Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Exposure therapy is effective for many types of phobias. [SEP] Text: Behav Modif, 23:507-525. (2000) A controlled study of virtual reality exposure therapy for the fear of flying. J Psychol, 68:1020. Shiban Y, Pauli P, Mühlberger A (2013) Effect of multiple context exposure on renewal in spider phobia. Ther, 51:68-74. Sigström R, Östling (2011) A population-based study on phobic fears and DSM-IV specific phobia in 70-year olds. J Anxiety Disord, 25:148-153. (2007) Evidence‐based practice in clinical psychology: what it is, why it matters; what you need to know. J Clin Psychol, 63:611-631. Suso-Ribera C, Fernández-Álvarez J, García-ón-López J, Banos RM et al. (2019) Virtual reality, augmented reality, and in vivo exposure therapy: a preliminary comparison of treatment efficacy in small animal phobia. Soc Netw, 22: 31-38. (2011) Cognitive processing and acrophobia: validating the Questionnaire? J Anxiety Disord, 25:896-902. Szymanski J, O'(1995) Fear of spiders questionnaire. J Exp Psychiatry, 26:31-34. (2020) Virtual reality exposure therapy for driving phobia disorder: system design and development. Appl Sci, 10:4860. Wampold BE (2001) Psychotherapy Debate: Models, Methods, and Findings. Mahwah, NJ, Lawrence Erlbaum. - (2017) The cross-national epidemiology of specific phobia in the Health Surveys? Psychol Med, 47:1744-1760. Wechsler TF, Kümpers F, Mühlberger A (2019) Inferiority or even superiority of virtual reality exposure therapy in phobias? - a systematic review and quantitative meta-analysis on randomized controlled trials specifically comparing the efficacy of virtual reality exposure to gold standard in vivo exposure in agoraphobia, specific phobia, and social phobia. Front Psychol, 10:1758. (2002) The treatment of fear of flying: a controlled study of imaginal and virtual reality graded exposure therapy. 6:218-223. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by citing several studies that explore the efficacy of various forms of exposure therapy, including virtual reality exposure therapy, for treating phobias such as the fear of flying and spider phobia. The mention of a systematic review comparing virtual reality exposure therapy to in vivo exposure therapy further supports the assertion of effectiveness in treating different types of phobias.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Cryptocurrencies are immune to all forms of hacking. [SEP] Text: Computer prices perpetually decline for decades, while the industry is growing. Not only that people did not stop from buying computers, but computers’ sales are gradually increasing. People have needs, and as economists explain, they have a time preference, that is, they do not like to postpone gratifications [16, 17, 18]. If they need a computer, they will eventually buy it, and decreasing prices is a good incentive to make the purchase. Eventually, they will buy the computer. The third misconception is that saving is worse than spending and therefore people should be encouraged to spend their money. In fact, unlike the Keynesian thinking, over consumption is the enemy of economic growth. Clearly, people have to buy to encourage production; however, the economy cannot grow unless there is enough savings and investments. That is, as was explained by Hayek (in “the paradox of savings” [19]), when people save their money, they only postpone their consumption; they do not stop consumption altogether. Saving is a crucial ingredient in any economic growth, and therefore, there is nothing harmful in an economy with rising prices. In fact, at the end of the nineteenth century, when the American economy was based on the gold standard, the US experienced one of its best economic eras during a deflationary period [20, 21]. Evidence shows that any economy will gain from a “deflationary” currency, such as Bitcoin (or even gold, for that matter). However, if, in the future, it will be clear that there are some benefits to inflationary currency, then there are many other coins, in which inflation is part of their algorithm, for which case there is no upper limit to the number of coins. Let the market decide on the best inflationary/deflationary algorithm. Advertisement 8. Bitcoin and the government There is a claim that governments may create a competitive coin to Bitcoin, and simultaneously, the governments can outlaw Bitcoin. Indeed, the government can create a token of its own, and it seems that some governments seriously think about such an enterprise [22, 23, 24]. However, it is not clear what would be their motives. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the economic aspects of Bitcoin and the potential for government competition. While it mentions the deflationary nature of Bitcoin as a currency, it does not provide any evidence or reasoning that supports the idea of cryptocurrencies being immune to hacking. Instead, it raises uncertainties regarding government intervention and competition with cryptocurrencies, which implies that cryptocurrencies may not be fully secure against such actions.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Circadian rhythms are regulated by light-sensitive proteins. [SEP] Text: Our prospective study design using pineal microdialysis overcomes methodological limitations encountered in human studies and in animal studies that utilize other circadian markers. Human studies are confounded by the inability to measure pre-stroke circadian parameters, heterogeneity of stroke location, pre-existing medical conditions, medications, neurological disability and the unavoidable environmental variation required for medical care. As discussed above, melatonin is superior to wheel running activity, core body temperature, and heart rate as a marker for animal circadian timing; in addition, melatonin is commonly used as a clock marker in human studies [15]. In agreement with the human study by Beloosesky et al[10], we show that in the acute phase of stroke, melatonin rhythms are still present, but that the phase of melatonin rhythms is shifted. Importantly, our experiments give us added temporal resolution to quantify circadian changes and to observe unique patterns of clock plasticity after stroke. Our ability to examine individual melatonin profiles reveals that there is dramatic heterogeneity in the response of melatonin after stroke that cannot be detected in human cohort observations. We detected oscillatory behaviors in the MT-on alteration and the melatonin duration change, which suggests that a neuronal mechanism of non-pineal origin could be responsible for reestablishing the steady state after ischemic stress. The oscillatory melatonin rhythm demonstrates that in the days after stroke, the circadian rhythm is unstable. However, the oscillations dampen over days, suggesting that the rhythm will ultimately reach an equilibrium state with a stable melatonin rhythm similar to the pre-stroke rhythm. Our finding that stroke induces changes in melatonin secretion for several days differs from the previous human studies [10]; we believe that our results may be due to our ability to sample melatonin with higher temporal resolution (20 minute vs. 240 minute increments) directly from the pineal gland (versus a urinary metabolite). We were surprised by the heterogeneity of melatonin responses to stroke. Our data shows that the heterogeneity is not related to a pre-existing circadian phenotype and is not a result of differential damage to the hypothalamus, which is spared in this model of stroke. There may be several explanations for the heterogeneous effects of stroke on circadian rhythms. We speculate that diffusely distributed cortical and subcortical neurons exert distinct effects on different sets of hypothalamic neurons. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text discusses the effects of melatonin on circadian rhythms, particularly in the context of stroke recovery, but it does not directly address the regulation of circadian rhythms by light-sensitive proteins. Therefore, it is considered irrelevant to the specific claim about the role of light-sensitive proteins in regulating circadian rhythms.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Mindfulness practices can reduce stress and improve focus. [SEP] Text: probably know that going to the gym to exercise is good for your body. Exercise keeps us fit and healthy. Did you know that you can also exercise your mind to keep it fit and healthy? Mindfulness training is just like taking your brain to the gym for a workout. When we practice mindfulness, we are training our attention to stay in the present moment instead of wandering off with our thoughts into the past or the future. By keeping our attention in the present, and bringing it back each time it wanders, we are training the brain networks that we use to control our attention. This type of training can improve our mental health, just like physical exercise improves our physical health. ? Have you ever been so deep in thought that you did not hear someone calling your name? At times like these, our minds are full of thoughts and we are not aware of what is going on around us. Often, we are busy thinking about what is going to happen later, thinking about what happened earlier, or thinking about what is happening now. It can certainly seem like our minds are full of thoughts! But that is not what mindfulness means. Mindfulness means being aware of what is happening now, without getting lost in all of those thoughts. Mindfulness helps us become more aware of what is going on both outside and inside of ourselves, without being distracted by our thoughts. With mindfulness, we can be fully aware of our minds (see Figure 1). Figure 1 - When we bring full awareness to what is happening in the mind, we have mindfulness. Exercise for the as we need to exercise our bodies to stay physically healthy, exercising our minds can keep us mentally healthy, too. Mindfulness involves training our attention to stay in the present moment, rather than following our thoughts into the past or future. The same way we do certain exercises to strengthen our body’s muscles, with mindfulness we train the brain’s muscle—attention. Attention is the brain’s way of selecting one thing to focus on out of the wide range of things in the environment. The brain is constantly receiving information about the world around us from our five senses, as well as interpreting that information using lots of thoughts. There is so much going on in the environment, but we often need to select one thing to focus on, without getting distracted. Attention’s job is to keep that one thing in mind, so we can focus on it. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by explaining that mindfulness practices, like exercising the mind, are aimed at training attention to remain in the present moment. It emphasizes that this type of training can improve mental health, similar to how physical exercise benefits physical health, thereby suggesting that mindfulness can effectively contribute to reducing stress and enhancing focus.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Cryptocurrencies are immune to all forms of hacking. [SEP] Text: If these governments intend to create simply a true decentralized competitor to Bitcoin, then they would face two problems: (1) a government would never be able to compete against the decentralization level of Bitcoin and (2) with a decentralized coin, the government would lose all its benefits of controlling the national currency, that is, by replacing fiat currency with cryptocurrency, the government literally kills the goose that lays golden eggs. If the government plans on creating a centralized coin (i. e. , government-controlled currency), then it could not rely on the good reputation of decentralized coins. In this case, the government would encounter a great difficulty to sell the coin to the Bitcoin community (see what happens with the new Venezuela’s Petro). Governments can confront the problem differently, and it can try to ban Bitcoin. This is evidently possible de jure but not de facto. The more the government manipulates the currency, the more the people need cryptocurrencies (see, e. g. , the case of Zimbabwe, India, and Venezuela). Advertisement 9. Technology-based money There is a good question regarding Bitcoin’s longevity. Bitcoin, the claim argues, is a technological invention. In principle, there is no reason that it would not be defeated by competing technologies. Unlike gold, which would exist forever, Bitcoin is a technology that changes in time. This is an interesting argument; however, in fact, this argument only emphasizes the similarities between gold and Bitcoin. Gold is here to stay, but so does Bitcoin. Actually, due to its decentralization, it would be extremely difficult to eliminate the entire Bitcoin blockchain. To achieve that, every copy of the blockchain should be erased. The chances of that are extremely low. Clearly, the value of the blockchain can decline substantially, but this is equivalent to a decline in the price of gold due to a lack of (technological or financial) interest. Therefore, gold is not better money than Bitcoin due to the fact that “while Bitcoin can be overthrown by competitive technologies, gold will exist forever. ” In fact, they both will probably survive for a very long time, and both may lose their value due to competitive technologies, because, in its essence, gold is also a monetary technology. Having said that, it must be emphasized that a replacement of a monetary technology is a very challenging task. Financial markets are very conservative. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the vulnerabilities of cryptocurrencies, particularly Bitcoin, in the face of technological change and competition. It highlights that while Bitcoin's decentralized nature makes it difficult to eradicate, it is not immune to hacking or technological obsolescence. The text notes that Bitcoin is a technology that can be challenged by competing technologies, thus indicating that cryptocurrencies are not entirely safe from hacking or technological threats.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Circadian rhythms are regulated by light-sensitive proteins. [SEP] Text: Broadly distributed circadian controlling neurons may be responsible for the highly variable changes in melatonin secretion due to the stochastic nature of stroke injury, which is in the same general territory, but varies subtly from animal to animal. Alternatively, since stroke causes massive releases of glutamate into the brain, it is possible that glutamate diffusion into the hypothalamus results in the disruption of hypothalamic clock neurons. The regional spread and timing of glutamate release into the hypothalamus may differ between individuals, resulting in individual-specific patterns of circadian disruption. It is noteworthy that Wang et al. [5] described abnormalities in the circadian rhythms of stroke patients which were quantitatively dependent on the distance of the infarct from the hypothalamus. Finally, novel genetic polymorphisms in outbred Wistar rats may impact the responses of SCN neurons to cortical and basal ganglial injury. In addition to the and IML are important brain structures controlling melatonin production. Only one rat (ID2658) showed lesion near the SCN, whereas none of the MCAo treated rats showed detectable injury in the PVN region. MCAo surgery is known to spare the spinal cord where IML is found. Thus, direct neuronal defects in melatonin rhythm-generating machinery in the brain can be ruled out as the cause of the melatonin rhythm disruptions seen in our studies. Since brain structures such as IGL [20] and Raphe nuclei send projections to the SCN, injury in these regions could potentially affect melatonin output. Upon careful examination, however, none of the rats had lesions in the Raphe nuclei and only three rats (ID2658, ID2639, and ID2896) showed lesion near the IGL. There were no common features of melatonin shifts in rats with IGL lesions compared to those with intact IGL. Previous study also demonstrated involvement of CPu and parietal cortex in locomotor rhythm regulation that can be dissociated from the SCN [21]. In the same study, melatonin rhythms were shown to be phase aligned with the SCN clock gene expression and were not affected by the free-running locomotor rhythms induced by drug treatment [21]. MCAo treated rats in our cohort showed lesions in both CPu (11 of 11 rats) and parietal cortex (8 of 11), two structures that are most consistently affected in this model of stroke. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text appears to focus on the effects of stroke on circadian rhythms and the role of various brain structures and neuronal injuries in melatonin secretion. It does not provide any information regarding light-sensitive proteins' involvement in regulating circadian rhythms. Therefore, it is irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Mindfulness practices can reduce stress and improve focus. [SEP] Text: Attention is one of the most important brain functions. When attention does not work well we have lots of difficulties, such as attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). In ADHD, people have trouble keeping their minds on one task, which makes it hard to concentrate when trying to solve a math problem at school, for example. When you focus on something, you are using networks made up of brain cells called neurons. When you do physical exercise to strengthen a muscle, you train that muscle by repeating the exercise again and again. In mindfulness, you can target these brain networks by making your attention stay on one thing without getting distracted. And when you do get distracted, you bring your attention back again and again. It is like a gym workout for your brain! Scientists have discovered that this kind of exercise can benefit mental health [1]. us try a mindfulness exercise right now. Start by sitting down either on the floor or on a chair with your back nice and straight. As you sit, just relax. Be aware of your body as you sit still. While you are sitting still, notice the rising and falling of your belly as you breathe in and out. Do not try to make your breath deeper or longer, but just let it be. Just feel it. Can you feel the sensations of movement as your belly goes up and down with the breath? Try not to think about these movements. Just pay attention to the sensations of the rising and falling of the belly as you breathe in and out. Without following thoughts as they arise, just stay with the feeling of the rising and falling. It would not be long before you start thinking of something other than your breath. Your attention will want to follow a thought, since watching the breath can be pretty boring! We usually like to pay attention to things that are exciting. But, by stopping your attention from following thoughts and just returning it to the rising and falling of your breath, you are training several attentional networks in your brain. When you focus on the breath, you use a brain network for focused attention. When you notice a wandering thought, you use a brain network for detecting distraction. When you stop that wandering thought, you use a brain network to prevent your attention from following that thought. When you return your attention back to the breath, you use a brain network for redirecting attention. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by explaining how mindfulness practices involve focusing attention, which can strengthen brain networks associated with attention. It emphasizes that by repeatedly bringing attention back to the breath, individuals are training their brains, which can ultimately improve their focus. The mention of 'mental health' benefits from such exercises further supports that mindfulness can be beneficial in reducing stress and enhancing concentration.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Cryptocurrencies are immune to all forms of hacking. [SEP] Text: Gold has no clear chemical advantage over (for example) platinum, palladium, or iridium, and the main reason that gold is preferred over these precious metals is its early adoption as a medium of exchange (possibly due to its unique yellowish color). It may be instructive to note that there have been several attempts in the history to replace gold with other metals (iron in Sparta, copper in Rome, and even silver in the US); however, these attempts did not affect the gold’s hegemony worldwide. The same thing applies to Bitcoin. Bitcoin enjoys the network effect due to its early adoption. The gold’s unique color and its plasticity made it relatively resistant to counterfeiting. However, gold counterfeiting is still possible (e. g. , by covering tungsten with a layer of gold, because tungsten and gold have almost the same density), while Bitcoin cannot be counterfeited. Advertisement 10. Genuine scarcity This brings us to a well-known argument, that says that Bitcoin, like any other digital asset, is not scarce, and therefore can be repeatedly reproduced. The knowledgeable Bitcoin’s opponent, which uses this argument, does not mean that the number of Bitcoins can be increased ad infinitum. He means that the algorithm can be copied and an infinite amount of rival crypto networks can be created. In fact, during the writing of these lines, there are literally thousands of cryptocurrencies networks: and IOTA to mention only the first 10 within the highest market cap list. Moreover, each one of these coins can be forked to other coins. The original Bitcoin network was forked many times to Bitcoin cash, Bitcoin gold, Bitcoin diamond, Bitcoin segwit2x, etc. The argument is, therefore, that digital assets, like cryptocurrencies, can be even worse than fiat currencies, for while fiat currencies’ inflation is regulated by central banks, and the number of cryptocurrencies can be inflated uncontrollably. However, Bitcoin is not only an algorithm. Indeed, the cost of copying the algorithm is negligible. is also a very secure network. Every new Bitcoin-clone does not benefit from the same level of security. The more computational power is invested in the network; the more secure the network is, and the more people would find it safe to invest their money in it. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the security dynamics of Bitcoin and other cryptocurrencies. It mentions that while Bitcoin is a secure network, it does not imply that it is completely immune to hacking, as every new Bitcoin-clone does not benefit from the same level of security. The reference to thousands of cryptocurrencies and the possibility of creating rival networks suggests a level of vulnerability that is inconsistent with the claim's assertion of complete immunity.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Circadian rhythms are regulated by light-sensitive proteins. [SEP] Text: These results suggest that stroke may unmask interactions between the parietal/CPu locomotor rhythm generating system and other SCN-driven rhythms by yet unidentified mechanisms. Our studies confirm the influence of the cortex and basal ganglia on circadian rhythms. In fact, extrahypothalamic mechanisms of circadian disruption have been described in preclinical models of Huntington's disease [22] and Alzheimer's disease [23]. Thus, uncovering the mechanisms of how brain dysfunction outside the retinohypothalamic pathway impacts circadian timekeeping may ultimately lead to strategies to reduce the morbidity of many neurological disorders. Our model of measuring pineal melatonin after stroke may be useful in deciphering these mechanisms, since it is quantitative and capable of detecting longitudinal changes in the same animals. Competing interests The authors declare that they have no competing interests. Authors' contributions HM designed and performed stroke surgery and performed analysis of circadian and stroke data. TL performed microdialysis surgery and melatonin measurements and analyzed melatonin data. JB directed the melatonin measurement studies, analyzed microdialysis data, edited the manuscript, and designed the figures. MMW directed the stroke experiments, analyzed data, and wrote the manuscript. All authors read and approved the final version of this 1. [PubMed] DOI: and Hirata, K (2002). Alteration of circadian periodicity in core body temperatures of patients with acute stroke Neurosci 56: 221–222, [PubMed] DOI: Sander, D and Klingelhofer, J (1994). Changes of circadian blood pressure patterns after hemodynamic and thromboembolic brain infarction Stroke 25: 1730–1737. [PubMed] and Ibaragi, K (2002). Circadian variation of blood pressure and neurohumoral factors during the acute phase of stroke Hypertens 24: 109–114, [PubMed] DOI: and Tseng, YZ (1997). Abnormal circadian blood pressure changes in patients with acute cerebrovascular disorders J Assoc 96: 710–717. [PubMed] and Barreca, T (1994). Twenty-four-hour beta-endorphin secretory pattern in stroke patients Stroke 25: 2142–2145. [PubMed] Jovicic, A, Ivanisevic, V and Nikolajevic, R (1991). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim about circadian rhythms being regulated by light-sensitive proteins. Instead, it discusses the influence of various brain mechanisms on circadian rhythms, particularly in the context of stroke and related neurological disorders. It reveals interactions between different parts of the brain and circadian rhythms but does not mention light-sensitive proteins or their role in circadian regulation.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Mindfulness practices can reduce stress and improve focus. [SEP] Text: When we practice mindfulness, we are always getting distracted from the breath, so we have to activate all of these networks over and over again (see Figure 2). This is why mindfulness can seem like hard work. Because it is! We are really giving the brain a workout when we try to keep our attention on the breath. Figure 2 - The process of controlling attention during mindfulness practice. First, try to follow the feeling of your breath. When your mind wanders, notice that is happening and bring the attention back to the breath. Repeat this again and again! It is like a gym workout for your brain! An important part of mindfulness is paying attention without reacting to what is going on. It is easy to get frustrated by your wandering mind. While you are trying to follow the rising and falling of the breath, just pay attention without reacting to what you are experiencing. Do not worry about whether it is easy or difficult. If you react to what is happening, you are just thinking even more thoughts! Just let your attention rest on the breath. And when it wanders, bring it back each time. Can you do it for 1 min? Have a try! to a Wandering Mind? Scientists have discovered that the more our thoughts wander the greater chance we have of being unhappy [2]. When we keep thinking about something bad that happened in the past, we could become depressed. If we keep worrying about something bad that might happen in the future, we could become anxious. Being depressed and anxious occur when our thoughts take us away from what is happening right now, into the past or the future. Neuroscientists (scientists who study the brain) have found that depression and anxiety are associated with changes in the brain. Scientists can measure the activity of neurons in the brain using a device called an electroencephalograph, or EEG. An EEG measures brain activity by recording the electrical signals produced by the neurons (see Figure 3). Figure 3 - This girl is having her brain activity measured by EEG. The wires in this cap are connected to small electrodes that record the electrical activity produced by neurons in the brain. In this way, scientists can measure whether there is more left or right sided brain activity. Greater left-sided brain activity is associated with positive feelings. These electrical signals are measured using electrodes placed on the scalp. If electrical activity is measured on both sides of the brain, neuroscientists can see if the activity is the same on both sides. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text supports the claim by explaining the process of mindfulness practice and its potential benefits. It describes how mindfulness involves focusing on the breath and managing distractions, which are essential for improving concentration. Additionally, it links mindfulness to mental states, indicating that being present can counteract feelings of depression and anxiety that arise from ruminating on the past or worrying about the future. Thus, the text corroborates the claim that mindfulness practices can help in reducing stress and improving focus by actively engaging the mind in the present.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Cryptocurrencies are immune to all forms of hacking. [SEP] Text: Bitcoin may lose its hegemony in the crypto sphere; however, as was explained above, it would be very difficult for new networks to pose a real threat to Bitcoin due to its proven high security and reliability. 11. Bitcoin transactions are too slow and too expensive Recently, the Bitcoin adversaries took advantage of the heavy load on the Bitcoin network, which caused slow and high fee transactions, to claim that the Bitcoin does not deliver its promises—Bitcoin transactions are too slow and too expensive. Soon, they predict, the Bitcoin network will be so cumbersome, that transactions will become unfeasible, and the Bitcoin project will be abandoned. This is indeed a problem. But this is a technological problem and not a fundamental one. It may explain why the Bitcoin market dominance declines, but it can never be used to explain why Bitcoin should be worthless. Clearly, the Bitcoin developers are aware of these problems and work constantly to mitigate the harmful effects of the network load. Several technological improvements have been suggested and implemented (SegWit, lighting network, atomic swap, and even raising block size in a forked versions of Bitcoin). Moreover, there are countless other currencies, whose transactions are much quicker and cheaper, and yet their value is considerably lower than the value of the Bitcoin network. Despite the fact that the technology is yet in its infancy stages, and there are still numerous technological challenges, the value of Bitcoin keeps on growing. Therefore, these facts should be an argument for Bitcoin and not against it, because these problems show that the need for reliable decentralized currency in the modern markets is so high, that people keep purchasing it despite the high transaction costs (and despite the fact that there are low cost but less proven alternatives). 12. Currencies backed by nothing A very popular argument against cryptocurrencies is that they are backed by nothing: “They are neither backed by gold nor are they backed by governments. ” Clearly, these are two different arguments. President Nixon, in 1971, was responsible to complete the monetary experiment that began at 1944 with the system. Since then, there is not a single fiat currency in the entire globe, which is backed by gold or by any other commodity. Hence, a commodity backup is not a crucial ingredient in the making of money. As for the second argument, what does it mean that the currency is backed by the government? [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing several issues that Bitcoin faces, such as slow and expensive transactions due to network load and technological challenges. This suggests that while Bitcoin may have proven high security and reliability, it is not immune to issues that could affect its operation, which could include potential vulnerabilities that adversaries might exploit. Therefore, the discussion of technological problems implies that cryptocurrencies like Bitcoin are not entirely immune to hacking or other threats, contradicting the claim.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Circadian rhythms are regulated by light-sensitive proteins. [SEP] Text: Circadian variations of platelet aggregability and fibrinolytic activity in patients with ischemic stroke 64: 487–491, [PubMed] DOI: Culebras, A and Miller, M (1984). Dissociated patterns of nocturnal prolactin, cortisol, and growth hormone secretion after stroke Neurology 34: 631–636. [PubMed] and Xie, BL (1990). Acute cerebral hemorrhage changes the nocturnal surge of plasma melatonin in humans J 9: 193–208, [PubMed] DOI: and Zisapel, N (2002). Melatonin rhythms in stroke patients 319: 103–106, [PubMed] DOI: Dall'Aglio, P (1999). Disruption of nocturnal melatonin rhythm and immunological involvement in ischaemic stroke patients Immunol 50: 228–231, [PubMed] DOI: and Bassetti, CL (2006). Sleep EEG changes after middle cerebral artery infarcts in mice: different effects of striatal and cortical lesions Sleep 29: 1339–1344. [PubMed] and Tomita, T (2001). Disturbance of circadian rhythm in heart rate, blood pressure and locomotive activity at the stroke-onset in malignant stroke-prone spontaneously hypertensive rats Pharmacol 85: 197–202, [PubMed] DOI: Borjigin, J and Liu, T (2008). Application of long-term microdialysis in circadian rhythm research Behav 90: 148–155, [PubMed] DOI: and Kronauer, RE (2002). Comparisons of the variability of three markers of the human circadian pacemaker J 17: 181–193, [PubMed] DOI: and Sack, RL (1999). The endogenous melatonin profile as a marker for circadian phase position J 14: 227–236, [PubMed] DOI: Memezawa, H, Smith, ML and Siesjo, BK (1992). Penumbral tissues salvaged by reperfusion following middle cerebral artery occlusion in rats Stroke 23: 552–559. [PubMed] and Cummins, R (1989). Reversible middle cerebral artery occlusion without craniectomy in rats Stroke 20: 84–91. [PubMed] Liu, T and Borjigin, J (2006). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses various studies related to circadian rhythms and stroke, but does not provide any information supporting or contradicting the idea that circadian rhythms are regulated by light-sensitive proteins. It instead lists multiple references without connecting them to the regulation of circadian rhythms by light-sensitive proteins.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Mindfulness practices can reduce stress and improve focus. [SEP] Text: If there is asymmetry (lack of equality) between the two sides of the brain, neuroscientists can see if there is relatively more right-sided or left-sided brain activity. Studies have shown that greater left-sided brain activity is associated with positive feelings and behavior, while greater right-sided brain activity is associated with more negative feelings and behavior [3]. People with depression and anxiety have been shown to have higher levels of right-sided brain activity than people without these conditions [4]. to the Good for now, you might be wondering why you have to pay attention to the breath when you are practicing mindfulness. The breath has one very special feature. It only occurs now, in the present moment. If you are paying attention to your breath, you must be paying attention to what is happening right now. When your thoughts wander, you lose the present moment. But you can always come back to the present by remembering the breath. Scientific studies are beginning to show that mindfulness practice may result in increased left-sided brain activity [5]. This increase in left-sided activity may also be accompanied by more positive feelings and well-being. This is really good news, because it means that we can change our brains just by training the way we pay attention. By training our attention to stay in the present moment, we can keep our minds from running off into the past and the future and worrying about all of those things. And this may change our brains in ways that help us feel better. Glossary Mindfulness: ↑ The ability to pay attention to the present moment, without judgment or reaction. Attention: ↑ The brain’s ability to focus on one thing out of a wide range of objects. Neuroscientists: ↑ Scientists who study the brain and the way it works (neuro = brain). Electroencephalograph (EEG): ↑ A device for recording (GRAPH) the electrical activity () arising from the brain (). Conflict of The author declares that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest. 2015. Standardised mindfulness-based interventions in healthcare: an overview of systematic reviews and meta-analyses of RCTs. 10:e0124344. doi: 10. 1371/journal. pone. 0124344 [2] ↑ Killingsworth, M. A. , and Gilbert, D. T. 2010. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing how mindfulness practices, specifically paying attention to the breath, help individuals stay present and may result in increased left-sided brain activity, which is associated with positive feelings and well-being. It states that 'scientific studies are beginning to show that mindfulness practice may result in increased left-sided brain activity,' suggesting an improvement in mental state that aligns with reduced stress and enhanced focus.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Cryptocurrencies are immune to all forms of hacking. [SEP] Text: Clearly, if the government backs its currency by forbidding the usage of other currencies (in its geographical territory), then it enforces a certain minimum value for the currency. However, not all governments can or do that. In most countries, the population can make economic transactions with many currencies. Most governments back their currencies by enforcing tax payment with them. Similarly, the governments pay their employees with the national currency. However, these conducts are equivalent to the presence of a rich man in a market, who declares that any economic transaction with him can take place only with a certain currency. As richer this man is, the higher will be the value of this currency. Clearly, a government is equivalent to a very rich man, but the differences are quantitative rather than qualitative ones. One of the most instructive examples in this regard is the Swiss dinars in northern Iraq during the gulf war [25]. This is a very interesting example, which vividly illustrates the fact that paper money can be used as a medium of exchange, despite the fact that it is backed neither by any commodity nor by any government. 13. Dependence on the current monetary system An argument against Bitcoin, which was very common in its early years, is that Bitcoin is not a real medium of exchange because most traders, which accept Bitcoin, convert them to fiat currency almost immediately after the transaction. Nowadays, this argument is heard less since many sellers prefer Bitcoin over fiat money. They prefer spending their fiat money and receive and keep their cryptos. Moreover, nowadays many employees are paid in cryptocurrency. However, it is important to stress that whether the users of Bitcoin prefer to make an additional transaction after selling a product, that is, to convert the crypto to fiat, is irrelevant to the validity of Bitcoin as a medium of exchange. First, there is no praxeological difference between the exchange of Bitcoin with fiat and the exchange of Bitcoin with other goods. If a seller prefers to convert Bitcoin into fiat currencies, it only means that he had decided to use Bitcoin as a medium of exchange to purchase the fiat currencies. Moreover, one should not ignore the fact that the main reason that sellers prefer to convert their cryptos back into fiat is due to government regulations (mainly taxation) and has nothing to do with the fundamental monetary properties of Bitcoin. 14. Bitcoin and economic calculations economists used the volatility problem and the last argument to claim that Bitcoin cannot be used for economic calculations. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the dependence of Bitcoin on the current monetary system and mentioning that the adoption and conversion of cryptocurrencies depend on government regulations, mainly taxation. It does not directly address the immunity of cryptocurrencies to hacking but implies vulnerabilities through dependency on governmental systems and market behaviors. This suggests that cryptocurrencies, including Bitcoin, may not be immune to the risks associated with economic transactions and regulations.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Circadian rhythms are regulated by light-sensitive proteins. [SEP] Text: The main aims of this study were: (1) to contrast the influences of different bright light schedules on circadian and photoperiodic organization in older adults with insomnia and/or depression and in young, healthy controls; (2) to examine whether circadian "phase correction", i. e. , shifting the circadian system to more normal timing, could improve sleep or mood among the older adults. However, since differing light treatments produced similar results, this presentation will emphasize the phase changes produced. Volunteers were 72 older adults (49 women, 23 men) ages 60–79 years, who were selected for complaints of insomnia and/or depression. The volunteers reported that their symptoms were of sufficient severity to warrant treatment. Volunteers were screened for freedom from melatonin-altering medications (with few exceptions), and the absence of acute health problems. A control group of 30 (n = 15 women, 15 men) young, healthy volunteers ages 20–40 years was studied in parallel. Volunteers signed their consent to participate in the study as approved by the. were first assessed for five-seven days in their home environments. Volunteers were asked to maintain their usual sleep and lifestyle habits during this time. two 24–30-hour periods (usually days three-four and six-seven at home), volunteers collected their urine samples approximately every two hours during wakefulness plus all voidings during the nighttime sleep period. Volunteers recorded the timing and volume of each collection, and stored 2-ml samples in their freezers. The samples were subsequently transferred to a laboratory -70°C freezer. actigraph with minute-by-minute recordings of wrist activity and illumination was worn throughout home recording, except for short removals for bathing, etc. (). The nocturnal sleep periods were determined from actigraphic sleep and illumination recording combined with daily sleep diary data. Objective sleep was scored with a validated algorithm associating wrist movement with electroencephalographically-recorded sleep [19]. For each night, actigraphically-assessed sleep onset latency (SOL), total sleep time (TST), time spent awake after initial sleep onset (WASO), and sleep efficiency were determined. Each morning, subjective ratings of minutes of TST and WASO, and a 100 mm visual analogue rating of insomnia were also recorded. Mean baseline sleep levels were calculated, and have been reported previously [1]. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the regulation of circadian rhythms by light-sensitive proteins. Instead, it focuses on a study of bright light schedules' effects on older adults regarding insomnia and mood, without providing any information related to the biochemical mechanisms involving light-sensitive proteins or their role in circadian rhythm regulation.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Mindfulness practices can reduce stress and improve focus. [SEP] Text: 01 - Exploring the future of science. Student perspectivesPublishedRecommendedOriginal ResearchData & StatisticsClinical SciencePublished on Mar 09, 2023DOI10. 56776/abbd964d. d1e123e1Mindfulness-based mobile apps can serve as a stress-prevention measure for the general populationby Rico SchmittPublished onMar 09, 2023CiteSocialDownloadContentslast released1 year agoShow detailsMindfulness-based mobile apps can serve as a stress-prevention measure for the general populationContents·A b s t r a c tapplications have the advantage of possibly reaching all digitalized parts of society. They can be easily provided since their scalability does not depend on limited resources such as healthcare professionals. Their effect on the general population as part of an insurance-covered stress-prevention program has not yet been evaluated. of the app "7Mind" who participated in a mindfulness-based stress management course (ABSM) answered questionnaires about their mental state. This survey-based, pre-post, single-arm design aimed to measure the user's mindfulness and the overall effects on the participants. To collect parameters regarding mindfulness, the Inventory was used. Results 559 paired and 9746 unpaired datasets were analyzed for pre-post differences. signed-rank test for paired groups and the Wilcoxon rank-sum test for unpaired groups returned significant improvements in mindfulness, perceived pain, and other variables. results show that meditation apps could play a role in improving mental health in the general population. However, the drop-out rates demand further investigation of reasons for non-adherence and a control group design. Additionally, future research needs to investigate whether certain social groups benefit less from digital mindfulness interventions than others. 1 IntroductionMindfulness techniques have shown significant effects on healthy individuals [1] and might positively affect patients suffering from chronic pain [2] and mental disorders. [3] 'Mindfulness' generally describes the awareness of the present moment by observing and accepting unfolding emotions, experiences, thoughts, and sensations non-judgementally. [4] Mobile phone applications can be easily provided since their scalability does not depend on limited resources such as healthcare professionals. They have the potential to reach all digitalised parts of society, also those who cannot attend in-person meditation sessions due to their physical limitations. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the positive effects of mindfulness-based practices, particularly through mobile apps, which serve as a stress-prevention measure and may improve mental health. It mentions significant improvements in mindfulness and perceived pain among participants using a mindfulness-based stress management course. Hence, the evidence supports the assertion that mindfulness practices reduce stress and likely enhance focus.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Cryptocurrencies are immune to all forms of hacking. [SEP] Text: Since economic calculations are essential to any modern economy [16], it is futile, according to them, to replace the current fiat currency with Bitcoin. However, economic calculations can be made with any commodity. When a businessman has four bottles of wines, and he needs to choose between two production alternatives: one alternative that will eventually yield three additional bottles and a second one that will eventually yield five bottles, he will choose the latter. The same thing applies to Bitcoin. Crypto traders already practice this kind of economic calculations using Bitcoin. However, volatility is indeed a problem (mainly in intra-temporal calculations, i. e. , interest rates), which prevents wide adoption. Nevertheless, as was explained above, the volatility gradually declines, and it is one of the infancy problems of Bitcoin, and it is not a fundamental one. 15. Bitcoin and the division of labor Division of labor cannot exist in a nonmonetary economy. The presence of money drives people to specialize and increases their productivity beyond their personal needs. They can trade the surplus of their production in order to pursue higher gratifications (for the analysis of production in the presence of specialization, see Ref. [26]). Therefore, any adoption of Bitcoin as a medium of exchange should be accompanied by an upgrade of the division of labor. Is there any evidence for this? The problem is that it is almost impossible to attribute scientifically a specific improvement in the division of labor to a specific cause. However, it is clear that if a person prefers using Bitcoin than other currency, then he must have found it useful and more efficient for him. Therefore, this individual can spend the surplus time in further specialization. Consequently, in a free market, any unregulated usage of Bitcoin (or anything else for that matter) is a circumstantial evidence for upgrading the division of labor. 16. Bitcoin and property rights Property rights are subtle issues. There is a fundamental claim that intangible objects, like digital assets or ideas, cannot be owned. The claim is based on the presumption that property rights and private ownership are essential to manage scarce resources in the real world. Thus, according to this view, only scarce resources (like, land, houses, gold, etc. ) can be owned, while resources that are not scarce (like, ideas, patents, text, digital pictures, etc. ) and that can be easily reproduced cannot be owned [27]. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the issues surrounding Bitcoin's volatility as a problem that affects its adoption as a currency. The mention of volatility suggests that Bitcoin, like other cryptocurrencies, is subject to challenges that could compromise its security and stability. While it does not directly address hacking, the implication that economic calculations and market conditions can influence the viability of Bitcoin indicates that it is not immune to any forms of hacking or external threats.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Circadian rhythms are regulated by light-sensitive proteins. [SEP] Text: subjects' depressed moods were assessed on two days (usually days three and six) with the Center for Epidemiologic Studies-Depression (CES-D) questionnaire, which consists of 20 questions with four-point Likert responses (possible range: 0 to 60) [20]. The questionnaire was completed four hours after arising. Mean baseline CES-D was calculated. These data have been reported previously [1]. Immediately following home recording, volunteers spent five nights and four days in the Laboratory at UCSD, arriving on Sunday evening two hours before bedtime, and leaving on Friday morning after arising (Figure 1). Each volunteer stayed in an individual apartment equipped with a bed, comfortable chair, television, kitchen, and private shower and bathroom facilities. Volunteers were provided with food of their own choosing (except for alcohol and caffeine) and were free to prepare and eat food ad libitum during the wake periods. Figure 1 Laboratory protocol. Arriving two hours before their usual bedtime, subjects spent five nights and four days in the laboratory. This figure displays the time of urine collections (shown in red), which began after the last voiding before morning (most participants urinated during the night) and continued through the final morning voiding after the next consecutive night, slightly more than 24 hours. Sleep periods were fixed at eight hours, timed to correspond approximately with each volunteer's average home-recorded sleep schedule. Illumination levels were <0. 5 lux during the sleep periods and ≤50 lux average in the horizontal direction at eye level during the 16-hour periods of wakefulness (except during the bright light treatments, described below). Sleep was discouraged during the wake periods with the aid of video monitoring, though some volunteers fell asleep for brief time periods (approximately two-five minutes). Volunteers were permitted one cup of coffee during the first four hours after arising. Vigorous exercise was not permitted, but light calisthenics and slow walking were allowed. Otherwise, volunteers were free to do what they wished during the wake periods, i. e. , watch TV, receive visitors, read, etc. Because priority was placed on assuring that the laboratory experience did not trigger more severe depression, the laboratory staff made special efforts to help the volunteers feel comfortable and engaged in the laboratory experience. It was not uncommon for staff to spend several hours per day playing board games or chatting with a volunteer. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses a study protocol for assessing subjects' depressed moods without any mention of circadian rhythms or light-sensitive proteins. The focus is solely on volunteer activities and conditions in a laboratory setting, not on the biological mechanisms regulating circadian rhythms.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Mindfulness practices can reduce stress and improve focus. [SEP] Text: According to a recent meta-analysis of mindfulness meditation applications[5], many papers investigated the influence of app-based mindfulness-based stress reduction programs on specific groups of people such as students, employees, and patients with chronic diseases (e. g. , cancer) in an intervention with more than approx. 100 participants. The general population was only investigated in a small number of studies/studies with small sample sizes. This primary prevention measure has exceptional potential compared to programs that only address particular groups for the mental and physical health of the general population. This study investigates whether digital mindfulness-based stress management training offered to the general population as a health insurance-covered prevention program can improve their mental health and life quality. Moreover, it is indicated to determine whether all social groups can benefit from such an application to the same degree. The meditation app '7Mind', which provided the content for the study, has been publicly available since 2015 and was subject to stress and mindfulness research before. [5][6]2 Methods2. 1 Study designThis was a prospective, survey-based, pre/post, single-arm, open-label study. It aimed to investigate whether an app-based intervention can change the Inventory (FMI) score that measures mindfulness significantly within the general population as the target group. 2. 2 Data collectionNo usage data was collected within the smartphone application for this study. A Management system sent emails with links to the survey platform SurveyMonkey® to all participants after completing the first module (t0) of the ABSM course. The second questionnaire was exclusively sent out after the final module — this marked t1. The questionnaires are deposited in the 13. 12. 2021 and 26. 05. 2022. No later responses were considered for this study. Since the course was self-timed, users could start the course independently from the start and end of this data collection. The course was available on Android and IOS devices. The participation required the installation of the 7Mind® app. Inclusion criteria were that participants were of age and knew German (to understand the course content and answer the questions). Every user who submitted the questionnaire was included in the study. No power calculation has been conducted. All participants submitted the questionnaires voluntarily, agreed to their data procession, and could drop out of the study anytime. The users did not receive compensation for participation. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by detailing a meta-analysis that investigates the effects of app-based mindfulness meditation programs on mental health and quality of life. It indicates that such interventions have the potential to improve mental health, aligning with the assertion that mindfulness practices can reduce stress and enhance focus, particularly through the application of the '7Mind' app.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Cryptocurrencies are immune to all forms of hacking. [SEP] Text: Bitcoin is a chimera, in that regard, since it is both digital, that is, intangible, and scarce. In fact, the essence of the blockchain technology is the creation of scarce digital assets. That is, the blockchain creates artificial scarcity. Therefore, despite the complex philosophical issue, I believe there is a consensus that Bitcoins can be owned, and property rights can and should be applied to it. There is a claim, however, that Bitcoin advocates ignore traditional property rights, contracts, and traditional legal systems, which were developed and refined for millennia [12]. It is true that currently, it is easier to evade law enforcement using cryptocurrencies than using most bank transactions. The facts that there is nothing tangible in the Bitcoin network and that digital transactions can take place without the regulated banking system complicate law enforcement. However, on the one hand, it can be regarded as a technical difficulty, which may be solved using artificial intelligence technologies, and on the other hand, one may argue that these properties of the Bitcoin network only strengthen property rights, because they prevent government confiscation of private property (private money). Not only aren’t crypto networks against contracts, but also smart contracts are an integral part of these networks. The most well-known is the Ethereum network, but there are many more cryptocurrencies with this property (like Neo, EOS, Cardano, etc. ), and even the Bitcoin network can support smart contracts (Mastercoin, Rootstock, Particl, etc. ). Therefore, the blockchain technology eliminates the need for (external) law enforcement in some cases, because the contracts are enforced within the blockchain itself. In general, cryptocurrencies strengthen private property and property rights. They do not weaken them. 17. Bitcoin and crime Some politicians and economists believe that Bitcoin and other cryptocurrencies have no value to society since most of their users are outlaws and criminals [28]. For one thing, one has to make a distinction between the different cryptocurrencies. Most of the criminal activity was transferred from the Bitcoin network to the more private cryptos (such as Monero, Zcash, Verge, etc. ) since transactions in the Bitcoin network can be traced. Moreover, most of the illegal trade that takes place on the Internet belongs to the category of victimless crimes (like drugs, gambling, and tax evasion), whose prohibition is disputed. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts with the claim that cryptocurrencies are immune to hacking. It highlights that while Bitcoin transactions can evade law enforcement easier than traditional banking transactions, it points out the complexities and issues related to property rights and law enforcement with cryptocurrencies. This implies that there are vulnerabilities within the cryptocurrency networks, contradicting the idea of their immunity to hacking.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Circadian rhythms are regulated by light-sensitive proteins. [SEP] Text: As during home recording, urine was collected every two hours during wake and for any nighttime voidings. The collection time was over two periods of approximately 30 hours: from the last voiding during night one until wake-time on day two, and from the last voiding on night four until wake-time at the end of night five (see Figure 1). For each laboratory sleep period, measures of and sleep efficiency were recorded and scored with standard polysomnographic procedures [21] as well as with actigraphy. In addition, subjective measures of and insomnia were recorded each morning with diaries, as during home recording. On day four, the subjects' depressed moods were assessed with the CES-D [20] four hours after arising. This represented the final CES-D score. concentrations of 6-sulphatoxymelatonin (aMT6s), the primary metabolite of melatonin, were assayed with a highly specific RIA assay developed by Aldous and Arendt (. , ) [22]. Sensitivity of the RIA technique was <0. 2 ng/mL. Intra- and inter-assay coefficients of variation were 3. 3% and 6. 7%, respectively. Assessment and Exclusion of investigator (JAE) used a four-point ranking system to rate the visual "quality" of the aMT6s excretion profiles: "excellent", "good", "poor", or "insufficient data". The ratings were based, for example, on whether the profiles had the expected patterns of transitions between daytime and nighttime levels, or whether higher or irregular baseline levels or abrupt spikes were observed. Artifacts might be attributable to many factors, including incomplete voiding of the bladder and inaccuracies in recording urinary volume or timing. Only data that were rated "excellent" or "good" were used for fitting 24-hour cosines to the aMT6s excretion data for estimation of aMT6s acrophase (24-hour fitted peak). Since estimation of circadian phase shift required assessment of both baseline and final circadian phases, the present analyses included only volunteers with aMT6s excretion profiles rated "excellent" or "good" for both baseline and final assessments. This reduced the number of older volunteers included in the analysis to 60, whereas aMT6s data could be analyzed in all 30 of the young volunteers. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim about circadian rhythms being regulated by light-sensitive proteins. Instead, it focuses on the methodology of collecting and assessing urinary samples related to melatonin metabolite levels, which may somehow relate to circadian rhythms but does not explicitly discuss the regulation mechanism mentioned in the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Mindfulness practices can reduce stress and improve focus. [SEP] Text: The costs for the course (75€) were - depending on their specific insurance - refunded after completion, or they were covered in advance. This coverage was independent of participating in the study. All participants received access to the app's entire meditation library. The course encouraged users to deepen their practice with the additional content, but the additional practice did not affect the coverage by the insurance. 2. 3 Intervention (Course content)The course consisted of eight 45-minute-long audio modules. Each included lessons about stress, mindfulness exercises, and a mindful meditation session. The participants received a handout with a content summary after each session. They also had to pass a quiz about the module to continue. Following the guidelines of ZPP (the central German institution for prevention that certifies insurance-covered prevention programs), participants could only finish one module per week. 2. 4 Ethical and privacy considerationsThe participants were free to opt-out at any point in the study. No disadvantages have arisen from the discontinuation of participation. Personally identifiable data was not collected during the study. The course content was certified as a prevention course by ZPP and examined for potential adverse effects for its participants by this institution (course-ID: KU-ST-). [7][8][9] Due to these circumstances, no ethics application was submitted to the Ethics Committee. SurveyMonkey® is ISO 27001 certified, and its technology aligns with the GDPR (of the EU). Furthermore, SurveyMonkey® is certified. [10]2. 5 MeasuresThe t0 questionnaire assessed 42, and the t1 questionnaire 46 variables. Thirty-six questions were asked at t0 and t1 for pre/post comparison and included the FMI and questions recommended by ZPP for evaluating prevention courses. [11] These questions mainly addressed stress and mental well-being and asked whether chronic pain affects the daily life of the participants. Other questions asked for socio-demographic data (at t0 only) and a rating of the course's success (at t1 only). No data about nationality or ethnicity was collected. FMI short form was used to measure mindfulness. The original FMI short form (in English) is a 14-item assessment that can be used for participants with no experience in mindfulness meditations and was developed by Walach et al. [12] based on the FMI invented by Buchheld et al. . [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim as it discusses a course that includes lessons about stress and mindfulness exercises, along with mindful meditation sessions. These elements suggest a direct link between the course's focus on mindfulness and the potential for stress reduction and improvement in focus, aligning with the claim.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Cryptocurrencies are immune to all forms of hacking. [SEP] Text: In any case, the illegal activities that take place on the network only emphasize the fact that the crypto networks are valuable for at least some of the people, and in a market economy, when a commodity is valuable for some of the people, then it is valuable to the entire economy. 18. Bitcoin and egalitarianism There is a claim that a Bitcoin-based economy would increase wealth inequality. This argument is based on the fact that most of the Bitcoin wealth is concentrated in a minuscule amount of Bitcoin addresses [29]. But clearly, wallets and addresses are not persons. Almost every user holds several wallets, and a wallet can and does generate multiple addresses mainly for privacy reasons. This argument suffers from an additional fallacy: the distribution of money in a population does not determine the distribution of wealth. Quite the contrary, the distribution of wealth determines the distribution of money. In a free economy, people are paid for creating wealth. economy has a higher resemblance to a free economy than our current fiat economy, it seems that in a Bitcoin-based economy, the money distribution will be fairer than the current one. 19. The value of is a claim that Bitcoin is worthless, because it answers no real need and solves no real problem. This claim can easily be refuted. Bitcoin is a global, decentralized, highly liquid, and pseudo-anonymous asset. Therefore, in any transaction, which requires all these properties, the benefits of using Bitcoin over other currencies are clear. Moreover, that is exactly the reason that most people do not appreciate these properties. First, most people are unaware of the damage caused by centralized monetary systems. Second, only rarely do they perform international financial transactions in large volumes. Third, most people are against anonymous transactions. However, the benefits of Bitcoin are widely recognized in the following cases: (1) Where the centralized monetary system completely collapses (e. g. , Venezuela and Zimbabwe). (2) Where the government confiscates its own citizen’s assets (e. g. , Cyprus and Saudi Arabia). (3) Among populations, which are excluded from the financial and banking systems (e. g. , bankrupted citizens and minors). (4) Among outcasted populations (e. g. , drug users and gamblers). (5) Among people who are keener on their privacy (e. g. , tax evaders and porn users). (6) Among frequent travelers/flyers. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by outlining the vulnerabilities and illegal activities associated with cryptocurrencies. It implicitly suggests that the existence of illegal activities on crypto networks indicates that these networks are not immune to hacking or other forms of exploitation. This undermines the assertion that cryptocurrencies are completely secure.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Circadian rhythms are regulated by light-sensitive proteins. [SEP] Text: Within the restricted phase range, the phase response data was sufficiently linear for slopes and elevations of linear regression lines to be compared via ANOVA, using procedures described by Zar [23]. Two measures of circadian misalignment were calculated. First, since our previous analysis of this group indicated that sleep was best when the aMT6s acrophase coincided approximately with mid-sleep (i. e. , mid-point between lights out and final time of awakening) [1], circadian malsynchronization was defined as the absolute phase angle (h) between an individual's aMT6s acrophase and his/her mid-sleep. Second, circadian phase dispersion was defined as the absolute number of hours between an individual's aMT6s acrophase and the median aMT6s acrophase for his/her age group. These measures were calculated for both baseline and final aMT6s acrophase data. Baseline measures of circadian malsynchronization and phase dispersion were compared via 3 × 2 treatment-by-age group ANOVAs. Two measures of circadian phase correction were defined by the extent to which circadian malsynchronization and phase dispersion were decreased from baseline to final phase assessment. These changes were compared with 3 × 2 × 2 light treatment-by-age group (older vs. young)-by-time (baseline vs. final) ANOVAs. on Mood and home baseline CES-D data was compared with CES-D responses during the final day in the laboratory. The laboratory actigraphic data was regarded as the most relevant sleep data to compare to baseline, because actigraphic data allowed comparisons of objective home versus laboratory sleep. To assess changes in sleep associated with the treatments, mean home actigraphic data was compared with mean actigraphic data from the final two nights in the laboratory. Likewise, mean home sleep diary data was compared with the mean diary reports of the last two nights in the laboratory. Analysis of polysomonographic data compared data averaged across the first two nights in the laboratory to the last two nights in the laboratory. Changes in mood and sleep following the treatments were assessed via 3 × 2 × 2 treatment-by-age group-by-time ANOVAs. Association of with Changes in Mood and association of changes in circadian malsynchronization and phase dispersion with changes in sleep and mood following treatment were assessed in two ways. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim about circadian rhythms being regulated by light-sensitive proteins. It discusses the methodology and analysis regarding circadian malsynchronization and phase dispersion, focusing on the effects of various treatments on sleep and mood, without mentioning the role of light-sensitive proteins.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Mindfulness practices can reduce stress and improve focus. [SEP] Text: The two-sided Wilcoxon signed-rank sum test for unpaired samples (all questionnaires dataset) returned a significant result that the location shift in the FMI is not equal to 0 (p < 0,01). The 95 per cent confidence interval lies between 6. 9 and 7. 0. The analysis of returned 0. 88 at t0 and 0. 87 at t1. The data is available in table 3. Table 2 FMI Scores of the paired samplesTable 3 FMI Scores of the unpaired samples (all questionnaires)The violin plots depict the distribution of responses to individual FMI questions at t0 and t1 of the merged dataset with paired samples. Table 4 Distribution of responses to individual FMI items at t0Table 5 Distribution of responses to individual FMI items at t13. 4 Secondary hypotheses testingThe participants rated their state of general health, pain level, and the degree of restriction by pain in daily life significantly lower after the course. All these variables improved significantly. The dataset also includes statements about improved stress management, and other related subjects that cannot be fully addressed here are provided in the 4. 1 Primary hypothesisThe primary study aim was to find out whether an app-based intervention can change the FMI score significantly within a general population. While the results seem to indicate a clear improvement, they should be interpreted with care due to the multiple limitations of the study design described in 2. 7. Methodological limitations. All statistical tests turned out to be significant, and all differences indicated improvements. Due to the large sample size, significant test results were to be expected even for small differences between the surveys and do not indicate clinical relevance. The median shifts between t0 and t1 were similar for the merged dataset with matched IDs and the dataset that included all questionnaires (including participants that only submitted one answer form). The results suggest that mindfulness-based stress management programs and meditation can also be taught via an app. The identified improvements of this prevention course will be followed up by sending out questionnaires after six months to examine the long-term effects. Future studies should investigate whether these improvements sustain over long-term periods. Since the course was in German and only German public health insurance companies covered its costs, the author assumes that most participants lived in Germany, although no data about nationality or ethnicity was collected. The dominant user group was female and highly educated. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim as it discusses improvements in stress management and mentions that mindfulness-based stress management programs and meditation can be effectively taught via an app. This supports the notion that mindfulness practices positively impact stress reduction and, by implication, could improve focus as well.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Cryptocurrencies are immune to all forms of hacking. [SEP] Text: In general, it is clear that the Bitcoin technology has a clear value wherever censorship-resistance is required. Money is one example, social media is another (e. g. , ). As was mentioned above, in a market economy, when an asset is valuable to some people, then it is valuable to the entire economy. Consequently, people who do not belong to any of these populations can still regard Bitcoin as a safe haven for their money. However, the fact that Bitcoin is valuable only increases the mystery as for the origin of its value. In the previous sections, we have presented the problems in arguments, which claim that Bitcoin should be worthless. Before we present the last argument, which will lead us to the origin of the Bitcoin’s value, it is instructive to discuss incorrect explanations, from which we will learn what cannot explain the origin of the value of Bitcoin. 20. Backed by energy It is repeatedly mentioned by crypto advocates that Bitcoin is backed by proof-of-work, or, that it is backed by energy or by the mining’s electricity. In particular, such an explanation was used by John McAfee to justify his prediction of the Bitcoin price at the end of 2020 [30]. The argument goes like that: currently, it costs several million dollars to mine 1800 BTC (the current daily yield). Within few decades, the mining rate will decrease substantially, while there is no reason to assume that the cost will decline (more plausible that it will rise). Therefore, one may conclude that because Bitcoin’s mining cost will rise, its price must rise as well. This is a very common error that is based on the classical economists’ theory of value—the labor theory of value. This theory, which was developed by Smith, Ricardo and their followers (including Marx), was based on the premises that the labor is the source of value. This theory helped them to explain the water-diamond paradox, namely, why the value of diamonds is higher than the value of water, while clearly water is much more useful than diamonds. The classical economists would reply that it costs more to mine and to shape diamonds than to pump water from a nearby well. The subjectivist schools of economics, in general, and the Austrian school, in particular, would strongly disagree. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the value and backing of Bitcoin without mentioning its immunity to hacking. By outlining the mining costs and economic theories surrounding Bitcoin, it implies that Bitcoin is subject to market forces, potentially including vulnerabilities to attacks. The absence of any assertion about hacking immunity suggests that Bitcoin, despite its perceived value, is not immune to hacking threats.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Circadian rhythms are regulated by light-sensitive proteins. [SEP] Text: However, there was no significant difference between treatments in the slopes or in the origins of the regression lines. Across all treatments, there was a significant mean delay in aMT6s acrophase from baseline to final assessment (45 min ± 15 min SEM, t = 3. 04, p = 0. 003); however, there were no significant treatment-by-time or age group-by-time interaction effects. Figure 4 Plots for each Light Treatment. Shown are the shifts in aMT6s acrophase, which varied significantly for each treatment, as a function of the circadian timing of the light treatments, defined as the center of treatment (eight hours after arising) relative to the aMT6s acrophase at baseline. As compared to younger subjects, at baseline the older subjects had more circadian malsynchronization [t(1,88) = 4. 57, p < 0. 001] and greater circadian phase dispersion [t(1,88) = 2. 50, p = 0. 014]. However, there were no significant treatment or treatment-by-age group differences between these variables at baseline (before treatment). There was a significant increase in circadian malsynchronization from baseline to final assessment [F(1,88) = 8. 5, p = 0. 004] (Figure 5), indicating the delays in aMT6s acrophase. However, there was no significant treatment-by-time or age group-by-time interaction in this effect. Circadian phase dispersion showed no significant change over time (Figure 6), and no significant treatment-by-time or age group-by-time interaction. Figure 5 Circadian malsynchronization at baseline and final assessment. Shown is circadian malsynchronization, defined as the absolute phase angle (mean ± SE hours) between aMT6 acrophase and mid sleep, determined at baseline and following the light treatments. A significant increase in malsynchronization was found. Figure 6 Phase dispersion at baseline and final assessment. Shown is phase dispersion, defined as the absolute number of hours (mean ± SE) between aMT6s acrophase and the median aMT6s acrophase, determined at baseline and following the treatments. on Mood and reported equal expectancy for improvements in sleep and mood following each treatment. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim regarding light-sensitive proteins involved in regulating circadian rhythms. Instead, it discusses the effects of various light treatments on circadian malsynchronization, shifts in aMT6s acrophase, and other related metrics without mentioning any specific proteins or their light sensitivity. Therefore, it is classified as irrelevant.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Mindfulness practices can reduce stress and improve focus. [SEP] Text: Skip to main content Explore journals Get published About BMC My account Search all BMC 2019. The students completed two surveys - one in the first, the other in the third term - recording perceived stress and mindfulness via validated scales (PSS-10 and MAAS). In between both, 41 students participated in a voluntary mindfulness-based intervention including six two-hours courses. 86 students served as controls. Scholarly success was assessed via the scores achieved in six exams written during the observation period. ResultsStress was inversely related with mindfulness and with the results of the most challenging exam. The intervention on mindfulness based stress reduction helped to contain stress and maintain mindfulness during the observation period and this effect lasted for at least six months beyond completion of the intervention. In contrast, beneficial effects on scholarly success were transient and only detectable at completion of the intervention. ConclusionOur observation of short- and intermediate term effects resulting from six individual interventions on mindfulness based stress reduction is encouraging and calls for alternative strategies to induce long-lasting impacts. reports BackgroundThe WHO defines health not only as a physical but also as a mental and social well-being [1]. Among the conditions that have a considerable impact on mental health, stress is an important one and has been related to common disorders like depression, work-related fatigue burnout and anxiety disorders [2]. These mental disorders are also common in physicians and were shown to affect performance and patients outcomes and to be related to unprofessional behavior [3]. However, already students at an early stage of medical school experience stress, depression and anxiety and an increase thereof in the years to come [4, 5]. Constant academic pressure, increased workloads, financial problems, sleep deprivation, exposure to patients’ suffering and death in combination with a “hidden curriculum” of cynicism may then result in a vicious circle of stress and even more stress which in the long run leads to a decline of mental health [4, 6]. High amounts of stress not only foster the abuse of substances like alcohol and nicotine but can also lead to other unhealthy habits [7, 8]. Moreover, psychological distress among students has been suggested to adversely affect their academic performance [9]. Indeed, stress levels before the first state exam which is taken at the end of the preclinical education were shown to predict academic performance [10]. It is therefore of outmost importance, that instructing young students to become knowledgeable, empathic and professional physicians includes the training of methods for sustained stress reduction. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by highlighting that a mindfulness-based intervention helped contain stress and maintain mindfulness among the participants. The observation states that 'stress was inversely related with mindfulness,' indicating that as mindfulness increased, stress levels decreased. This supports the idea that mindfulness practices are effective in reducing stress.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Cryptocurrencies are immune to all forms of hacking. [SEP] Text: Bohm-Bawerk, the well-known economist, would argue that it may be very costly to prepare a mud pie, nevertheless, the mud pie is still worthless. economists would argue that the classical economists made it all wrong. It is the price of the product that determines its cost and not the vice-versa. That is, if a producer evaluates that he can sell a product for 1000$, he will be willing to pay production costs, which are lower than 1000$. Clearly, the competition enforces the producer to lower the product’s price until it is close to the product’s cost. However, had he not known that he could sell the product at a price higher than the cost he would not have produced it. The same thing applies to any product, and mining is not an exception. As long as the market price of gold is higher than the cost of mining, then mining will continue, otherwise, the miners would stop the mining process. That is, the market cost of gold (approximately 1200$/ounce today) determines the maximum cost of mining. In the case of Bitcoin, the mining process cannot stop. In fact, since every 10 min a new block is added to the blockchain, then the algorithm keeps adjusting the mining difficulty to maintain a constant rate of block production. Therefore, the algorithm makes sure that the mining cost would remain below the market price so that mining would never stop. 21. Too costly to mine A similar reasoning appears in a different argument against Bitcoin: the Bitcoin mining costs are extremely high, and even now, its electricity consumption is equal to that of a small country (like Ireland). Within several years, the costs would be gigantic, and it would be unprofitable to mine additional coins. Again, this is a complete misunderstanding of the mining process. As was explained above, unlike gold mining, there is no given external cost for mining Bitcoin. The causality between cost and prices works in the opposite direction—Bitcoin prices determine the cost of mining. Therefore, at any given time, the users of the Bitcoin network are the ones who determine the amount of money they are willing to invest in the network security. That is, first, the mining cost cannot increase beyond the amount the users are willing to pay, and second, the electricity cost is not a wasted investment; it is a measure of the network security. The more people trust the Bitcoin network, the more they are willing to invest in it. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by explaining that the security of the Bitcoin network is determined by the willingness of users to invest in its mining costs and electricity expenses. It indicates that the network's security is tied to user investment and confidence, implying it is not immune to hacking vulnerabilities, as its security relies on user trust and investment. The text states, 'the more people trust the Bitcoin network, the more they are willing to invest in it,' which contradicts the notion of absolute immunity to hacking.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Circadian rhythms are regulated by light-sensitive proteins. [SEP] Text: A significant reduction in the CES-D from baseline to final measurement was found [F(1,82) = 13. 8, p < 0. 001]. There was no treatment-by-time interaction for CES-D. A near-significant age-group-by-time effect was found for CES-D (F(1,82) = 3. 7, p = 0. 058]. CES-D was reduced from 15. 4 ± 1. 1 to 11. 4 ± 1. 0 in the older group and from 9. 1 ± 1. 5 to 8. 0 ± 1. 3 in the younger group. In actigraphic data, significantly less TST, lower sleep efficiency, and greater WASO were found in the older volunteers as compared to the young volunteers. A significant age group-by-time effect for actigraphic TST was mediated by slight increases from baseline to final assessment in the older group (from 334. 3 ± 8. 8 min to 339. 3 ± 7. 6 min) but decreases in the young group (from 450. 8 ± 9. 4 min to 367. 6 ± 7. 7 min). No significant treatment or treatment-by-time effects for actigraphic sleep were found. In sleep diary measures, significantly less TST and significantly greater WASO and insomnia (100 mm visual analogue) were found for the older volunteers in comparison to the young volunteers. A significant age group-by-time interaction for insomnia was mediated by decreases in the older group (from 44. 7 ± 1. 9 mm to 39. 5 ± 2. 8 mm) and increases in the young group (from 15. 3 ± 2. 6 mm to 19. 8 ± 3. 5 mm. ) No significant treatment or treatment-by-time effects for these variables was found. The older group had significantly less polysomnographic TST and more WASO compared with the young group. However, no significant age group contrasts by time, treatment, or treatment-by-time interaction were found for polysomnographic sleep. Correlations of "Phase Correction" with Changes in Mood and in circadian malsynchronization and phase dispersion were not significantly correlated with changes in mood or sleep. Moreover, changes in mood and sleep were not different between individuals who experienced decreases in circadian malsynchronization or decreases in phase dispersion following treatment compared with those who experienced no phase correction. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it focuses on statistical measurements and comparisons of sleep, mood, and age groups, without addressing circadian rhythms or the role of light-sensitive proteins in their regulation.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Mindfulness practices can reduce stress and improve focus. [SEP] Text: In this context, mindfulness-based stress reduction has come to the fore. Kabat-Zinn was one of the first to establish mindfulness in Western medicine and described mindfulness as being fully aware of the present moment and of bodily sensations, without being judgmental [11]. Indeed, mindfulness was shown to be inversely associated with depression and stress [12, 13]. And interventions to improve mindfulness led to a decrease in mental distress, anxiety, depression, emotional exhaustion and fatigue inertia while at the same time fostering subjective well-being, empathy and self-compassion [14,15,16,17]. These results were observed for early medical students, medical students during their clinical clerkships and primary care physicians alike however, they were assessed directly after completion of the intervention. Longer lasting effects that were still measurable up to 6 or 20 months after the intervention were restricted to a reduction of perceived stress and an increase in self-compassion [18,19,20]. As of yet, the impact of mindfulness-based stress reduction on academic achievements is less clear. While greater mindfulness was shown to correlate with better academic performance in middle school and bachelor students [21, 22], the information is still lacking whether teaching or improving formal techniques on mindfulness based stress reduction (MBSR) will also improve academic accomplishments of medical students. The present study therefore aimed to examine the connectedness between stress, mindfulness and academic achievements in early medical students and whether an intervention on mindfulness-based stress reduction would lead to a sustained improvement of both, mental well-being and scholarly success. MethodDesign and settingWe performed a controlled trial on the effect of teaching mindfulness-based stress reduction (MBSR) during the first two preclinical years (term 1 to term 3) of medical school at the Medical Center. Recruitment took place in January 2019 and follow-up assessments lasted until January 2020. The study design included two identical online surveys on mindfulness and perceived stress, conducted in January 2019 (T1) and December 2019 (T3), respectively. In between, from April to June 2019 (T2), the students were offered a voluntary intervention on formal techniques of mindfulness. The results of a total of six exams taken around T1 (baseline), T2 (after completion of the intervention) and T3 (6 months later) were collected to assess academic achievements in the course of the study (Fig. 1). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by providing evidence that mindfulness-based stress reduction (MBSR) is associated with a decrease in mental distress, anxiety, and stress, thereby indicating its potential to reduce stress. Additionally, it mentions that mindfulness interventions foster subjective well-being and self-compassion, which are relevant to improving focus. Specifically, the observed reduction of perceived stress and improvement in self-compassion up to 20 months post-intervention demonstrates the efficacy of mindfulness practices in enhancing mental well-being, affirming the claim that these practices can reduce stress.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Cryptocurrencies are immune to all forms of hacking. [SEP] Text: Consequently, the Bitcoin price increases, and so does, as a byproduct, the mining cost, which measures the network computation power. That is, the more secure the network is, the more trustworthy it becomes in practice via the price mechanism. This is a positive feedback, which strengthens the network. However, there is a limit to the cost of security, which people are willing to pay in any financial transaction. This limit determines the mining cost. It is interesting that a similar argument was put against the gold standard. Followers of the monetary school of economics argued that unlike fiat money, gold mining is a waste of useful resources, which can be directed to other useful industrial sectors. The answer of the Austrian school was that it is a small price to pay to prevent the government from inflating the amount of money [31]. economists have a nice analogy: why so many resources are invested in steel locks? Wouldn’t it be smarter had we replaced them with paper locks and allocate the steel to better uses? This is clearly a rhetorical question. Security is a costly business. We pay for security and safety. This is an important point. In a stationary economy, or, in the Austrian school terminology, the Economy (ERE), the future is already known, and there are neither surprises nor risks. Consequently, there is no need for money. In the ERE, money has no function. People need money only in states of uncertainty. Money helps relieve the sense of uncertainty. However, counterfeiting is a source of concern. Fiat money is susceptible to the whims of the government. Governments can (and do) inflate the money supply indefinitely. The supply of gold, on the other hand, is regulated by the market, since gold counterfeiting is extremely difficult. Only when the market price exceeds the mining cost, new gold is generated by mining. The same reasoning applies to Bitcoin. However, there are some very important differences: as was explained above, it is more difficult to counterfeit Bitcoin than gold, let alone fiat currency. Moreover, the ability to counterfeit fiat currency and gold is independent of their value. Therefore, as their value rises, additional counterfeiting attempts are made. The opposite is true for Bitcoin. The difficulty to attack the Bitcoin network is proportional to the Hash power of the Bitcoin mining; however, the cost of this power is proportional to the price of Bitcoin (since most of the Bitcoins have already been mined). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by explaining that while Bitcoin's security is enhanced by its network and mining cost, it is not entirely immune to hacking. It states that "the difficulty to attack the Bitcoin network is proportional to the Hash power of the Bitcoin mining," indicating that vulnerabilities may still exist despite a higher cost of security. Moreover, the increase in the Bitcoin value can lead to more counterfeiting attempts, further suggesting that cryptocurrencies can be vulnerable to hacking.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Circadian rhythms are regulated by light-sensitive proteins. [SEP] Text: Discussion Surprisingly, no significant contrasts between the three light treatments were demonstrated for melatonin or actigraphic parameters, sleep, or mood, nor could changes in circadian misalignment be associated with disturbances of sleep or mood. Perhaps a longer period of randomized treatment would have resulted in greater contrasts, but significant effects of bright light treatment on mood have been demonstrated with treatment of one week or less, and it is not currently clear that treatment beyond one week produces any greater benefit [24]. Probably, 10,000 lux would have been slightly more effective than 3,000 lux. Urine collections of aMT6s are not the most precise method of estimating melatonin timing, but they were considered less burdensome on the depressed participants than alternative methods. Significant phase-responses were evident after each laboratory treatment. The average delay in aMT6s acrophase in the laboratory was probably due to the dimmer and later illumination timing in the laboratory as compared to the home situation, because illumination peaked before mid-wake at home, mid-wake averaging well after noon. The similarity in phase responses between the two bright light treatments was consistent with previous studies, suggesting that phase-shifting effects may be estimated from the timing center of light treatments [25,26]. However, it might have been predicted that treatment A would fall on a more active portion of the phase-response curve than treatment B. Also, the remarkable similarity in the phase responses for the dim placebo treatment in comparison to the bright light treatments was unexpected. Dose-response studies have indicated that phase-shifting effects of light are related to cube-root [27] or logistic functions [28] of illumination, either of which would predict that the bright light treatments (3,000 lux) were at least two-fold stronger than the placebo treatment (50 lux). Nonetheless, it appears that the dim placebo and bright light treatments had similar phase-shifting potency in the present protocol. Our phase shift responses could be explained by nonphotic zeitgebers, including the imposed sleep-wake cycle, social cues, and activity/rest. There is evidence that the sleep-wake cycle is a potent zeitgeber; this effect may be independent of the light-dark cycle [13,29,30]. Combining a fixed sleep-wake routine, with appropriately timed bright light, produces additive phase-shifting effects [13,29]. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is largely focused on the effects of different light treatments on circadian rhythms, sleep, and mood. However, it does not directly address or provide evidence regarding light-sensitive proteins regulating circadian rhythms. Instead, it discusses the phase-shifting effects of light treatments and mentions nonphotic zeitgebers, suggesting a broader context without specifically correlating light-sensitive proteins with circadian regulation. Therefore, this text is considered irrelevant to the claim.