Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Bacteria can be engineered to produce pharmaceuticals like insulin. [SEP] Text: , PSSG = + 305 Da per modification), which can, in principle, be linked to other proteoforms (e. g. , mutated forms or splice variants). Top-down approaches are powerful: Ansong et al. [42] unearthed a chemotype switch from PSSG to PS-L-Cys in salmonella under infection-like conditions. Deconvoluting chemotypes with similar masses, especially when there are many target cysteines, or detecting labile forms (e. g. , RSSH) is challenging. Without stable chemical handles, some oxiforms may evolve during the sample processing procedures. Like mobility-shift assays, it is challenging to ascribe top-down redox proteomic detected oxiforms to specific cysteines. Technical advances in individual ion m/s[43] motivated by the human proteoform project,[44] will benefit oxiform research. The next decade will witness considerable progress when the human proteoform project is completed[25] and gains in chemical diversity and resolution are achieved. [45] Advances in combinatorial chemotype analysis inclusive of orthogonal chemotype-specific and preferably reaction-based chemistry hold the key to unlocking oxiform complexity. Examples include the recent pioneering work from the Kate Carroll[46] and Tobias Dick[47] groups regarding RSOH and RSSH, respectively. Incidentally, the latter used top-down proteomics. Continued progress in m/s[28] and immunological[48, 49] techniques is needed to achieve SC-resolution. SC-resolution can uncover rare oxiforms. Consider ATR (UniProt: Q13535). With 45 cysteines, ATR can generate a staggering 3. 15 × 1013 unique oxiforms. Although the number of ATR-oxiforms coexisting in one SC is rate-limited by the protein copy number (∼104-5), the total number of ATR molecules amounts to 3. 7 × 1019. So, there is ample space for rare oxiforms to form within some of our 37-trillion cells. Emerging single-molecule resolutions technologies, such as nanopores, may be invaluable. [50] For example, a single-molecule compatible nanopore discerned cationic carrier peptide charged L-cysteine from L-cystine. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim regarding bacteria being engineered to produce pharmaceuticals like insulin. Instead, it discusses advanced topics in proteomics and chemotypes related to redox proteomic research, thus rendering the information irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Antibiotics are effective against bacterial infections, not viral ones. [SEP] Text: The world death toll from the pandemic of 1968-1969 that was caused by the A(H3N2) strain of influenza virus was around 2 million people [20, 21]. A 55% increase in mortality from the respiratory infections with most cases accompanied by secondary bacterial pneumonia was recorded in in 1969 [22]. The staphylococcal pneumonia turned out to be the main complication of the H3N2 influenza. For example, from the 129 adults diagnosed with pandemic influenza, pneumonia was found in 16% of cases of which 40% (6% of all 129 cases of influenza) were lethal. S. aureus or Pseudomonas aeruginosa (P. aeruginosa) were found in 75% of the autopsied specimen of the deceased [23]. It should be mentioned that over the course of the Spanish pandemic, most of the lethal cases of the secondary bacterial pneumonia were caused by S. pneumonia, but during the pandemics of 1957 and 1968, S. aureus became the prevailing etiological agent of the secondary bacterial pneumonia. This could be explained by the increased antibiotic resistance of S. aureus due to the widespread use of antibiotics by the population at that time. Pandemic influenza in the presence of influenza vaccines, antiviral drugs, and antibioticsThe outbreak of influenza A(H1N1)pdm09 virus in 2009 spread to 41 countries in the course of four weeks and became a pandemic [20, 24]. The H1N1 component of the seasonal influenza vaccines produced for 2009 did not antigenically match the newly emerged pandemic strain A(H1N1)pdm09. It is believed that the total death toll from this pandemic was around 284,000 people worldwide [25]. The common causes of death in the course of this pandemic in the US were the secondary bacterial infections induced mostly by S. pneumoniae and S. pyogenes [26, 27]. Other US studies have shown that in almost 30% of the 77 lethal cases the influenza infection was accompanied by bacterial infections 46% of which were caused by S. pneumoniae, 9% by S. aureus, and 1% by H. influenzae. Palacios et al. examined the nasopharyngeal swabs of almost 200 patients with pandemic influenza and found H. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the complications arising from viral infections, specifically influenza, which were often accompanied by secondary bacterial pneumonia. Evidence is provided that indicates bacterial pathogens such as S. pneumoniae and S. aureus caused significant mortality in influenza cases, supporting the understanding that antibiotics are necessary for treating secondary bacterial infections, whereas they are ineffective against the viral infection itself.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Telemedicine eliminates the need for in-person visits entirely. [SEP] Text: ” (Participant 770) Cost managementPatients note that telemedicine can lower treatment expenses, reduce personal protective equipment usage, decrease fuel consumption, simplify payments, minimize office-related costs, cut paper-related expenses, decrease accounting errors, and boost healthcare providers’ and organizations’ income. “Due to my limited economic situation, I prefer using telemedicine as I can’t afford to visit medical centers every day. ” (Participant 1209) “Another advantage of telemedicine is the reduction in fuel consumption, such as gasoline, as individuals do not need to visit the clinic in person. ” (Participant 1204) “I endorse telemedicine for its ability to markedly cut costs related to office and paper processes, postage, printing, and paper-based information storage. ” (Participant 409) Time managementPatients have indicated that telemedicine can save time, enable better time management, and decrease patient waiting times. Due to the widespread Covid-19 situation, minimizing medical center referrals is essential, saving patients from lengthy wait times. (Participant 883) “I am confident that telemedicine allows me to better manage my time and plan my daily activities more effectively. ” (Participant 706) Geographical distancesAccording to patients’ perspective, telemedicine can eliminate geographical barriers, minimize the need for extra trips, provide access to medical centers globally, offer prompt emergency care services, and expand the reach to access healthcare services across larger geographic areas. “Telemedicine not only enables individuals with mental health conditions, who are particularly susceptible to self-harm and suicide, to consult a therapist or psychiatrist promptly day or night, but it also seamlessly extends healthcare services’ geographic reach to anywhere in the world. ” (Participant 174) “Telemedicine can effortlessly extend the geographic reach of healthcare services to anywhere in the world. ” (Participant 967) Psychological aspectsPatients choose telemedicine for psychological benefits, experiencing reduced fear, stress, and anxiety. This leads to greater peace of mind during treatment, lowers stress for providers, reduces social stigma, boosts patient self-confidence, enhances motivation to continue treatment, and accelerates recovery for mental health patients. Additionally, telemedicine offers a comfortable platform for shy and isolated individuals to interact with therapists. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by highlighting various benefits of telemedicine, such as cost management and reduced geographical barriers, but it does not assert that telemedicine eliminates the need for in-person visits entirely. Instead, it emphasizes how telemedicine can enhance patient care and accessibility while still implying that in-person interactions may still be relevant for certain situations, particularly with mental health conditions, as indicated by statements about the care provided by therapists. Thus, the text suggests that while telemedicine offers significant advantages, it does not completely replace the necessity of in-person visits.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Bacteria can be engineered to produce pharmaceuticals like insulin. [SEP] Text: [51] For now, the prospect of using mobility-shift methods and top-down proteomics (see Figure 3) to answer fundamental questions by quantifying target-specific oxiforms is exciting. 3Open in figure viewerPowerfeatures, advantages and disadvantages of immunological, proteomic and emerging oxiform technologies. See the main text for specific details. Unravelling the biological roles unique oxiforms play presents formidable technical challenges. Recapitulating their chemistry, especially labile properties like a free radical, and abundance is difficult. Abundance is important because the functional weight of an emergent property is concentration-dependent. A functional phenotype may only manifest when the number of single-molecules inhabiting the unique oxiform reaches a critical threshold. Promising approaches for functionally phenotyping oxiforms are threefold. First, sophisticated genome editing technologies[52] can mutate multiple cysteine residues to disable certain oxiforms. Second, genetically encoded chemotype mimetics (e. g. , an RSOH mimetic amino acid) or introduction handles may recapitulate their chemistry. For example, click chemistry could produce the desired oxiform by selectively adding clickable amino acid mimetics (e. g. , a click-in L-Cys-SSH) to distinct residues. Third, computational methods, such as deep learning models and quantum dynamical stimulations, could predict their functional relevance. [53] They are also powerful tools for using established biochemistry (e. g. , kinetic constants)[6] to predict the identity of the oxiforms that might exist in a cell and how they might evolve from the initial starting conditions. possessing a similar number of genes to other species, such as worms, argues against an intuitively appealing genomic basis for our complexity[54] and begs the question: what make us so complex? Some think that much complexity stems from the sheer number of forms a protein molecule can adopt so-called proteoforms. [15] Inspired, I have developed the oxiform concept to describe cysteine residue and chemotype-specified proteoforms. The idea is simple. Like how mixing colours produces different shades, combining different types of redox chemistry can create new potentially functionality-relevant oxiforms. Oxiforms may contribute to our complexity. Is that why our proteome encodes more cysteine residues than many other species? Potentially. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim about bacteria being engineered to produce pharmaceuticals like insulin. It discusses complex biochemical concepts, including oxiforms and proteoforms, but does not mention bacterial engineering or pharmaceutical production.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Antibiotics are effective against bacterial infections, not viral ones. [SEP] Text: influenzae in 52% of the samples, S. pneumoniae in 31%, and S. aureus in 18% of samples, respectively [28]. The severity of the disease was most often associated with the secondary infection induced by S. pneumoniae. In another study of 838 critically ill children in the US, it was shown that in 72 hours following the hospitalization to the intensive care unit, bacterial superinfection developed in 33% of the patients, 48% of which was caused by methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA), 5. 5% of the cases by S. pneumoniae, and 5% by H. influenzae [29]. Therefore, despite the widespread introduction of seasonal influenza vaccines, antiviral drugs, and antibiotics, the problem of bacterial complications in the course of influenza has not ceased to be relevant. Moreover, due to the development of the bacterial flora resistance to modern antibiotics this problem could be exacerbated in the case of a new influenza pandemic [30]. Respiratory viral infections of non-influenza etiology as provokers of the secondary bacterial pneumoniaState-of-the-art diagnostics allows scientists to analyze the bacterial complications in various non-influenza respiratory infections. Table 1 summarizes numerous studies that show the relationship of respiratory viral pathogens with certain bacteria that can cause pneumonia, otitis media, sinusitis, and meningitis as complications. Despite the fact that other respiratory viruses are not able to cause pandemics, these viruses proved to be as dangerous as influenza in provoking secondary bacterial complications. For example, the representative of the family Paramyxoviridae, human metapneumovirus (hMPV), can cause severe complications as influenza virus including both the viral pneumonia with the development of ARDS and bacterial pneumonia [31]. Another representative of this family – the respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) – turned out to be even more dangerous than influenza in terms of the mortality rate among the hospitalized patients diagnosed with pneumonia. Thus, the mortality from all of the causes in 20 days after hospitalization was higher in patients with an RSV infection (18. 4%) than in patients with influenza (6. 7%) [32]. Unfortunately, there are no vaccines and effective antiviral drugs for the prevention and treatment of pneumoviruses as well as for the most respiratory viruses of noninfluenza etiology. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing bacterial infections that can occur as complications from viral diseases, specifically mentioning that despite the use of antibiotics, the problem of bacterial superinfection remains relevant. It highlights cases of secondary bacterial complications due to various bacteria, which supports the idea that antibiotics are used specifically for bacterial infections and not for viral ones. The text also mentions severe complications caused by respiratory viruses, but emphasizes the persistence and significance of bacterial infections.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Telemedicine eliminates the need for in-person visits entirely. [SEP] Text: “I favor telemedicine for its convenience and peace of mind during treatment, offering me increased confidence and easy communication with the physician. ” (Participant 97) “ I believe telemedicine’s key benefit is seen in socially stigmatized conditions like HIV and addiction, where patients feel at ease with physicians, enabling open sharing of information. ” (Participant 54). “I believe telemedicine not only fosters improved physician and therapist ethics, encouraging patient commitment to treatment, but also aids isolated and shy individuals by alleviating shyness and creating a comfortable space for sharing information with therapists. ” (Participant 710). Electronic registration and management of patients’ informationPatients cite advantages like preserving electronic records, fast data retrieval, cutting paper use, minimizing physician data-gathering time, storing audio/video data, informed decisions using clinical records, accessing current information, sharing patient data easily among peers, and safeguarding data from natural events. “Telemedicine facilitates electronic exchange of patient information between patients and physicians, enabling the electronic storage and management of clinical data and information, consequently minimizing the requirement for paper usage. ” (Participant 7) “In my view, another significant advantage of telemedicine is its ability to effectively safeguard patient information against natural events like floods, earthquakes, and more. ” (Participant 4) Insurance and reimbursementsPatients noted that telemedicine simplifies insurance reimbursement for healthcare providers, irrespective of their location, and enables them to furnish official care evidence for insurance claims. “In my opinion, telemedicine simplifies the process of providing legal evidence for insurance claims compared to in-person visits. ” (Participant 367) “ I believe that in telemedicine, insurance companies enable doctors and other therapists to bill for the healthcare services they offer, regardless of the patient’s or provider’s location. ” (Participant 19) Healthy environmentIn the theme of healthy environment, the patients emphasized on reasons such as reducing pollution, not destroying green spaces, reducing urban traffic and increasing the physical and mental health of patients by eliminating noise pollution. “I don’t like in-person visits because of my asthma. In polluted environments, my disease worsens, with in-person visits, travel between or within cities increases and the environment becomes more polluted. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by emphasizing that telemedicine provides conveniences and improved communication but does not state that it completely eliminates the need for in-person visits. For instance, it highlights the benefits of telemedicine in terms of patient comfort and efficiency while still suggesting that in-person interactions can be necessary, especially in cases where the patient's condition may worsen due to environmental factors during travel.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Bacteria can be engineered to produce pharmaceuticals like insulin. [SEP] Text: At any rate, they offer a way to paint different redox pictures on blank single-molecule canvases. The concerted effects, be they subtle or overt, generate a kaleidoscope of functional possibilities via emergent combination chemistry-dependent complexity. The deep redox logic of the cysteine proteome interfaces with metabolism—virtually all cysteine oxidation and reduction depend on NAD(P)+/NAD(P)H[55]—offers vast possibilities for dynamically responding to the environment. A way to compound chemical elements on cysteine-punctuated single-molecule amino acid backbones to respond to nature. Excitingly, technological innovations stand to advance our understanding of redox-regulation by quantifying and functionally annotating unique oxiforms. would like to express my sincere apologies to the authors of all the 581. 10. 1038/nature13302 of Science®1239. 10. 1093/oxfordjournals. molbev. a026406 of Science®45. 10. 1016/j. freeradbiomed. 2015. 03. 022 of Science®286. 10. 1038/nchembio. 85 of Science®383. 10. 1038/s41580-020-0230-3 of Science®7. 10. 1016/j. redox. 2017. 04. 039 of Science®248. 10. 1016/j. molcel. 2016. 05. 040 of Science®557. 10. 1038/s41589-021-00739-0 of Science®336. e6. e6. 10. 1016/j. chembiol. 2023. 02. 006 PubMedWeb of Science®4679. 10. 1021/cr300163e of Science®8888. 10. 1021/acs. chemrev. 7b00698 of Science®70. 10. 1038/nchembio. 1695 of Science®511. 10. 1038/nchembio. 607 of Science®187. 10. 1038/nmeth. 2369 of Science®214. 10. 1038/nchembio. 2576 of Science®302. 10. 1038/s41580-018-0094-y of Science®2482. 10. 1126/science. abg2482 of Science®1. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim regarding the engineering of bacteria to produce pharmaceuticals like insulin. Instead, it discusses complex biochemical interactions and redox logic without mentioning bacteria, pharmaceuticals, or insulin production. Thus, it is irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Antibiotics are effective against bacterial infections, not viral ones. [SEP] Text: Table 1Respiratory viruses and the bacterial infections associated with themVirusPathogens associated with secondary infectionReferenceInfluenza virus Streptococcus pneumoniae [7], [33-40] Staphylococcus aureus Staphylococcus pyogenes Haemophilus influenzae Moraxella catarrhalis Neisseria meningitidis RSV Streptococcus pneumoniae [41]pneumoniae [42] Haemophilus influenzae Moraxella catarrhalis Streptococcus pneumoniae [43-45] Staphylococcus aureus Haemophilus influenzae Moraxella catarrhalis Parainfluenza virus Moraxella catarrhalis [46] Streptococcus pneumoniae hMPV Streptococcus pneumoniae [47]While the observational studies conducted in different regions of the world on the relationship of viral and bacterial infections lead to consistent conclusions, they can differ in the evaluation of the roles various pathogens play in the development of bacterial CAP. This can be explained by the significant influence of the climate conditions and genetic characteristics of the population on the prevalence of particular viral and bacterial pathogens. In the US, 1,024 patients with CAP were examined and compared with a group of 759 control patients without symptoms [48]. It turned out that influenza viruses, RSVs, hMPVs, and to a lesser extent parainfluenza viruses and coronaviruses were significantly more often isolated from the group of patients diagnosed with pneumonia, regardless of the patient’s age. At the same time, rhinoviruses were a common cause of CAP in adults but were practically not diagnosed in children with pneumonia. In contrast, adenoviruses were associated with CAP only in children younger than 2 years old. In a study performed in Japan that involved 2,617 elderly (≥65 years old) patients, diagnosed with chronic respiratory or other concomitant diseases, the viral pathogens were isolated in 23. 1% of cases [49]. Rhinoviruses were the most common cause of pneumonia (9. 8%), while both influenza and RSV were found in 3. 9% of cases. RSV was most often diagnosed in individuals with chronic respiratory diseases, while other viruses were associated with pneumonia, regardless of the presence of respiratory and other chronic diseases. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the association of respiratory viruses with secondary bacterial infections. It highlights that while viruses like influenza and RSV can lead to bacterial pneumonia, antibiotics target bacterial infections and are not effective against viruses themselves. The mention of various studies illustrates how viral infections can complicate bacterial infections, reinforcing the notion that antibiotics are necessary for bacterial infections, not for viral ones.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Telemedicine eliminates the need for in-person visits entirely. [SEP] Text: (Participant 10)” “I love nature and green spaces. My top reason for choosing telemedicine is to lower pollution by minimizing in-person medical visits, which in turn helps preserve the environment. ” (Participant 38). “I appreciate telemedicine as it relieves me from city traffic fatigue. It helps reduce urban traffic congestion. ” (Participant 1012) “I believe car-related noise pollution is a major issue in urban areas, posing a threat to mental health, particularly for hospital patients. Through telemedicine, additional trips to hospitals and medical centers can be reduced and noise pollution can be prevented. ” (Participant 1068) Interaction and communicationsPatients value telemedicine for enhancing therapist interactions, enabling private communication, facilitating peer support, enabling physician consultations, and reducing stress/anxiety. “Telemedicine not only enables convenient communication between patients and physicians, preventing unnecessary time waste, but also alleviates the stress of in-person medical center visits, resulting in more relaxed interactions. ” (Participant 988) “ I get stressed when I want to go to medical centers in person and communicate with my physician, while with telemedicine I am not stressed at all. ” (Participant 45) Information technologySome patients have mentioned that telemedicine aids in training patients for self-care processes, decreasing repetitive tasks, generating medical record backups, and enabling patient access to their medical information. “Another advantage of telemedicine is its ease in delivering self-care training to patients through multimedia technologies following their treatment. (Participant 1)” “Through telemedicine, numerous repetitive processes can be minimized, such as multiple visits to medical centers for medicine renewal. New medicines can be prescribed each time based on the patient’s current condition. (Participant 13)” Security, privacy and legal issuesPatients opt for telemedicine due to reasons such as authorizing information access, identifying information-disclosing individuals, setting medical record access levels, preventing data loss, reducing unauthorized information use, and facilitating legal issue follow-ups. “I highly value my medical privacy and vehemently oppose unauthorized use of my information. Telemedicine can significantly reduce such unauthorized access and enable patients to determine who will have access to their information. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by highlighting that while telemedicine reduces the frequency of in-person visits, several participants express that they still find value in telemedicine for various reasons, such as reducing pollution and traffic, improving interactions, and enhancing self-care training. For instance, Participant 10 mentions they appreciate telemedicine for helping minimize in-person visits to lower pollution, but does not state that it eliminates the need for them entirely. Additionally, Participant 13 notes that telemedicine allows for a reduction in repetitive tasks like multiple visits for medicine renewal, indicating that some in-person visits may still occur depending on the situation.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Bacteria can be engineered to produce pharmaceuticals like insulin. [SEP] Text: Nature, 556(7699), 113–117. 10. 1038/nature25986 of Science®31. 10. 1016/j. freeradbiomed. 2016. 09. 020 of Science®464. 10. 1038/s41586-021-03513-3 of Science®1337. 10. 1021/acs. chemrev. 7b00205 of Science®4522. 10. 1038/s41467-018-06790-1 PubMedWeb of Science®773. 10. 1038/nature01680 of Science®64. 10. 1038/nchembio. 736 CASWeb of Science®2111. 10. 1016/j. redox. 2021. 102111 of Science®574. 10. 1038/nature18002 of Science®513. 10. 1126/science. aaz6695 of Science®9169. 10. 15252/embj. 2021109169 PubMedWeb of Science®129. 10. 1016/j. freeradbiomed. 2022. 01. 023 of Science®983. e24. e24. 10. 1016/j. cell. 2020. 02. 012 of Science®280. 10. 1016/j. freeradbiomed. 2021. 08. 018 of Science®207. 10. 1038/nature01511 of Science®315. 10. 3390/antiox9040315 of Science®1258. 10. 1016/j. redox. 2019. 101258 of Science®1118. 10. 1089/152308601317203611 of Science®1004. 10. 1038/s41589-018-0116-2 of Science®382. 10. 1016/j. freeradbiomed. 2017. 03. 037 PubMedWeb of Science®258. 10. 1038/nature10575 of Science®127. 10. 1021/acs. analchem. 7b04747 of Science®32. 10. 1016/j. freeradbiomed. 2018. 09. 012 of Science®0158. 10. 1073/pnas. 1221210110 of Science®394. 10. 1038/s41592-020-0764-5 of Science®0734. 10. 1126/sciadv. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not provide any relevant information regarding the engineering of bacteria to produce pharmaceuticals, including insulin. Instead, it appears to be a list of citations with no context or application to the claim, making it irrelevant.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Antibiotics are effective against bacterial infections, not viral ones. [SEP] Text: In general, viral infections did not predetermine an increased risk of mortality in patients with pneumonia, but influenza led to a threefold increase in mortality in patients with chronic respiratory diseases. Therefore, the contribution of the viral infection to mortality from pneumonia depends on the type of viral agent and the presence of concomitant diseases. Korean meta-analytical study conducted on 5,298 patients of different age groups showed that the provocation of bacterial superinfection is typical for all of the viral respiratory infections [50]. However, the type of bacterial pathogen that causes the secondary infection could depend on both the type of the viral infection and the age of the patient. For example, influenza A and B virus infections, rhinovirus, and hMPV caused pneumonia in adult patients that was associated with S. aureus, whereas coronavirus, parainfluenza virus, and RSV resulted in pneumonia associated with Gram-negative bacteria Klebsiella spp. and Acinetobacter spp. Mycoplasma infection (M. pneumonia) was the most common cause of bacterial pneumonia in children regardless of the type of previous virus infection. These studies stress the importance of viral diagnostics in patients with secondary bacterial pneumonia in terms of choosing the right antibiotic therapy. For example, the post-viral pneumonia in infants and children should be treated with antibiotics active against M. pneumoniae (macrolides). Adults with influenza, hMPV, or rhinovirus infection should be treated with antibiotics that efficiently kill staphylococcal bacteria, whereas antibiotics that are active against a broad range of Gram-negative bacteria should be prescribed in cases of infection with coronavirus and parainfluenza virus. However, as it was noted hereinabove, the relationship between the population genotype and climate conditions on the one side and the spectrum of the colonizing microbial flora on the other side should be studied further in order to develop adequate medical standards for the treatment of respiratory infections in patients across different countries. Pathogenesis of secondary bacterial infections following ARVIThe human body is a carrier of a variety of bacterial species, collectively referred to as a microbiota [51]. Normally these bacteria, which are called commensal strains, live in a mutually beneficial symbiosis with the host and provide a variety of useful functions for the host, such as protecting the host organism by means of competition with pathogenic bacteria. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by explaining that while viral infections can lead to bacterial superinfections, the antibiotics used are effective against these bacterial infections, not the viral ones themselves. It discusses the role of various antibiotics in treating pneumonia that may occur after viral infections, highlighting the necessity of distinguishing between bacterial and viral causes to choose appropriate antibiotic therapy. This supports the idea that antibiotics target bacterial pathogens, aligning with the claim.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Telemedicine eliminates the need for in-person visits entirely. [SEP] Text: ” (Participant 27) “visited medical centers in person several times, some of my information was lost, such as my test sheets. While in telemedicine, the possibility of losing patient information, especially the results of laboratory tests, is very low. ” (Participant 209) “Due to the advanced technologies used in telemedicine, it becomes easy to identify individuals disclosing patient information, and it also simplifies addressing legal matters for both patients and physicians. ” (Participant 22) Laboratory testsPatients emphasized their choice of telemedicine due to streamlined storage and quick access to lab results, rapid transmission to therapists, enhanced result interpretation, and reduced in-person visits for tests. “Telemedicine offers multiple advantages. It allows me to upload and store my lab test results on websites for easy access when needed by me or my physicians. Additionally, it reduces costs and distances while enabling swift transmission of laboratory test results to physicians. ” (Participant 666). “I believe that in telemedicine, physicians interpret the results of lab tests much more effectively. Unlike in-person visits, they aren’t dealing with a large population of patients, and medical centers are not as crowded. ” (Participant 946). Remote monitoringPatients recognized the telemedicine potential of remote monitoring, which involves using tools and sensors to oversee conditions, leading to life-saving measures. Moreover, this approach prevents disease exacerbation, enables health control, aids disabled individuals, monitors vital signs, assists in drug withdrawal, cares for infants and children, and provides telerehabilitation. “Telemedicine utilizes monitoring tools and sensors to track patients’ conditions and relay alerts to physicians, notifying them of health deterioration and emergencies. ”(Participant 57) “I am a chemical veteran, and I have to visit the physician’s office every week. Telemedicine could enable remote monitoring, alleviating the need for frequent visits. ” (Participant 70) “We have a disabled brother in the family who cannot speak or walk properly. Every month, we have to take him to medical centers for doctor’s monitoring. Telemedicine seems promising for providing medical care to disabled patients. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by showing that while telemedicine provides various advantages and can reduce the frequency of in-person visits for certain patients, it does not completely eliminate the need for them. Several participants mention their ongoing necessity for in-person visits for monitoring or other reasons, indicating that telemedicine cannot fully replace these visits.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Bacteria can be engineered to produce pharmaceuticals like insulin. [SEP] Text: AbstractIt is widely appreciated that the regulated translocation of signaling proteins can increase the specificity and speed of signal transduction. It is less obvious that regulated translocation can also, in principle, turn a graded response into a more switch-like one. For example, if two or more signaling proteins are induced to translocate, the result can be a switch-like, ultrasensitive response. A switch-like response will also occur if translocation raises the local concentration of a signaling protein sufficiently to partially saturate the enzyme that inactivates it. These mechanisms are likely to make the mitotic activation of CDC2 (which is accompanied by the nuclear translocation of both CDC2–cyclin-B1 and its activator, CDC25C) and the growth-factor-induced activation of MAP kinase (which, upon sustained activation, concentrates in the nucleus and might thereby partially saturate the relevant MAP-kinase phosphatases) more switch-like. Keywordssignal transductionprotein kinasephosphoprotein phosphataseenzymologystimulus/response relationshipsThe restricted subcellular localization and regulated translocation of signal-transducing proteins rank among the most important themes in cell signaling today[1–6]. Protein kinases shuttle to the plasma membrane to interact with upstream regulators and to the nucleus to interact with downstream targets; signaling molecules dock at autophosphorylated receptor tyrosine kinases, and scaffolds of different sorts organize and coordinate the actions of kinases, phosphatases and entire signaling cascades. Some of the likely benefits of restricting signaling proteins to particular subcellular compartments are clear. Keeping a signaling protein close to its correct targets and regulators, and far from incorrect targets and regulators, could improve the specificity of signal transmission. Localizing signaling proteins raises their local concentrations, which increases the frequency at which the proteins encounter each other and potentially the speed of signal transmission. Finally, having signaling molecules present where they are required, and excluded from areas where they are not, seems efficient and economical. Here, I explore a potentially important consequence of regulated translocation that might not be so immediately apparent. Regulated translocation can, in principle, change the character of a system's response, turning a graded response into a more switch-like one; regulated translocation can generate what has been termed ultrasensitivity. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim regarding the engineering of bacteria to produce pharmaceuticals like insulin. Instead, it discusses signal transduction and the effects of regulated translocation on cellular responses, which are unrelated to the production of pharmaceuticals.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Antibiotics are effective against bacterial infections, not viral ones. [SEP] Text: Usually the small quantity of pathogenic bacteria, including S. pneumoniae, S. aureus, H. influenzae, S. pyogenes, Moraxella catarrhalis, and MRSA, are present in the microbiota of the human upper respiratory tract without serious consequences for the organism [52]. The shift in the microbiota content toward the increase of pathogenic strains can occur in the course of the viral respiratory infections due to the suppression of antibacterial protection factors. As a result, the secondary bacterial infections of the respiratory tract, provoked by the viral infection, are most often caused by resident pathogenic bacteria rather than by the external infection [53, 54]. Many factors that contribute to bacterial colonization in the course of the viral infections are known to date:The damage of the integrity of the mucous membranes by the viral and bacterial enzymes, for example, by the influenza virus NA [55]. The increase of bacterial adhesion to the cells that are infected by virus [54, 56, 57]. Disruption of the ciliary epithelium over the course of the viral infection, leading to the reduced self-purification ability of the respiratory tract mucous membranes [58, 59]. Induction of IFNs (I, II, and III types) and cytokines in the course of ARVI that reduce the effectiveness of antibacterial immunity [60-64]. Impairment of antibacterial activity of neutrophils and macrophages due to the reduction of their quantity and decreased phagocytic activity in the nidus of a viral infection [65-67]. The effect of most of these factors depends not only on the nature of the viral pathogen, but also on the type of the colonizing bacteria. For example, it is known that S. aureus can enhance the viral reproduction as a result of suppression of the type I IFN signal transmission by inhibiting the STAT-1–STAT-2 dimerization [68]. In the course of RSV infection in children, the severity of the disease could be defined by the prevalence of S. pneumoniae and H. influenzae in the microbiota before the start of the viral disease [69]. Nevertheless, the results of animal experiments and clinical observations show that the colonization of the respiratory tract by the pathogenic bacterial strains is most often triggered by viral infections. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the interaction between viral infections and bacterial colonization, indicating that while antibiotics target bacterial infections, secondary bacterial infections often occur following viral infections. It emphasizes that antibiotics are necessary to address the bacterial infections caused by the viral infection, supporting the assertion that antibiotics are effective against bacterial rather than viral pathogens.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Telemedicine eliminates the need for in-person visits entirely. [SEP] Text: ” (Participant 1014) “Through telemedicine, physicians can monitor patients in the ICU and monitor their vital signs, such as pulse rhythm, blood pressure, glucose levels, and more. ” (Participant 1009) “In my opinion, by using telemedicine, addicts can better quit their addiction, because physicians can monitor and control them more. ” (Participant 1072) Admission and hospitalizationAs per patients’ opinions, telemedicine is regarded as advantageous for individuals in rural areas. It provides convenient visits, streamlined appointment scheduling, decreased hospital admissions/readmissions, less crowded medical facilities, and enhanced patient capacity. “I live in the village, and it is very difficult for me to travel to the city every week for my physician to visit me, but with telemedicine it will be easier for me to be visited. ” (Participant 104) “I dislike crowded medical centers; I believe that by using telemedicine, I can easily schedule appointments without having to go to the hospital. ” (Participant 1221) DiscussionThe study determined the level of acceptance of telemedicine compared to in-person visits, identified the perceived advantages of telemedicine over in-person visits, and explored the reasons why patients choose either of these two types of visits. In the following, the findings of this study are discussed. Comparison with previous studiesMost favored in-person visits, while those opting for telemedicine had PhDs, skin/hair/neuropsychiatric conditions, disabilities, or prior telemedicine experience. Telemedicine’s benefits included cost reduction, infection control, distance elimination, and time efficiency. In-person visits were chosen for precise diagnosis, examination, and treatment, while telemedicine was preferred for lower costs, infection prevention, and time savings. In contrast to our study, where in-person visits were favored, Moulaei et al. [8], preferred to use tele-pharmacy services rather than visiting the pharmacy in person. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by stating that while telemedicine offers benefits such as cost reduction and prevents infection, it is not a complete replacement for in-person visits. It mentions that for precise diagnosis, examination, and treatment, in-person visits are preferred, indicating that telemedicine does not eliminate the need for all in-person visits.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Bacteria can be engineered to produce pharmaceuticals like insulin. [SEP] Text: I examine two mechanisms through which regulated translocation can generate ultrasensitivity, and consider two specific contexts where such mechanisms are likely to be important. 1 Graded, switch-like and bistable responsesA phosphorylation–dephosphorylation reaction can be used as an example of a simple signaling pathway (Fig. 1a). The concentration or activity of the kinase represents the stimulus; the steady-state concentration of phosphorylated substrate is the response. This simple signaling pathway can exhibit one of three types of response: graded, switch-like and bistable. I shall begin by discussing how these responses differ. Fig. 1 Three types of response for the steady-state level of phosphorylated substrate as a function of kinase activity for a phosphorylation–dephosphorylation reaction. (a) Reaction scheme for phosphorylation and dephosphorylation. (b) A graded response. The red curve depicts a Michaelian response. The green curve depicts a subsensitive response, defined by a Hill-equation response in which the Hill coefficient, n, is 0. 33. The blue curve depicts a response that approaches its maximum more abruptly than does a Michaelian response. This type of response occurs when the kinase reaction is close to saturation and the phosphatase reaction is far from saturation[35]. (c) A switch-like response. The blue curve is defined by a Hill equation in which n=3. The red curve depicts the response of a system in which the kinase and phosphatase reactions are close to saturation[35]. (d) A bistable response—a true switch[28]. P, phosphate. 1. 1 Graded responsesWhen the kinase and phosphatase are far from saturation, and no `extras' are present, the system exhibits a graded response (Fig. 1b, red curve), which can be defined by the following mathematical expression:(1)response=stimulusEC50+stimulusEC50 denotes the stimulus concentration/activity at which the response is half maximal. The equation is identical in form to the familiar Michaelis–Menten equation; this type of graded response is therefore termed Michaelian[7, 8]. A Michaelian response is linear at low stimulus concentrations, and then levels off as the stimulus increases and the amount of unphosphorylated substrate decreases. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses mechanisms through which regulated translocation can generate ultrasensitivity in signaling pathways, focusing on responses to stimuli and reaction mechanisms in biochemistry, without mentioning bacteria or pharmaceutical production.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Antibiotics are effective against bacterial infections, not viral ones. [SEP] Text: , McHugh K. J. et al. Influenza-induced type I interferon enhances susceptibility to gram-negative and gram-positive bacterial pneumonia in mice. 2015; 309: L158–167. 42. Robinson K. M. , McHugh K. J. , Mandalapu S. et al. virus exacerbates Staphylococcus aureus pneumonia in mice by attenuating antimicrobial peptide production. J 2014; 209: 865–875. 43. Kudva A. , Scheller E. V. , Robinson K. M. et al. inhibits Th17- mediated host defense against bacterial pneumonia in mice. J Immunol 2011; 186: 1666–1674. 44. Robinson K. M. , Choi S. M. , McHugh K. J. et al. exacerbates Staphylococcus aureus pneumonia by attenuating IL-1beta production in mice. J Immunol 2013; 191: 5153–5159. 45. Warnking K. , Klemm C. , Loffler B. et al. Super-infection with Staphylococcus aureus inhibits influenza virus-in- duced type I IFN signalling through impaired STAT1-STAT2 dimerization. 2015; 17: 303–317. 46. Warshauer D. , Goldstein E. , Akers T. et al. Effect of influenza viral infection on the ingestion and killing of bacteria by alveolar macrophages. 1977; 115: 269–277. 47. Lamikanra A. , Paul B. D. , Akinwole O. B. , Paul M. O. Nasal carriage of Staphylococcus aureus in a population of healthy Nigerian students. J 1985; 19: 211–216. 48. Dancer S. J. , Noble W. C. Nasal, axillary, and perineal carriage of Staphylococcus aureus among women: identification of strains producing epidermolytic toxin. J 1991; 44: 681–614. 49. Hamdan-Partida A. , Sainz-Espunes T. , Bustos-Martinez J. Characterization and persistence of Staphylococcus aureus strains isolated from the anterior nares and throats of healthy carriers in a Mexican community. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text lists various studies that indicate interactions between viral infections and bacterial pneumonia. This supports the claim by illustrating that while viral infections like influenza can complicate or exacerbate bacterial diseases, antibiotics are indeed effective against the bacterial component, underscoring the claim that they are ineffective against viral infections.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Telemedicine eliminates the need for in-person visits entirely. [SEP] Text: Similar to our findings, patients chose tele-pharmacy primarily to “reduce costs,” “save time,” and “lower disease transmission risk,” while in-person visits were driven by factors like “direct pharmacist communication,” “limited internet access,” and “addressing patient anxiety and enhancing peace of mind”. Non-acceptance of the use of telemedicine by patients was observed while the use of this technology has expanded significantly in the last decade. Kichloo et al. [35] noted that the scope of telemedicine has rapidly expanded worldwide, connecting global providers and patients to address physician shortages, distribute medical resources more equitably, and enable distinct pathways for specialized care. [35]. Other studies [36,37,38] highlight that telemedicine offers convenient access to care providers globally, reducing travel expenses and inconvenience, particularly when used as an alternative for costly services or over long distances from medical centers. But it’s important for us to understand that widespread acceptance and high satisfaction among patients and healthcare providers are crucial for successful telemedicine. This necessitates involvement in system design, administrative support, ensuring reliability, user-friendliness, and fair reimbursement [36]. Physician satisfaction drives adoption; education, patient training, and online support improve acceptance [39]. Ultimately, telemedicine must provide value, convenience, and satisfaction akin to in-person visits [36]. In our study, patients also favored telemedicine to overcome distance barriers, decrease extra trips, enhance treatment adherence, and minimize waiting times. Other studies have also shown that telemedicine can reduce the time away from work or school, reduce the waiting time of patients, increase the number of visits made by specialists [40] and easy access of patients living in deprived areas and rural and urban communities to therapists by reducing and remove the geographical distance [41]. A study by Nguyen et al. [36] also indicated that reduced travel time and costs elevate patient willingness to use telemedicine. Consequently, patient and therapist contentment with telemedicine involves diverse aspects beyond health, encompassing home comfort, care continuity, accessibility, cost savings, and convenience. [36]. So, when designing a telemedicine system, not only the dimensions of treatment or health should be considered, but also the other dimensions introduced should be included. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by stating that while telemedicine has expanded and offers convenience, in-person visits are still preferred for reasons such as 'direct pharmacist communication,' 'limited internet access,' and the necessity to 'address patient anxiety and enhance peace of mind.' It implies that certain aspects of care require in-person interaction, and there are patients who do not fully accept telemedicine, highlighting the need for both modalities to provide comprehensive healthcare.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Bacteria can be engineered to produce pharmaceuticals like insulin. [SEP] Text: Thus, the first increment of stimulus produces a substantial response, but each subsequent increment produces a smaller increment of response. Certain modifications of the basic phosphorylation–dephosphorylation mechanism preserve the essential law-of-diminishing-returns character of the Michaelian response but change the rate at which the system approaches its maximal response. The system will approach its maximal response more gradually if there is negative cooperativity (Fig. 1b, green curve)—for example, if phosphorylation of one site in the substrate makes the phosphorylation of a second site more difficult. Conversely, the system will approach its maximal response more abruptly if the kinase is close to saturation (Fig. 1b, blue curve). 1. 2 Switch-like responsesUltrasensitive systems behave as if they have a built-in threshold: they respond very little to the first increments of stimulus but, as the stimulus is increased, begin to respond better and better[7, 8]. The result is a sigmoidal stimulus–response curve (Fig. 1c) that resembles that of a cooperative enzyme. In the extreme, steep sigmoidal curves approach a step function or digital on/off switch; these responses are therefore sometimes referred to as switch-like responses. A variety of mechanisms can produce an ultrasensitive or switch-like response: stoichiometric inhibitors that soak up the first increments of stimulus; co-operative interactions between subunits of a multisubunit enzyme; saturation of the back reaction (in this case, dephosphorylation), or of the forward and back reactions; a requirement for multiple phosphorylations; and other mechanisms[9]. The shapes of the resulting stimulus–response curves vary from mechanism to mechanism (Fig. 1c). Often, the responses are well approximated by the Hill equation:(2)response=stimulusnEC50n+stimulusncoefficient (n) can be taken as a quantitative measure of how switch-like the response is. Irrespective of the exact mechanism underpinning the response or the exact shape of the stimulus–response curve, a switch-like system filters out small stimuli and then once it responds does so decisively. 1. 3 Bistable responsesBistable responses occur in systems that involve positive feedback (e. g. where the phosphorylated substrate brings about activation of the kinase) and under certain other circumstances[10]. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text discusses various biochemical responses and mechanisms such as stimulus-response curves, ultrasensitivity, and bistable responses without any indication or evidence related to engineering bacteria for pharmaceutical production. Thus, it does not address the claim and is therefore irrelevant.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Mental health conditions can have genetic, biological, and environmental causes. [SEP] Text: Environmental noise exposure, early biological risk and mental health in nine to ten year old children: a cross-sectional field study Download PDF Download eeOpen access Published: 14 May 2011 Environmental noise exposure, early biological risk and mental health in nine to ten year old children: a cross-sectional field study Rosanna Crombie1, Charlotte Clark1 & Stansfeld1 11. 5% of the sample were in the 'biological risk' category (no biological risk = 1704, biological risk = 196). Of those with biological risk 23. 5% (n = 46) were premature, 39. 8% (n = 78) were born with a low birth weight and the remaining 36. 7% (n = 72) were both premature and of a low birth weight. Table 1 illustrates the characteristics of the sample by early biological risk. From this we can see that there is a higher percentage of British and a lower percentage of Dutch among those with early biological risk. Further there are a higher percentage of females, and children with unemployed and non-home owning parents with early biological risk compared to the no early biological risk category. Classroom glazing also varied by early biological risk. Table 1 Sample characteristics by early biological riskFull size table In terms of mental health, 15. 5% of the participants were cases on the emotional symptoms subscale (scoring 5+), 14. 5% on the conduct problems subscale (scoring 4+) and 16. 5% on the hyperactivity subscale (scoring 7+). 10. 6% of the sample had a total SDQ score that was abnormal (scoring 18+). The main analyses used the continuous SDQ measures of mental health. Sociodemographic variablesThe pattern of sociodemographic status predictors was largely similar across models, thus only model 3 with total SDQ score as the outcome variable is presented in Table 2. Country was significantly associated with all the SDQ outcome measures, indicating that children in the UK and the Netherlands were reported to have better mental health than those in Spain. Males were reported to have significantly poorer mental health than females on the total SDQ measure, conduct problems and hyperactivity, but this finding was reversed for the emotional symptoms measure. Non-home ownership, longstanding illness, lower educational achievement of the child's mother, and lower parental support for school work were all significantly associated with all SDQ measures indicating poorer mental health for these children. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing various factors related to mental health in children, emphasizing both biological risk factors (such as being born prematurely or with low birth weight) and environmental influences (like sociodemographic factors). It shows that children with early biological risks and adverse environmental conditions tend to exhibit poorer mental health, thus supporting the idea that mental health conditions can indeed have genetic, biological, and environmental causes.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Telemedicine eliminates the need for in-person visits entirely. [SEP] Text: In our study, patients leaned towards telemedicine for treatment to reducing the possibility of contracting infectious diseases, employ effective contact-free evaluations, protect service providers, and prevent disease spread. Alexander et al. [42] asserted that the unexpected outbreak of COVID-19 has reshaped people’s perceptions of telemedicine. In this context, telemedicine can play a vital role in conserving healthcare resources, such as personal protective equipment, while ensuring the delivery of safe and high-quality patient care. Furthermore, it facilitates the maintenance of social distancing measures, thus aiding in the minimization of virus transmission. The findings from the study conducted by Ben-Ar et al. [43] demonstrated a noteworthy surge in the utilization of telemedicine visits for managing upper extremity musculoskeletal complaints within outpatient settings during the COVID-19 pandemic. The study reported a staggering 76-fold increase in telemedicine visits within a specific institution. It is important to emphasize that, prior to the COVID-19 pandemic, the adoption of telemedicine services remained limited across various medical disciplines, despite the documented advantages for patients. These advantages encompassed reduced time spent in the office, alleviated travel burdens and associated costs, heightened patient comfort, and the opportunity for family members to participate in medical consultations[11, 44]. Therefore, it can be said that the significant increase in the use of telemedicine services during the COVID-19 epidemic could be due to the limited access to in-person visits (most physicians’ offices were closed during the epidemic) and the fear of contracting COVID-19 through in-person visits [43]. It is noteworthy to highlight the significance of endorsing telemedicine during a pandemic. This endorsement serves as a mechanism to avert direct exposure of individuals to infectious diseases while surmounting the many barriers that obstruct access to care within clinical settings [45]. Moreover, our study’s findings indicate that in-person visits offer advantages like improved clinical history, direct and comfortable patient-physician communication, focused physician attention, strong patient-physician rapport, and effective treatment guidance. Research by Gordon et al. [46] highlighted issues with clinical video telehealth (CVT) encounters, including provider inattentiveness due to computer monitor and note-related distractions, leading patients to feel overlooked and unheard. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by highlighting that while telemedicine has gained popularity during the COVID-19 pandemic due to concerns about infectious disease transmission, it does not eliminate the need for in-person visits entirely. It emphasizes the advantages of in-person visits such as improved clinical history, direct communication, patient-physician rapport, and effective treatment guidance. Therefore, the text suggests that in-person visits remain essential despite the increased use of telemedicine.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Bacteria can be engineered to produce pharmaceuticals like insulin. [SEP] Text: Bistable responses are sigmoidal, as are switch-like responses, but the two types of response differ in two important respects. First, in bistable systems, an intermediate response is not only unlikely, it is impossible; there is a true discontinuity in the stimulus–response curve (Fig. 1d). Second, bistable systems exhibit hysteresis: once a stimulus has reached a sufficient level to switch the system to the on state (Fig. 1d, red curve), the system will remain on even if the stimulus is lowered back below the threshold (Fig. 1d, blue curve and arrows). Thus, a bistable system has the potential to remember a stimulus long after the stimulus has been removed. A bistable system behaves like a light switch—once you have flipped the switch, you can let go of it and it will stay on—whereas a switch-like system is more like a doorbell that rings only while it is being pushed. 2 Regulated translocation and switch-like responsesThere are at least three mechanisms through which regulated translocation could generate a switch-like response: (1) translocation of multiple components of a signaling cascade; (2) translocation-induced enzyme saturation; and (3) translocation to a compartment that contains a stoichiometric inhibitor. Here, I discuss the first two mechanisms in detail in the context of two important signaling processes: the activation of CDC2–cyclin-B1 at the onset of mitosis; and the activation of MAP kinase (MAPK) by strong or sustained stimuli. A discussion of the third mechanism can be found elsewhere[9]. 3 Example I: the pre-mitotic nuclear translocation of CDC25C and CDC2–cyclin-B1Underlying principle: if a stimulus causes both a signaling protein and its activator to translocate to the same subcellular compartment, then the steady-state response of the signaling protein can be switch-like. During G2 phase, cyclin B1 is synthesized and forms complexes with CDC2 that are held in an inactive state through the phosphorylation of Thr14 and Tyr15 in CDC2. In animal cells, the kinases that carry out the inactivating phosphorylation are WEE1 and MYT1; the phosphatase that reverses the phosphorylation and activates CDC2 is CDC25C. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses bistable systems and signaling pathways in eukaryotic cells, particularly related to cell division and signal transduction, without mentioning bacteria or their ability to produce pharmaceuticals like insulin.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Mental health conditions can have genetic, biological, and environmental causes. [SEP] Text: 20, df = 1, p <. 05) which remained after further adjustment for early biological risk (Table 3: model 3) (χ2 = 4. 74, df = 1, p <. 05) (Table 3). Referring to model 3, this revealed a 0. 01 point decrease in conduct disorder for every one dB (A) increase in road traffic noise at school. There were no significant associations between road traffic noise at school and overall SDQ, emotional symptoms and hyperactivity, either before or after the addition of early biological risk (Table 3: models 2 and 3). Effects of early biological risk on mental healthFor early biological risk, the pattern of results was the same in the unadjusted and adjusted models, thus parameters quoted are from the adjusted model (model 3) (Table 3). A significant effect of biological risk was found for the total SDQ score (χ2 = 15. 97, df = 1, p <. 001) where those at risk score on average 1. 641 more points than those not at risk. Similarly there was a significant association between early biological risk and emotional symptoms (χ2 = 10. 88, df = 1, p <. 001) with those at risk scoring on average 0. 520 points more than those not at risk. There was also a significant association between early biological risk and conduct problems (χ2 = 11. 63, df = 1, p <. 001) with those at risk scoring on average 0. 402 points more than those not at risk. Finally there was no significant association between early biological risk and hyperactivity. Interaction between early biological risk and noise exposureModel 4 included an interaction term between early biological risk and either aircraft or road traffic noise exposure at school. There were no significant interactions between early biological risk and aircraft noise at school for any of the outcomes: total SDQ (χ2 = 0. 82, df = 1, p =. 37), emotional symptoms (χ2 = 0. 57, df = 1, p =. 45), conduct problems (χ2 = 0. 33, df = 1, p =. 56), hyperactivity (χ2 = 0. 74, df = 1, p =. 39). Further there were also no significant interactions between early biological risk and road traffic noise at school for any of the outcomes: total SDQ (χ2 = 0. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the significant effect of biological risk on mental health. It provides statistical evidence that those at risk due to early biological factors score higher in mental health measures compared to those without this risk. This indicates a biological cause influencing mental health conditions.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Telemedicine eliminates the need for in-person visits entirely. [SEP] Text: Studies emphasize that in-person visits’ success is tied to factors such as friendly interactions, information exchange, body language, and face-to-face engagement, positively impacting patient satisfaction [9, 36]. Non-verbal cues like eye contact are vital in communication, but telemedicine’s camera view limits these cues, creating a challenge [47]. Overcoming this entails training patients to engage actively and teaching providers to eliminate distracting behaviors and use literal cues when addressing the camera [46, 48]. Study implicationsThe study’s findings have significant implications for integrating and adopting telemedicine in healthcare. Despite telemedicine’s potential to overcome barriers and provide efficient medical services, patients still prefer in-person consultations. Factors affecting this preference, like education, health conditions, and experience, highlight the need for tailored approaches to promote telemedicine. Addressing these factors could make telemedicine more appealing to a broader patient group. Additionally, the study highlights perceived advantages of telemedicine over in-person visits, such as cost savings, disease prevention, distance elimination, and time-saving. Leveraging these benefits could form the basis for targeted marketing and awareness efforts, emphasizing telemedicine’s tangible benefits. The study’s main conclusion is that despite telemedicine’s advantages, patients still favor in-person visits, underlining the importance of effective change management in healthcare. To encourage wider telemedicine acceptance, healthcare institutions must align with patient p95. 43. 40. 5. 22. 61. 8528. PubMed Pub10. Duffy S, Lee TH. In-person health care as option B. N Med. 2018;378(2):104–6. 5105. 42. 9. 9. 4250. 13. . Telemedicine practice: review of the current ethical and legal challenges. E Health. 2020;26(12):1427–37. 2019. . strategies to improve hypertension: the experience. Cardiol. 2014;30(5):544–52. 9. . Patient perspectives with telehealth visits in cardiology during COVID-19: online patient survey study. JMIR Cardio. 2021;5(1):e25074. 4. 6. ôté. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by stating that, despite telemedicine's potential benefits, patients still prefer in-person consultations due to factors such as friendly interactions, body language, and face-to-face engagement, which are pivotal for patient satisfaction. It highlights that the success of in-person visits is tied to non-verbal cues that telemedicine's camera view limits, leading to challenges in communication that can affect patient preferences.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Bacteria can be engineered to produce pharmaceuticals like insulin. [SEP] Text: Immediately prior to nuclear envelope breakdown, in late G2 phase or mitotic prophase, both CDC25C and its substrate, CDC2–cyclin-B1, are induced to translocate to the nucleus[11–13]. This translocation appears to be essential for initiation of nuclear and cytoplasmic manifestations of mitosis[13–15]. Accumulation of CDC2–cyclin-B1 in the nucleus depends upon the phosphorylation of cyclin B1 at multiple sites, four of which are situated within the nuclear-export sequence of cyclin B1[15–19]. These phosphorylations inhibit nuclear export of CDC2–cyclin-B1, leading to nuclear accumulation of the complex. The kinase or kinases responsible for cyclin-B1 phosphorylation are unknown, as is the trigger for nuclear translocation of CDC25C. The fact that both CDC2–cyclin-B1 and CDC25C are induced to translocate to the nucleus is a potential source of ultrasensitivity, provided that nuclear CDC2–cyclin-B1 is not permanently locked into its active, Thr14- and Tyr15-dephosphorylated, form. I shall illustrate this point by building up the pathways that lead to accumulation of activated CDC2–cyclin-B1 one pathway at a time. Assume that CDC25C is constitutively active and constitutively cytoplasmic, and that the accumulation of nuclear CDC2–cyclin-B1 depends upon a factor, X, that inhibits nuclear export of CDC2–cyclin-B1 (Fig. 2a). Initially, the amount or concentration of active nuclear CDC2–cyclin-B1 increases linearly with [X] and then levels off as the nuclear export of CDC2–cyclin-B1 becomes maximally inhibited. The result would be a Michaelian response (Fig. 2a). Fig. 2 A switch-like response arising from nuclear translocation of CDC25C and CDC2–cyclin-B1 just prior to mitosis. (a) Michaelian response, in which a factor, X, stimulates CDC2–cyclin-B translocation alone. (b) Modestly switch-like response, in which X stimulates translocation of both CDC2–cyclin-B and CDC25C. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim about bacteria being engineered to produce pharmaceuticals. Instead, it discusses the nuclear translocation of CDC25C and CDC2–cyclin-B1 during cell mitosis, which is unrelated to the engineering of bacteria for pharmaceutical production.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Mental health conditions can have genetic, biological, and environmental causes. [SEP] Text: 01, df = 1, p =. 92), emotional symptoms (χ2 = 0. 75, df = 1, p =. 39), conduct problems (χ2 = 1. 22, df = 1, p =. 27), hyperactivity (χ2 = 0. 33, df = 1, p =. 57). DiscussionThe present study explored the effect of early biological risk as a moderator of the association of noise exposure at school and mental health using data from the RANCH study. Contrary to our hypotheses, no interaction was found between either road traffic or aircraft noise at school and early biological risk for mental health outcomes. Nevertheless a main effect of early biological risk on mental health was found. Further, results regarding noise exposure at school and mental health were similar to Stansfeld et al. [12] after adjustment for early biological risk as expected. The finding of no interaction between early biological risk and either aircraft or road traffic noise at school was unexpected as it does not support Lercher et al. [13] who found an interaction between early biological risk and ambient neighbourhood noise in children. Methodological variations between the two studies could account for the difference in findings, such as the noise source measured (aircraft noise and road traffic noise at school versus ambient neighbourhood noise which was predominantly rail and road noise); whether noise was estimated for the school or home environment; the quality of the road exposure assessments, the measurement of mental health (parental report versus self report) and the measurement of early biological risk (parental report versus doctors' entry). Further, the finding of no interaction between aircraft noise at school and early biological risk could be explained by the transient nature of aircraft noise compared to the steady state sound levels emitted by ambient neighbourhood noise. The finding of a main effect of early biological risk with mental health was of interest. Specifically, participants at risk were rated by their parents as scoring higher on the total SDQ scale and the emotional symptoms and conduct problems subscales, than participants not at risk. These findings support previous studies that have found increased rates of behavioural problems in low birth weight children and higher externalising and internalising symptoms in children who were born prematurely [17–19]. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing early biological risk as an influential factor on mental health outcomes. It mentions that participants at risk (likely due to biological factors) were rated as scoring higher on the total SDQ scale and in specific subscales, which supports the notion that biological factors can affect mental health conditions. Furthermore, the text also references previous studies that highlight the impact of factors like low birth weight and premature birth, which are genetic and biological aspects. Thus, it aligns with the claim regarding the multiple causes of mental health conditions.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Telemedicine eliminates the need for in-person visits entirely. [SEP] Text: full text icon contents icon Contents figure icon Figures Tables multimedia icon Multimedia attach icon 1. of by rates of primary care visits with any medication prescribing during the index visit based on results from multivariable logistic regression models adjusting for patient demographics, potential barriers to in-person visits, chronic conditions, Classification of Diseases and Problems, grouping of primary diagnoses, and medical center, with SEs adjusted for repeated visits by patients. Analyses were repeated for subgroups of visits for upper respiratory tract infections (URIs) and skin conditions, 2 commonly reported categories of telemedicine chief complaints and diagnoses. Whiskers indicate 95% CIs. Figure 2. of by rates of primary care visits with any order (eg, laboratory tests or imaging) during the index visit based on results from multivariable logistic regression models adjusting for patient demographics, potential barriers to in-person visits, chronic conditions, Classification of Diseases and Problems, grouping of primary diagnoses, and medical center, with SEs adjusted for repeated visits by patients. Analyses were repeated in subsets of visits for upper respiratory tract infections (URIs) and skin conditions, 2 commonly reported categories of telemedicine chief complaints and diagnoses. Whiskers indicate 95% CIs. Figure 3. of Follow-up by rates of primary care visits with any in-person office visit within 7 days after the index visit based on results from multivariable logistic regression models adjusting for patient demographics, potential barriers to in-person visits, chronic conditions, Classification of Diseases and Problems, grouping of primary diagnoses, and medical center, with SEs adjusted for repeated visits by patients. Analyses were repeated in subsets of visits for upper respiratory tract infections (URIs) and skin conditions, 2 commonly reported categories of telemedicine chief complaints and diagnoses. Whiskers indicate 95% CIs. Figure 4. of Follow-up (ED) Visits and Hospitalizations by rates of primary care visits with any ED visit or hospitalization within 7 days after the index visit based on results from multivariable logistic regression models adjusting for patient demographics, potential barriers to in-person visits, chronic conditions, Classification of Diseases and Problems, grouping of primary diagnoses, and medical center, with SEs adjusted for the repeated visits by patients. Analyses were repeated in subsets of visits for upper respiratory tract infections (URIs) and skin conditions, 2 commonly reported categories of telemedicine chief complaints and diagnoses. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the rates of in-person visits that occurred within 7 days after a telemedicine visit across various conditions, specifically indicating that in-person visits still occurred even after telemedicine appointments. This suggests that telemedicine does not entirely eliminate the need for in-person visits.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Bacteria can be engineered to produce pharmaceuticals like insulin. [SEP] Text: (c) More-markedly switch-like response, in which X stimulates CDC25C activation (in the nucleus and/or cytoplasm) as well as translocation of CDC2–cyclin-B1 and CDC25C. The constants a–e represent combinations of rate constants and component concentrations. B1, cyclin B1. The situation changes, however, if we assume that X stimulates nuclear uptake of both CDC2–cyclin-B1 and CDC25C. Now, X impinges upon the accumulation of active CDC2–cyclin-B1 in the nucleus in two ways (Fig. 2b): (1) it increases the concentration of nuclear CDC2–cyclin-B1 directly; and (2) it increases the concentration of the enzyme that keeps nuclear CDC2–cyclin-B1 active. Consequently, the amount of active nuclear CDC2–cyclin-B1 initially increases as the square of [X] (Fig. 2b). The translocation of multiple components has produced a switch-like response with an overall apparent Hill coefficient of 1–2 (Fig. 2b). In addition, the timing of CDC2–cyclin-B1 activation becomes more abrupt. If the nuclear concentrations of both CDC2–cyclin-B1 and CDC25C initially increase linearly with time (t) then, for small values of t, the nuclear concentration of active CDC2–cyclin-B1 will be proportional to t[2]. Finally, if we assume that X stimulates the nuclear uptake of CDC25C and CDC2–cyclin-B1, and also stimulates the activation of CDC25C (Fig. 2c), then X would affect the production of active nuclear CDC2–cyclin-B1 in three ways. Consequently, the amount of nuclear CDC2–cyclin-B1 initially increases as [X][3](Fig. 2c). The overall apparent Hill coefficient could be as much as three, and the amount of active nuclear CDC2–cyclin-B1 will initially be proportional to t[3]. There are several caveats to this analysis. The prediction of an ultrasensitive response depends upon the assumption that nuclear CDC2–cyclin-B1 equilibrates between active and inactive forms (Fig. 2b and c), and this assumption is untested. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses the activation mechanisms involving CDC25C and CDC2–cyclin-B1 in a cellular context without mentioning bacteria or pharmaceutical production.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Mental health conditions can have genetic, biological, and environmental causes. [SEP] Text: Environmental and genetic influences on early attachment Download PDF Download eeOpen access Published: 04 September 2009 Environmental and genetic influences on early attachment Judit Gervai1 Child and 0. 24-0. 32). Over the last three decades, it has been shown that different demographic risk factors, especially if accumulated may effect the development of attachment, presumably through their proximal or distal influence on parenting [12]. Income and family size, parental age and education, major stressful events, such as loss of a parent, birth of a sibling, severe illness, marital relationships and breakdown affect the quality of attachment relationships [13–19]. It has been expected that secure attachment is promoted by the psychological health of parents, especially mothers. Empirical studies have provided contradictory results, but the majority found that mothers depressed postnatally were more likely to develop insecure attachment relationships with their infants [20–23]. Studies in general have not been able to find direct associations of mother-infant attachment with child care arrangements and with mothers' social support systems [12], but in high social risk groups, lack of support correlated with higher rates of insecure attachment relationships [24–26], while extensive support was found to promote security [27, 28]. Security of mother-infant attachment has been found to be related to mother's mental state with respect to close (attachment) relationships. In several studies, the security of maternal attachment representations, as assessed by the Interview (AAI) [29], has been found to be significantly related to mother-infant attachment security [30]. It has also been shown that while isolated individual risk factors may not have a significant effect on parent-child attachment, the accumulation of adversity may result in sub-optimal relationship development and insecurity of infant attachment [12]. Raikes and Thompson [31] have tested the effect of multiple social and economical factors on attachment and confirmed that their effects were mediated by mothers' care-giving behaviour. In several longitudinal studies, cumulative risk indices and life stress were used to explain discontinuities in attachment security through the life course [32–34]. Friedman and Boyle [35] have recently reviewed attachment-related findings from the longitudinal of Care (SECC) aiming to identify effects of timing, extent, quality, and type of child care experiences on children's development in a large sample, using well-controlled methodology. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing environmental and genetic influences on early attachment, highlighting various demographic risk factors such as income, parental age, and stressful events that affect attachment development. It emphasizes the relationship between maternal psychological health and attachment security, suggesting that mental health conditions (like maternal depression) influence attachment outcomes, thus supporting the idea that mental health conditions can have both genetic and environmental origins.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Telemedicine eliminates the need for in-person visits entirely. [SEP] Text: Whiskers indicate 95% CIs. Table. Patient-by. e1. Temesgen ZM, DeSimone DC, Mahmood M, Libertin CR, BR, Berbari EF. Health care after the COVID-19 pandemic and the influence of telemedicine.  Proc. 2020;95(9S):S66-S68. doi:10. 1016/j. mayocp. 2020. 06. 052PubMed2. Uscher-Pines L, Mulcahy A, Cowling D, Hunter G, Burns R, Mehrotra A. Access and quality of care in direct-to-consumer telemedicine.  E Health. 2016;22(4):282-287. doi:10. 1089/tmj. 2015. 0079PubMed3. Li KY, Zhu Z, Ng S, Ellimoottil C. Direct-to-consumer telemedicine visits for acute respiratory infections linked to more downstream visits.  (Millwood). 2021;40(4):596-602. doi:10. 1377/hlthaff. 2020. 01741PubMed4. Shi Z, Mehrotra A, Gidengil CA, Poon SJ, Uscher-Pines L, Ray KN. Quality of care for acute respiratory infections during direct-to-consumer telemedicine visits for adults.  (Millwood). 2018;37(12):2014-2023. doi:10. 1377/hlthaff. 2018. 05091PubMed5. Daniel H, Sulmasy LS; Health and Committee of the of Physicians. Policy recommendations to guide the use of telemedicine in primary care settings: an of Physicians position paper.  Med. 2015;163(10):787-789. doi:10. 7326/M15-0498PubMed6. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing various studies of telemedicine, indicating that while telemedicine can be beneficial, there is evidence suggesting that it does not eliminate the need for in-person visits entirely. The mention of direct-to-consumer telemedicine leading to more downstream visits suggests that while telemedicine can provide access and quality of care, it still often requires subsequent in-person consultations.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Bacteria can be engineered to produce pharmaceuticals like insulin. [SEP] Text: Also, the details of CDC25C and CDC2–cyclin-B1 translocation have not been established—for example, X might be multiple proteins. Alternatively, CDC25C might induce CDC2–cyclin-B1 translocation, or CDC2–cyclin-B1 might induce CDC25C translocation. Irrespective of the exact mechanism, however, the underlying idea—that induced translocation of multiple components of a cascade can cause a switch-like response—remains valid. A Hill coefficient of two or three might not seem too dramatic, but for a multistep process the overall Hill coefficient can be as high as the product of the Hill coefficients for the individual steps[20, 21]. coefficients ⩾2 might well contribute to the overall response of nuclear CDC2–cyclin-B1 to CDC25C. For example, the timing of CDC2 dephosphorylation in starfish oocytes suggests a two-step, nonprocessive mechanism for the activating dephosphorylation of CDC2–cyclin-B1 by CDC25C (Ref. [22]), which could provide another Hill coefficient of ∼2. In addition, the prolyl isomerase PIN1 appears to act as a stoichiometric inhibitor of CDC25C[23, 24], which, as mentioned above, should contribute an additional measure of ultrasensitivity. So far, I have not taken into account the positive feedback loops through which active CDC2–cyclin-B1 brings about activation of CDC25C and inactivation of WEE1[25–27]. As mentioned above, positive feedback loops can produce a bistable response—which in this case might ensure that entry into mitosis is an all-or-none process—but they produce a bistable response only if some additional mechanism prevents the loop being triggered by tiny perturbations[10, 28]. The intrinsic ultrasensitivity of the response of CDC2–cyclin-B1 to CDC25C could be one mechanism for filtering out small stimuli. Moreover, the greater the magnitude of the intrinsic ultrasensitivity, the tighter and more complete the bistable switch can be (further discussions of bistability in CDC2 activation[10], and the interplay between ultrasensitivity and positive feedback[28]can be found elsewhere). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses complex biochemical processes involving CDC25C and CDC2–cyclin-B1 translocation without mentioning engineered bacteria or pharmaceutical production. There is no reference to the concepts of engineering bacteria or the production of pharmaceuticals like insulin.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Mental health conditions can have genetic, biological, and environmental causes. [SEP] Text: The study followed the development of more than one thousand children, of varied backgrounds, from birth and periodically assessed attachment to their mothers. Family SES and maternal sensitivity, especially in responding to the child's distress, predicted the quality of attachment at 15 months [36, 37] and at 36 months of age [38] confirming the previously found moderate strength of the relationship. Recurring symptoms of maternal depression across the first three years predicted higher prevalence of insecure attachment at age 36 months [39]. Analysis of effects of non-maternal care, a special focus of the NICHD study, confirmed the lack of main effects of children's age of entry, quality of care and length of time children spent in non-maternal care, but also revealed interaction effects. The study found higher rates of insecurity if a low quality of non-maternal care was combined with low maternal sensitivity and more time spent in child care. Altogether, the conclusion of the study was that, under some circumstances, early non-maternal child care can be an environmental risk factor for attachment security and compromised later development. Environmental effects on disorganized attachmentAttachment disorganisation became a focus of developmental research when rarely occurring incoherent and contradictory infant behaviours, not fitting the Ainsworth categories, appeared to be predominant among maltreated or otherwise deprived groups of infants and young children [6, 40]. Infants whose attachment strategy collapses even under the mild stress of brief separation experienced in the and who show high degree of incoherence and disorganisation upon reunion with their caregivers comprise on average 15% of typical populations and as high as 50-80% of high social risk groups [8]. Early disorganised attachment also proved to be one of the rare early predictors of subsequent childhood behaviour problems [41–44] and adolescent psychopathology, such as dissociative symptoms and borderline personality disorder [45, 46]. Regarding the parenting background, Main and Hesse [47] proposed that caregivers of infants displaying disorganized attachment showed bouts of "frightened, threatening, and dissociative" behaviour in interactions with their infants, and this was confirmed by later studies [48–50]. In addition, Lyons-Ruth and colleagues [51] identified a broader spectrum of anomalous parental behaviour contributing to attachment disorganisation, including also communication errors, role confusion and extreme withdrawal. To some extent, these behaviours were also found in low-social-risk groups of mothers [43, 52–55]. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing various environmental factors that influence attachment security, which is closely related to mental health. It highlights how maternal depression and the quality of non-maternal care act as environmental risk factors for child development, thereby suggesting that environmental conditions can contribute to mental health outcomes. Additionally, it mentions the implications of disorganized attachment as predictors for later behavioral issues and psychopathology, further supporting the notion that mental health conditions can be influenced by environmental factors.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Telemedicine eliminates the need for in-person visits entirely. [SEP] Text: Reed ME, Huang J, Graetz I, et al. Patient characteristics associated with choosing a telemedicine visit vs office visit with the same primary care clinicians. . 2020;3(6):e205873. doi:10. 1001/jamanetworkopen. 2020. 5873PubMed7. Reed ME, Parikh R, Huang J, Ballard DW, Barr I, Wargon C. Real-time patient-provider video telemedicine integrated with clinical care.  N Med. 2018;379(15):1478-1479. doi:10. 1056/NEJMc1805746PubMed8. Reed ME, Huang J, Parikh R, et al. Patient-provider video telemedicine integrated with clinical care: patient experiences.  Med. 2019;171(3):222-224. doi:10. 7326/M18-3081PubMed9. Uscher-Pines L, Mehrotra A. Analysis of Teladoc use seems to indicate expanded access to care for patients without prior connection to a provider.  (Millwood). 2014;33(2):258-264. doi:10. 1377/hlthaff. 2013. 0989PubMed10. Alexander GC, Tajanlangit M, Heyward J, Mansour O, Qato DM, Stafford RS. Use and content of primary care office-based vs telemedicine care visits during the COVID-19 pandemic in the US. . 2020;3(10):e2021476. doi:10. 1001/jamanetworkopen. 2020. 21476PubMed2793. doi:10. 1001/jamanetworkopen. 2021. 32793 Manage 2793. doi:10. 1001/jamanetworkopen. 2021. 32793 visual abstract icon editorial comment icon related 2018. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by referencing several studies that discuss the use of telemedicine versus in-person visits for primary care. It indicates that while telemedicine is a viable option, it does not completely replace in-person consultations, as patients still choose office visits when necessary. The mention of analyses and patient experiences suggests that telemedicine complements rather than eliminates traditional visits.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Bacteria can be engineered to produce pharmaceuticals like insulin. [SEP] Text: Thus, by generating extra ultrasensitivity, the nuclear translocation of CDC25C and CDC2–cyclin-B1 could make activation of CDC2–cyclin-B more of an abrupt, all-or-none process than it would be if all components were constitutively cytoplasmic. 4 Example II: nuclear translocation of MAP kinase in response to strong stimuliUnderlying principle: translocation can raise the concentration of a signaling protein to a level that is high enough to partially saturate the enzyme that inactivates it (or, better still, to saturate partially its activator and its inactivator). The result is a switch-like response. The Raf–MEK–-kinase cascade is activated in response to growth factors and a variety of other intra- and extracellular stimuli. Even if all of the components were constitutively cytoplasmic, the cascade would be expected to generate a switch-like response[9, 28, 29]. However, both the MAP-kinase kinase MEK and the MAP kinases ERK1 and ERK2 shuttle from the cytoplasm to the nucleus when they are activated by strong upstream stimuli; MEK remains predominantly cytoplasmic, and the ERKs concentrate in the nucleus[30–34]. The translocation of multiple components could result in a modest n≈1–2 response through the mechanism described above for CDC2–cyclin-B1 activation. In addition, a second mechanism—translocation-dependent saturation or zero-order effects—should make the response substantially more switch-like. The key here is a phenomenon termed zero-order ultrasensitivity, which is defined as ultrasensitivity that occurs because converting enzymes [MEK and an unidentified MAP-kinase phosphatase in this pathway] operate near saturation[8, 35]. The expected degree of zero-order ultrasensitivity for the response of MAP kinase to MEK, in the face of a constant level of MAP-kinase-phosphatase activity, can be calculated if the relevant Michaelis constants (Km) and concentrations are known. for tyrosine phosphorylation of mammalian ERK2 by MEK (generally the tyrosine residue is phosphorylated before the threonine) is ∼300nm (Ref. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim. It discusses cellular signaling mechanisms, specifically the nuclear translocation of proteins like MAP kinase, but does not address the topic of bacteria or their engineering to produce pharmaceuticals such as insulin. There is no mention or implication of pharmaceutical production by bacteria within the provided text.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Mental health conditions can have genetic, biological, and environmental causes. [SEP] Text: data, Campbell and colleagues [39] have shown that chronic depression combined with low maternal sensitivity is associated with a higher prevalence of disorganised attachment in 3-year-old children. Mothers' unresolved trauma or loss has been considered as a potential source of disruptions in maternal care-giving behaviour [43, 47, 50, 56]. According to a recent meta-analysis, however, anomalies of caregiver's mental state and behaviour had only low explanatory power in accounting for attachment disorganization [49]. Including 12 studies examining relations between maternal unresolved loss and trauma, anomalous parenting and disorganised attachment, moderate effect sizes were found for both links between maternal unresolved mental state and anomalous behaviour and infant disorganized attachment (r =. 26 and. 21, respectively), as well as for the link between mother's anomalous behaviour and infant disorganization (r =. 34). Biological contribution to individual variations in infant attachmentNewborns' biologically based capabilities of self-regulation of arousal and distress states have an immediate impact on parents. The great individual variation in these capabilities can be described by dimensions such as the infant's disposition for distress or negative emotionality, irritability and soothability [57, 58]. There is a long tradition of two different interpretations of the role of infant temperament in the formation of attachment relationships. Attachment theorists have suggested that temperament has no direct effect on the quality of attachment, since infant characteristics such as difficult temperament can be accommodated by sensitive caregivers, who can still foster secure attachment relationships [59]. Temperament researchers, on the other hand, have kept emphasizing that infant-caregiver interactions in the reflect the infant's temperament rather than the quality of the relationship [60]. In their extensive review, Vaughn and Bost [61] argue that temperament and attachment are separate constructs, and studies showing inter-relationships on the one hand, and independence on the other result from different conceptualisations and assessments of both. There is a body of empirical research results, which has demonstrated relations between attachment quality and infant irritability, proneness to distress or stress regulation [26, 58, 62–64]. Based on their review of literature, Mangelsdorf and Frosch [65] have suggested that effects of infant temperament on attachment may be indirect and moderated by other maternal and social variables. Several studies have found that newborn behavioural measures are related to later secure and insecure attachment classifications [66–70]. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing various factors that influence mental health, particularly through the lens of attachment theory. It mentions the biological contributions to individual variations in infant attachment, indicating that genetics and biology play a role in mental health conditions. Additionally, it discusses environmental factors such as maternal sensitivity and unresolved trauma. These components combined provide a holistic understanding of how both genetic and environmental factors contribute to mental health.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Telemedicine eliminates the need for in-person visits entirely. [SEP] Text: rates of any medication prescribed or laboratory tests or imaging ordered and rates of follow-up health care utilization (in-person visits, emergency department visits, and hospitalizations) within 7 days after the index visit, stratified by index primary care visit type, were generated using multivariable adjustment for patient, access, and clinical characteristics. study included 1 131 722 patients (611 821 [54%] female; mean [SD] age, 43 [22] years) with 2 178 440 total appointments (307 888 [14%] telemedicine), of which 13. 5% were for patients younger than 18 years, 22. 2% were for patients 65 years or older, and 54. 9% were for female patients. After adjustment, 38. 6% (95% CI, 38. 0%-39. 3%) of video visits, 34. 7% (95% CI, 34. 5%-34. 9%) of telephone visits, and 51. 9% (95% CI, 51. 8%-52. 0%) of office visits had any medication prescribed; laboratory tests or imaging were ordered for 29. 2% (95% CI, 28. 5%-29. 8%) of video visits, 27. 3% (95% CI, 27. 1%-27. 5%) of telephone visits, and 59. 3% (95% CI, 59. 3%-59. 4%) of clinic visits. After adjustment, follow-up visits within 7 days occurred after 25. 4% (95% CI, 24. 7%-26. 0%) of video visits, 26. 0% (95% CI, 25. 9%-26. 2%) of telephone visits, and 24. 5% (95% CI, 24. 5%-24. 6%) of office visits. Adjusted emergency department visits and rates of hospitalizations were not statistically significantly different by primary care index visit type. Conclusions and this cohort study of patient self-scheduled primary care telemedicine visits within ongoing patient-physician relationships, prescribing and orders were significantly lower for telemedicine visits than for clinic visits, with slightly higher follow-up office visits for telemedicine but no difference in health events (emergency department visits or hospitalizations). Video or telephone visits may be a convenient and efficient way to access primary care and address patient needs. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by presenting evidence that while telemedicine appointments are a convenient means of accessing primary care, there are still follow-up visits required. It states, '25.4% of video visits' and '26.0% of telephone visits' resulted in additional follow-up visits within 7 days, indicating that not all health care needs are met through telemedicine alone.