Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Food waste can be completely eliminated in all households. [SEP] Text: g. , refrigerator, oven). Furthermore, not to be underestimated is the stock-effect, which hypothetically leads to greater awareness about food waste. Basically, the fear of reduced medium- to long-term food availability should lead consumers to preserve resources and manage them in a more sustainable way, consequently reducing food waste. In such a context, as a natural consequence of the lockdown, an intense change in food management has been registered, with reference to smart food delivery (Jribi et al. 2020; Laguna et al. 2020; Patrinley et al. 2020). The role of food delivery, through digital apps (e. g. , Just Eat, Glovo, Deliveroo) and technological or social tools (e. g. , Telegram, Facebook), has been crucial to improve food purchase planning and increase the amount of time designated for choosing foods. Food delivery, as stated by the referenced literature (Park and Kim 2003; Kedah et al. 2015) and suggested by the sample, increased customers’ awareness on products (across high-definition colors, shapes and photographs) and improved buying decisions, thus reducing the occurrence of unappreciated and disposed meals in households. However, the food diary participants still highlighted several causes of food waste. In line with previous studies (Salhofer et al. 2008; Beretta et al. 2013; Schott and Cánovas 2015; Schanes et al. 2018), the analysis revealed that quantities of unavoidable food waste (inedible food such as bones, skins and scraps) cannot significantly be reduced but that impressive efforts could be done to minimize avoidable and potentially avoidable fractions. Table 5 records the main reasons for food waste generation extrapolated by the sample and proposes possible strategies toward its reduction according to the referenced literature. Table 5 Drivers and strategies to reduce food waste at homeFull size tableAs the participants stated, the highest amount of food waste is represented by unavoidable waste, occurring almost always during food preparations (e. g. , skins and scraps of fruit and vegetables, egg peel). Only a few preparations, on the contrary, have been discarded according to limited cooking skills (e. g. , completely burnt bread), bad food storage (e. g. , overextended storage of eggplants or strawberries) and taste p4. 2 Limitations and future directionsAlthough the food diary participants seemed very enthusiastic over the course of the accounting period (Langley et al. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the concept of unavoidable food waste, explicitly stating that 'quantities of unavoidable food waste (inedible food such as bones, skins and scraps) cannot significantly be reduced.' This indicates that while efforts can be made to minimize avoidable waste, complete elimination of food waste in all households is not feasible due to the inherent nature of certain food waste.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Extreme environments on Earth provide insights into the potential for life on other planets. [SEP] Text: The data points are displayed at even intervals in logarithmic scale. Log-normal and power-law fits are shown by thick and thin solid curves, respectively. The best fitted parameters are α = 4. 2, μ = 1. 96, and σ = 0. 28Full size imageThe log-normal fit for > 200 nT storms gives the 100-year and 1000-year events as − dH = 750 nT and 1100 nT, respectively, while the power-law fit gives the 100-year and 1000-year events as − dH = 1100 nT and 2200 nT, respectively. The largest amplitude in the list is − dH = 661 nT that occurred on 24 March 1940. Note also that the record largest event of − dH > 700 nT on 4 July 1941 at KAK was not used in this study because of its ambiguity. The largest events of − dH > 400 nT are listed in Table 1. The 13 March 1989 storm is the largest Dst event since 1957 with the peak of final Dst index of − 589 nT. Nagatsuma (2015) estimated the intensity of the southward Bz = ~ 50 nT for the March 1989 storm, which is about the largest intensity of interplanetary magnetic field at 1 AU. Table 1 Largest magnetic storm events of − dH > 400 nT at KAK since May 1924Full size tableSudden commencementsFigure 4 shows that SC events follow a log-normal distribution within the amplitude range from 5 nT to 70 nT, while the large-amplitude SC events deviate from the log-normal distribution and follow a power-law distribution. The log-normal fit gives the 100-year and 1000-year events as dH = 160 nT and 240 nT, respectively. The power-law fit gives the 100-year and 1000-year events as dH = 230 nT and 450 nT, respectively. The largest amplitude is dH = 220 nT that occurred on 13 November 1960. Note also that the record largest event of dH = 310 nT on 24 March 1940 was not in the KAK list because it does not include the second SC according to the rule of KAK (Araki 2014). The largest events of dH > 100 nT are listed in Table 2. Fig. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim about extreme environments on Earth providing insights for extraterrestrial life. Instead, it focuses on data pertaining to magnetic storms and statistical distributions of magnetic storm events, which is irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Deforestation contributes to habitat loss and climate change. [SEP] Text: Cropping regions in most parts of Uganda appear most affected by the observed changes in climate. Rainfall has declined in the West and threatening Uganda’s future food production prospects [5]. The general level of food insecurity in Uganda has started rising at the beginning of the year 2017, 40 people died because of famine as a result of prolonged drought and over 1,000,000 people were surviving on 59,000 tons of Rice donated by the Government of China as part for good working relationship between Beijing and Kampala. Pastoralists in the northeast, especially in Karamoja are facing chronic food insecurity. More frequent droughts decrease their resilience, as well as the resilience of pastoralists and agropastoralists in areas of Kasese (Kyinyamaseke, Katunguru, Hamukungu, Bugoye, Rugendabala), Isngiro among others. It is clear that climate change is a serious issue that requires research for solutions and effective policies to allow the general population meet needs while protecting the environment (Figure 4). Figure 4: The adverse impacts of climate change have not spared Uganda particularly in last decade as evidenced by numerous episodes of erratic rainfall patterns, prolonged droughts, flooding, recurrence of mudslides, thunderstorms, increased incidence of pests and diseases, famine and declining agriculture productivity. the existence of forestry related policies such the Uganda forestry policy and the which were designed to protect and preserve forest ecosystems, there still exists rampant deforestation in Uganda today and the policies that currently exist are part of the problem. These need to be reformed as listed above and the reform should involve all stakeholders so that implementation is simplified. However institution irregularities such as corruption need to be given adequate attention for any success of reviewed policies to be achieved. 1. Promoting activities that reduce the pressure off the forest like sericulture, butterfly farming, improved bee-keeping, development of fodder banks, bio-intensive agriculture and farm forestry. And should be extremely active and vigorous around the forests resources Increase per capita income and check on the population growth. 2. Increasing income and improved literacy levels because with improved standards of living, over dependence on forest products for example as a source of energy is checked and land use change due to literacy. 3. Private land owners with natural forest cover on their land should be given direct monetary or other incentives to encourage them to limit deforestation. Forest product and service valuation: monetary digits are more easily understood by the public. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the impacts of climate change in Uganda, attributing some of these challenges to deforestation and its associated issues. It notes that despite forestry policies aimed at preserving ecosystems, rampant deforestation persists, which contributes to climate-related problems such as erratic rainfall patterns, droughts, and food insecurity. The reference to the need for reforms of deforestation-related policies indicates an understanding of the link between deforestation and climate change, thus supporting the claim.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Food waste can be completely eliminated in all households. [SEP] Text: 2010; Sharp et al. 2010), its usage presents relevant difficulties and some disadvantages. First, the authors found it difficult to recruit households, and dropout rates were high during the experiment period. Furthermore, as already stated by (2014) and van Herpen et al. (2016), the authors went through the potential risks of self-selection (i. e. , only interested people participated in the experiment) and poor data quality due to approximation or undervaluation. Another obstacle, which excluded the majority of aged people from sample selection (60 or more years old), was the online-based food diary. However, several participants wondered if an internet or mobile app was available to complete the food diary more precisely. Further limitations related to food diaries, as already stated by other studies (Høj 2011; FLW Protocol 2016; Quested et al. 2020), regard consumer behavior reactivity, a lack of reporting, accounting and selection biases. For instance, to adopt a more “socially acceptable” behavior during the accounting period, participants could eat differently than normal or dispose of food in a more sustainable way. Moreover, diary keepers are usually not aware of all the food being disposed of at home by other household members or are confused about what should be accounted for, thus understating the amount of food waste. Lastly, as already stated in terms of self-reporting risk, people who participate in the experiment are usually not representative of the whole population, since it is expected that some participants are more interested in food waste issues than others, and adjustments in such direction are extremely difficult and aleatory. Nevertheless, food diaries still represent a valuable tool to improve knowledge on food waste trends and collect objective quantitative (e. g. , mass value, financial costs and nutritional values) and qualitative data (e. g. , causes of food waste, disposal procedures). Based on the pre-Covid-19 food waste literature data (FAO 2017, 2018, 2019; Caldeira et al. 2019), each year more than 1. 3 billion tons of food are globally thrown away along the whole food supply chain, equal to 5200 MJ and approximately 2145 billion euro. This means that, each week, each person wastes less than 1. 8 kg, corresponding to 7 MJ and more than 2. 9 euro only at final consumption. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing various difficulties and limitations of reducing food waste in households. It highlights issues such as high dropout rates, self-selection bias, and potential inaccuracies in food diaries, which point towards the challenges of monitoring and reporting food waste effectively. Additionally, it notes the profile of participants tends to skew towards those more interested in food waste, suggesting a broader population may not reflect these behaviors or efforts. This indicates that completely eliminating food waste in all households is unrealistic.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Extreme environments on Earth provide insights into the potential for life on other planets. [SEP] Text: 4Cumulative distribution function of 1854 SCs observed at KAK for time interval May 1924 to May 2020. The data points are displayed at even intervals in logarithmic scale. Log-normal and power-law fits are shown by thick and thin solid curves, respectively. The best fitted parameters are α = 1. 7, μ = 1. 27, and σ = 0. 28Full size imageTable2 Largest SC events of dH > 100 nT at KAK since May 1924Full size tableSubstormsFigure 5 shows that the substorm events essentially follows the log-normal distribution. The log-normal fit gives the 100-year and 1000-year events as 5000 nT and 6000 nT, respectively. The power-law fit gives the 100-year and 1000-year events as 6200 nT and 8500 nT, respectively. The record largest amplitude is SME = 3929 nT that occurred on 30 October 2003 during the so-called Halloween event. The largest events of SME > 3000 nT are listed in Table 3. Fig. 5Cumulative distribution function of ~ 6×104 substorms identified by SuperMAG for time interval 1986 to 2019. The data points are displayed at even intervals in logarithmic scale. Log-normal and power-law fits are shown by thick and thin solid curves, respectively. The best fitted parameters are α = 7. 1, μ = 2. 7, and σ = 0. 22Full size imageTable 3 Largest substorm events of SME > 3000 nT since 1986Full size tableSolar flares, CMEs, and SEPConsulting other space weather phenomena, the same statistical analysis is applied to solar flares, CMEs, and SEP events. The results shown in Figs. 6, 7, 8 basically follow the analysis of Gopalswamy (2018), and the only difference is the types of distributions fitted to the cumulative distribution function. Goplaswamy (2018) used the Weibull distribution (exponential curve) and power-law distribution, while this study uses the log-normal and power-law distributions to give somewhat larger estimates as follows. Fig. 6Cumulative distribution function of solar flares for time interval 1975 to 2016. The data points are displayed at even intervals in logarithmic scale. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim regarding extreme environments on Earth providing insights into extraterrestrial life. Instead, it focuses on statistical analyses of solar flares, substorms, and other space weather phenomena, which are irrelevant to the potential for life on other planets.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Renewable energy sources can reduce reliance on fossil fuels. [SEP] Text: HivatkozásokVálaszd ki a számodra megfelelő hivatkozásformátumot:Harvard (2024): Magyar Tudomány 2024/04. : Akadémiai Kiadó. Letöltve: (2024. 11. 04. )Chicago. 2024. Magyar Tudomány 2024/04. : Akadémiai Kiadó. (Letöltve: 2024. 11. 04. (2024). Magyar Tudomány 2024/04. Akadémiai Kiadó. (Letöltve: 2024. 11. 04. . andras@pen. uni-pannon. hu Összefoglalás Jegyzet elhelyezéséhez, kérjük, lépj be. ! HivatkozásokVálaszd ki a számodra megfelelő hivatkozásformátumot:Harvard (2024): Magyar Tudomány 2024/04. : Akadémiai Kiadó. Letöltve: (2024. 11. 04. )Chicago. 2024. Magyar Tudomány 2024/04. : Akadémiai Kiadó. (Letöltve: 2024. 11. 04. (2024). Magyar Tudomány 2024/04. Akadémiai Kiadó. (Letöltve: 2024. 11. 04. az energiaigény folyamatos növekedése, a fosszilis tüzelőanyagok egyre korlátozottabb elérhetősége és az éghajlatváltozás kihívásai mind arra mutatnak rá, hogy a fenntartható energiatermelés és az energiahordozók hatékony felhasználása létfontosságú a jövő generációi számára. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by emphasizing that the continuous increase in energy demand, the diminishing availability of fossil fuels, and the challenges posed by climate change highlight the necessity for sustainable energy production. This implies that renewable energy sources are vital for reducing reliance on fossil fuels for future generations.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Food waste can be completely eliminated in all households. [SEP] Text: Trends observed by this explorative research have demonstrated a sharp decrease in terms of mass, nutritional intake and financial costs, confirming the previous hypothesis of a counterbalanced effect. The identified causes could represent the key variables for further research, in order to develop food waste minimization strategies and achieve the 2030 SDGs. Moreover, future directions of the analysis should focus on the role of smart food delivery toward food waste reduction with regard to its opportunities to enlarge customers’ awareness on products and improve buying decisions. As exposed in the explorative research, it could be interesting to analyze how to switch from an unhealthy work–life balance and inadequate time management toward a heathier and more adequate one. The role of time management toward food management sustainability is crucial, and time availability could improve food planning and storage operations, the selection of favorite food programs, cooking skills and, not least important, familiarity with domestic appliances. 5 ConclusionFood diaries are a useful instrument to provide a better understanding of household food consumption and wastage during the Covid-19 pandemic. One of the main hypotheses from the presented explorative research, and in line with the few studies conducted on food waste in Italy in times of economic crisis (Fanelli and 2016), is that food consumption and food waste behaviors have been more virtuous, showing that the Covid-19 pandemic has enhanced people’s attitude toward food waste reduction and more sustainable consumption models (Galanakis 2020; Jribi et al. 2020). Moreover, it has been shown that effects, such as stock-effect and I-stay-at-home-effect, positively influenced food waste reduction. Indeed, decreasing trends in terms of mass, nutritional intake and financial costs have been detected. During the Covid-19 lockdown, as shown by participants in the explorative research, people had adequate time to improve food planning and storage operations, select food programs, enlarge time allotted for eating, optimize all ingredients and leftovers, familiarize themselves with domestic appliances and avoid panic about food availability. The authors are convinced that food diaries, even with some limitations related to difficult recruitment, risks of self-selection and high dropout rates, could contribute to increased qualitative and quantitative knowledge on food waste issues (e. g. , mass value, financial costs and nutritional values), especially considering the lack of information regarding the Covid-19 pandemic behavior. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the complexities of food waste and suggesting that while initiatives can reduce waste, complete elimination is unlikely. It highlights factors such as improved time management, planning, and awareness that can reduce waste but does not indicate that it can be entirely eliminated.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Extreme environments on Earth provide insights into the potential for life on other planets. [SEP] Text: Log-normal and power-law fits are shown by thick and thin solid curves, respectively. The best fitted parameters are α = 1. 1, μ = − 6. 2, and σ = 0. 94Full size imageFig. 7Cumulative distribution function of CMEs for time interval 1996 to 2020. The data points are displayed at even intervals in logarithmic scale. Log-normal and power-law fits are shown by thick and thin solid curves, respectively. The best fitted parameters are α = 4. 5, μ = 2. 4, and σ = 0. 28Full size imageFig. 8Cumulative distribution function of SEP events at GOES for time interval 1976 to 2020. The data points are displayed at even intervals in logarithmic scale. Log-normal and power-law fits are shown by thick and thin solid curves, respectively. The best fitted parameters are α = 0. 71, μ = 1. 7, and σ = 1. 2Full size imageThe log-normal fit shown in Fig. 6 gives the 100-year and 1000-year event sizes as X70 and X200, respectively. These values are larger than the estimates of Gopalswamy (2018) in which the 100-year and 1000-year event sizes are ~ X40 and ~ X100, respectively. The log-normal fit shown in Fig. 7 gives the 100-year and 1000-year speed as 4500 km/s and 6000 km/s, while Gopalswamy (2018) gives the 100-year and 1000-year event as 3800 km/s and 4700 km/s, respectively. The log-normal fit shown in Fig. 8 gives the 100-year and 1000-year events as ~ 2. 5 × 105 pfu and ~ 1. 5 × 106 pfu, while the extrapolated curve of Gopalswamy (2018) gives the 100-year and 1000-year events as ~ 2×105 pfu and ~ 1×106 pfu, respectively. DiscussionIn summary, conservative amplitudes can be estimated from the log-normal distribution, while the possible excess (likely upper limit to the behavior of the tail) can be estimated from the power-law distribution. The possible amplitudes of 100-year and 1000-year events based on the log-normal and power-law distributions are summarized in Table 4. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it focuses on statistical analyses of cumulative distribution functions related to solar events and does not mention extreme environments or their implications for extraterrestrial life.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Renewable energy sources can reduce reliance on fossil fuels. [SEP] Text: Akadémiai Kiadó. (Letöltve: 2024. 11. 04. : on Investment (EROI), fosszilis energiahordozók, megújuló energiaforrások, fenntarthatóság Jegyzet elhelyezéséhez, kérjük, lépj be. ! HivatkozásokVálaszd ki a számodra megfelelő hivatkozásformátumot:Harvard (2024): Magyar Tudomány 2024/04. : Akadémiai Kiadó. Letöltve: (2024. 11. 04. )Chicago. 2024. Magyar Tudomány 2024/04. : Akadémiai Kiadó. (Letöltve: 2024. 11. 04. (2024). Magyar Tudomány 2024/04. Akadémiai Kiadó. (Letöltve: 2024. 11. 04. : on Investment (EROI), fossil fuels, renewable energy sources, sustainability Jegyzet elhelyezéséhez, kérjük, lépj be. ! HivatkozásokVálaszd ki a számodra megfelelő hivatkozásformátumot:Harvard (2024): Magyar Tudomány 2024/04. : Akadémiai Kiadó. Letöltve: (2024. 11. 04. )Chicago. 2024. Magyar Tudomány 2024/04. : Akadémiai Kiadó. (Letöltve: 2024. 11. 04. (2024). Magyar Tudomány 2024/04. Akadémiai Kiadó. (Letöltve: 2024. 11. 04. : 10. 1556/2065. 185. 2024. 4. 8 Jegyzet elhelyezéséhez, kérjük, lépj be. ! [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is largely composed of citation guidelines and references related to the publication without addressing the claim directly. It does mention 'fossil fuels' and 'renewable energy sources'; however, it does not provide any meaningful information that could corroborate or contrast the claim. Thus, the text is irrelevant to the claim about renewable energy reducing reliance on fossil fuels.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Food waste can be completely eliminated in all households. [SEP] Text: However, further studies will investigate food waste behaviors and social attitude/responsibility at a large scale in an attempt to complete food waste measurement with more detailed and reliable data. In addition, the authors believe it is essential to investigate further the role of smart food delivery and time management toward food waste reduction. Lastly, because the Covid-19 pandemic is one of the worst economic, social and environmental crises after the War, it could represent the real watershed that people were expecting, highlighting the importance of a robust and resilient food system that functions in all circumstances and that aligns people’s health, ecosystems, supply chains, consumption patterns and environmental boundaries (2020; Roversi et al. 2020). By taking advantage of such a disaster, awareness on previous unsustainable behavior could increase, thus enhancing awareness about the food waste issue, both at the industrial and household levels. Sustainability starts with the individuals, not only at the farm or processing levels but also at the domestic consumption stage. Data availability Not applicable. 2019. Tirana: Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe. Amicarelli, V. , Bux, C. , & Lagioia, G. (2020). How to measure food loss and waste? A material flow analysis application. Journal, Vol. ahead-of-print No. ahead-of-print,. Aschemann-Witzel, J. , de Hooge, I. , Amani, P. , Bech-Larsen, T. , & Oostindjer, M. (2015). Consumer-related food waste: causes and potential for action. Sustainability, 7(6), 6457–6477. 827. CAS PubMed 773. PubMed 142. 1032. 8994. 488. PubMed Pub2020. Corrado, S. , Caldeira, C. , Eriksson, M. , Hanssen, O. J. , Hauser, H. -W. , van Holsteijn, F. , Liu, G. , Ostergren, K. , Parry, K. , Parry, A. , Secondi, L. , Stenmarck, A. , & Sala, S. (2019). Food waste accounting methodologies: challenges, opportunities, and further advancements. Security, 20, 93–100. PubMed Pub1515. 321. CAS PubMed 270. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the complexity of food waste behaviors and the need for further studies to understand them. It emphasizes that sustainability efforts begin at the domestic consumption stage and acknowledges that complete elimination of food waste is a challenging issue, thereby suggesting that such a goal may not be entirely achievable. The mention of ongoing research and the role of individual responsibility indicates that while food waste reduction is important, complete elimination in all households is likely unrealistic.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Extreme environments on Earth provide insights into the potential for life on other planets. [SEP] Text: Table 4 Estimated amplitudes of 100-year and 1000-year eventsFull size tableThe possible origins of the statistical distributions are briefly discussed as follows. The power-law fitting can be meaningful for rare events or large-amplitude events, and there are possible reasons to cause the excess from log-normal distribution at the tail. For SCs, the main cause of the excess from log-normal distribution are spikes (Araki 1997, 2014), which can be interpreted as the amplification of the preliminary impulse phase due to the velocity-jump effect over the density-jump effect, based on the parameter survey of a global magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) simulation (Kubota et al. 2015). Although it has been well known that the amplitudes of SC are proportional to the change of dynamic pressure, density-jump effect dominates the change of dynamic pressure for weak SCs, while velocity-jump effect dominates for large SCs. The rapidly changing large-amplitude spike appears when the shock downstream speed becomes high (Kubota et al. 2015). In addition, we must admit that there are a few more missing extreme events from the statistics. For example, an extreme SC event on 24 March 1940 is not included in the KAK list, because it was the second SC event (Araki 2014). This particular example reminds us of the complex interaction among multiple CMEs and ambient solar wind to enhance the geo-effectivity (e. g. , Kataoka et al. 2015; Shiota and Kataoka 2016), which may also additionally contribute to the further excess from the standard log-normal distribution. For magnetic storms, unusual spikes may also cause the excess, although the physics and time-scale are totally different from SCs of course. There is an example that a huge spike of > 1600 nT appeared in the Carrington storm, in which additional ionospheric current or field-aligned current may locally contribute (Akasofu and Kamide 2005). Even if the spikes are not originated from the ring current, it does matter to prepare against the possible hazards. Those spikes may also contribute to make an excess from the log-normal extrapolation at the tail. It was clearly demonstrated that substorms of the Earth’s magnetosphere essentially follow the log-normal distribution (Fig. 5). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses statistical distributions related to solar events and magnetic storms, and does not mention extreme environments on Earth or their implications for potential life on other planets.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Renewable energy sources can reduce reliance on fossil fuels. [SEP] Text: , 2022). Az energiaszektor átalakítása során az egyik fontos mutatószám az EROI, azaz az energiabefektetés-energiahozam arány, amely lehetővé teszi a különböző energiaforrások és technológiák összehasonlítását, és segíti a döntéshozókat abban, hogy optimális energiastratégiákat alakítsanak ki a jövőbeli energiabiztonság és fenntarthatóság biztosítása érdekében. Az EROI egy dimenzió nélküli mutató. Értéke azt mutatja, hogy az adott energiaforrás vagy technológia mennyi többletenergiát hoz létre a befektetett energiához képest. Amikor ez az érték 1 feletti, az azt jelenti, hogy az energiatermelés hatékonyabb és eredményesebb, mivel több hasznosítható energia jön létre az adott befektetett energiához képest. Amennyiben viszont az értéke kisebb mint 1, akkor az energiaforrás vagy technológia nem hatékony, mert kevesebb hasznosítható energia keletkezik, mint amennyit annak előállításához felhasználtak (Hall et al. , 2014; Court–Fizaine, 2017; Brockway et al. , 2019; de Castro–Capellán-Perez, 2020; Diesendorf–Wiedmann, 2020). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text discusses the Energy Return on Investment (EROI) in relation to energy sources and their efficiency but does not directly address the claim about renewable energy sources reducing reliance on fossil fuels. It focuses on energy yield in comparison to the energy invested, which is somewhat relevant but does not specifically corroborate or contrast with the claim.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Throwing away food has no impact on the environment. [SEP] Text: those are words 42. The bluebell is the sweetest flower 43. The night was Dark yet winter breathed 44. What winter floods what showers of Spring 45. From our evening fireside now 46. Song ("left the south country") 47. Lines ("The soft unclouded blue of air") 48. To the bluebell— 49. I am the only being whose doom 50. are opening 51. Lines by Claudia ("I did not sleep 'twas noon of day") 52. I know not how it falls on me 53. Written on returning to the P. of I. on the 10th of January 1827— 54. Month after month year after year 55. A Farewell to Alexandria— 56. And now the housedog streched once more 57. Come hither child—who gifted thee 58. Shed no tears o'er that tomb 59. Mild the mist upon the hill 60. How long will you remain the midnight hour 61. "The starry night shall tidings bring" 62. Fair sinks the summer evening now 63. Alcona in its changing mood 64. The organ swells the trumpets sound 65. Song ("O between distress and pleasure") 66. The wind I hear it sighing 67. There was a time when my cheek burned 68. Stanzas to — ("Well, some may hate and some may scorn") 69. The wind was rough which tore 70. That wind I used to hear it swelling 71. Heavens glory shone where he was laid 72. Written in the Gaaldine prison caves To A. G. A. 73. Far, far away is mirth withdrawn 74. It is too late to call thee now 75. Stanzas ("I'll not weep that thou art going to leave me") 76. At such a time, in such a spot 77. If greif for greif can touch thee 78. Tis moon light summer moonlight 79. The night wind 80. Companions all day long we've stood 81. A. G. A. of 82. And like myself lone wholey lone 83. Stoic 84. no more inspire thee 85. Aye there it is! It wakes to night 86. I see around me tombstones grey 87. Geraldine 88. Rosina 89. I do not weep, I would not weep 90. In the same place, when Nature wore 91. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text provided does not address the claim about food waste and its environmental impacts. It contains poetic lines and musings unrelated to the topic of food waste or environmental issues, and therefore does not provide any supporting or contrasting information.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Extreme environments on Earth provide insights into the potential for life on other planets. [SEP] Text: On the other end of the solar–terrestrial system, solar flares and CMEs may resemble the plasma explosions against substorms. Here, we discuss whether there are similarities among their statistical distributions. It is interesting to note here that the majority of solar flares ranging from C-class to X10-class follows a power-law distribution rather than a log-normal distribution, although C1 class and the tail beyond X10 flares show the deviations (Fig. 6). The fewer samples of C1 class flares may be the missing counts when the background level is comparable to C1 flares during highly active conditions. Note also that we have only a few samples for > X10 flares in the last 40 years. The power-law distribution over a wide range may be interpreted, considering a difference between the Earth’s magnetosphere and sunspots’ magnetosphere, i. e. , the active region. Active regions have a large variation of the spatial scales ranging multi orders of magnitude, and the fractal reconnection patterns naturally arise in the scale-free MHD system, in contrast to the only-one magnetospheric system of the Earth. In other words, if significant limitations in the scale-free system exist, log-normal distribution may clearly appear. Figures 7, 8 show that CMEs and SEP events essentially follow the log-normal distributions. These distributions are different from that of solar flares, which can be originated from the fact that only selective active regions can launch CMEs against the strong solar gravitation, and only selective CMEs can launch SEPs. For SEP events, however, an additional factor of a complex interplanetary propagation of energetic p9226. Space 66:164. J 102(A7):4075–40865927. J 105(A2):2357–2364. SWMF global magnetosphere simulations of January 2005: geomagnetic indices and cross-polar cap potential. 15:1567–1587. Lett 42:5155–5161. 17:1281–1292. Res 38:173–179. J 108(A7):1268. International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the licence, and indicate if changes were made. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim. It discusses solar flares and their statistical distributions without mentioning extreme environments on Earth or their implications for extraterrestrial life. There is no connection between the topics of solar phenomena and the potential for life beyond Earth.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Renewable energy sources can reduce reliance on fossil fuels. [SEP] Text: Az energiabefektetés-energiahozam arányának értékei de Castro és Capellán-Pérez munkája alapján (2020), a fosszilis energiahordozók, a megújuló energiaforrások és a velük kapcsolatos technológiák esetében, az EROIst-értékek alapjánMegnevezésEROIst Forrás Szén, kőolaj, földgáz (a kitermelés helyszínén) 30,0 Brockway et al. , 2019;de Castro–Capellán-Perez, 2020 Nagyobb teljesítményű vízerőmű28,4de Castro–Capellán-Pérez, 2020 Szélerőmű (szárazföldi, „onshore”)13,2 Szélerőmű (tengerre telepített, „offshore”) 8,7 Napelem (világ) 7,8 CSP 2,6 Napelem Ciprus12,5 Ausztrália 11,4 India10,2 Kína 9,1 Spanyolország 8,7 Olaszország 7,7 Amerikai Egyesült Államok 8,0 Japán 7,5 Franciaország 6,5 Németország 5,1 Egyesült Királyság 4,4 Finnország2,8 Jegyzet elhelyezéséhez, kérjük, lépj be. ! HivatkozásokVálaszd ki a számodra megfelelő hivatkozásformátumot:Harvard (2024): Magyar Tudomány 2024/04. : Akadémiai Kiadó. Letöltve: (2024. 11. 04. )Chicago. 2024. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text provides data on the energy return on investment (EROI) values for various energy sources, comparing fossil fuels and renewable energy sources. This implicitly supports the claim that renewable energy sources can reduce reliance on fossil fuels by highlighting the efficiency and viability of renewable energy technologies as alternatives to fossil fuels.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Composting food waste has no environmental impact. [SEP] Text: an official journal of: published by: an official journal of: published by: Editor in Chief: 1 10. 31025/2611-4135/2023. 17276 PDF Released under CC BY-NC-ND Copyright: © 2022 and food waste have been part of solid organic waste causing great environmental pollution. Composting is a popular utilization method of converting waste like sawdust and food waste to sanitized and stabilized soil amendment. Unfortunately, many composting systems failed due to a dearth of information as a result of little or no scientific research focused on the effects of the physical properties of composting materials on the composting process. To fill this knowledge gap, three composting experiments of food wastes mixed with sawdust at ratio 20:80, 30:70, and 40:60 and compacted to different initial bulk densities of 15, 20, and 25 kg/m3 respectively was carried out to explore the effect of physical properties on composting of sawdust with food wastes. Physicochemical parameters monitored include bulk density; porosity; p65. 3 oC) was recorded by trial 3 while trial 1 recorded the lowest temperature (49. 3 0C). Among trials 1, 2, and 3, the maximum pH (9. 2) and EC (5. 1 mS/cm) were observed in compost trial 3. Additionally, the lowest pH (5. 3) and EC (1. 4 mS/cm) was observed in trial 1. Trial 3 had the highest percentage finest and lowest fibrosity content. A significant increase in bulk density, porosity, and p2. waste Physical properties Bulk density Received: 21 Aug 2022 Revised: 21 Apr 2023 Accepted: 22 May 2023 Available online: 15 Jun 2023 2019. Standardizing the Quality of Stability and Maturity Indices: of Sawdust and as Stocks. of Plant Sciences, 10, 2134 -2150 Adedayo, V. , Adeaga, O. , Akomolafe, D. , 2002. Volume and of Waste: A Strategy for Insecurity in Lagos State, Nigeria. jor of Agric and food Sci. 8 (6) 208 - 216 2014. “Combustion properties of some tropical wood species and their pyrolytic products characterization”. Energy and Power. 4(3):54-57. , Feng, Y. A. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing how food waste contributes to environmental pollution and highlights composting as a method of reducing waste impact. It details the significance of composting food waste, especially when mixed with sawdust, to transform it into a soil amendment, implying that composting plays a crucial role in mitigating environmental issues related to waste.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Extreme environments on Earth provide insights into the potential for life on other planets. [SEP] Text: The images or other third party material in this 4. 0/. Reprints and permissionsAbout this 10. 1186/s40623-020-01261-8Download citationReceived: 10 July 2020Accepted: 25 August 2020Published: 03 September 2020DOI: this 3. Space science Collection Solar-Prediction: Toward the Synergy of Science and of Language editing for authors Scientific editing for authors Leave feedback Terms and conditions Privacy statement page Springerpage By using this website, you agree to our Terms and Conditions, Your US state privacy rights, Privacy statement and Cookies policy. Your privacy choices/Manage cookies we use in the preference centre. © 2024 BioLtd unless otherwise stated. Part of Springer Nature. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it does not address or relate to extreme environments on Earth or their implications for life on other planets. Instead, it seems to contain information about publication and privacy policies without discussing the scientific topic at hand.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Renewable energy sources can reduce reliance on fossil fuels. [SEP] Text: Ennek okai részben a megújuló energia technológiai fejlettségi szintjében, a környezeti tényezőkben (például: besugárzás, szélviszonyok), az alapanyagok előállításában és újrahasznosításában, valamint a beruházási költségekben keresendők. Azonban fontos kiemelni, hogy az alacsonyabb számok az időjárásfüggő megújuló energiaforrások esetében nem feltétlenül jelentenek kisebb mértékű értékteremtést, mivel ezek a technológiák a fenntartható energiaellátáshoz és a környezeti hatások csökkentéséhez járulnak hozzá (pozitív externáliák). A három mutató összesített értékeit a 4. táblázat foglalja össze. Jegyzet elhelyezéséhez, kérjük, lépj be. ! HivatkozásokVálaszd ki a számodra megfelelő hivatkozásformátumot:Harvard (2024): Magyar Tudomány 2024/04. : Akadémiai Kiadó. Letöltve: (2024. 11. 04. )Chicago. 2024. Magyar Tudomány 2024/04. : Akadémiai Kiadó. (Letöltve: 2024. 11. 04. (2024). Magyar Tudomány 2024/04. Akadémiai Kiadó. (Letöltve: 2024. 11. 04. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing how renewable energy technologies contribute to sustainable energy supply and reduce environmental impacts, suggesting that they play a role in decreasing reliance on fossil fuels. The mention of positive externalities indicates that such technologies provide additional benefits that align with the claim.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Composting food waste has no environmental impact. [SEP] Text: , 2003 Modifed air pycnometer for compost air volume and density determination. Can. Biosyst. Eng. 45, 6–27 2008. Laboratory determination of compost physical parameters for modeling of airflow characteristics. Waste Manage. 28, 660–670 Al-Rumaihi, A. ; McKay, G. ; Mackey, H. R. ; Al-Ansari, T. , 2020. Environmental impact assessment of food waste management using two composting techniques. Sustainability, 12, 1595 Arias, O. , Vina, S. , Soto, M. , 2021. Co-composting of forest and indusmixture wastes watered with pig manure. Environ. Technol. 42 (5), 705–716. DOI 10. 1080/09593330. 2019. 1643411 Assandri, D. , Pampuro, N. , Zara, G. , Bianco, A. , Cavallo, E. , Budroni, M. , 2021. Co-Composting of Brewers’ with : Influence of Strategies on Compost Quality. Agronomy, 11, 1349. DOI 10. 3390/agronomy1107134. , Bundela, P. S. , Wong, J. W. C. , Selvam, A. , 2014. Evaluation of thermophilic fungal consortium for organic municipal solid waste composting. Bioresour. Technol. 168, 214-221 Bao, Y. , Chen, J. , Yan, L. , Guan, L. , 2016. Fundamental conditions of composting. Chin J. 37(1):164–169. DOI 10. 19336/j. cnki. trtb. 2006. 01. 037 Barrena, R. , Turet, J. , Busquets, A. , Farrés, M. , Font, X. , Sánchez, A. , 2011. Respirometric screening of several types of manure and mixtures intended for composting. Bioresour. Technol. 102, 1367–77 Bello, H. , Akeem A. J. , 2021. Valorization of sawdust by co-composting with food waste using a small-scale composter. . [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text presents multiple studies and research articles that address the environmental impact of composting food waste. For instance, it cites research on 'Environmental impact assessment of food waste management using two composting techniques,' indicating that composting has measurable environmental implications. This contradicts the claim that composting food waste has no environmental impact by providing evidence that composting techniques are evaluated for their environmental effects.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: The discovery of exoplanets has expanded the search for extraterrestrial life. [SEP] Text: download2021, Year of Discovery of Extraterrestrial Life, on Mars? Tong B. Tang2021, Academia LettersSee full papersHow life began on Earth: a status reportDaniel PerezdownloadDownload free _rightSpecialization of early replicators in the metabolic replicator model systemTamás L Czárán2009downloadDownload free _rightWater: From the of Nucleosides to the of OligonucleotidesDiego PesceIn trying to reconstruct the origin of informational polymers we have followed the path of simplicity. All the relevant steps can occur abiotically and non-fastidiously. Nucleosides can be phosphorylated in water from simple phosphate donors. 2′AMP, 3′AMP, 5′AMP, 2′,3′- cAMP and 3′,5′-cAMP are formed. 2′,3′-cAMP and 3′,5′-cAMP can form oligomers in water, at moderate temperature and without the help of catalysts or of additional activation. 2′AMP, 3′AMP and 5′AMP do not. Adenine-based oligomers undergo spontaneous terminal ligation in water, affording dimers and tetramers. The only limiting constraint is pH. The possibility that this reaction is the starting mechanism from which replication of genetic polymers evolved will be discussed. downloadDownload free _rightFrom cosmos to intelligent life: the four ages of astrobiologylucian gleiserof Astrobiology, 2012downloadDownload free _rightThe evolution of organic matter in spaceNils Holmof the A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences, 2011downloadDownload free _rightCatalogue of éphane DumasThis document contains a list of publications related to SETI. It includes papers, books, reports and list of conferences. downloadDownload free _rightLamarck and Panspermia -On the of Throughout the CosmosSteeleProgress in Biophysics and Molecular Biology, 2019We review the main lines of evidence (molecular, cellular and whole organism) published since the 1970s demonstrating in animals, plants and microorganisms viz. the trans-generational inheritance of environmentally-induced acquired characteristics. The studies in animals demonstrate the genetic permeability of the soma-germline Weismann Barrier. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim directly. It includes discussions on various topics related to the origin of life, nucleosides, and the evolution of organic matter, but there is no mention of exoplanets or their role in the search for extraterrestrial life. Therefore, it is irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Renewable energy sources can reduce reliance on fossil fuels. [SEP] Text: Ha az anyagokat hatékonyan vissza lehet nyerni és újra fel lehet használni, az csökkentheti az új anyagok előállításához szükséges energiaigényt. Ez a pozitív hatás pedig tovább javíthatja az EROI-értékeket. Emellett a használt napelemek iránt megnövekedett érdeklődés és kereslet tapasztalható Európában és világszerte egyaránt (URL1). Ennek eredményeként a hasznos műszaki élettartamuk meghaladhatja a hagyományosan becsült huszonöt évet. Ez a körülmény fontos szempont az EROI-értékek javulásának vonatkozásában. Technológiai fejlődés: Az EROI-értékek idővel változhatnak a technológiai fejlődés következtében is. Az innovációk, hatékonyságnövekedés és új anyagok fejlesztése is képes javítani a PV-rendszerek hatékonyságát és élettartamát, ami pozitív hatást gyakorol az EROI-értékekre. Energiahatékonyság javítása: Az EROI-értékek azáltal is javíthatók, ha a PV-rendszerek energiahatékonysága tovább fejlődik. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing how effective recovery and reuse of materials can reduce the energy demand for producing new materials, suggesting a positive effect on energy systems, likely leading to less reliance on fossil fuels. Additionally, it highlights the increased interest and demand for used solar panels, which aligns with the idea of utilizing renewable energy sources more effectively.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Composting food waste has no environmental impact. [SEP] Text: 91, 1150–1167 Chang, R. , Li, Y. , Li, J. , Chen, Q. , Zhao, H. , Qi, Z. , 2019. Influences of the thermophilic period on biodegradation and nitrogen loss in stimulated vegetable waste composting. Glob. Ecol. Conserv. 18, e00623 Chen, H. , Awasthi, M. K. , Liu, T. , Zhao, J. , Xiuna, R. , Wang, M. , Duan, Y. , Awasthi, S. K, Zhang, Z. , 2018. Infuence of clay as additive on greenhouse gases emission and maturity evaluation during chicken manure composting. 266:82–88 Chen, M. , Xu, P. , Zeng, G. , 2015. Bioremediation of soils contaminated with polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, petroleum, pesticides, chlorophenols and heavy metals by composting: applications, microbes and future research needs. Biotechnol Adv. 33 (6):745–755 Elcik, H. , Zoungrana, A. , Bekaraki, N. , 2016. Laboratory-scale investigation of aerobic compost stability of municipal solid waste in Istanbul. Sci 34(2): 211–220 Ekinci, K. , Tosun, İ. , Bıtrak, B. , Kumbul, B. S. , Şevik, F. , Sülük, K. , 2019. Effects of initial C/N ratio on organic matter degradation of composting of rose oil processing solid wastes. Technol 16: 5131–5140. DOI 10. 1007/s13762-018-1947-9 FAO, 2020. of and Nutrition in the World. : Assessed on 10 oct. , 2021 Fernández, J. M. , López-de-Sá, E. G. , Polo, A. , Plaza, C. , 2014. Short term stabilization of organic matter in physically, chemically, and biochemically protected pools in soils amended with municipal wastes, Clean-Water, 42, 487–493. DOI 10. 1002/clen. 20130 0127 Getahun, T. , Nigusie, A. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by providing evidence of various studies that investigate environmental factors related to composting. For example, it discusses the influences of composting on biodegradation, nitrogen loss, greenhouse gas emissions, and the bioremediation of contaminated soils, all of which suggest that composting has significant environmental effects, thus rebutting the claim that it has no environmental impact.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: The discovery of exoplanets has expanded the search for extraterrestrial life. [SEP] Text: The widespread nature of environmentally-directed inheritance phenomena reviewed here contradicts a key pillar of neo-Darwinism which affirms the rigidity of the Weismann Barrier. These developments suggest that neo-Darwinian evolutionary theory is in need of significant revision. We argue that Lamarckian inheritance strategies involving environmentally-induced rapid directional genetic adaptations make biological sense in the context of cosmic Panspermia allowing the efficient spread of living systems and genetic innovation throughout the Universe. The Hoyle-paradigm also developed since the 1970s, unlike strictly geocentric neo-Darwinism provides a cogent biological rationale for the actual widespread existence of Lamarckian modes of inheritance-it provides its raison d'^ etre. Under a terrestrially confined neo-Darwinian viewpoint such an association may have been thought spurious in the past. Our aim is to outline the conceptual links between rapid Lamarckian-based evolutionary hypermutation processes dependent on reverse transcription-coupled mechanisms among others and the effective cosmic spread of living systems. For example, a viable, or cryo-preserved, living system travelling through space in a protective matrix will need of necessity to rapidly adapt and proliferate on landing in a new cosmic niche. Lamarckian mechanisms thus come to the fore and supersede the slow (blind and random) genetic processes expected under a traditional neo-Darwinian evolutionary paradigm. downloadDownload free _rightAge aspects of habitabilityMargarita Safonovaof Astrobiology, 2015A ‘habitable zone’ of a star is defined as a range of orbits within which a rocky planet can support liquid water on its surface. The most intriguing question driving the search for habitable planets is whether they host life. But is the age of the planet important for its habitability? If we define habitability as the ability of a planet to beget life, then probably it is not. After all, life on Earth has developed within only ~800 Myr after its formation – the carbon isotope change detected in the oldest rocks indicates the existence of already active life at least 3. 8 Gyr ago. If, however, we define habitability as our ability to detect life on the surface of exoplanets, then age becomes a crucial parameter. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not directly address the claim regarding exoplanets and the search for extraterrestrial life. Instead, it discusses neo-Darwinian and Lamarckian evolutionary theories and provides insights on habitability concerning the age of planets. While it touches on the concept of habitability, it does not explicitly connect to how the discovery of exoplanets has expanded the search for life beyond Earth.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Coral reefs are affected by ocean acidification and warming. [SEP] Text: For the latter group, the outer reefs usually face the deep ocean and drop steeply, so adjacent ocean water is continually in contact with them and imports the dynamics of upper ocean thermal structure evidenced by internal waves and upwelling measurable on the outer slope. Current ocean warming concerns for coral reefs largely focus on bleaching, the condition where the symbiotic zooxanthellae algae found inside the cells of coral polyps are expelled, leaving the tissue largely colorless and the white coral skeleton visible. Thermal stress is usually the cause of bleaching, and without their symbionts, the colonies die within a few days to weeks. If thermal stress is relieved by water temperatures decreasing below a threshold level, the corals can reacquire their zooxanthellae and recover. Other factors are of concern to long-term reef health, such as ocean acidification, land-based pollution, and overfishing, but they pale in comparison to the immediate specter of bleaching. Bleaching events spanning the global tropics began in 1997–1998, and were observed more recently in 2010 and again in 2014–2016; as they apparently are becoming more frequent, reefs have less time to recover between them (Hughes et al. , 2018). “Combined with other types of information…the detailed breakdown of temperature is important when evaluating the actual thermal environments where reefs exist, and provides a needed counterbalance to and accuracy check on [satellite sea surface temperature] observations. ” The data used to examine global level ocean temperature dynamics come from remote measurements made via satellite radiometers (infrared and microwave) and in situ instruments on drifting buoys, Argo floats, transiting ships, and other platforms (Hausfather et al. , 2017). The presence of isolated reefs and islands in areas presently without monitoring instruments or undersampled by Lagrangian systems such as Argo suggest the potential for using these locations as “ocean stations” by instrumenting them to examine ocean temperature, warming on reefs in particular. The central-western Pacific has many islands/reefs suitable for this purpose, and some efforts are already underway at (the ), Moorea (French Polynesia’s Station), Pohnpei (in the of Micronesia; Sonia Rowley, University of Hawaii, pers. comm. , 2018), and Palau (reported here). More locations are needed. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the impacts of ocean warming on coral reefs, particularly highlighting the phenomenon of bleaching caused by thermal stress. It mentions that thermal stress leads to the expulsion of symbiotic zooxanthellae algae from coral, which is a direct consequence of warming waters. Additionally, the text acknowledges ocean acidification as a significant concern for long-term reef health, thus reinforcing the claim that coral reefs are affected by these environmental changes.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Composting food waste has no environmental impact. [SEP] Text: , Entele, T. , Van Gerven, T. , Bruggen, B. , 2012. Effect of turning frequencies on composting biodegradable municipal solid waste quality. Resour. Conserv. Recycl. , 65, 79–84 Ghosh, Ray. , S. , Ghangrekar, M. M. , 2019. Comprehensive review on treatment of high-strength distillery wastewater in advanced physico-chemical and biological degradation pathways. Int. J. Environ. Sci. Technol. , 16, 527–546 GómezBrandón, M. , Lazcano, C. , Domínguez, J. , 2008. The evaluation of stability and maturity during the composting of cattle manure. Chemosphere 70(3):436–444. DOI 10. 1016/j. chemosphere. 2007. 06. 065 He, Z. , Qiang, L, Xiaoyi, Z. , Kai, T. , Xiangshi, K. , Xingjun, T. , 2020. Impacts of peat on nitrogen conservation and fungal community composition dynamics during food waste composting. Chem 63:72. DOI 10. 1186/s13765-020-00552-8 Hemidat, S. , Jaar, M. , Nassour, A. , Nelles, M. , 2018. Monitoring of Parameters: A in Jordan. Waste and BiomassValorization. DOI 10. 1007/s12649018-0197-x 2020 Co-composting of chicken manure with oranic waste: characterization of gases emissions and compost quality. Chem (2020) 63:3. DOI 10. 1186/s13765-019-0483-8 Iqbal, M. K. , Shafiq, T. , Ahmed, K. , 2010. Characterization of bulking agents and its effects on physical properties of compost. Bioresour. Technol. 101 (6), 1913–1919 JaeHan L, Deogratius L. , ChangHoon L. , SeongJin P. , TaekKeun, O. , 2020. Efficiencies of unconventional bulking agents in composting food waste in Korea. Chem (2020) 63:68. DOI 10. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by referencing various studies that assess the impact of composting processes and conditions, such as 'Effect of turning frequencies on composting biodegradable municipal solid waste quality' and the monitoring of gas emissions during composting. These discussions imply that composting has distinct outcomes and influences on environmental quality, directly opposing the claim that it has no environmental impact.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: The discovery of exoplanets has expanded the search for extraterrestrial life. [SEP] Text: Only after life had evolved sufficiently complex to change its environment on a planetary scale, can we detect it remotely through its imprint on the atmosphere – the so-called biosignatures, out of which the photosynthetic oxygen is the most prominent indicator of developed. . . downloadDownload free _rightDirected Panspermia. 3. Strategies and Motivation for Seeding Star-Forming CloudsMichael MautnerMicrobial swarms aimed at star-forming regions of interstellar clouds can seed stellar associations of 10 - 100 young planetary systems. Swarms of millimeter size, milligram packets can be launched by 35 cm solar sails at 5E-4 c, to penetrate interstellar clouds. Selective capture in high-density planetary accretion zones of densities > 1E-17 kg m-3 is achieved by viscous drag. Strategies are evaluated to seed dense cloud cores, or individual protostellar condensations, accretion disks or young planets therein. Targeting the Ophiuchus cloud is described as a model system. The biological content, dispersed in 30 μm, 1E-10 kg capsules of 1E6 freeze-dried microorganisms each, may be captured by new planets or delivered to planets after incorporation first into carbonaceous asteroids and comets. These objects, as modeled by meteorite materials, contain biologically available organic and mineral nutrients that are shown to sustain microbial growth. The program may be driven by panbiotic ethics, predicated on: 1. The unique position of complex organic life amongst the structures of Nature; 2. Self-propagation as the basic propensity of the living pattern; 3. The biophysical unity humans with of the organic, DNA/protein family of life; and 4. Consequently, the primary human purpose to safeguard and propagate our organic life form. To promote this purpose, panspermia missions with diverse biological payloads will maximize survival at the targets and induce evolutionary pressures. In particular, eukaryotes and simple multicellular organisms in the payload will accelerate higher evolution. Based on the geometries and masses of star-forming regions, the 1E24 kg carbon resources of one solar system, applied during its 5E9 yr lifespan, can seed all newly forming planetary systems in the galaxy. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text primarily discusses panspermia and the mechanisms by which microbial life could be distributed across planetary systems. While it touches upon concepts related to the emergence of life and cosmic processes, it does not directly affirm or refute the claim about exoplanets specifically expanding the search for extraterrestrial life. Therefore, it is irrelevant to the core assertion of the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Coral reefs are affected by ocean acidification and warming. [SEP] Text: The island nation of Palau, the westernmost island in the Caroline chain, lies within the western Pacific warm pool (Figure 1a). This 1. (a) Location and general bathymetry of Palau. (b) Satellite image of Palau showing locations of the outer reef thermograph network throughout the main reef tract. Ver-tical arrays of instruments (2–90 m depth) are shown by red squares, 57 m stations by yellow squares, and other outer reef 10–15 m stations by green squares. SDO = Off. ULR = Ulong Rock. WC = West Channel. (c) Multibeam sonar image (no vertical exaggeration) of the SDO slope showing near vertical profiles with locations of thermographs at 15, 57, and 90 m depths indicated. > High res figure Attempts to examine coral-reef warming on a worldwide scale have relied almost solely on satellite data (Heron et al. , 2016; Hughes et al. , 2018), which provide a global perspective of conditions relative to coral bleaching at intervals of a few days. These remote measurements of the infrared or microwave spectrum radiating from the ocean’s “skin” provide satellite sea surface temperatures (SSST). However, they do not provide information regarding thermal conditions below the surface layer, and reefs and their corals can occur to depths of 100 m or more (Baker et al. , 2016). Below the ocean/atmosphere interface, the effects of day/night and solar/atmospheric cooling and heating diminish, varying by location and weather, and the temperature where there is no diurnal change can only be measured with in situ instruments. In Palau, temperatures at depths of 10–15 m on outer reefs were found to be diurnally stable (Figure 2), and therefore are considered to represent local “foundation” values. Figure 2. Validation of a “foundation” temperature depth (11 m) on the outer slope, (western barrier reef). Data at 30-minute intervals from all days of January 2008. The nominal 2 m station is subject to diurnal variation as evidenced by increases during the day, peaking in the late afternoon, and decreasing below the 11 m temperature after midnight. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the effects of warming on coral reefs, specifically mentioning 'coral-reef warming on a worldwide scale' and thus supporting the idea that such warming conditions affect coral reefs. It also highlights the need for in situ instruments to measure thermal conditions below the surface, indicating that temperature variations critical for coral health and bleaching can be influenced by warming.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Composting food waste has no environmental impact. [SEP] Text: 1186/s13765-020-00554-6 Jakubus, M. , 2020. A of from on Biological and Chemical Parameters. Agronomy 10, 869. DOI 10. 3390/agronomy10060869 Kebibeche, H. , Khelil, O. , Kacem, M. , Harche, M. K. , 2019. Addition of wood sawdust during the co-composting of sewage sludge and wheat straw influences seeds germination. Safe 168: 423–430. DOI 10. 1016/j. ecoenv. 2018. 10. 075 Kelleher, M. , 2007. Anaerobic digestion outlook for MSW streams. BioCycle 48 (8), 51e55 Kumar, M. , Ou Y. L. , Lin J. G. , 2010. Co-composting of green waste and food waste at low C/N ratio. Waste Manag. 30:602–609 Liang, C. , Das, K. C. , McClendon, R. W. , 2003. The influence of temperature and moisture contents regimes on the aerobic microbial activity of a biosolids composting blend. Bioresour. Technol. , 86, 131–137 2016. Sustainability of using composting and vermicomposting technologies for organic solid waste biotransformation: Recent overview, greenhouse gases emissions and economic analysis. J. Clean. Prod. , 111, 262–278 Looper, M. , 2002. Whole animal composting of dairy cattle. Communications;108:1-4. , 2019 Changes in nutrients and bioavailability of potentially toxic metals in mine waste contaminated soils amended with fly ash enriched vermicompost. Soil Pollution. 230:306. DOI 10. 1007/s11270-019-4343-2 Lu, Y. , Cui, X. , Long, S. , Fan, H. , Peng, F. , 2016. Effect of organic materials with different proportions on composting process. Modernization 37(3):587–593. DOI 10. 13872/j. 1000-0275. 2016. 0002 Madejón, E. , Marco P. , Paula, M. , Alfredo, P. d. M. , 2021. Composting as Option for on Recreational Beaches. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text discusses various studies and aspects related to composting, which inherently implies an environmental impact. For example, it includes references to the effects of composting on microbial activity, nutrient changes, and potential greenhouse gas emissions. This suggests that composting, indeed, influences environmental factors, thereby contradicting the claim that it has no environmental impact.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: The discovery of exoplanets has expanded the search for extraterrestrial life. [SEP] Text: David WarmflashScientific American, 2005downloadDownload free _rightfor a Gaian Bottleneck: of for a Gaian Bottleneck: of Habitability 2016downloadDownload free _rightPrimer v2. 0 Co-2. 0Jennifer GlassdownloadDownload free _rightAstrophysical and astrochemical insights into the origin of lifeJohn BrucatoReports on Progress in Physics, 2002downloadDownload free _rightA History of Origin of from Darwin to in and Astrobiology, 2012downloadDownload free _rightSteele et al 2019 Biology in 2019SteeleProgress in Biophysics and Molecular Biology, 2019downloadDownload free _rightLifeParedesdownloadDownload free _right:. D. Siege: from Matter vs. from Life - 2011downloadDownload free _rightBiosignatures valuable for astrobiology: the case of reticulated filamentsC PereiradownloadDownload free _rightand the Origin of Life: Is there a Correlation? Timothy GordondownloadDownload free _right<title>Bacterial morphologies in carbonaceous meteorites and comet dust</title>Chandra WickramasingheInstruments, Methods, and Missions for Astrobiology XIII, 2010downloadDownload free _rightAstrobiology of cometsMax wallis2004downloadDownload free _rightBacterial morphologies in carbonaceous meteorites and comet dustMax wallis2010downloadDownload free _rightAstrobiology in Brazil: early history and perspectivesfree _rightThe astrobiological case for renewed robotic and human exploration of the Moonian crawfordof Astrobiology, 2006downloadDownload free _rightAnalyzing a comet nucleus by 2002downloadDownload free _rightFinding a of Life on EarthCharles LineweaverAstrobiology, 2005downloadDownload free _rightIdentification of Micro-biofossils in Space DustMax wallisJournal of Cosmology, Vol. 7, 2010downloadDownload free _rightPeer Reviewed: Analyzing a by 2002downloadDownload free _rightof : Astrophysical, Geochemical, Geophysical, and on of Earth and Planetary Sciences, 2012downloadDownload free _rightas a Source of pre-free _rightSeeding the Universe with Life: free _rightand Astroecology. of Asteroid and Meteorite Interiors. Implications for and PanspermiaMichael MautnerAstrobiology, 2002downloadDownload free _rightBiological potential of extraterrestrial materials-l. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not directly address the claim regarding the discovery of exoplanets and its impact on the search for extraterrestrial life. Instead, it appears to present a compilation of references and topics related to astrobiology and the origin of life without providing any specific information about exoplanets or their role in the ongoing search for extraterrestrial life.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Coral reefs are affected by ocean acidification and warming. [SEP] Text: > High res figure When comparing remote-sensing data with those collected from in situ instruments, particularly recording thermographs placed directly on the reef for long periods, differences are often apparent for specific locations (Stobart et al. , 2008; Castillo and Lima, 2010; Safaie et al. , 2018). Data collected by in situ instruments provide a level of detail critical to understanding how different thermal regimes affect various reef habitats. These data also inform the broad applicability to bleaching considerations of remote-sensing information, which only offers average surface temperatures over kilometer scales. Within large reef tracts, temperatures are variable, and the sensitivity of individual coral species and communities are “spatially heterogeneous within reef scales (<1 km), and [are] therefore not predictable using conventional remote sensing products” (Safaie et al. , 2018). A significant challenge is to obtain more detailed thermal data so the relationships between temperature and bleaching can be more clearly understood. 1998 AND 2010 at the (CRRF) in Palau began in 1995 with collection of marine invertebrates for screening by the US Institute and documentation of the country’s biodiverse marine environments. Palau’s coral was extensively bleached during the 1998 La Niña, part of the 1997–1998 global ENSO event (Bruno et al. , 2001; Colin, 2009), which was a shock as Palau had no prior record of significant bleaching. Earlier, very cool (for Palau) water (~17°–18°C) was found in deep reef areas during the late 1997 El Niño, but only nine months later, during La Niña, the same sites had temperatures of ~30°C from the surface to 90 m depth. Bleached and dying corals were observed throughout the water column, and on outer reef slopes mortality was 90% or more (Bruno et al. , 2001). Surprisingly, at the same time, very shallow outer reef flats and many inshore reefs had much lower bleaching occurrence/mortality, with some communities appearing unaffected (pers. obs. ). The 1998 event prompted the installation of vertical arrays of calibrated thermographs (±0. 1°C accuracy) to sample at 30-minute intervals from 2 m to 90 m depth along the east- and west-facing ocean reef slopes during 1999–2000 (Figure 1b,c). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the effects of temperature variances on coral reefs, specifically mentioning that during the 1998 La Niña event, there was substantial coral bleaching and mortality linked to elevated temperatures. It highlights the 'sensitivity of individual coral species and communities' to thermal stress, thus indicating that fluctuations in temperature, a consequence of warming, have a direct impact on coral reefs.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Composting food waste has no environmental impact. [SEP] Text: Waste and DOI 10. 1007/s12649-021-01548-1 Makan, A. , Assobhei, O. , Mountadar, M. , 2014. Initial air pressure influence on invessel composting for the biodegradable fraction of municipal solid waste in Morocco. Int. J. Environ. Sci. Technol. 11, 53e58 Mashat, B. H. , 2014. Effective microorganisms (EM) technology as a pathway to improve municipal solid waste of Makkah city (Saudi Arabia) and as foul odor eliminator. In: (Germany) Manu, M. K. , Rakesh, K. , Anurag, G. , 2019. Decentralized composting of household wet biodegradable waste in plastic drums: Effect of waste turning, microbial inoculum and bulking agent on product quality. Journal of 226:233e241 Manu, M. K. , Kumar, R. , Garg, A. , 2018. Performance assessment of improved composting system for food waste with varying aeration and use of microbial inoculum. Bioresour. Technol. , 234, 167–177 Mayur, S. J. , Mohit, D. , Ajay S. K. , 2018. Composting physics: A degradation process-determining tool for indusmixture sludge. 116 : 14–20 Mayur, S. J. , Mohit D. , Ajay, S. K. , 2018. Physical parameters evaluation during production of soil conditioner from aquatic waste: Hydrilla verticillata (L. f. ) Royle. / & Innovation 11: 64–73 Moh, Y. C. , Manaf, L. A. , 2017. Solid waste management transformation and future challenges of source separation and recycling practice in Malaysia. Resour. Conserv. Recycl. . 116, 1-14 Nahm, K. H. , 2005. Factors Inﬂuencing nitrogen mineralization during poultry litter composting and calculations for available nitrogen. Journal of Poultry Science; 61(2):238-255 Nayak, A. K. , Kalamdhad, A. S. , 2014. Feasibility of composting combinations of sewage sludge, cattle manure and sawdust in a rotary drum reactor. Environ. Eng. Res. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by referencing various studies and research articles indicating the importance and effectiveness of composting processes, which showcases their positive environmental impact. For instance, methods to enhance the composting of municipal solid waste are mentioned, which implies significant environmental considerations and outcomes related to composting practices.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: The discovery of exoplanets has expanded the search for extraterrestrial life. [SEP] Text: Rather, it’s a reasoned assessment of the stage we have reached in the process of searching for life, and where we’re likely to get to with the new generation of space telescopes that are currently at various stages of planning, construction, or early operation, including the (alias JWST or simply ‘Webb’), more on which later. The paper in Nature that I mentioned above is focused on formulating a policy for reporting possible evidence of alien life. The authors highlight the complementary problems of false positives and false negatives. The former involve concluding that some observation is evidence for life when in fact it’s not; the latter involve failing to detect life on a planet when it’s actually there. They particularly stress their concern about the likely sensationalization in the popular media of results that turn out to be false positives, and I think they are right to do so. Their approach to avoiding – or at least reducing – such problems is to develop a scale of the quality of possible evidence of alien life, and to make clear where on this scale any particular finding falls. This way, a hint of possible life shouldn’t be mistaken for a certainty. In 1960. This was a search for radio signals from alien civilizations, conducted using the Astronomy Observatory, now the Observatory, in West Virginia. Of course, the search for alien intelligence is only one part of the search for life. Nevertheless, from the 1960s onwards, both astrobiology in general and SETI in particular have evolved side by side in a much more continuous way than did the search for life before the second half of the twentieth century. of Telescopes It’s a long way from Galileo’s tiny telescope of 1610 to today’s large ground-based instruments such as Chile’s VLT (Telescope), and their space-based counterparts such as Hubble and Webb. I’ll now look at a few selected milestones along this evolutionary journey. If you’d like a bit more detail than I can give in just a few pages on the functioning and/or history of telescopes, I can recommend CottrellCottrell’s 2016 book Telescopes: A Introduction. Before examining milestones in the evolution of telescopes, it’s worth reminding ourselves of why, from an astrobiological perspective, they are collectively important. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text discusses the process of searching for life and the evolution of telescopes but does not specifically address the discovery of exoplanets or their impact on the search for extraterrestrial life. Therefore, it is irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Coral reefs are affected by ocean acidification and warming. [SEP] Text: By the end of 2000, the warm oceanic conditions associated with bleaching had swung back toward cooler, slightly stratified ENSO neutral (Figure 3a). Starting in late 2001, water at depths below 35 m had major swings in temperature over timescales of minutes to weeks. At the deepest stations (90 m), temperature often changed 4°–8°C in half an hour, with individual values ranging between 8. 6°C and 30. 9°C. A year later (late 2002), the weekly mean temperatures at 57 m depth were 20°C, near the lower limit of reef growth, while at 90 m they were 15°–16°C, far below the lower limits of most reef coral survival (Kleypas et al. , 1999). Adding to the general temperature stress were rapid shifts of several °C in minutes, exposing corals to even lower temperatures for varying periods. Figure 3. (a) Pattern of weekly mean water temperatures (MWT) on the outer slope of Palau, 1999–2017 at 15 m (black), 57 m (green), and 90 m (blue) depths. Straight-line regressions for all data at each depth are shown as dashed lines in respective colors. (b) View of the Spray glider used for profiling near the reef slope. (c) Spray glider profiles from February (El Niño) and August (La Niña) 2010 showing shifts in water column properties at that time. Mean temperatures over the same days at Off and stations (green circles) during the same time periods are shown. The red arrow indicates a faint peak in chlorophyll a in August. (d) Daily MWT at Off (SDO) and (ULR) during 2010. Red line indicates 30°C level beyond which bleaching may occur. (e) Detailed pattern of 30-minute water temperature measurements at Off during bleaching event in August 2010. > High res figure A preliminary report by Wolanski et al. (2004) showed general agreement in mean values between the east and west outer reefs and attributed much of the rapid temperature fluctuations to “island-generated” internal waves. Based on coral temperature tolerances, we suggested the lower limit of reef growth occurred at 60–70 m, with the stress of rapidly fluctuating temperatures potentially producing a “depauperate” zone in the 60–120 m depth range. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing temperature fluctuations in the ocean and their impacts on coral reefs. It specifically mentions that 'the weekly mean temperatures... at 57 m depth were 20°C, near the lower limit of reef growth,' indicating that temperature stress affects coral survival. Additionally, the text references the phenomenon of bleaching, which occurs when temperatures exceed tolerances, further supporting the claim that coral reefs are influenced by changes in water temperature, which is a consequence of ocean warming.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Composting food waste has no environmental impact. [SEP] Text: 19 (1), 1–11 Nizami, A. S. , Rehan, M. , Waqas, M. , Naqvi, M. , Ouda, O. K. M. , Shahzad, K. , Miandad, R. , Khan, M. Z. , Syamsiro, M. , Ismail, I. M. I. , Pant, D. , 2017 Waste biorefiner: Enabling circular economies in developing countries. Bioresour. Technol. 241: 1101-1117. DOI 10. 1016/j. biortech. 2017. 05. 097 Orthodoxou, D. , Pettitt, T. R. , Fuller, M. , Newton, M. , Knight, N. , Smith, S. R. , 2015. An investigation of some critical physico-chemical parameters inﬂuencing the operational rotary in-vessel composting of food waste by a small-to-medium sized enterprise. Valoriz. 6(3), 293–302 Ouda, O. . , Al-Waked, R. , Korres, N. E. , 2016. Waste to energy potential: a case study of Saudi Arabia. Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev. 61, 328e340 Pezzolla, D. , Mirko, C. , Primo, P. , Roberto, C. , Luca, R. , Giovanni G. , 2021. of to Optimize the of Wastes. Agronomy 11, 2090. DOI 10. 3390/agronomy11102090 Prashant, P. B. , Bhargavi, N. K. , 2019. Effect of active and passive aeration on composting of household biodegradable wastes: a decentralized approach. of Recycling of in Agriculture. DOI 10. 1007/s40093-019-00306-7 Purnomo, A. S. , Mori, T. , Kamei, I. , 2011. Basic studies and applications on bioremediation of DDT: a review. Biodegradation. 65 (7):921–930 Ren, G. , Xu, X. , Qu, J. , Zhu, L. , Wang, T. , 2016. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text presents multiple studies that investigate the operational and environmental impacts of composting food waste. For instance, it references 'an investigation of some critical physico-chemical parameters influencing the operational rotary in-vessel composting of food waste,' implying that there are specific environmental aspects tied to composting practices. Additionally, it discusses waste-to-energy potential, suggesting that composting contributes to environmental sustainability, which directly contradicts the claim that it has no environmental impact.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: The discovery of exoplanets has expanded the search for extraterrestrial life. [SEP] Text: Given that Galileo’s tiny telescope allowed him to see the moons of Jupiter, and discern individual stars in the ‘milk’ of the Milky Way, the capabilities of today’s telescopes are truly amazing. But, for astrobiology, size is not enough. There are several other developments that we need to understand. First, so obvious that it hardly needs to be said, the advent of photography in the 1800s, and its later coming together with telescopes in the form of astrophotography. Second, Earth’s atmosphere is a major cause of distortion in the business of seeing clearly into space. As is well known, stars don’t twinkle – they only seem to do so because of atmospheric effects. The main exoplanet-detecting telescopes have been placed above the atmosphere so that this distortion is avoided. These are the Kepler and TESS space telescopes (more on which in 2021. Another will be a future space telescope, which, at the concept stage, was called an acronym of Large Ultra-Violet, Optical, and Infra-Red (telescope). This design survived NASA’s 2020 decadal survey, which produced its report in late 2021 due to the Covid pandemic. However, it was scaled down in size for reasons of cost. The primary mirror will be of a smaller diameter than was originally envisaged. When constructed, the diameter will be about 6 metres – still a considerable size for a space telescope. Its final name will probably be different. In the immediate aftermath of the decadal survey, some astronomers jokingly suggested simply losing the L (large) and calling it UVOIR, but a better name will almost certainly be found. The ability to see across the boundary between visible and infrared light that characterizes both and means that they will be ideally placed to see oxygen biosignatures. This point brings us to the other important development in telescopes that we need to examine: the use of a technique called spectroscopy. Here’s the basic idea behind this technique, as applied in space telescopes for astrobiological purposes. You look at light from a distant source – say a star that has an orbiting planet. In fact, you look at it twice, once when the planet is behind the star or a long way off to one side, and once when it is transiting – i. e. in front of its star from our perspective. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not directly address the claim about the discovery of exoplanets and their impact on the search for extraterrestrial life. Instead, it discusses advancements in telescope technology and techniques such as spectroscopy that aid in observing celestial phenomena. The text does mention detecting 'oxygen biosignatures,' which could relate to the search for life, but it largely focuses on technological developments rather than connecting those directly to the discovery of exoplanets or the resultant implications for extraterrestrial life.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Coral reefs are affected by ocean acidification and warming. [SEP] Text: Bleaching was limited to sensitive habitats and species, such as the temperature sensitive Acropora table corals, but overall the mortality was limited and localized (pers. obs. ). After mid-October, temperatures decreased slightly and then remained close to the 30°C level (Figure 3d). -2016 In mid-2013, deeper temperatures on outer slopes started decreasing rapidly (Figure 4a) while, concurrently, mean sea level (MSL) also dropped (Figure 4c,d), and by February 2016 the temperatures reached levels probably not seen since the 1997–1998 El Niño. Thermoclines were extremely shallow, and internal waves caused rapid daily temperature fluctuations at 15–57 m depth (Figure 4b). Temperatures were far below those associated with bleaching, and comfortably within the range for coral growth and survival. However, corals in very shallow and deep water did not fare well. Poorly understood “cold-water bleaching” was observed on the deep slope (Colin and Lindfield, in press). Conversely, on the shallowest reefs, the uppermost tips of branching corals, having grown ever upward during the relatively high MSL since 1998, were aerially exposed by a combination of low spring tides and low MSL (Figure 4c,d). Their upper reaches died and quickly become covered in algae (Figure 4e,f). The low monthly MSLs measured during El Niño, with values of 1,200-1,250 mm (Figure 4c), occur at intervals of several years and can stop or slow upward growth of reefs that were otherwise thought to be growing sufficiently to counter general sea level rise (van Woesik et al. , 2016). In early March 2016, both seawater temperatures and sea level dramatically and rapidly shifted in Palau, with temperatures rising at all depths (Figure 4a) and MSL rising rapidly (Figure 4c,d). Over the next 10 weeks, daily MSL rose at 7. 5 mm per day and temperatures were racing toward levels that had the potential to induce massive coral bleaching and that could repeat the summer of 1998. However, in early June, the rise slowed as temperatures in shallow waters climbed just above the 30°C level, inducing bleaching only among sensitive corals. Temperatures then decreased, and bleached corals, rather than dying, quickly recovered. Modest thermal stratification had resumed by late summer. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing various temperature fluctuations and their impacts on coral reefs. It details effects such as 'massive coral bleaching' associated with rising temperatures and the challenges reef growth faces due to low monthly mean sea levels (MSL). Specifically, the text mentions how high temperatures can induce bleaching, particularly in sensitive corals, and that temperatures had the potential to induce 'massive coral bleaching' which directly supports the idea that coral reefs are affected by ocean warming.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Composting food waste has no environmental impact. [SEP] Text: Evaluation of microbial population dynamics in the co-composting of cow manure and rice straw using high throughput sequencing analysis. 32(6): 1–11. DOI 10. 1007/s11274-016-2059-7 Ruggieri, L. , Gea, T. , Artola, A. , Sánchez, A. , 2009. Air filled porosity measurements by air pycnometry in the composting process: a review and a correlation analysis. Bioresour. Technol. 100, 2655–66 Singh, J. , Kalamdhad, A. S. , 2013. Assessment of bioavailability and leachability of heavy metals during rotary drum composting of green waste (water hyacinth). Ecol. Eng. 52, 59–69 Sukholthaman, P. , Sharp, A. , 2016. A system dynamics model to evaluate effects of source separation of municipal solid waste management: a case of Bangkok, Thailand. 52, 50-61 Sundberg, C. , Jonsson, H. , 2013. Higher pH and faster decomposition in biowaste composting by increased aeration. Waste Manag. 28, 518–526 Sun, X. , Xu, X. , Meng, Q. , Cheng, L. , Zhang, W. , Men, M. , Xu, B. , Sun, Y. , 2017. Research of ammonia oxidizing bacterial community structure and its correlation with environmental factors in cow manure composting. J Agro-36(1): 189–197. DOI 10. 11654/jaes. 2016-0960 Tibu, C. , Ted, Y. A. , Negasi, S. , Dzidzo, Y. T. , 2019. Efect of the composting process on physicochemical properties and concentration of heavy metals in market waste with additive materials in the Municipality, Ghana. of Recycling of in Agriculture 8:393–403. DOI 10. 1007/s40093-019-0266-6 Varelas, V. , 2019. Food wastes as a potential new source for edible insect mass production for food and feed: a review. Fermentation-Basel 5 Wang, H. , Difu, Y. , Jianling, X. , Xuejun, L. , Lianxi, S. , 2021. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by providing references to various studies that analyze multiple aspects of composting, such as the dynamics of microbial populations, bioavailability of metals, and effects on physicochemical properties. These references imply that composting involves significant biological and chemical processes that likely have environmental impacts, thereby contradicting the claim that composting has no effect on the environment.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: The discovery of exoplanets has expanded the search for extraterrestrial life. [SEP] Text: One way of looking at a definition is as an abstract generalization about a class of entities that’s based on prior knowledge of many concrete individual entities of the sort concerned. So, let’s start with a list of ‘concrete’ living entities – organisms – on our home planet. Not a complete list, of course, for that would include more than a million names. But we don’t need a complete list, nor even a particularly lengthy one. A short one will suffice, and indeed is preferable, in terms of not drowning in detail. Here it is: humans, snails, whales, trees, toadstools, and bacteria. A definition of ‘X’ – in this case ‘life’ – only works if we also have entities that we know are ‘not X’, which in this case means ‘not life’, or alternatively ‘inert objects’. Here’s a short list of such objects, all of which are generally agreed not to be living things: rocks, clouds, cars, smoke, and water. Of course, some of these entities might contain life forms – for example a cloud might contain airborne microbes – but that’s not the same thing as a cloud actually being a living organism itself. And in one case – cars – they’re made by life forms, but again that’s something different. So, the question is this: how do we word an abstract definition of life so that it includes all of the things that we think of as living and none of those that we think are not? There are different ways of doing this, and I have no intention of surveying them all. That would be both boring and pointless. Instead, I will focus on the definition that I think works best. I call it the RIM definition of life. These letters stand for the following three attributes of life forms: Reproduction, Inheritance, Metabolism. So, an entity that has all three RIM attributes is alive, while an entity with none of them is not. We’ll get to the annoying grey area in the middle shortly. Now is the moment for a warning about the risk of infinite regress. To define life, it’s necessary to define reproduction, inheritance, and metabolism. This could lead to a need to define words that occur in these definitions, and so on indefinitely. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim regarding the discovery of exoplanets and its impact on the search for extraterrestrial life. The text focuses on defining life and its characteristics, discussing concepts such as reproduction, inheritance, and metabolism, without mentioning exoplanets or extraterrestrial life at all.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Coral reefs are affected by ocean acidification and warming. [SEP] Text: The extreme variation in 2016 provided a lesson in the variable and unpredictable conditions on western Pacific reefs, even in near-equatorial areas. Figure 4. (a) Daily mean water temperatures at Off from 2013 to mid-2017 at five depths. The red line indicates the 30°C bleaching level. (b) Water temperatures at one-minute intervals at over 24 hours, March 6, 2015, during El Niño conditions with rapid changes in temperatures at given depths. (c) Daily mean sea level (MSL) as measured at tide gauge 1969–2017. Low and high peaks generally correspond with El Niño (low) and La Niña (high) in Palau. The green line shows the straight-line regression of daily MSL since 1969 with a very slow upward trend of 3 mm yr–1. (d) Expanded view of daily MSL, tide gauge from 2013 to mid-2017. Red arrows indicate stage of MSL when photos (e) and (f) below were taken. (e,f) Shallow reef flat area on the north side of (Figure 1b-WC) prior to and after coral death (sections covered in brown algae) due to aerial exposure during the 2015 El Niño low sea levels. > High res figure : The temperature-monitoring network provides data throughout the geographic, habitat, and depth ranges of the reefs of Palau (Figure 1) over a timescale that allows some consideration of trends (Figure 3). Combined with other types of information (currents, wind shifts, other weather conditions, storm disturbance), the detailed breakdown of temperature is important when evaluating the actual thermal environments where reefs exist, and provides a needed counterbalance to and accuracy check on SSST observations. What we have learned from network data includes the following: 1. Annual patterns of temperature at different depths and locations are variable, but indicate a possible increase in temperature. The 18-year record of weekly mean temperatures on the outer slope shows the occurrence of a thermally dynamic environment (Figure 3a). Although the time frame is relatively short for climate change determinations, simple regressions (dashed lines in Figure 3a) indicate decadal upward trends of 0. 29°C at 15 m, 0. 49°C at 57 m, and 0. 42°C at 90 m. Annual patterns of temperature on shallow (10–15 m depth) outer reefs are now well documented (Figure 5). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the impact of extreme variations in temperature and conditions on coral reefs. It references daily mean water temperatures and the occurrence of bleaching during elevated temperatures, indicating that coral reefs are affected by temperature changes associated with ocean warming. Additionally, it notes the variability in temperatures over time and its implications for the thermal environments where reefs exist, supporting the notion that coral reefs are influenced by ocean acidification and warming.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Composting food waste has no environmental impact. [SEP] Text: Investigation of technology for composting mixed deer manure and straw. . DOI 10. 1007/s11356-021-13886-7 Wang, L. , Li, Y. , Prasher, S. O. , Yan, B. , Ou, Y. , Cui, H. , Cui, Y. , 2019. Organic matter, a critical factor to immobilize phosphorus, copper, and zinc during composting under various initial C/N ratios. 289:121745. DOI 10. 1016/j. biortech. 2019. 121745 Waqas, Q. , Min, H. L. , •Byeong, E. M. , Frank G. O. , Fawad, K. , Mohammad N. , Hyeon T. K. , 2018. Composting of chicken manure with a mixture of sawdust and wood shavings under forced aeration in a closed reactor system. 10. 1007/s40093-018-0212-z Wu, T. , 2010. Emission of volatile organic sulfur compounds (VOSCs) during aerobic decomposition of food wastes. Atmos. Environ. 44 (39), 5065 - 5071 Wu, Y. , Chen, Y. , Shaaban, M. , Zhu, D. , Hu, C. , Chen, Z. , Wang, Y. , 2019. Evaluation of microbial inoculants pretreatment in straw and manure co-composting process enhancement. J 239:118078. DOI 10. 1016/j. jclepro. 2019. 118078 Wu, Y. , Chen, Y. , Shaaban, M. , Zhu, D. , Hu, C. , Chen, Z. , Wang, Y. , 2019. Evaluation of microbial inoculants pretreatment in straw and manure co-composting process enhancement. J 239:118078. DOI 10. 1016/j. jclepro. 2019. 118078 Yu, K. M. , Daniel, C. W. . T. , Alex, C. K. Y. , Season, S. C. , Yong S. O. k Chi S. P. , 2019. Valorization of food waste into hydroxymethylfurfural: Dual role of metal ions in successive conversion steps. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing various research studies that investigate the environmental effects of composting processes, such as the immobilization of phosphorus, copper, and zinc during composting, and the emission of volatile organic sulfur compounds from food waste decomposition. These studies suggest that composting has significant environmental implications and effects.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: The discovery of exoplanets has expanded the search for extraterrestrial life. [SEP] Text: You’ll be pleased to know that I’m absolutely not going to go down that road. However, I am going to briefly consider each of the three components of RIM. Since these three things are crucial in allowing us to distinguish life forms from inert entities – potentially throughout the universe – it simply won’t work if we’re fuzzy about their meanings. This point was brought home to me when I was reading the Introduction to astrobiology written by the planetary scientist David C. Catling in 2013. With regard to metabolism, Catling says the following: ‘All life metabolizes but so does my car. ’ I don’t agree with him, but I see what he means. The burning of a fuel such as petrol powers a car in much the same way as the burning of a fuel such as glucose powers a living organism. is right to see a parallel. But he’s wrong – in my view – to equate automotive and biological ‘metabolism’. I have an instinctive feeling that the two are different in some fundamental way, and perhaps you do too. But what is it? Of course, the fuels are different, but that’s not the best approach to this issue, because we can’t guarantee that the fuel of alien life is glucose. Here’s a better approach. A life form metabolizes right from the start; a car doesn’t. An organism is not simply a collection of cells, membranes, vesicles, filaments, and so on, that is inert until some point in its life when it gets fired up with an infusion of glucose or some other fuel. In contrast, a car is an object of precisely this latter sort. It’s a collection of metal and plastic parts that gets built in stages and hasn’t a whiff of ‘metabolism’ until after it’s complete – or has reached its ‘adult’ stage, to stretch the use of that term – and someone turns on the ignition. So, to be a life form from a metabolic perspective you need to be metabolizing right from the start. Even the very first cell of a new human or other animal – the zygote – metabolizes. An organism is an intrinsically metabolizing thing. Its default state is to metabolize. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is largely irrelevant to the claim about the discovery of exoplanets and their role in the search for extraterrestrial life. It discusses ideas related to the metabolism of life forms and contrasts biological processes with mechanical processes of cars, without mentioning exoplanets or their implications for searching for life beyond Earth.