Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Climate change has contributed to more frequent and intense heatwaves. [SEP] Text: 5, compared to an increase of 2 to 3 °C under the same scenario over the region or the region (5). Taking this enhanced response to GHG forcing together with the simulated impact of irrigation in this region brings the extreme TWmax simulated by our model to approach and exceed the 35 °C threshold. NCP is likely to experience significantly warmer conditions and more severe heatwaves towards the end of the twenty-first century compared to the early decades of the twentieth century. Fig. 4Spatial distribution of 95th percentile of daily maximum wet-bulb temperature. TWmax (°C) from the MRCM ensemble of simulations driven by three GCMs (Southwest Asia: and Eastern China: ) for each GHG scenario: historical (a), RCP4. 5 (b), and RCP8. 5 (c). All simulations include irrigation. TWmax is maximum daily value from 6-h running average for each day (bias correction described in the Methods setion). TWmax is presented over land areas only within the simulations domains. Land areas, outside simulations domains, are shown in gray. All ocean areas, within or outside simulations domains, are shown in blue. The figure was created using the ( size imageDiscussionAlthough the model used in this study has been tested extensively over China and other regions of Asia, significant limitations may persist. The representation of surface processes and other physical parametrizations in our model represent a significant source of uncertainty. In order to minimize that source, we have tested the model against observations of surface temperature, humidity, and TW. As shown in the (see 4 and Supplementary Figs. 5–10), incorporation of irrigation improves significantly the skill of the model in reproducing the observed surface climate. Another source of uncertainty is the choice of the CMIP5 Model simulations used in specifying the lateral boundary conditions for MRCM, historically and in the future. In order to reduce this uncertainty, we carefully selected only three climate models that show satisfactory performance in simulating the climate of this region (selection criteria described in the Methods section). Our results are based on the ensemble of simulations from three sets of experiments using the three different GCM simulations as boundary conditions. This study complements our series of recent studies16,17 that documented a serious risk from potentially deadly heatwaves triggered by climate change in three discrete locations along an Asian belt stretching from the to the Bohai Sea. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by stating that climate change has led to a likely increase in significantly warmer conditions and more severe heatwaves towards the end of the twenty-first century, compared to the early decades of the twentieth century. It mentions that a model predicts exceeding the 35 °C threshold for extreme heatwaves, which directly supports the assertion that climate change contributes to the frequency and intensity of heatwaves.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Wave energy devices work efficiently in any part of the ocean. [SEP] Text: These results are normalized by the wave amplitude A and the wave slope kA for translational and rotational modes, respectively, and are plotted versus the relative incident wavelength. Here, we can see a good agreement between the calculations and the measurements, especially in the target wave period region where the rigid-body motions are small. The increased pressures in the chambers near resonance which are predicted by the optimized damping coefficients can be seen to introduce an enhanced pitch response there. We note that the mooring system introduces a very long natural period to the surge response of the structure, but this period is far beyond the wind-wave spectrum which we focus on here. We note also that the vertical center of gravity and the pitch radius of gyration of the ballasted model were used in the calculations. Fig. 23The surge motion response of the full 40 chamber modelFull size image Fig. 24The heave motion response of the full 40 chamber modelFull size image Fig. 25The pitch motion response of the full 40 chamber modelFull size image 5 ConclusionsIn this paper, we have clarified several subtle details which are important to getting good performance out of standard frequency domain, linear potential flow theory for the analysis of floating structures which include one or more OWC degrees of freedom. This has been illustrated by considering both a fixed single degree of freedom OWC and an I-beam attenuator OWC device with 26 degrees of freedom. The agreement between calculations and measurements is generally found to be excellent, though the calculations tend to slightly over-predict the internal chamber pressures and therefore the absorbed power near resonance, but under-predict these quantities in long waves in the freely floating condition. Future work will focus on weakly non-linear calculations in the time domain which will allow for a better model of the air turbine and inclusion of some viscous and air compressibility effects. Possible improvements to the design which are currently under investigation include: replacing the simple chamber with a U-OWC chamber; replacing the OWC with a simple mechanical oscillator; and introducing a valve system to rectify the air flow from all chambers to a central plenum and one large unidirectional turbine. Survivability tests, structural calculations and detailed mooring system design are also in progress to get an accurate estimate of the final cost of energy for such a system. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing several technical details and limitations regarding wave energy devices. It mentions that the calculations tend to slightly over-predict internal chamber pressures and absorbed power near resonance, while under-predicting these in long waves under freely floating conditions. This suggests that wave energy devices may not achieve efficient performance universally throughout the ocean, indicating that their performance may vary with specific conditions, which directly contrasts the claim that they work efficiently in any part of the ocean.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Functional MRI can measure brain activity by detecting changes in blood flow. [SEP] Text: Brain 2016; 139: 1987–1993. CrossrefPubMedWeb of Science67. Prevalence of chronic headache with and without medication overuse: associations with socioeconomic position and physical and mental health status. Pain 2014; 155: 2005–2013. CrossrefPubMedWeb of Science68. . Medication overuse headache. Headache 2014; 54: 1251–1257. CrossrefPubMedWeb of Science69. . Medication overuse headache: pathophysiological insights from structural and functional brain MRI research. Headache 2017; 57: 1173–1178. CrossrefPubMed70. Grey matter changes associated with medication-overuse headache: correlations with disease related disability and anxiety. 2012; 13: 517–525. CrossrefPubMedWeb of Science71. Gray matter changes related to medication overuse in patients with chronic migraine. Cephalalgia 2016; 36: 1324–1333. CrossrefPubMedWeb of Science72. Orbitofrontal cortex involvement in chronic analgesic-overuse headache evolving from episodic migraine. Brain 2006; 129: 543–50. CrossrefPubMedWeb of Science73. Functional-MRI evaluation of pain processing in chronic migraine with medication overuse. 200930 Suppl 1: S71–S74. CrossrefPubMed74. Chronic migraine with medication overuse pre-post withdrawal of symptomatic medication: clinical results and FMRI correlations. Headache 2010; 50: 998–1004. CrossrefPubMedWeb of Science75. Brain functional connectivity and morphology changes in medication-overuse headache: clue for dependence-related processes? Cephalalgia 2014; 34: 605–615. CrossrefPubMedWeb of Science76. Nucleus accumbens functional connectivity discriminates medication-overuse headache. 2016; 11: 686–693. CrossrefPubMed77. Altered functional connectivity architecture of the brain in medication overuse headache using resting state fMRI. J 2017; 18: 25. CrossrefPubMed78. Pain modulation is affected differently in medication-overuse headache and chronic myofascial pain – a multimodal MRI study. Cephalalgia 2017; 37: 764–779. CrossrefPubMedWeb of Science79. van Zijl PC, et al. On the relationship between seed-based and ICA-based measures of functional connectivity. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim about functional MRI measuring brain activity through changes in blood flow. Instead, it discusses various studies related to chronic headache and medication overuse, including the use of functional MRI in specific contexts, without directly supporting or refuting the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Climate change has contributed to more frequent and intense heatwaves. [SEP] Text: Similar to our previous studies on the 16,17, we emphasize the important role of humidity, and demonstrate a new approach to characterize heatwaves through the use of TW consistent with the physiologic threshold discussed above, and the use of 6-h period as the duration of a heatwave reflecting how long humans may survive at that threshold temperature. However, the magnitude of the projected enhancement of the risk of deadly heatwaves in China seems larger than the projected enhancements along the coasts of the or over the Ganges and Indus valleys (Fig. 4). China is currently the largest emitter of carbon dioxide, and the rates of emission has increased sharply since the beginning of the twenty-first century29. Our results suggest significant negative regional climate change impacts affecting the most populous region of China, NCP, where future population is projected to grow even further by the end of twenty-first century30. Although the emissions per capita from China may not stand out compared to other nations, national climate change policy in China will need to carefully evaluate and weigh the projected negative impacts of severe heatwaves on local population against the positive impacts of economic development. Enhanced investments in renewables, already adopted widely in China, may offer an alternative pathway that achieves economic development and mitigates local impacts of future global climate change. However, even under moderate mitigation scenarios severe heatwaves are projected for NCP which may necessitate simultaneous development of effective public health adaptation measures to avoid the deadly impacts of future heatwaves. In this study, we project based on an ensemble of high-resolution regional climate model simulations that climate change would add significantly to the anthropogenic effects of irrigation, increasing the risk from heatwaves over the NCP region, an area with extensive irrigation development covering a relatively large fraction of the land surface. Under the BAU scenario of greenhouse gas emissions, NCP is likely to experience deadly heatwaves with TW exceeding the threshold defining what Chinese farmers may tolerate, while working outdoors without air conditioning. MethodsDescription of 26 used in the study is based on the for 3 (RegCM3)31 but with several improvements32,33,34,35, achieved through incorporation of new physical schemes or modification of original schemes MRCM has been rigorously tested against observations, in its ability to simulate key observed climate features, across several regions (e. g. , North America32, West Africa36, Southwest Asia16, South Asia17, Maritime Continent37). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the projected enhancement of the risk of deadly heatwaves in China as a result of climate change. It mentions that 'climate change would add significantly to the anthropogenic effects of irrigation, increasing the risk from heatwaves over the NCP region,' which supports the idea that climate change is leading to more frequent and intense heatwaves.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Offshore wind farms require no environmental assessments or planning. [SEP] Text: Ως μέρος του επόμενου σταδίου αυτής της διατριβής, εφόσον προκύψουν οι κατάλληλες περιοχές, είναι να ληφθούν υπόψη τόσο η πιθανή οπτική όχληση από το αιολικό πάρκο των προτεινόμενων τοποθεσιών όσο και η τεχνοοικονομική αξιολόγηση, με στόχο να διασφαλιστεί η αποδοχή τους. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by indicating that potential visual disturbances and techno-economic assessments must be considered for proposed offshore wind farm locations, suggesting that environmental assessments and planning are indeed required.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Functional MRI can measure brain activity by detecting changes in blood flow. [SEP] Text: In addition, we simultaneously measured local field potentials (FP) and CBF to provide a comprehensive assessment of hemodynamic and neuronal activity. Materials and methodsAnimal PreparationNine male Sprague-Dawley rats (300 to 450 g) were studied in accordance with the University of California, Chancellor's Committee on Animal Research. Animals were prepared using a thinned skull preparation performed under halothane anesthesia, as previously described (Sheth et al, 2004a). We cannulated the tail artery for continuous blood pressure monitoring and periodic blood gas sampling, the femoral vein for subsequent anesthetic delivery, and the trachea for artificial ventilation. Anesthesia was then switched to intravenous α-chloralose (60 mg/kg initial bolus, 30 mg/kg h continuous infusion) and pancuronium bromide (2 mg/kg initial bolus, 1. 5 mg/kg h continuous infusion), and inspired gases adjusted to maintain physiologic variables within the normal range: mean arterial blood pressure 90 to 110 mm Hg, arterial pO2 121 ± 14 mm Hg, arterial pCO2 39 ± 3 mm Hg (mean ± s. d. ). Halothane was discontinued for at least 1 h before imaging. Optical ImagingAnimals were transferred to the stage of a Nikon SMZ1500 microscope for imaging. Illumination was provided by a DC voltage-stabilized quartz-tungsten-halogen source (PL900, Dolan-) equipped with a heat filter. Two fiber optic guides with focusing lenses directed the light to the preparation, and reflected light was collected by the microscope and filtered by a filter wheel (Lambda 10-2, ) mounted on the exit port. The filtered light was captured by a cooled 16-bit charge-coupled device (CCD) camera (TE/CCD-576) attached to the filter wheel. We used four narrow bandpass transmission filters, centered at 569 (full-width at half-maximum (FWHM) 3 nm), 577 (FWHM 3), 586 (6), and 605 (5) nm. The field of view covered 3. 57 × 4. 80 mm with a 144 × 192 pixel array, providing 25 μm/pixel resolution. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not directly address or support the claim regarding functional MRI's ability to measure brain activity through blood flow changes. Instead, it focuses on the methodology for measuring local field potentials and cerebral blood flow in a specific animal study, which is not explicitly related to functional MRI.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Climate change has contributed to more frequent and intense heatwaves. [SEP] Text: AbstractThis study examines the dominant heatwave variability over (NA), extracted from an empirical orthogonal function (EOF) analysis of summertime monthly warm extreme index anomalies over 1959–2021. The principal mode features a dipole structure with a large area of anomaly over northwestern NA and an anomaly of opposite sign over the southern U. S. The corresponding principal component is associated with a large-scale atmospheric wave train extending from the to (NP-NA) and a northeastward injection of moisture from the subtropical western Pacific towards western NA, which are key factors in supporting the NA heatwave variability. The NP-NA wave train can be systematically reinforced and supported by synoptic-scale eddies, and may also be forced by an anomalous convection over the tropical-subtropical western Pacific. Surface radiation heating directly contributes to surface temperature anomalies and is dominated by anomalous downwelling shortwave and longwave radiations. In association with a positive phase of the heatwave variability, the NP-NA wave train brings an anticyclonic anomaly over northern NA, leading to anomalous descent, reduced total cloud cover and below-normal precipitation and surface relative humidity over northern NA. Over northwestern NA, the anomalous subsidence causes air to warm through compression. Reduced cloud cover results in increased downward shortwave radiation that is a key contributor to surface radiation heating. In addition, increase in vertically integrated water vapour through the moisture injection from the collocates with tropospheric warming. The atmosphere has more water vapor holding capability and acts as a greenhouse gas to absorb longwave radiation, leading to increased downward longwave radiation that is the second major contributor to surface radiation heating. Processes with circulation and surface radiation anomalies of opposite signs will likewise lead to the negative heatwave variability. Similar content being viewed by others Two leading modes of the interannual variability in surface air temperature during austral winter 2021. Lin et al. (2022) and Mo et al. (2022) explored the physical mechanism and subseasonal prediction of this extreme heatwave event. A northward propagation of the summer monsoon (SEASM) in late June of 2021 was found to cause precipitation and convection anomalies in the subtropical western Pacific. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the variability and contributing factors to heatwaves over North America, highlighting the role of atmospheric wave trains and moisture injection in supporting heatwave variability. It emphasizes that increased water vapor, which acts as a greenhouse gas, leads to greater downward longwave radiation and surface temperature anomalies, linking these mechanisms to the intensity of heatwaves.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Offshore wind farms require no environmental assessments or planning. [SEP] Text: Οι 80 μελέτες που εξετάστηκαν χωρίστηκαν σε πέντε κατηγορίες με βάση τις μεθοδολογίες που χρησιμοποιήθηκαν: Θαλάσσιος Χωροταξικός Σχεδιασμός, Ανάλυση Σκοπιμότητας, Πιθανολογικές Μέθοδοι, Μετεωρολογικά Δεδομένα και Πολυκριτηριακές Μέθοδοι. Οι 80 εργασίες που εξετάστηκαν κατηγοριοποιήθηκαν με βάση 170 διαφορετικά κριτήρια που χρησιμοποίησαν και ομαδοποιώντας τα προέκυψε ένα τελικό σύνολο 41 κριτηρίων. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing 80 studies categorized by methodologies that include Marine Spatial Planning and Feasibility Analysis, suggesting that comprehensive evaluations and assessments are conducted for offshore wind farms.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Functional MRI can measure brain activity by detecting changes in blood flow. [SEP] Text: Each imaging trial lasted 16 secs (6 before stimulus and 10 after stimulus), and images were acquired every 250 ms, resulting in 64 images per trial. Trials were spaced 30 secs apart to allow the hemodynamic response to return to baseline. The four filters were alternated every trial. We designed a LabView (Version 5. 1, ) virtual instrument to acquire optical and electrophysiologic data, control filter wheel position, and communicate with the stimulator. Stimulation consisted of a 2-sec train of 1 ms square electrical pulses (ISO-Flex, Master-8, AMPI, Israel) delivered to the left hindpaw via two steel needle electrodes inserted into the plantar surface of the foot and ~10 mm away on the medial aspect of the leg. We varied neuronal activity by modulating the stimulation frequency (2, 5, 10, 15, 20 Hz at 1. 2 mA). Stimuli were presented pseudorandomly. We acquired 12 trials per wavelength and stimulation condition, for a total of 240 trials in each subject. ImagingMultiwavelength optical imaging data were analyzed using a spectroscopic approach to calculate deoxyhemoglobin (Hbr) and oxyhemoglobin (HbO2) over the entire two-dimensional image. The data were fit to a model incorporating a modified form of the Beer-Lambert law, which describes light attenuation in the presence of absorbance and scattering:logIoλI(t)λ=(εHbrλΔ[Hbr](t)+εHbO2λΔ[HbO2](t))Iλ+ΔS(1)where Io is the pre-stimulus intensity, I(t) the measured intensity time course, ε extinction coefficients, l the path length through the tissue, S scattering, Δ[Hbr](t) is the time course of change in absorbers, and superscript λ indicates wavelength dependency. The four wavelengths of data at each pixel were treated as a discrete spectrum, and these pixel-by-pixel ‘spectra’ were fit to Equation (1) to extract a value of Hbr and HbO2 at each pixel. Wavelength dependency of the optical path length was measured using an in vitro phantom simulating the absorbance and scattering properties of brain tissue (Sheth et al, 2004a). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses the methods of data acquisition and analysis involving optical imaging and electrophysiological data without mentioning functional MRI or its ability to measure brain activity via blood flow changes.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Climate change has contributed to more frequent and intense heatwaves. [SEP] Text: The precipitation anomaly acted as an anomalous diabatic heating to trigger an extratropical Rossby wave train propagating from the western Pacific, through the towards North America, leading to synoptic conditions favorable for the extreme heatwave in western NA. In particular, the anomalous wave train brought a strong high-pressure known as heat dome (NOAA 2022) over western NA, under which the warm air was trapped and the associated subsidence caused further warming by compression. Meanwhile, there was a northeastward advance of a strong atmospheric river (AR, Ralph et al. 2004, 2018) across the towards western NA. Strong ARs can pump moisture out of tropical regions and incorporate mid-latitude moisture sources along their paths (Dettinger et al. 2015; Eiras-Barca et al. 2017; Mo et al. 2022). The AR injected moisture in western NA could act as a greenhouse gas to trap solar radiation that further warmed the lower atmosphere. Through the mechanisms of the atmospheric teleconnection and AR contribution, an extreme heatwave occurred across western NA in June–July, 2021 (Lin et al. 2022; Mo et al. 2022). Does this particular extreme heatwave in western NA indicate an intrinsic pattern of NA heatwave variability? Are the atmospheric teleconnection and ARs from the to key factors supporting historical extreme heatwaves in NA? Furthermore, what are the physical processes responsible for the large-scale atmospheric circulation and, more directly, surface temperature anomalies associated with historical heatwaves in NA? These issues are of fundamental importance to climate variability and prediction. In this study, we address these questions from a climatological perspective, by analyzing the variability of monthly extreme surface temperatures and the associated atmospheric and oceanic fields over the past 60 years. In the following section, we outline the data and methods employed in this study. We then examine the leading summertime heatwave variability over NA in Sect. 3. Section 4 presents physical diagnostics of the leading heatwave variability, including the heatwave associated anomalies of large-scale circulation and moisture; we also analyze the maintenance of the circulation and surface energy budget anomalies to help understand the generation and maintenance of NA heatwaves. Results are summarized and further discussed in Sect. 5. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by explaining the mechanisms that lead to extreme heatwaves in western North America, specifically discussing the role of atmospheric conditions such as the extratropical Rossby wave train and heat domes. It highlights that these conditions, influenced in part by climate variability, can cause significant temperature anomalies, leading to intense heat events. The study emphasizes the importance of understanding these patterns and the physical processes involved in creating heatwaves, linking them directly to climate variability.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Offshore wind farms require no environmental assessments or planning. [SEP] Text: Για τον προσδιορισμό των καταλληλότερων περιοχών για την βιώσιμη χωροθέτησή τους, οι διαθέσιμες περιοχές αναλύθηκαν με βάση ενεργειακά κριτήρια, τεχνοοικονομικά, περιβαλλοντικά, ασφάλειας, καθώς και όχλησης. Τρεις ήταν οι περιοχές που αναδείχθηκαν ως οι καταλληλότερες για εγκατάσταση των πλωτών ΥΑΠ, αξιολογώντας τα ενεργειακά τους χαρακτηριστικά. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by indicating that the suitable areas for offshore wind farms were analyzed based on environmental criteria. This suggests that environmental assessments are indeed necessary for the planning and siting of these farms.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Functional MRI can measure brain activity by detecting changes in blood flow. [SEP] Text: This method tends to assign a smaller area to lower magnitude signals that are closer to the noise, but offers the advantages of de-emphasizing vasomotion artifact unrelated to the stimulus (Mayhew et al, 1996), and providing statistical significance thresholds. Spatial extent was defined as the square root (Brett-Green et al, 2001) of the area with P<0. 05, thus providing a linear measure of the response area. ElectrophysiologyDuring every trial we simultaneously recorded field potentials, which reflect integrated synaptic activity (Mitzdorf, 1987). The response location was identified by 569 nm optical imaging, and a burr hole drilled in the thinned skull near the activation center. The dura was nicked with a 27-gauge needle to prevent tenting, and a tungsten microelectrode (125 μm shaft diameter, 12° tip, A-) advanced to 500 to 600 μm (~layer IV). Analog data were amplified 1000 times (SCXI 1120, ) and sampled at 1 kHz. A reference electrode was placed in the posterior midline fascia. The microscope was enclosed within a Faraday cage to reduce electromagnetic interference. We waited at least 1 h between electrode insertion and imaging. Summed evoked field potentials (ΣFP) were quantified by summing individual FP magnitudes (large negative deflection) across a stimulation train (Mathiesen et al, 1998; Ngai et al, 1999; Sheth et al, 2003). Laser-Doppler FlowmetryLaser-Doppler flowmetry (LDF) was concurrently performed in six of the nine subjects to further evaluate early temporal characteristics of the hemodynamic response. After electrode placement, the laser beam of the LDF instrument () was positioned at the activation center, taking care to avoid large vessels and the recording electrode (Sheth et al, 2004b). Data were acquired at 10 Hz with a 0. 1-sec time constant. A 615-nm low-pass optical filter was placed in the illuminator to avoid crosstalk with the LDF measurements. Flow data were continuously acquired during the stimulation paradigm described above. ResultsWe measured the hemodynamic and electrophysiologic response to peripheral stimulation in rat somatosensory cortex using simultaneous optical imaging, LDF, and field potential recording. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text discusses various methods of measuring hemodynamic responses and electrophysiological activity in the brain, such as Laser-Doppler flowmetry and optical imaging, but does not specifically address functional MRI or its capability to measure brain activity through blood flow changes. Therefore, it is irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Climate change has contributed to more frequent and intense heatwaves. [SEP] Text: 1, top panels) resembles the record-breaking heatwave distribution over western NA in June-July 2021 (Fig. 1 in Lin et al. 2022). The PC1 index from ERA5 shows pronounced anomalies of 1. 64 in June and 2. 83 in July 2021, the latter of which is the maximum over 1959–2021 (Fig. 1, bottom). By contrast, the predominantly positive TX90 anomalies in negative PC1 extreme months, such as July 1980 and June–August 2010, occur in the southern U. S. (not shown). In addition, the amplitude of PC1 increases in recent summers. The standard deviations of the PC1 index are 0. 76 over 1959–2000 and 1. 14 over 2001–2021, reflecting a stronger fluctuation of the dipole pattern in recent summers. For example, high PC1 values in the summers of 2007 and 2009 also correspond to remarkable heatwaves recorded over northwestern NA (e. g. , Goodrich et al. 2011). Hence, the PC1 from ERA5 that includes the up-to-date summer series over 1959–2021 is used as an index of the heatwave variability over NA in the following calculation. 4 Physical diagnostics of the heatwave variabilityTo explore the generation and maintenance of the NA heatwave variability, we examine the PC1 associated anomalies of large-scale atmospheric circulation, surface energy balance, and relevant dynamical and thermodynamic processes. (a) Large-scale circulation and moisture anomalies We first calculate correlations between the PC1 index and several indices of prominent modes of climate variability in the Northern Hemisphere, which are associated with monthly/seasonal mean surface temperature anomalies over NA as demonstrated in previous studies (e. g. , Higgins et al. 2002; Yu et al. 2019). PC1 correlates with the NAO and AO indices, with correlation coefficients of 0. 34 and 0. 24 over the 63 summers, respectively, statistically significant at the 5% level (Table 1). This indicates that the PC1 associated atmospheric circulation anomalies bear some resemblance to the NAO and AO patterns. In association with a positive phase of the PC1 index, the 500-hPa geopotential (Φ500) and MSLP anomalies reveal below-normal geopotentials and pressure across the high latitude and above-normal anomalies over the central (Fig. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by providing evidence of an increase in anomalies associated with heatwave variability over North America. It discusses the pronounced anomalies recorded in June and July 2021, noting that these represented maximum values since 1959, along with the variability of the PC1 index indicating stronger fluctuations in recent summers. This suggests a clear connection between changes in climate patterns and the occurrence of intense heatwaves.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Offshore wind farms require no environmental assessments or planning. [SEP] Text: Τέλος, το 64% των ερωτηθέντων απάντησε θετικά όσον αφορά την εκμετάλλευση των ανανεώσιμων πηγών ενέργειας, ενώ μόνο ένα μικρό ποσοστό της τάξεως του 11% απάντησε αρνητικά, ανεξαρτήτως ηλικίας. περισσότερα Περίληψη σε άλλη γλώσσα A major global goal is to reduce the carbon footprint of energy power generation. There will be a significant role for offshore wind farms (OWFs) in the new era of renewable energy. Land-use conflicts, together with the growing demand for green energy and the untapped offshore wind potential, contribute to the development of OWFs. It remains an open research question regarding their sustainable siting. This is because: (i) there is a need for the islands to generate energy on their own; (ii) there are long distances to the mainland; and (iii) there is a high potential for offshore wind. In most cases, wind power potential is located at sea and primarily in areas with significant depth, making it impossible to install fixed wind turbines. Clean energy could be produced by floating wind farms, which can be deployed in deep waters. As part of the next stage, it is essential to consider both the potential visual impact of the emerging sites as well as the techno-economic assessment to ensu. . A major global goal is to reduce the carbon footprint of energy power generation. There will be a significant role for offshore wind farms (OWFs) in the new era of renewable energy. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the necessary considerations in the development of offshore wind farms (OWFs), including sustainable siting and the visual impact of emerging sites. It highlights that there are unresolved research questions regarding the siting of OWFs, indicating that some form of assessment is essential.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Functional MRI can measure brain activity by detecting changes in blood flow. [SEP] Text: The TTP is the latency to reach peak value averaged across all subjects, whereas the delay (‘Delay’) is the difference between the respective vascular and central latency time averaged across all subjects. Because the latter value is measured with respect to the central compartment, the ‘Delay’ fields under ‘Central’ are blank. Differences between compartments are more likely to be revealed with the delay measure, since it preserves temporal differences within each subject that might be washed out after averaging TTP values across all subjects. Table 1 Temporal characteristics across parenchymal and vascular compartments HbO26. 75 ± 1. 193. 99 ± 0. 825. 51 ± 1. 16−5. 19 ± 1. 23−3. 51 ± 1. 01−5. 02 ± 1. 433. 25 ± 0. 552. 39 ± 0. 391. 82 ± 0. 33TTP2. 94 ± 0. 213. 03 ± 0. 253. 08 ± 0. 262. 42 ± 0. 452. 53 ± 0. 533. 56 ± 0. 462. 92 ± 0. 343. 08 ± 0. 303. 17 ± 0. 29Delay 0. 08 ± 0. 120. 14 ± 0. 08 0. 11 ± 0. 221. 14 ± 0. 50 0. 17 ± 0. 140. 25 ± 0. 39Peak response magnitude (‘Peak’, measured in fractional change x 10−2), time to peak (‘TTP’, measured in seconds from stimulation onset), and the difference between vascular and central TTP (‘Delay’, measured in seconds) are shown for each hemodynamic parameter in the central parenchymal (‘Center’), arteriolar (‘Arteriole’), and venous (‘Vein’) compartments. Values are averages across all nine subjects. Oxygenation changes in arterioles occur simultaneously with or immediately after central changes. The delay between the parenchymal and arteriolar peak was 80 to 110 ms, but the error bars include zero, making the difference not statistically significant. The magnitude of these upstream arteriolar oxygenation changes is smaller than that of HbO2 and Hbr changes in the central parenchyma and veins. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim regarding functional MRI and its ability to measure brain activity via blood flow changes. Instead, it focuses on technical aspects of hemodynamic parameters such as TTP (time to peak), delay, and measurements in various vascular compartments. Since it doesn’t provide information relevant to the claim, it is categorized as irrelevant.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Climate change has contributed to more frequent and intense heatwaves. [SEP] Text: wave train consists of alternative cyclones and anticyclones, which forms a favorable weather pattern for the northeastward moisture transport from the subtropical western Pacific towards the west coast of NA (e. g. , Mo et al. 2022). Hence, the NP-NA wave train pattern and the northeastward transport of moisture are correlated. To quantitatively analyze the linkage between the TCWV anomaly pattern and the NP-NA teleconnection, we have projected the Φ500 anomalies onto the NP-NA pattern (Fig. 2, top) over (20–80° N, 120° E–90° W) to create a NP-NA pattern index, and projected the TCWV anomalies onto the moisture pattern (Fig. 3, bottom) over the same domain as a TCWV pattern index. The two indices obtained are not sensitive to a slight change of the projected domain. Figure 4 shows the normalized JJAS monthly time series of the projected Φ500 and TCWV pattern indices, superimposed on the PC1 index, over 1959–2021. The correlation between PC1 and the NP-NA (TCWV) pattern index is 0. 71 (0. 64), implying the good relations between the NA heatwave variability and the two patterns. The correlation between the NP-NA and TCWV indices is 0. 75, significant at the 1% level. It also indicates that the two series have over 55% variance in common. In addition, most of the extreme values in the NP-NA index are well corresponding to the extremes in the TCWV pattern index (Fig. 4), indicating that the significant correlation between them is not due to a few extreme events. Fig. 4Normalized JJAS monthly time series of the PC1 index (bar) and the projected Φ500 (red) and TCWV (blue) over 1959–2021Full size imageThe PC1 associated atmospheric circulation and water vapor anomalies across the towards NA, as well as the precipitation anomalies over NA, bear resemblance to those occurred in the extreme heatwave event in June-July 2021 (see Figs. 1 and 4 in Lin et al. 2022, and Figs. 1, 2 in Mo et al. 2022). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by presenting correlations between atmospheric patterns and heatwave events. Specifically, it indicates that the normalized monthly time series of atmospheric circulation and water vapor anomalies are analogous to those observed during the extreme heatwave in June-July 2021. These relationships suggest that the changes and patterns discussed are linked to the variability in heatwaves, supporting the notion that climate change contributes to such phenomena.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Offshore wind farms require no environmental assessments or planning. [SEP] Text: Land-use conflicts, together with the growing demand for green energy and the untapped offshore wind potential, contribute to the development of OWFs. It remains an open research question regarding their sustainable siting. This is because: (i) there is a need for the islands to generate energy on their own; (ii) there are long distances to the mainland; and (iii) there is a high potential for offshore wind. In most cases, wind power potential is located at sea and primarily in areas with significant depth, making it impossible to install fixed wind turbines. Clean energy could be produced by floating wind farms, which can be deployed in deep waters. As part of the next stage, it is essential to consider both the potential visual impact of the emerging sites as well as the techno-economic assessment to ensure their acceptability. In the first stage of this study, the objective was to examine the most commonly used methods and to identify what suggestions might be made to improve this approach. The aim was to evaluate already published methodologies in peer-reviewed papers during the last eight years, compare them, and identify them according to their geographical location, journal type, foundation type, and methodology dimension. The reviewed 205. 5 km2; 126. 25 km2 of high suitability with a potential of 620 to 900 MW. Additionally, the role floating wind farms can play in the case of Crete is emphasized, as they can cover up to 56% of the island's energy needs and provide electricity for 396,000 households. The techno-economic analysis revealed a range of values for energy, focusing on the middle and highest values. As a result of this observation, it was possible to determine the most ideal scenario for investment efficiency. Through its analytical approach, this thesis examined the factors that affect the efficiency, sustainability, and competitiveness of offshore wind energy in this special region, highlighting the opportunities and challenges associated with the adoption of this technology. As a final step, a strategic direction for political, economic, and environmental decision-making is provided. Lastly, the results of visual impact methodologies indicated that the original Spanish method deviated by 88. 0% from the public opinion, and, therefore, that the method needs to be improved considering current data. On the contrary, one of the new suggested scenarios was verified to be more concise and accurate, reaching a deviation of 19. 7%. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing several factors that indicate the necessity of environmental assessments and planning for offshore wind farms (OWFs). It highlights that there are 'land-use conflicts' and emphasizes the importance of ‘techno-economic assessment’ and 'consideration of potential visual impact' which are essential for the acceptability of OWFs, directly contradicting the notion that no assessments or planning are required.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Functional MRI can measure brain activity by detecting changes in blood flow. [SEP] Text: Skip to main content Intended for healthcare professionals Search this journalSearch all journalsEnter search terms. . . Searchsearch Enter search terms. . . Searchsearch Search Access/ProfileAccessView access optionsView profileCreate profile Cart 0 by discipline Select discipline: All disciplines All disciplines Life & & Sciences & HumanitiesSelect subject: All subjects All subjects Cardiology & Medicine & Endocrinology & -legal & Orthopaedics & Medicine & & & & Methods & & & & & Criminology & Economics & & & Management & Marketing & & & & & & & & PlanningBrowse journals Sage publishes a diverse portfolio of fully journals in a variety of disciplines. you can explore our Disciplines Hubs, including: Journal portfolios in each of our subject areas. Links to Books and content from across Sage. for/ Reviewers SocietiesFrequently asked questions In this journal Journal of Flow & Factor: 4. 9 5-Factor: 6. 1 email alertsYou are adding the following journal to your email alertsNew contentJournal of Flow & MetabolismCreate email alert Free accessResearch 10. 1038/jcbfm. 2011. 15ContentsAbstractIntroductionMaterials and methodsResultsDiscussionAcknowledgementsFootnote0. 61), whereas and TTP failed (accuracy < 0. 60). On the basis of our findings, PW-MRI at 1. 5 T is not suited to depict CCD after stroke. IntroductionCrossed cerebellar diaschisis (CCD) is characterized by a reduction in cerebral blood flow (CBF) and metabolism in the cerebellar hemisphere contralateral to a supratentorial lesion (Baron et al, 1981; Feeney and Baron, 1986). This is attributed to a disruption of the cortico-ponto-cerebellar pathways with consecutive cerebellar functional inactivation (Gold and Lauritzen, 2002). Crossed cerebellar diaschisis is consistently reported as a result of sudden circuit inactivation, such as stroke (Infeld et al, 1995; Sobesky et al, 2005a), but it is also found in chronic diseases, such as brain tumors (Kajimoto et al, 2007). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not provide any information that directly supports or refutes the claim regarding functional MRI. It mainly includes journal access details and information on crossed cerebellar diaschisis, but lacks any reference to functional MRI or its measure of brain activity, making it irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Climate change has contributed to more frequent and intense heatwaves. [SEP] Text: This indicates that the NP-NA atmospheric teleconnection and moisture anomalies can be seen in both the 2021 heatwave event and variations of NA heatwaves from a climatological point of view, and suggests that they are key factors in supporting the NA heatwave. Nevertheless, it is worth noting that the geopotential anomaly associated with the PC1 index covers a wider area of north-central NA compared to the 2021 heatwave event. As will be discussed below in Sect. 4. c, a combination of above-normal (below-normal) temperature and below-normal (above-normal) precipitation tends to be a consequence of a positive (negative) geopotential anomaly over NA. (b) Maintenance of the circulation anomalies Similar geopotential anomalies associated with the PC1 index are apparent at 200-hPa and 500-hPa (c. f. contours in the top panel of Fig. 5 with Fig. 2), with differences mainly in magnitude of the anomalies. Diagnosis of the wave activity flux (WAF, Eq. (1)) for stationary Rossby waves (vectors in the top panel of Fig. 5) reveals the propagation of the NP-NA wave train. The WAF analysis also suggests that the main source of wave activity associated with the NA heatwave variability may be traced back to the western North Pacific. Fig. 5(top) Regressions of Φ200 anomalies (contours with an interval of 100 m2s−2) onto the PC1 index, and corresponding wave activity fluxes (vectors in m2s−2, flux values less than 0. 5 m2s−2 are omitted). The vector scale is shown at the lower right. (bottom) Anomalies of Φ200 (shading with an interval of 50 m2s−2) and Fv200 (contours with an interval of 5. 0 × 10–5 m2s−3) regressed upon the PC1 indexFull size imageThe centers of action of the NP-NA wave train are located near the mid-latitude jet stream and storm tracks, suggesting that the generation of this wave train may be related to local dynamical processes such as transient eddy variations and jet instabilities. Interaction of synoptic eddies and low-frequency airflow is critical for the formation of atmospheric circulation variability in mid-latitudes (e. g. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim as it discusses the NP-NA atmospheric teleconnection and moisture anomalies in relation to the 2021 heatwave event and other variations of heatwaves in North America (NA). It indicates that these phenomena are critical factors supporting the occurrence of heatwaves, suggesting a connection between atmospheric conditions and heatwave intensity, which aligns with the premise that climate change contributes to the frequency and intensity of heatwaves.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Offshore wind farms require no environmental assessments or planning. [SEP] Text: In addition, according to the results of the methodology (Greek legislation), the first limitation is met in both examined scenarios, resulting in minimal or no visual impact. In addition, respondents stated that they would not experience any optical disturbances as a result of an offshore wind farm in their region. In addition, 64% of respondents are positive or very positive about renewable energy exploitation, while only 11% are against it, regardless of their age. περισσότερα Η διατριβή είναι δεσμευμένη από τον συγγραφέα (μέχρι και: 4/2026) DOI10. 12681/eadd/56344 Διεύθυνση Handle ND56344 Εναλλακτικός τίτλοςSustainable siting of offshore wind farms ΣυγγραφέαςΓκέκα-Σερπετσιδάκη, Πανδώρα (Πατρώνυμο: Θεόδωρος) Ημερομηνία2024 ΊδρυμαΠολυτεχνείο Κρήτης. Σχολή Χημικών Μηχανικών και Μηχανικών Περιβάλλοντος. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by mentioning that according to Greek legislation, environmental assessments are necessary in the examined scenarios, as indicated by the methodology. The mention of minimal or no visual impact implies that there are regulatory assessments conducted to evaluate such impacts, thus contradicting the assertion that no environmental assessments or planning are required for offshore wind farms.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Functional MRI can measure brain activity by detecting changes in blood flow. [SEP] Text: In the initial hours after stroke, diaschisis is potentially reversible in case of supratentorial reperfusion (Hung et al, 2010; Sobesky et al, 2005a); however, persistent CCD (>24 hours) is associated with irreversible supratentorial tissue damage and poor clinical outcome (Sobesky et al, 2005a). Positron emission tomography (PET), single photon emission computed tomography, and xenon computed tomography are used as reference methods for perfusion imaging and thus for detection of CCD, but are not available in routine clinical care. Perfusion-weighted magnetic resonance imaging (PW-MRI), in contrast, is widely available and yields a surrogate of CBF using the bolus-tracking technique. Preliminary results suggest that PW-MRI may show CCD after stroke (Lin et al, 2009; Yamada et al, 1999), but the findings were not validated against a reference method, e. g. , PET. In our study, we aimed to assess the detection of CCD after supratentorial stroke by PW-MRI at 1. 5T in comparison with PET. Materials and methodsIn a retrospective analysis of a prospective imaging study (Zaro-Weber et al, 2009, 2010), we included patients who received comparative imaging by MR and PET after acute or subacute hemispheric stroke. We excluded patients with (1) incomplete coverage of the posterior fossa in PET or MRI imaging, (2) supratentorial hyperperfusion, (3) lesions restricted to the white matter, (4) thrombolysis, (5) a change in their NIHSS (of Scale) of >2 points during the imaging procedure, and (6) abnormalities in the posterior fossa on T1, T2, and diffusion-weighted MR images. was assessed at inclusion into the study, before both MRI and PET imaging. An experienced stroke neurologist supervised the patients during imaging under permanent monitoring according to stroke unit standards. All patients gave their informed consent. This study was approved by the local ethics board. ImagingMagnetic resonance imaging was performed on a 1. 5 T whole-body scanner (). Perfusion-weighted images were acquired in axial directions (20 slices, 6-mm slice thickness, 0. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not directly address the claim about functional MRI measuring brain activity through blood flow changes. It discusses various imaging techniques, including perfusion-weighted MRI, but does not confirm or refute the specific functionality of functional MRI in relation to brain activity. Instead, it focuses on the assessment of cerebral blood flow after stroke and references other imaging modalities without linking them specifically to the claim about functional MRI.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Climate change has contributed to more frequent and intense heatwaves. [SEP] Text: The heatwave variability, represented by the corresponding PC1 index, is associated with a large-scale atmospheric wave train extending from the to North America, together with a northeastward injection of moisture from the subtropical western Pacific towards western NA. The NP-NA atmospheric teleconnection and moisture anomalies are key factors in supporting the NA heatwave variability. The generation of the NP-NA wave train is related to internal dynamical processes such as transient eddy variations and jet instabilities. In particular, synoptic-scale eddies can systematically reinforce and support the wave train. The anomalous convection over the tropical-subtropical western Pacific, which is related to a northward propagation of the summer monsoon system, may also act as a forcing to trigger the NP-NA teleconnection. Surface heat fluxes associated with the heatwave variability are dominated by downward shortwave and upward longwave radiation anomalies. Surface radiation heating directly contributes to surface temperature anomalies and is dominated by anomalous downward shortwave and longwave radiations. In association with a positive phase of the PC1 index, the NP-NA wave train brings positive (negative) geopotential anomalies over the northern (southern) part of NA, leading to anomalous descent, reduced total cloud cover and below-normal precipitation over northern NA, and opposite anomalies over southern NA. Over northwestern NA, the anomalous subsidence causes air to warm through compression. Reduced cloud cover results in increased downward shortwave radiation. In addition, the increase in vertically-integrated water vapour over the total column is consistent with vertically averaged tropospheric warming over northwestern NA, where the troposphere has more water vapor holding capability and acts as a greenhouse gas to absorb longwave radiation, leading to increased downward longwave radiation. The dominant mode of TX90 anomalies over NA, as well as its associated atmospheric wave train and moisture anomalies from the to North America, are also clearly evident in the NCEP/NCAR reanalysis over the same period (not shown). This increases confidence in the results reported here, since ERA5 and NCEP/NCAR reanalyses are generated from two different climate centers. Wu et al. (2012) identified the interdecadal and interannual modes of the NA heatwave frequency variability. The interannual mode shares some features with the dipole pattern identified here, especially for the anomalies over northwestern NA and the southern U. S. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing heatwave variability in North America and the factors contributing to it, such as the effect of atmospheric wave trains and moisture anomalies. It explains how reduced cloud cover and increased downward shortwave radiation contribute to higher surface temperatures and heatwave conditions. The mention of vertically-integrated water vapor and its role in enhancing warming aligns with the idea that climate change is contributing to more severe heat events.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Offshore wind farms require no environmental assessments or planning. [SEP] Text: Τομέας Διαχείρισης Περιβάλλοντος και Ενέργειας, Βιώσιμης Ανάπτυξης και Κλιματικής Αλλαγής Εξεταστική επιτροπήΤσούτσος ΘεοχάρηςΔούκας ΧρυσόστομοςΠαρτσινέβελος ΠαναγιώτηςΒαγιωνιά ΔήμητραΙψάκης ΔημήτριοςNizetic SandroΧαραλαμπίδης Αλέξανδρος Επιστημονικό πεδίοΕπιστήμες Μηχανικού και Τεχνολογία ➨ Περιβαλλοντική Μηχανική ➨ Ανανεώσιμη ενέργεια, Αειφορία και Περιβάλλον Λέξεις-κλειδιάΘαλάσσια αιολικά πάρκα (ΘΑΠ); Βιώσιμη χωροθέτηση; [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text mentions 'βιώσιμη χωροθέτηση', which implies that offshore wind farms undergo considerations for sustainable siting and may require environmental assessments and planning, contradicting the claim.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Functional MRI can measure brain activity by detecting changes in blood flow. [SEP] Text: 6-mm interslice gap, field of view 23 cm) and multishot three-dimensional T2*-weighted gradient echo-planar imaging sequences (; effective echo time 25 milliseconds, flip angle 9°, echo-planar imaging factor 17, matrix 64 × 51, resulting voxel size 3. 6 × 3. 6 × 6 mm3) were used. The perfusion-weighted imaging (PWI) protocol included 60 measurements at intervals of 1. 3 seconds after a standardized intravenous injection of 20 mL gadolinium-DTPA (diethylenetriamine pentaacetic acid Magnevist®, Schering AG, Berlin, Germany; 10 mL/sec, followed by rapid infusion of 20 mL saline). TomographyPositron emission tomography was performed in a resting state on an or scanner (Siemens/). Cerebral blood flow was acquired with 15O-water according to the intravenous bolus method in a two-dimensional data acquisition mode providing 47 contiguous 3-mm slices of 5 mm full-width at half-maximum in plane-reconstructed resolution. The scan duration was 90 seconds with 60 mCi (= 2. 2 GBq). Continuous arterial blood sampling (radial artery) was used to calculate absolute CBF values (Raichle et al, 1983). Image analysis was performed blinded to clinical data, and postprocessing of PW images was performed using (Solutions, Frechen, Germany), Version 2. 3 (Seitz et al, 2005; Wittsack et al, 2002) as described in detail in the study by Zaro-Weber et al (2009). Volumetric and region of interest (ROI)-based analyses were performed using VINCI (Institute for Neurological Research, Cologne, Germany), Version 2. 59 (Cízek et al, 2004). Supratentorial lesion volume was defined on diffusion-weighted images by all voxels with a signal intensity > 120% of the reference value, i. e. , the mean value of a ROI covering the unaffected middle cerebral artery territory on a transaxial slice through the basal ganglia (Heiss et al, 2004). Supratentorial hypoperfusion volume was defined on PET-CBF images by all voxels with CBF values <20 mL/100 g per min. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not directly address the claim about functional MRI measuring brain activity through blood flow changes. Instead, it describes various imaging techniques and protocols, including perfusion-weighted imaging and positron emission tomography, without explicitly confirming or denying the ability of functional MRI to measure changes in blood flow.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Climate change has contributed to more frequent and intense heatwaves. [SEP] Text: 1748-9326/16/9/094013 heatwaves—prolonged periods of hot surface water temperature in lakes—have recently been shown to increase in intensity and duration, with numerous potential implications for aquatic ecosystems. However, an important physical attribute of lake heatwaves that has not yet been investigated is their spatial extent, and how it varies within a warming world. Here, we show that the spatial extent of lake heatwaves, defined as contiguous regions within a lake that simultaneously experience extreme warm conditions, is increasing in the largest group of freshwater lakes on Earth, Great Lakes. We show that the maximum spatial extent of lake heatwaves is sensitive to inter-annual variations in winter ice cover and the timing of stratification onset in spring. Notably, we find that a lengthening of the warm summer season and, in turn, an overall increase in surface water temperature, stimulates the development of larger lake heatwaves. On average, our results suggest that the mean spatial extent of lake heatwaves has increased two-fold since 1995. We anticipate this rapid expansion of lake heatwaves to have widespread implications for heat-related impacts on aquatic species. Export citation and abstract 4. 0 license. Any further distribution of this work must maintain attribution to the author(s) and the title of the work, journal citation and DOI. Supplementary data 1. IntroductionMuch of the focus of global warming impacts on lakes have concentrated on seasonal or annual changes in mean lake surface water temperature, with previous studies suggesting a long-term warming of lakes worldwide (Schneider and Hook 2010, Zhang et al 2014, O'Reilly et al 2015, Woolway and Maberly 2020, Dokulil et al 2021). In comparison, little is known about lake heatwaves—periods of warm lake surface water temperature—and how they respond to climatic variations. One notable exception is the study of Woolway et al (2021a) which, using a one-dimensional lake model, suggested that lake heatwaves become more intense and longer lasting within a warming world. The rise of unprecedented temperatures, as occur during lake heatwaves, represents a potential trigger for catastrophic mass mortality events, such as fish die-offs, as lake temperatures exceed organismal physiological thresholds (Till et al 2019). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by providing evidence that lake heatwaves have been increasing in intensity and duration due to climate change. The results indicate that warm summer seasons and increased surface water temperatures stimulate the development of larger lake heatwaves. Furthermore, it states that the mean spatial extent of lake heatwaves has increased two-fold since 1995, linking these phenomena directly to climatic variations associated with global warming.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Language immersion can significantly accelerate language acquisition. [SEP] Text: in Contact 25th Conflict & & Issues in the Denmark-& & &. to Activation: ’ Kircher & 2023-10-23 Still of a video from the language promotion campaign; this traditional speaker says “I think it's great that you want to invest time and effort in the Frisian language and that you want to learn Frisian” *** The blog posts are prepared by the authors in their personal capacity. The views expressed in the blog posts are the sole responsibility of the authors concerned and do not necessarily reflect the view of the for Minority Issues. ***Authors: & | (PhD, University of London) is principal researcher at the ECMI. While working on the project presented in this blog post, she was a researcher at the on Multilingualism and Language Learning/in the Netherlands. Her research focuses on minority language communities in multilingual societies – with a particular interest in language attitudes and ideologies, language practices, and language policy and planning. * (MA, Rijksuniversiteit Groningen) works at Afûk, formerly known as the Ûnderrjocht Kommisje (Education Commission) – the organisation that promotes Frisian language and culture in Fryslân, Netherlands. She is head of the marketing division and manager of the language promotion division. Moreover, she is in charge of Afûk’s international projects. Around the world, minority languages face endangerment as their speakers shift to the socially, politically, and economically more powerful tongues of majority populations. It is generally acknowledged that benign neglect – doing nothing and hoping that the problem will solve itself – is effectively support for majority language groups. notes: “Laissez-faire policies mean that the languages of power and prestige will eventually take over in all situations of contact”. So, what can be done to maintain and revitalise minority languages? From acquisition to activationIn many contexts, the focus is on acquisition planning – that is, measures to promote knowledge of minority languages, typically through the education system. Notably, one thing that almost all acquisition planning strategies have in common is the assumption that learning a minority language will somehow turn people into frequent minority language users. However, studies from various contexts demonstrate that this is not actually the case. puts it: “Potential does not necessarily lead to production”. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by suggesting that while acquisition planning strategies assume that learning a minority language will lead to increased usage, studies show that this is often not the case, emphasizing that 'Potential does not necessarily lead to production.' This indicates that simply learning a language in a structured environment may not guarantee its practical use or acquisition in real-life contexts.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Functional MRI can measure brain activity by detecting changes in blood flow. [SEP] Text: To avoid inclusion of the white matter, hypoperfusion volume was analyzed on an individual T1-based brain mask, which excluded the ventricles and most parts of the white matter. Positron emission tomography images were resized to the MR images in the z axis and then realigned by an automated observer-independent algorithm. To assess the degree of CCD, circular ROIs, measuring 33 mm in diameter, were placed in the cerebellar hemispheres ipsilateral (I) and contralateral (C) to the hemispheric stroke. The degree of CCD was measured on one axial cut representing the highest cerebellar asymmetry and was expressed as an asymmetry index (AI = C/I) for PET-CBF and on a corresponding slide for MRI-based maps of CBF, cerebral blood volume (CBV), mean transit time (MTT), and time to peak (TTP) (Figure 1). Figure 1 Assessment of CCD by regions of interest (ROIs) in the cerebellar hemispheres ipsilateral (I) and contralateral (C) to the supratentorial lesion (arrow). Asymmetry indices (C/I) were calculated for (A) PET-CBF images and for (B) perfusion-weighted maps of and TTP. CBF, cerebral blood flow; CBV, cerebral blood volume; CCD, crossed cerebellar diaschisis; MTT, mean transit time; TTP, time to peak. Statistical AnalysisOwing to skewed distribution of most study variables, results were presented as median and interquartile range (IQR), if not indicated otherwise. For correlation analysis, Spearman's rank correlation was used. The ability of PW-MRI to show the degree of CCD was compared with PET by Bland-Altman (BA) plots of the respective PW-MRI and PET-CBF AIs. Logarithmic BA plots were used, when measurement errors seemed to be proportional to the mean. Positron emission tomography-CBF data obtained from 10 volunteers without any history of a neurologic or psychiatric disease and with normal MRI served as a reference group to determine AI values representing significant CCD in PET imaging. However, PET is highly sensitive to subtle perfusion asymmetries, which might be statistically significant but not clinically relevant. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim directly as it primarily discusses methods of analyzing cerebral blood flow (CBF) and various imaging techniques without specifically stating anything about functional MRI (fMRI) or its capability to measure brain activity through blood flow changes. It mentions positron emission tomography (PET) and blood flow measurements but does not provide a clear endorsement or contradiction of the claim related to fMRI.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Climate change has contributed to more frequent and intense heatwaves. [SEP] Text: Over time, an increase in the exposure of lake ecosystems to extreme temperatures may lead to an irreversible loss of species, as has already been observed in the oceans due to the increased frequency of marine heatwaves (Smale et al 2019, Straub et al 2019). Lake heatwaves could also promote the growth of harmful cyanobacteria, which are adapted to endure warmer and irregular temperatures (Jöhnk et al 2008, Duan et al 2009, Zhang et al 2016, Rasconi et al 2017, Baker and Geider 2021), thus having negative impacts on some of the key benefits that lakes provide to society, such as the provision of safe water for drinking and irrigation. Given the vulnerability of aquatic ecosystems to thermal extremes, an understanding of lake heatwaves has taken on new and critical importance. An important physical attribute of lake heatwaves that has not previously been investigated is their spatial extent, specifically, the spatial extent of contiguous regions within a lake that simultaneously experience heatwave conditions. The physical size of such regions has important implications for heat-related impacts on aquatic species, including their exposure to extreme warm water temperature. Here, we address this critical knowledge gap by investigating the spatial extent of heatwaves in the largest group of freshwater lakes on Earth, Great Lakes. In this study we calculate the spatial extent of lake heatwaves observed each year since 1995 and investigate how they respond to climatic variations. We also relate these observed changes to the inter-annual variability in winter ice cover and the onset of thermal stratification (i. e. the time of year in which the positively stratified season starts), two key metrics known to influence the thermal response of to climate change (Austin and Colman 2007, 2008, Anderson et al 2021). 2. Methods2. 1. Study system(situated in the upper mid-east region of North America; figure S1 (available online at stacks. iop. org/ERL/16/094013/mmedia)), hereafter referred to as the Great Lakes, are the largest freshwater system on Earth with respect to surface area and contain approximately 21% of the world's unfrozen surface freshwater. Lake Michigan-Huron, when considered as a single system, and make up the two largest lakes by surface area, but as a whole the contain over 7000 km of coastline that stretches across the border between Canada and the United States. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the increase in exposure of lake ecosystems to extreme temperatures, which is linked to the increased frequency of marine heatwaves. It emphasizes the significance of understanding lake heatwaves in relation to climate variations and mentions key metrics, such as winter ice cover and onset of thermal stratification, that influence heatwaves. This supports the notion that climate change contributes to more frequent and intense heatwaves.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Language immersion can significantly accelerate language acquisition. [SEP] Text: In a further project component, we found that many participants were keen to learn the socially and geographically grounded Frisian varieties that are commonly used by traditional speakers – most likely to facilitate their desired ingroup membership in traditional speaker communities. The participants were thus certainly inclined to become active and habitual Frisian speakers. But how often and with whom did they actually use the minority language? Our study focused on one specific aspect of activation: namely how new speakers’ use of the minority language was affected by traditional speakers’ behaviours. Specifically, we set out to answer three questions. (1) What are the language use patterns of new speakers of Frisian? The quantitative data showed that new speakers’ language use patterns included very little Frisian. Regardless of how proficient they were in the minority language, participants used it less than 20% of the time during a typical week, and the only context in which (at least some) new speakers used Frisian more than Dutch was in the Afûk classroom. Minority language interactions outside the classroom, with traditional speakers, consisted merely of a few tokenistic words or phrases. The qualitative data revealed linguistic insecurity as a reason for this, as exemplified by the following comment: “Ik heb het Fries geleerd om het te kunnen spreken, maar ik doe het nooit want ik durf het niet” (I learnt Frisian to be able to speak it, but I never do, because I do not dare to speak it). The findings thus demonstrate that knowledge of Frisian does not automatically entail its use – thereby highlighting the necessity for language planning to promote the activation of new speakers. (2) What behaviour by traditional speakers discourages new speakers from using Frisian? To answer this question, we investigated the effect of four potentially discouraging behaviours, all of which had been reported as frequent reactions to new speakers’ minority language use in other contexts. These behaviours were: traditional speakers refusing to engage with new speakers in the minority language, switching to the majority language during conversations, correcting new speakers’ mistakes without having been asked to do so, and laughing at new speakers. Our quantitative data revealed that participants found all four of these behaviours discouraging – but the correction of mistakes significantly less so than the others. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by detailing how, despite knowledge of the Frisian language, new speakers used it very infrequently, mostly in a classroom setting. The study demonstrated that knowledge of Frisian did not lead to its active use, indicating that immersion alone may not be sufficient to facilitate language acquisition. Participants used Frisian less than 20% of the time and experienced linguistic insecurity, suggesting that social dynamics and behavior from traditional speakers negatively impacted the language acquisition process.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Functional MRI can measure brain activity by detecting changes in blood flow. [SEP] Text: Hence, for receiver operating characteristic curve analysis of sensitivity, specificity, and positive and negative predictive values of MRI-based AIs to detect CCD, we used a predefined threshold of 0. 90 to group patients as CCD + (AI <0. 90) or CCD- (AI ≥0. 90). ResultsOf 25 patients (12 women, median age 57 years, IQR 53 to 66), 1 received comparative imaging twice after stroke, resulting in 26 imaging procedures. Overall, 20 comparative imaging procedures were performed within 48 hours after stroke (median 13 hours, IQR 7 to 26) and 6 beyond 48 hours (median 330 hours, IQR 245 to 640). The median time delay between MRI and PET was 68 minutes (IQR 52 to 135). The median supratentorial diffusion-weighted image-lesion volume was 31. 4 mL (IQR 18. 4 to 159. 2), and the median supratentorial hypoperfusion volume was 57. 9 mL (IQR 21. 9 to 118. 8). Detailed patient data are shown in Table 1. The median AI values for PET-CBF, PW-CBF, PW-CBV, PW-MTT and PW-TTP were 0. 85, 0. 84, 0. 88, 1. 00, and 1. 01, respectively (Table 1). In the reference group of healthy volunteers, a mean PET-CBF AI value of 0. 98 (s. d. ±0. 01) was found. Therefore, CCD was found to be statistically significant in AI values below 0. 96, which represents values <2 s. d. of the mean of the reference group. Crossed cerebellar diaschisis was found in 22 of 26 PET imaging procedures (85%). Table 1 Clinical data, volumetric data, individual asymmetry indices for PET-CBF, and MRI-based maps of and TTPImaging procedure no. Age (years)SexSite of stroketo imaging (hours)MRI to PET (minutes)DWI volume (mL)PET-CBF <20mL/ 100g per min (mL)AI PET-----TTP 166mMCA L212. 55415. 275. 00. 71*0. 990. 810. 850. 98 257mMCA L 925. 052161. 8274. 90. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses various statistical analyses and imaging procedures related to MRI and PET without specifically addressing how functional MRI measures brain activity through changes in blood flow. It focuses on sensitivity and specificity related to AI in imaging, rather than the underlying principles of functional MRI.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Climate change has contributed to more frequent and intense heatwaves. [SEP] Text: (a) Temporal evolution and spatial expansion of heatwaves in each of the in 1995, with the individual markers representing the maximum spatial extent per lake; (b) the calculated mean and (c) maximum (i. e. from panel (a)) spatial extent of the largest heatwaves; and (d) the spatial coverage of the largest heatwave in each lake at the time of their maximum extent, with the colors representing the heatwave intensity (i. e. the temperature anomaly relative to the long-term average at that time of year). The gray regions in panel (d) illustrate that the heatwave did not reach that region of the lake. The spatial extent of lake heatwaves is shown as percentages, calculated relative to the total surface area of each lake. Download figure:Standard image High-resolution image By repeating the approach described above for each year with observational data we explore, for all lakes, the inter-annual variability in the mean and maximum spatial extent of lake heatwaves. As expected, the spatial extent of lake heatwaves varies from one year to the next (figures S6–S8). In some years, heatwaves can occupy a relatively small surface area, such as in 1997 where the average spatial extent across the Great lakes was 1% (figure S6; table S1). In other years, lake heatwaves can occupy a vast proportion of the total lake surface area. For example, in 2012, approximately 99% of the surface area of Lakes Superior, Michigan and Ontario was occupied by a lake heatwave at its peak extent (figure 2; table 1). On average, across the Great Lakes, ∼98% of the total surface area experienced a heatwave in 2012 (table 1). According to their maximum spatial extent, five of the largest lake heatwaves averaged across the have occurred since 2010 (table 1). However, some exceptions can be noted in individual lakes, such as the anomalously large (covering 92% of the lake surface area) heatwave observed in in 1998 (figure S6; table 1). Reset image size Figure 2. Maximum spatial extent of the biggest heatwaves observed in the in 2012. Shown is the spatial coverage of the largest heatwave observed in each of the in 2012, at the time of their maximum spatial extent. Colors illustrate the heatwave intensity (i. e. temperature anomaly). Gray regions illustrate that the lake heatwave did not reach that region of the lake. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text discusses the evolution and spatial extent of heatwaves over the years, indicating variability in size and intensity. The data shows that in certain years, like 2012, heatwaves occupied a vast percentage of the Great Lakes' surface area, suggesting an increase in frequency and intensity. This directly supports the claim that climate change has contributed to more frequent and intense heatwaves.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Many language learners use apps to supplement formal study. [SEP] Text: Τμήμα Αγγλικής Γλώσσας και Φιλολογίας Εξεταστική επιτροπήΨάλτου-Τζόυσυ ΑγγελικήΜατθαιουδάκη ΜαρίναΣουγάρη Αρετή-ΜαρίαΜητακίδου ΧριστοδούλαΓαβριηλίδου ΖωήΓρίβα ΕλένηΑλεξίου Θωμαή Επιστημονικό πεδίοΑνθρωπιστικές Επιστήμες και Τέχνες ➨ Γλώσσα και Λογοτεχνία Λέξεις-κλειδιάΓλωσσικές στρατηγικές μάθησης; Μαθητές, Νεαροί; Γλωσσομάθεια, Επίπεδο; Κίνητρα για την εκμάθηση της αγγλικής; Φύλο ΧώραΕλλάδα Γλώσσα� [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not provide any information that supports, contrasts, or relates to the claim about language learners using apps for study. Instead, it appears to be a list of names and academic fields with no context regarding the use of apps in language learning.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Functional MRI can measure brain activity by detecting changes in blood flow. [SEP] Text: 71*0. 630. 570. 680. 74 364fMCA R 99. 547265. 2284. 00. 72*0. 900. 991. 001. 01 463mPCA R 69. 213924. 124. 00. 73*0. 740. 851. 101. 23 572fMCA R 98. 5572119. 10. 73*0. 900. 870. 971. 03 656mMCA L 317. 025102. 1161. 40. 75*0. 690. 400. 711. 01 765fMCA L2116. 0161230. 4210. 80. 77*0. 790. 901. 271. 02 843mMCA L1324. 067211. 9122. 60. 78*0. 690. 711. 000. 83 969mMCA R139. 552135. 4174. 60. 78*0. 580. 631. 071. 001054mMCA R16260. 062260. 782. 20. 79*0. 821. 560. 951. 301160mMCA L113. 513439. 640. 70. 81*0. 770. 810. 901. 111266fMCA L 830. 063227. 1234. 80. 81*1. 021. 071. 010. 981351fMCA L191. 515339. 6117. 50. 84*0. 700. 981. 351. 041469mMCA L 2192. 09223. 5186. 30. 86*0. 940. 911. 051. 001562fMCA R 6900. 031722. 212. 70. 87*0. 810. 811. 221. 031653mMCA L 67. 05217. 514. 10. 87*1. 061. 081. 041. 001745fMCA L 3400. 07910. 1113. 80. 88*0. 990. 880. 901. 011873fMCA L 87. 04528. 216. 00. 91*0. 601. 220. 801. 021924fMCA L 540. 04309. 60. 91*0. 760. 580. 751. 012056mMCA R2033. 069198. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contains a series of numerical data and medical abbreviations without any contextual information or explanations regarding functional MRI or its ability to measure brain activity through blood flow changes. Therefore, it is irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Climate change has contributed to more frequent and intense heatwaves. [SEP] Text: Download figure:Standard image High-resolution image Table 1. The largest heatwaves observed in the since 1995. Shown are the maximum percentage coverage of the largest heatwaves observed in each of the Great Lakes. The spatial extent of lake heatwaves is shown as percentages, calculated relative to the total surface area of each lake. The maximum heatwave percentages are shown for the five years with the largest events and ranked according to their spatial extent. All years are shown in table S1. %Year%Year%Year%Year%Year%201299. 932020100. 00201799. 19200795. 53201699. 33201698. 02201698. 14201699. 96202099. 00201795. 52202099. 33201297. 58201095. 01201298. 98201098. 48201095. 50201799. 32201096. 66199891. 65201798. 79201697. 17201695. 49201299. 31201793. 99200081. 04201096. 14201897. 01202095. 49201098. 19202082. 06To explore the mechanistic drivers of lake heatwaves, we now compare the inter-annual variability of their maximum spatial extent, averaged across the Great Lakes, to the inter-annual variability in the percentage of maximum winter ice cover and the subsequent date of stratification onset (figure 3). Here, we observe a statistically significant (r2 = 0. 3; p = 0. 003) negative relationship between the inter-annual variability in the maximum heatwave extent and the percentage of winter ice cover (figure 3(a)). Specifically, during years when ice cover is low, the maximum spatial extent of lake heatwaves is high. This association is driven by the fact that less winter ice cover, in addition to warmer surface air temperatures in spring, contributes to an earlier onset of thermal stratification (figure 3(b)). An earlier stratification onset, as well as higher surface air temperatures during the open-water season, likewise promotes warmer surface water temperature (figure 3(c)). Higher surface water temperatures, in turn, stimulate the development of large lake heatwaves (figure 3(d)). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the relationship between warmer surface air temperatures and the occurrence of lake heatwaves. It describes how lower winter ice cover and higher surface air temperatures contribute to an earlier onset of thermal stratification, which subsequently leads to increased surface water temperatures. The text explicitly states, 'Higher surface water temperatures, in turn, stimulate the development of large lake heatwaves,' thus linking climate change factors to the frequency and intensity of heatwaves.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Language apps alone provide everything needed to achieve fluency. [SEP] Text: The multidimensionality of second language oral fluency: Interfacing cognitive fluency and utterance fluency Published online by Press: 08 March 2022 [Opens in a new window] and[Opens in a new window] Show author details Affiliation: * Affiliation: of Vienna, Vienna, Austria * *Corresponding author. E-mail: j. kormos@lancaster. ac. uk 0. 51 mb) View PDF [Opens in a new window] Save to to Save to & Permissions [Opens in a new window] current study examined the extent to which cognitive fluency (CF) contributes to utterance fluency (UF) at the level of constructs. A total of 128 Japanese-speaking learners of English completed four speaking tasks—argumentative task, picture narrative task, reading-to-speaking task, and reading-while-listening-to-speaking task—and a battery of linguistic knowledge tests, capturing vocabulary size, lexical retrieval speed, sentence construction skills, grammaticality judgments, and articulatory speed. Their speaking performance was analyzed in terms of speed, breakdown, and repair fluency (i. e. , UF), and scores on linguistic knowledge tests were used to assess students’ L2 linguistic resources and processing skills (i. e. , CF). Structural equation modeling revealed a complex interplay between the multidimensionality of CF and UF and speaking task types. L2 processing speed consistently contributed to all aspects of UF across speaking tasks, whereas the role of linguistic resources in speed and repair fluency varied, depending on task characteristics. 10. 1017/S0272263121000899 [Opens in a new window] This is an 4. 0), which permits unrestricted re-use, distribution and reproduction, provided the original 2022. Published by Oral fluency is one of the most robust indicators of second language (L2) proficiency (Tavakoli et al. , Reference Tavakoli, Nakatsuhara and Hunter2020). In the context of learning, teaching, and assessment of L2 speaking skills, oral fluency is thus commonly regarded as one of the major learning goals. For a better understanding of L2 fluency as a construct and as an important language learning target, it is essential to examine how underlying linguistic knowledge contributes to students’ fluent speech production. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by indicating that achieving oral fluency in a second language requires a complex interplay of cognitive fluency (CF) and utterance fluency (UF). It discusses various linguistic knowledge tests and speaking tasks that contribute to fluency, suggesting that language apps alone may not encompass the full range of cognitive and linguistic resources necessary for achieving fluency.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Functional MRI can measure brain activity by detecting changes in blood flow. [SEP] Text: 4103. 40. 91*1. 131. 371. 011. 002148mMCA L 248. 03718. 015. 60. 92*0. 921. 001. 040. 972256fMCA R 3240. 07315. 527. 90. 93*0. 931. 051. 181. 0123Same patient as no. 10 1420. 0252151. 2191. 60. 960. 910. 921. 680. 972449fMCA L 3720. 013522. 523. 90. 971. 000. 770. 861. 012585fMCA L135. 013034. 526. 60. 970. 790. 730. 841. 002655mMCA L 834. 04716. 60. 00. 990. 860. 710. 691. 01Median57 922. 06831. 457. 90. 850. 840. 881. 001. 01IQR53–66 5–138. 7–46. 052–13518. 4–159. 221. 9–118. 80. 77–0. 910. 75–0. 940. 74–0. 990. 86–1. 071. 00–1. 02Minimum24 21. 5250. 00. 00. 710. 580. 400. 680. 74Maximum85 21900371265. 2247. 90. 991. 131. 561. 681. 30AI, asymmetry index; CBF, cerebral blood flow; CBV, cerebral blood volume; CCD, crossed cerebellar diaschisis; DWI, diffusion-weighted image; f, female; IQR, interquartile range; L, left; m, male; MCA, middle cerebral artery; MRI, magnetic resonance imaging; MRI to PET, time between the scans; MTT, mean transit time; of Scale; PCA, posterior cerebral artery; PET, positron emission tomography; PW, perfusion weighted; R, right; stroke to imaging, time delay between stroke onset and MRI scan; TTP, time to peak. Asterisk indicates significant CCD. For all patients, the correlation of PWI-based AI values with the corresponding PET-CBF AI values was weak (Spearman's rho: PW-CBF 0. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text appears to be a mix of data points, abbreviations, and technical terms related to brain imaging, such as 'MRI,' 'blood flow,' and 'cerebral blood volume.' However, it does not provide a clear explanation or context regarding the claim about functional MRI (fMRI) measuring brain activity through changes in blood flow. Therefore, it is irrelevant to the specific claim being analyzed.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Climate change has contributed to more frequent and intense heatwaves. [SEP] Text: We also find that the deepest lakes experience the greatest association between stratification onset and the maximum spatial extent of lake heatwaves, evaluated via a linear regression model between the inter-annual variability in the date of stratification onset and the heatwave maximum spatial extent. Notably, the proportionate amount of variation in the maximum spatial extent explained by the onset of stratification is lowest in the shallowest lake (Erie) and highest in the deepest lake (Superior) (figure S9). Reset image size Figure 3. Inter-annual variability in the maximum spatial extent of lake heatwaves and their drivers. Shown are the relationships between the inter-annual variability in (a) the maximum spatial extent of lake heatwaves and the maximum percentage of winter ice cover; (b) stratification onset and the maximum winter ice cover, with the colored points representing the spring (March–May) average air temperature anomalies; (c) the average open-water surface temperature and stratification onset, with the colored points representing the May–November average air temperature anomalies; and (d) the maximum heatwave extent and the average open-water surface temperature. The spatial extent of lake heatwaves is shown as percentages, calculated relative to the total surface area of each lake. All results shown are averaged across the Great Lakes. All variables are shown as anomalies, calculated relative to the average of a specific variable for the day/month of year evaluated over the 1995–2020 base period. Download figure:Standard image High-resolution image The average spatial extent of lake heatwaves across the demonstrates a noticeable increase since 1995, albeit with considerable inter-annual variability (figure 4(a)). Most notably, our observations suggest that the spatial extent of lake heatwaves in the has increased two-fold between the first and last decade (1995–2004 and 2011–2020, respectively) of the study period, from 10. 8% to 26. 0% on average. However, we also highlight that the average spatial extent is much greater in some specific years. For example, in 2016 the average spatial extent of lake heatwaves across the was 62%, meaning that almost two thirds of the Great Lakes' surface area were occupied by a heatwave. Here, we also calculate that the rate of change in the average spatial extent of lake heatwaves across the is 7. 3% decade−1. The rate of change is greatest in the shallowest of the (Erie) at 11. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by providing evidence of increased spatial extent of lake heatwaves, indicating that they have doubled between the first and last decades of the study period (1995–2004 to 2011–2020). The mention of variations associated with temperature anomalies further supports the idea that climate change contributes to the frequency and intensity of heatwaves. The data presented shows a clear trend of increasing heatwave extent in the Great Lakes, which aligns with the claim regarding the effects of climate change.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Language apps alone provide everything needed to achieve fluency. [SEP] Text: Insights into how L2 users’ linguistic resources and processing mechanisms contribute to the efficiency of speech production may also assist language teachers and materials designers and inform language teaching policy makers what linguistic knowledge areas and skills to develop so that L2 learners may become fluent speakers. In L2 fluency research, underlying linguistic knowledge and temporal characteristics of speech are termed cognitive fluency (CF) and utterance fluency (UF), respectively (Segalowitz, Reference Segalowitz2010, Reference Segalowitz2016). Specifically, CF refers to “the efficiency of the speaker’s underlying processes responsible for fluency-relevant features of utterance” (Segalowitz, Reference Segalowitz2010, p. 50). UF is concerned with “the oral features of utterances that reflect the operation of underlying cognitive processes” (ibid. ), including speed of delivery and hesitations. Although few in number, previous studies have examined the relationship between CF and UF (henceforth, CF-UF link), providing important insights into the CF-UF link (et al. , and Hulstijn2013; Kahng, Reference Kahng2020). However, previous studies analyzed the measures of CF and UF only at the level of observed variables, meaning that the findings may entail measurement errors. As any observable phenomena are produced not only by the underlying target constructs but also by some unpredictable random factors (i. e. , measurement error), scholars in the human sciences have adopted the concept of latent variables and calculate them based on the covariance of multiple observed variables (for an overview, see Bollen, Reference Bollen2002; Kline, Reference Kline2016). To further clarify the CF-UF link, the current study, therefore, examines the CF-UF link at the level of constructs by means of latent variable analyses. is concerned with how efficiently L2 speakers operate their systems of speech production (Segalowitz, Reference Segalowitz2010). The validity of operationalization of CF can thus be discussed in terms of how different cognitive and linguistic processes in L2 speech production are reflected in utterances. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the complexity of achieving fluency, which involves more than just language apps. It highlights the importance of linguistic resources and processing mechanisms in speech production, indicating that linguistic knowledge areas and skills must be developed for L2 learners to become fluent speakers. This suggests that supplementary methods or resources are necessary alongside language apps to achieve true fluency.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Functional MRI can measure brain activity by detecting changes in blood flow. [SEP] Text: Figure 3 Receiver operating characteristics (ROC) analysis of PW-CBF, PW-CBV, PW-MTT, and PW-TTP asymmetry indices (AIs) for the detection of CCD + (AI < 0. 9) patients. On the basis of the area under the curve (A), CBF (0. 61) performed poorly, whereas CBV (0. 56), MTT (0. 41), and TTP (0. 40) failed to detect CCD. CBF, cerebral blood flow; CBV, cerebral blood volume; CCD, crossed cerebellar diaschisis; MTT, mean transit time; TTP, time to peak. Table 2 By ROC analysis for the detection of CCD+ patients (Figure), thresholds and respective sensitivity, specificity, positive and negative predictive values, and accuracy for PW-MRI map AIs were identifiedThresholdSensitivity (%)Specificity (%)Positive predictive value (%)Negative predictive value (%)AccuracyPW-CBF AIs0. 91715675500. 61PW-CBV AIs0. 91715675500. 56PW-MTT AIs1. 01594371580. 41PW-TTP AIs1. 01475567640. 40AI, asymmetry index; CBF, cerebral blood flow; CBV, cerebral blood volume; CCD, crossed cerebellar diaschisis; MTT, mean transit time; PW-MRI, perfusion-weighted magnetic resonance imaging; ROC, receiver operating characteristic; TTP, time to peak. Based on accuracy, PW-CBF was poorly suited for detection of CCD. PW-CBV, PW-MTT, and PW-TTP failed in the detection of CCD+ patients. DiscussionWe report on a direct comparison of PWI at 1. 5 T with 15O-water-PET-based CCD measurement. In a unique patient sample of acute and subacute human stroke, patients received comparative imaging within a narrow timeframe. We found that the quality of MRI-based assessment of CCD differed between PW-MRI maps. However, even PW-CBF as the best-performing map could not reliably depict the degree of CCD and performed poorly in the detection of CCD-positive patients. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not directly address whether functional MRI can measure brain activity by detecting changes in blood flow. Instead, it discusses the efficacy of various MRI measurement techniques (such as CBF, CBV, MTT, and TTP) in detecting a specific condition (crossed cerebellar diaschisis). While it provides information about MRI performance, it does not confirm or deny the claim about functional MRI's ability to measure brain activity through blood flow changes.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Climate change has contributed to more frequent and intense heatwaves. [SEP] Text: 4% decade−1, and is least in the deepest lake (Superior) at 3. 5% decade−1. While the number of studied lakes included in this investigation does not allow for a comprehensive analysis of this depth dependence, we do find a clear relationship between the rate of change in the average spatial extent of lake heatwaves and depth of the (figure S10). Intuitively, the average spatial extent of the observed heatwaves across the is also strongly related to their average duration (figure 4(b)). Thus, as lake heatwaves become increasingly long-lived within a warming world, their average spatial extent will likely increase further. Reset image size Figure 4. Inter-annual variability in the mean spatial extent of lake heatwaves. Shown for each lake, as well as the average across the Great Lakes, is (a) the inter-annual variability in the mean spatial extent of lake heatwaves, calculated as the average heatwave coverage over the duration of the heatwave event. We also show (b) the relationship between the mean spatial extent of lake heatwaves (i. e. across the Great Lakes) and the average duration of these lake heatwaves. The spatial extent of lake heatwaves is shown as percentages, calculated relative to the total surface area of each lake. Download figure:Standard image High-resolution image 4. DiscussionFor the first time, we investigated the spatial extent of lake heatwaves and how they respond to climate change. Our analysis suggests that the mean spatial extent of heatwaves in the largest group of freshwater lakes on Earth has increased since 1995, by up to two-fold in the most recent decade. This increase in average spatial extent is driven primarily by an increase in the duration of lake heatwaves which, ultimately, allows them to grow to unprecedented levels in recent years. During some extreme warm years, lake heatwaves can occupy almost the entire surface area of the for a sustained period but, in contrast, can cover a relatively small area during other, notably cooler, years. The inter-annual variability in the maximum spatial extent of lake heatwaves is driven primarily by the inter-annual variability in the date of stratification onset as well as the magnitude of air temperature anomalies during the open-water season. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the investigation of the spatial extent of lake heatwaves, noting that 'the mean spatial extent of heatwaves... has increased since 1995, by up to two-fold in the most recent decade.' This increase in average spatial extent is attributed to an increase in the duration of these heatwaves, suggesting a direct impact of climate change on the frequency and intensity of heatwaves in the context of freshwater lakes.