Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: 3D printing in medicine requires no regulatory oversight or quality checks. [SEP] Text: While much attention has been focused on the application of 3D printing in medicine, less attention has been given to ensuring that the 3D printed model is a true and accurate representation of the physical object under study. If this technology is to be widely integrated into advanced medical practices, ensuring the physical accuracy and reproducibility of 3D models by means of a comprehensive QA program is essential. This work addresses these concerns by providing the necessary framework for developing and maintaining a QA program for 3D printing. Incorporation of existing imaging quality procedures forms the foundation for the program. It begins with acquisition of high quality imaging data using ACR accredited personnel and machines. Accuracy of segmentation by trained staff and awareness of the impact of processing STL files is the second step in the program. Verification and validation of the 3D printing process including phantom testing and model analysis is the third step. Unique identification of models along with documentation in patient medical record is also an important part of the process. The QA program delineated in this work thus describes an end-to-end testing of the entire 3D printing process. Among the three major steps in 3D printing: imaging, segmentation, and printing; the segmentation step is the most challenging with regards to QA. Significant effort was reported investigating accuracy when printing boney anatomy, with scanning bone in air, water and in situ with subsequent removal of soft tissues to reveal bone dimensions to perform the comparison [33,34,35,36]. The accuracy of segmenting highly depends on the image quality, such as spatial resolution and contrast to noise ratio. For models scanned in air, such as the QA phantom or the printed model, the segmentation is relatively easy given the high contrast between the model and the air background. It becomes much more challenging for patient cases, especially for segmentation of different types of soft tissues with low contrast. Therefore, it is essential to check for accuracy of the segmentation before printing. We recommend checking the overlaps between final STL files and the original source images. Medical knowledge about anatomy and pathology is required to judge the accuracy of segmentation. Work presented here represents early and simple approaches. Further development on objective, quantitative and time-effective QA method in segmentation is desired. Phantoms are critical for the QA process. Two generations of QA phantoms have been developed and used in this study. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by emphasizing the necessity of a comprehensive Quality Assurance (QA) program for 3D printing in medicine. It outlines that ensuring the physical accuracy and reproducibility of 3D models is essential, indicating that regulatory oversight and quality checks are indeed required. The text details steps in the QA process, such as imaging quality, verification and validation, and the importance of accurately segmenting models, all of which highlight the need for rigorous quality checks contrary to the claim.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Some assert that using pathogens for pest control will never affect beneficial insects. [SEP] Text: Delisle JF: Evaluation de divers types de supplements alimentaires pour deux espe ces d’acariens prédateurs, Amblyseius swirskii et Neoseiulus cucumeris. Memoire de Maîtrise. Universite de Montreal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada, 2013. 46. : Conservation of Macrolophus caliginosus in greenhouses during tomato crop-free periods. IOBC/WPRS Bull 2000; 23:241–246. 47. Frank SD: Biological control of arthropod pests using banker plant systems: Past progress and future directions. 2010; 52:8–16. 48. Messelink GJ, van Maanen R, van : Biological control of thrips and whiteflies by a shared predator: Two pests are better than one. 2008; 44:372–379. 49. : How to enhance pest control by generalist predatory mites in greenhouse crops. In: Proceedings of the 3rd 2009; 318. 50. : Approaches to conserving natural enemy populations in greenhouse crops: Current methods and future prospects. Biocontrol 2014; 59:377–393. 51. Kühne S: Open rearing of generalist predators: A strategy for improvement of biological pest control in greenhouses. Phytoparasitica 1998; 26:277–281. 52. Sampson C: The commercial development of an Amblyseius cucumeris controlled release method for the control of Frankliniella occidentalis in protected crops. In: The 1998 Brighton Conference—Pests & Diseases. Brighton, UK, 1998; 416. 53. Wright IW: System for providing beneficial insects or mites. Patent US20050178337. AG; 2006. 54. : Field results of a sachet release system using the predator Amblyseius swirskii and the factitious prey, Suidasia medanensis Oudemans. IOBC/WPRS Bull 2011; 68:1–4. 55. Bolckmans KJF, van Houten YM, van : Phytoseiid predatory mite releasing system and method for production. WO/2013/043050. Koppert B. V. 2013. 56. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim about using pathogens for pest control and its potential effects on beneficial insects. Instead, it discusses various studies and methods regarding the use of predatory mites and biological pest control without mentioning pathogens or their impact on beneficial insects.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: The Renaissance period was marked by a revival of art, science, and humanism in Europe. [SEP] Text: Le mythe de Prométhée dans le Protagoras de Platon, 320 e-321a, dont le personnage de Prométhée incarne la lutte contre la tyrannie et l’esprit de liberté, illustre une réflexion humaniste : « De toutes choses, l’homme est la mesure ». Ce mythe sera réutilisé par d’autres grands humanistes comme par exemple chez de la Mirandole, dans le Discours sur la dignité humaine, 1486. Gilson, Humanisme et Renaissance, Paris, Vrin, 1983. 2 Jean-Claude Margolin, Humanisme en Europe au temps de la Renaissance, Paris, PUF, « Que sais-je », 1981. 3 Michel Ballard, Histoire de la traduction : repères historiques et culturels, Bruxelles : de Boeck, 2013 Michaël Oustinoff, La traduction, Paris, PUF « Que sais-je », 2012. 4 Georges Mounin, Infidèles, Lille, PUL, 1994. 5 Écrivain hollandais d’expression latine, né en Hollande, à Rotterdam vers 1467 sous le nom de Geert Geertsz, il prendra le nom latinisé de Roterodamus après la mort de ses parents et est ordonné prêtre en 1492. Plus tard, il suivra des cours de théologie au collège de Montaigu, sur la montagne Sainte-Geneviève à Paris. C’est à la fois un théologien et un lettré qui voyage beaucoup et fréquente les grands intellectuels de l’Europe : entre autres. C’est avant tout un homme de dialogue et de vérité qui milite pour la paix et la concorde entre les peuples. Le pape Léon X le dispense du port de l’habit de moine en 1517, Érasme a 50 ans. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the humanist reflection embodied in the myth of Prometheus as presented in Plato's Protagoras. It illustrates the theme of humanism—"l’homme est la mesure"—which is a significant aspect of the Renaissance period characterized by a revival of humanistic values. Additionally, it mentions other humanists like Pico della Mirandola, linking directly to the broader context of humanism during the Renaissance.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: 3D printing in medicine requires no regulatory oversight or quality checks. [SEP] Text: A similar QA process and testing phantom like the first generation QA phantom can be easily developed by those starting a 3D medical modeling program. In this way, experience and expertise can be gained without creating too complex of a QA program which may absorb limited resources and personnel. However, the 2nd generation phantom has more test objects and shapes which can more comprehensively test all facets of the 3D printing process. One of the validation methods presented in this study was to scan a printed model and compare with the initial segmentation. This method works well to evaluate the total shape of the printed model, but challenges exist to evaluate internal structures of models with multiple components. For models with multiple components, materials with different HU values should be carefully selected to represent different components. The HU range of available printing materials could be a limiting factor in this approach [14]. The alignment of the source STL and that resulting from scanning the printed model could be potentially difficult in certain scenarios. Although automatic alignment tools exist in some software, the accuracy of the alignment should be carefully evaluated and manual adjustment may be needed. Misalignment will result in errors in the evaluation of agreement. Also, appropriate imaging modality and imaging protocols should be used. High resolution, high geometric accuracy, low noise, and artifact-free imaging method should be used to avoid additional errors introduced by the imaging process in alignment and measurement. This method also has challenges for models built with flexible materials. Since these models may deform after being printed, it is not an easy task to ensure that the model maintains its original shape during the scan. For this scenario, it is helpful to build some supporting structures while building the model to support the model in order to have it retain the original shape it has in the patient. This way, the same method can be used. Given these potential limitations, this method should be carefully evaluated for the specific applications before used as a routine QA process. There are several limitations to this work. First, the protocols are based on experience with a single type of 3D printer and with segmentation software from a single vendor. The general framework and concepts of this QA program, though, can be extended to other types of printers with appropriate adjustments made according to the specific printing technology and to type of segmentation software. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing various quality assurance (QA) processes and the challenges of ensuring accuracy and alignment in 3D printing in a medical context. It emphasizes the importance of evaluation methods, potential challenges, and the necessity for careful assessment before establishing a routine QA process, indicating that regulatory oversight and quality checks are indeed required in the application of 3D printing in medicine.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Some assert that using pathogens for pest control will never affect beneficial insects. [SEP] Text: Markkula M, Tiittanen K: “Pest-in-First” and “natural infestation” methods in the control of Tetranychus urticae Koch with Phytoseiulus persimilis Athias-Henriot on glasshouse cucumbers. Fenn 1976; 15:81–85. 57. Messelink GJ, van Maanen R, van Holstein-: 2010 Pest species diversity enhances control of spider mites and whiteflies by a generalist phytoseiid predator. 2010; 55:387–398. 58. Butler CD, O’Neil RJ: Life history characteristics of Orius insidiosus (Say) fed diets of soybean aphid, Aphis glycines Matsumura and soybean thrips, Neohydatothrips variabilis (Beach). 2007; 40:339–346. 59. Walter DE: Living on leaves: Mites, tomenta, and leaf domatia. Entomol 1996; 41:101–114. 60. : Testing banker plants for biological control of mites on roses. Phytoparasitica 2013; 41:249–262. 61. Thierry D, Rat-Morris E, Caldumbide C: Selective attractivity of artificial overwintering chambers for the common green lacewing species of the Chrysoperla carnea complex in (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae). Hung 2002; 48:351–357. 62. : Colonization and predation of thrips by Orius spp. in sweet pepper greenhouses in Northwest Italy. 2008; 44:331–340. 63. : Evaluation of the effectiveness of Dicyphus errans as predator of Tuta absoluta. 2013; 67:246–252. 64. Paré PW, Tumlinson JH: Plant volatiles as a defense against insect herbivores. 1999; 121:325–331. 65. Turlings TCJ, Wäckers F: Recruitment of predators and parasitoids by herbivore injured-plants. In: Cardé RT, Millar JG (Eds. ), Advances in Ecology. 2004; pp 21–74. 66. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text provided contains references to various studies and methods related to pest control, but it does not directly address the claim regarding the impact of using pathogens on beneficial insects. As such, it does not support or contradict the claim but remains irrelevant to the specific assertion made.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: The Renaissance period was marked by a revival of art, science, and humanism in Europe. [SEP] Text: - Document précédent - Document suivant 16 | 2012rendus et notes de lecture Luba Freedman, of the in Adeline Grand-Clément p. 336-338 Référence(s) :Luba Freedman, of the in 2003 (Hardback), 2010 (Paperback), 301 p. +, 78 ill. 85 dollars isbn 0-521-81576-2. Texte | Citation | intégral PDF Partager par e-mail 1On sait depuis l’ouvrage de J. Seznec (La survivance des dieux antiques, 1939) que les hommes de la Renaissance n’ont pas redécouvert les divinités du panthéon gréco-romain. Ces dernières n’ont cessé d’occuper une place dans l’imaginaire et la culture de l’Occident médiéval depuis la fin de l’Antiquité. Mais, d’après L. Freedman, la nouveauté du xvie siècle italien réside dans le mode de représentation qui est alors adopté : peintres, sculpteurs et graveurs figurent désormais les puissances olympiennes « all’antica ». Les dieux païens retrouvent alors leurs attributs, dans des mises en scène qui tendent à leur redonner leur splendeur et leur majesté antiques. Or la prolifération de telles images sculptées ou peintes dans l’espace public (jusqu’au début du xviie siècle) ne va pas sans poser problème, dans un contexte où artistes, commanditaires et public appartiennent tous à la communauté chrétienne. L’ouvrage de L. Freedman, initialement paru en 2003 et republié en 2010, s’emploie à mettre en lumière les enjeux d’un tel phénomène. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the revival of ancient Greco-Roman deities in Renaissance art and culture, highlighting a significant transformation in representation among artists of that era. It notes that artists began using 'all’antica' modes of representation, restoring the grandeur of ancient myths and contributing to the broader cultural revival of the Renaissance.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: 3D printing in medicine requires no regulatory oversight or quality checks. [SEP] Text: Secondly, our experience relies heavily on the use of CT imaging data which is used for the majority of our models as CT provide high spatial resolution and high geometric accuracy, both of which are critical for 3D printed models used in medicine. However, general principles outlined in this paper apply to 3D printing using other imaging modalities too. MRI data is increasing used as an adjunct to the CT data as higher resolution MRI imaging sequences are being developed. The use of 3D Ultrasound data is still in early stages of exploration for 3D printing. Finally, the QA program does not provide specific and quantifiable standard for 3D printing. As this technology evolves substantial QA data from multiple institutions needs to be accumulated over time so that appropriate specific and quantifiable QA standard will be developed and adopted by the medical 3D printing community. ConclusionsIn conclusion, this work describes the development of a comprehensive QA program for 3D printing in medicine. It is the hope that the methodologies here described will contribute toward the growing body of work needed to establish standards for QA programs for medical 3D printing. 9. 64. 5. 2006. Mitsouras D, et al. Medical 3d printing for the radiologist. Radiographics. 2015;35(7):1965–88. 9. 4. 18. 6. 36. 1. 92. 2. 21. 3501. 53. 57. Solomon J, et al. Design of anthropomorphic textured phantoms for CT performance evaluation. Proc. SPIE 9033, 2014: Physics of Medical Imaging, 90331U (March 19, 2014). doi:10. 1117/12. 2043555. Su S, Moran K, et al. Design and production of 3D printed bolus for electron radiation therapy. J Med Phys. 2014;15(4):194–211. Yoo TS, et al. Toward quantitative X-ray CT phantoms of metastatic tumors using rapid prototyping technology. on Biomedical Imaging: to Macro; Chicago. 2011;1770–73. doi:10. 1109/ISBI. 2011. 5872749. Ehler ED, et al. Patient specific 3D printed phantom for IMRT quality assurance. Biol. 2014;59(19):5763. 2502. 2012. Price R, et al. Magnetic resonance imaging quality control manual. Radiol. 2015. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by emphasizing the importance of quality assurance (QA) programs in the context of 3D printing in medicine. It states that 'the QA program does not provide specific and quantifiable standard for 3D printing,' which implies that oversight is necessary as the technology evolves. Furthermore, it mentions the need for 'substantial QA data from multiple institutions' and the hope that methodologies will establish 'standards for QA programs for medical 3D printing,' clearly demonstrating the significance of regulatory oversight and quality checks.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Some assert that using pathogens for pest control will never affect beneficial insects. [SEP] Text: El-Wakeil N: New aspects of biological control of Helicoverpa armigera in organic cotton production, Agric Fac, Goettingen Univ, Germany, 2003; 140 554. 68. : Increased parasitization of aphids on trap plants alongside vials releasing synthetic aphid sex pheromone and effective range of the pheromone. Technology 1998; 8:607–614. 69. : Oviposition response of green lacewings to aphids and potential attractants on pecan. 2007; 36:577–583. 70. -Gordon GUS: Attract and reward: Combining chemical ecology and habitat manipulation to enhance biological control in field crops. J 2011; 48:580–590. 71. Kaplan I: Attracting carnivorous arthropods with plant volatiles: The future of biocontrol or playing with fire? 2012; 60:77–89. 72. El-: Side effects of insecticides on natural enemies and possibility of their integration in plant protection strategies. S (Ed. ), Agricultural and “Insecticides—Development of Safer and Technologies”. Intech, Rijeka, Croatia, 2013; 54. 73. El-: Effects of some botanical insecticides on wheat insects and their natural enemies in winter and spring wheat. 2014; 2:19–36. 74. : Enhancing biological control: Habitat management to promote natural enemies of agricultural pests. 1998. 75. : Use of castor bean, Ricinus communis, for the introduction of the thrips predator Amblyseius degenerans on glasshouse-grown sweet peppers. Gent 1995; 60:885–891. 76. : Development of a grower rearing-release system for Atheta coriaria, for low cost biological control of ground-dwelling pest life stages. IOBC/WPRS Bull 2008; 32:21–24. 77. : The potential use of flowering alyssum as a ‘banker’ plant to support the establishment of Orius laevigatus in everbearer strawberry for improved biological control of western flower thrips. IOBC/WPRS Bull 2011; 68:15–18. 78. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not directly address the claim regarding the impact of using pathogens for pest control on beneficial insects. It discusses various aspects of biological control and the interaction between pests and beneficial insects but does not provide evidence or assertions concerning the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: The Renaissance period was marked by a revival of art, science, and humanism in Europe. [SEP] Text: L’auteur, professeur à l’université hébraïque de Jérusalem, est spécialiste de l’art italien des xve et xvie siècles et vient de publier une étude sur la réception de la mythologie gréco-romaine dans la peinture de la Renaissance italienne (in Painting, 2011). Revival of the in Renaissance Art, L. Freedman s’emploie à démontrer que, pour rendre acceptable les « épiphanies » de dieux païens, les artistes s’inspirent des œuvres antiques mais y ajoutent des éléments empruntés à leur propre époque : ils parviennent ainsi à rendre acceptables les Olympiens, à neutraliser le pouvoir de ces « faux dieux ». Les images peintes, sculptées ou gravées ainsi créées sont alors appréhendées d’un point de vue esthétique ou allégorique, et non plus en tant que figurations de puissances surnaturelles. 2L’ouvrage comporte neuf chapitres, répartis au sein de trois parties. La première, assez courte, présente les notions clefs utilisées pour l’analyse et précise les contours du phénomène étudié. L’auteur justifie d’abord le choix de limiter l’étude au groupe des « dieux olympiens », à savoir ceux qui occupent le sommet du panthéon gréco-romain. Elle précise ensuite qu’elle n’étudie que les « représentations autonomes » des divinités en question. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the revival of classical themes in the art of the Renaissance period, particularly how artists drew inspiration from ancient works while incorporating contemporary elements. This aligns with the claim that the Renaissance was a period marked by a revival, reflecting the broader cultural movements in art and humanism.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: 3D printing in medicine requires no regulatory oversight or quality checks. [SEP] Text: Navigating the intersection of 3D printing, software regulation and quality control for point-of-care manufacturing of personalized anatomical models Download PDF Download eeOpen access Published: 07 April 2023 Navigating the intersection of 3D printing, software regulation and quality control for point-of-care manufacturing of personalized anatomical models Naomi C. Paxton1 3D Printing in Medicine 3. 3D printed anatomical models produced using five of the software platforms have been cleared for diagnostic use “in conjunction with other diagnostic tools and expert clinical judgement” [14] for a range of clinical applications, namely orthopaedics (also referred to as musculoskeletal), craniomaxillofacial (incl. craniofacial and maxillofacial), and cardiovascular areas. (Company) and Simpleware ScanIP (Synopsis) may only be used for “visualization and educational purposes” and do not currently possess clearance for diagnostic use. This means the models cannot be used by a healthcare professional to diagnose a patients’ condition based on the 3D printed model, however they may still be used for other activities within a healthcare setting such as surgical training and patient education [15, 16]. Table 1 List of 3D modelling with the intended use of producing 3D printed anatomical models, cleared by the FDA (Class II 510(k) pathway)Full size tableMaterialise products (Mimics, Mimics InPrint and Mimics Medical) have played a critical role in establishing a benchmark for the safety and efficacy of these software platforms, with all other software platforms using a Materialise product as either a predicate or reference device for comparison of their safety and performance, and assessment of substantial equivalence (Fig. 2). Their 3D visualisation technology is underpinned by their platform 3D image viewing and surgical planning software developed in the 1990s for dental surgery applications. remains in routine clinical use for dental surgery planning and surgical guide design after being acquired by a US dental equipment manufacturer, [27]. Fig. 2Timeline of 510(k) clearance for medical imaging software for producing 3D printed anatomical models. The company name, software name and 510(k) number are provided on a timeline, as well as arrows indicating a software application’s 612. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by detailing the regulatory framework that governs 3D printing in medicine. It highlights that 3D printed anatomical models must be cleared for diagnostic use by regulatory bodies, such as the FDA, and that quality control measures are in place for software used in producing these models. The statement, '3D printed anatomical models produced using five of the software platforms have been cleared for diagnostic use' indicates that there are indeed regulatory requirements that contradict the claim of no oversight.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Some assert that using pathogens for pest control will never affect beneficial insects. [SEP] Text: Pumariño L, Alomar O: The role of omnivory in the conservation of predators: Orius majuscules (Heteroptera: Anthocoridae) on sweet alyssum. 2012; 62:24–28. 79. Koptur S: Nectar as fuel for plant protectors. In: Wäckers FL, van (Eds. ), Plant-for Carnivorous Insects: A. 2005; 108. 80. : Success in conservation biological control of arthropods. In: (Eds. ), Biological Control: Measures of Success. Dordrecht, Kluwer, 2000; 132. 81. : Spatial distribution of homopteran pests and beneficial insects in an orchard and its connection with ecological plant protection. J 1994; 117:519–529. 82. Wyss E: The effects of artificial weed strips on diversity and abundance of the arthropod fauna in a Swiss experimental apple orchard. Environ 1996; 60:47–59. 83. : Habitat management for enhancing biological control: Benefits and pitfalls. In: on 11–12 July 2000; 85. 84. Denys C, Tscharntke T: Plant-insect communities and predator-prey ratios in field margin strips, adjacent crop fields, and fallows. Oecologia 2002; 130:315–324. 85. Rahim A, Hashmi A. , Khan NA: Effects of temperature and relative humidity on longevity and development of Ooencyrtus papilionis, a parasite of the sugarcane pest, Pyrilla perpusilla. 1991; 20:774–775. 86. Heinz KM, van : Biocontrol in protected culture. Ball Publishing, Batavia, IL, 2004. 87. Hulshof J, Linnamaki M: Predation and oviposition rate of the predatory bug Orius laevigatus in the presence of alternative food. IOBC/WPRS Bull 2002; 25:107–110. 88. Ode PJ: Plant chemistry and natural enemy fitness: Effects on herbivore and natural enemy interactions. Entomol 2006; 51:163–185. 89. : The influence of plant anatomy on oviposition and reproductive success of the bug Orius insidiosus. 2008; 75:1495–1502. 90. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim directly or provide any relevant information regarding the effects of using pathogens on beneficial insects. Instead, it consists of bibliographic references pertaining to various studies related to ecological interactions and pest control without any specific mention of the assertion made in the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: The Renaissance period was marked by a revival of art, science, and humanism in Europe. [SEP] Text: L’auteur montre comment les artistes ont composé les images des dieux, par l’association d’éléments « classiques » et « non classiques ». L’un des changements les plus importants par rapport à l’Antiquité concerne la figuration des déesses : elles sont figurées nues, de manière à mettre en valeur la plasticité de leurs formes et la valeur esthétique de leur corps. Le dernier chapitre du volume insiste sur la réception ambivalente des œuvres, entre accueil favorable et réactions de défiance, voire de rejet, face à la renaissance d’« idoles », et montre comment leur production décline à la fin du xvie siècle. 4L’ouvrage a le mérite de mettre en lumière l’importance de ce laboratoire qu’a été l’art italien de la Renaissance dans la transmission et la réélaboration de l’héritage antique. Les problèmes abordés se situent à la croisée entre histoire de l’art, anthropologie culturelle et sociale, histoire de l’archéologie et histoire des religions. L’index, fort utile, témoigne d’ailleurs de la richesse et de la diversité des sujets traités. L’ouvrage permet notamment de mesurer la progression de la connaissance que les artistes, les érudits et les antiquaires acquièrent à cette époque de la religion et des arts des Grecs et des Romains. L’auteur éclaire aussi le processus par lequel la statue « classique » devient une sorte d’icône, symbole de l’excellence artistique et objet de contemplation esthétique. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing how Italian Renaissance art played a crucial role in the transmission and reworking of ancient heritage. It highlights the revival of classical elements in art, addressing how artists incorporated 'classical' and 'non-classical' elements, which aligns with the notion of a renaissance in art and aesthetics during this period. Additionally, it notes the importance of the Renaissance in the understanding of ancient Greek and Roman religion and arts, reflecting the revival aspect of the claim.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: 3D printing in medicine requires no regulatory oversight or quality checks. [SEP] Text: 50 USD, n = 16), several low-cost 3D printers are available, including the Ultimate S5 fused filament fabrication (FFF) system for use with PLA within the category of material extrusion (MEX) which, importantly, does not require any peripheral post-processing materials necessary for VP fabrication [30]. However, variation in the surface quality and material finish of each technique may render some techniques more suitable that others in addition to the accessibility of the price point. Intuitively, as 3D Systems is the only company to appear on both the list of software manufacturers and 3D printer manufacturers, they have exclusively validated their D2P software with several of their 3D printers [19]. Several printers on the list, including the Form1, HP580, 540, and, 36100, are capable of fabricating parts from nylon (PA11 or PA12) which is commonly used as a biocompatible material for tissue-interfacing applications such as surgical guides [31], however the regulatory complexities for producing such surgical tools extend beyond the scope of the aforementioned indications for use for anatomical models. Table 2 List of validated 3D printers for the production of anatomical models using FDA-cleared software and estimates of their price points. ((BJ), (MEX), (MJ), Fusion (PBF), (VP))Full size tableIn addition to the seven software platforms mentioned in Table 1, there are other programs that have similar capabilities for converting patient scan data into digital 3D models that can be used for 3D printing. However, these software platforms do not specifically describe the physical fabrication of models as an intended use of the software in their FDA clearance documentation (Table S1). These platforms include (AW) (GE Heathcare), that has been validated with Formlabs FORM 3B and 3BL printers [36], and Visualization (Canon), validated with Stratasys Objet260 Connex3. Intelli10 (Philips) and Synapse 3D () both market their software with 3D printing output capability [37, 38], whilst Dolphin 3D Surgery (Supply), iNtuition (TeraRecon), Osirix MD (Pixmeo Sarl) and Syngo. via (Siemens) have demonstrated use for producing 3D printed anatomical models in the academic literature [39,40,41,42,43] (Table S1). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the regulatory complexities associated with the production of surgical tools using 3D printing. It implies that while some 3D printers and software can produce anatomical models, the regulatory oversight for surgical applications extends beyond basic uses, suggesting that there are indeed regulatory requirements and quality checks needed for 3D printed medical devices.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Some assert that using pathogens for pest control will never affect beneficial insects. [SEP] Text: El-: Efficacy of Trichogramma evanescens in controlling the botrana in grape farms in Egypt. 2009; 42:705–714. 91. : Compatibility of Orius insidiosus (Hemiptera: Anthocoridae) with Amblyseius (Iphiseius) degenerans (Acari: Phytoseiidae) for control of Frankliniella occidentalis (Thripidae) on greenhouse roses. 2008; 44:259–270. 92. Bonato O, Ridray G: Effect of tomato deleafing on mirids, the natural predators of whiteflies. Dev 2007; 27:167–170. 93. Schmidt RA: Leaf structures affect predatory mites (Acari: Phytoseiidae) and biological control: A review. Acarol 2014; 62:1–17. 94. van Lenteren JC, van Roermund HJW, Sütterlin S: Biological control of Trialeurodes vaporariorum with Encarsia Formosa: How does it work? 1996; 6:1–10. 95. : Selection of refuges for Nesidiocoris tenuis (Miridae) and Orius laevigatus: Het. :Anthocoridae): Virus reservoir risk assessment. IOBC/WPRS Bull 2009; 49:281–286. 96. Castañé : Colonization of tomato greenhouses by the predatory mirid bugs Macrolophus caliginosus and Dicyphus tamaninii. 2004; 30:591–597. 97. Gerling D, Alomarb O, Arnó J: Biological control of Bemisia tabaci using predators and parasitoids. 2001; 20:779–799. 98. : Adding floral nectar resources to improve biological control: Potential pitfalls of the fourth trophic level. Ecol 2009; 10:554–562. 99. El-Wakeil NE: Evaluation of efficiency of Trichogramma evanescens reared on different factitious hosts to control Helicoverpa armigera. J 2007; 80:29–34. 100. Wäckers FL, Bonifay C: How to be sweet? Extrafloral nectar allocation by Gossypium hirsutum fits optimal defense theory predictions. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text provides citations and studies related to different biological control methods involving various predatory insects and parasitoids, but it does not address the specific assertion regarding the impact of using pathogens on beneficial insects. Therefore, it is irrelevant to the claim made.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Pyramids were built solely by slave labor under harsh conditions. [SEP] Text: combinations of prey, a 21, and predator, a 12, interaction strengths) where LV food chains of different lengths are pyramidal. For some combinations of a 21 and a 12 only one food chain length will produce Eltonian pyramids (=unhatched sectors, e. g. two trophic level food chains within dark green sector), while for other combinations of a 21 and a 12 more than one food chain length will produce Eltonian pyramids (=unhatched sectors, e. g. both two and four, but not three trophic level food chains within light green, diagonally hatched sector). See colourbar for which lengths of a food chain that are pyramidal within each sector. (C,D) Subplots show, using horizontal bars of different colours, the range of values of consumer (a 12) interaction strengths for which LV food chains with two to six trophic levels are (i) non-feasible (red region), (ii) feasible and pyramidal (green region), and (iii) feasible but non-pyramidal (yellow region), respectively, when resource and consumer interaction strengths are assumed to be related via the ecological efficiency (i. e. a i+1,i = γ × a i,i+1). When green bars for two or more food chain lengths overlap vertically this means that food chains with these number of trophic levels all will be pyramidal for the range of values of a 12 for which there is an overlap, while if there is no vertical overlap in green bars LV food chains of different lengths cannot be pyramidal simultaneously for any value of a 12 used. Density-dependent consumer mortality is absent from food chains in (A,C) but included in food chains in (B,D). (S5 and S6 for individual plots of the pyramidal parameter space for LV food chains with two to four trophic levels and a summary plot of food chains with up to six trophic levels). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses ecological concepts related to food chains and does not mention anything related to the construction of pyramids or labor conditions. Therefore, it cannot corroborate or contrast the claim about pyramids being built by slave labor.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: 3D printing in medicine requires no regulatory oversight or quality checks. [SEP] Text: It is also necessary to distinguish between 3D printed anatomical models produced by a manufacturer for sale in the US, compared to those produced in-house by a hospital or other healthcare provider that are not marketed and sold. FDA regulation currently extends only to products produced for marketing and sale in the US and therefore, whilst it is best practice for hospitals producing 3D printed anatomical models to follow the FDA guidance requiring 3D printed anatomical models to be produced using cleared software, it is not presently a requirement. This nuanced guidance from the FDA is likely to undergo significant change over the coming years as the role of medical device manufacturer is clarified in the context of the growing trend and return towards point-of-care manufacturing [44]. Thought leaders in the 3D printing for medical application space strongly advocate for the use of approved software coupled with validated 3D printers in the interests of maintaining “very high standards” and minimizing risk to patient safety [45]. 3D Printed product validationInaccuracies in model design & fabricationReproducible dimensional accuracy is crucial for quality control of 3D printed anatomical models, particularly since they may be used to inform diagnosis and surgical decision-making that may impact patient safety and quality of care. Since these models are not considered medical devices, no harmonized quality control standards currently exist. Research teams and 3D printing facilities around the world have therefore developed and reported a variety of quality management methods, focusing on establishing reproducible dimensional accuracy of 3D printed parts. Dimensional accuracy is defined as the agreement between the measured and designed dimension of the 3D-printed part [46], and has vital clinical relevance for the quantitative use of these 3D models for characterising pathologies, such as tumours, aneurysms or other pathologies where dimensional fidelity strongly determines treatment pathway and prognosis. Therefore, each stage of the 3D printed anatomical model generation workflow (Fig. 1) requires careful analysis to determine the presence of controlled or uncontrolled sources of inaccuracy and therefore motivation for regulatory oversight. Firstly, the image quality generated from CT and MRI scanning modalities is largely well-characterised, however the impact of imaging quality and parameters such as the choice of reconstruction kernel or slice reconstruction interval (SRI) have been shown to impact the mean absolute error between original models and 3D printed models [47]. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text directly contrasts the claim by explaining that while 3D printed anatomical models produced in-house by healthcare providers may not currently be subject to FDA regulation, best practices suggest that they should follow FDA guidelines. The text highlights the importance of quality control and the need for reproducible dimensional accuracy in 3D printing to ensure patient safety and quality of care. This indicates that certain oversight and quality checks are advisable, if not required, thus contradicting the claim that no regulatory oversight or quality checks are necessary.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Some assert that using pathogens for pest control will never affect beneficial insects. [SEP] Text: Ecology 2004; 85:1512–1518. 101. Kappers IF, Aharoni A, van : Genetic engineering of terpenoid metabolism attracts bodyguards to Arabidopsis. Science 2005; 309:2070–2072. 102. Zaki FN, El-: Increasing rates of parasitism of the larval parasitoid Bracon brevicornis (Hym. , Braconidae) by using kairomones, pheromones and a supplementary food. J 1998; 122:565–567. 103. : Field margin vegetation enhances biological control and crop damage suppression from multiple pests in organic tomato fields. Appl 2014; 150:45–65. 104. Shelton AM, Badenes-Perez FR: Concepts and applications of trap cropping in pest management. Entomol 2006; 51:285–308. 105. Carrié : Selection of floral resources to optimise conservation of agriculturally-functional insect groups. J 2012; 16:635–640. 106. : Foliar application of entomopathogenic nematodes for controlling Spodoptera littoralis and Agrotis ipsilon on corn (Zea mays) plants. in 2014; 3:51–61. 107. : Comparative study of quality traits of entomopathogenic nematodes before and after passing through certain insect hosts. Cont 2015; 25:237–243. 108. Alomar O, Albajes R: Habitat management for conservation of the native predator Macrolophus caliginosus. IOBC/WPRS Bulletin 2003; 26:7–11. 109. Cônsoli (Eds. ): Egg parasitoids in agroecosystems with emphasis on Trichogramma. 2010. ISBN 978-1-4020-9109-4110. : egg parasitoids as a mean of controlling the invasive south American tomato pinworm Tuta absoluta. 2012;7(10):e48068. 111. -Desneux E, Ramirez-Romero R, Desneux N: Potential for combined use of parasitoids and generalist predators for biological control of the key invasive tomato pest Tuta absoluta. J 2013; 86: 533–541. 112. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is a list of references and titles related to various studies and papers in the field of pest control and entomology. It does not directly address or provide information that supports or contradicts the claim about the effects of using pathogens on beneficial insects. Therefore, it is considered irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Cultural exchange along the Silk Road influenced art, language, and trade across Asia and Europe. [SEP] Text: From ancient Chinese literature, such as (《天工开物》 Exploitation of the Works of Nature), (《本草纲目》 Compendium of Materia Medica), (《多能鄙事》 Capable of Sorts of Vulgar Things), (《物理小识》 of Physics), and (《齐民要术》 for the People's Welfare), it can be found out that the delicate and rich color system of red is mostly stained by safflower and sappan wood. Application of these two types of for coloration, which were introduced to China through the Silk Road, was far more than the localized madder. For instance, in (《云麓漫钞》 in the Tang and Song Dynasties), the record of red color is as follows: “Previously it was believed that red refers to the secondary color composed of crimson and white, namely the color of red combined with blue nowadays. ” The earliest record of madder was written in Jing (《山海经》 of Mountains and Rivers). Application of madder for coloration had a long history in the whole history of Chinese clothing color. During the whole period of Pre-Qin as well as Qin and Han Dynasties, madder was extensively planted for dyeing. As written in Yi (《汉官仪》 and Regulations in the Han Dynasty), “we planted herbs in the dyeing garden for the coloration of emperor's clothes, which is known as madder. ” The warm red color dyed from madder belongs to the crimson color combined with yellow. For the coloration of strong crimson, it needs repeatedly impregnation, leading to the color change that stained for the first time, the color is light red, while for the fourth time, the color transforms to vermilion. Safflower was originally produced in a type of traditional dyestuff with a long history. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by providing evidence of how the Silk Road facilitated the introduction of safflower and sappan wood to China, which influenced the color system in Chinese art and textiles. This illustrates the cultural exchange along the Silk Road and its impact on artistic practices in China.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: 3D printing in medicine requires no regulatory oversight or quality checks. [SEP] Text: Next, the digital process steps have the potential to introduce inaccuracy in the model design and interpretation of anatomical structures, particularly when performed by non-experts [48, 49]. Figure 3 demonstrates the source of estimation and inaccuracy between the original CT scan data of a femur versus the segmentation selection, ‘part’ and exported STL file. Whilst little difference is perceivable in the macroscopic views of the 3D models, at high magnification, the interpretation of the segmented pixel selection into a part and STL file yields a potential source of inaccuracy between the patient anatomy and produced model (Fig. 3). Several CAD tools are commonly used to prepare the part for final production, including the use of ‘wrap’ tools to close small holes in the 3D model, or mesh reduction to reduce and improve the quality of triangles comprising the STL model. These tools, in combination with the vast range of adaptation and manipulation tools available in CAD software such as 3-matic (Materialise) may impact the quality and accuracy of the 3D model compared to the patient anatomy and original scan data. This is consistent with previous reports demonstrating that different segmentation and part generation algorithms produce models with statistically significant variation in physical dimensions [50, 51]. This also further reinforces the accepted standard of practice for point-of-care 3D printing facilities to use software platforms cleared by the FDA in combination with validated 3D printers, since critical inaccuracies could step from several aspects of the workflow when using non-cleared and validated products, particularly when performed by non-radiologists, such as 3D printing technicians that do not have formal medical training. Fig. 3Comparison of 3D model morphology of a femur at high magnification. CT scan data (greyscale) was segmented (red) in Mimics (Materialise), converted to a ‘part (green) and exported to an STL file (blue) after ‘wrapping’ and floating body removalFull size imageFinally, dimensional accuracy of the final 3D printed models may be evaluated using a range of technologies, including callipers, photographic measurements, surface scanning, photogrammetry, coordinate measuring machines (CMMs), or CT scans, summarised in Fig. 4 [42]. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by detailing the importance of regulatory oversight and quality checks in 3D printing processes. It emphasizes that inaccuracy in model design can arise, especially when procedures are conducted by non-experts. The text highlights that point-of-care 3D printing facilities should use software platforms cleared by the FDA and validated 3D printers to avoid critical inaccuracies. This indicates that regulatory oversight is necessary to ensure accurate and safe medical applications of 3D printing.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Some assert that using pathogens for pest control will never affect beneficial insects. [SEP] Text: El-: Assessment of two Trichogramma species for the control of Tuta absoluta in tomato greenhouses. Entomol 2014; 22:801–809. 113. Abbas MST: Studies on Trichogramma buesi as a biocontrol agent against Pieris rapae in Egypt. Entomophaga 1989; 34:447–451. 114. Agamy E: Field evaluation of the egg parasitoid, Trichogramma evanescens West against the olive moth Prays oleae (Bern. ) in Egypt. J 2010; 83:53–58. 115. Ibrahim RAA: Biological control of grape berry moths Eupoecilia ambiguella and Lobesia botrana Schiff. (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) by parasitoids of the genus Trichogramma. PhD Thesis of Uni of Giessen, Germany, 2004; 103 138. 117. : Performance of four Trichogramma species as biocontrol agents of Heliothis virescens under various temperature regimes. J 2011; 84:313–320. 118. : 2015 Trichogramma evanescens release in correlation with certain pesticides against the spiny bollworm, Earias insulana infestation in early and late cotton cultivation. J 2015; 5:290–296. 119. Abbas MST: Trichogramma evanescens, a biocontrol agent against the sugar-cane borer, Chilo agamemnon in Egypt. 1997; 25:29. 120. Tohamy TH: Better conditions for releases of the egg parasitoid, Trichogramma evanescens for controlling the lesser sugarcane borer, Chilo agamemnon in Sugarcance fields in Minia region. 2008; 18:17–26. 121. : Study on parasitism of Chilo suppressalis, in different habitats. 1999; 21:145–149. 122. : Performance of Trichogramma species as biocontrol agents of Chilo suppressalis, under various temperature and humidity regimes. J 2012; 85:497–504. 123. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text lists various studies and assessments of Trichogramma species as biocontrol agents against specific pests. However, it does not address or reference the impact of these methods on beneficial insects or confirm that such methods will never affect them. Therefore, the text is irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Cultural exchange along the Silk Road influenced art, language, and trade across Asia and Europe. [SEP] Text: It was recorded in Zhi (《博物志》 Natural History) that (张骞) obtained the seeds of safflower from the and at present we plant safflower in (nowadays the region of Hebei Province). Safflower contains yellow pigment and red pigment and was widely planted due to being introduced to via the Silk Road. As first, the color stained by safflower was helvolus. Laterm yellow pigment was eliminated with the gradual adoption of killing-flower method (the method to extract red pigment) to obtain the pink color with fluorescent effect, thereby which can be used for coloration of red (红), scarlet red (大红), carmine (莲红), pink (桃红), pale rose color (银红), bright red (水红) m and real red (真红). also dried safflower in the sun or made it into flower paste [Figure 7]. This technique was not limited by the flowering phase. It could preserve the red pigment and be used to make blusher, which is the indispensable beauty applications for makeup and adornment of ancient Chinese women [Figures 8 and 9]. Figure 7: Production of safflower pasteFigure 8: Safflower for Drying in the SunFigure 9: Silk tassel dyed from safflowerSappan wood was originally produced in India, Myanmar, Vietnam, and Malaysia. In local area, sappan wood belongs to the red dyestuff of great importance [Figure 10]. The earliest record about sappan wood was written in Zhuang (《南方草木状》 Description of Vegetation in South China) in the Jin Dynasty, saying that sappan wood was similar to sophora flower with black seeds, which was produced in (nowadays, the central area of Vietnam). Southerner applied it for coloration of dark red. If it was soaked in water from (located in Guangdong Province), the color would be deeper. Coloration process by sappan wood is simple with strong color. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by detailing the introduction and use of safflower as a dye, which illustrates cultural exchange along the Silk Road. The reference to how safflower was planted, processed, and used for beauty applications highlights the exchange of knowledge and techniques across cultures. Additionally, the mention of sappan wood and its origins from various Asian countries further emphasizes the impact of trade and cultural exchange facilitated by the Silk Road on practices such as dyeing and coloring, which are significant in both art and trade.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: 3D printing in medicine requires no regulatory oversight or quality checks. [SEP] Text: Many studies evaluating accuracy focus on a single pathology or region of anatomy [9, 42, 47], and it has been highlighted that further research is needed to evaluate the accuracy of anatomic models across a more generalised range of anatomical regions [46]. Fig. 4Summary of accuracy measurement techniques for validating the fabrication of 3D printed anatomical models. Linear measurements of anatomical features may be taken from a 3D scan of the 3D printed model or the physical model itself (blue) [42, 46, 52, 53], whilst optical or laser surface scanning allows 2D surface comparisons between anatomical features in the original scan data, STL file and physical model (green) [9, 42, 54, 55]. Finally, a ‘residual volume’ metric is proposed for 3D quantification of model accuracy (pink) [56]Full size imageValidation & quality control methodsWhilst formalised quality control systems for 3D printing anatomical models in hospital have not yet been mandated by the FDA, several methodologies have been proposed in the academic literature, ranging from versatile guidance for routine manufacturing workflows, through to systematic academic studies reporting vital fundamental validation where the true anatomical accuracy has been directly measured from cadaveric samples [42, 52]. Since the true patient anatomy is rarely accessible during routine clinical cases, the DICOM scan data is widely accepted as the ground truth, to which the STL file and 3D printed part are compared (Fig. 1). Comparison of the DICOM file to STL file provides validation information on the accuracy of the segmentation and CAD processes, validating the software tools used to generate the digital 3D model. This validation is included in the validation and verification testing performed by FDA-cleared software platforms listed in Table 1 and validates the suitability of these platforms to accurately translate the 3D scan data into 3D models. At this stage, radiologist oversight is recommended to ensure the quality of the digital model [57]. Next, the STL file is 3D printed to generate the physical model, the accuracy of which compared to the STL file is intrinsic to the 3D printer itself, the material, the paired slicing software, printing mechanism, upkeep and maintenance, and may not be specific to the design being printed. This should be independently and routinely validated using standardized models using manufacturer-specific guidance [58]. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by emphasizing the need for quality control and regulatory oversight in the 3D printing of anatomical models in medicine. It states that while formalized quality control systems have not been mandated by the FDA, several methodologies have been proposed to ensure validation of accuracy. It mentions that 'radiologist oversight is recommended to ensure the quality of the digital model,' indicating that quality checks are indeed considered necessary in the practice of 3D printing in a medical context.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Some assert that using pathogens for pest control will never affect beneficial insects. [SEP] Text: Loni A, Rossi E, van Achterberg K: First report of Agathis fuscipennis in Europe as parasitoid of the tomato leafminer Tuta absoluta. 2011; 64:115–117. 124. : Adaptation of indigenous larval parasitoids to Tuta absoluta in Italy. J 2012; 105:1311–1319. 125. Zappalà : Recruitment of native parasitoids by theexotic pest Tuta absoluta in southern Italy. 2012; 65:51–61. 126. à L, Desneux, N: Indigenous natural enemies attacking Tuta absoluta in France. Cont 2013; 23:117–121. 127. Biondi A, Desneux N, Amiens-Desneux E, Siscaro G, Zappalà L: Biology and developmental strategies of the Palaearctic parasitoid Bracon nigricans on the Neotropical moth Tuta absoluta. J 2013; 106:1638–1647. 128. Abd-Rabou S, Abou-Setta: Paqrasitism of Siphoninus phillyreae by aphelined parasitoids at different locations in Egypt. JHYM Res 1998; 71:57–61. 129. van : Biological control of whiteflies. In: Albajes R, Gullino ML, van Lenteren JC, (Eds. ), in Greenhouse Crops. Kluwer, Dordrecht, The Netherlands, 1999; 216. 130. Abd-Rabou S: Biological control of two species of whiteflies by Eretmocerus siphonini in Egypt. 2002; 37:257–260. 131. Simmons AM, Abd-Rabou S: Parasitism of Bemisia tabaci after multiple releases of Encarsia sophia in three vegetable crops. J Entomol 2005; 22:73–77. 132. Hoelmer KA: Whitefly parasitoids: Can they control field populations of Bemisia? In: Gerling D, Mayer RT (Eds. ), Bemisia Taxonomy, Biology, Damage, Control and Management. Intercept, Andover, Hants, UK, 1995; 476. 133. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text provided does not directly address the claim about the impact of using pathogens for pest control on beneficial insects. It mainly consists of citations and references related to various parasitoids and biological control methods for specific pests like Tuta absoluta and whiteflies. Since the focus is on the biology and control methods without any statement regarding the effects on beneficial insects, it is deemed irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Cultural exchange along the Silk Road influenced art, language, and trade across Asia and Europe. [SEP] Text: It can be used for tintage of wood red (木红), alum red (丹矾红), little red (小红), and black red (乌红), referring to as the significant dyestuff for official uniforms [Figure 11]. The widespread application of sappan wood in the got benefit from the commodity trade of the Road. Fleet of (郑和, the famous navigator and diplomat in the Ming Dynasty) transported large amounts of sappan-wood from to the Central Plains, which not only met the needs of red color for the royal court but also continued and developed the red culture, making it exists not only in the imperial court but also in the lives of common people. Eventually, it became the color symbol on behalf of Chinese nation. Figure 10: Sappan wood the most important red dyestuff in the Ming DynastyFigure 11: Red colors dyed from sappan woodAs stated above, due to the terrestrial and maritime silk trade, brand new type of red dyestuff had been introduced, cultivated, applied, and integrated into Chinese red culture, becoming an indispensable part eventually. Financial support and sponsorship Nil. Conflicts of interest There are no conflicts of interest. Keywords:Materia medica trade; red dyestuff; Copyright: © 2018 and CultureView full 2018. Full-+ View in to Colleague Colleague's E-mail is Name: Colleague's Email: Separate multiple e-mails with a (;). Message: Thought you might appreciate this item(s) I saw in and Culture. Your message has been successfully sent to your colleague. Some error has occurred while processing your request. Please try after some time. Back to Miss an new journal Tables of Contents sent right to your email inbox the on the website eus at: Support: Submit a TEL: 800-638-3030 (within the USA) 301-223-2300 (outside of the USA) of © 2024 Health, Inc. and/or its subsidiaries. All rights reserved. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by highlighting how the trade along the Silk Road facilitated the introduction and integration of sappan wood—a significant red dyestuff—into Chinese culture. It notes the 'widespread application' of this dyestuff, which reflects a cultural exchange that not only affected trade but also influenced local practices and color symbolism in art. The development of 'red culture' mentioned in the text, stemming from this trade, supports the idea that cultural exchange along the Silk Road significantly influenced art and cultural practices.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: 3D printing in medicine requires no regulatory oversight or quality checks. [SEP] Text: Full process validation is therefore critical, ensuring that the final printed product is within an acceptable tolerance from the original DICOM data (Fig. 1). Since the DICOM file (sliced 2D images), STL file (3D digital model) and final printed part (3D physical model) exist in different spatial as well as physical or digital domains, several metrics for comparison have been utilized: 1D linear measurements, 2D surface measurements, and 3D volumetric measurements (Fig. 4). Measurements on the final 3D printed part may be performed directly, in the case of linear measurements using callipers, or via re-visualization of the part using 3D surface scanning, such as optical, photogrammetry or laser scanning, or CT scanning, offering a continuum of spatial information at a variety of resolutions depending on the specific equipment used [59]. Industry leaders have widely supported the use of callipers to perform linear measurements directly on 3D printed outputs compared to digital linear measurements performed on the DICOM and STL files for routine quality control [46, 60]. These measurements are routinely performed on macroscopic dimensions of large components or wall thicknesses of hollow or tubular structures. These measurements may be compared to the STL file or original DICOM dataset, as shown in Fig. 1, with a tolerance of < 1 mm deviation between physical model and original data widely considered to be acceptable in the literature for diagnostic models [9, 46, 61]. However, such measurements on specific anatomical features of personalized models cannot be readily compared between cases. Therefore, the inclusion of standardized ‘landing blocks’ of a specific dimension added into the 3D model has been proposed by Ravi et al. (2022) to enable reproducible and comparable measurements between models of varying geometry and clinical application [46]. The tolerance threshold is much higher for devices such as anatomic guides that have to fit on the target bony anatomy compared to anatomic models used for diagnostic purposes. Other more comprehensive techniques such as surface and volume measurements based on scans of the physical part play a vital role in process establishment, enabling comparison from digital scan data of the printed product compared to segmentation and STL data. These techniques are comprehensive and enable accuracy characterisation of the accuracy of all features of the part, notably thin internal features that may be inaccessible for physical measurement. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the critical importance of full process validation and routine quality control measurements for 3D printed medical products. It highlights various methods such as linear measurements, surface measurements, and volumetric measurements for ensuring that the printed products meet acceptable tolerances from the original specifications. The mention of industry support for quality control methods indicates that regulatory oversight and quality checks are indeed necessary in the context of 3D printing in medicine.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Some assert that using pathogens for pest control will never affect beneficial insects. [SEP] Text: : Reproductive biology and search behavior of Amitus bennetti (Hymenoptera: Platygasteridae), a parasitoid of Bemisia argentifolii (Homoptera: Aleyrodidae). 1999; 28:282–289. 134. Gabarra R, Zapata R, Castañe C, Riudavets J, Arno J: Releases of Eretmocerus mundus and Macrolophus caliginosus for controlling Bemisia tabaci on spring and autumn greenhouse tomato crops. IOBC/WPRS Bull 2006; 29:71–76. 135. Saleh AAA: Efficacy of the aphid parasitoid Diaeretiella rapae to control Brevicoryne brassicae, Aphis craccivora and Aphis nerii in Egypt. 2014; 92:21–31. 136. Abd-: Notes on the parasitoids of the soft brown scale, Coccushes peridum in Egypt, 1999; 33:179–184. 137. Abd-Rabou S: Parasitoids attacking soft scales (Homoptera: Coccidea) in Egypt. 2001; 79:859–880. 138. Abd-Rabou S: A survey of parasitoids associated with the hemispherical scale, Saissetia coffeae in North-west Coastal area of Egypt. Univ 2001:1–5. 139. Abd-Rabou S: Whiteflies (Homoptera: Aleyrodidae), scale insects (Homoptera: Coccoidea) and their parasitoids in Qena governorate. 2002; 80:1563–1577. 140. : Survey of mealybug parasitoids and their associated hyber-parasitoids on certain ornamental host plants at Giza region. 1999; 77:97–110. 141. : Classical biological control of the pink hibiscus mealybug, Maconellicoccus hirsutus (Green), in southern California. 2006; 37:155–166. 142. Gabarra R, Alomar, Castañe C, Goula M, Albajes R: Movement of greenhouse whitefly and its predators between in- and outside of Mediterranean greenhouses. Environ 2004; 102:341–348. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text consists of multiple citations related to the use of parasitoids and other biological control agents against specific pest species, but it does not directly address or evaluate the claim about the effects of using pathogens on beneficial insects. Therefore, it is irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Cultural exchange along the Silk Road influenced art, language, and trade across Asia and Europe. [SEP] Text: Kulturní studia & SCOPE | časopisuAbout the JournalRecenzované článkyPeer-reviewed papersStudentská sekceStudent sectionZaslat příspěvekSubmitting paperČasopis ke staženíDownload the A cross-cultural perspective on ornamental serpentine patterns along the : Affiliation: Institute for Asian Studies, al-National University, Al-71, Almaty, Kazakhstan Email: germankim01@yahoo. comLanguage: English Issue: 2/2024 (23) Pages: 23-41 (19 pages) Keywords: Silk Road, Kazakh baskur, Ornamentation, Nomadic culture, Cross-cultural studies, Symbolism in patterns, Traditional weavingAbstractThis 1856. Jones meticulously documented his observations of decorative arts during his extensive travels across Europe, the Middle East, and his native London. [2]The study of ornamentation along the is of considerable significance for several compelling reasons. Ornaments found along this ancient trade route were far more than mere decoration; they embodied profound meaning and symbolism, reflecting the worldview and cultural values of their time. Research in this field offers invaluable insights into the lives, beliefs, and artistic practices of the ancient civilizations that flourished along the Silk Road. Ornaments frequently functioned as markers of identity, social status, and cultural affiliation. By examining the types and distribution of these ornaments, scholars can glean important information about the social structures, hierarchies, and intergroup relations within the societies that inhabited this region. Furthermore, research into ornamentation plays a pivotal role in safeguarding cultural heritage, fostering intercultural exchange, and serving as a wellspring of inspiration for contemporary art and design. Historical and cultural analyses of these ornaments provide a richly layered perspective on the interconnectedness of civilizations, the dynamics of trade and commerce, the evolution of artistic expression, and the diffusion of ideas and beliefs across vast geographical expanses. [3]Studies of traditional patterns along the reveal a region rich in cultural complexity, offering a unique confluence of multiple academic disciplines. The examination of these patterns yields valuable insights into the cultural, economic, and social dynamics that shaped this historic trade route, drawing on the fields of archaeology, art history, ethnography, and cultural studies. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing how the study of ornamentation along the Silk Road provides insights into the cultural values and beliefs of ancient civilizations. It mentions that ornaments served as markers of identity and cultural affiliation, reflecting the interconnectedness of civilizations, the dynamics of trade and commerce, and the diffusion of ideas. This supports the claim that cultural exchange along the Silk Road influenced various aspects of societies across Asia and Europe.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: 3D printing in medicine requires no regulatory oversight or quality checks. [SEP] Text: However, their role in routine quality control may be limited due to cost and time inefficiency compared to physical measurements with callipers [56]. Conclusion & future directions3D Printed anatomical models driving hospital-based manufacturingAs technology and the technological competency of healthcare providers for producing 3D printed anatomical models continue to advance, it is likely that FDA guidance will evolve to reflect these changes. The FDA may consider several dynamic factors when updating its guidance in the coming years, including the development of new applications, validation techniques, feedback from key stakeholders, such as surgeons, 3D printing experts and patient groups, as well as changes in the international regulatory landscape. This is particularly pertinent given the proximity of the technologies underpinning 3D printed anatomical model manufacturing to those capable of producing other personalised medical devices and equipment that fall under medical device manufacturing regulation. The growing demand for personalised medical devices such as surgical implants has strongly driven the requirement for point-of-care manufacturing, both to minimize lead times for manufacturing personalized devices, as well as cybersecurity concerns to reduce data-sharing with third parties outside of the healthcare providers’ systems in the process of designing and manufacturing personalized devices. These new challenges intrinsic to the technological capability offered by 3D printing for producing personalized devices are stimulating a growing conversation within regulatory bodies to reconsider how healthcare providers can also act as medical device manufacturers. Availability of 3D printersBeyond regulatory considerations, the availability of 3D printers that have been validated for use in conjunction with cleared 3D modelling software remains limited, as demonstrated in Tables 1 and 2. Only a small subset of the available types of 3D printing techniques are represented in the list of validated printers, as well as an even smaller cohort of the thousands of brands and models of 3D printers on the market capable of producing 3D printed anatomical models are validated and marketed for use in producing anatomical models. Strategic partnerships between software providers and 3D printer manufacturers have motivated the validation of specific printers with software platforms [16, 17, 62], however in the absence of validation testing methods used by these providers and manufacturers in the public domain, the list of available printers may remain limited. The prevalence of expensive (> $100,000 USD) printing equipment, with disproportionately few low cost options with respect to the range available on the market is a limiting factor for the acceleration of 3D printing facility establishment in hospitals, despite low-cost models having similar clinical relevance than those produced on high-cost equipment [63,64,65]. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the evolving FDA guidance and the regulatory considerations surrounding 3D printing in medicine. It mentions that as technology advances, FDA guidance will likely consider various dynamic factors, indicating that regulatory oversight is indeed necessary. The text highlights that the capability of producing personalized medical devices through 3D printing stimulates conversation among regulatory bodies, suggesting that quality checks and oversight are required in this field.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Some assert that using pathogens for pest control will never affect beneficial insects. [SEP] Text: 143. El-Laithy AY: Laboratory studies on growth parameters of three predatory mites associated with eriophyid mites in olive nurseries. Z 1998; 105:78–83. 144. El-: Biocontrol studies on corn borers in Egypt. 2. Parasitism on Ostrinia nubilalis Hbn. (Pyraustidae: Lepidoptera) in maize field. Uni 1987; 38:551–557. 145. Kfir R: 1990 Parasites of the spotted stalk borer, Chilo partellus (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) in South Africa. Entomophaga 1990; 35:403–410. 146. -Wakeil NE: Parasitism rates by Trichogramma evanescens on Ostrinia nubilalis and Chilo agamemnon eggs in maize and sorghum fields at lower Egypt. Univ 1999; 50:99–116. 147. : Biological control of the red palm weevil with entomopathogenic nematodes. Tree 2009; 1:56–65. 148. : Towards sustainable control of Lepidopterous pests in olive cultivation. 2005; 58:117–128. 149. -said S, Abd el-aziz G, Khamiss N: Field efficiency of indigenous egg parasitoids to control Prays oleae and Palpita unionalis in an olive plantation in Egypt. 2007; 43:171–187. 150. El-Wakeil NE: Impacts of cotton traits on the parasitization of Heliocoverpa armigera eggs by Trichogramma species. 2011; 63:83–93. 151. El-Wakeil NE, Abd-Alla A: Cotton pests and the actual strategies for their management control. Publishers, Inc. 400 Suite 1600 Hauppauge NY 11788-3619, USA, 2012; 59. ISBN 978-1-61942-746-4. [Published in book entitled: Cotton: Cultivation, varieties, protection and uses. ]152. Abbes K, Biondi A, Zappalà L, Chermiti B: Fortuitous parasitoids of the invasive tomato leafminer Tuta absoluta in Tunisia. Phytoparasitica 2014; 42:85–92. 153. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not provide relevant information that addresses the claim about the impact of using pathogens for pest control on beneficial insects. Instead, it lists various studies and references related to different biocontrol methods but does not mention any direct implications on beneficial insects.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Cultural exchange along the Silk Road influenced art, language, and trade across Asia and Europe. [SEP] Text: This multidisciplinary approach is crucial for a thorough understanding of the origins, significance, and evolution of these patterns. Cities along the Silk Road, such as Dunhuang, Chang’an (near present-day Xi’an in China), Constantinople (Byzantium), Damascus (Syria), Samarkand (Uzbekistan), Taraz and Otrar (Kazakhstan), and Merv (Turkmenistan), among others, have uncovered significant artefacts that highlight the diversity and complexity of ornamental traditions. Steppe, a vast expanse of flat, treeless grassland stretching across Eurasia, holds great historical importance as both a homeland and a transit route for many nomadic cultures, including the Kazakhs. The traditional dwelling of the Kazakh nomads, the yurt—also known as a ger in Mongolia—is a circular structure supported by a wooden frame covered with felt or fabric. This frame consists of a collapsible lattice wall, roof poles, and a crown (shanyrak) that supports the roof and provides ventilation. [4]The yurt is a traditional, portable dwelling used by the nomads of Central Asia, with origins tracing back to the Age. It served as a home for various ethnic groups, each of whom referred to it by different names: in Kazakh, it is called „kiіz uy,“ literally translating to „felt mat house“; in Kyrgyz, „boz uy“ („grey house,“ named for the colour of the felt); in Turkmen, „gara öý“ („black house,“ owing to the dark hue of the felt); in Khakass, „aғas ib“ („wooden house,“ referring to the use of logs); in Bashkir, „tirmә“ (felt dwelling); in Karakalpak, „kara-uy“ („black house“); and in Mongolian and Buryat, „gar“ (meaning simply „house“). In Uzbek, the term „uy“ is also used to denote a yurt, which translates as „house. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the historical significance of cities along the Silk Road, such as Dunhuang and Samarkand, and highlighting the diversity of ornamental traditions as a result of cultural exchanges. It provides context for how cultural elements, such as the design of yurts, have been influenced by different ethnic groups along the Silk Road, which supports the idea that these exchanges impacted art, language, and trade across Asia and Europe.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: 3D printing in medicine requires no regulatory oversight or quality checks. [SEP] Text: Reimbursement & economicsFinally, a parallel challenge to accelerating the adoption of 3D printed anatomical models, in addition to regulatory and technological considerations, is the economical proposal. This has recently been the topic of an excellent editorial by Rybicki (University of Cincinnati) who examines the intersection of regulation and reimbursement in the current landscape of hospital-based manufacturing [57]. 2019, the Association (AMA) defined four new Terminology (CPT®) codes relating to 3D printed anatomical models and surgical tools. CPT® codes are a “uniform language for coding medical services and procedures to streamline reporting” [66], and the inclusion of specific codes relating to 3D printed models and guides presents and exciting step forward towards routine adoption and use of 3D printed models in healthcare settings. Specifically relating to 3D printed anatomical models, “codes 0559 T and 0560 T represent reimbursement for the production of individually prepared 3D printed models that can be made from one or more components and unique colors and materials” and can be used to bill for the production of these products during patient care [66]. However, the codes are currently ‘temporary’ Category III codes and therefore health insurers are not obliged to reimburse for these codes, nor is a specific value assigned to the code for reimbursement. It is therefore at the discretion of individual health insurers whether they choose to reimburse for 3D printed anatomical models and if so, for how much. A survey of the over 300 US health insurers’ [67] reimbursement schedules suggests that only 15 health insurers currently choose to reimburse for these specific CPT® codes, to an average value of $91. 78 US per model (n = 15) [68,69,70]. reimburses the highest amount of the surveyed insurers, to a maximum of $372. 78 US [71]. Coupled with their nationally leading network of on-site 3D printing facilities [72], including as a compliant medical device manufacturer [73], this poses an insightful estimate into the feasible cost of routinely produced 3D printed anatomical models based on the ability for the VHA to produce and bill for these models in-house. However, the comprehensive costs associated with producing anatomic models maybe substantially higher as demonstrated in a recent study where the average cost of producing anatomic models across 11 clinical indications at the point-of-care was $2180 and $2467 when outsourced to industry [74]. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing regulatory considerations in the context of 3D printing for medical applications. It mentions that there are specific CPT® codes related to 3D printed anatomical models and surgical tools, which suggests that there is a level of regulation and oversight involved in the reimbursement process. Additionally, the existence of temporary Category III codes indicates that there are pending regulations and requirements in place for the use of 3D printed models, directly opposing the assertion that such practices require no regulatory oversight.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Some assert that using pathogens for pest control will never affect beneficial insects. [SEP] Text: is Open Access? is an initiative that aims to make scientific research freely available to all. To date our community has made over 100 million downloads. It’s based on principles of collaboration, unobstructed discovery, and, most importantly, scientific progression. As PhD students, we found it difficult to access the research we needed, so we decided to create a new publisher that levels the playing field for scientists across the world. How? By making research easy to access, and puts the academic needs of the researchers before the business interests of publishers. are a community of more than 103,000 authors and editors from 3,291 institutions spanning 160 countries, including winners and some of the world’s most-cited researchers. Publishing on IntechOpen allows authors to earn 10. 5772/67111 this 1. Choose citation style Select style to clipboard Get citation 2. Choose citation style Select format Bibtex RIS Download citation IntechControl of Pest and Edited by Vonnie D. C. the of Pest and Edited by Vonnie D. C. purchase hard copies of this book, please contact the representative in India: CBS Publishers & Distributors Pvt. Ltd. www. cbspd. com | customercare@cbspd. com 1. Choose citation style Select style to clipboard Get citation 2. Choose citation style Select format Bibtex RIS Download citation Impact of this 1. genus Chrysops known as deer flies is under studied in Africa. Most of the knowledge on this genus date back to works performed in the years fifties to sixties. Interest was again raised on this genus in the years nineties when loiasis, a filarial disease transmitted by Chrysops species, stood as an obstacle to onchorcerciasis elimination programme. The literature on the topic is not only old but also very limited and scarce, probably because Chrysops species are mistakenly considered as of little economic importance and also because few species are anthropophilic while the majority is mainly zoophilic. Although a number of Chrysops species are transmitters of many pathogens to livestock, what is currently known on the genus Chrysops is mostly derived from studies on Chrysops silacea and Chrysops dimidiata, the main vectors of Loa loa to humans. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim regarding the effects of using pathogens for pest control on beneficial insects. It instead discusses the publication and access of scientific research and some background information on the genus Chrysops without relating it to the potential impacts on beneficial insects.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Cultural exchange along the Silk Road influenced art, language, and trade across Asia and Europe. [SEP] Text: “ Etymological comparisons reveal two key features common to the names of yurts: the primary building material (felt or wood) and its colour (white, grey, or black). Almost universally, the word for yurt across these languages incorporates the term for „house“ or „dwelling. “The yurt’s architectural design, using natural materials such as wood and wool, provided the lightness essential for a nomadic lifestyle, ease of assembly and disassembly, and insulation that offered warmth in winter and coolness in summer. The internal space of the yurt was functionally divided, with each section assigned a specific purpose, reflecting not only the daily life of the nomads but also their worldview, deeply imbued with ancient symbols, sociocultural values, and philosophical meaning. Figure 1. Examples of Sogdian traders and porcelain utensils from the period, Han Dynasty. From right to left: Ancient motifs of two opposing animals on silk brocade and polychrome material, early 8th century. Also Uighur. Motif of two oppositely standing birds on carpets of remote mountain Tajik villages of the Pamir, 18th-19th century. Round rosette, Kosh (Eyebrows) and plant painting from the Fergana Valley, 17th-18th century. Plant ornament in Shokhi Zinda, plant ornament in wood carving, plant ornament painting from Samarkand, 16th-17th century. A fragment of Bukhara ceramic mosaic, details of carved tombstones from Bukhara mausoleums, 17th-18th century. Persian ornaments, Sasanian and Safavid culture. Plate with Chinese pattern, reliefs with animals, carpets of vegetal character, 16th century. Complex tribal gyols of the Turkmen tribes Ersala and Teke. 14th-15th centuries. Ossetian and Alanian ornaments. Solar ornaments of and clan circles. No later than the 15th-16th centuries. Examples of arabesques and vegetal ornaments. Geometric, cosmogonic symbols. 18th-19th centuries. Turkish ornaments, the latest concerning the influence of the Silk Road. Islimi patterns can be clearly seen. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the influence of the Silk Road on various cultural elements such as art, architecture, and motifs. It provides examples of specific artwork and designs, such as the internal divisions of yurts, the motifs on silk brocade, and other cultural ornaments from different regions associated with the Silk Road. This demonstrates the significant impact of cultural exchange across the connected regions.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: 3D printing in medicine requires no regulatory oversight or quality checks. [SEP] Text: Ultimately, further research, validation testing methods and regulatory oversight will accelerate the availability of validated and cleared workflows for producing personalized surgical planning models for point-of-care manufacturing, propelling 3D printed anatomical models into routine clinical use. This 10. 1186/s41205-023-00194-810. AC, Kumar B. Impact on inventory management of 3D printing of stents used in heart angioplasty. Proc. 2022;63:302–8. (2022) From the ground up: understanding the developing infrastructure and resources of 3D printing facilities in hospital-based settings. 3D Print Med. 2022; 81 8:1–11. Technologies and for 3D Models. Print Radiol. 2022;3D:11–29. (2020) Evaluation of the of 3D-and BJ Printing Technology. J Clin Med. 2020;9:817. Radiographics update: Medical 3d printing for the radiologist. Radiographics. 2020;40:E21–3. Food and (2019) 510(k) Clearance for 192040. Synopsys (2023) Simpleware for Point-of-Care (POC) 3D Printing. Accessed 9 Jan 2023. Materialise (2023) Program | Own Point-of-Care 3D Lab. Accessed 9 Jan 2023. U. S. Food and (2015) 510(k) Clearance for ScanIP, K142779. 3D Systems (2023) D2P Regulatory Information. Accessed 9 Jan 2023U. S. Food and (2019) 510(k) Clearance for D2P, K183489. Stratasys (2021) to Deliver Point-of-Modeling Solution. Accessed 9 Jan 2023. U. S. Food and (2022) 510(k) Clearance for Ricoh 3D Anatomic Models, K220205. Accessed 9 Jan 2023. Axial3D (2023) Regulatory Information. Accessed 9 Jan 2023. U. S. Food and (2022) 510(k) Clearance for Axial3D Service, K221511. Formlabs (2023) Regulatory Information. Accessed 9 Jan 2023. U. S. Food and Drug Administration. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by highlighting the need for 'regulatory oversight' and 'validation testing methods' to ensure the quality and safety of 3D printed medical devices and models. It implies that regulatory measures are essential to accelerate the availability of validated workflows for medical applications, thereby directly contradicting the claim that such oversight is not necessary.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Some assert that using pathogens for pest control will never affect beneficial insects. [SEP] Text: Nowadays, Chrysops species in Africa are neglected, under studied flies in comparison to other flies of veterinary and medical importance such as ticks, tsetse flies, mosquitoes, sand flies or black flies. They are only mentioned in various studies pertaining to loiasis or sporadically in mere fauna studies. Apart from its role in the transmission of loiasis, its vectorial role in transmitting both human and livestock diseases evoked decades ago has not been fully investigated. In addition, their detailed geographical distribution is still to be elucidated, talkless of the investigation of any genetic variability within and among species that may impact their distribution and their disease transmission potential. The aims of the 2. Importance of Chrysops species are of medical and veterinary importance. They do not only transmit loiasis to human and animals but also cause harm to their hosts. The losses incurred by Chrysops transmitted diseases or bites have not been estimated but coma, encephalopathy and death are some of the outcomes of loiasis in patients treated with diethylcarbamazine or ivermectine [1, 2]. Other clinical signs observed in patients with loiasis include generalized arthralgia, headache and painful oedema [2]. All these signs lead the patients to inactivity, resulting in economic unproductiveness. From the veterinary point of view, Chrysops are harmful to livestock, as they have been reported to feed on cattle, camels and dogs [3–5]. Chrysops are large bloodsucking insects. Therefore, heavy infestations of the animal may lead to anemia. They may also act as mechanical vectors of diseases to livestock [4]. Advertisement 3. Hosts and species 3. 1. is very little detailed information on the host range of Chrysops. Chrysops species are known to feed on mammals in general. These include humans, wild animals and laboratory animals such as guinea pigs [2, 6]. Some species seem to feed preferably on some hosts referred to as “normal hosts” and accessorily on other hosts when their normal host is not available. Regarding the host p3. 2. on Chrysops species and on their exact number in Africa are scarce. Whatever their number, two of them C. silacea and C. dimidiata are the mostly recorded species. According to Fain [8], about thirty Chrysops species are known to occur in sub‐Saharan Africa. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text discusses the role of Chrysops species, which are bloodsucking insects that transmit diseases and cause harm to humans and livestock. However, it does not address the claim about the impact of using pathogens for pest control on beneficial insects. Therefore, the text is irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Cultural exchange along the Silk Road influenced art, language, and trade across Asia and Europe. [SEP] Text: Kazakh patterns also share a profound connection with the designs of other cultures, extending their influence far beyond the region. The tribal culture of Kazakhstan was shaped by significant cultural exchanges with neighbouring regions, particularly the Volga and Siberian areas. These interactions left a lasting imprint on Kazakh art and ornamentation. The distinctive patterns found in Kazakh, Kyrgyz, and Karakalpak designs are not confined to their own cultural sphere; they bear striking similarities to motifs discovered in the burial mounds of the and the Caucasus, suggesting a broader cultural diffusion. This interweaving of styles underscores the extensive reach of Kazakh artistry, which transcends regional boundaries and reflects a shared heritage across vast territories. This similarity is also evident among various ethnic groups, including and others. These commonalities have deep historical roots, stretching back many centuries. The explanation for this is straightforward: in ancient times, the absence of rigid borders allowed for the free movement of people, ideas, and cultural practices across this vast region and beyond. The lack of defined boundaries along the Road facilitated a natural exchange, which shaped the shared characteristics observed today. [1]. of Ornament. London: Thames & Hudson, 2001. [2]. of Ornament: A of Form and Colour in Architecture and the Decorative Arts-The complete and unabridged full-color edition. Press, 2016. [3]. Silk Roads. and Future of the World. London, Bloomsbury Publishing, 2018. Road. A New History. Oxford: Press, 2012 LIU, Xinru. Road in World History. New York, Press, 2010. of Central Asia. Studies in History, 1992, 8. 1: 43-97. [4]. Kazakh yurt. Astana: Stoloca; 2005. [5]. ;. ;. ;. ; Kazakh yurt as a unique creation of nomadic civilization architecture. Innovaciencia 2022; 10 (1): 1-13. [6]. N. Puteshestviye G. N. Potanina po Mongolii, Tibetu i Kitayu. Saint Petersburg: Izdatel’stvo. A. F. Devriyena, 1912. [7]. P. et al. The production of felt products of the nomads of Eurasia as a phenomenon of world culture. Technology of the textile industry. No. 5 (389), 2020, 2007. [8]. A. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by explaining how Kazakh patterns and art were significantly shaped through cultural exchanges with neighboring regions, emphasizing that these interactions allowed for the free movement of people, ideas, and cultural practices. It details how the similarities in designs across various ethnic groups, influenced by this cultural diffusion, highlight the extensive reach and shared heritage resulting from the historical exchanges along the Silk Road.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: 3D printing in medicine requires no regulatory oversight or quality checks. [SEP] Text: (2022) 510(k) Clearance for Segment 3DPrint, K211966. Group (2013) welcomes Materialise Dental, a market leader in 3D digital implantology. Accessed 11 Jan 2023. Stratasys (2023) J5 MediJet: The All-in-3D Printer. Accessed 9 Feb 2023. Validation of a three-dimensional printed pediatric middle ear model for endoscopic surgery training. Otolaryngol. 2022;7:2133–8. (2023) for PA 12 (SLS) | Laser Sintering. Accessed 9 Feb 2023. (2023) Regulatory approvals. Accessed 10 Feb 2023. Dynamism (2023) 3B+ Medical Package. Accessed 13 Feb 2023. (2021) A guideline for 3D printing terminology in biomedical research utilizing ISO/ASTM standards. 3D 2021 71 7:1–6. (2023) 3D printer catalog: Over 2,300 3D printers to choose from. Accessed 8 Feb 2023. Formlabs (2019) Formlabs and GE to End-to-for 3D Models. Accessed 10 Jan 2023. Philips (2018) Intelli10 (2021) Synapse 3(2019) 2019:. The use of cone beam computed tomography and three dimensional printing technology in the restoration of a maxillectomy patient using a dental implant retained obturator. J Soc. 2017;17:406. (2021) Accuracy evaluation of patient-specific 3D-printed aortic anatomy. - 234:151629. Food and (2022) 3D Devices at the Point of Care: | FDA. Accessed 19 Jan 2023Christensen A, Rybicki FJ (2017) Maintaining safety and efficacy for 3D printing in medicine. 3D 3:. Medical 3D Accuracy for Multi-pathological 3D Material Extrusion. J Digit Imaging. 2022;35:613–22. (2021) of 3D from Cadaveric Specimens. Jt Surg. 9:432. Establishing quality and safety in hospital-based 3d printing programs: Patient-first approach. Radiographics. 2021;41:1208–29. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by highlighting various aspects of regulatory oversight and quality checks in 3D printing in medicine. For example, it mentions '(2022) 510(k) Clearance for Segment 3DPrint' and 'Maintaining safety and efficacy for 3D printing in medicine,' indicating that there are indeed regulatory approvals and guidelines governing the use of 3D printing technology in the medical field.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Some assert that using pathogens for pest control will never affect beneficial insects. [SEP] Text: Of these species, only a few are recorded to feed on human and livestock and to transmit diseases. The list of some of the species recorded in Africa, with their geographic location is presented below ( Table 1 ). There is a huge gap in the knowledge of species and also in the genetic variability that may occur within and among species. Whether sibling species or subspecies occur in Chrysops species is not known. The genetic variability may affect both the ecological spread of the species and also its vectorial transmission potential. Thus, as for other species such as mosquitoes or black flies, molecular tools need to be developed for the accurate identification and genotyping of Chrysops in Africa. Chrysops species Geographic location Reference C. silacea, Austen, 1907 of Congo, Rwanda [8–11] C. dimidiata Wulp, 1885 Cameroon, Equatorial Guinea, of Congo, Rwanda [8–11] C. flavipes Meigen, 1804 Egypt [12] C. streptobalia Speiser, 1912 Ethiopia [4] C. centurionis Austen, 1911 Nigeria [8, 13] C. distinctipennis Austen, 1906 Nigeria, of Congo [8, 13] C. longicornis Macquart, 1838 Nigeria, of Congo [8, 13] C. langi, Bequaert, 1930 of Congo [8] C. laniger Loew, 1860 of Congo [8] C. distinctipennis, Austen, 1906 of Congo, Rwanda [8] C. obliquefasciata Macquart, 1838 [8] C. funebris Austen, 1907 of Congo, Rwanda [8] C. brucei Austen, 1907 of Congo, Rwanda [8] C. griseicollis Bequaert, 1930 of Congo [8] C. neavei Austen, 1911 of Congo [8] Table 1. List of some Chrysops species recorded in Africa. Advertisement 4. taxonomy of Chrysops species is well known. The genus Chrysops is one of the three genera of veterinary and medical importance of the Tabanid family. There is no controversy on the taxonomic classification of Chrysops species. Chrysops are members of the Arthropod (Arthropoda) phylum. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text discusses various species of Chrysops and their classification but does not mention or provide information regarding the effects of using pathogens for pest control on beneficial insects. Therefore, it is irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Cultural exchange along the Silk Road influenced art, language, and trade across Asia and Europe. [SEP] Text: Networks of trade and exchange along the Road: the silk and cotton finds from Nahal Omer, Published online by Press: 15 June 2023 [Opens in a new window]andGuy Bar-Oz [Opens in a new window] Show author details Berit Hildebrandt* Affiliation: Department for Prehistory and Early History, University of Göttingen, Shamir Affiliation: : Department of Archaeology, Ben-of the Negev, Be'er Sheva, Shamir Affiliation: School of Archaeology and Maritime Cultures, University of Haifa, Bar-Oz Affiliation: School of Archaeology and Maritime Cultures, University of Haifa, Israel * *Author for correspondence ✉ berit. hildebrandt@uni-goettingen. de 10. 15184/aqy. 2023. 62 [Opens in a new window] This is an 4. 0/), which permits unrestricted re-use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. © The Author(s), 2023. Published by Press on behalf of The trade and exchange of goods, people and technologies in antiquity along the have been the subject of numerous studies in recent decades (e. g. Hansen2017; Hildebrandt and Gillis2017). We seek to contribute to this global history through a study of the textile finds from a small village and way station in the in southern Israel. The village, Nahal Omer, located at the western edge of the ancient land routes, consists of 17 dwelling structures and a mosque, and can be dated to the period (sixth to ninth centuries AD) (Ben-Michael et al. Reference Ben-Michael, Israel and Nahlieli2017). The site is situated at the intersection of the ancient route from Petra to Gaza and the Red Sea, and the Judean Mountains, Jerusalem and northern Israel (Figure 1). The site's importance derives from its excellently preserved organic materials, the majority of which were found in rubbish middens near the settlement houses (Figure 2). Pilot excavations in 1991, and more recently in 2020 and 2022, yielded an exceptionally diverse assemblage of organic remains, including numerous textiles, and human faeces and hair, revealing these middens as ‘social archives’ (Bar-Oz et al. Reference Bar-Oz2022). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the trade and exchange of goods, people, and technologies along the ancient routes, which contributed to a global history. This aligns with the claim that cultural exchange influenced various aspects across regions connected by the Silk Road, including the mention of findings like textiles that reflect such exchanges.