Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Action potentials are generated by the movement of sodium and potassium ions across the neuron membrane. [SEP] Text: org, see Materials and methods), we manually traced and generated 3-dimensional skeletal reconstructions of these neuronal dye-fills (skeletal reconstructions of the six neuronal dye-fills in Figure 2A are shown in Figure 2B; Supplementary file 1-Hoc files). From these skeletal reconstructions, we were able to measure total cable lengths, number of branch points, and soma-to-tip path lengths and tortuosities (excluding axons) using a suite of custom morphology analytical tools (see Materials and methods). These neurons present expansive structures, with a mean total cable length of 8840 ± 3678 µm (Figure 2C) and numerous branch points (mean number of branch points ± SD was 155 ± 126; Figure 2D). Notably, across animals, total cable lengths and branch point numbers varied by 40% of the mean (CV = 0. 4 for both metrics). Note that these numbers are underestimates and smaller than reported in Otopalik et al. (2017). This is due to the lower resolution used for reconstruction of this large set of neurons, resulting in loss of some of the smallest profiles. Otopalik et al. (2017), reported similar animal-to-animal variability in these metrics across a smaller sample size. We also measured all soma-to-tip paths within each neuron (Figure 2E). These path length distributions varied within and across neurons, with distances ranging between 200–1000 µm and a mean coefficient of variation of 0. 81. The mean soma-to-tip path length was 450 ± 80 µm. Thus, if synaptic voltage events arising at the neurite tip are measured electrophysiologically at the soma, such signals would travel this distance, on average. 2A and B, it is visually evident that GM neurons display tortuous three-dimensional structures. This is quantified in Figure 2F, which shows the tortuosities of soma-to-tip paths (path length/Euclidean distance from soma to tip location). For a given soma-to-tip path, a tortuosity of one suggests a minimal, Euclidean path from soma to tip, whereas tortuosities greater than one suggest winding paths that deviate from the minimal Euclidian distance (Figure 2F, right). Across GM neurons, tortuosity distributions vary. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim regarding action potentials and the movement of sodium and potassium ions. Instead, it discusses skeletal reconstructions of neuronal structures, including cable lengths and branch points, as well as tortuosity measurements of neuronal pathways. Therefore, it is irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: The body requires both macronutrients and micronutrients for proper functioning. [SEP] Text: One recent study demonstrated improvement in liver enzymes, IR, and markers of oxidative stress in supplemented patients in conjunction with a weight‐loss diet. 16 has been known for its anti‐inflammatory, AO, and IM effects in rat models. 3 One systemic review found that patients who supplemented with vitamin D in MAFLD resulted in only modest improvement in mediators of inflammation and lipid profile. However, changes in liver enzymes, body weight, IR, and markers of glycemic control were not present. 21 Iron excess has been implicated in MAFLD. Interventions to reduce iron overload, such as phlebotomy, have generated debate. One clinical trial showed that reducing ferritin levels through phlebotomy had no effect on liver enzymes, steatosis, or IR,18 whereas other studies have demonstrated positive findings, such as liver enzyme reduction and improved histology, when compared with lifestyle changes alone. 17 The effects of vitamin E are well documented. High‐dose vitamin E (>400 IU/day) has been noted to improve liver enzymes, body weight, and NASH steatosis when compared with placebo. However, there are concerns about the safety of routine vitamin E supplementation because of reported increased overall mortality and the development of hemorrhagic stroke and prostate cancer in several large meta‐analyses. 26 can be described as the hepatic manifestation of a metabolic syndrome within the liver. It often begins from the result of chronic exposure to nutrient‐poor diets. Synthesis and accumulation of hepatic fat eventually lead to inflammation and IR, which ultimately drive progression of disease. Micronutrient homeostasis is often disturbed in MAFLD, which likely adds to the cascade of inflammation and oxidative stress. Although corrective therapeutic interventions are being explored, the effects that micronutrients have on MAFLD pathophysiology still remain elusive. High‐dose vitamin E supplementation, however, is one exception. Independent of caloric intake, macronutrient and micronutrient composition of diets can influence MAFLD. Diets lower in simple sugars and fructose, SFA, and animal protein; higher in and fiber; and supplemented with vitamin E have been shown to improve markers of disease in MAFLD. 1. Tilg H, Effenberger M. to MAFLD: when pathophysiology succeeds. 2020;17:387‐388. | PubMed | CrossRef | 2. Berná G, Romero‐Gomez M. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the importance of both macronutrients and micronutrients in the context of metabolic health. It mentions that 'independent of caloric intake, macronutrient and micronutrient composition of diets can influence MAFLD,' highlighting that both types of nutrients play a role in proper bodily functions and health outcomes. Additionally, it states 'micronutrient homeostasis is often disturbed in MAFLD,' which underscores the necessity for micronutrients in maintaining overall health.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Autonomous vehicles require no human oversight or intervention in any scenario. [SEP] Text: В данной статье представлен новый подход к сценарному моделированию движения беспилотных транспортных средств (БТС) в искусственной дорожной сети (ИДС) класса «Манхэттенская решетка» с реализацией в системе крупномасштабного агент-ориентированного моделирования FLAME GPU с целью минимизации рисков возникновения ДТП. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing a new approach to modeling the movement of autonomous vehicles within a simulated environment designed to minimize accidents, suggesting that external oversight is necessary to manage risks associated with autonomous driving.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Action potentials are generated by the movement of sodium and potassium ions across the neuron membrane. [SEP] Text: But, each neuron presents a broad tortuosity distribution and has a mean tortuosity that is modestly greater than one (Figure 2E; the mean across all neurons is 2. 1 ± 0. 5). Taken together, these data suggest that GM neurons are tortuous and expansive, and somewhat variable in their macroscopic morphology. The functional consequences of morphological complexity and variability are best considered in light of how voltage signals arising from presynaptic inputs are integrated and transformed into spike patterns. Previous work suggests that pre- and post-synaptic connections are distributed throughout the finer process within the STG neuropil (King, 1976b; Kilman and Marder, 1996) and that spike initiation zones are located in the periphery, where the axons exit the neuropil (Raper, 1979; Miller, 1980). Thus, axon number, location, and branching patterns relative to each neuron’s neurite tree may speak to how voltage signals arising from presynaptic inputs are integrated. GM neurons typically have between 3–5 axons (Figure 3A), with at least one projection to the aln and one projection to the dvn (this is consistent with previous findings; Maynard and Dando, 1974). In 2/14 neurons, only two axons were identified. This is likely due to an incomplete dye-fill or atypical branching of axonal projections beyond the microscope’s field of view. Branch order distributions varied across neurons, as did axonal branch point orders (Figure 3B). As is illustrated in Figure 3C–G, in some GM neurons all axons projected from the same branch point (as in Figure 3D), whereas in other GM neurons each axon projected from a distinct subtree (as in Figure 3G). Taken together, variable axon numbers, locations, and branching patterns suggest that each GM neuron differentially integrates voltage signals arising from varying proportions of lower and higher branch orders. Figure 3 Download asset Open asset Variable axon location and branching patterns in GM neurons. (A) Histogram shows the number of distinguishable axonal projections for 14 GM neurons. (B) Histograms show the distribution of branch orders across 14 GM neurons. Axonal branch point orders are indicated with green lines. Dark purple shading indicates the range between the 25th and 75th percentiles. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it primarily discusses the tortuosity and morphology of GM neurons, along with the integration of voltage signals arising from presynaptic inputs. It does not address the specific mechanism of action potentials being generated by sodium and potassium ion movement, nor does it provide any information related to ion transport or action potential generation.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Interest rates set by central banks affect borrowing costs. [SEP] Text: 2019 29, 2019 of European Banks? 1 Nicholas Coleman* and Viktors Stebunovs* this note, we examine the effects of low and negative sovereign yields on net interest margins and the general profitability of European banks. Recent research has shown that low-for-long interest rates weigh on bank profitability around the world (Claessens, Coleman, and Donnelly, 2018 and CGFS 2018). In Europe, as interest rates have gone even more negative in recent months, numerous banks and bank analysts have expressed concerns about the detrimental effects of negative interest rates on bank profitability and professed their support for a multi-tier system for reserve remuneration that shields a significant portion of excess reserves from negative policy interest rates. 2 We ask whether sovereign yields and macroeconomic variables are, in fact, the dominant factors in determining the profitability of European banks, and whether the profitability of these banks would be higher if they operated in a more favorable interest rate and macroeconomic environment. Overall, we find evidence consistent with bank and analyst reports that sovereign yields, and to some extent other macroeconomic factors, are important for European bank profitability. However, bank-specific and banking sector-specific factors, in particular unobserved ones, appear to be much more important in explaining bank profitability. While we do find that higher sovereign yields, stronger economic growth, and higher inflation may boost profitability of European banks, our estimates suggest that the gap in U. S. and European bank profitability would narrow by less than a third, at most, if European banks operated in the more favorable U. S. interest rate and macroeconomic environment. To answer the questions raised, we combine annual consolidated bank-level data for 387 institutions across 20 European countries from S&P Intelligence with country-level sovereign yields and other macroeconomic variables for the period from 2006 to 2018. Our sample includes banks from the following countries: and United Kingdom. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing how low and negative interest rates influence bank profitability, which suggests a direct relationship between the rates set by central banks and borrowing costs. It specifically mentions that higher sovereign yields can boost profitability, indicating that changes in interest rates, set by central banks, do affect the financial dynamics of banks and, in turn, can impact borrowing costs.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Autonomous vehicles require no human oversight or intervention in any scenario. [SEP] Text: 8-10), представляющие угрозу нормальному функционированию транспортной системы масштаба «умного города» и характеризуемые, в частности, комбинированными условиями недостаточной видимости, наличием значительного числа пешеходов, неожиданно возникающих на проезжей части, высокой интенсивностью прибытия транспортных средств в ИДС и др. Исследована динамика количества потенциальных аварий с участием БТС, ОТС и пешеходов (рис. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing situations of inadequate visibility, the presence of numerous pedestrians, and other dynamic scenarios that pose risks to the functioning of transport systems, implying that such conditions could necessitate human oversight or intervention for safe operation.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Action potentials are generated by the movement of sodium and potassium ions across the neuron membrane. [SEP] Text: For easy comparison across neurons, histograms were plotted with 100 bins and y axes were normalized to the maximum number of branch points given the 100 bins. (C) Pie chart summarizes axonal branching patterns across 14 GM neurons. (D–G) Examples of the different axonal branching pattern possibilities in C are illustrated with dendrograms of four GM neurons from the tested population. Axonal branch points are indicated with colored circles indicating the number of axons projected from that branch point: orange = 4 axons, blue = 2 axons, red = 1 axon. Variable glutamate responses across the neuronal structure One might expect that complex and variable neuronal morphologies would yield complex and variable electrotonic structures. To probe the distributed cable properties of GM neurons, we employed a custom-built microscope to focally photo-uncage MNI-glutamate (Tocris) with ultraviolet light at many sites across the GM neuronal structure (in TTX to attenuate spiking activity and overall circuit activity). In each GM neuron (N = 10), we used two-electrode current clamp at the soma to measure voltage responses arising from glutamate receptor activation at the soma, primary neurite, and more distal sites (Figure 4; 7–20 photo-uncaging sites per neuron with 1 ms, 30 mW UV pulses and a bath concentration of 250 µM MNI-glutamate). Experiments probing the spatial resolution of our photo-uncaging system demonstrated that the effective photo-uncaging radius was approximately 15 µm, a resolution high enough to target individual neurites (Figure 4—figure supplement 1A–D). Figure 4 with 1 supplement see all Download asset Open asset Focal glutamate responses across GM neuronal structures. (A–C) show maximum z-projections of confocal stacks of neuronal dye-fills with photo-uncaging sites indicated with colored circles. In each case, raw traces are shown on the right for maximal inhibitory glutamate responses evoked with 1 ms pulses at 30 mW UV laser intensity while. holding the membrane potential at −40 mV using two-electrode current clamp at the somatic recording site. Note the variability in response amplitude across different photo-uncaging sites within each neuron. Image scale bars are 150 µm. Focal glutamate photo-uncaging evoked hyperpolarizing voltage deflections across the neuronal structure (Figure 4). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses axonal branching patterns and glutamate responses in GM neurons without mentioning the generation of action potentials or the role of sodium and potassium ions in that process.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Interest rates set by central banks affect borrowing costs. [SEP] Text: skip to content Home > & Data > 11, 2016 "Low-for-long" interest rates and net interest margins of banks in Claessens (FRB), (FRB), and (FRB)1 1. the global financial crisis (GFC), interest rates in many advanced economies have been low and in many cases are expected to remain low for some time. Low interest rates help economies recover and can enhance banks' balance sheets and performance by supporting asset prices and reducing non-performing loans. But persistently low interest rates may also erode the profitability of banks as low rates are typically associated with lower net interest margins -- NIMs, typically measured as net interest income divided by interest earning assets. While overall advanced economies' bank profitability, measured by return on assets, has recovered from the worst of the GFC, it remains low and many advanced economies' banks are facing profitability challenges, related to low net interest margins as well as weak loan and non-interest income growth. And while NIMs across many advanced economy banks have been trending down on a longer-term basis, they have fallen more sharply since the GFC, in part, as appears so, on account of lower interest rates. But how strong is the link between interest rates and NIMs, and is this relationship different in low interest rate environments? This note explores the empirical evidence between changes in interest rates and NIMs for different interest rate environments to discover the potential adverse effects of a low interest rate on bank NIMs. Using cross-country evidence can be insightful to assess a situation that is not so common in any individual country. Overall, the new empirical analysis shows that low rates are contributing to weaker NIMs and identifies an adverse effect that is materially larger when interest rates are low. It suggests that these effects can be material for banks in some key advanced foreign economies (AFEs). 2 2. Literature on the effects of low interest rates on banks' NImany ways, banks, of course, may benefit from low interest rates, directly (e. g. , through valuation gains on securities they hold) and indirectly (e. g. , as non-performing loans will be lower as borrowers' debt service will be less burdensome). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing how both low and persistent low rates, as set by central banks, impact banks' net interest margins (NIMs) and overall profitability. It explicitly acknowledges that changes in interest rates contribute to weaker NIMs, which implies that the rates set by central banks directly influence borrowing and lending conditions within the economy. This signifies a clear relationship between central bank rates and the costs of borrowing.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Genetic engineering can modify an organism's DNA to introduce specific traits. [SEP] Text: On the other hand, MDE, Oceania and America has significantly lower proportional prevalence compared to global. We were further keen to understand the correlation among ASMR and ASPR of comorbid conditions among ethnogeographic regions. Figure 2. Proportional (a) mortality rates and (b) prevalence rates for Strokes, High SBP and Metabolic disorders. The figure shows the proportional mortality and prevalence for all strokes in yellow (ischemic stroke, intracerebral hemorrhage, subarachnoid hemorrhage and ischemic heart disease), high systolic blood pressure in red, and metabolic disorders in green (high BMI, high LDL, diabetes mellitus type 1 and 2, chronic kidney disorder). CSA - Central and South Asia, AFR - Africa, EAS - East Asia, EUR - Europe, MDE - Middle East, OCE - Oceania, AMR – America. Correlation among prevalence and mortality rates based on ethnogeographic regionCorrelation between ASMRs and ASPRs for stroke and all comorbid conditions across each ethnogeographic locations is shown in figure 3. High SBP prevalence and mortality show a strong positive correlation in CSA but a strong negative correlation in MDE. The prevalence and mortality of high BMI has a strong negative correlation in CSA and MDE populations, but a strong positive correlation in EAS. Prevalence of CKD has negative correlation with mortality rates in EAS. Prevalence of T2D has negative correlation with mortality rates in Oceania and positive correlation in America. It is interesting to note that there was not much of a correlation in mortality and prevalence rates for most of the conditions. For overall stroke, though minor correlations between various ethnicities are seen, this becomes alarmingly clear in the stroke subtypes. The correlation matrix of ASMR and ASPR of stroke and its comorbidities does reflect strong ethnogeographic distinctions, which formed the basis of further investigation on genetic basis of stroke and its comorbidities. Figure 3:Correlation of mortality versus prevalence rates of Stroke, its subtypes and comorbid factors. The figure shows the Pearson correlation coefficients of mortality rates versus prevalence rates across different continents for 2014. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text discusses various mortality and prevalence rates of health conditions across different ethnogeographic regions but does not address genetic engineering or how it can modify an organism's DNA to introduce specific traits. Therefore, it is irrelevant to the claim and does not provide any corroborating or contrasting information.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Action potentials are generated by the movement of sodium and potassium ions across the neuron membrane. [SEP] Text: These inhibitory potentials are consistent with ionotropic glutamate-gated inhibitory currents described in previous work (Marder and Paupardin-Tritsch, 1978; Eisen and Marder, 1982; Marder and Eisen, 1984; Cleland and Selverston, 1995). Although voltage responses were uniformly inhibitory across the neuronal structure, their amplitudes varied (Figure 4A–C). Figure 4A–C show dye-fills of three individual GM neurons with photo-uncaging sites indicated with colored circles (left) and maximal responses to focal glutamate photo-uncaging that vary in amplitude across these sites (right). These focal glutamate responses were relatively stable, desensitizing only when the inter-pulse period (IPPs) was less than 10 s (Figure 4—figure supplement 1E–G). Across GM neurons (N = 10), a non-zero response (measured at the soma) to glutamate applied to the soma was observed in only one GM neuron. Response amplitudes varied across positions with a mean maximum amplitude of 2. 15 ± 1 mV. The mean coefficient of variation of non-zero responses, across preparations, was 0. 4 ± 0. 1 (N = 10), suggesting that, on average, non-zero responses varied by approximately 40% of the mean response amplitude within each neuron. The electrotonic decrement of a voltage signal, from photo-stimulation site to recording site, is dependent on a number of factors: the diameter of the neurite through which it propagates (which influences the axial resistance to current flow), the membrane resistance, the extent of branching and associated loss of conductance at branch points, and the absolute distance the signal travels (Rall, 1959; Goldstein and Rall, 1974). To quantify the dependence of response amplitude on each neuron’s cable properties, we generated ‘lolliplots’ of response amplitude, measured at the soma, to each photo-stimulated site, as a function of their distance from the somatic recording site, branch order, and neurite size (measured in terms of neurite diameter in the x-y plane; Figure 5). The lolliplots show that the greatest response amplitudes can occur from photo-stimulation at sites with any distance from the soma, of any branch order, and of any size. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses inhibitory potentials and glutamate responses rather than the generation of action potentials through the movement of sodium and potassium ions. It focuses on aspects such as voltage responses, the amplitude of responses to glutamate, and the effects of neuronal structure on signal propagation, which do not address the specific mechanism of action potentials described in the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Interest rates set by central banks affect borrowing costs. [SEP] Text: The focus here is on the narrower question of the effects of low interest rates on banks' NIMs. Analytics and existing empirical findings suggest that, controlling for other factors, banks' NIMs are lower when interest rates are low. We briefly review the reasoning and this literature. Low short-term interest rates can depress bank margins because for many types of deposits, banks are reluctant to lower deposit rates, especially below zero (while there is anecdotal evidence that some banks are passing negative rates onto corporate customers in select cases, banks have been reluctant to pass on negative policy rates to retail depositors). As a result, when interest rates decline, bank margins compress, since banks must pass on lower rates on assets based on contractual repricing terms (e. g. , floating rate loans) and have an incentive to do so to those borrowers that have other financing choices (e. g. , from corporate bond markets). Moreover, low long-term interest rates can depress NIMs by flattening the yield curve. Because banks transform short-dated liabilities into longer-dated assets, their NIMs are negatively affected by shallower yield curves. Modeling (see 3. New analysis New cross-country analysis we conduct confirms and expands on these findings. We first describe below the data and sample of commercial banks we use, as well as some raw statistics. We then provide the methodology and empirical findings. Data sample and raw comparisons. To investigate the impact of the short-term interest rate on banks' NIMs, a database was assembled with (yearly averages of) three-month and ten-year sovereign yields from Bloomberg and of bank balance sheet and income statement data from Bankscope at an annual frequency. 4 The final sample contains 3,418 banks from 47 countries for 2005-2013. 5 Unconsolidated data are used, where available, to isolate the effect of a country's interest rate on only the bank's operations in that country. Observations are only trimmed in cases where the data is logically inconsistent, for example when assets are below zero or when deposits are greater than liabilities. We additionally ignore observations where the NIM for a bank changes by more than ten percentage points from one year to the next. To explore differential impacts, countries were classified each year as being in a low- or high-rate environment based on whether the interest rate on their 3-month sovereign bond was below or above 1. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by explaining how low interest rates can affect banks' net interest margins (NIMs) and subsequently influence borrowing costs. It discusses that lower interest rates compress bank margins and how this can impact the rates banks are willing to offer to borrowers, especially in the context of floating rate loans and the reluctance to lower deposit rates. This relationship shows that central bank-set interest rates have a direct impact on the cost of borrowing.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Genetic engineering can modify an organism's DNA to introduce specific traits. [SEP] Text: 8%), while ischemic stroke associated with atrial fibrillation had lower PAF in (3. 1%) compared to the rest (17. 1%)26. Emerging studies like novel ethnic specific genetic variants, such as SUMOylation pathway in Indians27, SFXN4 and TMEM108 in Africans,28 indicate the involvement of different pathways among different ethnicities in stroke. allele of c. *84G>A loci in CETP gene was found to be a risk factor for IHD in South Asians29. High SBP was found to be a risk factor in all major stroke subtypes except lobar ICH30. Therefore, identifying differential risk in different ethnicities for stroke and its subtypes, and its impact on comorbid conditions might also indicate different treatment modalities which can minimize adverse metabolic side effects. Identifying the pattern of genetic variation is critical in distinguishing stroke and its endophenotypic variations. The risk variants rs528002287 (locus 15q26. 3) in PCSK6 and rs148010464 (locus 1q31. 1) an intergenic variant in PLA2G4A/LINC01036 for stroke were unique to South Asia, and were found to be associated with cardioembolic stroke and small vessel stroke in South Asians27. A recent study reported association of short sleep duration with increased risk for stroke to be highest in the ethnicity (OR 9. 13, 95% CI 5. 86-14. 66)43. Decreased sleep quantity and quality has been reported to increase blood pressure44, prevalence for which was found to be highest for in our study. These observations are interesting as PCSK6 is known to regulate sodium homeostasis and thereby maintaining diastolic blood pressure. 31,32 Reports also indicate 2. 34 fold difference in the expression of PCSK6 during maintenance phase of hypertension33. PCSK6 has also been reported to be involved in processing of precursors of hormone (MCH) under certain conditions45. MCH is known to play a central role in promoting and stabilizing sleep46,47. In insomnia patients, PLA2G4A was reported to be upregulated by 1. 88 fold after improvement in sleep48. In sleep deprived mice, glycolytic pathway and lipid metabolism was upregulated and expression of PLA2G4A was downregulated49. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim regarding genetic engineering and manipulation of DNA. Instead, it discusses genetic variations related to stroke and associated risk factors among different ethnicities, providing no information supporting or contrasting the claim about genetic engineering.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Action potentials are generated by the movement of sodium and potassium ions across the neuron membrane. [SEP] Text: Linear regression analyses of response amplitudes as a function of each of these geometric parameters showed no significant linear relationships, with insignificant p-values>0. 1 (Figure 5—figure supplement 1, Table 1). Taken together, these data suggest that there is no apparent dependence of somatic response amplitude on where the responses were evoked. Figure 5 with 1 supplement see all Download asset Open asset Response amplitudes as a function of various cable properties. Each lolliplot shows the normalized maximal response amplitudes for photo-uncaging sites that vary in distance from the soma, branch order, and neurite diameter. Each color is indicative of focal responses from a single neuron (N = 10). Focal glutamate responses were evoked at a depolarized membrane potential (−40 or −50, constant within each neuron), in two-electrode current clamp at the soma. Scatter plots at the bottom show these same data from all 10 neurons on the same axes. To allow comparison across neurons, voltage responses. were normalized to the maximum voltage response within each preparation. Distance and branch order measurements were generated from skeletal reconstructions. Diameter measurements were measured manually from neuronal dye-fill confocal stacks. Results from linear regression analyses of the above data are shown in the Figure 5—figure supplement 1 and in Table 1. Table 1 Linear regression analysis for response amplitudes as a function of distance, branch order, and neurite diameter. Each row corresponds to a different GM neuron, with same color scheme, as shown in Figure 5 and Figure 5—figure supplement 1. Note insignificant p values suggesting no dependence of the response amplitude on these cable properties. n corresponds to the number of photo-uncaging sites in each GM neuron. DistanceBranch order (mV/um)MSERpslope (mV/order)MSERpslope (mV/um)n0. 11−0. 27 0. 418−0. 0009 0. 12−0. 20 0. 55−0. 0104 0. 100. 390. 240. 1028110. 020. 280. 5920. 00030. 020. 260. 62 0. 00520. 030. 01 0. 990. 0007 70. 03−0. 190. 656−0. 00030. 03−0. 210. 62−0. 00570. 02−0. 440. 28−0. 033190. 590. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim regarding action potentials generated by sodium and potassium ions. Instead, it focuses on linear regression analyses of response amplitudes in relation to certain geometrical parameters and their independence from these properties. Thus, the text is irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Interest rates set by central banks affect borrowing costs. [SEP] Text: 25 percent (other cutoffs were also tested and yielded similar results). Figure 1 shows the sample of countries covered and the range and median of the short-term yields in each. The variations in rates are large for many countries, and many countries are both in the high- and low-yield environment for some time (the median provides a sense of how long each country has been in each environment). 2013. It is notable that many more countries, especially advanced economies, are in the low-yield environment post-GFC: 19 in 2009 vs. only two in 2005. These shifts help to estimate the differential impact of low interest rates on banks' NIM and profitability, and whether effects are greater the longer banks are in a low interest rate environment. Figure 2 compares the broad composition of bank balance sheets in low- and high-rate environments. Overall, there do not appear to be major shifts in asset compositions or liability structures in low- versus high-rate environments that could be expected to drive differences in how net interest margins respond to interest rates. Banks have roughly the same loan-to-deposit and loan-to-asset ratios in the high-rate environment (the orange bars) as in the low-rate environment (the blue bars) at about 125 and 60 percent, respectively. Banks in the high-rate environment have slightly higher leverage ratios, while deposits-to-total liabilities and securities-over-assets are slightly higher in the low-rate environment, possibly because low rates are associated with lower economic and loan growth, less non-deposit borrowing, greater investment in safer securities, and lower profits and capital. Figure 1: Range of 3-Yield by Country (2005-2013) Note: The figure shows the range of the three-month sovereign yield for each country from 2005-2013. Values used are yearly averages of the implied three-month rate published daily by Bloomberg. Sources: Bloomberg, staff calculations. Accessible version Figure 2: Composition Source: Bankscope, staff analysis. Accessible version Figure 3 shows that average NIMs are higher in the high-rate environment (the orange bars) than in the low-rate environment (the blue bars). Profitability, measured by return on assets, is higher too in the high-rate environment, likely reflecting both higher NIMs and concurrent better overall economic and financial environments. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by indicating how variations in interest rates impact banks' net interest margins (NIM) and profitability. It discusses that banks have higher average NIMs and profitability in high-rate environments compared to low-rate environments, suggesting a direct relationship between the interest rates set by central banks and borrowing costs. Additionally, the text notes that lower economic growth and loan growth are associated with low rates, further implying a connection between interest rates and the cost of borrowing.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Genetic engineering can modify an organism's DNA to introduce specific traits. [SEP] Text: The ASMRs and ASPRs thus obtained for the different diseases in each region were subjected to a temporal rank analysis for 2009, 2014, and 2019 using custom perl scripts and change in the trend was plotted as a bump plot. The size and position of the points indicates the rate and rank respectively. To quantify the temporal trends, estimated annual percentage change (EAPC) was modeled using Poisson regression using a generalized linear model for the log-transformed rates: log(y)= β0+ β1x1 + β2x2 + …. +βpxp, where y is the age-standardized rate, xi are the calendar years, βi are the rate trends. Under the assumption of linearity of log of age-standardized rate with time, EAPC =100* exp(β^) – 1. The 95% uncertainty interval is calculated as CI(EAPC) = β + (Z(1-α)/2) x SE, where α is the confidence level, SE is the standard error of β^. EAPC for ASMRs and ASPRs were calculated for the time period 2009 to 2019 (table 1 and 2). EAPC for high SBP prevalence was calculated from 2009 to 2015 and for high BMI prevalence from 2009 to 2016. EAPC was considered statistically significant if the uncertainty interval of EAPC did not cross zero. Statistical significance of spatio-temporal difference in rates was calculated using chi-square test by assuming the rate to be under Poisson distribution. 2019 ASMRs (or ASPRs) in each region were compared with global ASMR (or ASPR) to compare change over locations and with 2009 ASMRs (ASPRs) to compare change over time. 2014 ASPRs were used when 2019 data was not available. P-values (two-sided) for ASMRs and ASPRs are shown in table S3 and S4, respectively. Chi-square tests were done using for (www. openepi. com/Menu/OE_Menu. htm). The relation between ASMRs and ASPRs of each region was measured using Pearson correlation. For correlation, we considered the data of 2014 due to the complete spectrum of data availability. All analysis, unless specified, was done using R (version 4. 1. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses statistical analysis methods, including estimated annual percentage change (EAPC) and chi-square tests, with no mention of genetic engineering or DNA modification. Therefore, it does not support or contrast the claim.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Action potentials are generated by the movement of sodium and potassium ions across the neuron membrane. [SEP] Text: 42 0. 2290. 0026 0. 510. 54 0. 110. 0472 0. 57−0. 450. 19−0. 1713110. 140. 22 0. 6790. 0005 0. 140. 23 0. 660. 0100 0. 12−0. 48 0. 33−0. 0680 70. 010. 900. 0020. 00130. 020. 680. 070. 02320. 01−0. 75 0. 03−0. 0728 90. 02-−0. 490. 269−0. 00050. 03−0. 440. 33−0. 00730. 030. 32 0. 480. 0338 80. 110. 200. 4430. 00080. 110. 240. 350. 01420. 10−0. 37 0. 14−0. 0682 180. 020. 260. 5790. 00040. 020. 320. 490. 00600. 01−0. 60 0. 16−0. 0244 80. 32−0. 27 0. 477−0. 0021 0. 25−0. 53 0. 15−0. 0455 0. 250. 510. 160. 389111Mean0. 140. 110. 4340. 00020. 120. 090. 390. 00370. 12−0. 19 0. 300. 0089SD0. 180. 410. 2140. 00130. 150. 410. 230. 02420. 170. 450. 270. 1520 In each neuron, heterogeneous response amplitudes are likely a consequence of variable receptor densities and cable properties. Thus, simply measuring the maximal response amplitudes arising from photo-stimulation at each of these sites and regressing them against their varying cable properties does not negate the possibility that the measured amplitudes are a consequence of both of these factors. Probing electrotonic structure with reversal potential measurements A neuron’s distributed cable properties, or electrotonic structure, can be quantitatively assessed by measuring the reversal potentials (more specifically, the apparent Erevs measured at the soma) of local glutamate responses evoked at sites varying in distance from the somatic recording site (Calvin, 1969; Carnevale and Johnston, 1982). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it focuses on the electrotonic structure of neurons and response amplitudes related to receptor densities and reversible potentials. It does not address or mention the movement of sodium and potassium ions, which is central to the claim about the generation of action potentials.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Interest rates set by central banks affect borrowing costs. [SEP] Text: Specifically, a one percentage point decrease in the short-term rate is associated with a 63 basis-point decrease in the ratio of interest income to earning assets in the low-rate environment and only a 35 basis-point decrease in the high-rate environment, a 28 basis-point difference. The equivalent difference is about 20 basis points for the ratio of interest expense to liabilities. In other words, at low rates, banks have greater difficulty reducing their funding rates, while they have to pass the lower rates to a greater degree on to their borrowers, likely due to greater competition, including from non-bank lenders, and lower demand for loans -- as economic activity is less in times of low interest rates, leading NIMs to decline more. We also analyzed if effects differ by banks' maturity mismatches. We defined a bank as having a "long" maturity (asset and liabilities separately) if it has an average balance sheet maturity over the sample period greater than the median maturity for banks in its country and as having a "short" maturity otherwise. We then analyze using the same methodology, for a smaller sample of banks, the impact of a one percentage point increase in the short-term interest rate on the same period interest income ratio (the interest expense ratio) differentiating by the maturity of the banks' assets (liabilities). 9 Consistent with a priori expectations, the analysis shows that the highest contemporaneous pass-through from a decrease in interest rates to interest income is for banks with short asset maturities in the low interest rate environment. Banks with longer maturity assets see statistically significantly less pass-through, 64 basis points vs. 92 basis points (Figure 5). Similarly, although somewhat lower, the pass-through to interest expenses is significantly higher in the low interest rate environment than in the high environment for banks with short liability maturities. Figure 5: Effect of 1 p. p. Decrease in 3-Yield, by Duration Note. The figure shows the estimated effect of a 1 percentage point decrease in the three-month sovereign yield on a bank's net interest income margin and interest expense margin adjusted for interest rate environment and a bank's balance sheet maturity. A bank is classified as having a "long" maturity if it has an average balance sheet maturity over the sample period greater than the median maturity for banks in its country, and is classified as having a "short" maturity otherwise. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by explaining how a decrease in short-term interest rates impacts banks' interest income and expenses. Specifically, it discusses how lower interest rates lead to banks having to pass these lower rates onto borrowers, indicating a direct effect of central bank interest rates on borrowing costs. It further analyzes the variation in pass-through effects based on banks' asset and liability maturities, reinforcing the relationship between central bank rate decisions and borrowing costs.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: CRISPR technology enables precise editing of genes in living organisms. [SEP] Text: pCS2-mCherry and pSP64-hCas9 were linearized by digestion with NotI and SalI, respectively and used as templates for mCherry and hCas9 mRNA synthesis using an in vitro RNA transcription kit (mm6 ), according to the manufacturer’s instructions. A pair of oligos targeting Fgf10 or mCherry was annealed and inserted into the BsaI site of the pDR274 vector (Addgene). The sequences of the oligos were as follows: Fgf10 (5’--3’) and mCherry (5’- -3’). After digestion with DraI, gRNAs were synthesized using the MEGAshortscript T7 (Ambion, Austin, TX). The synthesized mRNAs and gRNAs were purified by phenol-chloroform-isoamylalcohol extraction and isopropanol precipitation. The precipitated RNA was dissolved in Opti-MEM I (Life Technologies) at 2–4 μg/μl and stored at –20 °C until use. RNAs were quantified by absorption spectroscopy and agarose gel electrophoresis. The ssODNs were purchased from Sigma in dry form, dissolved in Opti-MEM I to 1 μg/μl and stored at –20 °C until use. Mice and egg and embryo collection and transferWe used ICR and B6D2F1 (C57BL/6 x DBA2 F1) female mice in this study. The ICR strain was mainly used for determining the optimal conditions for electroporation and the B6D2F1 strain was used for genome editing. Fertilized eggs were collected from the oviducts of E0. 5 (12 hours after the midpoint of the day of vaginal plug) ICR or B6D2F1 females naturally intercrossed with males of the same strain. The covering cumulus cells were removed by incubating in 1% hyaluronidase/M2 medium (Sigma). For the genome editing experiments targeting H2b-mCherry, the eggs were obtained from B6D2F1 females intercrossed with R26-H2b-mCherry males. The collected eggs were pre-cultured in mWM medium until electroporation. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by focusing on the technical processes involved in RNA synthesis and the methods used for electroporation in embryos, without specifically discussing CRISPR technology or its role in precise gene editing. While gene editing is implied, the specific technologies and mechanisms mentioned, such as mCherry and hCas9, do not directly support the idea that CRISPR technology is enabling precise editing in living organisms.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Action potentials are generated by the movement of sodium and potassium ions across the neuron membrane. [SEP] Text: This approach distinguishes the degree to which the passive cable properties cause electrotonic decrement of voltage signals in their path of propagation to the somatic recording site, independent of the maximal conductance or receptor density at the photo-stimulation site. To demonstrate this logic, we built a library of passive cable models in the simulation platform (Hines and Carnevale, 1997; see Materials and methods) and simulated activation of local inhibitory chloride currents (actual Erev = −70 mV) at varying distances from the recording site. were measured by manipulating the membrane potential (Vm) with current injections between −8 and +2 nA at the recording site. First, we demonstrate that the apparent Erev of an inhibitory event evoked 200 µm away from the recording site (as shown in Figure 6A) is independent of its maximal conductance (or receptor density; Figure 6B–C). The apparent Erevs were measured with four maximal conductance (gmax) values: 1, 5, 10, and 50 nS. Although the response amplitudes measured at the recording site vary with gmax, all voltage responses flip their sign at −77 mV (Figure 6B). This is shown graphically in Figure 6Ci, where response amplitude (deltaV) is plotted as a function of Vm (as measured at the recording site at 0 µm). For each gmax value, the apparent Erev was calculated as the x-intercept of the linear regression of the deltaV versus Vm curve (R > 0. 9 and p<0. 01 in each case). The inset in Figure 6Ci and Figure 6Cii clearly show that the x-intercepts are the same for all four gmax values. The apparent Erev is independent of gmax magnitude, regardless of the activation site’s distance from the recording site (Figure 6—figure supplement 1). Figure 6 with 1 supplement see all Download asset Open asset Passive cable simulations show that apparent Erev measurements are independent of maximal conductance (gmax) and dependent on the distance between activation and recording sites. (A) An inhibitory current (actual Erev = −70 mV, τ = 3 ms) was activated 200 µm from the recording site (at 0 µm). (B) Voltage events as measured at 0 µm. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses the simulation of passive cable properties and the measurement of the reversal potential of inhibitory currents without specifically addressing the generation of action potentials or the role of sodium and potassium ions in that process.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Interest rates set by central banks affect borrowing costs. [SEP] Text: Assets are used to determine maturity for the interest income margin, while liabilities are used for the interest expense margin. This figure only includes those countries with over 100 banks reporting maturity information. Sources: Bankscope, staff calculations. Accessible version 4. for AFE cross-country analysis conducted suggests that low interest rates negatively affect many AFE banks' NIMs, which is consistent with several studies on individual countries. We can summarize our results by considering the situations of banking systems in four key AFEs, the euro area, Canada, Japan, and the UK, and comparing these to U. S. banks (Table 1). Wide differences remain between the relatively strong profitability reported by Canadian, U. K. and U. S. banks, and the weaker profitability reported by euro area and Japanese banks. 10 These differences in profitability partially reflect differences in NIMs, which are typically lower in the AFEs than in the United States, as many AFE banks have higher shares of typically lower-yielding mortgages and sovereign debt. And the lower NIMs in the later period in turn likely reflect the large declines in sovereign yields in these economies. Table 1: on Assets - 2007 on Assets - 2013 - 2007 - 2013 3-Yield - 2007 3-Yield - 2014 33 24 253 235 398 14 Canada 54 56 229 214 425 92 Japan 23 18 181 139 45 3 84 66 195 128 535 31 Economies 30 22 236 213 277 10 96 81 391 382 450 5 Sources: Bankscope, staff analysis. Using our regression results, our estimates suggest that the NIMs in these four banking systems declined by roughly 26 basis points due to the actual decreases in interest rates between 2007 and 2013 (Table 2), or roughly 82 percent of the median decline in NIMs observed over this period, which was 32 basis points. These impacts vary by interest rate declines and are between 3 basis points for Japan and 46 basis points for the U. K. If already in a low-rate environment, e. g. , Japan and the euro area today, estimates suggest a NIM contraction of 17 basis points for every 1 percentage point further decline in the 3 month rate. Table 2: Predicted and in Margins from 2007-2013 Change in 3-(b. p. ) in Margin (b. p. ) in Margin (b. p. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing how changes in interest rates, specifically declines, impact the net interest margins (NIMs) of banks. It states that a decline in interest rates contributed to a decrease in NIMs by roughly 26 basis points from 2007 to 2013, highlighting a direct relationship between interest rates and the profitability of banks, which can be interpreted as impacting borrowing costs.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: CRISPR technology enables precise editing of genes in living organisms. [SEP] Text: Du and co-workers [46] documented utilization of ELR protein for identification of an elicitin which is considered as an extremely conserved in Phytophthora species contributing a wide range durable resistance against late blight pathogen. For production of potato virus Y (PVY) resistant potatoes, four viral genes, P3, CI, Nib, and CP were targeted throughCas approach. Cas13a protein was utilized to confer resistant against three strains of RNA virus, PVY [47]. Makhotenko and co-workers [48] demonstrated efficient use of host genes (eukaryotic translation initiation factor eIF4E and coilin) for development of PVY resistant potatoes. 4. 2 Resistance/tolerance to abiotic stressesAbiotic stresses include high and low temperatures, drought and salinity cause major constraints in potato production; still limited research work is documented until now. In 2017, Zhou et al. [17] modified MYB transcription factor gene (StMYB44), responsible for restraining StPHO1 gene expression which negatively control phosphate transport activity in potato, with a proficiency rate of 85%. In 2020, Tiwari et al. [49] documented the utilization of gene editing approachCas for modification of nitrogen metabolism genes to enhance the nitrogen use efficiency of potato plants. 4. 3 Herbicide resistanceButler and co-workers [50] developed a ss gemini virus-based DNA replicon (GVR) as a vector for transfer of TALEN genes and a mutated fragment of ALS1 gene. TALEN genes were transferred to target Acetolactate synthase1 (ALS1) gene in potato while the mutated ALS1gene fragment verified tolerance for numerous categories of ALS-inhibiting herbicides. 4. 4 Post harvestPotato is harvested annually which makes it imperative for producers and sellers to store these tubers in cold stores. Cold storage reduces sprouting and extend shelf life. But during storage in cold storage houses the sucrose in tubers is reduced to sugars which react with amino acids on heating and cause the processed potato products to turn brown and bitter. Moreover, the acrylamide level also goes up. This deterioration in organoleptic properties and enhancement in acrylamide levels negatively affects potato tuber quality thereby leading to a reduced public demand. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim as it focuses on the use of different gene-editing technologies such as Cas and TALEN for modifying various genes in potatoes. Although CRISPR is not explicitly mentioned, the usage of 'Cas approach' refers to CRISPR-associated proteins, indicating the application of gene editing; however, the detailed discussion highlights other methodologies instead, which suggests alternative techniques to CRISPR rather than reinforcing its precise editing capability.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Action potentials are generated by the movement of sodium and potassium ions across the neuron membrane. [SEP] Text: The membrane potential at the recording site was manipulated with current injections between −8 and + 2 nA. Colors correspond to responses evoked at 200 µm with different gmax values (as indicated). (C) (i) Response amplitude (deltaV) plotted as a function of membrane potential (Vm) as measured at 0 µm. were identified for each gmax by calculating the x- intercept of linear fits to these curves (R > 0. 9 and p<0. 01 in all cases). The inset shows a magnification along the x-axis and illustrates that all curves share the same x-intercept, regardless of. gmax value. (ii) plotted as a function of gmax values. (D) To determine the dependence of apparent Erev as a function of activation site distance from recording site, inhibitory currents (Erev = −70 mV, τ = 3 ms, gmax = 5 nS) were evoked at 0, 200, 400, 600, 800,. and 1000 µm from the recording site. (E) Voltage events as measured at 0 µm. The membrane. potential at the recording site was manipulated with current injections between −8 and + 2 nA. Colors correspond to responses evoked at different activation sites (as indicated in D). (F) (i) Response amplitude (deltaV) plotted as a function of membrane potential (Vm) as measured at 0 µm. were identified for each activation site distance by calculating the x-intercept of linear fits to these curves (R > 0. 9 and p<0. 01 in all cases). The inset shows a magnification along the x-axis and illustrates the hyperpolarizing shift in apparent Erev as activation site distance increases. This is explicitly plotted in (ii). The cable model used to generate all of these data had a passive conductance of 20 nS·cm−2 and axial resistance of 30 Ω·cm (see Materials and methods). Second, we show that the apparent Erev for a locally activated inhibitory current changes as a function of distance from the recording site (Figure 6D–F). The apparent Erevs were measured for inhibitory currents of the same gmax (5 nS) but with increasing distance from the recording site: 0 to 1000 µm, at increments of 200 µm (Figure 6D). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses the manipulation of membrane potential and the measurement of response amplitudes without addressing the specific mechanism by which action potentials are generated, namely the movement of sodium and potassium ions across the neuron membrane.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Interest rates set by central banks affect borrowing costs. [SEP] Text: ) Percent of -373 -33 -34 97% Canada -329 -29 -39 74% Japan -38 -3 -39 8% -526 -46 -28 168% Economies -297 -26 -32 82% Note. Change in the 3-month rate is the change in the 3-month sovereign yield from 2007-2013. We predict a change of 8. 8 basis points in a bank's net interest margin for every 100 basis point change in the sovereign's 3-month yield. Observed change is shown as the median change in net interest margins for banks in that sample. There are caveats to this analysis, related to appropriate lags and potential other non-linearities between changes in interest rates and NIMs. First, there may be important non-linearities in the impact of interest rate changes in a low-yield environment compared to the high-yield environment not captured with our specification. Second, while we included one lag for the dependent variable, which was statistically significant with a coefficient of about 0. 5, there are likely additional lags in the relationship between changes in interest rates and NIMs that are not captured (for example, as long-term loans are repriced over time at higher or lower interest rates, affecting NIMs many years after an interest rate change). Analysis using German banks, Memmel (2011), suggests for example that the full effects of repricing take place over a period of 1-1. 5 years. This is consistent with the pattern in NIMs which seems to progressively decline as the banks are longer in a low interest rate environment (Figure 6). Third, the analysis only looks at the effect on current margins assuming no shifts in behavior, while changes in interest rates and the full effect on banks' NIMs (and profitability, capital adequacy and franchise values over time) may vary as banks adjust their funding structures, lending and investment portfolios and their non-interest activities. These adjustments have been found to be important in the case of Japan (see Deutsche Bank, 2013). Lastly, there have been many regulatory changes since the GFC that could also have affected banks' NIMs, as has been found for large U. S. banks (see Covas, Rezende and Voitech, 2015). Figure 6: Change in NIM in a Environment Note. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the relationship between changes in sovereign interest rates and a bank's net interest margin (NIM). It mentions that a 'change of 8.8 basis points in a bank's net interest margin' is predicted for every '100 basis point change in the sovereign's 3-month yield.' This indicates a direct correlation between interest rate changes and banks' costs of borrowing, thereby supporting the assertion that central bank-set interest rates impact borrowing costs.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: CRISPR technology enables precise editing of genes in living organisms. [SEP] Text: Essentially identical results have been achieved by different means of reducing expression of both SBE isoforms (SBE1 and SBE2): antisense RNA [60], expression of single-domain SBE-specific camelid antibodies [61] andCas [12, 62]. Though genome editing technologies proved useful in lowering or boosting starch content in potatoes but transient application of vectors harboring inserted DNA fragments lead to the unwanted insertions of vector genome into targeted regions [63]. 4. 6 Steroidal glyalkaloid (SGA)Solanaceous plants produce secondary metabolites called glycoalkaloids. More than 80 steroidal glyalkaloids have been identified in different potato species; the two most common ones in cultivated potatoes are α-solanine and α-chaconine [64]. Higher levels of steroidal glyalkaloids have neurotoxic and anti-nutritional effects on human [65]. Therefore, the amount of steroidal glyalkaloids in tubers meant for eating should not exceed the threshold value of 200 mg/kg fresh weight. Nonetheless, significant efforts have been made to reduce SGA content. RNAi suppression of the SGA biosynthetic genes sterol side chain reductase 2 (StSSR2) [26] and 1 (GAME1) [66] resulted in decreased SGA content. One study on theCas system’s use for controlling SGA levels in potatoes looked at knocking down the gene encoding steroid 16-hydroxylase (St16DOX), which appears in the genome in a single copy [67]. Two mutants showed positive results for no detectable levels of solanine or chaconine but the plants as a whole were not regenerated so success forCas-mediated deletion of St16DOX was partial and not all attempts at SGA reduction in potato were equally successful [67]. /Cas9-editing of StSSR2 was used to manipulate the SGA level in the cv. Atlantic with significant success [14]. But on the other hand, SGAs are the plant’s first line of defense against viruses and herbivores and participate in ecological interactions with microorganisms therefore eliminating SGAs would be damaging to the plant. 4. 7 Enzymatic browningHigh tuber quality is a desirable characteristic in the potato processing business and among consumers. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by highlighting that while genome editing technologies like CRISPR have been useful for gene expression manipulation, they can also lead to unwanted insertions and partial success in editing genes. It mentions the 'transient application of vectors' that can lead to unwanted outcomes, indicating limitations in the precision and success of gene editing in practice.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Action potentials are generated by the movement of sodium and potassium ions across the neuron membrane. [SEP] Text: It is evident from the traces in Figure 6E that the apparent Erev, or membrane potential at which the responses change sign, occurs at increasingly hyperpolarized membrane potentials as a function of increasing distance from the recording site. This hyperpolarizing shift in apparent Erev is illustrated in Figure 6Fi, where the x-intercepts for the deltaV versus membrane potential curves (as measured at the recording site at 0 µm) shift leftward with increasing activation site distance (shown clearly in the inset, a magnification of the x-intercepts). The apparent Erev shifts from an accurate measure of the actual Erev of −70 mV when activated at the recording site (0 µm) to −110 mV when activated 1000 µm away (Figure 6Fii). Thus, from considering one cable model with one set of passive properties, we can deduce that the apparent Erev of a locally-activated inhibitory current is independent of its maximal conductance (or receptor density) and is dependent on the site’s distance from the recording site. Figure 7 demonstrates that the dependence of the apparent Erev on distance is contingent upon the effective electrotonic structure of the voltage signal’s path of propagation, from activation site to recording site. With a similar set-up to the simulation shown in Figure 6C–F, apparent Erevs were measured for responses arising from activation of the inhibitory current at sites with increasing distance from the recording site (Figure 7A). We conducted this simulation in a library of cable models with uniform diameters (5 µm) and lengths (1000 µm), but varying passive properties. Specifically, this set of 20 cable models varied in their combinations of passive leak conductances (gpas): 5, 10, 20, or 50 nS/cm2 and axial resistances (Ra): 1, 5, 10, 30, or 50 (Ω·cm). Thus, each cable model is distinguished by its electrotonic length constant (λ), determined by the expression: λ=rRm2Ra where Rm=1gpas. λ, in µm or mm, is equivalent to the distance at which a propagating voltage signal decrements to 37% of the maximal voltage signal (as would be measured at the site of activation). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses the apparent reversal potential (Erev) in relation to distance from a recording site and does not address the generation of action potentials or the specific role of sodium and potassium ions in this process.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Interest rates set by central banks affect borrowing costs. [SEP] Text: The figure above reflects the average change in net interest margins between the year prior to entering the low interest rate environment and each successive year after entering a low rate environment, t=1 through t=4. Sources: Bankscope, staff analysis. Accessible version While there are these and other caveats to the analysis, nevertheless, the findings suggest strongly that when NIMs are low -- due to persistently low rates or otherwise -- the important issue is how banks can adjust their activities and cost structures so as to offset low rates' adverse effects on profitability and capital. Similar regressions of the effects of low interest rates on bank ROA show no consistent results, however, likely as the direct effects of changes in interest rates on NIMs are confounded by the volatility in other sources of income and costs, including gains on security holdings and provisioning, especially since the GFC, and possibly because banks are taking actions to offset the effects on ROAs of changes in NIMs due to interest rate declines (as well as in light of recent regulatory changes, heightened market pressures, and changed opportunities). Although institutions are making adjustments, such efforts take time, as Japan's experience shows, with limited immediate payoffs when facing weak cyclical conditions and deleveraging pressures. As such, banking systems in many low interest rate countries will face challenges. Until lost income can be offset through other actions, lower profitability will reduce financial institutions' ability to build and attract capital, increasing their vulnerability to shocks and declines in market confidence and undermining their ability to support the real economy. 3. This result implies that there is an important non-linearity in the mapping of the short-term interest rate to the lending and borrowing interest rates. 2013. A country was classified as being in the "low" rate environment if its average three-month implied sovereign yield for that year was less than or equal to 1. 25 percent and was classified as being in a "high" rate environment otherwise. Sources: Bloomberg, staff calculations. Accessible version 514. Busch, Ramona and Christoph Memmel, 2015, "Banks' net interest margin and the level of interest rates," 16/2015, Deutsche Bundesbank, Research Centre. Bundesbank, 2015, "Review," September. Covas, Francisco B. Marcelo Rezende, and Cindy M. Vojtech, 2015, "Margins of So Compressed? ",. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing how net interest margins (NIMs) are influenced by interest rate environments. It indicates that when interest rates are low, banks face challenges in maintaining profitability and capital, which can affect their ability to lend and thus influence borrowing costs. The mention of an 'important non-linearity in the mapping of the short-term interest rate to the lending and borrowing interest rates' directly supports the claim that central bank interest rates impact borrowing costs.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: CRISPR technology enables precise editing of genes in living organisms. [SEP] Text: 1242153. . Differential DNA methylation in the Vinv promoter region controls cold induced sweetening in potato. bioRxiv. 2020:1-32. DOI: 10. 1101/2020. 04. 26. 06256254. . Starch characteristics of modern and heirloom potato cultivars. of Potato Research. 2013;90:460-469. DOI: 10. 1007/S12230-013-9320-555. . Some physical and nutritional characteristics of genetically modified potatoes varying in amylose/amylopectin ratios. Food Chemistry. 2007;100:136-146. DOI: 10. 1016/j. foodchem. 2005. 09. 03256. . Engineering starch for increased quantity and quality. Trends in Plant Science. 2000;5:291-298. DOI: 10. 1016/S1360-1385(00)01657-557. . Efficient targeted multiallelic mutagenesis in tetraploid potato (Solanum tuberosum) by transient -Cas9 expression in protoplasts. Reports. 2017;36:117-128. DOI: 10. 1007/s00299-016-2062-358. Kusano H, Ohnuma M, Mutsuro- Establishment of a modifiedCas9 system with increased mutagenesis frequency using the translational enhancer dMac3 and multiple guide RNAs in potato. Scientific Reports. 2018;81(8):13753. DOI: 10. 1038/s41598-018-32049-259. /Cas9-based mutagenesis of starch biosynthetic genes in sweet potato (Ipomoea batatas) for the improvement of starch quality. of Molecular Sciences. 2019;20:4702. DOI: 10. 3390/ijms2019470260. Production of very-high-amylose potato starch by inhibition of SBE A and B. Nature Biotechnology. 2000;18(5):555-554. DOI: 10. 1038/7542761. . Immunomodulation of enzyme function in plants by single-domain antibody fragments. Nature Biotechnology. 2003;21:77-8062. Cas9-mediated mutagenesis of potato starch-branching enzymes generates a range of tuber starch phenotypes. Journal. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the use of Cas9-mediated mutagenesis, which implies the application of CRISPR technology in potatoes, but it focuses on specific outcomes and studies rather than affirmatively stating that CRISPR enables precise editing in a general sense. It presents detailed case studies on potato genetic modifications, hinting at the complexity of using this technology rather than generalizing its efficacy.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Action potentials are generated by the movement of sodium and potassium ions across the neuron membrane. [SEP] Text: Figure 7B shows inhibitory voltage events evoked at increasing distances from the recording site (at 0 µm) in three cable models with different λ values (200, 460, and 800 µm). With distance, the apparent Erev undergoes a hyperpolarizing shift (as was the case Figure 6E). However, the rate at which this apparent Erev hyperpolarizes, as a function of distance, is dependent on the electrotonic length constant of the cable (Figure 7C). When λ = 800 µm, all apparent Erevs are −70 mV, regardless of activation site distance. When λ = 460 µm, apparent Erevs shift from −70 mV at the recording site (0 µm) to −88 mV at 1000 µm. When λ = 200 µm, the apparent Erev shifts from −70 mV at 0 µm to well below −100 mV when the activation site is 1000 µm away. It is evident that the apparent Erev undergoes a greater hyperpolarizing shift with distance with decreasing λ values. Figure 7D shows the dependence of apparent Erev as a function of activation site location for all 20 cable models with λ values ranging between 200–5000 µm. Considering a subset of these cable models, with λ values between 300–1700 µm, the apparent Erevs measured at different activation site distances diverge as λ decreases to 300 µm and converge as λ increases beyond 1000 µm (Figure 7E). Figure 7 Download asset Open asset The shift in apparent Erev with activation site distance is contingent upon the electrotonic length constant, λ. (A) For each of the 20 cable models, with varying passive properties and, consequently, λ values (see Materials and methods), an inhibitory current (actual Erev = −70 mV) was evoked at varying distances from the recording site 0 µm. (B) Voltage events as measured at 0 µm for cables with λ = 200, 460, and 800 µm. The membrane potential at the recording site (Vm) was manipulated with current injections between −8 and + 2 nA. Colors correspond to responses evoked at different activation sites (as indicated in A and Figure 6D). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses the depolarization and hyperpolarization effects related to different electrotonic length constants and voltage events, without addressing the specific generation of action potentials through the movement of sodium and potassium ions. No mention is made of ion movement or action potentials directly in the provided content.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Interest rates set by central banks affect borrowing costs. [SEP] Text: in through your institution Review of Economic StudiesC57 - Econometrics of Games and AuctionsG18 - and RegulationG23 - Non-bank Financial Institutions; Financial Instruments; Institutional InvestorsL13 - Oligopoly and MarketsL50 - search term More content Advance 10. 1093/restud/rdae005 Published: 24 May 2024 10. 1093/restud/rdae005 Select format. ris (Mendeley, Papers, Zotero). enw (EndNote). bibtex (BibTex). txt (Medlars, RefWorks) Download citation of Economic StudiesC57 - Econometrics of Games and AuctionsG18 - and RegulationG23 - Non-bank Financial Institutions; Financial Instruments; Institutional InvestorsL13 - Oligopoly and MarketsL50 - search term of Economic StudiesC57 - Econometrics of Games and AuctionsG18 - and RegulationG23 - Non-bank Financial Institutions; Financial Instruments; Institutional InvestorsL13 - Oligopoly and MarketsL50 - search term is an estimate of interbank borrowing costs computed daily from rates reported by a fixed panel of banks. Evidence suggests that banks have manipulated Libor in recent years by misreporting their borrowing costs. I estimate a strategic reporting model that identifies banks’ borrowing costs as well as their motives for misreporting. The estimation places a lower bound on the value that Libor would have had if banks had truthfully reported their borrowing costs. The model is identified even when unobserved heterogeneity exists in the form of a common cost component that is known by all banks but unobservable to the econometrician and is allowed to follow a non-stationary process. The only data used for identification are banks’ Libor quotes. Overall, I find that the estimated lower bound for the unmanipulated Libor is always above the published Libor, with an average deviation of 25 basis points at the worst of the financial crisis of 2007–2008. The estimated bound displays a pattern similar to two other measures of interbank borrowing costs that have been used previously to assess the extent of manipulation. The model is also used to determine the extent to which misreporting was motivated by signalling or banks’ net exposure to Libor. The estimation results indicate that sending creditworthiness signals was the main driver of systematic misreporting from 2007 to 2010. 1 16 April 2008, the Journal published an 2010. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing interbank borrowing costs and highlighting how they are influenced by reported rates, such as Libor, which is closely linked to central bank policies and the interest rates they set. The mention of estimating a lower bound for borrowing costs and how these tracks patterns of interbank costs suggests that central banks indeed play a crucial role in determining borrowing costs through their monetary policies.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: CRISPR technology enables precise editing of genes in living organisms. [SEP] Text: 1Summary of barley and wheat genes with functions in agronomic features [14,15,16,17,18,19,20,21,22,23,24,25,26,27,28,29,30,31,32,33,34,35,36,37,38,39,40,41,42,43,44,45,46,47], gene discovery [48,49,50,51,52,53,54,55,56,57,58,59], product quality [21, 34, 60,61,62,63,64,65,66,67,68,69,70,71,72,73,74], and abiotic and biotic stress [46, 75,76,77,78,79,80,81,82,83,84,85,86,87,88,89,90,91,92]Full size imageEven if the targeted induction of a double-strand break can be carried out precisely, the result is random. According to previous reports, the most common outcome forCas9 is a deletion of a few (≤10) nucleotides or the insertion of one nucleotide (InDel) [93]. However, it is impossible to predict precisely whether loss or insertion will occur, and it is also somewhat random which base is inserted. Although there are reports (for review, see [94]) that a certain percentage can be predicted using microhomology-dependent repair mechanisms, the outcome remains undetermined in most applications. To achieve a prediction of the mutation result and thus precise genome editing, one can consider several possibilities. When using two gRNAs, one gets an exact deletion between the two induced double-strand breaks in a part of the mutated cells. In this case, the choice of gRNA binding sites can, for example, influence the function of a protein domain [49]. By not inducing a knockout, a reduced or altered functionality remains, similar to the RNAi effect but is genetically fixed in contrast. Another possibility is to transfer a repair template with the desired sequence simultaneously with the double-strand-inducing reagent. However, the challenge here is to bring a sufficient number of repair templates to this site at the time of the double-strand break repair. One possibility is the biolistic transfer of the repaired DNA [95]. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing that while CRISPR technology allows for the targeted induction of double-strand breaks, the actual results of these edits are often random and unpredictable. It states, 'the result is random,' and that 'it is impossible to predict precisely whether loss or insertion will occur,' indicating that the precision promised by CRISPR is not fully realized in practice.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Action potentials are generated by the movement of sodium and potassium ions across the neuron membrane. [SEP] Text: With increasing activation site distance, the voltage deflections flip sign at increasingly hyperpolarized Vms at the recording site. This hyperpolarizing shift is more drastic in the cable with the lowest λ. (C) Plot of the apparent Erev (measured at 0 µm) as a function of activation site distance, in the three cables shown in B. The colors are indicative of the activation site distance, as in the traces in B. (D) Plot of apparent Erev (measured at 0 µm) as a function of activation site distance for all 20 cable models. The blue colorbar indicates relative λ values, ranging between 200 µm and 5 mm. (E) Plot of apparent Erev (measured at 0 µm) as a function of λ, as measured in cables with λs between 300 and 1600 µm. As λ increases, apparent Erevs of responses evoked at different activation site distances converge toward the actual Erev. Taken together, these proof-of-principle simulations show the unmistakable relationship between electrotonic structure and apparent Erevs measured for activation sites varying in their distance from the recording site. Invariant apparent Erevs suggest a relatively high electrotonic length constant, whereas heterogeneous Erevs suggest a lower electrotonic length constant. As is shown in Figure 6, this approach to characterizing the electrotonic structure, or passive cable properties, of a neuron is independent of differential gmax values, or receptor densities, across the neuronal structure. In this simulation paradigm, current was injected at the recording site and flowed from the recording site to the stimulation site, changing the membrane potential at the distal site. The difference between the apparent Erev and the actual Erev is indicative of the ease of current flow in this direction and ability to manipulate the membrane potential at this distal site. Thus, there will always be a discrepancy between the voltage at the soma and the voltage at the photo-uncaging site and this discrepancy will depend on the effective electrotonic length constant of the neurite path. Therefore, this assay tests the passive cable properties of the path of propagation as is most relevant to current flow from recording site to stimulation site. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text discusses electrotonic properties of neurons and the relationship between apparent reversal potentials and activation site distances, but it does not mention the generation of action potentials or the specific role of sodium and potassium ions in this process. Thus, it is irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Interest rates set by central banks affect borrowing costs. [SEP] Text: The estimated lower bound of the counterfactual unmanipulated Libor is always above the published Libor. In the aftermath of Lehman Brother’s bankruptcy, the lower bound is, on average, 25 basis points (0. 25 percentage points) higher than the published Libor. The lower bound on the unmanipulated Libor follows similar patterns than two other measures of average costs for unsecured funding described by Kuo et al. (2012). All three metrics indicate that Libor understated borrowing costs during this period. Regarding banks’ incentives to misreport, the estimates strongly suggest that the deviation between Libor submissions and borrowing costs is mostly explained by banks’ attempts to send signals of creditworthiness. According to these estimates, previous studies focused exclusively on exposure may have overlooked the main driver of misreporting. The results also show large changes over time in the signalling incentives to misreport, and suggest that these increased dramatically immediately after Lehman Brother’s bankruptcy. A likely explanation is that banks’ signalling incentives responded to a sharp rise in the market’s perception of default risk, as measured by CDS spreads. Indeed, a simple regression of the estimated signalling parameters on CDS spreads confirms a positive association. Previous empirical work by Abrantes-Metz et al. (2011) and Abrantes-Metz et al. (2012) suggests that Libor misreporting was a generalized practice, not restricted to a few banks or dates. Cassola et al. (2013) estimate the maximum rates that banks are willing to pay for short-term collateralized loans at liquidity auctions conducted by the Bank. They find that Euribor5 quotes are usually below the estimated willingness to pay for secured loans during 2007 and 2008, even though these are quotes for unsecured borrowing, and thus should include a risk premium. Similarly, Kuo et al. (2012) compare Libor quotes to other measures of individual borrowing costs from 2007 to 2009 and find evidence of under-reporting. They also analyse changes in the spreads between Libor and other estimates of average costs for unsecured funding, specifically, the (NYFR) and the Eurodollar deposits rate (EDR) published by the Federal Reserve, showing that during the period considered the spread is negative and wider than in previous years, which suggests that Libor understated borrowing costs during the financial crisis. Gandhi et al. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing how Libor, a benchmark interest rate used by banks, understated borrowing costs during the financial crisis, particularly after Lehman Brother’s bankruptcy. It mentions that estimates suggest significant deviations between Libor submissions and actual borrowing costs, indicating that interest rates like Libor are influenced by banks' incentives and market conditions, thus impacting borrowing costs. Similarly, comparisons made with other benchmarks reveal that Libor rates were often lower, implicating a broader influence of central bank-related interest rates on actual borrowing costs.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Genetic research contributes to advancements in medicine and agriculture. [SEP] Text: Electrostatic spraying in agriculture is not a new technique but is promoted to work on electrostatic spraying technique development in the technology of production and environmental concerns [13]. Thus, electrostatic spraying system is considered as most advanced spraying machinery for efficient application of pesticides to crops and orchards. To avoid the health problems of humans with the manual spraying mechanism Unmanned aerial vehicles (UAV) aircraft are used. The equipment and labors difficult to operate but UAVs can be used easily operated in the field. UAVs now widely applied in field for purpose of precision agriculture in the developed countries. Before that, a variety of UAV models are utilizing for civilian and military purposes [14]. Addition of vision and sensor systems are also increase the potential of the UAVs [15] and reduces the spray loss in form of spray drift by accurate spray application on the required field with perfect target detection sensors and a good handling system. Advancement in spray application technologies increase crop production and increase pesticide efficiency on weed and insects in the field. Spray loss in the form of spray drift, weather effects, target detection, and control flow nozzles problem solved by advanced pesticide application technologies. The time-consuming problem for tank refilling is reduced with ultra-low volume sprayers and fine droplet spray nozzles. With time the crop maintaining technology advance from weeds and pest, detection to spray application nozzles. The objective of this 2. Ground sprayers2. 1 Crop sprayersThe use of herbicides and pesticides has made sure to improve the yields from crops until now have been an overdose of pesticides and herbicides causing herbicide-resistant weeds and a very big decrease in biodiversity. At the early stage of the crop, when herbicide application takes place the detection of weeds is very difficult to identify because they are so small especially. Using conventional spraying (Knapsack, Boom sprayers) technology for the crops (Figure 1(a) and (b)), farmers lose money on herbicides and pesticides that are sprayed ineffective. Over spraying, of pesticides and herbicides put a squeezing impact on the agriculture farmers. Farmer spends a lot of money on pesticides, but a huge volume of these chemicals never reaches weeds and pests with the use of conventional sprayers. The maximum amount of spray not reached at the target and spray loss in the form of spray drift and field turns because of no path planning and GPS survey of the field. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing advancements in agricultural technology, particularly in pesticide spraying, but does not mention genetic research or its contributions to medicine or agriculture. Instead, it highlights issues related to pesticide application, such as inefficiency and environmental concerns, without linking these points to genetic advancements.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Action potentials are generated by the movement of sodium and potassium ions across the neuron membrane. [SEP] Text: Even so, the observations of sizeable voltage events at the recording site and reasonable reversal potentials are suggestive of a level of electrotonic compactness that is relevant to voltage signal propagation in either direction. Distributed reversal potentials in GM neurons are nearly invariant Using two-electrode current clamp at the soma, we measured apparent Erevs of local inhibitory responses evoked by focal photo-uncaging of glutamate at positions varying in distance from the somatic recording site. In these experiments, current was injected at the somatic recording site and flowed centrifugally from the recording site to the photo-uncaging site, changing the membrane potential at this distal site. Figure 8 illustrates the apparent Erevs of local inhibitory responses evoked at 7–15 sites, varying in their cable properties, across the same GM neuronal structure described in Figure 4C (a second example is shown in the Figure 8—figure supplement 1). For each photo-uncaging site, response amplitudes measured at the soma were plotted as a function of somatic membrane potential (Figure 8B,C; Figure 8—figure supplement 1B and C). These data were fit with linear regression analyses (R > 0. 9 in all cases) and the reversal potentials were determined by calculating the x-intercepts of the linear fits. The linear fits for each position show little variation in the reversal potential across all positions within each preparation, with a within-neuron coefficient of variation of 0. 04 ± 0. 01 (mean ± SD; Figure 8D; Figure 8—figure supplement 1D). Although apparent Erevs were nearly invariant within each neuron, mean reversal potentials across neurons did vary, with a pooled mean of –78. 6 ± 7 mV (Table 2). This could be attributed to real differences in the ionic current, which could be carried by potassium, chloride, or a combination of the two ions (Marder and Paupardin-Tritsch, 1978; Eisen and Marder, 1982). A consequence of variable response amplitudes across positions yielded variable linear fit slopes within neurons (as shown in Figure 8D and Figure 8—figure supplement 1D). This is likely a reflection of variable receptor densities or maximal conductances at the different photo-uncaging sites (consistent with the simulations shown in Figure 6A–C). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses voltage events and reversal potentials in GM neurons, focusing on experimental methodologies and results without mentioning the specific processes of action potential generation or the movement of sodium and potassium ions across the neuron membrane.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Interest rates set by central banks affect borrowing costs. [SEP] Text: (2019) find that banks’ excess equity returns correlate with changes in Libor and with their individual reports. They interpret this as evidence of exposure and signalling incentives to manipulate Libor. By contrast, I find no evidence of manipulation before September 2007, when the signalling incentive was presumably negligible. This finding is broadly consistent with the behaviour of other funding costs measures. During a period of 2 years prior to September 2007, the spread between the EDR and Libor is mostly positive and much smaller in magnitude than in the following 3 years. The remainder of this paper is organized as follows. Section 2 describes some measures of banks’ borrowing costs and credit risk that are indicative of Libor under-reporting. Section 3 presents a model of strategic Libor reporting. Section 4 discusses the identification strategy. Section 5 describes the estimation procedure. Section 6 presents estimates of the extent of misreporting separately attributable to signalling and exposure to Libor. It also compares Libor to an estimated lower bound on the unmanipulated Libor. 7, I discuss a counterfactual analysis that assesses the effectiveness of current proposals to improve interest rate benchmarks. 2 is an average of interbank offer rates, computed daily for different currencies and maturities, based entirely on quotes reported by a panel of banks. Each day, each bank in the panel reports a rate answering the question “At what rate could you borrow funds, were you to do so by asking for and then accepting interbank offers in a reasonable market size just prior to 11 am? ” After receiving all quotes, the regulator publishes the benchmark rate and also the set of all quotes submitted by the banks with their respective identities. 6 The benchmark is a trimmed mean of these quotes after dropping roughly the 25% highest and 25% lowest quotes. For each currency, the panel consists of approximately 16 leading banks trading in London that borrow and lend in this currency. 7For at least 2 years in the midst of the financial crisis, Libor was consistently below other measures of borrowing costs for unsecured funds in the interbank market. Two such measures are the NYFR and the EDR. The NYFR was based on a survey of contributors that trade in interbank markets. In contrast to Libor, individual quotes were not published and the identity of the contributors was unknown. The EDR is computed from quotes provided by brokers who act as intermediaries in the interbank market (see Kuo et al. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text supports the claim by discussing various measures of banks’ borrowing costs, including Libor, and how these relate to the rates at which banks borrow funds. It highlights that Libor, as a benchmark set based on bank quotes, represents interbank borrowing costs that are influenced by market conditions, including central bank interest rates. The mention of Libor being affected during financial crises further corroborates the claim that central bank rates can impact borrowing costs.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Genetic engineering will eliminate the need for traditional farming methods. [SEP] Text: and Pay in EMI's. Somasundaram, D. Country of Origin: Imprint:NIPA eISBN:9789390083190 Binding:EOf Pages:410 Language:Price: 229. 75 USD 206. 78 USD Add to cart Contact for About the Book Content/Buy 34. 99 Add to cart Presently the farming situation urges need to develop farming techniques, which are sustainable from environmental, production, and socio-economic points of view. Modern agricultural production throughout the world does not appear to be sustainable in the long run. Sustainable agricultural development “is the management and conservation of the natural resource base and the orientation of technological and institutional change in such a manner to assure the attainment and continued satisfaction of human needs for the present and future generations”. Such sustainable development in the agriculture, forestry and fishery sectors, conserves land, water, plant and animal genetic resources, is environmentally non-degrading, technically appropriate, economically viable and socially acceptable. Such concerns imparted a way to organic farming. It is the need of the day to understand the prospects and problems of organic farming to launch a successful and flawless organic production programme in the farm of environment. Organic farming It is the most widely recognized alternative farming system to chemical agriculture evolved during 1940’s largely in response to the publication of J. I Rodale in the U. S. , Balfour in England and Howard in India. In 1980, USDA released a landmark report on organic farming. The report defined organic farming as follows; “Organic farming is a production system, which avoids or largely excludes the use of synthetically compounded fertilizers, pesticides, growth regulators, and livestock feed additives. To the maximum extent feasible, organic farming systems rely upon crop rotations, crop residues, animal manures, legumes, green manures, off-farm organic wastes, mechanical cultivation, mineral bearing rocks, and aspects of biological pest control to maintain soil productivity and tilth to supply plant nutrients, and to control insects, weeds, and other pests”. 2 for Manure is the organic material derived from animal, human and plant residues which contain plant nutrients in complex forms. Manures are used as source of plant nutrients. They release nutrient after their decomposition. They are applied in large quantities Advantages of Organic manure provides all the nutrients that are required by plants but in limited quantities. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by emphasizing the need to develop sustainable farming techniques and highlighting the importance of organic farming as a recognized alternative to traditional methods. It discusses sustainable agricultural development, which conserves natural resources and suggests that modern agricultural practices may not be sustainable in the long run. This directly challenges the idea that genetic engineering alone will eradicate the need for traditional methods by advocating for practices that prioritize environmental considerations and resource management.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Action potentials are generated by the movement of sodium and potassium ions across the neuron membrane. [SEP] Text: There was no significant linear relationship between input resistances measured at the soma (Table 2) and the mean within-neuron reversal potentials (p=0. 2; data not shown graphically, but available in Table 2). Figure 8 with 1 supplement see all Download asset Open asset Reversal potentials are nearly invariant across individual neuronal structure. (A) Photo-uncaging sites are indicated as unique colors on the skeletal reconstruction of one GM neuron. (B) Raw voltage traces show focal glutamate responses as measured at the soma in two-electrode current clamp when evoked at positions indicated in A. (C) Plots of response peak amplitude (deltaV) as a function of membrane potential at soma (Vm) for each photo-uncaging site. (D) Linear functions for each position generated by linear regression analyses of data shown in C. Note that the x-intercepts (apparent Erevs) are highly invariant across photo-uncaging sites. The mean apparent Erev + SD = −84. 6 + 4. 3 mV and coefficient of variation (CV) is 0. 05 in this neuron. Table 2 Linear regression analysis for reversal potentials as a function of distance, branch order, and neurite diameter. Each row corresponds to a different GM neuron, with same color scheme, as shown in Figure 8 and Figure 8—figure supplement 1. Note slopes of nearly zero across all 10 neurons, suggesting invariant reversal potentials across the neuronal structure. n corresponds to the number of photo-uncaging sites in each GM neuron. Reversal potentials DistanceBranch order DiameterNeuronMean (mV)(mV/um)MSERpslope (mV/order)MSERpslope (mV/um)nRinput (MΩ)−73. 8 2. 9−0. 04 5. 990. 440. 180. 0126. 520. 350. 300. 1396. 520. 340. 300. 7121110−79. 2 1. 2−0. 02 1. 210. 000. 990. 0001. 16−0. 210. 68−0. 0290. 54−0. 750. 09−0. 513615−81. 9 3. 2−0. 04 8. 800. 140. 760. 0068. 860. 12 0. 800. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text discusses the linear relationship between input resistances and mean within-neuron reversal potentials, as well as various linear regression analyses and data on reversal potentials across neuronal structures. However, it does not address the generation of action potentials or the specific role of sodium and potassium ions, making it irrelevant to the claim.