Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Protein is essential for muscle repair and growth. [SEP] Text: In vivo studies show that IGF-1 not only inhibits neuronal cell death, but also stimulates nerve regeneration in crushed or freeze-injured nerves. Rabinovsky et al. (2003) found that after a sciatic nerve crush injury in transgenic mice expressing the human IGF-1 transgene, there is an increase in the number of neurofilaments staining the axons in muscle and an accelerated return of nerve conduction velocity. Similarly, IGF-1 increases intramuscular nerve sprouting 10-fold when administered subcutaneously to normal adult rats (Caroni & Grandes, 1990). Finally, IGF-1 has also been linked to age-related alterations in neuromuscular innervation (Payne et al. 2006). These data indicate that IGF-1 plays an important role in mature motoneuron maintenance, both in the normal state and under conditions where motor neuronal loss is found such as ageing and pathological conditions involving the central nervous system. It has been shown that rAAV is retrogradely transported from presynaptic terminals of projecting neurons through the entire length of the axon. Kaspar et al. (2003) took advantage of the retrograde transport ability of AAV in a mouse model of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis and injected AAV into respiratory and motor limb muscles to directly target the motoneurons and test the efficacy of two neurotrophic factors, IGF-1 and glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF). They showed that IGF-1 delays the onset of behavioural symptoms and sustains life to a greater degree than GDNF. The marked effects of IGF-1 on onset and survival were accompanied by preserved morphology of motoneurons. Conclusion Collectively, these findings demonstrate that IGF-1 is a central trophic growth factor, essential for muscle regeneration and hypertrophy, and motor neural maintenance and regeneration. Given the role of IGF-1 in the regeneration of nerve and muscle, it is worth further investigating the therapeutic potential of overexpression of IGF-1 in different neuromuscular diseases. Figure 3. The efficiency of AAV gene transfer. 95–99% of EDL muscle fibres showed expression of reporter gene (LacZ) delivered by AAV1. 592. & Humbel RE (1978). The amino acid sequence of human insulin-like growth factor I and its structural homology with proinsulin. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by stating that IGF-1 is essential for muscle regeneration and hypertrophy. The conclusion emphasizes that IGF-1 plays a central role in muscle repair, supporting the idea that protein, which includes IGF-1, is critical for muscle repair and growth.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Once encrypted, data never needs additional security measures. [SEP] Text: Moreover, some words often co-occur with other words so the attacker can determine keywords with similar term of distribution (co-occurrence attack)[11]. For instance, the bigram “of the” occurs much more frequently than any other bigrams in English language[13]; and possessing some auxiliary knowledge can disclose more information about the co-occurring terms. For example, the term “united” is very likely to co-occur with “states” in official paperwork. Thus, identifying a term is not difficult when the attacker knows the corresponding co-occurring term in the ciphertext. Further, documents in the same category share a considerable overlap of terms and keywords so information leakage in one document can lead to privacy violation in other documents. In addition, during each search, tracking the keywords and the corresponding retrieved documents can leak more information (access pattern attack). Thus, to preserve the data privacy, this information must be hidden from untrusted, unapproved, and unauthorized parties. This paper tackles the problem of leakless privacy preserving multi-keyword ranked search over encrypted cloud data (LRSE), and we solve the problem of search pattern, and co-occurrence (for the first time among multi-keywords SSE schemes) private information leakage. To capture the relevance between documents and the search query, we employ secure inner-product similarity that provides sufficient search accuracy[14]. In our approach, the documents and the search queries are described as binary vectors where each bit represents the existence of the corresponding keyword in the document/search query. Thus, the similarity can be measured by the inner-product of the query and document vector[14]. The distribution of the keywords in the documents is not uniform and decreases uncertainty (entropy) of the accessed documents. To address this problem, the key idea in our scheme is to exploit our chaining encryption notion to generate a variety of ciphertexts for high frequency keywords which leads to more uncertainty and a uniform probability model for the keywords distribution. The contributions of this work are:1. We explore the problem of leakless privacy preserving multi-keyword ranked search over encrypted cloud data. We build on a private model to prevent (without compromising efficiency):(a) Search pattern attack (tracking the keywords searched by two or more queries)(b) Co-occurrence attack (determining keywords with similar frequency)2. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by explaining that encrypted data can still be vulnerable to various types of attacks, such as co-occurrence attacks and access pattern attacks. It notes that even encrypted documents can leak information through shared keywords or search patterns, indicating that additional security measures are necessary to prevent privacy violations. The text specifically states that to preserve data privacy, information must be hidden from untrusted parties, which directly contradicts the assertion that once data is encrypted, it does not require further security.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: It's argued that biological control agents are always effective regardless of context. [SEP] Text: Hybridization reaction (i) Prepare nylon membrane blots (Roche Diagnostics, Canada) using a manifold device (Schleicher and Schuell, Manifold, USA) (ii) Prepare aliquots (5 μl) of PCR product denatured in 0. 5 M NaOH (500 μl) for 5 min at 37 °C; mix with 12 × SSC (500 μl; saline sodium citrate) and spot 200 μl aliquots onto nylon membrane through the wells of the manifold device (iii) Dry the membranes immediately at 120 °C for 30 min to fix the DNA onto the membrane and cool the membrane (iv) Prehybridize the membrane for 2. 5 h in hybridization buffer containing 6 × SSC 1 % skim milk powder, 0. 2 % sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) and 0. 1 mg/ml of Poly (A) at 42 or 48 °C (v) Hybridize the membrane overnight (about 16 h) in hybridization solution containing optimum concentration of probe (0. 2 pmol) (vi) Wash the membrane twice for 10 min each in 2 × SSC 0. 2 % SDS at hybridization temperature and twice for 10 min each in 0. 1 × SSC, 0. 02 % SDS at the same temperature (vii) Incubate the membrane at room temperature for 30 min in a 1:20,000 dilution of anti-digoxigenin AP (Roche Diagnostics, Canada) and wash as per the manufacturer’s instructions; generate the signal using the CDP substrate (Roche Diagnostics) and capture the signal on scientific imaging film (X-) 2. 7: Assessment of by Tests A. Inhibition of growth of fungal pathogens (Weller et al. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim since it focuses on the procedures for hybridizing membranes in a laboratory setting without discussing biological control agents or their effectiveness in any contexts.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Excessive sodium intake is linked to high blood pressure. [SEP] Text: precision medicinenutrigeneticspharmacogeneticscardiologyIntroductionPrecision medicine has the potential to improve current standard of care for patients, especially in the cardiovascular field. Better prevention and treatment of cardiovascular disease (CVD) remains a public health concern globally as the disease affects a considerable proportion of populations in many countries. 1 CVD progression can be in part prevented with effective management of blood pressure through nutritional, pharmacological and lifestyle approaches. 2 3 Nutritional approaches to reduce blood pressure has in part focused on sodium intake as part of a nutritional intervention plan, although this established approach may be more effective for individuals who are salt sensitive, a phenotype that is currently not considered clinically. Blood pressure for individuals who are salt sensitive will change depending on the level of sodium intake, while those who are salt resistant will not see a change in their blood pressure even when sodium intake varies. This difference in response to sodium and its associated effect on blood pressure makes it important to be able to stratify the population based on this response to be able to effectively guide dietary intake. Nutrigenetics, which incorporates genetic markers in dietary intervention approaches, is one promising way this salt sensitivity phenotype can be identified among individuals. In addition, for those receiving antihypertensive agents to control blood pressure, using genetic markers to help with drug selection, or using a pharmacogenetic approach, may be a better way of achieving improved efficacy, lower adverse events and lead to more efficient use of limited healthcare resources. Current methods to manage blood pressure and sodium intake and the emerging role of precision medicine will be explored. More specifically, the use of genetics in nutritional and pharmacological interventions, or pharmaconutrigenetics, to guide sodium intake and manage blood pressure will be discussed as a way to better prevent and manage CVD progression. The relationship between high sodium intake, blood pressure and CVDAdequate intake (AI) of the essential nutrient sodium is crucial in sustaining health. Sodium is an electrolyte that is involved in vital physiological processes, including muscle and nerve function by controlling membrane potential of cells, active transport of molecules across cell membranes and controlling blood pressure through altering fluid and electrolyte balance in the body. 4 Low sodium intake may affect insulin resistance, blood lipids, CVD risk and increase plasma renin activity, although more evidence is needed to substantiate these adverse events. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by explaining the relationship between sodium intake and blood pressure. It highlights that individuals who are salt sensitive will see changes in their blood pressure based on their sodium intake, indicating a direct link between excessive sodium intake and increased blood pressure levels. Furthermore, it discusses how effective management of blood pressure can involve nutritional interventions that focus on sodium intake, which reinforces the connection between sodium levels and blood pressure regulation.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Once encrypted, data never needs additional security measures. [SEP] Text: Our methodological contribution is a novel chaining encryption notation which prevent the aforementioned attacks. 3. We demonstrate using privacy and security analysis the correctness of our proposed method. To achieve our goals (see Section 2. 1) there are two approaches. One possibility is to create an index which decreases the searches elapsed time. In the related literature two types of index are considered[4]: (1) building an index for each document Di[15]; (2) design an index which encompasses the entire corpus [10,16]. The alternative approach is to perform a sequential scan without an index. When the documents are large, an index will likely be faster than sequential search, but on the flip side, storing and updating the index increases overhead considerably. Either approach would be appropriate here depending on the corpus’s characteristics such as file length and file modification frequency. We first describe the sequential search scheme using our novel chaining notion (see Section 4. 1). Next we express our second scheme which benefits from an index for the whole corpus (see Section 4. 2). Note that, in the second scheme we exploit the chaining notion idea in generating the index vectors even though it (chaining notion) is not employed to encrypt the documents. 1. 1 System modelOur system model as illustrated in Figure 1, involves three different entities: data owner, data users, and cloud server. The data owner has a collection of documents (files) to be outsourced to the cloud server. Since files may contain sensitive information and the cloud server is not fully trusted, data must be encrypted (); and any kind of information leakage that jeopardizes the data privacy is inadmissible. Moreover, for the sake of effective data utilization and to ensure precise results, the cloud server must apply the search requests (queries) on the encrypted data. Hence, before outsourcing the data onto the cloud, the data owner extracts a set of keywords Δd to build an encrypted searchable index. We extract the keywords before encrypting the data, so the keywords with a high frequency get encrypted into a number of ciphertexts. As a result, it becomes significantly more difficult for the cloud to track specific keywords in documents as we will explain shortly. Both the encrypted index and encrypted data are then transferred to the cloud server. Figure 1. Architecture of the search over encrypted cloud data. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by explaining the necessity of encrypting data due to potential information leakage when using cloud servers. It emphasizes that data must be encrypted because the cloud server is not fully trusted and any lack of additional security measures could jeopardize data privacy. This implies that simply encrypting data is not sufficient; additional security measures (like keyword extraction for creating an encrypted searchable index) are necessary to ensure effective data utilization and security.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: It's argued that biological control agents are always effective regardless of context. [SEP] Text: 1985) (i) Mark two lines perpendicular to each other passing through the center of the bottom of a sterile petriplate using a glass marking pencil; pour about 15 ml of potato dextrose agar (PDA) or King’s medium B in each plate; tilt the plate gently so that the medium spreads uniformly in it; allow the medium to set (ii) Cultivate the test antagonists in appropriate medium (PDA for fungi and King’s medium B for bacteria or other specific media) for the required period (iii) Using a sterile cork borer (6 mm dia), transfer one culture disk of each test antagonist to the plates containing medium already prepared; position the disks at equidistant points near the edges of the lines marked on the plates; incubate for 2 days at room temperature (iv) Grow the pathogen in an appropriate medium; using the sterile cork borer (6 mm dia), punch out disks of pathogen culture; place one disk at the center of the plate in which antagonist cultures have already been placed; incubate the plate at room temperature (v) Measure the zones of inhibition formed due to the activity of each test antagonist; select the antagonist causing maximum inhibition of the pathogen (vi) To determine the spectrum of activity of the antagonist reverse the positions of antagonist and pathogen; place the culture disks of the antagonist at the center of the plate and the disks of pathogens at the periphery of the plate B. Leaf disk inoculation technique (Falk et al. 1996) a. Preparation of inoculum of pathogen (Plasmopara viticola) (i) Inoculate the grapevine leaves from plants (cv. Riesling) grown in the growth chamber by spraying a suspension of sporangia obtained by washing from sporulating lesions; place the inoculated leaves inside the moist chamber in a growth chamber at 21 °C with a 12-h photoperiod (ii) Wash the sporulating lesions formed on inoculated leaves with distilled water from a nonchlorinated fluorocarbon aerosol sprayer; adjust the concentration of sporangia to 1 × 105 per ml using a hemocytometer (iii) Place the suspension at 22 °C for 20–30 min for the release of zoospores before inoculation onto test leaf disks/leaves b. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it provides detailed experimental procedures for testing biological control agents but does not address their effectiveness or any contextual factors affecting their performance. Thus, it neither supports nor contradicts the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Excessive sodium intake is linked to high blood pressure. [SEP] Text: 4 Excessive intake of sodium is strongly associated with elevated blood pressure, which increases the risk for cardiovascular and renal diseases. 4 Raised blood pressure and hypertension are major risk factors for CVD as they are underlying contributing factors in 62% of all stroke events and 49% of all coronary heart disease cases. 5 At the global level, the prevalence of raised blood pressure affects 40% of adults aged 25 years and older and accounts for 12. 8% of all deaths. 6 In the USA, approximately one-third of the adult population suffers from hypertension with 76% taking medication to manage the disease. 7 Hypertension is prevalent in 7. 3% of adults aged 18 years and over, 32. 4% of adults aged 40–59 years and 65% of adults aged 60 years and older. 7 Proper blood pressure control is critical in avoiding cardiovascular-related mortality and remains an area of great public health concern. For the past 40 years, heart disease has remained the top leading cause of mortality in the USA (23. 4% of all deaths). 8 In 2015, stroke was ranked as the fifth cause of mortality in the USA (5. 2% of all deaths). 8 Maintaining an optimal level of sodium intake can help manage blood pressure and prevent cardiovascular-related mortality since studies have shown that reducing sodium consumption can reduce blood pressure. 9 Given these data, it is imperative that healthcare professionals and public health efforts aim to ensure sodium intake among the population is within a healthy range. Recommended daily intake of sodium for optimal physiological healthTable 1 10 summarises the dietary reference values, including the reference nutrient intake (RNI) and tolerable upper intake levels (ULs) set by the UK government through the Committee on of Food and for the UK population. Table 2 4 summarises the dietary reference intake (DRI) levels, including the AI and tolerable ULs of sodium set by the Institute of Medicine for the US population, which are similar to the guidelines recommended for Canadians. 11 12 In line with these DRI levels, the 2015–2020 for Americans recommends that adults limiting sodium intake to less than 2. 3 g per day as part of a healthy eating pattern. 13 The WHO recommends a level of sodium intake less than 2 g per day for adults in order to reduce blood pressure, risk of CVD, stroke and coronary heart disease. 14 15 There is insufficient high-quality data associating a low sodium diet (<2. 3 g or <1. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by stating that 'excessive intake of sodium is strongly associated with elevated blood pressure.' It goes on to highlight the health risks associated with high blood pressure, indicating the importance of managing sodium intake to maintain optimal blood pressure levels. Furthermore, the text cites recommendations from health organizations, reinforcing the link between sodium intake and blood pressure control.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Once encrypted, data never needs additional security measures. [SEP] Text: We can assume that the document sizes will also be leaked, but it can be trivially preserved by a “padding” method[4]. Thus, we classify the attack model to Attack in which the adversary only observes the ciphertext, i. e. , encrypted documents encrypted index and queries. 3 Privacy requirementsTo address security concerns and preventing a “honest-but-curious” server (see Section 2. 3) from collecting users’ personal information, the data owner applies a symmetric key cryptography before outsourcing data to the cloud. Although cryptography impedes the cloud prying into the data owner’s private data, it cannot address all privacy concerns. Ideally, a cloud should learn nothing but the (encrypted) search results; and it jeopardizes data privacy and even security if the cloud deduces any information from the index, accessed files, queried keywords, etc. For example, by analyzing this information, the cloud server may infer the major subject of a document, or even the file’s content [17]. Therefore, methods must be designed to prevent the cloud from performing these kind of association attacks. Data privacy and index privacy are default requirements in the literature, and in the following, we enumerate more challenging and more complex privacy requirements. 1. Privacy: Uncovering the relation between two or more search requests can lead to more information leakage and data/user privacy violation. Also, the resultant documents, which are ranked based on the query q, provide a good opportunity for the cloud to identify the keywords and their corresponding outsourced documents. Disguising the search pattern from unauthorized parties is among the most complex challenges in this field, so related literature[10,11,18] has not yet addressed this completely issue. 2. Co-occurrence Keyword Privacy: Keywords with the same distribution pattern expose more privacy violation risks. In the other words, the privacy of the keywords that co-occur often are tied to each other, and compromising the privacy of one term can lead to privacy violation of the co-occurring term. As a result, the privacy level of co-occurring terms is lower than the regular terms in the same condition. Therefore, we should protect and hide this term dependency to protect the co-occurring terms or at least put them at the same level of privacy protection with singularly occurring terms. 4 LRSE schemeTo meet these requirements, we propose the LRSE scheme. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by explaining that while encryption helps protect data, it does not address all security and privacy concerns. For instance, it mentions that even with encrypted data, adversaries may glean information from ciphertext and indexed queries. The text highlights the necessity for additional security measures to prevent privacy violations and the inference of sensitive data by the cloud, directly contradicting the claim that encryption alone is sufficient.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: It's argued that biological control agents are always effective regardless of context. [SEP] Text: Preparation of the biocontrol agent (BCA) (Fusarium proliferatum isolate G6) (i) Multiply the BCA in potato-dextrose-agar (PDA) medium for 2–3 weeks at 20–25 °C; scrape the mycelium from the surface of the medium and homogenize after adding enough sterile water by vortex mixing (ii) Filter the suspension of conidia and hyphae through a double layer of cheese cloth; adjust the concentration of microconidia to 1 × 106 per ml using a hemocytometer c. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text provides a detailed procedure for preparing a specific biological control agent but does not address its effectiveness or context of use. Therefore, it is irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Excessive sodium intake is linked to high blood pressure. [SEP] Text: 5 g per day) with an increased or reduced cardiovascular risk and mortality for the general population. 16 17 Better quality randomised trials and cohort studies are needed in this area to better understand the effects of low sodium intake on cardiovascular outcomes. 18View this table:View inline View popup Table 1 Sodium: UK dietary reference values levels10View this table:View inline View popup Table 2 Sodium: US dietary reference intakes levels4Sodium consumption levelsCurrent sodium consumption levels around the world exceed recommendations and are above levels that are considered physiologically optimal. Global mean intake of sodium in 2010 was estimated to be almost twice the level recommended by WHO at 3. 95 g per day. 19 Highest sodium intake levels were observed in central Asia (5. 51 g per day) and lowest in east sub-(2. 18 g per day). 19 A similar trend of excessive consumption of sodium is observed in the USA, with approximately 90% of the US population over the age of 2 years old consuming on average 3. 4 mg of sodium per day. 20 21 Main contributors of sodium in the diet for the US population comes from food bought from stores (~60. 8%) and restaurants (~29. 4%). 20Interventions to decrease dietary sodium intakeExcessive sodium consumption is recognised as a global issue. A global initiative backed by the and the WHO aims to reduce salt intake at the population level by 30% by 2025, and 75 countries have already adopted national sodium reduction programme to help meet this goal. 22 Strategies to reduce sodium intake at the population level have taken different approaches, including working with industry to reformulate food products, establishing sodium content targets for foods, educating consumers, revising labelling schemes on food packages, taxing high-salt foods and developing interventions in public institutions. 22In the UK, the for Health and (NICE) has responded to this excessive sodium intake level with recommended policy goals. The UK has been aiming to reduce sodium intake among adults to 2. 4 g per day by 2015 and down to 1. 2 g per day by 2025. 23 The UK reported a population level reduction of sodium intake by 14. 7% (3. 8 g to 3. 24 g) during 2001–2011. 22 This reduction in sodium intake is in part due to the UK Agency’s salt reduction programme that were implemented 2003–2010. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by highlighting the global issue of excessive sodium consumption, mentioning that 'Excessive sodium consumption is recognised as a global issue' and discussing interventions aimed at reducing sodium intake, which is associated with lower cardiovascular risks. This supports the idea that excessive sodium intake can lead to health problems such as high blood pressure.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Once encrypted, data never needs additional security measures. [SEP] Text: LRSE is a privacy preserving multi-keyword ranked search mechanism over encrypted files. We adopt the secure inner product proposed by Wong et al. [14]. The index and the query q are both protected using this encryption strategy. The key idea in our approach is to generate a variety of ciphertexts for high frequency keywords from the corpus. Hence, multiple encrypted versions of a keyword will be used to search for the same keyword. This directly affects the search pattern ψ that the adversary collects to discover the keyword plaintext. We propose two schemes: introduces a solution for searching with sequential scan using our novel chaining notation; and Scheme II, expresses how the chaining notion can be employed to handle controlled searching with an outsourced encrypted index. 4. 1 Scheme I-sequential scanRecall that in Definition 1 a searchable encryption scheme contains a suite of 6 algorithms. Here, we explain how each algorithm works in Scheme I. In the setup phase, beside calling the KeyGen to generate the secret key K, we generate a document-term matrix and a required ciphertext vector. Scheme I’s details are presented here:● Setup. Let γ be a n × d document-term matrix(DTM) which an element ei j represents the frequency of keyword wj in document Di. Let φ = (l1,…, ld)be required-ciphertext vector which li, 1 ≤ i ≤ d shows the number of required ciphertext for keyword wi. We first extracts the corpus keyword dictionary Δd from the entire corpus and then generates the document-term matrix γ. Afterwards, we generate the the required-ciphertext vector φ (see below for more details). Then we call KeyGen algorithm to generate the secret key K that will be used to encrypt the documents. ● RequiredCiphertext. The probability of querying high frequency keywords is high, so these keywords are more prone to privacy leakages. In a strong attack model[12] where the cloud server is equipped with more knowledge such as the term frequency statistics, the attacker(cloud) can extract invaluable information form the encrypted files[16]. Moreover, by issuing each query to the cloud, the data user is revealing more private information such as her interests and hobbies. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by explaining that even encrypted data can be vulnerable to privacy leaks, especially for high-frequency keywords. It states that the attacker (cloud server) can extract valuable information from the encrypted files if the cloud has more knowledge, indicating that encryption alone does not ensure complete security and additional measures are necessary.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: It's argued that biological control agents are always effective regardless of context. [SEP] Text: (Non-primed) (i) Scrap the fungal spores on the surface of PDA after adding sterile water (5 ml); filter through nylon mesh (38 μM) and adjust the conidial concentration 1 × 107 CFU/ml (ii) Coat the carrot seeds by shaking the seeds (1 g/treatment) with adjusted conidial suspension (4 ml) on a shaker at 130 rpm for 10 min; keep the seeds on filter paper and air-dry in a laminar hood for 1 h (iii) For commercial preparation (dry formulations), suspend in sterile water; shake on a vortexer for 1 min; adjust the spore concentration to 1 × 107 CFU/ml and air-dry as indicated above (step ii) C. Hydropriming of carrot seeds (i) Use aerated water (500 ml) to be imbibed by carrot seeds (50 g) for 16 h; surface-dry the seeds for 1 h; determine water content at regular intervals to bring the moisture contents (MC) to 38 and 40 % (ii) Incubate the seeds in plastic containers with two 1-mm holes in the lid at 15 °C for 13 days D. Biopriming of carrot seeds (i) Prepare the clay inoculum of the BCA (C. rosea); (2. 5 g clay inoculum/500 ml water); apply during imbibition of seeds or dust the inoculum onto seed after drying the seeds at 0. 01 g inoculum/g seed at 40 % MC (ii) Determine the MC during priming at 7 and 14 days by drying 1-g seed samples at 130 °C for 1 h (iii) Air dry the bioprimed seeds in a laminar hood overnight at 22 ± 3 °C to an MC of 7. 8 ± 0. 2 % before use in bioassays and blotter tests (iv) Store the hydroprimed and bioprimed seeds in air tight containers at 4 °C E. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text provides detailed procedures on the preparation and treatment of carrot seeds with fungal spores, focusing on specific methods and conditions for using biological control agents. However, it does not address the effectiveness of these agents across different contexts, nor does it support or refute the claim about their consistent effectiveness. Therefore, it is considered irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Excessive sodium intake is linked to high blood pressure. [SEP] Text: Sodium content in food items was reduced (some as high as 70%) and educational campaigns led to 43% of adults (vs 34% before the campaigns) making efforts to reduce sodium intake. 24In the US, the Food and (FDA) has responded to this excessive sodium consumption among the US population through a 2016 for Industry that outlines short-term (2 years) and longer term (10 years) goals for sodium content reduction in commercially processed and packaged foods. 25 This guidance document recognises the importance of a supportive food environment through engagement with industry to help the US population meet the sodium intake levels recommended in the 2015–2020 for Americans. Although voluntary, it will be imperative for food companies to recognise the need to reduce sodium levels in their food products in ways that will not compromise the integrity of their products since sodium serves many functions beyond affecting taste, including texture, preservation and microbial safety. 26In addition to addressing this issue from the food environment perspective, individuals with high blood pressure can work one-on-one with their dietitians to lower their sodium intake. A commonly prescribed heart-healthy diet for individuals with elevated blood pressure is the to (DASH) diet. 27 Broadly, the DASH diet emphasises the consumption of vegetables, fruits and whole grains while limiting foods high in saturated fat, sugar sweetened beverages and sweets. Low-fat and fat-free dairy products, fish, poultry, beans, nuts and vegetable oils are also emphasised. 27 One of the core recommendations of this diet is to consume less than 2. 3 g of sodium each day and further recommends an intake of 1. 5 g of sodium each day for better blood pressure control. 27 A major randomised controlled trial studying the effects of the DASH diet in comparison with a control diet high in sodium observed a 7. 1 mm Hg drop in blood pressure for non-hypertensive subjects and a 11. 5 mm Hg drop in blood pressure for subjects with hypertension. 28 The results of a meta-analysis that included 17 randomised controlled trials indicated that adhering to the DASH diet is associated with reduced blood pressure (6. 74 mm Hg drop in systolic blood pressure and 3. 54 mm Hg drop in diastolic pressure). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by detailing the impact of sodium consumption on blood pressure, specifically mentioning the Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension (DASH) diet, which emphasizes reducing sodium intake to improve blood pressure control. It states that a major trial comparing the DASH diet to a high sodium control diet observed significant drops in blood pressure among both hypertensive and non-hypertensive subjects, indicating a clear link between sodium intake and high blood pressure.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Once encrypted, data never needs additional security measures. [SEP] Text: Thus, there are two main challenges: 1) hiding the keyword frequencies in the outsourced encrypted documents and 2) obscuring the frequency of the queried keywords which may lead to exposing the underlying keywords[12]. In an ideal world the keyword frequencies are equal, and the data user uniformly queries all of the available keywords. Thus, the cloud observation from the encrypted files and the queries does not leak any information. Although this is impossible in the real world, our goal is to break down the keyword frequencies to get close to the ideal scenario. For this reason we calculate the average of each column (average of each keyword in the document collection ). Note that because we are employing uniform distribution the average and the median are effectively the same. = (a1,…, ad) be the average vector in which ai 1 ≤ i ≤ d shows the average of keywords wi in corpus thus,. To determine the number of required ciphertexts for each keyword (li) we define a new measure as threshold τ which is the floor of the minimum element in the average vector A. Finally, we determine the number of required-ciphertext vector φ by calculating the ceiling of the maximum frequency for each keyword in DTM-matrix γ divided by the threshold τ: where maxei is the maximum value in the wi column. We divide the maximum frequency of each keyword by the minimum average of the keywords (threshold factor τ) to ensure each encrypted version will occur with the same frequency as the minimum value in the average vector A. With this strategy, the cloud (or an adversary) sees all of the encrypted keywords in the same frequency range. Thus, we gain more uncertainty and a higher level of entropy so identifying the keywords becomes more difficult for the cloud. ● GenerateCiphertext. Before we explain how we encrypt the documents, we define the BuildChain algorithm which will be used by the Encryption algorithm. - BuildChain(K, Δd, φ). This algorithm takes a secret key K, a document keyword dictionary Δd, and a required-ciphertext vector φ as input. It outputs an encrypted keyword dictionary dʹ = (ŵ11,…, ŵij) where ŵij is the j-th ciphertext of wi1≤i≤d and d′ is the number of encrypted keywords. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the ongoing challenges associated with encrypting data. It highlights issues such as the necessity to obscure keyword frequencies and the difficulties of maintaining security once data has been encrypted, suggesting that additional measures are indeed required to protect the information further. Phrases like 'the cloud observation from the encrypted files... does not leak any information' imply that despite encryption, there remains a risk that needs to be mitigated.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: It's argued that biological control agents are always effective regardless of context. [SEP] Text: Bioassay of biocontrol potential (i) Plant seeds treated with different BCAs and untreated control seeds after washing in coarse sand moistened with tap water (3:1, v/v) kept in plastic boxes, after covering with transparent plastic foil (ii) Place the planted boxes in a growth chamber at 20 ± 1 °C with 12-h photoperiod; water the seedlings using an atomizer after 8 and 14 days after planting (iii) Record seedling emergence, dead and wilted plants (removed as and when noted) and confirm the post-emergence infection by incubating affected plants in three layers of filter paper under near UV light to induce sporulation of Alternaria spp. 2. 9: Identification of by Reaction (PCR) (Kulmann et al. 2003) A. DNA extraction (i) Use mycelium (0. 05–0. 2 g) or washed mycorrhizal roots (3. 5 mm); transfer the samples to sterile Eppendorf cup (2 ml) filled with silanized sand and a ceramic sphere and extract the DNA with a as per the manufacturer’s instructions (ii) Purify the DNA using standard electrophoresis in 1 % agarose gel and stain with ethidium bromide along with known standards B. PCR analyses (i) Use ITS-specific nucleotides ITS1 primer () and ITS 8 primer () (ii) Carryout the PCR amplification reactions in aliquots of 50 μl containing 20 mM Tris HCl (pH 8. 4), 50 m KCl, 1. 5 mM MgCl2, 3 % DMSO, 100 pmol of each primer ITS1, ITS8, 0. 4 mM of each dNTP and 2. 5 units of Taq polymerase and 0. 1~100 ng DNA (iii) Use the thermocycler for amplification with an initial denaturation step at 95 °C for 5 min followed by 35 cycles of 95 °C for 5 min followed by 35 cycles of 95 °C for 1 min, 68 °C for 1 min and 72 °C for 1 min and complete the reactions by a final 2 min extension step at 72 °C (iv) Resolve the amplicons by electrophoresis in a 1. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses detailed methodologies for bioassays and PCR analysis related to biological control agents, without addressing the efficacy of these agents in various contexts or the claim that they are always effective.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Excessive sodium intake is linked to high blood pressure. [SEP] Text: In a 27-year-long observational study, salt sensitivity was found to be an important risk factor for mortality independent of blood pressure level that mimics mortality risk observed in hypertensive and salt resistant individuals. 36 The survival curve with the best survival over the 27-year period was observed in individuals who were normotensive and salt resistant, and individuals with the worst survival were those who were hypertensive and salt sensitive. 36 Survival over this 27-year period was not significantly different between those who were normotensive plus salt sensitive and those who were hypertensive plus salt resistant. 36 Individuals who were normotensive and salt resistant had significantly better survival than the other three subgroups investigated (normotensive and salt sensitive, hypertensive and salt resistant, and hypertensive and salt sensitive) (p<0. 001). 36 An OR of 1. 73 (95% CI 1. 02 to 2. 94, p=0. 042) for death was observed for individuals who were salt sensitive. 36 One major limitation of this observational study is the lack of dietary information on individuals in this cohort to understand the relationship between sodium intake levels and mortality risk for salt sensitive and resistant individuals. It has been shown, however, that salt-sensitive individuals tend to have higher blood pressures over time when compared with salt-resistant individuals, suggesting that reduced sodium intake interventions may reduce the progression of hypertension overtime for salt sensitive individuals. 37 In addition, numerous studies have also observed adverse effects of high sodium on organ damage independent of blood pressure. 38–41Given that sodium intake for most individuals is excessive, the majority of the population would benefit from an overall reduction in sodium intake towards UL levels. The salt sensitivity phenotype is an important factor to consider in determining optimal sodium intake levels instead of relying solely on blood pressure. In addition, focusing on aggressive salt intake reduction for salt resistant individuals may not be an effective dietary intervention strategy in managing blood pressure. Prevalence and identification of individuals with the salt sensitivity phenotypeThe salt sensitivity phenotype is more common in several subgroups, including individuals who are black, older adults and patients with hypertension. 41 42 In the USA, approximately 26. 4% is salt sensitive (58 million), 30. 4% is hypertensive (66. 9 million) and 11. 8% is both hypertensive and salt sensitive (26 million). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by stating that 'salt-sensitive individuals tend to have higher blood pressures over time when compared with salt-resistant individuals', suggesting a direct link between sodium intake and blood pressure levels. Additionally, it discusses how reduced sodium intake interventions may help lower hypertension progression in salt-sensitive individuals, further supporting the assertion that excessive sodium intake is related to high blood pressure.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Once encrypted, data never needs additional security measures. [SEP] Text: For each keyword wi ∈ Δd, BuildChain generates the first ciphertext ŵi1 by encrypting keyword wi using the secret key K. To generate the second ciphertext ŵi2, BuildChain encrypts XOR of previous ciphertext ŵi1 with keyword wi using the same secret key K (i. e. , ŵi1wi). Hence, each ciphertext is chained to the previous one. The algorithm continues generating new ciphertext for keyword wi until we have the expected number of ciphertexts according to the φ vector. Figure 2 shows the chaining process. Note that compared to other approaches that adopt multiple keys[1], in our chaining methodology, we employ only one key for all of the required ciphertexts. This characteristic mitigates the key management challenges and lessen system costs during the key generation. Moreover, it enables the data users to generate the whole chain on their own side which reduces the communication costs and increases security and privacy. From the privacy viewpoint, keywords with a high frequency get encrypted multiple times (using chaining notion). As a result, it becomes significantly more difficult for the cloud to track down a specific keyword in a single document or across multiple documents. We explain how Encryption algorithm (see Definition 1) works in LRSE. Note that, is not an index-based method, so it does not need to take in an index (we will employ an index in Scheme II). After taking the inputs, Encryption algorithm call the BuildChain to generate the required-ciphertext vector φ. The BuildChain algorithm returns the encrypted keyword dictionary d′ to the Encryption algorithm. algorithm starts to encrypt each document by fetching each word from the file and if the word is one of the keywords in Δd, we randomly choose one of its encrypted versions from d′, otherwise we encrypt the word with the secret key1. The subroutine “Add” in this algorithm adds the encrypted document (here Ci) to the encrypted file collection (). Algorithm 1 demonstrates how we encrypt each file. Since the cloud sees the encrypted document collection it generates the DTM matrix (γ′) based on the encrypted keywords in. Thus, the number of columns in γ′ is d′ rather than d (d ≤ d′) and the high frequency keywords are eliminated in the whole matrix. ● GenerateQuery. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by explaining the process of encryption and the use of chaining to enhance security. It mentions that multiple ciphertexts are generated for keywords and that the encryption method makes it significantly more difficult for the cloud to track specific keywords. This implies that encryption alone isn't sufficient and additional measures are necessary to maintain security and privacy.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: It's argued that biological control agents are always effective regardless of context. [SEP] Text: Phytopathology 98:1218–1225PubMed CAS 42. J Bacteriol 186:1084–1096PubMed CAS 1. Williams & Williams, Baltimore 48. 85:529–534 6. Technol 69:40–48 96. Microbiol 72:7111–7122PubMed CAS 2. Technol 47:422–428CAS 96. Microbiol 67:2545–2554PubMed CAS 10. 1186/1471 - 2180-9-204 177. 12:1591–1597 3. Phytopathology 91:204–211PubMed CAS 1948. 126:37–42PubMed CAS 1. J Pathol 78:287–293 365. 14:1096–1104PubMed CAS 92. J Antibiot 45:1216–1221PubMed CAS 4. 1: for A. General media 1. King’s medium B (Yoshida et al. 2001) Protease peptone No. 3 20. 0 g; K2HPO4-1. 5 g; MgSO4 1. 5 g; glycerin 10. 0 ml; distilled water 1,000 ml. 2. Peptone-PD medium (Yoshida et al. 2001) Peptone 5. 0 g; potato 200. 0 g; dextrose 20. 0 g distilled water 1,000 ml. 3. CY agar medium (Bull et al. 2002) Casitone 1. 0; yeast extract 0. 1 %; CaCl2. H2O 0. 1 %; agar 1. 5 %; cycloheximide 50 μg/ml; mystatin 50 μg/ml; vancomycin-10 μg/ml; distilled water 1,000 ml. 4. MGY agar medium (Steddom and Menge 2001) Mannitol. 10. 0 g; L-glutamic acid 2. 0 g KH2PO4-0. 5 g; NaCl 0. 2 g; Yeast extract-0. 25 g; agar 18 g; distilled water 1,000 ml. Amended with different concentrations of rifampicin (1–50 mg/l). 5. API 50 CHB/E medium (Gacitúa et al. 2009) Ammonium sulfate 2. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text provided is irrelevant to the claim as it does not discuss the effectiveness of biological control agents or provide any context related to their effectiveness. Instead, it primarily consists of references, media preparation methods, and scientific citations that have no direct bearing on the argument about the reliability of biological control agents.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Excessive sodium intake is linked to high blood pressure. [SEP] Text: 34Currently, there are no practical methods to assess this phenotype in the clinical setting as it involves weeks of careful dietary monitoring using a crossover study design. The genetics that characterise this phenotype has been extensively studied in an attempt to use genetic screening tools to predict this phenotype for more precise dietary and pharmaceutical interventions. Numerous genes have been identified and associated with the salt sensitivity phenotype. 34 35 43–48 Table 3 49–53 summarises the genetic variants with the strongest links to salt sensitivity. View this table:View inline View popup Table 3 Summary of the strongest genetic markers associated with salt sensitivityVariants in the GRK4 and SLC4A5 genes have the strongest and most consistent genetic links to salt sensitivity. 49 50 The GRK4 gene codes for a protein that is responsible for regulating the dopamine D1 receptor, which is involved with regulating the renal tubule ion transport. 51 The SLC4A5 gene codes for a protein that transports sodium and bicarbonate ions in renal tubule cells back into circulation. 49A randomised crossover study of blood pressure in response to a low (230 mg sodium/day) and high salt (6. 9 g sodium/day) diet was conducted in 185 Caucasians (55 hypertensive; 130 normotensive). 49 Salt sensitivity defined by mean arterial pressure increase of ≥7 mm Hg on high versus low salt diet. Out of all the polymorphisms that were studied in the 17 genes, two single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in SLC4A5, rs7571842 and rs10177833 were found to be associated with salt sensitivity (p value 1. 0×10–4 and 3. 1×10–4, respectively) in an unadjusted regression model. 49 G allele carriers for rs7571842 and rs10177833 had a protective effect against salt sensitivity even after adjusting for body mass index and age (OR=0. 210, p=8. 9×10-5 and 0. 286, p=2. 6×10-4, respectively). 49 These two SNPs were investigated for replication purposes in a second hypertensive cohort of 211 subjects (low sodium diet: 230 mg/day; high sodium diet: 4. 6 g/day, salt sensitivity defined by mean arterial pressure increase of ≥7 mm Hg on high vs low salt diet). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing a randomized crossover study that examines blood pressure responses to both low and high sodium diets, specifically noting the definition of salt sensitivity based on an increase in mean arterial pressure on a high salt diet. The evidence presented supports the assertion that excessive sodium intake can lead to high blood pressure.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Once encrypted, data never needs additional security measures. [SEP] Text: In the initialization phase, the data owner and the data user exchange φ vector and the secret key K that enable the data user to make an encrypted query q. In addition, because we have multiple encrypted versions (ciphertexts) of each keyword, the data user can use a portion of the available ciphertexts for each keyword, but the data user must use the same portion for all of the keywords in the same query to not effect the results. For example, the data user may decide to use sixty percent of available ciphertext for each keyword, but he cannot employ sixty percent for the first keyword and forty percent for the second one, because it makes the results imprecise. Finally, encrypted query q is sent to the cloud. The data user may send an optional parameter k to the cloud to retrieve only the top-k resultant documents. This is one of the characteristics that distinguishes our approach from other schemes. With each query the data user is able to randomly choose some of the ciphertext for each keyword which delivers more uncertainty and consequently more entropy. Thus, even if consecutive queries share some of their keywords, the cloud is not able to find a pattern between the queries due to using different versions of ciphertext in each query. Moreover, co-occurring terms appear with different ciphertext in the encrypted files, so, finding the co-occurring terms becomes significantly more difficult for the cloud. The details of Query is shown in Algorithm 2. The data user declares the “portion” manually or it can be determined randomly by the algorithm (like we did in the Algorithm 2). This feature determines the percentage of each keyword ciphertext that will be employed in the query encryption process. For example, if wi possesses five different ciphertext and the portion is set to sixty percent, the algorithm employs three versions of the ciphertexts randomly for the current query. Moreover, the data user is able to generate the ciphertexts as all encrypted versions are chained together. Note that the plain query can be indicated by today’s web search engine such as Bing® and Google®, in which the data users tend to provide a sentence in natural languages or a set of keywords to express their intentions. In this case, we first extract the keywords Δq from the plain query. ● Search. Before explaining the LRSE search algorithm we define the document and query vector and the relevance score:Definition 5. (Document Vector). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing various mechanisms involved in encryption and its interaction with the data user and cloud. It emphasizes that even after encryption, processes such as the initial exchange of keys and the random selection of ciphertexts are necessary for maintaining security. This implies that encrypted data does require ongoing security measures, contrary to the claim that it 'never needs' additional ones.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: It's argued that biological control agents are always effective regardless of context. [SEP] Text: 0 g; yeast extract 0. 5 g; tryptone 1. 0 g; disodic phosphate-3. 22 g; monopotassium phosphate 0. 12 g; Oligo element solution 10 ml; Phenol red 0. 17 g; demineralized water. pH 7. 4–7. 8 with a known cloudy pattern of 1 × 106 CFU/ml called “MacFarland. ” B. Specific media for bacterial biocontrol agents 1. Pseudomonas spp. (Mazzola et al. 2007; Lee et al. 2010) King’s medium B amended with rifampicin 100 μg/ml 2. Nutrient broth (Kurze et al. 2001; Janisiewicz et al. 2005)Peptone6. 75 gNaCl5. 0 gYeast extract1. 50 gHydrolyzed protein1. 75 gDistilled water1,000 mlPtt7. 2 3. Basic broth medium for Stenotrophomonas maltophila (Zhang et al. 2001)Yeast extract0. 5 g(NH4)2SO4 1. 0 gMgSO4. 7H2O0. 3 gKH2PO4 1. 36 gDistilled water1,000 mlAdjust to H to7. 0 4. King’s B agar for fluorescent pseudomonads (Postma et al. 2000)Proteose peptone No. 3 20. 0 g(Difco Laboratories)KH2PO4 1. 5 gMgSO4. 7H2O1. 5 gGlycerol15 mlAgar13. 5 gCycloheximide100 mgDetionized water1,000 mlGround under UV 5. Bennett’s medium for Streptomyces spp. (Errakhi et al. 2007) Beef extract (Merck, Germany)-1 g/l; glucose 10 g/l; peptone-2 g/l; yeast extract 1 g/l; agar (Difco U8A) 15 g/l; distilled water-1,000 ml. 6. Pigment producing medium (PPM) for Pseudomonas chlororaphis (Liu et al. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it primarily details specific media preparation and methodologies for bacterial biocontrol agents without discussing their effectiveness or the context in which they operate. There’s no information provided that supports or contradicts the claim regarding the unconditional effectiveness of biological control agents.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Excessive sodium intake is linked to high blood pressure. [SEP] Text: 49 G allele carriers also had a protective effect against salt sensitivity for rs7571842 (OR=0. 32, p=0. 02) and rs10177833 (OR=0. 36, p=0. 06). 49 Although these studies were well designed, one limitation to note with the SLC4A5 variants is the generalisability of this result since the two populations studied were Caucasian. Variants in the SLC4A5 gene have also been associated with hypertension. 54–56The GRK4 variants rs296036, rs1024323 and rs1801058 have been studied in three major ethnic groups (ie, Japanese, Italian and European American) and have been most consistently associated with salt sensitivity. 49 50 57 In the crossover study investigating these GRK4 SNPs in the Japanese cohort, 184 subjects followed a normal (3. 6 g/day), low (1. 2 g/day), and high (7. 9 g/day) sodium diet to assess salt sensitivity. 50 Salt sensitivity was defined by a ≥10% change in mean arterial pressure going from a low to high sodium diet. It was found that Japanese subjects carrying three or more variants at any of the three sites were more likely to be salt sensitive than salt resistant. Using this criterion, 94% of the cohort was correctly classified by their response to sodium. 50 The GRK4 rs1024323 variant was the most accurate predictor of salt sensitivity, with a 78. 4% accuracy rate among hypertensive Japanese. 50 Although the study was well conducted, replication of these findings in additional populations is needed to understand the extent to which these conclusions can be further generalised. Several studies have also found GRK4 variants to be associated with hypertension. 35Current practice in managing sodium intake in hypertension and changes to current practice with the identification of the salt sensitivity phenotypeCurrent standard of practice in the nutrition field intervenes on an individual’s sodium intake when blood pressure is elevated. This standard of practice misses an opportunity to intervene and reduce sodium intake for approximately 14% of the population who are salt sensitive but normotensive. 34 In addition, this standard of practice is also ineffective for 16% of individuals who are hypertensive and salt resistant. 34 Current intervening strategies for elevated blood pressure is appropriate for 11. 8% of adults who are both hypertensive and salt sensitive. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the relationship between sodium intake and hypertension. It specifically mentions that individuals identified as salt sensitive show changes in blood pressure when consuming varying levels of sodium, indicating a link between sodium intake and blood pressure fluctuations. Furthermore, it highlights that health practices aim to manage sodium intake in individuals with elevated blood pressure, reinforcing the notion that sodium intake is an important factor in blood pressure regulation.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Once encrypted, data never needs additional security measures. [SEP] Text: Hence, the cloud learns nothing from the encrypted documents and is not able to generate its own γ′ matrix, so must to rely on the index (provided by the data owner) to find and rank the results. Furthermore, the cloud is not able to learn the keyword positions in the documents. We also employ the secure asymmetric inner-product mechanism [14] which prevents the cloud from learning relevance score between two encrypted documents, and is only able to calculate the relevance score between the encrypted query vector and encrypted document vectors. The following describes scheme II in detail:● Setup. This part of the scheme consists of the same steps as Scheme I. We first extracts the corpus keyword dictionary Δd from the entire corpus and then generates the document-term matrix γ. Afterwards, we generate the required-ciphertext vector φ. In contrast with we do not need to actually apply Algorithm 1 and generate multiple ciphertexts for each keyword wi. Instead, we apply the concept of the chaining notion on the document vectors and represent high frequency keywords with more than one element in the document vectors. For example, assume φi = 5, so keyword wi is represented with 5 positions in the document vectors. This property has less system cost and improves the system efficiency. Then we call KeyGen algorithm to generate a secret key K that will be used to encrypt the documents. ● KeyGen. The key generation algorithm is slightly different from the previous scheme. Beside a secret key K, the KeyGen should create a (d′ × d′) invertible random matrix m where d′ is the sum of all elements in φ (i. e. all of needed encrypted versions). The data owner runs KeyGen(1λd′) algorithm. algorithm takes in a security parameter λ and a number d’ and it returns a secret key K and an invertible (d′×d′) matrix m. This matrix will be used to encrypt the query and document vectors, so like the secret key, it should be protected. ● BuildIndex. (, φ) takes in a document corpus and a required-ciphertext vector φ and outputs the plain index. This algorithm first generates a normalized document vector Ti for each document Di based on tf-idf mechanism[19]. Note that each keyword wi is presented with multiple positions in the document vector based on value of φi. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by emphasizing that encryption alone does not eliminate the need for additional security measures. It describes multiple processes and mechanisms, such as secure asymmetric inner-product mechanisms and the generation of secret keys, which clearly indicate that relying solely on encryption is insufficient for maintaining security. The use of specific algorithms and methods for key generation and document indexing highlights the necessity of additional security measures even after data has been encrypted.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: It's argued that biological control agents are always effective regardless of context. [SEP] Text: 2008) Tryptone – 22 g; glucose 20 g; KNO3 – 5 g; distilled water – 1,000 ml; ampicillin – 100 μg/ml; tetracyclines –125 μg/ml; gentamycin – 30 μg/ml 7. CYagar for myxobacteria (Bull et al. 2002) Casitone 0. 3 %, Yeast extract – 0. 1 %; CaCl2H2O – 0. 1 %; agar 2 % water 1,000 ml. 8. Luria-(Chen et al. 2007) Tryptone – 10 g; Yeast extract – 5 g; Nacl – 10 g; distilled water –1,000 ml. 9. Martin broth (Chen et al. 2007) Dextrose – 10 g; peptone – 5. 0 g; KH2PO4 – 1. 0 g; MgSO4. 7H2O – 0. 5 g; Bengal red – 0. 03 g; streptomycin sulfate – 30 μg/ml 10. Gause No. 1 synthetic medium for actinomycete, Starch soluble – 20 g; KNO3 – 1 g; KH2PO4 – 0. 5 g; MgSO4. 7H2O – 0. 5 g; NaCl – 0. 0 g; FeSO4 – 0. 01 g; K2Cr2O7 – 0. 1 g; distilled water – 1,000 ml. 4. 2: Detection of Pseudomonas fluorescens (Pf) and Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. cubense (Foc) in (Mohandas et al. 2004) A. Production polyclonal antibodies (PAbs) i. Prepare suspension of Pf (1. 024 × 108CFU/ml) and Foc (9. 2 × 104CFU/ml) and mix them individually with phosphate buffer saline (PBS, pH7. 4) + Freund’s complete adjuvant (1:1 v/v). ii. Inject two different rabbits intramuscularly with 1 ml of Pf or Foc mixture at 1 week interval for 4 weeks. iii. Purify the antiserum by affinity column chromatography procedure (Sigma). iv. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text provided does not address the claim about the effectiveness of biological control agents across different contexts. Instead, it lists various preparation methods for microbial detection and isolation without discussing the efficacy or limitations of biological control agents in varying circumstances.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Excessive sodium intake is linked to high blood pressure. [SEP] Text: 34 Excessive sodium intake can cause hypertension, but this threshold for what is considered excessive differs depending on how the body is able to handle sodium homeostasis. In addition, elevated blood pressure has traditionally been the marker for reduced sodium intake but perhaps the salt sensitivity phenotype should also be considered. This varied response to sodium intake highlights the need to move away from the current ‘one-size-fits-all’ approach in sodium recommendations to a paradigm that is more precise in characterising sodium response. Current practice related to reducing sodium intake is appropriate for the subset of the population who are hypertensive and salt sensitive, but how would dietary recommendations change if we knew how individuals responded to salt? Knowing that salt sensitivity is an independent risk for mortality, it may be beneficial for salt sensitive individuals to follow a diet lower in salt regardless of blood pressure. There are no formal guidelines on the amount of dietary sodium intake that is appropriate for salt sensitive individuals, but keeping intake close to the AI/RNI and at the very least below the UL might be beneficial. For those who are hypertensive, it would be important to know whether blood pressure will be affected by sodium intake. For those who are salt resistant and hypertensive, focusing on dietary interventions beyond sodium intake may result in better control over blood pressure. Following a diet lower in sodium can be burdensome, so identifying those who would most benefit from such drastic dietary restrictions can focus healthcare resources to ensure this subpopulation is identified and managed appropriately. Being able to tease out someone’s response to sodium can potentially better individualise dietary recommendations for optimal health outcomes. With current sodium intake well above the recommended amount, it would be imperative for salt-sensitive individuals to especially pay particular attention to this recommendation given their increased chances of mortality. Further research investigating the optimal level of sodium intake for salt sensitive individuals is needed. Pharmacological interventions to control blood pressureA common approach to controlling blood pressure is through pharmacological agents, as 76% of hypertensive individuals are taking medication to manage the disease. 7 Most drugs achieve 10–15 mm Hg reduction in systolic blood pressure and 8–10 mm Hg reduction in diastolic blood pressure when used as monotherapy, although combination therapy has been found to be more effective in achieving target blood pressure control. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by stating that 'excessive sodium intake can cause hypertension.' It discusses the need to understand sodium sensitivity and how it affects individuals differently, further implying that reduction of sodium intake is necessary for those who are hypertensive or salt-sensitive. This supports the idea that high sodium intake is connected to high blood pressure.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Once encrypted, data never needs additional security measures. [SEP] Text: Finally, the cloud server returns the top-k resultant files to the data user. ● ResultDecryptor. In contrast with Scheme I, in this scheme we do not need to normalize the encrypted resultant documents so we achieve lower system cost and faster decryption. (Ci, K) algorithm inputs an encrypted document and the secrets key k and outputs the document Di. The data user simply call the Decryption algorithm for each encrypted document in the resultant documents. Figure 3. An example of the index tree that is employed in our approach. 5 Privacy and performance analysisOur main goal in this section is to prove the proposed schemes in Section 4 provide privacy and security, as defined in Section 2. 1. We also show that in comparison with related works, LRSE has an acceptable complexity in various criteria among previous SSE schemes (see Table 1). This property along with preserving the search pattern and co-occurring terms demonstrate the efficiency of our scheme. Table 1Comparison of related worksPropertiesCurtmola et al[14](2011)Cao et al[9](2014)Liu et al[12](2014)Xia etat[16](2016)Guo et al[18](2018)LRSEPreserving access patterncomputation(1)(n)(n)(n)(n)(n)Server storage(n)(n)(n)(n)(n)(n)Communication(1)(1)(n)(1)(1)(1)Preserving search patternco-occurrence terms/multi-keyword search4. 1 we explained that to preserve the user privacy, our goal is to make the document and query vectors as uniform as possible (without compromising the efficiency). Hence, the cloud server is not able to distinguish the high frequency keywords in the encrypted documents. Entropy measure can evaluate the uniformity of document vectors and is employed in many approaches [20-22] to evaluate the privacy. By comparing the entropy of the LRSE document vectors with original ones we demonstrate higher entropy and consequently higher privacy of the document vectors generated by LRSE. 5. 1 Entropy of prove that by expanding the document vectors using our approach, privacy and security of the outsourced data increases. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by indicating that privacy and security can still be increased even after encryption. It states that the proposed schemes provide privacy and security and aims to enhance user privacy by ensuring that the cloud server cannot distinguish high-frequency keywords in the encrypted documents. This highlights the necessity of additional security measures beyond encryption.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: It's argued that biological control agents are always effective regardless of context. [SEP] Text: Perform double diffusion test to confirm the presence of Pf-and Foc-specific antibodies. v. Conjugate the antibodies (0. 353 mg/ml) with fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC) and determine the concentrations spectrophotometrically at 280 nm. B. Detection of Pf and Foc by FITC-conjugated antibodies i. Inoculate 2-month old hardened tissue cultured banana plants with Pf (50 g) alone in charcoal base (1. 024 × 108 CFU/ml) or Foc (50 g) grown on sorghum seeds (9. 2 × 104 CFU/ml) or coinoculate with 50 g each of Pf and Foc and maintain controls without inoculation with either Pf or Foc. ii. Collect root samples from different treatments; and wash them thoroughly with distilled water. iii. Take thin sections with sharp razor blade; place them on clean glass slides; place drops of conjugated antibodies and air-dry for 20 min to fix them firmly. iv. Dip the slides into phosphate buffered saline (pH7. 2) + bovine serum albumin (BSA, 1 % w/v) to block non-specific protein binding sites; remove the slides and drain the excess solution. v. Treat with 10–20 μl of FITC-conjugated Pf-and Foc-antibodies separately in a humification chamber under dark condition for 1 h and wash off the excess antibody with PBS + 0. 1 % BSA solution. vi. Examine the slides under a fluorescence microscope at 20 sections for each treatment and record the observation and repeat the experiment three times. 4. 3: of Pyrrolnitrin-by Real-Time PCR Assay (Garbeva et al. 2004) A. Extraction of DNA from bacterial species i. Extract bacterial cells from soil samples (10 g) using suspension in 95 ml 0. 1 % tetra sodiumpyrophosphate (NaPP: Na2P2O7. 12H2O) containing 10 g gravel (2–4 mm diameter) by shaking for 25 min at 250 rpm; ii. Serially dilute by 10-folds in 0. 8 % NaCl and streak 100 μl of 10−2 and 10−3 dilutions on appropriate medium. iii. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the efficacy of biological control agents in varying contexts. Instead, it provides a detailed procedural description for laboratory techniques related to detecting specific antibodies and culturing plant tissues. As such, it does not corroborate or contrast the claim; it is largely irrelevant to it.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Excessive sodium intake is linked to high blood pressure. [SEP] Text: pdf]Treatment of individuals with resistant hypertensionFinding effective antihypertensive agents is especially important for individuals with resistant hypertension (uncontrolled hypertension despite use of three or more different classes of antihypertensive agents, including a diuretic) and refractory hypertension (uncontrolled hypertension despite use of five or more different classes of antihypertensive agents, including a diuretic). 71 The prevalence of resistant hypertension is estimated to affect 10%–15% of hypertensive patients treated with antihypertensive agents and approximately 3. 6%–10% of these patients have refractory hypertension. 71Using pharmacogenetic information to guide selection of antihypertensive agents may be a way to help optimise blood pressure control and could potentially reduce the overall number of agents prescribed. Online supplementary table 1 51 53 63–70 lists a few genetic markers that are associated with response to antihypertensive agents and cardiovascular outcomes. This genetic testing would be beneficial for this population to receive to reduce the likelihood of being prescribed an ineffective antihypertensive agent. In addition, several genetic markers in candidate genes associated with resistant hypertension have been identified, although not ready for clinical implementation since these associations have not been replication and many of these studies lack adequate sample sizes. 72 Online supplementary table 2 53 67 72–80 summarises the genetic markers that have been associated with resistant hypertension. According to the DASH diet on dietary sodium intake, consuming less than 2. 3 g of sodium each day and further recommends an intake of 1. 5 g of sodium each day for better blood pressure control is suggested for hypertensive individuals. 27 Sodium restriction in individuals with resistant hypertension has been shown to be an effective strategy to help decrease blood pressure. 81 82 In a crossover randomised controlled trial of 12 patients with resistant hypertension in the USA, blood pressure was monitored, while a low (1. 15 g/day) and high (5. 75 g/day) sodium diet were provided to subjects while maintaining their prescribed antihypertensive medication regimens. 82 Average blood pressure on entering the study was 145. 8±10. 8/83. 9±11. 2 mm Hg, which was being controlled with 3. 4±0. 5 antihypertensive agents. 82 Average blood pressure (mm Hg) on the high sodium diet was 145. 6±15. 1/84. 0±12. 1, and 122. 8±14. 0/74. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by stating that 'consuming less than 2.3 g of sodium each day and further recommends an intake of 1.5 g of sodium each day for better blood pressure control is suggested for hypertensive individuals.' This indicates a clear link between sodium intake and blood pressure regulation. Additionally, it mentions that 'Sodium restriction in individuals with resistant hypertension has been shown to be an effective strategy to help decrease blood pressure,' further supporting the assertion that excessive sodium intake is associated with high blood pressure.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Once encrypted, data never needs additional security measures. [SEP] Text: Note that, adding dummy keywords[4,9] to extend the length of the data vectors does not necessarily ensure an increase of the security, and in some case it may even decrease the privacy and security of the outsourced data (see Example 1). The main idea behind expanding/extending the length of the document vectors is to add more uncertainty to document and query vectors, which results in higher entropy. Although, adding to the length of the document vector can lead to higher entropy, in Example 1 we demonstrate that just extending the document vector’s length does not guarantee having a more uniform vector and higher entropy. Example 1. Consider a document D1 with 3 keywords. Assume the frequency of each keyword in D1 is (2, 3, 4), so term-frequency(t f) vector is. The entropy of this vector is equal to 1. 06. Now, to increase privacy and security to D1 we add a new dummy keyword with the frequency of 15. The modified frequency vector is (2, 3, 4, 15) and the new term-frequency(t f) vector is The first impression is because of adding a dummy keyword, the entropy increases; however the entropy of the new vector is 1. 059 which is less than the entropy of the original vector. 1 we showed that adding dummy keywords to the document/query vectors does not necessarily provide more security/privacy. Defining the property of the new dummy keywords that ensures higher entropy, are not considered in the related literature and we leave it as a future work. However, in Theorem 1 we prove that LRSE scheme provides more security/privacy. Theorem 1. Given any document vector Ti for document Di valid in the LRSE scheme, where H is the entropy measure and LRSE(Ti) = T′i. Proof. Consider:andThe entropy of the document vector Ti = (fwi,…, fwd) is: and the entropy of the T′i = (f′w1,…, fwd′) is: Recall φ = (l1,. . . . [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by indicating that adding dummy keywords does not necessarily increase security and can even decrease privacy. It states, 'adding dummy keywords...does not necessarily provide more security/privacy,' directly implying that encryption alone does not suffice and additional measures are indeed necessary for adequate security.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: It's argued that biological control agents are always effective regardless of context. [SEP] Text: Harvest the bacterial cells from overnight culture into 1 ml 0. 88 % NaCl; lyse the cells by bead beating (1 g 0. 11 mm diameter beads in 1 ml) four times for 30 s each; extract the lysate with phenol-Tris-HCl (pH 8. 0) and chloroform/isoamyl alcohol (24:1) followed by precipitation with 96 % ethanol in the presence of 5 M NaCl; wash the DNA pellets with 70 % ethanol; vacuum-dry and dissolve in 50 μl sterile Milli-Q water. B. Amplification by PCR i. Perform PCR reactions in a thermal cycler using 50 μl reaction volumes containing 0. 2 M each of primer PRND1 and PRND2, 3. 75 mM MgCl2, 200 μM of each dNTP and 0. 25 μgT4 gene 32 protein (Boehringer, Mannheim, Germany) using 5 U Amplifragment in 1 × Stoffel buffer; follow the thermal cycling schedule as follows: denaturation at 95 °C for 2 min, followed by 30 cycles of 95 °C for 1 min, 67 °C for 1 min and 72 °C for 1 min and final extension at 72 °C for 10 min. ii. Purify the PCR amplicons using the High-Pure PCR product purification kit (Boehringer-Manheim, Aluere, NL) and digest with restriction enzymes in 15 μl volumes containing 1 μg of DNA, 1× reaction buffer and 10 U of each enzyme; incubate for 2 h at 37 °C iii. Separate the digests on 2 % agarose gels and analyze with the software (Version 1. 61, Bio-Rad, NL) C. Real-time PCR assay i. Design the PCR primers with software (PE-Applied Biosystems, UK) targeting the sequence within prnD locus of the pyrrolnitrin producer Burkholderia cepacia. ii. Label the probe at the 5′-base with fluorescent reporter dye FAM (6-carboxy-fluorescein) and at the 3′-base with quencher dye TAMRA (6-carboxy-tetramethyl rhodamine). iii. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is a detailed procedural description of laboratory techniques and does not address the claim regarding the effectiveness of biological control agents. Therefore, it is irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Excessive sodium intake is linked to high blood pressure. [SEP] Text: 9±12. 5 on the low sodium diet. 82 Systolic (−22. 7 mm Hg, (−33. 5 to −11. 8), p=0. 0008) and diastolic (−9. 1 mm Hg, (−15. 1 to −3. 1),74 p=0. 0065) blood pressure decreased significantly when subjects were on the low sodium diet in comparison with the high sodium diet. 82 Further research is needed to evaluate whether reducing sodium intake among this population is effective based on the salt sensitivity phenotype or if salt-sensitive individuals are more likely to have resistant hypertension. Patients with resistant hypertension should work with registered dietitians to keep their sodium intake in line with the recommendations outlined in the DASH diet, especially if individuals are salt sensitive. As a result, assessing for salt sensitivity in this population would be beneficial in the management of blood pressure. In cases where sodium intake is within recommended levels, it would also be important for registered dietitians to educate these individuals on the importance of maintaining their sodium intake at these levels. Strategies to manage sodium intake and blood pressure, including the potential for pharmaconutrigenetics to be an effective approachOne of the top priorities at the moment for better cardiovascular health at the global level is reducing sodium intake since daily consumption far exceeds recommended levels. Public health interventions to help reduce sodium intake at the population level have been developed and implemented in many countries, and continued progress is needed. Next, accounting for salt sensitivity in assessing cardiovascular health will be an important factor to consider. Salt sensitivity is an independent risk factor for mortality and provides information on how the individual will respond to restricting sodium intake and whether restricting sodium intake closer to the AI/RNI is warranted to control blood pressure. Currently, there is no practical method for assessing salt sensitivity, although genetic markers to predict this phenotype have shown a lot of promise for individualising sodium recommendations. Lastly, as many patients engage in pharmacological and dietary interventions to manage their blood pressure, using genetic information to help optimise efforts in these two fields could potentially lead to better blood pressure control and cardiovascular outcomes. Pharmacogenetic information can help guide antihypertensive medication selection to optimise drug efficacy and minimise adverse outcomes. Nutrigenetic information can help identify individuals who are salt sensitive among those who are normotensive and hypertensive, and dietitians can work with these patients to ensure reduced sodium intake is being followed. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing how blood pressure decreased significantly when subjects were on a low sodium diet compared to a high sodium diet. It indicates that reducing sodium intake is a crucial strategy for managing blood pressure, highlighting the importance of sodium intake levels in relation to cardiovascular health.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Once encrypted, data never needs additional security measures. [SEP] Text: ,ld), with and for any fwj ∈ Ti we have: Hence:Moreover, note that log(x) is a monotonically increasing function and T′i possesses positive values (based on (1)), thus we have:By extending the above inequality for all of the keyword frequencies in Ti and T′i:Thus we have:□5. 2 Privacy attacks3 we identified two private information leakage (privacy attacks). In this section we explain how LRSE prevents search pattern and co-occurrence attack. Our schemes are not designed to preserve the user privacy against access pattern attack and we leave it as future work. In LRSE with each query the data user is able to randomly choose a portion of the ciphertexts for each keyword. Thus, even if consecutive queries share some of their keywords, the cloud is not able to find a pattern between the queries due to using multiple versions of ciphertexts in each query. Further, co-occurring terms appear with different ciphertexts, so, finding the co-occurring terms becomes significantly more difficult for the cloud (see Section 4). Assume, φi is the number of available ciphertexts for keyword wi, and in each query the query generator uses β percent of the φi. The number of possible permutations Γ that the query generator can employ is:. For example, if we have φi = 10 available ciphertexts for keyword wi, and the query generator employs 40 percent of the ciphertexts in each query (β = 40%) the number of possible permutation is:. This means, there are 210 distinct possible choices for the query algorithm to ask for the same keyword. In other words, the probability of having 2 queries with same permutation of the ciphertexts for wi is 0. 047% (). Note that the main idea is cloud sees all of the keywords are queried with the same probability even if the user starts requesting for the same keyword multiple times. 5. 3 Result completenessTo apply the LRSE scheme we first extract keywords from documents in corpus. Technically, keywords with high frequency get extracted considering some linguistic knowledge to avoid stop words such as “the”, “for”, “if”, and etc. [23]. We then generate the φ vector based on the minimum value among the average of each keyword in the entire corpus. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing potential privacy attacks and the need for additional security measures despite encryption. It explains how certain privacy attacks can still occur and that the proposed LRSE scheme does not preserve user privacy against all attack types, indicating that encryption alone is insufficient for complete security.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: It's argued that biological control agents are always effective regardless of context. [SEP] Text: Perform the assay in 50 μl reaction volumes with reagents from the q(Eurogentec) use primer and probe at concentrations as per the manufacturer’s recommendations in automated ABI prisonTM 7700 sequence detector (PE Biosystems). iv. Adopt the following thermocycling conditions: Initial cycle 50 °C for 2 min, 95 °C for 10 min and 40 cycles each at 95 °C for 15S and 60 °C for 1 min. v. Maintain a negative control without template DNA for each set of reaction. vi. Measure the fluorescence intensities of each dye using the ABI Prism 7700 sequence detector at every temperature step and cycle during the reaction; data acquisition and analysis are to be handled by sequence detector version 1. 6 software (PE Biosystems). 4. 4: Identification of Pseudomonas fluorescens (PCR) (Scarpellini et al. 2004) A. Extraction of template DNA i. Grow the isolates in tryptic soy broth () at 30 °C for 48 h. ii. Prepare the template DNA by boiling 200 μl of bacterial suspension in MilliQ (OD600 = 0. 6) in safe-lock Eppendorf tubes for 10 min; cool the tubes immediately on ice; and centrifuge at 20,000 ×g for 10 min at 5 °C. iii. Use one microliter of template DNA suspension for each reaction. B. PCR amplification i. Perform PCR reactions in a volume of 50 μl containing ≈50–100 mg of bacterial genomic DNA solution, 5 μl of 10 × PCR buffer, 200 μM of each dNTP, 2 mM MgCl2, 0. 5 μM of each primer and 0. 5U of Taq polymerase (Amersham-Pharmacia). ii. Amplify 16S region with primer set 16SF-16SR (16SF-5′-3′; 16SR-5′--3′) using the following thermal profile: n:2 min at 94 °C; 5 cycles consisting of 94 °C for 45 s, 55 °C for 1 min, 72 °C for 2 min; 35 cycles consisting of 92 °C for 45 s, 60 °C for 45 s, 72 °C for 2 min; final extension of 72 °C for 2 min and final cooling at 4 °C. iii. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it focuses on technical procedures related to PCR (Polymerase Chain Reaction) and does not discuss the effectiveness of biological control agents in any context. It includes specific experimental setups and conditions without addressing any arguments about biological control agents.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Excessive sodium intake is linked to high blood pressure. [SEP] Text: Taken together, the synergy of using pharmaconutrigenetics and nutrigenetics to manage blood pressure may be an effective approach since an optimal approach is selected in both fields based on genetics to maximise the response achieved in managing blood pressure. At the patient level, the synergy between these two fields working together to manage blood pressure more efficiently may result in scenarios such as patients requiring fewer pharmacological agents, or relying solely on sodium reduction given the presence of the salt sensitivity phenotype, among other possible outcomes. To this end, a better alignment of medication and nutrition decisions has the potential to help patients manage their blood pressure and sodium intake more optimally and ensure their cardiovascular risk is minimised. Table 4 4 10 13 14 34 63 72 summarises what practice patterns could look like if precision medicine in this area became validated as currently known. Most notably, sodium target levels will not differ much from the established AI, RNI and UL levels, but having salt-sensitive individuals aim for sodium intake closer to the AI/RNI levels might be beneficial, while a focus on interventions beyond sodium intake level may be needed for salt-resistant individuals. The other major paradigm shift in this area is not relying on blood pressure to dictate sodium intervention, but instead using the salt sensitivity phenotype to guide the priority placed on sodium intake levels. View this table:View inline View popup Table 4 A proposed practice pattern if pharmaconutrigenetics was incorporated in patient careSummaryCVD is a huge public health concern that affects a large proportion of the population in many countries, including the UK and the USA. Management of blood pressure through nutrition and pharmacological interventions has traditionally been the approach in reducing CVD. Although not yet commonly done, considering the salt sensitivity phenotype can point to individuals at highest risk for adverse health outcomes with high sodium intake and most likely to benefit from lower sodium intake targets. Several predictive genetic markers for probabilistic identification of the salt sensitivity phenotype have already been replicated and would become even more credible with further clinical validation. In addition, for those receiving antihypertensive agents, drug selection guided by such genetic markers promises better efficacy, lower risk of adverse events and more efficient use of limited healthcare resources. Precision medicine, in particular combining pharmacological and nutritional genetic information to guide individualised medication and nutritional decisions (pharmaconutrigenetics), can help improve blood pressure management. 1. ↵Organization. 2017. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the salt sensitivity phenotype, indicating that individuals who are salt-sensitive are at higher risk for negative health outcomes with high sodium intake. It suggests that lower sodium intake targets may be beneficial for these individuals, thereby connecting excessive sodium intake to the management of blood pressure.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Once encrypted, data never needs additional security measures. [SEP] Text: Further, we assume the random number generator is fair. Considering all of the aforementioned, there is still a rare chance of incomplete results on the paper. Assume the term frequency of the keyword wi in document D is fi, and the number of the available ciphertexts for the corresponding keyword is φi. As long as fi ≥ φi there is no problem (case 1), because the corresponding C (encrypted D) contains all of the available ciphertexts and no matter which ciphertext versions are employed in the user query, C (and consequently D) will be placed among the possible results. If fi ≤ φi the user query may contain encrypted versions of wi that do not exist in D (case 2). Recall that along with the query, the user also sends the parameter k to retrieve only the top-k documents. In case 2 if k is relativity less than the number of documents that includes wi there is still no problem because D’s relevance score to the query is very low and even if D had all of the encrypted versions of wi, it would not be placed among the top-k files (case 3). Note that number of documents that fi ≤ φi should be very low, otherwise the keyword extraction algorithm would not choose wi as a keyword in the first place. The problem occurs when the user asks for all of the documents that includes keyword wi (case 4). In this condition, the results may be incomplete, because the user employs a portion of the available ciphertexts which may not be used in D. For example, consider we have a corpus with four documents (d1, d2, d3, d4), and the term frequency of keyword wi in each document is (25, 32, 6, 29). Also, consider that the number of available ciphertexts φi = 10 and the portion is set to forty percent for query q (e. g. , forty percent of the available ciphertexts are employed to generate q by the query generator). Thus, the query generator randomly selects four versions of available ciphertexts (forty percent of φi). No matter what versions of the ciphertexts are employed in the query q, d1d2, and d4 will be placed among the possible results because the term frequency of keyword wi in those documents are greater than φi so those documents possess all of the available ciphertexts for wi (case 1). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing potential issues with encrypted data retrieval and the risks of incomplete results when querying encrypted documents. It highlights that there are conditions under which the encrypted data may not provide complete answers to queries, indicating that the security of encrypted data can be compromised or insufficient without additional measures.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: It's argued that biological control agents are always effective regardless of context. [SEP] Text: Amplify 16S-23S intergenic spacer (ITS1) region with the primer set 16 F945 and 23R458 (16 F945-5′--3′;23R458-5′--3′) using the following thermal profile: 5 min at 94 °C: 30 cycles consisting of 94 °C for 1 min, 55 °C for 1 min, 72 °C for 2 min and final extension for 72 °C for 2 min. iv. Amplify 16S-specific region for P. fluorescens using primer set 16SPS EfluF and 16SPER (16SPSEfluF-5′-3′; 16SPSER-5′--3′). v. Analyze the 7 μl of PCR product by electrophoresis on 1 % agarose gel in TAE buffer and strain with ethidium bromide (0. 2 μg/ml). 4. 5: Assessment of of in A. Dual culture method (Daayf et al. 2003 ). i. Recover the bacterial species/isolates from natural substrates; culture on nutrient agar and incubate for 2–3 days at room temperature. ii. Prepare bacterial suspensions by adding 100 μl of sterile, distilled water to the developing colony in the plate and mixing. iii. Prepare four replicates of 5 μl aliquots of the bacterial suspension; place the aliquots at 90 °C apart on the perimeter of each of two petridishes each (9 cm diameter) of clarified V8-potato dextrose agar and incubate the plates overnight at room temperature. iv. Place a 5 mm-plug of the fungal pathogen (Phytophthora infestans) at the center of the plate and incubate for about 7 days. v. Measure the diameter of fungal colonies in the treatments, when the control colony attains full growth (about 85 mm) reaching the periphery of the plate. vi. Calculate the percentage of relative inhibition in different treatment using the formula. Percentage of relative growth = B/P × 100 where B growth of the fungus challenged with bacteria and P is the growth of the fungus in the control. vii. Repeat the assessment twice and calculate the mean. B. Plate antagonism assay (Melnick et al. 2008 ) i. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text provides a detailed methodology for laboratory assessments of biological control agents, including PCR amplification and antagonism assays, but does not address the effectiveness or context of these agents. Therefore, it is irrelevant to the claim that biological control agents are always effective.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Excessive sodium intake is linked to high blood pressure. [SEP] Text: Geneva: Organization, 2012. 15. ↵ of Expert Group. Global sodium consumption and death from cardiovascular causes. N Med 2014;371:624–34. doi:10. 1056/NEJMoa1304127 of Science16. ↵. Low sodium intake-cardiovascular health benefit or risk? N Med 2014;371:677–9. doi:10. 1056/NEJMe1407695 17. ↵ Mc. Institute of Medicine. 2013. "Sodium intake in populations: assessment of evidence. " Washington, DC: Academies Press, 2013. 2014;5:19–20. doi:10. 3945/an. 113. 005033 18. ↵. Dietary sodium and cardiovascular disease risk. N Med 2016;375:2406–7. doi:10. 1056/NEJMc1612304 OpenUrl19. ↵ of (NutriCoDE). Global, regional and national sodium intakes in 1990 and 2010: a systematic analysis of 24 h urinary sodium excretion and dietary surveys worldwide. BMJ Open 2013;3:e003733. doi:10. 1136/bmjopen-2013-003733 20. ↵. Sodium intake among persons aged ≥2 Years - United States, 2013-2014. 2017;66:324–238. doi:10. 15585/mmwr. mm6612a3 OpenUrl21. ↵. Prevalence of excess sodium intake in the - 2009-2012. 2016;64:1393–7. doi:10. 15585/mmwr. mm6452a1 22. ↵. Salt reduction initiatives around the world - a systematic review of progress towards the global target. PLoS One 2015;10:e0130247. doi:10. 1371/journal. pone. 0130247 23. ↵for Health and Care Excellence. 2010. Cardiovascular disease prevention June. Reducing the population's sodium intake: the UK Agency's salt reduction programme. Nutr 2012;15:254–61. doi:10. 1017/S1368980011000966 25. ↵US Food and Drug Adminstration. 2017. Voluntary sodium reduction goals: target mean and upper bound concentrations for sodium in commercially processed, packaged, and prepared foods (accessed 17 Jun 2018). 26. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by referencing various studies and findings related to sodium intake and cardiovascular health. The inclusion of terms like 'global sodium consumption and death from cardiovascular causes' and discussions of dietary sodium's impact on cardiovascular disease risk indicates that there is a relationship between sodium intake and health outcomes, which supports the claim that excessive sodium intake is linked to high blood pressure.