Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Climate change is causing more extreme weather events worldwide. [SEP] Text: mortality rates) simulated by the models, showed a very good agreement, which indicates that the methods used in the projects were appropriate in development of extreme-weather-event simulation models (Cheng et al. 2007a, c, 2008a, 2010, 2011a, b). In addition, as described in Table 2, the performance of the downscaling transfer functions was evaluated for the following aspects: 1) Validating downscaling transfer functions using a leave-one-year-out cross-validation scheme, 2) Analyzing model R2s of downscaling transfer functions for both development and validation datasets, 3) Comparing data distributions and diurnal/seasonal variations of downscaled GCM historical runs with observations over a comparative time period of 1961–2000, 4) Examining extreme characteristics of the weather variables derived from downscaled GCM historical runs with observations, and 5) Comparing against stakeholder’s expert judgement for consistency. The results showed that regression-based downscaling methods performed very well in deriving future hourly station-scale climate information for all weather variables. For example, as shown in Table 3, the hourly downscaling transfer functions derived from both development and validation datasets possess model R2s >0. 95 for surface air temperature, dew point temperature, and sea-level air pressure (Cheng et al. 2008b, c, 2011a). Table 3 Major results on historical analysis and statistical downscaling: development and validation of simulation models and downscaling transfer functionsFull size table 4 ResultsIn summary, the studies on the various impacts of current and future climate extremes, whether for extreme precipitation, ice storms, heat, human mortality, flooding or other impacts, consisted of three steps: (1) historical analysis of climate extremes and their links (transfer functions) to impacts, (2) statistical downscaling of climate model simulations to scales and variables of significance to decision-makers, and (3) future projections under a changing climate. The major results for each of these three steps are summarized in this section, with more detailed information available from Cheng et al. (2004, 2007a, b, c, 2008a, b, c, 2010, 2011a, b). The results of the first two steps—historical analysis and statistical downscaling as well as development and validation of simulation models/downscaling transfer functions—are outlined in Table 3. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by detailing studies on the impacts of climate extremes including extreme precipitation, ice storms, heat, and flooding. It outlines a systematic approach through historical analysis and statistical downscaling to understand and project future climate extremes, thereby supporting the assertion that climate change is linked to an increase in extreme weather events.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Automation will eliminate all low-skilled jobs within the next decade. [SEP] Text: In summary, medium or high qualification enables workers in low-skilled jobs—assigned to the unstructured labour market—to transition to other segments. As a result, mobility between skill levels respectively segments may have changed. Since part-time employment is described as a barrier to vertical mobility, this change could be limited to those in a standard employment relationship. This leads to our second research question: How do labour market segments change over time? 1. 2 Data und methodsSocio-(GSOEP), Version 36 (Liebig et al. 2021), serves as the data basis for the following analyses. This data set makes it possible to observe the employment status and working hours (e. g. full- or part-time employment) of people over long periods based on so-called episode or spell data. The monthly data are supplemented with information from the annual panel data. For operationalising low-skilled work, there are numerous possibilities that have an effect on the proportion of workers in low-skilled jobs within the category of all dependent employees, with the respective proportions ranging from 8 to 40 per cent (Kaboth et al. 2022). The operationalisation method detailed in Abel et al. (2009), which has been used for this paper, shows that in the representative BIBB/BAuA 2018, workers in low-skilled jobs account for about 25 per cent of all dependent employees (Kaboth et al. 2022). According to data from the IAB Establishment Panel, a representative employer survey of employment parameters at individual establishments, the proportion of those working in low-skilled jobs was 24 per cent overall in 2019, which corresponds to the results of the employment survey (Bellmann 2021; Kaboth et al. 2022). In the GSOEP, low-skilled work is thus operationalised as an activity for which no vocational training is required. Medium-skilled work, on the other hand, includes activities that require vocational training. High-skilled work describes activities that require a university degree or activities in management positions. The survey includes white-collar workers, blue-collar workers and employed civil servants. Unemployed persons who are potentially available to the labour market are also included. Self-employed persons, on the other hand, are excluded from the study sample. A differentiation between Western and employment trajectories is not possible due to the small number of cases. Therefore, the following analyses only reflect employment biographies. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by suggesting that workers in low-skilled jobs can transition to other segments of the labor market, indicating that not all low-skilled jobs are guaranteed to disappear due to automation. The mention of mobility between skill levels implies that there may still be opportunities for low-skilled workers to adapt rather than being eliminated entirely.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Attention can be selectively focused, altering cognitive processing. [SEP] Text: Moreover, we expected the initial gaze movement to be faster to the right area of interest (AOI) as a function of both script direction and future-related cues. Finally, we expected a similar pattern of results across visual and auditory modalities. 2. 1 Method 2. 1. 1 Participants Fifty-nine undergraduate students (40 women and 19 men, Mage = 20. 36, SDage = 1. 81; 12 self-reported left-handers) were recruited and compensated with course credit. The sample size was determined a priori using Bias- and Uncertainty-package used for implementing the method (Anderson, Kelley, & Maxwell, 2017), adjusting sample size effects for uncertainty and publication bias correction (desirable level of assurance = 0. 90; statistical power = 0. 80) based on the effect size proposed for temporal priming effects (von Sobbe, Scheifele, Maienborn, & Ulrich, 2019). Participants were screened for normal or corrected-to-normal visual acuity and had no hearing problems. They were self-declared native Portuguese speakers. All participants gave written informed consent for their participation. Both experiments were performed according to the ethical guidelines in place and approved by the of the host institution. 2. 1. 2 Cues Forty-eight time-related words were selected from a list of Spanish words used in similar tasks (Ouellet et al. , 2010; Torralbo et al. , 2006). The words reflected a temporal continuum, that is, we selected a range of words pertaining to the distant past and future as well as to the immediate past and future. Translation of words to Portuguese yielded 16 past-related words (e. g. , “ontem”–“yesterday”), 16 future-related words (e. g. , “amanhã”–“tomorrow”), and 16 words that were time-related but neutral in content (e. g. , “dia”–“day”; see 235. 347, p <. 001; past-oriented: M = 22. 10, SD = 7. 71; neutral: M = 53. 04, SD = 2. 36: future-oriented: M = 77. 60, SD = 9. 63; ps <. 001 between groups). Eight additional words were used for the practice block. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim about selective attention and cognitive processing. Instead, it discusses study participants, methods, and cue selection without mentioning attention or cognitive processing explicitly.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Climate change is causing more extreme weather events worldwide. [SEP] Text: indicates that the simulation models and statistical downscaling transfer functions perform well when verified against historical extreme weather events and their impacts. The collaborating decision-makers who were involved in each of these studies later confirmed these conclusions verified the judgement of their experts. For example, streamflow simulation models showed that there were significant correlations between daily streamflow volumes and model simulations, with model R2s ranging from 0. 61 to 0. 62, 0. 68 to 0. 71, 0. 71 to 0. 74, 0. 95 to 0. 95 for the respectively. Over half of 80 air pollution simulation models across four selected cities (Montreal, Ottawa, Toronto, Windsor) in south–central Canada showed model R2 ≥ 0. 6. Results from the freezing rain-related weather type study indicated that 75% and 100% of daily freezing rain events lasting ≥1 and ≥6 h/day were captured, respectively by the simulation models for the entire study period. In all of the studies, as indicated in Table 3, the simulation models were suitable to verify or duplicate extreme weather events and reliable to guide decision-making. The verifications of the simulation results, derived from both model development and validation datasets, were very similar and demonstrated significant skill in discrimination and prediction of quantities of daily/hourly meteorological variables and occurrences of daily extreme weather events. Table 4 summarizes climate change projections of changes in the frequency and intensity of future extreme weather events late this century derived from these studies. The values of future changes, as shown with plus and minus signs in rightmost columns of Table 4, represent percentage increases and decreases, respectively, from the historical baselines listed as historical means in Table 4. Future changes of +100% and +200% indicate that the frequencies or intensities of the extreme weather events are projected to double and triple late this century compared to historical or current conditions. As illustration, across four selected river basins in south–central Canada, the number of days with rainfall ≥25 mm is projected to increase by about 10%–35% and 35%–50%, respectively over the periods 2046–2065 and 2081–2100 (from the “warm season” baseline period April–November, 1961–2002). For seasonal rainfall totals, the corresponding increases are projected to be about 15%–20% and 20%–30% by 2046–2065 and 2081–2100, respectively. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by detailing simulation models and statistical findings that confirm an increase in the frequency and intensity of extreme weather events, as highlighted in the projections derived from the studies. It states that future changes, indicated with percentage increases, show significant alterations in the occurrences of extreme weather events compared to historical baselines, thereby supporting the assertion about the impact of climate change on extreme weather.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Automation will eliminate all low-skilled jobs within the next decade. [SEP] Text: Difficulties in finding middle-skilled jobs under increased automation Published online by Press: 23 May 2022 Show author details Hideki Nakamura* Affiliation: Department of Economics, University, 3-3-138 Sugimoto, Sumiyoshi, Osaka 558-8585, Japan * Email: hideki. nakamura@omu. ac. jp 0. 53 mb) View PDF [Opens in a new window] Save to to Save to & Permissions [Opens in a new window] study investigates the labor market under increased automation of middle-skilled jobs wherein worker suitability for these jobs is considered. We examine two effects of increased automation on workers. The first effect is the possibility of replacement of middle-skilled workers by machines. The second effect is the diversity in job mismatch probabilities of workers. If machines perform a worker’s suitable jobs more (or less) than the worker’s unsuitable jobs, then the worker’s job mismatch probability rises (or declines). Because workers who have larger job mismatch probabilities remain job seekers, it is more difficult for a firm to find a suitable worker. Due to these two effects, underemployment rises. suitability for tasksincreased automationindividual job mismatch probability (IMP) of a workerdiversity in workers’ IM10. 1017/S1365100522000177 [Opens in a new window] Copyright © The Author(s), 2022. Published by Press 1. study investigates the labor market under increased automation of middle-skilled jobs with job mismatch possibilities for workers. A rapid increase in automation, especially for routine tasks, which suggests the replacement of middle-skilled workers by machines, has been observed (see Autor and Dorn, and Dorn2013; Autor, 2015; Cortes et al. Reference Cortes, Jaimovich and Siu2017; Graetz and Michaels, and Michaels2017, and Michaels2018; Acemoglu & Restrepo, and Restrepo2020, and Restrepo2022). According to OECD employment outlook for 2020, the share of employment for middle-skilled jobs has declined in developed economies over the past two decades. If a worker can adequately perform any middle-skilled job, given the wage gap between middle- and low-skilled labor, increased automation in middle-skilled jobs may not be important for job seeking. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the impact of automation on middle-skilled jobs rather than low-skilled jobs. The analysis indicates that while automation may replace middle-skilled workers, it does not make a definitive claim about the complete elimination of low-skilled jobs. Instead, it highlights a 'decline in the share of employment for middle-skilled jobs' and suggests underemployment issues due to job mismatch probabilities within those middle-skilled categories, implying that low-skilled jobs may not be fully threatened in the same way.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Attention can be selectively focused, altering cognitive processing. [SEP] Text: Words were then converted to sound files using a text-to-speech application. Word duration did not differ across the time category of the words, F (2, 47) = 0. 440, p =. 647 (M = 992, SD = 171. 02). Throughout the experiment, each word was presented twice visually and twice auditorily. 2. 1. 3 target stimuli consisted of two five-letter strings. Only one string contained one of the two possible target letters—q or p. The remaining letters in the strings were distractors (four letters and the target letter on one side of the screen; five letters on the other). The two strings subtended 4. 77° visual angle and were simultaneously presented in the near peripheral visual field at the left and right sides of the screen midpoint (± 13. 31° eccentricity). Therefore, it was not possible to process the target letter strings unless eye movements were made. Target and filler letters were kept constant across the experiment and were varied randomly within the five possible letter positions in the set. The task entailed a discrimination decision between two possible targets (p or q on the gamepad) and not a spatial decision regarding the side of the screen the target letter appeared; hence (1) circumventing a systematic overlap between response code and target letter location, and (2) preventing participants from inferring target location by merely gazing at one side of the screen. This discrimination setup ensures that performance cannot be accounted for by the target's spatial positioning (because the target's location on the gamepad does not necessarily match its lateral positioning on the screen). 2. 1. 4 Apparatus and task was programmed in (Version 1. 10. 1630, SR Research, 2016). The stimuli were displayed on an Asus VX238H 23’’ monitor (1920 × 1080) driven by a Dell OptiPlex 755 with a refresh rate of 60 Hz. Eye movements were calibrated and recorded from the dominant eye with a 1000 1000 plus. A 5-point calibration procedure was performed, resulting in a reported interval of 0. 25–0. 5° average accuracy for all points. Errors higher than 1° at any point led to a repetition in the calibration. A headrest was used to restrict participants’ head movements and control the viewing distance to the screen at 60 cm. The task was presented against a medium gray background. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim regarding selective attention and cognitive processing. Instead, it details an experimental setup involving auditory and visual stimuli without making any assertions about how attention is focused or how cognitive processing is altered. Therefore, it is irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Climate change is causing more extreme weather events worldwide. [SEP] Text: The return values of annual maximum one-day streamflow volumes for the nine return periods studied (2, 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 50, 100 years) are projected to increase by 15%–35%, 25%–50%, and 30%–80%, respectively, with the ranges in the increases reflecting three 50-year periods of this century (2001–2050, 2026–2075, 2051–2100). Similarly, across four selected cities in south–central Canada (Montreal, Ottawa, Toronto, Windsor), heat-related mortality are projected to more than double and triple under a changing climate, respectively, by the middle and late of this century from the historical conditions over the period 1954–2000. For air pollution-related mortality rates driven by climate and weather conditions (i. e. atmospheric circulation patterns and heat or cold), the corresponding increases are projected to be 20%–30% and 30%–45% by the middle and late of this century, given that future air pollutant emissions remaining at the same level as that at the end of the 20th century. By the middle of this century, daily ice storm or freezing rain events for three colder months (December–February) are projected to increase by 70%–100%, 50%–70%, and 35%–45% in northern, eastern (including Montreal in Quebec) and southern Ontario (as shown in Fig. 1), respectively. The corresponding increases by the latter part of this century (2081–2100) are projected to be even greater: 115%–155%, 80%–110%, and 35%–55%, respectively, for northern, eastern and southern Ontario. Table 4 Major results on projections of changes in frequency and intensity of future daily extreme weather events in this centuryFull size table 5 Conclusions and recommendationThe overarching purposes of these projects were to assess possible changes in the frequency and intensity of future extreme weather events late this century and to provide guidance to decision-makers in the development and selection of appropriate adaptation actions. Automated synoptic weather typing and a number of linear/nonlinear regression analyses were applied, altogether with downscaled future GCM climate data, to project future weather types and changes in the frequency and intensity of future extreme weather events and their impacts. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by providing projections that indicate a significant increase in the frequency and intensity of extreme weather events due to climate change. Specifically, it mentions increases in maximum streamflow volumes and heat-related mortality in cities, as well as increased occurrences of ice storms and freezing rain events. These projections clearly support the assertion that climate change is leading to more extreme weather conditions.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Automation will eliminate all low-skilled jobs within the next decade. [SEP] Text: However, due to various specific skills required to perform middle-skilled tasks, workers are often proficient at certain tasks but not at other tasks. If the main tasks of a middle-skilled job are automated, then workers who are suitable for those tasks are not needed. It may be difficult for these workers who are replaced by machines to find jobs because their suitable tasks are performed by machines. It should be also noted that machines simultaneously perform tasks that are unsuitable for some workers. Because they are no longer assigned to those tasks, their job seeking may be less difficult. In the literature that examines the effects of automation on the labor market, little attention has been paid to worker suitability for tasks. Therefore, this study considers worker suitability for tasks. As a result of education or training, workers can execute some suitable middle-skilled tasks, although they may be unsuitable for other tasks. Due to the difference in their specialization areas, the suitability patterns can differ among them. Therefore, we examine the pattern of task suitability for a worker that represents which tasks are suitable and unsuitable for the worker. Table 1 illustrates the task suitability of three workers. The rows and columns in Table 1 correspond to these three workers and tasks, respectively. In this table, “good” and “bad” imply whether workers are able or unable, respectively, to perform each task appropriately. These three workers have the same number of suitable tasks. That is, their ability level is the same. As illustrated in the table, the three workers have different suitability patterns for tasks because these patterns depend on their specialization areas. Footnote 1 2, newly automated tasks are illustrated by the darker-shaded columns. These automated tasks are no longer available to workers. The number of suitable and unsuitable tasks covered by machines can vary among the three workers. Whether their job seeking is more or less difficult depends on their suitability for the remaining labor tasks. Table 1. Examples of workers’ suitability for middleskilled tasks Table 2. Under increased automation In the study, we have made two assumptions to examine the possibility of job mismatch. The first assumption is about the task suitability of a worker. Upon receiving an education, workers can be proficient at certain middle-skilled labor tasks. We consider workers with the same ability level, which implies the same number of suitable tasks. Due to the difference in their specialization areas, the suitability pattern for labor tasks can differ among them. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by highlighting that while automation may eliminate certain tasks, it does not necessarily lead to the complete elimination of low-skilled jobs. It discusses how automation affects task suitability for middle-skilled jobs and suggests that workers may find varying levels of difficulty in job seeking based on their specialization and the tasks that remain suitable for them. This implies that not all low-skilled jobs are eliminated, as some may still require human oversight or adaptability, pointing to a nuanced understanding of the labor market in relation to automation.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Attention can be selectively focused, altering cognitive processing. [SEP] Text: Manual responses were collected using the keys marked as q and p on a standard gamepad. Auditory stimuli were presented via headphones. 2. 1. 5 task was administrated in single sessions at the university's laboratory. Participants were asked to put on headphones and read the instructions. They were instructed to press the respective response key on the gamepad as soon as they detected the target letter embedded in one of the two five-letter strings. They were also informed that the words were not informative of the target location. Each trial began with a 1000 ms drift check fixation (0. 3 × 0. 3°), which was gaze-contingent, therefore anchoring the participants' initial gaze movement at the center of the screen. The drift check was followed by the presentation of the word cue, either visually at the center of the screen for 1000 ms or auditorily via headphones for the duration of the sound file. Auditory stimuli were presented binaurally and equally loud to both auditory channels. During the auditory stimuli presentation, a gaze-contingent cross was presented in the center of the blank screen, ensuring participants’ starting point of visual exploration prior to target onset. A blank screen followed the cue and lasted 150 ms. The two five-letter strings were then simultaneously presented to the left and right sides of the screen until participants responded or when 1000 ms had elapsed. After responding, participants received a feedback message informing them about the accuracy of their response or whether they were too slow (Fig. 1). There were 192 trials in total, divided into two blocks, plus 16 practice trials. The number of congruent and incongruent trials was kept constant across the experiment; thus, word cues were uninformative of the target location. All factors (modality, word category, and target location) were equally likely and presented in a counterbalanced order within a block. Participants took a 5-min break between blocks, followed by a recalibration. The experiment took approximately 30 min to complete. Fig. 1Open in figure viewerPowerof the experimental procedure in Experiment 1. The reason for selecting the 1000 ms response window was two-fold: (1) we wished to record participants’ automatic attention shifts as a response to the word cues. A short response window (vs. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text describes a manual response experiment involving auditory and visual stimuli but does not directly address or discuss the concept of selective attention or its impact on cognitive processing. Hence, it is irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Climate change is causing more extreme weather events worldwide. [SEP] Text: In these projects, a formal validation and verification process of model results was built into all of the steps, including synoptic weather typing, historical extreme weather event simulation modeling, statistical downscaling, and projections of future extreme weather events and their impacts. The results of the verification, based on historical observations of the outcome variables simulated by the models, showed a very good agreement to observations and consistency with decision-maker’s expert judgement for all extreme weather events studied. As a result, it is proposed that a combination of synoptic weather typing, extreme weather event simulation modeling, and regression-based downscaling can be useful in projecting changes in the frequency and intensity of future extreme weather events and their impacts at a local scale or station scale. Modeled results from these projects indicated that the frequency and intensity of future daily extreme weather events have the potential to significantly increase late this century under a changing climate. The implications of these increases need to be taken into consideration and integrated into planning, policies, and programs that deal with the longer term. For example, engineering infrastructure design standards and their embedded climatic design values need to consider climate extremes from the current as well as the future climates that are expected over the lifespans of the structures. Health policies and responses need to consider climate sensitivities for today’s climate conditions and to also factor in future climate change along with future social and demographic changes for current preventative actions. Air quality regulations, policies, and programs also need to be informed on links to current and future climate conditions. Similarly, disaster prevention or risk reduction actions need to be guided by current climate conditions and future projections on existing and emerging climate hazards in order to manage current and changing risks. Water resource and flood managers at the regional level need to plan for current and changing climate risks to water resources (i. e. low and high streamflow conditions) and to assess infrastructure designs, resilience, and flood reduction services supplied by surrounding landscapes and ecosystems as adaptation options to manage changing risks. The adaptation strategies and policies that will need to be developed to deal with the implications of changing climate extremes are many and will affect all sectors. As the IPCC (2007a) recently pointed out, “More extensive adaptation than is currently occurring is required to reduce vulnerability to future climate change. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing model projections that indicate an increase in the frequency and intensity of future extreme weather events as a result of changing climate conditions. It specifically mentions that modeled results suggest significant increases in extreme weather events late this century, which aligns directly with the claim about climate change resulting in more extreme weather globally.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Automation will eliminate all low-skilled jobs within the next decade. [SEP] Text: A suitability pattern for labor tasks is assumed to be randomly assigned to a worker. Footnote 2 Therefore, under the law of large numbers, there is the same number of workers in each pattern of task suitability. In each of labor tasks, the number of workers who are suitable (unsuitable) for that task is the same. The second assumption regards the uncertainty about the matching between a job seeker and a firm. We consider that a firm does not know whether a job seeker is suitable or unsuitable for the firm’s task ex ante. Although a worker knows the worker’s suitability pattern for middle-skilled labor tasks, they know little about firms. Therefore, we assume a random matching between a worker and a firm. The following three properties exist under these two assumptions. First, workers are equally exposed to a possible increase in automation. That is, we assume no bias effect of the increased automation on workers. Second, the distribution of their job mismatch probabilities is a mean-preserving spread under the increased automation. Third, even when there is diversity in their job mismatch probabilities, we can easily calculate the matching probability between a firm and a suitable worker. The individual mismatch probability (IMP) of a worker is defined as the ratio of the number of their unsuitable middle-skilled tasks to the total number of middle-skilled labor tasks. If there is no increase in automation, then a worker’s IMP depends on the worker’s ability level, represented by the number of the worker’s unsuitable tasks, and the automation level. That is, the IMP value is the same among workers with the same ability level. Regarding low-skilled labor, we consider no uncertainty for low-skilled job matching because specific skills are not required. In a two-period OLG model, workers work in two periods and have one job-seeking opportunity in each of those periods. We assume a rise in the efficiency of machines that increases automation. Under a rational expectation, workers make decisions about their education investment. The study demonstrates the following two effects of increased automation on workers. The first effect is the diversity in the IMPs of workers with the same ability level. As a result of increased automation, the available labor tasks decline while newly automated tasks are performed by machines. These newly automated tasks include suitable and unsuitable tasks for a worker. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by explaining the implications of increased automation on low-skilled jobs. It states, 'the study demonstrates ... the available labor tasks decline while newly automated tasks are performed by machines,' which implies that while automation increases, it does not necessarily eliminate all low-skilled jobs but rather alters the task structure. Furthermore, it mentions that 'for low-skilled labor, we consider no uncertainty for low-skilled job matching because specific skills are not required,' indicating that some low-skilled jobs may remain unaffected. This suggests that the overall assertion that automation will eliminate all low-skilled jobs is not fully supported.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Attention can be selectively focused, altering cognitive processing. [SEP] Text: a longer, or unlimited response window) prevents the development of scanning strategies across trials, which would likely undermine the effectiveness of the word prime; and (2) prior research employing a similar paradigm with bilateral targets has tested three response intervals of 700, 1000, and 1300 ms (Mendonça et al. , 2020a). Average response times for the 1000 ms interval were around 600 ms, therefore we expected most of our responses to fall within the 1000 ms interval. Additionally, as this task is demanding and carries a high perceptual load due to the large number of target items to be processed, we considered the 1000 ms window to be appropriate to ensure an optimal trade-off between correct and missing responses. 2. 2 Results 2. 2. 1 Preliminary analysis Correct detections under 100 ms were excluded from the analysis to ensure that response times were not influenced by anticipatory responses (0. 9%). Missing responses (trials where the time for responding elapsed) corresponded to roughly 31% of the total number of trials across participants. 1 2. 2. 2 Reaction time To test our hypothesis regarding the facilitation of detection in the case of congruent (vs. incongruent) cue–target conditions and an asymmetric performance favoring future-related words and targets located on the right side of space, we performed a linear mixed model (LMM) analysis. This analysis allowed us to control for the variance due to word stimuli (word ID), the number of characters in the word (word length), and participants’ individual differences (participant ID). We observed no severe violation of the homoscedasticity or normality assumptions in a visual inspection of the residual plots. The distribution of residuals does not compromise the use of an LMM given that the violation of the normality assumption poses a problem only when samples sizes are small (n < 30), and alternative procedures (e. g. , data transformation) have been pointed out as relatively more error-prone (Knief & Forstmeier, 2021). The LMM was performed in jamovi software (version 1. 2) with the GAMLj module. The LMM included word ID, word length, and participant ID as random intercepts and the model's fixed effects were prime modality (visual vs. auditory), word category (past vs. neutral vs. future), target location (left vs. right), and their second and third-order interactions. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses experimental methodologies and results related to reaction times and analysis techniques in a cognitive task, without addressing the concept of selective attention or cognitive processing. It does not contain any information that relates directly to the ability to focus attention selectively.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Climate change is causing more extreme weather events worldwide. [SEP] Text: ” One of the key components of developing effective adaptation options and plans to reduce meteorological and hydrological risks from the changing climate is to implement effective and meaningful early warning systems that result in stakeholder actions. Studies that can link climate existing extremes to impacts and decisions and inform policies and programs on changing and future extremes are essential for design of better risk reduction and early warning systems. Decision makers in south–central Canada are requesting defensible and relevant scientific guidance on future climate extremes in order to improve the resilience of infrastructure that is being constructed today and must withstand the climate extremes expected over the lifespan of the structures (decades). Decision-makers also need relevant scientific guidance to develop the adaptive capacity to reduce the multiple risks and realize some of the potential opportunities that may result from changing climate extremes. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the need for adaptation options in response to the changing climate, highlighting the importance of linking existing climate extremes to impacts. It emphasizes the necessity for scientific guidance to address future climate extremes and improve resilience against weather events expected due to climate change, thus supporting the notion that climate change is leading to more extreme weather.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Automation will eliminate all low-skilled jobs within the next decade. [SEP] Text: If machines perform a worker’s suitable jobs more (or less) than the worker’s unsuitable jobs, then the worker’s job mismatch probability rises (or declines). That is, the individual effect of the increased automation on the IMP of a worker depends on the worker’s suitability for tasks. These individual effects cancel each other out among workers because of the two assumptions concerning workers’ suitability for tasks and the random matching between a job seeker and a firm. That is, there is no aggregate effect of the diversity in their IMPs on the labor market in the period of increased automation. In the subsequent period, a large number of workers who have larger IMPs remain job seekers. This makes the matching between a firm and a suitable worker more difficult due to a relatively large number of unsuitable workers. Consequently, there is an aggregate effect on the labor market, which implies a rise in underemployment. Footnote 3 The second effect is the possibility of replacement by machines. Workers who engage in tasks that will be newly automated cannot avoid being replaced by machines, because they do not know which tasks will be automated. Although they seek new middle-skilled jobs, some of them will be unable to find a new middle-skilled job due to job mismatch. Therefore, underemployment rises because of these two effects. The remainder of this paper is structured as follows. Section 2 explains the related literature. Section 3 examines an economy under no increase in automation. Section 4 explores the equilibrium under an increase in automation. Section 5 considers workers with the difference in their ability levels, and Section 6 concludes the paper. The 2. Related literature This study is related to the following three types of studies. The first is research that explores the effect of automation on the labor market by using task-based models. Several studies have identified the following two opposing effects: a decline in the demand for labor that is directly caused by automation and a rise in the demand for labor induced by automation. Regarding the positive effect of automation, Zeira (Reference Zeira1998) considered a greater input of capital due to a rise in the capital’s marginal product. Acemoglu (Reference Acemoglu2010) generalized this type of technical change as “labor-saving technologies. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by outlining how the effects of automation do not universally result in the elimination of low-skilled jobs. Instead, it explains that automation can lead to job mismatches, increased underemployment, and a complex interaction between the demand for labor and the suitability of workers for tasks. It indicates that while some low-skilled jobs will be replaced by machines, there are also instances where demand for labor may rise, showcasing a multifaceted impact on the labor market rather than a straightforward elimination of jobs.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Attention can be selectively focused, altering cognitive processing. [SEP] Text: Any parameter with a variance greater than 0 was left as random (Littell, Pendergast, & Natarajan, 2000). Word length presented a variance of 0 and was removed from the model. The model was estimated using restricted maximum likelihood, with a Satterthwaite approximation of the degrees of freedom. The LMM analysis (R2marginal =. 02; R2conditional =. 08) revealed main effects of prime modality, F (1, 5790) = 21. 83, p <. 001, and word category, F (2, 41. 4) = 20. 97, p <. 001. Post hoc comparisons using Holm correction revealed that targets were detected significantly faster following visual (M = 673, SE = 5. 07) relative to auditory word primes (M = 690, SE = 5. 05, p <. 001). Future-related words gave rise to shorter detection latencies (M = 664, SE = 5. 47) than neutral (M = 688, SE = 5. 48, p <. 001) and past-related words (M = 693, SE = 5. 45, p <. 001). Past and neutral word cues did not produce significantly different response times (p =. 312). The expected word category × target location interaction was significant, F (2, 41. 4) = 24. 48, p <. 001 (Fig. 2), indicating that congruent (vs. incongruent) conditions facilitate detection. Targets on the left side of the screen were detected faster when past cue words were presented (M = 682, SE = 6. 46) than targets on the right side of the screen (M = 703, SE = 6. 35, p =. 044). Conversely, targets on the right side of the screen benefited from future word cue presentation (M = 642, SE = 6. 45) relative to targets on the left side of the screen (M = 685, SE = 6. 42, p <. 001). Neutral words did not produce significant differences on detection of left (M = 685, SE = 6. 45) and right targets (M = 690, SE = 6. 46, p = 1. 000) and hence did not prime any particular directionality. Fig. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not directly address the claim regarding selective attention and cognitive processing. Instead, it discusses a statistical model analyzing response times to various word cues and their effects on detection latencies without mentioning selective attention or its impact on cognitive processing.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Climate change is causing more extreme weather events worldwide. [SEP] Text: Environ. Health Perspect. , 105 (1), 84–93. )| falseSearch 86. . , PerrinA. , SamenowJ. , and CohenJ. -C. , 2008a: heat waves for U. S. cities to analyze impacts on heat-related mortality. Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc. , 89, 75–86. )| falseSearch 68. Kalkstein, L. S. , SheridanS. C. , and AuY. C. , 2008b: A new generation of heat/health warning systems for Seoul and other major Korean cities. Meteor. Technol. Policy, 1, 62–68. )| falseSearch 10. 1007/s11069-010-9552-3. Kalkstein, L. S. , GreeneS. , MillsD. M. , and SamenowJ. , 2010: An evaluation of the progress in reducing heat-related human mortality in major U. S. cities. Nat. Hazards, 56, 113–129, doi:10. 1007/s11069-010-9552-3. )| falseSearch 10. 1029/2007GL031383. Kiehl, J. T. , 2007: Twentieth century climate model response and climate sensitivity. Geophys. Res. Lett. , 34, L22710, doi:10. 1029/2007GL031383. )| falseSearch 3. J. Climate, 11, 1131–1149. and RaschP. J. , 1998: Center for Model: CCM3. J. Climate, 11, 1131–1149. )| falseSearch 97. Kysely, J. , and HuthR. , 2004: Heat-related mortality in the examined through synoptic and traditional approaches. Climate Res. , 49, 91–97. )| falseSearch 833. Medina-Ramon, M. , and SchwartzJ. , 2007: Temperature, temperature extremes, and mortality: A study of acclimatisation and effect modification in 50 US Cities. Occup. Environ. Med. , 64, 827–833. )| falseSearch 997. Meehl, G. A. , and TebaldiC. , 2004: More intense, more frequent, and longer lasting heat waves in the 21st century. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by indicating that there is a trend of more intense, more frequent, and longer-lasting heat waves expected in the 21st century, which aligns with the assertion that climate change is responsible for increasing extremes in weather behavior. This supports the understanding of climate impacts on weather variability.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Automation will eliminate all low-skilled jobs within the next decade. [SEP] Text: ” Several studies have explored the different mechanisms that lead new task creation to increase the demand for labor (Acemoglu and Restrepo, and Restrepo2018; Hemous & Olsen, and Olsen2022; Nakamura & Zeira, and Zeira2018). Alvarez et al. (Reference Alvarez, Gomez, Zuleta and Acosta2019) studied the possible effects of labor-saving innovations on birth rates and, in this way, on future labor supply. The novelty of this study is to consider worker suitability for tasks when examining the individual effect of increased automation on a worker. We demonstrate the diversity in their IMPs due to the increased automation. We also explore the aggregate effect on the labor market through these individual effects. The second type of related study is underemployment research. In many developed economies, underemployment is becoming a social problem (Allen and van der Velden, and van der Velden2001; Dooley and Prause, and Prause2004; Flisi et al. Reference Flisi, Goglio, Meroni, Rodrigues and Vera-Toscano2017; Bell and Blanchflower, and Blanchflower2018; Barnichon and Fylberberg, and Fylberberg2019). One possible cause of underemployment is a change in the job market due to technological change, including automation (Marco and Steijn, and Steijn2000; Mendes et al. , de Oliveira, Santos and Kiker2000; Caroleo and Pastore, and Pastore2015). If some middle-skilled labor jobs, or the main tasks of these jobs, are replaced by machines, the knowledge and skills required for these tasks become unnecessary. Therefore, workers with specific knowledge and skills for these automated tasks may face difficulty in finding adequate jobs. Considering task suitability of a worker, we explore how increased automation affects underemployment. We demonstrate that due to the replacement by machines and an increasing difficulty in the matching between a firm and a suitable worker, underemployment rises. The third type of related study comprises the research that was developed by Diamond (Reference Diamond1982), Mortensen (Reference Mortensen1982), and Pissarides (Reference Pissarides1985). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing how automation does not necessarily lead to the elimination of all low-skilled jobs. Instead, it suggests that automation can lead to new task creation and varying effects on labor demand. It addresses the complexity of underemployment and job market changes due to technological advancements, indicating that while some jobs may become obsolete, there are also implications for job creation and the demand for labor, which contradicts the absolute nature of the claim.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Attention can be selectively focused, altering cognitive processing. [SEP] Text: 2Open in figure viewerPowerreaction time (in milliseconds) as a function of the word category and the target letter location. Error bars represent 95% confidence intervals. Finally, to investigate the asymmetry between the congruent conditions reported above and favoring the LR, script-coherent cue–target pairs, we report the post hoc comparison between past word—left target and future word—right target conditions. Results indicate unequivocal facilitation for congruent cue–target pairs that referred to the right (vs. left) side of space, t (43. 9) = 5. 87, p <. 001. The remaining interactions were statistically not significant (ps >. 06). The fact that the third-order interaction did not reach statistical significance (p =. 117) suggests that the congruency effect occurs irrespective of the sensory modality of presentation. As we hypothesized, presenting time-related words visually or auditorily did not affect the interaction between word category and target location on response times. This result is in line with previous research (Lakens et al. , 2011) and suggests that the spatial representation of time converges across visual and auditory perception. Nevertheless, this result should be interpreted with caution given that we did observe a significant main effect of visual over auditory word presentation, with target discrimination benefiting from the visual format to a greater extent. It appears that, at the first instance, the visual modality takes precedence and contributes to shorter detection latencies. However, the privileged processing of the visual word primes seems to be overridden when the temporal category of the word and the location of the target are considered. If thinking about abstract concepts implying movement involves embodied simulations of the way we typically execute motion, then actions in right-handed and left-handed individuals could have different cognitive representations and lead to asymmetrical outputs (Casasanto, 2009). Previous studies have investigated whether genetic predispositions, particularly a higher right-hand skill in performing motor tasks, could account for lateral p683. 56, SE = 40. 20; pressed with the left index finger) and the p key (M = 679. 30, SE = 37. 50; pressed with the right index finger). No difference in response time was observed when left and right hands were used to respond, t (58) = 1. 072, p =. 288. 2. 2. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not directly address the claim regarding selective attention and cognitive processing. Instead, it discusses various experimental results relating to word categories, target locations, and conditions of presentations without specifically discussing selective focus or its effects on cognitive processing. Thus, it is irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Climate change is causing more extreme weather events worldwide. [SEP] Text: Specifically, the synoptic classification is combined with downscaled future climate projections for the decadal periods of 2020–29, 2045–55, and 2090–99 from a coupled atmospheric–oceanic general circulation model. The results show an increase in excessive heat event (EHE) days and increased heat-attributable mortality across the study cities with the most pronounced increases projected to occur in the Southeast and Northeast. This increase becomes more dramatic toward the end of the twenty-first century as the anticipated impact of climate change intensifies. The health impact associated with different emissions scenarios is also examined. These results suggest that a “business as usual” approach to greenhouse gas emissions mitigation could result in twice as many heat-related deaths by the end of the century than a lower emissions scenario. Finally, a comparison of future estimates of heat-related mortality during EHEs is presented using algorithms developed during two different, although overlapping, time periods, one that includes some recent large-scale significant EHE intervention strategies (1975–2004), and one without (1975–95). The results suggest these public health responses can significantly decrease heat-related mortality. * No longer affiliated with the U. S. EPA. Corresponding author address: Dr. Scott Greene, Department of Geography and Environmental Sustainability, University of Oklahoma, 100 E. Boyd St. , Suite 410, Norman, OK 73019. E-mail: jgreene@gcn. ou. edu Keywords: Heating; Societal impacts1. IntroductionExcessive heat events (EHEs) are the leading cause of weather-related deaths in the [(Service) NWS 2009]. However, the impacts of specific EHEs may be more widely recognized. For example, the loss of over 700 lives in Chicago to a 1995 EHE has been well documented (Klinenberg 2002; Semenza et al. 1996. Whitman et al. 1997) and is viewed as a critical moment in terms of increasing awareness of the potential health risks and impacts of EHEs in the United States. This awareness has been reinforced by the European EHE in August 2003 that was responsible for an estimated 40 000 deaths across central and western Europe (Valleron and Boumendil 2004). While it has been suggested that heat-related mortality in the has been declining in the last few decades (Davis et al. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the increase in excessive heat event (EHE) days and heat-attributable mortality as a significant outcome of climate change. It indicates that the projected impacts of climate change lead to more pronounced increases in these extreme weather events towards the end of the twenty-first century. Furthermore, it notes specific geographical areas that will experience severe effects, such as the Southeast and Northeast, aligning with the claim about climate change contributing to more extreme weather.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Gig economy jobs are as secure as traditional employment. [SEP] Text: of Business and Management > Vol. 12 No. 4, July 2024 in the Gig Economy: Understanding the Roles of () Department of Business Management, Institute of (SLIIT), Malabe, Sri Lanka. DOI: 10. 4236/ojbm. 2024. 124117 89 Downloads 504 Views 2307. doi: 10. 4236/ojbm. 2024. 124117. 1. IntroductionThe gig economy, characterized by its flexible, temporary, and freelance jobs, has been a subject of increasing scholarly attention, particularly concerning the precarious nature of employment it often entails. This systematic literature review aims to delve into the intricate dynamics of precarious employment within the gig economy, with a specific focus on understanding the roles and experiences of the employed poor. Precarious employment, as highlighted in the existing literature, encompasses work that is uncertain, unstable, and insecure, where workers bear the brunt of the risks associated with labor, including the lack of social protections and benefits (Gauffin, 2020; Rubery et al. , 2018). The gig economy, while offering much-needed income opportunities for migrants and low-income workers, simultaneously subjects them to conditions of labor degradation, economic instability, and a disproportionate amount of physical, economic, and mental risk (van Doorn et al. , 2022). The financial stability and well-being of workers from low-income backgrounds are significantly impacted by the precarious nature of gig work. The literature suggests that gig employment can create a class of isolated individuals living from job to job, lacking lasting financial or social connections to workplaces or other workers, which not only affects their income stability but also threatens social cohesion and community stability at large (Friedman, 2014). Despite the policy interest in precarious work, its growth and the extent to which it constitutes a new class of the “precariat” are debated. However, the form and incidence of precarious work vary among countries and are more evident when defined using a multi-dimensional approach, indicating a nuanced and complex phenomenon that requires thorough investigation (Rubery et al. , 2018). This review seeks to explore the effects of precarious employment in the gig economy on the financial stability and well-being of workers from low-income backgrounds. By examining the existing literature, including analyses of the conditions under which labor platforms operate and the legal and political arrangements surrounding employment (van Doorn et al. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the precarious nature of employment in the gig economy. It highlights that workers in gig jobs often face uncertainty, instability, and a lack of social protections, which underscores their insecure status compared to traditional employment. The mention of gig work leading to conditions of labor degradation and economic instability further supports the idea that gig jobs are not as secure as traditional jobs.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Attention can be selectively focused, altering cognitive processing. [SEP] Text: Spurious responses below 100 ms were excluded (2. 4%). Missing responses corresponded to 18% of trials. Response time was recorded from the target onset. 2 3. 2. 2 Reaction time We performed an LMM analysis on response times. As fixed effects, we included word category (past vs. neutral vs. future), target letter location (left vs. right), and their second-order interaction. We included random intercepts of word ID and participant ID. A visual inspection of the residual plots showed no severe violation of the homoscedasticity or normality assumptions. The model was estimated using restricted maximum likelihood with a Satterthwaite approximation of the degrees of freedom and was performed in jamovi software (version 1. 2) with the GAMLj module. The LMM (R2marginal =. 02; R2conditional =. 07) revealed a significant main effect of word category, F (2, 42. 9) = 20. 5814, p <. 001. The main effect of the word category replicated what was observed in Exp. 1. Future-related words (M = 666, SE = 5. 58), gave rise to faster detections than past-words (M = 695, SE = 5. 58; p <. 001). The speed in response times generated by future words was higher than that induced by neutral words (M = 675, SE = 5. 58, p =. 058). Past-related words were significantly slower in triggering responses than neutral words (p <. 001). Hence, neutral words have assumed intermediate values. To address our prediction for congruency between the words and the location of the targets, we report the significant interaction of word category × target location, F (2, 42. 9) = 32. 7104, p <. 001 (Fig. 6). We observed the typical congruency effect but now reversed, compared to what was observed in Exp. 1. Past-related words produced faster detection of the target on the right (M = 680, SE = 6. 38) than on the left (M = 710, SE = 6. 55; p <. 001), indicating that RL participants map the past on right spatial coordinates. Future-related words, which are spatially mapped on the left by RL speakers, produced faster target detection on the left (M = 646, SE = 6. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it focuses on a statistical analysis of reaction times related to word categories and their interactions with spatial location. There are no references or implications about selective attention or its effects on cognitive processing. The methodologies and results discussed in the text do not address the concept of selective attention as proposed in the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Climate change is causing more extreme weather events worldwide. [SEP] Text: 2002, 2003a,b; Sheridan et al. 2009; Kalkstein et al. 2010), EHEs have still contributed to a significant and largely avoidable loss of life. In addition, some research (e. g. , Sheridan et al. 2009) indicates this declining mortality trends may have stopped and may now be increasing again. At the same time, climate models generally project increasing average temperatures in the coming decades (Solomon et al. 2007). More focused studies that evaluate climate change impacts on future EHE trends have similarly concluded many regions of the can anticipate more frequent and severe EHEs (e. g. , Meehl and Tebaldi 2004; O’Neill and Ebi 2009). This study quantifies the potential impacts of climate on EHE-attributable mortality in 40 large U. S. cities under a “business as usual” greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions scenario and a scenario with GHG emissions controls. These results provide an update to earlier projections of the potential health impacts of climate change based on EHE impacts (e. g. , Kalkstein and Greene 1997). Finally, a method is developed and applied to quantify the health benefit that recent improvements in EHE notification and response programs may provide in considering the future health impact of EHEs. 2. Data and methodsa. Mortality dataDeveloping the climate and EHE-attributable mortality relationships and estimates for the 40 U. S. cities under consideration began by extracting daily mortality record information including the date, cause, and county in which the deceased had passed away. Deaths from all causes are used as the mortality measure in this study as this has been shown to be a more robust measure for examining heat–mortality relationships than mortality totals for specific causes of death (Ebi et al. 2004). For the baseline portion of this study, these data were developed from 1 June to 31 August during 1975–95 [(for Health Statistics) NCHS 2007]. Any population trends for the cities in these records have been removed using a standardization procedure used previously (Kalkstein et al. 2010). An analysis of intraseasonal trends was also undertaken to identify any significant changes in the daily mortality throughout the summer season. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the increasing frequency and severity of extreme heat events (EHEs) in relation to climate change. It references research findings that indicate 'many regions can anticipate more frequent and severe EHEs,' which directly supports the assertion that climate change is leading to more extreme weather patterns globally.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Gig economy jobs are as secure as traditional employment. [SEP] Text: , 2022), this review aims to provide a comprehensive understanding of the challenges faced by the employed poor within the gig economy and propose pathways for future research and policy interventions. 2. Literature ReviewThe gig economy, characterized by its flexible, freelance, and often short-term work arrangements, has been likened to the in terms of its transformative impact on the labor market (Friedman, 2014). This literature review synthesizes research findings on the experiences, challenges, and strategies of gig workers, with a focus on those from low-income backgrounds, and discusses the implications for financial stability, well-being, and overall quality of life. Gig workers engage in a variety of tasks, from transportation and delivery to creative work in visual arts and graphic design (Stewart & Stanford, 2017; Alacovska et al. , 2022). Despite the flexibility and entrepreneurial opportunities presented by the gig economy, workers often face financial strain due to the absence of traditional employment protections such as health insurance and paid leave (Behl et al. , 2022). The lack of physical collocation in traditional industrial settings affects the potential for worker organization and collective action (Lehdonvirta, 2018). The gig economy’s payment structures, which tie earnings to individual tasks, contribute to income instability and financial precarity (Behl et al. , 2022). Gig workers, particularly women, minorities, and migrants, confront selective formalization by platform companies, which maintains the precariousness of informal labor (van Doorn et al. , 2022). The oversimplification of platform labor overlooks the diverse motivations for joining these platforms, necessitating a broader critique of labor market reforms and welfare policies (Behl et al. , 2022). In response to these challenges, gig workers from low-income backgrounds employ various strategies. They develop specific literacies and skills to protect their labor, avoid scams, build professional networks, and negotiate with clients (Friedman, 2014). Indie unions, such as the IWGB and UVW, use strategic framing to engage supporters and challenge opponents, emphasizing alternative organizing methods in the face of precarity (Però & Downey, 2022). The precarious nature of gig employment, coupled with the lack of traditional employment protections, leads to financial instability and affects workers’ mental and physical health (Rasheed et al. , 2022). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by highlighting the financial instability and lack of traditional employment protections faced by gig workers. It states that 'workers often face financial strain due to the absence of traditional employment protections such as health insurance and paid leave' and 'contribute to income instability and financial precarity,' which indicates that gig economy jobs are not as secure as traditional employment.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Attention can be selectively focused, altering cognitive processing. [SEP] Text: Forty-seven participants reported having lived abroad in the following countries: Belgium (1), Brazil (1), Canada (3), (1), Denmark (1), Estonia (1), France (10), Germany (6), Greece (1), Hungary (2), Italy (1), Jordan (2), Latvia (1), Malaysia (1), Mexico (1), Portugal (1), (1), Spain (1), Sweden (2), Turkey (1), the (7), the (1). The minimum period spent abroad was 1 year and a maximum of 15 years. To the question “Do you use social media (Facebook, Twitter, Instagram) in Arabic? ” 84% of participants said yes. To the question “Do you watch movies/tv-shows/read books in Arabic? ” 60% of participants said yes. To the question “Do you read the news (news websites, newspapers) in Arabic? ” 54% of participants said yes. Finally, 84% of the participants said yes to the question, “Do you have family conversations in Arabic in your everyday life? ” When asked to move a slider on a horizontal line to indicate “How much contact in everyday life do you have with your native language - Arabic? ” the average response was 58. 54%, and How much contact in everyday life do you have with languages that are written from LR (e. g. , English, French, …)? the average response was 47. 7%. 8. 10. 1167/16. 11. 8 Web of Science®1562. 10. 1177/0956797617723724 Web of Science®407. 10. 3758/s13428? 019? 01237? x 382. 10. 1016/j. cognition. 2014. 03. 016 Web of Science®109. 10. 3389/fpsyg. 2012. 00109 PubMedWeb of Science®239. 10. 3758/s13421? 018? 0861? 1 PubMedWeb of Science®322. 10. 1037/a0029026 Web of Science®10. 1016/B978-0-12-385948-8. 00020-7 10. 1016/B978-0-12-385948-8. 00020-7 165. 10. 1007/s11065? 013? 9245? 2 367. 10. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text provides demographic data about participants who have lived abroad and their language usage, but does not address the claim about selective attention or cognitive processing. Therefore, it is irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Climate change is causing more extreme weather events worldwide. [SEP] Text: Average number of summertime EHE days under baseline (1975–95) conditions and in future decades under alternative climate change scenarios. Recall that an EHE day is not merely a representation of “hot” weather, but represents those days where a particular location experiences airmass conditions that have been shown to increase daily mortality. Therefore, cities currently lacking evidence of a strong heat–mortality relationship, such as many Southeastern cities or cities that have minimal summertime weather variability (e. g. , Phoenix, Arizona; Miami, Florida; Houston, Texas) do not have a relatively high number of EHE days under the current climate conditions, often despite having relatively hot summers. This linking of EHE days to mortality increases also explains why several cities with moderate summer climates (e. g. , San Francisco, California; Seattle, Washington; Buffalo, New York) also appear in Table 2 with relatively few EHE days under current conditions. Considering the impact of climate change with the A1 emission scenario results in Table 2 there is a fairly consistent increase in the number of EHE days across locations as time progresses. This result is consistent with previous studies (e. g. , Solomon et al. 2007; Kalkstein and Greene 1997), which found that as the models estimate an increase in temperature, the number of EHE days increases as more days move into the offensive airmass categories based on existing characterization criteria. By the end of the twenty-first century, every city will experience an increase in the average number of summertime EHE days as compared to their values during 1975–95. In over half the cities (i. e. , 23), this increase results in more than half of the average summertime days in the 2090s under the A1 scenario satisfying current EHE day criteria while in more than 25% of the cities (i. e. , 11) more than ⅔ of future summertime days in this scenario satisfy current EHE criteria. However, Table 2 also shows that these increases in EHE days do not always occur consistently over time in all locations. A careful examination of Table 2 shows the cities fall into three broad categories. The large majority of the cities fall into the first category, those that show a consistent increase in EHE days over time. These fit the expected pattern with a steady and significant increase in overall average temperature over time. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by detailing how climate change, particularly under the A1 emission scenario, is expected to lead to an increase in extreme heat events (EHE days) across various cities. It states that 'every city will experience an increase in the average number of summertime EHE days' by the end of the twenty-first century compared to conditions in 1975-95. This directly supports the assertion that climate change is causing more extreme weather events.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Gig economy jobs are as secure as traditional employment. [SEP] Text: The irregular work schedules and “unbillable hours” disrupt work-life balance and contribute to long hours without guaranteed compensation (Shevchuk et al. , 2021). While the flexibility of gig work allows some workers to fit work around other responsibilities, the lack of job security and the need to constantly seek new gigs create a cycle of stress and anxiety, impacting the overall quality of life (Behl et al. , 2022). The rise of precarious employment is linked to neoliberalism’s emphasis on market-driven individualism, which exacerbates job insecurity and risks creating a segmented labor market (Gauffin, 2020). The gig economy presents a complex landscape for workers, particularly those from low-income backgrounds. While it offers flexibility and potential for growth, it also poses significant risks to financial stability, well-being, and quality of life. A nuanced understanding of the gig economy is essential for developing policies and interventions that support the needs of gig workers and improve their working conditions. 3. Methods3. 1. Search StrategyA systematic search strategy was developed to identify pertinent literature on precarious employment in the gig economy. The search terms, “precarious employment,” “gig economy,” and “employed poor,” were chosen based on their relevance to the research topic and were developed in consultation with subject matter experts. These terms were selected to capture a broad range of literature related to the phenomenon of precarious employment within the context of the gig economy. The search strategy was tailored to three databases: Scopus, 3. 2. Selection CriteriaThe selection criteria were established based on the (Moher et al. , 2010) to ensure methodological rigor and transparency in the review process. Initially, the search aimed to map existing literature on precarious employment within the gig economy across the social sciences, business, and economics disciplines. Subsequently, the focus was narrowed to encompass social science, business, management, and accounting fields, with the search period spanning from 2014 to 2024. 3. 3. Quality AssessmentTo maintain the quality of the review, a rigorous quality assessment process was conducted. Only original research 3. 4. Screening ProcessThe screening process involved multiple stages to identify relevant studies for inclusion in the review. Initially, 3270 records were retrieved from the databases, of which 1655 were excluded for being unrelated to the research topic. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by highlighting the lack of job security within gig economy jobs compared to traditional employment. It notes that irregular work schedules and the need to constantly seek new gigs contribute to job insecurity, stress, and anxiety for workers. Additionally, it discusses how the rise of precarious employment is linked to market-driven individualism, exacerbating job insecurity and impacting financial stability and quality of life.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Attention can be selectively focused, altering cognitive processing. [SEP] Text: 1037/a0015854 Web of Science®10. 1037/14278-011 10. 1037/14278-011 593. 10. 1016/j. cognition. 2007. 03. 004 Web of Science®49. 10. 1016/S0926? 6410(00)00021? 5 of Science®1187. 10. 1016/j. neuroimage. 2006. 08. 017 Web of Science®222. 10. 1007/s002210050731 Web of Science®630. 10. 1080/1357650X. 2018. 1561708 1451. 10. 1111/j. 1551? 6709. 2010. 01105. x 174. 10. 1037/1076? 898X. 11. 3. 157 365. 10. 1111/1467? 9280. 00367 127. 10. 1016/j. visres. 2015. 03. 008 of Science®965. 10. 1038/nrn2456? c1 13. 10. 16910/jemr. 2. 3. 4 2590. 10. 3758/S13428? 021? 01587? 5//3 443. 10. 1016/j. concog. 2010. 09. 020 Web of Science®1819. 10. 1002/1097? 0258(20000715)19:13<1793::AID? SIM482>3. 0. CO;2? Q 852. 10. 1521/soco. 2007. 25. 6. 833 Web of Science®301. 10. 1111/1467? 9280. 14421 1100. 10. 1038/s41598? 020? 78080? 0 1488. 10. 3389/fpsyg. 2020. 01488 PubMedWeb of Science®742. 10. 1163/22134808? BJA10052 114. 10. 1177/0022022199030001006 Web of Science®26. 10. 1167/14. 2. 20 Web of Science®24. 10. 1037/a0017176 Web of Science®314. 10. 1027/1618? 3169/a000036 746. 10. 1037/0096? 1523. 25. 3. 730 105. 10. 1016/j. actpsy. 2014. 05. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not provide information relevant to the claim regarding selective attention and cognitive processing. Instead, it consists of a series of DOIs and references without any explanatory content related to the cognitive processes of attention.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Climate change is causing more extreme weather events worldwide. [SEP] Text: The second, smaller, group consists of those cities that show a reduction in the number of EHE days from present conditions to the early part of the twenty-first century (i. e. , the 2020s) before experiencing a steady increase. Cities such as New Orleans, Louisiana, and Louisville, Kentucky, fall into this category. The explanation for the pattern in these cities is the difference between the actual data for the latter twentieth century, and the model estimates for the twenty-first century. That is, the model estimates are lower than the actual number of EHE days. However, the expected pattern of increased EHE days associated with higher temperatures toward the middle and latter part of the twenty-first century still holds for these locations. The final, smallest, group of cities are those that show an increase in EHE days for most of the century, and then show a drop toward the latter part of the twenty-first century. Denver, Colorado, and Phoenix, Arizona, are examples of these cities, while City, Utah, shows 0 days throughout the period. An explanation for these anomalies would be pure conjecture, but model uncertainty and variability certainly may play a role for the counterintuitive results that we see in this small subset of the study locations. However, for these cities, even though there is a decrease in EHE days toward the end of the twenty-first century, they still show a significant increase over the period from the present-day conditions. Table 2 also shows the substantial impact that aggressive GHG emissions controls could have on future EHE days. These results show that in over half the cities (i. e. , 24) the A1 scenario results in at least 50% more EHE days than with the B1 scenario. Alternatively, in most cities the number of EHE days in the 2090s falls in the range of the estimated number of days for the 2020s and the period 2045–55 under the A1 scenario. Table 3 presents the estimates of average summertime EHE-attributable mortality in the future periods under these climate change scenarios. Figure 1 presents these results in terms of the equivalent EHE-attributable mortality rates for the different periods with the A1 emissions scenario. Table 3. Estimates of average summertime EHE-attributable deaths in future periods under alternative climate change scenarios, using Algorithm 1. . 1. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing how cities are experiencing an increase in extreme heat events (EHE) days linked to climate change. It notes that while some cities may show anomalies in EHE day trends, the overall expectation is that higher temperatures will lead to increased EHE days over the twenty-first century. Furthermore, it highlights that aggressive greenhouse gas emissions controls have significant implications on future EHE days, indicating that the model scenarios predict a substantial increase in extreme weather events associated with climate change.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Gig economy jobs are as secure as traditional employment. [SEP] Text: of Studies on in the Gig EconomyIn this section, a descriptive analysis of the key characteristics of studies included in the review regarding precarious employment in the gig economy and its effects on the employed poor is presented. The analysis focuses on extracting and categorizing key information from the dataset, including the year of publication, authors, journal, and conclusions. Furthermore, a thematic analysis is conducted to identify common themes and insights about the effects of precarious employment on the employed poor. To summarize the information related to precarious employment in the gig economy, key characteristics of the studies, including the year of publication, authors, journal, and key conclusions, were extracted and categorized. 1. Thematic analysis of conclusions. Topic_0 Topic_1 Topic_2 Topic_3 Topic_4 gig work workers workers workers work precarious gig uber platform workers high power autonomy gig labor research work drivers work economy future drivers policy worker highlights market platforms policies platforms self economy challenges work autonomy freelancers platforms uber employment social employment labor precarious social flexibility social gig precariousness challenges control The descriptive analysis reveals a growing interest in precarious employment in the gig economy, with studies spanning from 2014 to 2022. The findings highlight the complex interplay between autonomy and security, the need for policy interventions, and the challenges faced by gig workers, particularly migrant workers. Overall, the studies underscore the importance of policy reforms and support systems to mitigate the adverse effects of precarious employment and ensure fair labor standards for the employed poor. To categorize the types of precarious employment arrangements, information from the “Methods Used” and “Qualitative Data” columns was extracted and analyzed. The categorized data were then grouped by year and journal to understand their temporal and publication source distribution. Table 2 summarizes the distribution of precarious employment arrangements over time and across different journals. Table 2. Distribution of precarious employment arrangements. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing precarious employment in the gig economy, highlighting 'the complex interplay between autonomy and security' and the 'challenges faced by gig workers', suggesting that these jobs do not have the same security as traditional employment. It emphasizes the need for policy reforms to mitigate the adverse effects of precarious employment, which further indicates that gig jobs are less secure.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Attention can be selectively focused, altering cognitive processing. [SEP] Text: 41 Compared with DTI, which acquires diffusion-weighted images of varying directions at fixed diffusion sensitivity (b value, typically 1000 s/mm2), DSI acquires diffusion-weighted images of varying directions and different b values (typically from zero to a few thousand seconds/mm2). 42 Whereas DTI reconstructs water molecular diffusion through a diffusion tensor based on the Gaussian model of translational displacement,43 DSI reconstructs water molecular diffusion as an average propagator based on a Fourier relation between the diffusion signal and average propagator. 41,42 The advantage of DSI lies in the fact that the directions of the maxima of the average propagator correspond to the underlying crossing fibre directions,44 whereas the principal direction of the DTI points to a direction that is somewhere between the crossing fibres. Generalized fractional anisotropy (GFA) is a DSI analogue of the fractional anisotropy (FA) in DTI. 45 Whereas FA is defined as the standard deviation (SD) of the eigenvalues of the diffusion tensor normalized by the norm of the eigenvalues,46 GFA is defined as the SD of the orientation distribution function (ODF) values divided by their norm. 45 Here, the ODF value in a particular direction can be calculated as the second moment of the average propagator, indicating the displacement probability in that particular direction. 42 Similar to FA, GFA is a nonspecific index often used to indicate the microstructural property of white matter as determined by the diameter, packing density, directional coherence and myelination of the axons. The inconsistency in the literature can be explained by small sample sizes, different neuropsychological tasks and varying methods to define the region of interest (ROI), resulting in little overlap of ROIs across studies. Among the constructed fibre tracts, the frontostriatal tracts, SLF and cingulum bundle have all been reported to be altered in individuals with ADHD. However, their associations with attention performance remain unclear. Therefore, the present study compared the white matter microstructural property associated with the prefrontal cortex and its association with ADHD symptoms as well as a wide range of attention performance between youths with ADHD and individually matched controls. We chose 10 white matter tracts, including the bilateral frontostriatal tracts (caudate–DLPFC, caudate–VLPFC and caudate–OFC; Fig. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text discusses various technical aspects of diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) and diffusion spectrum imaging (DSI) in relation to white matter properties and ADHD, but it does not directly address the claim about the selective focus of attention or its effects on cognitive processing. Therefore, it is irrelevant (pass) to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Climate change is causing more extreme weather events worldwide. [SEP] Text: EHE-attributable mortality rates under the A1 scenario in future periods. Citation: Weather, Climate, and Society 3, 4; 10. 1175/WCAS-D-11-00055. 1Download FigureDownload figure as PowerPoint slideThe results in Table 3 are sorted in descending order based on the average number of estimated summertime EHE-attributable deaths in the period 2020–29 under the A1 scenario. Cumulatively, these results show the average number of summertime EHE-attributable deaths would be expected to more than double from the value in the 2020–29 period to the results in the 2090–99 period under the A1 emissions scenario. These results represent increases of nearly 1100 and 4200 EHE-attributable deaths per year compared to the baseline estimates from the period 1975–95. The growth in the city-specific results over time under the A1 scenario in Table 3 is a reflection of both the anticipated increase in the number of EHE days and the initial sensitivity of the city to those days. More EHE days will, by definition, result in more EHE-attributable mortality in a location. The sensitivity of the location to these days also strongly influences the absolute size of the increase. As with Table 2, there are a few cities that do not show the expected steady increase over time. Seattle, Washington, and Tampa Bay, Florida, are examples that show a small drop and then revert back to the expected pattern of an increase with time. In addition to climate model error, one explanation for this pattern is that the reduction of leveling of EHE days for some cities for certain time periods will also result in a small decrease for in heat-related mortality in some instances. However, it noteworthy that in a broad evaluation of this type there is an intuitive mortality response in the preponderance of cities. The contrast in results in Table 3 between the A1 and B1 scenarios for an average year in the 2090s is also notable. Under the B1 scenario there would be roughly half as many anticipated EHE-attributable deaths as in the A1 scenario. This represents a potential benefit of roughly 2800 fewer lives lost in an average summer as a result of the greater emissions controls in the B1 scenario relative to the A1 scenario. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text identifies that the increase in estimated summertime EHE-attributable deaths is related to an increase in EHE days, which reflects a broader recognition of extreme heat events as a consequence of climate change. The mention of a doubling of summer EHE-attributable deaths under the A1 emissions scenario supports the claim by indicating that climate change can directly lead to more extreme weather events, such as heat waves.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Gig economy jobs are as secure as traditional employment. [SEP] Text: Count of Count of 2014 Review of 1 1 2017 1 1 2017 Review 1 1 2018 New Technology, Work and Employment 1 1 2018 Organization 1 1 2018 Work, Employment and Society 2 2 2019 Review 1 1 2019 1 1 2019 1 1 2019 Work, Employment and Society 2 2 2020 Economics 1 1 2020 Review 1 1 2020 Academy of 1 1 2020 Research 1 1 2021 Work and Occupation 1 1 2021 Journal of 1 1 2021 New Technology, Work and Employment 1 1 2021 Socio-1 1 2022 Work, Employment and Society 2 2 2022 of 1 1 2022 Periodicals of 1 1 2022 Work and Occupations 1 1 2022 Work, Employment and Society 1 1 The research on the diversity of precarious employment arrangements reveals a wide range of work situations, from migrant work in the gig economy to conflict management in labor settings. Various methodological approaches, from comparative case studies to post-structuralist analysis, are employed to address the complexity of the phenomenon. Samples include young workers, migrants, and freelancers on digital platforms, highlighting the importance of understanding the specific experiences of precarious workers. Moreover, studies span a global geographic distribution, from cities on four continents to online labor platforms, reflecting a global concern for precarious employment. The ongoing presence of studies over time and in diverse academic journals underscores sustained interest in this topic. This research highlights the complexity and importance of addressing precarious employment from multiple perspectives and contexts. 4. 2. Thematic AnalysisKey characteristics, conclusions, and practical implications were extracted from the dataset to identify recurring themes and patterns regarding the experiences of workers from low-income backgrounds in precarious employment within the gig economy. The relevant columns selected for analysis included publication year, authors, journal, key conclusions, and practical implications. The compiled data were analyzed to summarize the challenges and opportunities faced by employed poor individuals within the gig economy. To provide a structured interpretation suitable for a journal 3. Summary statistics for count of occurrences. 7 Mean 0. 286 0. 756 0 25th Percentile 0 Median 0 75th Percentile 0 2 To supplement the journal 3. Mean values of statistics. The analysis sheds light on the nuanced experiences of workers from low-income backgrounds in precarious employment within the gig economy. By identifying key themes, challenges, and opportunities, this research provides valuable insights for policymakers, researchers, and practitioners aiming to address the needs of vulnerable workers and promote inclusive economic practices. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by highlighting the precarious nature of gig economy jobs. It discusses the diversity of precarious employment arrangements, including gig work, and emphasizes the challenges faced by vulnerable workers, particularly those from low-income backgrounds. This suggests that gig economy jobs do not have the same level of security as traditional employment, thus contradicting the claim.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Attention can be selectively focused, altering cognitive processing. [SEP] Text: 1); the SLF (Fig. 2) and the cingulum bundle (Fig. 2). We also used DSI, instead of DTI, to reconstruct tractography and measure the microstructural property of selected fibre tracts for a better resolution of the crossing fibres. 41 We hypothesized that the microstructural property of these target tracts could differ between youths with ADHD and controls and that altered diffusion anisotropy of these target tracts could correlate with the severity of ADHD core symptoms and impaired attention performance. Download figureOpen in new tabDownload powerpointFig. 1 Regions of interest (ROIs) and reconstructed targeted tracts in the left hemisphere. (A) The ROIs at the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (purple), caudate nucleus (yellow) and the dorsolateral prefrontal–caudate tract (yellow). (B) The ROIs at the ventrolateral prefrontal cortex (light blue), orbitofrontal cortex (green), caudate nucleus (yellow), ventrolateral prefrontal–caudate tract (light blue) and orbitofrontal–caudate tract (pink). Download figureOpen in new tabDownload powerpointFig. 2 Regions of interest (ROIs) and reconstructed targeted tracts in the left hemisphere. (A)The ROIs in the frontal lobe (yellow), parietal lobes (green) and superior longitudinal fasciculus I (yellow), II (pink) and III (blue). (B) The ROIs at the anterior cingulate cortex (purple), posterior cingulate cortex (blue) and cingulum bundle (light green). MethodsParticipantsWe recruited youths with ADHD from the Department of Psychiatry, University Hospital; ADHD was clinically diagnosed according to DSM-IV criteria, and 1 of us (S. S. -F. G. ) further confirmed the diagnosis through psychiatric interviews using the epidemiologic version of the Schedule for and Schizophrenia (K-SADS-E). 47 We recruited sex-, age-, handedness-, IQ- and coil-matched control youths from the same school districts as the ADHD group; the control youths were referred by school principals and teachers. Controls and their parents also underwent the Chinese K-SADS-E interview to confirm that they did not have a lifetime or current diagnosis of ADHD or other psychiatric disorders. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is primarily focused on the methodology of a study involving youths with ADHD and does not address the claim about selective attention and cognitive processing. Therefore, it is considered irrelevant.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Climate change is causing more extreme weather events worldwide. [SEP] Text: , 8) produce estimates that suggest there was no benefit from increased awareness or development of heat programs as evidenced by negative values. No clear characteristic can be readily identified to link these cities. For example, they are not clustered geographically as the group includes Boston, Massachusetts; Tampa, Florida; and Portland, Oregon. One possibility is that there were important differences in the nature of the EHE days in the periods in these locations compared to other study cities. While a small number of random anomalous results should be expected in an evaluation of this kind a more comprehensive explanation is currently lacking and remains an area for potential future investigation. 4. Summary and conclusionsWhile this analysis provides an insight into the potential impacts of a changing climate on heat-related mortality, there are nevertheless some caveats that need to be considered when evaluating the results. As mentioned previously, this study does not consider any potential changes in the demographic patterns of the cities. Considerable research has shown that the elderly represent a more vulnerable population in terms of negative health impacts of heat (O’Neill et al. 2008; Gronlund et al. 2008; O’Neill and Ebi 2009). As the anticipated demographic trend in the is toward an older population, our mortality estimates may understate the future impact of heat on acute mortality. Our results also assume that current threshold conditions for EHE days and the future health response to these days will remain unchanged. Thus, we have not changed the attributes of the airmass types; the same meteorological criteria lead to the same airmass types throughout this analysis. While society’s future response to specific weather conditions may vary from what is currently observed, the nature of this response is difficult to predict. At the same time, holding this response constant over time helps highlight the risks associated with projections of future climates under different scenarios as well as the potential benefits of climate change mitigation efforts. These are both strong assumptions. In particular, the assumption about the consistent response to warming conditions provides the possibility, all else remaining equal, for a potentially significant underestimation of the impact of health intervention strategies on future EHE-attributable mortality as future conditions increasingly resemble the extremes under the current climate. Overall, our results show extreme heat events representing a source of increased health risk and impacts for many cities across the United States. -estimated changes show an overall increase in summer temperature with often significant increases in the number of future EHE days in most of our study cities. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the impacts of a changing climate on heat-related mortality and explicitly mentions that the results show extreme heat events represent an increased health risk for many cities across the United States, which aligns with the notion that climate change is causing more extreme weather events.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Gig economy jobs are as secure as traditional employment. [SEP] Text: Findings from the “Conclusions”, “Results”, “Limitations”, “Contributions”, and “Practical Implications” columns were categorized based on thematic areas such as income volatility, job insecurity, social protections, well-being outcomes, policy implications, and intersectional factors. The categorization process involved identifying keywords associated with each thematic area and assigning findings accordingly. The categorized findings were quantified to analyse the frequency of each thematic area discussed in the literature. Table 4. Quantified themes. Count job insecurity 33 policy implications 21 income volatility 20 social protections 18 well-being outcomes 11 intersectional factors 3 Figure 4. Statistical analysis of identified themes. A bar chart was created to visually represent the distribution of thematic areas, highlighting the frequency of discussion for each (Figure 4). The thematic analysis of the literature provides insights into the experiences of workers from low-income backgrounds in precarious employment within the gig economy. Key themes such as job insecurity, income volatility, and policy implications emerged prominently. Policy interventions are identified as crucial to address the challenges faced by workers, with a focus on ensuring fair working conditions and security for all. 4. 3. Comparative AnalysisIn the comparative analysis, findings from different studies on precarious employment are synthesized to identify similarities, differences, and contradictions across various contexts, populations, and methodological approaches. Across all studies, there is a unanimous recognition of the detrimental effects associated with precarious employment, including job insecurity, income instability, and the trade-off between autonomy and security. This consensus underscores the pervasive challenges faced by workers in precarious arrangements, irrespective of their demographic or occupational characteristics. Furthermore, a recurring theme in the findings is the significant impact of precarious employment on workers’ lives, notably in terms of work-life balance, health issues, and the need for policy interventions. Despite this overarching consensus, variations emerge in the population focus and proposed policy solutions. Studies examine diverse groups such as young workers, migrant gig workers, and freelancers, shedding light on the nuanced experiences and challenges faced by different segments of the workforce. Additionally, while some studies advocate for post-productivist policies to address precarious employment, others propose radical policy overhauls, particularly concerning the rights and protections of migrant workers. These disparities underscore the complexity of addressing precarious employment and highlight the necessity of tailored interventions that consider the diverse needs and circumstances of affected workers. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing various themes related to job insecurity and income volatility prevalent in the gig economy. It highlights findings such as 'job insecurity' and 'income instability' as detrimental effects associated with precarious employment, underscoring that these negative consequences are ubiquitous among workers in the gig economy. The text’s emphasis on the necessity of policy interventions to provide 'fair working conditions and security for all' indicates that gig economy jobs lack the security that traditional employment typically offers.