Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Bees play a critical role in pollination, supporting food production and biodiversity. [SEP] Text: In almonds, one visit from a pollen (or pollen and nectar) foraging honey bee produced fruit set 17–26% of the time, whereas only 0–9% of nectar forager visits produced fruit set (Bosch and Blas 1994). The increased pollination effectiveness of pollen over nectar foragers likely results both from increased body pollen, as well as increased contact with flower reproductive organs. However, the pollination of hybrid seed crops is complicated by the need to transfer pollen from male-fertile plants to male-sterile plants. The male-sterile (or ‘female’) plants are harvested, whereas the male-fertile (‘male’) plants are only pollen donors. These distinct plant morphs are planted in rows or bays of rows, and pollinators travelling directly from male flowers deposit much higher canola pollen loads (32. 19 grains) on female stigmas than pollinators travelling from female to female flowers (1. 73 grains) (Waytes 2017). However, honey bees have been known to orient themselves to the rows and forage up and down rather than crossing between rows or bays (Free 1966, Thorp 1979), and the relative contribution of nectar and pollen foragers to hybrid seed pollination is unclear. As early as 1967, it was suggested that colonies selectively bred to collect large amounts of pollen could be beneficial for commercial pollination (Free 1967). However, this practice was never widely adopted due to the logistical difficulties of selecting and maintaining pollen-hoarding lines of bees. Pollen hoarding is a genetic trait in honey bees, as is a preference for particular types of pollen (Mackensen and Nye 1966, 1969), and can be increased through selective breeding (Free 1967, Hellmich et al. 1985). Strains for bees selected for canola pollen hoarding could both increase the pollen collection (and therefore per hive revenue in this system, as well as increase the efficacy of pollination by increasing the preference for canola pollen). As pollen-trapping increases the number of pollen foragers (Webster et al. 1985), pollen-trapping could similarly be used to increase the pollination efficiency of colonies rented to provide pollination services to crops, without intensive breeding programs. In addition to honey, pollen is a valuable hive product. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by detailing the significant role of honey bees in pollination, specifically indicating that a single visit from a pollen forager can produce a notable fruit set in almond crops and highlighting the effectiveness of pollen foragers compared to nectar foragers. It discusses the complexities of hybrid seed crop pollination and the potential benefits of selectively bred colonies to improve pollination efficiency, thereby directly supporting the importance of bees in agricultural productivity and biodiversity.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Plant-based diets can reduce the risk of certain chronic diseases. [SEP] Text: 001), animal fat (p˂0. 001), eggs (p = 0. 024), fish and seafoods (p˂0. 001), meats (p˂0. 001) and animal based foods (p˂0. 001) were significantly lower, but vegetables (p = 0. 002), intake was more in the last tertile of hPDI. The participants’ food group intakes based on uPDI tertiles are reported in Fig. 3. The mean intake of In the last tertile of uPDI, the mean intake of whole grains (p˂0. 001), fruits (p˂0. 001), vegetables (p˂0. 001), nuts (p = 0. 006), legumes (p = 0. 004), vegetables oils (p = 0. 002), animal fat (p = 0. 003), dairy products (p˂0. 001), eggs (p = 0. 012), fish and sea foods (p˂0. 001) and meats (p˂0. 001) were significantly lower in the last tertile of uPDI. Table 2 presents the crude and multivariable-adjusted odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for CRC risk according to tertiles of PDI, hPDI, and uPDI scores. No significant association was observed between PDI and CRC (Ptrend=0. 609). In contrast, higher adherence to the hPDI was associated with a significantly lower risk of CRC in the highest tertile (79% reduction) compared to the lowest tertile. There was also a non-significant trend towards a lower risk in the second tertile (43% reduction). For the uPDI, participants in the second and highest tertiles had a higher risk of CRC compared to those in the first tertile (tertile (T)2: OR = 2. 99; 95% CI: 1. 12–7. 96 - and T3: OR = 6. 76; 95% CI: 2. 41–18. 94). No significant association was found between the highest tertile of PDI and CRC risk compared to the lowest tertile. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by providing data that shows no significant association between plant-based dietary index (PDI) and colorectal cancer (CRC) risk, with a Ptrend equal to 0.609, indicating that adherence to a plant-based diet did not correlate with a reduction in CRC risk. Although it mentions that higher adherence to the healthier plant-based diet (hPDI) was associated with a lower risk of CRC, it simultaneously states that those in the second and highest tertiles of the unhealthier plant-based diet index (uPDI) had a higher risk of CRC, further complicating the assertion that plant-based diets inherently reduce disease risk.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Some assert that using pathogens for pest control will never affect beneficial insects. [SEP] Text: Effect of attraction factors on the sampling of Chrysops silaceu and C. dimidiata (Diptera: Tabanidae), vectors of Loa loa (Filaroidea: Onchocercidae) filariasis. J. Med. Entomol. 28, 263–265. 30. Morlais, I. Essais de pièges dans la lutte antivectorielle contre la loase en zone Intertropicale[thesis]. Université des Sciences et Techniques du Languedoc. Montpellier II, 1994. 31. Duke, B. O. L. 1959. Studies on the biting habits of Chrysops. VI. A comparison of the biting densities and infection rates of C. silacea and C. dimidiata (Bombe form) in the rain‐forest at Kumba, Southern Cameroons, U. U. K. A. Ann. Trop. Med. Parasitol. 53, 203–214. 32. Maity, A. , Naskar, A. , Mukhopadhyay, E. , Hazra, S. , Sengupta, J. , Ghosh, S. , Banerjee, D. 2015. Taxonomic studies on Tabanidae (Insecta: Diptera) from Himachal Pradesh, India. Int. J. Fauna Biol. Stud. 2, 43–52 33. . , Oldroyd, H. 1950. The problem of loasis in with special reference to recent investigation at Kumba in the Nigeria. Trans. R. Soc. Trop. Hyg. 44, 11–47. information 1. Introduction2. Importance of 3. Hosts and species4. Classification5. Geographic distribution and ecological zones6. Morphology7. Life cycle8. Pathology9. Epidemiology10. Laboratory diagnosis11. Control12. Conclusion 1. Choose citation style Select style to clipboard Get citation 2. Choose citation style Select format Bibtex RIS Download citation 1. Choose citation style Select style to clipboard Get citation 2. Choose citation style Select format Bibtex RIS Download citation © 2017 The Author(s). Licensee IntechOpen. This 3. 0 License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not directly address the claim about the use of pathogens for pest control and its effects on beneficial insects. It discusses various studies on the sampling and biting habits of specific insects in relation to diseases, without mentioning pathogens, pest control, or their impact on beneficial insect populations. Therefore, it is considered irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Bees play a critical role in pollination, supporting food production and biodiversity. [SEP] Text: In crops with ample pollen, focusing on periods of high pollen availability and high producing colonies, substantial increases in revenue can be gained by collecting pollen, even with concomitant decreases in honey production. Our results suggest that colonies with adequate pre-pollination nutrition may be trapped for a short period (3–4 wk) with no negative consequences on colony health. Pollen collection likely has no negative impact on pollination services, and may, in fact, enhance pollination as the number of pollen foragers increases. Pollen collection can, therefore, fit into a management paradigm focused on pollination service delivery and honey production, increasing the per hive revenue without negative effects on pollination services or colony health. 2001. The adaptive value of inactive foragers and the scout-recruit system in honey bee (Apis mellifera) colonies. Behav. Ecol. 12:111–1191971. The influence of food inside the hive on pollen collection by a honeybee colony. J. Apic. Res. 10: 23–26. 1994. Foraging behaviour and pollinating efficiency of Osmia cornuta and Apis mellifera on almond (Hymenoptera, Megachilidae and Apidae). Appl. Entomol. Zool. 29: 1–9. 2006. Beehive Construction. (ed. ). (accessed 27 April 2018). Brodschneider, R. , and K. Crailsheim. 2010. Nutrition and health in honey bees. Apidologie41: 278–294. 2009. Flight performance of artificially reared honeybees (Apis mellifera). Apidologie40: 441–449. 1993. The regulation of pollen foraging by honey bees: how foragers assess the colony’s need for pollen. Behav. Ecol. Sociobiol. 32: 265–272. 1995. Honey bee morphometrics: linearity of variables with respect to body size and classification tested with European worker bees reared by varying ratios of nurse bees. J. Apic. Res. 34: 129–145. 1999. Regulation of pollen foraging in honeybee colonies: effects of young brood, stored pollen, and empty space. Behav. Ecol. Sociobiol. 45: 227–233. 689. 758. 1988. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing how pollen collection by bee colonies can enhance pollination services, suggesting that sufficient pollen availability leads to increased pollination activity, which is essential for food production and supports biodiversity. It highlights the role of bees in efficiently pollinating crops, which is critical for these areas.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Plant-based diets can reduce the risk of certain chronic diseases. [SEP] Text: Table 2 Association between PDI, hPDI, and uPDI with CRCFull size tableDiscussionOur study suggests that following a healthy plant-based diet (higher hPDI scores) may be associated with a lower risk of CRC, while a diet high in unhealthy plant-based diet (higher uPDI scores) might be linked to an increased risk. No significant association was found with overall plant-based diet index (PDI). The current study’s findings demonstrated an inverse relationship between higher hPDI tertiles and CRC risk. The aligns with previous research by Kim et al. [14] who reported a 20% reduction in CRC risk. Additionally, a study by Wang et al. [15] indicated that higher hPDI scores were associated with a reduced risk of CRC. These findings collectively support the potential protective role of healthy plant-based dietary patterns against CRC. The inverse association between high hPDI scores and CRC risk observed in the present study and previous research can be explained by several potential mechanisms. Notably, hPDI emphasizes consuming a greater quantity of nutrient-dense plant-based foods, rich in fiber and antioxidants [25]. In contract, red meat consumption has been linked to an increased risk of CRC [26]. A meta-analysis study suggests that a daily increase of 150 g of red meat could increase elevate CRC risk by 20% [27]. The potential mechanisms for red meats carcinogenicity include the generation of N-nitroso compounds, heme iron, sulfur-containing amino acids, and saturated fatty acids [28]. Furthermore, fermentation of fiber in the colon by gut microbiota products short-chain fatty acids, such as butyrate, which can induce apoptosis and inhibit cancer cell proliferation. Additionally, dietary antioxidants neutralize free radicals that cause DNA damage and impede cancer cell formation [29,30,31]. A healthy gut microbiome, compared to a disrupted one, is associated with various health benefits, and a strong link has been established between its composition and cancer risk, particularly CRC [32, 33]. Certain plant foods rich in fructo-oligosaccharides and galacto–oligosaccharides (e. g. , onions, garlic, artichokes) promote the growth of beneficial bacteria that can reduce CRC risk through multiple mechanism, including preventing chronic inflammation, protecting intestinal cells, improving insulin sensitivity, and promoting healthy cell division [34]. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by presenting evidence that a healthy plant-based diet (higher hPDI scores) may be associated with a lower risk of colorectal cancer (CRC). It cites a 20% reduction in CRC risk linked to higher hPDI scores and discusses potential mechanisms through which plant-based diets provide protective effects, such as their richness in fiber and antioxidants. Additionally, the text contrasts unhealthy plant-based diets with healthy ones, further emphasizing the benefits of following a healthy plant-based dietary pattern.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Some assert that using pathogens for pest control will never affect beneficial insects. [SEP] Text: is Open Access? is an initiative that aims to make scientific research freely available to all. To date our community has made over 100 million downloads. It’s based on principles of collaboration, unobstructed discovery, and, most importantly, scientific progression. As PhD students, we found it difficult to access the research we needed, so we decided to create a new publisher that levels the playing field for scientists across the world. How? By making research easy to access, and puts the academic needs of the researchers before the business interests of publishers. are a community of more than 103,000 authors and editors from 3,291 institutions spanning 160 countries, including winners and some of the world’s most-cited researchers. Publishing on IntechOpen allows authors to earn 10. 5772/66251 this 1. Choose citation style Select style to clipboard Get citation 2. Choose citation style Select format Bibtex RIS Download citation IntechControl of Pest and Edited by Vonnie D. C. the of Pest and Edited by Vonnie D. C. purchase hard copies of this book, please contact the representative in India: CBS Publishers & Distributors Pvt. Ltd. www. cbspd. com | customercare@cbspd. com 1. Choose citation style Select style to clipboard Get citation 2. Choose citation style Select format Bibtex RIS Download citation Impact of this 1. the mid-1930s, following Williams’ [1] experiments, known now as classical experiments, light trapping developed into the most general method of collecting nocturnal insects throughout the world. In Hungary, this was followed from 1952, by the introduction of an internationally unique network of traps established on an initiative by academician Jermy [2]. national network is uniformly outfitted with Jermy-type light-traps. The traps of the research and plant protection institutions work from 1 April to 31 October, while those of the forestry establishments are operational from 7 p. m. to 5 a. m. every night of the year, regardless of weather, or the time of sunrise and sunset. After the beginning of the regular light-trap collections the researchers experienced that the fluctuations of the daily catch results do not follow exactly the swarming of species. These fluctuations are obviously caused by environmental impacts. First, the influences of meteorological elements were studied. These research studies continued soon with the examination of the influence of the moonlight as well. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim about the impact of using pathogens for pest control on beneficial insects. Instead, it discusses the initiative of making scientific research freely available, along with unrelated historical mentions of light trapping and some environmental impacts. Therefore, it is irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Bees play a critical role in pollination, supporting food production and biodiversity. [SEP] Text: Epinephrine decreased the IL-1α concentrations (p = 0. 034, ANOVA) (Fig. 2, bottom), but this decrease was not reversed by either the α- or β-blocker. Norepinephrine did not affect the IL-1α concentrations (p =. 480, ANOVA). Figure 2: Effects of an α- or β-blocker on the epinephrine- (open bars) or norepinephrine- (shaded bars) stimulated production of interleukin (IL)-6 and IL-1α in normal abdominal skin of mice. Preparations of normal abdominal skin were incubated without epinephrine or norepinephrine (NONE), or with 10 μM epinephrine or 10 μM norepinephrine in the absence (CATE) or presence of the α-blocker, 10 μM phentolamine (CATE+Alpha), or the β-blocker, 10 μM propranolol (CATE+Beta). Each subgroup represents five skin specimens. Top, both epinephrine and norepinephrine increased the IL-6 concentrations [p =. 041 and p =. 092, respectively, analysis of variance (ANOVA)]. The epinephrine- and norepinephrine-induced increases were suppressed by the β-blocker but not the α-blocker. Bottom, epinephrine significantly decreased the IL-1α concentrations (p =. 034, ANOVA), but neither an α- nor β-blocker reversed the decrease. Norepinephrine did not alter the IL-1α concentrations (p =. 480, ANOVA). of Catecholamines after a Burn Injury. The plasma epinephrine concentrations in the burn group were significantly higher than the concentrations in the sham group (p =. 040, Mann-test) (Fig. 3). The plasma norepinephrine concentrations in the burn group tended to be slightly higher than the concentrations in the sham group, but the difference was not statistically significant (p =. 307, Mann-test). The dopamine was under the detectable concentration in all the samples from both groups. These data demonstrated that a 20% burn injury significantly increased the plasma concentrations of epinephrine 30 mins after the burn injury, but not those of norepinephrine or dopamine. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses the effects of epinephrine and norepinephrine on interleukin concentrations in abdominal skin of mice, with no mention of bees, pollination, or food production. Therefore, it does not corroborate or contrast the claim.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Plant-based diets can reduce the risk of certain chronic diseases. [SEP] Text: 4Pan et al46114 participants with no comorbidities:Buddhist vegetarians (23 men, 32 women)omnivores (20 men, 39 women); age, 20–30 y; Chinese participantsVegetarian (no fish or meat)Omnivore>2 years on the dietFibrinogen (Clauss)No significant difference in fibrinogen between the vegetarians and omnivores5Suwannuruks et al4780 participants:vegans (15 men, 15 women)lacto-vegetarianslacto-ovo-vegetariansomnivores (not matched; 15 men, 15 women); no comorbidities; age, 18–50 y; ThailandVegetarian (vegan, lacto-vegetarian, lacto-ovo-vegetarian)Omnivore>4 years on dietFibrinogen (the Ellis and Stransky method, 1961)No significant difference in fibrinogen concentration between the vegetarians and omnivores6Mia and Vorster48321 Indian adolescents:lacto-ovo-vegetarian (11 men, 20 women)290 omnivores (148 men, 142 women); age, 16–18 y; South AfricaLacto-ovo-vegetarianOmnivorevegetarian diet was not lower in fat (>40% TE in both groups) or higher in fiber than the omnivore diet. Fibrinogen (Clauss)Fibrinogen concentration did not differ between the lacto-ovo-vegetarians and the omnivores. Fibrinogen showed significantly negative correlations with intakes of plant protein and dietary fiber. The number of vegetarians in this study was small (10%) and the results therefore cannot be extrapolated to the general vegetarian population. 7THUSA441854 apparently healthy African men and women; age, >15 y; South AfricaThe paper investigated the association between nutrient intakes, nutritional status, and fibrinogen concentration. Dietary intakes ranged from traditional low-fat African diet to more Westernized diets. Fibrinogen (Clauss)Participants with the highest intake of dietary fiber and plant protein and with the lowest intake of trans fatty acids and animal protein had the lowest plasma fibrinogen concentration. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by presenting data that indicate no significant differences in fibrinogen levels between vegetarians and omnivores across various studies. For instance, both vegetarians and omnivores had similar fibrinogen concentrations and dietary fat content, suggesting that a vegetarian diet may not necessarily lead to improved health outcomes compared to an omnivorous diet. Additionally, the studies highlight negative correlations between fibrinogen and the intake of plant protein and dietary fiber, further questioning the benefits of plant-based diets for reducing chronic disease risk.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Some assert that using pathogens for pest control will never affect beneficial insects. [SEP] Text: The essence of light trapping comes from the fact that the moonlight reduces the efficiency of the light source. There was a light-trap network in operation in Hungary since the last six decades. This network gave an inestimable substance with a scientific value to the entomology researches. Nowinszky and his colleagues examined the influence of the environmental factors onto the light trap catch since the last four decades. This enormous amount data made it possible to study the influence of more environmental factors that were not examined by researchers or only some of them made such examinations. The results of this work are discussed in this 2. activity and its influence on the Earth 2. 1. Solar activity featured by Q-index Kleczek [14] was the first researcher, who introduced the concept of Q-index (Q = i × t), to use the daily flare activity through quantification of the 24 h of the day. The daily activity of the flares is characterized by the so-called Q-index that, used by several researchers, considers both the intensity and period of prevalence of the flares [15, 16]. Solar flares are most powerful and explosive of all forms of solar activity and the most important in terrestrial effects. This idea led solar physicists to assess the daily flare index [17]. Most authors have used Q-index to characterise daily flare activities, which also expresses the significance of flares by their duration. It is calculated by the following formula: Q = ( i × t ) E1 where i = flare intensity, t = the time length of its existence. 2. 2. Solar activity featured by 2800 MHz radio flux Solar flux from the entire solar disk at a frequency of 2800 MHz has been recorded routinely by radio telescope near Ottawa since February 1947. 2. 3. Solar activity featured by ionospheric storms and atmospheric radio noises The ionospheric disturbances caused by corpuscular radiation appear during the solar flares when the Sun emits a large amount of electrically charged and uncharged p2. 4. Interplanetary magnetic field sector boundaries Besides studies of the longer cycles, emphasis has more recently shifted to research on the short-term atmospheric phenomena that also result from changes in the solar activity. These include the passing of the Earth through interplanetary magnetic field boundaries roughly once in every 8 days [18]. 2. 5. UV-B radiation of UV-B range is especially detrimental in large quantities to living organisms. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses various aspects of solar activity and environmental factors affecting light trapping, without any reference to the impact of pathogens on beneficial insects or pest control methods.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Bees play a critical role in pollination, supporting food production and biodiversity. [SEP] Text: manuscript Login RU Русский Русский manuscript Submit manuscript cite 1. FNC zernobobovyh i krupyanyh kul'tur Type: 10. 33814/AFP-2222-5366-2020-3-12-24 Pages: from 12 to 24 Status: Published Received: 30. 10. 2020 Accepted: 30. 10. 2020 Published: 30. 10. 2020 Subject area: UDK 63 Сельское хозяйство. Лесное хозяйство. Охота. Рыбное хозяйство Language: Russian Keywords: red clover, seeds, yield, attractant, bees, pollination, seed set, semination of inflorescences Abstract and keywords Abstract (English): The development of animal husbandry and the transfer of agriculture to a biological basis requires an in-crease in the area of crops of perennial leguminous grasses. For the conditions of the Northern part of the Earth region of the Russian Federation, meadow clover is one of the most popular crops. In the Orel region over the past 10 years, meadow clover in its pure form and in grass mixtures occupied an average of 41. 8% in the structure of perennial grasses. For more efficient economic use of clover, it is ne-cessary to improve the provision of farms with its seeds, which requires the development and implemen-tation of new environmentally friendly methods of cultivation technology. Red clover is a strictly cross-pollinated, entomophilous plant. Natural self-pollination does not exceed 1–3%. The main pollinators of meadow clover are currently honeybees, which perform up to 90% of the pollination work on the produc-tion sowings of this crop. To increase seed gathering, the effectiveness of the drug Pollinus use, which increases the attractiveness of meadow clover as a honey plant, was established. The treatment of seed herbage with the Pollinus attractant allowed to increase the seed yield by 20. 1 kg/ha (+21. 2% to the con-trol). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by stating that honeybees are the main pollinators of meadow clover, performing up to 90% of the pollination work on production sowings of this crop. This highlights the critical role that bees play in pollination, which is essential for food production and biodiversity.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Plant-based diets can reduce the risk of certain chronic diseases. [SEP] Text: Although the ability of fish oil to modulate platelet function by attenuating thromboxane A2 production is well known, supplementation studies did not consistently find inhibited platelet aggregation. A meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials concluded that the supplementation of n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids was associated with a reduced platelet aggregation in individuals in poor health, but not in healthy individuals. 70 This is in agreement with a recent review by Siniarski and Gajos75 that a degree of uncertainty still remains regarding the use of polyunsaturated fatty acids in the prevention of CVD since the initial promising findings from intervention studies were not supported by recent meta-analyses and differences in the approach of seminal clinical trials resulted in divergent results. Furthermore, plant-based n-3 fatty acids were found to be less effective inhibitors of platelet aggregation than fish oils. 76Lastly, plant-based diets are a source of dietary salicylic acid. It has previously been reported that vegetarians can have serum salicylic acid levels as high as patients taking 75 mg of aspirin a day. 77 In fact, Janossy et al78 reported that a variety of plant foods can exert effects on platelet function comparable to those of prescription medicine and as such, dietary intake may need to be considered when prescribing antithrombotic (aspirin) treatment. This is in agreement with the recommendation by Aimo and De Caterina79 that aspirin treatment for primary prevention of CVD should be based on a tailored approach that considers the combined assessment of thromboembolic and bleeding risk, the patient’s general health, general preventive measures (that can include a plant-based diet), and the patient’s 10-year CVD risk. Plant-based diets and factor VIIAlthough there is some evidence for the effect of plant-based diets on FVII, less information is available than for fibrinogen and platelets. We found 5 cross-sectional studies of which 3 report decreased FVII (measured as FVII coagulant activity [FVIIc], FVII activity, and percentage) in vegans and lacto-ovo-vegetarians compared with omnivores43,49,50 and 2 report no differences (FVIIc)46,48 (Table 3). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by indicating that while there is some evidence for the effect of plant-based diets on certain health aspects, such as factor VII coagulant activity, the overall results are mixed. For instance, 'less information is available than for fibrinogen and platelets,' and only '3 report decreased FVII... in vegans and lacto-ovo-vegetarians compared with omnivores,' suggesting that the evidence for plant-based diets directly reducing the risk of chronic diseases is not conclusive.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Some assert that using pathogens for pest control will never affect beneficial insects. [SEP] Text: Our studies could not be related with the studies of other authors, dealing with the effect of the Sun’s ultraviolet radiation and light and pheromone trapping of insects. Therefore we studied light-trap catch of insect species and pheromone trap catch of moth (Lepidoptera) species on the nights following days with a different solar activity. Low sunspot activity leads to a thinner ozone layer and thus higher surface ultraviolet (UV)-B radiation [19]. The light-trap success of European Corn-borer (Ostrinia nubilalis Hbn. ) was examined by Puskás et al. [20] at those nights when during the previous day the UV-B radiation had a different intensity. 2. 6. Geomagnetic indices Becker [21] has found that certain species of Isotermes, Coleoptera, Diptera, Orthoptera and Hymenoptera are guided in their orientation by the natural magnetic field. Mletzko [22] carried out his experiments with specimens of ground beetles in the Moscow botanical garden. The insects flew in a given direction with an accuracy of +5° at daylight and +60° at night. The author assumes that orientation is guided by geomagnetism. Iso-Ivari and Koponen [23] studied the impact of geomagnetism on light trapping in the northernmost part of Finland. A weak but significant correlation was found between the geomagnetic parameters and the number of specimens of the various orders of insects caught. Studying the few (Yponomeuta rorrella Hbn. ), Pristavko and Karasov [24] revealed a correlation between the C and ΣK values and the number of individuals caught. In a later study [25], they also established that at the time of magnetic storms ΣK has a greater influence on the flying activity of the above species. Tshernyshev [26] found a high positive correlation between the horizontal component and the number of trapped insects. Later, however, he reported that while light-trap catches of some Coleoptera and Lepidoptera species increased, that of other Lepidoptera and Diptera species fell back during magnetic perturbations [27]. Examinations over the past few decades have also confirmed that in the case of some Lepidoptera species, such as Underwing (Noctua pronuba L. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim about the effects of using pathogens for pest control on beneficial insects. Instead, it delves into studies on light-trap catches of various insect species and the influence of environmental factors such as ultraviolet radiation and geomagnetism on insect behavior. It does not address the relationship between pathogens and beneficial insects, thereby not providing information that supports or contradicts the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Bees play a critical role in pollination, supporting food production and biodiversity. [SEP] Text: Due to the intensification of the flight-pollination activity of bees, the seed set in treated area was 65. 1%, the semination of heads inflorescences – 58. 9%, which exceeded the control (untreated area) by 16. 9 and 15. 9%, respectively. The use of attractant was economically profitable, since the price of seed crop increase is higher than additional costs by 2500–3500 rubles/ha. Keywords: red clover, seeds, yield, attractant, bees, pollination, seed set, semination of inflorescences text (PDF): Введение. В связи с интенсивным развитием животноводства и необходимостью биологизации земледелия с целью сохранения плодородия почв насущной задачей в областях Центрально-Черноземного региона РФ является оптимизация структуры пашни за счет увеличения посевов многолетних трав, в первую очередь бобовых видов. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by indicating that the flight-pollination activity of bees leads to a significant increase in seed set and semination of inflorescences, which suggests that bees contribute positively to agricultural productivity and food production.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Plant-based diets can reduce the risk of certain chronic diseases. [SEP] Text: 5Haines et al50; controls were from the Heart Study332 non-smokers, not using oral contraception; age, 18–65 y:282 omnivores (211 men, 71 women)vegetarians (27 vegan, 23 lacto-ovo-vegetarian; 25 men, 25 women)Vegetarian (vegan and lacto-ovo-vegetarian)OmnivoreFVII (%)FVII was significantly lower in the vegetarians compared to the omnivores. Intervention6Marckmann et al56; a randomized cross-over study with intervention duration of 2 weeks and a 2-to-6-week washout period20 healthy women; age, 21–52 y; BMI, 20–25 kg/m23 ad libitum experimental diets:A diet rich in starchy foods (), composed according to the Recommendations: <30 %E total fat;<10 %E saturated fatty acids; and >3 g/MJ fiberA sucrose-rich diet (), resembling the diet except for the inclusion of additional sucrose (approximately +20 E%, or 120 g sucrose per 10 MJ) in the place of starchy foods (primarily bread, rice, pasta, and cereals). And a high-fat diet (FAT) that had a fat content of 45 to 50 E% and a dominance of saturated fatty acids. The experimental diets were identical with respect to fish and marine n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid content. was significantly lower following the starch (Nordic) diet compared to the sucrose or fat diets, with nonfasting FVIIc levels also lower in the starch group; however, not significantly so. 7Marckmann et al57; a randomized, crossover, 2-week study21 healthy middle-aged individuals:women (5 postmenopausal; mean age, 52 y)men (mean age, 53 y)5 light smokers; DenmarkNordic nutrition recommendations: low-fat (28% of energy), high fiber (3. 3 g/MJ). Larger amounts of fish, bread and cereals, vegetables and fruit. Energy, 10. 4 MJdiet (Dane diet): high-fat diet (39% energy), low-fiber. Energy, 10. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not directly address the claim about plant-based diets reducing the risk of chronic diseases. It discusses various diets and their compositions, but does not provide clear evidence or conclusions supporting or contrasting the claim regarding plant-based diets specifically.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Some assert that using pathogens for pest control will never affect beneficial insects. [SEP] Text: ) [15], both the Moon and geomagnetism guide their orientation and they can even integrate these two different types of information [28]. We have investigated the light trapping of (Agrotis segetum Den. et Schiff. ) Heart and Dart (Agrotis exclamationis L. ) and (Hyphantria cunea Drury) in relation with the H-index of the geomagnetic field strength using hourly data from the Kecskemét fractionating light trap [29]. 2. 7. The moon phases and the polarized moonlight We summarize the known facts from the literature about the relationship between the Moon and light-trap catch, without our own results. Williams [3] has published fundamental studies in this field. According to Williams [3] and El-Ziady [4], the smaller catch can be explained by the following reasons. The activity of the insects may be reduced by the light of the Moon; therefore, the active proportion of the population affected by the light trap can be smaller. It is possible that insects like to fly rather at shady places, than at clear areas, and probably in higher altitudes at a Full Moon. No scientist could give a provable answer to this question in recent decades, most have not even tried. Some authors find an explanation by accepting the theory of the impact of a collecting distance, others refer to decreased activity. 2. 8. Moonlight decreases the distance of collecting Luminous intensity of the artificial light source (candela) is theoretically constant. Theoretical collecting distance has been calculated by several authors, for different light trap types and lunar phases [5, 7, 9]. The authors cited above did not as yet have considered light pollution. The actual collection distance may differ significantly from the theoretical one, because much abiotic and biotic factors influence it. These are summarized in Nowinszky’s [8] work. 2. 9. Moonlight inhibits flight activity Bowden and Morris [7], discovered that the catch of most taxa changes in a 2:1 or 3:1 ratio between. However, for some taxa the trap catches more at a Full Moon. Thus, this study confirms both hypotheses, also the one asserting that insects are more active at a Full Moon, because the catch [30] is higher than what could be expected due to the decreased efficiency of the trap. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses topics related to insect behavior in relation to lunar phases and light trapping but does not mention the use of pathogens for pest control or its impact on beneficial insects.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Bees play a critical role in pollination, supporting food production and biodiversity. [SEP] Text: Для Орловской области среди бобовых трав клевер луговой является наиболее востребованной культурой. Здесь в последние 10 лет его посевы в чистом виде и в травосмесях занимали в среднем 41,8% в структуре многолетних трав [3]. Клевер луговой — строго перекрестноопыляемое энтомофильное растение. Без участия насекомых семена у него не образуются или их бывает очень мало (1–3% от количества бобов). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by highlighting the importance of bees in the pollination of clover, a leguminous plant that requires insect pollination for seed formation. It explains that without the involvement of insects, such as bees, clover seeds do not develop effectively, which supports the assertion that bees are crucial for pollination and, subsequently, for food production.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Plant-based diets can reduce the risk of certain chronic diseases. [SEP] Text: 5 (one-stage clotting assay)to FVIIag ratiodiet lowered plasma FVIIc significantly while FVIIag and the FVIIc to FVIIag ratio were virtually unaffected by the dietary change. A low-fat, high-fiber diet reduced the thrombogenic tendency compared to a diet corresponding to the average Danish diet. Abbreviations: FVIIact, factor VII activity; FVIIag, factor VII antigen; FVIIc, factor VII coagulant activity; SFA, saturated fatty acid; TE, total energy; others, see Table 1Plant-based diets and fibrinolysisThere were 11 studies that investigated the association between plant-based diets and fibrinolysis, measured either as concentration or activity of individual proteins in the lytic pathway (activators and inhibitors) or making use of global assays (Table 4). Four of the 7 cross-sectional studies found no difference in fibrinolytic markers between vegetarians (vegans and lacto-ovo-vegetarians) and omnivores. 43,46,49,88 One reported higher fibrinolytic activity,42 one decreased fibrinolytic activity,50 and another lower plasminogen levels. 43 One study reported a positive association between plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1) and a dietary pattern containing red meat, low-fiber bread, and dairy. 45 Regarding intervention studies, a study comparing a 4-week DASH diet to a control diet higher in total and saturated fats and lower in fruit, vegetables, and low-fat dairy, found the DASH diet to have no effect on any of the fibrinolytic markers analyzed. 89 A 2-week Nordic diet, compared with a high-fat Danish diet, resulted in increased fibrinolytic activity (euglobulin lysis test) and increased tissue plasminogen activator activity but had no effect on PAI-1. 57 Two studies comparing an 8-week Association diet90 and a 4-week diet high in whole grains, nuts, legumes, and dairy91 with diets high in meat, both found PAI-1 antigen to be higher in meat-consumers. Kim et al91 additionally reported an inverse association between PAI-1 and whole grain intake. Table 4. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing various studies on the effects of plant-based diets on fibrinolysis and chronic disease markers. It notes that four of the seven cross-sectional studies found no differences in fibrinolytic markers between vegetarians and omnivores, raising questions about the effectiveness of plant-based diets in reducing chronic disease risk. Additionally, the text mentions that interventions comparing diets high in plant-based foods with those high in meat showed mixed results regarding the measured health markers, which implies that plant-based diets may not consistently lead to a reduction in chronic disease risk.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Some assert that using pathogens for pest control will never affect beneficial insects. [SEP] Text: From their studies [31–33], it is hypothesised that moonlight cannot have an influence on the collecting distance. 2. 10. Height of flight El-Ziady [34] believes in the likelihood of insects flying higher at the time of a Full Moon. Danthanarayana [30] came up with a theory that the three-peak lunar periodicity of the flight of insects might be related to migration. In these periods, insects fly in the higher layers of the atmosphere, reaching heights where they are further transferred by streams of air in a horizontal motion. In a Macrolepidoptera material caught at heights of 2 and 10 m, respectively, by light traps working with 125 W mercury lamps as the light source in a forest environment the authors determined the number of species and individuals in connection with migration and moon phases [35]. Advertisement 3. The weather 3. 1. Macrosynoptic weather situations We can mention our own studies only in this topic. We examined the effectiveness of the light trap catch in connection with Péczely- and Hess-Brezowsky macrosynoptic weather types in our previous studies [36]. 3. 2. Weather fronts and air masses We examined from these factors the influences of the weather fronts and air masses. 3. 3. Weather events The light-trap collecting results—showing its flight activity—of (Agrotis segetum Den. et Schiff. ) were examined in connection with the instability line, the convergence zone, the cyclogenesis, the country-wide rain, the cold and warm weather fronts, the maritime- and continental moderate, arctic and subtropical air masses [37]. 3. 4. Weather elements (47°14′01″N; 16°37′22″E), within the premises of the Kámon Botanic Garden, the Institute kept a Jermy-type light-trap in operation between 1962 and 1970, which has about 2 km in a straight line the local weather observatory, which operated in airport. As the insects are poikilotherm creatures, therefore it is understandable; their body temperature is always the same as the temperature of the environment. Advertisement 4. data of environmental factors were downloaded from yearbooks other publications and NASA's website. The collecting data of investigated Lepidoptera, Coleoptera and Heteroptera species were copied off the light-trap diaries. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses various studies related to insect flight patterns, weather influences, and environmental factors, without any mention of pathogens or their effects on beneficial insects. The discussion is focused on light traps and macro-synoptic weather situations, which do not address the assertion about pest control and beneficial insect impact.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Bees play a critical role in pollination, supporting food production and biodiversity. [SEP] Text: Установлено, что в общей структуре комплекса факторов формирования биологического урожая семян этой культуры доля опыления занимает около 60–80%. Остальная часть приходится на агротехнику и метеорологические условия [4]. Основными природными опылителями клевера лугового являются шмели (рис. 1). Незначительную долю опыления выполняют дикие пчелы и другие представители из отряда перепончатокрылых (рис. 2). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by stating that pollination accounts for 60-80% of the biological yield formation factors for the clover species, highlighting the critical role of natural pollinators like bumblebees and wild bees in this process.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Plant-based diets can reduce the risk of certain chronic diseases. [SEP] Text: 4Liese et al45; the Atherosclerosis Study880 middle-aged adults, 144 with diabetes mellitus; age, 45–74 y; African American, Hispanic, and non-participants; USAIdentification of food patterns associated with fibrinogen using reduced rank regressionPAI-1ag (2-site immunoassay sensitive to free active and latent PAI but not PAI-1 complexed with tPA)PAI-1 had a positive association with the food pattern containing high intake of red meat, low-fiber bread and cereal, dried beans, fried potatoes, tomato vegetables, eggs, cheese and cottage cheese and low intake of wine. 5Ho and Chwang8835 healthy participants:vegetarian (lacto-vegetarian and lacto-ovo-vegetarian; 3 men, 12 women; mean age, 46. 2 y)omnivores (6 men, 14 women; mean age; 38. 3 y)Vegetarian(12 consumed milk, 14 consumed eggs)-1actELTBefore and after venous occlusion testThere was no significant difference in tPAag, PAI-1act or ELT before or after the venous occlusion test between the vegetarians and omnivores. 6Li et al49139 healthy men; age, 20–50 y:veganlacto-ovo-vegetarianmoderate meat-eatershigh meat-eaters; nonsmokingHabitual intakes (at least 6 months prior to study)VeganLacto-ovo-vegetarianModerate meat-eater (<285 g/day)High meat-eater (>285 g/day)PlasminogenPlasminogen did not differ significantly between the 4 dietary groups. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by presenting a study that indicates no significant difference in the levels of certain health markers (such as PAI-1 and plasminogen) between vegetarian and omnivorous participants. This suggests that a vegetarian diet might not offer the expected health benefits compared to omnivore diets, challenging the assertion that plant-based diets can reduce the risk of chronic diseases.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Some assert that using pathogens for pest control will never affect beneficial insects. [SEP] Text: individuals were collected by Ottó Kiss and we processed them in our previous joint studies. 4. 1. Solar activity featured by Q-index Data used in this study were calculated by T. Ataç and A. Özgüç from. 4. 2. Solar activity featured by 2800 MHz radio flux Data used in this study were from the of (Zürich-Tokyo) and the Journal of Geophysical Research. 4. 3. Solar activity featured by ionospheric storms and atmospheric radio noises The data we needed for our calculations (border frequency of the F2 layer of the ionosphere (f0F2) and the atmospheric radio noise at 27 kHz (SEA)) were provided by publications released by the Panská of the Institute of the of Sciences. 4. 4. Interplanetary magnetic field sector boundaries Data for the transition of interplanetary magnetic field sector boundaries have been taken from the studies of Wilcox [18]. 4. 5. UV-B radiation of Sun UV-B data used for the study come from measurements in the Keszthely observatory of the Service [38]. Daily totals given in MED/day are calculated by totalling hourly values. 4. 6. Geomagnetic indices For our present work, we downloaded the earth’s magnetic x and y data from the Centre for geomagnetism, Kyoto’s website ( These values were calculated on the horizontal component of the formula, according to the advice of Mr. László Geophysical Observatory: H = x 2 + y 2 E2 We used the values of H-index over 2150 nT. Catch effectiveness was examined in connection with the H-index and Quarters of the Moon. 4. 7. The moon phases and the polarized moonlight Data on the illumination of the environment were calculated with our own software. This software for TI 59 computer had been produced by the late astronomer György Tóth specifically during our joint study [39]. The software was transcribed for modern computers by assistant professor Miklós Kiss. The illumination of the sky with stars, the moonlight and the Sun at dusk—all in lux—on any day and time, summarized or separately, for any given geographical location. Cloudiness is also calculated, anddata were provided by the Annals of the are recorded on every third hour in okta. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses various aspects of solar activity, geomagnetic indices, and data collection methods without addressing the topic of pest control or its impact on beneficial insects.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Bees play a critical role in pollination, supporting food production and biodiversity. [SEP] Text: Естественными резервациями обитания популяций шмелей и диких перепончатокрылых насекомых-опылителей являются разнотравные не обрабатываемые угодья: полезащитные лесополосы, овражно-балочные системы, луга и другие первичные ландшафты, вдоль которых в посевах отмечается наиболее высокая плотность лёта и эффективность работы представителей природной энтомофауны. Рис. 1. Шмель на сборе нектара и пыльцы с цветков клевера лугового Рис. 2. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the significance of natural habitats for bees and wild pollinators, indicating that these ecosystems have the highest density and effectiveness of pollination, which supports the idea of bees playing a critical role in both food production and biodiversity.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Plant-based diets can reduce the risk of certain chronic diseases. [SEP] Text: Plant-based diets and other hemostatic factors The relationship between plant-based diets and a number of other hemostatic variables have also been investigated and is summarized in Table 5, although the number of studies is small with varying results. Five cross-sectional studies43,46,47,49,50 found no difference in some, but not all of the hemostatic variables measured between vegetarians (vegans and lacto-ovo-vegetarians) and omnivores, and 343,46,50 reported both lower levels of some and higher levels of other hemostatic variables in vegetarians. There was one intervention study of 90 days that reported longer bleeding times following a Mediterranean diet but no difference in von Willebrand factor levels compared with a high-fat diet. 62 The addition of wine did not significantly affect either outcome. Mezzano et al43 concluded that these findings may be related to the origin of the hemostatic factors since plasma levels of coagulation or fibrinolytic factors and inhibitors synthesized in the liver were lower in vegetarians than in omnivorous controls while those of predominantly extrahepatic origin were not. Much more research, in particular large intervention trials, is required to corroborate findings regarding the effect of plant-based diets on these hemostatic variables, before firm conclusions can be drawn or recommendations to the public can be made. Table 5. Other hemostatic factors and plant-based dietsNo. AuthorStudy populationType of dietBiomarkerMain resultsCross-sectional1Pan et al46114 participants with no comorbidities:Buddhist vegetarians (23 men, 32 women)omnivores (20 men, 39 women);Age, 20–30 y; Chinese participantsVegetarian (no fish or meat)Omnivore>2 years on the dietwas no significant difference in PT between the vegetarian and omnivore groups. Vegetarian men had significantly higher concentrations of ATIII than omnivorous men. Vegetarian women had significantly higher FVIIIc and shorter APTT than omnivorous women. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by indicating that the number of studies on plant-based diets and hemostatic variables is small and that the results are varied. Specifically, it notes that some studies report no significant differences in hemostatic variables between vegetarians and omnivores, while others show both lower and higher levels in vegetarians. It places emphasis on the need for much more research and large intervention trials before any firm conclusions can be made about the impact of plant-based diets on chronic diseases.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Some assert that using pathogens for pest control will never affect beneficial insects. [SEP] Text: We used the value obtained in a given hour for the following 2 h. 4. 8. The weather 4. 8. 1. Macrosynoptic weather situations The Péczely-type macrosynoptic weather situations was worked out by Péczely [40] who identified and characterized 13 types of daily macrosynoptic weather situations for the taking into account the surface baric field. Since 1983, typifying has been continued and Károssy [41] has published the daily code numbers. The catalogue of Hess-Brezowsky [42] based on baric circumstances of Central Europe, distinguishes four zonal, 18 meridional and seven mixed types of weather situations, maintaining one type for unclassified baric areas. The codes which were necessary for these investigations are taken from publication of Hess and Brezowsky [42]. 4. 8. 2. Weather fronts and air masses We got the meteorological data measuring hourly in Budapest by Service. We categorized the weather fronts, discontinuity surfaces, the surface and upper air masses after Berkes [43]. We determined the upper air masses according to the measuring of radiosondes giving information about the cross-section in time. We used for our examinations the data of the Heart and Dart (Agrotis exclamationis L. ) adults getting from the light-trap network in Hungary. The different air masses were classified into 22 classes, the weather fronts in turn into 20 classes [44]. 4. 8. 3. Weather events We used the meteorological data that was published in ‘Calendar of weather phenomena’ between 1967 and 1990 by Service for the examination of weather events. 4. 8. 4. Weather elements The measurements of the weather elements made every 3 hours were collected from the ’Yearbook of the Institution of the Service’. We used the whole Macrolepidoptera data for the investigation of the number of species and individuals in connection with daily temperature range [45]. The caught individuals and species were investigated separately according to each aspect: spring, early- and late- summer and autumn [46]. Our study [47] deals with the effect of weather conditions on the light-trap catch of two Caddisfly (Trichoptera) species. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim regarding the use of pathogens for pest control and their effects on beneficial insects. Instead, it focuses on meteorological data and weather classifications. Therefore, it is irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Bees play a critical role in pollination, supporting food production and biodiversity. [SEP] Text: Использование на опылении семенных посевов клевера лугового медоносных пчел, количество которых хорошо поддается регулированию и хозяйственному разведению, является надежным фактором, гарантирующим высокую урожайность семян этой культуры [6]. При изучении роли медоносных пчел во ВНИИ кормов им. В. Р. Вильямса была установлена прямая зависимость урожайности семян клевера от интенсивности их лёта в период массового цветения. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by stating that the use of honeybees in pollinating clover crops ensures high seed yield, indicating the significant role of bees in agriculture and food production.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Plant-based diets are often high in fiber, which supports digestive health. [SEP] Text: Safe and affordable interventions, such as dietary changes and supplementation, are essential before resorting to vaccinations or new antiviral medications. The researchers implemented the intervention long before the availability of the COVID-19 vaccine, and over half of our participants were recruited before vaccinations were available. Our researchers are aware of the limitations of vaccine efficacy in specific populations, including elderly individuals with comorbidities [44,45]. Our findings indicate that the exceptional results of our studies are unlikely to be attributable to vaccinations, as many individuals in the general population still experienced severe COVID-19 symptoms and mortality despite being vaccinated. Achieving optimal health goals, such as maintaining a BMI of 20-21, normal blood pressure, an LDL level of less than 55 mg/dL, optimal Hb A1C, high reading salivary NO strip, and low hs-CRP can be challenging without making dietary modifications to control the risk factors. Both doctors and patients are responsible for ensuring their optimal health. -19 pandemic has highlighted the limitations of relying solely on medications to tackle pandemics. The more the researchers learn about the advantages of consuming PBD and a healthy diet, the more reasons were discovered to support it. On the other hand, as the negative consequences of an omnivorous diet become increasingly apparent, it becomes more difficult to justify this choice. While these diets may provide temporary satisfaction, the long-term health risks they entail are challenging to overlook. Therefore, it is essential to carefully consider the potential costs and benefits of one's dietary choices. Due to the substantial mortality rate connected to COVID-19, patients are frequently inclined to comply with PBD interventions. Furthermore, numerous individuals have observed an elevated number of fatalities among patients who were treated at top hospitals in Indonesia. Maintaining such healthy eating habits is of utmost importance. Regrettably, it is with great sorrow that we report the unfortunate occurrence of more than five of our previous study participants' fatalities (all had received complete vaccinations) as a result of subsequent COVID-19 infections outside the course of our study. Despite our last outstanding findings, these individuals appeared to disregard our intervention for their subsequent COVID-19 infection. It seems that they continued to follow an omnivorous diet and relied on various COVID-19 medications, which ultimately proved to be detrimental to their lives. This proves that the observed zero mortality rate in our elderly COVID-19 study was not due to vaccination protection. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim regarding plant-based diets and fiber's role in digestive health. Instead, it discusses the importance of dietary changes and contrasts the efficacy of dietary modifications versus medications in the context of health during the COVID-19 pandemic.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Some assert that using pathogens for pest control will never affect beneficial insects. [SEP] Text: The values of atmospheric electricity given in V/m are measured at the Sopron-of the Geodetic and Institute of the of Sciences and are published in the yearbooks of the Institute. 4. 9. The air pollutants We analysed the ozone data registered at K-puszta between 1997 and 2006 ( hzml/) for the examinations of light-trap catch in connection with the ozone pollution. We have downloaded the ozone content data (μg/m3) from the website of Norsk institutt for luftforskning (for (NILU) ( hzml/). For the recent study, the values of the chemical air pollutants: SO2, NO, NO2, 10 and O3 (in milligram per cubic meter) were measured in nearest automatic measurement station at Székesfehérvár (47°17'45"N and 18°19'59"E). Advertisement 5. number of individuals of a given species in different places and years is not the same. Therefore, we calculated relative catch (RC) values. This is for a given sampling time unit (one night) and the average number individuals per unit time of sampling, the number of generations divided by the influence of individuals. RC values were placed according to the features of the given day, and then were summed up and averaged. We arranged the catch and environmental data pairs of in classes, and then averaged them. Regression equations were calculated for RC of examined species and environmental factors data pairs. Data on the environmental factors were arranged into classes according to the Sturges’ method [48]. The relative catch values were assigned into the classes of the environmental factors belonging to the given day and then they were summarized and averaged. Advertisement 6. Results 6. 1. The solar activity and its influence on Earth 6. 1. 1. Solar activity featured by Q-index The paper of Nowinszky and Puskás [49] deals with connections between the solar flare activities and light-trap collection of (Cameraria ohridella Deschka et Dimić 1986). It was confirmed from their data that the Q-index significantly modified the daily catches, thus expressing the different intensities and duration of the solar flares. It was noticed that some of the Caddisfly species (Trichoptera) collected by Nowinszky et al. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text discusses atmospheric electricity, ozone data, and specific environmental factors related to insect catches, but it does not address the claim regarding the impact of pathogens on beneficial insects. Thus, it is irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Bees play a critical role in pollination, supporting food production and biodiversity. [SEP] Text: В опыте было выявлено, что рост урожайности семян клевера при формировании травостоя с большим количеством развитых головок на 93% зависел от опыления и только на 7% от других факторов [11]. Известно, что клевер луговой образует значительное количество нектара на единице площади (до 200–300 кг/га). Содержание сахара в нектаре является приемлемым для пчел. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by indicating that the yield of clover seeds is significantly dependent on pollination (93%) and highlights the importance of clover as a nectar source for bees, thus underscoring the role of bees in food production and biodiversity.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Many athletes successfully follow plant-based diets for endurance and recovery benefits. [SEP] Text: In contrast, the review by McCartney et al. (2018) [37] found a beneficial effect of CHO (and CHO + water) for aerobic and endurance exercises (lasting from 45 min to 2 h). However, their analysis also included non-endurance athletes and several intervention groups instead of a comparison against a control group. A review by Cheung showed that massage did have an effect on DOMS, depending on the type of massage, time, and technique [80]. Also, in our results, massage only affected muscle soreness while other non-self-reported measures (La, VO2, and CK) were not affected. In terms of active recovery strategies, it was shown that active recovery had a positive effect on lactate (concentration) compared to seated rest in swimmers and climbers [62, 63]. Similar results were also found by Mota et al. (2017) in a 200 m freestyle swimming trial, where blood lactate was decreased [81]. However, these results were limited by the intensity of exercise over a very short period of time. In general, the review by Ortiz et al. (2019) recommends an active recovery period of 6 to 10 min after exercise, but they also state that the benefits might be psychological rather than physiological [41]. According to Kellman’s definition, proactive recovery was primarily a form of recovery from social activity as well as self-selection [13]. In terms of proactive recovery strategies, sleep was the most popular one. Unfortunately, no studies related to sleep were included based on the search criteria of this UR, as there was a lack of endurance athletes in these studies. However, several studies on sleep in team sports have been conducted [82, 83], and from these studies, it was observed that sleep was positively associated with recovery and later athletic performance. The only proactive recovery strategy included in this UR was alcohol, but the participants were non-endurance athletes, so further analysis for endurance athletes was not conducted [34]. A previous study of cyclists showed that acute small ethanol (EtOH) consumption during recovery (0. 5 ml EtOH/kg fat-free mass, combined with carbohydrate) did not affect recovery but decreased endurance performance [84]. Another review not included in our UR also supported this conclusion [85]. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing a review that evaluates the effects of carbohydrates (CHO) and various recovery strategies on endurance athletes, but it does not support the notion that athletes can successfully follow plant-based diets for endurance and recovery. Instead, it brings attention to the lack of endurance athletes in certain recovery studies and mentions that other recovery strategies, including the consumption of alcohol, were studied in non-endurance athletes, which could imply that plant-based diets were not adequately addressed in the context of endurance performance.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Some assert that using pathogens for pest control will never affect beneficial insects. [SEP] Text: [50] showed the increase of the high values of the Q-index, but in other species there was a decrease in the Q-index. In case, the value of the Q-index is high, there is an increase of the catch after a decrease, which can be observed in some cases. We found an increasing tendency in nine species, if the Q-index value was in an increasing period. A decrease could be seen in the case of 14 species and increases after decreasing in the case of seven species if Q-index was increasing. 6. 1. 2. Solar activity featured by 2800 MHz radio flux Tóth and Nowinszky [51] found that a moderate increase of solar radio flux measured at 2800 MHz in the preceding day coincided with an increase, however, a slight decrease or marked increase of the radio flux with a decrease in the light-trap catches of the (Agrotis segetum Den. Et Schiff. ) on nights following the solar H-alpha flares of importance (class) 2 and 3, the yield of light-trap catches also decreased. 6. 1. 3. Solar activity featured by ionospheric storms and atmospheric radio noises We found in one of our previous study [52] that at the time of negative ionospheric storms (ΔKf0F2) the light-trap catch of (Operophthera brumata Linnaeus) and (Agriopis aurantiaria Hübner) decrease. However, during positive ionospheric storms the catch of these two species was low. The catch of (Agrotis segetum Denis et Schiffermüller) increases in connection with the strengthening atmospheric radio noises (SEA). 6. 2. Interplanetary magnetic field sector boundaries Light-trap catches of all the six pestilent species decrease in the neighbourhood of the sector boundaries of the interplanetary magnetic field. The minimum catch of the four winter geometrid moth species ((Operophthera brumata L. ), (Erannis defoliaria Cl. ), (Agriopis aurantiaria Hbn. ) and (Colotois pennaria L. ) occur on or following the day of the event [53]. It is remarkable, however, that in contrast to the results reported by Wilcox et al. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it primarily discusses the Q-index and variations in light-trap catches of various pest species in relation to solar activity and ionospheric conditions. There is no mention of positive or negative effects of pathogens on beneficial insects, nor does it address the claim directly.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Bees play a critical role in pollination, supporting food production and biodiversity. [SEP] Text: Установлено, что одна семья пчел на клеверном поле может заготовить в период его цветения до 9 кг меда и значительное количество пыльцы (150–300 г) [4]. Эффективность опыления клевера лугового медоносными пчелами показывает их работа в условиях искусственного климата, когда при достаточном количестве опылителей завязываемость семян и обсемененность головок достигают 90–100% [12; 13]. Клевер луговой не является лучшим медоносным растением. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by demonstrating that honey bees effectively pollinate clover, which results in high seed set and seed head viability. This reflects the critical role bees play in enhancing pollination and thereby supporting food production.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Many athletes successfully follow plant-based diets for endurance and recovery benefits. [SEP] Text: Influence of relative blood flow restriction pressure on muscle activation and muscle adaptation. 53: 438–445, 2016. | Text | PubMed | CrossRef | 22. . Determinants of endurance in well-trained cyclists. J (1985) 64: 2622–2630, 1988. | 23. Physiological and biomechanical factors associated with elite endurance cycling performance. 23: 93–107, 1991. | Text | PubMed | CrossRef | 24. . Cycling efficiency is related to the percentage of type I muscle fibers. 24: 782–788, 1992. | Text | PubMed | CrossRef | 25. de. Short-term low-intensity blood flow restricted interval training improves both aerobic fitness and muscle strength. Sports 26: 1017–1025, 2016. | Text | PubMed | CrossRef | 26. . Physiological comparison between non-athletes, endurance, power and team athletes. 119: 1377–1386, 2019. | PubMed | CrossRef | 27. . The effects of training intensity on muscle buffer capacity in females. 96: 97–105, 2006. | PubMed | CrossRef | 28. Egginton S. Invited review: Activity-induced angiogenesis. 457: 963–977, 2009. | PubMed | CrossRef | 29. Egginton S. Physiological factors influencing capillary growth. (Oxf) 202: 225–239, 2011. | Text | PubMed | CrossRef | 30. Ekblom B, Astrand P-öm B. Effect of training on circulatory response to exercise. J 24: 518–528, 1968. | PubMed | CrossRef | 31. Ekblom B, Hermansen L. Cardiac output in athletes. J 25: 619–625, 1968. | PubMed | CrossRef | 32. Fitts RH. Cellular mechanisms of muscle fatigue. 74: 49–94, 1994. | PubMed | CrossRef | 33. Fitts RH. The cross-bridge cycle and skeletal muscle fatigue. J (1985) 104: 551–558, 2008. | 34. -Taylor K, James LJ. Blinded and unblinded hypohydration similarly impair cycling time trial performance in the heat in trained cyclists. J (1985) 126: 870–879, 2019. | 35. -Burnett M. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses various topics related to endurance, muscle activation, and training without addressing or providing any information about plant-based diets or their benefits for athletes. Thus, it does not support or contrast with the claim in any way.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Some assert that using pathogens for pest control will never affect beneficial insects. [SEP] Text: [54] confirming a fallback of the vorticity area index 2 days prior to the event, in the case of winter moths collected by light-trap, there is a significant decrease in the number of individuals only on or 1 day after the event. This fact contradicts the findings of Wilcox et al. [54] who could not prove a modification of the cyclone activity in connection with the sector boundaries in the summer half-year. 6. 2. 1. UV-B radiation of the majority of examined swarming, the solar UV-B radiation increases the catch initially; at higher values of UV-B radiation the catch is lower. Ten of all swarming was obtained in this result, regardless of the trapping method and location of the taxonomic classification of species. Three times we experienced continuous elevation in swarming, though a decrease in one casedecrease when the value of UV-B radiation was increasing. In our recent study (in press), we show the catch increases earlier and afterwards a decrease can be found in two Caddisfly (Trichoptera) species at higher UV-B radiation values. There was an increase at the catch of the third species, but there was decrease in case of the fourth one at higher values of UV-B radiation [55]. 6. 2. 2. Geomagnetic indices The results of our calculations have shown that in the period of the New Moon, when there is no measurable moonlight, the higher values of the horizontal component are accompanied by an increase in relative catch. In the and the Last Quarter, growing values of the horizontal component (H-index) are accompanied by a decreasing catch [56]. Moon, when there is no measurable moonlight, decreasing relative catch can be found with higher values of vertical component. At the time of other moon phases, in surrounding of First Quarter, and last Quarter when there is no moonlight, the relative catch increases linearly with the increasing values of horizontal (H) component. The geomagnetic field intensity can increase the insects' flight activity, but the light stimulus is most important factor in orientation, so trapping is more successful. Moon when insects cannot get any light from the Moon for their orientation for the whole night, it can be supposed the increasing geomagnetic field intensity plays a bigger part in the orientation in contradiction to light stimulus, which increases the safety of orientation [15, 31, 57]. 6. 2. 3. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim about the effects of using pathogens for pest control on beneficial insects. Instead, it discusses various scientific findings related to insect trapping under different environmental conditions, such as UV-B radiation and geomagnetic indices. Thus, it is not relevant to the assertion provided in the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Bees play a critical role in pollination, supporting food production and biodiversity. [SEP] Text: Однако при нахождении ульев вблизи участка или даже внутри него в прокосах, пчелы предпочитают собирать нектар и пыльцу с близко расположенных цветков клевера лугового, чем летать на дальние расстояния на более привлекательные для них медоносные растения (рис. 3, 4). Результативность работы медоносных пчел на опылении обусловлена также тем, что они являются сборщиками пыльцы, в то время как большинство диких насекомых — ее поедателями [9; 10]. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by highlighting that honeybees are pollinators that preferentially gather nectar and pollen from local flowers, which indicates their important role in pollination. Furthermore, it notes that honeybees collect pollen, supporting the idea that they contribute significantly to food production and biodiversity.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Many athletes successfully follow plant-based diets for endurance and recovery benefits. [SEP] Text: HF received cheese, cream, and butter for meal preparation and a high fat drink for training. Dietary assessment. Five-day food intake was recorded at baseline and every 4th week during the study. Subjects were provided with kitchen scales and standard kitchen measures (including spoons and cups) and instructed to weigh and accurately measure all foods and beverages consumed during the 5 d that included 3 week-days and 2 weekend days. Nutrient intake was calculated using the computer programs "& Storage" and "Diet Cruncher" (34) and data from the Database (14). Blood tests. Two fasting blood samples (after an overnight fast and at least 12 h without exercise) were taken for measurement of total cholesterol, LDL-C, HDL-C, HDL2-C, HDL3-C, triglycerides, apolipoprotein A1, and Hct at baseline and at weeks 4, 8, and 12. Blood was taken twice during each blood sampling week to allow for day-to-day variation and enable a more reliable estimate of each parameter. Laboratory methods. Blood lipid and lipoproteins were measured on a (Systems, Basel, Switzerland). Cholesterol concentration in plasma and lipoprotein fractions was measured enzymatically using the Boehringer enzymatic colorimetric method (Boehringer Mannheim, Germany) (45). Individual day-to-day variation in blood samples was 0. 06 mmol·L−1. Plasma triglycerides were measured enzymatically using a (Roche Diagnostics, Germany). The coefficient of variation (CV) for the study period was 2. 2% for cholesterol and 4% for triglycerides. Plasma LDL cholesterol was calculated using the Friedwald equation (15). HDL cholesterol was isolated through the precipitation of apolipoproteins-B-containing lipoproteins with phosphotungstate/magnesium chloride solution (1). HDL3 cholesterol measurements were made using a polyethylene glycol (PEG) method (10). HDL2 cholesterol was calculated from the difference of HDL3 cholesterol from total HDL cholesterol. Apolipoprotein A1 measurements were determined using an immunoturbidimetry Boehringer (Tina-Quant) test kit using Boehringer calibrators. Hct was measured using a Coulter STKS analyzer. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses a dietary assessment involving cheese, cream, butter, and various blood lipid measurements, which does not mention plant-based diets or their effects on athletic performance. Therefore, it does not provide support, contrast, or relevant information connected to the claim.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Some assert that using pathogens for pest control will never affect beneficial insects. [SEP] Text: The moon phases and the polarized moonlight Based on our knowledge acquired from the research studies of other scientists and our own findings described above, we summarize the effect of the Moon and moonlight on light trap collection in the following way [8]: 6. 3. Lunar phases and the efficiency of light trapping Lunar phases affect catch result on the different days of lunation considering all light trap types and all species under examination. Deviations may vary between species; the behaviour of different species may be similar or different, The catch of certain species may be different or similar when the volume of catch at two distant periods of time is compared. The catch of the same species might be different in the same period of time and geographical locality, when different types of light traps are used. However, the collecting efficiency of some light traps is almost the same. In the case of light trap types and all the species under examination a minimum catch is recorded in the presence of a Full Moon. Maximum catches rarely occur exactly on a New Moon, rather in the First and/or the Last Quarter, or in the phase angle divisions between a and the Quarters. This might be explained by the joint effect of an already relatively large collecting distance and the high ratio of polarized moonlight characteristic for this period. Consequently, the effect of high polarization that intensifies activity is added to the effect of the collecting distance in increasing the catch. The influence of the lunar phases in modifying the catch may be detected not only during moonlit hours, but also in those without moonlight. This seems to prove a statement by Danthanarayana [30] claiming that lunar influence is independent of the visibility of the Moon. Thus, we have to distinguish lunar influence and the influence of moonlight. 6. 4. Collecting distance and the efficiency of light trapping We have to draw a line of distinction between the concept of theoretical and actual collecting distance. The actual collecting distance is, in most cases, much shorter than the theoretical one calculated on the basis of the level of illumination in the environment, The constant change of the theoretical and actual collecting distance used to play an important, but not exclusive role in the efficiency of collecting. Due to light pollution, the difference between the theoretical and actual collecting distance has become basically balanced out. Consequently, the catch of certain species is practically equal at a and at a New Moon. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses the influence of lunar phases on light trap collection and does not mention pathogens, pest control, or beneficial insects.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Bees play a critical role in pollination, supporting food production and biodiversity. [SEP] Text: Кроме того, для успешного оплодотворения цветков необходимо неоднократное их посещение насекомыми-опылителями и перенос достаточного количества пыльцы с разных растений, что может гарантированно обеспечиваться пчелами [10]. Рис. 3. Медоносная пчела на сборе нектара с цветков клевера лугового Рис. 4. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by stating that successful fertilization of flowers requires repeated visits by pollinating insects, with bees being specifically mentioned as capable of ensuring the transfer of sufficient pollen from various plants.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Many athletes successfully follow plant-based diets for endurance and recovery benefits. [SEP] Text: No significant changes in total body fat were present from baseline to week 12 in the two diet groups. Changes in total and regional body fat from baseline to week 12 did not differ significantly between HC and HF. Training. Training volume before the study as estimated from a questionnaire ranged from 180 to 600 km·wk−1 (6-22. 5 h). Training volume during the study ranged from 115 to 826 km·wk−1 (over 6-25 h) and a weekly road race over 40-120 km. On average, training volume before the study was not significantly different from during the study. studies suggest the advantages of high fat diets for endurance athletes (9,30,31,39,43) and that restriction of dietary fat can lead to reduced physical performance (39,42). Despite the results from these studies, current dietary recommendations for endurance athletes continue to emphasize the importance of a high carbohydrate intake. High carbohydrate diets are widely recommended to endurance athletes because they are believed to enhance physical performance by maximizing glycogen stores and delaying onset of fatigue (2,7). A major concern for advocating a high fat diet to any group within the population is the health consequences of such a recommendation, in particular, increasing the lipoprotein mediated risk for coronary heart disease. However, high carbohydrate intakes may also have unwanted health consequences (4,38) including adverse effects on lipoprotein-mediated coronary heart disease risk by decreasing HDL cholesterol (HDL-C) and increasing triglyceride levels in both athletes and sedentary individuals (4,32,48). The aim of the current study was to examine lipid and lipoprotein concentrations in cyclists consuming either a high carbohydrate or high saturated fat diet for a 3-month period. The study has similarities to our previous study (9), but with changes to the original study design, we have attempted to minimize potentially confounding variables known to affect lipid and lipoprotein levels as previously identified (8). The results from the current study suggest that the consumption of a high fat (predominantly saturated fat) diet comprising up to 50% of total energy for 12 wk has no adverse effects on plasma lipids and lipoproteins in physically fit cyclists involved in regular, high volume, endurance exercise. Total and LDL cholesterol levels did not increase significantly in the high fat consumers when total fat intake increased from 32 to 47% of daily energy. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address plant-based diets, focusing instead on the effects of high carbohydrate and high fat diets on endurance athletes. It discusses diet group comparisons and training volumes but does not provide information supporting or contrasting the claim about plant-based diets specifically.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Some assert that using pathogens for pest control will never affect beneficial insects. [SEP] Text: The actual collecting distance—just like the theoretical one—varies by light trap types and taxa, but in the case of 100 W normal bulb traps it was approx. 90 m for many species. If a catch minimum can be detected at a also in the catch data of recent years, the reason for this should be found in other lunar influences. We find the correction of catch results—applied earlier by more authors– acceptable, even in case of data dating back several decades, only if it happens based on an actual collecting distance. We find a similar correction of recent data perilous. 6. 5. Illumination from the Moon and the activity of insects Generally, illumination by the Moon does not hamper the flight activity of insects. Besides the points made by Dufay [5], the following facts prove this theory. It is a justified fact, that certain insects use polarized moonlight for their orientation. It is unthinkable that the activity of these insects would decrease when polarized moonlight is present in a high ratio. Our investigations have also proved the catch to be higher in case of higher polarization. In moonlit hours, we observed a higher catch on more occasions than in hours without moonlight. Based on data on the rising and setting of the Moon in the period close to the Last Quarter, Reddy et al. [58] determined whether each flight occurred only if the Moon was above the horizon before midnight, the period when this species is active. The relatively strong illumination by the Moon cannot be the reason for a minimum catch recorded at a Full Moon. Most insects start to fly in some kind of twilight. And illumination at twilight is stronger by orders of magnitude than illumination by moonlight. Suction trap studies by Danthanarayana [30] have not justified the decrease observable with light traps at a Full Moon. Observation claiming that insects spend less time in flight during a should be compared with similar observations for a New Moon. High standard scientific investigation is needed to study both periods. Not even on the basis of the relative brightness of the Moon do we find a correction of the catch data acceptable, as this method does not consider the role of polarized moonlight and it is not effective throughout the whole lunar month. 6. 6. The certainty of the orientation of insects Moderate catch results recorded at a may be explained by the better orientation of insects. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses the collection distance of insects and the effect of moonlight on their activity. It does not address the impact of using pathogens for pest control on beneficial insects, and therefore does not provide any support or contradiction to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Bees play a critical role in pollination, supporting food production and biodiversity. [SEP] Text: Медоносная пчела с обножкой на сборе пыльцы клевера лугового Длина трубки венчика цветков клевера лугового составляет у разных сортов от 5,0 до 12,5 мм, длина хоботка пчел в зависимости от породы колеблется от 5,6 до 7,5 мм. Вопреки мнению А. Ф. Губина [14], на опылении клевера лугового могут работать все породы медоносных пчел, в том числе среднерусская, имеющая наибольшее распространение на территории ЦЧР и Орловской области. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by highlighting the role of honeybees in the pollination of clover, which is a vital aspect of supporting food production and subsequently biodiversity.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Many athletes successfully follow plant-based diets for endurance and recovery benefits. [SEP] Text: Similar to a KD, an increase in acetylation is seen after exercise (15) — another stimulus that increases fat oxidation and mitochondrial mass and activity (16). However, the relation between acetylation and increases in mitochondrial biogenesis and activity in skeletal muscle remains largely unexplored. A diet low in CHO, even one that does not increase circulating ketone levels like a strict KD, results in fat adaptation and, together with elevated levels of acetyl-CoA, leads to greater activity of the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR) family of transcription factors. Higher PPAR activity increases key enzymes of fat oxidation such as lipoprotein lipase, fatty acid binding protein, cluster of differentiation 36, and stearoyl-desaturase-1 (17). This stimulation of fatty acid oxidation through PPAR upregulation comes at the expense of glucose oxidation. PPAR∂, the most active PPAR isoform in skeletal muscle (18), also increases pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase-4 (PDK4) expression. PDK4 serves to inactivate pyruvate dehydrogenase (PDH), a key enzyme in the conversion of pyruvate into acetyl-CoA resulting in a decrease in CHO entering the mitochondria (19). Stellingwerff et al. (20) showed that individuals cycling at 70% of V̇O2max in a fat-adapted state showed significantly lower PDH activity and a concomitant increase in fat oxidation during exercise. Thus, elevated free fatty acid oxidation is in part driven by an increase in PPAR activity that upregulates fatty acid transport and oxidation enzymes and decreases the oxidation of CHO resulting in a shift to fat as the primary fuel in skeletal muscle (Fig. 1). Collectively, a KD increases levels of circulating fatty acids and KB resulting in an increase in fat oxidation, acetyl-CoA generation, and acetylated lysine levels within muscle. With this shift in metabolism, there is a beneficial effect on transcriptional availability of DNA, stability/localization/affinity of cellular proteins, and increased activity of PPARs. previously mentioned, there is growing evidence suggesting a KD is able to increase mitochondrial biogenesis and activity within skeletal muscle, resulting in greater muscle function with age (9,21). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses the effects of a ketogenic diet (KD) on fat oxidation, mitochondrial activity, and muscle function, without making any mention of plant-based diets or athletes. The discussion focuses on metabolic adaptations related to different dietary compositions rather than supporting or contrasting the idea of plant-based diets being successful for athletes.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Some assert that using pathogens for pest control will never affect beneficial insects. [SEP] Text: This hypothesis attributes low catch results to negative polarization typical for the period immediately before and after a Full Moon, possibly enabling insects to distinguish the light of the lamp from moonlight and thus avoid the trap. Our findings force us to reconsider this hypothesis, as we could not detect any difference between the catch during positive and negative polarization. Still, Jermy’s [2] assumption might be true. The experiments by Dacke et al. [59] allow us to presume that the high ratio of polarized moonlight provides more information for insect orientation, than the smaller ratio of positive or negative polarized moonlight in the vicinity of a Full Moon. This might be the reason for high catches recorded in the First and the Last Quarter, and the low ones at a Full Moon. It is derived from the observation that insects use sources of information other than moonlight for their orientation in the vicinity of a Full Moon. Such sources may be the polarization pattern of the sky, lines of geomagnetic force or certain objects in the field. However, in this case orientation relies on light stimuli to a much smaller extent, thus the certainty of orientation might increase. For the nocturnal species, the sensitivity of the optical polarization compass can be greatly increased without any loss of precision [60]. In the last few years, we proved that the polarized moonlight plays a deciding role in the effect of the Moon [16, 61–65]. Comparing the catch results of the different migrant types with those of full lunation (lunar month), the following can be established: The higher trap catches a smaller number of specimens of the non-migrant species in the and at a Full Moon, but there is no observable difference between the different quarters in the catch of the lower trap, In the case of migrant species, significant differences can be observed in the catch of the lower trap. Collecting is least successful at a and in the Last Quarter, when the catch is minimum even in the higher trap. Vertical migrants can be caught with little success in the higher trap in the and at a Full Moon, while in the catch of the lower trap no difference can be detected. There is no significant difference in the catch results of the proposed migrant species, either in the higher or in the lower trap. The development of the number of species and the number of specimen caught of the different migrant types and lunar phases is practically the same [35]. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim regarding the effects of using pathogens for pest control on beneficial insects. Instead, it discusses a different topic related to insect orientation based on polarized moonlight and the catch rates of different insect species during various lunar phases. Therefore, it is irrelevant to the claim at hand.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Bees play a critical role in pollination, supporting food production and biodiversity. [SEP] Text: Для более эффективного опыления клевера лугового применяется дрессировка пчел на запах его цветков. Для этого проводят подкормку пчел сахарным сиропом, настоянным на цветках клевера лугового. Это увеличивает посещаемость клеверного поля медоносными пчелами, завязываемость семян и обсемененность головок, урожайность семян культуры [15]. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the training of bees to enhance pollination of clover, which in turn leads to increased seed set and yields. This highlights the crucial role bees play in supporting food production.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Many athletes successfully follow plant-based diets for endurance and recovery benefits. [SEP] Text: However, in our studies, the decrease in degradation on a KD is only observed in older animals, suggesting that a KD may have a bigger effect on degradation when breakdown is increased by age or disease rather than in young healthy muscle. Altogether, a KD presents a promising strategy to mitigate the age- or disease-related decline in skeletal muscle mass and function through increases in mitochondrial mass and function, the preservation of type IIa fibers, increased quality control of protein synthesis, and anticatabolic effects. Effect of KD on described in the preceding section, a KD can improve muscle size, strength, and mitochondrial mass and activity in old mice. Because muscle strength and endurance are essential components of athletic performance, many athletes, coaches, and sports scientists have hypothesized that a KD would increase performance in human athletes. Because the primary benefit of a KD is to enhance mitochondrial mass and function, we will focus our discussion on endurance performance because mitochondria play a greater role in this type of sport. The data to date in this area indicates that there is either no additional benefit or an impairment in elite performance when athletes train on a KD (10). Chief among these studies are Burke et al. ’s Supernova studies, which demonstrated that a KD impairs elite athletic endurance performance. In this outstanding series of studies, the authors found an 8. 5% decrease in race walking performance ((10), and 8. 5% reduction in performance in the 2020 Olympic 20-km or 50-km race walk final would result in a last place finish when compared with the top time. These performance deficiencies can be explained by the long-standing concept of substrate usage efficiency (53). This shift in metabolism is potentially driven by the decrease in PDH activity after fat adaptation (20). As discussed previously, fat adaptation, or a long-term KD, leads to the activation of PPARs and the subsequent increase in PDK4 (19). The rise in PDK4 results in the phosphorylation and inhibition of PDH, decreasing the capacity to oxidize CHO and increasing the reliance on fat as a fuel. The generation of ATP from fat oxidation normally declines as exercise intensity increases (53), and this has been attributed to the inability to efficiently transport fatty acids into the mitochondria during higher levels of exercise intensity (greater than ~65% V̇O2max). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by explaining the negative effects of a ketogenic diet (KD) on endurance performance in athletes. It notes that studies indicate either no additional benefit or an impairment in elite performance when athletes train on a KD, with specific evidence such as Burke et al. ’s Supernova studies demonstrating an 8.5% decrease in race walking performance. This contradicts the idea that a plant-based diet can provide endurance and recovery benefits for athletes.