Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Malnutrition remains a major issue in many low-income countries. [SEP] Text: 6 This highlights the need for policy makers to better understand the factors that contribute to childhood malnutrition as well as the conditions that influence these factors. For this purpose, the Children’s Fund () developed a conceptual framework of malnutrition in 1990 as part of its Strategy for of Children and Women in Developing Countries. 7 This framework has been continuously revised to “reflect advances in knowledge and priorities in child health and nutrition. ”8 In 2020, developed its new on the Determinants of Maternal and Child Nutrition, which builds on its initial 1990 framework but acknowledges the increasing triple burden of malnutrition, comprised of undernutrition, overnutrition, and micronutricient deficiencies, and further highlights the role of diets and care as immediate determinants of child nutrition. 9 It describes the role of enabling, underlying, and immediate determinants in children’s and mothers’ nutritional outcomes. Enabling determinants include political, financial, social, cultural, and environmental conditions and influence children’s health through immediate and underlying determinants. Immediate determinants of malnutrition are more directly related to child malnutrition, like diets and care, while underlying determinants of malnutrition refer to family and community characteristics influencing a child’s well-being more indirectly (such as maternal education) (Figure 1). Few studies have analyzed the association between aggregate economic growth and children’s risk of being malnourished. No evidence for such an association was found for India,10 while a negative association was found for Egypt. 11 Two studies5,12 used large samples of pooled Demographic and (DHS) and found an inverse association between childhood stunting, underweight, and wasting and economic growth. One study13 found a large, inverse association between childhood stunting and economic growth based on pooled DHS data from 20 African countries. Empirical studies that investigate multiple household-level contributing factors of childhood malnutrition are also scarce. One recent cross-country study14 considered 9 direct and 17 indirect factors but analyzed only stunting, underweight, and wasting (omitting overweight, obesity, and dietary diversity failure). Other studies have focused on a specific country, like India15 and Kenya. 16 A recent systematic review17 identified maternal educational level, household income, maternal nutrition, and access to sanitation as the most important contributing factors of childhood malnutrition. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing factors contributing to malnutrition, specifically highlighting that childhood malnutrition is a significant concern in low-income settings. It outlines the Children’s Fund's frameworks that address malnutrition issues and cites studies that indicate the association between economic growth and childhood malnutrition indicators, such as stunting and underweight. This information directly supports the assertion that malnutrition is a pressing problem in many low-income countries.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Organic farming has no environmental impact since it doesn't use synthetic inputs. [SEP] Text:  (2021) further concluded that, in Europe, the market alone was unlikely to deliver a hundred percent organic seeds, as the market was characterised by its small size, a wide diversity of crops being grown, unresolved technical problems for certain crop species and a limited capacity of breeding varieties adapted to organic farming conditions. In Germany, organic farming has a long history of development. Germany was the first country to use the EU’s funds specifically to promote organic farming, which began as early as the late 1980s (Willer & Schmid, 2016). From 2004 to 2020, the area of organic farmland increased from 767. 9 thousand hectares to 1. 7 million hectares. This corresponded to a land share of 10. 2% in 2020 (BOLW, 2022; FiBL, 2023). Although this is far from the 25% Deal’s goal (European Commission, 2020), the annual increase in organic land in absolute numbers is among the highest in the EU. Germany is a top-performing country in terms of land used for cereal cultivation and dry pulses, together with France and Italy (Willer et al. , 2021). Similar to other EU member states, the of Agriculture has representation in the Committee of Organic Production. of Agriculture has a mandate to deliver an opinion and vote on a draft of the which involves the implementation of organic production and the labelling of organic products (European Commission, 2021). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the growth and development of organic farming, particularly in Germany, which implies an environmental impact due to land use changes and agricultural practices. The fact that organic farmland has significantly increased suggests that organic farming is addressing environmental concerns rather than being without impact.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Natural selection drives evolution through differential survival. [SEP] Text: Download: PPTPowerPoint slidePNGlarger imageTIFForiginal imageTable 3. Codons that candidates for being under positive selection, based on four selection tests. results from TreeSAAP showed that 62 sites had changed considerably in amino acid properties (S3 Table). Across all these sites, 23 of them were under positive selection, while 39 showed signatures of purifying selection. One amino acid property, the equilibrium constant (i. e. , ionization of COOH; S3 Table), was found, in general, to be under positive selection in all genes. Environmental analysis Our GLMs revealed that the Ka/Ks ratios of two genes, ATP6 and COX2, have significant relationships to the environment. In particular, there was a relationship (p = 0. 0449) between the Ka/Ks ratio of ATP6 and mean diurnal temperature range (Bio2; mean of monthly (max temp–min temp)). In COX2, the Ka/Ks ratio was correlated with precipitation during the driest month (Bio14), precipitation seasonality (Bio15; coefficient of variation), precipitation during the driest quarter (Bio17), and precipitation during the coldest quarter (Bio19). Among these, the highest significant correlation (p = 0. 00761) was with precipitation during the driest month. relationships The phylogenetic positions resolved for the majority of taxa included in this study were consistent with prior inferences based on traditional taxonomy [12] and molecular markers [38–40]. However, as more accessions included, our analyses revealed some relationships that suggest that species boundaries in Acrossocheilus remain unsettled. For example, A. barbodon, which is endemic to of southern China, has widely been regarded as a synonym of A. iridescens, which occurs in the tropics of. However, in our analyses, A. iridescens formed a clade with A. longipinnis that was sister to A. barbodon. This suggests that A. barbodon may merit species status. Moreover, accessions representing a synonym of A. longipinnis, A. stenotaeniatus, were unexpectedly recovered in a clade with A. spinifer. Thus, the status of A. stenotaeniatus with respect to A. spinifer is unsettled and in-depth taxonomic work is merited to resolve it. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is largely focused on the analysis of codons under positive and purifying selection, as well as environmental correlations with genetic variations in specific genes, without directly addressing the overarching principles of natural selection or its role in evolutionary processes. As such, it does not corroborate, contrast, or directly engage with the claim made about natural selection and evolution, making it irrelevant.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Malnutrition remains a major issue in many low-income countries. [SEP] Text: In this study, we contribute to the understanding of the associations among economic growth, childhood malnutrition, and several potential contributing factors in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs). Combining individual-level data from 239 DHS from 58 LMICs, we first investigated the association between countries’ per-capita gross domestic product (GDP) and children’s risk of being malnourished. We built on work by Vollmer et al5 but used substantially more surveys and countries and considered overweight and obesity, as well as dietary diversity failure. We analyzed the associations of household-level contributing factors with malnutrition to test which contributing factors may provide the biggest scope for economic growth to reduce malnutrition. Last, we investigated the association between per-capita GDP and these contributing factors. cross-sectional study was a complete case analysis. As DHS are publicly available anonymized data sets, this study was exempt from institutional review board approval and the need for informed consent based on national and institutional policies by ICF International, Inc. We complied with the Strengthening the Reporting of in Epidemiology () reporting guideline. data came primarily from the DHS, which have been conducted by ICF in more than 90 LMICs. The cross-sectional surveys use a multistage stratified sampling design and are nationally representative. They collect data regarding the health and welfare of women of reproductive age, their children, partners, and households. Additional details on the DHS are available elsewhere. 18 We restricted our sample to surveys conducted between January 1, 1990, and December 31, 2021. Our sample was further restricted to countries with at least 2 surveys with all relevant data. Data on per-capita GDP were from the Tables, version 10. 0, which provide national aggregate data for real per-capita GDP per year. 19 Gross domestic product was adjusted for purchasing power parity to facilitate comparisons across countries. The aggregate GDP data were merged with the individual-level DHS data based on country and year. We focused on children aged 0 to 35 months because in most DHS, anthropometric measurements are available only for children in this age group. Only children with complete data on malnutrition and contributing factors were included, yielding a maximum sample size of 1 138 568 children from 239 DHS surveys in 58 countries (eTable 1 in Supplement 1). exposure was per-capita GDP at the country-year level. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing a study that investigates childhood malnutrition and its associations in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs), providing empirical data from various surveys that highlight the ongoing issues related to malnutrition in these regions.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Organic farming has no environmental impact since it doesn't use synthetic inputs. [SEP] Text: In most cases, national implementation of the organic farming regulation is organised by the Chambers of Agriculture of the federal states or the agricultural administration of Germany (Federal Ministry of Food & Agriculture, 2022). Due to the frequent lack of available organically produced propagation material (Groot et al. , 2005), derogations on the use of non-organic seeds are granted by the approved control bodies on organic farming and production in Germany (Federal Ministry of Food & Agriculture, 2022). In 2022, nineteen organisations specialising in inspections of organic farms were active (BLE, 2024), controlling 35. 7 thousand organic farms across Germany (BOLW, 2022). Following 1. The classification matrix of three derogation categories for organic seeds in organic seedsfrom a broad choice ofavailable cultivarsInsufficient quantityof organic seeds from limited available cultivarsNo or very low quantity ofcultivars from available organic multiplicationNo derogationSingle derogationGeneral derogationMaize (Zea mays), winter rye (Secale cereale), and potato (Solanum tuberosum)Wheat (Triticum ssp. ), barley (Hordeum vulgare L. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by explaining that organic farming can involve the use of non-organic seeds through derogations when naturally produced seeds are insufficient. This indicates that organic farming may still have environmental impacts related to the sourcing of these non-organic inputs, which directly counters the claim that it has no environmental impact.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Natural selection drives evolution through differential survival. [SEP] Text: Additionally, the species, A. hemispinus, was nested within the clade of A. parallens, meaning that the former may be a synonym of the latter. Notably, one individual of A. paradoxus formed a clade with A. jishouensis, while another individual of this species formed a clade with A. wuyiensis, suggesting that A. paradoxus may comprise a species complex with cryptic biodiversity. Two possibilities may explain why our phylogenetic results show several cases of paraphyly and polyphyly of well-accepted species and their synonyms. One possibility is that using mitochondrial genes alone does not reflect the real phylogenetic positions of Acrossocheilus species. Alternatively, the taxonomy of this genus may be inadvertently based on convergently evolved or labile morphological characters and is, therefore, inconsistent with molecular phylogenetic relationships. Overall, further taxonomic work on Acrossocheilus is merited to resolve species boundaries in the genus as well as to elucidate trait evolution. Gene evolution and natural selection Here, we present a comprehensive comparative analysis of mitogenome evolution in Acrossocheilus. The synonymous substitutions and nonsynonymous substitutions in the sampled mitochondrial coding genes evolved in a near neutral manner as is predicted for mitogenomes [41]. In our study, neutral evolution is evidenced by the fact that the numbers of synonymous and nonsynonymous mutations are highly correlated with the length of the respective genes (Fig 2B). However, where selection can be inferred, the Ka/Ks values revealed that purifying selection generally dominates mitochondrial genome evolution. This result was consistent with the corresponding values (Ka/Ks < 1) detected in the mitogenomes of other fishes [3, 9]. The differing mutation rates (μRelative) that we detected across different genes may result from differences in the strength of purifying selection due to functional constraints [9, 24, 42]. In a prior study, the rate of mutation in mitochondrial genes was shown to be linked to gene position [9]. Specifically, genes such as NADH and CYTB may evolve more rapidly because they are further from the origin of mitogenomic replication and accumulate more mutations by spending a longer time in the single stranded during replication. This is consistent with our results in which we found that NADH and CYTB genes generally had a greater number of substitutions that COX genes, which are closer to the origin. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is not relevant to the claim regarding natural selection and evolution. While it discusses aspects of genetic evolution, taxonomic relationships, and the influence of purifying selection on mitochondrial genome evolution, it does not directly address how natural selection drives evolution through differential survival.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Malnutrition remains a major issue in many low-income countries. [SEP] Text: As immediate determinants, we considered the following outcomes: delayed breastfeeding initiation, no vitamin A supplementation, no iodized salt use, incomplete course of vaccination, incidence of infectious diseases, no consumption of oral rehydration solution despite diarrhea, no care seeking for suspected pneumonia despite cough, and high indoor pollution through solid cooking fuels. All outcomes were coded as binary variables with the “better” category serving as the reference category. Household control variables included the household’s wealth quintile (with 5 being richest), size, and location (urban or rural). Child and mother control variables included the child’s sex, age, and birth order and the mother’s age at birth. Additionally, we added indicators for the countries to account for all observed and unobserved country-level factors (or above). We also controlled for the survey year to control for period effects and potential differences in measurement across time. Data were analyzed from May 20, 2022, to February 16, 2023. Our main analysis consisted of 3 parts. First, we used logistic regression models to obtain ORs and 95% CIs for the association between per-capita GDP and our outcomes for child malnutrition, including undernutrition, overnutrition, and dietary diversity failure (Figure 1). Second, we regressed our outcomes for child malnutrition on potential contributing factors of child malnutrition, including immediate and underlying determinants (Figure 1). This analysis allowed us to assess which contributing factors provide the biggest scope for economic growth to reduce malnutrition. We estimated ORs using separate regression models for each malnutrition outcome but included all potential contributing factors as covariates. Here, we used only data from the latest available survey of each country and analyzed only the youngest child of the mother, as the associations between contributing factors and malnutrition likely changed over the study period. Third, we investigated the association between per-capita GDP and all potential contributing factors of malnutrition. To do so, we regressed each of these contributing factors of child malnutrition on per-capita GDP (Figure 1). In all regressions with malnutrition as outcome, household, child, and mother control variables were included. In all regressions with contributing factors as outcomes, household control variables were included. We clustered SEs by primary sampling unit to account for intracluster correlation within primary sampling units, and we controlled for country fixed effects in all models to mitigate omitted variable bias. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing various determinants and factors contributing to child malnutrition, linking it with economic elements such as per-capita GDP. The focus on child malnutrition outcomes and the broader context of socioeconomic variables illustrates that malnutrition is indeed a significant concern in the examined low-income contexts. The analysis mentioned emphasizes the urgency of addressing malnutrition by highlighting both the immediate and underlying determinants that are affected by household and economic conditions.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Organic farming has no environmental impact since it doesn't use synthetic inputs. [SEP] Text: To meet the European Commission’s targets for organic farming expansion (European Commission, 2020), while phasing out the use of non-organic seeds by the end of 2036 (European Union, 2018), this study aims to identify the main factors that affect the number of authorisations for the use of non-organic seeds and planting materials. Therefore, this study determined the changes in the cultivar assortments of organic multiplied seeds available in the national organic seed database as well as the changes in the assortment of varieties used from non-organic seeds authorised via derogations in Germany. In this study, the term cultivar instead of varieties was used, as it refers to a wider range of selection types (such as populations, amateur varieties, land races, etc. ) that may suit the needs of the organic farming sector. Three main hypotheses were proposed in this study:(i) Germany has an emerging organic seed market to supply farmers with organic seeds in the future. Farmers use the national organic seed database (organicXseeds. de) as a source of information and respond to the increasing assortment of varieties from organic multiplication. (ii) A higher supply of organic cereal seeds can lead to fewer derogation requests for non-organic cereal seeds. (iii) Annual changes in cereal organic seed supply can be associated with a one-year lag between overall cereal crop yield outcomes. In high-yielding years, organic cereal seed production and seed certification may be more successful than in years with lower yields. While the level of market development may affect farmers’ uptake of organic seed, the annual supply of seeds from organic multiplication might be affected by various factors, such as adverse weather events or pest and disease outbreaks (Groot et al. , 2005). This study discusses market development and the effect of the overall yield on derogation requests. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing factors related to the use of non-organic seeds and the development of an organic seed market in Germany. It implies that organic farming is impacted by various factors including adverse weather events and pest outbreaks, which suggests that organic farming does have environmental considerations and may not be entirely free from impacts related to agricultural practices.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Natural selection drives evolution through differential survival. [SEP] Text: Standard bioclimatic variables for the Acrossocheilus individuals in fourteen localities. S3 Table. Significant changes in amino acid properties detected in TreeSAAP. S1 Dataset. Dataset for phylogenetic analysis and analyses of evolutionary rates. 1. Das J. of in Physiological and Evolutionary Adaptation. BioEssays. 2006; 28: 890–901. pmid:16937356 View 2. Pörtner HO. and the of Evolution: of Endothermy in Mammals and Birds. Physiological and Biochemical Zoology. 2004; 77: 959–981. pmid:15674770 View 3. . Evaluating the Roles of Constraints on Teleost Mitochondrial-Evolution. and Evolution. 2001; 28: 39–44. pmid:20924083 View 4. . the of. Proceedings of the B: Biological Sciences. 2009; 276: 3447–3455. pmid:19586946 View 5. da ’. Evolution of the Genome. BMC Genomics. 2008; 9: 119. pmid:18318906 View 6. . as a Force of Speciation. BioEssays. 2009; 31: 642–650. pmid:19408245 View 7. . of Temperature on Rates of and Speciation. Proceedings of the of Sciences. 2006; 103: 9130–9135. pmid:16754845 View 8. . and the of Lineages. Ecology and Evolution. 2015; 5: 176–195. pmid:25628875 View 9. Jacobsen MW, da. of of the NADH2 Gene in Whitefish (Coregonus Ssp. ). and Evolution. 2016; 95: 161–170. pmid:26654959 View 10. . Positive and in of a Bird with Mitonuclear Discordance. Molecular Ecology. 2015; 24: 2820–2837. pmid:25876460 View 11. . of Cytochrome c Oxidase in High-(Teleostei: Scombroidei). Journal of Molecular Evolution. 2006; 62: 319–331. pmid:16477525 View 12. Yuan LY. of of the Acrossocheilus (Teleostei: Cypriniformes). M. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim about natural selection driving evolution through differential survival. Instead, it contains references to various studies related to physiological and evolutionary adaptation, amino acid properties, and evolutionary rates without mentioning natural selection or differential survival. Therefore, it is irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Malnutrition remains a major issue in many low-income countries. [SEP] Text: 8% (95% CI, 79. 7%-79. 9%), dietary diversity failure. provides summary statistics using aggregate country-level data from the latest DHS country (conducted between 1999 and 2021; median, 2018). There was substantial variation in per-capita GDP and malnutrition rates across countries and survey years. Per-capita GDP (purchasing power parity) ranged from US $785 in Burundi to US $23 118 in Turkey. Stunting ranged from 6. 1% in Jordan to 42. 3% in Burundi; wasting from 0. 9% in Peru to 22. 3% in Timor-Leste; underweight from 2. 2% in Albania to 43. 3% in Timor-Leste; overweight from 1. 0% in Burundi to 12. 6% in Morocco; obesity from 0. 1% in Nepal to 4. 2% in Morocco; and dietary diversity failure from 41. 9% in Peru to 93. 9% in Liberia. -capita GDP was negatively associated with stunting and positively with wasting, but for both only by a small magnitude (eTable 3 in Supplement 1). A 5% increase in per-capita GDP was associated with a 0. 6% decrease in the odds of stunting (OR, 0. 99 [95% CI, 0. 99-1. 00]; P <. 001) and a 0. 7% increase in the odds of wasting (OR, 1. 01 [95% CI, 1. 00-1. 01]; P <. 001). Per-capita GDP was not associated with underweight (OR, 1. 00 [95% CI, 1. 00-1. 00]). In contrast, associations were found for overnutrition. A 5. 0% increase in per-capita GDP was associated with a 1. 9% decrease in the odds of having overweight (OR, 0. 98 [95% CI, 0. 98-0. 98]; P <. 001) and a 2. 4% decrease for having obesity (OR, 0. 98 [95% CI, 0. 97-0. 98]; P <. 001). Last, a 5. 0% increase in per-capita GDP was associated with a 2. 5% increase in the odds of dietary diversity failure (OR, 1. 03 [95% CI, 1. 01-1. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by providing data on malnutrition rates in various countries, highlighting significant issues such as stunting, wasting, and dietary diversity failure. The mention of stunting rates up to 42.3% in Burundi and various other malnutrition statistics underscores the ongoing prevalence of malnutrition in low-income countries.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Organic farming has no environmental impact since it doesn't use synthetic inputs. [SEP] Text: In addition, based on the analysis for each crop, this study discusses the likelihood of reaching the organic regulations’ targets of phasing out non-organic seed use (European Union, 2018) and the appropriateness of further (political) measures or provisions. 2. Materials and MethodsBased on a statistical analysis of data obtained from the national organic seed database in Germany for the period 2005-2017, this research was conducted within the framework of the EU Horizon 2020 Project LIVESEED (2020). national organic seed database (OrganicXseeds, 2022) has two kinds of datasets: (i) the derogation data which includes all relevant information appertaining to individual derogations requested by organic farmers (including requested seed cultivars from conventional multiplication, the crop species, the quantity of seeds requested in metric units or seed-lots, the date of the request, and the justification for the application of the derogation); (ii) the historic data which includes information on the temporary availability of a cultivar over time (total quantities of the available seeds are not recorded). For the analysis, the historic data were filtered for the period of availability of each seed cultivar from organic multiplication and the total number of seed cultivars available from organic multiplication for each year. Basic seeds used by farmers for seed multiplication were considered separately throughout the analysis and excluded from any further statistical evaluation. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the intricacies of organic farming practices, specifically mentioning the need for a transition in seed sourcing and the reliance on data from the national organic seed database. It implies that organic farming does engage with certain practices, such as obtaining non-organic seed cultivars through derogations, which suggests that while synthetic inputs might not be used, other forms of seed management do exist, potentially indicating an environmental impact.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Natural selection drives evolution through differential survival. [SEP] Text: Sc. Thesis, Nanchang University. 2005. 13. . A of the from China (Cypriniformes: Cyprinidae). Zoological Research. 1997; 18: 243–246. View 14. . Thermal adaptation and acclimation of ectotherms from differing aquatic climates. Molecular Ecology. 2013; 22: 3090–3097. pmid:23452191 View 15. . Review and meta-analysis of natural selection in mitochondrial complex I in metazoans. Journal of. 2014; 53: 1–17. View 16. Huang ZY. DNA of of Cyprinid (Barbinae and Labeoninae) in China. M. Sc. Thesis, Jinan University. 2015. 17. . MEGA6: Version 6. 0. and Evolution. 2013; 30: 2725–2729. pmid:24132122 View 18. Tajima F. of DNA in a When the among Sites. Genetics. 1996; 143: 1457–1465. pmid:8807315 View 19. Librado P, Rozas J. DnaSP v5: A Software for of DNA Polymorphism Data. Bioinformatics. 2009; 25: 1451–1452. pmid:19346325 View 20. . TreeSAAP: Selection on. Bioinformatics. 2003; 19: 671–672. pmid:12651734 View 21. Hammer Ø,. Past: for Education and Data Analysis. Palaeontologia Electronica. 2001; 4: 1–9. View 22. Stamatakis A. RAxML Version 8: A Tool for and Post-Analysis of Large Phylogenies. Bioinformatics. 2014; 30: 1312–1313. pmid:24451623 View 23. . JModelTest 2: More Models,. Nature Methods. 2012; 9: 772–772. pmid:22847109 View 24. . Positive and on the Mitochondrial Genome. Trends in Genetics. 2007; 23: 259–263. pmid:17418445 View 25. Yang Z. PAML 4: by Maximum Likelihood. and Evolution. 2007; 24: 1586–1591. pmid:17483113 View 26. . [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text provided is largely a reference list of scientific papers and does not address the claim directly about natural selection driving evolution. Therefore, it is considered irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Malnutrition remains a major issue in many low-income countries. [SEP] Text: No access to safe drinking water and unsatisfied family planning needs were positively associated with per-capita GDP. Unsafe practices for child’s stool disposal and access to improved sanitation were robust to all sensitivity tests, and inadequate antenatal care, low maternal height, and low maternal BMI were robust to all except instrumental variable regressions (eTable 6 in Supplement 1). decompositions showed for all malnutrition outcomes a very small contribution of per-capita GDP to the pseudo-R2 value of our logit regressions. Per-capita GDP explains between 1% and 7% of the pseudo-R2 value (eTable 7 in Supplement 1). It also explains a very limited share of the variance in contributing factors (eTable 9 in Supplement 1). However, with 19% to 38%, all contributing factors together explain a nonnegligible share of the variance in malnutrition outcomes. Further, the Shorrocks decompositions show a very large contribution of the country fixed effects to the explained variation in the outcome (eTables 6-8 in Supplement 1). Country fixed effects contribute 29% to 67% (eTable 7 in Supplement 1), 32% to 76% (eTable 8 in Supplement 1), and 31% to 82% (eTable 9 in Supplement 1) of explained variation in the outcomes. This highlights the importance of country-specific (but unobserved) factors for malnutrition prevalence and contributing factors. Differences in the disease environment, the health system, and socioeconomic conditions vary across countries and need to be considered in the design and implementation of interventions tackling child malnutrition. results in this cross-sectional study reveal 3 salient findings. First, we found a weak association between economic growth and child undernutrition, which contrasts with the expectations from the framework, but is in line with previous empirical findings. 5,12 For overnutrition, we found a negative association, and for dietary diversity failure a positive association. This positive association could partly be driven by the increasing availability of ultraprocessed foods in higher-income countries,25 which could contribute to the increasing double burden of undernutrition and overnutrition already observed in many emerging countries. 26 Second, our results confirm a strong link between several contributing factors of malnutrition and our outcomes for undernutrition. 14 Third, we found that economic growth was ambiguously associated with most contributing factors of malnutrition. Economic growth was not associated with maternal education, for example, although maternal education itself was strongly linked with malnutrition. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the various contributing factors and country-specific elements associated with malnutrition, which highlights its prevalence as a significant issue. It notes that 'differences in the disease environment, the health system, and socioeconomic conditions vary across countries' and emphasizes the necessity to consider these factors in developing interventions for child malnutrition, directly supporting the assertion that malnutrition is a persistent issue in low-income countries.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Organic farming has no environmental impact since it doesn't use synthetic inputs. [SEP] Text: The yields per hectare data for the period 2003-2016 (from BMEL and the of the and the (Federal Ministry of Food & Agriculture, 2014; Federal Ministry of Food & Agriculture, 2015; Federal Ministry of Food & Agriculture, 2016; Statistisches Bundesamt, 2024)) for winter wheat, rye, winter barley, spring barley, triticale and oat crops were obtained (Table 3). In this analysis, the average yield per hectare refers to both organic and conventional agriculture. For the period 2003-2016, no separate nationwide yield statistic was available for the organic farming systems. Correlation analyses were carried out to identify any relationships between the annual yield per hectare and the number of derogations for the use of non-organic seeds requested by organic farmers in the following year. 3. ResultsIt was found that the availability of cultivars from organic seed multiplication generally increased, and the requests for conventional seeds generally reduced. The results indicated that the German organic seed market showed a positive development in the years 2005-2017. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the agricultural yields and market developments related to organic farming. It mentions that while yields per hectare were analyzed for both organic and conventional systems, there is significant data suggesting that organic farming systems have positive market developments, including an increase in the availability of organic seed cultivars. This implies that organic farming does have ecological implications, as it is not solely based on the absence of synthetic inputs but interacts dynamically with agricultural systems and their outputs.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Natural selection drives evolution through differential survival. [SEP] Text: Accuracy and Power of the Test in Molecular Evolution. and Evolution. 2001; 18: 1585–1592. pmid:11470850 View 27. . Accuracy and Power of for Evolution in Sequences and for Selected Sites. Genetics. 2004; 168: 1041–1051. pmid:15514074 View 28. HyPhy 2. 5—a for Phylogenies. and Evolution. 2020; 37: 295–299. pmid:31504749 View 29. . Datamonkey 2010: A Suite of Tools for Evolutionary Biology. Bioinformatics. 2010; 26: 2455–2457. pmid:20671151 View 30. FUBAR: A Fast, Approximation for Inferring Selection. and Evolution. 2013; 30: 1196–1205. pmid:23420840 View 31. . to Selection. PLoS Genetics. 2012; 8: e1002764. pmid:22807683 View 32. . Not so Different after All: A Comparison of Methods for under Selection. and Evolution. 2005; 22: 1208–1222. pmid:15703242 View 33. . Assessing and Improving the Accuracy of Adaptation with the. of and Applications. 2010; 6: 120. pmid:20223735 View 34. . for of Resources Data: 1. DIVA-GIS. Resources Newsletter. 2001; 127: 15–19. View 35. . for Areas. of Climatology. 2005; 25: 1965–1978. View 36. . Lme4: Linear Mixed-and S4. Version 1. 1–7 [Lme4]. 2014 July 19 [cited 2020 May 10]. 37. Team R. R: A Language and Environment for Statistical Computing. Version 4. 0. 3 [R]. 2020 Oct 10 [cited 2022 May 10]. 38. . of Species of the Acrossocheilus Oshima, 1919 (Teleostei: Cypriniformes) and Implications. Zootaxa. 2015; 4059: 151–168. pmid:26701558 View 39. . Mitogenome and of (Osteichthyes: Cyprinidae). . 2018; 3: 24–25. pmid:33474052 View 40. . Analysis of among the acrossocheilus Base on. . [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it does not discuss natural selection, evolution, or differential survival. It appears to be a list of academic references related to evolutionary biology without providing any supportive or contrasting information regarding the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Malnutrition remains a major issue in many low-income countries. [SEP] Text: Investments in education, especially targeted to girls, may contribute to significant reductions in child malnutrition in certain contexts. 27 There are several potential reasons why economic growth does not automatically reduce child undernutrition. 5 First, income growth could be unequally distributed, and poor households might not benefit substantially from increases in aggregate per-capita GDP. Second, they might not necessarily invest potential additional income into improving their children’s nutrition. Third, income growth does not necessarily lead to investments that help improve children’s nutritional status. We provided empirical evidence for the relevance of these channels by showing that indeed, increases in per-capita GDP are only weakly associated with households’ health-related behavior or access to public services. Given the large number of countries and the long period covered in our analyses, it is important to note that our results show mean associations. The true associations will vary across countries, time periods, and even among different population subgroups, which is crucial to consider in the design of public health interventions. Our results do not question the validity of the on the Determinants of Maternal and Child Nutrition. Instead, they underline 2 important aspects in the association between economic growth and child malnutrition. First, many contributing factors, such as maternal education and health, are important in combating child malnutrition. Second, aggregate economic growth may not automatically improve these household-level determinants. This is in line with the framework that includes as enabling factors, next to financial resources, political, social, cultural, and environmental conditions, which may affect if and how financial resources are used to alleviate childhood malnutrition in LMICs. study has some limitations. The first concerns the measurement of undernutrition, in particular underweight and wasting. Improvements in these outcomes might not necessarily indicate improved nutritional status but could also mirror a change in diet toward more sugar and animal fats. 28 However, this issue is less relevant for stunting, and our results are similar for all 3 measures of undernutrition. In addition, genetic differences across populations from different countries might bias the results,28 yet we mitigate this concern by including country fixed effects. Further issues are related to the sampling and quality of DHS and Tables. The DHS data sets cover disproportionately fewer very poor countries, limiting external validity for countries not included in our sample. Finally, as explained in detail elsewhere,5 reverse causality could be a source of bias. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the complex relationship between economic growth and child malnutrition in low-income countries. It highlights that despite aggregate economic growth, child malnutrition persists due to factors such as unequal income distribution and insufficient investment in children's nutrition. The emphasis on the role of maternal education and health further supports the notion that malnutrition is a significant issue that requires multifaceted approaches, underscoring that economic growth alone does not automatically lead to improvements in child nutritional status.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Organic farming has no environmental impact since it doesn't use synthetic inputs. [SEP] Text: However, there was a measurable increase in the choice of organic seed potato cultivars (subgraph (a) of Figure 13) and a request for conventional multiplied cultivars (subgraph (b) of Figure 13). Figure 14 shows an overview of field bean. For legume crops, both field bean and pea show an increasing trend in organic cultivar choice (subgraph (a) of Figure 15 and subgraph (a) of Figure A18) and a decreasing number of cultivars requested from conventional multiplication (subgraph (b) of Figure 15 and subgraph (b) of Figure A18). Contrary to the field bean and pea, Figure 16 shows an increase in the number of derogations for lupine. The organic cultivar choice of lupine is largely limited, with high annual variations (subgraph (a) of Figure 17). Subgraph (b) of Figure 17 shows no decrease in the number of cultivars compared to conventional multiplication. Lupine shows an increasing trend in the organic farming area (Figure 16). Figure 9. Scatter plots with regression lines for cabbage from 2005 to 2017 (a) the number of cultivars available from organic multiplication; (b) the number of cultivars requested from conventional multiplicationFigure 10. An overview of red beetThe left axis displays changes in supply of cultivars from organic multiplication (Organic), changes in cultivars requested from conventional multiplication (Conventional), and the number of derogations requested per year (Derogations). The right axis displays the corresponding organic crop area (Acreage) in hectares per year in Germany. Figure 11. Scatter plots with regression lines for red beet from 2005 to 2017 (a) the number of cultivars available from organic multiplication; (b) the number of cultivars requested from conventional multiplicationFigure 12. An overview of potatoThe left axis displays changes in supply of cultivars from organic multiplication (Organic), changes in cultivars requested from conventional multiplication (Conventional), and the number of derogations requested per year (Derogations). The right axis displays the corresponding organic crop area (Acreage) in hectares per year in Germany. Figure 13. Scatter plots with regression lines for potato from 2005 to 2017 (a) the number of cultivars available from organic multiplication; (b) the number of cultivars requested from conventional multiplicationFigure 14. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by providing detailed information on the increasing trends of organic seed potato cultivars and other crops, which suggests active cultivation and an impact on agricultural practices, thus arguing against the assertion that organic farming has no environmental impact. The measurement of cultivar choices and requests indicates that organic farming influences both crop diversity and agricultural approaches.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Natural selection drives evolution through differential survival. [SEP] Text: Skip to main content Advertisement Search Explore journals Get published About BMC My account Search all BMC 2. 15. 2 [10] (Table 1 and Figure 1). In the first simulation step, 1000 discrete generations with a constant population size of 2000 were simulated, followed by 1000 generations with a gradual decrease in population size from 2000 to 100 in order to create initial LD. The number of individuals of each sex remained the same in this step and the mating system was based on random union of gametes that were randomly sampled from the male and female gamete pools. Therefore, only two evolutionary forces were considered in this step: mutation and drift. To simulate the two recent purebred populations (referred to as breeds A and B, hereafter), two random samples of 50 animals were drawn from the last generation of the historical population and each animal was randomly mated for another 100 generations (step 2). Table 1 Parameters of the simulation process Full size table Figure 1 Schematic representation of the simulation steps. The crossbreeding program started in step 5 and consisted of five generations of purebred selection for crossbred performance; individuals from the last generation of step 3 (Generation 2108) constitutes the training population; A M and B M represent the males selected from breeds A and B, respectively; A F and B F represent the females selected breeds A and B, respectively; lines with arrows denote reproduction, while lines without arrows denote selection. Full size image In the next simulation step (step 3), in order to enlarge population size for breeds A and B, eight generations were simulated with ten offspring per dam. The mating within each breed was again based on random union of gametes and no selection was considered in this step. Within each breed, all animals in generation 8 of this step were considered as training population for the estimation of marker effects. In the next step (step 4), for each breed, 100 males and 200 females were sampled randomly from the last generation of step 3 and mated randomly to produce 1000 purebred animals (A0 and B0). In the subsequent generations (step 5), a two-way crossbreeding program with five generations of selection was simulated, as illustrated in Figure 1. The goal was to improve CP through selection in the two parental breeds (breeds A and B acted as sire and dam breeds, respectively). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it focuses on a simulation process with details about population size, mating systems, and evolutionary forces such as mutation and drift. There is no mention or discussion of natural selection or differential survival driving evolution, hence it does not support or contrast the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Malnutrition remains a major issue in many low-income countries. [SEP] Text: First, children’s nutritional status could negatively affect per-capita GDP (eg, by reducing parents’ labor hours when caring for malnourished children). Second, children’s nutritional status could be a proxy for overall population health, which affects the economic development of a country. 3,29,30 Concerns of potential reverse causality and unobserved heterogeneity were mitigated through instrumental variable regressions (eTables 3 and 5 in Supplement 1). 5 this cross-sectional study, economic growth was weakly associated with childhood malnutrition and several contributing factors. Economic growth should not be considered a sufficient condition to improve childhood malnutrition but should be accompanied by targeted investments to improve important contributing factors, such as the human capital of mothers, providing them with increased opportunities to reduce malnutrition among their children. Back to top 2023. Published: November 9, 2023. doi:10. 1001/jamanetworkopen. 2023. 42654Open Access: This is an open access 2. 1. Sen A, Fitoussi JP, Stiglitz J. Lives: Why GDP Doesn’t Add Up. Press; 2010. 2. Preston SH. The changing relation between mortality and level of economic development.  (Camb). 1975;29(2):231-248. doi:10. 1080/00324728. 1975. 10410201 PubMed3. Pritchet L, Summers LH. Wealthier is healthier.  J Hum Resour. 1996;31(4):841-868. doi:10. 2307/146149 4. Smith LC, Haddad L. How potent is economic growth in reducing undernutrition? what are the pathways of impact? new cross-country evidence.  Cult Change. 2002;51(1):55-76. doi:10. 1086/345313 5. Vollmer S, Harttgen K, Subramanyam MA, Finlay J, Klasen S, Subramanian SV. Association between economic growth and early childhood undernutrition: evidence from 121 Demographic and from 36 low-income and middle-income countries. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing childhood malnutrition in relation to economic growth and its implications for low-income countries. It highlights that economic growth alone is insufficient to improve childhood malnutrition, emphasizing the importance of targeted investments to reduce malnutrition among children. The statement that 'economic growth was weakly associated with childhood malnutrition' supports the idea that malnutrition remains a significant challenge in these contexts.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Organic farming has no environmental impact since it doesn't use synthetic inputs. [SEP] Text: An overview of field beanThe left axis displays changes in supply of cultivars from organic multiplication (Organic), changes in cultivars requested from conventional multiplication (Conventional), and the number of derogations requested per year (Derogations). The right axis displays the corresponding organic crop area (Acreage) in hectares per year in Germany. Figure 15. Scatter plots with regression lines for field bean from 2005 to 2017 (a) the number of cultivars available from organic multiplication; (b) the number of cultivars requested from conventional multiplicationFigure 16. An overview of lupineThe left axis displays changes in supply of cultivars from organic multiplication (Organic), changes in cultivars requested from conventional multiplication (Conventional), and the number of derogations requested per year (Derogations). The right axis displays the corresponding organic crop area (Acreage) in hectares per year in Germany. Figure 17. Scatter plots with regression lines for lupine from 2005 to 2017 (a) the number of cultivars available from organic multiplication; (b) the number of cultivars requested from conventional multiplication3. 1 Analysis of Market DevelopmentTo determine the strength of the association between the offer of organic-quality cultivars and the number of requested conventional-quality seed cultivars, a correlation analysis was performed. For this purpose, data on the compilation of all cereal crops were examined. As the number of derogations for conventional-quality maize cultivars depended on their classification as a category I crop, maize was excluded from this analysis. As a result, Figure 18 demonstrates a scatter plot with a regression line, with the p-value of the correlation below the x-axis. The scatter plot indicates an approximately linear relationship between the two variables. Based on Spearman's rank correlation, the correlation coefficient could also describe a non-linear relationship. Consequently, a strong negative relationship between the offer of organic-quality cultivars and the number of requested conventional-quality seed cultivars can be observed. The negative correlation shows that the higher the supply of organic-quality cereal seed cultivars recorded in the German national database, the lower the number of requested conventional-quality cereal seed cultivars, and vice versa. Figure 18. Negative correlation between the availability of organic-quality cultivars and the number of requested seed cultivars from conventional production (maize excluded)3. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by providing evidence of a negative correlation between the supply of organic-quality cultivars and the demand for conventional-quality cultivars. This suggests that the adoption of organic practices influences the market for conventional farming, indicating that organic farming has environmental implications. Specifically, the statement 'the higher the supply of organic-quality cereal seed cultivars... the lower the number of requested conventional-quality cereal seed cultivars' suggests that organic farming impacts agricultural choices and practices.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Natural selection drives evolution through differential survival. [SEP] Text: The selection criterion in the purebred population was either the rank of the individual’s genomic estimated breeding value (GEBV) for purebred performance (GEBVP), or its GEBV for crossbred performance (GEBVC). SNP effects for the prediction of GEBV for each breed were estimated only once, using the purebred reference population of generation 8 of step 3 (these are the parents of generations A0 and B0). These estimates of SNP effects were then repeatedly applied to predict either GEBVP or GEBVC in the following five generations of selection of the pure breeds. In generation 1 through 5, 300 animals (the top 100 males and top 200 females) were selected from the 1000 available candidates in each parental breed, based on their GEBV. Thus, the selected proportions were 20% (100 out of 500) in males and 40% in females (200 out of 500). The selected animals were randomly mated within each breed to produce 1000 purebred replacement animals for the next generation. Meanwhile, the 100 selected males of breed A were randomly mated to the 200 selected females of breed B to produce 1000 crossbred progeny (step 5). The phenotypic mean of crossbred animals was computed for each generation of selection (AB1 to AB5) to evaluate the cumulative response to selection. Genome and trait phenotypesA genome consisting of one chromosome of 1 Morgan with 100 segregating QTL and 1000 markers was simulated (Table 1). Both QTL and markers were randomly distributed over the chromosome. To reach the required number of segregating loci after 2000 generations, about two to three times as many bi-allelic loci were simulated with starting allele frequencies sampled from a uniform distribution and a recurrent mutation rate of 2. 5 × 10−4. To build the SNP panel, 1000 SNPs were randomly drawn from segregating SNPs that had a minor allele frequency (MAF) of at least 0. 05, in the last historical generation. The additive effect (a) of a QTL was defined as half the difference in genotypic value between alternate homozygotes and the dominance effect (d) as the deviation of the value of the heterozygote from the mean of the two homozygotes [7]. A gamma distribution with shape and scale parameters of 0. 4 and 1. 66, respectively, was used to generate the unsigned value of the additive effect for each QTL. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses the methodology of genetic selection and breeding value estimation in a controlled population, without addressing the broader concept of natural selection or its role in evolution. There is no mention of differential survival or the implications for evolutionary theory.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Malnutrition remains a major issue in many low-income countries. [SEP] Text: 1136/bmjgh-2019-002042 PubMed14. Li Z, Kim R, Vollmer S, Subramanian SV. Factors associated with child stunting, wasting, and underweight in 35 low- and middle-income countries. . 2020;3(4):e203386. doi:10. 1001/jamanetworkopen. 2020. 3386 PubMed15. Kim R, Rajpal S, Joe W, et al. Assessing associational strength of 23 correlates of child anthropometric failure: an econometric analysis of the 2015-2016 Health Survey, India.  Med. 2019;238:112374. doi:10. 1016/j. socscimed. 2019. 112374 PubMed16. Masibo PK, Makoka D. Trends and determinants of undernutrition among young Kenyan children: 1993, 1998, 2003 and 2008-2009.  Nutr. 2012;15(9):1715-1727. doi:10. 1017/S1368980012002856 PubMed17. Katoch OR. Determinants of malnutrition among children: a systematic review.  Nutrition. 2022;96:111565. doi:10. 1016/j. nut. 2021. 111565 PubMed18. Corsi DJ, Neuman M, Finlay JE, Subramanian SV. Demographic and health surveys: a profile.  Epidemiol. 2012;41(6):1602-1613. doi:10. 1093/ije/dys184 PubMed19. Feenstra RC, Inklaar R, Timmer MP. The next generation of the Table.  Rev. 2015;105(10):3150-3182. doi:10. 1257/aer. 20130954 20. . : Length/Height-for-Age, Weight-for-Age, Weight-for-Length and Index-for-Age: Methods and Development. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by citing various studies that explore child malnutrition factors in low- and middle-income countries, emphasizing the concern surrounding child stunting, wasting, and underweight. The multiple references to undernutrition across different studies indicate that malnutrition is a significant issue within these populations.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Organic farming has no environmental impact since it doesn't use synthetic inputs. [SEP] Text: 2 Analysis of Affecting the Number of for Non-Organic SeedsA significant increase and cyclical behaviour can be observed for winter wheat, spring wheat, rye, triticale, spelt, maize and the compound of all cereal crops. The regression lines for winter barley, spring barley and oat do not show any statistical significance. No deviations from the normal distribution were found, but the residuals did not follow random patterns, indicating that a better fit should be obtained by using a non-linear model. Thus, the yields (per hectare) were set in accordance with the number of derogations for cereal seeds of conventional quality and plotted over time (Figure 19). No individual yield statistics were available for organic farming between 2003 and 2016. Thus, the cumulative data for conventional and organic farming was used for this analysis. The bottom part of Figure 19 denotes the number of derogations in the period between 2005 and 2017. In 2008, the highest number of derogation requests and, in 2015, the lowest number of derogation requests were reported. The upper part of Figure 19 denotes the yield per hectare, ranging between 51 and 68 dt/ha in the period between 2004 and 2016. The lowest yield per hectare and the highest yield per hectare were recorded in 2007 and 2014, respectively. To measure the strength of the association between the yields per hectare and the number of derogations in the following year, a correlation analysis was carried out. A scatter plot with a regression line can be observed in subgraph (a) of Figure 11, with the p-value of the correlation below the x-axis. The scatter plot indicates a linear relationship between the two variables. A strong linear relationship between the yields per hectare and the number of derogations in the subsequent year can be observed (R2=-0. 71, p = 0. 018). Therefore, a negative correlation can be described as follows: the higher the yield per hectare, the lower the number of derogations for cereal seeds of conventional quality in the following year, and vice versa (Figure 11). According to Groot et al.  (2005), organic farming methods offer very few or no direct measures to control pests and disease pressure in cereal fields; thus, yields might depend on annual weather conditions as well as pests and diseases. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by stating that organic farming methods offer very few or no direct measures to control pests and disease pressure in cereal fields, which suggests that, unlike conventional methods, organic farming may be more vulnerable to the impacts of environmental factors such as weather, pests, and diseases. This implies that organic farming does have an environmental impact due to its reliance on natural conditions rather than synthetic inputs, which challenges the assertion that it has no environmental impact.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Natural selection drives evolution through differential survival. [SEP] Text: GEBV due to additive and dominance effects were calculated in the same way as in Equations 3 and 4, but using SNP genotypes rather than QTL genotypes, and estimated effects rather than true effects. After partitioning the breeding value of each individual, the accuracy of estimated additive effects was calculated as the correlation between the TBV due to additive effects (TBV Add ) and the GEBV due to additive effects (GEBV Add ). Similarly, the accuracy of estimated dominance effects was calculated as the correlation between the TBV due to dominance effects (TBV Dom ) and the GEBV due to dominance effects (GEBV Dom ). ScenariosResponse to selection in CP was examined in five scenarios (Table 2). Simulated scenarios differed in structure of the training population and also in the criterion of selection. In all scenarios, breed A acted as the sire breed and breed B acted as the dam breed. In the reference scenario, both pure lines were selected for purebred performance, and both pure lines had their own reference population. In all other scenarios, breed A was selected for CP. Selection in breed B was for purebred performance in scenarios 1 and 3, and for CP in scenarios 2 and 4. In scenarios 1 and 2, both populations had their own reference population, while the reference population was combined in scenarios 3 and 4. In order to increase resolution between scenarios, we used the same population simulated from step 1 to step 3 (Figure 1) for a given replicate of each scenario. Each scenario was replicated 30 times. Table 2 Simulated scenarios Full size table We compared our scenarios under two conditions, i. e. low and high correlation of LD phase between the two breeds. In order to increase the correlation of LD phase between the two breeds, we increased LD in the common ancestral population by decreasing effective population size. Sved et al. [18] showed that, if two populations diverge from a common ancestral population, their correlation of LD phase is approximately equal to r 0 2(1 − c)2T, where r 0 2 is LD in the common ancestral population, c is the recombination rate between markers, and T is the time since breed divergence in generations. LD and correlation of LD phaseTo evaluate the extent and magnitude of LD in the training populations and its impact on accuracy, LD was measured by r 2 [19]. Only markers with a MAF greater than 0. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is largely focused on genetic evaluation processes and scenarios in breeding value calculations and does not address the principle of natural selection or its role in evolution. Therefore, it is considered irrelevant to the claim about natural selection driving evolution.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Malnutrition remains a major issue in many low-income countries. [SEP] Text: ña Revistas Último número Números Enviar artículo Comité first Nutrición Hospitalaria 04847 Resumen| PDF () Revisión Relationship between food insecurity and malnutrition in schoolchildren from low- and middle-income countries - A systematic review Valenzuela-Guzmán, Julián Esparza-Romero Prepublicado: 2024-04-23 Publicado: 2024-07-26 41, NÚM. 4, julio-agosto (2024), PAG. 897-905 Número de descargas: 2340 Número de visitas: 1432 Citas: 0 Compártelo: The objective of this review is to study the relationship between food insecurity (FI) and malnutrition in schoolchildren from low-and middle-income countries (LMIC). The review was conducted using the databases and SCiELO during the months of March to April 2022 without language or publication date restrictions. The search strategy consisted of combinations of text words and controlled vocabulary (MeSH terms and DeCS) related to "schoolchildren", "low- and middle-income countries" and "food insecurity". Fifteen studies were included in this review. Studies assessing FI and undernutrition in LMIC schoolchildren have indicated that FI is associated with lower height-for-age and higher prevalence of undernutrition overall. Only two studies identified a positive risk association between FI and overweight and obesity, the remaining studies suggested that schoolchildren with FI have a lower risk of overweight and obesity than those without FI. The review suggests a link between FI and undernutrition in schoolchildren from LMIC, with controversial results on overweight and obesity. Comprehensive public health policies should consider contextual and population-specific factors in addressing FI's impact on nutritional status. Palabras Clave: Food insecurity. Children. Malnutrition. Vulnerable populations. Low- and middle-income countries. Descargar PDF () Bibliografía Artículos Relacionados OMS. Malnutrición [Internet]. OMS. 2021 [cited 24 January 2022]. Available from:. El estado de la seguridad alimentaria y la nutrición en el mundo 2022. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing a systematic review that establishes a relationship between food insecurity and malnutrition in schoolchildren from low- and middle-income countries. It highlights that food insecurity is associated with lower height-for-age and higher prevalence of undernutrition, which reflects ongoing malnutrition issues in these demographics. The mention of comprehensive public health policies aimed at addressing food insecurity further supports the claim that malnutrition is a significant problem in low-income contexts.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Organic farming has no environmental impact since it doesn't use synthetic inputs. [SEP] Text: To test if organic farming is strongly influenced by crop disease pressure, the deviation in 2015/16 was examined in more detail. Figure 19 shows a slight harvest decline in 2015. However, the number of derogations in the following year was recorded as above average. Subsequently, based on harvest reports for the vegetation period 2015/16, it was investigated whether the high number of derogations could be linked to crop disease. For this purpose, the report "2016 Harvest: Quantities and Prices" by the of Food and Agriculture was examined (AMI GmbH, 2017). The report stated that a mild winter in 2015 favoured the spread of cereal viruses. Furthermore, in May 2016, storms, heavy rainfall, flooding, and hail caused severe damage. In addition to the direct weather-related damage, the harmful effects of fungal diseases and pests were expected to intensify (AMI GmbH, 2017). Figure 20 shows a strong negative relationship between the yield per hectare and the number of derogations in the following year. Figure 19. Association between yields per hectare and the number of derogations for cereals in the subsequent year from 2004 to 2017Figure 20. Correlation between yields per hectare and the number of derogations in the subsequent year4. DiscussionGiven the limited availability of data and the lack of information on the quantities of organic seeds, this study's assessment may have limitations. Changes in the supply of cultivars from organic multiplication indicate that, for the cereal crops, i. e. , winter wheat, spring wheat, rye, and triticale (all category II, single derogations), the assortment of organic seed cultivars increased and, simultaneously, requests on cultivars from non-organic multiplication decreased significantly. This suggests that, despite the need for derogations on non-organic seed use in the upcoming years, it is possible to achieve no derogations by 2036. For spelt, it remains unclear whether the 2036 target can be reached as no significant reduction in requests for seeds from conventional multiplication can be observed (subgraph (b) of Figure 4). Thus, for spelt, there is a need to upscaling the assortment of cultivars available through organic multiplication. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the environmental challenges associated with organic farming, such as severe damage from storms and flooding, crop disease pressures, and the need for derogations due to reliance on non-organic seeds. The mention of harmful effects from weather-related damage and diseases suggests that organic farming does have significant environmental impacts, which contradicts the claim of having no such effect.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Natural selection drives evolution through differential survival. [SEP] Text: Although, a U-shaped distribution is typically observed with sequence data [22], allele frequencies on SNP chips tend to be uniform [23]. Figure 2 Distribution of allele frequencies in the last generation of the historical population for a low (a) and a high correlation of LD phase (b). The bounds are 0. 01 and 0. 99. The plots are the result of one replicate. Full size image Linkage disequilibriumTo estimate LD, we used SNP genotypes of animals in the training set of both breeds. An average r 2 of 0. 43 and 0. 42 for adjacent SNPs was found for breeds A and B, respectively. These average r 2 between adjacent SNPs are similar to those reported by Badke et al. [21] for four US pig breeds that ranged from 0. 36 to 0. 46 for animals genotyped using the Illumina PorcineSNP60 (number of markers M = 62 163). Another study by Du et al. [24] that investigated the range and extent of LD in six commercial pig lines (two terminal sire lines and four maternal lines) for 4500 autosomal SNPs, reported an average r 2 of 0. 2 and 0. 07 for all pairs of SNPs that were approximately 1 and 5 cM apart, respectively, whereas we found average r 2 of 0. 29 and 0. 08 at those distances. Figure 3 displays an overview of the decline of r 2 over distance in both breeds. As expected, in both breeds the most tightly linked SNP pairs had the highest average r 2, and the observed average r 2 decreased rapidly as the map distance increased. Figure 3 Decay of average r 2 over distance for a low (a) and a high correlation of LD phase (b). Average r 2 between SNPs in breed A and breed B at various distances in base pairs ranging from 1 to 100 cM. The plots are the result of one replicate. Full size image Persistence of LD phasePersistence of LD phase among breeds can be used to infer on the history of a species and relatedness of breeds within that species, as well as on the reliability of across-population prediction of genome-wide association studies (GWAS) and GEVB [25]. Figure 4 shows the persistence of LD phase between adjacent SNPs, measured by the correlation of r between the two breeds. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text discusses allele frequencies, linkage disequilibrium (LD), and statistical findings related to SNP genotypes in pig breeds without making any reference to natural selection or differential survival. Therefore, it is irrelevant to the claim that natural selection drives evolution.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Malnutrition remains a major issue in many low-income countries. [SEP] Text: Shamah-Levy T, Mundo-Rosas V, Morales-Ruan C, Cuevas-Nasu L, Méndez-Gónez-Humarán I, Pérez-Escamilla R. Food insecurity and maternal-child nutricional status in Mexico: cross-sectional analysis of the 2012. BMJ Open 2017;7:e014371. DOI: 10. 1136/bmjopen-2016-014371. Determinants of underweight, stunting and wasting among schoolchildren. BMC 2015;15(1):1-9. DOI: 10. 1186/s12889-014-1337-2 Food insecurity and overweight in first grade students in the municipal school system in São Leopoldo, do Sul State, Brazil. Publica 2015;31(5):1084-94. DOI: 10. 1590/0102-311X00055914 -Tokuda F, Girard M, Gordon-Strachan G, et al. Household food insecurity and childhood overweight in Jamaica and Québec: a gender-based analysis. BMC 2011;11:199. DOI: 10. 1186/1471-2458-11-199 Ortiz-Hernández L, Acosta-Gutiérrez MN, Núñez-Pérez AE, Peralta-Fonseca N, Ruiz-Gómez Y. En escolares de la Ciudad de México la inseguridad alimentaria se asoció positivamente con el sobrepeso. Clin 2007;59(1):32-41. Isanaka S, Mora-Plazas M, Lopez-. Food insecurity is highly prevalent and predicts underweight but not overweight in adults and school children from Bogotá, Colombia. J Nutr 2007;137(12):2747-55. DOI: 10. 1093/jn/137. 12. 2747 Castell GS, Ngo de la Cruz J, Pérez C, Aranceta J. Escalas de evaluación de la inseguridad alimentaria en el hogar. Rev Española 2015;Supl. 1:270-6. Escobar-Alegría érez-. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text addresses food insecurity, which is a significant determinant of malnutrition. It references multiple studies focused on food insecurity and its relationship with underweight, stunting, and wasting among children in various regions, as well as the prevalence of food insecurity and its effects in countries like Mexico and Jamaica. This supports the claim by demonstrating that malnutrition is linked to food insecurity, underscoring the serious issue of malnutrition in low-income areas.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Organic farming has no environmental impact since it doesn't use synthetic inputs. [SEP] Text: A separate study should target spelt cultivars used by organic farmers to investigate whether relevant cultivars are not multiplied under organic conditions or whether there is a lack of suitable cultivars available that suit the needs of the organic sector. Incentives to scale up organic spelt seed production and breeding for organic sector activities could help increase the assortment of spelt cultivars in the future. Currently, numerous organic breeding initiatives are striving to register new organically bred spelt cultivars, which could potentially join the market and enhance the existing spelt cultivar assortment (Yussefi-Menzler, 2020). It can be observed that the decisions of the national authorities regarding category I crops (with maize as an example) have an impact on the use of conventionally produced seeds in organic farming and can lead to a sudden drop in the number of derogations. Figure 5 demonstrates that the classification of maize as a category I crop and the concomitant decrease in derogations are not linked to the reduced cultivation of maize crops, as the organic acreage of maize grew steadily between 2012 and 2017. In the case of cabbage and red beet, the selection of organic multiplied cultivars decreases. The limited choice of cabbage cultivars of organic quality could hamper the aim of using 100% organic seeds by 2036. Incentives to increase the choice of cabbage cultivars could be implemented by expanding organic seed multiplication or by strengthening organic breeding that is suitable for organic cabbage production. Considering that there are two cultivars from organic multiplication for carrot and up to six cultivars for onion, the choice of cultivars for these two important crops is still limited and would benefit from further policy measures, such as a subsidy or a price premium, as discussed by Winter et al.  (2023), to upscale the organic seed production and breeding efforts. The seed multiplication of carrot and onion is associated with higher risks and yield losses, as both crops have a biannual seed multiplication cycle. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the challenges and limitations of organic farming, particularly regarding the availability and cultivation of organic spelt and cabbage cultivars. It highlights that the limitations in cultivar selection could impact the goals of organic farming, and mentions policy measures to increase the choice of organic cultivars, which indicates that organic farming does have underlying complexities and may not be devoid of environmental impact issues.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Natural selection drives evolution through differential survival. [SEP] Text: A greater correlation implies that the SNP-SNP (and most probably the SNP-QTL) LD is more consistent between the two breeds. As distance in time between subpopulations increases, there is a greater chance for recombination to break down the LD that was present in the ancestral population and for drift to create new LD within each subpopulation. Both mechanisms decrease the correlation of LD phase between the two breeds [26,27]. For SNPs with a pairwise distance of 1 cM, persistence of LD phase between breeds A and B was estimated 0. 2 and 0. 7 for cases with a low and high correlation of LD phase, respectively. Persistence of LD phase has been reported for Duroc, Landrace, Yorkshire pig breeds. For SNPs with a pairwise distance less than 50 kb, Badke et al. [21] reported a correlation of LD of 0. 85 between Landrace and Yorkshire breeds and of 0. 82 between Duroc and Landrace and between Duroc and Yorkshire breeds. Assuming 1 cM is approximately 1 Mb, we found correlations of LD phase equal to 0. 38 and 0. 87 for SNPs with a pairwise distance less than 50 kb for cases with low and high correlations of LD phase between two breeds, respectively. The correlation of LD phase between pig breeds in different studies ranged from 0. 80 to 0. 92 for SNPs with a pairwise distance less than 10 kb. In a study on the extent and persistence of LD phase in Holstein-Friesian, Jersey, and Angus cattle, de Roos et al. [25] reported a correlation of LD phase that ranged from 0. 7 to 0. 97 between two breeds for SNPs with a pairwise distance less than 10 kb and a decline of this correlation as the distance between SNPs or divergence between breeds increased. In our study, as distance between SNPs increased, the correlation of LD phase between the two breeds decreased (0. 5 at an average pairwise SNP distance of 1 cM). It has been reported that, while correlation of LD phase is similar for pig breeds and dairy cattle at short distance ranges (<10 kb), pig breeds generally show greater correlations of LD phase than dairy cattle at larger SNP distances [21]. Figure 4 Correlation of gametic phase compared across two breeds over distance for a low (a) and a high correlation of LD phase (b). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim regarding natural selection and evolution directly. Instead, it discusses correlations of linkage disequilibrium (LD) and genetic variation between pig breeds and cattle, which is unrelated to the process of natural selection or its role in evolution. Hence, it is categorized as irrelevant.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Malnutrition remains a major issue in many low-income countries. [SEP] Text: Morán López Luengo Pérez Belén Beneítez Moralejo María Piedra León Rocío González Aguado Fidel Jesús José Señaris Publicado: 2016-02-17 Resumen | PDF Trabajo Original: Impacto de una adecuada codificación de la desnutrición relacionada con la enfermedad en los índices hospitalarios María Pomar Alfonso Suárez Gutiérrez Fernández Begoña Pintor de la -Casariego Rocío Concepción íguez Burón Llamazares Publicado: 2016-02-17 Resumen | PDF Trabajo Original: Condición física y sensibilidad insulínica en un grupo de escolares obesos de 8 a 13 años según estado puberal Fabián Vásquez : 2016-04-20 Resumen | PDF Trabajo Original: Prevalencia de desnutrición en sujetos mayores de 65 años en la comunidad de madrid. estudio dream + 65 Julia Álvarez Hernández Abánades Abelardo García-de-lorenzo Juan José De-la-cruz Publicado: 2016-05-17 Resumen | PDF Trabajo Original: Relación entre condición física, actividad física y diferentes parámetros antropométricos en escolares de santiago (chile) José Joaquín Muros Cristian Cofre-bolados Félix Zurita-ortega Manuel Castro-sánchez Marta Linares-manrique Ramón Chacón-cuberos Publicado: 2016-05-17 Resumen | PDF Trabajo Original: Doble carga de malnutrición en escolares urbanos y rurales de guatemala José Joaquín íguez Paula R. Bouzas Rafael Giménez Carmen Cabrera-vique Publicado: 2016-05-17 Resumen | PDF Artículo Especial: Leroy el invisible Jesús M. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text discusses various studies and reports related to malnutrition, including the 'Doble carga de malnutrición en escolares urbanos y rurales de guatemala,' indicating that malnutrition is a significant concern in low-income contexts such as Guatemala. This supports the claim that malnutrition remains a major issue in many low-income countries.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Organic farming has no environmental impact since it doesn't use synthetic inputs. [SEP] Text: Thus, pests and diseases are the most challenging aspects of organic carrot and onion production (Lammerts van Bueren et al. , 2003; Winter et al. , 2023). Overall, the data analysis of vegetables reveals annual variations in the supply of seeds from organic multiplication. Multiple factors might impact the organic vegetable seed supply. It was reported that within the EU, due to shortages in organic vegetable seed production, not all organic seed demand requests could be fulfilled. Suppliers of organic vegetable seeds tend to focus on the countries with the best marketing strategies. Thus, strategic distribution among EU countries might cause fluctuations in organic vegetable seed supply (Vitalis/Enza Zaden, personal communication). Figure 12 and subgraph (b) of Figure 13 show no decrease in the number of derogations and the request for conventional multiplied potato cultivars. This indicates that, even if the supply of organically multiplied seed potatoes increases over time, there is a need to upscale further organic seed potato production, accompanied by policy measures, thereby ensuring, to a certain extent, production and marketing reliability for organic seed suppliers. The data analysis of lupine indicates that further policy measures or incentives are needed to upscale organic seed production and breeding, thereby meeting the growing organic lupine seed demand. There are strong links between the growth of the organic cereal seed cultivar choice and the market analysis in Section 3. 2. This means that the organic seed sector has grown at about the same rate for all cereal crops. The number of requested cultivars from conventional multiplication decreases at a similar level for the different cereal crops. Maize was excluded from the correlation matrix because this crop was classified as a category I crop in 2014. The data analysis demonstrates that farmers respond to the organic seed supply as per the German national seed database. The greater the choice of organic seed cultivar, the lower the number of cultivars requested from conventional multiplication. The results might indicate that the farmers’ uptake of organic cereal seeds could be directly linked to the seed supply from organic multiplication; however, this relationship is not considered causal. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by emphasizing the challenges related to organic carrot and onion production, such as the impact of pests and diseases. Additionally, it highlights issues regarding the supply of organic vegetable seeds, indicating that fluctuations in supply and the need for policy measures underscore the complexities associated with organic farming. This suggests that organic farming does have environmental implications, contrary to the claim that it has no environmental impact.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Natural selection drives evolution through differential survival. [SEP] Text: Correlation of LD phase between the two breeds for SNP pairs grouped by distance in intervals of 1 cM and covering 0 to 50 cM across the genome. The plots are the result of one replicate. Full size image Response to selection in crossbred animalsThe purebred-crossbred genetic correlation, i. e. the correlation between TBVP and TBVC (r tbvp,tbvc ), was equal to 0. 66 and 0. 70 on average for low and high correlations of LD phase, respectively. Figure 5 shows the mean values of phenotypes for crossbred animals in five generations under the five simulated scenarios with either a low (r = 0. 2 in 1 cM) or a high correlation of LD phase (r = 0. 7 in 1 cM) between the two breeds. When the correlation of LD phase was low between the two breeds, the ranking of scenarios in terms of mean phenotype of crossbred animals shows that breeding for CP led to higher gains in crossbred animals. By generation 5, scenario 2, in which both breeds were selected for CP, had a higher mean phenotype in the crossbred offspring than other scenarios. Scenario 1 also resulted in higher gain than the reference scenario since, in this scenario, one of the breeds was selected for CP. In the reference scenario, in which both breeds were selected for purebred performance, response to selection was lower than the other scenarios. Graph a in Figure 5 shows that, when each breed had a separate training set to estimate marker effects (scenarios 1 and 2), the performance of their crossbred offspring improved compared to that with the alternative scenarios for which a common reference was used to estimate marker effects (scenarios 3 and 4). For example, although in scenarios 1 and 3 one of the breeds (breed A) was selected for CP and because in scenario 1 each breed had its own training set, the response for scenario 1 was greater than for scenario 3. Figure 5 Mean phenotype of crossbred individuals. (a) Results for a low correlation of LD phase between breeds A and B (r = 0. 2 for markers 1 cM apart). (b) Results for a high correlation of LD phase between breeds A and B (r = 0. 7 for markers 1 cM apart). The plotted responses are means from 30 replicates. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim regarding natural selection and evolution. It focuses on the correlation of linkage disequilibrium (LD) phases between breeds and various scenarios of crossbred performance, without discussing the principles of natural selection or differential survival.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Malnutrition remains a major issue in many low-income countries. [SEP] Text: ica nutricional activa en la implementación del soporte nutricional hospitalario; resultados de un estudio observacional Publicado: 2021-11-04 Resumen | PDF Trabajo Original: Assessment of body composition in cystic fibrosis: agreement between skinfold measurement and densitometry Victoria Contreras-Bolívar ía-Olivares María Victoria Girón Francisco José Sánchez-Torralvo Ignacio Ruiz-García Alonso-Gallardo Fuster Publicado: 2021-08-15 Resumen | PDF Trabajo Original: Determinantes socioeconómicos y sociodemográficos asociados al consumo de frutas y verduras de las madres de familia y los hogares de escolares de Mora Antonio López-Espinoza Alma G. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text provided does not address the claim about malnutrition in low-income countries. It discusses various publications related to body composition in cystic fibrosis and socioeconomic determinants of fruit and vegetable consumption, which are tangentially related but do not directly corroborate or contrast the claim about malnutrition.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Organic farming has no environmental impact since it doesn't use synthetic inputs. [SEP] Text: The increase in organic seed demand may also foster investments in the organic seed sector (Osman et al. , 2008), which further supports the development of the organic seed sector. Furthermore, this research shows that farmers use the German national seed database as a source of information to see whether organic seeds are available. Solfanelli et al.  (2022b) highlighted the importance of a functioning national organic seed database. The analysis in this research supports the results of Solfanelli et al.  (2022b) and demonstrates that farmers are open to using available organic-quality cultivars instead of solely relying on their experience and habits regarding cultivar selection. Furthermore, all derogations on the use of non-organic seeds were requested online via the national organic seed database. The advantage of combining information on organic seed supply with the tool used to request derogations is that the database is frequently used as a source of information, increasing the transparency of the organic seed sector. Nevertheless, the number of derogation requests appears to be directly linked with fluctuations in the organic seed supply. 3. 2, the effect of agronomical factors was tested by comparing the yield per hectare with the number of derogation requests in the subsequent year for the cereal crops winter wheat, rye, winter barley, spring barley, triticale, and oat. A strong negative relationship was identified (Figure 20), supporting the hypothesis that years with high yields per hectare are followed by a significantly lower number of derogation requests for non-organic seeds. It can be speculated that during high-yielding years, organic seed multiplication as well as field and seed certification are more successful than in years with lower yields. Furthermore, the organic seed supply shows an increase alongside successful organic seed multiplication, and an increase in organic seed supply is likely to result in fewer cultivars of conventional production being requested (Figure 18). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the dynamics of organic seed supply and the request for derogations for non-organic seeds. It notes a strong negative relationship between high yields and the number of derogation requests, suggesting that organic farming practices can still lead to considerations around the need for synthetic inputs when organic options are insufficient. Thus, the reference to derogation requests indicates that the reality of organic farming does involve interactions with environmental impacts and may require adjustments in seed sourcing.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Natural selection drives evolution through differential survival. [SEP] Text: Sc. Ref: Selection criteria in both breed A and B was for purebred performance (P) and both breeds had Separate training sets. Sc. 1: Selection criteria in breed A was for crossbred performance (C) and selection criteria in breed B was for purebred performance and both breeds had separate training sets. Sc. 2: Selection criteria in both breed A and B was for crossbred performance and both breeds had separate training sets. Sc. 3: Selection criteria in breed A was for crossbred performance and selection criteria in breed B was for purebred performance and both breeds had a Common training sets. Sc. 4: Selection criteria in both breed A and B was for crossbred performance and both breeds had a common training set. Standard error of phenotypic means for simulated scenarios in generation 5 ranged from 0. 03 to 0. 04. Full size image In addition, when the correlation of LD phase was high between the two breeds, selection for CP improved the response in crossbred animals and the use of a combined reference population of the two breeds improved response even more. For scenarios 3 and 4, response in crossbred animals was greater than for the other scenarios, since these scenarios used a common training set to estimate marker effects. Heterosis in crossbred animalsBased on the definition of heterosis, expected CP can be written as CP = BA + H, where BA denotes the breed average of pure lines and H the heterosis present in the crossbred animals. Thus, the observed advantage of selection for CP in some scenarios may be due to greater response in BA or in H, or in both. Heterosis was calculated at each generation of the crossbred population (Figure 6) and Table 3 shows BA values for each scenario. Since heterosis was simulated due to dominance, total heterosis was simply the sum of heterosis at each locus, H = ∑ d l (p A,l − p B,l )2, where d l is the dominance effect at QTL l, p A,l is the allele frequency at QTL l in breed A, and p B,l is the allele frequency at QTL l in breed B [7]. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim about natural selection driving evolution through differential survival. Instead, it focuses on selection criteria in breeding scenarios and the effects of heterosis in crossbred animals. The information provided is more related to the contexts of artificial selection and breeding strategies, rather than the broader biological concept of natural selection as it pertains to evolution.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Malnutrition remains a major issue in many low-income countries. [SEP] Text: ajo Original: Patient-and classic anthropometry: comparison between the methods in detection of malnutrition among elderly with cancer Publicado: 2021-11-18 Resumen | PDF Trabajo Original: Nivel de condición física y su relación con el estatus de peso corporal en escolares Publicado: 2021-11-18 Resumen | PDF Trabajo Original: Estado de los cuidados alimentarios y nutricionales en los hospitales públicos del Ecuador Publicado: 2021-11-18 Resumen | PDF Trabajo Original: Macronutrients and energy content of oral hospital diet prescribed to chronic kidney disease patients on conservative treatment Publicado: 2021-11-18 Resumen | PDF Trabajo Original: Inseguridad alimentaria y vulnerabilidad social en Chiapas: el rostro de la pobreza Publicado: 2021-11-18 Resumen | PDF Revisión: Review of complementary feeding practices in Mexican children Publicado: 2021-11-18 Resumen | PDF Trabajo Original: Validez e invarianza factorial de un modelo socioecológico para explicar el consumo de fruta en niños escolares mexicanos Publicado: 2021-11-18 Resumen | PDF Trabajo Original: Is the physical fitness of schoolchildren dependent on their physical activity levels and nutritional status? [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not directly address the claim regarding malnutrition in low-income countries. Instead, it discusses various topics such as anthropometry, nutritional status in specific populations (like schoolchildren and cancer patients), and food insecurity in certain regions. While these issues could relate to the broader topic of malnutrition, they do not specifically corroborate or contrast with the claim mentioned.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Organic farming has no environmental impact since it doesn't use synthetic inputs. [SEP] Text: Alternatively, in poor-yielding years, farmers who normally maintain their own seeds might be forced to purchase certified seeds in the following year due to losses of their own seeds. This might lead to an overall higher demand for certified seeds, compensated by higher requests for seeds from conventional certification. In contrast, during strong harvest years, farmers might use their own seeds for reseeding and not be dependent on the seed market or cultivar offers. In summary, farmers respond to organic seed shortages resulting from lower yields per hectare. These might be due to a poor harvest leading to a lower availability of seeds or an insufficient supply of certified organic seeds. Additionally, a high number of derogations in 2016 could be explained by the fact that, in the absence of pesticides, organic farming is affected by crop disease pressures. However, other variables could have an impact on the annual organic seed supply in Germany. Future analysis could involve more robust analytical approaches. Furthermore, additional parameters, such as a comparison of cereal market prices for organic seed supply and a longer time span for the regression analysis, could improve this study. 5. ConclusionsTesting of the central hypotheses reveals that Germany has an emerging organic seed market to supply organic farmers with a range of suitable cultivars from organic multiplication for the majority of crops. However, for some crops, particularly the vegetable sector, there are significant gaps in the supply of cultivars from organic multiplication. Thus, in the future, the use of derogations might still be necessary to ensure a suitable cultivar assortment for organic crop production in Germany. For the cereal sector, it can be observed that farmers respond to the supply of cultivars through organic multiplication made available via the national database. Furthermore, certain external (e. g. , weather-related) agronomic factors are associated with fluctuating requests for conventional seeds in organic farming. In addition, changing climatic conditions for each crop interfere with the production of organic seeds. As a result, several factors influence the use and supply of organic or conventional seeds in organic farming. It can be concluded that the statistical analysis of national organic seed database reports provides interesting insights into the organic seed sector. There are different possibilities regarding policy measures which can affect the organic seed market. For instance, the list of category I crops has a high impact on the number of derogations. By supporting organic seed production or breeding efforts, the organic seed supply can be enhanced. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the complex dynamics surrounding organic farming, including seed shortages, the impact of crop disease pressures due to the absence of pesticides, and the dependence on external environmental factors. It highlights that while organic farming avoids synthetic inputs, it still faces significant challenges such as lower yields and reliance on the seed market during poor harvests, which indicates that organic farming does indeed have environmental and economic implications, contradicting the claim that it has no impact.