Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Life could exist on Venus based on recent discoveries of phosphine gas in its atmosphere. [SEP] Text: (2022; =4. 4 × 106 molecules cm−2 s−1). The production of PH3 from formation pathways via PO reaches a maximum of 0. 04 ppb PH3 at 60 km for a PO flux of 1 × 1010 molecules cm−2 s−1 below 25 km. A higher PO flux leads to an enhanced production of O2 in and below the clouds and to weakened production of PH3 via PO pathways in the clouds (see Fig. 5). Large abundances of O2 are not expected in the hot, reducing lower atmosphere of Venus, and early measurements by Oyama et al. (1979) that suggested around 43 ppm at 52 km disagree with photochemical models such as Krasnopolsky (2012) and Rimmer et al. (2021). However, our results suggest that these measurements would be consistent with simulations assuming a PO flux above 1 × 1010 molecules cm−2 s−1, which do not produce significant abiotic PH3. Above the clouds, photochemical models typically overestimate the upper limit O2 concentrations of 3 ppm that is uniformly mixed above 58 km, as suggested by Mills (1999). Consistent with Yung et al. (2009); Krasnopolsky (2012); Zhang et al. (2012); Rimmer et al. (2021) for example, we find an strong increase in O2 with concentrations higher than 10 ppm above 80 km. An input flux of 5 × 106 molecules cm−2 s−1 H3PO4 between 50 and 60 km leads to a maximum in the PH3 concentration of 5 × 10−17 at 60 km. This result is comparable to the upper limit of abiotically produced PH3 of about 2 × 10−16 from H3PO4 destruction in the Venus clouds found by Greaves et al. (2021a). Fluxes higher than 5 × 106 molecules cm−2 s−1 H3PO4 lead to an increase in O2 below 60 km and subsequent lower concentrations of PH3 (not shown). Figures 4 and 5 suggest that the observed PH3 concentrations of 1–4· ppb cannot be reproduced abiotically. A caveat of this result, however, is that it has not considered uncertainties in the model boundary conditions and in the rate coefficients of phosphorus-containing reactions. We therefore consider these uncertainties in the following section. Fig. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing that the observed concentrations of phosphine (PH3) cannot be reproduced abiotically under the conditions on Venus, suggesting that the presence of PH3 is not consistent with models predicting abiotic production. It emphasizes that the production pathways and results do not support the existence of significant quantities of PH3 due to the measured fluxes and conditions described, which undermines the claim that these findings indicate the possibility of life.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Horizontal gene transfer allows bacteria to acquire new traits. [SEP] Text: Salah satu pilihan yang menarik adalah Slot Thailand, yang menawarkan berbagai jenis permainan yang menghibur dan peluang besar untuk meraih kemenangan. Dengan adanya Thailand dan Asli, para pencinta judi online dapat menikmati pengalaman bermain yang lebih autentik dan menyenangkan. yang mencari pengalaman bermain yang gacor, Gacor dan menjadi pilihan tepat untuk meraih keberuntungan. Artikel ini akan membahas semua yang perlu Anda ketahui tentang Slot Thailand, termasuk berbagai jenis server dan situs terpecaya, seperti Thailand dan Thailand Asli. Mari kita mulai mengeksplorasi dunia slot Thailand dan temukan keberuntungan Anda di sana! Slot Thailand? adalah jenis permainan mesin slot yang populer di kalangan pemain judi online. Permainan ini menawarkan tema dan desain yang terinspirasi dari budaya Thailand, memberikan pengalaman bermain yang unik dan menarik. Pemain dapat merasakan suasana Thailand yang kental melalui grafis yang memukau serta musik yang menyenangkan. Dalam dunia perjudian online, dikenal karena variasi permainan yang ditawarkan. Dari slot klasik hingga slot video modern, pemain memiliki banyak pilihan untuk dipilih. juga sering kali dilengkapi dengan fitur-fitur menarik seperti putaran gratis, bonus, dan jackpot progresif yang dapat meningkatkan peluang menang. semakin memperkuat popularitas permainan ini. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses online slot games related to Thailand and does not mention horizontal gene transfer or bacteria at all. Therefore, it cannot support or contradict the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Satellites provide data for weather forecasting and environmental monitoring. [SEP] Text: Storm-centric images for (a) 0600, (b) 1200, and (c) 1800 UTC with 50-km range rings overlaid. (d) The mean brightness temperature (°C; black curve) averaged from 0 to 200 km in radius, the percent area less than TB ≤ −60°C (gray curve) in the annulus from 50 to 200 km in radius, and the satellite-based final “T-number” values (i. e. , current intensity number) from the (SAB; red up triangle marker), NHC (TAFB; yellow down triangle marker), and Technique (DVTO; blue left triangle marker). View raw image Fig. 2. Central cold cover (CCC) frequency characteristics based on the subjective Dvorak technique fix information for (a) the current intensity number; (b) the absolute value of latitude by binned by 5°; (c) tropical cyclone ocean basin where AL is the and WP are the eastern, central, and western North Pacific, respectively, IO is the north Indian Ocean, and SH is the Southern Hemisphere; and (d) the tropical cyclone season (note that the SH season starts on 1 Jul of the preceding year). View raw image Fig. 3. technique fixes for storms with sustained winds less than 77 kt from 2011 to 2021 based on (a) central cold cover (CCC) and (b) central dense overcast (CDO). The number of fixes binned by local sidereal time (shading) with local midnight and noon at the bottom and top of the plot, respectively. The inner ring indicates nighttime (blue) and daytime (orange). View raw image Fig. 4. Hovmöller diagrams of the azimuthal median of the IR brightness temperatures. The brightness temperatures are binned by 10 km in radius out to 300 km and 3 h in time out to ± 48 h centered on the central cold cover (CCC) Dvorak fix for (a) all cases at least tropical storm strength (34 kt), (b) cases that weaken between t = 0 and 48 h, and (c) cases that are steady or intensify between t = 0 and 48 h. Contours show p values of 5. 181 × 10−5 (salmon curve) and 1. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text provides detailed information about how satellite-based techniques are employed to analyze storm-related data, which inherently supports the claim that satellites play a crucial role in weather forecasting and environmental monitoring. For instance, references to 'mean brightness temperature' and 'central cold cover frequency characteristics' indicate the usage of satellite data to assess storm intensity and behavior, which directly relates to weather forecasting.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Life could exist on Venus based on recent discoveries of phosphine gas in its atmosphere. [SEP] Text: 8Venus composition profiles for selected species predicted with our photochemistry model for scenario 1 (PH3 flux, solid blue line) and scenario 2 (PO flux, solid orange line). The shaded areas show the 99% ranges of the MC runs of scenario 1 (shaded blue) and scenario 2 (shaded orange). For comparison, a range of observations is shown with black lines. We additionally show the observational ranges from Greaves et al. (2020, 2021b) and upper limits of Trompet et al. (2021). 3. 4 Uncertainties from rate coefficients Figure 8 compares the chemical profiles of PH3, PO, and H3PO4 from scenario 1a (shown in blue), assuming a PH3 flux of 5 × 108 molecules cm−2 s−1 between 50 and 60 km with the results of scenario 2a (shown in orange), assuming a PO flux of 1 × 1010 molecules cm−2 s−1 below 25 km. The shaded blue and orange regions represent the 99% uncertainty range from the MC runs considering the uncertainties from using different temperature input profiles and the uncertainties of the PPN rate coefficients. The uncertainty range shows that up to 2 ppb PH3 at 50 km, 1. 5 ppb PH3 at 55 km and 0. 6 ppb PH3 at 60 km can be produced abiotically. Our abiotic uncertainty range includes the upper limit of Trompet et al. (2021) with 0. 4 ppb at 61 km and agrees with the planet-averaged abundances of PH3 of 1–4 ppb between 55 and 60 km shown in Greaves et al. (2020). However, our abiotic upper limit is not consistent with the most recent estimate of 7 ppb PH3 above 55 km suggested in Greaves et al. (2021b). As discussed in Sect. 3. 3, the choice of the temperature profile has only little effect on the abiotic production of PH3. Figure 8 shows that the uncertainties from the estimated phosphorus rate coefficients are much larger. At 55 km, the range of the volume-mixing ratio of the abiotically produced PH3 spans almost six orders of magnitude. On the other hand, the rate coefficients for reactions that destroy PH3 are much better known. Hence, the uncertainty of PH3 for the PH3 flux scenarios is small, it ranges from 2. 5 ppb to 3. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by highlighting the abiotic production of phosphine (PH3) in Venus's atmosphere, indicating uncertainty in its origins. It discusses the potential for both biotic and abiotic generation of PH3 but mainly emphasizes that the abiotic processes can yield significant amounts of phosphine, suggesting that the detected levels could be explained without invoking life. Therefore, while phosphine has been detected, the text raises doubts regarding its biological relevance.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Horizontal gene transfer allows bacteria to acquire new traits. [SEP] Text: Server ini menyediakan platform yang aman dan andal untuk bermain, memastikan bahwa transaksi dan data pemain terlindungi. yang sering dikaitkan dengan tingkat kemenangan yang tinggi, banyak pemain tertarik untuk mencoba peruntungannya dalam game ini. Thailand memiliki banyak keunggulan yang membuatnya menjadi pilihan favorit para pemain judi online. Salah satu keungulan utamanya adalah variasi permainan yang ditawarkan. Dengan banyaknya tema dan fitur menarik, pemain dapat menemukan slot yang sesuai dengan selera dan preferensi mereka. Setiap slot dirancang dengan grafis yang menawan dan suara yang menggugah, menciptakan pengalaman bermain yang imersif dan menyenangkan. Selain itu, dikenal memiliki tingkat pengembalian yang tinggi. Banyak pemain yang melaporkan kemenangan signifikan saat bermain di platform ini. menyediakan peluang besar bagi pemain untuk meraih jackpot, menjadikannya tidak hanya menyenangkan tetapi juga menguntungkan. Kemudahan akses dan kenyamanan bermain dari rumah juga meningkatkan daya tariknya bagi banyak orang. Keunggulan lainnya adalah dukungan pelanggan yang responsif dan profesional. Thailand menyediakan layanan pelanggan 24 jam yang siap membantu pemain dengan berbagai pertanyaan dan masalah yang mungkin muncul. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim regarding horizontal gene transfer in bacteria. Instead, it discusses online gaming in Thailand, focusing on the safety, variety of games, and customer support offered to players, which is completely unrelated to biological processes or gene transfer.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Satellites provide data for weather forecasting and environmental monitoring. [SEP] Text: 30 Views 834 241 0 Views 561 320 202 PDF Downloads 276 87 12 of Variability on the in Storage over the Tigris–Basin Authors: Li-and Guo-Evaluation of Performance of to Authors:. Yang, Ardeshir Ebtehaj, Sajad Vahedizade, and A 440-of in California from Authors: Ian M. Howard, David W. Stahle, Michael D. Dettinger, Cody Poulsen, F. Martin Ralph, Max C. A. Torbenson, and Quantifying the Role of Variability and from to at in India Authors: Divya Upadhyay, Sudhanshu Dixit, and Rainfall and Flooding from in the Mid-of the Authors: Yibing Su, James A. Smith, and Previous 10. 1175/WAF-D-22-0194. 1 Page(s): 1661–1671 1. 1200 UTC 11 October 2021, Center (NHC) forecasters predicted that Pamela in the eastern Ocean would intensify over the subsequent 48 h as the storm neared Mexico’s Pacific coast (Cangialosi 2021). Numerical weather prediction models (e. g. , and Forecasting, Hurricanes in a Multiscale Ocean-coupled Nonhydrostatic, and Coupled Ocean–Prediction System-Tropical Cyclones) and statistical–dynamical guidance (e. g. , Scheme and Equation Model) indicated that the storm’s intensity would peak between 95 and 140 kt (1 kt ≈ 0. 514 m s−1). Forecasters went with a 75-kt increase in the maximum sustained winds from the current intensity of 35 kt to 110 kt by 1200 UTC 13 October, which meant that Pamela would make landfall as a major hurricane. However, Pamela’s peak intensity never exceeded 65 kt prior to making landfall and succumbed to high deep-layer vertical wind shear (Cangialosi 2021). From the main environmental parameters associated with intensity change, Pamela was over 30°C ocean water with low to moderate deep-layer vertical wind shear and fair middle-troposphere relative humidity—none of these storm environment factors had appreciable errors in numerical weather prediction model forecasts when compared with subsequent model analyses. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing numerical weather prediction models and their application in predicting hurricane intensity, which is a key element of weather forecasting. The mention of specific models and their forecasts implies that satellite data is utilized within these models for accurate weather prediction, thus supporting the claim.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Life could exist on Venus based on recent discoveries of phosphine gas in its atmosphere. [SEP] Text: Varying H3 PO4 fluxes between 50 and 60 km led to a maximum PH3 mixing ratio of 5 × 10−17 at 60 km. This supports the results of Greaves et al. (2021a) and Bains et al. (2021) that a significant photochemical production of PH3 from H3PO4 pathways is unlikely. We find that volume mixing ratios of PH3 between 1 × 10−15 and 2 × 10−9 might be produced abiotically at the height of the Venus clouds when assuming a PO input flux of 1 × 1010 molecules cm−2 s−1 (113 Tg yr−1) below 25 km. The production of PO from destruction of PH3 is only weak (scenarios 1a–1h). Hence, the detection of large abundances of PO and PH3 might be an indicator for an abiotic production of PH3 via PO pathways. Our main conclusion is that we can reproduce the lower estimates of about 1 ppb PH3 claimed by Greaves et al. (2020) in the Venus clouds with abiotic sources of PH3 alone when we take into account the uncertainties in the chemical rate coefficients. authors acknowledge the support of the DFG priority program SPP 1992 “Exploring the Diversity of Extrasolar Planets”. 1. To increase the number of members of the statistical analysis, we considered five nitrogen-containing reactions (analogue nitrogen reactions to R3, R5, R6, R21, and R53), where the rate data were taken from the of Standards and Technology (NIST, Mallard et al. 1994). Note that datapoints in Fig. B. 1 were constructed from the reactions in Table A. 1 which are not marked with a plus. For these reactions, rate coefficient expressions exist which are valid below 750 K (as shown in Table A. 1). Rate coefficient expressions also exist (see 1. The distribution in Fig. B. 1 enables us to calculate a σ value as shown in the Figure. This value is then used to constrain the range over which the rate constants are varied in the results shown in Fig. 8. The rate coefficients can be over- or underestimated when using rate coefficients that are not valid for temperatures below 750 K. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by providing evidence that large abundances of phosphine (PH3) in Venus's atmosphere are unlikely to be produced through biological processes. It emphasizes that the detection of PH3 may indicate abiotic production rather than biological sources, thereby challenging the notion that these findings support the possibility of life on Venus.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Horizontal gene transfer allows bacteria to acquire new traits. [SEP] Text: Lingkungan yang aman dan terjamin juga menjadi faktor penting, sehingga pemain dapat menikmati pengalaman bermain tanpa khawatir sedikit pun. Dengan semua keunggulan ini, tidak heran jika menjadi primadona di kalangan penggemar judi online. slot server Thailand yang tepat sangat penting untuk memastikan pengalaman bermain yang optimal. Pertama, cari platform yang telah terbukti reputable dan memiliki lisensi resmi. Situs yang terpercaya biasanya menyediakan informasi yang jelas tentang lisensi mereka dan memberikan layanan pelanggan yang responsif. Pastikan untuk memeriksa ulasan pengguna dan forum permainan untuk mendapatkan gambaran keseluruhan tentang keandalan situs yang Anda pilih. Selanjutnya, perhatikan jenis permainan yang ditawarkan oleh slot server Thailand. Setiap penyedia mungkin memiliki variasi slot yang berbeda, mulai dari tema yang beragam hingga fitur bonus yang menarik. Pilih server yang menawarkan berbagai pilihan permainan untuk menjaga pengalaman bermain Anda tetap seru dan tidak membosankan. Sebagai contoh, Gacor biasanya memiliki koleksi permainan yang lebih lengkap dan menarik. Terakhir, pastikan untuk mengevaluasi metode pembayaran dan promosi yang ditawarkan oleh slot server Thailand. Pilihlah server yang menyediakan metode deposit dan penarikan yang nyaman dan aman. Selain itu, perhatikan juga bonus selamat datang dan promosi reguler yang bisa meningkatkan modal bermain Anda. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses topics related to online gaming and casino platforms, without any mention of horizontal gene transfer or bacteria acquiring traits.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Satellites provide data for weather forecasting and environmental monitoring. [SEP] Text: The postseason analysis attributes Pamela’s stalled intensification due to the entrainment of dry air (Cangialosi 2021), which implies that both the real-time guidance and final model analyses failed to resolve the dry air. However, model guidance and forecasters may have missed a nuance in the convective evolution within Pamela’s inner core. From the satellite presentation, Pamela developed substantial deep convection associated with a convective burst near the center between 0600 and 1800 UTC 11 October. From the longwave infrared (IR) imagery from 16 (GOES-16), the mean temperature of the cirrus canopy from 0 to 200 km dropped from near −40°C to near −75°C and the percent of pixels less than −60°C from 50 to 200 km neared 100% as the cirrus canopy expanded during this convective burst as shown in Fig. 1. A key, and likely important, aspect of Pamela’s satellite presentation is the evolution of the cloud structure from a “curved band” pattern at 0600 UTC (Fig. 1a) to a “central cold cover” (CCC) pattern at 1200 UTC (Fig. 1b) before returning to a curved band pattern at 1800 UTC (Fig. 1c). Size Fig. 1. The evolution of (2021) in the GOES-16 channel-13 10. 3-μm IR brightness temperatures during 11 Oct. Storm-centric images for (a) 0600, (b) 1200, and (c) 1800 UTC with 50-km range rings overlaid. (d) The mean brightness temperature (°C; black curve) averaged from 0 to 200 km in radius, the percent area less than TB ≤ −60°C (gray curve) in the annulus from 50 to 200 km in radius, and the satellite-based final “T-number” values (i. e. , current intensity number) from the (SAB; red up triangle marker), NHC (TAFB; yellow down triangle marker), and Technique (DVTO; blue left triangle marker). Citation: Weather and Forecasting 38, 9; 10. 1175/WAF-D-22-0194. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by detailing how satellite imagery, specifically from GOES-16, was utilized to analyze the evolution of the storm Pamela's structure and convection patterns. This illustrates the role of satellites in providing critical data for weather forecasting.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Life could exist on Venus based on recent discoveries of phosphine gas in its atmosphere. [SEP] Text: The results suggest that it is more likely that the reaction rate would be underestimated when using CTval>750 K (estimated coefficients) instead of CTval<750 K (measured coefficients). However, due to the low number of statistics and the fact that both over- and underestimation of the coefficients is possible, we considered only the standard deviation, σ, to compute the log-normal distribution for the MC runs and assumed µ=0. To compute the σ value for the type 3 reactions, we used the same procedure as for the type 2 reactions. Homologous nitrogen species reaction kinetics for unknown phosphorus species rate coefficients were compared in Bains et al. (2021). They showed that some rate coefficients of the analogue phosphorus and nitrogen reactions (CP and CN, respectively) agreed within about one order of magnitude. However, most of the phosphorus-containing reactions shown are only valid at a temperature above 1000 K. For the analogue reactions of PH3 and NH3, the difference between the rate coefficients is several orders of magnitude. We estimated the uncertainty when using this approach with 24 reactions, for which we found the corresponding CP and CN in the NIST (R1, R3, R5, R6, R8, R11, R12, R13, R14, R16, R18, R21, R22, R23, R24, R25, R26, R27, R28, R29, R31, R50, R51, and R53 in Table A. 1). Figure B. 2 suggests that it is more likely that the reaction rate would be underestimated when using CN (estimated coefficient) instead of CP. However, both an over- and underestimation of the coefficients is possible. We only considered σ to compute the log-normal distribution for the MC runs and assumed µ to be zero. Fig. B. 1Histogram showing the ratio of measured to estimated rate coefficients of type 2 reactions (CTval<750 K/CTval>750 K) in blue. The fit of the data to a log-normal distribution with σ=4. 118 and µ=0 is shown in black. Fig. B. 2Histogram showing the ratio of measured to estimated rate coefficients of type 3 reactions (CP/CN) in blue. The fit of the data to a log-normal distribution with σ=3. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses reaction kinetics and coefficients related to phosphorus and nitrogen without addressing the potential for life on Venus or the significance of phosphine gas. Thus, it does not support, contrast, or provide information related to the claim.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Horizontal gene transfer allows bacteria to acquire new traits. [SEP] Text: Jangan ragu untuk mengambil keuntungan dari penawaran tersebut untuk meningkatkan peluang meraih keberuntungan di permainan slot. di Saat bermain Slot Thailand, penting untuk memahami jenis permainan yang Anda pilih. Setiap mesin slot memiliki karakteristik yang berbeda, termasuk tingkat pengembalian pemain dan variasi. Pilihlah mesin yang sesuai dengan gaya bermain Anda. ingin bermain dengan risiko rendah, carilah slot dengan volatilitas rendah yang menawarkan pembayaran lebih kecil tetapi lebih sering. Sebaliknya, jika Anda berani mengambil risiko lebih tinggi, mesin dengan volatilitas tinggi bisa memberikan peluang menang yang lebih besar meskipun dengan frekuensi yang lebih rendah. Mengelola bankroll Anda juga sangat krusial. Tetapkan batasan berapa banyak uang yang ingin Anda habiskan dalam satu sesi permainan dan patuhi batasan tersebut. Ini akan mencegah Anda dari kehilangan uang lebih dari yang Anda rencanakan. Cobalah untuk memilih taruhan yang memberikan waktu bermain lebih lama dan peluang lebih besar untuk meraih kemenangan kecil yang dapat bertahan lebih lama dalam permainan. Jangan lupakan pentingnya bermain dengan sabar dan tidak terburu-buru. Banyak pemain yang tergoda untuk terus memutar mesin setelah satu atau dua kemenangan besar, namun strateginya adalah untuk memilih waktu berhenti yang tepat. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses strategies for playing slot machines in Thailand without any mention of horizontal gene transfer or its effects on bacteria. Therefore, it does not support, refute, or relate to the claim in any meaningful way.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Satellites provide data for weather forecasting and environmental monitoring. [SEP] Text: 1Download FigureDownload figure as PowerPoint slide The tropical cyclone cloud patterns are part of the satellite-based storm intensity estimate procedure known as the subjective Dvorak technique (Dvorak 1984). 1 As a nighttime cloud pattern, central cold cover or “persistent bursting” pattern serves as an alternative to other patterns, namely, central dense overcast, curved band, or embedded eye cloud patterns, which typically require visible imagery for detection. Dvorak (1984) describes the CCC pattern as convection that is persistently bursting. This manifests itself as a large cirrus canopy with a long-lived cluster of overshooting convective tops that remain relatively stationary. At the larger scale, the brightness temperatures from 0 to 200 km become almost uniform as ice is ejected by the overshooting convective tops and expands radially outward. While the CCC pattern is infrequently seen, Dvorak noted that this pattern has important implications for intensity trends in that this pattern indicates a slowed or arrested development of the tropical storm (Dvorak 1984; Lander 1999). Pamela’s suboptimal intensity forecasts as motivation, we want to understand if Pamela represents an outlier case or if the sudden, short-term burst of deep convection emblematic of the CCC pattern represents a possible failure mode for dynamical and statistical–dynamical intensity aids. Here, we use Dvorak patterns routinely labeled by the Satellite, Data, and () Team and to capture the descriptive characteristics of labeled CCC cases and quantify the duration of CCC patterns in IR images, section 3, and assess the storm environment and skill of intensity guidance during CCC events, section 4. 2. our investigation, we use storm characteristics from the best track and forecasts databases, Dvorak fix information, archived storm-centric IR imagery, and model-derived storm environmental information. a. Track and forecast databases Forecast (ATCF; Sampson and Schrader 2000) system database has file types to store tropical cyclone history (i. e. , best track file) and forecasts (i. e. , a-deck file) from humans, statistic–dynamical aids, deterministic and ensemble numerical weather prediction models, and persistence and climatology information. We use the best track data to provide the postseason analysis of the storm through which we use the position and intensity to quantify guidance forecast errors. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the use of satellite data in analyzing tropical cyclone cloud patterns and intensity forecasts. Specifically, it mentions the 'Dvorak technique,' which utilizes satellite imagery to estimate storm intensity, thereby confirming the role of satellites in weather forecasting.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Studies show that expressing gratitude regularly can improve mental health. [SEP] Text: Contrary to this position, other professionals expressed the belief that crisis services should remain short term, and that professionals need to be more confident in ending care with service users. As the findings in this study demonstrate, the movement between services was perceived to be in most need of improvement. Therefore, it is foreseeable that professionals would be reluctant to end care if apprehensive about the future quality of care for service users who need it. However, this raises a conceptual issue of crisis within crisis care (i. e. , when do crisis services end and long-term support begin? ). Finally, results demonstrated that the way in which services work together effectively and provide integrated care was unclear to professionals. Quantitative findings found that not only did a significant percentage of participants disagree that working together, and integration was done well, but the number of participants who reported to have no opinion on this was higher than any of the other evaluative Likert scale statements. This, alongside most of the participants self-reporting to not have a full understanding of crisis services available, clearly demonstrates the need to improve how crisis services work together and integrate. Research into collaboration to provide mental health services has proved to elicit many benefits [18], with NHS England encouraging integration and collaboration through “building positive trusted, and enduring relationships with communities to improve service, support and outcomes for all. ” [31]. This research illustrates a similar demand amongst professionals, with participants in this study expressing a desire to be better integrated not only with other crisis and mental health services, but also wider services available in the community. As it currently stands, there is a lack of understanding of crisis services and long-term support after crisis, which could be enhanced through training. Training was requested by participants, to not only improve their skills in service delivery, but also in better understanding the range of services that support young people in crisis and after de-escalation. However, training to enhance the understanding of other services will not create fully integrated services without the ability to improve communication between these services. The creation of a shared system, to communicate and share information between the many services that provide care and step-down care for people in crisis was highly recommended by professionals. 4 Limitations and future researchThis study contributes to current understanding of crisis mental health service provision for young people by developing clear actions for the NHS to enhance current provision. However, the scale of this research makes generalisability of findings difficult. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the state of crisis mental health services and the necessity for better integration and communication among these services, rather than focusing on the role of gratitude in improving mental health. It highlights a lack of understanding of services and the perceived need for better training, thereby shifting the discussion away from gratitude and its benefits.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Horizontal gene transfer allows bacteria to acquire new traits. [SEP] Text: merasa keberuntungan sedang tidak berpihak, lebih baik ambil istirahat dan kembali ke permainan nanti. Mengandalkan emosi saat bermain bisa mengakibatkan keputusan yang kurang bijak. Dalam dunia permainan slot online, memilih situs yang terpercaya adalah langkah penting untuk memastikan pengalaman bermain yang aman dan menyenangkan. Thailand terpercaya menawarkan berbagai jenis permainan slot, termasuk Gacor dan yang saat ini sedang populer. Dengan memilih situs yang sudah terbukti kredibilitasnya, pemain bisa lebih fokus pada strategi permainan tanpa khawatir tentang penipuan atau masalah teknis lainnya. Situs seperti dikenal memiliki sistem keamanan yang canggih dan layanan pelanggan yang responsif. Mereka memberikan informasi yang jelas mengenai penggunaan slot server Thailand asli dan slot server Thailand super gacor. Selain itu, mereka juga menyediakan beberapa metode transaksi yang aman, sehingga pemain dapat melakukan deposit dan penarikan dengan nyaman dan cepat. Bergabung dengan situs slot Thailand yang terpercaya juga memastikan bahwa pemain mendapat akses ke bonus dan promosi yang menarik. Dengan memanfaatkan bonus yang ditawarkan, pemain dapat meningkatkan peluang menang dalam permainan slot yang mereka pilih. Dengan demikian, memilih situs yang tepat bukan hanya soal keamanan, tetapi juga terkait dengan peningkatan pengalaman bermain secara keseluruhan. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses topics related to online slot games and gambling in Thailand, rather than addressing horizontal gene transfer or its implications for bacteria acquiring new traits.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Satellites provide data for weather forecasting and environmental monitoring. [SEP] Text: We note that best track intensities come from a blend of available information as recently documented by the (Howell et al. 2022). likely follows a similar procedure, based on a blending of the intensity information from satellite sensors trusted in operations including aircraft reconnaissance-derived intensity information. From the a-decks, we use forecasts from the System (technique identifier AVNO for “late” and AVNI for “early” or interpolated), Research and Forecasting (HWRF for “late” and HWFI for “early” or interpolated; Tallapragada et al. 2014; Sampson et al. 2008), Statistical Hurricane/(SHIPS/STIPS; DeMaria and Kaplan 1994; Knaff et al. 2005), (LGEM; DeMaria 2009), and 5-day Statistical Hurricane/Forecast climatology and persistence (SHF5/ST5D; Knaff et al. 2003). b. Dvorak fix data Operational satellite analysis groups store and disseminate information from the subjective Dvorak technique primarily in two formats: 1) tropical fix satellite weather bulletins and 2) ATCF fix database. For the subjective Dvorak technique, both formats store the date and time, location of the storm, type of satellite data analyzed, and intensity estimation. Also, each format contains a comment or remark section that may contain additional information on how the analyst created the fix. In this section, the analyst may include the Dvorak cloud pattern used in estimating the intensity. Since the late 1970s, the has created subjective Dvorak technique estimates of tropical cyclone intensity (Turk and Kusselson 2002). The team stores these analyses in tropical satellite weather bulletins that contain the time of the fix, storm center latitude and longitude, satellite data used to construct the fix, intensity estimate as a tropical and current-intensity number, and a remark section with the cloud pattern. Archived bulletins are publicly available from 2007 to the present from the of. The archive does not include the or eastern until 2013. In addition to the tropical satellite weather bulletins, human analysts store fix data from the and Forecast Branch, and in the ATCF fix database (f-deck). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by detailing how satellite data, specifically through methods like the Dvorak technique, is used to track and provide information on tropical cyclone intensity. It describes the operational practices of satellite analysis groups and the blending of satellite information with other data, emphasizing the role of satellites in weather forecasting.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: IQ is a fixed trait that cannot change over an individual’s lifetime. [SEP] Text: Res > (2); 2011 > 53. Published online: Aug 31, 2011 DOI: Change in Over a Lifetime: 1, 2, Kim, MD1, 3, Wei Wang, PhD2, Duffy, PhD2 1Department of 2Division of Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Division of 3Department of : of Psychiatry, University Hospital, 156 Baengnyeong-ro, Chuncheon 200-947, Korea, Tel +82-33-258-2310, Fax +82-33-256-3344, E-mail jhielee@kangwon. ac. kr 21, 2011 23, 2011Copyright © 2011 Society of disturbances resulting from a mismatch between the sleep-wake schedule and an individual’s chronotype can influence work or school performance and numerous health outcomes. Individual chronotype can be determined by genetic factors, and is influenced by environmental factors which could change throughout life. We aimed to examine self-reported changes in chronotype during three different periods of life (childhood, teenage years, and adulthood). hundred forty-three (age: 37. 8 ± 11. 6 years, range: 18–82; F: M = 214: 129) adult visitors to a in Korea were recruited for this study. version of the Horne-Östberg Morningness-(MEQ-K) was administered and standard MEQ-K scores were used to categorize subjects as morning type (MT), evening type (ET), or neither type (NT). Binary logistic regression analyses were applied to examine the relationships of gender, current age, and childhood/teenager ME type with change in chronotype between childhood, teenage years, and adulthood. ages, gender distribution, and years of education were different between the chronotype groups (p < 0. 01). Individuals who reported childhood MT or ET had a lower probability of changing their chronotype between childhood and their teenage years compared with individuals reporting childhood NT (p < 0. 0001), whereas individuals reporting teenage MT or ET had a higher probability (p < 0. 0001). Furthermore, older individuals had a lower probability of reporting a chronotype change between childhood or teenage years and adulthood (p < 0. 01). individuals reported the same chronotype from childhood to their teenage years but a different chronotype between the teenage years and adulthood. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing how individual chronotype, which is influenced by both genetic and environmental factors, can change over a lifetime. It specifically highlights that individuals may experience changes in their chronotype from childhood through adulthood, suggesting that traits related to individual differences are not fixed and can indeed change over time.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Horizontal gene transfer allows bacteria to acquire new traits. [SEP] Text: 13/08/2024 by admin1989 How to Choose a you enjoy gambling online and want to experience the thrill of real-life casino action, live dealer casinos offer a unique and entertaining gaming option. Using high-quality cameras and video streaming technology, a real croupier takes your bets and handles the cards or roulette wheel in real time. Players connect to a live dealer through their smartphone or computer and interact with them via a chat window. Choosing a reliable online live casino will help you get the most out of your gaming sessions. The best way to find a reputable live casino is to use a review site or catalog, which will allow you to compare operators and games to ensure reliable gameplay. The site will also help you avoid rogue operators and sites that do not offer the same level of security as other licensed, regulated casinos. Moreover, you should look for bonuses that apply specifically to live casino games so that you can increase your odds of winning. Besides offering classic casino games like blackjack, roulette and baccarat, live casino games also offer a range of exciting game shows. These include Crazy Time, which is a wheel of fortune-style game that features different multipliers, and 100, which gives players the chance to win a huge sum of money. Regardless of the type of game you choose, it is crucial to have a budget in place and to play responsibly. Managing your bankroll and maximizing your chances of winning by following expert guides and player forums can significantly improve your odds of winning. Using bonuses that contribute 100% to the wagering requirements will also help you recoup your losses if you happen to lose. As more and more people turn to the Internet for their gambling needs, there is an increasing number of live casino websites that are popping up. The main advantage of these casinos is that they offer a real-time casino experience to the players, and this is what makes them so popular among gamers. This is because it adds a human element to the casino experience that can’t be replicated by software. The success of a live casino depends on many factors, including the quality of the software and the equipment used. Renowned online casinos have state-of-the-art studios equipped with high-quality cameras and sound systems, as well as a team of professional dealers. The quality of the game is further enhanced by a robust IT infrastructure, which includes tokenization and DRM. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim about horizontal gene transfer and bacteria. It discusses live dealer casinos and various aspects of online gambling rather than any scientific topics related to genetics or microbiology.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Satellites provide data for weather forecasting and environmental monitoring. [SEP] Text: The fix database contains the storm center latitude and longitude, intensity, wind radii, and central pressure fixes from a variety of human and algorithm inputs that leverage a menagerie of data sources. For satellite analyst Dvorak technique fixes, the fix-deck stores this information under the fix type “subjective Dvorak” (i. e. , DVTS). From 2009 onward, the has always included a specified fix format in the remark section of subjective Dvorak fixes. In 2009, the standardized the format and cloud pattern coding included a space-delimited structure. From 2010 onward, subjective Dvorak fixes from the include a specified comment section format that lists the Dvorak pattern type. Center also uses a specified comment section, but the analysts do not code the cloud patterns uniformly in the data from 2011 to the present that are available to the authors. and does not routinely use the comment section nor are comments formatted when present. Unlike the ATCF best track database, fix information does not go through a postseason analysis to correct any issues. Fortunately (or unfortunately for this work as our focus is on the specific cloud pattern), the analysts have a margin of error when using the subjective Dvorak technique to yield similar tropical and current-intensity numbers if a pattern is misidentified at low storm intensities. We do not take steps to mitigate erroneous Dvorak pattern classifications. We want to convey that this work should not be construed as a robust nor complete climatology of central cold cover. Also, various satellite analysis groups create subjective Dvorak technique fixes at different, but routine times. And, because of the brevity of the central cold cover, we opt to include any central cold cover pattern listed in the fix without trying to interpolate or blend cloud patterns in time. For consistency, we focus on 2011–21 to create a homogeneous sample of Dvorak fix patterns across tropical cyclone basins. Focusing on this period also allows us to stay homogeneous when selecting forecast models to assess forecast skill. c. Geostationary infrared imagery We use IR imagery from the Regional and Branch tropical cyclone IR archive (Knaff et al. 2014). The archive contains global geostationary satellite imagery on a 4 km × 4 km grid with approximately 15–30-min resolution and has a central wavelength near 11 μm. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the use of geostationary satellite imagery for analyzing tropical cyclones, indicating that satellites are indeed leveraged as data sources for weather monitoring. It specifically mentions that the tropical cyclone IR archive provides global geostationary satellite imagery, which supports the role of satellites in weather forecasting.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: IQ is a fixed trait that cannot change over an individual’s lifetime. [SEP] Text: 10 There have been reports that an individual’s chronotype changes throughout development, although most studies of chronotype have been cross-sectional rather than longitudinal. In childhood, MT is predominant; however, during adolescence this changes with many more ETs being reported. 11,12 With middle and older age, MTs again become predominant. 1,13 Despite these findings, the underlying factors contributing to these age-related changes have not been revealed in previous studies. In genetic studies on morningness-eveningness, there have been reports that about 50% of chronotype differences can be explained by genetic factors, with no difference in this genetic contribution between different age groups. 17,18 However, one study that reported on the contribution of the PER315 gene to chronotype suggested that the genetic influence of that polymorphism to chronotype gradually decreased with age. 16 In previous studies on adolescents, individuals reporting ET increased with grade level,19 and the bedtime discipline at home attenuated the extent of the shift to eveningness. 20 Further support that environmental factors play a contributory role to chronotype has been that cultural patterns such as siesta, occupation (outdoor vs. indoor work),21,22 the timing of work,23,24 and even the time of local sunrise25 appear to be associated with chronotype, likely through their influence on the timing and amount of light exposure. Most previous studies evaluating the relationship of chronotype to demographic and/or clinical parameters were cross-sectional studies, as noted above. Whether chronotype changes in an individual across their lifetime is not known, although one prior study used retrospective questions about chronotype and found it supported cross-sectional data. 1 If there are changes in chronotype within individuals over their lifetime, understanding typical changes may help in managing sleep complaints and health problems resulting from mismatches between chronotype and sleep-wake schedule timing. Furthermore, understanding the relationship of chronotype change during specific developmental periods could aid in understanding the causal factors associated with changing chronotype. Thus, in the present study we aimed to examine the pattern of chronotype change in individuals retrospectively using the MEQ and the MCTQ, and to explore the factors associated with such chronotype changes. -(SWQ-K) was administered to 416 adults (aged 18 years or older) who visited the Museum in Korea between September 2009 and May 2010. A study staff member from was present at the museum to solicit participants and administer the questionnaire. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses changes in individuals' chronotype over their lifetime rather than addressing IQ as a fixed or changing trait. There is no mention of IQ or related cognitive abilities, thus not supporting or contrasting the claim.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Horizontal gene transfer allows bacteria to acquire new traits. [SEP] Text: Tokenization protects streams from unauthorized access and DRM adds an additional layer of security, which is necessary to comply with regulatory requirements. It is important to know that the live casino gaming experience is not perfect, and it may be better for you to stick with traditional table games. This is especially true if you are a first-timer. However, you can improve your odds of winning by reading the rules and strategy tips, as well as by practicing in the practice mode of the casino. Remember to gamble responsibly, and you will be able to enjoy the game without worrying about any negative consequences. 13/08/2024 by admin1989 Slot Demo: Keseruan dan Kemenangan di Pragmatic Play! Dalam dunia game online, slot demo menjadi salah satu fitur yang paling menarik perhatian para penggemar judi. demo slot princess Dengan slot demo, pemain dapat menjelajahi berbagai jenis permainan tanpa harus mempertaruhkan uang asli. Ini adalah cara yang sempurna untuk merasakan sensasi dan keseruan dari berbagai judul, terutama dari provider terkenal seperti Pragmatic Play. Salah satu daya tarik utama dari slot demo adalah kemampuannya untuk memberikan pengalaman bermain yang serupa dengan versi asli, tanpa risiko kehilangan dana. menawarkan berbagai macam slot demo yang memungkinkan pemain untuk mencoba keberuntungan mereka. Dengan permainan seperti Gates of Olympus dan Starlight Princess, para pemain dapat menikmati grafik yang memukau dan fitur bonus yang menggiurkan. Selain itu, banyak dari slot demo ini, seperti Zeus atau Princess, dilengkapi dengan mekanika permainan yang inovatif, yang akan membuat setiap sesi bermain menjadi pengalaman yang memuaskan. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim about horizontal gene transfer in bacteria. It discusses topics related to gaming, casino experiences, and slot demos without mentioning anything related to bacteria, gene transfer, or traits.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Satellites provide data for weather forecasting and environmental monitoring. [SEP] Text: Also, we calculate and use two metrics that are similar to what is found in the SHIPS large-scale environment diagnostic developmental dataset (RAMMB 2022): 1) the mean brightness temperature averaged from 0 to 200 km in radius around the storm, and 2) percent area less than −60°C in the annulus from 50 to 200 km in radius. d. Tropical cyclone environment To evaluate the tropical cyclone environment during periods with the CCC pattern, we will use numerical weather prediction model-based environmental parameters. For this work, we extract parameters from the SHIPS large-scale environment diagnostic developmental dataset (RAMMB 2022). Here, we use the 200–850-hPa deep-layer, 500–850-hPa shallow-layer, and generalized vertical wind shear metrics, sea surface temperature, 500–700-hPa middle tropospheric relative humidity, and vertical mass flux calculated from a one-dimensional cloud model that includes entrainment, condensate weight, and both liquid and ice phases of water (DeMaria 2009). 3. Central cold cover characteristics To estimate tropical cyclone intensity using the subjective Dvorak technique, satellite analysts locate the storm center and then determine the cloud pattern. For CCC cases from 2011 to 2021, Table 1 shows bulk characteristics for the North Atlantic, western, central, eastern North Pacific, north Indian Ocean, and Southern Hemisphere. From the table, satellite analysts infrequently select CCC relative to the other Dvorak cloud patterns. During the 2011–21 period, satellite analysts based the intensity on CCC patterns 176 times, which represents 0. 1% of all subjective Dvorak fixes. While relatively rare, satellite analysts use the CCC pattern at least once for 144 (13. 4%) of the 1077 numbered tropical cyclones during this period. Table 1. Bulk characteristics of subjective Dvorak fixes containing central cold cover (CCC) from 2011 to 2021. Figure 2 shows the frequency from 2011 to 2021 at which satellite analysts base the intensity estimate on the CCC pattern as a function of 1) current intensity number, 2) absolute latitude, 3) basin, and 4) season. For the current intensity number in Fig. 2a, we bin based on 0. 5 intervals. This figure shows that the CCC pattern is associated with Dvorak current intensity numbers ranging from 1. 5 to 4. 5 (25–77 kt) with a peak between 2. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing how satellite analysts utilize cloud patterns, specifically the Central Cold Cover (CCC) pattern, to evaluate tropical cyclone intensity. It describes methodologies that involve satellite data in analyzing storm characteristics and making weather predictions, thus supporting the claim that satellites provide essential data for weather forecasting.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: IQ is a fixed trait that cannot change over an individual’s lifetime. [SEP] Text: 11,12,18 Our study did not find a significant relationship between gender and chronotype change. While many prior studies have reported a greater morning preference among women than men,8,28,29 not all studies have found a difference in chronotype according to gender. 19,32 In our study, there was a difference in age between men and women (Male: 40. 78 ± 13. 52; Female: 36. 42 ± 9. 96, p < 0. 01) and therefore, we cannot conclude that gender difference did not affect the chronotype change. There was a high probability that the reported childhood chronotype was unchanged during the teenage years, but that the reported teenage chronotype changed in adulthood. In particular, individuals who reported that their teenage chronotype was MT or ET had a higher probability of changing chronotype in adulthood than those who reported that they were NT as a teenager. Environmental factors influencing sleep timing would be strong in childhood and teenage years, when parents presumably play a dominant role in determining the timing of sleep. Several studies on adolescents have reported that delayed sleep timing is correlated with pubertal development. 11 This delay of sleep timing and circadian phase with pubertal development was also observed when assessed under controlled laboratory conditions,33–35 suggesting that the immediate environmental factors present during assessment of circadian phase were not contributing directly to the association, although the environmental factors (self-selected delayed bed time and associated evening light exposure, together with delayed wake time and lack of morning light exposure) in the days or weeks prior to the assessment may likely have played a role. In typical Korean teenagers, their bedtime is delayed and their waketime moves earlier due to their study burden and school schedule. 19,36 The reduction in sleep due to externally-imposed environmental factors constraining sleep and sleep timing results in lower academic achievement and a vulnerability to depression in adolescents,37,38 and would be expected to impact ET adolescents to an even greater degree. Our findings did not support prior findings of greater eveningness in teenage years than in childhood or adulthood. There are several possible explanations for this. First, as noted above it may be that adults asked for retrospective recall of their chronotype in their teenage years and childhood may not remember accurately. It is also possible that the adults in our study, whose average age was 37 but who ranged in age up to 82 years, were adolescents at a time when there were fewer evening distractions such as television, internet, mobile phones, etc. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim regarding IQ as it discusses chronotype changes and adolescent sleep patterns without addressing the concept of intelligence or whether it is a fixed trait. Therefore, the text does not support, contrast, or provide evidence pertaining to the claim.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Horizontal gene transfer allows bacteria to acquire new traits. [SEP] Text: Mari kita eksplor lebih jauh mengenai keseruan dan potensi kemenangan dalam dunia slot demo ini. Zeus: Zeus membawa pemain ke dalam dunia mitologi Yunani yang penuh dengan petualangan dan peluang menang yang menggiurkan. Dengan latar belakang megah dari Gunung Olympus, permainan ini tidak hanya menawarkan visual yang menakjubkan tetapi juga berbagai fitur menarik yang membuat setiap putaran mengasyikkan. Setiap kali Anda memutar gulungan, Anda akan merasakan seolah-olah Anda menjadi bagian dari kisah para dewa dengan simbol-simbol khas yang hadir di layar. Fitur unik dari Zeus termasuk potensi jackpot yang besar dan putaran gratis yang semakin meningkatkan tingkat keseruan. Pemain dapat menemukan simbol khusus yang dapat memicu bonus dan meningkatkan kesempatan mereka untuk mendapatkan kombinasi pemenang. Tak heran jika banyak pemain terpesona oleh gameplay yang dinamis dan interaktif ini, menjadikannya salah satu permainan slot yang paling dicari di platform Pragmatic Play. Dengan menggunakan akun demo, Anda dapat menjelajahi berbagai strategi dan menemukan cara terbaik untuk menang tanpa risiko kehilangan uang. Zeus memberikan kesempatan bagi pemain untuk memahami mekanisme permainan sambil merasakan sensasi yang ditawarkan. Siapkan diri Anda untuk petualangan seru yang akan membuat Anda kembali lagi dan lagi! [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim about horizontal gene transfer in bacteria. It discusses a slot gaming experience involving the game 'Zeus', focusing on gameplay mechanics and features without addressing any scientific concepts related to gene transfer.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Satellites provide data for weather forecasting and environmental monitoring. [SEP] Text: L. Corbosiero, and R. G. Fovell, 2019: An objective climatology of tropical cyclone diurnal pulses in the Atlantic basin. Mon. Wea. Rev. , 147, 591–605, falseSearch 10. 1175/MWR-D-13-00191. 1. Dunion, J. P. , C. D. Thorncroft, and C. S. Velden, 2014: The tropical cyclone diurnal cycle of mature hurricanes. Mon. Wea. Rev. , 142, 3900–3919, falseSearch 10. 1175/1520-0493(1975)103<0420:>2. 0. CO;2. Dvorak, V. F. , 1975: Tropical cyclone intensity analysis and forecasting from satellite imagery. Mon. Wea. Rev. , 103, 420–430, falseSearch 9322. Howell, B. , S. Egan, and C. Fine, 2022: Application of microwave space-based environmental monitoring (SBEM) data for operational tropical cyclone intensity estimation at the Warning Center. Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc. , 103, E2315–E2322, B. , S. Egan, and C. Fine, 2022: Application of microwave space-based environmental monitoring (SBEM) data for operational tropical cyclone intensity estimation at the Warning Center. Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc. , 103, E2315–E2322, falseSearch 10. 1175/2009WAF2222280. 1. Kaplan, J. , M. DeMaria, and J. A. Knaff, 2010: A revised tropical cyclone rapid intensification index for the Atlantic and eastern basins. Wea. Forecasting, 25, 220–241, falseSearch 10. 1214/ss/1023799000. Katz, R. W. , 2002: Walker and a connection between El Niño and statistics. Stat. Sci. , 17, 97–112, falseSearch 10. 1175/1520-0434(2003)018<0080:>2. 0. CO;2. Knaff, J. A. , M. DeMaria, C. R. Sampson, and J. M. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text provides references to scientific studies and their use of satellite data for analyzing and forecasting tropical cyclones, which directly supports the claim that satellites provide data for weather forecasting and environmental monitoring.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: IQ is a fixed trait that cannot change over an individual’s lifetime. [SEP] Text: , that have been reported to keep today’s adolescents up late. Our study used a retrospective design to try to determine whether chronotype changes in an individual, whereas prior studies have not attempted to follow individuals across time, but rather compared individuals in separate age groups. The higher probability of chronotype change between teenage years and adulthood in our study might be explained by environmental influences on self-reported chronotype becoming greater in adulthood. Both occupational requirements and family demands play a large role in sleep-wake timing in adulthood,24 and could lead individuals who report being ET or MT as children or teenagers to adjust to their sleep timing as adults. Recent studies in adults have found that sleep-wake homeostatic factors also play an important role in chronotype39,40 and sleep homeostasis changes profoundly with age. Thus, some of the reported changes in chronotype in adulthood may also be due to changes in sleep homeostatic factors. While the population of our study may not be a representative sample of Korean adults, prior studies have indicated that socioeconomic factors do not affect chronotype. 24 Another limitation of our study (as in most studies of chronotype) is that we did not attempt to determine the environmental factors (work schedule, child care, home responsibilities, sleeping environment) that might influence the sleep timing (and thus chronotype) of our study participants. In addition to the above limitations, our study had a retrospective design depending on the study subjects’ own memories of chronotype in childhood and teenage years, and if those memories were faulty then they may have been more inaccurate among the older participants. Ideally, studies which follow individuals prospectively to determine if their chronotype changes and if so, what environmental/social factors influence those changes could be conducted, although such long-duration studies were not within the scope of our study design. In conclusion, the present results suggest that individual chronotype may change with age, and that this change, which is greater between the teenage years and adulthood than between childhood and teenage years, might result from changes in the relative influence of genetic and environmental factors on chronotype at these different ages. 1. A marker for the end of adolescence. 2004;14:R1038-9. 2. Natale V, Cicogna PC. Morningness-eveningness dimensions: Is it really a continuum? Dif 2002;32:809-16. 3. . [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by suggesting that individual chronotype, which can imply cognitive and behavioral patterns such as those related to IQ, may change with age. It states that changes in chronotype are influenced by both genetic and environmental factors that alter at different life stages, particularly noting the greater change from teenage years to adulthood. This indicates that traits associated with IQ may also be subject to change, opposing the idea that IQ is a fixed attribute.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Horizontal gene transfer allows bacteria to acquire new traits. [SEP] Text: Demo: Kemenangan yang demo Princess menawarkan pengalaman bermain yang menakjubkan bagi para pemain yang mencari kesenangan dan peluang kemenangan. Dengan tema yang terinspirasi dari keindahan dan kemewahan, setiap putaran memberikan nuansa yang memikat. Pemain dapat menikmati berbagai fitur menarik, termasuk simbol-simbol wild dan bonus yang meningkatkan potensi kemenangan. Slot ini menyediakan peluang bagi pemain untuk merasakan sensasi permainan tanpa perlu mengeluarkan uang, sehingga menjadikannya pilihan yang ideal untuk berlatih. Salah satu daya tarik utama dari slot demo Princess adalah grafik dan desain suara yang memukau. Setiap elemen dirancang dengan detail yang mencolok, menciptakan pengalaman bermain yang sangat memuaskan. Dalam dunia slot, visual yang menarik sangat penting untuk menarik perhatian pemain, dan slot ini berhasil memenuhi harapan tersebut. Dengan efek suara yang imersif, pemain akan merasa seakan-akan sedang berada di dalam kisah dongeng yang menunggu untuk diungkap. Ketika bermain di slot demo Princess, pemain memiliki kesempatan untuk menguji berbagai strategi dan menemukan pola kemenangan tanpa tekanan dari kerugian finansial. Ini adalah cara yang sempurna untuk memahami cara kerja permainan serta mempersiapkan diri untuk bermain dengan uang asli. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim regarding horizontal gene transfer in bacteria. Instead, it discusses a slot demo game offering an entertaining playing experience, which is unrelated to genetic processes in bacteria.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Satellites provide data for weather forecasting and environmental monitoring. [SEP] Text: Gross, 2003: Statistical, 5-day tropical cyclone intensity forecasts derived from climatology and persistence. Wea. Forecasting, 18, 80–92, falseSearch 10. 1175/WAF863. 1. Knaff, J. A. , C. R. Sampson, and M. DeMaria, 2005: An operational statistical typhoon intensity prediction scheme for the western North Pacific. Wea. Forecasting, 20, 688–699, falseSearch 10. 1175/JCLI-D-13-00096. 1. Knaff, J. A. , S. P. Longmore, and D. A. Molenar, 2014: An objective satellite-based tropical cyclone size climatology. J. Climate, 27, 455–476, falseSearch 10. 1175/MWR-D-18-0379. 1. Knaff, J. A. , C. J. Slocum, and K. D. Musgrave, 2019: Quantification and exploration of diurnal oscillations in tropical cyclones. Mon. Wea. Rev. , 147, 2105–2121, falseSearch 10. 1175/WAF-D-19-0228. 1. Knaff, J. A. , C. R. Sampson, and B. R. Strahl, 2020: A tropical cyclone rapid intensification prediction aid for the Warning Center’s areas of responsibility. Wea. Forecasting, 35, 1173–1185, falseSearch 10. 1175/1520-0493(1999)127<0132:>2. 0. CO;2. Lander, M. A. , 1999: A tropical cyclone with an enormous central cold cover. Mon. Wea. Rev. , 127, 132–136, falseSearch 10. 1214/aoms/1177730491. Mann, H. B. , and D. R. Whitney, 1947: On a test of whether one of two random variables is stochastically larger than the other. Ann. Math. Stat. , 18, 50–60, falseSearch 10. 2151/jmsj1965. 60. 1_369. Ooyama, K. V. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text correlates with the claim through references to various studies related to tropical cyclones. Several citations indicate the use of satellite data for predicting tropical cyclone intensity and monitoring environmental conditions, thus supporting the assertion that satellites provide data for weather forecasting.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: IQ is a fixed trait that cannot change over an individual’s lifetime. [SEP] Text: manuscript Login RU Русский Русский manuscript Submit manuscript To cite 10. 12737/631 Pages: from 61 to 66 Status: Published Received: 06. 05. 1905 Accepted: 12. 07. 2013 Published: 12. 07. 2013 Language: Russian Keywords: New school mission, individual’s personal essence, education humanization, individual as the highest value, education’s regent function, spiritual and moral component, knowledge humanization. Abstract and keywords Abstract (English): In this paper the attempt to define the mission of built New school has been made, the main line to its achievement has been designated, the principal directions of education humanization have been revealed, which complex realization as the author believes will promote the individual’s personal essence change. Keywords: New school mission, individual’s personal essence, education humanization, individual as the highest value, education’s regent function, spiritual and moral component, knowledge humanization. Text Предыдущий ХХ век обнажил несовершенство мира, который был построен. Человечество столкнулось с проблемой: продолжать следовать по избранному пути или попытаться найти другой. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text highlights a belief in the possibility of change regarding an individual's personal essence, indicating that the mission of education and humanization can promote this change. This directly contrasts with the claim that IQ is a fixed trait that cannot change over an individual’s lifetime.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Horizontal gene transfer allows bacteria to acquire new traits. [SEP] Text: Dengan konsistensi dan sedikit keberuntungan, setiap pemain memiliki peluang untuk meraih kemenangan yang menguntungkan saat mereka beralih ke permainan slot dengan taruhan nyata. of Olympus dan Gates of Olympus adalah salah satu slot yang sangat populer dari Pragmatic Play. Dalam permainan ini, pemain akan diajak untuk menjelajahi dunia mitologi Yunani dengan Zeus sebagai tokoh utama. Dengan grafis yang memukau dan efek suara yang mendebarkan, Gates of Olympus menawarkan pengalaman bermain yang memikat dan menghibur. Fitur-fitur menarik seperti tumbang, pengali, dan putaran gratis membuat setiap putaran memberikan peluang untuk meraih kemenangan besar. Sementara itu, juga merupakan slot yang tidak kalah menarik. Didesain dengan tema kerajaan yang penuh warna, menawarkan pemain kesempatan untuk menikmati suasana magis dalam pencarian harta karun. Fitur unik seperti simbol yang bergerak dan peluang untuk mendapatkan bonus membuat permainan ini semakin seru. Dengan tampilan yang ceria dan gameplay yang lancar, menjadi favorit banyak penggemar slot. Kedua permainan ini, Gates of Olympus dan Starlight Princess, mendemonstrasikan kualitas tinggi dari dalam menciptakan slot yang menghibur dan menarik. pemula yang mencoba slot demo gratis maupun pemain berpengalaman yang mencari slot demo gacor, pengalaman bermain di kedua permainan ini pasti akan meninggalkan kesan. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim because it discusses online slot games and does not mention horizontal gene transfer or any related biological concepts. There is no connection to the claim regarding bacterial traits.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Satellites provide data for weather forecasting and environmental monitoring. [SEP] Text: , 1982: Conceptual evolution of the theory and modeling of the tropical cyclone. J. Meteor. Soc. Japan, 60, 369–380, falseSearch 3. 2). Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc. , 81, 1231–1240, C. R. , and A. J. Schrader, 2000: The automated tropical cyclone forecasting system (version 3. 2). Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc. , 81, 1231–1240, falseSearch 10. 1175/2007WAF2007028. 1. and M. DeMaria, 2008: Experiments with a simple tropical cyclone intensity consensus. Wea. Forecasting, 23, 304–312, falseSearch 10. 1175/MWR-D-13-00010. 1. Tallapragada, V. , C. Kieu, Y. Kwon, S. Trahan, Q. Liu, Z. Zhang, and I. -H. Kwon, 2014: Evaluation of storm structure from the operational HWRF during 2012 implementation. Mon. Wea. Rev. , 142, 4308–4325, falseSearch 10. 1175/WAF-D-19-0253. 1. Trabing, B. C. , and M. M. Bell, 2020: Understanding error distributions of hurricane intensity forecasts during rapid intensity changes. Wea. Forecasting, 35, 2219–2234, falseSearch 1. 9, C. S. , T. L. Olander, and R. M. Zehr, 1998: Development of an objective scheme to estimate tropical cyclone intensity from digital geostationary satellite infrared imagery. Wea. Forecasting, 13, 172–186, C. S. , T. L. Olander, and R. M. Zehr, 1998: Development of an objective scheme to estimate tropical cyclone intensity from digital geostationary satellite infrared imagery. Wea. Forecasting, 13, 172–186, falseSearch 1210. C. S. , and Coauthors, 2006: tropical cyclone intensity estimation technique: A satellite-based method that has endured for over 30 years. Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc. , 87, 1195–1210. falseSearch 10. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by providing examples of how satellites are utilized in meteorological research and forecasting. Specifically, it mentions techniques such as 'tropical cyclone intensity estimation technique: A satellite-based method' which indicates that satellites play a crucial role in estimating weather phenomena.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Mirror neurons in the brain play a role in empathy and understanding others' emotions. [SEP] Text: , directions in which groups or societies could potentially go Identifying areas in which groups/societies would eagerly cooperate, and where the likelihood of success is relatively high; identifying areas of motivation by responding to some important, though not necessarily visible, needs. Group facilitators or social entrepreneurs—individuals who bring substantial and durable change—probably use their social empathy in order to release the groups’ or societies’ potential. They do that without lecturing, preaching, patronizing, or acting as experts. Instead, they simply catalyze the process they feel buzzing under the surface. 5. 2 a closer look at the group dynamics, one finds that many group facilitators use some recurrent group rituals, such as dancing (e. g. , the students’ organization routinely uses group dancing as an icebreaker). They assume that these rituals become a backbone of group synchronization, enabling smoother communication and cooperation. Does synchrony really influence human behavior in groups? If we think, for example, about the many rituals with recurring elements used in group activities, we may presume that rituals involving synchronous activities produce some kind of positive emotions. Consequently, the psychological boundaries between the self and the group weaken, and that motivates members to contribute to the collective good. This conjecture was verified in a series of research projects, which documented that acting in synchrony with others can increase cooperation by strengthening social attachment among group members (Wiltermuth and Heath 2009). Moreover, those who are in synchrony with us are not only perceived to be more similar but also evoke more of our compassion and altruistic behavior than asynchronous individuals experiencing the same difficult conditions (Valdesolo and DeSteno 2011). Furthermore, “the positive emotional contagion group members experienced improved cooperation, decreased conflict, and increased perceived task performance. ” (Barsade 2002, p. 644). 6 Précis and conclusionsIn the introduction we presented the conjectures of the film editor, Dr. Karen Pearlman, who holds that the rhythm of cycles of tension and release occurring throughout a film provoke and modulate an empathetic response, understood as a felt and embodied phenomenon operating on many levels: physiological, cognitive, and energetic, and leading to internalization and participation in the film’s flow of images, emotions, and events. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing group dynamics and social empathy in a broader context without mentioning mirror neurons explicitly. Although it talks about empathy and emotional responses through synchronized activities, it does not provide evidence or insights specifically linking these phenomena to mirror neurons as the source of such empathy. Therefore, while it relates to the concept of empathy, it does not support the specific claim regarding mirror neurons.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Horizontal gene transfer allows bacteria to acquire new traits. [SEP] Text: Dengan berbagai fitur inovatif dan potensi kemenangan yang menarik, pemain ditawarkan kesenangan tanpa batas. 12/08/2024 by admin1989 a Gambling involves betting something of value, often money, on an uncertain event with a result that may be determined at least in part by chance. It is a major global activity that can take many forms. For example, friends or coworkers might make informal bets on the outcome of football games or horse races in their social circle. Or people might use marbles or collectible game pieces as stakes in gambling games such as Magic: or Pogs. The practice can also involve wagering virtual chips in online casinos and video games. It’s important to understand when gambling crosses the line from a fun pastime to a dangerous addiction, and to recognize the warning signs. It is also helpful to be aware of underlying mood disorders such as depression, anxiety or substance abuse that can contribute to compulsive gambling behavior. These issues must be addressed before an individual can recover from a gambling addiction. There are a number of ways to seek treatment for gambling addiction. Family therapy and marriage, career and credit counseling can help address the specific issues that have been created by a gambling problem. In addition, a person can join a peer support group, such as Gamblers Anonymous, which is based on the 12-step program developed by Alcoholics Anonymous. A counselor can help a person develop an individualized recovery plan that addresses the individual’s unique situation. Another option is to seek psychiatric care through a mental health professional. A psychiatrist can provide medication and psychotherapy, which can help control symptoms of a gambling addiction. In addition, a counselor can help an individual work through any underlying mood problems that may be contributing to the gambling addiction. Gambling can be dangerous to your physical and mental health, especially if you have a family history of addiction. It can also cause serious financial problems, including bankruptcy. If you are suffering from gambling addiction, it is crucial to seek treatment as soon as possible. Almost anyone can develop a gambling disorder, and it’s important to understand the warning signs so that you can recognize them in yourself. Some of the most common warning signs include impulsivity, sensation-seeking and poor decision making. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text discusses various aspects of gambling, including its definition, risks, and treatment for addiction. It does not mention horizontal gene transfer or any relevant biological concepts, hence it is irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Satellites provide data for weather forecasting and environmental monitoring. [SEP] Text: P. , C. D. Thorncroft, and C. S. Velden, 2014: The tropical cyclone diurnal cycle of mature hurricanes. Mon. Wea. Rev. , 142, 3900–3919, falseSearch 10. 1175/1520-0493(1975)103<0420:>2. 0. CO;2. Dvorak, V. F. , 1975: Tropical cyclone intensity analysis and forecasting from satellite imagery. Mon. Wea. Rev. , 103, 420–430, falseSearch 9322. Howell, B. , S. Egan, and C. Fine, 2022: Application of microwave space-based environmental monitoring (SBEM) data for operational tropical cyclone intensity estimation at the Warning Center. Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc. , 103, E2315–E2322, B. , S. Egan, and C. Fine, 2022: Application of microwave space-based environmental monitoring (SBEM) data for operational tropical cyclone intensity estimation at the Warning Center. Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc. , 103, E2315–E2322, falseSearch 10. 1175/2009WAF2222280. 1. Kaplan, J. , M. DeMaria, and J. A. Knaff, 2010: A revised tropical cyclone rapid intensification index for the Atlantic and eastern basins. Wea. Forecasting, 25, 220–241, falseSearch 10. 1214/ss/1023799000. Katz, R. W. , 2002: Walker and a connection between El Niño and statistics. Stat. Sci. , 17, 97–112, falseSearch 10. 1175/1520-0434(2003)018<0080:>2. 0. CO;2. Knaff, J. A. , M. DeMaria, C. R. Sampson, and J. M. Gross, 2003: Statistical, 5-day tropical cyclone intensity forecasts derived from climatology and persistence. Wea. Forecasting, 18, 80–92, falseSearch 10. 1175/WAF863. 1. Knaff, J. A. , C. R. Sampson, and M. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by referencing multiple studies where satellite imagery and microwave space-based environmental monitoring data have been applied for tropical cyclone intensity analysis and forecasting. This indicates that satellites are integral to providing data for both weather forecasting and environmental monitoring.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Personality tests can definitively determine someone's career suitability. [SEP] Text: Coherent structures in a baroclinic atmosphere. Part II: a truncated model approach. J. Atmos. Sci. 42:2463–77 [2001. climate variability: phenomena, impacts and mechanisms. Int. J. Climatol. 21:1863–98 [1994. On the interaction between the subtropical and equatorial ocean circulation: the subtropical cell. J. Phys. Oceanogr. 24:466–97 [1980. An application of equivalent modons to atmospheric blocking. Dyn. Atmos. Oceans 5:43–66 [1981. Numerical studies of barotropic modons. Dyn. Atmos. Oceans 5:219–39 [1912. Hydrography of the Mediterranean and adjacent waters. Report of the Expedition 1908–1910 to the Mediterranean and 1 J Schmidt 72–191 Copenhagen: Andr. Fred Høst & Søn [2003. Climate warming and accompanying changes in the ecological regime of the during 1990s. Glob. Biochem. Cycles 17:1088 [1999. A physical-biochemical model of plankton productivity and nitrogen cycling in the Black Sea. Deep-Sea Res. I 46:597–636 [2001. Simulations of phytoplankton seasonal cycle with multi-level and multi-layer physical-ecosystem models: the example. Ecol. Model. 144:295–314 [1966. Circulation in the surface and intermediate layers of the Mediterranean. Oceanology 6:48–59 [1951. The sources of deep water of the Sea. J. Mar. Res. 10:128–52 [1977. On the theory of solitary Rossby Waves. J. Fluid Mech. 82:725–45 [1994. On the total geostrophic circulation of the Ocean: flow patterns, tracers and transports. Prog. Oceanogr. 33:1–92 [1992. General circulation of the eastern Mediterranean. Earth Sci. Rev. 32:285–309 [1973. Flooding of Venice: phenomenology and prediction of the Adriatic storm surge. Q. J. R. Meteorol. Soc. 99:688–92 [1996. Recent changes in the eastern Mediterranean deep water. Science 271:333–35 [1991. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text provided lists various scientific articles and their subjects, but does not discuss personality tests or career suitability at all. Therefore, it is irrelevant to the claim, as it does not provide any support, contrast, or related information regarding personality tests and their effectiveness in determining career suitability.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Horizontal gene transfer allows bacteria to acquire new traits. [SEP] Text: People with a family history of gambling addiction are more likely to develop the disorder, and they should be aware of their risk for developing it. Young people are particularly susceptible to gambling addiction because of their immaturity. Until the brain matures at age 25, it’s harder to distinguish between good and bad habits, making them more likely to engage in reckless behaviors. In addition, the younger brain is more prone to reward-seeking behavior, which can lead to gambling addiction. It is not always easy to identify a gambling addiction, and it’s even more challenging to treat one. There are several things that people can do to help prevent gambling addiction, such as exercising, spending time with friends and family and getting enough sleep. They can also try to find other ways to enjoy themselves without gambling, such as reading, taking a class or volunteering for a charitable cause. 12/08/2024 by admin1989 dan Mandiri: Menang Besar! Dalam dunia perjudian online, permainan slot telah menjadi salah satu pilihan yang paling diminati oleh para pemain. Kemudahan dalam bermain dan potensi kemenangan besar membuat banyak orang terpikat untuk mencoba peruntungannya. Salah satu aspek penting yang harus diperhatikan adalah cara melakukan deposit, terutama bagi pemain yang menggunakan layanan perbankan lokal di Indonesia seperti dan Mandiri. Artikel ini akan memberikan panduan lengkap mengenai deposit slot melalui dan Mandiri. Kami akan menjelaskan langkah-langkah mudah untuk melakukan deposit dan beberapa tips untuk memaksimalkan peluang Anda dalam menang besar. Dengan mengetahui cara deposit slot via BCA, slot deposit BRI, dan slot deposit Mandiri, Anda akan dapat menikmati pengalaman bermain yang lebih lancar dan menyenangkan. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim about horizontal gene transfer in bacteria. It discusses gambling addiction, its risk factors, prevention strategies, and online gambling practices, without any mention of genetic or biological processes.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Satellites provide data for weather forecasting and environmental monitoring. [SEP] Text: The brightness temperatures are binned by 10 km in radius out to 300 km and 3 h in time out to ± 48 h centered on the central cold cover (CCC) Dvorak fix for (a) all cases at least tropical storm strength (34 kt), (b) cases that weaken between t = 0 and 48 h, and (c) cases that are steady or intensify between t = 0 and 48 h. Contours show p values of 5. 181 × 10−5 (salmon curve) and 1. 015 × 10−5 (tan curve) calculated with a two-sided Mann–statistic test that corresponds to having true null hypotheses at the α0 = 0. 05, 0. 01 levels. View in gallery Fig. 5. Storm-motion-oriented, two-dimensional median of IR brightness temperatures binned to a 10-km radius out to 300 km by 10° azimuth grid for (left) all central cold cover cases, (center) storms that weaken 48 h after central cold cover, and (right) storms that intensify 48-h at (bottom) t = −24 h, (middle) t = 0 h, and (top) t = 24 h. View in gallery Fig. 6. (a),(b) The 2011–21 forecast intensity errors in kt and (c),(d) skill relative to climatology and persistence, SHF5, for (left) the central cold cover cases and (right) low-latitude cases between 35 and 75 kt and percent skill relative to SHF5 for the 12-, 24-, 36-, and 48-h forecast periods. Mean absolute error (MAE) is in the solid curve with the closed marker and root-mean-square error (RMSE) is in the dashed curve with an open marker for the System (AVNI; blue curve with square marker), Hurricane WRF (HWFI; cyan curve with diamond marker), Decay-SHIPS (DHSP; orange curve with down triangle marker), LGEM (red curve with up triangle marker), and 5-day persistence and climatology (SHF5; black curve with circle marker). View in gallery Fig. 7. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing various methodologies for analyzing brightness temperatures from satellite data concerning storm analysis and forecasting. The mention of central cold cover cases and the binning of temperatures and forecast intensity errors clearly indicates the utilization of satellite data in weather forecasting. Hence, it supports the assertion that satellites play a critical role in meteorological data collection.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Screen time negatively impacts attention spans in all age groups equally. [SEP] Text: Cells were counterstained with haematoxylin solution for 1 minute and visualized under phase contrast microscopy. In vitro osteogenic differentiationFor osteogenic differentiation 50,000 MSCs per well were seeded in 6 well plates in triplicate in expansion medium. After 24 hours (at 90% confluency) osteogenic differentiation was promoted by treating MSC cultures with osteogenic induction medium (ThermoScientific, USA) for 3 weeks while MSCs maintained in expansion medium for 3 weeks were used as controls. stainingOsteogenic potential was confirmed by the von Kossa’s method [15] of extracellular matrix calcification detection. Von Kossa’s staining was performed by silver nitrate treatment using a commercially available kit (). Briefly, PFA (4%) fixed cultures were treated with silver nitrate for 60 minutes at room temperature under ultraviolet (UV) light, followed by treatment with sodium thiosulphate for 5 minutes. The cells were counter-stained with nuclear fast red and then photographed using phase contrast microscopy. Extracellular matrix calcification was carried out by detection of the presence of black extracellular deposits. Chondrogenic differentiationChondrogenesis was induced in micromass pellet cultures as described [5, 16]. Micromass-pellet cultures were prepared from 2. 5 × 105 MSCs in 15 ml conical tubes that were centrifuged at 750 rpm for 10 minutes in complete expansion medium. Cell pellets were incubated with the chondrogenic induction medium (ThermoScientific, USA) after 24-48 hours for 3 weeks. Half of the medium was replaced with fresh medium twice a week. Alcian blue stainingEach micromass pellet was parafinized after dehydration and cut into thin sections (4-5 um). The sections were analyzed for chondrogenic differentiation assay with a commercially available Alcian blue kit (). Sections were fixed with 4% PFA and washed with distilled water followed by treatment with Alcian blue for 20 minutes at room temperature. The stained sections were visualized under phase contrast microscopy and images were captured. Differentiation of MSCs into neuron-like cells2. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses methodologies related to cell differentiation and staining techniques without any reference to screen time or its impact on attention spans across different age groups. Therefore, there is no corroboration or contrast with the claim.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Horizontal gene transfer allows bacteria to acquire new traits. [SEP] Text: Mari kita mulai menjelajahi dunia deposit slot dan menemukan cara terbaik untuk meningkatkan peluang kemenangan Anda. melakukan deposit slot melalui BCA, langkah pertama adalah memastikan bahwa Anda memiliki akun judi online yang terpercaya dan sudah terverifikasi. Setelah akun Anda siap, masuklah ke situs tersebut dan cari opsi deposit. Pilih metode pembayaran BCA untuk melanjutkan proses deposit. Pastikan juga Anda sudah memiliki saldo yang cukup di rekening BCA Anda untuk melakukan transaksi. Selanjutnya, masukkan jumlah uang yang ingin Anda depositkan. Biasanya, situs judi online akan memberikan informasi mengenai nomor rekening atau kode unik yang harus Anda gunakan. Catat informasi tersebut dengan baik agar tidak terjadi kesalahan saat melakukan transfer nanti. Anda bisa menggunakan aplikasi BCA mobile atau internet banking BCA untuk melakukan transfer dengan cepat dan mudah. Setelah memasukkan semua detail dan mengeksekusi transfer, tunggu beberapa saat hingga transaksi Anda diproses. Biasanya, deposit melalui BCA ini cukup cepat dan Anda bisa langsung mulai bermain slot setelah dana masuk ke akun judi Anda. Jika ada masalah atau jika dana tidak segera terisi, hubungi layanan pelanggan situs tersebut untuk mendapatkan bantuan. dan slot melalui BRI dan Mandiri menjadi pilihan yang populer di kalangan pemain. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses online gambling and deposit methods rather than any genetic processes or bacterial traits. There is no mention or implication of horizontal gene transfer or its relation to bacteria.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Satellites provide data for weather forecasting and environmental monitoring. [SEP] Text: jcp. 2007. 07. 022. Putman, W. M. , and S. -J. Lin, 2007: Finite-volume transport on various cubed-sphere grids. J. Comput. Phys. , 227, 55–78, falseSearch 10. 3390/s20030650. Wang, P. , J. Li, and T. J. Schmit, 2020: The impact of low latency satellite sounder observations on local severe storm forecasts in regional NWP. Sensors, 20, 650, falseSearch 10. 1175/MWR-D-13-00303. 1. Wang, X. , and T. Lei, 2014: GSI-based four-dimensional ensemble-variational (4DEnsVar) data assimilation formulation and single-resolution experiments with real data for. Mon. Wea. Rev. , 142, 3303–3325, falseSearch 10. 1029/2012JD018144. Weng, F. , X. Zou, X. Wang, S. Yang, and M. D. Goldberg, 2012: Introduction to Suomi national polar-orbiting partnership advanced technology microwave sounder for numerical weather prediction and tropical cyclone applications. J. Geophys. Res. , 117, D19112, falseSearch 1. GFS (light blue) and GDAS (dark blue) start times for each cycle. From NOAA (2015). View in gallery Fig. 2. (top) Global 500-hPa temperature RMSE, using ECMWF analyses for verification out to 240 forecast hours. Experiments operobs (black), fullobs (red), and limobs (green) are shown. (bottom) RMS difference with respect to experiment operobs for experiments fullobs (red) and limobs (green). Rectangular bars (in the bottom panel) denote 95% confidence level of spatial correlation of errors, and squares (in the top panel) denote those times where the difference for each experiment with respect to operobs is statistically significant. View in gallery Fig. 3. As in Fig. 2, but for (a) extratropics (NHX) and (b) extratropics (SHX). View in gallery Fig. 4. As in Fig. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text discusses various studies and technologies related to satellite observations and their applications in weather forecasting, indicating that satellites indeed provide essential data for these purposes. For instance, it references the impact of satellite sounder observations on local severe storm forecasts, which supports the claim about the utility of satellites in weather forecasting.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Cryptocurrencies are completely anonymous and cannot be traced by any regulatory body. [SEP] Text: Figures AbstractMost of the existing multi-recipient signcryption schemes do not take the anonymity of recipients into consideration because the list of the identities of all recipients must be included in the ciphertext as a necessary element for decryption. Although the signer’s anonymity has been taken into account in several alternative schemes, these schemes often suffer from the cross-comparison attack and joint conspiracy attack. That is to say, there are few schemes that can achieve complete anonymity for both the signer and the recipient. However, in many practical applications, such as network conference, both the signer’s and the recipient’s anonymity should be considered carefully. Motivated by these concerns, we propose a novel multi-recipient signcryption scheme with complete anonymity. The new scheme can achieve both the signer’s and the recipient’s anonymity at the same time. Each recipient can easily judge whether the received ciphertext is from an authorized source, but cannot determine the real identity of the sender, and at the same time, each participant can easily check decryption permission, but cannot determine the identity of any other recipient. The scheme also provides a public verification method which enables anyone to publicly verify the validity of the ciphertext. Analyses show that the proposed scheme is more efficient in terms of computation complexity and ciphertext length and possesses more advantages than existing schemes, which makes it suitable for practical applications. The proposed scheme could be used for network conferences, paid-TV or DVD broadcasting applications to solve the secure communication problem without violating the privacy of each participant. Key words: Multi-recipient signcryption; Signcryption; Complete Anonymity; Public verification. Citation: (2013) Multi-Scheme with Public Verification. 8(5): e63562. Francesco Pappalardo, University of Catania, ItalyReceived: October 18, 2012; Accepted: April 3, 2013; Published: May 10, 2013Copyright: © 2013 Pang et al. This is an open-access 0006. The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript. Competing interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist. IntroductionWith development of network technology and its applications, a lot of group-oriented network services such as network multicasting or broadcasting have been proposed. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the limitations of achieving complete anonymity in communication systems. It highlights that while the proposed multi-recipient signcryption scheme aims for both sender and recipient anonymity, it indicates that many existing schemes do not fully succeed in maintaining this level of anonymity due to vulnerabilities such as the cross-comparison attack. This implies that cryptocurrencies, which are often compared to such cryptographic systems, cannot guarantee complete anonymity and can potentially be traced, contradicting the claim.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Horizontal gene transfer allows bacteria to acquire new traits. [SEP] Text: Kedua bank ini menawarkan proses transaksi yang cepat dan aman, membuatnya cocok bagi mereka yang ingin langsung bermain tanpa menunggu lama. Dengan menggunakan BRI, Anda bisa melakukan transfer melalui ATM atau aplikasi mobile banking yang sangat mudah diakses. slot mandiri Cukup masukkan nomor rekening situs slot BRI dan jumlah deposit yang diinginkan, dan transaksi akan segera diproses. Sementara itu, bagi pengguna Mandiri, metode deposit juga tidak kalah praktis. Anda dapat memanfaatkan layanan Banking atau ATM untuk melakukan deposit ke situs slot Mandiri. memiliki nomor rekening yang benar dan lakukan konfirmasi setelah pembayaran agar saldo permainan Anda dapat segera terupdate. Proses ini hanya memerlukan beberapa menit dan Anda sudah bisa menikmati permainan slot favorit Anda. Untuk keamanan transaksi, baik BRI maupun Mandiri menawarkan sistem perlindungan yang bisa diandalkan. Pastikan untuk selalu menggunakan situs slot resmi yang terdaftar dan hindari memberikan informasi pribadi kepada pihak yang tidak dikenal. Dengan mengikuti langkah-langkah yang tepat, Anda bisa menikmati pengalaman bermain slot yang lebih menyenangkan dan berpotensi menang besar. Besar di Saat bermain di situs slot, penting untuk memahami jenis permainan yang Anda pilih. Setiap jenis slot memiliki karakteristik dan tingkat pembayaran yang berbeda. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses transaction processes for online gaming related to banking services in Indonesia, with no mention of horizontal gene transfer or bacteria.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Satellites provide data for weather forecasting and environmental monitoring. [SEP] Text: View raw image Fig. 5. Difference between 500-hPa HGT fields for operobs and limobs: (top) 24- and (bottom) 120-h forecast. View raw image Fig. 6. As in Fig. 2, but for tropical 200-hPa vector wind RMSE. View raw image Fig. 7. As in Fig. 2, but for experiments operobs (black), limconv (red), limgps (green), and limrad (blue). View raw image Fig. 8. As in Fig. 7, but for (a) NHX and (b) SHX. View raw image Fig. 9. Observation count differences between full- and limited-observation datasets for temperature measurements for (a) rawinsondes, (b) aircraft, and (c) marine observations at 0000 UTC 15 Jun 2020. View raw image Fig. 10. As in Fig. 2, but for experiments operobs (black), limconv (red), limacft (green), limam (blue), and limrds (orange). View raw image Fig. 11. As in Fig. 10, but over SHX. 30 Views 235 0 0 Views 502 293 60 PDF Downloads 326 171 31 of Variability on the in Storage over the Tigris–Basin Authors: Li-and Guo-Evaluation of Performance of to Authors:. Yang, Ardeshir Ebtehaj, Sajad Vahedizade, and A 440-of in California from Authors: Ian M. Howard, David W. Stahle, Michael D. Dettinger, Cody Poulsen, F. Martin Ralph, Max C. A. Torbenson, and Quantifying the Role of Variability and from to at in India Authors: Divya Upadhyay, Sudhanshu Dixit, and Rainfall and Flooding from in the Mid-of the Authors: Yibing Su, James A. Smith, and Previous 10. 1175/WAF-D-21-0149. 1 Page(s): 1211–1220 1. weather forecasting, an analysis can be defined as the best estimate of the true state of the atmosphere at a given time using all available appropriate data. Both observations and previous knowledge of the atmosphere are combined taking into account the corresponding error structures. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing weather forecasting and mentioning that an analysis can be defined as the best estimate of the true state of the atmosphere at a given time using all available appropriate data, which includes observations that likely come from satellites.