75° × 0. 75° data. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it focuses on the methodology and criteria for selecting climate models and conducting simulations without addressing the relationship between climate change and the frequency or intensity of heatwaves. It does not provide evidence or arguments supporting or contrasting the claim.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Attention can be selectively focused, altering cognitive processing. [SEP] Text: 009 김초복 and 이윤지 “of an on Choice by Attention“ 한국심리학회지: 인지 및 생물 31. 2 190. (2019): 181. 김초복 이윤지. of an on Choice by Attention 한국심리학회지: 인지 및 생물 [Internet]. 2019; 31(2), : 181 - 190. Available from: doi:10. 22172/cogbio. 2019. 31. 2. 009 김초복 이윤지. “of an on Choice by Attention“ 한국심리학회지: 인지 및 생물 31, no. 2, (2019): 181 - 190. doi: :10. 22172/cogbio. 2019. 31. 2. 009 텍스트 파일로 저장 피인용 논문 (우)305-754 대전광역시 유성구 가정로 201 한국연구재단 TEL: 042-869-6674, 1544-6118 E-mail: kciadmin@nrf. re. kr 2024 NRF. . [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not provide any relevant information regarding the claim about selective attention and its impact on cognitive processing. It primarily consists of bibliographic information and citation details without discussing any concepts related to attention or cognitive processing.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Climate change is causing more extreme weather events worldwide. [SEP] Text: For climate, scientists have developed extreme-value statistical models using greenhouse gas concentrations, air pollution, urbanization, El Niño, and other natural modes of variability as covariates to isolate their relative influence on extreme weather. and Granger causal-inference techniques have their strengths and limitations. Granger causal inference may lead to the post hoc, ergo propter hoc fallacy—that correlation does not necessarily imply causality. Additionally, the influence of unspecified covariates must be considered. causal inference relies on models, one must first ascertain whether the model is fit for the purpose at hand. Many extreme weather events are poorly simulated when available public climate model data sets are used, and thus those data sets are unsuitable for attribution studies. Confidence in attribution statements is increased when both Granger and Pearl causal-inference techniques can be invoked and produce similar results. Confidence is further increased when multiple independent research groups use different models, observations, and methods and arrive at similar conclusions. One motivation for performing extreme-event attribution studies is to satisfy the public’s curiosity about how climate change affects them. But an equally important motivation is gaining insight into the physical mechanisms behind the changes in extreme weather events. Borrowing concepts from epidemiology, scientists hope to untangle and quantify the different causal factors. The ongoing work focuses on answering two questions: “Did climate change affect the magnitude of an event of a given estimated rarity? ” and “Did climate change cause the chances of an event of an observed high magnitude to change? ” Extreme heat Those two questions are two sides of the same coin, as illustrated by the abnormally hot temperatures in Texas during the summer of 2011. Figure 1a shows observed Texas summer temperature departures (purple) from the average of the 1961–90 temperatures. Two simulations are shown, one with realistic human changes to the atmospheric composition (orange)—mainly well-mixed greenhouse gas increases, stratospheric ozone decreases, and aerosol pollution—and the other counterfactual (green), in which temperatures are cooler because it doesn’t include the effect of human changes. Both the observations and the predicted data in the realistic model trend upward. The absence of such a trend in the counterfactual simulation reveals that there is an attributable human influence on Texas summer temperatures. Increasingly hot summers are expected. Yet the 2011 temperature, shown by the black dot, was about 2. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing statistical models and causal inference techniques used by scientists to analyze the influence of climate change on extreme weather events. It highlights the importance of understanding how human-induced changes, such as greenhouse gas increases, affect climate patterns, particularly through observations that show an upward trend in Texas summer temperatures when accounting for these human factors. The text indicates that these findings support the idea that climate change is indeed associated with more extreme weather events, answering critical questions related to the attribution of such events to climate change.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Climate change has contributed to more frequent and intense heatwaves. [SEP] Text: By contrast, significant precipitation decreases are mainly seen over South Asia, the tropical western Pacific, the Yellow Sea, the central North Pacific, central NA, and parts of the tropical and central (Fig. 3, top). The reduced precipitation and convection in South Asia—western Pacific indicates weakened summer monsoon activity. This represents an anomalously negative diabatic heating in the tropical region. The TCWV anomaly is broadly similar to the precipitation anomaly over the northern Pacific (Fig. 3, bottom). The area-weighted pattern correlation between the two anomalous fields is 0. 61 over the northern (0-90oN) Pacific. In addition, it is interesting to see an anomalous TCWV path across the mid-latitude North Pacific, indicating a northeastward injection of moisture from the subtropical western Pacific towards western NA. By contrast, the TCWV anomalies are mostly positive over western NA and negative over eastern NA, which differs from the precipitation anomalies over NA. In particular, many areas of increased (reduced) TCWV collocate with reduced (increased) precipitation over the NA continent (Fig. 3). This suggests that the anomalous precipitation is not only related to the water vapor anomaly, but also to other mechanisms such as those responsible for inducing adiabatic vertical motions and moisture convergence (e. g. , Zhang et al. 2011; Mo et al. 2021). Previous observations and climate model results also suggested that deficits in soil moisture would lead to more frequent and severe hot temperatures in summer, and vice versa. The above-normal (below-normal) precipitation often increases (decreases) the soil moisture, which in turn favors less (more) heatwaves (e. g. , Dai et al. 1998; Alexander 2010; Wu et al. 2012). In addition, both precipitation and TCWV anomalies are weak upstream over most of the Eurasian continent. Fig. 3As in Fig. 2, but for precipitation (mmday−1) and TCWV (Kgm−2) anomalies. Contour interval is 0. 2 (…, − 0. 3, − 0. 1, 0. 1, 0. 3, …)Full size imageThe strongest water vapour transport (AR-like feature) often penetrates through a cyclone-anticyclone couplet. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing how changes in precipitation and soil moisture levels might not contribute to more frequent heatwaves as suggested. It states that deficits in soil moisture are related to increased temperatures and heatwaves, which indicates that there are other environmental factors at play, contradicting the notion that climate change is directly causing more frequent and intense heatwaves.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: CRISPR technology enables precise gene editing. [SEP] Text: Full text Figures and data Peer review Side by side Peer review process Decision letter Author response Peer review process This 330. This would enable more rapid sgRNA insertion (due to two unique restriction digest sites) instead of sequential amplification, gel purification, and ligation. 5) Regarding the FRAP experiments, could the authors expand their discussion on the difference between their measurements obtained on endogenous levels of receptors and those previously obtained on overexpressed receptors. 6) In the cell specific approach, could the author provide feedback on Cas9 cell expression versus viral Cas9 expression. Author response Essential revisions: 1) The finding that a small fraction of neurons undergo GluA2 KO is puzzling, since no KO alleles were detected in genomic PCR (Figure 4—figure supplement 2). Is it more likely that the same fraction of neurons would lack GluA2 expression in non-transfected controls? Or controls that only receive mCherry plasmid transfections? Complete KO would require successful targeting at both alleles, without donor insertion at either one. Either way, if complete KO in some cells is a possibility, this could be investigated more systematically (or at least discussed more thoroughly) since it may influence potential results. To address the possibility of there being GluA2-lacking cells in non-transfected neurons, we have performed immunofluorescence on cultured mouse cortical neurons. We found that 1. 2% of neurons analyzed had no detectable levels of GluA2. Therefore, we can confirm the reviewers suspicious that a small fraction of neurons is, indeed, naturally GluA2-lacking. In comparison, we identified around 12. 4% of cell with undetectable GluA2 (i. e. , KO) with transfection of TKIT constructs for SEP-GluA2 KI (Figure 4—figure supplement 2D). Therefore, we think that undetectable GluA2 observed in some cells transfected with TKIT plasmids is an unfortunate, but not completely unexpected, result of gene knockout through double strand break generation without donor insertion. A possible explanation for the creation of these GluA2-KO neurons could also be incomplete co-transfection of all three plasmids (gRNAs/spCas9, donor DNA, mCherry). Cells lacking the donor DNA plasmid will be biased towards gene knockout. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not directly address the claim regarding CRISPR technology and its ability to enable precise gene editing. Instead, it discusses various aspects of experimental processes related to gene knockout and receptor analysis without explicitly confirming or denying the capabilities of CRISPR technology.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Climate change is causing more extreme weather events worldwide. [SEP] Text: 5 °C warmer than the average summer and was considered a rare, 1-in-30-year event at the time. Figure 1. View largeDownload slideDeparture from average summer temperatures in Texas. (a) A realistic historical simulation (orange) and a cooler counterfactual climate without anthropogenic climate change (green) are compared with the observations (purple). The black dot represents the observed value of 2. 467 °C for 2011. The solid lines represent the smoothed temperature anomalies. (Adapted from ref. 6. ) (b) Simulations show the likelihood of Texas summer surface air temperature in a realistic climate (orange) and the cooler counterfactual climate (green). A return value (maximum temperature) has a 1/(return time) chance of being met or exceeded in a given year. The dashed line indicates that the observed temperature was a 1-in-30-year event in 2011, and it was 1. 5 °C warmer than it would’ve been without climate change. Figure 1. View largeDownload slideDeparture from average summer temperatures in Texas. (a) A realistic historical simulation (orange) and a cooler counterfactual climate without anthropogenic climate change (green) are compared with the observations (purple). The black dot represents the observed value of 2. 467 °C for 2011. The solid lines represent the smoothed temperature anomalies. (Adapted from ref. 6. ) (b) Simulations show the likelihood of Texas summer surface air temperature in a realistic climate (orange) and the cooler counterfactual climate (green). A return value (maximum temperature) has a 1/(return time) chance of being met or exceeded in a given year. The dashed line indicates that the observed temperature was a 1-in-30-year event in 2011, and it was 1. 5 °C warmer than it would’ve been without climate change. Close modal To answer the two event-attribution questions about changes in event magnitude and frequency, one needs to turn to the climate-model data. Figure 1b shows the return values of average summer temperatures in Texas as a function of time. The return value is the highest average temperature expected to be reached once in a given period of time, known as the return time. The solid orange line, representing the realistic simulation, reveals that an average temperature of 34 °C would occur once in 30 years. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text supports the claim by indicating that observed temperature increases, such as the record summer temperatures in Texas, can be attributed to anthropogenic climate change. Specifically, it states that the temperature was 1.5 °C warmer than it would have been without climate change, highlighting the relationship between climate change and extreme weather events.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Climate change has contributed to more frequent and intense heatwaves. [SEP] Text: polymictic lakes), which according to Hutchinson's (1957) mixing classification are among the most abundant at mid-latitudes, it is unlikely that the spatial extent of heatwaves will increase within a warming world, as vertical mixing will likely destroy any spatiotemporally connected heatwaves that develop. In lakes that are semi-permanently/permanently stratified (oligomictic/meromictic), such as the deep lakes south of the or those located at low latitudes (e. g. Lake Tanganyika), it is possible that lake heatwaves could respond sensitively to a warming world, with lake heatwaves extending across multiple years, as has previously been observed in the marine environment (Bond et al 2015, and Mantua 2016, Oliver et al 2021). Moreover, as lakes transition to a more stable mixing regime in the future (e. g. from polymictic to monomictic or monomictic to oligomictic; Woolway and Merchant 2019), more lakes will likely experience an expansion in the spatial extent of heatwaves. This is an area for further study. We anticipate the spatial extent of lake heatwaves to increase at a faster rate than observed here in the Great Lakes. This is particularly true in lakes that will lose their ice cover this century (Sharma et al 2019), as lake heatwaves could then extend throughout the winter season and continue to expand. Based on our results, one might also expect that, in the near future, lake heatwaves may occupy the entire surface area of lakes on an annual basis, potentially resulting in the emergence of a permanent heatwave state (Woolway et al 2021a). The continued spatial expansion of lake heatwaves will likely expose aquatic organisms to thermal extremes that have not been experienced before, and there will likely be a substantial departure from the 'normal' thermal conditions that have shaped the aquatic environment in the past. Aquatic organisms that live in regions close to their maximum thermal limit are likely to be most susceptible to the rapid expansion of lake heatwaves, as temperature anomalies there are more likely to exceed organismal physiological thresholds and hence increase mortality rates (Till et al 2019). Specifically, with the spatial expansion of lake heatwaves, one could expect dramatic losses of marginal populations at thermal range edges in the Great Lakes, as has already been documented in the marine environment (Hobday et al 2016). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by suggesting that it is 'unlikely that the spatial extent of heatwaves will increase within a warming world,' arguing instead that vertical mixing could disrupt the development of spatiotemporally connected heatwaves. While it discusses lake heatwaves possibly responding to warming in certain contexts, it primarily presents a skeptical view on whether general heatwaves will become more frequent or intense due to climate change.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: CRISPR technology enables precise gene editing. [SEP] Text: We further speculate that the discrepancy between the genomic PCR and immunofluorescence could result from a more complete co-transfection using electroporation and a bias towards easier detection of larger PCR products (i. e. , the KI and WT fragments) using ethidium bromide integration for detection. We have now included these data in the manuscript as Figure 4—figure supplement 3 and discussed this in the context of the GluA2 KO seen with TKIT (Results). Also see the Discussion. We also added a description of this methodology to the Materials and methods section of the manuscript. 2) Recent reports suggest that AAV vector genomes can integrate at DSBs created by Cas9 (PMIDs: 33087932, 31570731), and Cas9 can often create an opportunity for unintended insertions. Although PCR of genomic DNA (shown in Figure 4—figure supplement 2) detected both WT and KI alleles, it is not clear how often insertion of other sequences (with variable length) occurs, and no data at the level of DNA sequence is provided following AAV delivery methods. The fidelity of clean donor insertion could be examined by Sanger sequencing of genomic DNA clones to more completely define the results of insertion and genomic sequence changes around cut sites. This would also help to identify potential issues that may affect non-coding sequences (which, at the locations targeted here, are likely to be important regulatory elements). We are grateful to the reviewers for raising this important point. We agree that this is a necessary consideration when coupling AAVs withCas9 methods for genome editing (which is being widely adopted in the field). In fact, we now also speculate that 5’UTR integration of fragments of AAV could explain the lower efficiency in vivo with AAVs compared to in vitro with transfections. We have updated the text in the Results section to account for this possibility and include the recommended 2. The hippocampus will then be dissected, and genomic DNA amplify using a high-fidelity polymerase and a very long extension time (to account for variable sized insertions) flanking the KI sites. The PCR products will be sent for deep sequencing (as in Hanlon et al. , 2019). This will enable us to calculate the percentage of reads that have AAV insertions. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not directly address the claim about CRISPR technology enabling precise gene editing. Instead, it discusses methodologies related to AAV vector genomes and potential issues with unintended insertions when using Cas9 for genome editing. As such, it does not provide support or contradiction to the claim regarding the precision of CRISPR technology.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Climate change is causing more extreme weather events worldwide. [SEP] Text: In the counterfactual simulation, shown by the green line, the average temperature occurring once every 30 years would be just over 32 °C. Thus the answer to the first question is that climate change increased the average temperature of a 1-in-30-year event by about 2 °C. To answer the second question about the change in rarity, one needs to estimate chances of an average temperature of 34. 2 °C without any climate change. The observed temperature is near the upper bound of the counterfactual distribution, and the return time is estimated to be 66 million years. Publishing an attribution statement based on that estimate would be unwise, however, because the uncertainties from extrapolating out that far are extreme. Best practice is to put uncertainty bounds on the ratio of those return times. Using a likelihood ratio test, scientists can place a 95% confidence interval of 16 to infinity on the ratio of counterfactual to observed return times. In plain language, climate change increased the chances of the observed 2011 Texas summer temperature by at least a factor of 16. The current global warming level of about 1. 2 °C above preindustrial levels means that any rare heat wave that now occurs has an attributable human influence (reference 3, 34. 2 °C in Texas—is more uncertain because of both the statistical model and event characterization, although the lower bound on probability changes has been found to be independent of estimates of event magnitude. 7,8 the human influence on heavy precipitation events is more complicated than for heat waves for several reasons. The first is that precipitation is a sporadic event, and extreme precipitation even more so. (To learn about human influences on monsoons, see page 32 in this issue. ) Well-established theory (the Clausius–Clapeyron relation) and traditional trend analysis reveal that saturation specific humidity increases by about 7% per 1 °C of local warming. Because extreme precipitation usually occurs in fully saturated atmospheric conditions, one might expect the likelihood of such an event to also increase at the same rate. The more likely a local area is to be fully saturated, the more likely it is to rain. Analyses that used the 100 km climate models on extreme precipitation trends confirm that rate of increase (reference 3, 2017. 8,11,12 A best estimate distilled from those papers is that climate change increased Harvey’s rainfall by 19%, or about 2. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by providing evidence of the relationship between climate change and increased extreme weather events. It discusses how climate change has led to an increase in average temperatures, thereby linking it to extreme heat events, such as the 2011 Texas summer temperature, stating that climate change increased its occurrence by at least a factor of 16. Additionally, the text mentions that the Clausius–Clapeyron relation implies a link between local warming and an increase in the likelihood of extreme precipitation events, further supporting the claim about climate change influencing weather patterns.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Deforestation contributes to habitat loss and climate change. [SEP] Text: From natural threats such as wild destructive fires and outbreaks of insect pests and diseases are the integral part of forests dynamics, however they disrupt the yields of forests goods and services, affecting growth of trees and their survival, as well as water quality and biodiversity. Among the major challenges of forest threats in many countries are outbreaks of insect pests and diseases resulting in economic and environmental resources lost. When insect outbreaks reach epidemic, covering large territories and lasting for months, aerial resources of fight remain the only way to treat the infestation effectively and protect valuable forests. 3-5 are given the materials of damage from insects and diseases according to forest species from 25 countries, forests areas affected by continents and forest areas affected by insect pests and diseases by climatic zones [8,9]. Planted forests are more affected by insect pests and diseases than naturally regenerated forests. As to the plant species, broadleaves are affected more than coniferous (Table 3). According to the continents the most affected are: Europe-941,992ha. , Followed by North and Central America- 738,287ha and South America-612,358 ha. (Table 4). By climate zones the most affected is temperate zone- 72, 616ha. Then come tropical zone- 10,676ha. and subtropical-7,814ha (Table 5). Table 4: Forest area affected by insect pests and diseases by continents (ha). Source: 2015. Table 5: Forest area affected by insect pests and diseases by climatic zones (ha). Source: 2015. Table 6: Average area of forest annually affected by fire by regions and sub-regions, 2005. Source: FAO Meeting on Fires. FAO, 138. Rome [20]. Potential costs of US $ 540 billion economic damage to the world agriculture is predicted per year if spread of invasive pests and pathogens won’t be stopped. Wildfires are among the most destructive threats to forests. Fires do not respect national boarders among countries. Fast and effective detection is a key factor in wildfire fighting. The four major natural causes of wildfire ignitions are: lightning, volcanic eruption, sparks from rock-falls and spontaneous combustion [10-12]. Wildfires occur on all continents of the world except Antarctica. Destructive wildfires are common events in and other countries. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by focusing on natural threats such as wildfires and insect outbreaks as integral parts of forest dynamics, without addressing deforestation directly. It describes challenges to forests from these natural threats, emphasizing economic and environmental losses rather than linking them directly to habitat loss or climate change effects. The mention of destructive wildfires as threats to forests may imply habitat loss, but does not specifically connect to the broader claim about deforestation's role in climate change.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: CRISPR technology enables precise gene editing. [SEP] Text: 3) I agree with the authors that tagging endogenous proteins is likely to preserve the normal physiological processes of transcription, mRNA processing, and protein localization, all of which will be specific to the target in question. Thus, the ability to use this system with proximity labeling proteomics approaches is a promising future direction. However, the author's claims about the superiority of this combination in the Discussion section should likely be tempered given that the tags used by these approaches were not incorporated or tested here. We agree with the reviewers and have tempered this claim for future utility accordingly in our Discussion by adding the following sentence: “However, the feasibility of coupling TKIT with proximity labelling remains to be tested and will likely depend upon the transfection or transduction efficiency, the KI efficiency for the target protein, as well as the absolute abundance of the target protein being tagged. ” 4) Was the sequential sgRNA cloning and ligation process used for all genes targeted here? While it clearly works, this is somewhat laborious and may discourage others from adopting this technology. Since all TKIT targets will require two sgRNAs, the authors might consider using pX333 (PMID: 25337876; Addgene plasmid 64073) instead of pX330. This would enable more rapid sgRNA insertion (due to two unique restriction digest sites) instead of sequential amplification, gel purification, and ligation. We agree with the reviewers and want to make this method as accessible to the community as possible. In fact, to simplify cloning of plasmids containing Two U6 + guides + cas9 we have designed a strategy using HiFi assembly to make these plasmids in a single cloning step. We have added this methodology to the Materials and methods section of the manuscript, which we hope will make it easier for investigators to use TKIT for their own projects. We also include the reviewer’s suggestion of using PX333. However, for transparency, we will leave the details of how we originally made these constructs. 5) Regarding the FRAP experiments, could the authors expand their discussion on the difference between their measurements obtained on endogenous levels of receptors and those previously obtained on overexpressed receptors. We thank the reviewers for this useful suggestion, which is at the core of why we think such knock-in approaches are of such value to the field. Comparisons and 1. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses methodological considerations regarding tagging endogenous proteins and does not specifically address CRISPR technology, its application, or its precision in gene editing.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Climate change is causing more extreme weather events worldwide. [SEP] Text: 5 times as much as what might be expected from Clausius–Clapeyron scaling of the increased available moisture from the 1 °C of attributable warming in the Gulf of Mexico. Since Harvey, numerous other tropical storms have been analyzed and have revealed similar scaling of precipitation statistics. 10,13 The mechanism for the super Clausius–Clapeyron scaling is simple. Figure 2a shows the composite simulated precipitation from Hurricane Maria, which devastated in 2017. Figure 2b shows the attributable precipitation changes at the time it occurred, and figure 2c shows the hypothetical precipitation changes in a much warmer world. The first thing to notice is that the increases, either in an absolute or relative sense, are the largest in the rainiest parts of the storm. The second is that there are decreases in the outer precipitation bands. What is happening is that warmer conditions are likely increasing the storm’s wind speeds. While the changes in instantaneous maximum wind speeds are thought to be slight at present, they will become more robust in a much warmer world. That increase in tropical cyclone intensity causes the storm structure to change and become more efficient at precipitating available moisture. Figure 2. View largeDownload slideChanges in precipitation during in 2017 relative to the cyclone center throughout its lifetime. (a) Composite simulated precipitation across multiple simulations under realistic climate conditions. (b) Attributable change in precipitation calculated from realistic simulations and a cooler, counterfactual simulation approximating preindustrial conditions. (c) Projected change in precipitation calculated from realistic simulations and counterfactual conditions at 3. 5 °C warmer than preindustrial conditions, or how much worse it could’ve been. Contours indicate the rainfall rate from the historical simulation. The plots are in units of the grid resolution, 4. 5 km. (Adapted from ref. 13. )Figure 2. View largeDownload slideChanges in precipitation during in 2017 relative to the cyclone center throughout its lifetime. (a) Composite simulated precipitation across multiple simulations under realistic climate conditions. (b) Attributable change in precipitation calculated from realistic simulations and a cooler, counterfactual simulation approximating preindustrial conditions. (c) Projected change in precipitation calculated from realistic simulations and counterfactual conditions at 3. 5 °C warmer than preindustrial conditions, or how much worse it could’ve been. Contours indicate the rainfall rate from the historical simulation. The plots are in units of the grid resolution, 4. 5 km. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the effects of climate change on extreme weather, specifically highlighting the relationship between rising temperatures and increased precipitation during storms. It notes that warmer conditions likely heighten storm wind speeds and precipitation efficiency, as evidenced by the analysis of Hurricane Maria. The mention of modeled changes indicating worse conditions in a much warmer world supports the assertion that climate change contributes to more extreme weather events.