Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Circadian rhythms are regulated by light-sensitive proteins. [SEP] Text: Magel2 is one of the lesser studied of a family of "MAGE" proteins, which contain a melanoma antigen (MAGE) homology domain that contributes to protein-protein interactions [17,18]. MAGE proteins can interact with transcription factors and nuclear receptors, with downstream effects on gene activity. Notably, previous studies have demonstrated physical interactions between the MAGE protein necdin and proteins of the bHLH-PAS (Per/Arnt/Sim) family of transcription factors [19,20]. These necdin-interacting proteins include Hif1α, Arnt (Hif1β), Arnt2, and Bmal1, with the interactions occurring through the bHLH domain of each of the bHLH-PAS transcription factors. The heterodimers Arnt:Hif1α and Arnt2:Sim1 activate transcription by binding upstream response elements in target genes, and co-expression of necdin represses this activity [19,20]. Necdin also interacts with SIRT1, which regulates the amplitude of clock-controlled gene expression through deacetylation of Per2, Bmal1, and associated histones [21 - 23]. MAGE proteins also modulate the activity of E3 ubiquitin ligases through their interactions with RING domain proteins, forming complexes that regulate protein degradation. A multitude of such interactions have been uncovered through interaction screens and directed assays, and the large number of MAGE proteins (~60) and of RING domain proteins (hundreds) makes additional undiscovered interactions likely [18,24 - 28]. MAGE proteins modulate protein stability by recruiting E2 conjugating enzymes to specific E3 substrate complexes. Candidate target proteins for MAGE/RING mediated degradation include p53 (MAGE/TRIM28) [26], AATF/Che1 (MAGED1/RING protein) [29] Hif1α (necdin/RING protein, possibly Rbx1/Roc1) [19,30], EID1 (necdin/RING protein) [31], and Fez1 (necdin or Magel2/RING protein), [32]. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim regarding circadian rhythms and light-sensitive proteins. Instead, it discusses the interactions and functions of MAGE proteins and their effects on transcription factors, without mentioning circadian rhythms or light sensitivity. Therefore, it is considered irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Mars exploration could help identify signs of past or present life. [SEP] Text: As a quality assurance check, the rover will carry and process multiple blank sample tubes. If the sample tubes pick up any Earth-sourced elemental, organic, or biologic contamination during the mission and possible Earth return, the blank samples will indicate the presence and nature of this contamination. Mars 2020 has adopted an approach to caching in which sample tubes are filled and stored on board the rover. When the rover obtains an adequate number of samples, it will deposit them as a cache in a “depot” on the Martian surface for possible return to Earth. The depot’s location will be carefully selected to prevent blowing sand and dust from obscuring the individual tubes. Then, a vehicle from a possible follow-on element of the Return campaign could easily locate and pick up the samples. The tubes are designed to survive at least a decade after being deposited on the surface and another decade in space on the potential return journey. Mars 2020 is currently under development at the Laboratory in Pasadena, Calif. The mission has a 2-month launch window in midsummer 2020, followed by landing in February 2021. Mars 2020 has a prime mission of at least 1 Mars year (just under 2 Earth years). Eight potential landing sites are now being considered. Scientists have hypothesized that environments at these sites range from ancient rivers, lakes, and deltas to extensive hydrothermal systems, similar to hot springs found on Earth. Over the next few years, the landing site list will be honed down to a single site and a backup site that meet scientific desires and engineering constraints. We highly encourage the continued involvement of the broad scientific community, including scientists who may someday analyze the returned samples, in site selection. The next Mars 2020 landing site workshop is scheduled for 8–10 February 2017. project is being developed at the Laboratory, of Technology, for NASA. 10. 1089/ast. 2011. 0805. Council (2011), Vision and Voyages for in the Decade 2013–2022, 398 pp. , Natl. Acad. Press, Washington, D. C. , doi:10. 17226/13117. Summons, R. E. , et al. (2014), Planning considerations related to the organic contamination of Martian samples and implications for the Mars 2020 rover, Astrobiology, 14(12), 969–1027, doi:10. 1089/ast. 2014. 1244. Author InformationK. A. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing how the Mars 2020 mission involves identifying suitable landing sites with environments that could harbor signs of past or present life, such as ancient rivers, lakes, and hydrothermal systems. The process of caching samples on Mars for possible return to Earth further supports the notion of searching for biological evidence.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Mindfulness programs require no training or structured guidance. [SEP] Text: All these belong to the experience of the teacher—but they may well be triggered by a resonance with feelings within the group. Just as an emotion has an inevitable expression in sensations in the body, so different reactivity arising in individuals in the group creates a resonance in the teacher (and probably in the group as a whole: McCown et al. 2010). By noticing and deliberately attending to this resonance, the whole group, including the teacher, is enabled to settle and hold whatever is arising. Case Example: Reading the following description illustrates the process of reading the group. It shows the way in which reading can inform decisions made by the teacher, and how this in turn can impact on group process. At a pre-course orientation session for an MBP group, a student (we will call him Mark) was absent. Then in week one, Mark arrived thirty minutes late, so at the end of the class, the teacher engaged with Mark to offer orientation information, and to emphasize the importance of arriving on time. In week two, Mark arrived on time but seemed disengaged; his small group was slow in returning to the large group, he whispered to his neighbor a couple of times, and it was difficult to engage him in eye contact. The teacher felt some internal discomfort at this, although also recognized that this was likely to be storming, a usual part of group development. He intentionally monitored the impact of Mark’s actions on the wider group. He could not discern anything obvious, but knew from his knowledge of forming that having a disengaged group member would likely affect the wider group. Mark was absent for week three, and the teacher noticed that the group was more open, responsive, engaged, and relaxed during this session. The teacher’s impression was that without Mark, the group was forming nicely and even beginning to move into a norming development phase. In week four, Mark was present and the teacher noticed a subtle but definite shift in the engagement of the group from the previous week. In general, they seemed less confident with Mark in the room, and the teacher observed some participants looking towards Mark while they were speaking, as if to gauge his reaction. The teacher sensed that the group was looking to find ways of re-forming, and that it was important to help Mark settle into the group. To help facilitate this he emailed Mark and asked if there was anything he could do that might help him engage with the course and gain benefit from it. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by providing an example of a teacher's engagement with a group in a mindfulness-based program, indicating that structured guidance is necessary. It describes how the teacher monitors group dynamics and responds to individual members' behaviors, suggesting that some level of training and structured guidance is required to effectively manage these situations and facilitate group development.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Circadian rhythms are regulated by light-sensitive proteins. [SEP] Text: Expression constructs for murine Per2 (pcDNA3. 1Per2V5His, pPer2-V5) and Cry1 (pcDNA3. 1Cry1V5His, pV5-Cry) were obtained from Dr. J. Takahashi at [35]. An expression plasmid for murine Bmal1 (pcDNA3HABmal1, pHA-Bmal1) and two murine Clock constructs (pcDNA3HAClock, pHA-Clock and pcDNA3. 1MycClock, pMyc-Clock) were obtained from Dr. M. Antoch at the [36,37]. The pGL3-E2 box circadian enhancer plasmid, mPer2:luc, includes the noncanonical circadian enhancer E-box from Per2 and was from Dr. J. Takahashi [38]. A pRL-TK Renilla luciferase vector was used as an internal control reporter [31]. antibodies used for immunoblotting and immunofluorescence were: mouse monoclonal anti-Xpress and anti-V5 (Invitrogen, Carlsbad, CA), mouse monoclonal anti-HA (Sigma-Aldrich, Oakville, ON), rabbit polyclonal anti-HA (), rabbit polyclonal anti-Myc (Sigma-Aldrich), mouse monoclonal anti-myc (Sigma), and rabbit polyclonal anti-V5 (Millipore, Billerica, MA). Secondary antibodies used for immunoblots were sheep anti-mouse and goat anti-rabbit IgG (GE Healthcare). Secondary antibodies used for immunofluorescence were goat anti-mouse 488 and 594 and goat anti-rabbit 488 and 594 (Invitrogen). Cell culture and transient transfection NIH3T3 cell lines were cultured in Dulbecco's modified Eagle's medium (DMEM) supplemented with 10% calf serum (CS) (Invitrogen). HEK293 cell lines were maintained in DMEM supplemented with 10% fetal bovine serum. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim regarding circadian rhythms and light-sensitive proteins. Instead, it discusses the expression constructs and various cell lines used in a scientific study without making any reference to the influence of light-sensitive proteins on circadian rhythms.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Crop rotation can enhance soil fertility and prevent pests. [SEP] Text: Differences in biomass C/N, respiration rates and numbers of bacteria, actinomycetes and yeasts indicated both quantitative and qualitative microbial changes and reflected increasing rotation length and differences in fertility. Potentially mineralizable N (No) was 192 kg∙ha−1 for adequately fertilized continuous wheat, and exceeded No in fallow-wheat by 45%, in fallow-wheat-wheat by 17% and in continuous wheat receiving only P by 25%. The latter rotation contained a large but fairly inactive microbial population. We concluded that land degradation caused by frequent summerfallowing can be arrested and the decline in amount and quality of organic matter reversed by use of available agronomic technology. Key words: Microbial biomass, microbial activity, potentially mineralizable N, respiration, soil erodibilityRésuméLes effets de la durée de la rotation, des cultures de remplacement de la jachère et de la fumure azotée et phosphatée sur certaines propriétés physiques et biologiques d’un loam chernozémique brun dans le sud-ouest de la Saskatchewan ont été déterminés pendant 16 ans. Au bout de 12 ans, la fraction érodable des 15 premiers centimètres du sol (c’est-à-dire, < 0,84 mm) est inversement proportionnelle aux débris de culture conservés et donc à la durée de la rotation. La teneur en azote organique du sol (dans les 15 premiers centimètres) passe de 0,18 à 0,20% dans les rotations continues recevant en moyenne 32 kg de N∙ha−1∙année−1 et suffisamment de P, mais n’augmente pas en monoculture de blé ne recevant que du P, ni en rotation à jachère, sauf celle qui comprend du seigle d’automne (Secale cereale L. ). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing how different crop rotations affect soil fertility, specifically mentioning that after 12 years, the organic nitrogen content in the soil increased with certain rotations. It highlights that 'land degradation caused by frequent summerfallowing can be arrested' and that the decline in organic matter quantity and quality can be reversed through proper rotation which suggests a positive impact on soil fertility.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Mindfulness programs require no training or structured guidance. [SEP] Text: Social support and acceptance remain integral to mental health of TGDY, with a fundamental emphasis on parental acceptance. Multiple studies have shown lack of parental support as a predictor for increased depression, anxiety, suicidal ideation, and homelessness among TGDY (Pariseau et al. , 2019; Russell et al. , 2018). Moreover, gender-affirming hormones have been shown as an important factor in decreasing rates of depression for both transmasculine and transfeminine youth (Achille et al. , 2020; Allen et al. , 2019), though many TGDY do not have access to affirming health care (Bauer et al. , 2009; Merkel, 2017). TGDY minors require legal permissions from a parent or guardian to receive hormone treatments, which signifies that many youth are unable to access this care when they lack parental support. According to research, TGDY cope with these stressors in a variety of ways. Resilience they develop may be based on positive social connections with others as well as a strong connection to self (Singh et al. , 2014). Singh et al. (2014) found five themes of resilience among TGDY, namely “(a) ability to self-define and theorize one’s gender, (b) proactive agency and access to supportive educational systems, (c) connection to a trans-affirming community, (d) reframing of mental health challenges, and (e) navigation of relationships with family and friends” (p. 211). Those with access to trans-affirming community have greater support as they simultaneously navigate less supportive relationships (Singh et al. , 2014). Another study found six coping strategies among TGDY, namely “and Active Engagement” (Budge et al. , 2018, p. 3048). These youth and young adults utilize whatever tools are accessible to them to cope with challenging circumstances. Those with supportive individual relationships and resources around them appeared to have greater access to these six coping strategies to help manage their stressors (Budge et al. , 2018). In the challenging circumstance of self-exploration, transition, and gender development, access to mindfulness programs could be an especially helpful tool for TGDY. Kabat-Zinn (2005), one of the leaders in the field, defines mindfulness as “moment-to-moment, non-judgmental awareness. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing how access to mindfulness programs could be particularly beneficial for Trans and Gender Diverse Youth (TGDY), suggesting that these programs may require some form of guidance or accessibility. Specifically, it highlights that TGDY utilize various tools and strategies to cope with challenges, which implies that structured support may be necessary for effective engagement with mindfulness practices, therefore contradicting the idea that such programs require no training or structured guidance.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Circadian rhythms are regulated by light-sensitive proteins. [SEP] Text: NIH3T3 or HEK293 cells were plated 18 to 24 hours prior to transfection, then transfected using Reagent (Qiagen, Mississauga, ON) according to the manufacturer's instructions. For the luciferase assays, a total of 0. 4 μg of appropriate combination of plasmid DNA and 5 ng of pRL-TK Renilla luciferase control plasmid were diluted in 60 μL of DMEM. One μL of Attractene was added to the diluted DNA and mixed by light tapping. When required, vector plasmids without cDNA inserts were co-transfected in order to keep the total amount of plasmid constant across all transfections. The resulting mixtures were incubated for 15 min. at room temperature. The appropriate plasmid combinations were added drop-wise onto the cells and the plates swirled to evenly distribute the mixture. The plates were then incubated at 37°C and 5% CO2 for 18 to 24 hours before recovering cell lysates for immunoblotting or luciferase assays. Alternatively, cells were plated into 6 well dishes with coverslips, transfected, then the coverslips were processed for immunohistochemistry. Protein half-life was measured by treating cells with 100 μg/ml cycloheximide (Sigma-Aldrich). Cell lysates were then collected and immunoblotting was used to detect and quantify protein levels, which were then plotted versus the collection times. Co-immunoprecipitations, SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and immunoblotting were used to separate and visualize proteins, essentially as described [31]. Decay curves were fit to the data points, and the half-life of each recombinant protein determined using the equation of the line. Immunoblot analysis was performed using and protein quantities were calculated as a ratio of the pixel intensity from the protein of interest to that of γ-tubulin. Dual luciferase assays Dual luciferase assays were performed using the kit (Promega Corporation, Madison, WI). Relative luciferase activity was assayed as previously described using a TD-20/20 Luminometer (Turner Designs, Sunnyvale, CA) and normalized to an internal Renilla luciferase control [31]. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text describes experimental procedures involving cell transfections, luciferase assays, and protein analysis, but it does not mention anything related to circadian rhythms or light-sensitive proteins. Therefore, it is irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Crop rotation can enhance soil fertility and prevent pests. [SEP] Text: Cet accroissement de la concentration de N est partiellement attribuable à la fumure et en partie à l’utilisation plus efficace et au recyclage de l’azote nitrique du sous-sol par les racines des végétaux et les résidus de culture. Au bout de 10 ans, les rotations continues bien fertilisées affichent une teneur en C 13% plus élevée que les rotations à jachère et la monoculture de blé ne recevant que du P. Dans les 7,5 premiers centimètres de sol pour les quatre rotations étudiées en détail, la numération bactérienne est la plus faible en jachère-blé, intermédiaire en jachère-blé-blé, plus élevée en monoculture de blé recevant du N et du P, et la plus forte en monoculture de blé ne recevant que du P. De même, les teneurs en C, N et C/N de la biomasse microbienne de ces quatre rotations sont de 180, 226, 217 et 357 kg/ha, de 52, 65, 54 et 72 kg/ha et de 3,4, 3,5, 4,1 et 5,1 respectivement. Les différences observées dans le C/N de la biomasse, les taux de respiration et la numération de bactéries, d’actinomycètes et de levures témoignent de l’existence de variations quantitatives et qualitatives de la population microbienne et rendent compte de l’allongement de la période de rotation et des différences dans la fertilité des sols. La teneur en N minéralisable (No) est de 192 kg/ha pour la monoculture de blé suffisamment amendée et dépasse de 45, 17 et 25% celles en jachère-blé, en jachère-blé-blé et en monoculture ne recevant que du P respectivement. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing how continuous well-fertilized rotations result in higher carbon content and diverse microbial populations, which indicate improved soil fertility compared to fallow-wheat rotations and simply fertilized monocultures. It mentions that differences in microbial biomass contribute to variations in soil fertility, supporting the idea that crop rotation enhances soil health.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Mindfulness programs require no training or structured guidance. [SEP] Text: It is cultivated attention in a particular way, namely, on purpose in the present moment—and, I emphasize, non-judgmentally” (p. 60). Given that transgender youth face considerable transphobia and societal discrimination, the focus on non-judgmental awareness seems especially appropriate (Salvati & Chiorri, 2021). Though individuals are capable of this present-moment attention, it is also a difficult skill that requires practice. Mindfulness meditation involves continually bringing one’s attention to the present moment or a neutral object (i. e. , breath) repeatedly for a specific period of time (Carrera, 2006; Vago & Silbersweig, 2012). Through continued practice, it takes less effort to bring awareness back to the technique and, therefore, more time is gradually spent with the mind on the objects of focus rather than mental proliferation. Over time, the meditator may experience an increase in clarity, equanimity, and presence (Grossman et al. , 2004; Kabat-Zinn, 2005). The experience of trauma and lack of support, coupled with incomplete healing or integration, can lead to mental biases that distort one’s processing of experiences toward negative beliefs about the self (Iacono, 2019; Siegel, 2009). The strength of those beliefs increases over time and repetition, sometimes intensifying this process into rumination and a sense of self based on those negative beliefs (Goleman, 1985). Ruminative behavior restricts one’s ability to perceive novel events neutrally, instead using them to continually strengthen the negative self-scripts (Vago & Silbersweig, 2012). Anxiety is another response to stimuli that can become habitual if repeated enough (Siegel, 2009; Vago & Silbersweig, 2012). Anxiety narrows the range of awareness, often focusing on a threat or potential threat. Thoughts of the threat may intrude even when an individual is seeking to focus on other things or the present moment (Goleman, 1985). These intrusive thoughts proliferate, bringing up past memories and limiting the awareness of nonthreatening stimuli. The attention focused on threats creates a stress response in the brain, which then further focuses the attention on threats, continuing the cycle (Goleman, 1985; Siegel, 2009). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by explaining that mindfulness meditation involves specific skills that require practice and structured guidance to develop. It highlights that cultivating present-moment attention is a difficult skill that necessitates continual effort and engagement with techniques over time, which directly contradicts the notion that no training or structured guidance is necessary.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Circadian rhythms are regulated by light-sensitive proteins. [SEP] Text: were plated on coverslips in a 6-well plate and transfected. The next day, the cells were washed with PBS, fixed in 4% paraformaldehyde, then washed three times in PBS with 0. 05% Triton-X (PBSX). Nonspecific antibody binding was blocked with 2% () for 15 min. The coverslips were then incubated with the appropriate primary antibodies for 1 hour at room temperature, washed twice with PBSX, incubated for 1 hour with the appropriate fluorescently tagged secondary antibody, washed twice in PBSX. Hoechst 33342 was added to stain nucleic acids, the coverslips were washed again in PBSX, then were mounted on glass slides. Triple fluorescence images were acquired then processed in ImageJ64 (imagej. nih. gov/ij) and analyzed using the PlotProfile function for nuclear-cytoplasmic subcellular localization and signal overlap. Linescan diagrams from individual representative co-transfected cells are shown, with the Hoechst fluorescence in blue. Statistical analysis Luciferase assays were performed in triplicate, with one representative set shown in Figure 1. Values indicating the mean +/- the standard error of the mean and compared between assays for significance at p < 0. 05 using the Student t-test. Values obtained from counts of cells with predominantly nuclear or predominantly cytoplasmic localization of various proteins were analyzed for differences using a Fisher exact test. Figure 1 Magel2 represses Clock:Bmal1-mediated transcription at an E-box promoter. Dual luciferase transcription assays following transfection of NIH3T3 cells with the mPer2:luc reporter plasmid and a renilla internal control plasmid, together with combinations of expression plasmids variously encoding epitope-tagged Clock, Bmal1, Magel2, Cry1, and Per2 proteins. Data are normalized to the baseline activity of the normalized mPer2:luc reporter. A * indicates a significant difference from the baseline mPer2:luc activity, and a # indicates a significant repression compared to Bmal1:Clock-mediated activation (p < 0. 05). These results represent one of three experiments completed in triplicate. Error bars represent the standard error of the mean. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text provides a detailed methodology for a scientific experiment, but it does not mention circadian rhythms or their regulation by light-sensitive proteins. Therefore, it is irrelevant to the claim regarding circadian rhythms.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Crop rotation can enhance soil fertility and prevent pests. [SEP] Text: Soil microbial populations and activities as influenced by legume green fallow in a semiarid climate Go to 42. of to 43. Management for Productivity in Rice-Systems in the to 44. Bound amino acids in humic acids from arable cropping systems Go to 45. Rates by Tillage and Go to 46. Microbial activity, nutrient dynamics and litter decomposition in a Mountain pine forest as affected by N and P fertilizers Go to 47. Potential of Forages to Systems in the to 48. Influence of irrigation with lagooned urban wastewater on chemical and microbiological soil parameters in a citrus orchard under Mediterranean condition Go to 49. Changes during Conversion from to Go to 50. Nitrogen cycling under different soil management systems Go to 51. by Go to 52. Influence of on Mineralization of Go to 53. Minimum available N requirement for microbial biomass P formation in a regosol Go to 54. Les variations au champ de la biomasse microbienne d'un sol cultivé: conséquences sur la réserve organique mobilisable (cas d'un sol ferrugineux tropical au Sénégal) Go to 55. Cellulolytic population dynamics in a vertic soil under three tillage systems in the of to 56. Characteristics of the soil microbial biomass in soils from a long-term field experiment with different levels of C input Go to 57. Soil quality attributes as influenced by annual legumes used as green manure Go to 58. Degradation of 2,4-D and fluometuron in cover crop residues Go to 59. Long-term effects of tillage and fallow-frequency on soil quality attributes in a clay soil in semiarid southwestern saskatchewan Go to 60. Soil quality—Effect of tillage and fallow frequency. Soil organic matter quality as influenced by tillage and fallow frequency in a silt loam in southwestern to 61. Promotive and inhibitory effects of rice straw and cellulose application on rice plant growth in pot and field experiments Go to 62. 63. 64. Impact of crop rotations on microbial biomass, faunal populations, and plant C and N in a (Typic Cryoboralf) Go to 65. A biologically based indicator of soil quality Go to 66. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text supports the claim by discussing the 'Impact of crop rotations on microbial biomass, faunal populations, and plant C and N,' which implies that crop rotations have positive effects on soil quality and nutrient dynamics. This is relevant to the assertion that crop rotation can enhance soil fertility.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Mindfulness programs require no training or structured guidance. [SEP] Text: In a society that consistently reflects rejection toward or ignorance of TGDY, that rejection often becomes internalized (Budge et al. , 2013; Miller & Grollman, 2015). Similar to internalized racism or homophobia, internalized transphobia can assimilate into daily experience for many transgender people. This can lead to increased rumination and anxiety, as several studies have shown (Li et al. , 2019; Salvati, & Chiorri, 2021). By increasing the control of attention through mindfulness meditation practices, depressive and anxious symptoms of negative self-thoughts, ruminative tendencies, and worries may be reduced (Schreiner & Malcolm, 2008; Vago & Silbersweig, 2012). Practitioners may learn to re-focus the mind to the present moment, where the non-judgmental perspective may allow them to attend to and accept emotions and physical sensations (Schreiner & Malcolm, 2008). This process has the potential to change the synapses in the brain into new neural pathways (Siegel, 2009). This practice may also translate to greater presence and openness to new events, with the ability to take them in as neutral rather than the old negative self-scripts. Vago and Silbersweig (2012) proposed that “mindfulness acts as the master self-regulatory mechanism for de-coupling and efficiently integrating experiential and NS [narrative self] modes of processing with the potential to transform the reified self from maladaptive trajectories into more positive, adaptive trajectories” (p. 20). This process works to such a great extent that even fear can be extinguished through meditation (Carrera, 2006; Vago & Silbersweig, 2012). By utilizing the effectiveness of mindfulness interventions, it may be possible to undo at least some of the damage caused by homophobia and transphobia that has been internalized (Salvati & Chiorri, 2021). Mindfulness-based interventions have been gaining popularity in the USA in the past several decades, including specific interventions for the LGBTQ (lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, queer) and youth communities (Zack et al. , 2014; Sun et al. , 2021). Two studies specifically showed that dispositional mindfulness buffered minority stress for sexual minorities and decreased internalized stigma (Li et al. , 2019; Salvati & Chiorri, 2021). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by highlighting that mindfulness meditation practices can be structured and include guided instruction to be effective. It discusses how practitioners learn to refocus their minds and manage symptoms through specific mindfulness interventions, suggesting that guidance is often necessary for these practices to have a beneficial impact on mental health.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Circadian rhythms are regulated by light-sensitive proteins. [SEP] Text: In the reciprocal experiment, immunoprecipitation of Xpress-Magel2 also co-immunoprecipitated HA-Bmal1. Likewise, we co-transfected pXpress-Magel2 and pV5-Per2 into HEK293 cells, and detected interactions by co-immunoprecipitation (Figure 2B). In this case, in an immununoprecipitation with anti-V5, Xpress Magel2 was only detected in the presence of co-expressed V5-Per2. While we did detect V5-Per2 when we immunoprecipitated Xpress-Magel2, there was also some immunoprecipitation of V5-Per2 in the absence of Xpress-Magel2, which we interpret as nonspecific binding of V5-Per2 to the protein G beads used in the assay. Figure 2 Magel2 interacts with Bmal1 and Per2. A) HEK293 cells were transfected with expression plasmids encoding HA-Bmal1, Xpress-Magel2, or both constructs. Five percent of the volume of cell lysate used for immunoprecipitation was immunoblotted to confirm the presence of HA-Bmal1 and Xpress-Magel2 protein in the appropriate input samples (top). The protein complexes were immunoprecipitated with anti-HA or anti-Xpress antibodies, and the immunoprecipitates detected by immunoblotting with antibodies directed against the reciprocal epitope tag (bottom). B) HEK293 cells were transfected with expression plasmids encoding V5-Per2, Xpress-Magel2, or both constructs. Five percent of the volume of cell lysate used for immunoprecipitation was immunoblotted to confirm the presence of Xpress-Magel2 and V5-Per2 protein in the appropriate input samples (top). The protein complexes were immunoprecipitated with anti-V5 or anti-Xpress antibodies, and the immunoprecipitates detected by immunoblotting with antibodies directed against the reciprocal epitope tag (bottom). The co-immunoprecipitation experiments show that Magel2 can physically interact with Bmal1, and likely also with Per2. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text discusses the interactions between proteins Magel2, Bmal1, and Per2 in cell cultures, specifically their co-immunoprecipitation results. However, it does not provide information regarding light-sensitive proteins or their regulation of circadian rhythms. Therefore, the text is irrelevant (pass) to the claim about circadian rhythm regulation.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Crop rotation can enhance soil fertility and prevent pests. [SEP] Text: SOM regulates critical soil functions, such as nutrient cycling, and shapes a soil's physical, chemical, and biological properties (Carter 2002). Integrating soil's physical, chemical, and biological properties into a single metric or score to describe a soil's health is becoming increasingly common to evaluate management practices (et al. 2021). Soil health is defined by Doran et al. (1996) as the capacity of a soil to function within ecosystems and land-use boundaries to sustain biological productivity, environmental quality, and plant and animal health. Though soil health is inherently a metaphor (Janzen et al. 2021), soil health scores track and integrate management-induced changes in soil properties linked to soil functions and ecosystem services (Bünemann et al. 2018). One key attribute of soil health is SOM (e. g. , Seybold et al. 1997), and its measurement is included in many of the commercially available soil health tests, such as the (Idowu et al. 2008). Though measurement of SOM is straightforward, it can be difficult to assess its status and response to management practices because of the large spatial variability in its distribution (Gregorich et al. 1994). Organic matter levels in the soil are ultimately determined by environmental factors, such as climate, and inherent soil properties, such as texture. However, land management practices, such as tillage and crop rotation, can alter the amount of SOM stored in the soil by altering the balance of inputs (i. e. , quantity and quality of organic matter added to the soil) and outputs (i. e. , rate of decomposition of organic matter and leaching) to the system. A change in SOM that occurs in response to management practices is small relative to the large background pool of organic matter in the soil, which makes it difficult to quantify (e. g. , Entry et al. 1996; Nelson et al. 2009). Detecting change in SOM in response to management may be enhanced by measuring attributes of SOM that are responsive to changes in the rate of inputs or outputs of organic matter, such as particulate organic matter (e. g. , Gosling et al. 2013). In addition to being a primary attribute of soil health, SOM is also the largest global terrestrial reservoir of organic carbon (Powlson 2005), and changes in SOM stores have the potential to alter CO2 concentrations in the atmosphere (Amelung et al. 2020). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by mentioning that land management practices, such as crop rotation, can alter the amount of Soil Organic Matter (SOM) stored in the soil. It indicates that these management practices influence the balance of organic matter inputs and outputs, which is relevant for soil fertility. Additionally, it emphasizes that changes in SOM are pivotal in maintaining soil health and ecosystem services, which align with the claim's assertion about enhancing soil fertility.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Mindfulness programs require no training or structured guidance. [SEP] Text: Other studies have found mindfulness to be effective in reducing the mental health impact of discrimination and victimization among gay male youth and adults (Lyons, 2016; Toomey & Anhalt, 2016). Furthermore, self-compassion and acceptance after practicing mindfulness techniques have been shown to increase well-being in gender and sexual minority individuals (Beard et al. , 2017; Pachankis, 2016). Promising research on mindfulness-based interventions for youth is also increasing (Zack et al. , 2014; Zoogman et al. , 2015). Interventions and studies have begun using mindfulness to help youth in dealing with various challenges such as homelessness, ADHD, living with HIV, autism spectrum, and LGBTQ youth (Black et al. , 2009; Zoogman et al. , 2015). Though this field is still early in its development, several large reviews found general positive results from a wide array of recent mindfulness interventions for youth (Zack et al. , 2014; Zoogman et al. , 2015). Results included symptom reduction of anxiety and depression, decreased rumination, and emotion regulation, as well as a greater effect size when treating youth with current symptoms of psychopathology and greater for clinical samples compared to non-clinical samples (Zack et al. , 2014; Zoogman et al. , 2015). Zoogman et al. (2015) also noted that although the dissemination of mindfulness has broadened in the last few decades, youth with more psychological symptoms are still less likely to have access to these practices. This study aimed to further explore the use of mindfulness programs, specifically within the TGDY population. We assessed TGDY interest in and current utilization of mindfulness and meditation techniques; their experience of three short, guided group meditation practices; and their ideas about how mindfulness and meditation interventions could be designed specifically for the TGDY population. The goal of this study was to help inform culturally relevant adaptations of mindfulness for this community. MethodParticipantsYouth and young adults were approached for research study participation through a large, urban, transgender youth health center. Participants were screened to ensure that they met inclusion and exclusion criteria. Inclusion criteria were as follows: 14–24 years old; identify as transgender, gender non-binary, or a gender different than the sex they were assigned at birth; and speak and understand English. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by emphasizing the structure and guidance involved in mindfulness programs, particularly in the context of research studies that utilize 'guided group meditation practices' and the assessment of participants' experiences with these structured activities. It indicates that mindfulness interventions are being designed to be culturally relevant, suggesting that some level of training and structured guidance is necessary to tailor these programs effectively.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Circadian rhythms are regulated by light-sensitive proteins. [SEP] Text: We next examined whether Magel2 co-localized with either protein in transfected cells, by immunofluorescence (Figure 3). We acquired fluorescence images of co-transfected individual cells, using Hoechst staining to visualize the nucleus. We then converted the images to RGB stacks and plotted the fluorescence intensity in lines drawn across individual cells. Fluorescence intensities were acquired in three channels, plotted, and visually examined for overlap in the profiles. The profile of Magel2 fluorescence most resembled that of Clock, with overlapping signals in the cytoplasm in most cells, but also in the nucleus in some cells (e. g. right hand profile in Figure 3A, Magel2/Clock). In about half the cells in which Magel2 and Bmal1 were co-expressed, the fluorescence overlapped in the cytoplasm but overlap was not seen in the nucleus (Figure 3B). We also detected overlapping profiles for Magel2 and Per2, in both the nucleus and the cytoplasm, in some but not all cells (Figure 3C). Lastly, there was no evidence of overlapping profiles in cells co-transfected with Magel2 and Cry1 (Figure 3D). Figure 3 Subcellular localization of circadian proteins in the presence of Magel2. pXpressMagel2 and plasmids encoding other epitope-tagged circadian proteins (A, Clock, B, Bmal1, C, Per2, and D, Cry1) were detected in co-transfected NIH3T3 cells by immunofluorescence. Plots of fluorescence intensity were generated to assess overlap between the immunofluorescence signals from each protein within transfected cells, which were also stained with Hoechst 33342 to label the nucleus. Subcellular localization of Bmal1 is altered on co-expression of Magel2 Bmal1 is regulated by post-translational modifications that alter its stability and subcellular localization. A previous study showed that Bmal1 is predominantly located within the nucleus whether transfected alone or with Clock [36]. We transfected NIH3T3 cells plated on coverslips with various combinations of constructs encoding either epitope-tagged circadian proteins or the empty vector control plasmid, then detected the proteins by immunofluorescence. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not directly address the claim about circadian rhythms being regulated by light-sensitive proteins. Instead, it describes experimental procedures and findings related to the co-localization of the Magel2 protein with other circadian proteins in cells. The text focuses on the methods of assessing protein interactions and their localization, without mentioning the role of light-sensitive proteins or their regulatory functions on circadian rhythms.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Crop rotation can enhance soil fertility and prevent pests. [SEP] Text: In Elora, the crop rotation of continuous alfalfa had the smallest deficit, followed by maize in rotation with alfalfa. Maize in rotation with soybean had the largest deficit at this site. Growing alfalfa continuously has been shown to increase both aboveground and belowground C inputs, which contribute to an accumulation of SOC compared to more diverse rotations (Li et al. 2019; King et al. 2019). Alfalfa, either as a monoculture or as part of a rotation, has also been shown to promote aggregate mean weight diameter (King et al. 2019). Meyer-Aurich et al. (2006) reported higher carbon storage in crop rotations of maize and alfalfa in Elora; the lowest soil carbon levels were in the soybean–maize rotation, which is consistent with our findings and those previously reported (Chahal et al. 2021). In Ridgetown, rotations of continuous soybean and soybean in rotation with maize and winter wheat had significantly larger deficits compared to the other crop rotation systems under conventional tillage. Maize in rotation with soybean had the smallest deficit of any rotation under conventional tillage and the largest deficit of any rotation under no tillage. This may be attributable to higher yields and rates of residue return under conventional tillage, but the yield data across tillage systems did not differ (Janovicek et al. 2021; Gaudin et al. 2015b). There was no effect of crop rotation in Delhi or Ottawa, which may be related to soil texture; i. e. , both Delhi and Ottawa have coarser textured soils and a climate that promotes more rapid cycling of organic matter inputs (Congreves et al. 2014), which may negate a rotation effect. While the small carbon deficits in perennial systems (i. e. , alfalfa and alfalfa rotated with maize) were expected (Jarecki et al. 2018; King and Blech 2018; King et al. 2019), we anticipated that diverse crop rotations would have the smallest carbon deficits (Drinkwater et al. 1998; West and Post 2002; Congreves et al. 2014). Rotating crops is known to reduce insect and disease pressure, helping to increase yields, which leads to greater residue biomass and soil carbon input (Drury and Tan 1995). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text supports the claim by discussing how crop rotations can contribute to soil health and fertility. It notes that growing alfalfa, either in monoculture or rotation, enhances soil carbon inputs, which is beneficial for soil fertility. Moreover, the text emphasizes that rotating crops is effective in reducing insect and disease pressure, aligning with the claim's aspect of preventing pests.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Mindfulness programs require no training or structured guidance. [SEP] Text: Efforts were made to recruit a diverse sample based on race, gender identity, and age to increase understanding across different identities. Participants were remunerated with a $50 gift card upon completion of the focus group, as well as snacks and transportation assistance when needed. The amount of remuneration was selected to compensate for their time without being coercive, at slightly above minimum wage for 3-h focus group participation. The goal for focus group size was based on Krueger’s (1994) recommendation that it range from 4 to 12 participants in order to “be small enough for everyone to have opportunity to share insights and yet large enough to provide diversity of perceptions” (p. 17). Focus groups were divided based on age, where one group included TGDY ages 14–17 years old and the other for ages 18–24 years old. Developmental differences can be profound in these two age groups, so our aim was to capture these varied perspectives (Black et al. , 2009). The focus group for ages 18–24 filled up quickly, with about 40–50% of those approached through the transgender youth health center wanting to participate. The focus group for ages 14–17 proved much more difficult, due to additional barriers of transportation and more rigid school and extracurricular schedules. Some of the focus group participants had previous relationships with the principal investigator and focus group co-facilitator at the health center, while others did not. 1 for participant self-identified demographics. Table 1 Sociodemographic characteristics of participantsFull size tableProcedureTwo focus groups were completed with TGDY people to better understand their interest in and opinions about meditation intervention designs. Focus group methodology enables careful listening and feedback during the design stage of new projects to best meet the needs of participants when implemented (Krueger, 1994; Wilkinson, 1998). Rather than create an intervention by transgender adults for youth, focus groups allowed us to use a community-based participatory research model by including youth and young adult expertise in the design of the final project (Horowitz et al. , 2009). Specifically, our goal was to encourage their participation in a short, guided meditation during the focus group, record their reactions, and obtain their recommendations for future programs. Furthermore, we chose the methodology of focus groups because it allowed us to gather and pull together this often-isolated population. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by emphasizing the use of structured focus groups and guided meditation sessions during the project. It highlights that the methodology was informed by community-based participatory research which involves careful listening and participant feedback, which implies a need for organized guidance rather than no training at all. This suggests that mindfulness programs likely do require some level of training or structured approach for effective implementation.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Circadian rhythms are regulated by light-sensitive proteins. [SEP] Text: B) Localization of Clock when expressed alone (C), expressed with Bmal1 (CB), expressed with Magel2 (CM) or expressed with Clock and Magel2 (CBM). C) Localization of Bmal1 when expressed alone (B), expressed with Clock (BC), expressed with Magel2 (BM) or expressed with Clock and Magel2 (BCM). Stability of proteins in the presence of Magel2 MAGE proteins interact with RING-domain proteins associated with E3 ligase complexes to modulate proteasomal degradation of specific target proteins. We therefore tested whether expression of varying amounts of Magel2 had any effect on the abundance of co-expressed proteins with which it can interact, including Bmal1 and Per2, in the presence or absence of their heterodimerization partners Clock (for Bmal1) or Cry1 (for Per2). We co-transfected cells with increasing amount of pXpress-Magel2 and a constant amount of pHA-Bmal1, keeping the total amount of plasmid constant with the appropriate empty expression construct backbone. We then immunoblotted separately with anti-HA antibodies to detect Bmal1, and with anti-Xpress antibodies to detect Magel2. We repeated this experiment adding a constant amount of pmyc-Clock, to determine whether any change in stability required the presence of this heterodimerization partner. Similarly, we co-transfected pXpress-Magel2 and pV5-Per2, with or without pV5-Cry1, and quantified these proteins on immunoblots. We also performed experiments using the protein synthesis inhibitor cycloheximide to measure the half-life of these various circadian proteins in the presence or absence of Magel2. We found no evidence for any influence of Magel2 on the stability or abundance of circadian proteins in these co-transfection experiments (data not shown). mammalian circadian clock oscillates in a robust, self-sufficient manner. At least two transcription/translation/post-translation feedback loops defend the circadian cycle against random perturbations, while allowing outside stimuli to entrain and tune the oscillator to adapt to environmental changes. Mutations in circadian genes can lead to mistiming of circadian rhythm, disrupting physiological processes such as sleep, metabolism, and endocrine function. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is largely focused on the interactions and stability of various circadian proteins, including Bmal1 and Per2, and addressing the effects of Magel2, without specifically mentioning light-sensitive proteins or their role in regulating circadian rhythms. There is no direct evidence or discussion in the provided text that corroborates or contrasts the claim regarding light-sensitive proteins and their regulatory role in circadian rhythms.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Crop rotation can enhance soil fertility and prevent pests. [SEP] Text: Towards a minimum data set to assess soil organic matter quality in agricultural soils. Can. J. Soil Sci. 7: 367–385. Crossref2006. Chemical and biological characteristics of physically uncomplexed organic matter. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. 70: 975–985. Crossref2009. Using a sequential density and p267. Crossref1997. The capacity of soils to preserve organic C and N by their association with clay and silt p87. Crossref2008. Farmer-orientated assessment of soil quality using field laboratory, and VNIR spectroscopy methods. Plant Soil, 307: 243–253. Crossref2021. Corn and soybean yields and returns are greater in rotations with wheat. Agron. J. 113(2): 1691–1711. Crossref2021. The ‘soil health’ metaphor: Illuminating or illusory? . Soil Biol. Biochem. 159: 108167. Crossref2018. Long-term trends in corn yields and soil carbon under diversified crop rotations. J. Environ. Qual. 7: 635–643. Crossref2018. Crop rotations for increased soil carbon: perenniality as a guiding principle. Ecol. Appl. 28: 249–261. CrossrefPubMed2019. Quantifying the relationships between soil fraction mass, fraction carbon, and total soil carbon to assess mechanisms of physical protection. Soil Biol. Biochem. 135: 95–107. Crossref2004. Agricultural activities and the global carbon cycle. Nutr. Cycling Agroecosyst. 70: 103–116. Crossref2019. Alfalfa monocultures promote soil organic carbon accumulation to a greater extent than perennial grass monocultures or grass-alfalfa mixtures. Ecological Engineering, 131: 53–62. Crossref2022. An evaluation of carbon indicators of soil health in long-term agricultural experiments. Soil Biol. Biochem. 172: 108708. Crossref2006. Cost efficient rotation and tillage options to sequester carbon and mitigate GHG emissions from agriculture in eastern Canada. Agr. Ecosyst. Environ. 117: 119–127. Crossref2018. Tillage and crop rotation effects on the yield of corn, soybean and wheat in eastern Canada. Can. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by providing evidence that crop rotations are beneficial for agricultural outcomes. Specifically, it references findings such as 'Corn and soybean yields and returns are greater in rotations with wheat,' which supports the idea that rotating crops can enhance soil fertility and overall agricultural productivity.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Mindfulness programs require no training or structured guidance. [SEP] Text: The group environment likely invited more sharing of ideas from participants rather than individual interviews, especially when the leaders of the focus groups are also trans-identified. This marginalized population faces a great deal of discrimination from many directions and so may especially benefit from being in a group of like-minded peers (Grant et al. , 2011). The supportive group environment may have given participants more power to voice their opinions (Wilkinson, 1998). Additionally, the topic of meditation may not be frequently thought about by trans youth, so the focus group format may have helped to encourage new thoughts. Moreover, a depth liberation psychological lens was used to deepen this exploratory study. Watkins and Shulman (2008) describe liberation psychology as “identifying, supporting, and nurturing the psychological attempts of individuals and groups alike to re-author their own sense of identity” (p. 5). Liberation psychology strategies were applied by inviting community member expertise through these focus groups early into the intervention development process (Watkins & Shulman, 2008). The research investigator and focus group co-facilitator both identify as transgender and are part of this community as well. Both have personally experienced great benefit from using meditation to help with the anxiety and depression that often stem from transitioning genders in a transphobic society. We have included our own reflexivity process in this study to disclose how we have influenced this research and have been influenced by it. Both focus groups were completed in the winter of 2019 at the large, urban transgender youth health center where the participants were recruited and the research investigator and focus group co-facilitator were then employed. Before beginning the focus groups, participants age 18 years and over received the IRB-approved informed consent form and gave verbal consent. Participants age 14–17 years old and their parent or guardian received the IRB-approved informed consent form, and verbal consent was obtained by both before completing any study procedures. No participant was coerced into participating, and they were made very aware that participation would not affect the services they received at the health clinic. Consent was given verbally to protect participants’ confidentiality, as the study contains no other links to participants’ identification. The focus groups were audio-recorded to enable thorough and precise analysis (Krueger, 1994). The focus group procedure was semistructured for both groups, where facilitators steered the focus groups with a limited number of predetermined questions in an IRB-approved interview guide. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by highlighting the structured guidance provided through focus groups in the mindfulness program. The mention of a 'semistructured' approach and the use of 'predetermined questions in an IRB-approved interview guide' indicates that structured guidance is indeed part of the program, which directly contradicts the assertion that mindfulness programs require no training or structured guidance.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Circadian rhythms are regulated by light-sensitive proteins. [SEP] Text: It has proven challenging to integrate these novel components into the molecular circuitry that drives the rhythm, particularly for proteins whose function is poorly understood. As Magel2 is not expressed in the mouse liver, mouse embryonic fibroblasts, or in many cultured cell lines typically used for studies of circadian proteins, our study was limited to the examination of heterologously expressed epitope-tagged proteins. Further molecular characterization of Magel2 in circadian pathways, and continued analysis of circadian defects in the Magel2-null mouse strain will elucidate the contribution of this enigmatic protein to mammalian circadian rhythm. In particular, it will be important to determine whether Magel2 co-localizes with circadian proteins in SCN neurons, and whether the loss of the endogenous Magel2 protein affects the activity of the Clock:Per2 heterodimer in SCN neurons, to elucidate the role of Magel2 in the intrinsic circadian rhythm versus its potential developmental role in the hypothalamus. These studies will also add to our understanding of the role of normal circadian rhythm in human health, and the etiology of circadian rhythm dysfunction in human genetic disorders such as Prader-Willi syndrome. List of abbreviations bHLH: basic helix-loop-helix; CS: calf serum; CT: circadian time; Cry: Cryptochrome; MAGE: melanoma antigen; PAS: Per/Arnt/Sim; Per: Period; PWS: Prader-Willi syndrome; SCN: suprachiasmatic nucleus. Competing interests The authors declare that they have no competing interests. Authors' contributions SVW and JD performed and analyzed all experiments and helped draft the manuscript. RW conceived of and supervised the study and completed writing the manuscript. All authors read and approved the final manuscript. thank Dr. J. Takahashi and Dr. M. Antoch for plasmid constructs. SVW was supported by studentships from the University of Alberta and the Institute, under the program "Obesity: a Brain Disorder" and a QEII studentship from the University of Alberta. JD was supported by a CIHR Banting and Graduate Studentship, the University of Alberta, and the Womens and Children's Institute (Univ. of Alberta). We acknowledge operating funding from the Council of Canada. 10. 1038/ejhg. 2008. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not directly address or confirm the claim regarding light-sensitive proteins regulating circadian rhythms. Instead, it discusses the challenges in integrating certain proteins into circadian pathways and the potential role of the Magel2 protein in circadian rhythm, without specifically mentioning light sensitivity or its role in regulation. This leads to the conclusion that the text is irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Crop rotation can enhance soil fertility and prevent pests. [SEP] Text: J. Plant Sci. 98: 183–191. Crossref2009. Assessment of changes in soil health throughout organic potato rotation sequences. Agric. Ecosyst. Environ. 131: 220–228. Crossref2021. Estimating maximum fine-fraction organic carbon in UK grasslands. Biogeosciences, 18: 605–620. Crossref2005. Climatology: will soil amplify climate change? Nature, 433: 204–205. CrossrefPubMed1991. Crop rotation and tillage effects on corn growth and soil structural stability. Agron. J. 83: 979–985. Crossref2022. Linking soil microbial community structure to potential carbon mineralization: a continental scale assessment of reduced tillage. Soil Biol. Biochem. 168: 108618. Crossref1997. Quantification of soil quality. processes and the carbon cycle, Edited by R. Lal, J. Kimble, B. A. Stewart. . 404. Crossref2002. Stabilization mechanisms of soil organic matter: implications for C-saturation of soils. Plant Soil, 241: 155–176. Crossref31. Crossref160. Crossref2004. How long before a change in soil organic carbon can be detected? Biol. 10: 1878–1883. Crossref2006. Organic carbon in the silt + clay fraction of Tasmanian soils. Manage, 22: 219–220. Crossref2010. Table 32-10-0152-01 Number and area of farms and farmland area by tenure, Census of Agriculture historical data, 1921 to 2016, inactive, Statistics Canada, Government of Canada websit. [accessed 5 January 2023]. 2014. Long-term tillage and crop rotation effects on soil quality, organic carbon, and total nitrogen. Can. J. Soil Sci. 94: 303–315. Crossref2021. Soil health and management. into Canadian soils: an introduction to soil science. Edited by M. Krzic, F. L. Walley, A. Diochon, M. C. Paré, R. E. Farrell. of Soil Science, Pinawa, MB. 517. Available from The potential to regain organic carbon in degraded soils: a boundary line approach. Can. J. Soil Sci. 96: 351–353. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text discusses various studies and assessments related to crop rotation, soil health, and their effects on soil quality, organic carbon, and nitrogen content, all of which support the claim that crop rotation can enhance soil fertility. For instance, the mention of long-term tillage and crop rotation effects on soil quality and organic carbon suggests that such practices contribute positively to soil health and fertility, thereby corroborating the claim.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Mindfulness programs require no training or structured guidance. [SEP] Text: Both focus groups began with an introduction to the study and group agreements to help facilitate confidentiality and respect between group members. The initial phase of the conversation centered around participant self-care, including but not limited to mindfulness activities. At the midway point of each group, participants completed a short, guided meditation given by the principle investigator, who is a certified meditation teacher. The meditation was book-ended by a short quantitative survey, given to better understand the impact of the guided meditation on participants’ anxiety. The focus group concluded with qualitative questions regarding participant reactions to the meditation and feedback for potential meditation intervention creation. Both facilitators took notes after each focus group to record our observations and thoughts. The guided meditation in the middle of the focus group included three separate components in order to obtain participant reactions on a variety of meditation techniques. The principal investigator created the sequence, as a combination of several diverse techniques that he has taught to groups for about 5–10 years. The first was a physical component where participants tensed and released their whole bodies three times. The second was a breathing exercise where participants concentrated on their breath as they inhaled and exhaled and tried to feel it moving through their body. The final technique was a visualization of a ball of love and light starting in their chest and expanding throughout their body, and then throughout the room and joining other participants, and gradually expanding to fill the whole world. Before and after each technique, there was a pause for participants to explore any effects in their body. The entire guided meditation lasted about 10 min. MeasuresThe focus group protocol was created prior to the focus groups to help facilitators guide the conversations toward the richness of experiences among participants. A semistructured format allowed the groups to flow into greater depths when they presented themselves as well as to reign in the conversation when participants veered off towards other topics. We started the discussion with the theme of self-care in order to better understand what tools participants were already utilizing and to situate meditation within this frame. Specific sample questions included, “Have you ever taken a few minutes break from something to take a deep breath or take a walk or have a moment to yourself? ” File S1 for the full protocol and list of focus group questions. In addition to the qualitative measures, we included a limited quantitative component to better understand the impact of the guided meditation on participants’ anxiety. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by describing a structured mindfulness program that includes trained facilitators and guided meditation. It specifies that the principal investigator is a certified meditation teacher and that there was a pre-created protocol to guide the focus groups. This indicates that training and structured guidance are indeed integral to the mindfulness program discussed in the text.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Circadian rhythms are regulated by light-sensitive proteins. [SEP] Text: 165 [PubMed] Lee, S; Kozlov, S; Hernandez, L; Chamberlain, SJ; Brannan, CI; Stewart, CL; Wevrick, RExpression and imprinting of MAGEL2 suggest a role in Prader-willi syndrome and the homologous murine imprinting phenotype Genet 9: 1813–1819, DOI: [PubMed] Boccaccio, I; Glatt-Deeley, H; Watrin, F; Roeckel, N; Lalande, M; Muscatelli, FThe human MAGEL2 gene and its mouse homologue are paternally expressed and mapped to the Prader-Willi region Genet 8: 2497–2505, DOI: [PubMed] Camfferman, D; McEvoy, RD; O'Donoghue, F; Lushington, KSyndrome and excessive daytime sleepiness Rev 12: 65–75, DOI: [PubMed] Lee, S; Walker, CL; Wevrick, RPrader-Willi syndrome transcripts are expressed in phenotypically significant regions of the developing mouse brain Patterns 3: 599–609, DOI: [PubMed] Panda, S; Antoch, MP; Miller, BH; Su, AI; Schook, AB; Straume, M; Schultz, PG; Kay, SA; Takahashi, JS; Hogenesch, JBCoordinated transcription of key pathways in the mouse by the circadian clock Cell 109: 307–320, DOI: [PubMed] Kozlov, SV; Bogenpohl, JW; Howell, MP; Wevrick, R; Panda, S; Hogenesch, JB; Muglia, LJ; Van Gelder, RN; Herzog, ED; Stewart, CLThe imprinted gene Magel2 regulates normal circadian output 39: 1266–1272, DOI: [PubMed] Miller, BH; Olson, SL; Turek, FW; Levine, JE; Horton, TH; Takahashi, JSCircadian clock mutation disrupts estrous cyclicity and maintenance of pregnancy 14: 1367–1373, DOI: [PubMed] Mercer, RE; Wevrick, RLoss of magel2, a candidate gene for features of Prader- [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not provide any information related to the claim about circadian rhythms being regulated by light-sensitive proteins. Instead, it discusses various studies and genes related to Prader-Willi syndrome without mentioning circadian rhythms or light-sensitive proteins.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Crop rotation can enhance soil fertility and prevent pests. [SEP] Text: Carbon mineralization and specific respiratory activity were directly related to estimated crop residue-C returned to soil, but not residue-N. However, both were increased by including alfalfa in the rotation. Carbon mineralization and specific respiratory activity were more sensitive indexes of soil organic matter quality than biomass C and N per se. Hydrolyzable amino acids and amino sugars responded to the treatments in a manner similar to total soil organic N. Relative molar distribution of amino acids was unaffected by crop rotation or rotation phase. Potentially mineralizable N in this soil was low compared to other Canadian prairie soils, even though the total soil organic N of the Scott soil was relatively high. We concluded that (i) all soil biochemical characteristics studied are useful for assessing soil quality changes; (ii) when studying soil changes, thin (0- to 7. 5-cm) soil slices are more likely to reveal treatment effects than thicker slices; (iii) all rotation phases should be analyzed whenever forage legumes are constituents of crop rotations. Key words: C mineralization; microbial biomass, amino acids, N mineralization, specific respiratory activityRésuméL’influence de cinq rotations culturales et de la phase de l’assolement (la sole étudiée chaque année) sur quelques caractères de la matière organique du sol a été examinée dans une étude de longue durée conduite à Scott (Saskatchewan) sur un sol chernozémique brun foncé orthique. Le assolements comportaient diverses fréquences de mise sous culture et diverses espèces cultivées, céréales, oléagineuses et associations graminées-légumineuses. Des échantillons de sol ont été prélevés dans les couches superficielles de 0-7, 5 et de 7,5 – 15 cm du sol, à la mi-septembre 1988, soit deux semaines après la récolte de la céréale et deux mois après la récolte du foin et le retournement de la prairie. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by detailing that including alfalfa in the crop rotation increased carbon mineralization and specific respiratory activity in the soil. This suggests an enhancement of soil fertility as these biochemical activities are indicative of improved soil quality. Additionally, the examination of five different crop rotations, including various crops such as legumes and their effects on soil characteristics, supports the idea that crop rotation can positively influence soil fertility.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Mindfulness programs require no training or structured guidance. [SEP] Text: guidelines, researcher subjectivity was an essential part of the process, as prolonged engagement with the data deepened researcher insight and emergent codes (Braun & Clarke, 2022). This method involves six phases of: “familiarisation; coding; generating initial themes; reviewing and developing themes; refining, defining and naming themes; and writing up” (Braun & Clarke, 2021, p. 39). Focus group audio-recordings were de-identified and transcribed for analysis. The investigator and co-facilitator separately familiarized themselves with the transcripts and then coded them by hand. The grain size of text used for each code ranged from several words to several sentences, each encompassing an articulated idea within the data. The two coders then collaboratively went through each code together to discuss explicit and latent meanings within the data to deepen our understanding and come to intercoder agreement (Braun & Clarke, 2022; Creswell, 2014). Subsequently, themes were developed from relationships that researchers saw between the codes, as understood through their continued deepening engagement (Braun & Clarke, 2006, 2021). For example, specific codes of “gender self-care,” “self-care activities,” and “reasons for self-care” were consolidated into the theme of “Active in Self-care. ”Our research team incorporated several strategies to ensure research validity (Creswell, 2014). Researcher bias was brought to light by naming how our backgrounds, cultures, genders, and histories affected our interpretations of the data. Negative or discrepant information from the focus groups that stood in contrast to our main themes was included in data analysis and write up. The investigators have a strong clinical foundation in this field, with about 15 years of combined experience working with TGDY. Additionally, grant funding for this study was designed for first time research investigators, so it provided the study team with two research nurses who offered guidance throughout every stage of the project. To analyze the statistical data from the STAI, a Wilcoxon signed-rank test was used, and statistical significance was defined as p < 0. 05. As an essential component of Analysis, reflexivity was emphasized throughout the study process (Braun & Clarke, 2021, 2022). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by detailing the structured methodological processes and training involved in the research study. It describes a collaborative coding process, extensive engagement with data, and the incorporation of guidance provided to the research team by experienced individuals, which indicates that training and structured guidance are critical elements of effective program implementation.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Circadian rhythms are regulated by light-sensitive proteins. [SEP] Text: Willi syndrome, impairs reproductive function in mice PLoS One 4: e4291. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses Willi syndrome and its effects on reproductive function in mice without mentioning circadian rhythms or light-sensitive proteins.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Crop rotation can enhance soil fertility and prevent pests. [SEP] Text: , La plupart des effets des rotations et de la sole particulière sur les caractères biochimiques étudiés étaient significatifs, surtout dans les premiers 7,5 cm du sol. L’accroissement de la fréquence des mises sous culture n’a pas augmenté la teneur en matière organique du sol. Il est possible que les façons culturales intensives en pré-semis sur les parcelles de culture sur chaume ait masqué les avantages éventuels des mises en culture rapprochées. L’inclusion d une sole de luzerne (Medicago sativa L. ) dans la rotation céréalière a diminué la matière organique du sol dans les soles jachère et céréale de la rotation, probablement à cause du stress hydrique accru qui aurait abaissé la productivité de la céréale dans ce milieu semi-aride. Comme prévu, la phase de la rotation (la sole) n’influait pas sur le C organique du sol, mais la luzerne semée sous orge (Hordeum vulgare L. ) accroissait la teneur en N organique. À notre avis, cela serait dû à la présence des résidus de culture de la jeune luzerne. Les valeurs observées pour le C et le N de la biomasse bactérienne, pour la minéralisation de C, pour l’activité respiratoire spécifique (CO2-C/BC) et pour les acides aminés hydrolysables étaient également plus élevées dans la sole dans laquelle l’orge était contre-ensemencée de luzerne. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing how including alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) in a cereal crop rotation improved soil parameters, particularly increasing organic nitrogen content, which can enhance soil fertility. The mention of increased organic nitrogen due to cropped residues suggests that crop rotation can contribute positively to soil nutrient levels.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Mindfulness programs require no training or structured guidance. [SEP] Text: They connected the benefits of mindfulness activities to similar benefits from other activities, including social connection and feeling present. Their main reasons for doing self-care included a calming effect, social belonging and acceptance, self-acceptance and self-love, validation, de-stressing, cleansing, grounding, being healthy, connection to body and self, working out emotions, and feeling good. Several participants had previous experience using breathing and yoga for self-care. One person explained, “if I’m having a rough time then I’ll go to one of my friends and we’ll both do the breathing thing. ‘Cause it feels like if someone else is doing it, it helps bring me down even more than if I’m just alone in my room doing it. ” Another participant talked about the importance of connecting with friends more generally. I talked to my friend on the phone, at night time. Like when I have a rough day … ‘Cause it makes nighttime less of a lonely time so I’m not wallowing in how bad the day was. Instead I’m just talking about it. Which, I think, feels more productive. … It feels good. It makes me feel like my feelings are valid and heard when I’m talking about them with my friend. Participants expressed beneficial elements of social connection generally, as well as specifically helping them to engage in positive behavior such as mindfulness activities. Self-care within the body was also a common topic. Participants explored which activities and choices helped them feel the most connected to and comfortable in their bodies. “To get into my body I like to, well I’m still working on it, but I like to exercise. Or go on hikes and just focus on that. You know? So that’s the time where I can really think that I’m connecting to my body. ” Another participant spoke to the importance of clothing in their connection to their body and their gender. “I know for one that choosing clothing that makes me feel very affirmed in my gender gives me the power to walk outside and feel confident. Because what I’m wearing just makes me feel so good. You know, for myself first and foremost. ”There was a wide variety of activities and choices that participants used to take care of their physical, mental, and spiritual health. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by highlighting that several participants had previous experience with breathing and yoga, which suggests that some level of training or structured guidance is inherent to these mindfulness activities. Additionally, the participants express how social connections and engaging with others play a crucial role in their self-care and mindfulness practices. This indicates that efficacy in mindfulness may benefit from a structured environment or guidance.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Circadian rhythms are regulated by light-sensitive proteins. [SEP] Text: DOI: [PubMed] Tennese, AA; Wevrick, RImpaired hypothalamic regulation of endocrine function and delayed counterregulatory response to hypoglycemia in Magel2-null mice Endocrinology 152: 967–978, DOI: [PubMed] Ko, CH; Takahashi, JSMolecular components of the mammalian circadian clock Genet 15(2): R271–277. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it primarily lists references to studies without discussing the regulation of circadian rhythms specifically by light-sensitive proteins.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Crop rotation can enhance soil fertility and prevent pests. [SEP] Text: La minéralisation du carbone et l’activité respiratoire spécifique étaient directement reliées à la quantité estimative de C (mais pas de N) retournée au sol sous forme de résidus de culture. Cependant, ces deux fonctions étaient accrues par l’inclusion de la luzerne dans la rotation. Par ailleurs, elles de révélaient des indicateurs plus sensibles de la qualité de la matière organique du sol que le C et le N de la biomasse per se. Les réactions des acides aminés et des sucres aminés aux traitements culturaux étaient semblables à celles de l’azote organique total du sol. La répartition molaire relative des acides aminés n’était pas touchée par la rotation ni par la sole particulière examinée. La teneur en N potentiellement minéralisable dans ce sol était faible en regard de celle observée dans d’autres sols des Prairies canadiennes, même si le N organique total du sol de Scott était relativement élevé. Nos conclusions sont 1 : tous les caractères biochimiques étudiés sont utiles pour évaluer les modifications qualitatives du sol, 2 : dans ce genre d’étude, les tranches de sol minces 0-7,5 cm sont plus révélatrices des effets des traitements que les tranches plus épaisses, 3 : toutes les soles d’une rotation donnée devraient être analysées lorsque la rotation comporte une légumineuse fourragère. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing how the inclusion of legumes, such as alfalfa, in crop rotation enhances certain soil biochemical functions, which can be linked to improved soil fertility. It suggests that the biochemical characteristics studied are valuable for assessing qualitative changes in the soil, supporting the idea that crop rotation can positively affect soil health and indirectly help in pest management.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Mindfulness programs require no training or structured guidance. [SEP] Text: All actively engaged in the process of taking care of themselves and trying different methods to do so. Participants seemed exploratory and open to a range of activities, and the most striking element to the study team was how active they already are at trying to promote their own self-care. The desire and action toward healthy bodies, minds, and spirits was strong in both focus groups, though the younger group seemed a bit more confused about how to get there. The older group seemed exceptionally committed to finding and engaging in helpful self-care activities. Is “Not for Me”While many participants had never experienced a group or guided sitting meditation, most participants in both focus groups had participated in meditative activities. Again there was a range of experience, including yoga, chanting, energy work, and movement. They described some past encounters that had been helpful to them and others that had not. Most participants revealed that the idea of meditation was “not for me” because they thought meditation meant not thinking or moving, which felt impossible to them. Negative previous experiences included not enough movement, the activity bringing up body dysphoria, and environments that were too quiet, which made them uncomfortable. Positive previous experiences included working with energy to help feel grounded, sitting still helping to calm the mind, and having mentors helped participants engage with these types of experiences. One participant clearly described why involving energy and the body, rather than only working with the mind, was so important to their ability to feel grounded and present. I always learned that meditation was the whole, “Clear your mind of all thought. ” And so it just, that never worked for me, ‘cause anyone who knows me knows I’m hyper all the time. [laughs] … I get a lot of pent-up energy in my chest and I feel it, it’s like it gets tight to breathe, my breathing picks up ‘cause I’m just like, [gasps], and I have to get it out somehow. So I’ve learned to kind of pool it and drop it to my feet, and then let it go back into the ground. My body instantly relaxes. I can breathe. My lungs are open … I get a lot of flashbacks and stuff like that, so for me learning how to stay in reality was really important, and that’s one of the huge ways that I remind myself where I am. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by highlighting that many participants in the study had varying degrees of previous experience with meditative practices, suggesting the importance of structure and support for effective engagement in mindfulness experiences. The account reveals that participants felt confused and unease about meditation—particularly regarding the common misconception that it implied a lack of thought and movement. This indicates that structured guidance could help alleviate such confusion and make mindfulness more accessible. The mention of positive experiences with mentoring further implies that some form of training or guidance would benefit those engaged in mindfulness programs.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Circadian rhythms are regulated by light-sensitive proteins. [SEP] Text: [PubMed] Lee, C; Etchegaray, JP; Cagampang, FR; Loudon, AS; Reppert, SMPosttranslational mechanisms regulate the mammalian circadian clock Cell 107: 855–867, DOI: [PubMed] Takahashi, JS; Hong, HK; Ko, CH; McDearmon, ELThe genetics of mammalian circadian order and disorder: implications for physiology and disease Genet 9: 764–775, DOI: [PubMed] Siepka, SM; Yoo, SH; Park, J; Song, W; Kumar, V; Hu, Y; Lee, C; Takahashi, JSCircadian mutant Overtime reveals F-box protein FBXL3 regulation of cryptochrome and period gene expression Cell 129: 1011–1023, DOI: [PubMed] Shirogane, T; Jin, J; Ang, XL; -TRCP controls clock-dependent transcription via casein kinase 1-dependent degradation of the mammalian period-1 (Per1) protein J 280: 26863–26872, DOI: [PubMed] Young, MW; Kay, SATime zones: a comparative genetics of circadian clocks Genet 2: 702–715, DOI: [PubMed] Barker, PA; proteins: emerging roles in cell cycle progression, apoptosis, and neurogenetic disease J 67: 705–712, DOI: [PubMed] Sasaki, A; Hinck, L; -D the members: structure and function of a new adaptor family of MAGE-D proteins J 25: 181–198, DOI: [PubMed] Moon, HE; Ahn, MY; Park, JA; Min, KJ; Kwon, YW; Kim, KWNegative regulation of hypoxia inducible factor-1alpha by necdin FEBS Lett 579: 3797–3801, DOI: [PubMed] Friedman, ER; Fan, CMSeparate necdin domains bind ARNT2 and HIF1alpha and repress transcription 363: 113–118, DOI: [PubMed] Asher, G; Gatfield, D; Stratmann, M; Reinke, H; Dibner, C; Kreppel, F; Mostoslavsky, R; Alt, FW; [SEP] Justify:

Output: The provided text does not directly address the claim regarding the regulation of circadian rhythms by light-sensitive proteins. Instead, it lists various studies and papers related to circadian rhythms without specifying the light-sensitive proteins' role, making it largely irrelevant to the claim stated.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Crop rotation can enhance soil fertility and prevent pests. [SEP] Text: Thus, the two long-term trial results at Ridgetown suggest that to improve soil quality and storage of C and N, growers on clay loam soil in southwestern Ontario should consider adopting NT production practices and including winter wheat in the rotation. RésuméVan. , Verhallen, A. et Hooker, D. C. 2014. Incidence à long terme du travail du sol et de l’assolement sur la qualité du sol, sur sa teneur en carbone organique et sur la concentration totale d’azote. Can. J. Soil Sci. 94: 303–315. Les études de longue haleine servent à quantifier les conséquences de pratiques agricoles comme les labours et l’assolement sur la qualité du sol ainsi que sur ses réserves de carbone et d’azote. Deux expériences réalisées à Ridgetown, en Ontario, ont permis d’évaluer les répercussions à long terme (11 et 15 ans) du travail du sol et de l’assolement sur la qualité du sol à une profondeur de 0 à 15 cm ainsi que sur la concentration de carbone organique et celle d’azote total jusqu’à 120 cm de profondeur, par paliers de 5, 10 et 20 cm. Les auteurs ont recouru pour cela à la méthode (CSHA). La note relative à la qualité du sol établie grâce à la CSHA et la concentration de carbone organique et d’azote total étaient plus élevées pour le non-travail du sol que pour le labour automnal au versoir suivi du passage d’un cultivateur au printemps (travail classique du sol, TC), et pour les assolements incluant du blé d’hiver (soja-blé d’hiver, S-B, et soja-blé d’hiver-maïs, S-B-M) que pour ceux sans blé d’hiver. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the advantages of crop rotation, specifically including winter wheat in the rotation, for improving soil quality and enhancing the storage of carbon and nitrogen. It notes that long-term studies indicate better soil quality and nutrient concentrations with certain crop rotations, which supports the assertion that crop rotation enhances soil fertility.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Mindfulness programs require no training or structured guidance. [SEP] Text: Another participant in the older focus group had a great deal of experience with yoga and described the benefits they have received from their practice. I find that on those days where I’m practicing I leave my practice feeling just so [emphatic] grounded, not only within my body, but within my spirit. And breathing is a huge part of that. have a lot of mentors, you know, along the way. I can’t do that alone. There are other people who help me with my practice and who can help show me how to meditate and stretch and incorporate all that philosophy and mindfulness together. Gender and body dysphoria is one area specific for TGDY that is important to note in terms of participants’ openness to meditative activities. Many TGDY already incorporate self-care related to their gender, including binders, which are a clothing accessory that hide excess chest material on transmasculine bodies. Some participants had negative previous experiences at mindfulness settings that did not take body dysphoria into consideration during their programs, including this example. I went to a meditation once where they were really sound [emphatic] incorporated, which was cool. Until the touchy parts came. I didn’t like that. It was not like inappropriate, but like … they did this sound bowl thingy that they wanted to like put on your [chest] – and it was nice and all, but I felt, I didn’t wear a binder that day ‘cause I wanted to be comfortable. … was maybe cis [cisgender] it wouldn’t have been such a big deal, but because I could see that things were there [excess chest material], it wasn’t working and it broke everything. remember I started crying and I left because I just felt so uncomfortable and I felt bad [emphatic] for feeling uncomfortable. In summary, participants had a range of experiences with meditative activities. They were mostly opposed to the idea of meditation as an exercise of sitting quietly while not thinking, which felt very unrealistic to them. However, many had positive experiences with activities that brought an element of stillness or presence within their reach. Helpful components included using sound or movement in a supportive environment where mentors helped explain and model the activities while shielding participants’ focus away from body parts that lead to dysphoria. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by highlighting the necessity of mentorship and structured guidance within mindfulness practices. Participants emphasized the importance of having mentors to help them with meditation and mindfulness, stating, 'I can’t do that alone. There are other people who help me with my practice and who can help show me how to meditate and stretch.' This indicates that mindfulness programs often benefit from trained individuals guiding participants, contradicting the claim that no training or structured guidance is necessary.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Circadian rhythms are regulated by light-sensitive proteins. [SEP] Text:  1 regulates circadian clock gene expression through PER2 deacetylation Cell 134: 317–328, DOI: [PubMed] Nakahata, Y; Kaluzova, M; Grimaldi, B; Sahar, S; Hirayama, J; Chen, D; Guarente, LP; Sassone-+-dependent deacetylase SIRT1 modulates CLOCK-mediated chromatin remodeling and circadian control Cell 134: 329–340, DOI: [PubMed] Hasegawa, K; Yoshikawa, KNecdin regulates p53 acetylation via Sirtuin1 to modulate DNA damage response in cortical neurons J Neurosci 28: 8772–8784, DOI: [PubMed] Jordan, BW; Dinev, D; LeMellay, V; Troppmair, J; Gotz, R; Wixler, L; Sendtner, M; Ludwig, S; Rapp, URNeurotrophin receptor-interacting mage homologue is an inducible inhibitor of apoptosis protein-interacting protein that augments cell death J 276: 39985–39989, DOI: [PubMed] Sasaki, A; Masuda, Y; Iwai, K; Ikeda, K; finger protein Praja1 regulates Dlx5-dependent transcription through its ubiquitin ligase activity for the Dlx/Msx-interacting MAGE/Necdin family protein, Dlxin-1 J 277: 22541–22546, DOI: [PubMed] Doyle, JM; Gao, J; Wang, J; Yang, M; -RING protein complexes comprise a family of E3 ubiquitin ligases 39: 963–974, DOI: [PubMed] Feng, Y; Gao, J; meets RING: insights into biological functions of MAGE proteins 2: 7–12, DOI: [PubMed] Rual, JF; Venkatesan, K; Hao, T; Hirozane-Kishikawa, T; Dricot, A; Li, N; Berriz, GF; Gibbons, FD; Dreze, M; Ayivi-Guedehoussou, NTowards a proteome-scale map of the human protein-protein interaction network Nature 437 [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not provide any information or evidence regarding light-sensitive proteins in relation to circadian rhythms. Instead, it contains references to various biological studies and proteins without directly addressing the claim. Therefore, it is deemed irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Crop rotation can enhance soil fertility and prevent pests. [SEP] Text: Lors des deux expériences, les parcelles non travaillées renfermaient environ 21 Mg par hectare ou 14 % de carbone organique de plus que celles soumises au TC, dans la couche de 0 à 100 cm, tendance qui contraste avec les résultats des recherches antérieures réalisées dans l’est du Canada. Les résultats des deux essais de longue haleine réalisés à Ridgetown laissent donc croire que pour améliorer la qualité du sol et y stocker plus de C et de N, ceux qui cultivent des loams argileux dans le sud-ouest de l’Ontario devraient songer à adopter des pratiques agricoles sans travail du sol et à ajouter le blé d’hiver à leurs assolements. Maintaining and building soil quality is necessary to sustain crop yields and the competitiveness of Ontario’s agricultural industry. However, it is difficult to define soil quality (Carter 2005) because soil quality encompasses the chemical, physical and biological components of a soil (Kennedy and Smith 1995; Arias et al. 2005) and relates to various agro-ecological functions of soil such as sustaining plant and animal productivity, maintaining or enhancing water and air quality and cycling of water and nutrients. Thus, soil quality indicators should integrate properties and processes inherent to the aforementioned components (Karlen et al. 2003) and should direct growers towards better soil management practices (Carter 2005). One integrated test of soil quality is the (CSHA), which provides growers with one number that represents overall soil health by compiling over 17 soil biological, chemical and physical parameters (Idowu et al. 2008, 2009). In addition, soil organic carbon (SOC) is a sensitive indicator of soil quality responses to agricultural management practices, such as crop rotation and tillage systems (Bolinder et al. 1999) as it influences many chemical, physical and biological parameters and is essential for agro-ecosystem functioning (Carter 2005). Both CSHA and SOC have been used to evaluate the impact of tillage and crop rotation on soil quality in long-term trials (Angers et al. 1997; Idowu et al. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text supports the claim by indicating that practices like crop rotation improve soil quality and are essential for agro-ecosystem functioning. Specifically, it mentions that soil organic carbon (SOC) responds positively to agricultural management practices, including crop rotation, suggesting that such practices enhance soil fertility.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Mindfulness programs require no training or structured guidance. [SEP] Text: Calms and ConnectsAfter participating in the guided group meditation together, focus group members described their experience in a variety of ways. Most expressed that it generally felt relaxing and calming for them. One participant explained, “got here I felt fidgety. I was not calm. I was moving around. But now I’m not, I’m just calm. I’m relaxed. I’m sleepy. I feel good. ” Some participants specifically mentioned that they liked feeling the direct connection with their body and breath and that they felt positive affirmation and self-love throughout the experience. Some also included feedback that they needed more physical movement, especially for the younger group, and that it was hard to focus. In terms of the specific techniques, we received only positive responses to the breathing technique where participants concentrated on their breath as they inhaled and exhaled and tried to feel it moving through their body. One person in the younger group described, “I could feel the coldness going up my nose and around and out. And it felt really stabilizing … Because it was a lot of focusing on this one thing, my breath, that kind of bridges me to the rest of my soul and stuff. ”The visualization technique, however, received mixed reactions. The majority of the younger group felt that it was stressful or even scary, while the older group mostly connected with the visualization in their bodies and the room but had a hard time staying with it when it expanded beyond that. One participant explained his experience with the visualization and how practicing in the group environment helped him connect to it more than he could have on his own. I actually found the visualization helpful. Because at first when we were focusing more on our body and stuff, I tend to have chest pain when I feel a little anxious or tense. was starting to focus on weird things that were going on in my chest at the moment. But when you started to talk about the ball of light and all of that it kind of took me out of my body. also was visualizing everyone. ‘Cause I’ve tried to do meditation on my own, and I find that I can’t really do it by myself. So vibing off of other people’s energy also helps feeling like we’re going through the same thing together. The general consensus for both groups was that participants felt more relaxed and calm after the guided meditation than they had beforehand. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by providing evidence that structured guidance is beneficial in mindfulness practices. Participants mentioned that they found guided meditations helpful and that practicing in a group environment allowed them to connect better with the meditation techniques, indicating that some training or structured guidance is necessary for effective engagement in mindfulness.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Circadian rhythms are regulated by light-sensitive proteins. [SEP] Text: : 1173–1178, DOI: [PubMed] Di Certo, MG; Corbi, N; Bruno, T; Iezzi, S; De Nicola, F; Desantis, A; Ciotti, MT; Mattei, E; Floridi, A; Fanciulli, M; associates with the anti-apoptotic factor Che-1 and regulates its degradation to induce cell death J 120: 1852–1858, DOI: [PubMed] Paltoglou, S; -1alpha and EPAS ubiquitination mediated by the VHL tumour suppressor involves flexibility in the ubiquitination mechanism, similar to other RING E3 ligases Oncogene 26: 604–609, DOI: [PubMed] Bush, JR; Wevrick, RThe Prader-Willi syndrome protein necdin interacts with the E1A-like inhibitor of differentiation EID-1 and promotes myoblast differentiation Differentiation 76: 994–1005. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it does not mention circadian rhythms, light-sensitive proteins, or any related biological mechanisms. It discusses various studies but lacks a direct connection to the claim being analyzed.