Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Disruption of circadian rhythms can lead to health issues. [SEP] Text: PubMed] Sancar, A; Lindsey-Boltz, LA; Unsal-Kacmaz, K; Linn, SMolecular mechanisms of mammalian DNA repair and the DNA damage checkpoints Biochem 73: 39–85, DOI: [PubMed] Hogenesch, JB; Panda, S; Kay, S; Takahashi, JSCircadian transcriptional output in the SCN and liver of the mouse Symp 253: 171–180. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses molecular mechanisms of DNA repair and circadian transcriptional output but does not address or provide any connection to health issues related to the disruption of circadian rhythms.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Colonialism reshaped the political landscape of several continents. [SEP] Text: First, despite the sheer difference in social positions, one being a white headmaster at one of the most elite schools in Britain and the other a black Trinidadian schoolboy, both recognise that success on the cricket field required behaving in a certain way. That is, the values Welldon lists as embodied in cricket, like ‘pluck’, ‘perseverance’ and ‘discipline’, are the same embodied in the public-school code James recalls being thoroughly subjected to during his schooldays in Trinidad. Second, the language in both accounts resonates strongly with the mutualist view of sports as a ‘mutual quest for excellence’. The point here is that the values Welldon, James and others saw in cricket are not the external benefits that come from playing the sport: They are fundamentally a part of the game such that, by not demonstrating them in their conduct, participants were not playing the game right. We can even make the further point that demonstrating the public-school games ethic was necessary to bring about the excellences cricket was set up to promote. This is not to say that cricket is inherently colonial, as if the internal rules and norms of the sport were designed with the explicit aim of furthering the civilising mission. Instead, the point is that the excellences the internal logic of cricket were designed to bring about in both skill and behaviour lent themselves to the colonial project such that the two became fundamentally interlinked and inseparable from one another. Ignoring this connection, then, is to miss something central about how cricket was understood, appreciated and engaged with in the context of colonialism. This embodies the heart of James’ challenge to mutualism. By bracketing politics from sport, mutualism creates the impression that politics has no bearing on the questions of what we appreciate about sport and of how we morally evaluate sporting practices. While this may seem true in certain cases, like the example considered above, it forecloses an examination of instances where the language of mutualism is used to either legitimate an oppressive set of social circumstances or provide an avenue for political resistance. After all, James’ school experience of cricket was not a noble effort to improve the character of young boys: It was a colonial enterprise predicated on the assumed racial inferiority of the native population. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text supports the claim by discussing how the internal logic of cricket was intricately linked with colonialism. It describes the colonial context in which cricket was understood, appreciated, and engaged with, highlighting the 'colonial enterprise' that underpinned James’ school experience. This demonstrates that the sport and its associated values were shaped by the colonial political landscape, thereby corroborating the assertion that colonialism had significant impacts on the societal structures and values of various communities.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Gene editing is completely risk-free with no side effects. [SEP] Text: The Mind-amplifies gene-editing’s effect on identity because it suggests physical changes can not only indirectly, but also directly, impact mental identity. -editing alters the physical body. Due to the integrated mind-body relationship, it can also directly and indirectly modify mental identity. Mind-body dualism, as opposed to reductive physicalism, yields an understanding of identity that parallels the way mind-body connections are currently understood. Current science suggests that mood and emotion may be more squarely tied to the physical. Identity likely depends on some combination of the physical and mental. Framing mental aspects, including emotions, personality, and thoughts, as immaterial and genes as physical could lead to the overuse of gene-editing technology for physical purposes like disease prevention, solutions, or enhancement. Mind-body dualism forms the foundation for gene-editing’s nuanced, far-reaching impact on one’s sense of self. Identity defines an individual, both to themselves and others. The potential for unknown or undesired effects of gene-editing on identity calls for balancing the technology’s benefit to human health with its potentially negative impact on identity. The philosophical and ethical underpinnings should help inform public policy and scientific engagement as gene-editing becomes more influential in medicine. - [1] “The predominant current day meaning of genotype is some relevant part of the DNA passed to the organism by its parents. The phenotype is the physical and behavioral traits of the organism, for example, size and shape, metabolic activities, and patterns of movement. ” Taylor, Peter and Richard Lewontin, "The Genotype/Phenotype Distinction", Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Summer 2021 Edition), Edward N. Zalta (ed. ), URL = < [2] Elliott, Kathryn, et al. “‘I Wouldn’t. ’ the Relationship between Perceptions of Identity and Attitudes towards Hypothetical Gene-Editing in Parents of Children with Autosomal Aneuploidies. ” SSM - in Health, Elsevier, Dec. 2022, www. sciencedirect. com/science/1135. [3] Watson-Scales, Sheona et al. “Analysis of motor dysfunction in reveals motor neuron degeneration. ” PLoS genetics vol. 14,5 e1007383. 10 May. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the potential impacts of gene editing on identity and the mind-body relationship. It highlights that gene editing can modify both physical and mental aspects, suggesting that there are nuanced effects that could lead to unknown or undesired consequences. The mention of the 'potential for unknown or undesired effects of gene-editing on identity' explicitly contradicts the claim that gene editing is completely risk-free.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Disruption of circadian rhythms can lead to health issues. [SEP] Text: full_text. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not pertain to the claim at all, as it simply states 'full_text' without providing any information about circadian rhythms or health issues.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Colonialism reshaped the political landscape of several continents. [SEP] Text: Cricket was thus explicitly understood in terms of a specific pedagogical purpose – namely to ‘civilise’ the indigenous population. Yet, adhering to the public-school code need not entail a passive submission to the colonial order; rather, it can provide the resources to subvert it. Reflecting on his experience in later life, James (2019: 88) seems to endorse this interpretation of his writings, stating that:tradition soaked deep into me was that when you entered the sporting arena you left behind you the sordid compromises of everyday existence. Yet for us to do that we would have had to divest ourselves of our skins. From the moment I had to decide which club I would join the contrast between the ideal and the real fascinated me and tore at my insides. Nor could the local population see it otherwise. The class and racial rivalries were too intense. They could be fought out without violence or much lost except pride and honour. Thus the cricket field was a stage on which selected individuals played representative roles which were charged with social significance. These competing dimensions resonate throughout this passage and show the complexities of cricket in a colonial context, which is largely missed on a mutualist account. We can see these across two dimensions, corresponding to two of the three desiderata theories of sport ought to meet. Starting with the evaluative task, a mutualist analysis might say that – because it abstracts sport from politics – while the colonisers and the colonised appreciate or engage in sport for different reasons, they both nevertheless share their appreciation of cricket for the sake of the excellences the activity makes possible. That is, like Suits, mutualists think, to properly participate in sporting practice as both a spectator and player, individuals need to appreciate or understand the activity on its own terms. This is how I interpret Simon's claim that we need to presuppose the mutualist principle of sport as a ‘mutual quest for excellence’ so that sporting practice ‘makes the best sense’. Therefore, mutualists might argue that even though colonisers might appreciate cricket for its purported ability to fulfil the ‘civilising mission’ and the colonised might see cricket as providing an avenue to resist colonial domination, they both still value cricket for its own sake: namely the excellences the sport can bring about. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the complexities of cricket in a colonial context. It reflects on how cricket was used as a tool for the colonial 'civilising mission' while also serving as a means of resistance for the colonised. This illustrates how colonialism not only influenced the cultural practices but also reshaped social dynamics and identities within the political landscape, highlighting the contrasting perspectives of colonisers and the colonised.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Gene editing is completely risk-free with no side effects. [SEP] Text: 2018, doi:10. 1371/journal. pgen. 1007383 [4] Cross, Ryan. “edits sickle cell mutation” C&EN 94 (41), 5-5, October 17, 2016. [5] Stoljar, Daniel. “Physicalism. ” of Philosophy. Stanford University, May 25, 2021. [6] Hume, David. “Identity. ” Essay. Treatise of Human Nature. Project Gutenberg, n. d. [7] Sartre, Jean-Paul. Being and Nothingness, n. d. [8] Descartes, René. Meditations on First Philosophy. Yale University, n. d. [9] Descartes, René. Meditations on First Philosophy. Yale University, n. d. [10] Aristotle. “Classics Archive: (On the Soul) by Aristotle. ” | On the Soul by Aristotle, n. d. [11] Hume, David. “Identity. ” Essay. Treatise of Human Nature. Project Gutenberg, n. d. [12] News. “A Neurosurgeon and a Mind vs. Body. ” Mind Matters, February 28, 2022. [13] Jasanoff, Alan. and to Are. Cambridge: Basic Books, 2018. [14] Frangoul, Haydar et al. “-Cas9 for Disease and β-Thalassemia. ” England journal of medicine vol. 384,3 (2021): 252-260. doi:10. 1056/NEJMoa2031054 [15] Smart, J. J. C. “The Mind/Theory. ” of Philosophy. Stanford University, May 18, 2007. Ava E. Andrew's School 4. 0 International License. How to Cite Allwardt, A. (2023). of the Effects of Gene-on Human Identity. Voices in Bioethics, 9. submit Voices in Bioethics is currently seeking submissions on philosophical and practical topics, both current and timeless. Papers addressing access to healthcare, the bioethical implications of recent rulings, environmental ethics, data privacy, cybersecurity, law and bioethics, economics and bioethics, reproductive ethics, research ethics, and pediatric bioethics are sought. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by hinting at the complexity and potential implications of gene editing. It lists various scientific publications and topics related to gene editing, notably mentioning specific conditions like sickle cell mutation and β-Thalassemia. While it doesn't directly state the risks or side effects, the broad scope of references implies that gene editing involves serious ethical and medical considerations, countering the idea that it is risk-free.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Disruption of circadian rhythms can lead to health issues. [SEP] Text: [PubMed] You, Z; Saims, D; Chen, S; Zhang, Z; Guttridge, DC; Guan, KL; MacDougald, OA; Brown, AM; Evan, G; Kitajewski, J; Wang, CYWnt signaling promotes oncogenic transformation by inhibiting c-Myc-induced apoptosis J 157: 429–440, DOI: [PubMed] Pucci, B; Kasten, M; Giordano, ACell cycle and apoptosis Neoplasia 2: 291–299, DOI: [PubMed] Evan, GI; Vousden, KHProliferation, cell cycle and apoptosis in cancer Nature 411: 342–348, DOI: [PubMed] Vafa, O; Wade, M; Kern, S; Beeche, M; Pandita, TK; Hampton, GM; Wahl, GMc-Myc can induce DNA damage, increase reactive oxygen species, and mitigate p53 function: a mechanism for oncogene-induced genetic instability 9: 1031–1044, DOI: [PubMed] Sheen, JH; Dickson, RBOverexpression of c-Myc alters G1-S arrest following ionizing radiation Biol 22: 1819–1833, DOI: [PubMed] Vafa, O; Wade, M; Kern, S; Beeche, M; Pandita, TK; Hampton, GM; Wahl, GMc-Myc can induce DNA damage, increase reactive oxygen species, and mitigate p53 function: a mechanism for ontogeny-induced genetic instability 9: 1031–1044, DOI: [PubMed] Roy, PG; Thompson, AMCyclin D1 and breast cancer Breast 15: 718–727, DOI: [PubMed] Gréchez-Cassiau, A; Rayet, B; Guillaumond, F; Teboul, M; Delaunay, FThe circadian clock component BMAL1 is a critical regulator of p21WAF1/CIP1 expression and hepatocyte proliferation J 283: 4535–4542, DOI: [PubMed] Antoch, MP; Kondratov, RVCircadian proteins and genotoxic stress response 106: 68–78, DOI: [PubMed] [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim directly regarding the implications of circadian rhythm disruption on health issues. Instead, it provides references to various studies without discussing potential health consequences related to circadian disruption.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Colonialism reshaped the political landscape of several continents. [SEP] Text: Framed this way, mutualism suggests that these secondary reasons to appreciate cricket are external to the practice, as if they purely belong to the politics of colonial societies. What this misses, however, is that the very idea of sporting excellence becomes politicised such that two groups interpret and understand the same feat of excellence in different ways. Put differently, I read James as suggesting that sporting principles and values become intertwined with political considerations such that the former cannot be adequately understood without reference to the latter. In this case, for an indigenous member of the colonies to appreciate cricket for the excellences it allows participants to display would be – as James eloquently puts it – to ‘divest ourselves of our skins’ since it fails to track what that excellence represents: The assertion that there is no fundamental difference between white European colonisers and the non-white indigenous colonised members of Trinidadian society. Equally, the excellences cricket is meant to display become refracted through the colonial lens, thereby turning skilful displays of batting, bowling or sportsmanship into evidence for the British colonisers that the ‘civilising mission’ is working (e. g. , Stoddart, 1988: 654). Crucially, however, this does not lead to an externalist perspective, since sporting practice is not reflecting broader operations of power. Instead, the internal logic of sport is becoming politicised to suit two radically different agendas. We can see the same dynamic elsewhere: Shri Ranjitsinhji, known as Ranji, who was arguably cricket's first ‘global superstar’. Whilst at a school in India, which was modelled after the English public schools, he discovered an aptitude for cricket. After leaving India in 1888, Ranji studied at Cambridge, where he continued demonstrating his excellence on the cricket pitch – becoming the first Indian to be awarded the prestigious ‘Cambridge Blue’ and would even go on to represent England in a test cricket match in 1896 (Kidambi, 2019: 68–69). Yet, Ranji occupied a dual role in the British psyche. On the one hand, he was seen as emblematic of the success of Britain's ‘civilising mission’: After all, here was a native Indian showcasing his talent at a sport and outdoing many white English batsmen. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by illustrating how colonialism influences cultural practices like cricket, which becomes politicized in a colonial context. It discusses how sporting excellence is interpreted differently through colonial lenses, thereby intertwining sport and politics. The example of Ranjitsinhji indicates that sporting success was used to reflect and reinforce colonial narratives of the 'civilising mission’, exemplifying how colonialism reshaped not just politics but societal perceptions of identity and culture.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Gene editing is completely risk-free with no side effects. [SEP] Text: Javascript is disabled in your browser. Please enable Javascript to view PeerJ. Related research -editing of the virulence gene of Escherichia coli using the system View 10. 7717/peerj. 8881 Published 2020-04-06 Accepted 2020-03-10 Received 2019-12-02 -Cas9, Virulence genes, ETEC, Single base mutation, CDS Copyright © 2020 Hou et al. is an open access 2020. Genetic editing of the virulence gene of Escherichia coli using the system. PeerJ 8:e8881 The authors have chosen to make the review history of this 77. 78% when the length of the homology arm was from 50 to 300 bp. Within this range, the longer the homology arm, the higher the efficiency of genetic recombination. The results showed that this system can target virulence genes located in plasmids and on chromosomes of ETEC strains. A single base mutation was performed by two-step gene fragment replacement. This study lays the foundation for research on virulence factors and genetic engineering of vaccines for ETEC. editing refers to the introduction of engineered mutations into specific loci of a target genome by genome editing techniques. In general, the current genome editing methods can be divided into three categories: the first category of genome editing relies on Cre (cause recombination enzyme)/loxP and Flp (Flippase recombination enzyme)/FRT (FLP recombination target); the second category is marker-free editing by the ‘pop-in/pop-out’ method; and the third category of genome editing relies on nucleases that recognize specific sequences. Cre/loxP originates from the P1 phage. Cre is a recombinase that recognizes a specific genomic sequence called the loxP site. Cre recombinase removes sequences located between loxP sites (Abremski & Hoess, 1985). Flp/FRT originated from a plasmid in yeast. Flp is a recombinase similar to Cre, and its recognition site is named FRT (Hoang et al. , 1998; Kilby, Snaith & Murray, 1993). The implementation of Cre/loxP and Flp/FRT technologies is generally divided into two parts. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text discusses various methods of gene editing and their applications, specifically mentioning the introduction of engineered mutations into genomes and referencing specific techniques like Cre/loxP and Flp/FRT. While it does not directly state risks or side effects, the complexity of the editing techniques and the context of targeting virulence genes suggest that gene editing is not simple or risk-free. Thus, the text contrasts the claim by implying that gene editing carries inherent challenges and potential risks.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Disruption of circadian rhythms can lead to health issues. [SEP] Text:  Riley, T; Sontag, E; Chen, P; Levine, ATranscriptional control of human p53-regulated genes Biol 9: 402–412, DOI: [PubMed] Mullenders, J; Fabius, AW; Madiredjo, M; Bernards, R; Beijersbergen, RLA large scale shRNA barcode screen identifies the circadian clock component ARNTL as putative regulator of the p53 tumor suppressor pathway PloS One 4: e4798. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not provide any information related to the disruption of circadian rhythms or health issues. Instead, it discusses transcriptional control and the regulation of the p53 pathway without addressing the claim, making it irrelevant.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Colonialism reshaped the political landscape of several continents. [SEP] Text: His achievements were thus framed as the success of the colonial education system in instilling the values internal to cricket to its subjects in the colonies, thereby justifying Britain's continued colonial occupation and painting the empire as ‘liberal, meritocratic, generous and inclusive’ (Sen, 2017: 29; see also Stoddart, 1988: 655). On the other, Ranji was importantly different. As a non-white batsman playing a very white sport, his mannerisms and his abilities were refracted through a colonial lens and thus encapsulated an Orientalist logic (e. g. , Said, 2003). Despite adopting familiar cultural behaviours of English life, Ranji was nevertheless treated as an exotic figure, who sparked dazzlement and wonder amongst white English audiences (Sen, 2017: 44–45). As the historian argues ‘many British observers regarded the enchanting Indian's batting exploits as yet another marvellous possession thrown up by their vast and varied empire’ (Kidambi, 2019: 69). Thus, Ranji illuminated the contradiction central to colonial practice: While being praised as an honorary Englishman for his skill with the bat, he was nevertheless othered as this object of exotic mystery and wonder. The point, then, is that a mutualist analysis obscures this interplay between the civilising logic of colonialism and the sporting logic of cricket. In saying that we value cricket for its ability to create opportunities to demonstrate feats of pluck and discipline, a mutualist explanation for Ranji's popularity would purely focus on his undisputed batting brilliance, thereby disconnecting his skill from the politics of colonialism. Equally, an externalist analysis would focus on his racial difference and treat his batting prowess as something secondary or unrelated. Yet, for the British public at the time, the two were fundamentally interlinked: His demonstration of excellence contributed to the perception that the British empire really was bringing education and enlightenment to the colonies, while simultaneously reifying the unbridgeable divide between white and non-white subjects of empire. This, in turn impoverishes our understanding of sporting practice, since it encourages – by bracketing a salient feature of the world – the presupposition that the racial identity and social role of sports players does not matter when explaining why sports are appreciated. In colonial contexts, however, this is patently false. For both James and Ranji, racial identity played a role in explaining why they valued sports, or why they were valued as sporting figures. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by highlighting how colonialism influenced social structures and perceptions within colonial contexts, particularly through the lens of sports and racial identity. It discusses how the British empire justified its colonial occupation by framing its educational values as beneficial, suggesting that these ideologies contributed to the political landscape of the time. The narrative surrounding figures like Ranji illustrates the complex interplay between colonialism and culture, which indicates a significant reshaping of societal norms and political perceptions within the colonies.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Gene editing is completely risk-free with no side effects. [SEP] Text: First, the marker gene with the screening function is integrated into the genome to complete the transformation of the target region, and then the resistance marker gene is excised by the recombinase. However, after each round of genetic manipulation, a loxP or FRT site is left on the genome, which is very unfavorable for the study of functional genes or multigene continuous operation. To achieve seamless editing of the genome, the researchers chose a genetic framework with a positive screening function and a reverse screening function through two rounds of genetic manipulation. In addition, homologous recombination between the two rounds of genome editing required the expression of the exogenous λ-Red recombinase. /Cas-mediated genome editing technology that has emerged in recent years is the third generation of endonuclease-dependent genome editing technologies. The principle is based on the mechanism of bacterial resistance to the invasion of foreign phage DNA (Sander & Joung, 2014). Compared with ZFNs andCas has the advantages of simple operation, a short operating cycle and low technical requirements for the operator. /Cas9 system has been successfully applied in diverse organisms including but not limited to humans (Drost et al. , 2015), mice (Aida et al. , 2015), zebrafish (Varshney et al. , 2016), C. elegans (Shen et al. , 2014), rice (Yin et al. , 2017), E. coli (Jiang et al. , 2013), and Saccharomyces cerevisiae (Brune, Kunze-Schumacher & Kolling, 2019), Chlamydomonas chloroplasts (Yoo et al. , 2020). For gene editing in E. coli, a three-plasmid system with highly efficient recombination was developed (Pyne et al. , 2015). Subsequently, a two-plasmid system was constructed which included pCas containing the Cas9 protein and pTargetF containing the sgRNA (single guide RNA) (Jiang et al. , 2015). However, the two-plasmid system still requires two steps in the process of curing the plasmid. To facilitate operation, a single-plasmid system was constructed which included Cas9 and sgRNA on one plasmid and it could be cured in one step by a temperature-sensitive element (Zhao et al. , 2016). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing various genetic manipulation techniques and the implications of leaving genetic markers, indicating that gene editing is not devoid of risks. Specifically, it mentions that after rounds of manipulation, 'a loxP or FRT site is left on the genome, which is very unfavorable for the study of functional genes or multigene continuous operation,' suggesting potential side effects and complications arising from the process.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Disruption of circadian rhythms can lead to health issues. [SEP] Text:  marker in B-cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia Haematologica| 94: 280–284. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it refers to a specific marker in B-cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia without discussing circadian rhythms or health issues related to their disruption.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Colonialism reshaped the political landscape of several continents. [SEP] Text: To play cricket in the colony of Trinidad was impossible without recognising the social position that one occupied on the basis of one's race. Correspondingly, explaining the British public's adoration of Ranji in terms of his athletic prowess fails to see how their praise was inflected by both racism and colonialism. Therefore, to evaluate why participants and spectators appreciate cricket exclusively on sporting terms is to miss out on how these sporting logics can become intertwined with political considerations such that the former cannot be adequately explained without reference to the latter. Turning to the normative task, mutualism claims to provide the conceptual resources to morally evaluate sporting practice. That is, it can tell us why cheating or doping go against the value of sport and provide a normative framework to provide guidance in cases where the rules do not account for a specific eventuality. The basis for their claim is rooted in the mutualist sporting principle: Because cheating or doping do not constitute the right kind of excellences in sport, or because baseball is not set up to promote excellences in wrestling, these actions ought to be ruled out. But what happens when the very idea of excellence becomes politicised? In a sense, my argument parallels Morgan's critique of mutualism; as we saw earlier, he suggests that the differences between the amateur and professional ethic run so deep that they lack a shared conception of excellence. As such, the normative evaluations each paradigm makes about sport will vary drastically. Further, the language of excellence, for Morgan, is not a potential solution but instead vulnerable to the kind of intractable moral dispute he diagnoses between these sporting paradigms. I want to suggest that a similar issue is at stake in the case of cricket in colonial contexts: The politicisation of excellence means that sporting practice is subject to different kinds of evaluation across the colonial divide. Note that a key difference between my argument and Morgan's is that his focus is on moral disputes whereas my claim is about politics. In short, I argue that the apolitical and abstract nature of mutualism limits the insights it can make about sporting practice. To see this, it is worth stressing James’ insights on cricket in the colonies. His writings point to a conception of cricket that, like mutualism, sees it as having its own internal logic that is designed to bring about certain excellences, yet unlike mutualism sees these excellences as being inflected by and tied to a distinctly political project. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing how colonialism influenced sporting practices, specifically cricket, in Trinidad. It highlights that the nature and appreciation of sport were deeply intertwined with political considerations, as the understanding of excellence in cricket evolved under colonial influences. The author's argument about the politicization of excellence in cricket reflects how colonialism altered not only social interactions but also broader political evaluations, thereby confirming that colonialism reshaped the political landscape.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Gene editing is completely risk-free with no side effects. [SEP] Text: /Cas-mediated genome editing technology has been used in various 1. E. coli Trans1-T1 was used as a cloning host. The ETEC strains of E. coli O141:K85, E. coli O142 and E. coli DN1502 were used in the genome engineering after the susceptibility test, especially kanamycin and spectinomycin. E. coli O141:K85 (CVCC197) was a porcine ETEC field-isolated strain deposited in the Center. E. coli O142 and E. coli DN1502 were isolated from diarrhea claves, and their virulence were tested in our laboratory (Liu et al. , 2015; Yuan et al. , 2014). Y-1 mouse adrenocortical cells were purchased from Bank, of Sciences. Based on the gene sequence published in NCBI and the pTargetF plasmid sequence published in Addgene, primers were designed using Primer 5. 0 software, and the N20 sequence was designed using online software. E. coli were grown in lysogeny broth (1% tryptone, 0. 5% yeast extract, 1% NaCl) at 30 °C or 37 °C. Kanamycin (30 µg/mL), ampicillin (100 µg/mL), and spectinomycin (250 µg/mL) were added to the medium as appropriate. L-arabinose (1. 5 mg/mL final concentration) was used for λ-Red induction when necessary. Table 1: Strains and plasmids used in this studya. Strains and plasmids or reference E. coli Trans1-T1 F−ϕ80(lac Z) ΔM15 Δlac X74hsd R(rk−, m k + ) Δrec A1398end A1ton A TransE. coli O141:K85 elt I, estB, faeG CVCC197 E. coli DN1502 elt II c1 This laboratory (Liu et al. , 2015) E. coli O142 estA This laboratory (Yuan et al. , 2014) pMD19T bla Taraka pCas kan, Cas9, araC, Gam, Bet, Exo, repA101 Kindly provided by Pro. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text outlines the process of using a variety of E. coli strains in genome editing and mentions the testing of their virulence. This implies that there are biological processes involved in gene editing that must be critically evaluated, suggesting potential risks and side effects contrary to the claim that gene editing is completely risk-free. Furthermore, usage of antibiotics and other adjustments in the medium indicates a managed process likely to mitigate risks, thus indicating some level of risk exists.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Disruption of circadian rhythms can lead to health issues. [SEP] Text: Eisele, L; Prinz, R; Klein-Hitpass, L; Nückel, H; Lowinski, K; Thomale, J; Moeller, LC; Dührsen, U; Dürig, JCombined PER2 and CRY1 expression predicts outcome in chronic lymphocytic leukemia Haematol 83: 320–327, DOI: [PubMed] Spathis, A; Morrish, E; Booth, S; Smith, IE; Shneerson, JMSelective circadian rhythm disturbance in cerebral lymphoma 4: 583–586, DOI: [PubMed] Hoffman, AE; Zheng, T; Stevens, RG; Ba, Y; Zhang, Y; Leaderer, D; Yi, C; Holford, TR; Zhu, YClock-in Non-Hodgkin's Lymphoma: A Study and of the Cryptochrome 2 69: 3605–3613, DOI: [PubMed] Pogue-Geile, KL; Lyons-Weiler, J; Whitcomb, DCMolecular overlap of fly circadian rhythms and human pancreatic cancer 243: 55–57, DOI: [PubMed] Gery, S; Komatsu, N; Kawamata, N; Miller, CW; Desmond, J; Virk, RK; Marchevsky, A; McKenna, R; Taguchi, H; Koeffler, HPEpigenetic silencing of the candidate tumor suppressor gene Per1 in non-small cell lung cancer Res 13: 1399–1404, DOI: [PubMed] Taniguchi, H; Fernández, AF; Setién, F; Ropero, S; Ballestar, E; Villanueva, A; Yamamoto, H; Imai, K; Shinomura, Y; Esteller, MEpigenetic inactivation of the circadian clock gene BMAL1 in hematologic malignancies 69: 8447–8454, DOI: [PubMed] Mulero-Navarro, S; Esteller, MEpigenetic biomarkers for human cancer: the time is now 68: 1–11, DOI: [PubMed] Kaminskas, E; Farrell, A; Abraham, S; Baird, A; Hsieh, LS; Lee, [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text provides a list of studies related to circadian rhythms and various health conditions, including cancer and leukemia, but it does not directly address the claim that disruption of circadian rhythms can lead to health issues. As such, it does not provide sufficient information to either support or contradict the claim, making it irrelevant.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Colonialism reshaped the political landscape of several continents. [SEP] Text: In short, James sees cricket as a site of cultural power: ‘the set of ideas, beliefs, rules and conventions concerning social behaviour’ that was spread throughout the globe by various representatives of the (Stoddart, 1988: 650). Put differently, cricket embodied a particular sense of Britishness that – as reflected in the quotations by various public-school headmasters – demonstrated their purported cultural superiority and thus had to be inculcated in the colonies for the sake of the civilising mission. Again, this is not to say that cricket is inherently a colonial game or that the values internal to the game are reducible to wider politics. The point is that, as a sport, the internal logic, rules and conventions of cricket were designed to bring about excellences in behaviour that resonated strongly with the justification for the British empire. In a colonial context, then, sporting practice and politics become so intertwined that it would be a mistake to separate the two, as mutualism does by abstracting sport from politics. This leads to an impoverishment in our understanding of sport in two different ways: Either mutualism sees the role of cricket in the education of Trinidadian schoolchildren like James as genuinely providing them with an avenue to demonstrate and develop excellences, which is intrinsically good. Yet, this echoes the logic of the civilising mission and treats members of the indigenous population as passive subjects who have power exerted over them. The alternative option for mutualism is to say that, by exporting cricket to the colonies, the British corrupt sporting practice. This is because it transforms the nature of sporting activity into something else – namely the pursuit of the colonial ‘civilising mission’. That is, if the purpose of sport is to allow the demonstration of excellence, then insofar as excellences become tied to non-sporting ends, like bringing enlightenment to the colonies, it represents a corruption of the activity that sport is supposed to be. In short, by using cricket to achieve an instrumental end, the British colonisers (in this case) subvert and replace the internal aim of sporting practice. Notice however that this response is true of any attempt to use sport for the achievement of some external end – no matter how just or unjust that end may be. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing how cricket, as a cultural practice, was intertwined with the British colonial agenda. It highlights that cricket was promoted as part of the civilising mission, which reflects the colonial powers' attempts to exert cultural influence and political control over colonized regions. The argument that the imposition of cricket aimed to inculcate specific British values in the colonies supports the idea that colonialism reshaped not just social behavior but also the overall political landscape by using cultural instruments to reinforce colonial authority.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Gene editing is completely risk-free with no side effects. [SEP] Text: pTarget-Δelt I aadA, pMB1, sgRNA-elt I, Δelt I (1,173 bp) This study pTarget-ΔestB aadA, pMB1, sgRNA-estB, ΔestB (220) This study pTarget-Δelt II c1(400) aadA, pMB1, sgRNA-elt II c1, Δelt II c1(400) (1,136) This study pTarget-ΔestA aadA, pMB1, sgRNA-estA, ΔestA (221) This study pTarget-ΔfaeG aadA, pMB1, sgRNA-faeG, ΔfaeG (474) This study pTarget-ΔestB::estA aadA, pMB1, sgRNA-estB, ΔestB (220)::estA (505) This study pTarget-Δelt II c1p::faeG aadA, pMB1, sgRNA-elt II c1, Δelt II c1p (477 bp)::faeG (234) This study pTarget-ΔfaeG:: elt II c1193 aadA, pMB1, sgRNA-faeG, ΔfaeG (234):: elt II c1193(477) This study pTarget-Δelt II c1(300) aadA, pMB1, sgRNA-elt II c1, Δelt II c1(300) (1,136) This study pTarget-Δelt II c1(200) aadA, pMB1, sgRNA-elt II c1, Δelt II c1(200) (1,136) This study pTarget-Δelt II c1(100) aadA, pMB1, sgRNA-elt II c1, Δelt II c1(100) (1,136) This study pTarget-Δelt II c1(50) aadA, pMB1, sgRNA-elt II c1, Δelt II c1(50) (1,136) This study DOI: 10. 7717/peerj. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by listing various gene editing constructs and their parameters without mentioning any absence of risks or side effects. The presence of specific constructs and their modifications suggests a level of complexity and potential implications that may involve risks, thereby implying that gene editing cannot be considered completely risk-free.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Disruption of circadian rhythms can lead to health issues. [SEP] Text:  SL; Leighton, JK; Patel, H; Rahman, A; Sridhara, R; Wang, YC; Pazdur, RFDA. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it consists of a list of names or initials without any context or information regarding circadian rhythms or health issues.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Colonialism reshaped the political landscape of several continents. [SEP] Text: Hence, an abstract conception of sport that brackets the political context in which it is played leads to an impoverishment in our understanding of the way sports have been utilised to either enforce or resist practices of domination. This is especially important in the context of colonialism. If we understand cricket in the colonies as a site of cultural power and politics, then the excellences the game is designed to bring about are framed through a colonial lens in the following way: Excelling at cricket comes to be seen as embodying a particular ideal of Britishness that is tied to the success of empire. We have already seen this in the case of Ranji, whose batting excellence was seen as, in part, corresponding to the success of the British civilising mission. As such, when the indigenous population started to ‘imitate’ the settlers by playing their sports in the same way, the colonisers see this as a shrinking – but not an eradication – of the divide between them and their non-white indigenous subjects. MacLean argues however, in James’ writings we find that imitation can be subversive. In short, rather than attempting to become, or be seen as becoming, more like the British, native West Indians, in demonstrating the excellences of cricket, demonstrate their agency in reshaping how these excellences are understood (MacLean, 2010: 106–107). This is epitomised by the attempt to instate Frank Worrell, an excellent black batsman, as captain of the cricket team for their tour of Australia in 1960. Despite the success of numerous black players, the national team – when travelling to predominantly white countries like Australia or England – was always captained by a white player, thereby reinforcing the racist notion that, while they may play well, black players needed a white person to lead them (James, 2019: 308). Again, we see how values internal to cricket are politicised to suit a racist agenda: in this case, black men were seen as lacking the values or ability to take on the responsibilities of captaincy. After securing his appointment as captain, in part due to James’ fierce press campaign, Worrell's leadership throughout the Australian tour epitomised the public-school code that was so closely tied to cricket's development. In fact, the way Worrell and his team carried themselves on the field won plaudits amongst the Australian populace such that they were rewarded with a farewell parade upon their departure. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by illustrating how colonialism influenced cultural and political dynamics, particularly through the lens of cricket in the colonies. It discusses how cricket was used as a means of enforcing British ideals of ‘excellence’ tied to the success of the empire. The text specifically mentions the ways in which indigenous populations engaged with the sport as a form of resistance and agency, thereby reflecting the complexities of colonial power structures. It highlights that the appointment of black leadership in cricket teams challenged the prevailing racist notions, showing how colonial narratives were reshaped and contested. This underscores the idea that colonialism not only enforced domination but also sparked movements of resistance that reshaped political and cultural landscapes.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Gene editing is completely risk-free with no side effects. [SEP] Text: 8881/table-1 Notes: abla, kan and aadA, represent resistance genes of ampicillin, kanamycin and spectinomycin, respectively; sgRNA-eltI, sgRNA with an N20 sequence for targeting eltI gene; Δelt I(1,173 bp), editing template for an 1,173-bp eltI deletion; ΔestB (220), editing template for a 220-bp estB deletion; Δelt II c1(400) (1,136), editing template for a 1,136-bp elt II c1 deletion with 400-bp homology arm; Δ estA(221), editing template for a 221-bp estA deletion; ΔfaeG (474), editing template for a 474-bp faeG deletion; ΔestB (220)::estA (505), editing template for a 220-bp estB deletion with a 505-bp estA insertion; Δelt II c1 (477 bp)::faeG (234), editing template for a 477-bp partial elt II c1 deletion with a 234-bp faeG insertion; ΔfaeG(234)::elt II c1193 (477), editing template for a 234-bp faeG deletion, with a 477-bp elt II c1193 insertion which contains the mutation of the 193rd amino acid of LT-II c1; Δelt II c1(300) (1,136), editing template for a 1,136-bp elt II c1 deletion with 300-bp homology arm; Δelt II c1(200) (1,136), editing template for a 1,136-bp elt II c1 deletion with 200-bp homology arm; Δ elt II c1(100) (1,136), editing template for a 1,136-bp elt II c1 deletion with 100-bp homology arm; Δelt II c1(50) (1,136), editing template for a 1,136-bp elt II c1 deletion with 50-bp homology arm. The length of the homology arm in this 2. 5mM dNTPs, 2. 5 µL 6X DNA Buffer and 0. 5 µ(TransGen, 126 Beijing, China). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by describing various gene editing templates and techniques used for deletions and insertions. It implies complexity in the process of gene editing, which suggests that there are technical considerations and possible implications, challenging the notion that gene editing is completely risk-free and has no side effects.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Disruption of circadian rhythms can lead to health issues. [SEP] Text: Approval summary: azacitidine for treatment of myelodysplastic syndrome subtypes Res 11: 3604–3608, DOI: [PubMed] Issa, JP; Gharibyan, V; Cortes, J; Jelinek, J; Morris, G; Verstovsek, S; Talpaz, M; Garcia-Manero, G; study of low-dose decitabine in patients with chronic myelogenous leukemia resistant to imatinib mesylate J 23: 3948–3956, DOI: [PubMed] Fu, L; Lee, CCThe circadian clock: pacemaker and tumour suppressor Cancer 3: 350–361, DOI: [PubMed] Sahar, S; Sassone-Corsi, PMetabolism and cancer: the circadian clock connection Cancer 9: 886–896, DOI: [PubMed] Filipski, E; Lévi, FCircadian disruption in experimental cancer processes Ther 8(4): 298–302, DOI: [PubMed] Lee, CCTumor suppression by the mammalian Period genes Control 17: 525–530, DOI: [PubMed] Hanahan, D; Weinberg, RAThe hallmarks of cancer: A review Cell 100: 57–70, DOI: [PubMed] Kondratov, RV; Kondratova, AA; Gorbacheva, VY; Vykhovanets, OV; Antoch, MPEarly aging and age-related pathologies in mice deficient in BMAL1, the core component of the circadian clock 20: 1868–1873, DOI: [PubMed] Gauger, MA; and Res 65: 6828–6834, DOI: [PubMed] Wang, CY; Wen, MS; Wang, HW; Hsieh, IC; Li, Y; Liu, PY; Lin, FC; Liao, JKIncreased vascular senescence and impaired endothelial progenitor cell function mediated by mutation of circadian gene Per2 Circulation 118: 2166–2173, DOI: [PubMed] Campisi, JSenescent cells, tumor suppression, and organismal aging: good citizens, bad neighbors Cell 120: 513–522, DOI: [PubMed] Lévi, F; Okyar [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text primarily consists of references and summaries of various studies without directly addressing the relationship between circadian rhythm disruption and health issues. While some studies mentioned may imply a connection, the specific claim about the health consequences of circadian disruption is not directly supported or contrasted. Therefore, the text is considered irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Colonialism reshaped the political landscape of several continents. [SEP] Text: recalls (2019: 345):Clearing their way with bat and ball at that moment had made a public entry into the comity of nations. Thomas Arnold, Thomas Hughes, and the himself would have recognised as their boy. In embodying the excellences of cricket, Worrell would have been recognised as ‘their boy’ by figures like Thomas Arnold, the headmaster of Rugby School, and Thomas Hughes, a novelist – both of whom extolled the virtues of sport in building character in the context of public-school education. In a sense, then, this remark seems to imply that Worrell was being seen as an honorary English subject, the product of the same kind of elite institutions that would train colonial administrators for their role in the British Empire. At the same time, James stresses that his successful leadership paved the way for the to enter the ‘comity of nations’, as if to mark the moment when an independent nation became viable. Further, that it was the is significant: James was a proponent of the construction of an independent Federation that united all the Caribbean islands into a new political community that could resist colonial rule. Therefore, through imitation, there seems to be the corollary implication that the oppressive norms have been subverted through an act of agency – in this case, to potentially create the foundations for a new political community. While the political project may not have succeeded, that the cricket team continues to be federalised points to the latent power of sport as a social practice that can overcome intractable political division. If our sporting practices are to make ‘the best sense’, then they need to track how the principles internal to sporting practices are actualised in specific socio-political contexts. The power of sport lies precisely in its ability to inspire athletes from various backgrounds to demonstrate their equality on the sports field. Sporting narratives showcase the importance of such practices in fostering greater unity, through for example the creation of new political subjectivities, as well as in the opportunities to heal divides that seem unbridgeable. Yet, this power has also been harnessed by various dictatorial regimes throughout history to instil a pernicious sense of national pride or justify notions of racial and ethnic superiority. Mutualism has the resources to tackle some of these facets; for instance, we can use the mutualist ideal to critique the undue emphasis on winning in many professional sports across the globe. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text supports the claim by discussing the impact of colonialism on the political structures, particularly in the context of the Caribbean. It indicates that figures like James advocated for a new independent political community to resist colonial rule, showcasing the efforts to reshape governance in response to colonial legacies. The mention of creating a federation of Caribbean islands reflects an attempt to alter the political landscape shaped by colonial influences.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Gene editing is completely risk-free with no side effects. [SEP] Text: pTarget-ΔfaeG::elt II c1193 was constructed by inserting the overlap PCR fragment into Spe I/Xho I-digested pTargetF, which was amplified with primers P33/P45, P46/P52, and P53/P51. pTarget- Δelt II c1(300), pTarget-Δelt II c1(200), pTarget-Δelt II c1(100), and pTarget-Δelt II c1(50) was constructed by inserting various lengths of homology arm amplified with pTarget-Δelt II c1 as a template into Xba I/Xho I-digested pTarget-Δelt II c1, respectively. Genome editing procedure ETEC was used in all mutagenesis experiments. The electro competent cells of original bacterial were prepared as follow steps. One single colony of ETEC from an LB agar plate was cultured overnight in 3 mL of LB medium at 37 °C. 1 mL of overnight culture was inoculated and grown in 100 mL of LB medium at 37 °C until the optical density at 600 nm (OD600) reached 0. 6∼0. 8. Then, the cells were centrifuged at 5,000 rpm for 15 min at 4 °C and washed three times with ice-cold 10% glycerol. After the final wash, 1 mL of ice-cold 10% glycerol was added to the tube to resuspend the cells, which were dispensed into a frozen EP tube per 100 µL. pCas was introduced into the competent cells. Transformation was done by electroporation using the ECM 399 (BTX). Electro competent cells harboring pCas were prepared by growing a single colony in 3 mL of LB medium with 30 µg/mL kanamycin at 30 °C. One milliliter of overnight culture was inoculated and grown in 100 mL of LB medium at 30 °C. L-arabinose was added to a concentration of 1. 5 mg/mL at 0. 2∼0. 3 of OD600. Then, the cells were harvested at an OD600 of 0. 6∼0. 8 by centrifugation, washed three times with ice-cold 10% glycerol, and concentrated approximately 100-fold. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text describes a detailed procedure for constructing plasmids and performing genome editing but does not mention anything about the risks or side effects associated with gene editing. However, the complexity and technicality of the procedures can imply that gene editing is not entirely straightforward and may involve uncertainties. This suggests that the claim of gene editing being completely risk-free is incorrect, contrasting with the claim.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Disruption of circadian rhythms can lead to health issues. [SEP] Text: , A; Dulong, S; Innominato, PF; Clairambault, JCircadian timing in cancer treatments 50: 377–421, DOI: [PubMed] Lévi, F; Schibler, UCircadian rhythms: Mechanisms and therapeutic implications 47: 593–628, DOI: [PubMed] Mormont, MC; Lévi, FCancer chronotherapy: Principles, applications, and perspectives Cancer 97: 155–169, DOI: [PubMed] Lévi, FRedfern P, Lemmer B(1997). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not provide any direct information regarding the claim about circadian rhythms and health issues. It references various studies on circadian timing and cancer treatments but does not address the implications of circadian rhythm disruption.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Colonialism reshaped the political landscape of several continents. [SEP] Text: This can serve as an avenue to undermine, say, the encroachment of capitalist interest into sporting practices, by showing them to go against something inherent in what sports are trying to promote: the ability for individual agents to showcase their excellences on the playing fields. However, when the idea of excellence itself is invoked for pernicious ends, mutualism lacks the ability to critique them, since its own logic is being co-opted to legitimise and perpetuate harmful ideas, such as notions of racial inferiority in the case of cricket. The point of the Jamesian challenge is to draw attention to these dynamics of sport and ensure that they remain central to our analytical frame. In short, we can say that James is gesturing towards the importance of a political theory of sport. Concluding remarks: Reconnecting sport with politicsIf what I have said thus far is accepted, then mutualism fails to meet the widely held desiderata that theories of sport are expected to satisfy. Although it provides an initially compelling account of sport that can adequately satisfy some of the normative problems that arise within sporting contexts, mutualism cannot fully account for the interactions that occur at the boundary of the sports field. This is because mutualism involves an abstraction that, when brought into certain real-world contexts, masks the ways sports simultaneously legitimise oppressive social practices and create the conditions to resist and subvert them. That is, mutualism makes a problematic abstraction by bracketing sport from politics, thereby inviting the assumption that they belong to separate domains. Thus, mutualism, on the one hand, fails to identify why sports are understood differently across the colonial divide and, on the other, lacks the conceptual resources to morally evaluate the uses or ends sports are put to. The picture that thus emerges is a theory of sport that cannot account for broad swathes of sporting life in the world we occupy. This has resonances into the present; though we may no longer live in a world with formal colonial institutions, this does not mean that politics and sports exist entirely separate from one another. For example, to solely reduce the Russian state-sponsored doping programme in the to a violation of the mutualist principle is to ignore the entanglements between sports and geopolitics. In short, it would be to misunderstand sporting practice if we were to treat all the individuals involved in the doping scheme as benign apolitical actors whose wrongs are explainable exclusively in terms of the violation of sporting principles. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text discusses how mutualism fails to account for the interactions between sports and politics, particularly in the context of colonialism. It states that sports cannot be understood separately from their political implications, especially in how they relate to concepts of racial inferiority and oppressive social practices. Additionally, it highlights that even in a contemporary context without formal colonial institutions, the legacy of colonialism continues to influence the dynamics within sport, reinforcing that colonialism indeed reshaped political landscapes globally.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Gene editing is completely risk-free with no side effects. [SEP] Text: 100 µL of electro competent cells were mixed with 300 ng of pTarget series plasmids. Electroporation was performed in a 2-mm gap electroporation cuvette (BTX) at 2. 5 kV. The electro transformed cells were suspended immediately in 1 mL of LB medium and recovered at 30 °C for 1 h, after which they were plated on LB agar containing kanamycin and spectinomycin and incubated overnight at 30 °C. A single colony was picked and inoculated into LB medium containing kanamycin and spectinomycin for the next tests. Transformants were identified by PCR and DNA sequencing. Plasmid curing For pTarget curing, the identified bacteria were streaked onto LB plates containing kanamycin and spectinomycin and cultured overnight at 30 °C. Then, a single colony was picked and inoculated into 3 mL of LB medium containing kanamycin and 1 mM isopropyl-β-D-thiogalactoside (IPTG) and cultured at 30 °C for 16 h. The culture was confirmed as cured by ensuring the sensitivity to spectinomycin (250 µg/mL) and by PCR method. For pCas curing, the identified bacteria were streaked on an LB plate containing kanamycin and cultured at 30 °C overnight. Then, a single colony was picked and placed in 3 mL nonselective LB medium and cultured at 37 °C for 16 h. The cultures were confirmed as cured by measuring their sensitivity to kanamycin (30 µg/mL) and PCR method. The gene editing theory and process are shown in Figs. 1 and 2, respectively. Figure 1: Gene editing theory. (A) First, the host strain to be mutagenized is transformed with pCas expressing the λ Red component (Exo, Bet, Gam), the Cas9 endonuclease, and tracrRNA. Next, the host strain containing pCas is transformed with pTarget series carrying donor DNA and encoding the gRNA that specifies the site of cleavage. The gRNA directs the Cas9 endonuclease to the cleavage site. (B) While the gRNA recognizes 20 bases of the target site, the Cas9 mediates bacterial DNA double strand break (DSB). DSB is repaired by λ Red homologous recombination. Download full-size image DOI: 10. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by detailing the process of gene editing, which involves manipulating bacterial DNA, including steps like transformation and DNA double strand breaks (DSB). This indicates that there are specific procedural methods and risks associated with gene editing, suggesting that it is not completely risk-free.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Disruption of circadian rhythms can lead to health issues. [SEP] Text: Temperature and LMA data were acquired using Vitalview software (Philips Respironics) and stored for offline analyses. LPS TreatmentsAfter a postsurgical recovery interval ≥1 month, physiological and behavioral sickness responses to LPS were evaluated as previously described (Prendergast et al. , 2008). Estrous cycle (EC) stage is difficult to monitor in this species (Wynne-Edwards and Lisk, 1987); therefore, the day of the EC on which LPS was administered was not known and may have introduced some variability in the data; however, because all hamsters were freely cycling, any such error was randomly distributed across all subjects and all treatment conditions. Body mass and food intake values were recorded daily; body mass data are not reported here. After 3 d of baseline testing, hamsters were injected i. p. with either bacterial LPS (625 µg/kg; isolated from Escherichia coli strain 026:B6, Sigma, St. Louis, MO) or sterile 0. 9% saline (0. 1 mL). This dose of LPS is commonly used in studies of Siberian hamsters (Wen et al. , 2007; Prendergast et al. , 2008), which require a somewhat higher dose to elicit robust sickness responses (Bilbo et al. , 2002, 2003; Prendergast et al. , 2003). Injections in one cohort of hamsters were delivered at ZT16 (during 15 min immediately preceding the onset of darkness) and in a separate cohort at ZT1 (1 h after light onset). Food intake, body mass, Tb, and LMA were recorded for 6 to 7 d after injections. LPS and saline treatments were administered in a block-randomized design. Hamsters were randomly assigned to initial LPS/saline treatment groups, and treatments were delivered in a counterbalanced design, with successive injections separated by 10 to 14 days. Due to equipment failure, Tb and activity data from a subset of RHYTH (LPS, n = 4; saline, n = 4) and ARR (LPS, n = 4; Saline n = 4) hamsters injected with LPS at ZT1 were collected for 48 h after injection, but no Tb or activity data were recorded for the ensuing 4 days. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim about circadian rhythms and health issues. It focuses on the methodology of a study involving LPS treatments in hamsters without addressing the impact of circadian disruptions on health. There is no mention of circadian rhythms, their disruption, or associated health issues in the provided text.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Colonialism reshaped the political landscape of several continents. [SEP] Text: Instead, a discussion needs to pair these internal considerations with the external political ambitions, goals and subjectivities they make possible. It is in James’ reflections on cricket, I want to suggest, that we can find the roadmap to reshaping our understanding of sporting practice as being inextricably linked with politics. Understanding the significance of Worrell's captaincy in the cricket team's tour of Australia is only possible by paying attention to the internal sporting norms and conventions that differentiate a captain's role from that of the other players, and pairing these to the prevailing political context at the time in question. Therefore, on this perspective, seeing Worrell's cricketing success as anything but a subversive act through the imitation of Britishness is to misunderstand this moment of sporting history. This has numerous implications for the way in which we theorise sporting practice. For one, it entails the disaggregation of the three desiderata that theories of sport are expected to meet. Put simply, rather than seeing them as the minimal standard theories of sport are expected to meet, we should instead treat them as separate questions or dimensions that theories of sport can explore. This points to one way in which we can continue to uphold mutualism and mutualist principles as a meaningful conception of sport. For instance, throughout this paper, I have accepted the mutualist answer to the descriptive question, yet I have done so by rejecting the normative and evaluative considerations that follow. I think it is right to say that sports are set up to promote excellences, but we do not need to accept the normative conclusions that follow from this, thereby providing conceptual room to analyse and critique the ways ‘excellence’ has been understood to promote both oppressive and emancipatory ends. Further, disaggregating the three desiderata paves the way to explicitly highlight a hitherto overlooked dimension that theories of sport ought to explore, namely an explanatory task that looks at how sporting norms and principles have been realised in particular contexts. This is what I see James as implicitly doing in his writing on cricket, which combines reflections on the aesthetics of cricket with an attentive analysis to the ways cricketing norms shape, and are themselves shaped by, colonial relations of power. After all, if my analysis is accepted, then the social roles the participants of a sport occupy are of fundamental importance in making sense of the practice itself. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing how sporting norms and practices, particularly in cricket, are shaped by and reflect colonial relations of power. It emphasizes that the significance of Worrell's captaincy and cricket's scope cannot be understood without considering the prevailing political context influenced by colonialism. This connection illustrates that colonialism had a profound impact on various societal frameworks, including sports, aligning with the assertion that it reshaped political landscapes.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Gene editing is completely risk-free with no side effects. [SEP] Text: 7717/peerj. 8881/fig-1 Figure 2: Gene editing and plasmid curing process. Step I: pCas was introduced into the host cell. Step II: pTarget was introduced into the host cells harboring pCas. Step III: Targeted gene of the host cells was recombined. Step IV: pTarget was cured with IPTG and cultured recombined cells at 30 °C. Step V: pCas was cured by cultured recombined cells at 37 °C. Download full-size image DOI: 10. 7717/peerj. 8881/fig-2 of the ETEC virulence gene We constructed single-gene deficient and multi-genes deficient ETEC strains. For a single gene deletion, 10% of the transformants showed the expected genotype when elt I was deleted from E. coli O141:K85 (Table 2, experiment 1). The efficiency of knocking out estB and faeG from E. coli O141:K85 was 1. 4% and 23. 8%, respectively. We tested the continuous virulence gene deletion ability of this two-plasmid system in ETEC. Three virulence genes of E. coli O141:K85 were deleted with pTarget-Δelt I, pTarget-ΔestB, pTarget- ΔfaeG. Then, E. coli O141:K85 Δelt I, E. coli O141:K85 Δelt I Δestb, and E. coli O141:K85 Δelt I ΔestB ΔfaeG were obtained (Table 2, experiments 1, 3, 5). These results proved that the system can continuously edit the virulence genes of ETEC. Table 2: Mutation efficiency of pCas/pTarget system. Expt. no. Targeting genome locus of sgRNA Host cell Plasmid pof homology arm (left, right) (bp) Number of picked coloniesrecombinant colonies Mutation efficiency (%) 1 elt I E. coli O141:K85 pTarget-Δelt I 137,132 50/2 4. 00 2 estB E. coli O141:K85 pTarget-ΔestB 167,226 68/1 1. 40 3 estB E. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by describing the gene editing process and the results of experiments involving mutations in E. coli, which indicates that there are measurable effects and efficiencies in gene targeting rather than suggesting that gene editing is risk-free or without side effects. The mention of mutation efficiencies and the process's complexities suggest that there are inherent challenges and potential risks associated with gene editing.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Disruption of circadian rhythms can lead to health issues. [SEP] Text: Analyses of to LPS TreatmentTime series associated with Tb and LMA were analyzed using methods typically applied to oscillatory neural signals (Kay and Beshel, 2010; Kay et al. , 2009). Multitaper techniques, adapted to brief events in which only a small number of cycles may be present, were used to quantify URs and CRs. Ultradian and circadian frequency and power analyses were done in using multitaper analysis tools (mtspecgramc) from the Chronux toolbox ( Mitra and Bokil 2008). Ultradian spectral analysis was performed separately on 3 nonoverlapping 8-h windows to enable resolution of periods <4 h and to separate dark and light periods. Five tapers were applied to each 8-h data window, restricting the analysis band to 6. 9e-5 to 2. 78e-4 Hz (1- to 4-h periods). Power was estimated by summing the power within the analysis band for each 8-h interval. The dark and light phases were analyzed separately; however, complete data for light-phase activity and temperature URs are not reported here due to the absence of systematic differences between chronotypes, except as noted below. This summed power was then transformed to dB, as is standard procedure (Kay and Beshel, 2010), by 10*log10(treatment power/baseline power), so that negative values represent a decrease and positive values an increase from the 8-d baseline means. The peak frequency was estimated using the pmtm multitaper function in and the maximum within the analysis band as described above was taken as the peak frequency. Analyses of to LPS TreatmentTo assess CR power, a 2-day window (480 points at 6-min intervals) of Tb or LMA data, stepped by 1 day, was analyzed, resulting in 7 power analyses for an 8-d period. Preceding analysis, data were subjected to a 30-point moving average smoother, and then the mean of the 8 h of signal was subtracted. The multitaper analysis was performed using 5 tapers, a moving window of 480 points (48 h) stepped by 240 points (24 h); analysis was restricted to a band pass of 0. 000005 to 0. 00005 Hz (5. 55- to 55. 5-h periods). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not directly address or provide evidence related to the claim about the health issues stemming from the disruption of circadian rhythms. Instead, it discusses technical methodologies for analyzing oscillatory neural signals and does not mention circadian rhythms or any associated health consequences.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Colonialism reshaped the political landscape of several continents. [SEP] Text: The long-known colonial and more or less openly racist framing of the Sahel as an ‘ungoverned’, ‘uncontrolled’ and savage zone, characterised by brutal conflicts driven by irrational ‘tribal’ or ‘ethnic’ motives or by ‘greed’ for mineral resources (on the part of greedy rebels, of course, not that of multinational extractive companies) has not been decommissioned. Paul Collier, who in the same Times 2022. The consequences are far-reaching. For example, students who had already received confirmations of visas and travel grants to pursue their studies in France received an email from the of at the end of August informing them that their grants had been withdrawn: ‘I regret to inform you that we are cancelling our support for your stay in France; all services are cancelled (airfare, allowances, and health insurance)’ (Le Nevé 2023). On 13 September 2023, according to Syndeac and other French arts and culture unions, their members received a message from French regional directorates for culture asking them to ‘suspend all cooperation with the following countries until further notice: Mali, Niger, Burkina Faso’ (Africanews 2023). Opposition to France’s neo-colonial influence in has been growing steadily over the last years (see ROAPE 172 editorial: Engels 2022). The recent coups, however, are not a result of this; nor are they an expression of the region’s or certain states’ orientation towards Russia, despite the widespread geopolitical framing in European and media. The coups demonstrate, first and foremost, the role that national armies play in many African states since formal decolonialisation: the historical entanglement of the military and politics. Coups are typically the result of frustrations, cleavages and power struggles within a state’s security forces. The recent ones, in Niger in July 2023 and in in January and September 2022, are cases in point. The coup in Niger was launched by the country’s presidential guard, a military elite unit, after Bazoum announced his plan to reorganise it. Faso, frustration within the army about the lack of success in the fight against armed jihadist groups is ever present. Lower ranks have long felt ignored by the military leadership. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the long-lasting effects of colonialism, particularly in the Sahel region. It highlights how historical narratives and geopolitical dynamics shaped by colonial legacies continue to influence political events, such as military coups in African states, and how the entanglement of the military and politics relates back to the colonial past. The discussion of the 'neo-colonial influence' of France in the region further emphasizes the ongoing impact of colonialism on contemporary political landscapes.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Gene editing is completely risk-free with no side effects. [SEP] Text: coli O141:K85 Δelt I pTarget-ΔestB 167,226 85/15 17. 64 4 faeG E. coli O141:K85 pTarget-ΔfaeG 203,202 21/5 23. 80 5 faeG E. coli O141:K85 Δelt IΔestB pTarget-ΔfaeG 203,202 50/2 4. 00 6 estB E. coli O141:K85 pTarget-ΔestB::estA 167,226 99/14 14. 14 7 estA E. coli O142 pTarget-ΔestA 112,101 115/9 7. 80 8 elt II c1 E. coli DN1502 pTarget-Δelt II c1(400) 404,465 75/51 68 9 elt II c1 E. coli DN1502 pTarget-Δelt II c1p::faeG 309,428 40/36 90 10 faeG E. coli DN1502 Δelt II c1::faeG pTarget-ΔfaeG:: elt II c1193 309,428 20/20 100 11 elt II c1 E. coli DN1502 pTarget-Δelt II c1(300) 304,331 42/54 77. 78 12 elt II c1 E. coli DN1502 pTarget-Δelt II c1(200) 235,202 26/43 60. 47 13 elt II c1 E. coli DN1502 pTarget-Δelt II c1(100) 124,103 1/60 1. 67 14 elt II c1 E. coli DN1502 pTarget-Δelt II c1(50) 49,49 0/19 0 DOI: 10. 7717/peerj. 8881/table-2 Notes: Experiments 1, elt I was deleted from E. coli O141:K85. Experiments 2, estB was deleted from E. coli O141:K85. Experiments 3, estB was deleted from O141:K85 Δelt I. Experiments 4, faeG was deleted from E. coli O141:K85. Experiments 5, faeG was deleted from E. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text provides detailed experimental data related to gene editing in E. coli, implicitly suggesting that there are specific deletions and implications of gene modifications. Such scientific data indicates that manipulation of genes can lead to measurable outcomes, which contrasts with the claim that gene editing is completely risk-free with no negative effects. The description of experiments and outcomes suggests a complexity and a potential for side effects, thus disputing the notion of risk-free gene editing.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Disruption of circadian rhythms can lead to health issues. [SEP] Text: Preliminary analysis indicated that power from the smoothed signals fell within a restricted range, so power was summed within the period band 51. 2 to 12. 8 h. Power values were converted into dB using the mean baseline power for each hamster, as described above. Statistical AnalysesAnalyses of variance (ANOVAs) and post hoc pairwise comparisons were performed with Statview 5. 0 (). Effects of injection treatment and circadian phenotype on Tb LMA and food intake were assessed using ANOVA followed by Fisher’s protected least significant difference (PLSD) tests or 2-tailed t tests. To protect against type I error and α inflation in experiment 1, multiple pairwise comparisons of Tb were only performed after obtaining a significant omnibus F statistic, with α set to 0. 01. In all other cases, differences were considered significant if p ≤ 0. 05. ResultsEffects of on to treatments at ZT16 elicited febrile responses, and circadian chronotype significantly modulated effects of LPS on the pattern of change in Tb (chronotype × injection: F49,1372 = 3. 87, p ≤ 0. 001; Fig. 2). Fevers persisted until the early hours of the next morning (Fig. 2A). During the ensuing dark phase, LPS-treated RHYTH hamsters exhibited hypothermia, whereas ARR hamsters exhibited no residual thermoregulatory response to LPS (Fig. 2C). In the next light phase, Tb was again elevated in RHYTH but not ARR hamsters treated with LPS. Figure 2. Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) elicits fever and inhibits locomotor activity. Mean ± SEM body temperature (A-D) and spontaneous home-cage locomotor activity (LMA; E-H) of circadian entrained (RHYTH) and circadian arrhythmic (ARR) female Siberian hamsters injected intraperitoneally (i. p. ) with bacterial LPS (625 µg/kg) or sterile saline (SAL) at either ZT16 or ZT1. Chronotype and injection time are indicated within each panel. Each data point indicates the mean of 10 Tb values (6-min sampling interval) obtained during a given hour. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim, as it focuses on specific statistical analyses and experimental results related to the physiological responses of hamsters to lipopolysaccharide (LPS) injections, without mentioning circadian rhythms or health issues. Therefore, it does not provide support, contradiction, or relevance to the claim regarding circadian rhythms and health.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Colonialism reshaped the political landscape of several continents. [SEP] Text: I have seen both. perceive a sense of remorse in the unprecedented fate of mankind. […] But the battle must be waged. It doesn’t matter whether you triumph or fail. The struggle must go on. ’ Vaishnav then asked him if there was any one incident he remembered which gave him both inspiration and pain? ‘I don’t know about any specific event,’ Ranajit said, ‘but there is one that I can recall. You people are all young, born after Independence. There is one event before Independence that has left a mark on all people’s lives — British Rule. Before our independence, the era of British rule was an era of humiliation. I cannot begin to tell you how deeply humiliating the situation was. had the power to come to this country and demean its own citizens. My childhood was situated within this corridor of humiliation. My family was an elite, upper class family in Bangladesh. We were big Hindu landowners. was a child, I saw peasants being thrashed with shoes by members of zamindari (landowning) families like mine. There was a farmer who lived near my house. He was older than me. I used to call him Dada. belonged to a wealthy family, he brought coconuts for me. When he went fishing in the river, he used to take me along in his boat. I saw my uncle and his servants in our zamindari family pummel him with shoes. One day, he was heartbroken and left his home and the village. He thought my family was affectionate towards him. But they beat him with shoes – that was sheer insult! He left in a small boat. My young mind was affected by this. This agony occupied my mind since childhood. This is a short anecdote. It’s not political. It is empathy. It is sympathy. My discernment, my anger come from that place. ’ I think it was a real political act on the part of to draw from the deep well of empathy and fight the battle ‘that must be waged’, throughout his long life. Here is a clip from my presentation at a memorial event for historian (1923-2023) at the University of Sussex on 20 October 2023. My presentation-performance was entitled ‘Voices of History: Listening after Ranajit Guha’. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by illustrating the negative impact of British colonial rule in Bangladesh, describing it as an 'era of humiliation' which profoundly affected the lives and perceptions of its citizens. The author reflects on personal experiences during this time that shaped his understanding of the socio-political landscape, indicating that the legacy of colonialism has contributed to ongoing struggles and a heightened sense of empathy towards those who suffered under it.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Gene editing is completely risk-free with no side effects. [SEP] Text: coli O141:K85 Δelt IΔestB. Experiments 6, estA was replaced in estB loci in E. coli O141:K85. Experiments 7, estA was deleted from E. coli O142. Experiments 8, elt II c1 was deleted from DN1502 with 400 bp homology arm. Experiments 9–10, the codon of the 193rd amino acid (leucine) of elt II c1 was changed from CTG to CTC. Experiments 11–14, elt II c1 was deleted from DN1502 with different length of homology arms. Comparing the deletion of different virulence genes, we found that the mutation rate was lower than 25% when the length of the homology arm fragment was less than 200 bp (Table 2, experiments 1, 2, 4). But the mutation rate increased significantly to more than 60% when the length of the homology arm was over 300 bp (Table 2, experiments 6–10). Besides gene deletion, we also carried out gene replacement. The mutation efficiency was 14. 14% to replace estB with estA (Table 2, experiment 6). For point mutations, pTarget-Δelt II c1::faeG was transformed into E. coli DN1502 harboring pCas to replace elt II c1 with faeG to obtain E. coli DN1502 Δelt II c1::faeG. We constructed pTarget-ΔfaeG::elt II c1193 which sgRNA targeted faeG and contained a mutant elt II c1 fragment. Then, pTarget-ΔfaeG::elt II c1193 was electrotransformed into the bacteria obtained in the previous step. This changed the 193rd amino acid codon of elt II c1 from CTG to CTC, forming a cleavage site (GAG192CTC193). These results proved that continuous gene editing and point mutations can be achieved (Table 2, experiments 9, 10). Since the efficiency of gene deletion ranged, there is necessary to further explore whether the size of the homologous arm was related to it. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the mutation rates associated with gene editing experiments in E. coli. It states that mutation rates can vary significantly based on the length of the homologous arm used, indicating that gene editing is not without risks, as evidenced by the increased mutation rates of more than 60% in certain conditions. This implies that gene editing has potential side effects, contrary to the claim that it is completely risk-free.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Disruption of circadian rhythms can lead to health issues. [SEP] Text: The timing of injection treatments is indicated by a downward vertical arrow near the ordinate axis, and the light/dark cycle is indicated with black (dark phase) and white (light phase) horizontal bars along the abscissa. A-D: **p < 0. 01 vs. SAL value, within each panel. E-H: *p < 0. 05, **p < 0. 01, ***p < 0. 001 vs. SAL value. LPS at ZT1 also elicited fever, and chronotype interacted with injection to affect the change in Tb (F42,1176 = 1. 51, p = 0. 021; Fig. 2B,D). hamsters, fever persisted for the first half of the light phase (Fig. 2B); during the ensuing dark phase, their nocturnal rise in Tb was reduced (F1,14 = 6. 92, p = 0. 02; Fig. 2B). Among ARR hamsters, LPS also caused fever for the first half of the initial posttreatment light phase, but thermoregulatory effects were not evident the following night (Fig. 2D). Locomotor activityIn hamsters injected with LPS at ZT16, chronotype (F119,3332 = 11. 7, p ≤ 0. 001) and injection (F119,3332 = 1. 72, p ≤ 0. 001) affected the pattern of LMA over the next 5 days (Fig. 2); the chronotype × injection interaction was marginally significant (F119,3332 = 1. 22, p = 0. 054). LPS inhibited LMA in RHYTH hamsters during the dark phase immediately after injection (0-8 h postinjection; F1,14 = 46. 3,p ≤ 0. 0001, Fig. 2E), but on the ensuing 4 nights, LMA did not differ significantly between LPS- and SAL-treated hamsters. In ARR hamsters, LPS at ZT16 inhibited LMA on the night of injection (F1,14 = 16. 2,p = 0. 0013, Fig. 2G) but not thereafter. LPS at ZT1 likewise inhibited LMA (chronotype: F119,1428 = 3. 52, p ≤ 0. 001; injection: F119,1428 = 1. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not directly address the claim regarding the disruption of circadian rhythms and health issues. Instead, it details experimental results and statistical interactions related to light/dark cycles, injection treatments, and fever response in hamsters, but it does not establish a clear connection to health issues caused by circadian rhythm disruptions.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Medieval Europe had advanced medical knowledge compared to other regions. [SEP] Text: Log in or new issue alertsGet alerts Submit a your Email address: Subscribe to e2014. | DOI: 10. 4103/0974-7796. 127010 (“Al-Al-Tibb”) of (Avicenna, 980-1037), is the subject of this primary-source study evaluating its scientific value, poetics and pedagogical significance as well as assessing its role in the transmission of medical knowledge to Medieval Europe. In addition to one original manuscript and two modern editions, the English translation by Krueger was also studied. Ibn Sina's poem on medicine consisting of meticulously classified 1326 verses, can be considered as a poetic summary of his encyclopedic textbook: of Medicine; hence its popularity in the East then the West as a tool in the process of transmitting medical knowledge from master to student. Since first translated by Gerard of Cremona (1114-1187) in the middle of the 12th century, the Latinized poem was frequently published in either independently or combined with the of Medicine or with the Articella; the famous collection of Greco-Roman and medical treatises in use in the universities of Salerno, Montpelier, Bologna and Paris up to the 17th century. The study of the Krueger's English edition revealed few places where the full meanings of the original Arabic text were not conveyed. A list of those places is given together with the suggested corrections. the increased interest in literary studies and the revival of various natural sciences that occurred in the world in the 8th century, a new theme of Arabic poetry flourished with the appearance of a tradition of didactic poems composed by scholars to be used in educating and training their students. Not only numerous medical treatises were rendered into verse to help students memorize basic concepts but also essays on other topics such as Quranic studies, Arabic grammar, history, oceanography, navigation, astronomy and even mathematics. The “Al-Al-Tibb”, the of Ibn Sina, known in Latin as Avicenna, (980-1037) is the most notable example of this genre and is the subject of this study evaluating its poetics and pedagogical significance as well as its role in the transmission of medical knowledge to Medieval Europe. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the transmission of medical knowledge from Arabic scholars like Ibn Sina (Avicenna) to Medieval Europe. It highlights the significance of works such as 'Al-Al-Tibb' in educating students and the influence these medical treatises had in universities of Salerno, Montpelier, Bologna, and Paris, which indicates that Medieval Europe was engaged with advanced medical knowledge, particularly from the East.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Gene editing is completely risk-free with no side effects. [SEP] Text: We designed the pTarget-Δelt II c1 series with 300 bp, 200 bp, 100 bp, 50 bp homologous arms, combined with pTarget-Δelt II c1(400) (Table 2, experiments 8, 11–14). By comparison, the gene editing efficiency was the highest when the homology arm was approximately 300 bp. The homology arms size, deletion fragment length and recombination efficiency of the target genes are listed in Table 2. Agarose gel electrophoresis of colony PCR is shown in Fig. 3. Figure 3: Agarose gel electrophoresis of colony PCR for different genes and SacI digestion. (A) Identification of eltI gene knockout with primers P7/P8. Lane 1, positive control. Lane 2, Negative control. (B) Identification of estB gene knockout with primers P15/P16. Lane 1, positive control. Lane 2, Negative control. (C) Identification of faeG gene knockout with primers P39/P40. Lane 1, positive control. Lane 2, Negative control. (D) Identification of eltIIc1 gene knockout with primers P23/P24. Lane 1, positive control. (E) Identification of estA inserted into estB with primers P15/P16. Lane 1, positive control. Lane 2, Negative control. (F) Identification of estA gene knockout with primers P31/P32. Lane 1, positive control. Lane 2, Negative control. (G) Identification of faeG inserted into eltIIc1 with primers P54/P55. Lane 1, positive control. Lane 2, Negative control. (H) Identification of eltIIc1193 gene single base mutation with primers P54/P55. Lane 1, positive control. Lane 2, Negative control. (I) Lane 1, eltIIc1193 of the corrected recombinant ETEC was amplified with primers P23/P24. Lane 2, amplified fragment was digested with SacI for 3 h. Download full-size image DOI: 10. 7717/peerj. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by focusing on the details of gene editing processes, including specific experiments, controls, and outcomes. This implies that gene editing has complexities and potential risks, which challenges the notion that it is completely risk-free.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Disruption of circadian rhythms can lead to health issues. [SEP] Text: ) with bacterial LPS (625 µg/kg) or sterile saline (SAL) at either ZT16 (A) or ZT1 (B). *p < 0. 05, **p < 0. 01, ***p < 0. 001 vs. SAL value, within chronotype. #p < 0. 05 vs. RHYTH-LPS value. In contrast, LPS at ZT1 elicited different anorexic responses in RHYTH and ARR hamsters (F6,168 = 3. 44, p = 0. 0031). On day 1, LPS elicited anorexia in RHYTH hamsters (Fig. 3B, p = 0. 001) but not ARR hamsters. Food intake in 1-treated hamsters returned to normal values by the second posttreatment day (Fig. 3B). Effects of LPS on Ultradian and Circadian RhythmsUR power—ZT16 injectionsLocomotor activityChronotype and injection interacted to affect power of dark-phase URs (F6,168 = 3. 13, p = 0. 0062; Fig. 4A). hamsters, LPS decreased UR power on the first 3 nights after treatment (p ≤ 0. 009, all comparisons; Fig. 4A) but did not significantly inhibit UR power in ARR hamsters (Fig. 4A). Figure 4. Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) decreases power of dark-phase ultradian rhythms. Mean ± SEM power of the ultradian rhythm (UR) in locomotor activity (A and C) and body temperature (B and D) of circadian entrained (RHYTH; squares) and circadian arrhythmic (ARR; circles) female Siberian hamsters injected intraperitoneally (i. p. ) with bacterial LPS (625 µg/kg) or sterile saline (SAL) at ZT16 (A and B) or ZT1 (C and D). *p < 0. 05, **p < 0. 01, ***p<0. 001 vs. SAL value, within chronotype. Body temperatureLPS treatments affected the pattern of change in dark-phase Tb UR power (F6,168 = 12. 0, p ≤ 0. 0001; Fig. 4B), but chronotype did not. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text discusses the effects of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) on the locomotor activity and body temperature of hamsters, particularly in relation to their circadian entrainment. However, it does not explicitly address the claim regarding health issues resulting from disruption of circadian rhythms. Therefore, the text is not relevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Machine learning is transforming fields like healthcare and finance. [SEP] Text: New platforms were created to disseminate machine learning research in healthcare, such as the for (MLHC), and certain academic journals have been created to provide a platform for the proliferating research. This enthusiasm for novel technologies unfortunately overshadows the challenging path to successfully translate machine learning technologies into routine clinical care. National and international efforts are underway to ensure that appropriate guardrails are in place for machine learning to become part of routine care delivery. (IMDRF) has defined Software as a as “software intended to be used for medical purposes that performs its objectives without being part of a hardware medical device. ”2 European regulatory agencies and the U. S. Food and (FDA) are embracing Software as a frameworks to regulate machine learning technologies, and national strategies for machine learning are emerging. 3-6 Regulations are actively being developed and implemented, with new guidance from the FDA in September 20197 and upcoming changes in Regulation (EU MDR) in March 2020. 8 While regulators and medical professional societies proactively shape the machine learning ecosystem, many challenges remain to achieve the anticipated benefits. This narrative review proposes a general framework for translating machine learning into healthcare. The framework draws upon the authors’ experience building and integrating machine learning products within a local setting as well as 21 case studies of machine learning models that are being integrated into clinical care. This review focusses on machine learning models that input data from electronic health records (EHR) applied to clinical decision support tasks, rather than models applied to automation tasks. 9 Automation tasks are cases in which “a machine operates independently to complete a task,” whereas clinical decision support tasks are cases in which “a machine is concerned with providing information or assistance to the primary agent responsible for task completion. ”9 Distinct from prior systematic reviews of EHR models,10,11 the current review focusses on models that have been productised and integrated into clinical care rather than the large body of academic work of published models that are not integrated. The review builds upon related work that highlights how academic and industry partners collaborate to develop machine learning products,12 as well as the need for engagement from front-line clinicians and standard reporting. 13 Case studies were selected amongst 1,672 presentations at 9 informatics and machine learning conferences between January 2018 and October 2019. The conferences include (AMIA) and and Society (HIMSS) Forum, and the Health AI Deployment Symposium. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the active integration of machine learning technologies in healthcare. It describes new platforms aimed at disseminating machine learning research, the establishment of regulatory frameworks by agencies like the FDA, and a narrative review proposing a framework for translating machine learning into clinical care. This indicates that machine learning is being actively developed and integrated into healthcare, directly supporting the idea that it is transforming the field.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Gene editing is completely risk-free with no side effects. [SEP] Text: 8881/fig-3 Plasmid curing For the pTarget series plasmid curing, the effects of IPTG concentration and incubation time were tested. IPTG (0. 5 mM and 1 mM) was used to induce the Ptrc promoter to guide sgRNA to target the pTarget series plasmid. Then, cells were cultured at 30 °C for 8, 10, 12, 14 and 16 h. The results showed that 1 mM IPTG induction with 8 h culture made the optimal combination. The colonies on the kanamycin-containing plates grew normally, while there was no visible growth on the spectinomycin-containing plates. The pTarget series plasmids were verified to be eliminated by colony PCR with primers P68/P69. pTarget series plasmids could be cured in all of the genetically edited strains. For the pCas plasmid curing, incubation times were tested for 8, 10, 12, 14, and 16 h. The results showed that 8 h for curing pCas was enough. The colonies grew normally on the LB plates, and there was no visible growth on the kanamycin plates, indicating that the elimination of pCas was successful. pCas could be cured in all of the genetically edited strains. Agarose gel electrophoresis of colony PCR with primers P70/P71 after plasmid curing is shown in Fig. 4. Figure 4: Agarose gel electrophoresis of colony PCR after curing the plasmids. (A) Verification of eltI gene knockout and plasmid curing. (B) Verification of eltIIc1 gene knockout and plasmid curing. (C) Verification of estB gene knockout and plasmid curing. (D) Verification of estA inserted into estB and plasmid curing. (E) Verification of faeG inserted into eltIIc1 and plasmid curing. (F) Verification of eltIIc1193 gene single base mutation and plasmid curing. (G) Verification of faeG gene knockout and plasmid curing. (H) Verification of estA gene knockout and plasmid curing. Region 1: Verification of editing fragments after curing the plasmids. Region 2: Verification of pTarget series after curing with IPTG, using primers P68/69. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by detailing a process of plasmid curing and genetic editing, which implies that there are specific conditions and effects that need to be monitored (e.g., IPTG concentration, incubation time). The fact that results indicated differing levels of growth and elimination of plasmids suggests that there are tangible effects and considerations involved in gene editing, which could imply potential risks and side effects.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Disruption of circadian rhythms can lead to health issues. [SEP] Text: On the second and third nights posttreatment, Tb UR power was reduced in LPS-treated RHYTH and ARR hamsters (p < 0. 05, all comparisons; Fig. 4B). UR power—ZT1 injectionsLocomotor activityLPS altered the pattern of change in dark-phase UR power over time (F6,72 = 3. 25, p = 0. 007; Fig. 4C), decreasing power on nights 1 to 4 after injection in RHYTH hamsters (p < 0. 05, all comparisons) but only on night 1 (p = 0. 006) in ARR hamsters (Fig. 4C). Body temperatureLPS altered the pattern of change in dark-phase Tb UR power over time (F6,72 = 7. 46, p ≤ 0. 0001; Fig. 4D), attenuating power on night 1 in both chronotypes (p < 0. 003, both comparisons; Fig. 4D). UR power was reduced on night 2 in RHYTH (p = 0. 008) but not ARR hamsters (Fig. 4D). UR period—ZT16 injectionsLocomotor activityThere was a significant main effect of circadian chronotype on dark-phase UR period (τ′) (F1,28 = 61. 8, p ≤ 0. 0001), with longer τ′s in saline-treated ARR than saline-treated RHYTH hamsters on most testing days (Fig. 5A). The effect of LPS on τ′ was restricted to the dark phase immediately after treatment and was evident in RHYTH(p = 0. 0005) but not ARR (Fig. 5A) hamsters. Figure 5. Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) treatments decrease period of ultradian rhythms. Mean ± SEM period of the ultradian rhythm (UR) in locomotor activity of circadian entrained (RHYTH; squares) and circadian arrhythmic (ARR; circles) female Siberian hamsters injected intraperitoneally (i. p. ) with bacterial LPS (625 µg/kg) or sterile saline (SAL) at ZT16 (A) or ZT1 (B). The timing of injection treatments is indicated by a downward vertical arrow near the ordinate axis. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not provide any direct evidence or information regarding the relationship between the disruption of circadian rhythms and health issues. Instead, it describes various experimental findings related to locomotor activity in hamsters treated with lipopolysaccharide (LPS), focusing on the effects on ultradian rhythms and body temperature, which may not be directly tied to health issues related to circadian rhythm disruption.