Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Climate resilience can eliminate all climate-related risks entirely. [SEP] Text: 2017a,b; Hewitt et al. 2017). The interface can provide users with timely climate information and help them to use this information for robust decision-making and by collecting feedback, requirements, and recommendations, climate services targeting can be improved. The interface covers different user groups and encourages interaction among users, user representatives, service providers, and researchers. Users and expert teams of suppliers are gathered together through regional climate outlook forums (Daly and Dessai 2018), departmental collaborations, expert research groups, and networking. Furthermore, the coproduction of climate information and knowledge with users can increase its usability and better meet user needs (Wall et al. 2017; Briley et al. 2015; Bisbal 2018). Recent user engagement activities in China demonstrate that the coproduction of the knowledge model is very useful to build trust between scientific and user communities (Kruk et al. 2017). d. Building a professional interdisciplinary teamBuilding interdisciplinary teams of climate scientists, social scientists, researchers, forecasters, and communication specialists can bridge and narrow the gaps between providers and users in all stages of climate services development (Christel et al. 2018). The NCC has organized such a team of 15 professionals in its Branch (CAB), including experts in climate science; specialists in impact, adaptation, and vulnerability; social managers; and communication specialists. The CAB identifies user requirements, gathers feedback, communicates with a range of stakeholders, and bridges any gaps in the climate service development and delivery chain, all to support decision-makers. The CAB focuses on stakeholders in water resources, agriculture, energy, urbanization, and major engineering projects and has significantly increased the number of climate services and users in the NCC. The CAB has enhanced the climate awareness of users and the reputation of the NCC as well as stimulated the progress of NCC operations and research driven by societal needs (Zheng et al. 2019). 5. Concluding remarksDespite the successes evident in the examples presented here, there are also challenges and some failures that afford useful lessons to be learned from climate service practices. The first is the skill of climate predictions, the level of detail available in the predictions and inherent uncertainty in the predictions. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by acknowledging that despite successes in implementing climate services and enhancing climate awareness, challenges such as the inherent uncertainty in climate predictions exist. This implies that while climate resilience can improve responses to climate-related issues, it does not eliminate all risks entirely, highlighting the ongoing challenges and failures that remain in climate service practices.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Bioengineered yeast can produce biofuels from sugars. [SEP] Text: After the reaction, the reactor was cooled quickly to room temperature in ice water bath, and the products were separated into water phase and organic phase with the separating funnel for further analysis. Analytical methodsThe composition of hydrolysates was measured by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) equipped with a refractive index detector (Waters, USA) and a Bio-rad Aminex® HPX-87H (300 × 7. 8 mm) column (Bio-rad, USA). H2SO4 (5 mM) was employed as the mobile phase with a flow rate of 0. 5 mL min−1 at 50 °C. Calibration curves were performed with a standard solution of glucose, xylose, arabinose, formic acid, acetic acid, furfural and HMF, respectively. Xylooligosaccharides in hydrolysates were detected by HPLC using a Hi-column (7. 7 × 300 mm, Agilent, USA) in combination with a refractive index detector (Waters, USA). DI water was employed as the mobile phase with a flow rate of 0. 2 mL min−1 at 80 °C. Calibration curves of xylobiose (X2), xylotriose (X3), xylotetraose (X4), xylopentaose (X5) and xylohexose (X6) were established for the quantitative calculation. High-performance anion-exchange chromatography (-3000, ) coupled with a Carbopac™ PA-20 column (4 × 250 mm, Dionex, USA) was used to determine the monosaccharides and uronic acids that liberated from the precipitated hemicelluloses by the hydrolysis with H2SO4 (1 M) at 105 °C for 2. 5 h. Detailed procedure was illustrated in the Ref. [36]. Calibration curves were performed with a standard solution of glucose, xylose, galactose, arabinose and glucuronic acid, respectively. The molecular weights of the precipitated ethanol-insoluble hemicelluloses were determined by gel permeation chromatography (GPC) with an Agilent PL aquagel--H column (300 × 7. 5 mm) and an evaporative light-scattering detector (Wyatt, USA). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses analytical methods used to separate and analyze components from a reaction, with no mention of bioengineered yeast or biofuels. It focuses on the measurement procedures and calibration methods for various sugars and acids, which does not support or contest the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Vaccines help in preventing the spread of infectious diseases. [SEP] Text: Data below are grouped accordingly. Low‐mortality countries Safety trials (up to two months follow‐up): Rotarix was not superior to placebo in the prevention of rotavirus diarrhoea in the trials assessing outcomes up to two months after vaccination (RR 0. 88, 95% CI 0. 23 to 3. 32; 2061 participants, 4 trials). These trials, although reporting cases of rotavirus diarrhoea, were not designed to measure efficacy. Efficacy trials (one to three years follow‐up): Rotarix reduced rotavirus diarrhoea by 85% at up to one year (RR 0. 15, 95% CI 0. 10 to 0. 24; 4457 participants, 3 trials) and 78% at up to two years of follow‐up (RR 0. 22, 95% CI 0. 18 to 0. 27; 6878 participants, 4 trials). At the third year of follow‐up, there were very few reported cases of rotavirus diarrhoea of any severity. Based on a single trial (RIX Vesikari 2007a‐EU, 1590 participants), there was no difference between Rotarix and placebo groups (data not shown). Medium‐mortality countries Safety trials (up to two months follow‐up): Rotarix was not superior to placebo in the prevention of rotavirus diarrhoea in the trials assessing outcomes up to two months after vaccination (RR 1. 21, 95% CI 0. 07 to 22. 23; 444 participants, 1 trial). This trial, although reporting cases of rotavirus diarrhoea, was not designed to measure efficacy. Efficacy trials (one to two years follow‐up): Rotarix reduced rotavirus diarrhoea by 66% at up to one year (RR 0. 34, 95% CI 0. 26 to 0. 44; 5192 participants, 2 trials) and 54% at up to two years of follow‐up (RR 0. 46, 95% CI 0. 35 to 0. 59; 3665 participants, 2 trials). High‐mortality countries Safety trials (up to two months follow‐up): Three trials found no difference in the Rotarix group compared to placebo when outcomes were assessed up to two months after vaccination (RR 1. 21, 95% CI 0. 65 to 2. 22; 1789 participants, 7 trials). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text supports the claim by providing data on the efficacy of the Rotarix vaccine in reducing rotavirus diarrhoea in various countries. It states that 'Rotarix reduced rotavirus diarrhoea by 85% at up to one year' and '66% at up to one year' in medium-mortality countries, demonstrating that the vaccine is effective in preventing the disease. This indicates that vaccines like Rotarix play a significant role in controlling infectious diseases like rotavirus.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Climate resilience can eliminate all climate-related risks entirely. [SEP] Text: As an example, in 2019, the precipitation across the middle and lower reaches of the was predicted to have a fairly high probability of being higher than average and hence a prediction was made for flooding, but it turned out that the rainy season in that region ended early without as much rain as was predicted. Taking the as an example, no heavy rains occurred after 22 June. However, since it had drained its reservoirs on the basis of the climate prediction, the water storage was inadequate for agricultural irrigation during the autumn drought. The second challenge or failure has been insufficient use of climate information in decision-making. The challenge arises both in terms of climate service providers not making their information accessible, useful, and valuable enough for the decision-makers or the decision-makers not being aware of the value or relevance of climate information in their decision-making. Climate is often a relatively minor part of the decision-making process, but in some cases the climate may be more relevant than the decision-makers realizes. For instance, Kunming’s new airport is located east of Kunming within the range of the Yunnan–Guizhou quasi-stationary front, which will result in frequent foggy, rainy, and cloudy days during spring and winter. put forward this issue when the location selection was in process, but the civil aviation authority eventually chose to put the airport in Changshui, a city east of Kunming, after taking various factors into consideration. As a result, this new airport is constantly subjected to heavy fog (Zhang 2019). Therefore, climate service capability and delivery in China suffer from several shortcomings and challenges, of which three key shortcomings are identified here in more detail. First, climate service capability cannot meet the current needs of decision-makers, and this gap is growing. Part of this is because climate services are not always able to use the latest advances in climate science or have insufficient spatial and temporal resolutions, reliability, and accuracy of information for meeting user requirements. Currently, the uncertainties in extended-range outlooks are substantial and sometimes fail to support users in promptly taking measures to prepare for meteorological hazards (Song et al. 2013). The availability of climate change information in risk assessment and risk management required by end users or the communication of climate change information between providers and users is still a problem. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by illustrating that climate resilience does not eliminate climate-related risks entirely. It discusses specific instances where climate predictions failed and decision-makers inadequately responded to climate information. For example, it mentions how climate predictions led to inappropriate reservoir management, resulting in inadequate water storage during an autumn drought. Additionally, it highlights the inadequacies in climate service capability and delivery in China, suggesting that despite the intention for climate resilience, there are significant challenges that prevent complete risk elimination.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Bioengineered yeast can produce biofuels from sugars. [SEP] Text: Sodium phosphate buffer (5 mM, pH 7. 5) containing NaCl (0. 02 N) was employed as the eluent with a flow rate of 0. 5 mL min−1 at 35 °C. The composition of the solid residue was measured according to the Energy Laboratory’s Procedures (NREL/TP-510-42618). Briefly, sample (300 mg) was hydrolyzed with 72 % H2SO4 (3. 0 mL) at 30 °C for 1 h. The hydrolysate was diluted with DI water (84 mL), followed by autoclaving for 1 h at 121 °C. Carbohydrates were analyzed by HPLC as described above and the acid-soluble lignin was measured by ultraviolet spectrophotometer (UV-1800, Shimadzu, Japan). Experiments were duplicated to decrease the errors. The FT-IR spectra of the pretreated corncob and the precipitated ethanol-insoluble hemicelluloses were obtained on a spectrophotometer (Tensor 27) using a KBr disk containing 1 % of the finely ground sample. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) was used to analyze the surface morphology characterization of the samples (S-4300, Hitachi, Japan). X-ray diffraction (XRD) patterns of samples were recorded on a Bruker diffractometer with Cu Kα radiation. The tube voltage was 40 kV and the current was 40 mA. The selected 2θ range was 5°–40°, scanning at a step of 0. 02°. The monosugars, organic acids and furfural contents of the liquid products after the heterogeneously catalyzed conversion were detected by HPLC as described above. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim about bioengineered yeast producing biofuels from sugars. Instead, it describes various laboratory procedures and analyses related to carbohydrate composition and hydrolysis using sulfuric acid, which do not mention bioengineered yeast or its role in biofuel production.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Vaccines help in preventing the spread of infectious diseases. [SEP] Text: Efficacy trials (one to two years follow‐up): Rotarix reduced rotavirus diarrhoea by 49% during the first year of follow‐up (RR 0. 51, 95% CI 0. 39 to 0. 68; 9951 participants, 5 comparisons from 4 trials), and by 45% at up to two years follow‐up (RR 0. 55, 95% CI 0. 32 to 0. 93; 5600 participants, 2 trials). Pooled results showed statistical heterogeneity at one‐year follow‐up (I2 = 70%, Analysis 1. 14) and at up to two years follow‐up (I2 = 77%, Analysis 1. 16). 1. 2. 4. All‐cause diarrhoea: of any severity This outcome was reported as cases in five trials from low‐mortality countries (RIX Kim 2012‐KOR; RIX Omenaca 2012‐EU; RIX Phua 2005‐SGP; RIX Vesikari 2004b‐FIN; RIX Vesikari 2011‐FIN), in four trials from medium‐mortality countries (RIX Kerdpanich 2010‐THA; RIX Li 2014‐CHN; RIX Rivera 2011‐DOM; RIX Salinas 2005‐LA), and in four trials from high‐mortality countries (RIX Anh 2011‐PHL; RIX Anh 2011‐VNM; RIX Colgate 2016‐BGD; RIX Steele 2010a‐ZAF). All‐cause diarrhoea of any severity was reported as episodes in one trial from low‐mortality countries (RIX Vesikari 2004b‐FIN) and in two trials from medium‐mortality countries (RIX Rivera 2011‐DOM; RIX Salinas 2005‐LA). We have reported on cases and episodes separately. Low‐mortality countries Safety trials (up to two months follow‐up): Rotarix was not better than placebo in reducing the number of cases of all‐cause diarrhoea at two months follow‐up (RR 0. 80, 95% CI 0. 59 to 1. 08; 1906 participants, 3 trials; Analysis 1. 17). Efficacy trials (two years follow‐up): Rotarix was not better than placebo in reducing the number of cases of all‐cause diarrhoea at two years follow‐up (RR 0. 81, 95% CI 0. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text provides data from efficacy trials showing the impact of the Rotarix vaccine on reducing rotavirus diarrhoea by significant percentages (49% during the first year and 45% at two years follow-up). This evidence supports the claim by demonstrating that vaccines, like Rotarix, contribute to the reduction of infectious diseases, in this case, diarrhoea caused by rotavirus.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Climate resilience can eliminate all climate-related risks entirely. [SEP] Text: For example, there is a large gap between climate prediction and climate change projection capability and demand at the level of prediction accuracy, climate change uncertainty, and impact-based climate prediction and projection, particularly for extreme events. Providers of climate services should aim to improve their communication skills, improve the quality of their services and their delivery chain, enhance awareness among user communities of the existence and usefulness of their climate services, and use new and innovative technologies and methods to generate information that is based on an understanding of user requirements. Second, many decision-makers in climate-sensitive sectors have an insufficient awareness of their vulnerability to future climate change (Brasseur and Gallardo 2016). Limited or no understanding of climate change by decision-makers reflects the crucial need to improve climate change communication between climate service providers and users (Moser 2016). Decision-makers would benefit from having a better understanding of climate-related hazards and impacts as well as climate change risks. Robust, high-resolution regional climate change scenarios are needed along with quantification of the impacts and risks (Sutton 2019). A more comprehensive assessment of the risk of meteorological disasters associated with climate variability and climate change needs to be undertaken, along with an analysis of the vulnerability of the hazard-affected system and interactions among meteorological-related disasters and socioeconomic systems. Third, interactions between users and providers should be more proactive to improve the understanding of decision points and what climate services may be useful and usable (Lemos et al. 2012). The ability for providers to offer usable climate information and for users to make good use of climate information needs to be improved, and training in the use of climate information for decision-making should be strengthened. A key part of this task is the improved evaluation of climate services and closer interaction between providers and users to coproduce products and improve services (Golding et al. 2017b; Wall et al. 2017). The development and delivery of climate services in China, if not worldwide, requires significant interaction among providers, researchers, and users of climate services. These interactions must involve decision-makers, policy makers, local users, climate scientists, and sectoral experts. The development, delivery, and uptake of high-quality, relevant, usable, and effective climate services will facilitate climate-smart decisions that will reduce climate risks and improve Chinese societal resilience. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by pointing out that there are significant gaps in climate prediction and a crucial need for improved communication and understanding of climate-related risks among decision-makers. It states that while climate services aim to reduce climate risks, they do not eliminate them entirely, emphasizing the necessity for better awareness, training, and proactive interactions between users and providers. The mention of 'reduce climate risks' implies that risks cannot be entirely eliminated, contradicting the claim.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Bioengineered yeast can produce biofuels from sugars. [SEP] Text: One renewable and abundant energy resource that can possibly displace a significant portion of petroleum usage is ethanol produced from lignocellulosic biomass derived from forest and agricultural by-products [1–3]. Forestry biomass such as spruce, birch and biomass from agricultural by-products such as wheat straw and sugarcane bagasse are some of the potential candidates for lignocellulosic ethanol production [4]. Softwoods, predominantly spruce represent one of the major forest reserves in the Nordic countries. It has high carbohydrate content and using such carbohydrate-rich side streams for ethanol production would contribute to the diversification and intensification of the forest industry [5]. The polysaccharides present in lignocellulosic materials are embedded in a recalcitrant and inaccessible structure that needs to be broken up to convert them to fermentable sugars. One of the commonly used pretreatment methods to disrupt the structure of lignocellulosic materials is steam explosion, with the addition of H2SO4 or SO2, which removes most of hemicellulose, followed by enzymatic hydrolysis to convert cellulose to glucose [6]. During pretreatment the release of sugar monomers is often accompanied by liberation of compounds that inhibits growth and metabolism of fermenting microorganism. Some of the inhibitory compounds are present in the wood and others are formed from degradation of sugar and lignin molecules during pretreatment [7]. These inhibitory products are broadly classified into three categories: furans, weak acids and phenolics as reviewed by Palmqvist and Hahn-Hägerdal [8]. Extensive research have been performed to study the inhibition effects on fermenting microorganisms, an elaborate review on formation of inhibitors, their mechanistic action and effect on S. cerevisiae has been presented by Almeida et al. [9]. Furans such as 2-furaldehyde (furfural) and 5-hydroxymethyl-2-furaldehyde (HMF) inhibit the oxidative metabolism and fermentation of yeasts [10]. Presence of weak acids such as acetic, formic and levulinic acid have shown to result in significantly decreased ethanol yield and productivity in S. cerevisiae fermentations [11, 12]. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not directly address the claim that bioengineered yeast can produce biofuels from sugars. Instead, it discusses the production of ethanol from lignocellulosic biomass and the challenges faced during the fermentation process, focusing on inhibitors that affect yeast metabolism. While it mentions S. cerevisiae (a common yeast used in biofuel production), it does not confirm or refute the claim about bioengineered yeast's ability to produce biofuels specifically from sugars.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Vaccines help in preventing the spread of infectious diseases. [SEP] Text: All‐cause hospitalizations Two trials (RIX Phua 2005‐SGP; RIX Ruiz‐Palac 06‐LA/EU) provided data for the efficacy of Rotarix to prevent all‐cause hospitalizations. Low‐mortality countries Rotarix reduced the number of all‐cause hospitalizations by 64% at up to two years of follow‐up (RR 0. 36, 95% CI 0. 15 to 0. 86; 2421 participants, 1 trial; Analysis 1. 22). Medium‐mortality countries Rotarix slightly reduced the number of all‐cause hospitalizations at up to two years of follow‐up (RR 0. 88, 95% CI 0. 81 to 0. 96; 63,225 participants, 1 trial; Analysis 1. 22). 1. 2. 6. Rotavirus diarrhoea: requiring hospitalization or medical attention Rotavirus‐related hospitalizations were reduced by 82% after one year (RR 0. 18, 95% CI 0. 09 to 0. 33; 48,718 participants, 8 trials), 85% at two years (RR 0. 15, 95% CI 0. 11 to 0. 22; 35,331 participants, 7 trials), and 95% at three years (RR 0. 05, 95% CI 0. 02 to 0. 16; 10,519 participants, 1 trial (RIX Phua 2009‐AS, data not shown); pooled results showed statistical heterogeneity at one year of follow‐up (I2 = 55%); see Analysis 1. 23. Rotarix reduced rotavirus‐related medical visits by 92% at one year (RR 0. 08, 95% CI 0. 04 to 0. 16; 3874 participants, 1 trial) and 78% at two years (RR 0. 22, 95% CI 0. 16 to 0. 31; 7017 participants, 3 trials); see Analysis 1. 24. 1. 2. 7. All‐cause diarrhoea: requiring hospitalization Rotarix reduced cases of hospitalization for all‐cause diarrhoea at one‐year follow‐up by 46% (RR 0. 54, 95% CI 0. 35 to 0. 83; 20,703 participants, 3 trials; Analysis 1. 25). At two years follow‐up, Rotarix reduced cases by 48% (RR 0. 52, 95% CI 0. 27 to 0. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by providing evidence of the effectiveness of the Rotarix vaccine in reducing hospitalizations due to rotavirus and all-cause diarrhea, indicating its role in preventing infectious diseases. It details statistical reductions in hospitalizations and medical visits associated with the vaccine, supporting the idea that vaccines are effective in preventing the spread of infectious diseases.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Climate resilience can eliminate all climate-related risks entirely. [SEP] Text: Real-time risk monitoring, improved accuracy of predictions, effective risk-based early warning, improved access and uptake of climate services, and greater innovations will make climate services more valuable and usable. There is a need to develop and strengthen the capacity of end users to more effectively access and apply climate services. In turn, climate service developers need to be agile and innovative in responding to changing and emerging social needs, integrating climate information and climate resilience into all walks of life so that everyone can benefit from climate services for economic and social gain. Part of this agility and innovation can be provided by the next generation of information and communication technologies, as we see in the evolutions of mobile phones, internet, and digital broadcast media. Consultancy services and personalized services will enable users greater and improved access to climate services. As an example, automatically adapted climate service products could be developed, leading to greater efficiency, reduced costs, and faster development cycles, all of which can ensure that climate services can improve decision-making for social and economic benefits, drawing on and further developing scientific knowledge and capability in China and worldwide. In conclusion, in this paper, we have described the successful design and implementation of the CFCS and have introduced a range of examples of the services provided, as well as their societal benefits. The combined experiences of providing such a range of climate services allow us to reflect on the associated challenges, which include a growing gap between climate science and services capability and the societal need for such services, a lack of awareness in user communities of the value of climate services to their activities, and the important need for closer and more meaningful interactions between users and providers of climate services. We highlight that some areas needed for improvement have relevance beyond the Chinese context: the need for a more sustained pull-through of science development to climate services to make use of the latest advances, the need to tailor climate services to specific user needs, ways in which we can improve effective engagement between users and providers of climate services, and the need to develop strong interdisciplinary teams for the development and provision of climate services. We also consider the potential benefits that climate services may bring to a future, climate-resilient society, supported by the areas of improvement highlighted and further enhanced by an increased level of agility and innovation in this field, all of which contributes to the potential ability of climate services to improve resilience to climate-related risks in China and worldwide. 10. 1016/j. cosust. 2012. 01. 003. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by emphasizing that while climate services can improve resilience to climate-related risks, they do not entirely eliminate such risks. It discusses challenges associated with climate services, including a gap between science and service capabilities, and highlights the need for improvement and tailored services, suggesting that complete elimination of risks is not achievable.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Bioengineered yeast can produce biofuels from sugars. [SEP] Text: Phenolics include a wide variety of aromatic alcohols, aldehydes and acids, some of them notably include catechol, coniferyl alcohol, coniferyl aldehyde, vanillin, syringaldehyde, hydroquinone, cinnamic acid, p-coumaric acid and these compounds have been shown to limit the growth of S. cerevisiae and ethanol formation [13], however, the mode of action of these weak acids and phenolics on microbial physiology still remains unclear due to their molecular heterogeneity and lack of qualitative and quantitative analyses of high accuracy. Several detoxification methods such as alkali treatment, sulfite treatment, evaporation, anion exchange and treatment with laccase have been used to remove or decrease the level of inhibitory compounds in lignocellulosic hydrolysate leading to improved fermentability, however, these methods also resulted in loss of fermentable sugars [14]. Furthermore, it has been shown that detoxification cost constitutes as much as 22% of total ethanol production cost which economically limits their use [15]. One of the possible alternatives to circumvent inhibitor problems is to improve the fermenting microorganism by long term adaptation to inhibitors present in lignocellulosic hydrolysates. In laboratory conditions, evolutionary engineering is usually a phenomenon of long term adaptation of cells under selective pressure, where variants of cell population with a selective advantage exponentially take over the initially dominating cells [16]. The advantage of using evolutionary engineering is that a detailed understanding of the action of inhibitors and their complex nature of interaction with biochemical networks is not needed [9]. Some notable approaches include evolution of a fermenting microorganism to a whole hydrolysate containing high content of inhibitors [17] or to a defined media supplemented with one or more synthetic inhibitors [18]. The advantage of using synthetic inhibitors is better regulation of individual inhibitor concentrations and the ability to study their effect on cell growth, ethanol yield and productivity. It is evident from earlier studies that the combination of different inhibitors has more pronounced effect on cells due to their synergistic behavior [19]. However, evolution to a cocktail of inhibitors from three different categories has to the best of our knowledge not been investigated before and will be one of the focus of our work describe here. S. cerevisiae is a well characterized microorganism that has traditionally been used for ethanol production from hexoses providing high yields and productivities, in addition to high ethanol tolerance. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text discusses various aspects of the fermentation process using S. cerevisiae and its response to inhibitors, but it does not provide any specific information regarding bioengineered yeast or its capability to produce biofuels from sugars. Therefore, it is irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Vaccines help in preventing the spread of infectious diseases. [SEP] Text: 99; 14,367 participants, 2 trials; Analysis 1. 25). RIX Phua 2009‐AS reported that for hospitalizations due to all‐cause diarrhoea at three years of follow‐up, Rotarix reduced hospitalizations by 28% (RR 0. 72, 95% CI 0. 59 to 0. 86; 10,519 participants, data not shown). Pooled results showed statistical heterogeneity at one‐year (I2 = 68%) and at two years follow‐up (I2 = 77%). RIX Ruiz‐Palac 06‐LA/EU presented data on the number of episodes (Analysis 1. 26); Rotarix reduced hospitalization all‐cause diarrhoea episodes by 42% at one year (rate ratio 0. 58, 95% CI 0. 47 to 0. 71; 17,867 participants, 1 trial) and 47% at two years (rate ratio 0. 53, 95% CI 0. 46 to 0. 61; 14,286 participants, 1 trial). 1. 2. 8. occurrence of fever (Analysis 1. 27), diarrhoea (Analysis 1. 28), and vomiting (Analysis 1. 29) were evaluated at several time points: after the first dose, after the second dose, after the third dose, and at the end of the follow‐up period. Most trials contributed data to these outcomes. There were similar results for Rotarix and placebo for each outcome and time point. 1. 2. 9. Adverse events that require discontinuation of vaccination schedule There was little or no difference detected between Rotarix and placebo in the number of adverse events leading to discontinuation of the vaccination schedule (RR 1. 01, 95% CI 0. 82 to 1. 25; 94,980 participants, 26 trials; Analysis 1. 30). 1. 3. Dropouts before the end of trial Twenty‐eight trials reported on the number of participants who dropped out of the trial before it ended. Overall, there were slightly fewer dropouts from the Rotarix compared with the placebo or no‐intervention groups (RR 0. 94, 95% CI 0. 90 to 0. 99; 93,106 participants, 28 trials; Analysis 1. 31). 1. 4. Subgroup analyses 1. 4. 1. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text discusses the effectiveness of the Rotarix vaccine in reducing hospitalizations due to all-cause diarrhea by 28% and 42% at one year, indicating that vaccines can significantly reduce the incidence of infectious diseases. This supports the claim that vaccines help in preventing the spread of infectious diseases.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Climate resilience can eliminate all climate-related risks entirely. [SEP] Text: CrossrefAsrar, G. R. , V. Ryabinin, and V. Detemmerman, 2012: Climate science and services: Providing climate information for adaptation, sustainable development and risk management. Curr. Opin. Environ. Sustainability, 4, 88–100, falseSearch 10. 1007/s00376-018-8002-0. CrossrefBelcher, S. , E. Stott, L. Song, Q. Chao, R. Lu, and T. Zhou, 2018: Preface to special issue on for China. Adv. Atmos. Sci. , 35, 897–898, falseSearch 10. 1007/s00376-018-7210-y. CrossrefBett, P. E. , and Coauthors, 2018: Seasonal forecasts of the summer 2016 basin rainfall. Adv. Atmos. Sci. , 35, 918–926, falseSearch 10. 1093/scipol/scy070. CrossrefBisbal, G. A. , 2018: Practical tips to establish an actionable science portfolio for climate adaptation. Sci. Public Policy, 46, 148–153, falseSearch 10. 1002/2015EF000338. CrossrefBrasseur, G. P. , and L. Gallardo, 2016: Climate services: Lessons learned and future prospects. Earth’s Future, 4, 79–89, falseSearch 10. 1016/j. crm. 2015. 04. 004. CrossrefBriley, L. , D. Brown, and S. E. Kalafatis, 2015: Overcoming barriers during the co-production of climate information for decision-making. Manage. , 9, 41–49, falseSearch 10. 1175/JCLI-D-16-0892. 1. CrossrefBurke, C. , and P. A. Stott, 2017: Impact of anthropogenic climate change on the summer monsoon. J. Climate, 30, 5205–5220, falseSearch 10. 1016/j. landusepol. 2018. 03. 005. CrossrefChan, F. K. S. , J. A. Griffiths, D. Higgitt, S. Xu, F. Zhu, Y. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by implying that climate risks cannot be entirely eliminated, as it discusses climate services aimed at adaptation, risk management, and sustainable development, which suggest a need to manage and respond to risks rather than completely eliminate them.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Bioengineered yeast can produce biofuels from sugars. [SEP] Text: Furthermore, it has an innate ability to metabolize HMF and furfural to the less inhibitory compounds 5-hydroxymethyl furfuryl alcohol and furfuryl alcohol, respectively [10, 20, 21]. However, on the downside, S. cerevisiae cannot utilize xylose, an abundant pentose sugar in lignocellulosic hydrolysates [22]. Several metabolic engineering strategies have been performed for the development of recombinant S. cerevisiae strains to utilize and ferment xylose [23–25]. Previous investigations have demonstrated that a combination of metabolic engineering and mutagenesis was successful in developing superior recombinant xylose utilizing S. cerevisiae[26]. In the present study, we used a xylose utilizing recombinant S. cerevisiae[26] as the initial strain to enhance inhibitor tolerance in two modes of evolutionary engineering, one in repetitive batch cultures of defined medium containing a cocktail of inhibitors that are constituent of spruce hydrolysate and another in chemostat cultures using spruce hydrolysate. The aims of the present work were to compare the fermentative performance of evolved strains with that of parental strain using spruce hydrolysate and to compare the outcome of two modes of evolutionary engineering. ResultsEvolutionary engineering in repetitive batch cultures with inhibitor cocktailA cocktail of 12 different inhibitors spanning three different inhibitor categories: furans, weak acids and phenolics (Table 1) were used to evolve S. cerevisiae TMB3400 in repetitive batch cultures aiming at enhancing its inhibitor tolerance. Initially, the innate level of inhibitor tolerance of the strain TMB3400 was tested by cultivating in minimal medium containing various concentrations of inhibitor cocktail. The growth was followed by measuring the optical density at different time intervals. In presence of 100% inhibitor cocktail the μmax was estimated to 0. 03 h-1, however, in presence of 20% inhibitor cocktail the strain was able to grow at a μmax of 0. 18 h-1 which was 55% lower compared to μmax of 0. 40 h-1 in absence of inhibitors (Figure 1). Considering the scope for improvement, the evolution was initiated in presence of 20% inhibitor cocktail and gradually the concentration was increased in steps of 20%. The progressive development during the evolutionary engineering was followed as a function of increased μmax and reduced lag phase time. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not specifically address the claim regarding bioengineered yeast producing biofuels from sugars. Instead, it discusses the metabolic capabilities of S. cerevisiae (a type of yeast) in relation to tolerating inhibitors during fermentation processes. While there is mention of xylose utilization and engineering strategies, the text does not confirm or deny the claim about producing biofuels, making it irrelevant.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Vaccines help in preventing the spread of infectious diseases. [SEP] Text: Rotavirus serotype (G‐ or P‐type) Rotavirus diarrhoea: of any severity Seven trials reported on rotavirus diarrhoea of any severity by different G types. There were fewer cases of rotavirus diarrhoea of any severity in the group receiving Rotarix when compared to placebo, regardless of G type (G1, G2, G3, G4, G9, G12); however, the pooled data for G1 (I2 = 81%) and G9 (I2 = 25%) types showed statistical heterogeneity, see Analysis 1. 32. Three trials reported on rotavirus diarrhoea of any severity by different P types. There were fewer cases of rotavirus diarrhoea of any severity in the group receiving Rotarix when compared to placebo for P8. The results were inconclusive for P4 and P6 due to very few events leading to a very wide 95% CI. The pooled data for P8 type showed statistical heterogeneity (I2 = 67%), see Analysis 1. 32. Rotavirus diarrhoea: severe There were fewer severe cases of rotavirus diarrhoea in the Rotarix groups compared with placebo in cases attributed to the G1, G2, G3, G4, G9, G12, P4, P6, and P8 types; see Analysis 1. 33. Results were inconclusive for G8 types due to few reported cases leading to a very wide 95% CI. The pooled data for G1, G4, G8 and P8 types showed statistical heterogeneity (I2 = 65% (G1), 51% (G4), 63% (G8), 65% (P8)). 1. 4. 2. Malnourished children Rotavirus diarrhoea: of any severity One trial provided data separately as the number of cases of rotavirus diarrhoea of any severity in a subgroup of malnourished children (RIX Salinas 2005‐LA). Rotarix was significantly better than placebo in preventing rotavirus diarrhoea for this subgroup at one year of follow‐up (RR 0. 39, 95% CI 0. 19 to 0. 79; 287 participants, 1 trial, Analysis 1. 34). 1. 4. 3. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by providing evidence from trials showing that the vaccine Rotarix is effective in reducing cases of rotavirus diarrhoea, which is an infectious disease. It states that 'there were fewer cases of rotavirus diarrhoea of any severity in the group receiving Rotarix when compared to placebo,' supporting the assertion that vaccines play a role in the prevention of infectious diseases.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Climate resilience can eliminate all climate-related risks entirely. [SEP] Text: Tang, Y. Xu, and C. R. Thorne, 2018: “Sponge City” in China—A breakthrough of planning and flood risk management in the urban context. Policy, 76, 772–778, falseSearch 10. 1175/BAMS-D-18-0087. 1. CrossrefChen, Y. , and Coauthors, 2019: Anthropogenic warming has substantially increased the likelihood of July 2017–like heat waves over central eastern China. Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc. , 100, S91–S95, falseSearch 10. 3969/j. issn. 1002-2104. 2006. 06. 031. Cheng, J. , S. Li, and Q. Wu, 2006: Consideration on the water management in China. China Popul. Resour. Environ. , 16, 162–168, falseSearch 10. 1016/j. cliser. 2017. 06. 002. CrossrefChristel, I. , D. Hemment, D. Bojovic, F. Cucchietti, L. Calvo, M. Stefaner, and C. Buontempo, 2018: Introducing design in the development of effective climate services. Climate Serv. , 9, 111–121, falseSearch 10. 1175/WCAS-D-18-0015. 1. CrossrefDaly, M. , and S. Dessai, 2018: Examining the goals of the regional climate outlook forums: What role for user engagement? Wea. Climate Soc. , 10, 693–708, falseSearch 10. 1007/s00376-016-5247-3. CrossrefDong, B. , R. T. Sutton, W. Chen, X. Liu, R. Lu, and Y. Sun, 2016: Abrupt summer warming and changes in temperature extremes over northeast Asia since the mid-1990s: Drivers and physical processes. Adv. Atmos. Sci. , 33, 1005–1023, falseSearch 10. 1360/N972017-00916. CrossrefFang, J. , J. Zhu, and Y. Shi, 2018: The responses of ecosystems to global warming. Chinese Sci. Bull. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by indirectly indicating that climate resilience strategies, such as those discussed in the referenced studies, address risks but do not imply complete elimination of all climate-related risks. The use of terms like 'planning and flood risk management' suggests that while these approaches can mitigate risks, they do not completely eradicate them.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Bioengineered yeast can produce biofuels from sugars. [SEP] Text: Table 1 Composition of pretreated spruce hydrolysate and inhibitor cocktail solution Full size tableFigure 1Inhibitory effects of inhibitor cocktail on S. cerevisiae TMB3400. Growth curves of S. cerevisiae TMB3400 in the presence of different concentrations of inhibitor cocktail in minimal medium containing 20 g l-1 of glucose and xylose, respectively. No inhibitors (asterisks), 20% inhibitor cocktail (circles), 100% inhibitor cocktail (triangles). Full size image20% inhibitor cocktailUnder a selective pressure of 20% inhibitor cocktail five rounds of repetitive batch cultures were performed, in which cells were evolved for 48 generations. The μmax was found to be progressively increased during the course of evolution and at the end of the five rounds μmax was calculated to be 0. 33 h-1, which was a substantial increase by 89% compared to the initial μmax of 0. 18 h-1 (Figure 2a). There was hardly any lag phase observed during the evolution in presence of 20% inhibitor cocktail. Figure 2Evolutionary progress in repetitive batch culture. Progression of (a) maximum specific growth rate and (b) lag phase time profile during evolutionary engineering in repetitive batch cultures at different levels of inhibitor cocktail in minimal medium containing 20 g l-1 of glucose and xylose, respectively. 20% inhibitor cocktail (circles), 40% inhibitor cocktail (crosses), 60% inhibitor cocktail (diamonds), UV treated cells in 60% inhibitor cocktail (closed diamonds). Full size image40% inhibitor cocktailThe evolution was directed in presence of 40% inhibitor cocktail with the strain (RK20-5) evolved for five rounds in presence of 20% inhibitor cocktail. Thirteen rounds of repetitive batch cultures were performed for a total of 265 generations. There was no observed significant improvement in μmax that remained nearly constant at 0. 30 h-1 for every round of cultivation (Figure 2a). However, an interesting lag phase profile was observed. Initially, the lag phase time increased for every round and reached a peak in the seventh round of cultivation, later, gradually reduced to 24 h in the thirteenth round of cultivation, which was an improvement of 50% compared to the peak value of 48 h (Figure 2b). This was well justified from the analysis of extracellular samples collected during the evolution process. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses the effects of an inhibitor cocktail on the growth curves of S. cerevisiae TMB3400 in minimal medium containing glucose and xylose. It does not mention bioengineering, biofuels, or the conversion process of sugars into biofuels.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Vaccines help in preventing the spread of infectious diseases. [SEP] Text: Rotavirus diarrhoea: severe Seven trials provided data for the efficacy of RotaTeq to prevent severe rotavirus diarrhoea in children; see Analysis 2. 1 for up to one‐year follow‐up, Analysis 2. 2 for second year of life data, and Analysis 2. 3 for two years follow‐up. Trials were performed in low‐mortality countries (TEQ Clark 2004‐USA; TEQ Vesikari 2006a‐FIN; TEQ Vesikari 2006b‐INT; TEQ Block 2007‐EU/USA; TEQ Iwata 2013‐JPN), one trial in a medium‐mortality country (TEQ Mo 2017‐CHN), and two trials were split between five high‐mortality countries (TEQ Zaman 2010‐VNM; TEQ Zaman 2010‐BGD; TEQ Armah 2010‐GHA; TEQ Armah 2010‐MLI; TEQ Armah 2010‐KEN). Data below are grouped accordingly. Low‐mortality countries RotaTeq reduced the number of severe rotavirus diarrhoea cases by 97% at one year (RR 0. 03, 95% CI 0. 01 to 0. 11; 7688 participants, 5 trials), by 91% in the second year of life (RR 0. 09, 95% CI 0. 02 to 0. 33; 2596 participants, 2 trials), and by 96% by two years (RR 0. 04, 95% CI 0. 01 to 0. 11; 5442 participants, 2 trials). Medium‐mortality countries RotaTeq reduced the number of severe rotavirus diarrhoea cases by 79% at two years (RR 0. 21, 95% CI 0. 11 to 0. 41; 1937 participants, 1 trial). High‐mortality countries RotaTeq reduced the number of severe rotavirus diarrhoea cases by 57% at one year (RR 0. 43, 95% CI 0. 29 to 0. 64; 6775 participants, 5 comparisons from 2 trials), by 26% in the second year of life (RR 0. 74, 95% CI 0. 55 to 0. 99; 6081 participants, 5 comparisons from 2 trials), and by 44% at two years (RR 0. 56, 95% CI 0. 41 to 0. 77; 6744 participants, 5 comparisons from 2 trials). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by providing data indicating that the RotaTeq vaccine significantly reduces severe rotavirus diarrhoea in children across various mortality countries. For example, it states that RotaTeq reduced severe rotavirus diarrhoea cases by 97% at one year in low-mortality countries, which supports the assertion that vaccines are effective in preventing the spread of infectious diseases.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Climate resilience can eliminate all climate-related risks entirely. [SEP] Text: , 63, 136–140, falseSearch 10. 1167/j. issn. 1001-8166. 2015. 04. 0445. Fang, X. , X. Wang, W. Du, L. Li, X. J. He, C. Cheng, and Y. Liu, 2015: The application of climate information in urban planning in China: Retrospect and future prospect. Jinzhan, 30, 445–455, falseSearch 10. 1016/j. cliser. 2017. 03. 004. CrossrefGolding, N. , C. P. Hewitt, P. Zhang, P. X. Bett, X. Fang, H. H. Hu, and S. Nobert, 2017a: Improving user engagement and uptake or climate services in China. Climate Serv. , 5, 39–45, falseSearch 10. 1016/j. cliser. 2017. 11. 002. CrossrefGolding, N. , C. Hewitt, and P. Q. Zhang, 2017b: Effective engagement for climate services: Methods in practice in China. Climate Serv. , 8, 72–76, falseSearch 10. 1016/j. crm. 2019. 01. 002. CrossrefGolding, N. , C. Hewitt, P. Q. Zhang, M. Liu, J. Zhang, and P. Bett, 2019: Co-development of a seasonal rainfall forecast service: Supporting flood risk management for the basin. Manage. , 23, 43–49, falseSearch 10. 1175/JAMC-D-19-0050. 1. CrossrefHan, Z. , Y. Shi, J. Wu, Y. Xu, and B. Zhou, 2019: Combined dynamical and statistical downscaling for high-resolution projections of multiple climate variables in the Beijing–Tianjin–of China. J. Appl. Meteor. Climatol. , 58, 2387–2403, falseSearch 10. 1175/2009BAMS2607. 1. CrossrefHawkins, E. , and R. Sutton, 2009: The potential to narrow uncertainty in regional climate predictions. Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not directly support the claim that climate resilience can eliminate all climate-related risks. Instead, it discusses various studies and methods related to climate services and management strategies but does not assert that these approaches can completely eliminate risks. The context suggests that while climate resilience strategies are valuable, they do not guarantee complete risk elimination.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Bioengineered yeast can produce biofuels from sugars. [SEP] Text: For instance, cells from third round of cultivation (RK40-3) and thirteenth round of cultivation (RK40-13) were compared for HMF and furfural conversion, glucose consumption and ethanol production (Figure 3). There was a significant improvement in fermentation time in terms of glucose consumption and ethanol production. RK40-13 consumed all glucose and reached maximum ethanol concentration (8. 6 g l-1) in 35 h, whereas, RK40-3 consumed all glucose and reached maximum ethanol concentration (8. 3 g l-1) in 45 h (Figure 3a). The rate of HMF conversion was increased marginally, however, no significant difference was observed in the rate of furfural conversion (Figure 3b). Also, RK40-3 and RK40-13 consumed 16% and 10% of the supplied xylose, respectively during the time span of 12 h after the depletion of glucose until the subsequent cell transfer (data not shown). To increase genetic variability, cells from twelfth round of cultivation (RK40-12) were subjected to UV irradiation for 30, 60 and 90 seconds, respectively. The growth curve in presence of 40% inhibitor cocktail of strains resulting from 30 and 60 seconds UV exposure were indistinguishable, whereas, strain that was exposed to UV for 90 seconds consumed glucose relatively faster (data not shown). Figure 3Progression of glucose consumption, ethanol production and inhibitors conversion, in repetitive batch culture. (a) glucose consumption and ethanol production, (b) Conversion of HMF and furfural by RK40-3 (open symbols) and RK40-13 (closed symbols) during the evolution in 40% inhibitor cocktail in minimal medium containing 20 g l-1 of glucose and xylose, respectively. Glucose (diamonds), ethanol (circles), HMF (squares), furfural (triangles). Full size image60% inhibitor cocktailDirected evolution in presence of 60% inhibitor cocktail was started with RK40-12 exposed to UV for 90 seconds and RK40-13. Two culture lineages were developed, in which UV and non-UV treated cells were evolved in 60% inhibitor cocktail for 84 and 116 generations, respectively. The μmax of the non-UV treated lineage remained nearly constant at 0. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not directly address the claim regarding bioengineered yeast producing biofuels from sugars. Instead, it discusses specific comparisons of yeast strains in terms of glucose consumption and ethanol production efficiencies. While these details may relate tangentially to biofuel production, they do not provide direct support or contradiction to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Vaccines help in preventing the spread of infectious diseases. [SEP] Text: This corresponds to a risk difference of 18 fewer cases of intussusception with RotaTeq per 100,000 children with the 95% CI indicating from 26 fewer to 191 more per 100,000 (data not shown). Pooled results showed no increased risk of intussusception in children receiving RotaTeq when compared to placebo (RR 0. 33, 95% CI 0. 01 to 8. 16; 7488 participants, 5 comparisons in 2 trials; Analysis 2. 8). 2. 2. Secondary outcomes 2. 2. 1. Rotavirus diarrhoea: of any severity Nine trials provided data for the efficacy of RotaTeq to prevent rotavirus diarrhoea of any severity in children; see Analysis 2. 9 for one‐year follow‐up and Analysis 2. 11 for two‐year follow‐up. Six trials were performed in low‐mortality countries (TEQ Block 2007‐EU/USA; TEQ Clark 2003‐USA; TEQ Clark 2004‐USA; TEQ Iwata 2013‐JPN; TEQ Vesikari 2006a‐FIN; TEQ Vesikari 2006b‐INT), one trial in a medium‐mortality country (TEQ Mo 2017‐CHN), and two trials split into four country‐level comparisons in high‐mortality countries (TEQ Armah 2010‐GHA; TEQ Armah 2010‐KEN; TEQ Armah 2010‐MLI; TEQ Zaman 2010‐AS). Data below are grouped accordingly. Low‐mortality countries RotaTeq reduced the number of cases of rotavirus diarrhoea by 70% at both one‐year (RR 0. 30, 95% CI 0. 25 to 0. 37; 8644 participants, 5 trials; Analysis 2. 9) and two years follow‐up (RR 0. 30, 95% CI 0. 25 to 0. 37; 5223 participants, 2 trials; Analysis 2. 11). Medium‐mortality countries RotaTeq reduced the number of cases of rotavirus diarrhoea by 69% at two years follow‐up (RR 0. 31, 95% CI 0. 21 to 0. 46; 3864 participants, 1 trial; Analysis 2. 9). High‐mortality countries RotaTeq reduced the number of cases of rotavirus diarrhoea by 48% at one year (RR 0. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by providing data showing that the RotaTeq vaccine significantly reduced the number of cases of rotavirus diarrhoea, which is an infectious disease. Specifically, it mentions that RotaTeq reduced the number of cases of rotavirus diarrhoea by 70% in low-mortality countries, 69% in medium-mortality countries, and 48% in high-mortality countries. This evidence supports the assertion that vaccines help prevent the spread of infectious diseases.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Climate resilience can eliminate all climate-related risks entirely. [SEP] Text: , 90, 1095–1108, falseSearch 10. 1007/s00376-018-7255-y. CrossrefHewitt, C. , and N. Golding, 2018: Development and pull-through of climate science to services in China. Adv. Atmos. Sci. , 35, 905–908, falseSearch 10. 1038/nclimate1745. CrossrefHewitt, C. , S. Mason, and D. Walland, 2012: The global framework for climate services. Nat. Climate Change, 2, 831–832, falseSearch 10. 1038/nclimate3378. CrossrefHewitt, C. , R. Stone, and A. Tait, 2017: Improving the use of climate information in decision-making. Nat. Climate Change, 7, 614–616, falseSearch 32. Jiao, M. , and Coauthors, 2013: Addressing the potential climate effects of China’s project. WMO Bull. , 62, 49–53. Jiao, M. , and Coauthors, 2013: Addressing the potential climate effects of China’s project. WMO Bull. , 62, 49–53. )| falseSearch 5. Jiao, M. , L. Song, T. Jiang, D. Zhang, and J. Zhai, 2015: China’s implementation of impact and risk-based early warning. WMO Bull. , 64, 1–5. )| falseSearch 10. 1088/1748-9326/aa6cb9. CrossrefKent, C. , E. Pope, V. Thompson, K. Lewis, A. A. Scaife, and N. Dunstone, 2017: Using climate model simulations to assess the current climate risk to maize production. Environ. Res. Lett. , 12, 054012, falseSearch 10. 1175/JAMC-D-19-0096. 1. CrossrefKent, C. , and Coauthors, 2019: Maize drought hazard in the northeast farming region of China: Unprecedented events in the current climate. J. Appl. Meteor. Climatol. , 58, 2247–2258, falseSearch 10. 1007/s10584-013-0703-x. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing various studies and frameworks related to climate science and services, which imply that while efforts are being made to improve climate decision-making and risk management, eliminating all climate-related risks is not stated as a feasible outcome. The emphasis is on the improvement of information use in decision-making rather than a complete elimination of risks, suggesting limitations in achieving total resilience.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Bioengineered yeast can produce biofuels from sugars. [SEP] Text: 30 h-1 and the lag phase time increased for every round of cultivation (Figure 2a,b). The UV treated lineage grew slowly with nearly a constant μmax of 0. 20 h-1 for every round of cultivation; however, with a shorter lag phase time compared to the non-UV treated lineage (Figure 2a,b). Evolutionary engineering in continuous culture with spruce hydrolysateProlonged chemostat cultivation of the strain TMB3400 in presence of spruce hydrolysate supplemented to minimal medium was performed to improve the conversion rate of the growth- affecting inhibitors in order to enhance the inhibitor tolerance. As a measure of growth, the optical density was followed during the chemostat, when OD650 increased the selection pressure for adaptation was also increased by increasing the concentrations of spruce hydrolysate in steps of 10% (v/v). Initially the evolution was started with 20% spruce hydrolysate with a dilution rate of 0. 08 h-1, which was reduced to 0. 05 h-1 for hydrolysate concentrations higher than 20%. The cells were evolved for 97 generations (60 days) in presence of increasing concentrations of spruce hydrolysate before the chemostat was terminated. Throughout the chemostat, the residual glucose concentration remained similar at a low level below 0. 5 g l-1, only 5 to 10% of the supplied xylose was consumed during the first 40 generations, and later, xylose gradually accumulated (Figure 4a). The reduced xylose consumption capacity was also seen from 8 fold decrease in the specific xylose consumption rate during the progress of the evolution (Figure 4b). A significant improvement in ethanol yield from 0. 32 to 0. 41 g g-1 on consumed sugars was observed during the evolution and as a consequence, there was a gradual decrease in biomass yield on consumed sugars (Figure 4a). From the measured HMF and furfural concentrations it was observed that about 80 to 85% of the supplied HMF and furfural were converted during the cultivation at 20% or 30% levels of spruce hydrolysate (data not shown). However, at higher levels the conversion was reduced, 65% and 20% of the supplied HMF was converted during the cultivation at 40% and 50% levels of spruce hydrolysate, respectively. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not directly reference bioengineered yeast or its ability to produce biofuels from sugars. Instead, it discusses the cultivation of a yeast strain and its adaptation to spruce hydrolysate, with focus on aspects like growth rates, xylose consumption, and ethanol yield. Thus, it is irrelevant to the specific claim regarding the biofuel production capabilities of bioengineered yeast.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Vaccines help in preventing the spread of infectious diseases. [SEP] Text: 12; 57,134 participants, 1 trial; Analysis 2. 16). Data for medical attention and hospitalization rates due to all‐cause diarrhoea were not estimable. 2. 2. 4. incidence of fever (Analysis 2. 17), diarrhoea (Analysis 2. 18), and vomiting (Analysis 2. 19) were evaluated after the first dose, second dose, and third dose, and at the end of the follow‐up period. We found little or no differences between the RotaTeq and placebo groups for any of the reactogenicity outcomes and time points. We noted significant heterogeneity for the pooled post‐first dose data on fever (I2 = 61%). 2. 2. 5. Adverse events that require discontinuation of vaccination schedule Ten trials reported the number of adverse events leading to discontinuation of the vaccination schedule, with little or no difference between RotaTeq and placebo (RR 0. 84, 95% CI 0. 46 to 1. 56; 15,471 participants, 10 trials; Analysis 2. 20). 2. 3. Dropouts before the end of trial Similar numbers of children taking RotaTeq and placebo dropped out from trials before they ended (RR 0. 98, 95% CI 0. 90 to 1. 08; 85,855 participants, 13 trials; Analysis 2. 21). 2. 4. Subgroup analyses 2. 4. 1. Rotavirus serotype (G‐ or P‐type) Rotavirus diarrhoea: of any severity Four trials reported on serotype specific rotavirus diarrhoea of any severity (Analysis 2. 22). There were fewer cases of G1, G2, G9, and P8 rotavirus diarrhoea in the RotaTeq group compared to the placebo group. Results were inconclusive for G3 and G4‐specific rotavirus diarrhoea due to few events leading to wide 95% CIs. The pooled data for type G3 showed statistical heterogeneity (I2 = 50%). Rotavirus diarrhoea: severe Three trials reported on serotype‐specific severe rotavirus diarrhoea (Analysis 2. 23). There were fewer severe cases of G4, G8, G9, and P6 rotavirus diarrhoea in the RotaTeq groups. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by indicating that the RotaTeq vaccine leads to fewer cases of rotavirus diarrhoea when compared to the placebo group. Specifically, it mentions that 'there were fewer cases of G1, G2, G9, and P8 rotavirus diarrhoea in the RotaTeq group compared to the placebo group,' supporting the assertion that vaccines are effective in preventing infectious diseases.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Climate resilience can eliminate all climate-related risks entirely. [SEP] Text: CrossrefKirchhoff, C. J. , 2013: Understanding and enhancing climate information use in water management. Climatic Change, 119, 495–509, falseSearch 10. 1175/WCAS-D-16-0127. 1. CrossrefKruk, M. C. , B. Parker, J. J. Marra, K. Werner, R. Heim, R. Vose, and P. Malsale, 2017: Engaging with users of climate information and the coproduction of knowledge. Wea. Climate Soc. , 9, 839–849, falseSearch 10. 1038/nclimate1614. CrossrefLemos, M. C. , C. J. Kirchhoff, and V. Ramprasad, 2012: Narrowing the climate information usability gap. Nat. Climate Change, 2, 789–794, falseSearch 2016. Environ. Res. Lett. , 13, 014015, C. , and Coauthors, 2018: Attribution of extreme precipitation in the lower reaches of the during May 2016. Environ. Res. Lett. , 13, 014015, falseSearch 79. Li, Y. , and G. Zhao, 2014: A review of low-carbon city construction research in China. Ecol. Econ. , 10, 66–79. )| falseSearch 10. 1038/nclimate2836. CrossrefLourenço, T. C. , R. Swart, H. Goosen, and R. Street, 2016: The rise of demand-driven climate services. Nat. Climate Change, 6, 13–14, falseSearch 10. 1002/wcc. 403. Moser, S. C. , 2016: Reflections on climate change communication research and practice in the second decade of the 21st century: What more is there to say? Wiley Interdiscip. Rev. : Climate Change, 7, 345–369, falseSearch 10. 1016/j. crm. 2016. 10. 004. . Haigh, M. C. Lemos, A. S. Mase, and M. Widhalm, 2017: Useful to usable: Developing usable climate science for agriculture. Manage. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by implying that climate resilience alone cannot eliminate all climate-related risks. It discusses engaging with users of climate information and improving usability rather than stating that resilience would remove all risks, suggesting that challenges remain even when climate resilience strategies are implemented.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Bioengineered yeast can produce biofuels from sugars. [SEP] Text: Similarly, 70% and 50% of the supplied furfural was converted during the cultivation at 40% and 50% levels of hydrolysate, respectively. The fact that less HMF could be converted by the cells at higher levels of hydrolysate was also seen from the concentration ratio of HMF to furfural, which increased from 2. 8 at the 20-30% level to 3. 7 and 4. 7 at 40% and 50% of hydrolysate, respectively. At generation 31, the specific conversion rates of HMF and furfural was two and three fold higher than at generation 6, respectively, and this trend of increasing specific conversion rates of furans was found throughout the adaptation, indicating the evolutionary progress toward improved HMF and furfural conversion (Figure 4c). Acetate present in the hydrolysate was consumed to some extent by the cells but at the end of the evolutionary regime with 50% hydrolysate the specific consumption rate of acetate was decreased by 35% compared to the consumption rate at the beginning of the cultivation (data not shown). This also support that at higher hydrolysate levels the inhibitors started affecting the cellular performance. Figure 4Evolutionary progress in chemostat culture supplemented with spruce hydrolysate. (a) Yields of biomass (Y X/S) and ethanol (Y E/S) on consumed sugars (left ordinate) and xylose concentration in the chemostat (right ordinate). Biomass (crosses), ethanol (circles), xylose (triangles). (b) Specific consumption rate of xylose (r xyl) (left ordinate) and xylitol yield (Y XOH/xyl) from consumed xylose (right ordinate). Xylose (closed triangles), xylitol (plus). (c) Specific conversion rates of HMF (r HMF) and furfural (r fur) (left ordinate), line with step wise increase shows the generation points at which the spruce hydrolysate concentration was increased (right ordinate). HMF (squares), furfural (diamonds). Full size imageScreening and selection of evolved strains for characterizationEvolved cells sampled at different time points during the process of evolutionary engineering were screened by drop tests. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not directly address the claim regarding bioengineered yeast producing biofuels from sugars. Instead, it discusses the conversion of furfural and HMF during cultivation with different levels of hydrolysate and the related performance metrics. There is no explicit mention of biofuel production or bioengineered yeast's capacity to convert sugars into biofuels, making it irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Vaccines help in preventing the spread of infectious diseases. [SEP] Text: 59 to 0. 76; 11,008 participants; Analysis 3. 8) and by 23% at two‐year follow‐up (RR 0. 77, 95% CI 0. 71 to 0. 84; 11,008 participants; Analysis 3. 9). 3. 2. 2. Rotavirus diarrhoea: requiring hospitalization Rotasiil reduced the number of children requiring hospitalization due to rotavirus diarrhoea by 41% at one‐year (RR 0. 59, 95% CI 0. 39 to 0. 88; 7500 participants, 1 trial) and at two years (RR 0. 66, 95% CI 0. 52 to 0. 85, 7500 participants, 1 trial) follow‐up compared to placebo (Analysis 3. 10). 3. 2. 3. All‐cause diarrhoea of any severity There was little or no difference between Rotasiil and placebo for any severity all‐cause diarrhoea at one‐year (RR 0. 97, 95% CI 0. 90 to 1. 04; 3508 participants, 1 trial; Analysis 3. 11) and at two years follow‐up (RR 0. 96, 95% CI 0. 90 to 1. 02; 3508 participants, 1 trial; Analysis 3. 12). 3. 2. 4. incidence of fever (Analysis 3. 13), diarrhoea (Analysis 3. 14), and vomiting (Analysis 3. 15) were evaluated after any dose in four trials. We found little or no difference between the Rotasiil and placebo groups for any of the reactogenicity outcomes. 3. 2. 5. Adverse events requiring discontinuation One trial reported no adverse events leading to discontinuation of the vaccination schedule (RR not estimable, 7500 participants; Analysis 3. 16). 3. 2. 6. Dropouts before the end of trial Similar numbers of children taking Rotasiil or placebo dropped out from trials before they ended (RR 0. 93, 95% CI 0. 66 to 1. 32; 11,591 participants, 2 trials; Analysis 3. 17). 3. 3. Subgroup analyses 3. 3. 1. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text discusses the efficacy of the Rotasiil vaccine, indicating that it reduced hospitalizations due to rotavirus diarrhea by 41%. This supports the claim as it illustrates how a vaccine can prevent the spread and impact of an infectious disease, specifically through hospitalization rates and disease incidence.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Climate resilience can eliminate all climate-related risks entirely. [SEP] Text: , 15, 1–7, falseSearch 10. 3880. /j. issn. 1004-6933. Qiu, B. , 2015: The connotation, approach and prospect of Sponge City. Constr. , 2, 8–16, falseSearch 0. 2013-05-001. Song, L. , F. Xiao, and W. Li, 2013: The current status and future development of modern climate operation in China. Xuebao, 24, 513–520, falseSearch 10. 1175/BAMS-D-16-0158. 1. CrossrefSun, Y. , L. Song, H. Yin, X. Zhang, P. Stott, B. Zhao, and T. Hu, 2016: Human influence on the 2015 extreme high temperature events in western China. Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc. , 97, S102–S106, falseSearch 10. 1175/BAMS-D-18-0280. 1. CrossrefSutton, R. T. , 2019: Climate science needs to take risk assessment much more seriously. Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc. , 100, 1637–1642, falseSearch 10. 1175/BAMS-D-17-0253. 1. CrossrefTonya, H. , and Coauthors, 2018: Provision of climate services for agriculture: Public and private pathways to farm decision-making. Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc. , 99, 1781–1790, falseSearch 9485. php. Vaughan, C. , S. Dessai, and C. Hewitt, 2018: Surveying climate services: What can we learn from a bird’s-eye view? Wea. Climate Soc. , 10, 373–395, C. , S. Dessai, and C. Hewitt, 2018: Surveying climate services: What can we learn from a bird’s-eye view? Wea. Climate Soc. , 10, 373–395, falseSearch 10. 1175/WCAS-D-16-0008. 1. CrossrefWall, T. U. , A. M. Meadow, and A. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text suggests that climate resilience does not guarantee the elimination of all climate-related risks by focusing on various aspects of climate services and risk assessment. This implies that while resilience is crucial, there remain uncertainties and risks associated with climate that cannot be completely eradicated.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Bioengineered yeast can produce biofuels from sugars. [SEP] Text: Six ten-fold dilutions of cell suspension were incubated on YP-hydrolysate and YPD75 plates. All evolved cells from repetitive batch cultures performed better than parental strain TMB3400. Notably, cell population of two lineages (UV and non-UV treated) evolved in 60% inhibitor cocktail had relatively higher number of colonies across the dilution series on YP- hydrolysate plate than TMB3400 (data not shown). YPD75 plate containing 75% inhibitor cocktail was found to be more inhibitory than YP-hydrolysate, in particularly to TMB3400 with very few colonies on the first dilution and no colonies appearing on rest of the dilutions. Whereas, cells evolved in 60% inhibitor cocktail showed relatively more colonies, however, only on the first two dilutions. Selection of cell population for further characterization was primarily based on their ability to grow on inhibitor plates such as YPD75 and YP-hydrolysate. Since the performance of cells evolved in 60% inhibitor cocktail was better than TMB3400, two strains, RK60-5 (evolved in 60% inhibitor cocktail for 5 rounds of cultivation) and RKU90-3 (UV exposure for 90 seconds and evolved in 60% inhibitor cocktail for 3 rounds of cultivation) were chosen for further physiological characterization. Evolved cells from chemostat cultivation were compared with TMB3400 and there was hardly any notable difference observed in number of colonies on YP-hydrolysate plate. Accordingly, we chose to consider other factors for selection of cell populations. The cell population after 97 generations exhibited the highest ethanol yield of 0. 41 g g-1 consumed sugars and was evolved in chemostat for longest duration (Figure 4a). The cell population at generation 97 was designated as KE1-17. During the chemostat cultivation, xylose gradually accumulated after 40 generations (Figure 4a), therefore, we compared xylose consumption and xylitol produced from consumed xylose at various generation points during the evolution. At generation 31, the specific xylose consumption rate was at the highest at 142 mg l-1 OD650-1 h-1 and the xylitol yield was at the lowest at 0. 21 g g-1 consumed xylose (Figure 4b). This cell culture at generation 31 was designated as KE1-5. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim about bioengineered yeast producing biofuels from sugars. It discusses the performance of different yeast strains under certain conditions and their growth on specific media, but it does not provide any information regarding the production of biofuels or the conversion of sugars into energy.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Vaccines help in preventing the spread of infectious diseases. [SEP] Text: Rotavirus serotype (G‐ or P‐type) Rotavirus diarrhoea: severe Two trials (SIIL Isanaka 2017‐NER; SIIL Kulkarni 2017‐IND) reported on G‐ and P‐type specific severe cases of rotavirus diarrhoea (Analysis 3. 18). There were fewer severe cases of rotavirus diarrhoea in the Rotasiil groups for G1, G2, Gp, P4, P6; results were inconclusive due to inconsistency in the results or few events leading to wide 95% CIs for G3, G4, G8, G12, and P8. The pooled data showed statistical heterogeneity for G1 (I2 = 49%), G2 (I2 = 47%), and G3‐specific severe rotavirus diarrhoea (I2 = 73%). Rotavirus diarrhoea: any severity One trial (SIIL Isanaka 2017‐NER) reported on G‐ and P‐type specific cases of rotavirus diarrhoea of any severity (Analysis 3. 19). There were fewer cases of rotavirus diarrhoea in the Rotasiil groups for G1, G2, P4, P6; results were inconclusive due to few events leading to wide 95% CIs for G3, G4, G8, G9, G12, and P8. The included Rotasiil trials did not report separate data on immunocompromised or malnourished subgroups. 3. 4 Sensitivity analyses 3. 4. 1 Primary outcomes with high heterogeneity according to allocation concealment We rated all trials at low risk of bias for allocation concealment for the outcome where heterogeneity was high (I2 > 75%); see Analysis 3. 1 (I2 = 77%). 4. Rotavac 4. 1. Primary outcomes Summary of findings of primary outcomes are presented in summary of findings Table 8 (Rotavac, high‐mortality countries). 4. 1. 1. Rotavirus diarrhoea: severe High‐mortality countries One trial conducted in India provided data for the efficacy of Rotavac to prevent severe rotavirus diarrhoea in children. Rotavac reduced severe rotavirus diarrhoea cases by 57% at one year (RR 0. 43, 95% CI 0. 30 to 0. 60; 6799 participants; Analysis 4. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text provides evidence supporting the claim by detailing trials that show the effectiveness of the Rotavac vaccine in reducing severe cases of rotavirus diarrhoea. Specifically, it states that Rotavac reduced severe rotavirus diarrhoea cases by 57% at one year, suggesting its role in preventing the spread of this infectious disease.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Climate resilience can eliminate all climate-related risks entirely. [SEP] Text: Horganic, 2017: Developing evaluation indicators to improve the process of coproducing usable climate science. Wea. Climate Soc. , 9, 95–107, falseSearch 10. 1088/1748-9326/aa9404. CrossrefWang, J. , S. Tett, Z. Yan, and J. Feng, 2018: Have human activities changed the frequencies of absolute extreme temperatures in eastern China? Environ. Res. Lett. , 13, 014012, falseSearch 758. Wang, Y. , B. Zhou, Y. Ren, and C. Sun, 2016: Impacts of global climate change on China’s climate security. Xuebao, 27, 750–758. )| falseSearch 10. 1007/s13351-019-8106-1. CrossrefWang, Y. , and Coauthors, 2018: Construction and application of a climate risk index for China. J. Meteor. Res. , 32, 937–949, falseSearch 10. 1175/WCAS-D-18-0087. 1. CrossrefWeichselgartner, J. , and B. Artheimer, 2019: Evolving climate services into knowledge–action systems. Wea. Climate Soc. , 11, 385–399, falseSearch 10. 1007/s11434-012-5587-z. CrossrefWu, Q. , and F. Niu, 2013: Permafrost changes and engineering stability in Qinghai-Xizang Plateau. Chinese Sci. Bull. , 58, 1079–1094, falseSearch 331. Xiao, F. H. , C. Zhang, B. Wang, H. Wang, C. Liu, and A. Wang, 2006: Impact of climatic change on agriculture and its adaptation countermeasures in China. Xuebao, 15, 327–331. )| falseSearch 10. 1142/S2345748117500075. CrossrefXie, X. , and Y. Zheng, 2017: Research on the evaluation indicator system for climate adaptive cities: A case study of Beijing. Chinese J. Urban Environ. Stud. , 5, 1750007, falseSearch 755. Yao, X. , M. Liu, X. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing various climate science research efforts and strategies, indicating that climate risks are complex and cannot be entirely eliminated. It highlights the development of evaluation indicators and asking how human activities have influenced extreme weather patterns, suggesting that while resilience is important, it does not equate to the complete elimination of risks.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Bioengineered yeast can produce biofuels from sugars. [SEP] Text: KE1-17 and KE1-5 from the chemostat adaptation were chosen for further physiological characterization. Fermentation characteristics of evolved strainsThe fermentation performances of the selected strains were compared in anaerobic batch cultures in minimal medium and spruce hydrolysate. Anaerobic fermentation in minimal medium was performed with 20 g l-1 glucose and xylose each as carbon source. To quantitatively compare the fermentation performance, physiological parameters were calculated and it was found that all the evolved strains, but KE1-5, performed better than parental strain TMB3400. The strains RK60-5, RKU90-3 and KE1-17 exhibited 10 to 20% higher μmax than TMB3400, whereas, KE1-5 displayed 8% lower μmax than TMB3400 (Table 2). All the strains displayed maximum ethanol concentrations ranging between 8. 2 to 8. 7 g l-1 and the ethanol yields for all evolved strains showed a marginal increase of 3 to 5% higher than TMB3400. However, the specific glucose consumption rate and specific ethanol productivity of RK60-5, RKU90-3 and KE1-17 were significantly increased by 16 to 32% compared to TMB3400 (Table 2). It was observed for TMB3400, KE1-5 and KE1-17 strains that during the initial exponential growth on glucose, almost no xylose was consumed, as soon as glucose was depleted, growth ceased and cells started to utilize xylose. The specific xylose consumption rate calculated after the depletion of glucose, was significantly reduced by 50% in KE1-5 (0. 05 g g cell dry weight-1 h-1) and 20% in KE1- 17 (0. 08 g g cell dry weight-1 h-1) compared to the value for TMB3400 (0. 10 g g cell dry weight-1 h-1). Also, the xylitol yields for KE1-5 (0. 74 g g consumed xylose-1) and KE1-17 (0. 66 g g consumed xylose-1) were higher than the yield exhibited by TMB3400 (0. 61 g g consumed xylose-1). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text outlines the physiological characterization of specific yeast strains and their fermentation performance in converting sugars to ethanol. However, it does not directly address the broader claim about bioengineered yeast producing biofuels from sugars, as it focuses more on performance metrics rather than confirming production capability.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Vaccines help in preventing the spread of infectious diseases. [SEP] Text: 1), by 48% in the second year of life (RR 0. 52, 95% CI 0. 33 to 0. 81; 6516 participants; Analysis 4. 2), and by 54% by up to two years follow‐up (RR 0. 46, 95% CI 0. 35 to 0. 60; 6541 participants; Analysis 4. 3). 4. 1. 2. All‐cause diarrhoea: severe High‐mortality countries One trial conducted in India provided data for the efficacy of Rotavac to prevent severe all‐cause diarrhoea in children. The trial showed a reduction in the number of severe cases of diarrhoea with Rotavac compared to placebo at one year by 16% (RR 0. 84, 95% CI 0. 71 to 0. 98; 6799 participants; Analysis 4. 4). 4. 1. 3. All‐cause death High‐mortality countries Two trials conducted in India reported on all‐cause death. There was little or no difference in all‐cause death between Rotavac and placebo (RR 0. 88, 95% CI 0. 50 to 1. 56; 8155 participants, Analysis 4. 5). Thirty‐five deaths occurred among 5549 participants in the Rotavac arms and 18 deaths occurred among 2606 participants in the placebo arms. This corresponds to a risk difference of 83 fewer deaths with Rotavac per 100,000 children with the 95% CI indicating from 345 fewer to 387 more per 100,000 (data not shown). We present details of causes of death for each trial in 7. 4. 1. 4. All serious adverse events High‐mortality countries Serious adverse events were reported in three trials conducted in India. Pooled results showed no statistically significant difference in the number of serious adverse events in the Rotavac group compared with the placebo group (RR 0. 93, 95% CI 0. 85 to 1. 02; 8210 participants, 3 trials; Analysis 4. 6). 4. 1. 5. Serious adverse events: intussusception High‐mortality countries Four trials conducted in India reported on cases of intussusception. Eight cases of intussusception were reported in a total of 5764 children in the Rotavac arm compared with three cases of intussusception in 2818 children in the placebo arm. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by providing data on the efficacy of the Rotavac vaccine in reducing severe all-cause diarrhoea cases by 16%. This implies that vaccines like Rotavac help in preventing severe infections in children, contributing to the overall prevention of infectious diseases.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Climate resilience can eliminate all climate-related risks entirely. [SEP] Text: Fan, J. Wang, and L. Wang, 2011: Review on evaluation of meteorological service benefits. Meteor. Mon. , 37, 749–755. )| falseSearch 10. 1155/2016/5194091. CrossrefZhai, J. , Y. Liu, P. Hou, T. Xiao, and G. Cao, 2016: Water conservation service assessment and its spatiotemporal features in Zones. Adv. Meteor. , 2016, 5194091, falseSearch 10. 1360/N972018-00911. CrossrefZhai, P. , Y. Yuan, R. Rong and J. Guo, 2018: Climate change and sustainable development for cities. Chinese Sci. Bull. , 64, 1995–2001, https// falseSearch 10. 3969/2012JMS. 00. Zhang, T. , S. Song, C. Tian, X. Chai, and S. Pan, 2011: The benefit valuation method and analytical study of profession meteorological service in China. J. Meteor. Sci. , 31, 194–199, falseSearch 10. 1016/j. egypro. 2011. 03. 148. CrossrefZhang, W. , H. Li, and X. An, 2011: Ecological civilization construction is the fundamental way to develop low-carbon economy. Energy Procedia, 5, 839–843, falseSearch 45. Zhang, X. , 2019: Analysis of the climatic characteristics at airport. Adv. Meteor. Sci. Technol. , 9, 41–45. )| falseSearch 8637. Zheng, G. , M. Jiao, Y. Ding, and L. Song, 2019: China Climate. Press, 318 pp. Zhou, F. , D. Zou, 2016: The core concepts, main points and basic rules of ecological economy. Daxue Xuebao, 17, 100–102, https// F. , D. Zou, 2016: The core concepts, main points and basic rules of ecological economy. Daxue Xuebao, 17, 100–102, https// falseSearch 0121. 1. xml The link was not copied. Your current browser may not support copying via this button. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing various studies and reviews related to climate and meteorological services, which imply that while efforts such as climate resilience may help reduce risks, it does not suggest that such measures can completely eliminate all climate-related risks. The nature of climate studies acknowledges uncertainty and emphasizes adaptation, highlighting that complete risk elimination is not feasible.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Bioengineered yeast can produce biofuels from sugars. [SEP] Text: Surprisingly, in anaerobic batch cultures of RK60-5 and RKU90-3, when the glucose was depleted, xylose was hardly utilized even after 100 h of fermentation and minute traces of xylitol (0. 3 g l-1) were observed. Table 2 Physiological characterization: Anaerobic fermentation in minimal medium with 20 g l-1 glucose and xylose, respectively Full size tableTo further elucidate the phenotypic differences between evolved strains and TMB3400, anaerobic fermentations were performed in spruce hydrolysate containing carbon sources such as glucose, mannose, galactose, xylose and arabinose, the composition of which is presented in the Table1. It was observed in all fermentations that the sugars glucose and mannose were co-utilized and when glucose was depleted, galactose was consumed. Xylose consumption varied between the strains, TMB3400 utilized 15 to 17% of supplied xylose, KE1-5 consumed 10 to 12% and KE1-17 metabolized only 5% during 70 h of fermentation. There was hardly any xylose consumed by the RK60-5 and RKU90-3 strains. Arabinose was untouched by all the strains. The physiological parameters were determined and it was found that RK60-5 and RKU90-3 displayed the highest μmax of 0. 10 h-1 which was 43% higher than TMB3400 (Table 3). The ethanol yields displayed by the evolved strains were 8 to 10% higher than TMB3400. The strains RK60-5 and RKU90-3 exhibited a significant increase of 38% and 50% in specific sugar consumption rate and specific ethanol productivity, respectively. Similar improvement in specific ethanol productivity was observed in KE1-17, while sugar consumption and ethanol production rate of KE1-5 were similar to that of TMB3400. Surprisingly, there were no significant differences observed in rates of inhibitor conversion. The specific conversion rates of HMF and furfural were similar among all the strains with the exception being KE1-17 which showed 57% increase in the specific conversion rate of furfural compared to the strain TMB3400 (Table 3). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not provide any relevant information regarding the ability of bioengineered yeast to produce biofuels from sugars. It focuses on the fermentation characteristics of different yeast strains and their utilization of various sugars like glucose and xylose, but does not mention the production of biofuels or any correlation to bioengineering. Therefore, the text is irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Vaccines help in preventing the spread of infectious diseases. [SEP] Text: This corresponds to a risk difference of 35 more cases of intussusception with Rotavac per 100,000 children with the 95% CI indicating from 69 fewer to 428 more per 100,000 (data not shown). Pooled results were inconclusive due to few events leading to wide 95% CIs (RR 1. 33, 95% CI 0. 35 to 5. 02; 8582 participants; Analysis 4. 7). 4. 2. Secondary outcomes 4. 2. 1. Rotavirus diarrhoea: of any severity One trial provided data for the efficacy of Rotavac to prevent rotavirus diarrhoea of any severity in children. Rotavac reduced the number of cases of rotavirus diarrhoea of any severity by 34% at both one‐year (RR 0. 66, 95% CI 0. 56 to 0. 78; 6799 participants, 1 trial; Analysis 4. 8) and two‐year follow‐up (RR 0. 66, 95% CI 0. 57 to 0. 76; 6541 participants, 1 trial; Analysis 4. 2). 4. 2. 2. Rotavirus diarrhoea: requiring medical attention Rotavac reduced the number of children requiring medical attention due to rotavirus diarrhoea at one year of follow‐up by 31% compared to placebo (RR 0. 69, 95% CI 0. 58 to 0. 81; 6799 participants, 1 trial; Analysis 4. 11). 4. 2. 3. incidence of fever (Analysis 4. 12), diarrhoea (Analysis 4. 13), and vomiting (Analysis 4. 14) were evaluated after the first dose in two trials, second dose in one trial, and third dose in one trial. We found little or no difference between the Rotavac and placebo groups for most of the reactogenicity outcomes and time points, except for diarrhoea, which demonstrated an increase with Rotavac compared to placebo after the second dose (RR 1. 55, 95% CI 1. 00 to 2. 41; 356 participants) and third dose (RR 4. 09, 95% CI 2. 11 to 7. 92; 358 participants). 4. 2. 4. Dropouts before the end of trial Similar numbers of children taking Rotavac or placebo dropped out from trials before they ended (RR 0. 85, 95% CI 0. 57 to 1. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by providing evidence that the Rotavac vaccine significantly reduces the number of cases of rotavirus diarrhoea, which is an infectious disease. It states that Rotavac reduced the incidence of rotavirus diarrhoea by 34% and resulted in a 31% reduction in children requiring medical attention due to this illness. This indicates that vaccines like Rotavac are effective in preventing the spread of contagious infections.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Climate resilience can eliminate all climate-related risks entirely. [SEP] Text: Link copied successfullyCopy link Share on facebook Share on linkedin Share on twitter Weather, Climate, and Abstract1. Introduction2. Framework for Climate Servicesa. Requirements of climate servicesb. The vision and goals of the CFCSc. Structure of the CFCSd. Governance of the CFCS3. Practicesa. Climate services for disaster risk reductionb. Climate services for agriculturec. Climate services for the water sectord. Climate services for the energy sectore. Climate services for urbanizationf. Climate services for major engineering projects4. Summarya. The transition of climate research to operational climate servicesb. Delivering relevant, tailored, and usable climate informationc. Effective engagement between users and providers of climate servicesd. Building a professional interdisciplinary team5. Concluding remarks 10. 1016/j. cosust. 2012. 01. 003. CrossrefAsrar, G. R. , V. Ryabinin, and V. Detemmerman, 2012: Climate science and services: Providing climate information for adaptation, sustainable development and risk management. Curr. Opin. Environ. Sustainability, 4, 88–100, falseSearch 10. 1007/s00376-018-8002-0. CrossrefBelcher, S. , E. Stott, L. Song, Q. Chao, R. Lu, and T. Zhou, 2018: Preface to special issue on for China. Adv. Atmos. Sci. , 35, 897–898, falseSearch 10. 1007/s00376-018-7210-y. CrossrefBett, P. E. , and Coauthors, 2018: Seasonal forecasts of the summer 2016 basin rainfall. Adv. Atmos. Sci. , 35, 918–926, falseSearch 10. 1093/scipol/scy070. CrossrefBisbal, G. A. , 2018: Practical tips to establish an actionable science portfolio for climate adaptation. Sci. Public Policy, 46, 148–153, falseSearch 10. 1002/2015EF000338. CrossrefBrasseur, G. P. , and L. Gallardo, 2016: Climate services: Lessons learned and future prospects. Earth’s Future, 4, 79–89, falseSearch 10. 1016/j. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by emphasizing that while climate services can improve adaptation and risk management, they do not eliminate all climate-related risks. The framework outlined in the text focuses on providing tailored climate information for various sectors and emphasizes the importance of effective engagement between users and providers, indicating that complete risk elimination is not feasible.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Bioengineered yeast can produce biofuels from sugars. [SEP] Text: Table 3 Physiological characterization: Anaerobic fermentation in spruce hydrolysate Full size tableEnzyme activitiesThe evolved strains RK60-5 and RKU90-3 were unable to consume xylose during anaerobic fermentations in presence of glucose and xylose. Specific activities of enzymes XR and XDH of RK60-5 and RKU90-3 were compared with TMB3400 grown in presence of 20 g l-1 glucose and xylose, respectively. The recombinant S. cerevisiae strain TMB3400 expressed XR and XDH with activities of 0. 20±0. 00 and 1. 23±0. 34 U mg protein-1. Interestingly, there were no activities of XR and XDH detected in cell extracts of evolved strains RK60-5 and RKU90-3. DiscussionInfluence of evolutionary strategies on selection parametersThe lag phase time, μmax and inhibitor consumption rates were chosen as selection parameters for inhibitor tolerance. An important characteristic of evolution in repetitive batch culture is cells go through distinct phases of lag, exponential, transition and stationary growth under a given selection pressure. Evolution in chemostat culture provides a constant environment for the cells to adapt to. Evolutionary events that arise from advantages in any of these phases in batch and chemostat cultures may influence the fitness of cells [27]. The two evolutionary engineering strategies employed here were found to affect the selection parameters differently. Evolution in repetitive batch cultures influenced the maximum specific growth rate, specific glucose consumption rate and ethanol productivity whereas, evolution in chemostat cultures influenced specific conversion rates of inhibitors. For the first time, evolutionary engineering to enhance tolerance towards the synergistic action of inhibitors using a cocktail of 12 different inhibitors was demonstrated for a recombinant xylose- utilizing strain of S. cerevisiae. The lag phase, commonly referred as a preparatory phase for the cell growth was not affected in presence of 20% inhibitor cocktail. However, in presence of 40% inhibitor cocktail, a prolonged lag phase and a feature of increasing lag phase time followed by decreasing lag phase time was observed during the time course of the evolution process (Figure 2b). The prolonged lag phase before the recovery of cell growth indicates a major shift in physiology of cells evolved under inhibitor stress. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim directly as it focuses on the physiological characterization of certain yeast strains and their ability to metabolize sugars in the presence of inhibitors, without providing evidence that these bioengineered yeast strains can produce biofuels from sugars. Therefore, it is deemed irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Vaccines help in preventing the spread of infectious diseases. [SEP] Text: 29; 8215 participants, 3 trials; Analysis 4. 15). 4. 3. Subgroup analyses 4. 3. 1. Rotavirus serotype (G‐ or P‐type) Rotavirus diarrhoea: severe One trial reported severe cases of rotavirus diarrhoea by G and P type (VAC Bhandari 2014‐IND). At one‐year follow‐up (Analysis 4. 16), there were significantly fewer severe episodes of rotavirus diarrhoea in the Rotavac groups for G2P[4] (RR 0. 39, 95% CI 0. 22 to 0. 69; 6541 participants) and G12P[6] (RR 0. 31, 95% CI 0. 13 to 0. 74; 6541 participants); results were not significantly different between Rotavac and placebo for G1P[8] (RR 0. 66, 95% CI 0. 36 to 1. 20; 6541 participants) and G12P[8] (RR 0. 30, 95% CI 0. 07 to 1. 26; 6541 participants). At two‐year follow‐up (Analysis 4. 17) there were significantly fewer severe episodes of rotavirus diarrhoea in the Rotavac groups for G1P[8] (RR 0. 59, 95% CI 0. 38 to 0. 93; 6541 participants), G2P[4] (RR 0. 37, 95% CI 0. 23 to 0. 62; 6541 participants), G12P[6] (RR 0. 31, 95% CI 0. 13 to 0. 74; 6541 participants), and G12P[8] (RR 0. 31, 95% CI 0. 10 to 0. 96; 6541 participants). The included Rotavac trials did not report separate data on immunocompromised or malnourished subgroups. 4. 4 Sensitivity analyses 4. 4. 1 Primary outcomes with high heterogeneity according to allocation concealment There were no primary outcomes with high heterogeneity (I2 > 75%). 5 Post hoc subgroup analysis: Intussusception combining all vaccines The risk of intussusception with any rotavirus vaccine compared with placebo was 1 fewer case per 10,000 children (95% CI from 2 fewer to 1 more case per 10,000) with a RR of 0. 87 (95% CI 0. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by presenting data from multiple trials showing that the Rotavac vaccine significantly reduces severe episodes of rotavirus diarrhoea, which directly relates to the prevention of infectious diseases. It specifically mentions results indicating fewer severe cases in the vaccinated groups, suggesting the vaccine's efficacy in managing the spread of rotavirus, an infectious disease.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Climate resilience can eliminate all climate-related risks entirely. [SEP] Text: crm. 2015. 04. 004. CrossrefBriley, L. , D. Brown, and S. E. Kalafatis, 2015: Overcoming barriers during the co-production of climate information for decision-making. Manage. , 9, 41–49, falseSearch 10. 1175/JCLI-D-16-0892. 1. CrossrefBurke, C. , and P. A. Stott, 2017: Impact of anthropogenic climate change on the summer monsoon. J. Climate, 30, 5205–5220, falseSearch 10. 1016/j. landusepol. 2018. 03. 005. CrossrefChan, F. K. S. , J. A. Griffiths, D. Higgitt, S. Xu, F. Zhu, Y. Tang, Y. Xu, and C. R. Thorne, 2018: “Sponge City” in China—A breakthrough of planning and flood risk management in the urban context. Policy, 76, 772–778, falseSearch 10. 1175/BAMS-D-18-0087. 1. CrossrefChen, Y. , and Coauthors, 2019: Anthropogenic warming has substantially increased the likelihood of July 2017–like heat waves over central eastern China. Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc. , 100, S91–S95, falseSearch 10. 3969/j. issn. 1002-2104. 2006. 06. 031. Cheng, J. , S. Li, and Q. Wu, 2006: Consideration on the water management in China. China Popul. Resour. Environ. , 16, 162–168, falseSearch 10. 1016/j. cliser. 2017. 06. 002. CrossrefChristel, I. , D. Hemment, D. Bojovic, F. Cucchietti, L. Calvo, M. Stefaner, and C. Buontempo, 2018: Introducing design in the development of effective climate services. Climate Serv. , 9, 111–121, falseSearch 10. 1175/WCAS-D-18-0015. 1. CrossrefDaly, M. , and S. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text discusses various studies and initiatives related to climate change and adaptation, but it does not support the notion that climate resilience can eliminate all climate-related risks entirely. Instead, it implies that while advancements in climate services and management practices are being developed, they are unlikely to completely eliminate risks, as they address specific aspects of climate adaptation and risk management rather than providing a total solution.