Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Updating IoT device firmware is essential for maintaining security. [SEP] Text: This new OS version is built and tested as a whole – there is no extra package to be added later. For the distributor, this makes updating simpler and guarantees that the OS update will work and will not brick the system. It is also the reason that updates need to be easier and happen more frequently. Just making updates come faster is not really a solution. Updating an entire operating system every week could kill a system, not to mention bog down the network. solves this problem by including tools to allow updates to be smaller. Rather than an update requiring a full reinstall, the update can be a binary diff between versions. This is critical for IoT deployments, because sending down a new kernel that is multiple megabytes in size is just not practical over certain network connections. Linux SummaryLinux supports strong security capabilities in both the kernel and the application space. Although we did not cover all of Linux’s security features, Table 4-3 provides a summary of the operating system security features of Linux for comparison with Zephyr in our previous section. Table 4-3 SummaryFull size tableIn this section, our discussion focused on the update features provided in different Linux distributions and how the distros are solving the problem of interfering applications and overly complex dependencies. These solutions used different forms of containment to solve the update problem. solves the problem by creating a new package format for updates called a bundle and then uses a series of tools to ensure the different bundles create a stable system. If an instability is found, a new update is easy to create by correcting a bundle. System updates are made less burdensome by incorporating special binary diff updates that take less time to download. Pulsar and Ubuntu take a different approach and use advanced features of Linux to construct special containment for applications and even parts of the operating system itself (in the case of Ubuntu, anyway). These containment features are used to create Linux containers, which we look at in a bit more detail in a future section. We also noted that even with these features, the problem of access required to update firmware on the platform is not solved by this approach, and additional capabilities are needed. We look at solutions to the access problem in the section on secure software updates. Hypervisors and VirtualizationVirtualization is a generic term applied to several techniques that increase resource sharing and hardware utilization in a computer system. Modern operating systems like Linux provide virtualized memory, where more memory appears to be available than is actually physically present. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the complexities and potential issues related to frequent updates, stating that 'updating an entire operating system every week could kill a system', which implies that while updates are necessary, the method and frequency of updating can pose risks rather than solely enhancing security. It also mentions that additional capabilities are needed to solve access problems required to update firmware, suggesting that simply having updates is not sufficient for maintaining security in IoT devices.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Rhizobacteria enhance plant growth by fixing atmospheric nitrogen. [SEP] Text: 2013; 5: 1229–1235. View 25. Bremner JM. Nitrogen total. In: Spark DL, editor. Methods of soil analysis, part 3: chemical methods. Wisconsin, USA. Society of America; 1996: 1121. 26. . Direct measurement of organic carbon content in soils by Leco CR-12 carbon analyser. Commun. Soil Sci. Plan. 1998; 29: 15–21. View 27. . Determination of total, organic and available form of phosphorus in soils. Soil Sci. 1945; 59: 39–45. View 28. Thomas GW. Exchangeable cations. In: editors. Methods of soil analysis, part 2: chemical and microbiological properties. Agronomy monograph no. 9 (2nd Edition). Madison, USA. of Agronomy; 1982 165. 29. Richards LA, Fireman M. Pressure-plate apparatus for measuring moisture sorption and transmission by soils. Soil Sci. 1943; 56: 395–404. View 30. Research and (MARDI). Anggaran kos pengeluaran dan pendapatan bagi tanaman kontan, dan Tani. Malaysia; 2006. 31. (IAEA). Use of isotope and radiation methods in soil and water management and crop nutrition. IAEA-TCS-14. Vienna, Austria; 2001. 32. . Principles and procedures of statistics: a biometrical approach. McGraw-Hill, New York; 1980. 33. . Growth promoting effects of corn (Zea mays) bacterial isolates under greenhouse and field conditions. Soil Biol. Biochem. 2010; 42: 1848–1856. View 34. . Effects of biofertilizer containing N-fixer, P and K solubilizers and AM fungi on maize growth: a greenhouse trial. Geoderma 2005; 125: 155–166. View 35. . Solubilization of insoluble inorganic phosphate by Burkholderia cepacia DA23 isolated from cultivated soil. Braz. J. Microbiol. 2008; 39: 151–156. pmid:24031195 View 36. Yadav J, Verma JP. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim regarding rhizobacteria and their role in enhancing plant growth through the fixation of atmospheric nitrogen. Instead, the text contains references to various studies and methods related to soil analysis and plant growth, but does not specifically mention rhizobacteria or nitrogen fixation.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Excessive sugar consumption increases the risk of obesity and Type 2 diabetes. [SEP] Text: Abstract Background: Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is a complicated disease affecting different populations and the starting age of subjects is as early as 15 years old. Since anthropometric, clinical and genetic risk factors are associated with the development of T2DM, the complications developed due to T2DM are life-threatening. Therefore, this research analyzes the complicating risk factors of T2DM. Materials and methods: An observational study of approximately 10,000 north Indian individuals were contacted and a total of 703 subjects (351 control subjects and 352 T2DM subjects) belonging to north Indian states were recruited for the analysis of the risk factors. Result: Very early onset of T2DM, very large undiagnosed population, high newly diagnosed T2DM subjects, independent effect of complicating risk factors etc. were the results obtained from the research. Conclusion: Considering the complications and early onset of T2DM, despite the other diseases along with T2DM, early mortality and increased mortality due to T2DM were observed in north Indian population. Key words Mortality, undiagnosed population, casual approach, newly diagnosed is common among almost all people [1], ages and regions of the globe due to changes in lifestyle, genetics and environmental factors which all collectively influence the disorder. T2DM appears to be due to number of different defects in insulin secretion [2], insulin’s inhibitory effect on liver glucose production [3] etc. In case of pancreatic beta cell and insulin secretion, it has been suggested that increased free fatty acids, FFA in serum could precipitate β-cell failure [4]. Short-term exposure of pancreatic islets to FFA increases insulin secretion but long-term exposure inhibits glucose-induced insulin secretion and biosynthesis and may lead to β-cell death by apoptosis [5]. Increased insulin sensitivity promotes fat deposition in adipose tissue [6]. Elevated levels of non-esterified fatty acids (NEFAs) contribute to β-cell dysfunction, β-cell loss and lipotoxicity. Formation of H2O2 in peroxisomes is responsible for NEFA-induced toxicity [7]. However, the main driver of the precipitation of T2DM is linked with changes in diet and very low physical activity, evidence from urban population [8]. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by indicating that changes in diet and low physical activity are main drivers linked to the precipitation of Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). This suggests that dietary factors, which would include excessive sugar consumption, could contribute to the risk of developing T2DM, thereby indirectly supporting the claim regarding sugar and obesity.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Updating IoT device firmware is essential for maintaining security. [SEP] Text: This could further be developed into a multi-security system featuring bespoke solutions that can meet the exact corporate or individual requirements. 3. Problem StatementThe number of IoT servers and devices has been increasing exponentially year in year out. The limitations and requirements of these connected devices have also continued to increase related problems that mostly revolve around weak authentications [3]. The issue is, even more, augmented considering limited resources that have rendered the traditional security schemed and protocols ineffective and infeasible for the Internet of Things. Security issues that are associated with the IoT servers and IoT devices are continuing to create concerns because of the iniquitousness of those devices as well as the integration of the IoT in critical apps that could aggregate the potential effect of any security breach. Ideally, the security needs for an IoT network solely rely on the type of apps that it serves and the need for authentication, integrity, confidentiality, and availability [3]. Authentication is especially vital because it is regarded by experts as the key requirement for the effectiveness of IoT servers and IoT devices. Having trust in these IoT devices is the cornerstone for the attainment of a well-functioning network. That is bearing in mind that even one node that has been compromised could be used by malicious actors to the extent of bringing down the entire system or cause other disasters. In essence, the specific nature of IoT servers and IoT devices renders the traditional authentication schemes inapplicable and infeasible. Cryptographic schemes that are specifically meant for large memory, high processing devices, or main-powered devices cannot meet the needs of the IoT nodes that have limited resources. This has partly paved the way for the establishment of lightweight authentication techniques with some being specific to IoT contexts [3]. As mentioned earlier, the use of connecting devices in our everyday lives could make the extent of security challenges that arise from poor authentication of IoT servers and IoT devices life-threatening [3]. The smartness that has been incorporated into electric grids, cars, and homes could be diverted into harmful scenarios once malicious actors have started exploiting them. The various hacking scenarios that have thus far been presented showcase the extent to which poor authentication could cause harm to society at large. Because of that, it is easy to note different types of attacks that could be associated with the IoT layers. At the perception layer, poor authentication could create loopholes on gateways or nodes that can then be manipulated by attackers with ease [3]. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by outlining the serious security issues associated with IoT devices, specifically highlighting problems due to weak authentication measures. It discusses how these weaknesses can lead to significant vulnerabilities in IoT networks, including potential life-threatening scenarios if devices are exploited. While it implies the importance of security, it does not specifically address the necessity of updating firmware as a solution, thus providing a different perspective on security maintenance.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Rhizobacteria enhance plant growth by fixing atmospheric nitrogen. [SEP] Text: Salon C, Munier- Grain legume seed filling in relation to nitrogen acquisition: a review and prospects with particular reference to pea. Agronomie 2001; 21: 539–552. View 47. éré I. Estimating the proportion of nitrogen remobilization and of postsilking nitrogen uptake allocated to maize kernels by nitogen-15 labeling. Crop Sci. 2007; 47: 685–693. View 48. Schröder. Does the crop or the soil indicate how to save nitrogen in maize production? Reviewing the state of the art. Field Crop. Res. 2000; 66: 151–164. View 49. Maathuis F. Physiological functions of mineral macronutrients. Curr. Opin. Plant Biol. 2009; 12: 250–258. pmid:19473870 View 50. . Nitrogen. In: editors. Handbook of plant nutrition. ; 2007, 50. 51. Diaz C, Lemaître Nitrogen recycling and remobilization are differentially controlled by leaf senescence and development stage in Arabidopsis under low nitrogen nutrition. Plant Physiol. 2008; 147: 1437–1449. pmid:18467460 View 52. Thomas H, Smart CM. Crops that stay green. Ann. Appl. Biol. 1993; 123: 193–219. View 53. Masclaux-Daubresse C, Daniele-. Nitrogen uptake, assimilation and remobilization in plants: challenges for sustainable and productive agriculture. Ann. Bot. 2010; 105: 1141–1157. pmid:20299346 View 54. Cliquet JB, Deléens Estimation of the carbon and nitrogen allocation during stalk elongation by 13C and 15N tracing in Zea mays L. Plant Physiol. 1990; 92: 78–87. View 55. Cliquet JB, Deléens E, Mariotti A. C and N mobilization from stalk and leaves during kernel filling by 13C and 15N tracing in Zea mays L. Plant Physiol. 1990; 94: 1547–1553. pmid:16667888 View 56. Masclaux-Daubresse C, Reisdorf-Cren M, Orsel M. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text provided is largely a series of citations and does not offer any direct information about rhizobacteria or their role in enhancing plant growth through nitrogen fixation. Instead, it discusses nitrogen acquisition, remobilization, and various studies without addressing the specific claim about rhizobacteria. Thus, the text is irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Excessive sugar consumption increases the risk of obesity and Type 2 diabetes. [SEP] Text: As in this research and other studies, the adjoining areas of the city have migrated people from villages and also have the risk of developing T2DM. The complications due to the changes in life style [40] to them is also in par with the city life style. Development of early complications The age of onset of T2DM in population is not clearly predictable due to the lack of regular checkups and until the symptoms, T2DM remains undiagnosed for a period of 3 years to 10 years [41] and all of a sudden, all these undiagnosed turn to be chronic diabetic patients [42] with abnormal glucose level etc. [43]. As per this data, T2DM subjects are in the productive age (40 -- 69 years) which is an early stage of onset as compared to other ethnic groups (Approximately 10 years younger in Indians compared with Chinese and Japanese subjects) [43,44]. However, it is consistent with the Asian Phenotype. This result is similar to Survey (NUDS) conducted in India in 2000 which showed that more than 50% of diabetic cases developed T2DM before the age of 50 years [40]. Since the onset of T2DM is very early compared to other ethnic groups, complications and chronic risks of T2DM are set at an early years, cardiovascular risk [45-47], ischemic heart disease and neuropathy [46], other risks related with early onset of T2DM [48], obesity [49], clinical risk factor [50] agreement with many factors [51] etc. and therefore, mortality rate increases due to T2DM. Another reason is that the media of cooking which increases the body mass index, waist hip ratio and waist circumference, [52-54] lead to obesity, as a result, many other complications get triggered off. The next reason is the hypertension due to high blood pressure as in this research and others [55,56] and the related cardiovascular diseases. prevalence of T2DM is observed in Population due to early onset of T2DM because of the casual approach to T2DM by the population. T2DM subjects living for high duration (many years) is less due to early onset of complications. Therefore, early mortality and increased mortality due to T2DM (without considering correlated diseases and risk factors) is observed in Population. 69. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the early onset of Type 2 diabetes (T2DM) and its association with obesity, indicating that lifestyle changes and dietary habits, including possibly high sugar intake, contribute to the development of complications such as obesity and increased cardiovascular risks. It notes that 'the media of cooking which increases the body mass index, waist hip ratio and waist circumference, lead to obesity,' linking dietary factors to obesity and T2DM, thus supporting the claim.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Updating IoT device firmware is essential for maintaining security. [SEP] Text: The continued evolution of IoT technology can only increase the underlying need for embedded apps that have been designed with strong security features. As such, it is high time for users and design engineers to go back to the drawing board and evaluate the feasibility of microcontrollers as part of the body of security devices [14]. While trying to conduct automated analysis of different security protocols at the global scale, [15] established that it is important to the security of protocols, key servers, and APIs that are required to keep the statuses of various transactions should be in sole positions of maintaining non-monotonic and global state such as the form of registers or databases. Nonetheless, verification tools that exist today cannot allow for the analysis of this kind of stateful security protocol [15]. That is amidst the past success of automated analysis of a wide range of security protocols. The use of automated tools has made it easier to discover flaws and vulnerabilities in different platforms such as the Sign-on Protocol. Whereas there exist more efficient tools like Maude-NPA and it is apparent that some of these tools are unable to conduct a full analysis of protocols that to some extent by needing a nonmonotonic global state. Such an abstraction is considered is ideal for the monotonic prior knowledge of cyber-attackers, thus making the tools to be very effective during the verification of an unbounded number of sessions of protocols. They further make it easy to build on techniques that are already there for the attainment of what could be termed as the Horn clause resolution [15]. The study further reviews various case studies that shed light on simple APIs such as the Yubikey security token [15]. The security token is based on the basic assumption that as our online presence continues to increase it becomes increasingly ideal to bolster our online security practices. Yubikey security token functions based on the principles of two-factor authentication. This is a kind of hardware that can be plugged into a computer or a mobile device. The security token can be utilized alongside passwords when trying to authenticate logins to different websites [15]. It is easy to think of it as a physical that rather than being used to unlock the door, can be used to unlock online life. There are many manufacturers in different parts of the world who manufacture these security tokens and they function almost the same way. As mentioned earlier, the security token operates based on the two-factor authentication standards and by integrating public key cryptography with authentication that is based on hardware. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the need for strong security features in embedded apps and the evolution of IoT technology but does not specifically address firmware updates. It emphasizes the importance of security protocols and two-factor authentication without mentioning the necessity of updating firmware as a security measure.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Decomposers recycle organic matter, enriching soil fertility. [SEP] Text: Search withinThis BookASA-CSSA-term Citation SearchSearch term Citation SearchSearch term Login login Institutional login Log in with ASA-CSSA-& Open access Agrosystems, Geosciences & access Crop, Forage & Journal of Journal of access Open access Society of & access access & (2004–2014) (2002–2014) Forage & Grazinglands (2003–2014) Journal of (1988–1999) (1960–2015) Field, Lab, K-12 Books and Meeting Notes/of of of America 10. 2136/sssaspecpub19. c61978. Importance of the organic phosphorus fraction in extracts of calcareous soils. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. 42: 81–85. 10. 2136/sssaj1978. 03615995004200010018x CASWeb of Science®1963. Some significance of organic phosphorus mineralization in the phosphorus nutrition of cocoa in Ghana. Plant Soil. 19: 65–80. 10. 1007/BF01347862 1976. Organic phosphorus as a predictor of plant available phosphorus in soils of Southern Nigeria. Soil Sci. 122: 159–164. 10. 1097/00010694-197609000-00006 CASWeb of Science®1977. Changes in N and P availability and P fractions in Iwo soils from Nigeria under intensive cultivation. Plant Soil. 46: 309–316. 10. 1007/BF00010087 CASWeb of Science®1976. An attempt to evaluate plant available P in soils under shifting cultivation. Agron. J. 68: 798–801. 10. 2134/agronj1976. 00021962006800050028x 1964. Effect of lime on availability of phosphorus in Zamorano soils. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. Proc. 28: 672–673. 10. 2136/sssaj1964. 03615995002800050026x 1984. Soil nutrient bioavailability Wiley-Interscience, and Sons, New York. 1983. Sulfur cycling in soils. p. 767–785. In A. I. More (ed. ) Proc. Int. Sulphur ’82 Conf, Vol. 2, London. 1982. Corp, London. 1973. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim about decomposers recycling organic matter and enriching soil fertility. It consists of citations and references related to various studies and does not provide any information or context regarding the function or importance of decomposers in soil health.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Excessive sugar consumption increases the risk of obesity and Type 2 diabetes. [SEP] Text: Since 1980, the prevalence of overweight and obesity amongst the world’s population has doubled [2] - and is now regularly termed the “obesity epidemic” [3,4]. Prior to the last century, overweight was an affliction of the wealthy; however, in recent decades this health issue has affected populations of lower socioeconomic status. The high prevalence of obesity was first identified in the most developed countries in the 1970s, followed by the middle-income countries, and is presently an issue of concern in developing nations. Although there are exceptions (such as Japan), overweight and obesity is prevalent in all nations worldwide regardless of developmental status [5,6]. The prevalence of overweight and obesity has been accelerating, with 2016 figures revealing 1. 9 billion adults overweight and 650 million obese, representing 39% and 13% of the world’s population respectively [7]. In Australia, two thirds (67. 0%) of Australian adults were reported to be overweight or obese in 2017-2018; an increase from 63. 4% in 2014- 15 [8]. Obesity is of major health concern because it substantially increases the risk of associated diseases such as type 2 diabetes and several cancers; and is associated with comorbidities such as liver and kidney failure, hypertension, cardiovascular disease, and osteoarthritis; all of which have a deleterious effect on both life quality and life expectancy. Obesity is associated with a reduction of 5 to 20 years in life expectancy, depending on the extent of obesity and associated comorbidities [7]. Treatment of obesity and related diseases and conditions is expensive. An analysis of 32 studies a decade ago by Withrow D, et al. (2011) [9], found estimated expenditure on obesity treatment accounted for between 0. 7% and 2. 8% of a country’s total healthcare outlay; and projections for health costs of obesity in countries with higher prevalence such as the US are forecast to double every decade and reach up to 18% of total health expenditure by 2030 [10]. Public health promotion spending on obesity prevention strategies such as education and information, early interventions, promoting better nutrition and diet, and promoting physical activity have all increased, although remain a fraction of the expenditure on obesity-related healthcare [11]. Government regulation and policies such as restrictions on advertising and sales, and the taxation of unhealthy foods have also been implemented in many jurisdictions [12,13]. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the escalating prevalence of obesity globally, which is acknowledged as a significant health concern leading to diseases such as type 2 diabetes. It states that obesity is associated with comorbidities including type 2 diabetes, affirming that obesity—and implicitly, dietary factors such as excessive sugar consumption—are linked to the risk of related health issues.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Updating IoT device firmware is essential for maintaining security. [SEP] Text: For mitigating software attacks, control-flow integrity, control-flow attestation, stack canaries, and address-space layout randomization were the proposed countermeasures that can be used to prevent or mitigate attacks. Cryptographic primitives such as cipher keys and authentication codes can be protected against timing attacks by ensuring that the executed code is not dependent on the data being processed. Physical attacks, such as fault injection attacks can easily bypass security mechanisms and gain access to sensitive data. Software attacks, such as buffer overflow attacks can be used to execute malicious code and gain control of the device. This research does not discuss how attackers attempt and intercept firmware updates in transit, modify the firmware, and then install the modified firmware on the device. Romana, Grandhi & Eswari (2020) Safeguarding of SOHO devices by re-configuring them for reasonable security is proposed in this research. This is especially important because many users deploy these devices with insecure default configurations, leaving them vulnerable to attacks. Enabling advanced threat mitigation techniques for these devices, which are otherwise available to personal computers, is a challenge because of the limited processing, memory, storage. Therefore, users should take the time to learn about the security features of their SOHO routers and configure them appropriately to ensure that they are protected from potential threats. Devices can become easy targets for attackers due to their easy exploitability, making them an attackers' paradise. There have been numerous reports of security issues in SOHO routers because of known vulnerabilities, which can lead to unauthorized access, data theft, and other malicious activities. The vendors often overlook the security of these devices and sell them with default insecure settings, which can leave users vulnerable to attacks. Even if vendors release security patches, very few devices end up getting installed with these patches, which can leave users exposed to known vulnerabilities Anand & Premananda (2022) The advantage of establishing security between servers, cloud applications, and users in today's world is well reviewed in this research, as the number of devices connecting to the internet is ever increasing. This means that there is a greater risk of cyberattacks and data breaches, which can have serious consequences for individuals and organizations. The 95. 97% accuracy in device firmware identification, superior to other methods. This research only discussed risk of information security due to growth of Internet-connected IoT devices. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the security risks associated with IoT devices, particularly noting that even if vendors release security patches, very few devices end up getting installed with these patches, which can leave users exposed to known vulnerabilities. This implies that updating firmware is not widely practiced, and therefore, the claim that updating firmware is essential for maintaining security is undermined by the mention that the actual installation of updates is inadequate.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Decomposers recycle organic matter, enriching soil fertility. [SEP] Text: Sulfur fractions and carbon, nitrogen and sulfur relationships in grasslands, forest and associated transitional soils. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. Proc. 37: 915–918. 10. 2136/sssaj1973. 03615995003700060034x CASWeb of Science®1978. Soil organic sulfur and soil fertility. p. 273–280. In M. Schnitzer, and S. U. Khan (ed. ) Soil organic matter. Elsevier Press, Amsterdam. 10. 1016/S0166-2481(08)70021-7 1978. The release of phosphorus from plant material added to soil. Aust. J. Soil Res. 16: 101–111. 1976. Phosphorus cycle-what are the sensitive areas-Prospects for improving efficiency of phosphorus utilization. p. 47–51. In G. J. Blair (ed. ) Proc. of Symp. Univ. of. August. 53. 10. 1097/00010694-197801000-00008 CASWeb of Science®101. 10. 1097/00010694-197802000-00006 CASWeb of Science®1971. Continuous cultivation of soils: Organic matter diminution and effects of applied lime and phosphorus. Plant Soil. 35: 401–411. 10. 1007/BF01372671 CASWeb of Science®1984. Phosphorus in the soil microbial biomass. Soil Biol. Biochem. 16: 169–175. 10. 1016/0038-0717(84)90108-1 CASWeb of Science®1980. Changes in organic phosphorus contents of soils from long-continued experiments at Rothamsted and Saxmundham. Rothamsted Exp. Stn. Report for 1979, Part. 2: 41–61. 1979. Effect of carbon additions on soil labile inorganic, organic and microbially held phosphate. Can. J. Soil Sci. 59: 387–396. 10. 4141/cjss79-044 CASWeb of Science®1981. Effect of labile inorganic phosphate status and organic carbon additions on the microbial uptake of phosphorus in soils. Can. J. Soil Sci. 61: 373–385. 10. 4141/cjss81-041 CASWeb of Science®1978. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it lists various studies and papers related to soil science but does not explicitly state or support the role of decomposers in recycling organic matter or enriching soil fertility.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Excessive sugar consumption increases the risk of obesity and Type 2 diabetes. [SEP] Text: WHO (2015) [20], recommends that free (or added) sugars should comprise less than 10% of total energy intake (around 50g day), and that less than 5% is preferred. Research from Europe reveals that up 31% of dietary energy is provided by free sugars, with up to one third provided by SSB [21]. The type of sugar contained in SSB varies by country and region, with products in the US in particular containing a higher proportion of fructose as (HFCS) – than others with higher proportions of sucrose [22]. Bureau of Statistics reports that Australians consume an average of 60g of free sugar per day, with over half (52%) from SSB [23]. Alternatives to sugar such as artificial sweeteners, rare sugars, and stevia (stevia rebaudiana) are available. Artificial sweeteners include chemicals such as Acesulfame, Aspartame, Saccharine, and Sucralose; and have a sweet taste many times more intense than sugar but with low energy content. Artificial sweeteners are a good sugar substitute in SSB, but don’t have the same physical characteristics, so are less useful in foodstuffs [24]. Although there were early concerns linking artificial sweeteners to bladder and other cancers, studies now show no evidence of a link and have determined the risk to be negligible [25]. Rare sugars are monosaccharides which taste and have properties similar to sucrose, but with a much lower energy content. Rare sugars are infrequently produced in nature and must be chemically induced through fermentation or enzymatic processes; but have great potential as future sugar substitutes for the food and beverage industry [26]. A third alternative, stevia, is made from the leaves of a plant native to South America, and possesses similar properties to sucrose [27]. In line with community expectations, consumer choice, and regulations, SSB manufacturers have reduced the sugar content of their products and have continued to introduce a greater range of sugar-free alternatives using sugar substitutes [28]. An ongoing concern of all sugar substitutes however, is that while they reduce the energy content of the foods and drinks in which they are contained, they do not provide complete appetite satiation, and consumption of other foods and beverages is often undertaken to make up the perceived energy deficit [29,30]. One of the most serious consequences of obesity is the development of type 2 diabetes. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the relationship between sugar consumption and obesity, noting 'One of the most serious consequences of obesity is the development of type 2 diabetes.' This indicates that high sugar intake can contribute to obesity and subsequently increase the risk of Type 2 diabetes.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Updating IoT device firmware is essential for maintaining security. [SEP] Text: The authors only provided examples of large-scale network disconnection caused by the Mirai infection in 2016, the iot_reaper attack in 2017, and the VPNFilter malware in 2018 but not the actual methodology or ways to replicated. The vulnerabilities exploited by attackers are closely related to the device firmware version. This research did not identify devices firmware version as an essential prerequisite for maintaining device security. DOI: 10. 7717/peerj-cs. 1771/table-1 Materials and methodology Tools for IoT bootloader analysis are frequently used to examine IoT device bootloaders. These tools are used to look through the device’s firmware and see if there are any security flaws or vulnerabilities that need to be fixed. They can also be used to retrieve device-specific data, like hardware specs, manufacturer, and version. Firmware analysis tools like Firmadyne, firmware reverse engineering tools like IDA Pro, and firmware security assessment tools like Binwalk are a few examples of IoT tools. To guarantee the security and integrity of IoT devices, security researchers, IoT device manufacturers, and other experts employ these techniques. Tools for “taint analysis” are used to examine the security of bootloaders on Internet of Things devices. They can be used to extract and examine firmware images, find security flaws, and check if standard security features like firmware signing and secure boot are present. The security of IoT device bootloaders is examined by this utility. Firmware images may be extracted and analyzed, vulnerabilities can be found, and standard security features like secure boot and firmware signing can be tested for. With the aid of these instruments, firmware reverse engineering and firmware image modification with the addition of unique payloads or patches are possible. Depending on the firmware image being examined, different undiscovered vulnerabilities may be found, however in general, a variety of problems might be found, such as: Buffer overflow vulnerabilities: These arise when an application attempts to store more data in a buffer than its capacity permits, resulting in the data spilling over into neighboring memory regions. Hardcoded credentials refer to passwords or keys that are inherently incorporated in firmware, making them easily retrievable by an adversary. Insecure communication: This can involve using keys or passwords that are simple to figure out or unencrypted communication protocols. Inadequately secured storage: This can involve keeping private information in plaintext files or other easily accessible, unencrypted places. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by stating that the research did not identify device firmware version as an essential prerequisite for maintaining device security. It discusses vulnerabilities exploited by attackers in relation to firmware versions but does not directly support the importance of updating firmware for security. Instead, it provides information on tools used to analyze firmware and identifies various vulnerabilities related to IoT device firmware without emphasizing the necessity of updates.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Decomposers recycle organic matter, enriching soil fertility. [SEP] Text: Tropic interactions in soils as they affect energy and nutrient dynamics. V. Phosphorus transformations. Microb. Ecol. 4: 381–387. 10. 1007/BF02013281 CASWeb of Science®1977. Simulation of phosphorus cycling in semiarid grasslands. Ecology. 58: 1–15. 10. 2307/1935104 CASWeb of Science®1983. Biological strategies of nutrient cycling in soil systems. Adv. Ecol. Res. 13: 1–56. 10. 1016/S0065-2504(08)60107-5 PubMedWeb of Science®1963. The effect of clearing a tropical forest soil. J. Soil Sci. 14: 334–345. 10. 1111/j. 1365-2389. 1963. tb00957. x Web of Science®1977. Soil organic phosphorus. Adv. Agron. 29: 83–117. 10. 1016/S0065-2113(08)60216-3 CAS1979. Mineralization of carbon and phosphorus from carbon-14 and phosphorus-32 labelled plant material added to soil. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. 43: 913–916. 10. 2136/sssaj1979. 03615995004300050019x CASWeb of Science®1982. Effect of plant growth and addition of plant residues on the phosphatase activity in soil. Plant Soil. 66: 265–269. 10. 1007/BF02183985 1973. Soil test parameters for assessing plant-available P of acid organic soils. Soil Sci. 115: 438–446. 1978. Soil testing for available P in southwest Oregon. Proc. 29th. July. 143–152. 1972. Seasonal pattern of soil organic phosphorus. Can. J. Soil Sci. 52: 107–112. 10. 4141/cjss72-011 CASWeb of Science®1984. Mineralizationdynamics in fallow dryland wheat plots, Colorado. Plant Soil. 76: 149–155. 1976. The mineralization of N and P in organic materials of varying C:N and C:P ratios. Plant Soil. 44: 237–240. 10. 1007/BF00016972 CASWeb of Science®1960. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim about decomposers recycling organic matter and enhancing soil fertility. Instead, it discusses various aspects of phosphorus cycling and other nutrient dynamics in soils without focusing on decomposers or organic matter recycling.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Excessive sugar consumption increases the risk of obesity and Type 2 diabetes. [SEP] Text: In short, type 2 diabetes results in an inability to produce or respond to insulin and glucose in the blood system cannot be effectively delivered to the cells of the body. It is largely preventable and most often associated with lifestyle factors such as insufficient physical activity, an unhealthy diet, obesity, and tobacco smoking. Ongoing treatment is required to manage the disease and comorbidities such as heart disease, kidney disease, and other diseases of the circulatory system. There are many studies that provide a link between the high consumption of added sugars in SSB - kilojoules which are easy to consume - and the development of obesity and type 2 diabetes [31,32]; however there is some debate on the scale of impact a reduction in SSB consumption would have on the prevalence of overweight and obesity. As has been noted in the UK [33], continental Europe [21], the US [34,35], Australia [36], and many other countries [37-40], much of the daily energy consumed by the population comes from sugar, of which SSB represent a high proportion. While sugar and SSB consumption has started to decline in highly-developed countries, the prevalence of obesity has continued to rise. First identified in Australia, and known as the [41], further studies have found sugar consumption, including from SSB, has slowly decreased in developed countries [42-46], even amongst adolescents and young adults - normally the biggest consumers [47,48]; however, the prevalence of obesity has continued to rise. Free sugar and SSB consumption continue to increase in low- and middle-income countries in line with the increase in population weight [49,50]. There is a growing call by health officials and public health advocates within Australia to implement a sugar tax - particularly a tax on SSB - to moderate sugar consumption and by extension, reduce the prevalence of overweight and obesity [51-54]. Modelling conducted by proponents of an Australian SSB tax of either a 20% excise tax or 20% sales tax (see below) estimate various reductions in SSB consumption of 0. 6 L/month [55], of 17 g sugar/day [56], or by 11. 52% [57]. Modelling also estimates a reduced consumption of SSB could lead to reductions in weight of the average consumer of 0. 29 kg/year and up to 1. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the link between high consumption of sugars, particularly from sugar-sweetened beverages (SSB), and the development of obesity and type 2 diabetes. It mentions that there are studies that establish this connection and highlights lifestyle factors like an unhealthy diet that are associated with these health issues.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Updating IoT device firmware is essential for maintaining security. [SEP] Text: Figure 2: IoT physical to logical dataflow. Download full-size image DOI: 10. 7717/peerj-cs. 1771/fig-2 The research methodology followed for analyzing taint analysis and IoT firmware typically involves several stages: i) Taint analysis discovers some anomaly from a source flow to a sink. IoT systems have at least two different types of sources and sinks. a) The first is the external components interacting with the physical real world where sensors as the source and actuators are the sink or the Android apps for geolocation as the source and set the label as the sink. b) The second uses a database containing the outcome as well as communication routes as the sink or the Internet with the request and receive as the source. obtain as the answer and source. as the sink. ii) Firmware extraction involves removing firmware images from a variety of IoT devices, including those with embedded Linux, RTOS, and microcontroller systems. After extracting the firmware image, analysis and examination are performed to find security flaws and vulnerabilities. This includes the device's operating system and processor type as well as any open network ports, hard-coded emails/passwords, and other security issues. iii) Firmware reverse engineering extracts the underlying source code and decompiles the firmware, undertaking firmware reverse engineering. This makes it possible for security experts to do a more in-depth analysis of the firmware and find any potential flaws. iv) Modification can be done by adding patches or unique payloads to firmware images. This can be used to add unique features to the device or test the security of the device. v) By conducting attacks on the firmware and bootloader, test and evaluate the security of these systems. vi) Provide reports detailing the firmware’s testing and analysis, emphasizing any security concerns or vulnerabilities that were found. The steps for the algorithm proposed in this research for analyzing IoT firmware are explained in the pseudocode below: i) The firmware image is extracted from the IoT device using the function ‘extract-firmware’ in the first line of the pseudocode. ii) The firmware image is examined using the ‘analyze-firmware’ function in the following line. The CPU and operating system type of the device would probably be determined by this function, which would also look for known vulnerabilities and standard security measures like firmware signing and secure boot. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text outlines various steps in the analysis of IoT firmware, including firmware extraction, security flaw identification, and potential modifications. However, it does not directly address the necessity of updating firmware for security purposes. It fails to corroborate or contrast the claim, as it neither supports nor refutes the idea that updating firmware is essential for maintaining security.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Decomposers recycle organic matter, enriching soil fertility. [SEP] Text: Phosphate responses in relation to soil tests and organic phosphorus. J. Agric. Sci. 54: 341–347. 1978. Naturally occurring organo sulfur compounds in soils. p. 391–443. In J. O. Nriagu (ed. ) Sulfur in the environment. Part II. Ecological impacts. and Sons, New York. 1983. The sulfur cycle in soil. p. 129–201. In M. V. Ivanov, and J. R. Freney (ed. ) The global biogeochemical sulphur cycle. . 19. and Sons, New York. 1960. Phosphate responses in relation to soil tests and organic phosphorus. J. Agric. Sci. 54: 341–347. 10. 1017/S0021859600021274 CAS1956. Some factors influencing the utilization of phosphorus from crop residues. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. 20: 218–224. 10. 2136/sssaj1956. 03615995002000020020x CAS1985. Conservation tillage. Science. 230: 625–630. 10. 1126/science. 230. 4726. 625 of Science®1983. Phosphorus cycles in forests, grasslands, and agricultural ecosystems. Ph. D. thesis. Diss. Abstr. 44 (9-2683-B). Cornell Univ. , Ithaca, NY. 1961. Phosphorus changes in soils as influenced by cropping and manure applications. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. Proc. 25: 214–218. 10. 2136/sssaj1961. 03615995002500030022x CAS1973. A soil test for sulfur and interpretive criteria for Saskatchewan. Commun. Soil Sci. Plant Anal. 4: 219–231. 10. 1080/00103627309366440 CAS1978. The phosphorus cycles of forest and plant grassland ecosystems and some affects of land management practices. Phosphorus in the environment: Its chemistry and biochemistry, 57. Elsevier/North Holland, Amsterdam. 175–195. 1982. P-32 method to compare rates of mineralization of labile organic phosphorus in Woodland soils. Soil Biol. Biochem. 15: 93–99. 1984. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is largely a reference list of various studies and papers related to soil science and phosphorus cycles, without directly discussing the role of decomposers in recycling organic matter or enriching soil fertility. Therefore, it is irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Excessive sugar consumption increases the risk of obesity and Type 2 diabetes. [SEP] Text: It is naive at best to imagine that the revenue collected from SSB taxation would be efficiently applied to the subsidisation of healthy food, and there is scant evidence of the effectiveness of such subsidies [120,121]. Clearly taxation is not the only method to reduce sugar consumption from SSB; and selection and consumption of SSB has been shown experimentally to lessen through reducing convenience of availability, restricting advertising and promotion, restricting portion sizes, and overt warning labels on packaging [99-104,122,123]. In jurisdictions in which excise-based SSB have been introduced such as the UK, South Africa, and Mexico; reductions in population sugar intake has also resulted from product reformulation, as manufacturers attempt to minimise the tax paid [28,62]. high prevalence of overweight and obesity in Australia continues to be an issue of concern for the health of the population. Overweight and obesity result from increased energy consumption and decreased energy expenditure. Much of the excess energy consumption is derived from free or excess sugars, of which SSB are a significant source. As has been the case with alcohol and tobacco consumption, introducing taxation on SSB through excise or sales taxes is proposed to artificially increase the price, leading to a decrease in purchase and consumption, and a decrease in the prevalence of obesity. However international experience has shown that although increased SSB prices lead to decreased consumption, the effect is small, and has little effect on population weight. There is however, some evidence that SSB taxation may be more effective in reducing the prevalence of obesity rather than reducing the weight of those already overweight or obese. As with alcohol and tobacco, consumers are likely change their behaviour to minimise the effect of price increases through strategies such as substitution with lower-cost or generic brands, or through consumption of other products such as fructose-sweetened fruit juices. Based on international experience, in an environment of SSB taxation, manufacturers are also likely to reduce the sugar content of their beverages through substitution of sugar with alternative sweeteners, and in fact are already doing so. Strategies such as restriction of sales, improved information and education, and clear warning labels on packaging have also been shown to be effective to curb SSB consumption. Introduction of SSB taxation in Australia is a policy with a worthy goal, however an SSB tax alone is certainly no silver bullet to reduce obesity in Australia. 10. Flegal KM (2006) Commentary: The epidemic of obesity - what's in a name? . [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by pointing out that "much of the excess energy consumption is derived from free or excess sugars, of which SSB (sugar-sweetened beverages) are a significant source." It also discusses the relationship between sugar consumption and obesity, noting that taxation on SSB can reduce consumption and ultimately aims to decrease the prevalence of obesity. The text highlights that "overweight and obesity result from increased energy consumption and decreased energy expenditure," supporting the assertion that excessive sugar intake is linked to obesity.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: All IoT security measures are universally effective for any network. [SEP] Text: -19 PreprintsProtocolsVideosJournalsTools & a 10. 21203/rs. 3. rs-2648993/v1This work is licensed under a CC BY 4. 0 LicenseStatus:PostedVersion 1posted You are reading this latest preprint versionAbstractone of the most important challenges of the Internet of Things is security. Today, the Internet of Things has found an important place in information technology and human daily life. One of the main challenges of the Internet of Things is security. One of the common methods to intervene in Internet of Things services is Denial of Service (DoS) attacks and of Service (DDoS) attacks. Therefore, intrusion detection systems or IDSs are currently the main and most complete parts of a network monitoring system. This paper uses the 2017 data set to present an intrusion detection model in software-driven Internet of Things networks based on deep neural networks to detect distributed denial of service attacks and several other cyber attacks. In addition, we explored effective deep learning models to represent cyber security knowledge in Internet of Things networks, including and LSTM hybrid models, and our proposed model. Neural networksInternet of 2017modelFiguresFigure 1Figure 2Figure 3Figure 4Figure 5Figure 6Figure 7Figure 8Figure 9Figure 10Figure 11Figure 12Figure 13Figure 14Figure 15Figure 16Figure 17Figure 18Figure 19Figure 201. IntroductionToday, with the growth of information technology, the security of computer networks is one of the biggest challenges. Therefore, intrusion detection systems or IDSs are currently the main and most complete parts of a network monitoring system. IDSs are relatively new technologies and promise to help us identify intrusions all types of networks will help. Intrusion detection is actually a process in which the events and occurrences of a system or network are monitored and based on these monitoring, the occurrence of intrusion into that network is detected with the system. An intrusion is actually an activity or action by which the confidentiality, integrity and accessibility of resources are disturbed or attacked. Using the -2017 data set, an intrusion detection model in Internet of Things software-based networks based on deep neural network has been developed to identify distributed denial of service attacks as well as some other cyber attacks. This 2. Research ObjectiveThe purpose of this project is to present a new intrusion detection method in the Internet of Things. In this method, machine learning capabilities are used, which are widely used in various researches today. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the challenges of security in the Internet of Things (IoT) and emphasizing that intrusion detection systems (IDS) are necessary to identify cyber attacks such as denial of service attacks. This implies that not all IoT security measures are effective for every type of network, as the need for specific models and methods, such as those based on deep learning, indicates that effectiveness may vary across different networks.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Decomposers recycle organic matter, enriching soil fertility. [SEP] Text: A P nuclear magnetic resonance study of the phosphorus species in alkali extracts of soils from long-term field experiments. J. Soil Sci. 35: 33–45. 1982. Method to measure microbial phosphate in soils. Soil Biol. Biochem. 14: 377–385. 10. 1016/0038-0717(82)90009-8 CASWeb of Science®1982. Changes in inorganic and organic soil phosphorus fractions induced by cultivation practices and by laboratory incubations. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. 46: 970–976. 10. 2136/sssaj1982. 03615995004600050017x of Science®1983. A conceptualised simulation model of C,N,S, and P interactions. p. 303–325. In B. Bolin, and R. B. Cook (ed. ) The major biogeochemical cycles and their interactions. SCOPE 21. and Sons, New York. 1986. Concepts of sulfur, carbon and nitrogen transformations in soil: Evaluation by simulation modelling. Biogeochemistry. 2: 163–177. 10. 1007/BF02180193 CASWeb of Science®1980. The soil resource (Vol. 37) Springer-York, New York. 1977. Within-season variability of bicarbonate phosphorus in wheat soils. Aust. J. Soil Res. 15: 167–170. 1982. Measurement of available soil phosphorus under conventional and no-till management. Commun. Soil Sci. Plant Anal. 13: 607–618. 10. 1080/00103628209367299 CASWeb of Science®1979. Cornell Int. Agric. Bull. 33. of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Ithaca. 1982. Phosphorus associated with fulvic and humic acids in soils under different covers. p. 37–46. In E. Puspharajah, and S. H. A. Hamid (ed. ) Phosphorus and potassium in the tropics. . 1977. Phosphate minerals. p. 639–672. In J. B. Dixon, and S. D. Weeds (ed. ) Minerals in soil environments. Society of America, Madison, WI. 1978. Phosphate availability indices related to phosphate fractions in selected Malawi soils. J. Sci. Food. Agric. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim regarding the role of decomposers in recycling organic matter or enhancing soil fertility. It appears to focus on various studies related to soil phosphorus and agricultural practices without mentioning decomposers or organic matter.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Excessive sugar consumption increases the risk of obesity and Type 2 diabetes. [SEP] Text: Organisation (2015) Guideline: Sugars intake for adults and children. Geneva, Switzerland. Azaïs-(2017) A review of total & added sugar intakes and dietary sources in Europe. 16: 1-5. (2017) The sugar content of soft drinks in Australia, Europe and the United States. Aust 206: 454-455. (2016) Australian health survey: Consumption of added sugars, 2011-12. Canberra, Australia. (2014) Artificial sweeteners - a review. J Technol 51: 611-621. Weihrauch MR, (2004) Artificial sweeteners—do they bear a carcinogenic risk? . 15: 1460-1465. (2018) Chemistry behind rare sugars and bioprocessing. J Chem 66: 13343-13345. (2015) Stevia, nature’s zero-calorie sustainable sweetener: a new player in the fight against obesity. 50: 129-134. (2020) Reductions in sugar sales from soft drinks in the UK from 2015 to 2018. BMC Med 18: 1-10. Bellisle F, (2007) Intense sweeteners, energy intake and the control of body weight. 61: 691-700. Mattes RD (2006) Beverages and positive energy balance: The menace is the medium. Obes 30: S60-S65. és JP, Hu FB (2010) Sugar sweetened beverages, obesity, type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease risk. Circulation 121: 1356-1364. de (2012) Sweetened beverage consumption, incident coronary heart disease, and biomarkers of risk in men. Circulation 125: 1735-1741. (2014) Action on sugar—lessons from UK salt reduction programme. Lancet 383: 929-931. - (2013) Sugar-sweetened beverage consumption in the US: Novel assessment methodology. 45: 416-421. Han E, Powell LM (2013) Consumption patterns of sugar-sweetened beverages in the United States. J Diet 113: 43-53. (2020) Consumption of sugar-sweetened beverages, juice, artificially-sweetened soda and bottled water: an Australian population study. Nutrients 12: 817. (2020) High intake of free sugars, fructose, and sucrose is associated with weight gain in Japanese men. J Nutr 150: 322-330. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text supports the claim by referencing multiple studies that directly associate sugar intake with obesity and Type 2 diabetes. For instance, it cites research by Hu FB (2010) that links sugar-sweetened beverages with obesity, Type 2 diabetes, and cardiovascular disease risk. Additionally, it mentions that high intake of free sugars correlates with weight gain, which further corroborates the assertion that excessive sugar consumption can lead to obesity and related health conditions.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: All IoT security measures are universally effective for any network. [SEP] Text: Security is one of the most important criteria in the Internet of Things. The method introduced in this project can be used in various fields of Internet of Things such as life assistant, electronic health, advanced learning, automation, industrial production, business management, intelligent transportation of people and goods, etc. As a result, using this method, Internet of Things environments can be transformed into safer environments. Many intrusion detection methods have been presented in recent years, but the purpose of this project is to present an efficient and more optimal method than the previous methods, which has the ability to detect all types of attacks in the Internet of Things network. 3. Literature ReviewResearchers in 2018 suggested an ensemble network intrusion detection technique that relies on well-known statistical flow features. Internet of thing services use network protocols including and MQTT, and attackers use tactics like polymorphic code, DNS spoofing, DNS cache poisoning, Denial of Service (DoS), Distributed DoS (DDoS), and URL interpretation to try to exploit weaknesses in these protocols[13]. The primary step of their research entails a thorough examination of the TCP/IP model, followed by selecting a collection of features from the network traffic protocols and DNS. They used three (ML) algorithms: decision tree (DT), (NB), and artificial neural network (ANN). Researchers in 2019 AND 2021 propose a hypervisor level distributed network security framework using the classifier technique to identify and classify an attack by evaluating the applied network traffic. The researchers used the UNSW-NB15 dataset and the -2017 dataset to conduct their study. Their proposed system called Kalis can be implemented as an independent tool on a separate external device. It is an automatic and knowledge-driven IDS, which means that it automatically determines the intrusion detection technique based on the characteristics collected from the network[14]-[16]. On the 2017 dataset, researchers in 2019 used an IDS feature reduction method with Ada-boost as a classifier[17]. In addition, they combined the (SMOTE) [18], Analysis (PCA), and Selection (EFS) to improve the performance. Moreover, it enables the ML-based IDS to train faster with low computation and high accuracy. As a result, with an accuracy of 81. 83% and an F1 score of 90. 01%, the results show that their proposed technique is better than the existing literature for the 25 selected features[26]. 4. 5. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing various IoT security measures that are tailored to specific fields and situations, emphasizing that different methods have been developed for specific types of attacks. It suggests that while the introduced method is efficient and optimal, it does not imply that all security measures are universally effective, indicating that there are diverse techniques for addressing different security challenges and that no single approach can be deemed universally applicable.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Decomposers recycle organic matter, enriching soil fertility. [SEP] Text: 29: 423–428. 10. 1002/jsfa. 2740290503 Web of Science®1971. Sorptive interactions between soil p445. In A. D. McLaren, and J. Skujins (ed. ) Soil biochemistry, Vol. 2. Marcel Dekker, New York. 1982. Diagnosis of sulfur deficiency in plants and soils. Proc. Science Workshop, Edmonton. 2324 February. and. 207–228. 1983. Sulfur and nitrogen mineralization in soils compared using two incubation techniques. Soil Biol. Biochem. 15: 251–256. 10. 1016/0038-0717(83)90067-6 CASWeb of Science®1984. Sulfur cycling in grassland and parkland soils. Biogeochemistry. 1: 97–111. 10. 1007/BF02181123 CASWeb of Science®1985. The effects of plants on soil sulfur transformations. Soil Biol. Biochem. 17: 127–134. 10. 1016/0038-0717(85)90103-8 CASWeb of Science®1981. Comparative aspects of C, N, S, and P cycling through soil organic matter during pedogenesis. Geoderma. 26: 267–286. 10. 1016/0016-7061(81)90024-0 of Science®1980. Soil phosphorus characterization by P nuclear magnetic resonance. Commun. Soil Sci. Plant Anal. 11: 835–842. 10. 1080/00103628009367083 CASWeb of Science®1969. Etude expérimentale de l'évolution saisonnière des composés humiques en climat tempere. Pedologie. 19: 5–22. 1985. Spatial variability of soil phosphorus as influenced by soil texture and management. Can. J. Soil Sci. 65: 475–487. 1954. USDA Circ. 939. U. S. Estimation of available phosphorus in soils by extraction with sodium bicarbonate. . 1982. Phosphorus. p. 403–487. In A. L. Page (ed. ) Methods of soil analysis. Part2. Agronomy 9 (2nd ed. ). 1971. Organic phosphorus contents of some cocoa-growing soils of Southern Nigeria. Soil Sci. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim about decomposers recycling organic matter or their role in enriching soil fertility. Instead, it contains citations and references related to soil chemistry and nutrient cycling without discussing the functions of decomposers.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Excessive sugar consumption increases the risk of obesity and Type 2 diabetes. [SEP] Text: (2003) Obesity and the environment: Where do we go from here? . Science 299: 853-855. (2020) One-year changes in sugar-sweetened beverage consumers’ purchases following implementation of a beverage tax: A longitudinal quasi-experiment. 112: 644-651. (2020) Sugar-sweetened and diet beverage consumption in Philadelphia one year after the beverage tax. 17: 1336. Winkler JT (2011) Why soft drink taxes will not work. Nutr 108: 395-396. Hu FB (2013) Resolved: There is sufficient scientific evidence that decreasing sugar-sweetened beverage consumption will reduce the prevalence of obesity and obesity-related diseases. 14: 606-619. Edwards RD (2011) Commentary: Soda taxes, obesity, and the shifty behavior of consumers. 52: 417-418. (2010) Can soft drink taxes reduce population weight? . Policy 28: 23-35. (2006) Effects of decreasing sugar-sweetened beverage consumption on body weight in adolescents: a randomized, controlled pilot study. Pediatrics 117: 673-680. (2006) A review of the effectiveness of aspartame in helping with weight control. 31: 115-128. (2004) Sugar-sweetened beverages, weight gain, and incidence of type 2 diabetes in young and middle-aged women. JAMA 292: 927-934. (2019) Fructose at the crossroads of the metabolic syndrome and obesity epidemics. 24: 186-211. Carvalho C, de Souza M, Arbex N, Sá D, de L, et al. (2018) The role of fructose in public health and obesity. Health 10: 434-441. (2009) Nonnutritive sweetener consumption in humans: Effects on appetite and food intake and their putative mechanisms. 89: 1-14. (2010) Fat taxes: the newest manifestation of the age-old excise tax. J 31: 123-136. (2017) Taxes and subsidies for improving diet and population health in Australia: A cost-effectiveness modelling study. PLoS Med 14: e1002232. (2006) Effectiveness of monetary incentives in modifying dietary behavior: A review of randomized, controlled trials. 64: 518-531. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by citing a study that discusses the relationship between sugar-sweetened beverage consumption and obesity, highlighting that there is sufficient scientific evidence indicating that decreasing intake of these beverages can lead to reduced prevalence of obesity and obesity-related diseases. This supports the assertion that excessive sugar consumption contributes to obesity and Type 2 diabetes.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: All IoT security measures are universally effective for any network. [SEP] Text: 0 UNSW-NB15 41 2020 CNN 89. 02 UNSW-NB15 32 2020 AE VAE 82. 75 87. 52 -2017 33 2020 -LSTM 92. 16 98. 30 UNSW-15 34 2021 XGBoost 95. 55 NSL_KDD 26 2022 -LSTM 97. 77 96. 87 96. 92 -2017 Our proposed method 2023 --Model 98. 5 98. 8 99. 0 99. 7 -2017 10. Conclusionof Things offers more compelling possibilities for integrating technologies, services and management capabilities in the digital world. With the development of integrated technology, people are becoming more and more connected with such technology. This study proposed a solution for intrusion detection in IoT networks by comparing different deep neural network architectures. Our study concluded that our proposed model works better than other deep learning models and machine learning algorithms with 99. 7% accuracy. Also, Our analysis showed that our proposed models can identify several other cyber attacks targeting IoT devices. DeclarationsThe authors declare that they have no competing interests. Competing interests The authors declare that they have no known financial or non-financial computing interests in any material discussed in this paper. Authors' contributions All authors conceived the presented idea. All authors developed the theory and performed the computations. All authors verified the analytical methods. All authors discussed the results and contributed to the final manuscript. Corresponding author Correspondence to S authors did not receive any funding for the project making, research, writing, or publication of this work. Availability of data and materials We are not able to reveal our unique code. However, we have used python to create our code, schematics, and simulations. 2018. Rahul Gomes, Mostofa Ahsan, and Anne Denton. Random forest classifier in sdn framework for user-based indoor localization. In 2018 on Electro/(EIT), pages 0537–0542. IEEE, 2018. Andrew S. Fetter, Chowdhury, and Shadman Latif. Raspberry pis for network security. In 2021 on Electrical, Computer, Communications and (), pages 1–6, 2021. . Beyond the convenience of the internet of things: Security and privacy concerns. In 2017 IST-Conference (IST-Africa), pages 1–10. IEEE, 2017. and Rashmi Satyal. Dimensions of cybersecurity risk management. in Cybersecurity Management, pages 369–395. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing a specific study that proposes a solution for intrusion detection in IoT networks, emphasizing that different deep neural network architectures were compared, leading to the conclusion that their proposed model was more effective than other models with 99.7% accuracy. This indicates that not all IoT security measures are equally effective across different networks; rather, effectiveness can vary based on the specific architecture applied and the type of cyber attacks being targeted.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Decomposers recycle organic matter, enriching soil fertility. [SEP] Text: 122: 195–199. 1983. Soluble phosphorus release from organic soils. Agric. Ecosystems Environ. 9: 373–382. 10. 1016/0167-8809(83)90022-1 CASWeb of Science®1966. Soil fertility changes in a red-brown earth under irrigated pastures. II. Changes in phosphorus. Aust. J. Agric. Res. 17: 317–325. 1985. The influence of topography on the nature and distribution of soil sulfur across a narrow environmental gradient. Can. J. Soil Sci. 65: 419–434. 10. 4141/cjss85-046 CASWeb of Science®1985. The influence of topography on the nature and distribution of organic and inorganic soil phosphorus across a narrow environmental gradient. Can. J. Soil Sci. 65: 651–665. 10. 4141/cjss85-071 CASWeb of Science®1973. Soil conditions and plant growth. 10th ed Longman Group, Harpow, UK. 1982. Amazon basin soils: Management for continuous corn production. Science. 216: 821–827. 10. 1126/science. 216. 4548. 821 of Science®1985. Phosphorus cycling in unfertilized and fertilized agricultural soils. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. 49: 905–911. 10. 2136/sssaj1985. 03615995004900040023x Web of Science®1983. Distribution of phosphorus forms in virgin and cultivated soils and potential erosion losses. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. 47: 581–586. 10. 2136/sssaj1983. 03615995004700030038x CASWeb of Science®1985. Fractionation of inorganic and organic phosphorus in virgin and cultivated soils. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. 49: 127–130. 10. 2136/sssaj1985. 03615995004900010025x CASWeb of Science®1973. Phosphorus: An indicator of pedogenic weathering processes. Soil Sci. 115: 199–206. 10. 1097/00010694-197303000-00005 CASWeb of Science®1985. Phosphorus dynamics in soils and landscape. Geoderma. 36: 185–199. 10. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text provided does not address the claim regarding decomposers and their role in recycling organic matter to enhance soil fertility. Instead, it seems to focus on various studies related to soil phosphorus, soil types, and agricultural research without mentioning decomposers or organic matter recycling.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Excessive sugar consumption increases the risk of obesity and Type 2 diabetes. [SEP] Text: Abstract Background: The global prevalence of noncommunicable diseases has risen rapidly over the past decade. Research has focused on dietary management, particularly dietary sugar, to prevent and treat noncommunicable diseases. Objective: This study undertakes a scoping review of research on the impacts of dietary sugar on cardiometabolic related health outcomes. Methods: Ovid Medline, Scopus and Web of collection databases were used to identify papers published from January 1, 2010 onwards. The included studies had to be cross-sectional or cohort studies, peered review, published in English and in adults, aged 18 years old and above. 27. [PMID: 28604169] [2] Saklayen MG. The global epidemic of the metabolic syndrome. Rep 2018; 20(2): 12. [ [PMID: 29480368] [3]. The effects of dietary sugars on cardiovascular disease and cardiovascular disease–related mortality: Finding the sweet spot. Proc 2019; 94(12): 2375-7. [ [PMID: 31806092] [4] Erickson J, Slavin J. Total, added, and free sugars: Are restrictive guidelines science-based or achievable? Nutrients 2015; 7(4): 2866-78. [ [PMID: 25884659] [5] Clar C, Al-Khudairy L, Loveman E, et al. Low glycaemic index diets for the prevention of cardiovascular disease. 2017; 7(7): CD004467. [PMID: 28759107] [6] Equator. . Enhancing the quality and transparency of health research. Equator resource centre. 2020. Available from: www. equator-network. org Accessed on 2nd Feb 2021 [7] Huang PL. A comprehensive definition for metabolic syndrome. Mech 2009; 2(5-6): 231-7. [ [PMID: 19407331] [8] Harmonizing the metabolic syndrome: A joint interim statement of the international diabetes federation task force on epidemiology and prevention; National heart, lung, and blood institute; American heart association; World heart federation; International. Circulation 2009; 120(16): 1640-5. [ [PMID: 19805654] [9] Quality assessment tool for observational cohort and crosssectional studies. Bethesda, MD: National institutes of health, department of health and human services. 2014. Available from: www. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the rising prevalence of noncommunicable diseases and highlighting research focused on dietary sugar to prevent these diseases, which aligns with the assertion that excessive sugar contributes to health issues like obesity and Type 2 diabetes.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: All IoT security measures are universally effective for any network. [SEP] Text: In 2018 on Electro/(EIT), pages 0531–0536. IEEE, 2018. and KimChoo. A deep recurrent neural network based approach for internet of things malware threat hunting. Computer Systems, 85:88–96, 2018. and Petrovski. Botnet detection in the internet of things using deep learning approaches. In 2018 international joint conference on neural networks (IJCNN), pages 1–8. IEEE, 2018. Nygard. Convolutional neural networks with lstm for intrusion detection. In CATA, pages 69–79, 2020. and Tahmina Zebin. An efficient deep learning model for intrusion classification and prediction in 5g and iot networks. In 2019 53rd on information sciences and systems (CISS), pages 1–6. IEEE, 2019. Gavin Watson. A comparison of header and deep packet features when detecting network intrusions. Technical report, 2018. Mostofa Ahsan, Rahul Gomes, and Anne Denton. Application of a convolutional neural network using transfer learning for tuberculosis detection. In 2019 on Technology (EIT), pages 427–433. IEEE, 2019. Rifat. Feature engineering on the cybersecurity dataset for deployment on software defined network. 2020. 2022. . [26] Mostafa Ahsan. trusion Detection for IoT with Network T. A. Tang, L. Mhamdi, D. McLernon, S. A. R. Zaidi, M. Ghogho et al. (2016). , “Deep learning approach for network intrusion detection in software-defined networking,” in Proc. Int. Conf. on Fez, Morocco, 263. M. A. Qatf, Y. Lasheng, M. A. Habib and K. A. Sabahi. (2018). “Deep learning approach combining sparse autoencoder with SVM for network intrusion detection,” IEEE Access, vol. 6, 2856. F. Farahnakian and J. Heikkonen. (2018). “A deep auto-encoder based approach for an intrusion detection system,” in Proc. 20th Int. Conf. on Technology, Chuncheon-si GangwonDo, South Korea, 8246. M. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text provides various studies and insights related to deep learning approaches for IoT malware threat hunting and intrusion detection, indicating that effectiveness may vary based on specific techniques and implementations. This indirectly contrasts the claim that all IoT security measures are universally effective, suggesting that different measures may not work universally across all networks as implied.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Decomposers recycle organic matter, enriching soil fertility. [SEP] Text: 1016/0016-7061(85)90001-1 of Science®1984. Interrelation of carbon, nitrogen, sulfur and phosphorus during decomposition processes in soil. p. 442–446. In M. J. Klug, and C. A. Reddy (ed. ) Currentperspectives in microbial ecology. for Microbiology, Washington, DC. 1984. Recent progress in understanding the sulphur cycle in soils. p. 695–702. In J. A. Terry (ed. ) Proc. of sulphur-84. Institute of Canada. Calgary, Alberta. 1983. Interaction of biogeochemical cycles in grassland ecosystems. p. 247–269. In B. Bolin, and R. B. Cook (ed. ) The major biogeochemical cycles and their interactions. SCOPE 21. and Sons, New York. 1982. Phosphorus cycle. p. 221–238. In R. G. Burns, and J. H. Slater (ed. ) Experimental microbial ecology. Publications, Oxford. 1983. Phosphorus cycling in soils: Agronomic considerations. Congress on (), Brussels, 4-6 October. du Phosphate, Casablanca, Maroc. 501–565. 1984. The biological transformation of P in soil. Plant Soil. 76: 245–256. 10. 1007/BF02205584 CASWeb of Science®1982. Phosphorus fractions of a climosequence of soils in tussock grassland. Soil Biol. Biochem. 14: 191–196. 10. 1016/0038-0717(82)90022-0 CASWeb of Science®1954. Occurrence and mineralization of organic phosphorus in soils, with particular reference to associations with carbon, nitrogen, and pH. Soil Sci. 77: 185–196. 10. 1097/00010694-195403000-00002 CASWeb of Science®1983. P514. 10. 2136/sssaj1983. 03615995004700030023x CASWeb of Science®1985. The biogeochemistry of soil phosphorus. p. 463–472. In D. E. Caldwell (ed. ) Planetary ecology. and Reinhold, New York. 1982. Cultivation effects on the amounts and concentration of C, N and P in grassland soils. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not provide direct support or opposition to the claim regarding decomposers and their role in recycling organic matter. It contains references to various studies and processes related to the biogeochemical cycles and soil components like carbon, nitrogen, and phosphorus, but does not specifically mention decomposers or their impact on soil fertility. Therefore, it is deemed irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Excessive sugar consumption increases the risk of obesity and Type 2 diabetes. [SEP] Text: nhlbi. nih. gov/health-topics/study-quality-assessment-tools Accessed on 2nd Feb 2021 [10]. Association of free sugars intake with cardiometabolic risk factors among Japanese adults: The 2016 national health and nutrition survey, Japan. Nutrients 2020; 12(12): 3624. [ [PMID: 33255814] [11] Denova-Gutiérrez E, Talavera JO, Huitrón-Bravo G, Méndez-Hernández P, Salmerón J. Sweetened beverage consumption and increased risk of metabolic syndrome in Mexican adults. Nutr 2010; 13(6): 835-42. [ [PMID: 20144256] [12]. Sugar-sweetened beverages and prevalence of the metabolically abnormal phenotype in the Study. Obesity (Silver Spring) 2014; 22(5): E157-63. [ [PMID: 24550031] [13] Khosravi- Consumption of sugar-sweetened beverages in relation to the metabolic syndrome among Iranian adults. 2012; 5(4): 527-37. [ [PMID: 22854602] [14]. Substituting homemade fruit juice for sugar-sweetened beverages is associated with lower odds of metabolic syndrome among Hispanic adults. J Nutr 2012; 142(6): 1081-7. [ [PMID: 22551801] [15]. Sugar-sweetened beverage consumption in relation to obesity and metabolic syndrome among Korean adults: A cross-sectional study from the 2012–2016 Korean national health and nutrition examination survey (). Nutrients 2018; 10(10): 1467. [ [PMID: 30304842] [16] Barrio-Lopez MT, Martinez-Gonzalez MA, Fernandez--Rastrollo M. Prospective study of changes in sugar-sweetened beverage consumption and the incidence of the metabolic syndrome and its components: The SUN cohort. Nutr 2013; 110(9): 1722-31. [ [PMID: 23534417] [17] Duffey KJ, Gordon-. Drinking caloric beverages increases the risk of adverse cardiometabolic outcomes in the in () Study. 2010; 92(4): 954-9. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text discusses various studies that associate sugar-sweetened beverage consumption with increased risks of metabolic syndrome and obesity among different populations, thus supporting the claim that excessive sugar consumption increases the risk of obesity and Type 2 diabetes. References made in the text indicate research findings such as those linking sugar-sweetened beverages to metabolic syndromes and obesity across multiple demographic groups, corroborating the claim effectively.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: All IoT security measures are universally effective for any network. [SEP] Text: Amjad, Mahwish & Zahid, Hira & Zafar, Sania & Mahmood, Tariq. (2020). A for System. 1-6. 10. 1109/AECT47998. 2020. 9194224. S. Zavrak and M. İskefiyeli, "Anomaly-" in IEEE Access, vol. 8, 10. 1109/. 2020. 3001350. Dhillon, H. , & Haque, A. (2020). . 2020 IEEE 19th on Trust, Security and Privacy in Computing and Communication (TrustCom). Alzahrani, A. , & Alenazi, M. (2021). Designing a Based on for Networks. Future Internet, 13(5). B. Roy and H. Cheung, ‘‘A deep learning approach for intrusion detection in Internet of Things using bi-directional long short-term memory recurrent neural network,’’ in Proc. 28th Int. Telecommun. Netw. Appl. Conf. (ITNAC), Nov. 2018, 10. 1109/ATNAC. 2018. 8615294. H. Alaiz-Moreton, J. Aveleira-Mata, J. Ondicol-Garcia, A. L. Muñoz-Castañeda, I. García, and C. Benavides, ‘‘Multiclass classification procedure for detecting attacks on MQTT-IoT protocol,’’ Complex, vol. 2019, Apr. 2019, Art. no. 6516253, doi: 10. 1155/2019/6516253. H. Yang and F. Wang, ‘‘Wireless network intrusion detection based on improved convolutional neural network,’’ IEEE Access, vol. 7, 10. 1109/. 2019. 2917299 R. Kishore and A. Chauhan, ‘‘Evaluation of deep neural networks for advanced intrusion detection systems,’’ in Proc. 4th Int. Conf. Electron. , Commun. Aerosp. Technol. (ICECA), Nov. 2020, 10. 1109/ICECA49313. 2020. 9297515. Y. Li, Y. Xu, Z. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim as it refers to various research papers and approaches focusing on specific types of network security and intrusion detection systems tailored for different aspects of IoT, implying that security measures cannot be universally effective across all networks.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Decomposers recycle organic matter, enriching soil fertility. [SEP] Text: Search withinThis BookASA-CSSA-term Citation SearchSearch term Citation SearchSearch term Login login Institutional login Log in with ASA-CSSA-& Open access Agrosystems, Geosciences & access Crop, Forage & Journal of Journal of access Open access Society of & access access & (2004–2014) (2002–2014) Forage & Grazinglands (2003–2014) Journal of (1988–1999) (1960–2015) Field, Lab, K-12 Books and Meeting Notes/of of of America 10. 2136/sssaspecpub58. ch121. These relatively low responses to the application of OM are related to the low N recovery by a following crop. Although long-term application of OM was observed to boost the soil fertility status, major problems associated with the sole use of OM include the limited response to OM application and difficulties to incorporate an OM production phase in existing cropping systems. In recent years most soil fertility research has been shifted towards the combined application of OM and fertilizer and possible positive interactions or added benefits generated through this combined application. In the third section, the impact of combined applications of OM and fertilizer is evaluated. Agronomically, the combined application of OM and fertilizer can easily lead to 200 to 400% increases in maize grain yield relative to an unamended control and give absolute yield increases easily exceeding 2000 kg grain ha−1. However, the scope for obtaining positive interactions between both inputs is limited, highest for cropping systems using external sources of OM, and lowest for alley cropping systems because of tree-crop competition. A direct and indirect hypothesis was formulated addressing improvements in the supply and demand side of added external inputs, respectively, and as such improving the overall nutrient use efficiency. In more detailed studies specifically addressing this issue, evidence was presented that such interactions do take place, both following the direct and indirect hypothesis. To test the direct hypothesis, studies using 15N labeled fertilizer were initiated. Results showed a delay in movement of fertilizer N to deeper soil layers when mixed with incorporated low quality maize stover residues and a consequent improved fertilizer-N recovery by a subsequent maize crop. Higher quality Mucuna residues did not significantly alter the movement of fertilizer-N. Two examples supporting the indirect hypothesis are presented. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses the application of organic matter (OM) and fertilizer in agricultural practices but does not provide information about decomposers or their role in recycling organic matter. It focuses more on the challenges and interactions of these inputs rather than the specific function of decomposers in soil fertility.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Excessive sugar consumption increases the risk of obesity and Type 2 diabetes. [SEP] Text: [ [PMID: 20702604] [18] Ferreira-Pêgo C, Babio N, Bes-Rastrollo M, et al. Frequent consumption of sugar- and artificially sweetened beverages and natural and bottled fruit juices is associated with an increased risk of metabolic syndrome in a Mediterranean population at high cardiovascular disease risk. J Nutr 2016; 146(8): 1528-36. [ [PMID: 27358413] [19] A dietary pattern with high sugar content is associated with cardiometabolic risk factors in the pomak population. Nutrients 2019; 11(12): 3043. [ [PMID: 31847144] [20]. Sugar intake and metabolic syndrome among older adults in Peninsular Malaysia. Nutr 2018; 24(2): 163-74. [21] Sugar-sweetened beverage, sugar intake of individuals, and their blood pressure: International study of macro/micronutrients and blood pressure. Hypertension 2011; 57(4): 695-701. [ [PMID: 21357284] [22] Sugar-sweetened beverages consumption in relation to hypertension among Iranian university students: study. Disord 2020; 25(4): 973-82. [ [PMID: 31115792] [23]. Habitual intake of fruit juice predicts central blood pressure. Appetite 2015; 84: 68-72. [ [PMID: 25278432] [24] Reducing consumption of sugar-sweetened beverages is associated with reduced blood pressure: A prospective study among adults. Circulation 2010; 121(22): 2398-406. [ [PMID: 20497980] [25]. Association of sweetened beverage intake with incident hypertension. J Med 2012; 27(9): 1127-34. [ [PMID: 22539069] [26]. Association between sugar-sweetened beverage consumption and incident hypertension in Korean adults: A prospective study. Nutr 2019; 58(3): 1009-17. [ [PMID: 29372311] [27] Sayon-Orea C, Martinez--Rastrollo M. Baseline consumption and changes in sugar-sweetened beverage consumption and the incidence of hypertension: The SUN project. 2015; 34(6): 1133-40. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by referencing multiple studies that link high sugar consumption to various health risks, including metabolic syndrome and hypertension, which are often associated with obesity and Type 2 diabetes. For instance, one study states that 'Frequent consumption of sugar- and artificially sweetened beverages is associated with an increased risk of metabolic syndrome,' suggesting a relationship between sugar intake and serious health risks.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Mindfulness meditation is linked to improved focus and academic performance. [SEP] Text: Signless meditation is a tranquil abiding in mental composure, a samādhi, which at the same time does not involve any focus, as there is nothing left on which to focus. Signless meditation has a remarkable insight potential, even though it does not involve any of the mental activities required for understanding and thus for actively generating insight. Actualizing this insight potential requires sufficient preparation ahead of the meditative abiding in signlessness, in particular in terms of a direct understanding of the empty nature of all phenomena and of the constructed nature of experience. Without such groundwork, signless meditation risks becoming merely an abiding in a tranquil condition of the mind. In fact, signless meditation as such features in early Buddhist thought as not necessarily liberating, and its cultivation can be followed by substantial retrogression if the practitioner discontinues the practice and lacks the needed insight. A meditative setting that provides a powerful support for signlessness to unfold its full liberative potential can be found in a discourse that describes a gradual meditative entry into emptiness: the on Emptiness. Here, the overarching concern of the instructions to foster a deepening understanding of emptiness ensures that abiding in signlessness is grounded in, and imbued with, the required input and support by liberating insight. A into EmptinessDiscourse on Emptiness, extant in Pāli, Chinese, and Tibetan, describes a gradual entry into emptiness in the context of which signless meditation features as one particular meditative step, situated just before the culmination point of the whole trajectory in a potential breakthrough to Nirvana. and Tibetan parallels help to correct an apparent error in the Pāli version, which stands alone in preceding signless meditation with an experience that is neither perceptive nor non-perceptive. Leaving aside this apparent error, the progression in the parallel versions can be understood to involve the following form of practice (Anālayo 2024):The gradual entry into emptiness sets out by noting what is absent in the present situation. This ties in with other practices recognized in early Buddhist meditation theory that direct mindfulness to what is absent (Anālayo 2022). In the setting of the discourse, the Buddha and his audience are in a forest monastery, where various aspects of ancient Indian city life are absent. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by focusing on signless meditation and its lack of emphasis on focus. It details that signless meditation does not involve any focus or mental activities necessary for generating insight, which suggests that it does not directly support the notion of improved focus or academic performance typically associated with mindfulness meditation. Instead, it emphasizes an understanding of emptiness and insight, none of which directly correlate with the claim regarding focus and academic outcomes.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Decomposers recycle organic matter, enriching soil fertility. [SEP] Text: In a first example obtained from two sites in the MSZ in which a dry spell occurred during the grain-filling period, added benefits (AB) amounted to about 500 kg grain ha−1. These were believed to be related to a reduction in soil moisture stress in the treatments with both inputs relative to the treatment with sole application of urea and a consequent better use of the applied urea. In a second example, valorization of rock phosphate with low reactivity through interaction with herbaceous legumes was shown to lead to AB of about 1000 kg grain ha−1. The exact mechanisms leading to these interactions and the impact of the biophysical environment on these mechanisms need to be understood more clearly before the combination strategy can be sold to the extension and farmer community as a technology yielding extra produce at no additional cost. 1979. Changes in soil fertility under continuous cultivation and fertilization in south western Nigeria. Nig. J. Agric. Sci. 1: 15–20. CAS1996. Organic residue management, soil nutrient changes and maize yield in a humid Ultisol. Nutr. Cycl. Agroecosyst. 47: 189–195. 10. 1007/BF01986274 Web of Science®1998. Dynamics of phosphorus fractions in a savanna Alfisol under continuous cultivation. Manage. 14: 59–64. 10. 1111/j. 1475-2743. 1998. tb00614. x Web of Science®1999. Alley cropping in the moist savanna of West-Africa: I. Restoration and maintenance of soil fertility on ‘terre de barre’ soils in Benin Republic. Agrofor. Syst. 42: 213–227. 10. 1023/A:1006114116095 Web of Science®1996. Alley cropping on an Ultisol in subhumid Benin. Part 1: Long-term effect on maize, cassava and tree productivity. Agrofor. Syst. 34: 1–12. 10. 1007/BF00129628 Web of Science®1987. The effects of nitrogen fertilizer form on the plant availability of phosphate from soil, phosphate rock and mono-calcium phosphate. Fert. Res. 12: 269–283. 10. 1007/BF01315111 CASWeb of Science®1969. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text discusses various interactions and outcomes related to soil fertility and agricultural practices, touching upon the effects of fertilizers and soil management strategies. However, it does not mention decomposers or their role in recycling organic matter, which makes it irrelevant to the specific claim about decomposers enriching soil fertility.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Excessive sugar consumption increases the risk of obesity and Type 2 diabetes. [SEP] Text: [ [PMID: 25481680] [28] -K, Lee JE. Consumption of sugar-sweetened beverages and blood pressure in the United States: The national health and nutrition examination survey 2003-2006. Res 2012; 1(1): 85-93. [ [PMID: 23430313] [29] Sluijs I, van der Schouw YT, van der A DL, et al. Carbohydrate quantity and quality and risk of type 2 diabetes in the Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition-Netherlands (EPIC-NL) study. 2010; 92(4): 905-11. [ [PMID: 20685945] [30] de. Sugar-sweetened and artificially sweetened beverage consumption and risk of type 2 diabetes in men. 2011; 93(6): 1321-7. [ [PMID: 21430119] [31]. Soft drink and juice consumption and risk of physician-diagnosed incident type 2 diabetes: Study. Epidemiol 2010; 171(6): 701-8. [ [PMID: 20160170] [32] Caffeinated and caffeine-free beverages and risk of type 2 diabetes. 2013; 97(1): 155-66. [ [PMID: 23151535] [33] -Chapelon F. Consumption of artificially and sugar-sweetened beverages and incident type 2 diabetes in the aupres des femmes de la de l’Education Nationale-Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition cohort. 2013; 97(3): 517-23. [ [PMID: 23364017] [34] Sugar-sweetened beverage and diet soda consumption and the 7-year risk for type 2 diabetes mellitus in middle-aged Japanese men. Nutr 2014; 53(4): 1137-8. [ [PMID: 24633756] [35] Effects of sugar-sweetened beverage intake on the development of type 2 diabetes mellitus in subjects with impaired glucose tolerance: diabetes prevention study. J Vitaminol (Tokyo) 2015; 61(1): 14-9. [ [PMID: 25994135] [36]. Caloric sweetener consumption and dyslipidemia among US adults. JAMA 2010; 303(15): 1490-7. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by referencing multiple studies that investigate the relationship between sugar-sweetened beverage consumption and the risk of developing Type 2 diabetes. Specifically, the studies highlight how the consumption of sugar-sweetened beverages is linked to an increased risk of Type 2 diabetes, thereby supporting the assertion that excessive sugar intake can lead to obesity and diabetes.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Mindfulness meditation is linked to improved focus and academic performance. [SEP] Text: The same holds for another Pāli passage that employs the contrast between this world and the other world in an instruction that one should train not to cling to either (MN 143: na idhalokaṃ upādiyissāmi … na paralokaṃ upādiyissāmi), avoiding that consciousness becomes dependent on this world (idhalokanissitaṃ) or dependent on the other world (paralokanissitaṃ). A similar presentation can be found in one of its Chinese Āgama parallels (EĀ 51. 8: 不起今世, 後世, 不依今世, 後世而起於識). Besides employing the contrast between this world and the other world, both versions also bring in the idea of dependency, similar to the passage under discussion. Here, too, the existence of this world and the other world is in a way taken for granted, the issue at stake being instead whether one clings to one of them. Wynne (2007, p. 31) further reasoned that the presentation in the discourses surveyed above was “initially based on a meditative sequence ending with the ‘sphere of neither perception nor non-perception. ’ This list was probably elaborated by the addition of two or three items in order that it could be included in the Aṅguttara Nikāya’s book of ‘Tens’ and ‘Elevens. ’”Yet, the two Saṃyukta-āgama parallels quoted above, as well as the Gāndhārī fragment, also mention these items. These parallels from different transmission lineages thereby provide strong corroboration of the Pāli list of items. Besides, since the Saṃyukta-āgama collections are based on assembling discourses by topic rather than by numerals, the Saṃyukta-āgama discourses had no need for additions in order to arrive at a list of ten or eleven items. Even if the last items mentioned are left aside and the passage were to be reduced to just listing the four elements and the four formless spheres, it would still not imply meditating on the former to reach the latter and then proceed to liberation. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text discusses concepts related to meditation from Pāli and Chinese sources but does not address the claim about mindfulness meditation's link to improved focus and academic performance. The content focuses more on philosophical interpretations and historical discourse regarding world attachment and does not provide evidence or insights that would support or contrast the claim about mindfulness meditation.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Decomposers recycle organic matter, enriching soil fertility. [SEP] Text: Long-term effects of fertilizers and manure on soil and leaves of cotton in Nigeria. Exp. Agric. 5: 241–247. 10. 1017/S001447970000449X CASWeb of Science®1997. A comparison of alley cropping and block planting systems in sub-humid Benin. Agrofor. Syst. 35: 117–130. 10. 1007/BF00122773 Web of Science®1989. Effect of the application of the leaf mulch of Gliricidia sepium on early development, leaf nutrient contents and tuber yields of water yam (Dioscorea alata). Agrofor. Syst. 8: 243–256. 10. 1007/BF00129652 Web of Science®1990. Woody legumes as live support systems in yam cultivation. II. The yam-Gliricidia sepium association. Agrofor. Syst. 10: 61–69. 10. 1007/BF00118727 Web of Science®1997. Soil profile alteration under long-term, high-input agriculture. p. 97–109. In R. J. Buresh et al. (ed. ) Replenishing soil fertility in Africa. SSSA and. 1997. Driven by nature: Plant litter quality and decomposition. . Web of Science®1997. Nutrient harvesting— The tree-root safety net. Special issue on agroforestry modelling: selected papers from a workshop held in Edinburgh, 28ȓ30 May 1997. Agrofor. Today. 8: 31–33. 2001. Mucuna cover crop fallow systems: Potential and limitations. p. 111–135. In G. Tian et al. (ed. ) Sustaining soil fertility in West Africa. SSSA Spec. Publ. 58. SSSA and. 1999. Contribution of soil fertility research and maintenance to improved maize production and productivity in sub-Saharan Africa. p. 3–20. In B. Badu-Apraku et al. (ed. ) Strategy for sustainable maize production in West and Central Africa. Int. Inst. of Trop. Agric. , Ibadan, Nigeria. 1999. Integrated soil management for the savanna zone of W. Africa: Legume rotation and fertilizer N. Nutr. Cycl. Agroecosyst. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it provides information about various studies and agricultural practices without mentioning decomposers or their role in recycling organic matter and enriching soil fertility.