Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Chassis organisms like E. coli are commonly used in synthetic biology applications. [SEP] Text: Intra-neuronal recordings indicated that the increased excitability was a consequence of lowering the threshold for evoking action potentials and was observed following application of just 1 μM SR101 for ten minutes. The original publication by Nimmerjahn and colleagues reported that SR101 does not induce phototoxicity over hours, days and weeks8. Here we have combined SR101 loading with recordings of the local field potential (LFP) during the labeling period to interrogate if SR101 causes changes in cortical neuronal activity in vivo. We explored the effects of topical SR101 application on neuronal activity in layer II of primary sensori-motor cortical areas (S1-M1) of adult anaesthetized or awake mice. We show that spontaneous seizure-like LFP activity develops within less than ten minutes following cortical exposure to 100 μM SR101 for ten minutes, a commonly used dosage for astrocyte labelling (see S1). This S1-M1 seizure-like neuronal activity was accompanied with a reduction in low-frequency power and simultaneous increase in higher-frequency power in the LFP. When exposing the cortex to 250 μM SR101 for ten minutes the seizure-like activity developed within five minutes and ceased after about 45 minutes. In addition, we show that SR101-induced seizure-like activity in S1-M1 is sufficiently potent to drive a motor output, recorded as compound action potentials in the sciatic nerve of the contra-lateral hindlimb or by observation of movement. Finally, we show that 25 μM and 50 μM SR101 application, incubated for 30 or 20 minutes respectively, or 100 μM and 250 μM incubated for one minute, does not induce abnormal cortical LFP activity and may thus be considered as safe dosages. ResultsSR101 can induce seizure-like LFP activity in anaesthetised miceWe first recorded LFPs in S1-M1 of ketamine (120 mg kg–1) and xylazine (10 mg kg–1) (KX) anesthetized mice while topically applying 100 μM or 250 μM SR101 for 10 minutes (Fig. 1a). In a subset of experiments, we included recordings of the electroneurogram (ENG) from the contra-lateral sciatic nerve, to provide a measure of cortical-evoked motor output (Fig. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses the effects of the compound SR101 on neuronal activity in mice, without mentioning E. coli or synthetic biology applications. This indicates no relation between the provided text and the claim about chassis organisms.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Sleep is crucial for cognitive health and physical recovery. [SEP] Text: Compositional isotemporal substitution analyses account for the 24-hour constrained nature of activity behaviors and sleep5 and enable estimating the effect of substituting time spent on one behavior (eg, physical activity) by another (eg, sleep) on the outcome of interest. We used these methods to examine how estimated allocation of time spent on light physical activity, moderate-to-vigorous physical activity, sedentary behavior, and sleep were associated with self-rated sleep quality. These findings will inform which allocations of time should receive particular interest in promoting sleep quality. Participants and methodsStudy design and populationThis cross-sectional study was performed within the population-based Rotterdam Study, a prospective cohort of participants aged 45 years and over. 6 Study has been approved by the Committee of (registration number MEC 02. 1015) and by the of Health, Welfare and Sport (license number 1071272-159521-PG). All participants provided written informed consent. Between 2011 and 2016, a random subsample of 2778 participants were invited to wear an accelerometer for 7 consecutive days and nights, of which 2338 (84%) agreed. Of these, we included 1918 participants who had accelerometer data (≥4 days of ≥1200 mins/d) with no technical errors, sleep diary data, and a (PSQI). Study has been approved by the Committee of the Erasmus MC (registration number MEC 02. 1015) and by the of Health, Welfare and Sport (license number 1071272-159521-PG). collection is filed with the under registration number EMC1712001. Study has been entered into the (NTR; www. trialregister. nl) and into the (ICTRP; www. who. int/ictrp/network/primary/en/) under shared catalogue number NTR6831. All participants provided written informed consent to participate in the study and to have their information obtained from treating physicians. MeasurementsPhysical activity, sedentary behavior, and sleep durationParticipants wore a triaxial accelerometer (GeneActiv; Activinsights Ltd, Kimbolton, UK) on the non-dominant wrist and simultaneously filled out a sleep diary details are published elsewhere. 7 Accelerometer data were processed using software in Python (2. 6. 6). Activity was categorized based on acceleration relative to gravity (g units; 1g = 9. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text discusses a study that examines the relationship between various behaviors, including sleep, and self-rated sleep quality, which suggests the importance of sleep in the overall context of health. Although it focuses on the allocation of time towards different activities, the implication is that these analyses aim to understand how behaviors like sleep contribute to health outcomes, thereby corroborating the claim that sleep is crucial for cognitive health and physical recovery.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Telemedicine eliminates the need for in-person visits entirely. [SEP] Text: 23,24,26,27 In one study, participants worked with diabetes-trained clinical pharmacists in addition to their primary care providers. 27 In another, patients received supplemental education from specialized diabetes nurses. 24 Another study coupled telemedicine visits with in-depth primary care-specialist provider meetings to review the care of participating patients. 26 Diabetes Outcomes: Table 3 summarizes the clinical outcomes assessed in each study. The 5 studies assessing diabetes outcomes examined HbA1c levels at 4 different time points, ranging from 3 to 12 months. 22,24−27 Only 3 of the 5 studies compared the intervention and control groups for changes in HbA1c levels. 24,26,27 These studies showed that compared to usual care with in-person visits, telemedicine was associated with significantly greater HbA1c improvements at 5 and 6 months24,27 and similar HbA1c outcomes at 12 months. 24,26 Two other studies reported significantly decreased HbA1c levels within the intervention and control groups but did not compare the intervention and control groups. 22,25 Three studies examined hypertension control at 5 or 12 months,24,26,27 while 2 did not specify the period for outcome assessment. 23,28 Three studies compared outcomes among intervention and control groups. 23,26,27 In these studies, the systolic and diastolic blood pressures in the telemedicine intervention groups did not differ significantly from those of the control groups at the end of the measurement period. Of the 3 studies that examined hyperlipidemia24,26,27 2 assessed LDL-C,24,27 2 assessed total cholesterol, 24, 26 and 1 assessed triglyceride levels27 as the outcome. Of the 2 studies comparing intervention and control groups, 1 demonstrated no statistically significant differences in LDL-C and triglycerides at 5 months27 while another found no significant differences in total cholesterol changes at 12 months. 26 Table 3 Changes in in HbA1c Change in systolic/diastolic blood pressure Change in total cholesterol/LDL-C/triglyceride 3 months 5 months 6 months 12 months 5 months 12 months Not specified 5 months 12 months Whitlock et al. (2000)22 Intervention ↓* — — — — — — — — Control ↓ — — — — — — — — Nilsson et al. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by explaining that telemedicine was assessed alongside in-person visits in various studies. It highlights that supplemental education and consultations were provided in conjunction with telemedicine, indicating that in-person visits were still involved for optimal care, rather than being fully eliminated.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Chassis organisms like E. coli are commonly used in synthetic biology applications. [SEP] Text: 1a), in addition video recordings were obtained to document the motor activity (see S1–S3). Following topical application of SR101, astrocytes exhibited a time-dependent increase in SR101 fluorescent intensity, with a marked increase occurring ~10–20 minutes following application (Fig. 1b). Simultaneous LFP recordings in S1-M1 layer II revealed that large synchronized potentials, mimicking epileptic seizure activity in terms of individual event amplitude11,12,13 and event interval14,15,16, appeared within 5–10 minutes following topical 100 μM SR101 application (Fig. 1c). Figure 1SR101 can induce seizure-like activity in anaesthetized mice. (a) Experimental setup and craniotomy above primary sensori-motor cortex (S1-M1). (b) Astrocytic SR101 uptake time course. (c) Upper, LFP during development of seizure-like activity in S1-M1 following 100 μM SR101 loading (10 min incubation). Lower, frequency power spectrograms from period 1 and 2 from LFP above. (d) Histograms showing individual seizure-like event amplitudes and intervals. (e) Graph showing dose-dependency of seizure-like activity onset and cessation. Statistical difference was assessed using an unpaired Welch’s t-test. (f) Left, simultaneous S1-M1 LFP and ENG following 250 μM SR101 application (10 min incubation). Right, graph showing cumulative number of ENG events as a function of seizure-like LFP events. Correlation was assessed using a Pearson’s correlations test. Full size imageThe seizure-like activity was correlated with a reduction in low-frequency power (1–4 Hz) and a slight increase in higher-frequency power (12–30 Hz) (Fig. 1c and Supplementary Fig. S1). Such increases in higher-frequency power bands have previously been showed in animal models using kainate or optogenetics to evoke epileptic acivity13,17. Similar changes in cortical LFP activity were not recorded under control conditions (see Supplementary Fig. S2). An example of a non-filtered recording displaying the artefacts evoked by application and wash out of SR101 10 min later is provided in Supplementary Fig. S3. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses the induction of seizure-like activities in mice following the application of SR101, along with details of experimental setups and recordings. There is no mention of synthetic biology, E. coli, or chassis organisms.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Sleep is crucial for cognitive health and physical recovery. [SEP] Text: The compositional isotemporal substitution models were used to estimate the difference in outcome when a fixed duration of 30 minutes of time spent on one behavior (eg, physical activity) was instead spent in another behavior (eg, sleep), while other behaviors remained constant. 5Analyses were adjusted for age, sex, and covariates mentioned above. Multiple imputation (m = 5) was used to impute missing data on covariates (<2%). We included sedentary time in and out of bed as separate components of the compositions to assess whether time awake in bed was driving associations that included sedentary behavior. Data were handled and analyzed using SPSS Statistics version 24. 0. 0. 1 (IBM Corp. , Armonk, NY) and R version 3. 5. 1 (Foundation for Statistical Computing, Vienna, Austria), using the mice, compositions and deltacomp packages. ResultsIn this sample (mean age 71 ± 9 years, 51% women, see A), spending 30 minutes more time in sedentary behavior (adjusted mean difference: 0. 21, 95% confidence interval [0. 15; 0. 28]) or in light physical activity (adjusted mean difference: 0. 25 [0. 03; 0. 46]), and 30 minutes less in sleep, was associated with a higher PSQI score, indicating poorer sleep quality (Table 1, Fig. 1). More sedentary time out of bed instead of sleep was similarly associated with poorer sleep quality as total sedentary behavior (adjusted mean difference: 0. 28 [0. 21; 0. 34] C). More sedentary time in bed instead of light physical activity was associated with better perceived sleep quality (adjusted mean difference: -0. 44 [-0. 71; -0. 16], C). Fig. 1 Age- and sex adjusted results of isotemporal substitution analyses for sleep quality. Show full captionPlots represent the estimated differences in the outcome (Quality Index) when sleep time is reallocated by sedentary behavior (left graph), light physical activity (middle graph) or moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (right graph). The mean composition of the population was used as reference. PA, physical activity; Mod-vig, moderate-to-vigorous; CI, confidence interval; min, minutes. 30 mins more. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by establishing a connection between time allocated to sleep and sleep quality. It indicates that spending 30 minutes less in sleep is associated with poorer sleep quality, as evidenced by an increased Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI) score. This suggests that adequate sleep is critical for maintaining healthy sleep quality, which is essential for cognitive health and physical recovery.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Telemedicine eliminates the need for in-person visits entirely. [SEP] Text: (2009)23 Intervention — — — — — — ↓‡ ↓‡ — — Control — — — — — — ↓ ↓ — — Rodriguez-Idígoras et al. (2009)24 Intervention — — ↓***† ↓*‡ — ↓* ↓* — — ↓*/↓*/— Control — — ↓* ↓ — ↓ ↓ — — —/↓*/— Esmatjes et al. (2014)25 Intervention — — ↓*** — — — — — — Control — — ↓*** — — — — — — Basudev et al. (2015)26 Intervention — — — ↓‡ — ↓‡ ↓‡ — — ↓‡/—/— Control — — — ↓ — ↑ ↓ — — ↓/—/— Tokuda et al. (2016)27 Intervention ↓† — — ↓*‡/ ↓*‡ — — —/↓‡/↓‡ — Control — ↑ — — ↓ ↓ — — —/↓/↑ — Levine et al. (2018)28 Intervention — — — — — — ↓/— — — Control — — — — — — ↓/— — — *p<0. 05, **p<0. 01, ***p<0. 001 Study reported statistical significance between baseline and outcome in either the intervention or control group at the specified duration †Compared to the control group, the intervention group had greater improvements, p ≤ 0. 05 ‡Study reported no statistical difference between intervention and control groups at p = 0. 05 DiscussionIn this systematic review of the literature, we found that synchronous telemedicine encounters resulted in either improved or non-inferior diabetes, hypertension, and hyperlipidemia control compared to in-person primary care office visits. None of the studies examined showed inferior outcomes in patients receiving telemedicine encounters at any time point assessed. These results suggest that telemedicine is a viable option for chronic disease management in the primary care setting. This study adds to the literature by systematically reviewing the evidence supporting the use of synchronous telemedicine encounters in the primary care setting for chronic disease management. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by stating that while telemedicine encounters were found to be either improved or non-inferior compared to in-person visits, it does not suggest that telemedicine eliminates the need for in-person visits entirely. It specifically mentions that none of the studies showed inferior outcomes, indicating that in-person visits are still an integral part of care, particularly in chronic disease management.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Chassis organisms like E. coli are commonly used in synthetic biology applications. [SEP] Text: The seizure-like activity displayed a gradual build-up in amplitude, similar to prevously shown during 4-AP-induced epilepsy15, with the individual seizure-like events exhibiting an average amplitude of 1. 64 ± 0. 67 mV and average event interval of 1. 01 ± 0. 88 s (Fig. 1d), similar to previous reports using caged 4-AP, kainate or optogenetics to evoke seizures11,12,13. The term “seizure-like” was chosen based on the LFP’s resembles to previously published LFP activity during epileptiform activity (i. e. event amplitude, event frequency and 12–30 Hz LFP power band increase), induced by commonly used epilepsy models such as kainate, 4-AP or kindling12,15,18. However, due to the lack of mechanistic insight to what is triggering the abnormal neuronal discharges following SR101 application, we chose “seizure-like”, as opposed to simply “epileptiform” or “seizure”. In many publications, SR101 is applied topically at concentrations ranging from 1 μM to 1 mM (see S1), most commonly between 100–300 μM4,15,19,20 and incubated for 1–60 minutes (see S1), often for 10–30 minutes15,20,21. SR101 induced a dose-dependent onset and cessation of the cortical seizure-like LFP activity (Fig. 1e); at a loading concentration of 250 μM (incubated for 10 min), seizure-like activity appeared at 5. 16 ± 3. 41 min, but first 10. 31 ± 5. 1 min after application of 100 μM (incubated for 10 min) SR101 (Unpaired Welch’s t-test, t = 2. 819 df = 9. 771, P = 0. 0186). The seizure-like LFP activity disappeared after 47. 50 ± 19. 41 min and 32. 83 ± 12. 38 min following SR101 application, for 250 μM and 100 μM SR101, respectively (Unpaired Welch’s t-test, t = 2. 292 df = 15. 91, P = 0. 0359). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text provided does not address chassis organisms or their use in synthetic biology applications. Instead, it discusses seizure-like activity and the effects of SR101, which is unrelated to the claim about E. coli and synthetic biology. Therefore, it is considered irrelevant.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Sleep is crucial for cognitive health and physical recovery. [SEP] Text: Open table in a new tabRegarding the PSQI subscales, spending 30 minutes more sedentary behavior and 30 minutes less sleep was significantly associated with higher odds of poorer perceived sleep quality (odds ratio [OR]: 1. 10 [1. 04; 1. 16]), sleep duration (OR: 1. 17 [1. 13; 1. 21]) and sleep efficiency (OR: 1. 06 [1. 01; 1. 12]), and with higher odds of daytime drowsiness (OR: 1. 13 [1. 00; 1. 28], B). Additionally, 30 minutes more light physical activity instead of 30 minutes more sleep was also associated with higher odds of poorer perceived sleep quality (OR: 1. 26 [1. 04; 1. 52]) and sleep duration (OR: 1. 15 [1. 04; 1. 27]). Lastly, spending 30 minutes more in moderate-to-vigorous physical activity and 30 minutes less in sleep was associated with lower perceived sleep duration (OR: 1. 15 [1. 02; 1. 28]). No other associations were found. DiscussionSpending more time in sedentary behavior or light physical activity and less time in sleep was associated with poorer sleep quality in this population of middle-aged and older adults. Associations of estimated reallocations of time spent in sleep were similar for most quantitative measures of sleep (sleep quality, sleep duration and sleep efficiency) and daytime drowsiness. , No associations with sleep latency, sleep disturbances and use of sleep medication were found. Consistent with other observational studies,4,13 less sedentary time was associated with a better sleep quality, but only when that time was used for sleep, and not any other activities. The association of sedentary time with poorer sleep quality could not be explained merely by more sedentary time in bed, suggesting that sleep research and interventions should focus beyond reducing sleep onset latency and wake after sleep onset. In contrast, more sedentary time in bed was associated with better perceived sleep quality in our sample. This could be due to sedentary time in bed being used for relaxing activities, which might positively affect perceived sleep quality,14 or due to more sedentary time in bed signaling that one has spent enough time in bed to acquire needed sleep (i. e. , no sedentary time in bed may indicate that the sleep window is too short). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by indicating that spending less time sleeping is associated with poorer perceived sleep quality, sleep duration, and sleep efficiency. It highlights that associations between decreased sleep and poorer daytime drowsiness reinforce the importance of sleep for overall quality of life, supporting the idea that sleep is vital for cognitive health and physical recovery.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Telemedicine eliminates the need for in-person visits entirely. [SEP] Text: Previous systematic reviews and meta-analyses have investigated the effect of telemedicine on chronic disease management, but many of these included studies focused solely on wearable devices or remote monitoring. 29,30 Other reviews have examined outcomes such as medication adherence and health equity but did not focus on clinical outcomes. 31,32 To our knowledge, no prior systematic review has investigated the impact of synchronous telemedicine encounters on clinical outcomes of diabetes, hypertension, and hyperlipidemia. All studies examined in this review included a synchronous provider-patient telemedicine encounter, but there was notable heterogeneity in the interventions used. Most of the interventions included components in addition to the synchronous telemedicine encounter. Some included remote self-monitoring devices and real-time transmission of patient data, while others included asynchronous patient messaging. While most studies compared the intervention group to usual care, a few scheduled regular in-person visits or mandated a certain number of visits for patients in the control group. Our findings hold promise for increased use of telemedicine for chronic disease management in the primary care setting, but further work is needed to better compare ‘real world’ telemedicine encounters to in-person office visits. Some of the studies provided intervention group patients with remote self-monitoring devices that were not given to control group patients. It is unknown how much these telemedicine components contributed to intervention effects, and whether the interventions would have achieved the same clinical outcomes without these additional components. Knowledge is also needed about whether provision of visits by video or telephone differentially influences patient outcomes. Furthermore, more work assessing the role of interdisciplinary teams, including specialists, social workers, and other healthcare professionals, on delivering telemedicine interventions for chronic disease management is warranted. This study has several limitations. There was a paucity of literature regarding synchronous telemedicine’s use for chronic disease management by primary care providers, and most studies included components other than synchronous video or telephone interventions. Details on videoconferencing software platforms and blood pressure measurement devices used in the studies were limited. Not all studies directly compared clinical outcomes among intervention and control groups. Data regarding HDL and HDL/LDL ratios were not reported in the reviewed studies. Information was generally lacking about the racial/ethnic composition of participants. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by highlighting that the studies examined included in-person visits alongside telemedicine encounters. It notes that some interventions mandated a certain number of in-person visits for control group patients, indicating that telemedicine alone does not eliminate the need for in-person visits entirely. Additionally, the need for further research to compare telemedicine encounters with in-person visits further emphasizes that telemedicine may not fully replace them.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Chassis organisms like E. coli are commonly used in synthetic biology applications. [SEP] Text: Muscle twitches occurring in the contra-lateral hindlimb was observed ~20 minutes following topical SR101 application (see S1–S3). To assess whether the movement of the contra-lateral hindlimb originated from S1-M1, we obtained simultaneous LFP recordings in S1-M1 and ENG from the contra-lateral sciatic nerve (Fig. 1a). These recordings showed that S1-M1 SR101 application (250 μM, ten minute incubation) correlated with arrival of compound action potentials in the sciatic nerve and that individual seizure-like LFP events and ENG compound action potential events were almost perfectly matched in a 1:1 ratio (Fig. 1f) (Pearsons’s correlation test, R2 = 0. 99). An example of a longer recording is provided in Supplementary Fig. S4. A compound structurally similar to SR101, but with a SO3H group replaced by SO2NHNH222, is Texas Red, also used to label astrocytes8,23. Opposite to SR101 did topical application (100 μM and 500 μM, 15 min and 10 min incubation time, respectively) not evoke any seizure-like LFP activity (see Supplementary Fig. S6). Taken together, these experiments show that topical SR101 application can have pronounced effects on cortical neuronal activity when applied at commonly used loading concentrations, i. e. 100 μM and 250 μM, in anaesthetized mice. SR101 can induce seizure-like LFP activity in awake miceAnesthesia is known to have anti-epileptic effects24 and anesthesia markedly changes the membrane potential dynamics of neurones25. Moreover, in vivo 2-photon microscopy experiments are increasingly based on analysis of awake animals4. We therefore analyzed the effects of SR101 application in awake non-anaesthetized mice (Fig. 2a). Following preparation of the cranial window the mice were allowed to wake up from the anesthesia for 1 hour and wakefulness was then confirmed by decreased 1–4 Hz power and increased 12–30 Hz power in the LFP26 as well as by visual confirmation (Fig. 2b,c and Supplementary Fig. 7a–c). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim because it discusses the effects of a compound (SR101) on cortical neuronal activity in mice, without any mention of E. coli or chassis organisms used in synthetic biology.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Sleep is crucial for cognitive health and physical recovery. [SEP] Text: Login to your accountEmail/UsernameYour email address is a required field. E. g. , j. smith@mail. comPasswordShowYour password is a required field. Forgot password? Remember meDon’t have an account? Create a If you don't remember your password, you can reset it by entering your email address and clicking the button. You will then receive an email that contains a secure link for resetting your passwordEmail*If the address matches a valid account an email will be sent to __email__ with instructions for resetting your passwordinRegisterLog inSubmitLog inSubscribeprovided by Main menu 10. 1016/j. sleh. 2024. 07. 002Also available on ScienceDirectCopyright: © 2024 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Inc. on behalf of Foundation. User License: Attribution – NonCommercial – NoDerivs (CC BY-NC-ND 4. 0) | Elsevier's open access license policy IssueDownload startedcontributionsDeclaration of conflicts of interest60. MethodsParticipants are members of the birth cohort, all born in 1947. Data included a calculated intelligence quotient score based on participant’s 11-plus exam results, highest achieved education level, social class at ages 25 and 50 and global (PSQI) at age 60. Multivariable regression analysis was used to investigate effect sizes of variables on global PSQI, which formed the basis of a path analysis model. ResultsAfter excluding participants with incomplete data, and those who had been diagnosed with sleep apnea, 251 participants were included in the path analysis model. Education level was associated with global PSQI (R=−0. 653; 95% CI −1. 161, −0. 145; P =. 012) but age-11 intelligence quotient was not. While a similar association was seen for women in the stratified analysis, no such associations were seen for men. ConclusionsThe results of this study show an inverse relationship between education level, but not childhood intelligence quotient, and sleep quality in later life, in women only. Future research is needed to examine the mechanism underlying this relationship. KeywordsCohortChildhood cognitionEducationSleepPath analysisIntroductionGood sleep is a vital component of overall health, with poor quality sleep associated with a wide range of undesirable physical and mental health outcomes. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by stating that 'Good sleep is a vital component of overall health, with poor quality sleep associated with a wide range of undesirable physical and mental health outcomes.' This indicates that sleep significantly impacts health, supporting the assertion that it is crucial for cognitive health and physical recovery.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Telemedicine eliminates the need for in-person visits entirely. [SEP] Text: ConclusionsA systematic review of the literature found few studies comparing clinical outcomes resulting from synchronous telemedicine encounters versus in-person office visits. However, existing literature revealed that in the primary care setting, telemedicine was not inferior to in-person visits for diabetes, hypertension, and hyperlipidemia control. These results hold promise for increased use of telemedicine for chronic disease management. AbbreviationsHbA1c Hemoglobin A1c LDL-C Low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol SBP Systolic blood pressure DBP Diastolic blood pressure RCT Randomized controlled trialDeclarationsRegistration: This review was not registered. Protocol: A protocol was not prepared for this study. Ethics approval and consent to participate: Not applicable Consent for publication: Not applicable Availability of data and materials: All data generated or analyzed during this study are included in the published 1996. What is Telehealth? . 2018. Available at: 19, 2021. . Council on Ethical and Association. Ethical practice in Telehealth and Telemedicine. J Med. 2017;32(10):1136–40. Baker J, Stanley A. Telemedicine Technology: a Review of Services, Equipment, and Other Aspects. Asthma Rep. 2018;18:60. . Reduced In-Person and During the COVID-19 Pandemic. Med. 2021;174(1):129–31. Trends in the Use of the Emergence of the COVID-19 Pandemic — United States, January-March 2020. . 2020;69(43):1595–9. . The impact of mobility limitations on health outcomes among older adults. Geriatric Nursing. 2018;39(2):162–9. . Disease: to Access. J Community Health. 2013;38(5):976–93. . Employment-Related, Constraints. Determinants of Care Access? PPNP. 2004;5(2):73–83. . Is telepsychiatry equivalent to face-to-face psychiatry? Results from a randomized controlled equivalence trial. Psychiatr Serv. 2007;58(6):836–43. Psychotherapy for depression in older veterans via telemedicine: a randomised, open-label, non-inferiority trial. Lancet Psychiatry. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by indicating that a systematic review revealed telemedicine is not inferior to in-person visits for managing chronic diseases, implying that while telemedicine is effective, it does not completely eliminate the need for in-person visits. The phrase 'telemedicine was not inferior to in-person visits' suggests that in certain situations, both options may still be necessary.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Chassis organisms like E. coli are commonly used in synthetic biology applications. [SEP] Text: When we recorded LFPs in S1-M1 of awake mice we again observed large synchronised seizure-like potentials occuring following 100 μM (10 min incubation) SR101 application (Fig. 2d). Note that movement artefacts were not removed from the LFP trace shown in Fig. 2d. This seizure-like activity was correlated with a drop in low-frequency power (1–4 Hz) and an increase in higher-frequency power (12–30 Hz) (Fig. 2d and Supplementary Fig. S1) similar to seen in Fig. 1b and previous epilepsy publications13,17. The individual seizure-like events in awake mice exhibited an average amplitude of 1. 4 ± 0. 82 mV and average event intervals of 0. 83 ± 0. 75 s (Fig. 2e). Thus, the average seizure-like event amplitude was 0. 24 mV smaller (Unpaired Welch’s t-test, t = 1. 632 df = 8. 605, P = 0. 1387) and the event interval 0. 16 s shorter (Unpaired Welch’s t-test, t = 2. 181 df = 9. 934, P = 0. 0543) than in anaesthetized mice. Overall, this experiment expands the finding that SR101 evoke seizure-like cortical activity to awake animals, potentially making it useful as an epileptogenic agent for future in vivo experiments investigating cortical epilepsy, conditioned that SR101’s mechanism of action will be revealed in future experiments. Figure 2SR101 can induce seizure-like activity in awake mice. (a) Experimental setup. (b) LFP recordings from the same mouse during ketamine/xylazine (KX) anaesthesia and wakefulness. (c) Frequency-domain spectra showing change in power distribution between KX anaesthesia and awake LFP from (b). (d) Upper, LFP recording showing development of seizure-like activity in primary sensori-motor cortex following 100 μM SR101 loading (10 min incubation). Note that movement artefacts have not been removed from the LFP. Lower, frequency power spectrograms from period 1 and 2 from LFP above. (e) Histograms showing individual seizure-like activity event amplitudes and intervals. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses the observation of seizure-like potentials in awake mice related to the application of SR101 without any mention of chassis organisms or synthetic biology. Therefore, it does not provide support or a counterargument to the specific claim about E. coli.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Sleep is crucial for cognitive health and physical recovery. [SEP] Text: 1-4 As such, it is important to understand the factors that contribute to poor sleep quality. An international panel of sleep experts concluded that self-reported good sleep quality can be defined as a sleep onset of ≤30 minutes, 1 or fewer awakenings per night (or 2 or fewer in adults aged ≥65), total time awake after sleep onset and before final awakening (wake after sleep onset) of ≤20 minutes, and a sleep efficiency (ratio of time asleep to time in bed) of ≥85% in all age groups. 5 Meanwhile in all age groups, a sleep efficiency of ≤74%, wake-after sleep onset of ≥51 minutes, 4 or more awakenings per night, and a sleep latency of ≥60 minutes were indicative of poor sleep quality. Aging is typically associated with an increase in sleep disturbances. 6 A study of 159 people aged 17-69 living in Germany and Hungary, found that people who scored highly on nonverbal intelligence tests were less susceptible to age-related changes in NREM sleep; the authors theorized that high cognitive ability may offer a protective effect on the cortex that reduces thinning in old age. 7 Additionally, evidence from the Cohort, a longitudinal study of 588 adults born in 1936, showed that higher intelligence (as measured by intelligence quotient or IQ score) was associated with greater cortical thickness (CT) at age 70. 8 In an adjusted analysis, childhood IQ accounted for more than two thirds of the association between CT and age-70 IQ. Similarly, Kim et al9 used CT as an indicator of brain atrophy and found a positive association between CT and education duration; but only at age >64years, implying that the effect of education level on CT is protective against decline rather than a lifelong and direct relationship. Cox et al10 expanded on Kim et al’s study to determine how adjusting for childhood IQ (at age 11) affected the relationship between education level and CT, once using the Cohort; here years of full-time education and CT were once again found to be positively associated. Age-11 IQ was not significant in their model and there was no evidence of an interaction between childhood IQ and education duration on CT, but the inclusion of age-11 IQ did attenuate the education duration-CT association by 23%. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the relationship between sleep quality and cognitive abilities, such as in the findings of studies showing that aging is associated with sleep disturbances and that higher intelligence may offer a protective effect on cognitive health. It highlights how cognitive abilities and education duration relate to cortical thickness, which is directly linked to the brain's physical recovery and overall cognitive health.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Telemedicine eliminates the need for in-person visits entirely. [SEP] Text: 2015;2(8):693–701. . Telemedicine for detecting diabetic retinopathy: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Ophthalmol. 2015;99(6):823–31. Tele-Ophthalmology for Age-Degeneration and Screening: A and Meta-Analysis. E Health. 2018;24(4):301–8. . The comparison of telerehabilitation and face-to-face rehabilitation after total knee arthroplasty: A systematic review and meta-analysis. J Telemed Telecare. 2018;24(4):257–62. MA, van der Schaaf M, Vredeveld T, et al. Effectiveness of physiotherapy with telerehabilitation in surgical patients: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Physiotherapy. 2018;104(3):277–98. Is telehealth effective in managing malnutrition in community-dwelling older adults? A systematic review and meta-analysis. Maturitas. 2018;111:31–46. . Mapping the Evidence on the Effectiveness of in Diabetes, Dyslipidemia, and Hypertension: Review of and Meta-Analyses. J Res. 2020;22(3):e16791. Kitsiou S, Paré G, Jaana M. Systematic reviews and meta-analyses of home telemonitoring interventions for patients with chronic diseases: a critical assessment of their methodological quality. J Res. 2013;15(7):e150. -Afshar A, et al. Disease Network. Effect of telemedicine on glycated hemoglobin in diabetes: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized trials. CMAJ. 2017;189(9):E341–64. . Telehealth for diabetes self-management in primary healthcare: A systematic review and meta-analysis. J Telemed Telecare. 2018 Jun;24(5):356–64. -Tahami A, et al. The effects of mobile health interventions on lipid profiles among patients with metabolic syndrome and related disorders: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Syndr. 2019;13(3):1949–55. Telemedicine improved diabetic management. Mil Med. 2000;165(8):579–84. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by referencing various studies and systematic reviews demonstrating the effectiveness and applications of telehealth in managing conditions such as diabetic retinopathy and diabetes self-management. While these studies support the use of telemedicine, they don't imply that in-person visits are entirely eliminated; instead, they indicate that telemedicine can be an effective supplementary option alongside traditional care methods.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Chassis organisms like E. coli are commonly used in synthetic biology applications. [SEP] Text: Full size imageLower concentrations or shorter incubation time does not evoke abnormal cortical LFP activityThe original publication by Nimmerjahn and colleagues, showing the ability of SR101 to label cortical astrocytes in vivo, recommended using 25–100 μM SR101 and incubation for one to five minutes8. However, from S1 provided in the supplementary material, it appears that a large fraction of publications use concentrations higher than this (see S1). 1 and 2 we show that topical loading of 100 μM and 250 μM SR101 (10 min incubation) may induce abnormal cortical neuronal activity, an effect that ideally is undesireable. Thus, in the final experiment we tested the effect of lower concentrations, i. e. 25 μM and 50 μM, of SR101 and concentrations of 100 μM and 250 μM incubated for one minute on cortical neuronal activity. We observed bright labelling of cortical astrocytes using either 100 μM (1 min incubation) or 50 μM (10 min incubation) SR101 (Fig. 3b,d). Contrary to the previous experiments, we did not observe any abnormal LFP activity in the anaesthetised cortex following loading, despite leaving the SR101 on for 30 min and 20 min for 25 μM and 50 μM, respectively (Fig. 3c–d and Supplementary S5). Non-filtered recordings displaying the application and wash out induced artefacts, together with power spectrograms, are provided in Supplementary Fig. S5. Thus, from these experiments it appears that concentrations of 50 μM, or less, SR101 does not induce abnormal cortical neuronal activity, but still sufficiently labels astrocytes (summarised in Fig. 3d). Figure 3Lower SR101 concentrations or shorter incubation time does not evoke abnormal cortical LFP activity. (a) Experimental setup. (b) Astrocytic SR101 uptake following cortical 100 μM (1 min incubation) or 50 μM (10 min incubation) SR101 application (images acquired 60 min following loading). (c) Left, LFP recordings following 25 μM (30 min incubation), 50 μM (20 min incubation), 100 μM (1 min incubation) or 250 μM (1 min incubation) SR101 application. Right, close-up of LFPs shown on the left. (d) Summary table showing main findings. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim about chassis organisms like E. coli in synthetic biology. Instead, it discusses the effects of the compound SR101 on cortical neuronal activity and astrocyte labeling, which is unrelated to the claim regarding the use of E. coli in synthetic biology.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Sleep is crucial for cognitive health and physical recovery. [SEP] Text: Adolescent is defined by the Organization (WHO) as “the second decade of life (10–19 years of age), a time when significant physical, psychological, and social changes occur” and as “a unique stage of human development and an important time for laying the foundations of good health” [2,3]. The adolescent population is 1. 3 billion and this is 16% of the world population [4]. Although young people pass through adolescence and enter adulthood, adolescence is a period when and face mental health problems [1]. According to the changes that occur during adolescence, there are mental health problems in adolescents and the prevalence of mental disorders was 13. 4% [5]. One of the mental health problems in adolescence is sleep problems [6]. Sleep is vital to growth [7], tissue restoration [8], and health dimensions [9]. Sleep problems affect many people around the world [10]. Sleep disorders include several types of conditions affecting sleep [11]. Sleep disturbance affects 45% of people around the world and has emerged as a health problem [12,13]. General sleep disturbance prevalence rates have been reported as 32% [14]. Sleep has a wide range of effects on health [8,15,16]. Sleep quality is measured using one’s satisfaction with sleep experience, quantity of sleep, and continuity of sleep [17]. Poor sleep quality, short sleep duration, and insomnia are more prevalent in night-shift workers [18]. Sleep is associated with health, and current recommendations are for adults aged 18–60 years, to have at least 7 hours of sleep per day [19,20]. Many studies have investigated sleep problems in adolescents [21,22]. One of the important factors in sleep problems is cognitive emotion regulation strategies [23,24]. The adaptive management of emotions is critical for psychological well-being [25,26]. Emotion regulation contains “the extrinsic and intrinsic processes responsible for monitoring, evaluating, and modifying emotional reactions, especially their intensive and temporal features, to accomplish one’s goals” [27]. There are individual differences in emotional abilities, including identifying and understanding own and others’ emotions, the causes and outcomes of different emotions, and strategies used to regulate emotions [28,29]. Maladaptive cognitive emotion regulation strategies are associated with mental health problems such as depression and anxiety [25,30-32]. In this regard, it has been shown that emotional strategies affect sleep [33-35]. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by emphasizing that sleep is vital for growth, tissue restoration, and overall health. It mentions that sleep problems are prevalent among adolescents and can lead to mental health issues, which underscores the importance of sleep in maintaining cognitive health. Moreover, the text indicates that there are numerous studies investigating sleep problems in adolescents, reflecting its critical role in psychological well-being and recovery.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Telemedicine eliminates the need for in-person visits entirely. [SEP] Text: The physician at a distance: the use of videoconferencing in the treatment of patients with hypertension. J Telemed Telecare. 2009;15(8):397–403. Rodríguez-Idígoras M, Sepúlveda-Muñoz J, Sánchez-Garrido-Escudero R, et al. Telemedicine influence on the follow--up of type 2 diabetes patients. Ther. 2009;11(7):431–7. Esmatjes E, Jansà M, Roca D, Pérez-Ferre N, et al. The efficiency of telemedicine to optimize metabolic control in patients with type 1 diabetes mellitus: Telemed study. Ther. 2014;16(7):435–41. Basudev N, Crosby-. A prospective randomized controlled study of a virtual clinic integrating primary and specialist care for patients with Type 2 diabetes mellitus. Diabet Med. 2016;33(6):768–76. The utilization of video-conference shared medical appointments in rural diabetes care. Med Inform. 2016;93:34-41. . Association of Visits for Hypertension Follow-Up in with Control and Use of Clinical Services. J Med. 2018;33(11):1862–7. . The use of wearable devices in chronic disease management to enhance adherence and improve telehealth outcomes: A systematic review and meta-analysis. J Telemed Telecare. 2020;1357633X:20937573. . Effect of Telemedicine on Quality of Care in Patients with and Diabetes: A and Meta-Analysis. E Health. 2020. Impact of on for Patients with Type 2 Diabetes, Hypertension, and/or Dyslipidemia: A Systematic Review. Ann Pharmacother. 2021;55(5):637–49. . in the Effectiveness of Web-based for the Self-Care of People with Conditions: Systematic Review. J Res. 2020;22(6):e17849. Supplementary Files1. docx2020AbstractChecklist. docx:Under ReviewVersion 1posted First submitted to journal03 Jan, 2022You are reading this latest preprint versionlets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text presents multiple studies and findings related to telemedicine's effectiveness in managing chronic conditions, indicating that telemedicine is an adjunct to traditional care rather than a complete replacement. The mention of follow-ups for diabetes and hypertension suggests that in-person visits may still be necessary for comprehensive patient management, thus contrasting with the claim that telemedicine entirely eliminates the need for in-person visits.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Chassis organisms like E. coli are commonly used in synthetic biology applications. [SEP] Text: Full size imageDiscussionHere we report that SR101, a widely used fluorescent dye for specific labelling of astrocytes, possess potent bioactive effects able to change cortical neuronal activity in vivo following topical loading. Currently the mechanism for how SR101 triggers the observed change in cortical neuronal activity is unknown. The two most likely hypotheses may be that: (1) SR101 has a direct effect on cortical neurones, or (2) SR101 has an indirect effect on neuronal activity via an astrocyte-mediated mechanism. We have previously shown, that in hippocampal slices SR101 induces a direct effect on pyramidal neurone membrane structures, leading to a reduction in action potential firing threshold and a long-term increase in neuronal excitability and synaptic efficacy9. This finding is in agreement with a similar experiment performed in hippocampal slices10. Here the authors showed that SR101 markedly increased the excitability of pyramidal neurones as well as induced monosynaptic long-term potentiation of synaptic efficacy in hippocampal area CA1. These effects developed already after five minutes following 100 μM or 25 μM SR101 bath application10. This time course agrees with our finding that SR101-induced seizure-like LFP activity develops within five to ten minutes following topical loading, depending on the applied concentration (Fig. 1). This rather rapid time course favours a direct SR101-mediated effect on neurones. We observed that cortical astrocytes starts to appear bright under the 2-photon microscope within ten to twenty minutes following 100 μM SR101 application (Fig. 1), similar to what Nimmerjahn and colleagues reported in the original publication8. If the SR101-triggered effect on neuronal LFP activity was via an astrocyte-dependent intra-cellular mechanism, one might expect that SR101 uptake into cortical astrocytes preceded that of LFP changes; this did not seem to be the case. Thus, it appears more likely that SR101 has a direct effect on neurones while the concentration is still relatively high in the extracellular environment. This may also be supported by the striking similarity between the seizure-like LFP activity presented here (Fig. 1) and previously published epileptiform activity induced in vivo by application of the compound 4-AP, targeting neuronal potassium channels15. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses the effects of the fluorescent dye SR101 on cortical neuronal activity and does not mention chassis organisms like E. coli or their use in synthetic biology applications.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Sleep is crucial for cognitive health and physical recovery. [SEP] Text: The influence of emotion regulation strategies and sleep quality on depression and anxiety. Cortex 2023;166:286-305. 31. Differential associations of cognitive emotion regulation strategies with depression, anxiety, and insomnia in adolescence and early adulthood. 2023;20:5857. 32. Nolen-Hoeksema S, Aldao A. Gender and age differences in emotion regulation strategies and their relationship to depressive symptoms. Differ 2011;51:704-8. 33. . Sleep and emotions: bidirectional links and underlying mechanisms. Psychophysiol 2013;89:218-28. 34. . Mood regulation, dreaming and nightmares: evaluation of a desensitization function for REM sleep. Dreaming 1993;3:243-57. 35. Vandekerckhove M, Wang YL. Emotion, emotion regulation and sleep: an intimate relationship. AIMS Neurosci 2017;5:1-17. 36. Shochat T. Impact of lifestyle and technology developments on sleep. Sleep 2012;4:19-31. 37. Brivio F, Viganò. Narrative review and analysis of the use of “lifestyle” in health psychology. 2023;20:4427. 38. Jensen M. Defining lifestyle. 2007;4:63-73. 39. Loef M, Walach H. The combined effects of healthy lifestyle behaviors on all cause mortality: a systematic review and meta-analysis. 2012;55:163-70. 40. Yamaoka K, Tango T. Effects of lifestyle modification on metabolic syndrome: a systematic review and meta-analysis. BMC Med 2012;10:138. 41. Marcos-Delgado A, Hernández-Segura N, Fernández-ín V. The effect of lifestyle intervention on health-related quality of life in adults with metabolic syndrome: a meta-analysis. 2021;18:887. 42. . Combined healthy lifestyle and depressive symptoms: a meta-analysis of observational studies. J 2021;289:144-50. 43. Circadian rhythms and sleep quality among undergraduate students in China: the mediating role of health-promoting lifestyle behaviours. J 2023;333:225-32. 44. Yang CC, Llamas-Díaz. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contains references to multiple studies discussing the relationship between sleep and various mental health aspects, such as emotion regulation, depression, and anxiety, all of which are closely tied to cognitive health. The mention of 'Sleep and emotions: bidirectional links and underlying mechanisms' suggests an intimate relationship vital for cognitive processes and emotional stability, thereby supporting the claim that sleep is important for cognitive health and physical recovery.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Telemedicine eliminates the need for in-person visits entirely. [SEP] Text: research 1195. DOI: Abstract Introduction: Since the onset of the Covid-19 pandemic, virtual office visits is becoming a part of the permanent landscape of medicine, highlighting the importance of studying their impact on medical and surgical practices. This study examines the impact of virtual appointments on time spent in the office of a surgical practice. Materials & Methods: 201 patient appointments from a combined bariatric and general surgery practice were included in this retrospective cohort study from November 2020 through December 2020. There were 104 in-office visits and 97 virtual visits. Descriptive statistics and student t-test were used to analyse the data based on visit types (new vs. established vs. postop appointment). Also was included the average length of time spent by the medical assistant per patient during the in-office visits. Results: The average length of time spent on new, established, and post-op patient visits conducted in the office setting were significantly longer than those conducted virtually (60+/-20 vs. 12+/-5 min, p<0. 001) (47+/-27 min vs. 6+/-3 min, p<0. 001) (49+/-21 min vs. 5+/-2 min, p<0. 001) respectively. This did not include the prep time of the virtual visits or the physician’s time in reviewing the medical records or tests. Additionally, office staff members spent an average of 4. 9+/-2. 6 minutes per patient in triage during in-office visits, whereas they were not required to participate in virtual visits when conducted. The missing portion of these visits were the ability of obtaining vital signs, which could be solved by the addition of some type of artificial intelligence (AI). Conclusion: The use of telemedicine technology to conduct virtual appointments within a surgical practice saves a significant amount of time for patients, physicians, and office staff when compared to in-office visits for specific cases. The missing portion of these visits could be solved by utilizing AI in the future. Keywords: Virtual Appointment; Telemedicine; Artificial intelligence the rapid development of new telecommunication technologies since the beginning of the 21st century, the use of telemedicine in healthcare emerged and has been growing at a relatively steady pace until the onset of the Covid-19 pandemic [1-3]. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by indicating that while telemedicine offers advantages such as time savings for patients and office staff, it does not eliminate the need for in-person visits entirely. It highlights that certain aspects of care, such as obtaining vital signs, are missing from virtual appointments and suggests that these could potentially be addressed by artificial intelligence in the future. Therefore, the text underscores that in-office visits still hold significant importance in medical practice.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Chassis organisms like E. coli are commonly used in synthetic biology applications. [SEP] Text: However, recent work have suggested astrocyte involvement in the development of epileptic activity15,27,28 and it is conceivable that SR101-induced astrocyte signalling occurs following uptake and contributes to the observed seizure-like LFP activity. Similar, a possible oligodendrocyte-mediated effect cannot be excluded, based on the recent finding that SR101 labels oligodendrocytes in vivo6 and the intimate proximity between neuronal axon initial segments and myelin sheathes29. Overall, the current knowledge of SR101-evoked changes of neuronal excitability and its uptake time course leads us to suggest, for now, that the most likely mechanism of action is via a direct effect on neurones, but future experiments should aim to answer this question in more detail. The main purpose of applying SR101 to the cortical surface before initiating 2-photon microscopy experiments, is to label astrocytes in order to unambiguously distinguishing between neuronal and astrocytic signaling in vivo1,4,10,30. Thus, any interference with normal brain physiology mediated by SR101 is in that context strongly undesirable. Although, we have not explored the after-effects of SR101-induced seizure-like LFP activity and its influence on subsequent experiments, other studies indicate that some long-term effects could be expected. In our earlier work we showed that ten minutes of SR101 bath application evoke long-term potentiation of synaptic efficacy lasting 80 minutes following exposure in hippocampal slices9. Similar results have been reported by Garaschuk showing increased population spike amplitude 50 minutes following SR101 exposure10. Overall this suggests, that the exposure of the neuronal tissue to SR101 can cause long-term changes in synaptic efficacy of excitatory transmission. In addition, previous observations show that epileptic seizure activity can induce long-term synaptic plasticity31,32, as well as increase the expression of the synaptic plasticity-associated immediate-early gene c-Fos33,34. Finally, recent work shows that spontaneous interictal epileptiform discharges can impair memory consolidation18. Hence, it is a possiblity that the observed 30–40 minutes of abnormal cortical LFP activity (Figs 1 and 2) cause similar changes in synaptic plasticity and impacts subsequent physiological recordings, such as experiments investigating synaptic plasticity in vivo. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim regarding chassis organisms in synthetic biology. Instead, it discusses topics related to astrocyte and oligodendrocyte involvement in neuronal excitability and the effects of SR101 on brain physiology. There is no mention of E. coli or its role in synthetic biology, making the text irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Sleep is crucial for cognitive health and physical recovery. [SEP] Text: Physical activity, sleep disorders, and type of work in the prevention of cognitive function decline in patients with hypertension access Published: 06 December 2023 Physical activity, sleep disorders, and type of work in the prevention of cognitive function decline in patients with hypertension Mengdi Zhang1, Huachen Jiao2, Cong Wang2, Ying Qu1, Shunxin Lv3, Dongsheng Zhao1 & …Xia Zhong1 Show authors BMC 2022. Subject exclusion criteria included individuals diagnosed with congestive heart failure, valvular heart disease, cardiac surgery, hepatic and renal dysfunction, and malignancy. Recruitment is through multiple channels such as hospital medical and surgical outpatient clinics, wards, and health examination centers. Cognitive function was assessed using the Mini-Examination (MMSE), and sleep quality was assessed using the (PSQI). Moreover, we obtained information on the patients' type of work through a questionnaire and their level of physical activity through the (IPAQ). ResultsThe logistic regression analysis results indicate that sleep disorder is a significant risk factor for CFD in hypertension patients(OR:1. 85, 95%CI:[1. 16,2. 94]), mental workers(OR:0. 12, 95%CI: [0. 04,0. 37]) and those who perform both manual and mental workers(OR: 0. 5, 95%CI: [0. 29,0. 86]) exhibit protective effects against CFD. Compared to low-intensity, moderate physical activity(OR: 0. 53, 95%CI: [0. 32,0. 87]) and high-intensity physical activity(OR: 0. 26, 95%CI: [0. 12,0. 58]) protects against CFD in hypertension patients. The importance of predictors in the decision tree model was ranked as follows: physical activity level (54%), type of work (27%), and sleep disorders (19%). The area under the ROC curves the decision tree model predicted was 0. 72 [95% CI: 0. 68 to 0. 76]. ConclusionModerate and high-intensity physical activity may reduce the risk of developing CFD in hypertensive patients. Sleep disorders is a risk factor for CFD in hypertensive patients. Hypertensive patients who engage in mental work and high-intensity physical activity effectively mitigate the onset of CFD in hypertensive patients. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by stating that sleep disorders are significant risk factors for cognitive function decline (CFD) in hypertensive patients. This indicates that adequate sleep is important for maintaining cognitive health. Furthermore, the conclusion suggests that engaging in physical activities can mitigate risks associated with cognitive decline, which highlights the role of sleep in overall recovery and health.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Telemedicine eliminates the need for in-person visits entirely. [SEP] Text: The threat of the virus and the subsequent need for physical distance forced the healthcare industry to quickly expand its use of virtual patient appointments to nearly all fields of medicine, including surgical specialties [4,5]. However, as the spread of the virus has slowed, the use of video technology to conduct virtual appointments has declined but it is still being used at a higher rate than before the pandemic era. This slowdown is due, especially in the surgical practice, to the patients’ preference in establishing a face-to-face relationship with their surgeon especially on their first consultation visit, rather than meeting the surgeon on the dayof the surgery [6]. As such virtual visits are becoming a part of the permanent landscape of medicine, highlighting the importance of studying their impact on both medical and surgical practices [7,8]. This study examines the impact of virtual appointments on time spent in the office of a surgical practice. What is missing from these visits is the ability to document the vital signs. However, (AI) is evolving and there are many attempts to be involved in the medical field, which could solve this issue in the future in spite of many obstacles [9]. Materials & retrospective cohort study was conducted using tracked time data from all patient appointments for a single surgeon’s office with a combined bariatric and general surgery practice. The office visits were conducted twice a week; on Mondays from 1:00 pm to 5:00 pm and on Thursdays from 11:00 am to 5:00 pm using 4 exam rooms and one medical assistant (MA) to triage the patients. The study was conducted from November 2020 through December 2020. It included 201 patients where 104 were in-office visits and 97 were virtual visits. Appointments with incomplete or missing time data were excluded. Of the in-office visits, there were 34 (33%) new patient appointments, 41 (39%) established patient appointments, and 29 (28%) post-op appointments. Of the virtual patient appointments, 5 (5%) were new patient appointments, 46 (47%) were established patient appointments, and 46 (47%) were post-op appointments (Table 1). The total length of time for each appointment was reviewed. The study used a commercially available telemedicine application with capability of video saving of the interview. The typical office flow for a new patient visit starts by the patient signing in and filling the medical/surgical history and review of systems. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by indicating that despite the rise in virtual appointments during the pandemic, in-person visits are still preferred by patients, particularly for initial consultations with surgeons. It highlights that the need for face-to-face relationships remains significant, thus suggesting that telemedicine does not completely eliminate the necessity of in-person visits.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Chassis organisms like E. coli are commonly used in synthetic biology applications. [SEP] Text: In agreement with this consideration is previous work discussing spontaneous Ca2+ transients in visual cortex before and after injection of 100 μM SR101 (described in)10. Here the authors described that SR101 injection initially caused an increase in the frequency of Ca2+ transients, supporting our LFP observations (Figs 1 and 2). However, 40 minutes after the SR101 injection spontaneous Ca2+ transients were significantly reduced compared to baseline, suggestive of long-term depression. Thus, overall, SR101 is able to change cortical synaptic efficacy, on a time scale that impact experimental data obtained in vivo. SR101 was originally discovered to selectively label cortical astrocytes in 20048. Thus, the question arises why the potent effects of SR101 concentrations ≥100 μM on cortical LFP activity have not been reported until now. As previously described, the main purpose of SR101 application is to label astrocytes to distinguish between neuronal- and astrocytic Ca2+ transients. For measuring Ca2+ signals organic Ca2+ indicator dyes, such as 488 BAPTA-1 AM, has been widely used1,4,8,30. This Ca2+ indicator dye require ~1 hour following loading to reach a stable maximal fluorescence level in stained cells30. In our experiments, we observed that SR101-triggered seizure-like LFP activity ceased after 30–40 minutes, depending on the SR101 concentration used (Fig. 1). Thus, if SR101 is applied together with an organic Ca2+ indicator dye and the subsequent experiment is not initiated until 1 hour following loading, the abnormal neuronal activity is likely not seen. Furthermore, in our experiments, we applied SR101 onto S1-M1 cortical areas, allowing us to observe behavioural outputs, i. e. contra-lateral hindlimb muscle contractions, during SR101-induced seizure-like LFP activity (Fig. 1, Supplementary Fig. S4 and S1–3). However, if SR101 is applied to non-motor cortical areas, e. g. visual- or auditory cortex, no such obvious behavioural outputs might develop, again masking the abnormal neuronal activity from the experimenter. In summary, we here show that commonly used loading concentrations of the astrocyte-specific indicator SR101, i. e. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not relate to the claim regarding chassis organisms like E. coli in synthetic biology. It discusses the effects of a specific fluorescent dye (SR101) on cortical transients and neuronal activity, which is unrelated to the use of E. coli in synthetic biology applications.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Sleep is crucial for cognitive health and physical recovery. [SEP] Text: These findings suggest that cognitive decline in patients with CFD may be influenced by various factors, including older age, abnormal physical characteristics, lower levels of education, engagement in manual labor, and specific medication usage. Table 1 Baseline characteristics of hypertensive patients with no cognitive impairment and cognitive function declineFull size tableAs indicated in Table 2, individuals experiencing CFD exhibited a prolonged period of hypertension, elevated SBP and DBP, and increased levels of LAP and serum creatinine (p < 0. 05). However, initial analyses revealed no statistically significant disparities between the two groups in relation to and LDL-C (p > 0. 05). Table 2 and metabolism in hypertensive patients with no cognitive impairment and cognitive function declineFull size tableAccording to Table 3, individuals suffering from hypertension with CFD had worse sleep quality and appeared to be more prone to sleep disturbances (P < 0. 01). Table 3 Sleep status of hypertensive patients with no cognitive impairment and cognitive function declineFull size tableThe physical activity level of each group is shown in Table 4. Hypertensive patients with vigorous physical activity levels had a lower risk of CFD than low and moderate physical activity levels(p < 0. 01). Table 4 Physical activity level of hypertensive patients with no cognitive impairment and cognitive function declineFull size tableMultivariate regression analysesThe ORs for the multivariate model of cognitive function decline according to prespecified influencing factor are shown in Table 5. A binary logistic regression analysis revealed several factors contributing to CFD: age, work type, physical activity level, sleep disorders, ACEI/ARB usage, and Beta-blocker usage. Among these, age ≥ 65 years (OR: 8. 68, 95% CI [3. 64, 20. 72], p < 0. 001) and the presence of sleep disorders (OR: 1. 85, 95% CI [1. 16, 2. 94], p < 0. 05) emerged as risk factors for CFD. Regarding work types, patients in mental work (OR: 0. 12, 95% CI [0. 04, 0. 37], p < 0. 001) and those engaged in both mental and manual work (OR: 0. 5, 95% CI [0. 29, 0. 86], p < 0. 05) displayed lower risk. Moreover, moderate-intensity physical activity (OR: 0. 53, 95% CI [0. 32, 0. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by indicating that sleep disorders are significant risk factors for cognitive function decline (CFD). Specifically, it states that the presence of sleep disorders is linked to a higher risk of CFD, with an odds ratio of 1.85. This implies that poor sleep quality can negatively impact cognitive health, supporting the idea that sleep is crucial for cognitive well-being. Moreover, the text discusses factors influencing CFD, which includes sleep status among others, reinforcing the importance of adequate sleep for cognitive health.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Telemedicine eliminates the need for in-person visits entirely. [SEP] Text: The MA then enters the patient’s data into the electronic medical record (EMR). During this period, the patient is waiting in the reception room. After the data is entered, the patient is then brought to the triage room for measurements and vitals then placed in the exam room while the data are being entered into the EMR system before the chart is given to the surgeon to see the patient. For the established and post-operative visits, all patients enter the triage room for vitals then they are placed in the exam room. Meanwhile the MA will enter the data in the EMR while the patient is sitting in the exam room waiting for the surgeon. The study start time for the in-office visits began when the patient signed into the office and ended when the patient exited the exam room following the completed visit (Table 2). On the other hand, for the virtual visits of a new patient, the MA interviewed the patient on the phone. The data of the history and review of systems were entered on the EMR and the patient was then asked to download the telemedicine application from the App store onto the smart phone and was instructed on how to take an appointment. On the other hand, for the established patient, if the application was not download previously, he/she was asked to followed the same steps as a new patient. Otherwise, the patient was asked to schedule the appointment on the application. These data entries occurred typically before the visit when the MA had free time during the week. However, for the post-operative visits, if the patient did not download the application previously, he/she was sent an invitation to his/her smart phone either when the patient was in the pre-op hold area, for outpatients, or on the day of discharge, for the in-patient. The patient was guided on how to take a post-op appointment. Start time for the virtual appointments began when the virtual call was connected on the day of the visit and ended when it was disconnected (Table 3). The application has the capability of video recording and saving the interview on the smart phone of both the patient and the surgeon. These data did not include the surgeon’s time in reviewing the medical records or tests that the patients brought in with them or the time of search and reviewing them on the EMR prior to the visit. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by detailing a hybrid approach to patient care where in-person visits are still necessary for certain aspects of care, such as the collection of vital signs and measurements. It describes procedures where patients still engage in physical visits for data entry into electronic medical records (EMR) and other preparatory activities in the reception and triage rooms, indicating that complete elimination of in-person visits is not occurring.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Chassis organisms like E. coli are commonly used in synthetic biology applications. [SEP] Text: 100 μM and 250 μM, can induce seizure-like activity in S1-M1 five to ten minutes following topical loading, when incubated for ten minutes. This SR101-induced synchronized cortical activity can evoke motor outputs and muscle contractions even in anaesthetised mice. Finally we show, that 25 μM and 50 μM SR101 does not appear to cause abnormal LFP activity following loading, but still labels cortical astrocytes. Overall, our observations may call into question the widespread usage of 100–300 μM SR101 for topical loading of cortical astrocytes, given its potent bioactive effects on cortical tissue when incubated for ten minutes. We advocate that SR101 concentrations no higher than 50 μM should be used for in vivo experiments, to avoid the risk of evoking abnormal cortical neuronal activity. MethodsAnimal preparationAll experiments carried out in Rochester were in compliance with the of for the Care and Use of and in accordance with guidelines approved by the institute ethics committee for the care and use of animals. All experiments performed at the University of Copenhagen were approved by the Committee (Permission No. 2012-15-2934-00719 and 2015-15-0201-00535) and was in accordance with Regulations. Mouse preparation was modified from previously published protocol35. Wild-type mice of either sex, 6–12 weeks old (N = 30), were anaesthetised with an intraperitoneal injection of ketamine (120 mg kg–1) and xylazine (10 mg kg–1) (KX) dissolved in saline. Depth of anaesthesia was monitored by pinch withdrawal reflex throughout the experiment. We supplied half the initial dose of KX to the anaesthesia every 60 minutes. If the mouse responded to pinch stimulation additional KX anaesthesia was given immediately. Core body temperature was monitored by a rectal probe and maintained at 37 ± 0. 5 °C by a heating blanket (BS4, Harvard Apparatus). Eyes were protected with eye ointment (). A custom-made metal plate was glued to the exposed and cleaned skull with cyanoacrylate. A craniotomy (2–3 mm in diameter), with the centre 0. 5 mm posterior to bregma and 3. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim regarding the usage of chassis organisms like E. coli in synthetic biology. It discusses seizure-like activity induced by different concentrations of SR101 and describes animal preparation procedures, which are unrelated to synthetic biology or chassis organisms.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Sleep is crucial for cognitive health and physical recovery. [SEP] Text: Conversely, individuals with higher education levels, those engaged in mental or both mental and manual occupations, moderate and high intensity physical activity, and users of ACEI/ARBs and Beta-blockers exhibit protective factors against CFD. Numerous studies have delved into the positive impact of physical activity on cognitive function among adults. A meta-analysis of 15 prospective cohort studies underscored the protective influence of vigorous exercise against cognitive decline (hazard ratio 0. 62, 95% CI 0. 54–0. 70) [39]. Furthermore, recent research conducted by Finnish and Swedish scholars demonstrated that low to moderate levels of physical activity in midlife correlated with an elevated risk of dementia when contrasted with high activity levels. Sustained high physical activity or its escalation from midlife were associated with reduced dementia risk [40]. The outcomes of our cross-sectional study align with prior research on the link between physical activity levels and cognitive function. They underline the importance of physical activity in postponing cognitive decline in hypertensive individuals. Among the potential mechanisms, several are widely recognized. Physical activity enhances the management of cardiovascular risk factors, augments cerebral blood flow and brain tissue oxygenation, and stimulates the production of neurotransmitters, neurotrophic factors, and brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), fostering neurogenesis and synaptogenesis, crucial elements in cognitive function [41,42,43,44]. While exercise interventions have proven beneficial to cognitive function, further research is necessary to elucidate the molecular mechanisms underpinning the relationship between physical activity and the risk factors for cognitive decline. During moderate or higher intensity physical activity, we observed that hypertensive patients with sleep disorders were more prone to developing CFD. Prior research indicates that sleep disorders can impact cognitive function [45]. It is worth mentioning that 32. 2% of the hypertensive participants in this study experienced poor sleep quality. In a substantial cohort study involving older Chinese adults [46], lower habitual sleep efficiency was linked to a higher risk of memory impairment and overall cognitive decline. The impact of sleep disorders on cognitive function might be attributed to substantial reductions in brain volume in specific regions such as the bilateral hippocampus, superior parietal lobule, left amygdala, and cortical and subcortical regions following sleep deprivation [47]. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the negative impact of sleep disorders on cognitive function, stating that prior research indicates sleep disorders can affect cognitive performance. It also highlights a cohort study linking lower habitual sleep efficiency with a higher risk of memory impairment and cognitive decline, thereby supporting the assertion that sleep is essential for cognitive health.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Telemedicine eliminates the need for in-person visits entirely. [SEP] Text: In addition, it did not include the time of the surgeon which was spent in entering the data and completing the EMR for completion of the visit and billing. Descriptive statistics and student t-test were used to make a comparison between the in-office and the virtual appointment lengths, based on visit type (new patient vs established patient vs post-op appointment). Average length of time spent by medical assistant staff per patient during in-office visits was also reviewed and included. average length of a new patient visit conducted in the office was significantly longer than for virtual appointment (60+/20 vs. 12+/-5 min, p<0. 001). Likewise, the average length of an established patient visit conducted in the office was significantly longer than for a virtual visit (47+/-27 min vs. 6+/-3 min, p<0. 001), and the average length of an in-office post-op patient visit was significantly longer when compared with a virtual post-op patient visit (49+/-21 min vs. 5+/-2 min, p<0. 001). When looking at the breakdown of the time of these visits we see that the majority of the time was spent in patients waiting to fill their information and triage, as well as, waiting to see the surgeon (Table 1). Unfortunately, the face-to-face time of the surgeon was not documented to be able to compare it directly with the virtual time, which is technically all face-to-face. All virtual visits were scheduled toward the end of the office day from 3:00 pm to 5:00 pm where the MA was not required to stay or participate in these visits. This allowed the staff to finish their work on time and leave by 5:00 pm. The time spent on entering the data into the EMR for these virtual visits was not calculated since it occurred whenever the MA had free time during the week to call the patient and prepare for the visit. Whereas in the in-office appointments this required the medical assistants to spend an average of 4. 9+/-2. 6 minutes per patient collecting vitals and entering preliminary history into the EMR prior to the physician entering the exam room. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by providing evidence that in-office visits are significantly longer than virtual appointments, suggesting that while telemedicine may reduce the need for some in-person interactions, it does not completely eliminate them. The comparison of visit lengths indicates that substantial face-to-face time and activities still occur during in-office visits, which challenges the notion that telemedicine fully replaces these visits.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Chassis organisms like E. coli are commonly used in synthetic biology applications. [SEP] Text: 5 mm lateral from the midline, was prepared over the right or left primary sensori-motor area (S1-M1) of the cortex and the dura carefully removed while necessary care was taken to avoid damage the cortical tissue (Fig. 1a). The cortical surface was kept moist by topical Ringer solution application (in mM: 126 NaCl, 3. 5 KCl, 1. 24 NaH2PO4, 26 NaHCO3, 10 glucose, 2 CaCl2 and 1 MgSO4 at pH 7. 4). In a subset of experiments, the contra-lateral sciatic nerve was exposed and dissected free from the surrounding tissues (similar to)36, cut distally and then mounted on a custom-made hook-electrode (Fig. 1a). We used this arrangement for recording of compound action potentials in the motor axons projecting to skeletal muscles of the distal hindlimb, providing us a measure of the timing of cortical output compared with the peripheral motor activity. The skin surrounding the exposed muscles and nerves of the hindlimb was sewed to a metal frame forming a bath that was filled with warm paraffin oil to reduce current shunting to the bathing media. For the experiments in awake mice (Fig. 2a) we adapted a published protocol23. Briefly, mice were anaesthetised using KX, head restrained with a custom-made mini-frame glued to the skull with cyanoacrylate and habituated to the restraint over two days, with a total training duration of 3–4 hours. On the day of the experiment a craniotomy was prepared as described above in isoflurane anesthesia and the mice were allowed to recover from the anaesthesia for 1 hour prior to conducting the experiments in order to avoid any after-effects on cortical activity. The mice were during recordings placed in a behavioural tube to minimise movement and to comfort the mice (Fig. 2a)23 and the room was kept dark and quiet. Body temperature was maintained as described above. ElectrophysiologyWe recorded primary sensori-motor cortical layer II (100–150 μm below the pial surface) local field potentials (LFP) continuously using a NaCl-filled glass micro-electrode (Resistance 2–5 MΩ) connected to a DP-311 differential amplifier (). Filters were set at 0. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant (pass) to the claim as it contains detailed experimental procedures and methodologies related to neuroscience and electrophysiology, without any mention or relevance to synthetic biology or chassis organisms like E. coli.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Sleep is crucial for cognitive health and physical recovery. [SEP] Text: Additionally, sleep deprivation hampers adult hippocampal neurogenesis [48], leading to neuron loss, decreased neuronal regeneration [49], and provoking excessive activation of hippocampal microglia [50], ultimately contributing to cognitive decline. While the logistic regression model effectively calculates specific odds ratios associated with different influencing factors and demonstrates the relationship between CFD in hypertensive patients and these factors, it fails to illustrate interactions between variables and lacks intuitive predictions. Decision trees, on the other hand, excel in showcasing these interactions. In our study, we incorporated physical activity level, work type, and sleep disorders into the decision tree model. Among them, physical activity level emerged as the primary influencing factor at the first level of the decision tree, underscoring its pivotal role in CFD among hypertensive patients. The subsequent levels of the decision tree elucidate the intricate interplay between these factors. A previous study conducted in China revealed that individuals involved in manual labor were more susceptible to cognitive decline [51]. In our current trial, we observed a similar trend: among hypertensive patients engaging in light to moderate physical activity, the decision tree analysis indicated that those employed in manual labor were inclined towards cognitive decline. This finding implies that engaging in physical labor may contributes to cognitive decline. Conversely, another study demonstrated that older adults engaged in mentally stimulating work tend to exhibit active thinking and superior cognitive functions, including understanding, discrimination, and reasoning, making them less susceptible to CFD [52]. However, the precise mechanisms through which type of work impacts cognitive function remain unclear. Beatriz E. Alvarado suggests that manual workers might be more vulnerable to cognitive impairment, potentially due to their lower levels of education [53]. In our study, we observed that gender did not exhibit an association with the incidence of CFD in hypertensive patients, which contrasts with some prior findings. Other studies have reported varying prevalence rates of CFD in both men [54] and women [55]. The higher prevalence of CFD in women may be attributed to hormonal disparities between genders [56]. Estrogen exposure is known to influence brain aging, impacting overall cognitive function and language attention [57]. Reduced estrogen levels in postmenopausal women can result in partial impairment of cognitive functions, such as verbal memory, reasoning, and alertness [58]. The above results indicate that the relationship between gender and prevalence of hypertensive CFD remains a topic of debate. We still need to conduct further research in this area. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by indicating that sleep deprivation hampers hippocampal neurogenesis, leading to cognitive decline. This supports the idea that adequate sleep is essential for cognitive health, as it highlights the negative impacts of insufficient sleep on brain function.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Telemedicine eliminates the need for in-person visits entirely. [SEP] Text: As a historical flash back before using the virtual calls we rarely finished the office on time and often the hours were extended to 6:00 or 7:00 pm before all patients were seen resulting in extra overhead cost for overtime and longer office hours for the surgeon which was spent in waiting for the patients to be ready to be seen. When evaluating the types of visits, we found almost equal split between all three types for the in office visits, while there was a shift toward established and post-op patients than new patients for the virtual visits (Table 3). In further evaluation of the disease, process we notice that established patients (majority bariatric follow-ups) did not mind to have either in office or virtual appointments. While new patients opted more for the in-office visits. On the other hand, the post-operative patients preferred the virtual visit especially for those who were given results of diagnostic testing or endoscopy and those with post-operative uncomplicated well-healed incisions who had no drains or sutures/staples to be removed. Type In-office 34 (33%) 5 (5%) Established 41 (39%) 46 (47%) Post-op 29 (28%) 46 (47%) Total 104 Table 1: Types of visits. Check in to triage Triage to to check out Total time New 34 19 6 35 60 Established 41 13 5 29 47 Post-op 29 12 4 23 39 Total 104 15 5 29 49 Table 2: In-office visits times Virtual time New 5 12 Established 46 6 Post-op 46 5 Total 97 5 Table 3: Virtual visits times. results of this study demonstrate a very important fact; a surgical practice that incorporates virtual appointments can save a significant amount of time in the office for the surgeon, the patient, and the office staff The surgeon does not have to wait for the patient to be brought back to the room while having the vitals checked, or wait for the room to be cleaned and turned over for the next patient, if only one exam room is available. Also, there is no need to share rooms and waiting for them to be turned over when multiple physicians are seeing patients at the same time utilizing the other exam rooms. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by highlighting that while virtual appointments offer significant benefits, established patients do not mind either in-office or virtual appointments, and new patients prefer in-office visits. This suggests that in-person visits are still necessary for certain patients, indicating that telemedicine does not eliminate the need for in-person visits entirely.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Chassis organisms like E. coli are commonly used in synthetic biology applications. [SEP] Text: 1 Hz high-pass and 100 Hz low-pass and sampled at 10 kHz using a power1401 digitiser (Design, UK) and Spike2 version 6 (CED, UK) or pCLAMP 9. 2 software (). The electroneurogram (ENG) was recorded with a custom-made hook-electrode (Fig. 1a) connected to a DP-311 differential amplifier (Warner instruments, Hamden, USA) and high-pass and low-pass filtered at 1 Hz and 1 kHz, respectively. The ENG signal was digitised and sampled at 2 kHz using a power1401 digitizer (Design, UK) and Spike2 version 6 software (CED, UK). 2-photon in vivo microscopyFor visualising sulforhodamine 101 (SR101) uptake into cortical astrocytes in vivo (Figs 1b and 3b) we used 2-photon microscopy as previously described23. We used a custom-built (modified 300) microscope (Olympus software Fluoview 300) with a 20× water-immersion objective (NA 0. 95, 20XW, Olympus), linked to a Ti:sapphire laser (Mai Tai, Spectra-Physics). Excitation wavelength was set at 800 nm. The emitted light was separated with an emission filter (ET595/60 Chroma). The laser power going into the cortical tissue was in the range of 20–30 mW37. Dye applicationSR101 (Molecular Probes, S359) was dissolved in Ringer solution to concentrations of 25 μM, 50 μM, 100 μM or 250 μM, all within the range for what is used in the litterature4,15,19,20 (see S1). In some experiments we tested (Dextran, Molecular Probes, D1863), a tissue fixable analog of SR101, at concentrations of 100 μM or 500 μM. The dissolved dye was topically applied to the exposed dura-free cortical surface. Right before application of the dye, the Ringer solution bathing the craniotomy was carefully absorbed. The dye solution was then applied using a pipette onto the exposed cortex to cover the cranial window. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses technical details of an experimental setup related to microscopy and dye application, without any mention of E. coli or its role in synthetic biology.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Natural remedies are always safer than pharmaceuticals. [SEP] Text: Intended for healthcare professionals email alerts BMA member login * Password * Forgot your log in details? Need to activate in via Openin via your institution Edition: company Toggle navigation The BMJ logo Site map form Searchsearch Search responses Search blogs Toggle top menu covid-19 ResearchAt a glance Research papers Research methods and reporting news EducationAt a glance Clinical reviews of the art What your patient is thinking Rapid recommendations & ViewsAt a glance to head Editor's choice Views and reviews responses CampaignsAt a glance Better evidence Climate change Divestment from fossil fuels Patient and public partnership Too much medicine authors The Polymeal: a more. . . The Polymeal: a more natural, safer, and probably tastier (than the Polypill) strategy to reduce cardiovascular disease by more than 75% : a more natural, safer, and probably tastier (than the Polypill) strategy to reduce cardiovascular disease by more than 75% BMJ 2004; 329 doi: (Published 16 December 2004) Cite this as: BMJ 2004;329:1447 6. 6 years, an increase in life expectancy free from cardiovascular disease of 9. 0 years, and a decrease in life expectancy with cardiovascular disease of 2. 4 years. The corresponding differences for women were 4. 8, 8. 1, and 3. 3 years. Polymeal promises to be an effective, non-pharmacological, safe, cheap, and tasty alternative to reduce cardiovascular morbidity and increase life expectancy in the general population. disease continues to be the leading cause of mortality and morbidity in Western populations. 1 Although several risk factors for cardiovascular disease have been identified, its prevention is still suboptimal owing to high costs, low compliance, and side effects of treatment. In 2003 Wald and Law introduced the concept of the Polypill. 2 The advocates of the Polypill selected six pharmacological components that by modifying different risk factors of cardiovascular disease multiplicatively might reduce the levels of cardiovascular disease in the population by more than 80%. 2 In general, the medical community has welcomed the concept but questioned the potential adverse effects and costs of such an intervention. Our objective was to define a safer, nonpharmacological, and tastier alternative to the Polypill in the general population: the Polymeal. We also wanted to calculate the potential effects of the Polymeal in terms of total life expectancy and life expectancy with and without cardiovascular disease. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text discusses the Polymeal, described as 'a more natural, safer, and probably tastier (than the Polypill)' strategy for reducing cardiovascular disease. This supports the claim by promoting the idea that natural remedies, such as the Polymeal, can be safer alternatives to pharmaceutical treatments (like the Polypill) for managing health conditions.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Telemedicine eliminates the need for in-person visits entirely. [SEP] Text: In addition, the patients do not have to drive to the surgeon’s office and spend the majority of their time in waiting just to be seen for a few minutes for post-op evaluation of an uncomplicated recovery or having a blood test results or discuss endoscopy findings. Although some amount of patient’s waiting time is common and often unavoidable in a medical office setting, it surely has value to the patient and affects his or her impression of the entire patient-doctor experience. It is possible that the short length of the virtual appointments will result in more follow-up phone calls, as the patient might not have had enough time to think of all the questions at the time of the call. However, the application that was used in our study has a feature of saving the virtual appointment for the patient with the ability to review the encounter at a later time or share it with relatives. This feature may prove to be very beneficial and cut down on time for future calls to recall what the physician discussed with the patient. This is especially valuable if it involves directions or different management protocols of malignant problems. Perhaps the most important aspect of virtual appointments of this study is the confirmation of the finding of the survey that was conducted by Sorensen et al. [7] proving that new patients prefer to have a face to face relationship with their surgeon on their first visit. The potential clinical consequence of not conducting a handson physical exam may be overcome by the future development of new technologies through AI allowing the physician to streamline which surgical diseases can lend itself to be conducted using virtual vs. hands on type of evaluation. Missing incidental finding on physical exam is a drawback to telemedicine. Physicians may find unrelated pathology to the reason why the patient is seeing them for which could be lifesaving. As such, studying the clinical consequences of virtual appointments will be important in understanding the impact of virtual appointments on patients’ health moving forward, as well as, identifying cases that might be inappropriate for virtual visits. There have been many attempts at incorporating AI into the medical practices. However, many obstacles need to be overcome before AI can be ready to be utilized in clinical application [9]. Adding the vital signs to the virtual visits may overcome one of the negative aspects of these encounters. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the limitations of telemedicine. It highlights that there are significant instances where in-person visits are still preferred, particularly regarding new patients wanting a face-to-face relationship with their surgeon. Additionally, it notes potential drawbacks of virtual appointments, such as the inability to conduct a hands-on physical exam and the risk of missing incidental findings that could be crucial for patient health.