Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: The suprachiasmatic nucleus is the master regulator of circadian rhythms. [SEP] Text: Melatonin has a key role in the integration of circadian rhythms [258] based on some of the experimental evidence. Melatonin can suppress neuronal SCN activity towards nighttime levels [259] as an immediate action and phase shift and amplify circadian rhythmicity as a long-term effect. Another action is to lower the AVP secretion from SCN neurons in rats. Melatonin has also been recognized as a chrono biotic and used to overcome some changes seen in jet lag and shift work. A temporal melatonin-controlled expression of the clock gene is also reported [260]. Melatonin release from the pineal gland occurs by a direct excitatory glutaminergic input from the SCN. Melatonin, initially known for regulating the sleep-wake cycle by controlling the circadian rhythm has additional functions as well, as revealed by recent research. In rodents and humans, melatonin administration can entrain activity rhythms by binding and altering through acute and clock resetting mechanisms. The role of melatonin is thus beyond sleep regulation and extends to our overall circadian health. MelanopsinMelanopsin belongs to the opsin family of light-sensitive retinal proteins and plays crucial roles in various biological processes including circadian function. ipRGCs are specialized photoreceptor cells containing melanopsin and are sensitive to light. The advent of melanopsin has provided a new meaning to circadian entrainment [261]. It is observed [262] that melanopsin-expressing ipRGCs are depolarized by light with subsequent firing of action potentials at a higher sustained frequency having brighter illumination. This also makes them capable of acting independently of the image-forming circuits. These cells do not contribute to image formation and directly communicate with SCN. ipRGCs when absorbing light relay this information to the SCN and lead to photoentrainment [263]. Melatonin being part of the cells virtually regulates circadian functions. mRGCs form only a very small percentage (0. 3–0. 8) of the ganglion cells of the retina but still act as a third set of photoreceptors of the retina expressing melanopsin [261, 264]. A required number of mRGCs and their maintenance is essential for circadian rhythms. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text provides extensive information about melatonin and its role in circadian rhythms, as well as the function of melanopsin and ipRGCs in relation to the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN). However, it does not directly address or confirm that the SCN is the master regulator of circadian rhythms. Instead, it discusses the functional role of melatonin and its interaction with SCN activity, which does not directly support or contradict the claim about the SCN being the master regulator.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Probiotics can support gut health by improving the balance of bacteria. [SEP] Text: Lactobacillus, Bifidobacterium and Saccharomyces boulardii, which represent only a fraction of the gut microbiota, the key members of probiotic group are the major focus of attention at commercial level from health perspectives. Therefore, other potential organisms such as Bacteriodes which constitute the predominant flora in our gut needs to be targeted in search of novel probiotics for broader health applications. Selection of potential probiotic strains for product development is an extremely important pre-requisite to establish their efficacy and safety in the target human population. A well designed mass screening strategy based on specific functional biomarkers and in vitro tests and in vivo animal models needs to be worked out to shortlist the most promising strains for validation in clinical efficacy trials. Although, dairy based foods are considered as the best carriers of probiotics to confer their best health promoting functions in the consumers, there is a need to explore other food formulation also for probiotic supplementation to demonstrate their health efficacy. Traditional fermented foods which are already very popular and acceptable amongst the various ethnic groups in the country could be the most attractive targets that can be explored for value addition with proven probiotic strains. Since viability and stability of probiotic strains is very crucial to express their health promoting functions during processing of probiotic food formulations and in the gut, new innovative techniques like nano technology and improved food grade encapsulations need to be investigated for better performance in the gut functions. Although ICMR-DBT guidelines for evaluation of probiotics in foods have already been put in place in India, there is an urgent need to evolve effective Indian regulatory standards based on these guidelines. In this context, it was felt by all the concerned participating in the conference that PAi should establish immediate contact with FSSAI and expedite the formalities and implementation of regulatory standards on probiotics in the country in harmony with the International standards. ConclusionThis conference – a first of its kind initiative in the country from of India was primarily aimed at fostering probiotic movement in the country by highlighting the enormous potentials of probiotics and probiotic formulations in human health so that the health benefits attributed to them reach the target Indian population. In order to realize this dream, the Conference and the on Probiotics brought together a unique mix of several national and International experts on probiotics from leading universities, research institutions, health and nutritional professionals along with food processing and pharma Industry. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing various probiotic strains such as Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium, which are recognized for their health-promoting functions in the gut. It emphasizes the importance of selecting effective probiotic strains for product development to establish their efficacy in promoting gut health. The text also highlights the 'enormous potentials of probiotics and probiotic formulations in human health,' which aligns with the claim regarding the role of probiotics in supporting gut health.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Eating carbohydrates always leads to weight gain. [SEP] Text: Significant predictors of weight gain among the Kuwaitis included unhealthy diet pattern, excessive consumption of snacks and subjective feelings of anxiety. Our study reports a high prevalence of unhealthy eating habits and sedentary lifestyle during the pandemic, which contributed to a significant weight increase among the Kuwaitis. Albeit in the past, several studies have reported high rates of unhealthy habits and obesity among the Kuwaiti public, this situation may have worsened during the lockdown. This time of pandemic and quarantine has affected almost all aspects of life and the pattern of unhealthy eating habits have become more prevalent including excessive consumption of snacks, predicting an increase in weight of the studied population. Our study also showed that a higher proportion of respondents assume that their eating pattern has become healthier but at the same time the frequency of snacks binge eating, and night-time consumption of food showed statistical significance, leading to unhealthy patterns of food consumption. An increase in weight gain and development of unhealthy eating habits will present as a challenge post-COVID era, and policies must be devised to strengthen health systems to tackle this. Another important predictor of weight included subjective feelings of anxiety during this era, which not only carry negative physical and mental health implication but also contribute to ‘stress-eating’ and ‘food cravings’[7–12]. Feeling anxious during this era of pandemic is natural and eating more carbohydrates and binge eating likely improve mood for some time but leads to gain of weight and chronic diseases incidence also contribute to poorer body image [7–12]. This double burden of poor mental health and obesity thus, presents as a great challenge to the public health professionals and interventions must be devised to ensure good mental health during these trying times. Several interventions especially psychoeducation related to this pandemic and meditation interventions can be televised to ease off worry and stress and reduce anxiety levels among the general public. The results from this study can serve as a guiding tool for shaping health strategy during this pandemic by health authorities. countries grew enormously in wealth, living standards were raised, albeit at a cost of more sedentary and comfortable life routine [5, 13, 14]. Kuwait had previously developed a ‘Programme for (2013–2017)’[15], authorities can develop a strategic plan to counter harmful effects of this pandemic on health that are originating from sedentary lifestyle, unhealthy eating patterns and psychological issues. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by indicating that while eating carbohydrates may improve mood temporarily, it ultimately leads to weight gain, particularly when associated with unhealthy eating habits and excessive snacking. The text discusses various factors contributing to weight gain, including an unhealthy diet pattern and stress-eating, which indicates that it is not solely carbohydrates but a combination of factors that lead to weight gain.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: The suprachiasmatic nucleus is the master regulator of circadian rhythms. [SEP] Text: There is a possibility that more information about the role of PK2 as a neurotransmitter in the SCN is equally useful when considering and interpreting its therapeutic possibilities. OrexinOrexin or hypocretin neurons originating from lateral and posterior hypothalamic areas send excitatory fibers to many areas of the brain. Orexin-containing fibers and orexin receptors in the SCN have suggested that orexin may have a role in the SCN function [272]. The interaction of orexin-containing neurons of the tuberal hypothalamus and SCN helps to regulate the daily rhythm of sleep and wakefulness [273]. The orexin-A/hypocretin-1 and orexin-B/hypocretin-2 are two neuropeptides synthesized by neurons in the lateral hypothalamus and perifornical area [274]. has been reported to have a dose-dependent enhanced neuronal activity on many neurons and inhibitory activity on other neurons. can influence the neuronal activity of the SCN in brain slices as well as in dispersed cell cultures [272]. A variety of inputs received by Orexin neurons project to parts of the CNS which makes them perform “multi-tasking” and regulate many vital body functions like sleep/wake states, energy homeostasis, cognition mood, and others. Dysfunction of the orexinergic system also leads to different pathological conditions. It is found that SCN regulates orexin neurons and is much more active during the circadian night than the circadian day. However, it is not clear whether the orexin neurons reciprocally regulate the SCN. Orexin suppresses mouse SCN Per 1-EGFP (enhanced green fluorescent protein) expressing clock cells and augments the SCN clock-resetting effects of NPY. It also potentiates NPY’s inhibition of SCN Per 1-EGFP cells [275]. This report modifies the present view that orexin signaling is exclusively excitatory. Orexin produces an increase in inhibitory postsynaptic currents with low doses while high doses cause a decrease in inhibitory postsynaptic currents and orexin 1 receptor antagonist can prevent the same. The ability of orexin A to induce phase shifts on long-term recordings, and the discharge rate of SCN neurons suggest modulation of neuronal activity in rodent SCN. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text discusses the role of orexin and its relationship with the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN), but it does not provide evidence or conclusive information supporting or discrediting the claim about the SCN being the master regulator of circadian rhythms. Instead, it focuses on the interactions between orexin neurons and the SCN, suggesting complexity in their relationship, hence making the text irrelevant to the direct claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Probiotics can support gut health by improving the balance of bacteria. [SEP] Text: (Open Access) 62(12) Probiotics and gut health: linking gut homeostasis and poultry productivity S. B and W. L. + - A School of Agriculture and Food Sciences, University of Queensland, Gatton, Qld 4343, Australia. B Corresponding author. Email: s. shini@uq. edu. au Science 62(12) 1090-1112 Submitted: 30 December 2020 Accepted: 05 April 2021 Published: 17 June 2021 Journal compilation © CSIRO 2022 -NC-ND Access 242. | Effect of single- and multi-strain probiotics on broiler breeder performance, immunity and intestinal toll-like receptors expression. Crossref | GoogleScholar635. | The crucial roles of inflammatory mediators in inflammation: a review. Crossref | GoogleScholar180. | Effect of two strains of probiotics on the antioxidant capacity, oxidative stress, and immune responses of Salmonella-challenged broilers. Crossref | GoogleScholar3218. | Board-invited review: opportunities and challenges in using exogenous enzymes to improve nonruminant animal production. Crossref | GoogleScholar85. Al-Sheikhly F, Al-(1980) Role of coccidia in the occurrence of necrotic enteritis of chickens. 24, 324–333. | Role of coccidia in the occurrence of necrotic enteritis of chickens. Crossref | GoogleScholar1483. | Potential probiotics Bacillus subtilis 1933 and Bacillus amyloliquefaciens B-1895 co-aggregate with clinical isolates of Proteus mirabilis and prevent biofilm formation. Crossref | GoogleScholar696. | The intestinal epithelium: central coordinator of mucosal immunity. Crossref | GoogleScholar339. | Effect of yeast probiotic on growth, antioxidant enzyme activities and malondialdehyde concentration of broiler chickens. Crossref | GoogleScholar170. | Weight gain by gut microbiota manipulation in productive animals. Crossref | GoogleScholar601. | Necrotic enteritis: effect of barley, wheat and corn diets on proliferation of Clostridium perfringens type A. Crossref | GoogleScholar216. (2016) Microbial shifts associated with necrotic enteritis. 45, 308–312. | Microbial shifts associated with necrotic enteritis. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim as it discusses probiotics' beneficial effects in various aspects of gut health, including the impact on intestinal responses and the overall microbiota balance. Specifically, it highlights the role of potential probiotics like Bacillus subtilis and Bacillus amyloliquefaciens in improving gut health and preventing undesirable bacterial formations, which supports the idea that probiotics can indeed enhance gut health by improving the balance of bacteria.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Eating carbohydrates always leads to weight gain. [SEP] Text: Further, learning theory suggests that fears may arise in EDs as unwanted outcomes (e. g. , social rejection) are paired with a stimulus (e. g. , weight gain), thus reinforcing the learned relationship between weight gain and fear [11, 12]. Those with EDs fear negative outcomes of weight gain, including social consequences (e. g. , being rejected), personal consequences (e. g. , being “lazy”, losing control over life), physical sensations, and social eating [13, 14]. In addition to being a central symptom for EDs, fear of weight gain may also be motivating disordered eating behaviors through a cycle of avoidance, as is seen in anxiety disorders [10]. Individuals with a fear of weight gain tend to avoid foods they believe will lead to weight gain [12, 15], develop ritualized eating behaviors, and engage in body checking or avoidance in an attempt to minimize risk of weight gain. As in other anxiety-based disorders, these avoidance behaviors actually strengthen fears and perpetuate the fear and avoidance cycle [16]. For example, restrained eating patterns and food and body avoidance contribute to binge eating episodes in binge-spectrum EDs. Additionally, for those with BN, compensatory behaviors (e. g. , purging, excessive exercise, laxatives) serve as an effort to reduce fear of weight gain following binge episodes and maintain the binge/purge cycle [2, 10]. As individuals experience fear about changes in their weight, they are driven to engage in behaviors to avoid weight gain and associate these avoidance techniques with weight stability—they fear that if they were to abandon those behaviors, weight gain would occur and, with it, feared social and personal consequences [10, 17]. Although many of these behaviors occur to varying degrees for those with BED (e. g. , body avoidance, dysregulated and restrained eating patterns), further exploration of the relevance of fear of weight gain in maintaining binge eating for those with BED is needed. Theory supports conceptualization of EDs using an anxiety-based model, but little research exists on the temporal relationship between fear and disordered eating behaviors. For example, fear of weight gain may lead to restrictive eating, thus resulting in LOC episodes. Similarly, fear of weight gain may increase attention to threat (e. g. , foods high in fat content), leading to an attempt to avoid these foods followed by a binge episode containing these foods. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing how the fear of weight gain can lead individuals, especially those with eating disorders (EDs), to engage in avoidance behaviors and restrictive eating patterns. The text explains that individuals with a fear of weight gain may avoid foods they believe contribute to that weight gain, without establishing that eating carbohydrates, or any food, inherently leads to weight gain. This indicates that the relationship between eating and weight gain is influenced by fear and learned behaviors rather than being a straightforward cause-and-effect scenario.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: The suprachiasmatic nucleus is the master regulator of circadian rhythms. [SEP] Text: Histamine may be acting as a final neurotransmitter on which photic and non-photic entrainment converge [284]. Intracerebroventricular injection of histamine is also found to alter circadian function in hamster and mouse SCN slices, exogenous application of histamine exerts a phase-shifting effect on circadian neural activity rhythms [285]. Four subtypes of GPCR, H1, H2, H3, and H4 have been identified for the action of histamine [286] and the synthesis and release of histamine are regulated by feedback inhibition. Among histamine receptors H1R, H2R, H3R, and H4R, H1R mediates the excitatory action of histamine in the SCN. Histamine by acting on the H1R receptor can increase Ca2+ concentration [Ca2+] in the mouse SCN neurons [287] and it is likely that the molecular mechanism responsible for histamine-induced-phase delay is based on this. Histamine signaling in histamine-induced resetting of the clock is also seen. However, in this case, the receptors mediating the effect may not be H1R but may be H3R also. Despite accumulating evidence for the role of histamine in circadian function, it is not yet possible to give a specific role in circadian activity currently. NTNT and its receptors are present in rats, monkeys, and humans with a larger number of NT neurons in humans [288, 289]. NT is a 13 amino acid neuropeptide having NT1, NT2, and NT3 receptors for mediating its function. First evidence of NT and its receptors NT1 and NT2 having a role in circadian pacemaker regulation has been provided [290]. As per the studies NT can phase shift the firing rate in SCN neurons and play a role in regulating pacemaker function. Studies using receptor agonists and antagonists have also provided valuable information. Application NT produces an increase in the firing rate of SCN neurons [291]. NT-positive cells projecting to SCN can be seen in hamster IGL and It is reported that NPY can regulate SCN neuronal activity when applied with NT producing dampening of the inhibitory action of NPY [291]. These results point towards a possibility of NT modulating circadian function in the89 SCN involving NT1 and NT2 receptors. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text provides detailed information on the role of histamine and neuropeptides in circadian function but does not directly address the claim regarding the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) as the master regulator of circadian rhythms. While it mentions the involvement of the SCN in various signaling processes, it fails to affirm or deny the claim and instead discusses interactions and mechanisms of various neurotransmitters, making it largely irrelevant to the specific claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Probiotics can support gut health by improving the balance of bacteria. [SEP] Text: Crossref | GoogleScholar210. | Probiotics and phytogenics for poultry: myth or reality. Crossref | GoogleScholar82. | Supplemental effects of probiotic Bacillus subtilis fmbJ on growth performance, antioxidant capacity, and meat quality of broiler chickens. Crossref | GoogleScholar179. ’ (Ed. HPS Makkar) (FAO: Rome, Italy) Baquero F, (2012) The microbiome as a human organ. and Infection 18, 2–4. | The microbiome as a human organ. Crossref | GoogleScholar369. | Rye non-starch polysaccharides: their impact on poultry intestinal physiology, nutrients digestibility and performance indices – a review. Crossref | GoogleScholar13. | Exogenous enzymes in monogastric nutrition: their current value and future benefits. Crossref | GoogleScholar493. Bermudez-Brito M, Plaza-Díaz J, Muñoz-Quezada S, Gómez-Llorente C, (2012) Probiotic mechanisms of action. Annals of Nutrition & Metabolism 61, 160–174. | Probiotic mechanisms of action. Crossref | GoogleScholar3227. | High temporal and inter-individual variation detected in the human ileal microbiota. Crossref | GoogleScholar139. | Current perspectives of the chicken gastrointestinal tract and its microbiome. Crossref | GoogleScholar914. | Nutrition, feeding and laying hen welfare. Crossref | GoogleScholar799. | Could probiotics be the panacea alternative to the use of antimicrobials in livestock diets? Crossref | GoogleScholar1526. | Leaky gut: mechanisms, measurement and clinical implications in humans. Crossref | GoogleScholar88. 92, 2949–2955. | Effects of a probiotic, Enterococcus faecium, on growth performance, intestinal morphology, immune response, and cecal microflora in broiler chickens challenged with Escherichia coli K88. Crossref | GoogleScholar1. 2567 in necrotic enteritis model of broiler chickens. 223, 157–163. | Anti-inflammatory and antioxidant activities of probiotic powder containing Lactobacillus plantarum 1. 2567 in necrotic enteritis model of broiler chickens. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text supports the claim as it discusses probiotic mechanisms of action and highlights the effects of probiotics like Lactobacillus plantarum and Enterococcus faecium on gut health, including immune response and intestinal morphology which indicates their role in improving the balance of gut bacteria.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Eating carbohydrates always leads to weight gain. [SEP] Text: A better understanding of this link would clarify whether targeting fear of weight gain directly in treatment should result in decreases in disordered eating behaviors. Additionally, many patients with EDs place value on fear of weight gain, as they believe it will lead to achievement of the weight loss goal and/or protect them from the feared outcome of weight gain [18]. Individuals may believe that a reduction in fear would result in subsequent weight gain, and they are disinclined to challenge its validity. A better understanding of the relationship between fear of weight gain and actual weight changes over the course of treatment may help clinicians garner buy-in for confronting fear of weight gain in treatment. CBT-E does not specifically or explicitly target fear of weight gain. Although CBT-E is not an exposure-based treatment—such as the first-line interventions for targeting fears in other populations (e. g. , anxiety, OCD)—there are a number of components to CBT-E that may inherently require confrontation of fears [19]. CBT-E involves regularizing eating patterns, which may force some to confront fears that eating differently will result in weight gain. A complement to regular eating is weekly open weighing, which allows the individual to gain disconfirming evidence that, in fact, feared weight gain as a result of changing eating patterns does not occur [20]. Further along in CBT-E, individuals engage in dietary rule breaking experiments, which allow them to break rules surrounding eating and observe outcomes. These processes violate expectancies about feared outcomes and likely assist in decreasing fear of weight gain. In a study of individuals with anorexia nervosa, decreases in fear of weight gain occurred during CBT and were predictive of improvements in dietary restraint [21]. Research has yet to examine whether CBT-E results in changes in fear of weight gain for adults with BN or BED. Additionally, given that those with BN engage in significantly more behaviors aimed at avoiding feared weight gain (e. g. , purging, excessive exercise, laxative use), it will be important to understand whether those with BN experience differential changes in fear of weight gain compared to those with BED across treatment. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the psychological aspects surrounding the fear of weight gain in individuals with eating disorders. It highlights that fear of weight gain may not correlate with actual weight changes, and interventions like Cognitive Behavioral Therapy-Enhanced (CBT-E) actively work to confront and disconfirm the belief that changes in eating patterns lead to weight gain. This suggests that the relationship between eating behaviors and weight gain is complex and not simply a matter of consuming carbohydrates leading to weight gain.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: The suprachiasmatic nucleus is the master regulator of circadian rhythms. [SEP] Text: Gal influences various physiological processes and may form a part of the complex interplay of neuropeptides in the SCN for controlling the clock. In animal models, a suppressive effect is reported on insulin secretion [312] which points to Its influence on metabolic processes related to circadian rhythms. However, this effect is not seen in humans. Like some other neurotransmitters not much is known about its specific role in SCN. With the availability of specific high affinity Gal antagonists, it is expected that new dimensions will be given to its function. OxytocinUnlike AVP, it is not possible to assign specific neurotransmitter-related functions for oxytocin (OX) in the SCN. However, the involvement of OX in various neural functions and its regulation has been reported [313]. OX, a nonapeptide is produced in the supraoptic nucleus (SON) and paraventricular nucleus (PVN) and can affect SCN. It has a crucial role in social bonding, childbirth, and post-childbirth. It is seen that OX action in the brain can prevent or attenuate the disturbance of the circadian feeding rhythm [314] due to the irregular light-dark cycle seen in shift work or jet lag. In the context of the SCN, While the exact role of OX is debatable, it influences circadian rhythms and may modulate neural activities related to circadian timing. Regulation of the sleep-wake cycle, and social behaviors are among them. SCN coordinates autonomic, endocrine, and behavioral functions in response to light and the role of OX may be as part of a broader network of hormonal signaling for synchronization of circadian activities in SCN. OX functions in the body are abundant and many neural connections can produce controversial effects. Interaction with other hormones also makes the situation different. Clinical trials or usage of OX and OX-related compounds will contribute to therapeutic actions for the benefit of human health. ConclusionsNeurotransmitters in the SCN, afferent inputs, and efferent projections are crucial for the generation and maintenance of robust circadian rhythms which is a fundamental mechanism for regulating most of the physiological functions of our body. The presence of more than 100 neurotransmitters makes their role in the working of the clock important and complex. More information about the link between neurotransmitters and genes has improved our understanding of the role in molecular mechanisms. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text discusses various neurotransmitters, including Gal and oxytocin (OX), and their potential influences on circadian rhythms via the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN). However, it does not assert that the SCN is the master regulator of circadian rhythms. Instead, it highlights the complexity and abundance of neurotransmitter interactions within the SCN, leaving the claim unaddressed. Therefore, the text is irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Probiotics can support gut health by improving the balance of bacteria. [SEP] Text: Crossref | GoogleScholar31. | Biomarkers of gastrointestinal functionality in animal nutrition and health. Crossref | GoogleScholar2403. | Effect of dietary probiotic and high stocking density on the performance, carcass yield, gut microflora, and stress indicators of broilers. Crossref | GoogleScholar583. | Evidence for a complex life cycle and endospore formation in the attached, filamentous, segmented bacterium from murine ileum. Crossref | GoogleScholar10. | Identification of potential biomarkers for gut barrier failure in broiler chickens. Crossref | GoogleScholar1106. | Direct-fed microbial primalac and salinomycin modulate whole-body and intestinal oxygen consumption and intestinal mucosal cytokine production in the broiler chick. Crossref | GoogleScholar15. | Managing gut health through nutrition. Crossref | GoogleScholar10. | The biologist’s debt to the domestic fowl. Crossref | GoogleScholar2678. | Adhesion of selected Bifidobacterium strains to human intestinal mucus and the role of adhesion in enteropathogen exclusion. Crossref | GoogleScholar115. | Coccidia-induced mucogenesis promotes the onset of necrotic enteritis by supporting Clostridium perfringens growth. Crossref | GoogleScholar220. | Bacillus probiotics. Crossref | GoogleScholar520. | Ascaridia galli infection of pullets and intestinal viscosity: consequences for nutrient retention and gut morphology. Crossref | GoogleScholar1332. | Development and differentiation of the intestinal epithelium. Crossref | GoogleScholar817. | The unregulated probiotic market. Crossref | GoogleScholar41. | Probiotics on performance, intestinal morphology and carcass characteristics of broiler chickens raised with lower or higher environmental challenge. Crossref | GoogleScholar366. (Elsevier Inc. : ) ández Miyakawa ME (2019) Microbiota, gut health and chicken productivity: what is the connection? Microorganisms 7, 374–389. | Microbiota, gut health and chicken productivity: what is the connection? Crossref | GoogleScholar420. | Effects of dietary protein source and level on intestinal populations of Clostridium perfringens in broiler chickens. Crossref | GoogleScholar776. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it primarily lists various studies and does not provide specific evidence or information directly related to the claim about probiotics supporting gut health. Although some titles mention probiotics, the text lacks context, results, or discussions that would corroborate or contrast with the claim.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Eating carbohydrates always leads to weight gain. [SEP] Text: #2 (Public review): The authors tested a dietary intervention focused on improving meal regularity. Participants first utilized a smartphone application to track participants' meal frequencies, participants were then asked to restrict their meal intake to times when they most often eat to enhance meal regularity for six weeks, resulting in significant weight loss despite supposedly no changes in caloric intake. While the concept is appealing, and the use of a smartphone app in participants' typical everyday environment to regularize food intake is interesting, significant weaknesses severely limit the value of the study due to a lack of rigor, such as the reliance on self-reported food intake which has been discredited in the field. The study's major conclusions are insufficiently supported, particularly that weight loss occurred even though food intake supposedly is not altered. This intervention may merely represent another restrictive diet among countless others that all seem to work for a few weeks to months resulting in a few pounds of weight loss (1) Unreliable method of caloric intake The trial's reliance on self-reported caloric intake is problematic, as participants tend to underreport intake. For example, as cited in the revised manuscript, the NEJM paper (DOI: 10. 1056/NEJM199212313272701) reported that some participants underreported caloric intake by approximately 50%, rendering such data unreliable and hence misleading. More rigorous methods for assessing food intake should have been utilized. Further, the control group was not asked to restrict their diet in any way, and hence, to do that in the treatment group may be sufficient to reduce caloric intake and weight loss. Merely acknowledging the unreliability of self-reported caloric intake is insufficient, as it still leaves the reader with the impression that there is no change in food intake when, in reality, we actually have no idea if food intake was altered. A more robust approach to assessing food intake is imperative. Even if a decrease in caloric intake is observed through rigorous measurement, as I am convinced that a more rigorous study would unveil testing this paradigm, this intervention may merely represent another restrictive diet among countless others that show that one may lose weight by going on a diet. Seemingly, any restrictive diet works for a few months. (2) Lack of objective data regarding circadian rhythm The assessment of circadian rhythm using the MCTQ, a self-reported measure of chronotype, is unreliable, and it is unclear why more objective methods like actigraphy was not used. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing a dietary intervention that resulted in significant weight loss without changes in caloric intake, suggesting that weight management is more complex than simply attributing weight gain to carbohydrate consumption. It highlights weaknesses in the study's methods, particularly the reliance on self-reported caloric intake, which may not reliably reflect actual consumption, indicating that the assertion made in the claim is overly simplistic.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: The suprachiasmatic nucleus is the master regulator of circadian rhythms. [SEP] Text: The co-localization of some of the neurotransmitters, and the influence of some of them on others makes it more intricate to explain the role. Neurotransmitter signaling mechanisms, at least some, described possess potential therapeutic properties for various disease conditions including neuropsychiatric disorders for which there is still no definite answer yet. This review offers a complete understanding of the old and new neurotransmitters identified. It also discusses their linkages and probable approaches to therapeutic interventions for human benefit. Many conditions like sleep disorders, insomnia, jet lag, and shift work have started getting benefits in terms of improvement. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses neurotransmitter signaling mechanisms and their therapeutic properties for various conditions like sleep disorders but does not mention the suprachiasmatic nucleus or its role in regulating circadian rhythms.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Probiotics can support gut health by improving the balance of bacteria. [SEP] Text: Crossref | GoogleScholar184. | Assessing the effect of administering probiotics in water or as a feed supplement on broiler performance and immune response. Crossref | GoogleScholar45. | The structure and function of the human small intestinal microbiota: current understanding and future directions. Crossref | GoogleScholar82. | Effect of dietary prebiotic supplementation on the performance, intestinal microflora, and immune response of broilers. Crossref | GoogleScholar635. | Inflammation: friend and foe. Crossref | GoogleScholar179. | Intestinal, segmented, filamentous bacteriaCrossref | GoogleScholar2393. | Fiber and nonstarch polysaccharide content and variation in common crops used in broiler diets. Crossref | GoogleScholar40. | The effect of microbiome modulation on the intestinal health of poultry. Crossref | GoogleScholar2346. | Inflammatory phenotypes in the intestine of poultry: not all inflammation is created equal. Crossref | GoogleScholar2353. | Use of 16S rRNA gene sequencing for prediction of new opportunistic pathogens in chicken ileal and cecal microbiota. Crossref | GoogleScholar21. | Probiotics and the gut immune system: indirect regulation. Crossref | GoogleScholar732. | Evaluation of a Bacillus direct-fed microbial candidate on digesta viscosity, bacterial translocation, microbiota composition and bone mineralisation in broiler chickens fed on a rye-based diet. Crossref | GoogleScholar424. | Gut microbiota-generated metabolites in animal health and disease. Crossref | GoogleScholar216. | Effects of direct-fed microbials on growth performance, gut morphometry, and immune characteristics in broiler chickens. Crossref | GoogleScholar2395. | Influence of dietary inclusion of Bacillus licheniformis on laying performance, egg quality, antioxidant enzyme activities, and intestinal barrier function of laying hens. Crossref | GoogleScholar311. | Probiotics as regulators of inflammation: a review. Crossref | GoogleScholar2310. | Calcium and phosphorus metabolism and nutrition of poultry: are current diets formulated in excess? Crossref | GoogleScholar406. | Colonization and distribution of segmented filamentous bacteria (SFB) in chicken gastrointestinal tract and their relationship with host immunity. Crossref | GoogleScholar1096. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contains multiple references to studies and articles discussing the effects of probiotics and gut health, including various aspects such as the immune response, intestinal microflora, and microbiome modulation. These references indicate that probiotics play a role in gut health, which supports the claim that probiotics can improve the balance of bacteria in the gut.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Eating carbohydrates always leads to weight gain. [SEP] Text: In the revised version, the authors emphasize these limitations in the manuscript. The study's major conclusions are insufficiently supported, in particular, that weight loss occurred even though food intake supposedly is not altered and that circadian rhythm was improved. response: The following is the authors’ response to the original reviews. eThis study investigates a dietary intervention that employs a smartphone app to promote meal regularity, which may be useful. Despite no observed changes in caloric intake, the authors report significant weight loss. While the concept is very interesting and deserves to be studied due to its potential clinical relevance, the study's rigor needs to be revised, notably for its reliance on self-reported food intake, a highly unreliable way to assess food intake. Additionally, the study theorizes that the intervention resets the circadian clock, but the study needs more reliable methods for assessing circadian rhythms, such as actigraphy. Thank you for the positive yet critical feedback on our manuscript. We are pleased with the assessment that our study is very interesting and deserves to be continued. We have addressed the points of criticism mentioned and discussed the limitations of the study in more detail in the revised version than before. Nevertheless, we would like to note that one condition for our study design was that the participants were able to carry out the study in their normal everyday environment. This means that it is not possible to fully objectively record food intake - especially not over a period of eight weeks. In our view, self-reporting of food intake is therefore unavoidable and also forms the basis of comparable studies on chrononutrition. We believe that recording data with a smartphone application at the moment of eating is a reliable means of recording food consumption and is better suited than questionnaires, for example, which have to be completed retrospectively. Objectivity could be optimized by transferring photographs of the food consumed. However, even this only provides limited protection against underreporting, as photos of individual meals, snacks, or second servings could be omitted by the participants. Sporadic indirect calorimetric measurements can help to identify under-reporting, but this cannot replace real-time self-reporting via smartphone application. Our data show that at the behavioral level, the rhythms of food intake are significantly less variable during the intervention. Our assumption that precise mealtimes influence the circadian rhythms of the digestive system is not new and has been confirmed many times in animal and human studies. It can therefore be assumed that comparable effects also apply to the participants in our study. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by detailing a dietary intervention where participants experienced significant weight loss despite no alterations in caloric intake, suggesting that factors other than mere carbohydrate consumption contribute to weight maintenance or loss. It emphasizes that the study's findings challenge the idea that eating carbohydrates necessarily leads to weight gain.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: The suprachiasmatic nucleus is the master regulator of circadian rhythms. [SEP] Text: Abbreviations5HT:serotoninAch:acetylcholineANGII:angiotensin IIAT1:angiotensin 1 receptorAVP:arginine vasopressinBB2:Gq-coupled Bombesin-2BMAL1:brain and muscle ARNT-like protein 1CalB:calbindinCALR:calretininCCGs:clock-controlled genesCCK:cholecystokinincGMP:cyclic guanosine monophosphateCNS:central nervous systemCre:cAMP response elementDA:dopamineDM:dorsomedialDrd1a:dopamine 1a receptorG:guanine nucleotideGABA:gamma-aminobutyric acidGAD:glutamate decarboxylaseGal:galaninGHT:geniculohypothalamic tractGlu:glutamateGlyRs:glycine receptor chloride ion channelsGPCR:guanine nucleotide protein-coupled receptorsGRP:gastrin releasing peptideIEG:immediate early geneIGL:intergeniculate leafletipRGCs:intrinsically photosensitive retinal ganglion cellsKCC2:K+/Cl– co-transporter 2LDs:long daysm ENK:met-enkephalinmRGCs:melatonin retinal ganglion cellsNKCC1:Na+/K+/Cl– co-transporter 1NMDA: N-methyl-D-aspartateNMS:neuromedin SNO:nitric oxideNPY:neuropeptide YNT:neurotensinOX:oxytocinPACAP:pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating peptidePDF:pigment-dispersing factorPK2:prokineticin 2RGCs:retinal ganglion cellsRHT:retinohypothalamic tractSCN:suprachiasmatic nucleusSP:substance PTTFLs:transcriptional/translational feedback loopsV1a:vasopressin 1aVGAT:vesicular gamma-aminobutyric acid transporterVIP:vasoactive intestinal peptideVL:ventrolateralVPAC2:vasoactive intestinal peptide receptor [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text provides a list of abbreviations related to various biological substances and terms but does not offer any information regarding the suprachiasmatic nucleus or its role in circadian rhythms. Therefore, it is irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Probiotics can support gut health by improving the balance of bacteria. [SEP] Text: | Human-derived probiotic Lactobacillus reuteri strains differentially reduce intestinal inflammation. Crossref | GoogleScholar87. | Prevention of Salmonella typhimurium infection in poultry by pretreatment of chickens and poults with intestinal extracts. Crossref | GoogleScholar59. (2003) Diversity and succession of the intestinal bacterial community of the maturing broiler chicken. Applied and 69, 6816–6824. | Diversity and succession of the intestinal bacterial community of the maturing broiler chicken. Crossref | GoogleScholar3546. | The role of probiotics in the poultry industry. Crossref | GoogleScholar60. | Bacteria, colonic fermentation, and gastrointestinal health. Crossref | GoogleScholar950. MarketsandMarkets (2019) Probiotics in animal feed market by livestock (poultry, ruminants, swine, aquaculture, pets), source (bacteria [Lactobacilli, Streptococcus thermophilus, Bifidobacteria] and yeast & fungi), form (dry and liquid), and region: global forecast to 2025. Report. Available at [Verified 2 December 2020] (2017) Oral probiotics supplementation can stimulate the immune system in a stress process. Journal of Nutrition & 8, 29–40. | Oral probiotics supplementation can stimulate the immune system in a stress process. Crossref | GoogleScholar565. | Effect of lactic acid bacteria probiotic culture for the treatment of Salmonella enterica serovar Heidelberg in neonatal broiler chickens and turkey poults. Crossref | GoogleScholar183. | Relationship between number of bacteria and their probiotic effects. Crossref | GoogleScholar2. | FAO/WHO Guidelines on probiotics: 10 years later. Crossref | GoogleScholar67. | Effects of probiotic inclusion levels in broiler nutrition on growth performance, nutrient digestibility, plasma immunoglobulins, and cecal microflora composition. Crossref | GoogleScholar1159. | Dietary probiotic form modulates broiler gut microbiota indices and expression of gut barrier genes including essential components for gut homeostasis. Crossref | GoogleScholar1625. | The effect of dietary probiotic supplementation on tibial bone characteristics and strength in broilers. Crossref | GoogleScholar126. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing various studies and findings related to probiotics, such as 'Oral probiotics supplementation can stimulate the immune system' and 'Effects of probiotic inclusion levels in broiler nutrition on growth performance, nutrient digestibility, plasma immunoglobulins, and cecal microflora composition.' These references suggest a positive impact of probiotics on gut health and the balance of bacteria.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Eating carbohydrates always leads to weight gain. [SEP] Text: Of course, a measurement of physiological rhythms is also desirable for a continuation of the study. However, we suspect that cellular rhythms in tissues of the digestive tract in particular are decisive for the changes in body weight. The characterization of these rhythms in humans is at best indirectly possible via blood factors. Reduced variability of the sleep-wake rhythm, which is measured by actigraphy, may result from our intervention, but in our view is not the decisive factor for the optimization of metabolic processes. We have addressed the specific comments and made changes to the manuscript as indicated below. Reviewer #1 (Public Review): The authors Wilming and colleagues set out to determine the impact of regularity of feeding per se on the efficiency of weight loss. The idea was to determine if individuals who consume 2-3 meals within individualized time frames, as opposed to those who exhibit stochastic feeding patterns throughout the circadian period, will cause weight loss. The methods are rigorous, and the research is conducted using a two-group, single-center, randomized-controlled, single-blinded study design. The participants were aged between 18 and 65 years old, and a smartphone application was used to determine preferred feeding times, which were then used as defined feeding times for the experimental group. This adds strength to the study since restricting feeding within preferred/personalized feeding windows will improve compliance and study completion. Following a 14-day exploration phase and a 6-week intervention period in a cohort of 100 participants (inclusive of both the controls and the experimental group that completed the study), the authors conclude that when meals are restricted to 45min or less durations (MTVS of 3 or less), this leads to efficient weight loss. Surprisingly, the study excludes the impact of self-reported meal composition on the efficiency of weight loss in the experimental group. In light of this, it is important to follow up on this observation and develop rigorous study designs that will comprehensively assess the impact of changes (sustained) in dietary composition on weight loss. The study also reports interesting effects of regularity of feeding on eating behavior, which appears to be independent of weight loss. Perhaps the most important observation is that personalized interventions that cater to individual circadian needs will likely result in more significant weight loss than when interventions are mismatched with personal circadian structures. We would like to thank the reviewer for the positive assessment of our study. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing a study on the impacts of meal timing and regularity on weight loss, rather than focusing on carbohydrates specifically. It emphasizes that personalized feeding interventions could lead to weight loss, which implies that factors other than carbohydrate consumption are significant in determining body weight. This suggests that not all carb consumption necessarily results in weight gain, contrary to the claim.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: The suprachiasmatic nucleus is the master regulator of circadian rhythms. [SEP] Text:  2 Declarations2024. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it does not contain any information related to the suprachiasmatic nucleus or its role in circadian rhythms. The content is too minimal to provide any context or support for the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Probiotics can support gut health by improving the balance of bacteria. [SEP] Text: | Probiotic spectra of lactic acid bacteria (LAB). Crossref | GoogleScholar609. | The nonantibiotic anti-inflammatory effect of antimicrobial growth promoters, the real mode of action: a hypothesis. Crossref | GoogleScholar211. | New aspects of Salmonella infection in broiler production. Crossref | GoogleScholar112. | The chicken gastrointestinal microbiome. Crossref | GoogleScholar553. | Sub-clinical necrotic enteritis in broiler chickens: novel etiological consideration based on ultra-structural and molecular changes in the intestinal tissue. Crossref | GoogleScholar191. | Novel probiotics: their effects on growth performance, gut development, microbial community and activity of broiler chickens. Crossref | GoogleScholar202. | Delivery routes for probiotics: effects on broiler performance, intestinal morphology and gut microflora. Crossref | GoogleScholar1608. | Probiotic form effects on growth performance, digestive function, and immune related biomarkers in broilers. Crossref | GoogleScholar119. | Intestinal microbiome of poultry and its interaction with host and diet. Crossref | GoogleScholar393. | Necrotic enteritis in the fowl (Gallus gallus domesticus). I. Histopathology of the disease and isolation of a strain of Clostridium welchii. Crossref | GoogleScholar334. | The effects of the supplementation of Bacillus subtilis RX7 and B2A strains on the performance, blood profiles, intestinal Salmonella concentration, noxious gas emission, organ weight and breast meat quality of broiler challenged with Salmonella typhimurium. Crossref | GoogleScholar22. | Immunopathology and cytokine responses in broiler chickens coinfected with Eimeria maxima and Clostridium perfringens with the use of an animal model of necrotic enteritis. Crossref | GoogleScholar2835. | Effect of dietary supplementation with a probiotic (Enterococcus faecium) on production performance, excreta microflora, ammonia emission, and nutrient utilization in ISA brown laying hens. Crossref | GoogleScholar733. | The effects of dietary Bacillus subtilis supplementation, as an alternative to antibiotics, on growth performance, intestinal immunity, and epithelial barrier integrity in broiler chickens infected with Eimeria maxima. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing various studies and findings related to probiotics, such as their effects on intestinal microbiome balance and performance improvements in poultry. For instance, the mention of a 'probiotic (Enterococcus faecium) on production performance, excreta microflora' supports the idea that probiotics can positively influence gut health by improving bacterial balance.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Eating carbohydrates always leads to weight gain. [SEP] Text: (1) One concern for the study is its two-group design; however, single-group cross-over designs are tedious to develop, and an adequate 'wash-out' period may be difficult to predict. A cross-over design would of course be highly desirable and, if feasible, would be able to provide more robust data than a two-group design. However, we have strong doubts about the feasibility of a cross-over design. Not only does the determination of the length of the washout period to avoid carry-over effects of metabolic changes pose a difficulty, but also the assumption that those participants who start with the TTE intervention will consciously or unconsciously pay attention to adherence to certain eating times in the next phase, when they are asked to eat at times like before the study. In a certain way, however, our study fulfills at least one arm of the cross-over design. During the follow-up period of our study, there were some participants who, by their own admission, started eating at more irregular times again, which is comparable to the mock treatment of the control subjects. And these participants gained weight again. (2) A second weakness is not considering the different biological variables and racial and ethnic diversity and how that might impact outcomes. In sum, the authors have achieved the aims of the study, which will likely help move the field forward. In the meantime, we have at least added analyses regarding the age and gender of the participants and found no correlations with weight loss. The sample size of this pilot study was too small for a reliable analysis of the influence of ethnic diversity. If the study is continued with a larger sample size, this type of analysis will certainly come into play. We are pleased with the assessment that we have achieved our goals and are helping to advance the field. Reviewer #2 (Public Review): Summary: The authors investigated the effects of the timing of dietary occasions on weight loss and well-being with the aim of explaining if a consistent, timely alignment of dietary occasions throughout the days of the week could improve weight management and overall well-being. The authors attributed these outcomes to a timely alignment of dietary occasions with the body's own circadian rhythms. However, the only evidence the authors provided for this hypothesis is the assumption that the individual timing of dietary occasions of the study participants identified before the intervention reflects the body's own circadian rhythms. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the complexities and variables involved in dietary habits and weight management. It highlights that irregular eating times can lead to weight gain and mentions that weight loss is not directly correlated with the timing of carbohydrate consumption or ethnicity. The focus is on how dietary timing rather than carbohydrate intake alone influences weight, thus challenging the notion that carbohydrate consumption always results in weight gain.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: The suprachiasmatic nucleus is the master regulator of circadian rhythms. [SEP] Text: Nat Commun. 2021;12:5643. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]45. Morin LP. SCN organization reconsidered. J Biol Rhythms. 2007;22:3–13. [DOI] [PubMed] 46. . A GABAergic mechanism is necessary for coupling dissociable ventral and dorsal regional oscillators within the circadian clock. Curr Biol. 2005;15:886–93. [DOI] [PubMed] 47. . Heterogeneity of neuronal properties determines the collective behavior of the neurons in the suprachiasmatic nucleus. Eng. 2019;16:1893–913. [DOI] [PubMed] 48. Rohling JHT, vander. Phase resetting of the mammalian circadian clock relies on a rapid shift of a small population of pacemaker neurons. PLoS One. 2011;6:e25437. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]49. -Cervantes O, Davidson AJ. Dynamic interactions mediated by nonredundant signaling mechanisms couple circadian clock neurons. Neuron. 2013;80:973–83. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]50. -Fuentes D, Herzog ED. Reveal that the the Nucleus. J Biol Rhythms. 2017;32:35–47. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]51. the Synchronization between Neurons in the Suprachiasmatic Nucleus. J Biol Rhythms. 2019;34:515–24. [DOI] [PubMed] 52. . Heterogeneity induces rhythms of weakly coupled circadian neurons. Sci Rep. 2016;6:21412. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]53. . Cell autonomy and synchrony of suprachiasmatic nucleus circadian oscillators. Trends Neurosci. 2011;34:349–58. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]54. . The coupling features of electrical synapses modulate neuronal synchrony in hypothalamic superachiasmatic nucleus. Brain Res. 2014;1550:9–17. [DOI] [PubMed] 55. Granados-Fuentes D, Herzog ED. The clock shop: coupled circadian oscillators. Exp Neurol. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text provides various references to scientific studies regarding the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) and its neuronal properties, mechanisms, and behaviors within the circadian clock. However, it does not explicitly support or refute the claim regarding the SCN being the master regulator of circadian rhythms. Instead, the content is a list of studies and findings that could relate to the SCN without directly corroborating the specific claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Probiotics can support gut health by improving the balance of bacteria. [SEP] Text: Crossref | GoogleScholar1933. | Effectiveness of probiotics, prebiotics, and prebiotic-like components in common functional foods. Crossref | GoogleScholar86. | Performance and intestinal microbiota of chickens receiving probiotic in the feed and submitted to antibiotic therapy. Crossref | GoogleScholar938. | Antioxidative capacity of Lactobacillus fermentum LF31 evaluated in vitro by oxygen radical absorbance capacity assay. Crossref | GoogleScholar2022. | Associations between gastrointestinal-tract function and the stress response after weaning in pigs. Crossref | GoogleScholar94. | Evaluation of a selected lactic acid bacteria-based probiotic on Salmonella enterica serovar Enteritidis colonization and intestinal permeability in broiler chickens. Crossref | GoogleScholar183. Quigley EM (2016) Leaky gut: concept or clinical entity? in Gastroenterology 32, 74–79. | Leaky gut: concept or clinical entity? Crossref | GoogleScholar107. | Protection and restitution of gut barrier by probiotics: nutritional and clinical implications. Crossref | GoogleScholar636. | Feed enzymes: the science, practice, and metabolic realities. Crossref | GoogleScholar503. | The influence of diet on necrotic enteritis in broiler chickens. Crossref | GoogleScholar45. | A multifactorial analysis of the extent to which Eimeria and fishmeal predispose broiler chickens to necrotic enteritis. Crossref | GoogleScholar24. | Gut microbiota functions: metabolism of nutrients and other food components. Crossref | GoogleScholar2090. | Supplementation of direct-fed microbials as an alternative to antibiotic on growth performance, immune response, cecal microbial population, and ileal morphology of broiler chickens. Crossref | GoogleScholar222. | Biology of the gastrointestinal tract in poultry. Crossref | GoogleScholar272. | The genome of Th17 cell-inducing segmented filamentous bacteria reveals extensive auxotrophy and adaptations to the intestinal environment. Crossref | GoogleScholar332. | Resolution of inflammation: state of the art, definitions and terms. Crossref | GoogleScholar1308. | The potential for probiotics to prevent reproductive tract lesions in free-range laying hens. Crossref | GoogleScholar242. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by mentioning several studies and evaluations regarding the effectiveness and benefits of probiotics for gut health. The references included in the text, such as 'Protection and restitution of gut barrier by probiotics: nutritional and clinical implications' directly suggest that probiotics play a role in managing gut health and the gut microbiota balance, supporting the claim made.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Eating carbohydrates always leads to weight gain. [SEP] Text: This concept is rooted in understanding of dietary cues as a zeitgeber for the circadian system, potentially leading to more efficient energy use and weight management. Furthermore, the primary outcome, body weight loss, was self-reported by the study participants. Strengths: The innovative focus of the study on the timing of dietary occasions rather than daily energy intake or diet composition presents a fresh perspective in dietary intervention research. The feasibility of the diet plan, developed based on individual profiles of the timing of dietary occasions identified before the intervention, marks a significant step towards personalised nutrition. We thank the reviewer for the generally positive assessment of our study and for sharing the view that our personalized approach represents an innovative step in chrononutrion. Weaknesses: (1) Several methodological issues detract from the study's credibility, including unclear definitions not widely recognized in nutrition or dietetics (e. g. , "caloric event"), lack of comprehensive data on body composition, and potential confounders not accounted for (e. g. , age range, menstrual cycle, shift work, unmatched cohorts, inclusion of individuals with normal weight, overweight, and obesity). We have replaced the term "caloric event" with "calorie intake occasion" and otherwise revised our manuscript with regard to other terminology in order to avoid ambiguity. We agree with the reviewer that the determination of body composition is a very important parameter to be investigated. Such investigations will definitely be part of the future continuation of the study. In this pilot study, we aimed to clarify in principle whether our intervention approach shows effects. Since we believe that this is certainly the case, we would like to address the question of what exactly the physiological mechanisms are that explain the observed weight loss in the future. Part of these future studies will also include other parameters in the analyses. However, in response to the reviewer's suggestions, we have already completed analyses regarding age and gender of the participants, which show that both variables have no influence on weight loss. In our view, the menstrual cycle should not have a major influence on the effectiveness of a 6-week intervention. The inclusion of shift workers is not a problem from our point of view. If their work shifts allow them to follow their personal eating schedule, we see no violation of our hypothesis. If this is not the case, as our data in Fig. 1G show, we do not expect any weight loss. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the potential for weight management and loss through dietary timing and personalized nutrition rather than solely linking carbohydrate consumption to weight gain. It explains that weight loss was self-reported by study participants and emphasizes that physiological mechanisms contribute to the observed weight loss. This indicates that factors other than carbohydrate intake should be considered when evaluating weight changes.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: The suprachiasmatic nucleus is the master regulator of circadian rhythms. [SEP] Text: 2013;243:21–7. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]56. Spatiotemporal profiles of arginine vasopressin transcription in cultured suprachiasmatic nucleus. Neurosci. 2015;42:2678–89. [DOI] [PubMed] 57. . Vasopressin receptor V1a regulates circadian rhythms of locomotor activity and expression of clock-controlled genes in the suprachiasmatic nuclei. . 2009;296:R824–30. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]58. . Microglia inflammatory responses are controlled by an intrinsic circadian clock. Immun. 2015;45:171–9. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]59. . Glial cells physiologically modulate clock neurons and circadian behavior in a calcium-dependent manner. Curr Biol. 2011;21:625–34. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]60. . in the and Behavior. Curr Biol. 2017;27:1055–61. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]61. Barca-Mayo O, Pons-. Astrocyte deletion of Bmal1 alters daily locomotor activity and cognitive functions via GABA signalling. Nat Commun. 2017;8:14336. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]62. . Daily and seasonal adaptation of the circadian clock requires plasticity of the SCN neuronal network. Neurosci. 2010;32:2143–51. [DOI] [PubMed] 63. . In synch but not in step: Circadian clock circuits regulating plasticity in daily rhythms. Neuroscience. 2016;320:259–80. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]64. Diurnal transcriptome atlas of a primate across major neural and peripheral tissues. Science. 2018;359:eaao0318. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]65. Coordinated transcription of key pathways in the mouse by the circadian clock. Cell. 2002;109:307–20. [DOI] [PubMed] 66. ádek Proteomic analysis reveals the role of synaptic vesicle cycling in sustaining the suprachiasmatic circadian clock. Curr Biol. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not provide explicit information to corroborate or contrast the claim about the suprachiasmatic nucleus being the master regulator of circadian rhythms. Instead, it appears to be a citation list from a scientific article discussing various aspects related to the suprachiasmatic nucleus and circadian rhythms without directly supporting or negating the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Probiotics can support gut health by improving the balance of bacteria. [SEP] Text: (2020a) Ultrastructural changes in the ileal mucosa of broilers exposed to necrotic enteritis and Bacillus amyloliquefaciens H57. In ‘Proceedings of the 31st Symposium’, 16–19 February 2020, Sydney, Australia. p. 130. (Foundation, University of Sydney: Sydney, NSW, Australia) (2020b) amyloliquefaciens H57 ameliorates subclinical necrotic enteritis in broiler chicks by maintaining intestinal mucosal integrity and improving feed efficiency. 99, 4278–4293. | amyloliquefaciens H57 ameliorates subclinical necrotic enteritis in broiler chicks by maintaining intestinal mucosal integrity and improving feed efficiency. Crossref | GoogleScholar1240. | An economic analysis of the impact of subclinical (mild) necrotic enteritis in broiler chickens. Crossref | GoogleScholar94. | A review of avian probiotics. Crossref | GoogleScholar287. | Pathology and diagnosis of necrotic enteritis: is it clear-cut? Crossref | GoogleScholar550. | Streptococcus faecalis, a bacterial isolate which protects young chickens from enteric invasion by Salmonella. Crossref | GoogleScholar4310. | Microbiota of the chicken gastrointestinal tract: influence on health, productivity and disease. Crossref | GoogleScholar525. | The effect of probiotics and gut microbiota on Th17 cells. Crossref | GoogleScholar39. | Alteration in small intestinal structure induced by experimental subclinical coccidiosis in chicken. Crossref | GoogleScholar56. | Intestinal absorption of bile acids in health and disease. Crossref | GoogleScholar516. | Dose-dependent effects of probiotic supplementation on bone characteristics and mineralisation in meat-type female turkeys. Crossref | GoogleScholar1221. | Protozoan parasitic infections of the chick intestine and protein digestion and absorption. Crossref | GoogleScholar25. | Bowel biofilms: tipping points between a healthy and compromised gut? Crossref | GoogleScholar776. | Regulation of tight junction permeability by intestinal bacteria and dietary components. Crossref | GoogleScholar834. | The intestinal barrier: a fundamental role in health and disease. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the effects of probiotic strains, such as Bacillus amyloliquefaciens H57, which ameliorate conditions like necrotic enteritis in broiler chicks. This suggests that probiotics can help maintain intestinal mucosal integrity, thus supporting gut health and indicating a positive impact on the balance of bacteria in the gastrointestinal tract.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Eating carbohydrates always leads to weight gain. [SEP] Text: Achievement of Objectives and Support for Conclusions: (4) The study's objectives were partially met; however, the interpretation of the effects of meal timing on weight loss is compromised by the weaknesses mentioned above. The evidence only partially supports some of the claims due to methodological flaws and unstructured data analysis. We hope that we have been able to dispel uncertainties regarding some interpretations through supplementary analyses and the addition of some methodological details. Impact and Utility: (5) Despite its innovative approach, significant methodological and analytical shortcomings limit the study's utility. If these issues were addressed, the research could have meaningful implications for dietary interventions and metabolic research. The concept of timing of dietary occasions in sync with circadian rhythms holds promise but requires further rigorous investigation. We are pleased with the assessment that our data to date is promising. We hope that the revised version will already clarify some of the doubts about the data available so far. Furthermore, we absolutely agree with the reviewer: the present study serves to verify whether our intervention approach is potentially effective for weight loss - which we believe is the case. In the next steps, we plan to include extensive metabolic studies and to adjust the limitations of the present study. Reviewer #3 (Public Review): The authors tested a dietary intervention focused on improving meal regularity in this interesting paper. The study, a two-group, single-center, randomized, controlled, single-blind trial, utilized a smartphone application to track participants' meal frequencies and instructed the experimental group to confine their eating to these times for six weeks. The authors concluded that improving meal regularity reduced excess body weight despite food intake not being altered and contributed to overall improvements in well-being. The concept is interesting, but the need for more rigor is of concern. We would like to thank the reviewer for the interest in our study. (1) A notable limitation is the reliance on self-reported food intake, with the primary outcome being self-reported body weight/BMI, indicating an average weight loss of 2. 62 kg. Despite no observed change in caloric intake, the authors assert weight loss among participants. As already described above in the responses to the reviewer 2, the body weight assessment took place in video calls in the (virtual) presence of study staff, so that the risk of misreporting is minimized. We have added this information to the manuscript. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing a study that found improvements in body weight without changes to caloric intake, indicating that weight loss can occur independently of food types consumed, such as carbohydrates. Specifically, it mentions that 'improving meal regularity reduced excess body weight despite food intake not being altered,' which directly contradicts the assertion that carbohydrates always lead to weight gain.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: The suprachiasmatic nucleus is the master regulator of circadian rhythms. [SEP] Text: 2009;19:2031–6. [DOI] [PubMed] 67. Schantz Mv, Archer SN. Clocks, genes and sleep. J R Soc Med. 2003;96:486–9. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]68. Rhythmicity in the Suprachiasmatic Nucleus:. eNeuro. 2017;4:e0160-17. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]69. . Light, immediate-early genes, and circadian rhythms. Behav Genet. 1996;26:221–40. [DOI] [PubMed] 70. '. Analysis of clock proteins in mouse SCN demonstrates phylogenetic divergence of the circadian clockwork and resetting mechanisms. Neuron. 2000;25:437–47. [DOI] [PubMed] 71. . Per1 and Per2 gene expression in the rat suprachiasmatic nucleus: circadian profile and the compartment-specific response to light. Neuroscience. 1999;94:141–50. [DOI] [PubMed] 72. . Vasoactive intestinal polypeptide induces per1 and per2 gene expression in the rat suprachiasmatic nucleus late at night. Neurosci. 2002;15:570–4. [DOI] [PubMed] 73. Hannibal J. Roles of PACAP-containing retinal ganglion cells in circadian timing. Cytol. 2006;251:1–39. [DOI] [PubMed] 74. . Dissociation between light-induced phase shift of the circadian rhythm and clock gene expression in mice lacking the pituitary adenylate cyclase activating polypeptide type 1 receptor. J Neurosci. 2001;21:4883–90. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]75. . Pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide induces period1 and period2 gene expression in the rat suprachiasmatic nucleus during late night. Neuroscience. 2001;103:433–41. [DOI] [PubMed] 76. . Mice lacking the PACAP type I receptor have impaired photic entrainment and negative masking. . 2008;295:R2050–8. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it contains numerous references and citations about studies related to circadian rhythms and genes but does not directly address the role of the suprachiasmatic nucleus as the master regulator of circadian rhythms.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Probiotics can support gut health by improving the balance of bacteria. [SEP] Text: 25+ PMC/Pub5150. The isolate P8 also showed highest cholesterol assimilation capability (41. 91%) which is followed by isolate P3 (35. 95%). Based on the morphological, biochemical and physiological characteristics the isolate P3 and P8 were identified as Lactococcus lactis and Streptococcus thermophilus, respectively. Conclusion: The studied fermented dairy products available in Bangladesh contain adequate number of lactic acid bacteria and some of the bacterial isolates possess appreciable probiotic properties. Keywords Probiotics; Streptococcus; Lactococcus; Dairy products are defined as microorganisms that are believed to provide health benefits when consumed [1]. These bacteria are considered as ‘as Safe’ (GRAS) organisms and are used in the preparation of fermented food products [2]. Probiotic is usually a dairy food or a dietary supplement containing live bacteria that replace or add to the beneficial bacteria normally present in the gastrointestinal tract of man and animal. Probiotic bacteria exert several health benefits to the consumer in several ways: Improvement of the health of intestinal tract, enchantment of the immune system, synthesis and enhancement of the bioavailability of nutrients, reduction of the lactose intolerance, decrease of the prevalence of allergy in susceptible individuals, and reduction of the risk of certain cancers [3]. The cholesterol-reducing effect of probiotic has become more apparent with the discovery of bile salt deconjugating and cholesterol assimilating ability of Lactobacillus [4,5]. Thereafter, a set of screening procedures both in vitro and in vivo was established for evaluation of cholesterol-reducing probiotics [6]. Many probiotic strains mostly L. acidophilus were screened out with cholesterol-reducing property [7]. In Bangladesh, different types of fermented dairy products are very popular among the people of all age groups. However, a few works have been done on the diversity of microbes present in those probiotic products and evaluation of the probiotic properties of individual bacteria present in those probiotic products. In this study, attempts were taken to isolate bacteria from the local fermented dairy products and evaluate their probiotic potential. Materials and of samples Eight different fermented dairy products (curd, locally known as ‘doi’) were collected from different shops of Dhaka and of Bangladesh. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by stating that probiotics, which are defined as microorganisms believed to provide health benefits when consumed, improve the health of the intestinal tract. Additionally, it mentions that probiotic bacteria can replace or add to beneficial bacteria normally present in the gastrointestinal tract, which supports the assertion that they can help in maintaining gut health.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Eating carbohydrates always leads to weight gain. [SEP] Text: When recording food intake, we had to weigh up the risk of misreporting against the risk of a lack of validity in a permanently monitored setting. It was important to us to investigate the effectiveness of the intervention in the participants' everyday environment and not in a laboratory setting in order to be able to convincingly demonstrate its applicability in everyday life. The restriction of self-reporting is therefore unavoidable in our view and must be accepted. It can possibly be reduced by photographing the food, but even this is not a complete protection against underreporting, as there is no guarantee that everything that is ingested is actually photographed. However, our analyses show that the reporting behavior of individual participants did not change significantly between the exploration and intervention phases. We do not assume that participants who underreported only did so during the exploration phase (and only ate more than reported in this study phase) and reported correctly in the intervention phase (and then indeed consumed fewer calories). We discuss this point in the section "3. 1 Limitations". (2) The trial's reliance on self-reported caloric intake is problematic, as participants tend to underreport intake; for example, in the NEJM paper (DOI: 10. 1056/NEJM199212313272701), some participants underreported caloric intake by approximately 50%, rendering such data unreliable and hence misleading. More rigorous methods for assessing food intake are available and should have been utilized. Merely acknowledging the unreliability of self-reported caloric intake is insufficient as it would still leave the reader with the impression that there is no change in food intake when we actually have no idea if food intake was altered. A more robust approach to assessing food intake is imperative. Even if a decrease in caloric intake is observed through rigorous measurement, as I am convinced a more rigorous study would unveil testing this paradigm, this intervention may merely represent another short-term diet among countless others that show that one may lose weight by going on a diet, principally due to heightened dietary awareness. The risks of self-reporting, our considerations, and our analysis of participants' reporting behavior and caloric intake over the course of the study are discussed in detail both in our responses above and in the manuscript. With regard to the reviewer's second argument, we have largely adapted the study protocol of the control group to that of the experimental group. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the complexities of recording caloric intake and the limitations of self-reported data. It states that while self-reported caloric intake can be misleading and unreliable—leading to potential misreporting of food consumed—it does not conclusively state that eating carbohydrates always leads to weight gain. Instead, it suggests that rigorous measurement is needed to accurately understand food intake and its effects on weight. This indicates that the relationship between carbohydrate consumption and weight gain is not a straightforward one, which refutes the absolute nature of the claim.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: The suprachiasmatic nucleus is the master regulator of circadian rhythms. [SEP] Text: [DOI] [PubMed] 77. èvre V, et al. Selective deficits in the circadian light response in mice lacking PACAP. . 2004;287:R1194–201. [DOI] [PubMed] 78. PACAP-Parameter–on Onset. PLoS One. 2010;5:e9286. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]79. . Altered light induced EGR1 expression in the SCN of PACAP deficient mice. PLoS One. 2020;15:e0232748. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]80. Kim M, Peña. of the Clock 2 Gene, Per2. (Seoul). 2018;26:358–67. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]81. Arjona A, Sarkar DK. Gene mPer2 Regulates the of IFN-γ. J Res. 2006;26:645–9. [DOI] [PubMed] 82. . Temporal profile of circadian clock gene expression in a transplanted suprachiasmatic nucleus and peripheral tissues. Neurosci. 2007;26:2731–8. [DOI] [PubMed] 83. Castañeda. Circadian rhythms of dopamine, glutamate and GABA in the striatum and nucleus accumbens of the awake rat: modulation by light. J Pineal Res. 2004;36:177–85. [DOI] [PubMed] 84. Endogenous dopamine regulates the rhythm of expression of the clock protein PER2 in the rat dorsal striatum via daily activation of D2 dopamine receptors. J Neurosci. 2010;30:14046–58. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]85. . Global depletion of dopamine using intracerebroventricular 6-hydroxydopamine injection disrupts normal circadian wheel-running patterns and 2 expression in the rat forebrain. J Mol Neurosci. 2011;45:162–71. [DOI] [PubMed] 86. -Klein N, Goldstein RZ, et al. Repeat variation in the human PER2 gene as a new genetic marker associated with cocaine addiction and brain dopamine D2 receptor availability. Transl Psychiatry. 2012;2:e86. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]87. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim regarding the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) being the master regulator of circadian rhythms. Instead, it lists various studies and references related to circadian rhythms and gene expressions without explicitly confirming or denying the role of the SCN in circadian regulation.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Probiotics can support gut health by improving the balance of bacteria. [SEP] Text: BSH activity has most often been found in microorganisms isolated from the intestines or feces of animals [14]. The capacity to survive in the gastrointestinal tract by tolerating and colonizing at low pH in stomach (up to pH 3), higher pH in small intestine (like pH 8) and higher bile salt (up to 2%), are important features of probiotics. 8 isolates showed low pH tolerance and survival in the presence of bile salt even after 24 h of incubation. Liong and Shah [15] reported survival of LAB in the presence of high concentration of bile salt. The finding of this research also corroborates the findings of Guo et al. [16] where LAB isolates survived the presence of 0. 3% Oxgall. Isolates (P3 and P8) showed antibacterial activity against four bacterial strains which fulfills another criterion to be used as those isolates as probiotics. Through this finding it may be concluded that the isolated LAB may be used to prevent foodborne bacteria and improve the microflora of gastro-intestinal tract [17]. use of probiotics in reducing serum cholesterol levels has attracted much attention since blood cholesterol reduction through dietary modification is preferred over drugs. Isolate P3 and P8 showed significant assimilation of cholesterol. Isolate P3 assimilated 41. 92% cholesterol. This ability is higher than previously reported L. lactis subsp. Lactis LQ. The cholesterol assimilation capable isolates may be used as oral supplement which may prevent the hypercholesterolemia and reduce the coronary heart disease as well. Although findings of this study in appreciable but it will be wise to use these isolates as probiotic after double-blind trial using human subjects. 514. Fathabad EG, Eslamifar M. Isolation and applications of one strain of Lactobacillus paraplantarum from tea leaves (Camellia sinensis). Food Technol. 2011;6: 429-434. . Probiotics and their fermented food products are beneficial for health. J Appl Microbiol. 2006;100: 1171-1185. . Deconjugation of bile acids by intestinal lactobacilli. Microbiol. 1977;33: 15-18. . Assimilation of cholesterol by Lactobacillus acidophilus. Microbiol. 1985;49: 377-381. . [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the survival and antibacterial activity of probiotics in the gastrointestinal tract. It highlights that the isolated LAB (lactic acid bacteria) may improve the microflora of the gastrointestinal tract, thus supporting the idea that probiotics can enhance gut health. Additionally, it mentions the beneficial effects of probiotics in preventing foodborne bacteria, which relates to maintaining a balanced gut microbiome.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Eating carbohydrates always leads to weight gain. [SEP] Text: A rigorous assessment of the same in humans needs to be improved, which this study provides. The study is well-designed, with a 14-day exploration phase followed by 6 weeks of intervention, and it is commendable to see the number of participants (100) who completed the study. Incorporation of a follow-up assessment 4 weeks after the conclusion of the study shows maintained weight loss in a subset of (EG) participants who continue with regular meals. There are several key observations, including particular meal times (lunch and dinner), which, when restricted to 45min or less in duration (MTVS of 3 or less), will lead to efficient weight loss, as well as correlations between baseline BMI and weight loss. The authors also exclude the impact of self-reported meal composition on the efficiency of weight loss in the EG group in the context of this study. The study reports interesting effects of regularity of feeding on eating behavior, which appears to be independent of weight loss. Finally, the authors highlight an important point: to provide attention to personalized feeding and circadian windows and that personalized interventions that cater to individual circadian structures will result in more significant weight loss. This is an important concept that needs to be brought to light. There are only a few minor comments listed below: Minor comments: (1) The authors may provide explanations for the reduction in the MTVS in the EG and the increase in the same for the (CG). The increases in MTVS in CG are surprising (lines 105-106) because it is assumed that there is no difference in CG eating patterns prior to and during the study. As the reviewer correctly states, our assumption was that there should be no change in the MTVS before and during the study - but we could not rule this out, as the subjects were not given any indication of the regularity of food intake in the fixed time window in the meetings with the study staff, i. e. they were not instructed to continue eating exactly as before. This would possibly have led to an effort on the part of the participants to adhere to a schedule as precisely as possible. As a result, there was a statistically significant worsening of the MTVS in the CG, which was less than 0. 6 MTVS, i. e. a time span of only approx. ± 7. 5 min, and remained within the MTVS 3. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing a study that emphasizes the importance of meal timing and regularity over the mere composition of meals, which includes carbohydrates. It indicates that weight loss can be achieved through structured meal timings and personalized feeding interventions, suggesting that not all carbohydrate consumption necessarily leads to weight gain. Instead, the study highlights that weight management is complex and involves factors beyond carbohydrate intake alone, contradicting the simplicity of the claim.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: The suprachiasmatic nucleus is the master regulator of circadian rhythms. [SEP] Text: Electrophysiological and morphological heterogeneity of neurons in slices of rat suprachiasmatic nucleus. J Physiol. 1998;506:775–93. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]99. . Light/Dynamics to States. Front Neurol. 2021;12:625369. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]100. Entrainment of Depends on of. Neuron. 2018;99:555–63. e5. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]101. . Resetting the biological clock: mediation of nocturnal CREB phosphorylation via light, glutamate, and nitric oxide. J Neurosci. 1997;17:667–75. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]102. Hannibal J, Møller. PACAP and glutamate are co-stored in the retinohypothalamic tract. J Comp Neurol. 2000;418:147–55. [PubMed] 103. . Pituitary adenylate cyclase activating peptide phase shifts circadian rhythms in a manner similar to light. J Neurosci. 1999;19:6637–42. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]104. . Melatonin, the pineal gland, and circadian rhythms. J Biol Rhythms. 1993;8:S73–81. [PubMed] 105. . Coordination of circadian timing in mammals. Nature. 2002;418:935–41. [DOI] [PubMed] 106. . Molecular components of the mammalian circadian clock. Genet. 2006;15:R271–7. [DOI] [PubMed] 107. . Molecular machinery of the circadian clock in mammals. Res. 2002;309:47–56. [DOI] [PubMed] 108. . Manipulating circadian clock neuron firing rate resets molecular circadian rhythms and behavior. Nat Neurosci. 2015;18:373–5. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]109. . Role of the cation-chloride-cotransporters in the circadian system. Pharm Sci. 2021;16:589–97. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]110. . [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not directly address the claim regarding the suprachiasmatic nucleus as the master regulator of circadian rhythms. Instead, it presents a variety of studies and references that mention the suprachiasmatic nucleus in the context of circadian rhythms but does not provide evidence or commentary that clearly supports or refutes the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Probiotics can support gut health by improving the balance of bacteria. [SEP] Text: Nonetheless, Cotton’s cure – total or partial endentulism and denture wearing – is now known to be associated itself with systemic inflammation and depression [33, 35, 36]! Kopeloff would go on to write extensively about the alternatives to surgery, including the general intestinal value of Lactobacillus acidophilus – ‘constipation, which is so prevalent, does much to aggravate infective conditions. The habitual use of cathartics is vicious, and a rational treatment such as that employing acidophilus, the twin brother of Bulgarian bacillus, is much more desirable’ [37]. Elie MetchnikoffMetchnikoff was in agreement with the most of the viewpoints of Lane; the two were reported to be well acquainted with one another [28]. However, as a microbiologist Metchnikoff would gain fame via his preliminary research indicating that orally consumed lactic acid bacteria could combat the dangers of autointoxication. Although he focused mainly on autointoxication in relation to aging, and specifically on the ability of Lactobacillus bulgaricus to slow arteriosclerosis and other objective markers of age-related decline, the consequence of unchecked intestinal toxin production was extended to neurasthenia and overall quality of life [38–40]. In a special contribution to Cosmopolitan (1912), Metchnikoff wrote “In effect, we fight microbe with microbe…there seems hope that we shall in time be able to transform the entire intestinal flora from a harmful to an innocuous one…the beneficent effect of this transformation must be enormous” [41]. Contemporaries of Metchnikoff built volumes of clinical claims on the basis of his hypotheses and preliminary work with rabbits, guinea pigs and monkeys. For example, Albert Abrams, a physician, stated in his 1914 text entitled The Blues, Causes and Cure, that one of the keys to recovery from depressive symptoms was correction of autointoxication via the use of ‘antagonistic microbes’ and that ‘unquestionably, the liquid Lactobacilline, as it is called, is the most efficient’ [42]. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing Lactobacillus acidophilus and its role in treating constipation, which is linked to gut health. It cites historical perspectives on the benefits of probiotics in transforming harmful intestinal flora into a more innocuous state, thus supporting the notion that probiotics can indeed support gut health by improving the balance of bacteria.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Eating carbohydrates always leads to weight gain. [SEP] Text: Since there were no correlations between the measured MTVS and the weight of the subjects in the CG and a change of about half an MTVS value has only a rather minor effect on weight, we do not attribute great significance to the observed deterioration in the MTVS. (2) There would be greater clarity for the readers if the authors clearly defined the study design in detail at the outset of the study, e. g. , in section 2. 1. We have included a brief summary of the study design at the end of the introduction so that the reader is already familiar with it at the beginning of the manuscript without having to switch to the material and methods section. (3) The data in Fig S2H is important and informs readers that the regularity of lunch and dinner is more related to body weight changes than breakfast. These data should be incorporated in the Main Figure. In addition, analyses of Table S7 data indicate that MTVS of no greater than 3 or -/+45mins of the meal-timing window is associated with efficient weight loss) should be represented in a figure panel in the Main Figures. As suggested by the reviewer, we have moved Fig. S2H to the main Fig. 1. In addition, Table S7 is now no longer inserted as a supplementary table but as main Table 1 in the manuscript. (4) The authors state in lines 222-223 that "weight changes of participants were not related to one of these changes in eating characteristics (Fig. 3B-D, Tab. S6)", referring to the shortening of feeding windows as noted in the EG group. This is a rather simplistic statement, which should be amended to include that weight changes may not relate to changes in eating characteristics per se but likely relate to changes in metabolic programming, for instance, energy expenditure increases, which have been shown to associate with these changes in eating characteristics. This is important to note. We have changed the wording at this point so that it is clear that we are only referring here in the results section to the results of the mathematical analysis, which showed no correlation between the eating time window and weight loss in our sample. However, we have now explicitly mentioned the change in metabolic programming correctly noted by the reviewer in the discussion at the end of section 3. (5) Please provide more background and details on the attributes that define individual participant chronotypes in the manuscript before discussing datasets, e. g. , mSP and mEP. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by indicating that weight changes are not related to changes in eating characteristics, such as meal timings, and suggests that weight loss is more related to metabolic programming rather than a simple correlation with carbohydrate intake. Specifically, it states, 'weight changes of participants were not related to one of these changes in eating characteristics' and emphasizes that 'weight changes may not relate to changes in eating characteristics per se but likely relate to changes in metabolic programming.' This evidence implies that the intake of carbohydrates does not straightforwardly result in weight gain.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: The suprachiasmatic nucleus is the master regulator of circadian rhythms. [SEP] Text: Cell-type specific distribution of chloride transporters in the rat suprachiasmatic nucleus. Neuroscience. 2010;165:1519–37. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]111. Vinay L, Jean-Xavier C. Plasticity of spinal cord locomotor networks and contribution of cation–chloride cotransporters. Rev. 2008;57:103–10. [DOI] [PubMed] 112. Tapia D, Suárez P, Arias-García MA, Garcia-Vilchis B, Serrano-Reyes M, Bargas J, et al. Localization of chloride co-transporters in striatal neurons. Neuroreport. 2019;30:457–62. [DOI] [PubMed] 113. . Cl- uptake promoting depolarizing GABA actions in immature rat neocortical neurones is mediated by NKCC1. J Physiol. 2004;557:829–41. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]114. Tillman L, Zhang J. Crossing the Chloride Channel: Value of the Neuronal K+-Cl- Cotransporter KCC2. Int. 2019;2019:8941046. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]115. 4th. of the of GABA in the Suprachiasmatic Nucleus. J Biol Rhythms. 2018;33:376–87. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]116. . GABA-mediated repulsive coupling between circadian clock neurons in the SCN encodes seasonal time. . 2015;112:E3920–9. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]117. The differential expression patterns of messenger RNAs encoding K-Cl cotransporters (KCC1,2) and Na-K-2Cl cotransporter (NKCC1) in the rat nervous system. Neuroscience. 2001;104:933–46. [DOI] [PubMed] 118. . Heterogeneous expression of γ-aminobutyric acid and γ-aminobutyric acid-associated receptors and transporters in the rat suprachiasmatic nucleus. J Comp Neurol. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses various studies related to chloride transporters and GABA in the rat suprachiasmatic nucleus, but does not address the role of the suprachiasmatic nucleus as the master regulator of circadian rhythms. It lists multiple articles without providing support or refutation regarding the specific claim about circadian regulation.