Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Disruption of circadian rhythms can lead to health issues. [SEP] Text: In mammals, the expression of three Period genes (Per1, Per2 and Per3) and two Cryptochrome genes (Cry1 and Cry2) is activated by a dimer of the proteins CLOCK (Kaput) and BMAL1 (Brain-Muscle Arnt-Like protein 1). CLOCK and BMAL1 are transcriptional factors that heterodimerize and induce the expression of Per and Cry genes by binding to their promoters at E-boxes [28,30,31]. CLOCK also has an intrinsic histone acetyltransferase (HAT) activity, thereby it can induce chromatin remodeling and create a permissive state for activation of gene expression [32]. PER and CRY proteins are synthesized in the cytoplasm and they associate before entering the nucleus. In the nucleus, CRYs repress the activity of CLOCK and BMAL1 and in this way, they negatively feedback on their own expression [33,34]. However, the exact molecular mechanism of this repression is yet unclear. The enzymatic activity of CLOCK also allows it to acetylate non-histone substrates. For example, CLOCK mediates acetylation of its own binding partner, BMAL1, on Lys537. Ectopic expression of wild-type BMAL1, but not an acetylation-resistant BMAL1 mutant (K537R), is able to rescue the circadian expression of endogenous target genes in mouse embryonic fibroblasts (MEFs) derived from Bmal1-/- mice. The BMAL1-K537R mutant has drastically reduced sensitivity to CRY1-mediated repression compared with wild type BMAL1, indicating that the acetylation of BMAL1 by CLOCK might be an essential regulatory switch as it facilitates CRY-dependent repression [35]. Another crucial modulator of the circadian clock machinery identified recently is a histone deacetylase, namely sirtuin 1 (SIRT1), which regulates circadian rhythms by counteracting the HAT activity of CLOCK [36]. SIRT1 is required for high-magnitude circadian transcription of several core clock genes, including Bmal1, Rorγ, Per2, and Cry1. SIRT1 binds CLOCK-BMAL1 in a circadian manner and promotes the deacetylation and degradation of PER2 [37]. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text provides a detailed explanation of the molecular mechanisms underlying circadian rhythms, including the roles of proteins like CLOCK, BMAL1, and SIRT1. However, it does not connect these mechanisms to health issues or disruptions in circadian rhythms. Therefore, it is irrelevant to the claim, which specifically addresses the health implications of circadian rhythm disruption.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Extracurricular activities support holistic student development. [SEP] Text: Так же мы засвидетельствовали совершенствование следующих познавательных умений: умение правильно определять, описывать, решать проблему, а так же строить гипотезу исследовательской деятельности. Библиографическая ссылка Иванова Н. С. РАЗВИТИЕ ИССЛЕДОВАТЕЛЬСКИХ УМЕНИЙ У ОБУЧАЮЩИХСЯ ПРИ ОРГАНИЗАЦИИ ВНЕУРОЧНОЙ ДЕЯТЕЛЬНОСТИ ПО БИОЛОГИИ/ Международный студенческий научный вестник. – 2021. – № 5. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by detailing improvements in cognitive skills such as problem-solving and hypothesis construction that occur during extracurricular activities. It implies that such activities can contribute positively to student development.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Gene editing is completely risk-free with no side effects. [SEP] Text: Group No. zCas9 plasmid NPTII plasmid Transgene-free Cas9 gRNA Selective group (SRM) SPDS-1 + + + + + - No SPDS-2 + + + + + - No SPDS-3 + + + + + + No SPDS-4 + + + + + + No SPDS-5 + + + - - - No SPDS-6 + + + + + + No SPDS-7 + + + + - + No SPDS-8 + + + + + + No SPDS-9 + + + + + + No SPDS-10 + + + - - - No SPDS-11 + + + + + + No SPDS-12 + + + + + + No SPDS-13 + + + + + + No SPDS-14 - + + + + + No SPDS-15 + + + + - + No SPDS-16 + + + + + + No Selection-free group (RM) PDS-1 - - - - - - Yes PDS-2 + - - - - - No PDS-3 + + + - - - No PDS-4 + + + - - - No PDS-5 + + + - + + No PDS-6 + - - - - - No PDS-7 + - - - - - No PDS-8 + - - - - - No PDS-9 - - - - - - Yes PDS-10 + - + - - - No PDS-11 - - - - - - Yes PDS-12 + - - - - - No PDS-13 - - - - - - Yes PDS-14 + + + + + + No PDS-15 + + + - - - No PDS-16 + - - - - - No PDS-17 + + + - - - No PDS-18 + - - - - - No 2. 3. Sanger sequencing of the albino plantlets Across 34 albino plants, the sequence of editing events was unfolded, exclusively within the gRNA target regions situated downstream of the Motif (PAM) site. sequence blast results unveiled five distinct editing outcomes, as previously described. A comprehensive summary detailing the frequency of each of these editing events is provided in Fig. 2c. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by presenting evidence of 'five distinct editing outcomes' in the editing process of gene editing, which implies potential side effects or alterations resulting from gene editing. The mention of editing events in the target regions further suggests that gene editing can lead to unintended genetic changes, neither of which support the notion that gene editing is completely risk-free.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Disruption of circadian rhythms can lead to health issues. [SEP] Text: Figure 1 Schematic representation of the mammalian circadian clock mechanism. ROREs are retinoic acid-related orphan nuclear receptor response elements present in Bmal1 promoter to which REV-ERBs and RORs compete to bind whereas E-boxes are regulatory enhancer sequences present in the promoter regions of the genes under consideration to which CLOCK-BMAL1 heterodimer binds. Casein kinase (CK) isoforms phosphorylate and BMAL1 proteins decreasing their stability and critically regulating the time of action of clock proteins. Similarly, targets of GSK3 (glycogen synthase kinase-3) include -ERBα and CRY2. c-Myc, Wee1 and Cyclin D1 are clock-controlled cell cycle genes. CLOCK-BMAL1 heterodimers induce a second regulatory loop activating transcription of retinoic acid-related orphan nuclear receptors, Rev-erbα and Rorα [38]. Both of these proteins are transcription factors that bind to the Bmal1 promoter at REV-ERBα and RORα response elements. RORα activate transcription of Bmal1 [39,40], whereas REV-ERBα repress the transcription process [41,42]. Another core member of the mammalian circadian clock is neuronal PAS-domain protein 2 (NPAS2). NPAS2 is a paralogue of CLOCK, exhibiting similar activities but differing in tissue distribution. NPAS2 can heterodimerize with BMAL1, bind to E-box motifs and transcriptionally activate circadian genes [43]. The feedback loops described above are responsible for varying levels of messenger ribonucleic acids (mRNAs) from the Per, Cry, Rev-erbα and Bmal1 genes across circadian phases. In the SCN, Per, Cry and Rev-erbα all exhibit a peak of abundance during the light phase, while Bmal1 has an opposite phase (i. e. , peaks about 12 hour later). In most other brain regions and peripheral tissues, these rhythms are all delayed by several hours but generally keep a similar phase relationship amongst them. In some brain regions, PER oscillations are in phase with those seen in the SCN [44,45]. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not directly address the claim regarding the health issues stemming from the disruption of circadian rhythms. Instead, it describes the mechanisms of the mammalian circadian clock and the interactions of various proteins without making any assertions about health consequences. Therefore, it is considered irrelevant (pass) to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: The Industrial Revolution transformed production and urbanization. [SEP] Text: flagcounter &lt;div class="statcounter"&gt;&lt;a title="Web Analytics" href=" target="_blank"&gt;&lt;img class="statcounter" src=" alt="Web Analytics"&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;2723-4185 ISSN Print 2088-2289 > Vol 5, No 2 (2021) > nurdiana Industrial Revolution: A History of in Nurdiana nurdiana(1*), Rumambo Pandin(2) (1)&nbspUniversitas Airlangga, Indonesia (2) (*) the existence of industrial technology, people in doing their job using their power. People were able to produce goods and sell services with their power. These activities are ineffective because they are constrained and take a long time, so the discovery of industrial technology is today. This study aims to determine the meaning of the industrial revolution, the history and development of the industrial revolution 1. 0 to 4. 0, the relationship between the industrial revolution and Indonesian history, and the influence of the industrial revolution in Indonesian manufacturing. Indonesian people do not understand what revolution means and how it relates to Indonesian history, where the current and former situation is very different because of a revolution, especially the industrial revolution. The discovery of industrial technology or industrial revolution makes human development become advanced and rapidly growing. In this study, the author uses a method in the form of a (LR) or a literature review and data obtained from several 4. 0 that changed human life. This 4. 0 ” 2, no. 2 (2019): 10. Annisa, Amalia. “1. 0 Sampai 4. 0. ” 1, no. January (2021): 2–3. Baenanda, Listhari. “Industri. ” Binus University, no. January (2019). Rantung F. M. “4. 0,” no. Shanan (2020): 96. Riani. “Industri 1. 0 - 4. 0,” 2021, 1–3. I Putra Bali. “4. 0,” no. Manajemen dan Bisnis (2019): 6. Irman Maulana. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text supports the claim by discussing the impact of the Industrial Revolution on production and technology. It states that the discovery of industrial technology has greatly advanced human development and has led to significant changes in production methods. This shows how the Industrial Revolution has transformed not only production but also the overall progress of society.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Gene editing is completely risk-free with no side effects. [SEP] Text: Sanger sequencing data of PCR on one wild type Tx430 and 34 albino plants are included in the supplementary S2 with GenBank access number. To further illuminate these findings, Fig. 4 illustrates the sequences of selected samples representing four different types of meaningful editing events in comparison with the wild-type Tx430. In our comprehensive analysis, the predominant types of editing events were characterized by substantial fragment deletions and complex rearrangements, both orchestrated by dual guide RNAs (gRNAs), as depicted in Fig. 4a and 4c. Notably, the incidence of one or two nucleotide changes exhibited a lower frequency (Fig. 4d). While indels of a few hundred nucleotides have been observed in prior experiments using Cas9 or other nucleases, it is pertinent to highlight that the most frequent editing events typically involve indels of less than 20 base pairs. Consequently, the observed occurrence of large deletions within the edited plant population in this study is postulated to be a consequence of employing two distinct gRNAs in theCas9 process. 2. 4. RNA extraction and RT-PCR results The Ubi-1 promoter is designed to drive Cas9 gene expression. To demonstrate that promoter and target gene are prerequisite to gene expression, from distinct gel patterns in Table 1, six albino samples were meticulously selected for analysis, including SPDS-3 and PDS-17 that exhibited both Cas9 gene and Ubi-1 promoter fragments, PDS-2 and PDS-16 that showed only Cas9 gene without Ubi-1 promoter fragment, PDS-1 and PDS-13 that were devoid of both Cas9 gene and Ubi-1 promoter. The absence of the Ubi-1 promoter theoretically implies a lack of Cas9 protein expression. We conducted RT-PCR to assess Cas9 protein expression post-transcription. The successful Cas9 expression is only detected in the selected two albino samples (SPDS-3 and PDS-17) which contained both Ubi-1 promoter and Cas9 gene in the gel image (Fig. 5), reinforcing the importance of the relationship between promoter and gene. This meticulous analysis offers valuable insights into the functionality of the Ubi-1 promoter in facilitating Cas9 protein expression. It is noteworthy that if the Cas9 DNA is in a "free" state in the cell and not integrated into the chromosome, transient expression still occurs. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by detailing the results of gene editing experiments that revealed substantial fragment deletions and complex rearrangements as common side effects of the gene editing process. It states that large deletions were observed within the edited plant population and notes the occurrence of indels of a few hundred nucleotides in previous experiments. This indicates that gene editing is not risk-free and does have associated side effects, which directly contradicts the claim.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Disruption of circadian rhythms can lead to health issues. [SEP] Text: Likewise kinases, phosphatases also participate in clock regulation. Most recently, the serine/threonine phosphatase PP5 (protein phosphatase 5) has been found to interact with and be regulated by CRY proteins [61]. Through its interaction with CRY, PP5 might regulate the phosphorylation state and so the activity of CKIε in the clock [62,63]. Thus, it can be said that phosphorylation by kinases, balanced by regulated dephosphorylation, sets the stage for protein degradation. Phosphorylation is required for the recruitment of ubiquitin ligases, which mediate the polyubiquitylation and the subsequent degradation of these proteins in the proteasome. In mammals, the stability of PER1 and PER2 is regulated by either βTrCP1 or βTrCP2. CKI phosphorylates PER1 and PER2 and this phosphorylation leads to the recruitment of βTrCP which mediates the ubiquitylation and proteasomal degradation of these proteins [64,65]. Most recently, sumoylation has been revealed as an additional level of regulation within the core mechanism of the circadian clock. It is a reversible posttranslational modification in which a small ubiquitin-related modifier protein (SUMO) is covalently linked to lysine residues. It is controlled by an enzymatic pathway analogous to the ubiquitin pathway. BMAL1 has been found to be rhythmically sumoylated in vivo through a process that requires the heterodimerization partner CLOCK. Sumoylation of BMAL1 regulates the turnover of the protein, as a mutation in the sumoylation site (K259R) of BMAL1 lengthens the half-life of BMAL1 [66]. However, SUMO ligases and proteases which may be involved in controlling this sumoylation and their circadian regulation are still to be known. The transcriptional circadian regulation extends beyond core clock components to include various clock-controlled genes (CCGs), i. e. , genes that are under the direct or indirect transcriptional control of the clock transcription factors but are not themselves part of the clock. Regulation of clock-controlled genes is a mechanism by which the molecular clockwork controls physiological processes. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text focuses on the molecular mechanisms of circadian rhythm regulation, such as the role of kinases and phosphatases, phosphorylation, and sumoylation processes. It does not explicitly address the health consequences resulting from disruptions in circadian rhythms, making it irrelevant to the specific claim about health issues.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: The Silk Road facilitated cultural exchanges across Asia and Europe. [SEP] Text: the prosperity and long continuity in history, the ancient was weakened in recent centuries. Only with the end of the Cold War, there come the chances for its revival. The launch of the Belt and in 2013 by the Chinese coincided with the development strategy change of China, but the Initiative has just still been an initiative open to be substantiated by future policies and changes in China and overseas. The early focus has been on infrastructure investments. On the basis of existing railways, China has developed with European and cities an ever-intensifying network of scheduled freight trains to carry out and promote long-distance trade along the old routes. Lately, the overland routes have developed intermodal services to revive the traditional linkages between overland and maritime Silk Road. Also, a new transport connectivity facilitated by China-funded railway investments has evolved, for example, in and China investment agreements on the development of economic corridors in Pakistan and Myanmar. There have been and could be criticisms and skepticisms about the Belt and Road Initiative. The infrastructure facilities built under the Initiative would definitely enhance local and regional connectivity of the host countries, and when combined with attempts at local industrialization, facilitated by the new opportunities of trade and exchanges, and funded by China or otherwise, it would offer the best chance for lifting the local populations out of the trap of isolation, poverty, and marginalization. : Belt and (BRI)new silk roadinfrastructure investmentEurasian transport linkslogistics 1 Introduction and historyWith land, there will be roads. With sea, there will be navigation. Human societies have always been outreaching beyond their borders, which are always temporary and in fluid. For the interconnected huge landmass of Afro-Eurasia, there have also been throughout the millennia waves of migration and exchanges, unconstrained by natural hindrance. The name, Silk Road, was coined in the nineteenth Century, but cross-country and cross-continental trade routes have existed long before. Before the of the (206 BC–220 AD) in China, the Scythian or Saka (Chinese: 塞) tribes had traveled through the reaching from the in Europe in the west. Their extensive civilization reach served to facilitate trade and cultural exchanges among economies and societies they encountered. The spread of jade into China and silk textiles to predated westward expeditions of the Han China. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing how the Silk Road allowed for extensive trade and cultural exchanges among various civilizations, as mentioned in the phrase, 'Their extensive civilization reach served to facilitate trade and cultural exchanges among economies and societies they encountered.' This indicates that the Silk Road played a significant role in connecting different cultures across Asia and Europe.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Gene editing is completely risk-free with no side effects. [SEP] Text: However, if only the cas9 gene is integrated into the genome without the Ubi-1 promoter, the cas9 gene wouldn't be stably and continuously expressed in transgenic plants. In the RM group, aside from four transgene-free albino plants, 14 Cas9 stably transformed albino plants were considered transgenic, indicating the presence of the exogenous cas9 gene. Interestingly, more than half of these transgenic plants wouldn't further express Cas9 due to the absence of the Ubi-1 promoter. The brightness of the bands further underscores successful Cas9 expression detection in the samples compared to the 1kb ladder, indicating high-quality total RNA extraction (Fig. 5), as supported by Nanodrop measurements. 3. DiscussionThrough biolistic transformation, we achieved editing efficiencies of 14. 3% (18 albinos out of 126 transformed IEs) and 4. 2% (16 albinos out of 378 transformed IEs) in the RM group and SRM group, respectively. This outcome highlights that the absence of selection is advantageous for genome editing, attributed to the dominant transient gene expression observed in the early stages post-transformation. Conversely, transformation efficiencies of 0. 79% (1 containing NPTII out of 126 transformed IEs) and 3. 7% (14 containing NPTII out of 378 transformed IEs) were achieved in the RM group and SRM group, respectively. These findings underscore the importance of selection in the transformation process, as it imposes a beneficial selection pressure for genetic transformation. The efficiency of genome editing is widely acknowledged to be intricately linked to the sequence of guide RNA (gRNA) and its secondary structure. For optimal results, careful consideration should be given when designing gRNA sequences. Specifically, the GC content of the gRNA is a critical factor, with an optimal range falling between 30% and 80%. Notably, a GC content within the narrower range of 40–60%, coupled with purine residues in the last four nucleotides of the gRNA, appears to significantly enhance editing efficiency. Recent findings highlight that the presence of a cytosine directly following the Motif (PAM) sequence is unfavourable for genome editing10. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing several technical aspects of gene editing processes, including integration and expression efficiencies of Cas9 in transgenic plants. It emphasizes that the absence of specific promoters can lead to instability in gene expression, indicating that gene editing may not be risk-free or without side effects. The observations on transformation efficiency and selection pressures highlight that gene editing involves challenges and is not guaranteed to be completely risk-free.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Disruption of circadian rhythms can lead to health issues. [SEP] Text: However, the mutant mPer cells, expressing MYC at elevated levels, could still progress through cell cycle in the presence of genomic DNA damage, resulting in the high incidence of tumor development after γ radiation. Cyclin D1 (CCND1) is also a clock-controlled cell cycle gene. Overexpression of CCND1 induces mammary tumorigenesis, in addition, increased levels of CCND1 in ERα (estrogen receptor α)-positive breast cancer is associated with poor prognosis [81]. However, additional studies are needed to know whether the rhythmic expression of CCND1 is deregulated in cancer. Recently, it has been reported that p21 (Waf1/Cip1), which does not possess an E-box element in its regulatory region, is controlled indirectly via CLOCK/BMAL1-mediated transcriptional regulation of the orphan nuclear receptor Rev-erb. p21 circadian expression is dramatically increased and no longer rhythmic in Bmal1 knock-out mice. p21 upregulation in Bmal1-/- animals primarily results from the loss of Rev-erbα and Reverbβ expression possibly combined with the increased expression of RORγ [82]. In this context, the release of the REV-ERB-dependent inhibition of RORα4 activity is also likely to play a role. Changes in additional unidentified positive and negative regulators of p21 expression may also play an additional role. Thus, in liver, the clock control of p21 high amplitude oscillation results from a RORa4- and RORγ-dependent activation, which is rhythmically repressed by REV-ERBα and REV-ERBβ. As p21 negatively regulates cell cycle progression by inhibiting the activity of CYCE/CDK2 complexes during G1 phase progression, p21 overexpressing Bmal1-/-primary hepatocytes exhibit a decreased proliferation rate [82]. Circadian clock, DNA damage response and tumour suppression The circadian control of an organism's response to DNA damage response rests upon circadian proteins which play important roles in the processes of cell proliferation and control of response to genotoxic stress both at the cellular and organismal levels [83]. DNA damage triggers cellular stress response pathways which may result in checkpoint cell cycle arrest, apoptosis or DNA repair. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text discusses various cellular processes and the roles of circadian proteins in relation to cell cycle regulation and DNA damage but does not directly address the claim about disruption of circadian rhythms leading to health issues. It focuses more on molecular mechanisms and genetic expression rather than the broader implications of circadian rhythm disruption on health.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: The Silk Road facilitated cultural exchanges across Asia and Europe. [SEP] Text: China had also traveled by sea to Vietnam and beyond, and by land to access India from its western mountainous areas. Even at the time of the official launch of the overland to Europe, by the way of the (128 BC–230 AD), trade routes branched out from overland into the waters to the and Egypt and from there to the Mediterranean Sea. Intermodality had long been practiced before the concept was known thousand years later. Figure 1. Scheme of EATL rail routes. Source: for Europe, “Euro-Links. Phase III. ”Display full sizeFigure 2. Number of containerized freight trains between Europe and China, 2011–2017. Source: Jakóbowski et al. “Railroad”, 28 (Chart 1). Note: There have been many versions of the statistics from various Chinese sources. This should be the more accurate one originally from the Chinese government source. Display full sizeSince the (618–907 AD), or some time earlier, maritime silk roads had become popular, although the main commodities might not be silk textiles, but porcelain and other bulkier products. The development of maritime trade routes had attracted traders from India, Persia, and Arab, as well as Jewish and Armenian, who concentrated their businesses in Guangzhou and other cities along the Southeast coast of the China Mainland. The traders also cooperated in the form of relayed trading in the long-distance trade that eventually ended up in and the region. For the Chinese products and foreign products that entered China along the sea routes, they might be from places along the sea shores or far away in the inland. The traders had not restricted themselves to overland trade or maritime trade, but rather their business spirits obliged them to use whatever transport means and trade routes as convenient and engage in whatever product trade as the market demanded. The same applied to traditional overland silk roads through the western corridor in the present-day Xinjiang and Central Asia. For example, the Sogdian had their operation and trade routes went as far as to the Yangtze River. They simply branched out and went in pursuit of trade and profits. The same was true for those coming by the sea who would also trade in and sourced from the inland markets. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by detailing how trade routes, both overland and maritime, connected various cultures. It mentions the historical maritime silk roads becoming popular and how traders from diverse backgrounds, including those from India, Persia, and Arab regions, engaged in trade along these routes. This collaboration and trade among different cultures highlight the cultural exchanges facilitated by the Silk Road.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Gene editing is completely risk-free with no side effects. [SEP] Text: For scientists who favour pre-designed, user-friendly, and free-of-charge gRNA design resources like the platform offers relevant scores to guide users in selecting the most suitable parameters for their specific assays or model organisms. For example (1) The Fusi/Doench score is particularly recommended for guiding the U6 promoter plasmid. (2) The MIT score, representing guide specificity on a scale of 0–100 (100 = best), aids in predicting all potential off-targets associated with a guide. (3) The CFD specificity score, akin to the MIT specificity score, offers enhanced accuracy. Notably, the CFD specificity score shows a better correlation with the total off-target cleavage fraction. In essence, higher specificity scores are generally indicative of fewer off-target sites and lower frequencies of off-target modifications. This holds significant importance since the Cas9 binding specificity to the target DNA depends on both gRNA–DNA base pairing and the presence of the Motif (PAM) sequence (NGG) immediately downstream of the target region. In this study, we employed a gRNA chosen for its high scores on to verify its reliability in sorghum. There are several points related to the application ofCas9 system in plants that could be taken into consideration: (1) the target region or gene; (2) the type of Cas9 protein and its corresponding PAM sequence; (3) the promoters used in the vector to drive the gRNA or the Cas9; and (4) the additional constraints based on cloning strategy. The selection to integrate the gRNAs into the NPTII plasmid rather than the zCas9 plasmid was dependent on the comparatively small plasmid size. The selected maize-codon optimized Cas9 plasmid has higher GC-rich codons for the experiment and was already optimized for cereal crops, such as maize because the sorghum genome is closely related to the maize genome. The maize ubiquitin (ZmUbi-1 or Ubi-1) gene was used to drive the Cas9 and the NPTII gene expression. Two different sorghum U6 promoters that have been developed were chosen to drive the expression of the gRNAs 11 In our study, 97% of albinos (33 in 34) were edited by both guides, which indicates the designed gRNAs by the online software showed high efficiency. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the complexities and considerations in the application of the Cas9 gene editing system, which implies that gene editing is not risk-free. It emphasizes that the design of gRNA is influenced by factors like specificity scores and off-target effects, indicating that there are potential risks associated with gene editing applications. Specifically, the mention of 'higher specificity scores are generally indicative of fewer off-target sites' suggests that while efforts are made to minimize risks, they still exist.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Disruption of circadian rhythms can lead to health issues. [SEP] Text: DNA damage leads to activation of critical components of cellular stress response pathways including ATM/ATR (ataxia telangiectasia mutated/ataxia telangiectasia and Rad3-related) and CHK1/2 (checkpoint kinase1/2) which in turn activates tumour suppressor protein p53 and subsequently causes cell cycle arrest or apoptosis [84]. It has been shown that Bmal1-deficient human cells are unable to undergo growth arrest on p53 activation by DNA damage. Contrary to in vivo mouse data connecting BMAL1-dependent delay in G1 progression to upregulation of p21 [82], radiation induced growth arrest in Bmal1-deficient human cells correlated with the decrease in levels of p53 and p21 [85]. This disparity may be attributable to interspecies variation or differences between in vitro and in vivo state and warrants further investigation. PER1 seems to function as a tumour suppressor by regulating cell cycle genes and interacting with key DNA damage-activated checkpoint proteins. Per1 overexpression in cancer cells increases ionizing radiation-induced apoptosis, whereas inhibition of Per1 in similarly treated cells blunts apoptosis. Ionizing radiation leads to PER1 nuclear translocation, the induction of c-Myc expression and repression of p21 (Waf1/Cip1). Moreover, PER1 directly interacts with the DNA double-strand break-activated kinases ATM and CHK2. Thus, PER1 can function as a tumour suppressor by activating multiple pathways, including the DNA damage response [86]. Another circadian protein, timeless (TIM), which is necessary for the robustness of rhythmicity [87], has been shown to interact with the cell cycle checkpoint proteins 1 and ATRIP (ATR-interacting protein). This interaction is also stimulated by DNA damage, and TIM seems to function as a mediator between sensors and effectors of the DNA damage response [88]. PER2 protein has also been proposed to function as a tumor suppressor. Per2 mutant mice develop γ radiation-induced lymphomas at a higher rate than wild-type controls due to partial impairment of p53-mediated apoptosis [70]. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not directly address the claim regarding the disruption of circadian rhythms leading to health issues. Instead, it delves into details about the relationship between DNA damage and various cellular responses, with mentions of circadian proteins like PER1 and TIM but does not link these specifically to health issues caused by circadian disruption. Therefore, it is considered irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: The Silk Road facilitated cultural exchanges across Asia and Europe. [SEP] Text: The travel of (399–412 AD) that covered the western corridor to the Indian subcontinent and the maritime routes from the present-day to Sea demonstrated the active linkage of the overland and maritime trade routes. conquests and the establishment of the facilitated the development of a network form of the silk roads that connected the overland and maritime routes with greater territorial coverage and greater trade intensity that brought in the Europe beyond the region. This had begun an earnest quest of the peripheral European countries to participate in the lucrative trade with China, India, and the East that had been monopolized by political entities in the Levant in cooperation with the Italian city states after the decline of the Mongolian empires. The outcome was the Discovery that joined the Atlantic coast of Europe with the trade system of the maritime silk roads and created the cross-connection with the Americas and later the cross-maritime routes to China. This founded the material and intellectual grounds for the early modern period of Europe (in particular Western Europe), but it also turned the networks of silk roads of Afro-Eurasia into a global one, supported by the silver mined in Japan and the Americas. The golden age of the silk roads in their globalized network form had depended on China, which provided the much sought-after commodities for the rest of the world to trade. The silk roads connected the market and the production places and flourished first with the commodities, and silver as means of transaction, the prosperity of the consuming markets plus the logistics of transport connectivity. The roads and sea navigation channels have always been there once they were used for trade and transport, but markets for the circulation of commodities (plus silver as international currency) might not always be in good shape and function smoothly and access to the markets could be denied by political segregation. Developments in the last two centuries until the present day have been responsible for the weakening of the silk roads and its trade and exchanges. First, there was the Game scramble for Asia and access to China and India by the Russian and British Empires, which practically sealed off the interconnection between the overland and maritime silk roads. initiated from Fujian in China all the way to the northern shore of the and to Europe failed to break the monopoly of tea imports in Europe by the British. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by describing how the Silk Road and its maritime routes facilitated extensive trade and cultural exchanges between Europe and Asia. It emphasizes that the Silk Roads connected markets and production areas, allowing for significant trade of commodities and silver, and led to increased participation by peripheral European countries in trade with China, India, and the East. The mention of the 'globalized network form' of the Silk Roads highlights their role in fostering cultural and economic exchanges across regions, supporting the idea that this complex trade network was a crucial link between Asia and Europe.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Gene editing is completely risk-free with no side effects. [SEP] Text: Additionally, the endogenous U6 promoters from sorghum were both effective in expressing the gRNAs which is in correspondence with other studies demonstrating the effectiveness of endogenous U6 promoters in their respective grains12, 13. Although 25% of transformed IEs were subcultured onto RM without the antibiotic selection and the rest were subcultured onto SRM with selection, there were more albino plants regenerated from RM than SRM. The previous study demonstrated that transient gene expression generally lasts around ten days post-bombardment 14. The selection-free system also indicates that it is feasible to observe the homozygous edited albino plants, but it is hard to detect all potential heterozygous plants due to a large number of regenerated plantlets. Though most of the albino plants are integrated with Cas9 fragments, our results displayed that two-thirds of albinos did not have full Cas9 plasmid insertion in the non-selection group. Unlike the Cas9 gene, the majority of albino plants did not contain NPTII gene, which means that genome editing was caused by the transient gene expression. This result indicates the selective gene transient expression was dominant at the early stage. Transient gene expression is often used to study the effects of short-term expression on eukaryotic cells and to optimize the transformation system for stable gene expression, meanwhile, it is also beneficial to use the transient expression for optimizing promoters15. Furthermore, 33 albinos were confirmed to be edited based on Sanger sequencing. One albino plant was not clearly identified as what caused it, and this may be a mutant outside of the PCR region. It is rarely observed albino mutation arising with the low frequency via somaclonal variation in the genotype Tx430 in our tissue culture system. The edited types were varied under two gRNAs. The paramount outcome is that four transgene-freeCas9 edited events were generated among 18 albino plants from RM group, which indicates the success of this new strategy. Future work could focus on how to optimize this transgene-free system in sorghum, the PDS gene will be continuously used as the target gene to explore how to combine the antibiotics selection system and transient expression, which can make the considerable editing events more efficient and less laborious. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by highlighting that while the gene editing resulted in edited plants, there were issues such as the integration of Cas9 fragments and the presence of albino plants, which were not fully identified. Specific mention is made that 'one albino plant was not clearly identified as what caused it,' suggesting that there are uncertainties and risks involved in gene editing. Additionally, it notes that variations and mutations can occur, indicating that gene editing is not entirely without risks or side effects.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Disruption of circadian rhythms can lead to health issues. [SEP] Text: [PubMed] Weaver, DRThe suprachiasmatic nucleus: a 25-year retrospective J 13: 100–112, DOI: [PubMed] Welsh, DK; Logothetis, DE; Meister, M; Reppert, SMIndividual neurons dissociated from rat suprachiasmatic nucleus express independently phased circadian firing rhythms Neuron 14: 697–706, DOI: [PubMed] Liu, C; Weaver, DR; Strogatz, SH; Reppert, SMCellular construction of a circadian clock: period determination in the suprachiasmatic nuclei Cell 91: 855–860, DOI: [PubMed] Czeisler, CA; Shanahan, TL; Klerman, EB; Martens, H; Brotman, DJ; Emens, JS; Klein, T; Rizzo, JFSuppression of melatonin secretion in some blind patients by exposure to bright light N Med 332: 6–11, DOI: [PubMed] Freedman, MS; Lucas, RJ; Soni, B; von Schantz, M; Munoz, M; David-Gray, ZK; Foster, RGRegulation of mammalian circadian behavior by non-rod, non-cone, ocular photoreceptors Science 284: 502–504, DOI: [PubMed] Lucas, RJ; Freedman, MS; Munoz, M; Garcia-Fernandez, JM; Foster, RGRegulation of the mammalian pineal by non-rod, non-cone, ocular photoreceptors Science 284: 505–507, DOI: [PubMed] Gooley, JJ; Lu, J; Chou, TC; Scammell, TE; Saper, CBMelanopsin in cells of origin of the retinohypothalamic tract 4: 1165. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text provides references to various studies related to circadian rhythms and their regulation but does not specifically address the claim that disruption of circadian rhythms can lead to health issues. Therefore, it is classified as irrelevant.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: The Silk Road facilitated cultural exchanges across Asia and Europe. [SEP] Text: At present, even before the completion of many of the major transport investment projects, increases in trade flows in Eurasia have followed these transport corridors with a concentration in the corridors utilizing the best existing transport infrastructure offered by Russia by means of the Trans-Siberian railway lines – the northern and southern routes (see Figure 1 and Table 2). Footnote6 Even without massive investments as projected by the Trans-and the EATL corridors, however, Chinese determination to revive the trade routes since the launch of the Belt and has promoted China–Europe overland freight trade by railways utilizing existing infrastructure, including some new onesFootnote7 being constructed and put into operation by other countries, and negotiating facilitating institutional arrangements among countries along the routes. With efforts on the Chinese side, the freight trains have become increasingly a real alternative to maritime transport. In the first half of 2018, the number of trains was 2497 (with 1483 to Europe and 1014 to China). Footnote8 government planned in 2016 that the total number of China–Europe freight trains would be 5000 by 2020. The target could very well be attained within 2018. The growth of the freight trains has been exponential, doubling every year, and more significantly, the return rate of the trains has also rapidly increased from 54% of the west bound trains in 2017 to 68% in the first 6 months of 2018, giving greater dynamism to the China–train services. In 2016, the total number of containers carried by the trains was 97,300 TEUs for the west bound traffic and 48,390 TEUs for the east bound one. Footnote9 If the same TEUs to trains ratio was maintained in subsequent years, the total number of TEUs transported in 2017 would be 296,000 and in the first half of 2018, 212,000. If the momentum of growth were maintained, the year of 2018 would probably see a total of over 400,000 TEUs. This is still a long way from the Asia–Europe total container trade throughput of 22 million TEUsFootnote10 or 15–17 million TEUs between China and Europe,Footnote11 but the increase rate is more than impressive (see Figure 2). 3. 1. 1 China–transport linksParallel to the China–Europe freight trains, there have also been shorter haul China–freight trains. In 2017, it was reported that there were 2237 trains, representing an annual growth of 49%. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the increase in trade flows in Eurasia, particularly highlighting the revival of trade routes between China and Europe. It explains how investments in transport infrastructure and the operation of freight trains are promoting trade, which implies the facilitation of exchanges that could include cultural exchanges. The historical context of trading routes, such as the Silk Road, being revived reinforces the idea of cultural exchanges along these routes.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Gene editing is completely risk-free with no side effects. [SEP] Text: Aside from the PDS gene, it will also help to target other functional genes that cannot easily be distinguished by the phenotypes. Additionally, once this system is established, it can be applied to more plant species and will expedite theCas9 edited crops to be traded on the market, meanwhile, realizing more economic value and providing the bridge from the lab to the public. 4. Materials and methods YZ and GL who performed the experiments on plant materials declare the experiment complied with relevant institutional, national, and international guidelines and legislation. 4. 1. Plant materials The wild-type Sorghum bicolor Tx430 line was cultivated in the glasshouse at the University of Queensland using potting mix, with a controlled temperature maintained at approximately 27–28°C during the day and 20–22°C night temperatures. Despite the glasshouses being temperature-controlled, the sorghum plants exhibit optimal health during the summer months, yielding the most suitable explants for tissue culturing due to the elevated levels of sunlight. Regular applications of fertilizers were administered to the soil, and pest and disease surveillance was conducted weekly. 4. 2. Plasmids for genome editing Two plasmids were used for sorghum transformation. pBUN411-zCas9 (Fig. 6a) harbours the maize code-optimized Cas9 gene and is designed for effective use in maize Agrobacterium-mediated transformation16. -SbPDS vector (Fig. 6b), synthesized by (USA), includes two gRNAs designed to target the sorghum PDS sequence, adapted from Massel, Lam, Hintzsche, Lester, Botella and Godwin 11. Additionally, the vector contains the neomycin phosphotransferase gene (NPTII), providing resistance to a range of aminoglycoside antibiotics, including kanamycin and G418. 4. 3. gRNAs design of sorghum PDS gene. The gRNAs design for the sorghum phytoene desaturase (PDS) gene (Sobic. 006G232600, Alias: Sb06g030030) was performed using the online software (crispor. tefor. net) and -P 2. 017, 18. The optimal gRNAs for PDS gene were selected according to the guidelines. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text provides detailed information about the methods and materials used for gene editing, particularly in the context of plant transformation. Though it does not explicitly state the risks associated with gene editing, it implies that the process is complex and involves multiple steps, including plant health monitoring and compliance with guidelines. This inherent complexity suggests that there may be risks and potential side effects involved, contrasting the claim that gene editing is completely risk-free.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Disruption of circadian rhythms can lead to health issues. [SEP] Text: DOI: [PubMed] Hattar, S; Liao, HW; Takao, M; Berson, DM; Yau, KWMelanopsin-containing retinal ganglion cells: architecture, projections, and intrinsic photosensitivity Science 295: 1065–1070, DOI: [PubMed] Panda, S; Sato, TK; Castrucci, AM; Rollag, MD; DeGrip, WJ; Hogenesch, JB; Provencio, I; Kay, SAMelanopsin (Opn4) requirement for normal light-induced circadian phase shifting Science 298: 2213–2216, DOI: [PubMed] Cermakian, N; Sassone-Corsi, PEnvironmental stimulus perception and control of circadian clocks Neurobiol 12: 359–365, DOI: [PubMed] Schibler, U; Ripperger, J; Brown, SAPeripheral circadian oscillators in mammals: time and food J 18: 250–260, DOI: [PubMed] Yoo, SH; Yamazaki, S; Lowrey, PL; Shimomura, K; Ko, CH; Buhr, ED; Siepka, SM; Hong, HK; Oh, WJ; Yoo, OJ; Menaker, M; 2::real-time reporting of circadian dynamics reveals persistent circadian oscillations in mouse peripheral tissues 101: 5339–5346, DOI: [PubMed] Damiola, F; Le Minh, N; Preitner, N; Kornmann, B; Fleury-Olela, F; Schibler, URestricted feeding uncouples circadian oscillators in peripheral tissues from the central pacemaker in the suprachiasmatic nucleus 14: 2950–2961, DOI: [PubMed] Stokkan, KA; Yamazaki, S; Tei, H; Sakaki, Y; Menaker, MEntrainment of the circadian clock in the liver by feeding Science 291: 490–493, DOI: [PubMed] Balsalobre, A; Marcacci, L; Schibler, UMultiple signalling pathways elicit circadian gene expression in cultured rat-1 fibroblasts 10: 1291–1294, DOI: [PubMed] Brown, S [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not provide any information relevant to the claim regarding the health issues associated with the disruption of circadian rhythms. Instead, it lists a series of PubMed references about various aspects of circadian biology, with no direct discussion of health consequences linked to circadian rhythm disruptions.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: The Silk Road facilitated cultural exchanges across Asia and Europe. [SEP] Text: The southward extension of the China freight trains would join the Subregion transport network of the Bank, which is part of the -plan, and recently boosted by the construction of the China-and various sections of new Thai railways undertaken by China and Japan. Another alternative is for the China–Europe and China–freight trains to continue their journeys to the ports and from there to travel by sea to countries. With this intermodal route in operation, logistics and transport scene would have been fundamentally altered. China with its domestic railway networks and its outbound railway services could very well become the transport hub of Asia, joining maritime economies and countries, and Europe (from Russia to the Atlantic coast and from to the Baltic Sea). The globalizing ancient network is being reinstalled in Eurasia under the Belt and of China and the positive responses of other countriesFootnote14 along the routes have strived to revive the branching out network pattern of development characteristics of the ancient Eurasian trade centered on the east–west Silk Road. initiative has begun to reap its fruitful outcome at least from among its Asian neighbors. 3. 2 Infrastructure investments outside AsiaOutside Asia, there are also two major changes brought by the infrastructure investments of the Chinese. 2. 2. 1 A revival of regionChina’s infrastructure investments may contribute to the revival of region as the major gateway to Europe from China and Asia after the rise of the maritime powers in Europe in past centuries and the subsequent shift of trade flows to the Atlantic coast (centering on ports in Germany, the Netherlands, Belgium, and to a lesser extent in France and Britain). The additional sea fare journeys to cross the entire to Europe’s Atlantic coastal ports even after the opening of the have been a result of politics – politics in the sense that the shipping companies and terminal operators of the Atlantic ports dominate the Eurasian maritime trade and use their political power via their governments to exclude the traditional ports from the intercontinental trade under the pretext of greater scale economy and market advantages. shipping companies like COSCO and emerging as formidable competitors to existing oligopolies from Northwest Europe, they have become capable of breaking the domination of the Atlantic coastal ports by investing and operating ports in region and moving containers overland to other inner European destinations. The most notable example is the Chinese leasing of Piraeus, the largest port of Greece, which has been under the Chinese management since 2011, but business has taken off mostly after 2012. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing how modern initiatives, such as infrastructure investments by China, mirror the historical trade routes established by the Silk Road. It states, 'the globalizing ancient network is being reinstalled in Eurasia under the Belt and Road initiative', which implies a continuation of cultural and economic exchanges akin to those that occurred on the Silk Road. Moreover, it highlights the connectivity between Asia and Europe, as China seeks to revive trade routes that would foster further exchanges across the region.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Gene editing is completely risk-free with no side effects. [SEP] Text: For the gRNAs, G was added to the 5' end of gRNA to improve U6 mediated transcription19. 4. 4. Sorghum tissue culture and transformation The procedures of sorghum tissue culture and transformation were described as Liu, Campbell and Godwin 20. Briefly, immature embryos (IE) were isolated for inducting embryogenic callus. The zCas9 plasmid and the NPTII plasmid with gRNAs were co-transformed into callus nine to 11 days post-initiation. The transformed IE-derived calluses were rest on regeneration medium for three days after bombardment. Then calluses were divided into two groups: the first group was with antibiotic selection Geneticin (G418 30 mg/L in callus regeneration medium) and the second group was without selection in the regeneration medium. Callus regeneration and genome editing efficiency were assessed under different conditions, such as withwithout selection, under lightin dark, and different duration of the selection. 4. 5. Albino observation In the group with antibiotic selection (geneticin G418), albino phenotypes were observed as early as two weeks post bombardment. By comparison, within the non-selection group, the emergence of albino phenotypes was noted approximately three weeks post bombardment. Upon discerning the presence of albino individuals, they were separated and further sub-cultured onto a fresh regeneration plate without selection. 4. 6. PCR primers design Multiple regions of each plasmid, including the primary gene cas9 and NPTII, promoter (maize ubiquitin primer), and vector backbone (ampicillin-resistant gene and the Ori region), were targeted for PCR screening. All primers were designed by the online software Primer3 21 (Table 2). Table 2 Primers targeting different regions in two plasmids Size (bp) Target Plasmid/temperature 746 NPTII 65. 5 ℃ 740 NPTII 65. 5 ℃ g879 NPTII 64 ℃ gc477 PDS gene 60 ℃ ccPDSF2 910 PDS gene 60 ℃ cPDSR2 875 zCas9 63. 5 ℃ zCas9900 zCas9 60 ℃ zCas91105 zCas9 67 ℃ 4. 7. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by detailing procedures and results from gene editing experiments that led to the observation of albino phenotypes, indicating that there can be side effects from these procedures. The mention of two different groups under varying conditions (with and without antibiotic selection) and the emergence of phenotypic changes suggests that gene editing does not guarantee a risk-free outcome.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Disruption of circadian rhythms can lead to health issues. [SEP] Text: ; Zumbrunn, G; Fleury-Olela, F; Preitner, N; Schibler, URhythms of mammalian body temperature can sustain peripheral circadian clocks 12: 1574–1583, DOI: [PubMed] Bartness, TJ; Song, CK; efferents to peripheral tissues: implications for biological rhythms J 16: 196–204. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim regarding the health issues caused by disruptions of circadian rhythms. Instead, it references research on mammalian body temperature and peripheral circadian clocks, which is not directly related to health consequences.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: The Silk Road facilitated cultural exchanges across Asia and Europe. [SEP] Text: It will take time for differences between the two countries and disagreement over policy within China to be sorted out to more proactively promote the China–Corridor to become the main trade corridor of southwestern inland China with the Indian Ocean, thereby serving to bypass the security-risk of the Strait of Malacca for China’s Road. The implications, whether geostrategic or regional, national and local, would be enormous, but they would not come easily in the near future. 4 Concluding remarksThe end to the has removed the excuses of politico-ideological obstacles to the free flows of trade and ideas that had been entrenched for centuries in the global system of the ancient Silk Road. No matter how one speculates the ultimate motive of the it has been working with China making the demonstration to invest in infrastructure investments projects in developing countries that have been ignored and marginalized for decades if not centuries. There could be all kinds of criticism and skepticism, but the undeniable fact is that the infrastructure projects have improved connectivity at all levels for the host countries and combined with associated attempts at local industrialization and agricultural trade, by China or otherwise, it could provide the best chance for them to lift themselves out of the traps of isolation, poverty, and marginalization. The changes have greater implications for the population and could not be gauged by narrow/tunnel thinking of project finance or quantified monetary returns for capital. Trade means risk. Investment also bears and incurs risks. If trade and investments were not suppressed by wars and open political hostility and confrontation, market forces and individuals’ quest for business and communities’ desires for economic growth and development should be strong enough to build upon the connectivity projects by China and others the restoration of the ancient Silk Road. Stability and cooperation would allow local industrialization and modernization, and the resulting changes would mean more goods for exchange and more ideas to be shared and promoted. This is what the Chinese leader has reiterated and promoted as the spirit and the common destiny of the human kind. As such and as the ancient had demonstrated, it would lead to an alliance of civilizations rather than clashes of civilizations. Initiative has not only won the support of those involved but also of major powers that originally oppose to it, like Japan which since 2017 has become enthusiastic about China–Japan cooperation in joint projects,Footnote27 and India which may still distance itself from the Initiative but its trade with China has blossomed. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing how the infrastructure projects initiated by China and others aim to restore the connectivity reminiscent of the ancient Silk Road. It mentions that these projects would improve 'connectivity at all levels for the host countries' and facilitate the exchange of 'more goods for exchange and more ideas to be shared and promoted,' directly aligning with the concept of cultural exchanges across Asia and Europe facilitated by the Silk Road.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Gene editing is completely risk-free with no side effects. [SEP] Text: DNA extraction of primary albinos Once the albinos grew multiple shoots, the genome DNA was extracted from young leaves with the kit (Bioline, UK). The DNA concentration and quality were verified using a Thermo Scientific™ NanoDrop™ One (Scientific Inc. , USA) to have an A260/A280 absorbance ratio higher than 1. 80. To check genome DNA quality, 5µl extracted DNA was loaded on a 1% agarose-TAE gel with SYBR safe (Invitrogen, USA) and the gel was performed at 90V for 50 minutes with the 1kb + DNA ladder (Biolabs, UK) was used as a size indicator. Then the + System (BIO-) was utilized to visualize and document the gel image to observe the existence and size of the target product. Then the products were cleaned up using ExoI and r-up Reagent (Biolabs, UK) with the provided protocol and then sent to the (AGRF) for Sanger sequencing using either the PDS gene forward or reverse primer. 4. 8. RNA extraction and Reverse transcriptase PCR (RT-PCR) To confirm the Cas9 gene expression in some albino lines, the plant total RNA was extracted from leaves using the (Bioline, UK). Around 100mg of fresh leaves from each sample were weighed and then ground in liquid nitrogen using a mortar and pestle. After grinding into fine powder, they were transferred into a new 1. 5ml tube and then the lysis buffer RLY was added immediately. The following steps were conducted under the manufacturer's protocol. The extracted RNA concentration and quality were verified using a Thermo Scientific™ NanoDrop™ One (Scientific Inc. , USA) to have an A260/A280 absorbance ratio of around 2. 1 and gel electrophoresis showed clear 18S and 28S bands. After verifying the quality of RNA, the GoScript™ System kit (Promega, USA) was used to synthesize the first-strand cDNA according to the manufacturer’s instructions. For incubation of RNA and primer, 1µg total RNA and 0. 5µg Oligo (dT)15 was used. Then 3. 75mM MgCl2 were used to prepare the RT reaction mix. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text outlines detailed procedures involving DNA extraction and RNA processing, which imply that gene editing processes involve complex steps and potential risks, such as ensuring the quality and concentration of extracted DNA and RNA. This complexity suggests that gene editing may not be completely risk-free, contrasting with the claim that it has no side effects.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Disruption of circadian rhythms can lead to health issues. [SEP] Text: [PubMed] Kalsbeek, A; Buijs, RMOutput pathways of the mammalian suprachiasmatic nucleus: coding circadian time by transmitter selection and specific targeting Res 309: 109–118, DOI: [PubMed] Buijs, RM; Wortel, J; Van Heerikhuize, JJ; Feenstra, MGP; Ter Horst, GJ; Romijn, HJ; Kalsbeek, AAnatomical and functional demonstration of a multisynaptic suprachiasmatic nucleus adrenal (cortex) pathway Neurosci 11: 1535–1544, DOI: [PubMed] Schibler, U; Sassone-Corsi, PA web of circadian pacemakers Cell 111: 919–22, DOI: [PubMed] Yagita, K; Tamanini, F; Horst, GT van Der; Okamura, HMolecular mechanisms of the biological clock in cultured fibroblasts Science 292: 278–281, DOI: [PubMed] Shearman, LP; Sriram, S; Weaver, DR; Maywood, ES; Chaves, I; Zheng, B; Kume, K; Lee, CC; Horst, GT van der; Hastings, MH; Reppert, SMInteracting molecular loops in the mammalian circadian clock Science 288: 1013–1019, DOI: [PubMed] Takahashi, JSFinding new clock components: past and future J 19: 339–347, DOI: [PubMed] Gekakis, N; Staknis, D; Nguyen, HB; Davis, FC; Wilsbacher, LD; King, DP; Takahashi, JS; Weitz, CJRole of the CLOCK protein in the mammalian circadian mechanism Science 280: 1564–9, DOI: [PubMed] Ueda, HR; Hayashi, S; Chen, W; Sano, M; Machida, M; Shigeyoshi, Y; Iino, M; Hashimoto, SSystem-level identification of transcriptional circuits underlying mammalian circadian clocks 37: 167–192, DOI: Doi, M; Hirayama, J; Sassone-Corsi, PCircadian regulator CLOCK is a histone acetyltransferase Cell 125: 497–508, DOI [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text provides a list of publications related to circadian rhythms without discussing any health issues or the consequences of disruptions to circadian rhythms. Therefore, it does not support or contradict the claim, making it irrelevant.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Colonialism reshaped the political landscape of several continents. [SEP] Text: This contribution addresses the Qur’anic bases for a globally applicable decolonial, anti-statist/capitalist, social justice, Islam or what I refer to as Anarcha-on the Qur’anic perspective of ethical-political responsibilities of Muslim hijra (migration), I argue how non-Black migrant Muslims in exile must seriously re-examine their ethical-political commitments and construct mutual alliances with Indigenous and Black peoples in their demands for land’s repatriation as well as reparations. : Islamdecolonizationabolitionsettlers of colorTurtle IslandPalestinesocial movementsDisclosure statementNo potential conflict of interest was reported by the author(s). Notes1 Jacobs Technion-website: Hudson, “Cornell NYC Tech’s to the Israeli Occupation”. 2 Gift and Contract Report: Koch, “as Laboratory,” 498. 4 and the other Tribes which included the Creek, Choctaw, Chickasaw, Cherokee, and Seminole resisted the act. When the allotment process began in 1887, the total land held by tribes on reservations equaled 138,000,000 acres. By the end of the allotment period landholdings had been reduced to 48,000,000 acres. Since 1934 the landholdings have slowly increased to 56,000,000 acres. 5 Koch, “As Laboratory,” 498. Geiger, of Education, 303–304; Kloppenburg, First the Seed. 6 Newman, to Lacan, 99. 7 Yang, A is Possible; examples of autonomous schools include the Zapatista inspired Universidad de la TierraUnitierra (University of the Earth) in Chiapas and Oaxaca, Mexico. 8 Gopal, “and the University,” 873–899; Bhambra, Gebrial and Nişancıoğlu, Decolonising the University; Thomas and Jivraj, eds. , the University; Grosfoguel, Velasquez, and Hernandez, Decolonizing the Westernized University. 9 See Besides eliding Indigenous peoples and settler-colonialism, what Hannah-Jones’ 1619 project also elides is that a third to a fifth of transatlantic slaves were Muslims from the Iberian peninsula, and hence the confluence of race and religion. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not directly address the impact of colonialism on the political landscape of continents. Instead, it discusses decolonial approaches and ethical-political responsibilities related to migration and alliances with Indigenous and Black communities. While it touches on related themes such as repatriation and social movements, it does not specifically corroborate or contrast with the claim regarding the reshaping of political landscapes.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Gene editing is completely risk-free with no side effects. [SEP] Text: navigation the 10-2023. 9 (2023) 10. 52214/vib. v9i. 11794 Main 21. Gene-editing in the case of trisomy 21 impacts identity. An analysis of perspectives on the link between trisomy gene-editing and identity revealed a split between those who viewed trisomy as separate from identity and those who viewed it as fundamental. Participants favoring a connection between trisomy and identity were more likely to oppose gene-editing, as they believed it would bring fundamental changes to who the person is. [2] Discussion of the extent to which gene-editing impacts identity is important in informing these opinions and, in turn, the policies society implements on the use of gene-editing. Somatic gene-editing, performed in existing people rather than an embryo, proposes a unique case. Many view somatic editing as “similar to other medical treatments” rather than a complete alteration to one’s identity because it is only used in cells in specific tissues to fix symptoms, not the entire disease. For trisomy 21, somatic gene-editing will only be possible in specific tissues and cells of the body, such as in the nerve cells that cause muscle weakness in patients, since it is not yet possible to change every cell carrying the genetic flaw. [3] Researchers can treat other diseases more completely with gene-editing. To fix the single nucleotide mutation that causes sickle cell disease, for example, researchers can edit the red bone marrow cells extracted from patients, edit them using and reintroduce them into the patient. [4] Gene-editing enables a more comprehensive solution for sickle cell disease in existing people, but it entails the same genome editing as with trisomy. Regardless of the disease or somatic or germline cell targeting, gene-editing alters the DNA a human carries. By exploring the most basic implications of that alteration on human identity, this paper will define the relationship between gene-editing and identity. II. Views on Some may view a human’s physical nature as their only nature and thus the sole component of identity. Reductive physicalism proposes that the world is made of only physical components. [5] Reductive physicalists challenge the existence of the mind or a higher power by arguing that all processes can be broken down into their physical components. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the impacts of gene editing on identity and the inherent changes it brings to human DNA. It notes that somatic gene-editing, while aimed at treating diseases, does not entirely alter one's identity but still leads to alterations in the human genome. Additionally, the mention of participants opposing gene-editing due to concerns about fundamental changes to identity suggests that there are perceived risks and side effects associated with gene editing, thereby refuting the claim that it is completely risk-free.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Disruption of circadian rhythms can lead to health issues. [SEP] Text: 27–537, DOI: [PubMed] Akashi, M; Takumi, TThe orphan nuclear receptor RORα regulates circadian transcription of the mammalian core-clock Bmal1 12: 441–448, DOI: [PubMed] Preitner, N; Damiola, F; Lopez-Molina, L; Zakany, J; Duboule, D; Albrecht, U; Schibler, UThe orphan nuclear receptor REV-ERBα controls circadian transcription within the positive limb of the mammalian circadian oscillator Cell 110: 251–260, DOI: [PubMed] Triqueneaux, G; Thenot, S; Kakizawa, T; Antoch, MP; Safi, R; Takahashi, JS; Delaunay, F; Laudet, VThe orphan receptor Rev-erbα gene is a target of the circadian clock pacemaker J 33: 585–608, DOI: [PubMed] Reick, M; Garcia, JA; Dudley, C; 2: an analog of clock operative in the mammalian forebrain Science 293: 506–509, DOI: [PubMed] Amir, S; Lamont, EW; Robinson, B; Stewart, JA circadian rhythm in the expression of 2 protein reveals a novel SCN-controlled oscillator in the oval nucleus of the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis J Neurosci 24: 781–790, DOI: [PubMed] Lamont, EW; Robinson, B; Stewart, J; Amir, SThe central and basolateral nuclei of the amygdala exhibit opposite diurnal rhythms of expression of the clock protein Period2 102: 4180–4184, DOI: [PubMed] Harms, E; Kivimae, S; Young, MW; Saez, LPosttranscriptional and posttranslational regulation of clock genes J 19: 361–373, DOI: [PubMed] Meyer, P; Saez, L; -TIM interactions in living Drosophila cells: an interval timer for the circadian clock Science 31: 226–229, DOI: Dunlap, JCRunning a clock requires quality time together Science 311: 184–186, DOI: [PubMed] Xu, Y; Padiath, QS; Shapiro, RE; Jones, CR; Wu, SC; [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text primarily includes references to various studies related to circadian rhythms and their biological mechanisms but does not directly address or confirm the claim regarding the health issues resulting from the disruption of circadian rhythms. Therefore, it is considered irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Colonialism reshaped the political landscape of several continents. [SEP] Text: 10 speech for the Einaudi Center: also see Lawrence and Dua, “Decolonizing Antiracism”. Cornell University’s land grab, established under the federal of 1862 included 990,000 acres, has raised endowments of up to $6 million. The land was stolen from the Ojibwe, Miwok, Yokuts, Dakota and other parties through 63 treaties or seizures. It displaced as many as 167 and communities. The granted land spans present-day boundaries of and Wisconsin. 11 and K. Wayne Yang, &. Jackson, Stephanie Smallwood, M. . . Roberts, Melissa Phung, and Omise’eke Natasha Tinsley. 12 Shohat, “Quincentenary,” 97. Rana, “of Islamophobia,” 148–161. 13 Shohat, “and Muslims,” 25–29; Chan-Malik, “race”; see Abdou, Islam & Anarchism. 14 Chan-Malik, Being Muslim. 15 Abdelnabi, “[Book Review] Muslim Cool”. 16 Khabeer, Muslim Cool, 28. 17 Auston, “Prayer, Protest, and Police Brutality,” 11–22; Wheeler, “Women in Theory”. 18 Ibid. 19 For example, as in the recent collected edition, Half of Faith: Marriage and Divorce in the Twenty-First Century. The text which numerous prominent Muslim feminists like -Landes contributed to addresses marriage and divorce within Muslim-American marriage. While critically addressing patriarchal interpretations of Islam, the authors offer differing opinions in their exploration of how Muslim women negotiate their marriage rights, at times through the settler-state, and other times, through a non-monolithic Shari’ah. At no point, do the scholars, except one in passing the U. S. protestant ethics defining the domain of property and rights, incorporate the lens of settler-colonialism and American patriarchy, in assessing the implications of a Muslim women’s appeal for divorce through the American judiciary and at who’s cost, when they’re achieved, these rights are attained. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by detailing the historical context of land grabs, specifically referencing Cornell University’s acquisition of land that was forcibly taken from Indigenous communities through treaties and seizures. This act of colonialism displaced many communities, which consequently reshaped the political and social landscape of the affected regions, supporting the assertion of colonialism's impact on political structures.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Gene editing is completely risk-free with no side effects. [SEP] Text: By this reasoning, humans are a collection of atoms and molecules compartmentalized into cells that perform all human functions. By suggesting that humans are entirely physical in nature, this theory proposes that one’s physicality must constitute identity. Treatise of Human Nature, alludes to the essential role of physicality in identity. also discusses the role of a non-physical mind in the processing of perceptions, Hume states that “after the dissolution of my body, I should be entirely annihilated. ”[6] The destruction of one’s being, one’s identity, when one ceases to physically exist reinforces the idea that humans are solely physical in nature. Applying reductive physicalism, the dependence of identity on physicality supports that changing one’s physicality through gene-editing will change one’s identity. and Nothingness, Jean-argues that a human confirms his existence when he sees “the other” looking at him, becoming an object rather than a subject. Describing one’s sudden self-consciousness and resulting shame, Sartre poses “the look” as essential in one’s formation of a sense of self. [7] Since the body is recognized by “the other,” the pre-reflective cogito suggests that, without the body, one would not be able to recognize their own existence. Under Sartre’s argument, a physical body is a precursor to identity. However, gene-editing by altering the physical characteristics of a human, such as the shape of red blood cells in sickle cell disease patients, generally leaves the body intact. One would still be perceived by “the other” after gene-editing and have their identity confirmed. Sartre’s “the look” reinforces the importance of the body. Yet gene-editing would not impact one’s being an object of another. III. Mind and in In philosophy, mind-body dualism means that humans are composed of mental and physical substances. These forms of an individual are distinct yet inextricably interconnected. [8] René Descartes introduced mind-body dualism to argue the existence of a mind without disputing the existence of a body. In his Cogito Theory, Descartes states, “I think, therefore I am. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the implications of gene editing on human identity, suggesting that even though gene-editing may physically alter characteristics, it does not eliminate the fundamental aspects of a person's identity. It implies that gene editing could have consequences that affect identity, thus indicating there may be risks associated with altering physical attributes that are essential to how one is perceived and understands themselves, contrary to the claim that gene editing is risk-free.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Disruption of circadian rhythms can lead to health issues. [SEP] Text:  Saigoh, N; Saigoh, K; Ptacek, LJ; Fu, YHFunctional consequences of a CKI delta mutation causing familial advanced sleep phase syndrome Nature 434: 640–644, DOI: [PubMed] Eide, EJ; Vielhaber, EL; Hinz, WA; Virshup, DMThe circadian regulatory proteins BMAL1 and Cryptochromes are substrates of casein kinase Iε J 277: 17248–17254, DOI: [PubMed] Yang, Y; Cheng, P; Liu, YRegulation of the Neurospora circadian clock by casein kinase II 16: 994–1006, DOI: [PubMed] Yang, Y; Cheng, P; He, Q; Wang, L; Liu, YPhosphorylation of protein by casein kinase II is necessary for the function of the Neurospora circadian clock Biol 23: 6221–6228, DOI: [PubMed] Lin, JM; Kilman, VL; Keegan, K; Paddock, B; Emery-Le, M; Rosbash, M; Allada, RA role for casein kinase 2α in the Drosophila circadian clock Nature 420: 816–820, DOI: [PubMed] Lin, JM; Schroeder, A; Allada, RIn vivo circadian function of casein kinase 2 phosphorylation sites in 25: 11175–11183, DOI: [PubMed] Akten, B; Jauch, E; Genova, GK; Kim, EY; Edery, I; Raabe, T; Jackson, FRA role for CK2 in the Drosophila circadian oscillator 6: 251–257, DOI: [PubMed] Iitaka, C; Miyazaki, K; Akaike, T; Ishida, NA role for glycogen synthase kinase-3β in the mammalian circadian clock J 280: 29397–29402, DOI: [PubMed] Yin, L; Wang, J; Klein, PS; Lazar, MANuclear receptor Rev-erbα is a critical lithium-sensitive component of the circadian clock Science 311: 1002–1005, DOI: [PubMed] Harada, Y; Sakai, M; Kurab [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text provided consists of a list of references and citations regarding various studies related to circadian rhythms and kinases. However, it does not make any explicit statements or provide substantive evidence either supporting or opposing the claim that disruption of circadian rhythms can lead to health issues. Therefore, it is deemed irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Colonialism reshaped the political landscape of several continents. [SEP] Text: Notice that, while they are talking about different sports, Rawls and Kalven's remarks operate at a higher level of abstraction to James’ reflections on cricket. That is, Rawls and Kalven take baseball out of the wider socio-political context in which it is played, and understand it as occupying its own special domain with a separate and irreducible internal logic. Thus, their defence of baseball as the ‘best of all games’ rests on a claim about how its internal rules are ‘perfectly designed’ to make certain human feats of skill possible. They illustrate this by contrasting baseball with basketball, whose rules undergo constant modifications to prevent physically stronger players from dominating the game with their strength (Rawls, 1981). Whether or not one agrees, the point is simply that both the rule changes in basketball and the supposed ‘perfection’ of baseball are influenced by the same distinctive logic – namely that sports are designed to allow for certain human skills to be displayed by its participants. In short, we can say that Rawls and Kalven are gesturing towards an internal and irreducible sporting logic that ought to play a role in how we understand sports. Now, to my mind, James shares this view on sports: He extols the batting of Hill as something glorious, beautiful and excellent, as if perfectly demonstrates the kinds of human skill cricket was designed to enable. Yet, contra Rawls and Kalven, James ties this to an explicitly political point. Where they focus on excellence in abstraction, James sees the excellence of St. Hill's batting as part of an anti-racial and anti-colonial struggle to demonstrate the equality of non-white colonial subjects to their white colonial rulers. Indeed, it is precisely because sporting practice constitutes a separate domain, one where, as James put it, ‘competition was open’, that this very demonstration of equality is possible. Drawing on James’ reflections on cricket, the goal of this paper is to reconceptualise the relationship between politics and sporting practice with the aim of gesturing towards broad themes that a political theory of sport could explore. I take inspiration from recent attempts to broaden the field of political theory, which have examined the political questions that arise in areas that have hitherto been marginal to the discipline. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing how the performance of St. Hill in cricket is tied to political themes of anti-racism and anti-colonialism. It asserts that sporting practices are influenced by colonial dynamics, indicating that the political context shaped by colonialism impacts individuals' abilities to demonstrate equality in sports. This connection illustrates how colonialism has influenced political landscapes, particularly concerning the representation and equality of non-white colonial subjects against their colonial rulers.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Gene editing is completely risk-free with no side effects. [SEP] Text: ” According to Descartes, the mind is an indivisible substance that coexists with but is distinct from the body because it lacks shape and physicality. [9] Descartes confirms his existence by the fact that his mind is a “thinking thing” rather than by the other’s recognition of one’s body, as Sartre does. The idea of a non-physical aspect to humans challenges reductive physicalism and provides the space for something more than the body to define a human. The mind confirms existence and thereby grants identity, suggesting not only that the mind exists, but also that it is more central to identity than the body. This view aligns with current views about identity. regards the mind and body as two distinct substances, in his view, the physical changes caused by gene-editing do not directly influence the mind. Gene-editing alters the molecules in genes, but according to dualism, the mind is not composed of atoms like the body is. A genetic change would not penetrate the mind. The distinction between the mental and physical aspects of identity demonstrates how gene-editing may not have substantial power over one’s identity. prioritizes the mental aspect of identity over the physical, gene-editing’s effect on identity appears even more limited. IV. Mind-Other philosophical viewpoints further support a mental aspect of human identity. Anima, Aristotle delineates that the body is a manifestation of the mind, which is a manifestation of the soul. [10] Although the mind and body are two essential, coexistent aspects of a human, the body comes from, and thus relies on, the mind. Aristotle frames the mind, the origin of the body, as more central to human existence. This postulates that the changes to physical identity induced by gene-editing technologies may not directly influence the mental aspect of identity because the mind does not stem from, and thus is not dependent on, the body. The mind’s more direct connection to the soul cements its larger role in identity because non-secular philosophy views the soul as the core, eternal aspect of a human. The superiority of the mind over the body regarding identity demonstrates gene-editing’s limited influence on identity. Treatise of Human Nature, Hume suggests that identity is formed based on perceptions, reinforcing the role of the mind. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the philosophical distinction between the mind and body, emphasizing that gene-editing affects physical identity but does not penetrate the mind. It suggests that while gene-editing alters physical attributes, it does not necessarily impact one's mental identity or lead to a complete lack of risk. The limitations of gene-editing on identity, framed within the discussion of dualism and philosophical perspectives, indicate that there may still be potential consequences that challenge the idea of it being risk-free.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Disruption of circadian rhythms can lead to health issues. [SEP] Text: ayashi, N; Hirota, T; Fukada, YSer-557-phosphorylated mCRY2 is degraded upon synergistic phosphorylation by glycogen synthase kinase-3β J 280: 31714–31721, DOI: [PubMed] Lamia, KA; Sachdeva, UM; DiTacchio, L; Williams, EC; Alvarez, JG; Egan, DF; Vasquez, DS; Juguilon, H; Panda, S; Shaw, RJ; Thompson, CB; regulates the circadian clock by cryptochrome phosphorylation and degradation Science 326: 437–440, DOI: [PubMed] Vieira, E; Nilsson, EC; Nerstedt, A; Ormestad, M; Long, YC; Garcia-Roves, PM; Zierath, JR; Mahlapuu, MRelationship between AMPK and the transcriptional balance of clock-related genes in skeletal muscle Metab 295: 1032–1037, DOI: Partch, CL; Shields, KF; Thompson, CL; Selby, CP; Sancar, APosttranslational regulation of the mammalian circadian clock by cryptochrome and protein phosphatase 5 103: 10467–10472, DOI: [PubMed] Rivers, A; Gietzen, KF; Vielhaber, E; Virshup, DMRegulation of casein kinase Iε and casein kinase Iδ by an in vivo futile phosphorylation cycle J 273: 15980–15984, DOI: [PubMed] Cegielska, A; Gietzen, KF; Rivers, A; Virshup, DMAutoinhibition of casein kinase Iε (CKIε) is relieved by protein phosphatases and limited proteolysis J 273: 1357–1364, DOI: [PubMed] Eide, EJ; Woolf, MF; Kang, H; Woolf, P; Hurst, W; Camacho, F; Vielhaber, EL; Giovanni, A; Virshup, DMControl of mammalian circadian rhythm by CKIε-regulated proteasome-mediated PER2 degradation Biol 25: 2795–2807, DOI: [PubMed] Shirogane, [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not provide information that directly relates to the claim about disruption of circadian rhythms leading to health issues. It consists of citations related to various studies on the molecular aspects of circadian rhythm regulation but does not discuss health implications.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Colonialism reshaped the political landscape of several continents. [SEP] Text: It is important to stress that I am not critiquing abstraction as such; I share O’Neill's view that abstraction is both unavoidable and important when we want to generalise. This is because we bracket what we take to be particular to specific cases, and thereby better understand the general form of the phenomenon we are interested in. Indeed, we see this with mutualism, which attempts to articulate sports on their own terms independent from the particularities that differentiate how they are played in specific local settings. The problem that I see James as diagnosing, then, is not with abstraction per se, but rather with how we abstract. In short, his point is that abstracting political struggle from sport is to ‘bracket central and salient elements’ of sporting practice, leading to the ‘unjustified assumption that features not mentioned were missing, or allows or even encourages others to assume that they were missing’ (O’Neill, 1987: 40–41, note 7). That is, mutualism – by isolating sport from politics – makes a problematic abstraction, which invites the assumption that these activities constitute separate domains that bear little to no relation to one another, thereby leading to an impoverishment in our understanding of sporting practice. This is especially true, as we will see, in colonial societies, where the mutualist logic is inevitably politicised to both legitimate and perpetuate oppressive social structures while simultaneously functioning as an opportunity to actively resist them. Crucially, however, this does not collapse back into a reductive externalism that understands cricket as merely reflecting the power imbalances of colonialism. In short, we can read James as observing that – while ‘the formal, written laws or rules of [cricket] are identical’ – cricket nevertheless ‘takes on different meanings in various imperial and colonial contexts’ (MacLean, 2010: 100). To see this, we need only examine the history and development of cricket. Frequently referred to as the ‘imperial game’, the values and ethos of cricket became intertwined with the colonial ‘civilising mission’. Although this may seem odd at first glance, the connections start to become clear by paying attention to its internal norms and conventions. Cricket is an ‘honour sport’. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing how colonial societies politicized cultural practices, such as cricket, which became intertwined with the colonial civilizing mission. It states that mutualism in sports leads to a problematic abstraction, implying that cultural practices in colonial contexts were influenced by, and in turn helped shape, political structures. The mention of cricket's different meanings in imperial and colonial contexts reinforces the idea that colonialism significantly impacted political landscapes.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Gene editing is completely risk-free with no side effects. [SEP] Text: Perceptions, which originate as a physical sensation, inspire feelings and thoughts, an aspect of one’s mind. Hume gives the example of feeling the warmth of a fire. [11] The emotions that arise are processed and stored in the mind. The accumulation of perceptions from different experiences shapes one’s identity. A traumatic event or significant accomplishment often becomes part of one’s sense of self because of the perceptions one acquires. Hume’s proposition that successive perceptions forms the mind, which are important to identity, further demonstrates that the mind is an aspect of identity. Under such a viewpoint, gene-editing would appear restricted in its ability to change identity, as it alters the body but not the mind. DNA cannot change the experiences and thoughts encoded in one’s mind. One may argue that scars on one’s body, rather than thoughts in one’s mind, are the marks of one’s perceptions, like a burn mark from touching a hot stove. However, the memories and emotions of an experience that a scar represents are deeper than the scar itself. A scar on a person has more meaning than a scar on a wax figure, a purely physical being, because of the mental associations with the scar in the person’s mind. Thoughts residing in the mind contribute to one’s identity, highlighting the role of the mind in a human's sense of self. Although gene-editing in non-neuronal cells cannot directly alter one’s thoughts, the processing of perceptions to form mental identity depends on the physical aspect of humans. Hume proposes that the body mediates the outside world and the mind, detecting stimuli and relaying information to the mind. This communicative relationship between the mind and the body, expressed in mind-body dualism, proposes that physical changes caused by gene-editing could affect how and when external stimuli are detected. This indirect consequence that gene-editing can have on the mind opens the discussion of how physical genetic changes could affect mental identity despite the immaterial nature of the mind. V. Understanding of the Mind-There is significant medical research on the relationship between the physical body and emotions like happiness, anger, and depression. Modern science sees many emotions as linked to the physical. Although gene-editing does not directly change the mind, it can be affected by those physical changes. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing how gene editing, while it may not directly alter thoughts, can have considerable indirect effects on an individual's mental identity. This highlights potential risks associated with gene editing that could impact emotional and psychological states. The mention of gene editing causing physical changes that could influence how a person experiences the world supports the idea that there may be significant side effects linked to gene editing, thereby contradicting the assertion that it is completely risk-free.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Disruption of circadian rhythms can lead to health issues. [SEP] Text:  T; Jin, J; Ang, XL; β- TRCP controls clock-dependent transcription via casein kinase 1-dependent degradation of the mammalian period-1 (Per1) protein J 280: 26863–26872, DOI: [PubMed] Cardone, L; Hirayama, J; Giordano, F; Tamaru, T; Palvimo, JJ; Sassone-Corsi, PCircadian clock control by SUMOylation of BMAL1 Science 309: 1390–1394, DOI: [PubMed] microarray analyses of circadian timing: the genomic basis of biological time J Neuroendocrinol 15: 991–1002, DOI: [PubMed] Hunt, T; Sassone-Corsi, PRiding tandem: Circadian clocks and the cell cycle Cell 129: 461–464, DOI: [PubMed] Matsuo, T; Yamaguchi, S; Mitsui, S; Emi, A; Shimoda, F; Okamura, HControl mechanism of the circadian clock for timing of cell division in vivo Science 302: 255–259, DOI: [PubMed] Fu, L; Pelicano, H; Liu, J; Huang, P; Lee, CThe circadian gene Period2 plays an important role in tumor suppression and DNA damage response in vivo Cell 111: 41–50, DOI: [PubMed] Oishi, K; Miyazaki, K; Kadota, K; Kikuno, R; Nagase, T; Atsumi, G; Ohkura, N; Azama, T; Mesaki, M; Yukimasa, S; Kobayashi, H; Iitaka, C; Umehara, T; Horikoshi, M; Kudo, T; Shimizu, Y; Yano, M; Monden, M; Machida, K; Matsuda, J; Horie, S; Todo, T; Ishida, NGenome-wide expression analysis of mouse liver reveals CLOCK-regulated circadian output genes J 278: 41519–41527, DOI: [PubMed] Nyberg, KA; Michelson, RJ; Putnam, CW; Weinert, TAToward maintaining the genome: DNA damage and replication checkpoints Genet 36: 617–656, DOI: [ [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not provide information directly related to the claim about the health issues arising from the disruption of circadian rhythms. Instead, it enumerates various studies and articles related to circadian biology and mechanisms without discussing any health implications resulting from disruptions.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Colonialism reshaped the political landscape of several continents. [SEP] Text: The headmasters of several prestigious public-schools in the late Victorian era began to incorporate sports like rugby, football and – especially – cricket into the school curriculum, explicitly because they saw these sports as embodying the necessary values to maintain and foster the (Mangan, 1998: 18–19; Stoddart, 1988: 658). These educators proselytised the value of cricket in instilling a sense of morality, chivalry, duty and other values amongst its participants, which – from their perspective – explained Britain's colonial successes. Consider for example these remarks from J. E. C. Welldon, Headmaster of Harrow School, in his address at the Institute:The pluck, the energy, the perseverance, the good temper, the self-control, the discipline, the co-operation the esprit de corps, which merit success in cricket or football, are the very qualities which win the day in peace or war … In the history of the it is written that England has owed her sovereignty to her sports. (quoted in Mangan, 1998: 35–36)Thus, in the minds of educators like Welldon, the rules and principles embodied within cricket had a twofold role to play in preserving the British Empire. On the one hand, they were perceived as a necessary part of the education system for those individuals intending to hold colonial office. On the other, they were seen as a way to bring Enlightenment to the indigenous populations in the colonies, and thereby realise the ambitions of the civilising mission. To see this, we need only compare Welldon's remarks with James’ reflections on his time at a prestigious British school in Trinidad, where all the teachers were ‘Oxford and Cambridge men’ hired to teach Trinidadian schoolboys from various racial and social backgrounds to follow the ‘public-school code’ (James, 2019: 32). (2019: 32–33) recalls:[I]nside the classrooms the code had little success. Sneaking was taboo, but we lied and cheated without any sense of shame … But as soon as we stepped on to the cricket or football field, more particularly the cricket field, all was changed … we learned to obey the umpire's decision without question, however irrational it was … On the playing field we did what ought to be done. Reading these perspectives alongside one another, two things are immediately striking. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by illustrating how British public school educators viewed sports as integral to maintaining colonial power and instilling desired values among future colonial officers. The remarks by J. E. C. Welldon and the analysis of the educational approach in colonial Trinidad suggest that these sports were not merely recreational but seen as a means of promoting the moral and civic qualities needed to solidify British sovereignty, thereby reshaping the political landscape in the colonies. The educators believed that by bringing 'Enlightenment' to indigenous populations, they were furthering the civilizing mission, which aligns with the claim that colonialism had a significant impact on the political structures of the regions involved.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Gene editing is completely risk-free with no side effects. [SEP] Text: It is well-known that there is a “functionally integrated relationship between mind and body. ”[12] This “relationship” suggests that the mind and body do not function separately but rather influence each other. For example, replacing bad gut bacteria with good gut bacteria in animals and humans can “significantly alter mood and emotional functions. ”[13] Gut bacteria is a purely physical component of the body, while mood and emotion are more mental. The influence of the physical on the mental illustrates the effect of the body’s state on the mind. The two-way communication that the mind and body exhibit have important consequences for the role of DNA in identity. Genetic alterations caused by for example, may affect the mental aspect of identity. Researchers can use to cure a sickle cell disease patient by changing just one nucleotide in a human’s genome. [14] The editing of the patient’s genome changes their physical identity because genes are a physical component of humans, but mental changes can also result. No longer suffering from the debilitating pain of a chronic disease, the patient’s mood and outlook on life may shift. The integrated mind-body relationship suggests that gene-editing may have a broader impact on identity than anticipated, affecting both the body and, indirectly, the mind. VI. Mind and The effects of gene-editing on the mind can be more direct when the genes edited are associated with the brain. One theory explaining this phenomenon is the Mind-Theory. This theory postulates that “states and processes of the mind are identical to states and processes of the brain” even though the mind is non-physical. [15] Therefore, changes to the brain will correlate with changes to the mind and, in turn, affect mental identity. to correct the genes that cause Huntington's Disease, for example, would improve the physical conditions in the brain that cause its symptoms. According to the Mind-theory, it would improve one’s mental state as a result. If a mistake occurs and the condition worsens, or researchers edit beyond correcting the disorder, the negative consequences in the brain would correlate with a worsened state of mind. The direct correlation between the mind and brain increases the risks of gene-editing. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by explaining the risks involved in gene editing, particularly its potential to affect both physical health and mental state. It discusses how gene editing can have unintended consequences that worsen the condition being treated and emphasizes the possibility of negative impacts on one's mental state, thus indicating that gene editing is not completely risk-free.