Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Chassis organisms like E. coli are commonly used in synthetic biology applications. [SEP] Text: Javascript is disabled in your browser. Please enable Javascript to view PeerJ. Open source approaches to establishing Roseobacter clade bacteria as synthetic biology chassis for biogeoengineering All reviews of published 2023. Peer reviewers are encouraged (but not required) to provide their names to the authors when submitting their peer review. If they agree to provide their name, then their personal profile page will reflect a public acknowledgment that they performed a review (even if the 2016. The first revision was submitted on March 23rd, 2016 and was reviewed by the Academic Editor. The 2016. Version 0. 2 (accepted) · Apr 20, 2016 · you for taking the time to address the concerns expressed by the reviewers. 0. 2 (PDF) Download author's response letter - submitted Mar 23, 2016 Version 0. 1 (original submission) · Jan 3, 2016 · The reviewers bring up a number of significant questions/concerns, both with regard to experimental methods and validity of results. In addition, questions as to the broader context of this work have also been raised. Please address these concerns in your revisions. · Dec 21, 2015 Basic reporting The 96. Line 217: It would be good to be more specific about the exact culture medium used. Is there a BD number? Line 347: It is surprising that you found growth at 37 when it is not reported elsewhere. I would be concerned about culture contamination. Does colony morphology match with other examples? Does E. coli grow on your MB plate? A 16S PCR and sequence would verify this but I understand you are working with limited resources. Line 377: Why did you choose pSB3C5 as your plasmid to transform? Is p15 ori the correct one? Is there evidence it will propagate? Line 384: With transformation with these other plasmids, was culturing done with ampicillin plates? There is not mention of this, and the plasmids don’t carry chloramphenicol resistance genes, to my knowledge. Would this explain why no transformants were present? Line 391: Another possible explanation for colonies would be integration of the cat gene into the chromosome, so no plasmid was found. Alternatively, a failure of mini prep. What made you conclude that the colonies were false positive? Line 442: details are missing here, and are likely important. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim, as it does not address or provide information about E. coli or its use as a chassis organism in synthetic biology applications. Instead, it discusses the peer review process and contains details about bacterial cultures without any mention of E. coli or its relevance to synthetic biology.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Teacher quality significantly impacts student academic achievement. [SEP] Text: However, teachers are required to be up to date with current knowledge and to read wider than the scope of the learners. Understand different learning styles and be generic: In every learning environment, there are different kinds of learners who maintain different learning styles. A teacher is expected to be resourceful to accommodate the diverse characteristics of learners. Some prefer to just listen to the teacher’s instructions, some learn better when instructions are supported with visual aids while many others learn better when they learn and act or do what they have learned. A facilitative teacher must be able to attend to all form of learners simultaneously. Be accommodative and tolerate students’ mistakes: Every human is subject to making mistakes. When learners make mistakes, it is the duty of the teacher to encourage the person by correcting with interest. Learners should not be mocked, criticized negatively or condemned for mere mistake. Mistake should rather be exploited as a learning experience. 2. 2. in this 21st-century educational system of teaching and learning communication plays an important role in conveying information from one person to the other. Here communication can be from teacher-student or from peer to peer depending on the context. However, Ntuk 2 highlighted certain factors that can hinder this communication in classroom to be; First anxiety which is a strong factor that barriers student-teacher communication in classroom and it happened when students are anxious to contribute in the classroom interaction. It is mostly controlled by emotions especially when students are being stop or being afraid of the colleagues’ opinion to supersede their own opinion. Secondly, expression is another factor that comes to play when there is a gab in communication which prompt the sender to put his ideas into words expecting the receiver to decode those words so as to understand the rationale behind it. Thirdly is imperceptions which has to do with a situation in which the learner fails to understand the instructor’s lesson content and thereby making an extra effort to gather information outside the content in order to communicate well with the instructor. Fourthly, physical discomfort is another factor that occurs when students’ experiences discomfort due to external or internal factors in the learning environment that distract their attention from their learning. When this happens it disconnects the communication link between the teacher and the students in the process of learning. 3. Concept of Academic AchievementBacon, et al 3 defined academic achievement as the extent to which a learner, teacher or institution has achieved their educational set goals. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text supports the claim by discussing various attributes and responsibilities of teachers that influence student learning outcomes. It emphasizes the need for teachers to understand different learning styles, accommodate diverse learner characteristics, and maintain effective communication in the classroom, all of which are essential for fostering student academic achievement.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Telemedicine requires no secure protocols or data protection measures. [SEP] Text: This attitude is usually called “Own Device” (BYOD) and is perceived by security specialists as particularly risky due to a very fast growth of threats targeting mobile devices and very careless use of smartphones, which should be treated as personal computers. Each mobile device must have at least antivirus software running. It is also highly recommended to apply for using telemedicine services so called protected profile which allows to encrypt data processed while it is activated. Information protection Protecting the confidentiality, integrity, and availability of patient information is a complex task. A foolproof solution must secure both the clinical applications and the underlying IT infrastructure. Dozens of healthcare personnel—registration, accounting, nursing, physicians, technicians, and associates—have access to clinical applications. To safeguard patient privacy, healthcare providers must monitor access to applications and protect against inappropriate data disclosure without impeding legitimate use or obstructing patient care. The security specialists [6,7] emphasize that implementation of access control, encryption, audit mechanisms are not enough. The overwhelming inflow of security threats, new attack paths and malware types cause that application-layer surveillance alone is not sufficient. Providers must also monitor underlying IT systems (implementing security management system) employee communications, and endpoints for policy violations. A rogue administrator can avoid an application-centric privacy monitoring solution by accessing raw patient records from databases or network storage devices. However sensitive data can also be leaked via email, chat, removable media, or something as simple as printing patient records in a public area. Many healthcare providers treat protection of sensitive data in compliance with government regulations and infrastructure security independently. The functions are performed by separate teams using separate tools. However in order to safeguard the data in the whole cycle of processing these two approaches must be combined. Both privacy officers and security officers need to meet the same regulations and both have a stake in ensuring patient privacy and the integrity of the healthcare systems. Yet what has been lacking is a common set of tools to identify and isolate threats and a way to correlate clinical application events with IT infrastructure events. Such tools are called security information and event management (SIEM) solutions. They identify, collect and analyze important events observed in the network and systems itself and protect against both internal and external threats. According to MacAfee [7] (see Figure 1. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts with the claim by emphasizing that telemedicine services require specific security protocols and data protection measures. It mentions that mobile devices should be treated with caution and that implementing antivirus software and encrypted profiles is highly recommended when using telemedicine. Additionally, the text discusses various security challenges, the complexity of safeguarding patient information, and the necessity for monitoring access and preventing inappropriate data disclosure, all of which underline the importance of secure protocols in telemedicine.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Chassis organisms like E. coli are commonly used in synthetic biology applications. [SEP] Text: The primers listed on line 190-191 to amplify the pSB3C5 plasmid have the order of restriction sites appropriate for amplifying the insert, but not the vector. If used to amplify the vector, then cut with an enzyme to ligate the anf1 gene fragment, the result will be an incorrect set of restriction sites in the final vector. This won’t matter until further assemblies with that part are attempted. This issue will likely be caught by resequencing at in the spring. Line 725: I would identify the source and literature reference for each of the other plasmids in the table. Figure 4: not clear what the agar plates are doing in the 4C. They don’t need to be shaken? Fig 5: A) I doubt the restriction order in the bottom section is correct (likely an extra XbaI site ahead of EcoRI site, and an extra SpeI site after the PstI site). hope I’m wrong. The short band in lane C of B) is almost invisible in my print out. (I think it’s there). Validity of the findings The cryro results look solid. It would be interesting to quantify what happens with multiple freeze/thaw cycles and longer periods. The transformation results are disappointing, but it is a start, and someone has to start. I would be trying to exactly replicate the previous successful work at this point, and then go from there. Growing strains is an important first step, and they managed to do this. It would help to experiment more with viable temperature ranges, salt concentrations and media components. A little bit of sequencing would go a long way here, both to verify the constructs they have made, and to verify the purity and identity of the strains they were working with. Additional comments Line 116: order of restriction sites is incorrect. Should be EcoRI; NotI; XbaI and SpeI; NotI; PstI. I would reference Shetty et al. Methods in Enzymology paper. Line 129: A ref to the cold gene would help. Line 185 - 191: underlining the restriction sites in sequence, and lowercasing the primer binding region will help readers. On line 191 there appears to be an extra lower case t int he middle of the sequence. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text discusses technical details about plasmids, restriction sites, transformation results, and experimental procedures in a synthetic biology context, but it does not specifically mention or support the claim regarding E. coli as chassis organisms. Therefore, it is considered irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Teacher quality significantly impacts student academic achievement. [SEP] Text: 4. Purpose of the StudyThe aim of this study is to ascertain the influence of students-teacher communication on students’ academic achievement as a path way for effective teaching and learning. Specifically, the study intends to; 1. Find out the level of student-teacher communication and their academic achievement. 2. Ascertain the attitude of students on student-teacher communication and their academic achievement. 3. Benefits of student-teacher communication and the academic achievement. 4. 1. Research QuestionsThe following research questions were drawn to guide the study. 1. To what extent do students communicate with their teachers for improved academic achievement? 2. What are the students’ attitude towards students-teacher communication and their academic achievement? 3. What are the benefits of student-teacher communication and their academic achievement? 4. 2. HypothesesThe following null hypotheses were formulated to guide the study. 1. There is no significant relationship between students’ level of communication with teachers and their academic achievement. 2. There is no significant relationship between students’ attitude on student-teacher communication and their academic achievement. 3. There is no significant relationship between benefit of student-teacher communication and their academic achievement. 4. 3. MethodologyThe study adopted a descriptive survey research design. The population of this study comprises of 100 level and 200 level undergraduate students from the Department of Guidance and Counselling, University of Rivers State. The total population of the undergraduates from the departments is four hundred and thirty (430) students (Office of the Head of Department, 2017). The distribution of (students) population was selected through purposive sampling technique while the sample for the study was one hundred and fifty (150) students. A structured questionnaire was used as instrument for data collection tagged Students-Questionnaire (STCQ). Validity of the instrument was done by experts in the field of Educational Psychology, and the reliability was established using Cronbach’s and the reliability coefficient of 0. 75 was obtained. The data obtained were analyzed using mean, standard deviation and while the formulated hypotheses were tested at. 05 level of significance. 5. Findings5. 1. OneTo what extent do students communicate with their teachers for improved academic achievement? Table 1. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by focusing on the influence of student-teacher communication on academic achievement, suggesting that communication is a crucial factor indicative of teacher quality. The study questions, such as the extent of student communication with teachers for academic improvement and the attitudes towards this communication, imply that effective teacher-student interactions are linked to better academic outcomes.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Telemedicine requires no secure protocols or data protection measures. [SEP] Text: ) collective defence based on SIEM is able to identify eavesdropping, external identity thefts and hidden activity of different malicious attacks (caused by viruses, worms or Trojan horses) whereas privacy monitoring alone can only recognize e. g. medical record snooping or internal identity thefts. Figure 1. SIEM vs by MacAfee [6] of sensitive data in telemedicine services must follow the best practice of IT security based on standards. Increasing value of patients records on the black market and growing number of threats to computer systems make it necessary to use advanced solutions known from IT systems for cyber defence. It is necessary to implement security management system following ISO/IEC 27002 standard targeting all security dimensions. One of them is also a security culture of the personnel that should be aware of the risks that are related to their behaviour and use of computer devices. There is no single technology solution or best practices guideline that will achieve success without a security culture apparent to all medical practitioners in the organization. It is necessary to carry out periodic trainings presenting both security threats as well as required behaviour of personnel in relation to medical records. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by emphasizing the necessity of secure protocols and data protection measures in telemedicine. It discusses the importance of following IT security best practices based on standards like ISO/IEC 27002 and highlights the need for a security culture among personnel to mitigate risks related to sensitive patient data. The mention of various threats to computer systems and the increasing value of patient records on the black market further underscores the critical need for security measures, directly opposing the claim.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Chassis organisms like E. coli are commonly used in synthetic biology applications. [SEP] Text: Line 247: from not form I’d prefer to see spaces between numbers and units such as 10 ml not 10ml; 10 minutes not 10minutes. Line 741: Should be 3. 4 ug/mL (missing) also in following places. Line 748: kilovolts (no space) Cite this review as (2016) #1 of "Open source approaches to establishing Roseobacter clade bacteria as synthetic biology chassis for biogeoengineering (v0. 1)". PeerJ Irene Wagner-Döbler · Dec 28, 2015 Basic reporting The paper seeks to demonstrate the applicability of open source approaches to synthetic biology and bioengineering. This is not the classical aim of a scientific paper. It raises many questions: Why should science be “democratized” in the first place? Which aspect of science can safely be “democratized” and still yield scientifically sound results? How is reproducibility achieved? What is the rational of using the equipment described in the paper, and not something perhaps more functional and still “open source”. Is “open source” a quality in itself, or should it have a serious reason? Part of the “open source” concept was to have work done by “citizen scientists”. This, again, raises a number of questions. Has this concept any advantage for the reported scientific goal? If not, then what was the goal and might it have been achieved by other means as well? How were “citizen scientists” recruited, how were they trained, how was the quality of their work assessed, how was their level of understanding assessed? Did they just perform the work like technicians? Who exactly were the “team of students” and “DIY scientists”? How was the success of “democratizing science” finally evaluated? If the “open source” aspect is an important part of this publication, then it should be described just as extensively as the purely technical part and should be reviewed. However, none of these points are described or discussed. Experimental design When we exclude the aspect of “democratizing science” and focus exclusively on the “classical” science in the paper, then it comes down to the following: 1. Cryopreservation works as expected for three Roseobacter species. 2. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the specific claim regarding chassis organisms like E. coli and their use in synthetic biology applications. Instead, it focuses on issues related to scientific reporting and critiques of open-source approaches in a synthetic biology context without mentioning E. coli or its applications.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Teacher quality significantly impacts student academic achievement. [SEP] Text: Extent of student-teacher communicationDownload as PowerTables indexView option Next TableEntries in Table 1 shows that respondents agreed that they exchange ideas with teachers only in classroom communication. (Mean=3. 52; SD=0. 53), also engagement in dialog with teachers upgrade my knowledge (mean3. 75; SD=0. 54). Respondent agreed that student-teacher communication enhances their communication skills (mean=3. 64; 0. 48), Communication in classroom has improved with my teachers through student-teacher communication (mean=3. 65; SD=0. 47). Respondents disagreed that student-teacher communication is a distraction to effective learning (mean=2. 43; SD=0. 40), also respondents agreed that student-teacher communication provides enough information to complete classroom assignment. (Mean=3. 74; SD=0. 43), involvement in student-teacher communication improves my level of motivation for learning (mean=3. 25; SD=0. 42), student-teacher communication has help me connect with colleague outside class. (Mean=3. 60; SD=0. 59). Respondents also agreed that student-teacher communication improves their level of understanding of courses (mean=3. 53; SD=0. 54), Student-teacher communication create meaningful dialogue among learners. Also that student-teacher communication create meaningful dialogue among learners (mean=3. 00; SD=0. 20). 5. 2. TwoWhat are the students’ attitude towards students-teacher communication and their academic achievement? Table 2. Attitudes of students on student-teacher communicationDownload as PowerTables indexView option in Table 2 shows that respondents agreed that Student-teacher communication is always interesting (mean=3. 69; SD=3. 33), also that they don’t have passion for student-teacher communication (mean=3. 34; SD=039), respondent agreed that they have positive attitude towards communication with teachers (mean=3. 54; SD=0. 58), they also disagree that Student-teacher communication distract their attention during learning (mean=2. 42; SD=0. 14). Respondents agreed that communication is made easy with student-teacher communication system (mean=3. 84; SD=0. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by illustrating the positive effects of student-teacher communication on various academic attitudes and skills. It indicates that respondents believe that engagement in dialogue with teachers enhances their knowledge and communication skills, stating that 'involvement in student-teacher communication improves my level of motivation for learning' (mean=3. 25; SD=0. 42), which highlights how teacher interactions can positively influence student academic achievement.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Telemedicine requires no secure protocols or data protection measures. [SEP] Text: Download book PDF Download book 5 5596 Accesses AbstractSecure payment is an essential element of digital commerce in a world where cash is becoming redundant, credit cards are becoming less and less critical, and mobile devices are becoming means of payment. Therefore, it must be considered through the lens of various payment methods: Credit cards have been around since the 1950s, but the introduction of chip technology and contactless payment raises new challenges for the security of payments. Commercial payment service providers, such as credit card issuers or infrastructure operators, typically implement secure payment. Additionally, there are open-source payment gateways that facilitate the transfer of payment information. The providers of these open-source solutions claim that their products facilitate integration with existing systems on the client side and provide better customization due to their modularity and adaptability. You have full access to this open access 2. 1 DefinitionSecure payment refers to a variety of payment methods - typically in relation to electronic payments. Therefore, it must be considered through the lens of a variety of payment methods: Credit cards have been around since the 1950s, but the introduction of chip technology and contactless payment raises new challenges for the security of payments [2]. Online payments were reported to have been conducted for the first time in the 1990s [3]. There has been an increase in the crime of online fraud since then [4]. Since the advent of smartphones in the 2000s, mobile (contactless) payment systems have become increasingly popular [5, 6]. Additionally, voice payments using voice assistants are becoming increasingly popular [7]. As a means of combating online fraud, banks and fintech companies have implemented techniques such as fraud monitoring (e. g. , through the use of emerging technologies such as artificial intelligence [8]), employee training, and active management of compliance with standards and regulations [9]. The following are among them [10]: for Payment Systems: Payment card standard based on chip technology [11] (): All major credit card companies support a set of rules relating to the processing of credit card transactions [12] (PSD 2, Directive (EU) 2015/2366): This directive regulates the payment services and providers in the (EU) and the Area (EEA) [13] These standards require various security measures which include: Data encryption: (SSL) and Security (TLS) are cryptographic protocols that enable the establishment of a secure channel between systems and preserve the confidentiality and integrity of data. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by emphasizing the importance of secure payment systems that are essential in digital commerce. It discusses the implementation of secure protocols, such as data encryption (SSL and TLS), which are crucial for safeguarding payment information. This implies that, similar to the payment context, telemedicine must also adhere to secure protocols and data protection measures to protect sensitive information, refuting the claim that such measures are unnecessary.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Chassis organisms like E. coli are commonly used in synthetic biology applications. [SEP] Text: If it has been developed in the course of this project, then it should be validated and compared to established methods. 4. Line 220. Why were these bacteria, which are marine strains and not human commensals like E. oli, grown at 37°C? 5. Line 296. Which sea salt solutions are meant? 6. Line 393. “Roseobacter” refers to a large number of genera, including Ruegeria and Silicibacter. 7. Line 401. What exactly could be improved with the TECAN device? High throughput automated cultivation will achieve nothing if there is an un-identified biological problem. 8. Line 427. “Incubation in this manner achieved an observable increase in medium turbidity. ” This is a very vague statement to demonstrate the quality of the device. Which OD was reached? Was it reproducibly reached? Did it only work for O. indolifex, or for all three strains? At which point during the 12 – 16 h was it reached? Was the turbidity perhaps caused by medium components? “Normally” one would record OD values over a period of 24 h in the inoculated flask compared to the control and repeat the experiment two or three times. And compare it to growth in a traditional, not “open source” device. If it is enough to vaguely see turbidity, then that means that “democratic science” is neither precise nor reliable nor reproducible. 9. General comment: The framework of the story is about cleaning the ocean from plastic waste using engineered bacteria that have been constructed using “democratic science”. There is a reason why the release of recombinant bacteria into the environment is currently under very stringent control. To me, the open source approach is really frightening in this context. However, it might not be too dangerous because the likelihood of it being effective is extremely small. Cloning a gene from a Roseobacter into E. coli as the first step of constructing a bug to clean the ocean to me sounds like “know how to bike. How about going to the moon? ” But, who knows. Cite this review as Wagner-Döbler I (2016) #2 of "Open source approaches to establishing Roseobacter clade bacteria as synthetic biology chassis for biogeoengineering (v0. 1)". [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not provide evidence that supports or rebuts the claim regarding the use of chassis organisms like E. coli in synthetic biology applications. Instead, it discusses various technical aspects and concerns about the use of marine strains of bacteria, the methodology used, and the implications of using engineered bacteria in environmental applications. Therefore, it is irrelevant to the specific claim mentioned.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Teacher quality significantly impacts student academic achievement. [SEP] Text: 072 between students’ level of communication and academic achievement. This implies a strong positive relationship between students’ level of communication and their academic achievement. Thus, there is a significant relationship between students’ level of communication with teachers and their academic achievement. 5. 5. Hypothesis TwoThere is no significant relationship between students’ attitude on student-teacher communication and their academic achievement. Table 5. RegressionDownload as PowerTables indexView option 5 reveals a coefficient of relationship of 0. 052 between students’ attitude towards students-teacher communication and their academic achievement. This implies a very weak positive relationship between students’ attitude and their academic achievement. There is a significant relationship between students’ attitude on student-teacher communication and their academic achievement. 5. 6. Hypothesis threeThere is no significant relationship between the benefit of student-teacher communication and their academic achievement. Table 6. RegressionDownload as PowerTables indexView option Previous TableTable 6 reveals a coefficient of relationship of 0. 093 between students’ benefits on students-teacher communication and their academic achievement. This implies a very strong positive relationship between students’ benefits on student-teacher communication and their academic achievement. Therefore there is a significant relationship between the benefit of student-teacher communication and their academic achievement. 6. Discussion of FindingsFrom the above analysis, it reveals that students have a strong positive relationship between their level of communication and their academic achievement in schools. The result suggests that there is a significant relationship between students’ level of communication with teachers and their academic achievement in the department of Guidance and of Port Harcourt. Also that student have a very weak positive relationship between their attitude and their academic achievement in school. The result of this study is in agreement with that of Carlivati 11 who opined that adolescent attachment, peer relationships and school success is a predictor, mediator, and moderator to student-teacher relationship. The findings also revealed a very strong positive relationship between students’ benefits on student-teacher communication and their academic achievement in the department. This result also tally with those of Roorda, Koomen, Spilt and Oort 12 who opined that students derive an effective benefits from quality teacher-student relationships and students’ school engagement in the high school. 7. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text supports the claim by illustrating a strong positive relationship between students' level of communication with teachers and their academic achievement. It states that this relationship implies a significant impact of teacher-student communication on academic outcomes, suggesting that quality interactions with teachers can enhance student achievement. Additionally, it references findings that highlight the benefits of teacher-student relationships on school engagement and academic success.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Telemedicine requires no secure protocols or data protection measures. [SEP] Text: As of June 30, 2018, PCI requires migration from early versions of TLS and SSL to the later versions of TLS [12]. Strong customer authentication (SCA): PSD 2 requires multi-factor authentication, which is the combination of multiple independent security factors (see Sect. 29. 2). There are several exceptions to this requirement, such as for payments of very small amounts [13]. EMV 3-D Secure [14] is one method for implementing SCA for credit and debit cards. This protocol is designed to prevent unauthorized use of credit cards. It is offered, for example, under the name Verified by Visa or Check, and requires additional authentication with the card issuer for “card-not-present” transactions (i. e. , neither the card nor the cardholder are present). Those merchants who use 3-D Secure can be assured that their payments will be received [15]. Account verification, address verification service (AVS), and card verification value (CVV2) are all methods of validating payment accounts offered by credit card companies. With the exception of U. S. and U. K. card issuers, AVS and CVV2 participation is optional [16, 17]. 2. 2 TrendsIt is estimated that the total value of digital payments will reach $8. 49 trillion in 2022. By 2026, it is forecast that the market will reach $13. 75 trillion with an annual growth rate of 12. 82% [18]. Table 32. 1 provides a summary of key trends in secure payments in the coming years. As a prerequisite to the use case trends listed in the table, secure payment is necessary, emphasizing the importance of secure payment for the development of new applications in retail. Table 32. 1 Key trends in secure paymentsFull size table3 Consequences for SwitzerlandPSD 2 is only applicable to EU member states; therefore, implementation in Switzerland is voluntary, and there is no corresponding regulation. SEPA membership, however, requires equivalence in a number of areas [31]. According to a study conducted in 2021 on the Swiss payment market, the number of cash payments is decreasing drastically as a result of the COVID-19 pandemic. Online shopping and the use of credit cards are both on the rise, with the latter being the most popular method of payment [32]. The popularity of mobile payment options is also increasing [33]. In the secure payment market, several Swiss startups are active. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by detailing the importance of secure payment protocols, such as the migration from early versions of TLS and SSL to later versions to ensure safe transactions. It emphasizes that secure methods, like multi-factor authentication (SCA), are necessary, which indirectly implies that any form of digital service, including telemedicine, would require robust security measures to protect sensitive data.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Chassis organisms like E. coli are commonly used in synthetic biology applications. [SEP] Text: PeerJ Submission (PDF) - submitted Dec 4, 2015 All text and materials provided via this peer-review history page are made available under a Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses the licensing and distribution of materials related to a peer-review submission, without mentioning anything about chassis organisms or their application in synthetic biology.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Teacher quality significantly impacts student academic achievement. [SEP] Text: 그러나 고정효과모형은시간독립변수의 영향력을 측정할 수 없기에 시간독립변수의 영향력을 측정할 때에는 확률효과모형의 결과도 참조하였다. 분석결과 교사-학생관계는 국어, 영어, 수학 성취도 향상에 모두 긍정적인 영향을 미쳤다. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by stating that the analysis found a positive impact of teacher-student relationships on achievement in Korean, English, and Math, implying that teacher quality plays a role in improving student academic performance.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Telemedicine requires no secure protocols or data protection measures. [SEP] Text: NetGuardians SA (Yverdon-les-Bains, JU) develops artificial intelligence-based fraud detection solutions for the banking industry. A payment ecosystem offered by Datatrans AG (Zürich, ZH) allows its customers to access secure payment methods that are most advantageous to them. The recent outages of digital payment services have raised public awareness of their vulnerability to disturbances caused by service providers or infrastructure providers [34, 35]. In an incident involving Twint, Switzerland’s number one mobile payment provider, a payment was wired to a previous owner of the intended recipient’s mobile number, illustrating the challenges associated with ensuring secure payments with modern methods of payment [36]. 3. 1 Implementation Possibilities: Make or BuyTypically, secure payment is implemented by commercial payment service providers, such as credit card issuers or infrastructure operators, such as SIX. A number of open-source solutions are currently available for automated clearing house (ACH) payment (e. g. , OpenACH), which is used to transfer money from one bank account to another [37]. Additionally, there are open-source payment gateways (e. g. , Open-Gateway), which facilitate the transfer of payment information. The providers of these open-source solutions claim that their products facilitate integration with existing systems on the client side and provide better customization due to their modularity and adaptability. It is important to note that while the source code is available, open source does not necessarily mean that the solution is free. In addition to PCI compliance, it still requires an underlying infrastructure and computing power. 3. 2 Variation and RecommendationSecure payment ecosystems can be established using distributed ledger technologies such as blockchain [38]. Due to technological advancements, current disadvantages such as inefficiency and elevated power consumption are expected to be mitigated in the future, making it a viable alternative to existing secure payment methods [39]. 4 ConclusionRegulations require the implementation of technical solutions such as 3-D Secure 2. 0, which are becoming increasingly user-friendly as time goes on. Secure payment systems are the foundation of innovation in industries such as retail. 2. 0: Improving security and increasing authorizations for digital transactions. July 2022. T. Editors of Encyclopaedia Britannica. Credit Card. March 2021. Huffington Post. 1994. Huffington Post, December 2014. 2022. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by emphasizing the importance of secure payment ecosystems and the implementation of technical solutions, like 3-D Secure 2.0, which are necessary for ensuring secure transactions. It discusses the vulnerabilities of digital payment systems and the need for secure protocols and infrastructure, thereby indicating that care must be taken regarding data protection in telemedicine as well.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Chassis organisms like E. coli are commonly used in synthetic biology applications. [SEP] Text: Naphthoquinones, widely reported as 1,4-naphthoquinones, bear 2 carbonyl oxygen atoms and are considered as privileged structures in medicinal chemistry [1]. 1,4-naphthoquinone pharmacophore allows chemical modifications and is suitable scaffold for the synthesis and biosynthesis of new compounds. This will not only generate novel compounds, but also expand and/or enhance the biological activities of naphthoquinones, leading to antitumor, molluscicidal, antileishmanial, antiproliferative, antimalarial, antiviral, antibacterial and antifungal activities [2]. Naphthoquinone derivatives can also help to improve pharmacodynamics and absorption, distribution, metabolism, excretion and toxicity properties [3]. Many naturally isolated and synthetic naphthoquinones, typically lawsone, lapachol, shikonin, juglone, plumbagin and menadione (also known as synthetic vitamin K3), have long been elucidated to possess impressive biological and pharmacological activities [1, 3]. For instance, lawsone, extracted from the henna (Lawsonia inermis) leaves, is the main biologically active molecule with high cytotoxic activities against disease-causing microorganisms and noted for its antitumor activity [4]. Lapachol, isolated from the bark and wood of Tabebuia sp. and Tecoma sp. , was reported as a potential therapeutic agent with various bioactivities such as anti-inflammatory, analgesic, antimalarial, antischistosomal, antiviral, antitrypanosomal, leishmanicide, antifungal, anticancer and antiulcerative activities [5]. Additionally, in a recent study, lapachol and its derivatives were screened against severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) using an in silico approach and some of lapachol derivatives exhibited strong binding affinity to non-structural protein 9 (Nsp9) of SARS-CoV-2, which is one of the potential drug target proteins [6]. Another natural naphthoquinone is shikonin, which is isolated from Lithospermum erythrorhizon. It was previously announced to be an effective necroptotic inducer for cancer cells [7]. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses naphthoquinones and their biological activities without mentioning or supporting the use of chassis organisms like E. coli in synthetic biology. It focuses on medicinal chemistry rather than synthetic biology applications.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Teacher quality significantly impacts student academic achievement. [SEP] Text: 이러한 결과가 시사하는 바는 긍정적인 교사-학생관계의 발전은 시간에 따라 변하지 않는 학생의 보이지 않는 특성을 통제한 후에도 학업성취도의 향상에 도움을 줄 수 있다는 사실을 나타내고 있다. This study analyzed the effects of the teacher-student relationship on the students’ academic achievementgrowth. The 1st-3rd wave (7th-9th grade) data of Longitudinal Study(KELS) was used for analysis. The dependent variable was composed of IRT scores on Korean,English and math tests from the KELS data. Independent variables included gender, family income,parents’education, parent-child relationships, private tutoring and teacher-student relationship. The panel regression method was used for the analysis. The results of the Hausman test showedthat the fixed effect model was more appropriate than the random effect model for the analysis. However, the fixed effect model could not account for the time-invariant variables, therefore thisstudy also used the random effect model to examine the effects of time-invariant variables on theacademic achievement growth. The results of the analysis suggests that the teacher-student relationshiphas a positive effect on the growth of the achievement of Korean, English and math forKorean middle school students. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by presenting a study that analyzed the effects of the teacher-student relationship on students' academic achievement. It reveals that a positive development in teacher-student relationships can enhance student achievement, which directly supports the assertion that teacher quality significantly impacts academic performance.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Telemedicine requires no secure protocols or data protection measures. [SEP] Text: Marc Pasquet, Joan Reynaud, and Christophe Rosenberger. Secure payment with NFC mobile phone in the SmartTouch project. In 2008 on and Systems, pages 121–126, 2008. IEEE. 1. pdf, June 2002. Anna Oleksyuk. of Technology in Banking. February 2019. Yang Bao, Gilles Hilary, and Bin Ke. . Babich, John R. Birge, and Gilles Hilary, editors, at the Interface of Finance and Operations, pages 223–247. Publishing, Cham, 2022. Series Title: in Management. 2018. 2022. . EMV. C. A. van Tilborg and Sushil Jajodia, editors, Encyclopedia of Cryptography and Security, pages 412–416. 2011. 2018. European Union. Directive (EU) 2015/2366 of the European parliament and of the council of 25 November 2015 on payment services in the internal market, amending directives 2002/65/ec, 2009/110/ec and 2013/36/eu and regulation (EU) no 1093/2010, and repealing directive 2007/64/ec. July 2022. EMVCo. EMV®3-D Secure. August 2022. Worldline. 3-D Secure 2. 0. July 2022. Visa. with Validation. July 2022. SIX Payment Services. Increased security with the CVV2/CVC2/CID card verification value for distance payments with and Maestro1. Payments. month = Jul, year = 2022, urldate = 2022-07-27, note = Statista,. and André Carillo. Exploring the role of personality, trust, and privacy in customer experience performance during voice shopping: Evidence from SEM and fuzzy set qualitative comparative analysis. of Information Management, 58:102309, June 2021. 2030. pdf. Subudhi and R. N. Ponnalagu. with Detection and System. In 2019 IEEE 16th (), pages 1–4, Rajkot, India, December 2019. IEEE. 2022. Barclaycard. Shopping online becomes even safer from today: The big change to how we pay that all Brits need to know about. July 2022. Payment Fraud: Why banks need a smarter approach to AI. July 2022. NetGuardians. John O. Awoyemi, Adebayo O. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text references various security measures and directives related to secure payments and data protection, indicating that secure protocols are indeed necessary. The mention of EMV and directives concerning payment services implies an emphasis on the importance of data protection in transactions, which contrasts the claim that telemedicine requires no secure protocols.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Chassis organisms like E. coli are commonly used in synthetic biology applications. [SEP] Text: Biotransformation experiment was carried out for 7 days under the same incubation conditions as above. Control groups set as microorganism control (microorganisms in substrate-free PB buffer) and substrate control (substrate in microorganism-free PB) were incubated under the same conditions. After fermentation, the broths were extracted thrice with an equal volume of ethyl acetate for 60 min. The extracts were concentrated to dryness under reduced pressure using rotary evaporator (Eyela, Singapore) and the residues were dissolved in methanol. These samples were subsequently analyzed on a LC-16 instrument (Japan) equipped with column 18 (5 μm, 4. 6 × 250 mm) (Agilent Technologies, USA). Linear gradient from 10 to 90% (vol/vol) acetonitrile-water (containing 0. 1% formic acid) was used for 30 min at a flow rate of 1 mL/min, except for the samples in Fig. 2a, which were analyzed using linear gradient of 20–40% (vol/vol) for 30 min and 40–98% gradient for 10 min at a flow rate of 0. 9 mL/min. Fig. 2. HPLC (336 nm: (a) and (b); 421 nm: (c) and (d)) analysis after incubation of the naphthoquinones with chassis cells. (a): i—Culture control of S. cerevisiae INVSc1; ii—1,4-naphthoquinone; iii—1,4-naphthoquinone incubated with S. cerevisiae INVSc1. (b): i—culture control of E. coli BL21 (DE3); ii—1,4-naphthoquinone; iii—1,4-naphthoquinone incubated with E. coli BL21(DE3). (c): i—culture control of S. cerevisiae INVSc1; ii—juglone; iii—juglone incubated with S. cerevisiae INVSc1. (d): i—culture control of E. coli BL21(DE3); ii—juglone; iii—juglone incubated with E. coli BL21(DE3). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not directly support or contradict the claim. It discusses a biotransformation experiment involving microbial cultures and specifically mentions E. coli but does not elaborate on its role or common usage in synthetic biology applications. Therefore, the text is irrelevant to the specific claim about the frequent use of chassis organisms in synthetic biology.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Teacher quality significantly impacts student academic achievement. [SEP] Text: 그러나 고정효과모형은시간독립변수의 영향력을 측정할 수 없기에 시간독립변수의 영향력을 측정할 때에는 확률효과모형의 결과도 참조하였다. 분석결과 교사-학생관계는 국어, 영어, 수학 성취도 향상에 모두 긍정적인 영향을 미쳤다. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by stating that the relationship between teachers and students has a positive influence on the achievement in language (국어), English (영어), and mathematics (수학), indicating that teacher quality does affect student academic performance.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Telemedicine requires no secure protocols or data protection measures. [SEP] Text: 1 IntroductionTechnological advancements make it easy to capture, process and distribute multimedia content such as sound, picture, and video. This has been made possible through the widespread use of mobile multimedia devices, access to cloud computing infrastructure, broadband communication, and social networks. However, this paradigm also brings new security challenges, particularly in media security. Media security is a subset of information security and is concerned with protecting the semantic information behind multimedia assets, such as images, instead of just representing the information. Media security problems can be divided into two main clusters: creator-centric and content-centric. The former is about problems related to the content creator, such as copyright protection and source authentication. The latter concerns the content, such as conditional access and integrity verification. Media security solutions include labeling, monitoring, fingerprinting, forensics, and watermarking. 2 AnalysisWith advances in information and communication technologies, it is now easy to capture, process (including manipulate), and widely distribute content seamlessly. The past practices where the content was produced by just a few professionals (e. g. press and media outlets) and distributed through a limited number of channels (e. g. Radio and TV) have been replaced by social media or user-generated content where not only professionals but also consumers can now generate content of all sorts in the form of sound, picture and video and to distribute them widely. This change has been, in particular, triggered by the wide adoption of mobile multimedia (e. g. smartphones with high-performance cameras and microphones, powerful processors, and wideband networks), a growing number of Internet of Multimedia Things (e. g. security cameras, smart glasses, wearable cameras), access to affordable cloud computing infrastructure (e. g. ample capacity storage and processing power and associated software), broadband communication (e. g. high-speed Internet and 5G), social networks (e. g. Instagram, Snapchat, and TikTok) and computational imaging and computer vision based on artificial intelligence. This new paradigm brings considerable advantages and challenges, particularly regarding security. Media security is a subset of information security where the information exhibits several specificities, among which the most important are: The information in media has a perceptual dimension, in the sense that it is destined to be perceived either by humans (in a large majority of cases today) or analyzed by machines (a growing trend). The information in media exhibits a particular underlying structure that can be leveraged both to secure and attack them. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by highlighting the importance of media security within information security, which applies to telemedicine as well. It discusses the need for robust security measures to protect multimedia content, suggesting that without secure protocols and data protection measures, the new technological advancements could lead to vulnerabilities. Specifically, it mentions that 'media security is a subset of information security' and identifies challenges that arise from the widespread distribution of content, implying that secure measures are necessary in these contexts, including telemedicine.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Chassis organisms like E. coli are commonly used in synthetic biology applications. [SEP] Text: (a) Was analyzed using linear gradient of 20–40% (vol/vol) acetonitrile-water (containing 0. 1% formic acid) for 30 min and 40–98% for 10 min at a flow rate of 0. 9 mL/min, while (b), (c) and (d) were performed at linear gradient of 10–90% for 30 min at 1 mL/min. Full size imagePurification and structural characterization of 1–17. To isolate the biosynthesized compounds (1–15) the fermentation broths were scaled up to 5 L. After fermentation, the broths were extracted as described above. The metabolites were separated from the extract by a typical purification procedure given below. The crude extract was fractionated on column filled with silica gel 200–300 mesh, eluted with a gradient of hexane-ethyl acetate-methanol (100 : 0 : 0, 70 : 30 : 0, 60 : 40 : 0, 50 : 50 : 0, 40 : 60 : 0, 30 : 70 : 0, 20 : 80 : 0, 10 : 90 : 0, 0 : 100 : 0, 0 : 50 : 50, v/v, each 250 mL) to get 10 fractions. The fractions containing the target compounds were further separated by reverse-phase HPLC (18, 5 μm, 4. 6 × 250 mm; (Agilent Technologies, USA), eluted with an isocratic solvent system of acetonitrile-water (containing 0. 1% formic acid) at a flow rate of 1 mL/min. To purify compounds 1–6 and 8–10, 1,4-naphthoquinone was incubated with S. cerevisiae INVSc1. After fermentation, the broth was extracted as described above and separated by silica gel column chromatography. The fractions containing the target compounds were further separated by reverse-phase HPLC. The details of purification and structural characterization for the known compounds (1–6 and 8) are provided in the supplementary material. Compound 9 was found to be in fraction 9 after silica gel column chromatography. It was further purified on HPLC with 17% acetonitrile-water. The peak at 45 min was collected to yield 4. 7 mg of 9 in pure form. m/z was 304. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text discusses methods for purification and characterization of metabolites but does not mention E. coli or any chassis organisms related to synthetic biology applications. Therefore, it is irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Teacher quality significantly impacts student academic achievement. [SEP] Text: 이러한 결과가 시사하는 바는 긍정적인 교사-학생관계의 발전은 시간에 따라 변하지 않는 학생의 보이지 않는 특성을 통제한 후에도 학업성취도의 향상에 도움을 줄 수 있다는 사실을 나타내고 있다. KW - 교사-학생관계, 중학교 학업성취도, 학교효과, 사회자본, 패널자료분석, 고정효과모형, 확률효과모형, 하우스만 검정 DO - 10. 15812/ter. 54. 1. 201503. 59 UR - ER - 김근진 이현철 (2015). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by indicating that positive teacher-student relationships can enhance academic achievement, suggesting that the quality of teachers can influence student performance even after controlling for unobserved characteristics.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Telemedicine requires no secure protocols or data protection measures. [SEP] Text: The information in media often represents high-value assets either from monetary (e. g. music and movies) or affective (photos of essential persons or events) viewpoints. Many tools and solutions developed in generic information security can be directly applied to media. For example, one could digitally sign (see Chap. 15) an image to enable viewers to check its authenticity. This is of limited use to secure media because media security is about protecting information, not a specific representation of it. Consequently, to protect the integrity of information in an image, one would need a technology that is indifferent to converting the image to a different format or slight change to its resolution. It should also be able to cope with image artifacts caused by such conversions, such as compression artifacts. One of the significant differences and the main objective of media security is to protect the semantic information representing assets in multimedia as opposed to the protection of the specific representation of such content. For example, when protecting the integrity of a picture in JPEG format, a good media security solution will not merely protect the integrity of the bits that represent that picture in that format but the semantic content behind those bits. This can be done in such a way that the integrity would still be protected if those bits change (for example, in the picture is converted to PNG format) without changing the content behind the bits (as far as the content of the picture has not changed and it is perceived the same). In addition, several security concepts, such as integrity protection, are different in the context of media than in generic information. Others, such as watermarking, have no direct counterparts. Media security problems can be divided into two main clusters, creator-centric and content-centric. The first one is about the problems generated by the content creator. These also can be divided into two categories: copyright protection, ensuring that the creator has the rights related to the content, and source authentication, which ensures that the content is related to its creator. The second cluster is about the content itself. It also can be divided into two categories: conditional access, which can be linked to digital right management (see Chap. 28), and integrity verification which is about verifying that the content has not been modified (Fig. 30. 1). Fig. 30. 1Media security problems and related solutionsFull size image2. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the importance of data protection measures in media security, emphasizing that protecting the integrity of information is essential. It makes it clear that media security, which relates to how information (like in telemedicine) must be protected, involves strict protocols for verifying authenticity and content integrity, thereby directly opposing the claim that telemedicine does not require such measures.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Chassis organisms like E. coli are commonly used in synthetic biology applications. [SEP] Text: 0819 [M + H]+ (calculated for C15H14NO6, 304. 0821). Compound 10 was found to be in fraction 10 after silica gel column chromatography. It was further purified on HPLC with 23% acetonitrile-water. The peak at 16 min was collected to yield 5. 0 mg of 10 in pure form. [M+H]+ ion signal for 10 was at m/z 333. 0542, which was consistent with the calculated exact mass for C15H13N2O5S, 333. 0545. 1H, 13C and 2D NMR data are respectively listed in Table 2 and Fig. S22-26. Table 2. 1H (400 MHz) and 13C NMR (100 MHz) NMR data for 9-12, 16 and 17 (δ in ppm, J in Hz)Full size tableFor the purification of 7 and 11, 1,4-naphthoquinone was incubated with E. coli BL21(DE3). Purification and structural characterization of 7 are provided in the supplementary materials with details. Compound 11 was found to be in fraction 7 after silica gel column chromatography. It was washed with water and methanol after silica gel column chromatography to yield 2. 8 mg in pure form. 1H, 13C and 2D NMR data are listed in Table 2 and Fig. S32-36; [M + H]+ ion signal for 11 was at m/z 415. 1659, which perfectly matched with the calculated exact mass for C25H23N2O4, 415. 1658. To isolate compound 12, juglone was incubated with S. cerevisiae INVSc1. After separation on the silica gel column, 12 was found to be in fraction 10. It was subjected to further purification on HPLC, eluted with 31% acetonitrile-water. The peak at 20 min was collected, yielding 3. 3 mg of 12 in pure form. 1H, 13C and 2D NMR data are given in Table 2 and Fig. S37-41. [M + H]+ ion signal for 12 was at m/z 292. 0276, which was consistent with the calculated exact mass for C13H10NO5S, 292. 0280. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text provided does mention E. coli, specifically stating that '1,4-naphthoquinone was incubated with E. coli BL21(DE3)', which indicates that E. coli was involved in the research. However, the text primarily focuses on chemical characterization and purification of compounds rather than discussing the role of chassis organisms in synthetic biology applications broadly. Therefore, while there is a mention of E. coli, the text does not address the claim directly and could be considered irrelevant in the context of the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Teacher quality significantly impacts student academic achievement. [SEP] Text: 교사-학생관계의 변화가 중학생의 학업성취도 향상에 미치는영향 : 패널자료분석(panel data analysis)을 사용하여. 교사교육연구, 54(1), 59 - 73. 김근진 이현철. 2015, “교사-학생관계의 변화가 중학생의 학업성취도 향상에 미치는영향 : 패널자료분석(panel data analysis)을 사용하여”, vol. 54, no. 1, 73. Available from: doi:10. 15812/ter. 54. 1. 201503. 59 김근진 and 이현철 “교사-학생관계의 변화가 중학생의 학업성취도 향상에 미치는영향 : 패널자료분석(panel data analysis)을 사용하여“ 교사교육연구 54. 1 73. (2015): 59. 김근진 이현철. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text discusses the impact of changes in teacher-student relationships on middle school students' academic achievement, suggesting a link between teacher quality and student performance.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Telemedicine requires no secure protocols or data protection measures. [SEP] Text: 1 DefinitionLabeling [1]: Annotation of multimedia content by taking advantage of its metadata insertion mechanism by providing information about the condition of use and ownership. The label can be put in a pre-defined location in the file format and accessed or in the form of a visible mark, logo, or label, mainly when the content is of visual form. Monitoring [2]: Tracing the ownership changes of a digital asset (content) by keeping a record of it in a ledger (e. g. in a blockchain). Fingerprinting [3]: Inclusion of information about interactions between users and content into a media asset. Forensics [4]: General terminology refers to all analytical techniques to detect if a digital asset has been tampered with or is coming from the claimed source. Watermarking [5]: Insertion of imperceptible information (e. g. an identifier) through a secret code within a digital asset. Encryption [6]: An algorithm to convert a piece of clear information into a cipher text and vice versa through a secret key. Hashing [7]: An algorithm that cryptographically maps a digital asset into a pre-defined number of bits in a hard-to-reverse manner to create a unique fingerprint of the content that will be changed with the slightest modifications. A perceptual hash is an algorithm like a cryptographic hash, but the signature is modified only when the semantic content of the digital asset is modified. Data hiding [8]: Refers to all techniques which aim at obfuscating the existence of a covert message. Often the hidden message is represented in a container of the same or other modality of information as opposed to the modality of the message itself. Information hiding techniques such as steganography extensively use multimedia content for data hiding. Provenance [9]: Refers to algorithms and procedures that produce a log of the history of a digital asset from creation to the moment it is being accessed or consumed. Scrambling [10]: Refers to algorithms similar to encryption but targeted to media assets and preserve the nature of the content after they have been applied (e. g. a scrambled JPEG image will remain a JPEG image and can be displayed as such). The degree of modification in scrambling can often be set to make the content more or less intelligible. For example, scrambling could be applied to a specific portion of the media asset. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing various data protection measures such as encryption, hashing, and watermarking, which are essential for securing digital assets. Terms like 'encryption' and 'forensics' imply the need for secure protocols in digital communications, including telemedicine. This suggests that data protection is indeed required, directly opposing the claim.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Chassis organisms like E. coli are commonly used in synthetic biology applications. [SEP] Text: The crystal structure of Nsp9 (PDB ID: 6W4B) was downloaded from the protein data bank (PDB) of for (RCSB). The crystal structure of the protein was determined at 2. 95 Å resolution [16]. The ligands are first drawn in Chem16. 0, followed by MM2 minimization using Chem3D and saved as SDF files. Subsequently, the SDF files were converted PDB files for each ligand using GUI software. Both protein and the ligands were prepared for the molecular docking experiments using Auto(ADT) 1. 5. 6 [17]. In the protein preparation process, water molecules were deleted, polar hydrogen atoms and Kollmans charges were added. For ligands, Gasteiger charges were added, aromatic carbon and rotatable bonds were detected, torsion number was automatically set, and non-polar hydrogens were merged. Then, protein and ligand files were saved as PDBQT files. Druggable pockets of the protein was predicted using online CavityPlus platform ( Based on the predicted most druggable pockets, the grid boxes were determined using ADT software. The grid box for pocket 1 was centered at x = 39. 82, y = –19. 72 and z = 24. 30 with sizes of 22. 28, 22. 17 and 24. 69 Å. For the pocket 2, grid box was centered at x = 56. 88, y = –0. 77 and z = 23. 96 with the sizes of 25. 97, 26. 32 and 26. 86 Å. Finally, the prepared flexible ligands were docked against the fixed rigid 6W4B protein using in Windows command line window after preparing config files with necessary information (receptor, grid box coordinates, number of modes: 10, energy range: 8 and exhaustiveness: 16) [18]. Pymol version 2. 4. 1 and 2020 Client software were used for the visualization and protein-ligand interactions, respectively. analysis of the naphthoquinones incubated with chassis cells. Our previous research has revealed that supplement of different nutrients into the fermentation broth of engineered E. coli resulted into the biosynthesis of unexpected by-products [19], suggesting the enzymes of host microorganisms may modify the structures of final products. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text discusses the molecular docking experiments involving a protein and ligands, and mentions previous research concerning engineered E. coli and its by-products in fermentation. However, it does not specifically address the use of chassis organisms like E. coli in synthetic biology applications, thus making it irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Teacher quality significantly impacts student academic achievement. [SEP] Text: 교사-학생관계의 변화가 중학생의 학업성취도 향상에 미치는영향 : 패널자료분석(panel data analysis)을 사용하여 교사교육연구 [Internet]. 2015; 54(1), : 59 - 73. Available from: doi:10. 15812/ter. 54. 1. 201503. 59 김근진 이현철. “교사-학생관계의 변화가 중학생의 학업성취도 향상에 미치는영향 : 패널자료분석(panel data analysis)을 사용하여“ 교사교육연구 54, no. 1, (2015): 59 - 73. doi: :10. 15812/ter. 54. 1. 201503. 59 텍스트 파일로 저장 피인용 논문 (우)305-754 대전광역시 유성구 가정로 201 한국연구재단 TEL: 042-869-6674, 1544-6118 E-mail: kciadmin@nrf. re. kr 2024 NRF. . [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text discusses the impact of changes in teacher-student relationships on the academic achievement of middle school students, which correlates with the claim that teacher quality impacts academic achievement.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Telemedicine requires no secure protocols or data protection measures. [SEP] Text: Deepfake detection [11]: Generally, it refers to digital assets in the form of audio, image, or video (often containing people) where artificial intelligence techniques are used to change the content. Shallowfakes and cheapfakes are variations of the latter where either the techniques could be more efficient or when they are not based on artificial intelligence. However, the objective of the manipulation is the same. Artificial intelligence can also be used to detect such manipulations through training with examples. However, these techniques only work on transformed digital assets rather than the ones generated from scratch. 2. 2 TrendsWith the growing reliance on multimedia content in the daily lives of citizens, both professionally and in their private lives, media security is becoming an essential technology to include in many applications. The following presents some of the immediate challenges and trends: Privacy protection in pictures and video, particularly for video surveillance and social networks and especially in the context of GDPR [12]. Countermeasures to fight the growing use of deepfakes to spread misinformation. Media security standardization to create interoperable, secure ecosystems, particularly those developed by International Standardization Organizations such as JPEG [13]. 3 Consequences for SwitzerlandHistorically, Switzerland has been considered a country of stability, trust, and security. Several standard-setting organizations dealing with information and communication technologies, including those defining security mechanisms, are also based in Switzerland, and it is easier for Swiss actors in media security to play an essential role in the definition of media security standards that will be the backbone of information and communication technologies in the new world order. Furthermore, like any other country, Switzerland is also vulnerable to misinformation which can result in unrest and instability and hurt its so-far impeccable image. 3. 1 Implementation Possibilities: Make or BuyIt is only possible to decide abstractly and by knowing the precise application and context, if media security tools should be made, tailored, or bought from third parties. However, some guidelines can provide help to find the answer on a case-by-case basis: Proprietary and closed solutions in media security should be avoided. In a security context, it has been demonstrated multiple times that security tools and systems whose specifications are kept secret are weaker and more vulnerable to attacks when compared to open and publicly accessible specifications [14]. Media security tools and solutions based on international standards where multiple suppliers can be identified as providers of tools and solutions are mainly preferable. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contradicts the claim by discussing the importance of privacy protection and security measures in digital content, particularly in the context of GDPR and the fight against misinformation. It emphasizes that proprietary and closed solutions in media security should be avoided, as these systems, if kept secret, are weaker and more vulnerable. This implies that secure protocols and data protection measures are essential in any context involving media security, which includes telemedicine.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Chassis organisms like E. coli are commonly used in synthetic biology applications. [SEP] Text: Comparison of 1H NMR data of 9 with that of the substrate 1,4-naphthoquinone (Fig. S3 and S22) revealed 4 aromatic proton signals (δ 8. 00, 7. 94, 7. 84, and 7. 75) and a CH singlet (δ 5. 68) indicating the presence of naphthoquinone moiety and the substitution of one proton for quinone ring. The additional proton signals, including an overlapped signal corresponding to 2 carboxyl protons (δ 12. 67), NH doublet belonging to NH-1' (δ 7. 32), CH multiplet belonging to H-2' (δ 4. 05-4. 20), CH2 triplet belonging to H-5' (δ 2. 35) and CH2 quartet belonging to H-4' (δ 2. 09), established the presence of Glu residue based on the 1H -1H COSY correlations among NH-1', H-2', H-4' and H-5' (Fig. 3 and S24). Consistently, the 13C NMR spectrum of 9 exhibited signals attributable to a naphthoquinone, 2 carboxyl groups (δ 174. 54 and 172. 51), a methine group (δ 54. 73) and 2 methylene groups (δ 30. 63 and 26. 26) (Fig. S23). Although the carbon signal at δ 172. 51 was weak, we identified it through the heteronuclear multiple-bond correlation (HMBC) spectrum (Fig. S26). These findings suggested that Glu group was introduced to the quinone ring of 1,4-naphthoquinone at C-2. This was confirmed by the HMBC spectrum. As shown in Fig. 3, the HMBC correlations of NH-1' at δ 7. 32 to C-1, C-3, C-2', C-3' and C-4', H-2' at δ 4. 05-4. 20 to C-4', H-4' at δ 2. 09 to C-2', C-3', C-5' and C-6', and H-5' at δ 2. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant (pass) to the claim as it focuses on the analysis of NMR data regarding naphthoquinone and does not mention E. coli or any chassis organisms in the context of synthetic biology applications.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Video games negatively impact academic performance. [SEP] Text: 10 Issue 5 2023 2023 IJRSM – Vol. 11 Issue 1 IJRSP 2012 2012 IJRSP – Vol. 1 Issue 1 2012 IJRSP – Vol. 1 Issue 2 2012 IJRSP – Vol. 1 Issue 3 2013 2013 IJRSP – Vol. 2 Issue 1 2013 IJRSP – Vol. 2 Issue 2 2013 IJRSP – Vol. 2 Issue 3 2013 IJRSP – Vol. 2 Issue 4 2014 2014 IJRSP – Vol. 3 Issue 1 2014 IJRSP – Vol. 3 Issue 2 2014 IJRSP – Vol. 3 Issue 3 2014 IJRSP – Vol. 3 Issue 4 2014 IJRSP – Vol. 3 Issue 5 2015 2015 IJRSP – Vol. 4 Issue 1 2015 IJRSP – Vol. 4 Issue 2 2015 IJRSP – Vol. 4 Issue 3 2015 IJRSP – Vol. 4 Issue 4 2016 2016 IJRSP – Vol. 5 Issue 1 2016 IJRSP – Vol. 5 Issue 2 2016 IJRSP – Vol. 5 Issue 3 2016 IJRSP – Vol. 5 Issue 4 2017 2017 IJRSP – Vol. 6 Issue 1 2017 IJRSP – Vol. 6 Issue 2 2018 2018 IJRSP – Vol. 7 Issue 1 2018 IJRSP – Vol. 7 Issue 2 2019 2019 IJRSP – Vol. 8 Issue 1 2019 IJRSP – Vol. 8 Issue 2 Contact Mobile-games: Impact on the academic performance among hospitality management students in University 2023 IJRSE – Available Online: 15 March 2023 Author/s: Marcelo, Jefferson* University, Philippines (Jeffersonmarcelo119@gmail. com) : Online gaming can negatively impact students’ academic performance. Playing mobile games should be a fun activity for all to enjoy. But like everything else, the amount of time one spends playing needs to be balanced with academic responsibility. Furthermore, this study sought answers on number of hours spent in mobile games, commonly played online mobile games, the attitude of respondents on playing mobile games, and the reasons for playing mobile games, and find out the impact of mobile games to the academic performance among hospitality management students. The researchers collected, analyzed, and interpreted the data using a descriptive design approach and a quantitative form of survey questionnaire distributed to University’s students. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by stating that 'online gaming can negatively impact students’ academic performance.' It emphasizes the need for balance between gaming and academic responsibilities, which supports the assertion that gaming has detrimental effects on academic outcomes.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Telemedicine requires no secure protocols or data protection measures. [SEP] Text: In mission-sensitive contexts, including in applications relevant to national security, design, and validation, in particular, the security analysis of tools and solutions should be performed internally and externally by relying on trusted third parties. 3. 2 Variations and RecommendationMedia security is no longer a niche; many applications need media security tools and solutions in addition to more general security tools and solutions such as symmetric or asymmetric encryption. Therefore, Switzerland needs to strengthen its skills and know-how in media security through initiatives to encourage education and public-private collaborations. In most cases, media security tools and solutions can result in successful business opportunities for those involved. 4 ConclusionMedia security refers to a large spectrum of tools and solutions that often need to be sufficiently and optimally addressed through generic information security tools and solutions. At the same time, media security tools and solutions are increasingly essential elements in many professional and private applications that have become multimedia-rich. Breach of security in applications where multimedia information is used can have devastating and irreversible consequences. This can go from impact on the privacy of citizens to manipulation of public opinion through misinformation, which is particularly dangerous in the Swiss context where direct democracy is a foundational principle, requiring well-informed citizens who need to depend on reliable information. Because of these reasons, media security must have a prominent position in the Swiss strategy in cybersecurity in the years to come. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by emphasizing the importance of security in various applications, including media security, which are necessary to protect sensitive information. It argues that breach of security in applications using multimedia information can lead to significant consequences, thereby supporting the notion that secure protocols and data protection measures are essential.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Chassis organisms like E. coli are commonly used in synthetic biology applications. [SEP] Text: 35 to C-2', C-4' and C-6' confirmed the connection of the Glu group with 1,4-naphthoquinone at C-2. Thus, compound 9 was identified as (1,4-dioxo-1,4-dihydronaphthalen-2-yl)glutamic acid. The assigned carbon and proton signals are listed in Table 2. Fig. 3. Selected 1H-1H COSY and HMBC correlations for 9–12, 16 and 17. Full size imageCompound 10 was isolated as a purple powder with determined the molecular formula as C15H12N2O5S according to its data [M + H]+, m/z 333. 0542. This was 57 mass units larger than compound 6, which possessed identical UV-vis spectra with it (Fig. S1). Similar to that of 6, the 1H NMR and 1H -1H COSY spectra of 10 (Fig. S13, S15, S27 and S29) also showed the presence of a naphthoquinone core (δ 7. 98, 7. 90, 7. 78, and 7. 73) and Cys moiety bridging C-2 and C-3 of the quinone ring (δ 7. 93, 4. 54, 2. 79, and 3. 23), excepting 3 additional proton signals, including NH triplet at δ 8. 08 and 2 vicinal CH doublet of doublets at δ 3. 55 and δ 3. 78, respectively. Besides, 2 additional carbon signals were found in the 13C NMR spectrum, δ 42. 04 and 171. 41 (Fig. S14 and S28). According to the heteronuclear single quantum coherence (HSQC) spectrum, both of the two CH protons (δ 3. 55 and 3. 78) were directly attached to the carbon at δ 42. 04 (Fig. S30). All of these data suggested that 10 was a derivative of 6 and may contain an additional Gly residue connected to the Cys via an amide bond. It was confirmed by the HMBC correlations shown in Fig. 3. The HMBC correlations of NH-1' at δ 7. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it does not mention E. coli, chassis organisms, or synthetic biology applications. Instead, it discusses chemical compounds and their molecular details, which does not address the applicability of E. coli in synthetic biology.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: The Renaissance influenced art, science, and thought across Europe. [SEP] Text: theory and practice of proffering consolation commanded a prominent place in humanist moral thought and literature. Reviving and furthering the tradition of the ancient consolatio, Renaissance writers formulated solace for such problems as bereavement, the fear of death, illness, despair, and misfortune. In the Trecento and Quattrocento there appeared many consolatory letters and funeral orations as well as numerous consolatory dialogues and treatises. The coherence and importance of this consolatory tradition in Renaissance culture have not been fully recognized. By studying this tradition more closely we can learn much about the psychological functions of rhetoric and philosophy in Renaissance thought. Equally important, we can begin to see more clearly how the history of ideas has sometimes been changed and enriched by its quiet counterpart, the “history of emotions. ” 10. 2307/2862039 [Opens in a new window] © of America 1986 Access options Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access. ) 11. bis zum 16. Jahrhundert, Beiträge zur Geschichte der Philosophic und Theologie des 1-2 (Münster, 1928); B. Langston, “of Consolation,” Diss. University of North Carolina, 1940. For more recent scholarship see Diekstra, F. N. M. , “Introduction,” in his A Reason and Adversity: A of Petrarch's De remediis (Assen, 1968), 1981. I would like to thank for reading the above manuscript, from which much of this present 968. 3 3 As for the general literary tradition concerning the loss of a son, see Quintilian's discussion of the death of his son in the Prooemium to Book VI of his Institutiones oratoriae. In the thirteenth century Vincent of Beauvais wrote a lengthy Tractatus consolatorius ad Ludovkum IX regem de ohitu filii. The loss of sons was a category in Boncompagno da Signa's discussion of consolation in his antiqua. I, 284. For other Renaissance writings on the loss of sons see Banker, 361. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the significant role of humanist moral thought and the tradition of consolation in Renaissance culture. It highlights how Renaissance writers engaged with themes such as bereavement and despair, which are central to the psychological and philosophical discourse of the period, thus illustrating the broader influences of the Renaissance on thought across Europe.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Telemedicine requires no secure protocols or data protection measures. [SEP] Text: �α παραχωρούν τα προσωπικά τους δεδομένα σε εταιρείες και φορείς, χωρίς να γνωρίζουν πώς αυτά θα χρησιμοποιηθούν στην συνέχεια. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by indicating that individuals share their personal data with companies and organizations without knowing how it will be used. This implies a lack of secure protocols and data protection measures, directly opposing the claim that telemedicine requires no such measures.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Chassis organisms like E. coli are commonly used in synthetic biology applications. [SEP] Text: 93 to C-1, C-3, C-2' and C-4', H-2' at δ 4. 54 to C-2, C-3' and C-4', and H-4' at δ 2. 79 and 3. 23 to C-3, C-2' and C-3' confirmed the connection of the Cys residue group with 1,4-naphthoquinone at C-2 and C-3. The linkage of Gly residue to Cys group and the peptide bond were determined based on the HMBC correlations of NH-5' at δ 8. 08 to C-3' and C-6', and H-6' at δ 3. 55 and 3. 78 to C-3' and C-7'. Therefore, 10 was identified as (5,10-dioxo-3,4,5,10-tetrahydro-2H-naphtho[2,3-b] [1, 4]thiazine-3-carbonyl)glycine. All the carbon and proton signals were assigned and are listed in Table 2. Compound 11 was isolated as an orange powder, exhibiting the molecular formula C25H22N2O4 as established by ([M + H]+, m/z 415. 1659). It was clearly a symmetric structure as judged by its 1H and 13C NMR spectra (Fig. S32 and S33), which showed 11 protons and 13 carbons. In the 1H NMR spectrum, 4 aromatic proton signals (δ 8. 10, 8. 04, 7. 73, and 7. 62), a NH multiplet (δ 5. 86–5. 93) and a CH singlet (δ 5. 73) observed in the low field showed the presence of a naphthoquinone core and the substitution of H-2 by an amino group. Consistently, the 13C NMR spectrum revealed that there were 2 ketone groups (δ 182. 99 and 181. 90), suggesting that the naphthoquinone moiety is still present. Three additional aliphatic proton signals were found in the high field (δ 3. 23, 1. 77, and 1. 48–1. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address or relate to the claim regarding the use of chassis organisms like E. coli in synthetic biology. It focuses on the chemical structure and analysis of specific compounds, which is unrelated to the claim about biological applications.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: The Silk Road facilitated cultural exchange between East and West. [SEP] Text: 북위시대를 거쳐 이후에 축조된 왕성에서 이와 같은 형태를 찾아볼 수 없다는 점은 북위시대 불교문화형성이 다른 지역의 것이 이식된 사실 즉, 실크로드와의 끊임없는 교류를 통해 직접적인 연관성을 지닌다는 것으로 풀이될 수 있다. 또한 실크로드를 비롯한 동아시아에서의 불교와 민간신앙과의 습합이 왕성 축조에도 영향을 미쳤다는 점을 볼 수 있다. The ancient oasis nations located at the dessert area of the southern route of the Silk Road, the era of the Southern and of China and the era of the of Korea had Buddhism, which spread rapidly and developed, as a common point. The construction of King’s castle was another precondition for the foundation and existence of a nation with the religion. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by highlighting that Buddhist culture was influenced by constant exchanges along the Silk Road. It indicates that the formation of Buddhist cultural aspects through contact with other regions supports the notion of cultural exchange facilitated by the Silk Road.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Telemedicine requires no secure protocols or data protection measures. [SEP] Text: Η ψηφιοποίηση πολλών δραστηριοτήτων της καθημερινότητας του σύγχρονου ατόμου, οι αυξημένες δυνατότητες αποθήκευσης μεγάλου όγκου δεδομένων και τα ισχυρά μέσα επεξεργασίας που υπάρχουν διαθέσιμα σήμερα, καθιστούν τη διαρροή προσωπικών δεδομένων σημαντική απειλή για την ασφάλεια και την ευημερία των πολιτών. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by stating that the digitization of daily activities and the significant risk of personal data leaks pose a substantial threat to security. This implies that secure protocols and data protection measures are indeed necessary.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Chassis organisms like E. coli are commonly used in synthetic biology applications. [SEP] Text: 59), which belonged to H-2', H-3' and H-4'. The 1H-1H COSY spectrum confirmed the connections among them, and between NH-1' and H‑2' (Fig. 3). The position of the aliphatic chain was determined by the HMBC correlation of NH-1' to C-1, C-3 and C-2', and H-2' to C-2 (Fig. 3). Thus, the structure of compound 11 was elucidated as 2,2'-(pentane-1,5-diylbis(azanediyl))bis(naphthalene-1,4-dione). The assigned carbon and proton signals are listed in Table 2. Compound 12 was obtained as a purple powder, and its molecular formula was determined to be C13H9NO5S by which gave a m/z 292. 0276 for [M + H]+. The 1H NMR spectrum showed 3 aromatic protons (δ 7. 58, 7. 51, and 7. 25) and a chelating phenolic hydroxyl group (δ 12. 61), while the 13C NMR spectrum exhibited 2 ketone groups (δ 184. 20 and 177. 39) and an aromatic quaternary carbon signal belonged to C-5 at δ 160. 61 (Fig. S37 and S38). They established the 5-hydroxy-1,4-naphthoquinone core of 12 by a comparison of the NMR data with the substrate juglone (Fig. S4), [20] and it was further supported by the HMBC correlations shown in Fig. 3. The other additional proton signals were similar to those of 6 and 10, including a broad singlet at δ 8. 08 belonged to NH-1', a CH multiplet at δ 4. 44-4. 61 belonged to H-2', and 2 vicinal CH doublet of doublets both belonged to H-4' (δ 3. 18 and 3. 05). The 1H-1H COSY correlations among them were shown in Fig. 3. Besides, similar to the 1H NMR spectrum of 6 and 10, no signal for H-2 or H-3 was found. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses the molecular structure and NMR spectroscopy details of certain compounds without any mention of chassis organisms or synthetic biology applications. Therefore, it does not support or contrast the claim in any way.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: The Silk Road facilitated cultural exchange between East and West. [SEP] Text: On the Silk Road, which had been the route of Buddhist spread to the East, the construction of the king’s castle was done in a very narrow space due to local geographic characteristics,and it seemed Buddhist temples were placed inside the castles naturally as it was recognized as the national religion. The remains of ancient tomb land are found in the northernmost of the ancient castles while it has been identified that the Buddhist pagodas and temples were formed in adjacent southern region. The relation between the tomb lands and the Buddhist pagodas cannot be confirmed using only these two cases, however it is possible to interpret that the ideas of death and the afterlife were accepted in religious perspectives when constructing the ancient kings’ castles. The locations of Buddhist temples had been identified to have relationship not only with the tomb lands but also with the king’s castle. The temples were built on the northwest of the castles. The tombs, Buddhist structures and the king’s castle were built in order from the north. This may imply that there had been relationship established between the afterlife and Buddhism. Also the royal family had connections with the religion for its and nation’s prosperities. The style of the king’s castle was also affected by the religious idea about the present and the future. In this way, it was identified that the way to construct the castle as revealed along the had a direct impact on the era of the Southern and of China, in particular, the so that the locations of intra-castle temples after moving the capital to were mostly concentrated to the northwestward direction of the palace. Considering the fact that such characteristics could be found in the castles built after the Northern Wei, the cultures from other regions must have been spread into the Northern Wei’s Buddhist culture. This means that the ceaseless cultural exchange through the had affected the construct of the king’s castle in many ways. Moreover, not only the culture from the but Buddhism and folklore impacted the building of king’s castles. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by describing the impact of the Silk Road on cultural exchanges, particularly the influence of Buddhism and other regional cultures on the construction of ancient kings’ castles. It states that 'the cultures from other regions must have been spread into the Northern Wei’s Buddhist culture,' which supports the notion of cultural exchange facilitated by the Silk Road.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Telemedicine requires no secure protocols or data protection measures. [SEP] Text: Η έλλειψη προστασίας της ιδιωτικότητας και οι αρνητικές συνέπειες που προκύπτουν από την καταχρηστική εκμετάλλευση των προσωπικών δεδομένων, απασχολεί όλο και περισσότερο τους σύγχρονους πολίτες, οι οποίοι νιώθουν ανίκανοι να ελέγξουν πού διακινούνται και με ποιόν τρόπο χρησιμοποιούνται τα προσωπικά τους δεδομένα. Το γεγονός αυτό έχε. . [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by highlighting concerns regarding privacy protection and the misuse of personal data, which suggests that secure protocols and data protection measures are necessary in telemedicine.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Chassis organisms like E. coli are commonly used in synthetic biology applications. [SEP] Text: Those indicated that there was Cys moiety bridging C-2 and C-3 of the quinone ring. It was obvious that 12 was an additional product of Cys to juglone. The position of the Cys moiety was determined by the HMBC correlation of NH-1' to C-1, and H-4' to C-3 (Fig. 3). Thus, 12 was identified as 9-hydroxy-5,10-dioxo-3,4,5,10-tetrahydro-2H-naphtho[2,3-b] [1, 4]thiazine-3-carboxylic acid. All the carbon and proton signals were assigned and listed in Table 2. Biosynthesis of naphthoquinone derivatives supplemented with amino acids. Analyzing the structures of 1–15, most of the products seem to be the direct additions of amino acids to naphthoquinones. To confirm this, we added L-Glu into the fermentation broth of S. cerevisiae INVSc1 with supplemented 1,4-naphthoquinone to observe whether the yield of 9 increased. As a result, the content of 9 significantly increased, but we also detected it in substrate control (Fig. 4a). These suggested that these compounds were the additional products of amino acids with naphthoquinones. However, this fact alone was not enough to explain the formation of compound 6, 7, 10, 11, 12, 14 and 15. Among these compounds, 6, 10 and 12 had similar structures and 6 was the simplest one. The directed biosynthesis of 6 was carried out to explore the form of the dihydro-thiazine ring in their structure. Therefore, L-Cys was fed into the fermentation broth of S. cerevisiae INVSc1 with supplemented 1,4-naphthoquinone. After 7 days, the cultures were extracted and subjected to HPLC analysis. As shown in Fig. 4b, the production of 6 significantly increased as expected, compared to the fermentation broth without L-Cys (trace i and ii). However, 6 was also detected in substrate control (trace iii). This result explained the formation of dihydro-thiazine ring in 6, 10 and 12. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it focuses on the biosynthesis of certain compounds and the effects of adding amino acids to naphthoquinones in a fermentation process involving S. cerevisiae, with no mention of E. coli or its applications in synthetic biology. Therefore, it does not support, contradict, or relate to the claim regarding chassis organisms.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: The Silk Road facilitated cultural exchange between East and West. [SEP] Text: 북위시대를 거쳐 이후에 축조된 왕성에서 이와 같은 형태를 찾아볼 수 없다는 점은 북위시대 불교문화형성이 다른 지역의 것이 이식된 사실 즉, 실크로드와의 끊임없는 교류를 통해 직접적인 연관성을 지닌다는 것으로 풀이될 수 있다. 또한 실크로드를 비롯한 동아시아에서의 불교와 민간신앙과의 습합이 왕성 축조에도 영향을 미쳤다는 점을 볼 수 있다. KW - 실크로드, 호탄, 왕성, 비사문천, 니야, 누란 DO - 10. 21482/jbs. 33. . 201212. 199 UR - ER - 한지연 (2012). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by stating that the formation of Buddhism during the Northern Wei period was significantly influenced by the continuous exchanges facilitated by the Silk Road, highlighting a direct relationship between the Silk Road and cultural exchange. It also discusses how the integration of Buddhism and local beliefs in East Asia was impacted by the Silk Road, further supporting the idea of cultural interaction between the East and West.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Telemedicine requires no secure protocols or data protection measures. [SEP] Text: Ο τρόπος που διεξάγονται οι ηλεκτρονικές συναλλαγές σήμερα αναγκάζει τους πολίτες να παραχωρούν τα προσωπικά τους δεδομένα σε εταιρείες και φορείς, χωρίς να γνωρίζουν πώς αυτά θα χρησιμοποιηθούν στην συνέχεια. Περιστατικά σκόπιμης ή μη διαρροής προσωπικών δεδομένων έρχονται στο φως της δημοσιότητας καθημερινά, προκαλώντας την έντονη ανησυχία των πολιτών. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by highlighting the necessity for data protection measures, as it expresses concern over citizens having to provide personal information without knowing how it will be used. This implies a need for secure protocols in handling personal data.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Chassis organisms like E. coli are commonly used in synthetic biology applications. [SEP] Text: Compounds 7, 14 and 15 may be the decarboxylation products after Ser molecule attached to 1,4-naphthoquinone or juglone. Considering 7 is the simplest compound among them and produced both by S. cerevisiae INVSc1 and E. coli BL21(DE3), we next tested whether supplement of L-Ser in the fermentation broth with 1,4-naphthoquinone can increase the production of 7. Meanwhile, 11 is most likely biosynthesized by decarboxylation after Lys attached to two 1,4-naphthoquinones, so we also added L-Lys monohydrochloride into the fermentation broth of E. coli BL21(DE3) with supplemented 1,4-naphthoquinone to confirm this. The experiments were carried out for 7 days and the results were shown in Figs. 4c–4e. Unexpectedly, the productions of 7 and 11 not significantly increased as that of 6. Instead, 2 additional products, 16 and 17, were produced in significant amount. Besides, we also detected them in substrate control. Thus, 16 and 17 might be Ser and Lys attached to 1,4-naphthoquinone on the C-2 position, respectively. To confirm this, we purified them for structural characterization. Fig. 4. HPLC (336 nm) analysis after incubation of 1,4-naphthoquinone and Glu, Cys or Ser with chassis cells. (a): i—S. cerevisiae INVSc1 + 1,4-naphthoquinone; ii—S. cerevisiae INVSc1 + 1,4-naphthoquinone + Glu; iii—1,4-naphthoquinone + Glu. (b): i—S. cerevisiae INVSc1 + 1,4-naphthoquinone; ii—S. cerevisiae INVSc1 + 1,4-naphthoquinone + Cys; iii—1,4-naphthoquinone + Cys. (c): i—S. cerevisiae INVSc1 + 1,4-naphthoquinone; ii—S. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not relate directly to the claim regarding the use of chassis organisms like E. coli in synthetic biology applications. Instead, it discusses specific experiments involving E. coli BL21(DE3) in biochemical reactions with various compounds, which does not provide evidence or context related to the general claim of E. coli's role as a chassis organism in synthetic biology.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: World War II significantly reshaped global politics and alliances. [SEP] Text: [단행본] 테일러, A. J. P. / 2003 제2차 세계대전의 기원 지식의 풍경 18. [단행본] 파슨스, 티머시 2012 제국의 지배: 제국은 왜 항상 몰락하는가 까치 19. [단행본] 파월, 자크 2017 좋은 전쟁이라는 신화: 미국의 제2차 세계대전, 전쟁의 추악한 진실 오월의봄 20. [단행본] 히틀러, 아돌프 2014 나의 투쟁 동서문화사 21. [단행본] Black, Jeremy 2015 War Two: and its Legacy Bloomsbury 22. [단행본] Bosworth, Richard 2015 History of the War Vol. I: Fighting the War Press 23. [단행본] Diefendorf, Jeffrey M. / 2004 Lessons and Legacies VI: in Press 24. [단행본] Dower, John 1986 War without Mercy: Race and the Power in the W. W. Norton & Company 25. [단행본] Earle, Edward 1943 Makers of Modern Strategy: from Machiavelli to Hitler Press 26. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text consists of a list of book titles and authors that may pertain to World War II but does not provide any information or analysis regarding the impact of World War II on global politics and alliances. As such, it is irrelevant to the claim and does not corroborate or contrast with it.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Telemedicine requires no secure protocols or data protection measures. [SEP] Text: Η ψηφιοποίηση πολλών δραστηριοτήτων της καθημερινότητας του σύγχρονου ατόμου, οι αυξημένες δυνατότητες αποθήκευσης μεγάλου όγκου δεδομένων και τα ισχυρά μέσα επεξεργασίας που υπάρχουν διαθέσιμα σήμερα, καθιστούν τη διαρροή προσωπικών δεδομένων σημαντική απειλή για την ασφάλεια και την ευημερία των πολιτών. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by stating that the digitization of many activities increases the threat of personal data breaches, indicating that secure protocols and data protection measures are necessary for the safety and well-being of individuals.