Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Social support is crucial for mental health and resilience. [SEP] Text: , “told one of my professors who would continually call on me in class that I had anxiety, and that her calling on me multiple times every class period, more than others, really triggered my anxiety, she told me that in the real world getting nervous isn’t an excuse to not do your work”). 4. DiscussionWe hypothesized that community support (in the form of community connectedness and ally support) would mediate the relationship between self-worth contingencies and self-stigma. Indeed, participant-defined ally support was inversely correlated with self-stigma, consistent with the literature. For example, family caregivers of individuals with severe mental illness experienced less internalized stigma when they had access to social support (Guan et al. , Citation2020). Similarly, Chronister et al. Citation(2013) found that emotional support was inversely related to internalized stigma and together they mediated the relationship between public stigma and mental health recovery. Our findings indicate that social self-worth contingencies are also positively associated with self-stigma. This is in line with research showing that those high in contingencies experience greater shame, a component of internalized stigma (Ritsher et al. , Citation2003), when they fail to achieve external validation (e. g. , Moya-Garófano & Moya, Citation2019). Indeed, an effective intervention for self-worth contingencies involves self-compassion practice (Neff & Vonk, Citation2009) which targets shame, protects against psychopathology, and promotes well-being (Boersma et al. , Citation2015; Neff et al. , Citation2018). Acceptance and involves a focus on self-compassion which has been linked with decreased internalized stigma in a range of populations including those identifying as sexual minorities (Yadavaia & Hayes, Citation2012) and individuals with obesity (Lillis et al. , Citation2009). In the few studies examining ACT for internalized mental health stigma, there have been mixed results (Kao et al. , Citation2023; Luoma et al. , Citation2008). For example, Kao et al. Citation(2023) found no interaction between the 5-week ACT intervention and control groups on self-stigma or “believability of stigmatizing thoughts” among participants with self-reported depression, anxiety, bipolar, or psychosis. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text supports the claim by highlighting the importance of social support in mitigating internalized stigma and promoting mental health recovery. It mentions how community support and access to social support are linked to reduced internalized stigma among family caregivers of individuals with severe mental illness. Additionally, emotional support is described as inversely related to internalized stigma, which indicates that social support can significantly impact mental health.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: All space missions are environmentally sustainable with no pollution. [SEP] Text: They serve to link together diverse smart technologies and solutions to coordinate the city systems by performing the following functions (Bibri 2020a): Providing open platforms connecting all the sensors installed in the city and the data obtained from them Aggregating and standardizing the flows of functional and territorial data from municipal sources, systems of state control (mobility, energy, noise level, pollution level, etc. ), business environment, and other state agencies (hospitals, cultural institutions, universities, etc. ), as well as from various detectors and cameras for their subsequent integrated analysis and visualization in 3D format Solving the problems of data disconnection in the city through the open operating system integrating and processing the information generated by the city Reworking and repackaging the collected data for daily consumption by different stakeholders Allowing the city authorities and third party users to gain access to the received data in a more structured and convenient manner for software development Enabling comprehensive solutions to complex urban problems by integrating the self-contained and unconnected technological solutions and information systems used in different city functional departments Improving the efficiency and performance of implemented applied technological solutions Allowing the city authorities and other users to take decisions on the optimization of the city activities in the long and short-term. There is a range of the ICT architectures that essentially aim to provide the appropriate infrastructure for the functioning of the loT and big data ecosystem in relation to large–scale solutions. These architectures tend to follow similar patterns in terms of their layers. According to Bibri (2020a), the design of the ICT architecture of the smart sustainable city can be based on three main layers, namely information layer, middleware layer, and application layer: 1. The information layer is based on the whole complex of data sources, data routinely generated about the city and its citizens by a range of public and private organizations. This layer collects raw data from different sources within the framework of the smart sustainable city. These sources include sensors, cameras, transponders, meters, actuators, GPS, and transduction loops monitoring various phenomena, as well as a multitude of smartphone apps and sharing economy platforms generating a range of real-time location, movement and activity data. This layer also includes technologies and solutions allowing the transfer of the collected data for their further processing and analysis. The sensor platform of this layer isolates the applications that are to be developed to exploit the information generated by the smart sustainable city. It also provides openness and interoperability. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing various technological solutions and data collection methods within smart sustainable cities, implying that urban environments, which can be analogous to some aspects of space missions, involve managing data related to pollution levels. This suggests that pollution is a concern that needs to be monitored and mitigated, thereby directly contradicting the assertion that all space missions are devoid of pollution.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Circadian rhythms are regulated by light-sensitive proteins. [SEP] Text: 1038/nrg1633 [PubMed] Más, P; Yanovsky, MJTime for circadian rhythms: plants get synchronized 12: 574–579, DOI: [PubMed] Golden, SS; Canales, SRCyanobacterial circadian clocks--timing is everything Microbiol 1: 191–199, DOI: [PubMed] Rogers, LA; Greenbank, GRThe intermitent growth of bacterial cultures J Bacteriol 19: 181–190. [PubMed] Bibb, LBUniform growth and progression of mobile colonies of bacteria in liquid plates J Bacteriol 24: 53–60. [PubMed] Halberg, F; Cornélissen, G; Katinas, G; Syutkina, EV; Sothern, RB; Zaslavskaya, R; Halberg, F; Watanabe, Y; Schwartzkopff, O; Otsuka, K; Tarquini, R; Frederico, P; Siggelova, JTransdisciplinary unifying implications of circadian findings in the 1950s J 1: 2. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim regarding the regulation of circadian rhythms by light-sensitive proteins. Instead, it lists various studies and authors without providing relevant information to support or refute the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Social support is crucial for mental health and resilience. [SEP] Text: However, this interaction emerged at one-month follow-up, with the intervention group endorsing lower levels of “believability in stigmatizing thoughts” relative to the control group. This suggests a lag in the salubrious effect of the intervention. Given that acceptance of emotions and experiences are foundational components of ACT, future research might examine experiential avoidance as a key mechanism involved in contingent self-worth and internalized stigma (Skinta et al. , Citation2015). As expected, self-worth contingencies were negatively correlated with participant-defined ally support. In turn, our findings suggest that highly contingent participants were less inclined to engage in group intervention to reduce internalized stigma than were those high in ally support. These findings fit with research among adolescents which has found that those high in self-worth contingencies report feeling less trust in and are less likely to confide in a parent when distressed (Shirk et al. , Citation2005). They also endorse more ambivalence towards and suppression of emotion than those low in contingencies (Burwell, Citation2015). Similarly, Ko et al. Ko et al. Citation(2022) found significant links between social self-worth contingencies, loneliness, and low self-disclosure among undergraduate students. These relationships are moderated by cultural beliefs, with more avoidance and social contingencies among those with collectivistic (versus individualistic) world views (Cheng & Kwan, Citation2008). As such, prevention and intervention attempting to increase ally support should be both culturally sensitive and attuned to participants contingent self-worth, providing diverse modalities (e. g. , individual support, app, or web-based) (e. g. , Finkelstein & Lapshin, Citation2007; Hilty et al. , Citation2015) to tackle internalized stigma. Sherry et al. Citation(2008) found that perceptions of low social support (though not actual support received) help explain the mechanism by which socially prescribed perfectionism (involving perceived expectations of perfection by others) is linked with depression. Our findings similarly suggest that those high in contingent self-worth (sharing features of socially prescribed perfectionism) may perceive less ally support and, in line with the social disconnection model (Hewitt et al. , Citation2006), disengage socially. As a result, they lack the support that otherwise might protect against internalized stigma. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by highlighting the importance of social support in mental health. It notes that 'perceptions of low social support' can explain how socially prescribed perfectionism is linked with depression, which implies that having adequate social support is protective against mental health issues. Additionally, the text mentions that individuals with high contingent self-worth perceive less ally support, which can lead to social disengagement and a lack of protective resources against internalized stigma, reinforcing the idea that social support is crucial for maintaining mental health and resilience.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: All space missions are environmentally sustainable with no pollution. [SEP] Text: Urban operations centers are typically created to monitor the city as a whole; draws together real–time data streams from many different city agencies and departments into a single data analytical center; and then visualize and monitor the vast troves of live service data for real-time decision-making and problem solving. According to Bibri and Krogstie (2020b), the key functions of the analytical center include: Using visualization sites to help both expert and no-expert users interpret and analyze information, and to allow citizens to monitor the city for themselves and for their own ends Employing integrated, real-time data to track the performance of the city and to communicate the live feeds of real-time information to citizens with respect to a number of areas Enabling automated systems to respond to citywide events by making immediate decisions pertaining to various urban areas Overcoming urban challenges, keeping citizens up-to-date, and developing applications based on the standardized and published open data Creating innovative platforms, promoting big data use and application, introducing data-driven technologies, and providing expert assistance ResultsStockholm and Barcelona: differences and commonalitiesStockholm has a long history of environmental work and was the first city to be granted the European Union’s award by the in 2010 due to its high environmental standards and ambitious goals for further environmental improvement (Capital 2009). This includes climate change, air quality, green energy, waste and water management, wastewater treatment, sustainable land use, environmental management, and sustainable transport. The city has a long-term commitment to sustainable development and the environment. Stockholm and SRS received an award for best sustainable urban development project in the category Sustainable Communities, which was presented at the UN Conference in Paris 2015 by the C40 Leadership Group, a network connecting more than 80 of the world’s megacities (2020). The award is proof that Stockholm is an international leader in sustainable urban development. According to several rankings, Sweden is one of the leading countries that have the highest level of sustainable development practices (Dryzek 2005). Another recent ranking has been reported based on 2018 Index (EPI) data: Sweden is one of the world’s leading countries in sustainability and has an overall score of 80. 51 in terms of environmental friendliness (Buder 2019). Sweden and the rest of the Nordic countries have a comparatively low impact in terms of CO2 emissions (Norden 2008). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing environmental standards and practices in urban areas, specifically focusing on Stockholm's commitment to sustainability and its achievements in environmental management. It highlights that while Sweden is recognized for its high environmental standards and low CO2 emissions, the claim that all space missions are environmentally sustainable with no pollution is not supported; the text does not include space missions and instead emphasizes urban environmental sustainability efforts. Therefore, it suggests a more nuanced view of pollution impact in different contexts.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Circadian rhythms are regulated by light-sensitive proteins. [SEP] Text: It is conceivable that elevated WEE1 in Cry mutant mice phosphorylates CDC2/CYCB1 complex at an increased rate even in nonstressed cells, slowing down the G2-M transition and the overall growth rate [69]. Transcription of c-Myc, which plays an important role in both cell proliferation and apoptosis, is found to be upregulated, and transcription of p53, which plays a critical role in the G1-S checkpoint, is downregulated in Per2 mutant mice (mPer2m/m). Also, there is a general cell cycle dysregulation as the circadian expression pattern of genes functioning in cell proliferation and tumour suppression, such as Cyclin D1, Cyclin A, Mdm-2 (murine double minute, a negative regulator of p53) and Gadd45α (growth arrest and DNA damage-inducible protein α), is deregulated. Consequently, these animals have increased incidence of spontaneous and ionizing radiation-induced lymphomas and an increased rate of mortality after ionizing radiation [70]. Normally, the binding of CLOCK-BMAL1 to the E-boxes of c-Myc promoter inhibits the transcription of this gene. Upregulation of c-Myc transcription in Per2 mutant is ascribed to the reduced level of BMAL1 because PER2, in addition to its inhibitory effect on the CLOCK-BMAL1 complex, stimulates transcription of the Bmal1 gene [28,74]. Oncogenic transformation mediated by c-Myc must overcome its proapoptotic activity [75] in which modulation of p53-mediated apoptosis plays an important role [76,77]. Overexpression of c-Myc can induce genomic DNA damage and compromise p53 function, presumably through a reactive oxygen species (ROS)-mediated mechanism [78]. Following γ radiation, MYC-overexpressing cells are less efficient in G1 arrest compared to normal cells [79,80], indicating that c-Myc overexpression could drive cells to progress through cell cycle in the presence of genomic DNA damage. Following γ radiation, the loss of mPer2 function partially impairs p53-mediated apoptosis, leading to accumulation of damaged cells. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim about circadian rhythms being regulated by light-sensitive proteins. It discusses various aspects of cell cycle regulation and the roles of specific genes and proteins in that context, without mentioning light-sensitive proteins or their role in circadian rhythm regulation.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Social support is crucial for mental health and resilience. [SEP] Text: , related to race/ethnicity, economic status, and gender and sexual orientation) may independently, additively, or interactively affect one’s experience of connection to community and perceptions of ally support. A surprising finding involved ally support, which was significantly related to self-stigma and self-worth contingencies only when using participants’ definition of allies. Average number of allies (based on the researchers’ definition) was higher than the average number that participants reported, though researcher-defined ally support was not correlated with study variables. Open-ended responses suggest that participant-defined allyship may have been more strongly and negatively correlated with self-stigma and contingencies because, as 79. 3% conveyed in their responses, it was characterized as being supportive or understanding whether or not the ally had a mental health condition. In fact, only 6. 5% of participants endorsed the researchers’ definition that an ally must not have a mental health condition. This conceptualization of allyship departs from much of the LGBTQ and racial justice literatures which emphasize that an ally is not a part of the marginalized group yet advocates politically for those who are. For example, the training program, typically conducted at colleges and businesses, educates heterosexual allies about LGBTQ topics to increase awareness, promote advocacy, and effectuate social change to create a LGBTQ-affirming culture. At the conclusion of training, ally participants display a “Safe Zone” placard on their office or dorm room, indicating their political support of the LGBTQ community (Finkel et al. , Citation2003). In an online intervention targeting stigma related to substance abuse disorders, Beeson et al. Citation(2019) found that allyship (involving use of inclusive language, providing access to resources, displaying a symbol of allyship publicly) reduced public stigma among participants. However, this study did not address internalized stigma, and its focus involved political advocacy more than direct supportive listening. In this way, their study methodology and findings diverge from our results indicating that, more than allies’ advocacy, participants benefit from support and understanding around mental health issues. Our participants’ view of allyship is consistent with LeMaster and Toyosaki Citation(2022) who note that an ally is not required to endorse a marginalized identity nor to politically advocate for those who do. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by highlighting the importance of support and understanding around mental health issues as expressed by participants in the study. It indicates that allyship, characterized by being supportive and understanding, is beneficial for mental health, aligning with the assertion that social support is crucial for mental health and resilience.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: All space missions are environmentally sustainable with no pollution. [SEP] Text: In fact, several empirical studies identify from the mid–1980s onward an increasing ecological disruption in most of the ecologically advanced nations, such as Sweden, Denmark, Germany, and the Netherlands (Mol 2000). Stockholm is at the forefront of ecological/environmental thinking. It has very strong environmental policies and is focused on improving the quality of life of its citizens (Lindström and Eriksson 1993; 2018) with support of advanced technologies (Bibri 2020a; Evertzen et al. 2018). According to the City of Stockholm, an IoT–based infrastructure is highly important for, and the backbone for building, smart sustainable cities nowadays (Bibri and Krogstie 2020a). As stated by Johansson (2018), a project leader, “the reason we are establishing this is because we have a lot of challenges. We know that using the smart technologies can help us to be a better city, for the people that live there, work there and even the people that are visiting us. ” He also stated that the environmental department in the city is active with smart technologies. During the period 2015–2016, an ICT network was established in the City of Stockholm to find a more comprehensive way of using ICT, and the digital development department of the city was established with a much broader take on ICT (Kramers et al. 2016). The city has recently taken concrete actions for using data-driven technologies to reach its environmental targets by 2040, in particular in relation to the initiatives of its sustainable urban districts (Bibri and Krogstie 2020a). In recent years, much of the environmental work within Stockholm has focused on developing new sustainable urban districts. One recent initiative is the Seaport (SRS) district, whose vision is to become a “world class environmental city district” (2010). SRS is designated as an environmental profile area with the mandate to become a model of sustainable urban development (2020). The vision of SRS relates to the overall goal established by the City of Stockholm to be fossil fuel–free by 2050 (2009, 2018). In this respect, SRS environmental profile should consolidate Stockholm’s position as a leading capital in climate work and contribute to the development of new technologies (Bibri 2020a, b). The smart eco–city district of SRS starts with a common vision in smart planning on the basis of the IoT technology (2017). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by highlighting that ecological disruption has been increasing in ecologically advanced nations, indicating that not all technological advancements, including those relevant to support for sustainability like smart technologies, are completely free from ecological impacts. There's no mention of space missions specifically being environmentally sustainable; rather, the text emphasizes challenges and the need for innovation to meet environmental goals.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Circadian rhythms are regulated by light-sensitive proteins. [SEP] Text: However, the mutant mPer cells, expressing MYC at elevated levels, could still progress through cell cycle in the presence of genomic DNA damage, resulting in the high incidence of tumor development after γ radiation. Cyclin D1 (CCND1) is also a clock-controlled cell cycle gene. Overexpression of CCND1 induces mammary tumorigenesis, in addition, increased levels of CCND1 in ERα (estrogen receptor α)-positive breast cancer is associated with poor prognosis [81]. However, additional studies are needed to know whether the rhythmic expression of CCND1 is deregulated in cancer. Recently, it has been reported that p21 (Waf1/Cip1), which does not possess an E-box element in its regulatory region, is controlled indirectly via CLOCK/BMAL1-mediated transcriptional regulation of the orphan nuclear receptor Rev-erb. p21 circadian expression is dramatically increased and no longer rhythmic in Bmal1 knock-out mice. p21 upregulation in Bmal1-/- animals primarily results from the loss of Rev-erbα and Reverbβ expression possibly combined with the increased expression of RORγ [82]. In this context, the release of the REV-ERB-dependent inhibition of RORα4 activity is also likely to play a role. Changes in additional unidentified positive and negative regulators of p21 expression may also play an additional role. Thus, in liver, the clock control of p21 high amplitude oscillation results from a RORa4- and RORγ-dependent activation, which is rhythmically repressed by REV-ERBα and REV-ERBβ. As p21 negatively regulates cell cycle progression by inhibiting the activity of CYCE/CDK2 complexes during G1 phase progression, p21 overexpressing Bmal1-/-primary hepatocytes exhibit a decreased proliferation rate [82]. Circadian clock, DNA damage response and tumour suppression The circadian control of an organism's response to DNA damage response rests upon circadian proteins which play important roles in the processes of cell proliferation and control of response to genotoxic stress both at the cellular and organismal levels [83]. DNA damage triggers cellular stress response pathways which may result in checkpoint cell cycle arrest, apoptosis or DNA repair. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text provided discusses various proteins and their roles in cell cycle regulation and DNA damage response but does not specifically address the regulation of circadian rhythms by light-sensitive proteins. Therefore, it is irrelevant to the claim regarding circadian rhythms.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Social support is crucial for mental health and resilience. [SEP] Text: In line with our focus on emotional (versus advocacy) support, a randomized clinical trial of the Honest, Open, and Proud-College (HOP-C) intervention found that undergraduates engaging in appropriate self-disclosure about their mental health reported reduced self-stigma as well as increased confidence in resources to cope with mental health issues (Conley et al. , Citation2020). These results support our conclusion that the key ingredient is not disclosure per se, but sharing with supportive others who they trust will not discriminate against or reject them (Camacho et al. , Citation2020). Emotional support for individuals with mental health issues may be particularly salient given the affective nature of their struggles (without diminishing the challenges faced by + and other marginalized groups, and while recognizing their intersectionality). Aside from fostering ally support in order to reduce self-stigma, another point of intervention involves targeting self-stigma directly in those experiencing mental illness. Among patients with diverse psychiatric issues attending a partial hospitalization treatment program, cognitive therapy targeting participants’ self-stigma was linked with a decrease in psychiatric symptoms and with enhanced daily functioning (Pearl et al. , Citation2017). Similarly, a meta-analysis found that a peer support program significantly decreased self-stigma among individuals experiencing psychosis (Pyle et al. , Citation2018), supporting the benefits of interventions specifically addressing internalized stigma. Similarly, the Day peer support group (Morell, Citation2015) is available on many university campuses. This program involves students’ sharing about their mental health challenges and daily stressors with like-minded peers who similarly experience mental health challenges, and whose only instruction is to listen actively and empathically. Given that self-stigma is linked with lower engagement in treatment among more highly educated individuals (Hack et al. , Citation2020), addressing public and self-stigma would be particularly important on university campuses. We recommend that future research further elucidate specific aspects of a peer support program that may reduce self-stigma (e. g. , others openly sharing their experiences; receiving empathy etc. ). And yet, the current findings indicate that groups and/or peer support programs are differentially appealing to those high versus low on contingent self-worth. As noted previously, those high in contingencies may be reluctant to share in a group format or with peers, risking the very approval they seek to maintain their self-worth (Crocker, Citation2002). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by emphasizing the importance of emotional support in mental health. It describes findings from a randomized clinical trial showing that undergraduates who engage in self-disclosure with supportive peers reported reduced self-stigma and improved coping confidence, indicating that support from trusted individuals is vital for mental health. Furthermore, it discusses peer support programs that facilitate sharing experiences among individuals facing mental health challenges, affirming that such social support plays a key role in addressing issues related to mental health and resilience.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: All space missions are environmentally sustainable with no pollution. [SEP] Text: , Bibri 2020a; Nikitin et al. 2016; Sinaeepourfard et al. 2016). The smart city strategy has been properly included in the strategic framework of the City of Barcelona in line with the objectives, priorities, and directives that characterize it (Mora and Bolici 2016). The attempt to transform the city into a smart city has been translated into a series of endeavors and initiatives managed by various executive units of the city administration. This has been supported by establishing a number of projects, constructing the public Wi-Fi network, and implementing several planning measures to modernize the city’s ICT infrastructure and to strengthen its readiness to apply data-driven smart solutions for supporting sustainable development and the environment (Bibri and Krogstie 2020b). Barcelona is building one operating system that would run the entire city on a single interface, and aims, in pursuing such technology-driven upgrades, to serve as a model for other cities in technology-led urban transformation and management (Institute 2018). According to Cisco’s estimates, Barcelona’s current smart city investments should return a cumulative economic benefits of USD 970 million by 2026 (Bibri 2020a). In addition, the city has a strong commitment to becoming a show-case for the rest of the world in sustainable urban development (Mora and Bolici 2016). One of the strategies of the Program is called “urban renewal” and is associated with a precise strategic commitment to transform “Barcelona into a sustainable, smart urban model at the service of its residents” (Mora and Bolici 2016, p. 3). Data-driven solutions for energy efficiency and pollution reductionBoth smart cities and sustainable cities (notably eco-cities) are increasingly embracing data-driven technologies and their novel applications in the area of energy and environment. This is due to the high potential opportunities being offered by the IoT and big data analytics for advancing environmental sustainability. There is a huge range of the IoT-enabled data-driven applications that are compatible with the goals of environmental sustainability in the context of smart sustainable cities, spanning diverse urban systems and domains. Smart grids and smart metersBoth smart cities and sustainable cities are increasingly investing in and implementing smart meters, sensor networks, automated control systems, and cyber-physical systems in the area of smart energy within the framework of the IoT. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts with the claim by discussing the implementation of smart and sustainable urban initiatives in Barcelona, emphasizing the importance of environmental sustainability and pollution reduction. It highlights the use of data-driven technologies and IoT applications for energy efficiency and pollution reduction in cities, suggesting that urban developments are actively engaging in efforts to address environmental concerns, which implies that similar considerations may be applicable to space missions as well.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Circadian rhythms are regulated by light-sensitive proteins. [SEP] Text: DNA damage leads to activation of critical components of cellular stress response pathways including ATM/ATR (ataxia telangiectasia mutated/ataxia telangiectasia and Rad3-related) and CHK1/2 (checkpoint kinase1/2) which in turn activates tumour suppressor protein p53 and subsequently causes cell cycle arrest or apoptosis [84]. It has been shown that Bmal1-deficient human cells are unable to undergo growth arrest on p53 activation by DNA damage. Contrary to in vivo mouse data connecting BMAL1-dependent delay in G1 progression to upregulation of p21 [82], radiation induced growth arrest in Bmal1-deficient human cells correlated with the decrease in levels of p53 and p21 [85]. This disparity may be attributable to interspecies variation or differences between in vitro and in vivo state and warrants further investigation. PER1 seems to function as a tumour suppressor by regulating cell cycle genes and interacting with key DNA damage-activated checkpoint proteins. Per1 overexpression in cancer cells increases ionizing radiation-induced apoptosis, whereas inhibition of Per1 in similarly treated cells blunts apoptosis. Ionizing radiation leads to PER1 nuclear translocation, the induction of c-Myc expression and repression of p21 (Waf1/Cip1). Moreover, PER1 directly interacts with the DNA double-strand break-activated kinases ATM and CHK2. Thus, PER1 can function as a tumour suppressor by activating multiple pathways, including the DNA damage response [86]. Another circadian protein, timeless (TIM), which is necessary for the robustness of rhythmicity [87], has been shown to interact with the cell cycle checkpoint proteins 1 and ATRIP (ATR-interacting protein). This interaction is also stimulated by DNA damage, and TIM seems to function as a mediator between sensors and effectors of the DNA damage response [88]. PER2 protein has also been proposed to function as a tumor suppressor. Per2 mutant mice develop γ radiation-induced lymphomas at a higher rate than wild-type controls due to partial impairment of p53-mediated apoptosis [70]. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim directly as it focuses on the role of specific proteins like PER1, TIM, and their interactions with the DNA damage response and cell cycle regulation. While it mentions circadian proteins, it does not discuss the regulation of circadian rhythms by light-sensitive proteins, making it irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Social support is crucial for mental health and resilience. [SEP] Text: With this in mind, prevention and intervention programs would be enhanced by offering diverse modalities aiming to destigmatize mental illness. These modalities might include peer support, individual and group therapy, and self-help programs involving bibliotherapy and/or web-based apps, the latter allowing for anonymity (e. g. , Finkelstein et al. , 2007; Hilty et al. , Citation2015; Mills et al. , Citation2020). In addition to honoring empowerment and choice in intervention ( Services Administration, Citation2014) for those seeking mental health support and/or those looking to challenge internalized stigma (with some preferring self-help and others peer support), we might assist those high in contingencies in developing a stronger internal anchor which can buffer against internalized stigma (Neff et al. , Citation2018). One such intrapersonal approach is compassion-based therapy, which shifts the focus from increasing self-esteem (seen in traditional cognitive behavioral approaches) to compassionate self-relating, especially when they face disapproval, rejection, and perceived failure. The current study findings are limited by the sample size, which is smaller than recommended for mediational analyses, by the correlational and cross-sectional design that preclude causal interpretations, and by the exclusive use of self-report and resulting potential for common rater and common method bias. In addition, participants’ self-reported mental health issues were not verified by clinical interview. Clinical diagnosis is recommended to accurately capture mental health diagnoses and to rule out sub-syndromal cases that may have attenuated the findings. Moreover, without clinical confirmation, we cannot determine whether the source of stigma relates to a mental health diagnosis (which may not involve observable behaviors and thus easily concealed; Camacho et al. , Citation2020) and/or to maladaptive behaviors that participants attribute to a mental health issue, but may be better understood through a non-clinical (yet other social identity) lens. Future research might consider use of a dimensional assessment of symptoms which would enable examination of symptom severity as a covariate. It is possible that some individuals who are deeply affected by the stigma of mental health conditions might not have felt comfortable participating in this study, resulting in those with the least self-stigma overrepresented. To address this, we recommend targeting those at high risk for self-stigma (e. g. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing various modalities of support, including peer support and therapy, which are essential for enhancing mental health. It highlights the importance of interventions aimed at destigmatizing mental illness, suggesting that such support systems are beneficial for individuals facing challenges related to mental health, thereby underscoring the claim's assertion of the significance of social support.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: All space missions are environmentally sustainable with no pollution. [SEP] Text: The main players in this area are smart power grid and advanced metering infrastructure (AMI), Smart power grid denotes a set of software, hardware, and network tools that enable generators to route power more efficiently to consumers, reducing the need for excess capacity and allowing two–way, real-time information exchange with users and consumers for real-time demand side management. It integrates and coordinates renewable energy production and consumption and power facilities through enabling technologies, energy services, and active users. AMI is a composite technology which consists of solid-state meters capable of remotely providing electricity use detail to utility companies, a two-way communication channel, and a meter data repository and management. argues that climate–adapted solutions will minimize energy use (2009). In this respect, the city aims to use digitalization and new technologies to make it easier for residents and businesses to reduce energy consumption and carbon footprint and thus become environmentally friendly (2017). As stated in the for Stockholm, Stockholm’s eco-development SRS is currently trialling smart electricity grids (and integration of district heating with low-energy housing) (2018). Eco-city District of SRS has implemented a large–scale smart grid system, which comprises the following 7 components (Bibri 2020a, b): 1. Smart homes/buildings and demand response 2. Distributed energy systems 3. Integration and use of electric vehicles 4. Energy storage for customers and the grid 5. Smart electrified harbor 6. Smart primary substations 7. Smart grid lab (part of an innovation center) Brandt and Nordström (2011) identify how 150 indicators spanning electricity, district heating, transportation, water, waste, and a number of other environmental and social factors, can be integrated with the SRS-M System (SRS-M IMS). Based on a functional gap analysis, the authors demonstrate that the smart grid as the anchor of smart cities partially enables less than 15% of the 150 indicators initially proposed in the SRS-M. SRS aims to take the lead in realizing the latest innovations within smart and green technologies. In particular, it affords great opportunities for climate–adapted and future–oriented development, from pioneering energy–efficient technical solutions in building and infrastructure to the development of smart electricity networks that enable local production and distribution of electricity (2009). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the integration of smart power grids and advanced metering technologies aimed at reducing energy consumption and carbon footprint, indicating that there are ongoing environmental challenges and solutions in energy production that would imply pollution exists. Specifically, it highlights that climate-adapted solutions are necessary to minimize energy use, suggesting that current solutions are trying to address issues of pollution rather than confirming the claim that all space missions are environmentally sustainable.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Circadian rhythms are regulated by light-sensitive proteins. [SEP] Text: Moreover, crossing these mice with polyp formation-prone adenomatosis polyposis coli (Apc)Min/+ animals increases the frequency of formation of intestinal and colonic polyps in ApcMin/+Per2m/m mice compared to ApcMin/+ mice. Following downregulation of Per2, Cyclin D, which is a circadian regulated and β-catenin target gene, has been shown to increase in human colon cancer cell lines, as does cell proliferation. Thus, Per2 loss during intestinal tumorigenesis may, in part, act through upregulation of β-catenin, increasing intestinal β-catenin signaling and cell proliferation. Also, increase in small-intestinal mucosa β-catenin in Per2m/m mice is associated with an increase in MYC protein, again a circadian regulated and β-catenin target gene [89]. Furthermore, accelerated β-catenin expression is associated with PER2 protein instability and lower PER2 levels as a result of increased β-TrCP protein levels as it has been observed that overexpression of wild type or mutant β-catenin protein decreases the stability of PER2 protein, and this PER2 instability is reversed when the induction of β-TrCP is prevented [90]. It has also been reported that mPer2 may play an important role in tumor suppression by inducing apoptotic cell death. Overexpression of Per2 in the mouse Lewis lung carcinoma cell line (LLC) and mammary carcinoma cell line (EMT6) results in reduced cellular proliferation and rapid apoptosis, but not in non-tumorigenic NIH3T3 cells. This is attributable to enhanced proapoptotis signaling and attenuated anti-apoptosis processes as overexpressed mPER2 downregulate the mRNA and protein levels of c-Myc, Bcl-XL and Bcl-2, and upregulate the expression of p53 and bax in mPer2-overexpressing LLC cells [91]. Similarly, the intratumoral expression of mPer2 in C57Bl/6J mice transplanted with Lewis lung carcinoma shows a significant antitumor effect [92]. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not directly address the claim regarding circadian rhythms and their regulation by light-sensitive proteins. Instead, it discusses the influence of the Per2 gene on tumorigenesis and apoptosis, including references to β-catenin signaling and its relation to cell proliferation and cancer. Therefore, although the Per2 gene is mentioned, the focus is not on light-sensitive regulation of circadian rhythms.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Social support is crucial for mental health and resilience. [SEP] Text: , those in inpatient care) and/or recruiting without mention of mental health symptomatology in order to cast a broader net. Further, future research might examine whether prior involvement in therapy affected participation and/or moderated the current findings. Another limitation to the current study involves its relative lack of racial diversity. Participants were predominantly white (reflective of the institution), yet research has found lower rates of self-worth contingencies among Black relative to White participants (Zeigler-Hill, Citation2007) and higher rates of mental health conditions among mixed-race (27% point prevalence over 12 months), Indigenous (22%), and LGBT (37%) adults relative to Asian (15%), Black (16%), Hispanic/Latinx (17%), and White (20%) individuals (NAMI, Citation2023). Minority stress theory notes that individuals from marginalized groups experience greater stressors than those with structural advantage (Sarno et al. , Citation2020), and Black, Asian, Hispanic-American/Latinx, and mixed race/multi-racial individuals are less likely than White individuals to seek out mental health treatment (NAMI, Citation2023). Further, minority racial groups have less access to mental health care (Murthy, Citation2022; Office of the US, Center for Services US, & of US, Citation2001) which may further affect self-stigma. On the other hand, self-stigma related to mental health may involve difficult decisions about when and with whom to self-disclose relative to internalized stigma involving observable difference (e. g. , race) (Camacho et al. , Citation2020). Given that current participants identified predominately as white, heterosexual, and cisgender, and due to low power to detect such differences in a small sample, we were unable to examine these important questions. We also note that it may be difficult to separate out stigma related to mental illness from that linked with other forms of marginalization given that most participants occupy numerous and interacting social identities. Future studies require larger, more diverse pool of participants to examine possible differences in, and intersectionality related to, current findings. In sum, we found support for the hypotheses that ally support was negatively associated (and social self-worth contingencies positively linked) with self-stigma in individuals with mental health conditions, with qualitative findings lending further insight into these relationships. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing how ally support is negatively associated with self-stigma in individuals with mental health conditions, indicating the importance of social support in improving mental health. It suggests that social self-worth contingencies are positively linked with self-stigma, emphasizing the role of social relationships in shaping mental health outcomes.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: All space missions are environmentally sustainable with no pollution. [SEP] Text: As to the local production, the municipality set these energy requirements on urban developers: 55 kWh per m2 x year and 30% locally produced electricity by renewables (see Fig. 7). Both requirements are associated with the energy goals set by SRS (2009, 2010), most of which are relevant to this study as presented in Table 2. Opportunities for the local energy production should be promoted in urban development, and for maintenance reasons, passive solutions should be given priority over more technology-heavy alternatives (2018). Fig. 7Local production of electricity. Source: Bibri and Krogstie (2020a)Full size imageTable 2 Relevant energy goals of SRSFull size table The IoT allows for observing energy consumption and monitoring GHG emissions in real-time across several spatial and temporal scales so to curb energy usage and reduce GHG emissions. This entails that the smart grid system collects the data from diverse power sources and then process and analyze them in real-time for decision-making by transmitting relevant information for process control to improve the performance of the power grid. This involves using AMI, which includes sensors placed on consumers access points and on production, transmission, and distribution systems, as well as remote controls and communication technologies within electricity networks (Fig. 8). In other words, the operation of the smart grid system involves ICT system integration, data, and back office, which allow the integration of front-end engineering, middleware, and computing systems, as well as data collection and decision analytics. Fig. 8Data-driven smart energy solutions in SRS. Source: Bibri (2020b)Full size image Number 1 in Fig. 8 represents the customer application support in terms of in-home display with real-time usage and pricing statistics, usage aware appliances, and home automation. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing energy production and greenhouse gas emissions in urban development, emphasizing the importance of monitoring GHG emissions to curb energy usage. This suggests that not all energy solutions, including those related to space missions, might be pollution-free or environmentally sustainable, contradicting the claim of no pollution from all space missions.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Circadian rhythms are regulated by light-sensitive proteins. [SEP] Text: All this evidence indicates that Per2 has a role in tumour suppression, but further research is needed to ascertain whether Per2 is in fact a tumour suppressor gene or whether a particular mutation of Per2 acquires oncogenetic properties. In contrast to Per2 mutants, Cry double mutant (Cry1-/-Cry2-/-) mice are indistinguishable from the wild-type controls with respect to radiation-induced morbidity and mortality. Similarly, the Cry1-/-Cry2-/-mutant fibroblasts are indistinguishable from the wild-type controls with respect to their sensitivity to ionizing radiation and UV radiation, and ionizing radiation-induced DNA damage checkpoint response [93]. In another study, mice deficient in the core circadian gene Bmal1 show reduced lifespan and various symptoms of premature aging but none of the Bmal1-/- mice develop tumors in the course of their lifespan [94]. Similarly, Clock/Clock mutant mice do not display predisposition to tumor formation either during their normal lifespan or when exposed to a low dose of γ-radiation that is able to initiate and promote neoplastic progression [95]. Instead, exposure of Clock-/- mice to ionizing radiation results in the development of pathological conditions similar to those of premature aging described for Bmal1-/- mice [94]. Recently, Ozturk et al. reported the effect of the Cry mutation on carcinogenesis in a mouse strain prone to cancer because of a p53 mutation. Contrary to the expectation that clock disruption in this sensitized background would further increase cancer risk, they found that the Cry mutation protects p53 mutant mice from the early onset of cancer and extends their median lifespan ~50%, in part by sensitizing p53 mutant cells to apoptosis in response to genotoxic stress [96]. These studies suggest that disruption of the circadian clock in itself does not compromise mammalian DNA repair and DNA damage checkpoints and does not predispose animals to spontaneous and ionizing radiation-induced cancers. The effect of circadian clock disruption on cellular response to DNA damage and cancer predisposition may depend on the mechanism by which the clock is disrupted, and elucidation of this mechanism warrants further investigation. Another aspect of DNA damage response is DNA repair. Cells have evolved a number of mechanisms to repair damaged DNA. One such repair mechanism, nucleotide excision repair, is a multicomponent system that replaces a short single stranded region encompassing a DNA lesion. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim regarding the regulation of circadian rhythms by light-sensitive proteins. Instead, it focuses on studies related to Per2 and Cry mutations in relation to tumor suppression, DNA damage response, and the effects of circadian disruption on cancer risk, which are not relevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Social support is crucial for mental health and resilience. [SEP] Text: The results have implications for prevention and intervention, inviting a two-pronged approach at interpersonal and intrapersonal levels. Specifically, we might foster interpersonal ally support for those comfortable with self-disclosure, which benefits both the marginalized and allies themselves (Mizock & Page, Citation2016). An intrapersonal approach (e. g. , through web-based self-compassion interventions) may empower highly contingent individuals to make choices about self-disclosure without their self-esteem on the line (Crocker, Citation2002). This does not preclude the need to shift institutional, systemic, and cultural marginalization of those with mental health conditions, though it offers additional pathways to do so (both/and). Acknowledgements and declaration of interest statementWe would like to acknowledge and are grateful to the individuals who participated in this study. This work was not funded by an external source, and it has not been published elsewhere. The authors report there are no competing interests to declare. Disclosure statementNo potential conflict of interest was reported by the author(s). Data availability statementData are available upon request from the first author. Notes1. Crocker has examined additional domains not addressed in the current study: competition and family support (external validation) as well as God’s love and virtue (internal validation). The focus of the current study is on the former and specifically focused on social self-worth contingencies. Both measures of contingencies are included to further validate the SWCQ scale among emerging adults. 2. Mental health conditions were self-reported (e. g. , “Do you experience any of the following: depression, anxiety … [etc. ]”) (yes/no) and were not confirmed with a diagnostic checklist or interview. 3. Students were offered a number of options for extra-credit such that those who did not want to participate in the current study and/or those who did not identify with a mental health condition were able to choose an alternative activity. 988. (Open in a new window)PubMed (Open in a new window)Web of Science ®(Open in a new window)228. (Open in a new window)1182. (Open in a new window)PubMed (Open in a new window)Web of Science ®(Open in a new window)1034. Advance online publication. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the importance of interpersonal support in promoting mental health and resilience. It emphasizes the role of 'interpersonal ally support' for those comfortable with self-disclosure, suggesting that this kind of support benefits both individuals who are marginalized and their allies. This highlights a crucial element of social support in enhancing mental health.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: All space missions are environmentally sustainable with no pollution. [SEP] Text: These pertain to the data-driven smart applications concerned with power supply management handled by the smart grid system, which include: Optimizing power distributed networks associated with energy demand/supply Monitoring and analyzing energy consumption and GHG emissions levels in real time across several spatial scales and over different temporal scales Enhancing the performance of the central power system Managing distribution automation devices to improve the reliability, stability, and resilience of power production and distribution Enabling energy systems to gather and act on (near) real–time data on power consumption, generation, and inefficiency from end–user connections (information about producers and consumers’ behavior) Avoiding potential power outages resulting from high demand on energy using dynamic pricing models for power usage by increasing charges during peak times to smooth out peaks and applying lower charges during normal times. Avoiding the expensive and carbon–intensive peaks in the power grid using new ways of coordination with regard to the overall ensemble of users and consumers Supporting decision–making pertaining to the generation and supply of power in line with the actual demand of citizens and other consumers to optimize energy efficiency and thus achieve energy savings. As illustrated in Fig. 8, the communication from the meter to the network operator is wireless. Wireless communication options are in fact of common use in this regard, and include, but are not limited to: Wi-Fi (readily available) Wireless ad hoc networks over Wi-Fi Wi-SUN (Networks) Wireless mesh networks Worth noting is that wireless communication is of paramount to the functioning of the IoT and the spread of its data-driven applications across the city, beyond the domain of energy. A most popular form of government-sponsored Internet access is seen in the form of public Wi-Fi spanning different city districts in Stockholm as well as Barcelona. Number 4 in Fig. 8 is associated with integrated renewables and distributed energy. This facilitates the integration of back-up generators, storage, and distributed solar, as well as disconnection in case of network overload (Bibri 2020b). In terms of the distributed solar and wind stations, the use of these applications are intended to improve coordination and planning around power generation from renewable plants depending on the wind or sun. Quire good estimations of power generation from wind, solar panels, and photovoltaic plants can be made a few days in advance thanks to the weather forecast. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing various aspects of energy systems management, power generation, and the use of renewable energy sources, which imply that while efforts may be made towards sustainability, challenges still exist, such as carbon-intensive power peaks and potential pollution from energy production processes. The mention of 'avoiding the expensive and carbon–intensive peaks' suggests that pollution and environmental impacts are concerns related to energy management, which directly counter the claim that all space missions are entirely environmentally sustainable.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Circadian rhythms are regulated by light-sensitive proteins. [SEP] Text: Recently, the effect of the circadian clock on nucleotide excision repair has been investigated in mice. Nucleotide excision repair is found to display prominent circadian oscillations in mouse brain reaching at its maximum in the afternoon/early evening hours and minimum in the night/early morning hours. The circadian oscillation of the repair capacity is caused at least in part by the circadian oscillations in the expression of DNA damage recognition protein xeroderma pigmentosum A (XPA) [97]. Iterative alterations of lifestyle: clock -cancer connection The clock-cancer connection has been investigated in studies of pilots, flight attendants, and shift workers who are more likely to have disrupted circadian cycles due to abnormal work hours. Incidence of breast cancer increases significantly in women working nightshifts, being higher among individuals who spend more years and hours per week working at night [98]. Exposure to light-at-night, including disturbance of the circadian rhythm, possibly mediated via the melatonin synthesis and clock genes, has been suggested as a contributing cause of breast cancer. Since working nightshifts is prevalent and increasing in modern societies, this exposure may be of public health concern, and contribute to the ongoing elevation in breast cancer risk [99 - 101]. Keith et al. propose that circadian rhythms could be more important than family history in determining breast cancer risk [102]. A pilot study in India showed that the risk of developing breast cancer in menopausal visually challenged women is very much lower as compared to sighted women in the similar age group suggesting a relationship between visible light and breast cancer risk [103]. Another study revealed that women working more than 20 years of rotating night shifts have a significantly increased risk of endometrial cancer. In stratified analyses, obese women working rotating night shifts had doubled their baseline risk of endometrial cancer compared with obese women who did no night work, whereas no significant increase was seen among non-obese women [104]. Observations from a cohort study of pilots showed a significantly increased incidence rate of prostate cancer when compared with the respective Canadian population rates [105]. A similar cohort of Nordic pilots demonstrated that the relative risk of prostate cancer increases as the number of flight hours in long distance aircraft increases [106]. A significant association between rotating-shift work and prostate cancer incidence among Japanese male workers has also been found [107]. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text discusses various studies related to circadian rhythms and their health implications, particularly in relation to cancer risk among night shift workers. However, it does not directly address or provide evidence on whether circadian rhythms are regulated by light-sensitive proteins. Thus, it is considered irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Social support is crucial for mental health and resilience. [SEP] Text: Now there is a real opportunity to talk, not just about what the NHS needs to do, but the changes we need to see in all aspects of life, if we are to truly support those of us with mental health problemsThe 37-page HEE document mentions pharmacists just twice — first, in respect to local employers encouraging other professions, such as pharmacists, to work differently to support the growth and transformation of new and existing mental health services. And secondly, to acknowledge the assistance pharmacists can provide to consultant psychiatrists in terms of advice, support and services with regard to prescriptions. But the role of pharmacists in mental health can, and does, go much further, from community pharmacists who regularly encounter individuals with mental health problems to specialist mental health pharmacists who use their knowledge to optimise treatments for individuals being cared for in mental health facilities. “Specialist mental health pharmacists can, and should, be using their skills and expertise to individualise treatments for best outcomes for service users,” says and NHS Improvement head of mental health and learning disability medicine. Specialist mental health pharmacists can, and should, be using their skills and expertise to individualise treatments for best outcomes for service usersAll pharmacists should be able to work with healthcare colleagues to support people with severe mental illness to live longer and healthier lives, says Pratt. They can do this by promoting basic physical and oral health through encouraging exercise and providing services such as smoking cessation. Source: Courtesy of Peter Pratt“Best use of medicines in mental health and learning disability cannot be considered in isolation,” says and NHS Improvement head of mental health and learning disability medicinePratt’s goal as head of mental health is to ensure improvements are made in the way pharmacological treatments are used in people with mental health problems. “Best use of medicines in mental health and learning disability cannot be considered in isolation, so it is important to ensure that the wider mental health programmes take appropriate account of medicines, but also to ensure mental health is not overlooked within the wider NHS,” he says. Call for helpThe role of pharmacists in mental health spans both primary and secondary care and a variety of healthcare settings. “In community pharmacy we probably see more mental health patients and their carers than anywhere in the healthcare system,” says Hemant Patel, secretary of North-local pharmaceutical committee. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by emphasizing the importance of various healthcare professionals, including pharmacists, in providing support for individuals with mental health issues. It illustrates how pharmacists can facilitate better mental health outcomes by assisting those with severe mental illnesses and promoting overall health, which is indicative of social support in a broader context. The reference to community pharmacists regularly encountering individuals with mental health problems further reinforces the idea that social support is essential for mental health and resilience.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: All space missions are environmentally sustainable with no pollution. [SEP] Text: It is well conceivable, for instance, to offer a better price for electricity on a windy or sunny day and thus create an incentive to use this carbon neutral energy at a certain time. Stockholm strongly advocates renewable energy generation in order for SRS to become fossil fuel–free by 2030. The future energy system in SRS is intended to be based on renewable sources. This is very crucial for the district to fulfil the ambition of becoming environmentally sustainable (City of Stockholm 2010). Every part of the district that is affected by the energy system, e. g. , buildings, infrastructures, and systems, must be highly effective and efficient in order for the district to become climate-positive district, especially SRS is part of the Initiate (City of Stockholm 2010). Smart buildingsThe building management system (BMS) is an overarching computer-based control system (an intelligent distributed network of electronic devices and systems) that is responsible for the automatic regulation, control, and monitoring of the building or facility’s mechanical and electrical subsystems, such as heating, ventilation, air conditioning (HVAC), lighting, power systems, and security systems. These technical processes are primarily intended to maintain predefined parameters (or set points) and the control of their functionality. The BMS uses smart metering and advanced visualization tools to provide real-time monitoring and continuously gather the data on what is taking place in a building and how its equipment is operating and feeding these data into a control system to improve energy efficiency. So, the collected data can be used to identify additional opportunities for improvements. Smart eco-cities are making substantial efforts towards meeting their climate change commitments and thus achieving their environmental targets—with support of data-driven smart technologies and solutions—in response to their national and local policies. Applied in Stockholm, in addition to existing and newly constructed smart buildings, is a novel data-driven smart approach to strategic planning of building energy retrofitting, which is based on the urban building energy model (UBEM), using data about actual building heat energy consumption, energy performance certificates, and reference databases (Pasichnyi et al. 2019). This approach allows a holistic city-level analysis of retrofitting strategies thanks to the aggregated projections of the energy performance of each building, such as energy saving, emissions reduction, and required social investment. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the environmental impact of energy systems and the need for sustainability measures in urban areas. It highlights that achieving environmental sustainability, such as the goals of becoming climate-positive in Stockholm, involves significant efforts and strategies to reduce emissions and improve energy efficiency. This implies that not all systems, including space missions, can be considered environmentally sustainable without efforts to mitigate pollution and environmental impact.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Circadian rhythms are regulated by light-sensitive proteins. [SEP] Text: There is also a case report showing that a patient with primary cerebral B-cell non-Hodgkin's lymphoma (NHL) has lost circadian control of sleep [125]. Moreover, genetic association and functional analyses suggest that the circadian gene Cry2 might play an important role in NHL development [126]. Several circadian related genes have been found to be under-expressed in pancreatic cancer indicating that pancreatic tumors have altered circadian rhythms [127]. Recently, Per1 has been identified as a candidate tumor suppressor, epigenetically silenced in nonsmall-cell lung cancer (NSCLC). Per1 expression has been found to be low in a large panel of NSCLC patient samples and in NSCLC cell lines compared to normal lung tissue. The down-regulation of Per1 expression is associated with hypermethylation of the Per1 promoter. Moreover, the study reveals that aberrant acetylation of Per1 promoter is also a potential mechanism for silencing Per1 in cancer [128]. More recently, Bmal1 has been reported to be transcriptionally silenced by promoter CpG island hypermethylation in hematologic malignancies, such as diffuse large B-cell lymphoma and acute lymphocytic and myeloid leukemias. It has been shown that BMAL1 epigenetic inactivation impairs the characteristic circadian clock expression pattern of certain genes including c-Myc, in association with a loss of BMAL1 occupancy in their respective promoters. Furthermore, the DNA hypermethylation-associated loss of BMAL1 also prevents the recruitment of its natural partner, the CLOCK protein, to their common targets, further enhancing the perturbed circadian rhythm of the malignant cells [129]. Epigenetic technologies in cancer studies are helping increase the number of cancer candidate genes and allow us to examine changes in 5-methylcytosine DNA and histone modifications at a genome-wide level. In fact, all the various cellular pathways contributing to the neoplastic phenotype are affected by epigenetic genes in cancer. They are being explored as biomarkers in clinical use for early detection of disease, tumor classification and response to treatment with classical chemotherapy agents, target compounds and epigenetic drugs [130]. The discovery of cancer-relevant gene silencing by epigenetic mechanisms is closely linked to epigenetic drug design and development. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not mention light-sensitive proteins or their role in regulating circadian rhythms. Instead, it discusses the impact of circadian genes and epigenetic mechanisms in various cancers, particularly how alterations in circadian rhythms may be linked to malignancies. Therefore, it is irrelevant to the claim about light-sensitive proteins.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Social support is crucial for mental health and resilience. [SEP] Text: In community pharmacy we probably see more mental health patients and their carers than anywhere in the healthcare system“The hospitals deal with the severe cases — but those with mild-to-moderate anxiety or depression come to the community pharmacy for help. ”Patel is involved in a scheme currently running across 10 pharmacies in the boroughs of Barking and Dagenham in where, following treatment for mental health problems at the Trust (NELFT), patients come to the community pharmacy for physical health and medicines checks. “Sometimes when NELFT releases patients into the community, only around 28% of the people come back [to the hospital] for their physical health checks,” explains Patel. The community pharmacists involved in the scheme have been trained as “health coaches” who take time to get a holistic picture of the patient’s health — their physical health; social circumstances; and the state of their mental health and medicines taking. The pharmacist then creates a written care plan and the patient chooses what they would like to prioritise in terms of improving their health, such as smoking cessation, or a medicines check, which is then provided by the community pharmacy. As well as being well received by patients and carers, the scheme has changed the views of the pharmacists involved. “Their stigma [regarding mental health] has now been replaced with compassion and commitment,” says Patel. He hopes that in future those suffering from mild or moderate anxiety and depression will be able to see a specialist mental health pharmacist in the community. In another pilot scheme, run by Ray Lyon, chief pharmacist and specialist in mental health at community pharmacists undertake physical health checks for young people on attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) medication, record the results, action them appropriately and answer family questions relating to medication. This process would normally take up time in specialist clinics. There were 137 eligible families involved in the scheme and, from the 21 who gave feedback, 90% wanted the service to continue, primarily because they were not required to miss work or school. The scheme was also found to free up 40% of the clinic’s time to enable the staff to deal with more complex cases. As one of two mental health pharmacists in the all-England chief pharmacists group, chaired by chief pharmaceutical officer Keith Ridge, Lyon has the opportunity to raise important issues around mental health with other chief pharmacists as well as Ridge. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by highlighting the role of community pharmacies as a source of social support for patients with mental health issues. It describes a scheme where pharmacists are trained as health coaches who take into account the patient's social circumstances and mental health state, demonstrating the importance of social interactions and support in managing mental health. Additionally, the positive feedback from patients and caregivers about the service indicates that the social support received in this setting is beneficial for their mental health and resilience.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: All space missions are environmentally sustainable with no pollution. [SEP] Text: Three retrofitting packages: (1) heat recovery ventilation, (2) energy-efficient windows, and (3) a combination of these, are considered for the multi-family residential buildings constructed between 1946 and 1975. The identified potential lies in decreasing heat demand by 334 GWh (18%) and consequent emissions reduction by 19. 6 kt-CO2 per year in the City of Stockholm, which demonstrates the potential of rich urban energy datasets and data science techniques for better decision making and strategic planning. The proposed approach allows the change in total energy demand from large-scale retrofitting to be assessed, and explores its impact on the supply side, thereby enabling more precisely targeted and better coordinated energy efficiency programs. Prior to this study, Shahrokni et al. (2014b) evaluate the energy efficiency potential of different building vintages in the City of Stockholm in collaboration with the district heating and electricity utility Fortum. The authors found that the retrofitting potential of the building stock to current building codes can reduce heating energy use by 1/3. In terms of market segmentation, the greatest reduction potential in total energy was found to be for the buildings constructed between 1946 and 1975 due to their poor energy performance. Limiting or alleviating pollution levels requires a substantial decrease in the average carbon intensity of buildings. This in turn requires using decision-support systems that enable largescale energy efficiency improvements in the existing building stock. Among the common hurdles preventing the widespread adoption of energy efficiency measures in buildings are: poor design of buildings, which makes it difficult to implement BMS and to apply common standards for efficiency and operation; lack of incentives or funding schemes for architects, builders, and developers to invest in smart building technology; and reluctance of building owners to accept too much built-in automation. The most effective approach to overcome these hurdles and thus realize the full potential of advanced ICT is to design innovative policies, including developing strong frameworks to encourage consumers to adopt these technologies, providing incentives for consumers or other types of intervention, and raising awareness of the benefits of ICT-based climate solutions. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the environmental challenges and pollution associated with buildings constructed between 1946 and 1975, emphasizing the need for energy efficiency measures and a substantial decrease in carbon intensity to limit pollution levels. This indicates that not all construction and potentially related activities (like space missions) are environmentally sustainable, thereby rebuffing the claim.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Circadian rhythms are regulated by light-sensitive proteins. [SEP] Text: Application of epigenetic therapies in terms of developing drugs that block epigenetic events in cancer is one of the major courses of action that can influence the epigenetic yield. Demethylating agents namely 5-azacytidine (5-aza-CR) and 5-aza-2'-deoxycytidine (5-Aza-CdR) are the only cytidine analogues that have been approved by the U. S. Food and (FDA) for hematological malignancies in non-toxic doses [131,132]. Cancer as a circadian rhythm related disorder Different lines of evidence in mice and humans suggest that cancer may be a circadian-related disorder [133,134]. A number of studies by Filipski et al. indicate that the circadian clock of the host might play an important role in the endogenous control of tumor progression. SCN ablation or exposure to experimental chronic jetlag (CJL) caused alterations in circadian physiology and significantly accelerated tumor growth. CJL suppressed or altered the rhythms of clock gene and cell cycle gene expression in mouse liver. It increased p53 and decreased c-Myc expression, a result in line with the promotion of diethylnitrosamine-initiated hepatocarcinogenesis in jet-lagged mice. The accelerating effect of CJL on tumor growth is counterbalanced by the regular timing of food access over the 24 hours. Meal timing prevented the circadian disruption produced by CJL and slowed down tumor growth. In synchronized mice, meal timing reinforced host circadian coordination, phase-shifted the transcriptional rhythms of clock genes in the liver of tumor-bearing mice and slowed down cancer progression [135]. Recent findings suggest that circadian genes may function as tumor suppressors [133,136] at the systemic, cellular and molecular levels due to their involvement in cell proliferation [82,89], apoptosis [85,91], cell cycle control [69,70,82], and DNA damage response [70,86,97]. The genetic or functional disruption of the molecular circadian clock may result in genomic instability and accelerated cellular proliferation, two conditions that favor carcinogenesis [137]. Thus, aberrant expression of circadian clock genes could have important consequences on the transactivation of downstream targets that control the cell cycle and on the ability of cells to undergo apoptosis thus potentially promoting carcinogenesis. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text primarily discusses the relationship between circadian rhythms and cancer, specifically how disruptions in circadian physiology can accelerate tumor growth and alter gene expression. While it mentions circadian clock genes and their roles in biological processes, it does not address the specific role of light-sensitive proteins in regulating circadian rhythms, making it irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Social support is crucial for mental health and resilience. [SEP] Text: [CMHP] is starting to work with clinical commissioning groups and primary care, including community pharmacists, to support people in the community to up their mental health knowledge and their confidence in working with people living with mental illness,” she says. [CMHP] is starting to work with clinical commissioning groups and primary care, including community pharmacists, to support people in the community to up their mental health knowledge and their confidence in working with people living with mental illnessHolmes’s work in forensic mental health, based at in Nottinghamshire, is unique compared with other mental health pharmacy roles. provides services for more than 300 patients requiring care and treatment in conditions of high security, and comprises several local, regional and national clinical services, including mental health services for men and women. Holmes’s remit also includes overseeing services to medium secure and low secure settings, and several prisons. “We are dealing with people who are not necessarily any more unwell [than other patients] but the nature of their illness makes them a risk to themselves or others,” she explains. is very much “recovery focused”, meaning that the eventual aim is to get the patients better and back out into the world. “Just because someone’s in a high-secure setting doesn’t mean that’s where they’re going to be for the rest of their lives. We do move people on, we do get people better, we do manage and mitigate risk and that, in a way, is what forensics is all about. ”However, because this can be a slow journey, patients can remain in the service for a long time. According to Holmes, this was one feature of mental health pharmacy that appealed to her. “It’s an absolute privilege seeing somebody at their worst and then walking their journey with them and seeing them get better and move on — that’s just the best thing ever. ”It’s an absolute privilege seeing somebody at their worst and then walking their journey with them and seeing them get better and move on — that’s just the best thing everThe outlook from secondary careFor trust chief pharmacist the high level of clinical input and acceptance pharmacists have in the multidisciplinary team are what appeal to him most about working in mental health. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by describing how [CMHP] is working with various healthcare providers to enhance mental health knowledge and support individuals with mental illness. It emphasizes community support and recovery-focused care, suggesting that social support, as testified through the direct engagement with patients and their journeys, plays a significant role in their improvement and mental resilience.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: All space missions are environmentally sustainable with no pollution. [SEP] Text: part of the new study: Smart Cities: Strategies and Forecasts in Energy, Transport and Lighting 2017–2022, Juniper (2020) analyzed five global cities to assess their performance and approach towards energy consumption and delivery, and one of their conclusion is that smart meter roll-outs, as well as several smart grid, such as the GrowSmarter initiative, are being deployed to deliver low-to zero-emissions zones in Barcelona. With the roll-out of smart metering devices and novel software applications, the IoT has made it possible to reorganize and coordinate demand and supply, using new pricing and billing mechanisms, based on the energy market and production (Bibri 2018b). Additionally, however, the project develops a system capable of precisely establishing the status of the distribution grid in real time and at any given moment (Status Estimator), which provides real and immediate information about the impact on the quality and safety of the supply (Nikitin et al. 2016). This project deploys an entire network of medium and low voltage sensors that record measurements for all the electrical variables needed to be entered in the grid’s new Status Estimator. This receives the collected data in real time via the deployed sensors and the existing smart meters diagnosing the different problems on the grid in order to prevent or improve them, as applicable. As regards BMS, one of the main categories of energy monitoring management system in Barcelona is installed in municipal buildings, where sensors obtain information about energy consumption, such as electricity meter, electricity ambient conditions, internal ambient conditions, and temperature (Sinaeepourfard et al. 2016). Worth pointing out is that the smart meter roll-outs and several smart grid projects were developed in Barcelona and Stockholm during approximately the same period of time. Moreover, most of the data-driven smart energy solutions associated with SRS, as explained and elaborated on earlier, apply to Barcelona from a technical and operational perspective, with some key differences in the degree of the development of data-driven technologies and competencies. In particular, the sensor infrastructure is largely developed proportionally in the two cities. Barcelona has a denser network of sensors which compile data from a wide variety of sources. Also, the city must have significantly improved its public Wi-Fi network whose construction was, according to many studies (e. g. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing energy consumption and the deployment of smart technologies in urban settings, which implies that significant efforts are needed to manage pollution and improve energy sustainability. It highlights the complexities of energy systems and pollution management, suggesting that not all projects or missions are inherently environmentally sustainable.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Circadian rhythms are regulated by light-sensitive proteins. [SEP] Text: It must be noted that contrary to epidemiological data, genetic data do not always show a positive correlation between the disruption of circadian clock and manifestation of cancer. A direct and simple answer to the question, why disturbances in circadian rhythms can cause cancer in some cases and not others, could be that desynchronization of phases attributable to abnormal working hours may produce a more profound and generalized effect on the pathophysiology of cancer than a single mutation. Thus, shift work and circadian mutation may have different impacts on physiological processes. Abnormal working hours leading to desynchronization of endogenous clock with the environment can affect overall clock-controlled physiological processes that can result in partial or complete phase shifts between physiology and behaviour depending upon the circumstances. On the other hand, a single mutation of any clock gene may disrupt the system at a particular state not always producing such a drastic effect as cancer because of the compensatory and redundant role of other genes. Another possible answer to the abovementioned question is based on the fact that a cell has a variety of options to illicit DNA damage response. The cell may go through growth arrest to permit DNA repair, and if damage is removed, the cell may restore its normal state. If the cell fails to repair the DNA damage, it can undergo apoptosis. Simultaneously, the cell can proliferate without elimination of mutations which will lead to neoplasia and tumorigenesis. In case of considerable damage, massive apoptosis may lead to disruption of tissue integrity, thus, the cell undergoes senescence while retaining its metabolic activity. The final outcome will depend on the type of the cell, various extracellular signals, and the functional status of the relevant intracellular pathways. The circadian genes may control some important steps of these pathways, thus, insufficiency of any particular clock gene will affect the specific pathway in which it is involved. This, in turn, will determine the final outcome of exposure to DNA damage. Evidence is being generated to show that deficiency of certain clock proteins favors the trigger to senescence. Bmal1-/- and Clock-/- mice show signs of premature aging, Bmal1-/- mice naturally in life [138] and Clock-/- mice after exposure to ionizing radiation [139]. Moreover, Per2 mutant mice show an increased number of senescent cells in vasculature developing early in life [140]. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim about circadian rhythms being regulated by light-sensitive proteins. Instead, it discusses the complex relationship between circadian disruptions, cancer, and cellular responses without mentioning light-sensitive proteins or their role in regulating circadian rhythms.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Social support is crucial for mental health and resilience. [SEP] Text: The college has also been working with the Centre for Education (CPPE) on its education resources as well as the Students’ Association to try to get support and education to pharmacists at the beginning of their careers and highlight that mental health is a specialty that exists for pharmacists. Crampsie believes that the profile of mental health pharmacy needs to be raised significantly so people start to see it as a valuable career opportunity. At the moment it is not an obvious career path for newly qualified pharmacists, he says. Source: Celesio UKAdam Crampsie, head of clinical operations and development at Celesio UK, believes the fear of dealing with patients with mental illness exists because it pushes pharmacists out of their comfort zoneUnmet needBoyd says that Mind hears from people every day who are struggling to access support, highlighting that there is still a great deal of unmet need in mental health. Pratt is keen to build a picture of the range of services pharmacists are offering in England to people with mental illness and learning disabilities. “We know that there are likely to be challenges in the availability of health professionals with the skills to deliver non-pharmacological treatments, so by taking the lead for medicines use in mental health, pharmacists could release some of the pressure on other health professionals and free them to deliver much needed non-pharmacologic treatments,” he says. According to Pratt, a mental health strategy currently being developed for pharmacy spans several areas — from workforce, data and leadership to genetics and genomics — recognising that pharmacists now have a significant opportunity to take their place alongside other healthcare professionals to manage and support the best use of mental health medicines. Boyd believes there should be a focus on prevention, to lessen the burden on the NHS in the future. Pharmacists, particularly those in community, have a “crucial role” to play in this — even if this means just asking how a patient is feeling. She adds: “We believe that if we get mental health support in primary care right, we can help people stay well and be less likely to reach the point of crisis, which is good for individuals, families, communities and the wider health and social care system. ”2016. Available at: (accessed November 2017). [2] Stepping forward to 2020/21: the mental health workforce plan for England. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by highlighting that mental health support is essential in primary care settings and emphasizes pharmacists' roles in addressing mental health needs. It states that 'we believe that if we get mental health support in primary care right, we can help people stay well and be less likely to reach the point of crisis,' which aligns with the importance of social support for mental health and resilience.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: All space missions are environmentally sustainable with no pollution. [SEP] Text: , Bibri and Krogstie 2020b; Mora and Bolici 2016; Nikitin et al. 2016; Noori et al. 2020; Sinaeepourfard et al. 2016) launched during the early 2010s. A city Wi-Fi can have a significant impact on the communication capabilities of the sensor infrastructure and the data transfer system, which is of utmost importance to the operation and functioning of smart grids and AMIs, as illustrated in Fig. 8. Barcelona has declared its intentions to become the most connected city in the world and is following through on its promise by investing considerably in the IoT infrastructure and thus sensor network for the city (Institute 2018). It has recently become an interesting location for Cisco to open a global innovation center for the IoE paradigm and architecture. In addition, the two cities slightly differ in the degree of their readiness as to the availability and development level of the ICT infrastructure and competencies needed to generate, transmit, process, and analyze data to extract useful knowledge for enhanced decision making and deep insights pertaining to environmental sustainability uses and applications. Barcelona has the best practices in the ICT infrastructure, especially horizontal information platforms, and in the operations centers as a data-oriented competence. It was only recently when the City of Stockholm has established a platform for data collection after realizing the importance of coordinating and orchestrating the plethora of the different systems that constitute the ICT infrastructure (Bibri 2020a). In relation to the SRS project, the City of Stockholm was still in the mid 2010s “working on securing structures and databases for collection of data that can be used to give feedback and inform inhabitants and also sort out a viable business model for the data collection unit” (Kramers et al. 2016, p. 104). Further, Barcelona and Stockholm both have these data-oriented institutional competences: educational centers and training programs, innovation and research centers, and strategic planning and policy offices (e. g. , Bibri 2020a; Bibri and Krogstie 2020a, b; Mora and Bolici 2016; Nikitin et al. 2016; Noori et al. 2020; Kramers et al. 2016). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing urban environments and ICT infrastructures in cities like Barcelona and Stockholm, but it does not mention space missions or their environmental impact. In fact, the implications of urban developments highlighted could suggest considerations of pollution that are often present in technological advancements, hinting that not all technological progress—like that in space missions—is environmentally sustainable.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Circadian rhythms are regulated by light-sensitive proteins. [SEP] Text: As stress-induced senescence has been proposed as one of the mechanisms for tumour suppression [141], the delay in tumorigenesis seen in p53-/- Cry1-/- Cry-/- mice may indicate a switch of DNA damage response to senescence, which in these compound mutants is attributable to insufficiency of Cryptochromes. Cancer chronotherapy Research in chronotherapy, which takes into consideration the biological time to improve treatments, plays an important role in devising new therapeutic approaches for the treatment of cancer [142]. The circadian timing system controls cellular proliferation as well as drug metabolism over 24 hours through molecular clocks, circadian physiology, and the SCN [143]. That is why both the toxicity and efficacy of more than 30 anticancer agents vary by more than 50% as a function of dosing time in experimental models [144]. The administration of a drug at a circadian time when it is best tolerated usually achieves best antitumor activity. This has been reported for antimetabolites, such as arabinofuranosylcytosine, 5-fluorouracil (5-FU), or 5-fluorouracil deoxyribonucleoside (FUDR); for intercalating agents such as doxorubicin; and for alkylating drugs such as melphalan or cisplatin [145]. The results obtained by numerical simulations of automaton model for the cell cycle indicate that the least cytotoxic patterns of 5-FU and l-OHP (oxaliplatin) circadian administration match those used clinically. The model also shows that continuous administration of 5-FU and l-OHP has the same effect as the most cytotoxic circadian pattern of drug delivery. Furthermore, the model helps to identify factors that may contribute to explain why temporal patterns corresponding to minimum cytotoxicity for a population of healthy cells could at the same time prove more cytotoxic toward a population of tumour cells [146]. The clinical relevance of chronotherapy is currently being investigated along these lines for the outcome of patients suffering from metastatic breast and pancreatic cancers. Multicenter clinical trials comparing chronomodulated versus conventional therapy are being planned for the adjuvant treatment of colorectal cancer and for head and neck and biliary duct cancers [146]. More phase III trials will be needed to firmly establish chronotherapy in medical oncology. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim about light-sensitive proteins regulating circadian rhythms. Instead, it discusses the implications of circadian timing on drug administration and cancer treatment, mentioning the role of molecular clocks and circadian physiology, but it does not specifically validate or invalidate the claim regarding light-sensitive proteins.