Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Horizontal gene transfer allows bacteria to acquire new traits. [SEP] Text: For instance, some players may agree to count only the pips on one end of a double (i. e. , a 4-4 counts as only four points). Another common variation involves counting all of the remaining pips in a losing player’s hand at the end of a hand or game and adding them to the winning players’ scores. Each domino has an open end and a closed end. A player must place a tile on the table by positioning it so that it touches one of these ends. If the tile is a double, it must be placed perpendicular to the open end of the previous tile in order to create a chain that develops a snake-like shape. Depending on the rules of the game, a double can be played as either a spinner or non-spinner. A spinner can be played on all four sides, while a non-spinner can only be played on the opposite side of the other dominoes in the line of play. 14/07/2024 by admin1989 of is a card game played with two or more players. The game involves betting with chips and the winning player is whoever has the highest hand at the end of each round. There are many different types of poker and each one has its own rules. Some games involve only a few community cards while others have many. There are also several ways to win a poker hand, including straights, flushes, and three of a kind. The game starts with each player placing an initial amount of money into the pot before the cards are dealt. This is called the ante, blinds, or bring-ins and it can be required in some games. It is important to read the rules of a particular poker game before you start playing. This will help you avoid any mistakes and have a better experience. In most games, the first players to the left of the dealer have to place a bet (the amount varies by game) before they get their cards. Then the dealer deals everyone two cards and the remaining community cards are dealt (the flop, turn, and river). Players can bet by saying “call” to match a previous player’s bet or raise their own. They can also fold, which means they don’t want to play their hand any longer. Once all the players have their cards, they reveal them and bet again. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses the rules and gameplay of dominoes and poker, with no mention of bacteria, horizontal gene transfer, or the acquisition of traits.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Telescopes help astronomers study distant galaxies and stars. [SEP] Text: We live in a galaxy – the – so it may seem odd that Raja and Amanda are more interested in Andromeda and Triangulum, both of which are over 2. 5 million light years away. However, it is hard to view a galaxy from inside it. Imagine you want to take a photo of your school. To get a good view, you would need to stand outside the building. Would this be practical if your school was as big as the Milky Way? The edge of our galaxy is about 1 million light years away, so we cannot send a camera outside the to look back at it. Instead, it is easier to look at our neighbours. “Andromeda and Triangulum are both spiral galaxies like the Milky Way,” explains Amanda, “so they can give us an idea of how our own galaxy formed and changed over time. ” you ever used a prism to split white light into a rainbow of colours? Astrophysicists do something similar with starlight – they pass it through a narrow slit into a spectrograph which separates the light according to its wavelength. The amount of light from long (red) to short (blue) wavelengths describes the spectrum of the star and studying this spectrum (a technique known as spectroscopy) can reveal incredible details. The speed at which a star is moving can be determined by the squashing or stretching of its light to shorter or longer wavelengths. The dominant wavelength is a guide to the star’s temperature, as hotter stars tend to glow at shorter wavelengths. And, dips in the spectrum can reveal the star’s chemical composition. Raja and Amanda have been measuring spectra of stars in Andromeda and Triangulum since 2016, using the Keck-II telescope in Hawai’i. This telescope sits at the summit of Maunakea, a dormant volcano and a sacred site to the Indigenous community, so Amanda considers herself “incredibly fortunate” to use the facility for a few nights each year. Before a night at Keck-II, Raja and Amanda use images from the Telescope to identify the stars they want to track so they can point the Keck-II telescope perfectly. The team has now measured the spectra of thousands of stars in Triangulum to create the (TREX) survey. “Our TREX survey has raised more questions about Triangulum than it has answered! ” says Raja. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by detailing how Raja and Amanda used the Keck-II telescope to measure the spectra of stars in the Andromeda and Triangulum galaxies. It explains that the telescope is crucial for identifying stars they want to track and highlights the measurements and observations made by the team, demonstrating the importance of telescopes in studying distant celestial objects.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Bats are blind and rely solely on echolocation to navigate their environment. [SEP] Text: Natural selection can shape specific cognitive abilities and the extent to which a given species relies on various cues when learning associations between stimuli and rewards. Because the flower bat Glossophaga soricina feeds primarily on nectar, and the locations of nectar-producing flowers remain constant, G. soricina might be predisposed to learn to associate food with locations. Indeed, G. soricina has been observed to rely far more heavily on spatial cues than on shape cues when relocating food, and to learn poorly when shape alone provides a reliable cue to the presence of food. Methodology/Here we determined whether G. soricina would learn to use scent cues as indicators of the presence of food when such cues were also available. Nectar-producing plants fed upon by G. soricina often produce distinct, intense odors. We therefore expected G. soricina to relocate food sources using scent cues, particularly the flower-produced compound, dimethyl disulfide, which is attractive even to G. soricina with no previous experience of it. We also compared the learning of associations between cues and food sources by G. soricina with that of a related fruit-eating bat, Carollia perspicillata. We found that (1) G. soricina did not learn to associate scent cues, including dimethyl disulfide, with feeding sites when the previously rewarded spatial cues were also available, and (2) both the fruit-eating C. perspicillata and the flower-feeding G. soricina were significantly more reliant on spatial cues than associated sensory cues for relocating food. Conclusions/findings, taken together with past results, provide evidence of a powerful, experience-independent predilection of both species to rely on spatial cues when attempting to relocate food. Citation: (2010) (Glossophaga soricina) and (Carollia perspicillata) Rely on over Shapes and Relocating Food. 5(5): e10808. Raphaël Arlettaz, University of Bern, SwitzerlandReceived: January 13, 2010; Accepted: May 4, 2010; Published: May 25, 2010Copyright: © 2010 Carter et al. This is an open-access 1. statement All experimental procedures in this paper were approved by the Biodome and McMaster University's Committee and were carried out in accord with the guidelines of the for Animal Care. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by providing evidence that the flower bat Glossophaga soricina relies more heavily on spatial cues than on echolocation or other sensory cues. It indicates that G. soricina can navigate its environment using scent and spatial associations, suggesting that it does not solely depend on echolocation to find food, directly challenging the assertion that bats are blind and rely solely on echolocation.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Horizontal gene transfer allows bacteria to acquire new traits. [SEP] Text: The player with the best hand wins the pot, which is all the money bet so far. The best hands are made up of a pair of matching cards of the same rank and two unmatched cards. A three of a kind is a combination of three cards of the same rank and two unmatched ones. A straight is five consecutive cards of the same suit. A flush is five cards of the same rank but from different suits. Poker is not only a game of chance, but it can be a good way to learn about probability and statistics. It is also a great game to practice decision-making skills because it forces you to weigh risks and rewards. This can be a useful skill in many other areas of life, from business to personal relationships. The best way to become a great poker player is to practice and watch other players play. Observe the way they play and try to figure out their strategy. You can also try to analyze their mistakes and see what they are doing wrong. Then you can try to apply this knowledge to your own game and improve your own performance. Another thing to remember is that poker is a game of instincts. It is important to develop quick instincts by practicing and watching other players. Observing experienced players and imagining how you’d react in their position is an excellent way to build your instincts. It is also a good idea to do several shuffles before the game begins to make sure the cards are well mixed. 12/07/2024 by admin1989 How to lottery is a game of chance that gives players the opportunity to win life-changing jackpots. It is a convenient way to participate in lotteries from around the world, and it can be played from any internet-connected device. However, it is important to understand how the game works before you start playing. Read on to find out more about the rules, prizes, and risks of online lottery. The first step to play online lottery is to register with an approved site. Once you have an account, you can make a deposit using your preferred method. Most sites accept a variety of payment options, from credit cards to eWallets. Some also offer enticing welcome bonuses for new players. Make sure to check out the terms and conditions before you start playing, as these can affect your eligibility for bonuses. You can also sign up for a subscription service, which will automatically purchase tickets for you on a regular basis. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses poker and lottery games instead of any biological processes, such as horizontal gene transfer in bacteria. There is no mention or implication of genetics or bacteria in the provided text.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Telescopes help astronomers study distant galaxies and stars. [SEP] Text: Among the new mysteries is a group of stars in the middle of the galaxy that appear to be ‘misbehaving’. While most stars in Triangulum follow a beautiful, orderly pattern like a flock of birds, this unruly bunch are flying around in random directions like a swarm of bees. The strangest thing is that some of the disorderly stars are relatively young, so they have not yet had time to be disturbed. What has set these ‘young and restless’ stars into frenzied motion is unclear. Raja and Amanda are continuing to analyse the spectra of the stars to observe if their chemical composition can shed light on the galaxy’s history. Another odd thing about Triangulum is that its stars are arranged in an ‘S’ shape, unlike most galaxies of its size which tend to be arranged as a disc, like a dinner plate. Amanda and Raja are not sure exactly why this is, but suspect Triangulum may have been involved in a galactic collision. ? When two galaxies get close to each other, the stars in one galaxy will be pulled by the gravity of the other. This causes the galaxies to spiral around each other, in a ‘dance’ lasting billions of years. Eventually, they merge into a single galaxy, with a new shape and structure caused by the complex forces of gravity. Amazingly, nothing actually crashes into anything else when galaxies collide, because the vast majority of a galaxy is empty space. “It’s like having two cathedral-sized bubbles, each with a fly in them,” explains Amanda. “If you throw these bubbles at each other, the chances of the two flies hitting each other is almost zero. ” Raja was part of the team that created the first ever digital photo mosaic of the Andromeda galaxy, constructed by stitching together 57 images taken by a ground-based telescope. Subsequent spectroscopy based on wider area images led to the surprising discovery that Andromeda is five times bigger than previously thought. The team determined this by analysing spectra of bright points in wide area images to deduce if each point was an Andromeda star, a star in the foreground, or a distant galaxy in the background. Since then, astronomers have generated much more detailed pictures of Andromeda by combining high-resolution images taken by the Telescope. These new images held an even bigger surprise – Andromeda is heading straight for us. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by detailing how astronomers use telescopes to analyze the spectra of stars and construct digital images of galaxies, specifically mentioning the creation of a digital photo mosaic of the Andromeda galaxy. It emphasizes that telescopes played a crucial role in generating detailed images and discovering new information about the structure and size of Andromeda, thereby supporting the claim.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Bats are blind and rely solely on echolocation to navigate their environment. [SEP] Text: We placed these liquids in test tubes with their openings covered with fine nylon mesh (Figure 2B). In a pilot experiment, we found that naïve bats from our captive colony, like those tested by von Helversen and others [16], showed a strong preference for test tubes scented with dimethyl disulfide at the concentration that we used in the experiment. Procedure. The procedure was identical to that used in Experiment 1. Experiment 3 Subjects. Thirty adult C. perspicillata, maintained in the Biodôme de Montréal under the same conditions as the G. soricina that participated in Experiments 1 and 2, participated in Experiment 3. Apparatus. The experimental situation was the same as that used in Experiment 1 except new feeder locations were chosen. Procedure. The procedure was the same as that used in Experiment 1. Data Analysis. We used Wilcoxon signed rank tests to determine whether the mean percentage of choices towards the two previously rewarded cues were significantly different between Experiments 1 and 3. To maintain an overall alpha of 0. 05, we used an alpha of 0. 008 for each of the three comparisons of choice distribution that we carried out [24]. 1 Training tests. Most subjects rapidly reached the criterion of six correct responses in succession (20/30), while five of the remaining subjects required only a single retest to reach criterion, and all had done so by the fourth retest. Cue tests. Subjects relied heavily on spatial cues when attempting to relocate food. When choosing between location and shape, or location and scent, 19 of 20 bats chose the feeder in the previously rewarded location first. Subjects in these two cue-test conditions returned to that location on approximately 70% of their subsequent choices (Figures 3 and 4), significantly more frequently than they returned to shape (Wilcoxon sign-rank test: n = 10, z = 21. 5, p<0. 008) or scent (n = 10, z = 22. 5, p<0. 004). Further, during scent versus shape cue tests, when we had removed the feeder from the previously rewarded position and offered subjects a choice between the previously rewarded scent and shape, they often oriented towards the spot on the cage wall where the rewarded feeder had been located during training. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by providing evidence that bats rely on various spatial cues (like location, shape, and scent) to navigate and locate food, indicating that they do not rely solely on echolocation. It mentions that subjects 'relied heavily on spatial cues when attempting to relocate food,' which directly disputes the notion that their navigation is exclusively dependent on echolocation.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Horizontal gene transfer allows bacteria to acquire new traits. [SEP] Text: You can select how many tickets you want to buy each time, for which game, and for how long. You can also choose to receive notifications when your winning numbers are drawn. This is an ideal option for people who don’t have time to constantly monitor the results of their favorite lottery games. The online lottery market is growing rapidly, with intense internet penetration boosting the popularity of these games. In addition, online games are becoming more user-friendly and secure, and players can easily access their accounts from anywhere. This makes the market more competitive, and key players are focusing on optimizing their products to meet the demand for online lottery games. To find a legitimate online lottery site, look for a valid license. This is a clear indicator that the site adheres to strict regulations and follows the law. It should also have a customer support department that is available to answer any questions you might have. Licensed lottery sites are also more likely to provide fair results than unlicensed ones. In addition, they will be regulated by a government agency. This means that they must follow specific rules to avoid being scammed by unscrupulous operators. If you have any doubts about a lottery site’s legitimacy, look for a license number on its website or ask the company for it. Lottery games are available on almost every website, but the best ones will be those that allow you to play multiple types of lottery games and compare odds and jackpots in real-time. They will also have a mobile version of their website that is optimized for all major devices. The US has a limited history with online lottery, but as the laws become more clarified and the technology becomes more advanced, more states will be likely to join the ranks. The only thing stopping them right now is the uncertainty surrounding the 1961 and whether it will apply to sports betting or not. Hopefully, this will be settled soon. 11/07/2024 by admin1989 Besar di Gacor Terbaru! Dalam dunia perjudian online, slot menjadi salah satu permainan yang paling populer dan menarik bagi para pemain. Slot online menawarkan kesempatan untuk mendapatkan kemenangan besar dengan sedikit usaha. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim about horizontal gene transfer in bacteria. It discusses online lottery games, their features, and the legal aspects of playing them. There is no mention or implication of gene transfer, bacteria, or any related biological concepts.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Telescopes help astronomers study distant galaxies and stars. [SEP] Text: Previously, we knew it was getting closer but had no idea it was on a collision course. The team Raja belongs to showed this must be the case by comparing two images, taken seven years apart, of stars in Andromeda against the background of distant galaxies. Raja likens this to “watching an insect creep slowly across your wall, using patterned wallpaper as a reference. ” The results showed very little movement left or right, up or down. The only conclusion is that Andromeda is moving in a direct line towards the Milky Way. However, the collision is not due for another 4. 5 billion years. By then, our Sun will have increased in brightness and made it too hot for liquid water on Earth, so it is unlikely anybody will be alive to see it happen. of Astronomy and AstrophysicsUniversity of of the movement of stars in the Andromeda and Triangulum galaxies (NSF), NASA/-the 10. 33424/285 Link to the activity sheet 0 +1 Pinterest 0 LinkedIn 0 high-resolution digital image of Andromeda © The spiral arms of Triangulum are clearly visible in this image of the galaxy © Observatory, which includes the Keck-II telescope, sits at the summit of Maunakea, Hawai’i Amanda at the Keck Observatory, where she and Raja collect spectra of stars in Triangulum and with one of the spectrographs at Keck-II that splits the light received from each star into its constituent wavelengths Amanda talks about her astronomy work to a class of school students over of the 2019 SIP students SIP students enjoy an evening on the beach at Raja with SIP students A painting Amanda did after snorkelling with a turtle A portrait of Raja’s daughter and niece made up entirely of written words and phrases My main interest when I was growing up was art. I loved painting and still do. My mother was a wonderful artist, as were my older sister and grandmother, so I was surrounded by strong artistic influences. I was also interested in sports and enjoyed both watching and playing lots of different sports. I liked all kinds of science when I was at school – biology, chemistry, physics. on Earth, an ecology documentary series narrated by David Attenborough, encouraged me to become a scientist, and trips to the planetarium inspired my love for the stars and motivated me to study astronomy. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by describing how astronomers use telescopes, such as those at the Keck Observatory, to study distant galaxies. Specifically, it mentions Amanda and Raja collecting spectra of stars in the Triangulum galaxy using spectrographs attached to the Keck-II telescope, which supports the assertion that telescopes are essential tools for studying astronomical objects.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Bats are blind and rely solely on echolocation to navigate their environment. [SEP] Text: Again, as in Experiment 1, in the scent versus shape cue test, subjects in Experiment 2 seemed to remain interested in location, choosing the location closest to that where they had experienced reward during training on more than 60 percent of trials, and attending little to either scent or shape (Figure 5). Experiment 3 soricina, during cue tests of scent versus location and shape versus location, the first choices of Carollia perspicillata were highly biased towards location with nine of 10 subjects tested in each condition choosing the previously rewarded location first. The choices of C. perspicillata in Experiment 3 did not differ significantly from the choices of G. soricina in Experiment 1 during location versus shape cue tests (n = 10, location: z = 0. 72, p = 0. 47; shape: z = 0. 55, p = 0. 58), location versus scent cue tests (n = 10, location: z = 0. 49, p = 0. 62; scent: z = 0. 46, p = 0. 65), or shape versus scent cue tests (n = 10, shape: z = 0, p = 1; scent: z = 1. 29, p = 0. 2). DiscussionGlossophaga soricina relied heavily on spatial cues when attempting to relocate foods and essentially ignored the associations between a rewarding feeding site and a shape or scent cue in Experiment 1. Our results in Experiment 2 clearly show that relatively low salience of the scent cues used as stimuli in Experiment 1 was not responsible for the lack of reliance of subjects on scent cues when relocating food. Taken together, the results of Experiments 1 and 2 indicate that G. soricina is strongly predisposed to rely on cues of location and to ignore both scent and shape cues when attempting to relocate a source of food in situations such as those that we and others [14], [15] have examined. Possibly, sensory cues such as scents are used primarily at scales larger or smaller than could be studied in our experimental setting. For example, G. soricina may use spatial memory to reach known flower locations, then use shape and scent to find flower openings. Similarly, female Mexican free-tailed bats (Tadarida brasiliensis, Molossidae) seem to use a step-wise strategy when relocating their own pups amongst what can be millions of others. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by providing evidence that bats, specifically G. soricina and Tadarida brasiliensis, rely heavily on spatial cues and use other sensory modalities (like scent and shape) in their behavior. It indicates that G. soricina does not rely solely on echolocation as it tends to ignore scent and shape cues but instead heavily prioritizes location cues. The mention of female Mexican free-tailed bats using a strategy involving relocation among peers further supports that bats utilize multiple senses, countering the claim that they are wholly reliant on echolocation.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Horizontal gene transfer allows bacteria to acquire new traits. [SEP] Text: Salah satu jenis slot yang sedang naik daun saat ini adalah slot online gacor maxwin, yang menarik perhatian banyak pemain dengan peluang kemenangan yang tinggi. Selain itu, ada juga variasi slot lain seperti slot pulsa, slot dana, dan slot qris yang semakin populer di kalangan penikmat judi online. Dengan berbagai opsi permainan slot yang gacor dan menguntungkan ini, pemain memiliki peluang lebih besar untuk meraih kemenangan besar. ingin meningkatkan peluang menang Anda dalam permainan slot online, ada beberapa tips rahasia yang dapat membantu Anda meraih kemenangan besar. Pertama-tama, penting untuk memahami pola permainan slot online yang dimainkan. Kenali karakteristik dari setiap mesin slot, termasuk jenis taruhan dan kombinasi simbol yang menghasilkan kemenangan. Selanjutnya, tetapkan anggaran permainan yang bijaksana dan patuhi batas tersebut. Hindari bertaruh lebih dari yang dapat Anda tanggung kehilangannya dan bermain dengan disiplin. Terakhir, manfaatkan bonus dan promosi yang disediakan oleh situs slot online. Dengan memanfaatkan bonus secara strategis, peluang Anda untuk menang besar bisa meningkat secara signifikan. pertama dari keunggulan slot gacor adalah kesempatan untuk memenangkan hadiah besar dengan lebih mudah. slot qris Slot gacor cenderung memiliki tingkat keluaran yang tinggi, sehingga peluang untuk mendapatkan kombinasi yang menguntungkan lebih besar. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses online slot games and tips for winning in gambling rather than any biological concepts related to horizontal gene transfer or bacteria acquiring traits.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: The Moon affects tides on Earth due to gravitational pull. [SEP] Text: Skip to main content Get published My account Search all SpringerOpen 38. 08 ± 0. 19 mm/yr, corresponding to an acceleration of the Moon’s orbital mean longitude of −25. 82 ± 0. 13 "/cent2, as determined by the analysis of 43 yr of Ranging (LLR) data. The LLR result is consistent with analyses made with different data spans, different analysis techniques, analysis of optical observations, and independent knowledge of tides. Plate motions change ocean shapes, and geological evidence and model calculations indicate lower rates of tidal evolution for extended past intervals. Earth rotation has long-term slowing due to tidal dissipation, but it also experiences variations for times up to about 105 yr due to changes in the moment of inertia. An analysis of LLR data also tests for any rate of change in either the speed of light c or apparent mean distance. The result is (−2. 8 ± 3. 4)×10–12yr for either scale rate or –(dc/dt)/c, or equivalently −1. 0 ± 1. 3 mm/yr for apparent distance rate. The lunar range does not reveal any change in the speed of light. BackgroundThe gravitational attraction of the Moon at the Earth causes a tidal distortion of the oceans and solid Earth. The tidal bulges are not quite aligned with the direction to the Moon. The orientation of the bulges leads the direction to the Moon, because a delayed response is carried forward by Earth rotation. There results a forward acceleration on the Moon and a deceleration of the Earth’s spin; energy and angular momentum are transferred from the Earth to the lunar orbit. The Moon’s mean distance increases and its orbit period increases. Analysis of accurate laser measurements of the range between observatories on the Earth and retroreflectors on the Moon determines these orbit changes with 1/2% accuracy. The “Calculation of lunar orbit anomaly” paper by Riofrio [1] claims that the present 38. 1 mm/yr Ranging (LLR) value for the tidal recession of the Moon is 9–10 mm/yr too large because a decreasing speed of light causes an apparent increase in distance. To support this idea, evidence from geology, Earth rotation, and ocean model calculations are cited. We discuss the tide-related geological and geophysical evidence. We outline the LLR sensitivity to both lunar tidal recession rate and increasing orbit period (0. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by explaining that 'the gravitational attraction of the Moon at the Earth causes a tidal distortion of the oceans and solid Earth.' This confirms that the Moon's gravitational pull is a causative factor in the formation of tides on Earth.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Bats are blind and rely solely on echolocation to navigate their environment. [SEP] Text: Spatial memory appears to be used first to locate the general area where a pup was left and olfactory and vocal cues are then used to identify an individual pup in the relevant area [21]–[23]. In all three shape versus scent tests, bats attended to nearest locations as much or more than rewarded sensory cues (Figure 5). It is thus likely that bats were still choosing feeders based on proximity to original location rather than scent or shape. Since both species relied primarily on spatial cues to relocate food, our results were unable to find any difference in use of sensory cues between the flower-feeding G. soricina and fruit-eating C. perspicillata. Further tests with additional species might determine the extent to which niche-specific strategies for associating particular cues with food rewards exist in bats. For example, Siemers [25] reported evidence that the insectivorous bat Myotis nattereri (Chiroptera: Vespertilionidae) can easily learn to ignore location and associate shapes with food. Theories of associative learning generally share the assumption that stimuli compete for control of behavior [e. g. 26]. Overshadowing [27] is one example of such competition. If two or more stimuli are simultaneously paired with a rewarding event, as occurred in the present experiments, it is often found that response to any one of them will be less than if that stimulus had been the only one paired with reward. Additional evidence of competition between stimuli for control of behavior can be found in studies of blocking [e. g. 28,29] in which the effects of overshadowing are enhanced by training with one stimulus before it is used as an element in a compound stimulus paired with reward. Such effects have been demonstrated in a wide range of both situations and species- fish [30], birds [31], as well as mammals [28], [29], and there is every reason to expect to see them in bats. The results of the present series of experiment, in which we presented bats with compound stimuli and spatial cues appeared to overshadow both scent and shape cues, are understandable in terms of this fundamental learning mechanism. Because we did not train bats on scent cues alone, and could not therefore compare the control of behavior of scent alone with that of scent as part of a compound stimulus, the evidence of overshadowing of scent by location is not conclusive in our results. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by indicating that bats utilize various sensory cues, including spatial memory and olfactory and vocal cues, in addition to echolocation. This suggests that bats do not solely rely on echolocation for navigation but also use visual and other sensory modalities, thus rebutting the assertion that bats are entirely blind and depend exclusively on echolocation.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Horizontal gene transfer allows bacteria to acquire new traits. [SEP] Text: Tidak hanya itu, mesin slot gacor juga dikenal memberikan bonus dan fitur tambahan yang melimpah. Dengan adanya fitur-fitur ini, pemain dapat meningkatkan peluangnya untuk meraih kemenangan besar dalam permainan slot online. Selain itu, pengalaman bermain slot gacor juga lebih seru dan menarik. Kemenangan yang lebih sering membuat permainan terasa lebih menghibur dan memuaskan bagi para pemain. Tak heran banyak yang memilih untuk memainkan slot gacor demi keseruan dan potensi kemenangan besar. Untuk meningkatkan peluang menang di Slot Qris, penting untuk memahami mekanisme permainan dengan baik. Pastikan untuk membaca aturan dan payout table sebelum memulai taruhan. Selalu kelola modal dengan bijak saat bermain Slot Qris. Tetapkan batas kerugian dan kemenangan yang jelas sebelum bermain agar Anda tidak terbawa emosi dan dapat bermain secara lebih rasional. Jangan lupa untuk memanfaatkan promo dan bonus yang ditawarkan oleh situs Slot Qris. Dengan memanfaatkan promo tersebut, Anda bisa memperbesar kesempatan untuk mendapatkan kemenangan yang besar. 11/07/2024 by admin1989 How to Betting on is a high-octane sport that blends striking and grappling techniques from a wide range of martial arts. This unique style of combat has exploded in popularity, and its growing appeal has led to an increased interest in betting on the sport. With a little knowledge and strategy, you can make money betting on mma fights. The key is to avoid placing emotional bets and focus on making decisions grounded in facts and analysis rather than sentiment or personal bias. Using a reliable online sportsbook to place your bets is also essential. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim about horizontal gene transfer in bacteria. Instead, it discusses topics related to online betting and gambling, which are irrelevant to the claim regarding genetic processes in bacteria.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: The Moon affects tides on Earth due to gravitational pull. [SEP] Text: 352 ms/yr), and compare the recent values with older determinations. Analysis of LLR data also tests whether the speed of light is constant. Results and discussionLunar tidal acceleration and recession rateThe transfer of energy and angular momentum from the rotation of the Earth to the orbit of the Moon causes the length of day, the lunar distance, and the lunar orbit period to increase. By deducing this mechanism, tidal recession was predicted theoretically by in the late 19th century prior to its detection [2, 3]. By convention, the tidal increase in the lunar orbit period is presented as a tidal decrease in mean motion that is equal to a negative tidal acceleration in orbital longitude. Tidal acceleration was detected and presented by [4] and Clemence [5] in the last century from the analysis of optical observations of the Moon, Sun, and planets. According to Kepler’s third law, a negative acceleration in orbital mean longitude (mean longitude = mean anomaly + argument of perigee + node, and its derivative is mean motion) corresponds to a linear increase in semimajor axis. Tidal acceleration is frequently denoted by dn/dt and semimajor axis rate by da/dt. The third-law connection 2a dn/dt + 3n da/dt = 0 gives a first approximation. Some selected values follow: 1) Morrison and Ward [6] found a lunar tidal acceleration in longitude of −26 ± 2 seconds of arc/century2 (“/cent2) from the analysis of optical observations. Analysis of timings of transits of Mercury across the Sun from 1677–1973 allowed the changing angular rotation of the Earth to be determined separately from the lunar orbital tidal acceleration. Before accurate clocks became available in the middle of the last century, Earth rotation was a “clock” for celestial observations. The deceleration and other variations in Earth rotation needed to be determined with respect to a uniform physical time scale in order to determine the lunar tidal acceleration with respect to that time scale. The orbit of Mercury provided the uniform time scale. 2) Dickey et al. [7] determined a lunar tidal acceleration in longitude of −25. 88 ± 0. 5 “/cent2 and a semimajor axis rate of +38. 2 ± 0. 7 mm/yr from analysis of 24 yr of Ranging (LLR) data. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing 'lunar tidal acceleration' and how the transfer of energy and angular momentum from the rotation of the Earth to the orbit of the Moon affects various parameters such as the 'length of day' and 'lunar distance'. It implies that these factors, which are linked to the gravitational interactions between the Earth and the Moon, contribute to tidal effects.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Bats are blind and rely solely on echolocation to navigate their environment. [SEP] Text: Still, the present findings are consistent with the notion that an overshadowing of scent and shape cues by spatial cues is a phylogenetically conserved trait in phyllostomid bats. The divergence of the phyllostomid bats into a wide variety of ecological niches suggests that they may provide an excellent model system for studies of the evolution of specializations in cognition [32]–[35]. It would be of interest to determine whether: (1) as Stich and Winter [15] suggest in phyllostomid bats, overshadowing of scent and shape cues by spatial cues might be less pronounced in insectivorous than in frugivorous or nectarivorous species of phyllostomids, and (2) prior training with scent or shape cues as signals for the presence of food would reduce reliance on spatial cues in nectar-feeding and fruit-eating phyllostomid bats when they attempt to relocate food. Page and Ryan [32] indirectly demonstrate that this is likely the case for the animal-eating phyllostomid, Trachops cirrhosus, when localizing frogs using their mating calls. In making predictions about the outcome of such experiments, it is important to keep in mind that foraging in rain forest understory, as do many phyllostomid bats, might provide strong general selection for attention to location rather than primary sensory cues while navigating through the environment. We found that both nectar-feeding and fruit-eating bats, born (or living at least 18 years) in captivity, exhibit strong reliance on spatial cues when foraging a relatively few times in a simple, small-scale setting. Taken together with Winter and Stich's demonstration of a similar reliance on spatial cues by nectar-feeding bats feeding many thousands of times in a more complex environment [13], these findings provide compelling evidence of a powerful, experience-independent predilection of the phyllostomid bats studied to date to rely on spatial cues when attempting to relocate food. 1. (2003) Use of position and feature cues in discrimination learning by whiptail lizards (Cnemidophorus inornatus). J 117: 440–448. View 2. -(2004) Encoding of geometric and featural spatial information by goldfish (Carassius auratus). J 118: 206–216. View 3. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by detailing that phyllostomid bats utilize spatial cues in addition to other sensory information when navigating and foraging. It mentions that these bats exhibit a strong reliance on spatial cues, suggesting their navigation is not solely dependent on echolocation. This implies that the claim about bats being 'blind' and relying only on echolocation is an oversimplification of their cognitive capabilities.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Horizontal gene transfer allows bacteria to acquire new traits. [SEP] Text: This way, you can be sure that your bets are being placed on a secure platform and your personal information is protected. Betting on MMA fights is very similar to betting on other sports events, but with a few key differences. For one, MMA odds are adjusted to reflect public perception, so understanding how they work can help you make smarter bets. It’s also helpful to know the different types of MMA betting, including moneyline bets, over/under bets, and parlays. Moreover, the use of social media by fighters can be an important tool to evaluate their performance and form. One of the biggest advantages of MMA betting is the variety of wagering options available. Unlike most major sports, which offer only a few standard bets, MMA betting offers bettors an opportunity to get involved in every aspect of a fight, from the outcome to the methods of victory. In addition to the traditional bets such as moneyline and over/under, MMA betting offers other fun bets like round betting and the always-entertaining method-of-victory bet. Moneyline bets, which are based on picking the winner of a particular match, are the most common MMA betting bets. Depending on the sportbook, you can find these bets in the MMA section of the site or under the main sportsbook menu. You can also place these bets in-play, which allows you to see the odds as they are updated throughout the fight. Over/under bets are another popular MMA betting option. This type of bet involves placing a wager on how many rounds the fight will last. Typically, sportsbooks set a total number of rounds and bettors can place a bet on whether the fight will go over or under that amount. Mma betting is a great way to add excitement and value to your MMA experience. Whether you’re watching a fight on your own or with friends, you can bet on the action and win big! Just remember to be responsible and keep your bankroll in check. Don’t bet more than you can afford to lose, and be sure to have a plan for when you lose. This way, you can enjoy MMA betting without worrying about your wallet. 11/07/2024 by admin1989 How to Play at a A live casino is an online gaming platform where players can interact with a real dealer and other players in real time. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim regarding horizontal gene transfer in bacteria. It discusses MMA betting and does not mention bacteria, horizontal gene transfer, or any related scientific concepts.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: The Moon affects tides on Earth due to gravitational pull. [SEP] Text: The lunar orbit and orientation were generated by numerical integration. 3) Chapront et al. [8] found a tidal acceleration of −25. 858 “/cent2 from analysis of LLR data. They used series representations for lunar orbit and orientation. 4) Williams et al. [9, 10] obtained a tidal acceleration of −25. 85 “/cent2 and a semimajor axis rate of +38. 14 mm/yr for the DE421 lunar ephemeris, which was derived from analysis of 38 yr of LLR data. DE421 was integrated numerically. 5) Williams et al. [11] determine a tidal acceleration of −25. 82 ± 0. 13 “/cent2 and a semimajor axis rate of +38. 08 ± 0. 19 mm/yr for the recent DE430 lunar ephemeris, which is derived from analysis of 43 yr of LLR data (18,548 ranges from March 1970 to December 2012). The agreement between the Morrison and Ward [6] result and the LLR analyses [7–11] demonstrates that optical observations, mainly occultation timings, and laser ranges detect the same tidal acceleration. The tidal acceleration value derived by Chapront et al. [8] shows that an independent approach and software yields compatible LLR results. The JPL results [7],[9–11] demonstrate that with increasing data span and improving uncertainty the tidal acceleration determination is stable. Ordered by decreasing contribution, the M2, O1, and N2 tides determine most of the tidal acceleration. But for eccentricity rate the order is N2, Moon tides, Q1, and M2, with the second and last being negative. The tide model for DE421 adjusted one time-delay dissipation parameter for semidiurnal tides, one for diurnal tides, and one for Moon tides. These parameters fit the tidal acceleration well, but were less successful with the eccentricity rate [10]. The model for tidal perturbations from tides on the Earth was improved prior to DE430 [11] to allow for time-delay shifts across the diurnal and semidiurnal bands. The DE430 tidal eccentricity rate is 1. 4×10–11/yr, with 1. 8×10–11/yr coming from tides on the Earth and −0. 4×10–11/yr from solid-body tides on the Moon. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing various measurements and models of tidal acceleration related to the Moon's influence. It specifically indicates that lunar tides contribute predominantly to the tidal behavior on Earth, with parameters fitting the tidal acceleration indicating the Moon's significant role in tidal dynamics.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Bats are blind and rely solely on echolocation to navigate their environment. [SEP] Text: Moreover, the methods based on polarization and interferometry have never been tested on actual experimental data acquired from space. Different animal species, such as dolphins and bats, rely on echolocation for foraging and navigation11. Their bio-sonars characteristics and processing scheme share many similarities with the strategies being adopted in radar sounders design and operations. As an example, some bat species transmit linear frequency-modulated signals12 and adapt the time between each signal transmission according to the target distance13. When hunting preys, bats usually fly in complex environments such as canopies of forests. This suggests that their sonar system should be capable of dealing with unwanted echoes coming from the surroundings14,15,16. Moreover, big brown bats need to face a given prey with their mouth. This implies that their targets will always be oriented toward nadir direction. It is therefore clear that a radar sounder and a big brown bat share a similar acquisition geometry (Fig. 3) even if in very different scenarios. Bates et al. 14 made a major step forward in unveiling the processing scheme of big brown bats (Eptesicus Fuscus) that is associated with their remarkable clutter mitigation performance. The main concept behind the clutter reduction technique is to exploit frequency diversity. Big brown bats modulate two different harmonics over the same linear frequency-modulated signal. The pattern beam-width (i. e. , spatial distribution of the transmitted energy) is frequency dependent and narrower for the higher harmonic with respect to the fundamental one. Moreover, the signal attenuation due to atmospheric effects is frequency dependent too. By performing the ratio of the echo power between the two harmonics, big brown bats can predict the echo direction of arrival and range. Fig. 3Bats and radar sounder similarity in acquisition geometry. Similarity between a bats and b radar sounders acquisition geometry. In the bat case, side clutter echoes are coming from foliage, while in the radar sounder case are coming from surface features. For both cases, the target of interested is always located in nadir directionFull size image Here we successfully adapt and implement the big brown bats clutter mitigation mechanism to radar geophysical exploration of planetary bodies. We propose a clutter detection model inspired by the bats processing strategy and tailored to the specific case of radar subsurface sounding. This results in a model that provides simple physical conditions for which clutter ambiguities can be resolved. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by explaining that bats use a sophisticated echolocation system that involves processing signals for navigation and foraging in complex environments. It does not support the idea that bats are blind, nor does it establish that they rely solely on echolocation without any other sensory input. The mention of the 'big brown bats' needing to orient towards their prey suggests that they possibly use visual inputs as well. Therefore, the claim is misleading since the text highlights the complexity of bat navigation beyond merely relying on echolocation.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Horizontal gene transfer allows bacteria to acquire new traits. [SEP] Text: They offer a dynamic experience that replicates the atmosphere of physical casinos and enhances player trust. The live dealers and real casino equipment (like roulette wheels and card tables) also help to minimize player concerns about games being rigged. To participate in live casino games, players simply log into their favorite online gambling site and move to the live casino section. They can then select from a range of popular games, including blackjack, baccarat, poker, and roulette. Live casinos often partner with top software providers to create a unique gaming experience. Some of the best include Evolution Gaming, Playtech, and Gaming. The most important factor to consider when choosing a live casino is the game selection and quality of the gameplay. Make sure that the live casino offers all of your favorite casino games and that the dealer is friendly and courteous. Also, check the live casino’s security measures to ensure that your money is safe. Some live casinos use dedicated studios with high-quality video cameras and specialized lighting to produce the best possible gameplay. The video feed is processed by special software, which converts the action on the table into digital data that is displayed on the player’s screen. This means that you can see the cards, the roulette wheel, and the dice as they are rolled. This immersive experience is very popular among players. Besides a wide selection of games, live casinos also feature a range of bonuses and promotions to boost your winnings. Some of the most common bonuses are deposit match bonuses and free spins. However, there are some sites that also offer unique prizes like free merchandise or exclusive casino chips. Another way to increase your chances of winning is by learning the rules and strategies for each game. For example, three-card poker is not a game that many beginners play, but its simplicity makes it easy to learn. You can also try baccarat, which is another game that is easy to learn. Live casinos are becoming increasingly popular, particularly with younger players. They provide a more realistic and social gambling experience than RNG-based games, which can be less exciting for some players. Moreover, the technology used in live casinos is improving, making it more affordable and accessible to everyone. In addition to traditional casino table games, some live casinos are now offering first-person casino experiences. These games combine the buzz of traditional slot machines with a live dealer, giving players that authentic casino feel. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses live casinos, online gambling, and their features, which do not pertain to horizontal gene transfer or bacteria acquiring traits.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: The Moon affects tides on Earth due to gravitational pull. [SEP] Text: This is an improvement over DE421 (0. 9×10–11/yr), but when an analytical eccentricity rate solution parameter is added to post-DE430 LLR analyses, then an additional rate is found and the total eccentricity rate becomes (1. 9 ± 0. 2)×10–11/yr. The extra eccentricity rate, in addition to the rate from our tidal model, implies that further dissipation-related modeling improvements are possible. There is further evidence supporting the modern determinations of lunar tidal acceleration and recession. Tides on the Earth have been studied with satellites. Altimetry measures ocean tide heights, and tidal attraction is determined from perturbations on satellite orbits. These studies separate the tides into different periodic components. For example, the largest semidiurnal tide is the M2 tide with a period of 12. 42 hr, and the largest diurnal tide is the O1 tide with a 25. 82-hr period. There are also slow zonal tides with periods of one month and one-half month. Tides raised by the Sun are about half the size of tides raised by the Moon. Lunar tidal acceleration is mainly caused by the gravity from Moon-raised tides on the Earth acting back on the Moon. Lunar tidal acceleration, computed from the satellite-determined tidal components presented by Lyard et al. [12] and Ray [13], compared favorably with the tidal acceleration of the LLR-derived DE421 lunar orbit [9, 10]. Williams et al. [10] found a difference of less than 1% between the two values. The DE430 tidal acceleration [11] also agrees within 1%. The lunar tidal anomaly paper [1] focuses its discussion on the semimajor axis rate da/dt, rather than the acceleration in orbital mean longitude. The LLR data analyses are more sensitive to the acceleration in mean anomaly, a near proxy for the acceleration in mean longitudea, than to the recession rate because the lunar orbit is eccentric [14]. Because there is a monthly variation of the radius of the lunar orbit, any perturbation of mean anomaly will cause a perturbation in that radius. For example, the tidal acceleration causes a −2. 4 m/yr2 t2 perturbation in the product of semimajor axis a and mean longitude perturbation, and an approximate +0. 038 m/yr t – 0. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by explaining how lunar tidal acceleration is influenced by the gravitational pull of the Moon on Earth, leading to the creation of tides. It describes how 'tides raised by the Sun are about half the size of tides raised by the Moon' and provides evidence supporting lunar tidal acceleration, which strongly supports the assertion that the Moon affects Earth's tides due to its gravity.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Bats are blind and rely solely on echolocation to navigate their environment. [SEP] Text: This quantity depends on factors such as the shape and material of the target. A t is the target area, a large target reflects more energy back to the bat. Finally, α b(f n ) is the atmospheric attenuation constant, which greatly affects the amount of echo power received by the bat and sensibly increases with frequency18. The relevant parameters of the above equation are sketched in Fig. 4a. Fig. 4Bats and radar sounder acquisition geometry scheme. a Visualization of bats acquisition geometry assuming multi-harmonic signal transmission. The bats exploits a combination of atmospheric attenuation and antenna pattern diversity to distinguish clutter echoes coming from foliage. b Acquisition geometry for radar sounders assuming multi-harmonic transmission. The echo strength reduction in the subsurface depends on the transmitted frequencyFull size image The bats multi-harmonic scheme is reflected by modeling in the radar equation the transmission being performed at two different harmonics namely f 1 and f 2. Both harmonics modulate the same chirp signal (i. e. , linear frequency modulated) with equal bandwidth and pulse width. This is consistent with the bats transmission scheme presented in Bates et al. 14. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the complexity of bats' navigation, emphasizing that bats use a combination of atmospheric factors and antenna pattern diversity for distinguishing echoes, which implies that they may utilize more than just echolocation for navigation.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Horizontal gene transfer allows bacteria to acquire new traits. [SEP] Text: These games are a great option for those who want to enjoy the thrill of online gambling but don’t have the budget to visit a brick-and-mortar establishment. 09/07/2024 by admin1989 What is Gambling? Gambling is an activity in which a person risks something of value on an event that relies on chance, with the intention of winning a prize. It has existed in virtually every society since prerecorded history and is a part of many local customs and rites of passage. In addition to its role in local culture, gambling also contributes to economic development. It provides jobs and boosts consumer spending. It also benefits communities that are strategically positioned to draw tourists through gambling. Gamblers choose to gamble for different reasons. Some do it for fun; others enjoy the feeling of euphoria that comes from winning. The reason for this is that gambling stimulates the brain’s reward system. This reward system is activated by dopamine, a neurotransmitter that makes us feel good. It is released during gambling as a result of the anticipation of a potential win and even when you lose. Regulatory bodies ensure the safety of gambling establishments, and they also implement measures to prevent problem gambling. This includes providing resources for addiction treatment, and encouraging gamblers to participate in a wide range of other recreational activities. Gambling also helps to build socialization among people, as it is a form of entertainment and an opportunity for them to meet friends and relatives in a friendly setting. In fact, some groups of people organize trips to casinos and have a great time together. Some people become addicted to gambling because of the euphoria and the sense of accomplishment that come from winning. However, the reality is that most people don’t get rich from gambling and they have a much higher risk of losing their money than winning it. They may also find themselves in debt and needing to borrow more money in order to continue to gamble. These are signs of a serious problem. While there are a few things that can help you manage your gambling habits, the most important thing is to avoid doing it altogether. If you have a problem with gambling, it’s best to seek help from a therapist or support group. Also, it’s a good idea to keep a journal of your gambling habits and the times when you are most likely to gamble. It will help you identify patterns and trends that you can use to change your behavior. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim regarding horizontal gene transfer in bacteria. It focuses entirely on gambling, its history, societal implications, and psychological effects, without any mention of genetics or bacteria.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: The Moon affects tides on Earth due to gravitational pull. [SEP] Text: 13 m/yr2 t2 sin(mean anomaly) perturbation in radius, where the time t in years is zero at the epoch when the perturbation starts to accumulate. The oscillating t2 term in radius is much stronger than the linear t term from the semimajor axis for times of years to decades. By only considering the increasing semimajor axis, [1] incorrectly assumed that LLR data analysis would mistake any constant rate in radius for a tidal perturbation. The perturbation in orbital radius from the DE430 tidal eccentricity rate is approximately −0. 005 m/yr t cos(mean anomaly), distinct from either a linear increase or a t2 sin(mean anomaly). The foregoing expressions are for illustration; the LLR programs use an integrated orbit. The moon’s evolving orbit and the earth’s decelerating spinThe lunar anomaly paper [1] offered three types of evidence in support of a slower semimajor axis rate: geological evidence from a rhythmite, ocean model calculations of tides, and nontidal acceleration of the Earth’s rotation. RhythmitesTidal rhythmites preserve geological layering from ancient tides, and they may allow the past evolution of the Moon to be unraveled. Modulation of the layers may permit the number of days per month, days per year, or months per year to be determined after identifying the cause of each periodicity. The lunar anomaly paper [1] selected the 310 million year old Mansfield sediment to derive a 2. 9 ± 0. 6 cm/yr average lunar recession rate over the 310 million year interval. A review of tidal rhythmites and related structures is presented by Coughenur et al. [15]. This review gives a 2. 17 ± 0. 31 cm/yr average recession rate for the 620 million year old Reynella Siltstone, a member of the Elatina Formation. We accept the idea that the past rate of lunar recession was lower than the present value for extended spans of time, but we do not accept the practice of using a past rate to replace or assess the accuracy of the current rate. Most of the tidal dissipation that causes the recession of the Moon occurs in the oceans. The pattern of each tidal component is complicated; see Coughenur et al. [15] and Poliakow [16] for examples. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by explaining that tidal dissipation occurring in the oceans causes the recession of the Moon, implying a direct relationship between the Moon’s gravitational influence and tidal activity on Earth. It provides details on the geological evidence and models supporting the understanding of how the Moon's orbit affects Earth’s tides.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Bats are blind and rely solely on echolocation to navigate their environment. [SEP] Text: Together with my postdoc advisor I watched video clips about remarkable people like nicknamed Human Bats. are blind and exceptionally skilled at echolocation to the degree that they go mountain biking or can tell what objects are without touching them. They also teach others (Fig. 1). This was when I started working on human echolocation. Today in my lab we investigate human echolocation as a topic in its own right, and use it to understand how the human brain adapts to learning new skills. Figure 1. Photograph of teaching echolocation to a child who is blind. Echolocation works well together with other mobility methods, for example the long cane. Credit: for the Blind. How do humans use echolocation and how does this differ from other animals? Bats and dolphins are well known for their ability to use echolocation. They emit bursts of sounds and listen to the echoes that bounce back to perceive their environment. Human echolocation uses the same technique. It relies on an initial audible emission, and subsequent reflection of sound from the environment. When people echolocate, they make audible emissions like mouth clicks, finger snaps, whistling, cane taps, or footsteps. These are all in the audible spectrum, as opposed to the ultrasound emissions that bats or dolphins use. Even though every person, blind or sighted, can learn how to echolocate, to date the most skilled human echolocators are blind (Kolarik et al. , 2014; 2021). The emissions that proficient echolocators prefer to use are mouth clicks. In our work we have measured thousands of these clicks (see Fig. 2), and have found that they are very brief (~5 ms), and that the beam of sound spreads out in a way that I like to refer to as a “beam of an acoustic flashlight” (Thaler et al. , 2017) (see Fig. 3). We have also found that people adjust clicks dynamically. For example, people will make more clicks or louder clicks when the echo is comparably weaker (Thaler et al. , 2018) or to compensate for interfering noises (Castillo-Serrano et al. , 2020). This dynamic nature is likely to be important when using echolocation out and about. We also use motion capture to investigate how echolocation is related to body movement, for example during walking. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by highlighting that while bats are known for their echolocation abilities, it does not explicitly confirm that bats are blind or rely solely on echolocation. Instead, it notes that bats emit sounds and listen for echoes to perceive their environment, similar to how humans use echolocation. Furthermore, the discussion around human echolocation suggests broader implications of navigation that may extend beyond reliance on echolocation alone.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Horizontal gene transfer allows bacteria to acquire new traits. [SEP] Text: While gambling is a great way to pass time and socialize with friends, it can have serious consequences on your health and wellbeing. The best way to overcome a gambling problem is to find healthier ways to relieve unpleasant emotions or boredom, such as exercising, spending time with friends who don’t gamble, or trying out new hobbies. You should never try to recoup your losses by betting more money; this is known as “chasing” your losses and is a sure sign of a gambling addiction. In some cases, a gambling addiction can have a negative impact on family relationships, career, physical and mental health, and personal finances. 08/07/2024 by admin1989 Online: Akun Demo, Pragmatic Play, dan Dalam dunia perjudian online, permainan slot telah menjadi salah satu favorit para pemain. Kemudahan akses dan kemungkinan untuk meraih kemenangan besar membuat slot online semakin populer. Namun, untuk bisa sukses dalam bermain slot online, Anda perlu memahami beberapa rahasia dan tips penting yang akan membantu meningkatkan peluang Anda meraih keuntungan. Salah satu kunci kesuksesan bermain slot online adalah memanfaatkan akun demo. Dengan akun demo, Anda dapat berlatih dan menguji strategi permainan tanpa harus merisikokan uang sungguhan. Selain itu, pemahaman yang baik tentang provider slot seperti juga dapat membantu Anda memilih permainan yang sesuai dengan preferensi dan gaya bermain Anda. Jangan lupa untuk memperhatikan tips terbaru untuk mendapatkan slot gacor atau slot maxwin yang dapat meningkatkan peluang Anda memenangkan hadiah besar. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim regarding horizontal gene transfer in bacteria. It discusses gambling, health, and online gaming, but does not mention bacteria, gene transfer, or any scientific concepts related to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: The Moon affects tides on Earth due to gravitational pull. [SEP] Text: Each tidal component has an individual period, and for each the pattern of local tide heights and phases depends on location. The combination of tidal components also depends on location, a complication for the analysis of rhythmites. The pattern for each tidal component can be combined into a global series of spherical harmonic functions. In a global sense, energy dissipation causes each tidal component to shift orientation with respect to the Moon’s attraction. This phase-shifted part of each tidal component causes lunar tidal acceleration, semimajor axis rate, and eccentricity rate. Plate motion changes the shapes and locations of the oceans, and this causes substantial variations in the tidal acceleration over ~108 yr time scales [16]. Although the tidal acceleration varies over these long time scales, the Moon continues to move outward. Tide modelsPoliakow [16] computed the past evolution of one tidal component, M2, the largest semidiurnal component. The M2 tidal component contributes ~80% of the current total tidal acceleration. Although the M2 tide does not cause the total recession rate, the lunar anomaly paper [1] cites the M2 calculation of a current +29 mm/yr contribution [16] as though the M2 rate was the total recession rate. For comparison, the DE430 lunar ephemeris has a 31 mm/yr recession rate caused by the M2 component. Other DE430 rates are +33. 5 mm/yr from all semidiurnal tides, +5. 1 mm/yr from all diurnal tides, and −0. 5 mm/yr from zonal tides on the Earth and tides on the Moon [11]. Although [1] cites Poliakow [16] for support for a 29 mm/yr recession rate, it contradicts his calculations for large variation in the past M2-caused rate by saying “For the Moon’s recession to vary so greatly, tidal heights would have to increase enormously over time. ” In addition to contradicting the cited paper, this statement seems to confuse the roles of local tide heights that influence rhythmites and phase-shifted components of global tides that cause the lunar recession rate. Any claim of steady tide heights based on rhythmites must be viewed with skepticism. Over 108 yr time scales, the oceans changed shape due to plate motion, which affected tides. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing how tidal components, influenced by the Moon's gravitational pull, create variations in local tide heights and impactful tidal acceleration over time. The statement 'the M2 tidal component contributes ~80% of the current total tidal acceleration' directly supports the idea that the Moon plays a crucial role in the generation of tides on Earth.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Bats are blind and rely solely on echolocation to navigate their environment. [SEP] Text: The motion capture technology we use is the same used to create CGI movies such as Avatar or Express. Reflective markers are placed on a person’s body, and movements of these markers are captured with special cameras (see Fig. 4). Using this technology, we found that echolocation can support walking in a similar way to vision (Thaler et al. , 2020). We found that people who are blind and who have experience using echolocation walk just as fast as people using vision. They also have walking paths that are very similar to sighted people using vision, for example when navigating around obstacles. Figure 2. Photograph of the setup used to make recordings of echolocation mouth clicks. Recordings are made in rooms that are insulated against outside noise, and the walls, ceilings and floors of which are covered in special foam. Thin metal poles covered with cotton wool are used to hold microphones, and another metal pole is provided for positional guidance for the person making mouth clicks. During recordings only the person making clicks is inside the room. The experimenter controls the equipment from outside the room. Credit: Understanding brain activity related to echoes We are also interested in the brain basis for echolocation in people. Neuroimaging methods such as functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) are suitable for investigating this. One of the problems we face when using fMRI to investigate echolocation is the scanner is a very confined space, with not enough room to actually echolocate. In fact, during scanning, the participant lies inside a narrow tube that is only 60 cm in diameter, and the inside of that tube is about 10 cm from your eyes or mouth, so really very close. This can be overcome by using “virtual” echo acoustic spaces. In my lab we make use of passive listening scenarios. To do this, we first make recordings inside the ears of a participant whilst they are echolocating scenarios outside of the scanner. Subsequently, inside the scanner, these scenarios are recreated by playing the recordings back using special in-ear headphones. Other labs have overcome this issue by recording the clicks that people make inside the scanner, and then processing them to create a virtual scene, which is played back to the participant via headphones. The advantage of this technique is that the participant can make their own emissions during scanning. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing research on echolocation in people who are blind, revealing that they can walk just as fast and have walking paths similar to sighted individuals. This implies that echolocation is an addition to, rather than a sole reliance on, visual capability. Although it does not directly address bats, the findings indicate that echolocation is not the exclusive method for navigation and that other senses may factor into spatial awareness.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Horizontal gene transfer allows bacteria to acquire new traits. [SEP] Text: Pertama, akun demo slot memungkinkan pemain untuk mencoba berbagai jenis permainan slot secara gratis tanpa harus mengeluarkan uang sungguhan. Hal ini memberikan kesempatan bagi pemain untuk memahami aturan dan fitur-fitur khusus dari setiap permainan sebelum memasang taruhan dengan uang sungguhan. Kedua, akun demo slot juga dapat digunakan sebagai sarana latihan bagi pemain yang ingin meningkatkan keterampilan dan strategi bermain mereka. Dengan berlatih secara rutin melalui akun demo, pemain dapat mengembangkan pemahaman yang lebih baik tentang cara memenangkan permainan slot secara efektif. Terakhir, manfaat akun demo slot adalah memungkinkan pemain untuk mengevaluasi berbagai platform permainan slot online sebelum memutuskan tempat bermain yang tepat. Dengan mencoba akun demo dari berbagai penyedia permainan, pemain dapat memilih platform yang sesuai dengan preferensi mereka dan menikmati pengalaman bermain slot yang lebih menyenangkan. menawarkan berbagai permainan slot online yang menarik dengan grafis yang memukau dan fitur-fitur inovatif. Sebelum mulai bermain, pastikan untuk memahami aturan dan pembayaran dalam setiap game agar dapat meningkatkan peluang menang. Selain itu, manfaatkan fitur akun demo slot untuk berlatih tanpa risiko kehilangan uang sungguhan. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim, as it discusses demo slot accounts in online gambling, explaining how players can practice and improve their skills without risking real money. It does not mention bacteria or horizontal gene transfer at all.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: The Moon affects tides on Earth due to gravitational pull. [SEP] Text: Short-term effects can include ocean and atmospheric mass redistribution, elastic response to changing loads, and a tide that changes the moment of inertia with an 18. 6-yr period. A recent Cheng et al. [22] analysis finds a negative J2 rate from 1976 to ~1995 that agrees with Yoder et al. [21], but the rate subsequently decreases, possibly due to (short-term) modern global warming and the resulting redistribution of water mass. Stephenson and Morrison [20] analyzed Earth rotation over 2700 yr, so long-term changes apply. The initial determination of dJ2/dt led [21] to an explanation for the nontidal acceleration of the Earth’s rotation. The negative dC/dt was interpreted to be from viscous rebound of the Earth following deglaciation near the end of the last ice age ~104 yr ago. The weight of glaciers depressed the surface of the Earth under the polar ice during the ice ages, and after melting removed that weight the Earth’s surface started rebounding upward. Viscous rebound is slow lasting thousands of years and continuing today. The slow shape change from viscous rebound causes a nontidal acceleration of Earth rotation with a sign opposite to that of tidal deceleration. Over the longer ~105 yr time scale of ice age cycles, the nontidal acceleration changes sign and is not truly secular. The past decrease of J2 has been detected, and the directly linked nontidal acceleration of rotation applies to historical data. explanations, the lunar anomaly paper [1] attempts to mention and discount the viscous rebound explanation, but the statements there are confusing. The viscous rebound of the Earth has an exponential relaxation time of several thousand years; large-scale deglaciation is only required near the end of the last (quaternary) ice age ~10–15 thousand years ago, so extensive deglaciation is not required for historical times. Nontidal acceleration of Earth rotation does not change tidal friction, but it complicates any use of the deceleration of Earth rotation to infer lunar tidal recession, which [1] attempts. Testing whether the speed of light decreasesThe lunar anomaly paper [1] proposes that the speed of light c is slowing with time. Although a slowing speed of light would cause an increase in the apparent lunar distance, it would not change the tidal acceleration in orbital longitude, already conflicting with the observational results given earlier. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text provides an overview of various factors affecting Earth's tides, including ocean and atmospheric mass redistribution and the effects of Earth's rotation. The mention of 'nontidal acceleration of Earth rotation' and details about the tidal deceleration caused by the Moon's gravitational effects corroborates the claim that the Moon influences tides on Earth. Additionally, the text discusses how the Moon's gravitational pull interacts with other long-term geological processes, supporting the concept that the Moon plays an integral role in tidal dynamics.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Bats are blind and rely solely on echolocation to navigate their environment. [SEP] Text: All blind participants in this study were independent travellers, and had mobility skills (See Fig. 6) before taking part in the study (e. g. long cane or guide-dog users). Thus, any benefits of click-based echolocation we observed were in addition to those preexisting skills. The results from this work suggest that echolocation might be a useful skill for people who are blind, and that even 10 weeks training can lead to measurable benefits in terms of mobility, independence and wellbeing. The fact that the ability to learn click-based echolocation was not strongly limited by age or level of vision has positive implications for the rehabilitation of people with vision loss or in the early stages of progressive vision loss. Ongoing and future work in my lab will continue investigating issues relating to human echolocation and using echolocation as a paradigm to better understand the human brain and cognition. For example, we would like to use echolocation to learn more about the brain’s ability to adapt to change as a function of age. For example, how do children acquire echolocation skills, and how does this compare to adults and how is this related to sensory loss? Better understanding of such issues might also have potential applications for timing of rehabilitative interventions for children and young people. Figure 6. Echolocation users at Durham University. Echolocation works well together with other mobility methods such as guide dogs or the long cane. Credit: 11. Kolarik AJ et al. (2014). A summary of research investigating echolocation abilities of blind and sighted humans. 310, 60-68. Kolarik AJ et al. (2021). A framework to account for the effects of visual loss on human auditory abilities. Psychological Review, 128(5), 913. Norman L, (2019). Retinotopic-like maps of spatial sound in primary ‘visual’ cortex of blind human echolocators. Proceedings of the Royal Society: 286(1912), 20191910. et al. (2021). Human click-based echolocation: Effects of blindness and age, and real-life implications in a 10-week training program. 16(6), e0252330. et al. (2011). Neural correlates of natural human echolocation in early and late blind echolocation experts. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by implying that not all organisms that use echolocation, such as humans, are blind and do not rely solely on this ability. It discusses the skills and mobility of blind individuals, along with the benefits of echolocation training. This suggests that echolocation is an additional skill rather than the only method of navigation, indicating that the claim regarding bats being exclusively reliant on echolocation due to blindness is overly simplistic and potentially misleading.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Horizontal gene transfer allows bacteria to acquire new traits. [SEP] Text: Dengan akun demo, Anda dapat memahami mekanisme permainan, mencoba strategi baru, dan meningkatkan keterampilan bermain slot sebelum bermain dengan taruhan yang sebenarnya. slot demo Jangan lupa untuk selalu mencari tips slot gacor terbaru yang bisa membantu meningkatkan peluang kemenangan Anda. sering kali menyediakan promosi menarik dan bonus besar yang dapat dimanfaatkan untuk memaksimalkan hasil bermain Anda. Dalam permainan slot online, strategi bisa menjadi kunci untuk meraih kemenangan. Salah satu strategi yang bisa digunakan adalah dengan memahami pola permainan dari slot gacor yang sering memberikan kemenangan besar. Selain itu, penting juga untuk memperhatikan volatilitas dari slot yang dimainkan. Slot dengan volatilitas tinggi cenderung memberikan kemenangan besar namun dengan frekuensi yang lebih rendah, sementara slot dengan volatilitas rendah memiliki peluang kemenangan yang lebih sering namun dengan jumlah yang lebih kecil. Terakhir, manfaatkan fitur bonus dan promosi yang ditawarkan oleh penyedia slot online. Bonus dan promosi bisa meningkatkan peluang untuk meraih kemenangan dengan memperbesar modal yang dimiliki. 08/07/2024 by admin1989 What is a Game? A mobile gambling game is a type of electronic betting application that allows players to place bets on a variety of sports and other events using their smartphone or tablet computer. These apps are easy to use and offer a convenient way for people to gamble without having to travel to a land-based casino. They also offer fast loading games that are optimized for mobile devices. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim regarding horizontal gene transfer and bacterial traits. It discusses strategies for playing online slot games and mobile gambling applications, which have no connection to genetic mechanisms in bacteria.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: The Moon affects tides on Earth due to gravitational pull. [SEP] Text: EndnotesaThe tidal acceleration in mean anomaly and mean longitude are nearly the same. The tidal accelerations of the argument of perigee and node are smaller by two orders of magnitude. The practice of giving the acceleration in mean longitude is a convention from the days of optical observations of angles. bThe computation of dissipation-induced orbit and rotation changes from each global tidal component involves a ratio of Love number k2 divided by a specific dissipation Q for the component. Large values of k2/Q are referred to as more effective here. For a global representation of tides, although most of the phase-shifted tide comes from the oceans, the in-phase part comes mainly from solid-body tides. For the global M2 tide, LLR analysis has k2/Q ≈ 0. 32/13 with a phase shift of 4. 5˚. cThe orbital tidal acceleration is mainly sensitive to dissipation from tides raised by the Moon on the Earth, with a 1% effect from tides raised by the Earth on the Moon [11, 29]. However, the tidal deceleration of the Earth’s rotation is sensitive to tides raised on the Earth by both Moon and Sun. Also, the K1 tidal dissipation affects rotation, but not orbit. Consequently, although the larger part of the tidal deceleration of rotation is from tidal components that also affect the orbit, a tidal model is required for part of the rotation computation. This can be as simple as a constant phase shift, or as sophisticated as an ocean model such as [12, 13]. Authors’ informationJGW provides theoretical developments, computational formulations, and oversees data solutions for LLR data analysis. SGT participates in LLR studies concerning gravitational physics and cosmology. DHB performs the LLR data analysis and maintains the LLR code. AbbreviationsJPL: Jet propulsion laboratory: LLR: Lunar laser ranging: 1. 10. 1186/2191-2521-1-1530. 10. 1098/rstl. 1879. 0073891. 10. 1098/rstl. 1880. 0020558. 179. 10. 1086/1060881973. R 1975, 173: 183–206. 490. 10. 1126/science. 265. 5171. 482709. 10. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by indicating that 'the orbital tidal acceleration is mainly sensitive to dissipation from tides raised by the Moon on the Earth,' which implies a direct effect of the Moon's gravitational pull on Earth's tides. Additionally, it discusses the significance of tidal forces raised by the Moon, confirming their influence on the tidal patterns on Earth.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Bats are blind and rely solely on echolocation to navigate their environment. [SEP] Text: Both were right-handed, had normal hearing and normal auditory source localization abilities (Figure S1; S1; for samples of sounds used during source localization listen to Sound S3 and Sound S4). Both EB and LB use echolocation on a daily basis, enabling them to explore cities during travelling and to hike, mountain bike or play basketball. Two non-echolocating, right-handed sighted males, C1 and C2, were run as sex and age-matched fMRI controls for EB and LB, respectively. There is evidence that blind people, even when they do not consciously echolocate, are more sensitive to echoes than sighted people [12]. This might pose a challenge when comparing the brain activation of blind echolocators with the brain activation of blind self-proclaimed non-echolocators. For this reason, we decided to use sighted self-proclaimed non-echolocators as control participants. The data show that the presence of echoes within a train of complex sounds increases BOLD signal in calcarine cortex in both EB and LB. This increase in activity in calcarine cortex is absent in C1 and C2. Importantly, the presence of echoes within a train of complex sounds does not lead to an increase in BOLD signal in auditory cortex in any of the four participants. This finding suggests that brain structures that process visual information in sighted people process echo information in blind echolocation experts. of the To overcome the difficulties posed by studying echolocation in an MRI environment (i. e. , hearing protection must be worn, head and mouth movements must be minimized, etc. ), a passive listening paradigm was adopted whereby the echolocation clicks and their echoes were pre-recorded in the listener's ears (Figure 1D) and then presented via fMRI compatible insert earphones (Figure 1E). To test the validity of this paradigm, a direct behavioral comparison between active echolocation and passive listening was conducted using an angular position discrimination task, in which EB and LB discriminated the angular position of a test pole with respect to straight ahead (Figure 1B). The results of this test are illustrated in Figure 1C. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by providing evidence that echolocation experts use both echolocation and normal hearing to navigate their environment. It specifically discusses how two individuals, referred to as EB and LB, rely on echolocation daily to perform various activities, which implies they are not solely dependent on echolocation. This suggests that the claim about bats, assuming it applies similarly, may be an oversimplification.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Horizontal gene transfer allows bacteria to acquire new traits. [SEP] Text: Mobile gambling is a growing market for casino developers, and players have a number of different options available to them. Some sites choose to create a mobile-optimized version of their website, while others develop a full-fledged app. The latter option offers greater control over the user experience, but it can be expensive and time-consuming to produce. The most important thing is to understand your audience and what kind of experience they want from your app. One study examined how participants interacted with a simulated gambling game on their smartphones. The game used a fixed rate of reinforcement on a variable ratio schedule, and was designed to encourage the behaviour of gambling addicts by rewarding near-misses and frequent wagers. The researchers tracked behavioural, location (GPS), and reward-related data on each interaction. The results suggest that mobile gaming may provide a unique environment for gambling, but that convergence with other types of online and offline play is likely to occur. Another concern with mobile gambling is the possibility that it might lead to gambling addiction. In addition to the monetary costs of this addiction, the psychological costs can be high as well. Gambling addiction has been linked to a number of mental health problems, including depression and anxiety. However, there are ways to prevent the onset of gambling addiction, such as setting limits on spending and keeping track of expenditures. In order to avoid addiction, it is important to set limits on how much money you are willing to spend and only play when you are in a safe environment. It is also a good idea to play only on trusted websites, and to avoid downloading gambling apps from untrusted sources. If you are unsure about whether an app is safe, it is best to contact customer support before downloading it. Whether you’re looking for a casino to play slots, roulette, blackjack, poker, baccarat, or other regulated gambling games, there are plenty of mobile casinos to choose from. Some casinos even offer exclusive bonuses for mobile users. These bonuses can be in the form of free spins, cashback, or deposit matches. The biggest advantage of mobile casinos is that they are accessible anywhere, with or without an internet connection. They offer a wide variety of games that are easy to download and use, and they have excellent visuals. In addition, many of them are available in US dollars, making them ideal for American gamblers. Some of the biggest casinos have apps for iOS, Android, and other mobile platforms. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim about horizontal gene transfer in bacteria as it discusses mobile gambling and its implications, without mentioning any biological processes or gene transfer mechanisms.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Black holes are regions where gravity is extremely strong. [SEP] Text: Black holes: the meeting of gravity and quantum physics Published: October 20, 2022 We know that black holes exist through a mix of complex mathematics and astrophysics but linking mathematical ideas to what we can observe in the Universe is no easy task. Terno and his team at in Sydney, Australia, are building a framework of characteristics that can be used to search for black holes in the Universe, but their findings may challenge our understanding of the fundamental laws of physics. horizon — the last surface from which the light that is aimed outwards still bends backwards Event horizon — the boundary of the region from which nothing can ever escape General relativity — a theory of gravitation which describes gravity as geometry and relates its curvature to masses and their motion Mathematical black hole (MBH) — the definition of a black hole provided by mathematical relativity – the region of space where everything that is hidden by the event horizon Astrophysical black hole (ABH) — ultra dense, very massive dark objects observed by astrophysicists Physical black hole (PBH) — a region of space from which nothing can escape now (regardless of what will happen in the future) Quantum mechanics — a theory in physics that describes the properties of atoms and subatomic p10. 33424/310 Link to the activity sheet 0 +1 Pinterest 0 LinkedIn 0 physics outdoors Pravin receives his Master of Research degree The zoo of black holes and other compact objects. Researchers are still unsure what is really out there The black hole and relativistic quantum information group at Macquarie University. From left to right: evidence for event horizons is incredibly challenging. “There is no way that a mortal observer can detect the event horizon,” says Daniel. “We may even live inside one. ” However, we can possibly detect the side-effects of an event horizon, related to the trapping of light. According to mathematics, when light travels close to a black hole, there will be a certain point where light on one side will keep on moving outwards, whereas light on the other side will be trapped and non-observable. This boundary is called the apparent horizon and is what defines a physical black hole (PBH) – one that is observable. “According to classical physics, the apparent horizon sits within the event horizon, so a PBH sits inside an MBH,” says Daniel. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by detailing the characteristics of black holes, such as the concept of the event horizon, which is described as the boundary of the region from which nothing can escape. This implies the presence of extremely strong gravitational forces in the vicinity of black holes, as indicated by statements about light being trapped and the extreme density of these objects. The mention of 'ultra dense, very massive dark objects' further supports the idea that gravity in these regions is indeed extraordinarily strong.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Bats are blind and rely solely on echolocation to navigate their environment. [SEP] Text: It is evident from the data that EB and LB can determine the angular position of the pole in both active and passive echolocation tasks (for samples of sounds used during angular position discrimination through passive listening listen to Sound S5 and Sound S6). For EB, thresholds are very low (approx. 3°) and performance in active and passive tasks is the same. Thus, EB can reliably distinguish a 3° difference in the position of the test pole away from straight ahead, even when listening only to recordings of echolocation sounds. For LB, thresholds are generally higher than for EB and performance in the active task (threshold approx. 9°) is better than in the passive task (threshold approx. 22°). With regard to bias, EB is unbiased (red line at zero), but LB tends to judge test locations to be to the left of the straight ahead (red line shifted to the right). This means, that LB's subjective straight ahead is shifted to the right. In summary, the data show that during active echolocation, both EB and LB resolved the angular position of a sound reflecting surface with high precision. This was expected based on what EB and LB do in everyday life. In addition, the data show that during passive listening, LB's precision was somewhat reduced, but EB's performance was unaffected, reflecting perhaps his greater experience with echolocation and/or the fact that he was blinded early in life. In any case, we felt confident that passive listening was a feasible paradigm to probe the neural substrates of echolocation in the scanner. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the ability of bats (referred to as EB and LB) to perform echolocation tasks with high precision, but it suggests that not all bats rely solely on echolocation. Specifically, it mentions that LB's precision in passive tasks was reduced, indicating that, unlike the claim, there are factors other than echolocation in their navigation, particularly since LB appeared to judge locations based on passive listening. This implies that their vision or other sensory inputs might be involved, thereby disputing the notion that bats are completely blind.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Horizontal gene transfer allows bacteria to acquire new traits. [SEP] Text: These casinos usually have a lot of choice in terms of games and are backed by top-notch security. 07/07/2024 by admin1989 Explorasi Teratas: Singapura dan Selamat datang dalam eksplorasi dunia togel Singapura yang menarik dan penuh warna! Togel SGP telah lama menjadi fenomena populer di kalangan pecinta permainan angka. Dari togel hari ini hingga prediksi terpercaya, dunia togel Singapura menawarkan pola taruhan yang menarik dan menegangkan. Dengan pengeluaran SGP yang selalu dinantikan, pemain dapat merasakan ketegangan dan harapan setiap kali angka-angka keluar dari SGP pools. Di tengah gemerlapnya Singapore pools dan hadiah menarik sgp prize, bandar togel Singapore serta situs togel online hadir sebagai tempat bagi para penggemar togel untuk melepas keingintahuan mereka. Dengan data SGP yang tersedia dan keluaran SGP yang terus diperbarui, pemain bisa menelusuri strategi permainan serta melakukan prediksi SGP secara cermat. Jadi, jangan lewatkan kesempatan untuk merasakan keseruan togel Singapura dan dapatkan informasi terkini melalui bandar togel online terpercaya atau situs togel Singapura yang terjamin kredibilitasnya. Singapore telah menjadi permainan yang populer di kalangan masyarakat Indonesia. Togel SGP, singkatan dari Togel Singapore, telah lama dikenal sebagai permainan tebak angka yang menarik. Pengeluaran SGP dan keluaran SGP merupakan hasil dari proses pengundian yang dilakukan oleh Singapore Pools. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses gambling and the lottery in Singapore, mentioning aspects of togel without any reference to horizontal gene transfer or bacteria acquiring traits.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Black holes are regions where gravity is extremely strong. [SEP] Text: The emergence of a true black hole astronomy based on the measurement of gravitational waves and radio interferometry has the potential to bring quantum gravity into the field of experimental or observational science. On this view, black holes should rightly be considered incomparable laboratories for the development of new physics. Translated and adapted from the French by the editors. DOI: 10. 37282/991819. 20. 37 From a purely heuristic point of view, it is interesting to note that the strictly non-relativistic argument that consists in estimating the gravitational radius and defining the event horizon by asking that the speed of liberation be equal to the speed of light, leads—fortuitously—to the right result: Rs = 2M. It is also straightforward to verify that the energy reached by a free-falling p10. 1007/978-3-319-94256-8_1. ↩ Charles Misner, Kip Thorne, and John Wheeler, Gravitation (San Francisco: W. H. Freeman, 1973). ↩ Jacob Bekenstein, “and Entropy,” D 7, no. 2,333 (1973), doi:10. 1103/PhysRevD. 7. 2333; Jacob Bekenstein, “Law of Thermodynamics in Black-Hole Physics,” D 9, no. 3,292 (1974), doi:10. 1103/PhysRevD. 9. 3292. ↩ For a review of informational aspects, see Jacob Bekenstein, “,” 45, no. 1 (2003), doi:10. 1080/00107510310001632523. ↩ Here, (κ/8π)dA plays the role of TdS in the equivalent formulation in thermodynamics. ↩ Stephen Hawking, “P10. 1007/BF02345020. ↩ William Unruh, “Notes on Black-Hole Evaporation,” D 14, no. 4 (1976), doi:10. 1103/PhysRevD. 14. 870; Don Page, “P10. 1103/PhysRevD. 13. 198. ↩ Don Page, “P10. 1103/PhysRevD. 13. 198; Don Page, “P10. 1103/PhysRevD. 14. 3260. ↩ et al. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the gravitational aspects of black holes, particularly when referencing the gravitational radius and event horizon. It suggests that the measurement of gravitational waves and the behavior of objects near black holes relate directly to the idea that black holes are characterized by extremely strong gravity.