Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Drones are used for various applications, including agriculture and delivery. [SEP] Text: In contrast, employing Multi-trip approach allows for the delivery of all loads. Figure 5. Results of scenarios where total payload exceeds drone’s capacity. (a) Normalized total flight distance; (b) Normalized total flight time. 5. this study, we introduced the concept of the FSVRP tailored to scenarios involving multiple deliveries. By segmenting deliveries across several trips, our approach not only augments the capacity for deliverable loads but also yields a decrease in overall delivery time. To evaluate the efficacy of our proposed methodology, we conducted a series of experimental analyses, contrasting it against traditional methods across a diverse set of 320 problem scenarios. The empirical data revealed that, in instances where the parcels were within the payload capacity, the FSVRP-Multi-trip approach resulted in a reduction of total flight time by approximately 10%. Looking forward, our research will venture into exploring the application of multiple drones in addressing routing problems that consider load-dependent variations in flight speed. 1. ’. Energy use and life cycle greenhouse gas emissions of drones for commercial package delivery. Nat. Commun. 2018, 9, 1–13. [2. Ma Y-H, Shieh T-H, Hung L-C, Tsai L-C. Research on the new drones design to improve transportation of supplies and medical care for remote mountain area in Taiwan. of the 2021 9th on (ICOT), Tainan, Taiwan, 16–17 December 2021. 3. Maximilian K, Christian W. Containing the COVID-19 pandemic with drones—Feasibility of a drone enabled back-up transport system. Transp. Policy 2021, 106, 141–152. [4. . Assessing the sustainability of using drone technology for last-mile delivery in a blood supply chain. J. Modell. Manag. 2021, 16, 1376–1402. [5. Hossein E, Enkhsaikhan B. Last-mile drone delivery: Past, present, and future. Drones 2023, 7, 77. [6. Mohammad M-J, Matthias W. Applications and research avenues for drone-based models in logistics: A classification and review. Expert Syst. Appl. 2021, 177, 114854. [7. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing a multi-trip approach for drone deliveries, which directly supports the claim that drones are used for delivery purposes. It outlines the advantages of using drones for delivery, including a reduction in total flight time and the exploration of routing problems with multiple drones, indicating their application in logistics and delivery scenarios.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Organic farming can yield the same crop quantity as conventional methods. [SEP] Text: Thus, pests and diseases are the most challenging aspects of organic carrot and onion production (Lammerts van Bueren et al. , 2003; Winter et al. , 2023). Overall, the data analysis of vegetables reveals annual variations in the supply of seeds from organic multiplication. Multiple factors might impact the organic vegetable seed supply. It was reported that within the EU, due to shortages in organic vegetable seed production, not all organic seed demand requests could be fulfilled. Suppliers of organic vegetable seeds tend to focus on the countries with the best marketing strategies. Thus, strategic distribution among EU countries might cause fluctuations in organic vegetable seed supply (Vitalis/Enza Zaden, personal communication). Figure 12 and subgraph (b) of Figure 13 show no decrease in the number of derogations and the request for conventional multiplied potato cultivars. This indicates that, even if the supply of organically multiplied seed potatoes increases over time, there is a need to upscale further organic seed potato production, accompanied by policy measures, thereby ensuring, to a certain extent, production and marketing reliability for organic seed suppliers. The data analysis of lupine indicates that further policy measures or incentives are needed to upscale organic seed production and breeding, thereby meeting the growing organic lupine seed demand. There are strong links between the growth of the organic cereal seed cultivar choice and the market analysis in Section 3. 2. This means that the organic seed sector has grown at about the same rate for all cereal crops. The number of requested cultivars from conventional multiplication decreases at a similar level for the different cereal crops. Maize was excluded from the correlation matrix because this crop was classified as a category I crop in 2014. The data analysis demonstrates that farmers respond to the organic seed supply as per the German national seed database. The greater the choice of organic seed cultivar, the lower the number of cultivars requested from conventional multiplication. The results might indicate that the farmers’ uptake of organic cereal seeds could be directly linked to the seed supply from organic multiplication; however, this relationship is not considered causal. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by detailing challenges in organic farming, such as the variability in seed supply and the challenges posed by pests and diseases. It illustrates that despite some growth in the organic seed sector, there remains a dependency on conventional seed sources due to production challenges, indicating that organic methods may not reliably achieve equivalent yields compared to conventional farming.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Bioengineered yeast can produce biofuels from sugars. [SEP] Text: However, another lactate dehydrogenase gene, ZMO0256, could also be activated under aerobic conditions for lactate production, when ZMO1237 is deactivated, as shown in this study (Fig. 5d). Intriguingly, despite the observation that more glycerol was produced under aerobic conditions (i. e. , 1 or 10 % DO) than under anaerobic conditions with N2 purging, a higher amount of glycerol was produced in shake flask fermentations (see Fig. 5c). In Z. mobilis, only one NAD+ is regenerated from 2,3-BDO biosynthesis compared to two NAD+ from ethanol fermentation. The increase of glycerol production for in shake flasks may be explained by the utilization of the glycerol pathway to maintain redox balance (NAD+ feedback) while also provides ATP to sustain cellular growth (Fig. 6). Fig. 6Impact of heterologous 2,3-BDO metabolic pathway engineering and oxygen levels on native central carbon metabolism in Z. mobilis. This figure shows native central carbon metabolism in Z. mobilis which includes ED (Entner–Doudoroff), PPP (pentose phosphate pathway), and fermentation pathways leading to the production of ethanol and other minor metabolites of glycerol, lactate, and acetate from carbon source of glucose and xylose. The heterologous 2,3-BDO biosynthesis pathway was integrated into Z. mobilis metabolic pathway, which contains three enzymes of acetolactate synthase (Als), acetolactate decarboxylase (AldC), and butanediol dehydrogenase (Bdh) for 2,3-BDO biosynthesis from pyruvate. Depending on the source of Bdh enzyme from different microorganisms, three 2,3-BOD stereoisomers of R,R-2,3-BDO, S,S-2,3-BDO, and meso-2,3-BDO could be produced. Reactions involved in redox cofactor (NADH/NAD+) regeneration were shown as well as the respiration chain enzymes and electron transfer in Z. mobilis. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not directly address the claim about bioengineered yeast producing biofuels from sugars. Instead, it discusses metabolic pathways and the production of glycerol, lactate, and other metabolites in Zymomonas mobilis, along with specific enzyme activities related to metabolic engineering. Therefore, it is irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Drones are used for various applications, including agriculture and delivery. [SEP] Text: The promising future of drones in prehospital medical care and its application to battlefield medicine. J. Care Surg. 2019, 87, S28–S34. [8. Alok R, Bhawesh S. Analyzing critical success factors for implementation of drones in the logistics sector using grey-based approach. Comput. Ind. Eng. 2019, 138, 106118. [9. . Delivering blood components through drones: A lean approach to the blood supply chain. Forum Int. J. 2022, 23, 113–123. [10. . Same-day delivery with heterogeneous fleets of drones and vehicles. Networks 2018, 72, 475–505. [11. . O’. Energy use and life cycle greenhouse gas emissions of drones for commercial package delivery. Nat. Commun. 2018, 9, 1–13. [12. New frontiers of delivery services using drones: A prototype system exploiting a quadcopter for autonomous drug shipments. of the 2015 IEEE 39th Software and Applications Conference, Taichung, Taiwan, 1–5 July 2015, 927. 13. Gianpaolo G, Gennaro I. An efficient transformation of the generalized vehicle routing problem. Eur. J. Op. Res. 2000, 122, 11–17. [14. James FC, Ángel C, Isaac P, José MS, Paula S. Solving the length constrained K-drones rural postman problem. Veh. Routing Probl. 2021, 292, 60–72. [15. Batool M, Malick N. Hybrid truck-drone delivery systems: A systematic literature review. IEEE Access 2022, 10, 92854–92878. [16. Pedro LG-R, David C, Jose L. A-P, Marcos C, Jose M. L-B. Truck-drone team logistics: A heuristic approach to multi-drop route planning. Transp. Res. Emerg. Technol. 2020, 114, 657–680. [17. Paolo T, Daniele V. An overview of vehicle routing problems. Veh. Routing Probl. 2002, 9, 1–26. [18. . The vehicle routing problem with drones: Extended models and connections. Networks 2017, 70, 34–43. [19. . [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text supports the claim by discussing multiple applications of drones, including their use in logistics for delivery purposes and mentions a study on 'same-day delivery with heterogeneous fleets of drones and vehicles.' Additionally, it highlights the utilization of drones in transporting medical supplies, which aligns with the claim that drones have various applications.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Organic farming can yield the same crop quantity as conventional methods. [SEP] Text: Alternatively, in poor-yielding years, farmers who normally maintain their own seeds might be forced to purchase certified seeds in the following year due to losses of their own seeds. This might lead to an overall higher demand for certified seeds, compensated by higher requests for seeds from conventional certification. In contrast, during strong harvest years, farmers might use their own seeds for reseeding and not be dependent on the seed market or cultivar offers. In summary, farmers respond to organic seed shortages resulting from lower yields per hectare. These might be due to a poor harvest leading to a lower availability of seeds or an insufficient supply of certified organic seeds. Additionally, a high number of derogations in 2016 could be explained by the fact that, in the absence of pesticides, organic farming is affected by crop disease pressures. However, other variables could have an impact on the annual organic seed supply in Germany. Future analysis could involve more robust analytical approaches. Furthermore, additional parameters, such as a comparison of cereal market prices for organic seed supply and a longer time span for the regression analysis, could improve this study. 5. ConclusionsTesting of the central hypotheses reveals that Germany has an emerging organic seed market to supply organic farmers with a range of suitable cultivars from organic multiplication for the majority of crops. However, for some crops, particularly the vegetable sector, there are significant gaps in the supply of cultivars from organic multiplication. Thus, in the future, the use of derogations might still be necessary to ensure a suitable cultivar assortment for organic crop production in Germany. For the cereal sector, it can be observed that farmers respond to the supply of cultivars through organic multiplication made available via the national database. Furthermore, certain external (e. g. , weather-related) agronomic factors are associated with fluctuating requests for conventional seeds in organic farming. In addition, changing climatic conditions for each crop interfere with the production of organic seeds. As a result, several factors influence the use and supply of organic or conventional seeds in organic farming. It can be concluded that the statistical analysis of national organic seed database reports provides interesting insights into the organic seed sector. There are different possibilities regarding policy measures which can affect the organic seed market. For instance, the list of category I crops has a high impact on the number of derogations. By supporting organic seed production or breeding efforts, the organic seed supply can be enhanced. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by highlighting the challenges faced by organic farmers, such as crop yield shortages and reliance on certified seeds. It mentions that in poor-yielding years, farmers may need to purchase seeds, indicating a vulnerability in organic farming that can lead to lower yields compared to conventional methods. Furthermore, it discusses how factors like crop disease pressures and climatic conditions affect organic yields, suggesting that organic farming may not consistently achieve the same crop quantity as conventional farming.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Bioengineered yeast can produce biofuels from sugars. [SEP] Text: The interactions among these pathways can help understand the impact of host carbon and energetic metabolism as well as oxygen levels on heterologous 2,3-BDO metabolic pathway engineering in Z. mobilis Full size image The highest 2,3-BDO yield (0. 16 g/g glucose) was achieved under shake flask fermentations and the highest ethanol yield (0. 44 g/g glucose) was obtained under anaerobic conditions using N2 purging (Additional file 1: Table S1C). As oxygen supplementation increased, acetoin yields also increased; however, these conditions also produced lower ethanol yields. In addition, the yields of all fermentation products (ethanol, lactate, glycerol, and acetate) were reduced with the increasing oxygen levels. For example, ethanol yields decreased from 0. 46 g/g glucose under anaerobic conditions to 0. 15 g/g glucose in the 10 % DO culture (Additional file 1: Table S1C). Conversely, the ratios of the heterologous products, acetoin and 2,3-BDO, to fermentation products increased from 0. 04 g/g glucose under anaerobic conditions to 1. 65 g/g glucose when 10 % DO was used, which reflects the higher acetoin yields and also correlated to lower ethanol yields under aerobic conditions (Additional file 1: Table S1C). We saw a similar result with shake flask fermentations. Higher acetoin production was accompanied by lower ethanol titer under more aerobic conditions (40 mL media in a 125-mL flask at 120 rpm) (Fig. 3b). mobilis has attracted great attention due to its unique metabolic characteristics [49, 77–83]. Although it is missing two tricarboxylic acid cycle (TCA cycle) enzymes, malate dehydrogenase (Mdh) and 2-oxoglutarate dehydrogenase complex (Ogdh), as well as one key enzyme in the Embden–Meyerhof–Parnas (EMP) pathway (phosphofructokinase Pfk), Z. mobilis has outstanding fermentation performance consuming sugars at very high ethanol productivity rates and producing high ethanol titers through the Entner–Doudoroff (ED) pathway to provide energy for efficient growth. Glycolytic pathway enzymes are abundant in Z. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not specifically address the claim regarding bioengineered yeast producing biofuels from sugars. While it discusses the fermentation performance of Z. mobilis and its ability to consume sugars and produce ethanol, it does not confirm or deny the claim about bioengineered yeast specifically. Therefore, the text is irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: 5G technology is harmful to human health. [SEP] Text: Acquiring “cognitive humility” and avoiding the “hubristic behavior,” respecting “Primum non nocere,” harnessing clinical wisdom to be able to see “uncertainty with such certainty” in the indeterminacy of our modern science is quintessential. By my reckoning, passionate lifelong learning, re-education through enhancing meta-cognitive skills, computer-based training of cognitive heuristics in diagnostic reasoning skills, increased autopsy rates, clinical governance, auditing and feedback, rapid incident follow-up will undoubtedly pave the way forward to mitigate “harmful medical mistakes” and build a safe healthcare system integrated to a CQI program. “Think not of the amount to be accomplished, the difficulties to be overcome, or the end to be attained, but set earnestly, at the little task at your elbow, letting that be sufficient for the day. ” –Osler “Two sorts of writers possess genius; those who think, and those who cause others to think” –Joseph Roux1. Morrison J. Personal communication, Nov 18, 1998. Why the Hippocratic ideals are dead BMJ. 2002;324:1463. 2. Diamandis EP, Bouras N. Hubris and sciences F1000Res. 2018;7:133. 3. Gwande A. of Medicine: of Reith Lectures. Available from: [Last accessed on 2018 Nov 14]. 4. Gorovitz S, MacIntyre A. Toward a theory of medical fallibility Rep. 1975;5:13–23 5. -Lopez C, Prasopa- The global burden of unsafe medical care: Analytic modelling of observational studies BMJ Qual Saf. 2013;22:809–15 6. Incidence of adverse events and negligence in hospitalized patients. Results of the Harvard medical practice study I N Med. 1991;324:370–6 7. Incidence of adverse events and negligence in hospitalized patients: Results of the Harvard medical practice study I 1991 Health Care. 2004;13:145–51 8. . Epidemiology of medical error BMJ. 2000;320:774–7 9. Makary MA, Daniel M. Medical error -the third leading cause of death in the U. S BMJ. 2016;353:i2489 10. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim regarding 5G technology and human health. The content discusses cognitive humility, medical errors, and improving healthcare systems without mentioning 5G technology or its health implications. Therefore, it does not corroborate or contrast with the claim.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Organic farming can yield the same crop quantity as conventional methods. [SEP] Text: Tom 77 Nr 3 (2022) Artykuły Wpływ rolnictwa konwencjonalnego i ekologicznego na plonowanie roślin uprawnych i intensywność erozji wodnej na terenach urzeźbionych Kazimierz Klima+− Joanna Puła+− Angelika Kliszcz+− Department of Agroecology and Plan Production, Faculty of Agriculture and Economics, University of Agriculture in Kraków, 21, 31-120 Kraków, Poland * Department of Agroecology and Plan Production, Faculty of Agriculture and Economics, University of Agriculture in Kraków, 21, 31-120 Kraków, Poland Department of Agroecology and Plan Production, Faculty of Agriculture and Economics, University of Agriculture in Kraków, 21, 31-120 Kraków, Poland PDF (English) DOI: Przesłane: 27 maja 2022 Opublikowane: 28-10-2022 pro-health and pro-environmental assets of organic farming are a reason why this system is now promoted in agriculture. The objective of the research was to determine the effect of conventional and organic crop production (potato, oat, and spring vetch) on the yield, water erosion, losses of NPK nutrients, LAI, infiltration, and fresh mass of earthworms. From 2019 to 2021, a two-factor field experiment was carried out at the Station located in Czyrna (Southern Poland). The first factor included farming systems: conventional and organic. The second factor consisted of 3 crops grown with the use of crop rotation: 1. potato with manure; 2. oat; 3. spring vetch. Based on the experiment performed, it was found that the yield of the organically grown crops was on average 18. 8% lower compared to that grown conventionally. Under the organic farming system, the mass of sheet wash was on average 6. 47% smaller than that under the conventional farming system. As regards the NPK nutrients emitted into the environment, their losses was about 50% lower than that under the conventional system of farming, where there were applied artificially synthesized fertilizers and pesticides. Bibliografia Barański M. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by stating that the yield of organically grown crops was, on average, 18.8% lower compared to that grown conventionally. This provides a direct rebuttal to the assertion that organic farming can yield the same crop quantity as conventional methods.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Bioengineered yeast can produce biofuels from sugars. [SEP] Text: mobilis which generate one ATP from each glucose molecule; compared to 2 ATPs generated from the EMP pathway and 38 ATPs from the TCA cycle. Zymomonas mobilis also has a respiration chain using oxygen as the terminal electron receptor under aerobic conditions. At least two branched electron transport systems have been proposed comprising NADH dehydrogenase (Ndh), coenzyme Q10, cytochrome bd, and O2, which has been confirmed by several studies [78, 81–87]. However, unlike other microorganisms, respiration in Z. mobilis is uncoupled to energetics and cellular growth with a function that has been suggested to maintain a low NADH/NAD+ ratio for efficient glycolysis and cellular growth [87]. Disturbance of the cellular NADH/NAD+ ratio due to external or internal inhibitors could lead to slow growth [48, 87]. A mutation of respiration chain genes, such as ndh mutation, or the supplementation of respiration chain inhibitors could result in better growth and higher ethanol titer under aerobic conditions [78, 81, 82, 84, 87] possibly due to more NADH becoming available for ethanol fermentation. However, excessive NADH would result in a high NADH/NAD+ ratio which would lead to inhibition of cellular growth [87]. Therefore, a well-balanced, low NADH/NAD+ ratio is key for efficient glycolysis and cellular growth in Z. mobilis. Based on end-product data analysis for ethanol, acetoin, 2,3-BDO, lactate, acetate, and glycerol production, as well as cellular growth and glucose consumption profiles described above (Fig. 5), we propose the model below to explain the impact of host carbon and energetic metabolism as well as oxygen levels on heterologous 2,3-BDO metabolic pathway engineering in Z. mobilis (Fig. 6). We hypothesize that during anaerobic conditions, there is insufficient NAD+ produced during ethanol fermentation to ensure efficient glucose catabolism in the engineered 2,3-BDO pathway in strain 9C-BC11 since pyruvate is being diverted away from ethanol production to 2,3-BDO. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim directly regarding bioengineered yeast's ability to produce biofuels from sugars. Instead, it discusses the metabolic processes and growth conditions of Zymomonas mobilis, including its electron transport systems and the implications of NADH/NAD+ ratios on growth and ethanol fermentation. This information, while related to metabolic pathways, does not provide evidence supporting or negating the claim about bioengineered yeast producing biofuels.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Vaccines help in preventing the spread of infectious diseases. [SEP] Text: Selection criteria We included randomized controlled trials (RCTs), including cluster‐RCTs. There were no restrictions on the age and sex of the participants or the setting of the study. We considered any available WHO‐prequalified oral killed cholera vaccine as an intervention. The control group was given a placebo, another vaccine, or no vaccine. The outcomes were related to vaccine effectiveness and safety. We included 0. 24, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0. 08 to 0. 65; 2 trials, 16,423 participants; high‐certainty evidence). Two doses of Shanchol reduces cases of cholera at one‐year follow‐up (overall VE 37%; RR 0. 63, 95% CI 0. 47 to 0. 85; 2 trials, 241,631 participants; high‐certainty evidence), at two‐year follow‐up (overall VE 64%; RR 0. 36, 95% CI 0. 16 to 0. 81; 2 trials, 168,540 participants; moderate‐certainty evidence), and at five‐year follow‐up (overall VE 80%; RR 0. 20, 95% CI 0. 15 to 0. 26; 1 trial, 54,519 participants; high‐certainty evidence). A single dose of Shanchol reduces cases of cholera at six‐month follow‐up (overall VE 40%; RR 0. 60, 95% CI 0. 47 to 0. 77; 1 trial, 204,700 participants; high‐certainty evidence), and at two‐year follow‐up (overall VE 39%; RR 0. 61, 95% CI 0. 53 to 0. 70; 1 trial, 204,700 participants; high‐certainty evidence). A single dose of Shanchol also reduces cases of severe dehydrating cholera at six‐month follow‐up (overall VE 63%; RR 0. 37, 95% CI 0. 28 to 0. 50; 1 trial, 204,700 participants; high‐certainty evidence), and at two‐year follow‐up (overall VE 50%; RR 0. 50, 95% CI 0. 42 to 0. 60; 1 trial, 204,700 participants; high‐certainty evidence). We found no differences in the reporting of adverse events due to vaccination between the vaccine and control/placebo groups. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by providing statistical evidence of the effectiveness of the Shanchol vaccine in reducing cases of cholera. It details various outcomes from randomized controlled trials, indicating that both single and double doses of the vaccine lead to significant reductions in cholera cases at different follow-up intervals, thereby supporting the assertion that vaccines prevent the spread of infectious diseases.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: All agriculture can become pesticide-free without affecting food supply. [SEP] Text: AbstractNepal being an agricultural country, the majority of the population is involved in agriculture. Pests are one of the major problems in the agriculture sector. Pesticides are being widely used to encounter this problem. This study aims to determine the knowledge level of farmers on pesticides and their use. Specifically, it investigates the pest management strategy, pesticide use, and safety measures used by the farmers. For this study, four municipalities of Bhaktapur district were selected with 100 respondents using a random sample design. Primarily, data collection was done through field observations, interviews, and questionnaires. Various secondary data were also used. Our study showed that farmers in this region were mainly dependent on chemical methods. For technical guidance, several applications, and use rates, farmers preferred the agro vets available in their area. As less care and concern were given to safety measures, it was not given top priority. The study showed that the knowledge of various aspects of pesticides, their use, and safety was inadequate among the farmers. Keywords: Pest management strategypesticideknowledge on pesticide safetypractice of pesticide use farming is growing in popularity among farmers. With the rising purchasing power of consumer, the demand has increased. Likewise, the incidence of pests has also increased in the commercial fields. To curb the insect pest incidence there is a tendency for high use of pesticides. It is important to protect crop from insect pest. Therefore, the main reason for this study was to find out the knowledge and practices of farmers using pesticides in Bhaktapur district. Back in 2010, one case study was conducted in Bhaktapur to understand the productivity of pesticides in Nepal, where it was concluded that the farmers’ attitudes and knowledge about vegetable production and pest management, however, the study was focused only on cole crops (Jha & Regmi, Citation2009a). Therefore, a study that includes the broad work of not only crucifers but the different vegetables grown in the district is the most. 1. IntroductionNepal is a land-linked country with diverse bio-climatic zones located in the lap of the Himalayas. The total land area of Nepal is 147,108 sq. km. Agriculture has dominated the economy in Nepal (Tripathi et al. , Citation2020). With almost 54% of people dependent on farming, the sector generates 24. 26% of the GDP of the country (Adhikari, Citation2017). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by highlighting that pests are a major problem in agriculture, leading to widespread pesticide use among farmers in Nepal. It indicates that the farmers are heavily dependent on chemical methods to manage pests, suggesting that eliminating pesticides could negatively impact their ability to protect crops and thus could affect food supply. The statement 'To curb the insect pest incidence there is a tendency for high use of pesticides' further supports the assertion that current agricultural practices are reliant on pesticides to maintain productivity.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Bioengineered yeast can produce biofuels from sugars. [SEP] Text: One acetolactate intermediate is synthesized from two pyruvate molecules by Als and then converted to acetoin and BDO by AldC and Bdh, respectively, oxidizing one NADH to generate one NAD+ as opposed to two NAD+ generated from ethanol fermentation. Moreover, the 2,3-BDO biosynthesis pathway may also compete for the substrate, acetolactate, with the branded-chain amino acids biosynthesis pathway for valine, alanine, and leucine. Taken together, the reduced NAD+ generated via the heterologous 2,3-BDO metabolic pathway and the competition for substrate with the amino acid biosynthesis pathway may increase the NADH/NAD+ ratio, which could then reduce the glycolysis efficiency and cellular growth resulting in a long lag phase (Fig. 5a). This lag could last until sufficient NAD+ could be generated to re-establish the optimal NADH/NAD+ ratio for efficient ethanol production. Under 1 % DO culture conditions, we achieved the fastest glucose utilization and highest growth rates and the highest yields of 2,3-BDO and acetoin compared to anaerobic and 10 % DO conditions, suggesting that a more optimal redox balance is achieved under this condition. However, lower 2,3-BDO titers were realized compared to shake flask conditions. Clearly, the highest oxygen level tested (10 %) negatively impacted glucose utilization, cellular growth, and end-product yields (Fig. 5a, b, c), which may be due to an NADH/NAD+ ratio imbalance and thus inadequate NADH availability for 2,3-BDO biosynthesis and ethanol fermentation. Lactate dehydrogenase upregulated by oxygen may further exacerbate this situation by diverting needed NADH to lactate biosynthesis. Under shake flask fermentation condition, more NAD+ may be generated from the acetoin to 2,3-BDO reaction, which could help maintain the redox balance. However, since the 2,3-BDO biosynthesis reaction is not as efficient as ethanol fermentation in Z. mobilis and NADH was not as efficiently recycled, we speculate that accumulation of more NADH is being diverted towards glycerol biosynthesis to regenerate NAD+ while also providing ATP for glycolysis and cellular growth. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not directly address the claim about bioengineered yeast producing biofuels from sugars. Instead, it focuses on detailed biochemical processes and metabolic pathways related to the synthesis of specific products (such as 2,3-BDO and acetoin) in the presence of different oxygen levels, discussing factors like NADH/NAD+ ratios without explicitly mentioning biofuels or sugars. Therefore, it is considered irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Vaccines help in preventing the spread of infectious diseases. [SEP] Text: Authors' conclusions Two doses of Dukoral reduces cases of cholera at two‐year follow‐up. Two doses of Shanchol reduces cases of cholera at five‐year follow‐up, and a single dose of Shanchol reduces cases of cholera at two‐year follow‐up. Overall, the vaccines were safe and well‐tolerated. We found no trials on other BivWC vaccines (Euvichol/Euvichol‐Plus). However, BivWC products (Shanchol, Euvichol/Euvichol‐Plus) are considered to produce comparable vibriocidal responses. Therefore, it is reasonable to apply the results from Shanchol trials to the other BivWC products (Euvichol/Euvichol‐Plus). model is widely used and taught in evidence-based health care as a strategy for formulating questions and search strategies and for characterizing clinical studies or meta-analyses. PICO stands for four different potential components of a clinical question: Patient, Population or Problem; Intervention; Comparison; Outcome. See more on using PICO in the Cochrane Handbook. Plain language summary available in English Español فارسی Français 한국어 Polski Română ภาษาไทย 简体中文 繁體中文 Oral killed cholera vaccines for preventing cholera Key messages Two doses of the whole‐cell plus recombinant vaccine (WC‐rBS vaccine (Dukoral)), with or without a booster dose, reduces cases of cholera for two years. Two doses of the bivalent whole‐cell vaccine (BivWC vaccine (Shanchol)) reduces cases of cholera for five years. A single dose of Shanchol reduces cases of cholera and cases of severe dehydrating cholera for two years. The vaccines are considered safe, with similar side effects reported by all groups. Further studies are required to assess the effectiveness of a single‐dose of Shanchol and two doses of Dukoral for five years of follow‐up. We found no trials on other BivWC vaccines, such as Euvichol or Euvichol‐Plus. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by stating that two doses of the Dukoral vaccine and the Shanchol vaccine reduce cases of cholera for specified durations, demonstrating the role of vaccines in preventing the spread of infectious diseases. The evidence provided supports the effectiveness of these vaccines in reducing cholera cases, thus aligning with the claim that vaccines help in preventing infectious diseases.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: All agriculture can become pesticide-free without affecting food supply. [SEP] Text: However, due to the loss of crops by pests, the food supply to the populace could not mark the self-sufficiency (Seddon et al. , Citation2002). In Nepal, the total coverage area for vegetable production is at an increasing rate. The total coverage was 208,108 Ha in 2007/08 that increased to 280,807 Ha in 2015/16 (Ghimire et al. , Citation2018). Similarly, the production has also waxed to 3,929,034 Mt in the year 2015/16 with average production standing at 13,992 kg/ha. Bhaktapur is a peri-urban area from where the food products find their place in the market of Lalitpur and Kathmandu. 237. 1 ha of land is used for the production of vegetables, the production stands at 5847 Mt and average production stands at 24. 7 m/ha (Pandey et al. , Citation2017)In a general and simplest term, those chemicals that obliterate pest is called pesticides. Either it may be a virus or any bacterium, antimicrobial, or disinfectant that puts off, weakens, destroys, pests. It is evident that many farmers are dependent on pesticides, and it is mainly occurring in the developing and underdeveloped countries (Wri, Citation1998). In a bid to curb the vector-borne disease in agriculture crops and for control of household pests, chemical pesticides are used (Kansakar et al. , Citation2001). A large proportion of farmers do not know the types, levels of poisoning, safety measures, and potential hazards to health (Yassin et al. , Citation2002). Most often, the chemical pesticides used are either chlorinated hydrocarbons, organophosphates, carbamates, synthetic pyrethroids, and zinc compounds that have a carcinogenic effect on humans (Vainio, Citation1999). This results in cancer, birth defects, reproductive problems, tumors, and damage to the liver, kidney, and neural organs. In our country and other underdeveloped and developing countries, the overuse of pesticides is linked up to the adverse effect on humans and the environment (Citation2010). Most of the farmers who use pesticides do not know some major issues like types of pesticides, modes of action, hazards to human health, and protection measures. The rife in the use of pesticides to control pests is a problem in developing countries (Wri, Citation1998). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by highlighting the dependency of many farmers on pesticides to prevent crop loss due to pests, suggesting that the complete elimination of pesticides might negatively impact food supply. It states that 'many farmers are dependent on pesticides' and mentions adverse effects of pests on self-sufficiency in food supply, indicating that going pesticide-free could undermine food security.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Bioengineered yeast can produce biofuels from sugars. [SEP] Text: In addition, our results reveal the impact of host cellular metabolism and the effect of oxygen levels on heterologous 2,3-BDO metabolic pathway engineering for 2,3-BDO production in Z. mobilis which can illuminate potential strategies for anaerobic 2,3-BDO production improvement. Furthermore, our study confirms the value of integrating bioinformatics analysis and systems biology data during metabolic engineering endeavors. MethodsBacterial strain and growth conditions Zymomonas mobilis 8b was revived from frozen glycerol stocks for about 6–8 h in 10 mL RMG2 (20 g/L glucose, 10 g/L yeast extract, 2 g/L KH2PO4) at 33 °C. Other 8b derivatives used in this work are: 22C, a hydrolysate-tolerant mutant strain; 9C, an 8b derivative with both chloramphenicol and tetracycline resistance genes removed. The final spectinomycin concentration used for Z. mobilis is 200 and 50 μg/mL for E. coli. Growth curve measurement using Bioscreen CGrowth of Z. mobilis was monitored by using the 420–580 nm filter () as described previously without shaking [88, 89]. Three replicates were used for each condition. The seed cultures used for were first revived from frozen glycerol stocks overnight in RMG2, then diluted 100-fold into fresh RMG2 until it reached exponential phase. The absorbance at OD600 nm was adjusted to 3, then added 10-μL to each well containing 290-μL medium, such that the final OD600 nm = 0. 1. Procedures for measurement, recording of final cell densities, and calculations used to correct for non-linear response at high cell densities are previously reported [88, 89]. Minimized shuttle vector construction and 2,3-BDO pathway assemblyA new minimized shuttle vector, pEZ15Asp, was designed and synthesized that includes origins of replication from both E. coli and Z. mobilis, antibiotics marker for the spectinomycin resistance gene, and multiple cloning sites for Biobrick-based pathway assembly [67]. Wild-type and codon-optimized versions of three 2,3-BDO biosynthesis pathway genes were synthesized by Genscript (NJ, USA). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text discusses various aspects of metabolism and genetic engineering related to Zymomonas mobilis and its pathways for 2,3-BDO production. However, it does not specifically mention bioengineered yeast or their capability to produce biofuels from sugars, making it irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Vaccines help in preventing the spread of infectious diseases. [SEP] Text: However, all BivWC vaccines are equal in their ability to kill cholera bacteria. Therefore, it is reasonable to apply the results from the Shanchol trials to Euvichol and Euvichol‐Plus. What is cholera? Cholera is a disease that is caused by the bacteria Vibrio cholerae. People become infected by eating food or drinking water that is contaminated with these bacteria. Cholera is found throughout much of the world, in areas with poor sanitation or a lack of clean water, and is a particular risk during humanitarian crises. People with cholera can develop severe cases of diarrhoea, which can lead to severe dehydration. Without treatment, many people die. How is cholera prevented? Cholera vaccines have been in development for many years. Cholera vaccines taken by mouth (orally) can be cost‐effective, and easy to administer. They can be stored and delivered to areas during humanitarian crises. Several trials have investigated how effective oral cholera vaccines are in children and adults in different settings, when given in different doses, and followed up for different lengths of time. (WHO) has prequalified some oral cholera vaccines made with killed bacteria. This means they have used standard procedures to assess the safety and efficacy of a vaccine (that is, how well it works and how many side effects it causes). They provide this service to organizations that obtain vaccines, such as. A vaccine that is easy to give to children and adults and is very effective in preventing cholera, or protecting people from severe dehydrating cholera would be very valuable in the control of this potentially fatal disease. If the vaccine is easy to take and has few side effects, it would encourage more people to take it in countries where it is needed. What did we want to find out? We wanted to know how effective and safe the available WHO‐prequalified oral cholera vaccines made with killed bacteria were for children and adults. What did we do? We searched the medical literature for trials that answered our question. We screened, collected, and analysed all relevant studies. We followed standard Cochrane methods to do this. What did we find? We included five trials, with 462,754 participants, which were conducted in three different countries; Peru, India, and Bangladesh. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the effectiveness of cholera vaccines in preventing the disease caused by Vibrio cholerae. It emphasizes that oral cholera vaccines can be cost-effective, easy to administer, and valuable in controlling cholera, which is an infectious disease. The mention of WHO-prequalified vaccines indicates the recognized safety and efficacy of these vaccines, supporting the idea that vaccines play a crucial role in preventing the spread of infectious diseases.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: All agriculture can become pesticide-free without affecting food supply. [SEP] Text: In a bid to curb the vector, borne disease in agriculture crops, and for control of household pests, chemical pesticides are used (Kansakar et al. , Citation2001). The number of farmers depending on pesticides continues to increase. The data of CBS verify that particularly vegetable growers continue to use pesticides that have been increasing from 7. 1% in 1991/92 to 16. 1% in 2001/2002 (Ghimire et al. , Citation2018). However, the number of cereal crop growers using pesticides is growing steadily. The percent of pesticide users among the maize growers increased meagrely (Pandey et al. , Citation2017). Notwithstanding all the facts, the use of pesticides has risks to human health and the environment (Travisi et al. , Citation2006). The data from PPD (Directorate) show that as many as nine pesticide groups which have seven subgroups of Insecticides were imported between the year 1997 to 2003 (Diwakar et al. , Citation2008). Nepal uses almost 142 g/ha amount of pesticides, which when compared to other country is statistically low. The data shows that among imported and used pesticides from 2056/57 (1999) to 2060/061 (2003) were fungicides, bactericides, acaricides & seed treatment groups. In the year 2056/57 (Vainio, Citation1999) & 2057/58 (2000), no amount of biopesticides was imported and consumed, however between 2058/59 (Kansakar et al. , Citation2001) to 2060/061 (2003) plant regulators were not imported and consumed (Diwakar et al. , Citation2008). Vegetable farming is growing in popularity among farmers. With the rising purchasing power of consumers, the demand has increased. Likewise, the incidence of pests also has increased in commercial fields (Jha & Regmi, Citation2009a). To curb the insect pest incidence there is a tendency for high use of pesticides. It is important to protect the crop from an insect pest. Therefore, the main reason for this study was to find out the knowledge and practices of farmers using pesticides in the Bhaktapur district. My study was focused on evaluating the status of pesticide use, and assessing farmer knowledge on safe pesticide handling at four municipalities of Bhaktapur. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by providing evidence of the increasing dependence on pesticides within agriculture, stating that the use of chemical pesticides is on the rise among farmers. It notes that the percent of pesticide users among crops, such as maize and vegetables, has been growing, indicating that the transition to pesticide-free agriculture is not currently viable without impacting food supply. Furthermore, it highlights that the primary reason for using pesticides is to protect crops from pests, suggesting that eliminating pesticides could threaten crop yields.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Bioengineered yeast can produce biofuels from sugars. [SEP] Text: The genes were then assembled in different combinations using Biobrick-based approaches. Specifically, the minimized shuttle vector pEZ15Asp (pEZ) was digested with EcoRI-HF and PstI-HF (Bio-Rad, CA), which was treated using the Rapid DNA Dephos and (Roche, CA) for dephosphorylation and then quantified using Nanodrop and gel electrophoresis followed by gel purification. The insert(s) were also treated with restriction enzymes of EcoRI/SpeI or XbaI/PstI and then quantified again using Nanodrop and gel electrophoresis followed by gel purification. The insert and vector were ligated using the fast-ligation kit (NEB, CA) with a molecular ratio of 3:1 for insert to vector. The ligation product (2-μL) was used for transformation into NEB C2925 competent cells. The transformants were confirmed by colony PCR using the primers of pBAD-GFP_F/R (5′3′ and 5′3′) to confirm the insert size. The gene-specific primers were used to confirm that the targeted genes were cloned into the vector. Colonies showing the expected PCR bands were inoculated into LB broth supplemented with 50 μg/mL spectinomycin overnight and the plasmids were extracted and confirmed by PCR, restriction digestion, and Sanger sequencing. Electroporation transformation and 2,3-BDO strain selection Zymomonas mobilis or Escherichia coli cells were transformed with plasmids by electroporation (Bio-Pulser, 0. 1-cm gap cuvettes, 1. 6 kV, 200 ohms, 25 μF). Electrocompetent Z. mobilis cells were prepared by centrifuging cells from cultures that had reached an OD600 nm of 0. 4–0. 6. Cell pellets were washed once in ice-cold sterile water, re-centrifuged, and washed again in 10 % glycerol. These pellets were resuspended in 10 % glycerol at a concentration approximately 1000-fold higher than the starting culture. Competent cells were stored at −80 °C as small aliquots for later use. Transformants of E. coli or Z. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text describes the methods used for assembling genes and transforming cells but does not provide any specific information or evidence regarding bioengineered yeast or its ability to produce biofuels from sugars. Therefore, it is irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Vaccines help in preventing the spread of infectious diseases. [SEP] Text: Main results Two doses of Dukoral, with or without a booster dose, reduced cases of cholera for two years. Two doses of Shanchol reduced cases of cholera for five years. One dose of Shanchol reduced cases of cholera and cases of severe dehydrating cholera for two years. Generally, participants found that oral cholera vaccines made with killed bacteria were easy to use and safe. Side effects were similar in both the vaccine and comparison groups. What are the limitations of the evidence? We did not find any studies that examined the effects of any BivWC vaccines besides Shanchol. However, their effects on cholera bacteria are equal, so the results for Shanchol should be applicable to Euvichol and Euvichol‐Plus. How up to date is this evidence? We searched for trials on 7 February 2023. Visual summary Authors' conclusions Implications for practice There is high‐certainty evidence that two doses of whole‐cell plus recombinant (WC‐rBS) vaccine (Dukoral), with or without a booster, reduces cases of cholera better than a placebo, up to two‐year follow‐up, in an at‐risk population. There is high‐certainty evidence that two doses of bivalent whole‐cell (BivWC) vaccine (Shanchol) reduces cases of cholera better than a placebo at one‐year and five‐year follow‐up, and moderate‐certainty evidence that it is better at two‐year follow‐up, in an at‐risk population. There is high‐certainty evidence that a single dose of Shanchol reduces cases of cholera better than a placebo at six‐month and two‐year follow‐up, in an at‐risk population. However, the effectiveness of a single‐dose of Shanchol should be further explored, as the conclusion is based on a single study. We found that the adverse events were similar in both the Dukoral group and the placebo group. We found no difference in the number of participants experiencing adverse events from either dose of the two doses of Shanchol. In the case of a single dose of Shanchol, the risk of adverse events was also similar. Implications for research This review graded the effectiveness of a single dose of BivWC (Shanchol) based on the results of a single trial. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by providing evidence that vaccines, specifically the Dukoral and Shanchol cholera vaccines, significantly reduce cases of cholera. The results indicate that these vaccines are effective in preventing the spread of cholera among at-risk populations, thus supporting the claim that vaccines help in preventing the spread of infectious diseases.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: All agriculture can become pesticide-free without affecting food supply. [SEP] Text: As shown in Table 2, the study found that 35% of farmers spray pesticides after the damage is seen in the plants, whereas 24% of farmers responded that they spray pesticides after pest appearance. Similarly, 23% of farmers responded that they use pesticides before the pest and damage are seen. The use of pesticides and insecticides before the emergence of pests adds cost to the farmers, which ultimately increases the incidence of diseases and decreases the profit of the farmer (Hoy et al. , Citation2015). Table 2. Pest management strategy4. 3. Pesticide use pattern and safety measuresTo the questionnaire on how many times do they use pesticides? Thirty-seven percent of respondents said they spray 1–4 times per season. Thirty-four percent of respondents said they spray pesticides 4–8 times, whereas 28% of respondents said they spray pesticides more than 8 times per season. The study found that the majority of farmers depend on agro-vet for the recommendation of pesticides. A major chunk, 72%, depends on agro-vet’s recommended dose of pesticides to use. Only 10% responded they use 1–3 ml/lit whereas eight percent responded they use 6 ml/L of pesticides. Similarly, 10% of respondents used 3–6 ml/l of pesticides. Similarly, results were shown in a case study conducted in Kenya (Manfre & Nordehn, Citation2013). The survey found that 72% of farmers used masks only as protective equipment while they are spraying pesticides, which is shown in Table 3. Only 6% of farmers responded that they use the proper protective equipment that includes aprons, gloves, goggles, and body coverings. Likewise, Table 3 shows that 22% of farmers were ignorant about safety they used no equipment while they spray pesticides. A study conducted in India found that the discomfort to use protective equipment was the primary reason for not using protective equipment (Singh & Gupta, Citation2009). The majority of farmers responded that they depend on agro-vet as the source of technical information. Sixty-seven percent of farmers depend on agro-vet for technical information, whereas only 13% of farmers depend on DADO or agriculture service center for technical information. This shows agro-vet has a high influence on farmers to adopt any techniques. A study conducted in 2018 in the Chitwan district also found a tendency among farmers to depend upon the agro-vet for the information (Rijal et al. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by detailing the reliance of farmers on pesticides to manage pests effectively. It describes how a significant percentage of farmers (35% after damage is seen and 24% after pests appear) use pesticides, indicating that farmers currently depend on these chemicals to maintain their food supply. Moreover, it emphasizes that the use of pesticides is closely tied to economic factors, as costs increase and profits decrease when pesticides aren't used efficiently. This demonstrates that completely eliminating pesticides could jeopardize food security.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Bioengineered yeast can produce biofuels from sugars. [SEP] Text: mobilis were selected on LB or RMG agar plates, respectively, containing appropriate antibiotics. Due to the presence of restriction/modification systems in Z. mobilis [90] that can decrease transformation efficiency, all plasmids were built in and isolated from a methylation-deficient E. coli strain, C2925 (NEB, MA), for efficient transformation into Z. mobilis 8b or its derivatives. For single colony isolation, transformants grown on the selective plates containing spectinomycin were further streaked on RMG plates with spectinomycin at a final concentration of 200 μg/mL (RMGSp). Following isolation, these colonies were then used for colony PCR to confirm the introduction of plasmids with correct pathway genes using the primers pBAD-GFP_F/R to check the insert size and gene-specific primers. Colonies with expected PCR bands pattern were selected and inoculated into RMGSp for preservation and further flask evaluation. Lignocellulosic biomass sugar hydrolysateBiomass sugar hydrolysates were prepared using DMR corn stover. The details of DMR pretreatment process were described elsewhere [42]. In brief, corn stover (#6, harvested in Hurley County, SD) was knife milled to pass through a 19 mm (3/4-in. ) rejection screen followed by dilute alkaline (NaOH at 0. 1 M) deacetylation at 80 °C in a 1900-L paddle mixer to remove most of the acetyl groups and some of the lignin. The deacetylated corn stover was disc refined at a specific refining energy of approximately 100 kW/ODMT in a pilot scale Sprout 401 (36-in. ) disc refiner provided by Andritz, Inc. , Springfield, OH. A secondary milling was applied to the deacetylated and disc refined corn stover substrates at 100kWh/ODMT using a planetary type Szego mill to further improve digestibility. The DMR-pretreated corn stover was then hydrolyzed using cellulases from Novozyme as reported previously [41]. The hydrolysis was conducted at 15 % total solids, pH 5. 2, 50 °C and completed in 5 days. Shake flasks and Biostat-Q fermentationsSeed cultures of Z. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text provided does not directly address or provide evidence related to the claim regarding bioengineered yeast producing biofuels from sugars. Instead, it details methods related to the isolation and transformation of Z. mobilis and the processing of lignocellulosic biomass. While certain processes mentioned like hydrolysis of corn stover could relate indirectly to biofuel production, they do not confirm or deny the specific claim regarding bioengineered yeast.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Vaccines help in preventing the spread of infectious diseases. [SEP] Text: 65) 16,423 (2 RCTs) ⊕⊕⊕⊕ doses ± booster of WC‐rBS vaccine (Dukoral) reduces cases of cholera better than a placebo at 2 years; VE 76% grades of evidence High certainty: we are very confident that the true effect lies close to that of the estimate of the effectModerate certainty: we are moderately confident in the effect estimate; the true effect is likely to be close to the estimate of the effect, but there is a possibility that it is substantially differentLow certainty: our confidence in the effect estimate is limited; the true effect may be substantially different from the estimate of the effectVery low certainty: we have very little confidence in the effect estimate; the true effect is likely to be substantially different from the estimate of the effect The meta‐analyses were based on per‐protocol data. For vaccine effectiveness, review authors converted the overall RR to vaccine effectiveness using the formula: % vaccine effectiveness = (1 ‐ RR) x 100%. * Follow‐up in one study in a general population of children and adults was 2 years; in the other study with adult males, it was 5 months. CI: confidence interval; RR: risk ratio; VE: vaccine effectiveness Open in table viewerSummary of findings 2. BivWC vaccine (Shanchol): two doses versus placebo Patient or population: healthy children and adults; high risk population Setting: hospital‐based and community‐based trials, in regions with endemic cholera and seasonal epidemic peaks in Bangladesh and India; 2006 to 2014 Intervention: BivWC (Shanchol) vaccine: two dosesComparison: placebo: two doses effectiveness, RR (95% CI) No of participants Certainty of the evidence (GRADE) of cholera (follow‐up: 5 years) 0. 20 (0. 15 to 0. 26) 54,519 (1 RCT) ⊕⊕⊕⊕ doses of BivWC vaccine (Shanchol) reduces cases of cholera better than a placebo at 5 years; VE 80%. Cases of cholera (follow‐up: 2 years) 0. 36 (0. 16 to 0. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by providing evidence from randomized controlled trials (RCTs) that demonstrate the effectiveness of vaccines, specifically the WC-rBS and BivWC vaccines, in significantly reducing the incidence of cholera compared to placebo. This indicates that vaccines can effectively prevent the spread of infectious diseases like cholera.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: All agriculture can become pesticide-free without affecting food supply. [SEP] Text: , Citation2018). Table 3. Pesticide use pattern and safety measuresmajority of respondents reported they did not care about the period of the spray of pesticides. Sixty-seven percent of respondents reported they spray pesticides when they want to whereas very few populations cared for the pollinators. Twelve percent of respondents said they use safe-level pesticides. Insects and bees are responsible for nearly 80% of pollination; therefore, it is important to protect pollinators, mainly bees (R. B. Thapa, Citation2006). If a farmer does not know about banned pesticides, he can use those pesticides which have a severe impact on human and environmental health. The majority of farmers did not know about the banned pesticides. Only 12% of farmers knew about banned pesticides. A study carried out in Lebanon showed similar results (Salameh et al. , Citation2004), where almost 80% of farmers did not know about banned pesticides. Knowledge of the class of pesticides was also inadequate. Over 90% of farmers did not know the class of the pesticides. A cross-sectional study carried out in Uganda also showed a close result with the study carried out in Nepal (Oesterlund et al. , Citation2014). The farmers’ knowledge of good agricultural practices was found to be inadequate. The majority of farmers did not know about the Practices. Only 30% of farmers said they know practices. The lack of knowledge on good agricultural practices might be the cause of increasing dependency on the use of the pesticide in the field, which eventually increases the resistance to the pesticides against the harmful pests. Furthermore, it causes the increase in pesticide residue in the soil. Farmers did not follow the waiting period. Table 4 demonstrates that only 27% of farmers followed the waiting period. The pesticide residues become higher if there is a less waiting period and harms the health of the consumer as well as the farmers (Koirala et al. , Citation2010). However, a recent study carried out showed that farmers tend to follow waiting periods in the of Nepal (Bhandari et al. , Citation2020). The study conducted in Dhading showed that most of the farmers practice 3–5 days of the waiting period. Likewise, the 3-year study carried out in Nepal also showed an increase in knowledge about the waiting period (Adhikari, Citation2017). The study revealed that very few farmers knew of natural enemies and biological predators. Only 18% said they know of natural enemies. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by highlighting that the majority of farmers lack knowledge about banned pesticides and good agricultural practices. This inadequacy can lead to an increased dependency on pesticides, suggesting that a transition to pesticide-free agriculture is challenging without essential knowledge and practices in place. The mention of pesticide resistance and residue impacts further implies that maintaining food supply while eliminating pesticides may not be feasible given the current farmer practices and knowledge.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Bioengineered yeast can produce biofuels from sugars. [SEP] Text: mobilis strains harvested at exponential phase were inoculated into 125-mL shake flasks containing 40-mL media of RMG8 (RM with 80 g/L glucose) or RMG8X6 (RM with 80 g/L glucose and 60 g/L xylose) to a starting OD600 nm of 0. 1. The medium was supplemented with spectinomycin at a final concentration of 200 μg/mL. The temperature was maintained at 30 or 33 °C with a shaking speed of 120 rpm. For BiosStat-Q Plus fermentations, strains were revived from frozen stock on RMG5 (50 g/L glucose) in 50 mL baffled flasks containing 10 mL of media, and incubated overnight at 30 °C in a shaking incubator at 180 rpm. The revived and grown culture was used to start the seed culture for fermentation. The seed cultures were then prepared in 125 mL shake flasks containing 40 mL RMG8 (80 g/L glucose) using revived cultures and inoculated at an initial OD600 nm of 0. 1. Seed flasks were incubated at 30 °C overnight in a shaking incubator at 180 rpm. Fermentations to evaluate the strains for BDO production were carried out in BioStat-Q plus fermenters with a 300-mL working volume of RMG with higher glucose concentration of 100 g/L (RMG10) to investigate whether higher carbon source could increase 2,3-BDO titer. The media were supplemented with spectinomycin at the final concentration of 200 μg/mL. The fermenters were inoculated from an overnight grown seed culture with an initial OD600 nm value of 0. 1. The fermenter operated at 30 °C, 300 rpm, and controlled at pH 5. 8 with 4 N KOH. High-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC)The dry weight of cells at the end of fermentation was determined by centrifuging 10 mL of broth and washing the cells with double deionized H2O. The washed cells were placed in pre-weighed aluminum dishes and dried overnight at an 85 °C incubator. The correlation between dry cell weight and OD600 nm value was then calculated and used to estimate the dry cell weight in other time points. Samples from the shake flasks or fermenters were taken at various time points. The samples were diluted for OD600 nm measurement. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it provides detailed information about experimental procedures and conditions used for fermenting mobilis strains with glucose and xylose. However, it does not mention bioengineered yeast or its ability to produce biofuels.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Vaccines help in preventing the spread of infectious diseases. [SEP] Text: 81) 168,540 (2 RCTs) ⊕⊕⊕⊝ doses of BivWC vaccine (Shanchol) reduces cases of cholera better than a placebo at 2 years; VE 64%. Cases of cholera (follow‐up: 1 year) 0. 63 (0. 47 to 0. 85) 241,631 (2 RCTs) ⊕⊕⊕⊕ doses of BivWC vaccine (Shanchol) reduces cases of cholera better than a placebo at 1 year; VE 37%. grades of evidence High certainty: we are very confident that the true effect lies close to that of the estimate of the effectModerate certainty: we are moderately confident in the effect estimate; the true effect is likely to be close to the estimate of the effect, but there is a possibility that it is substantially differentLow certainty: our confidence in the effect estimate is limited; the true effect may be substantially different from the estimate of the effectVery low certainty: we have very little confidence in the effect estimate; the true effect is likely to be substantially different from the estimate of the effect aDowngraded by one level for the inconsistency of results (unexplained heterogeneity of results). However, the uncertainty was because of the differences in the magnitude of the effect estimate. The meta‐analyses were based on per‐protocol data. For vaccine effectiveness, we converted the overall RR to vaccine effectiveness using the formula: % vaccine effectiveness = (1 ‐ RR) x 100%. Cluster‐adjusted analysis used ICC 0. 005. CI: confidence interval; RR: risk ratio; VE: vaccine effectiveness Open in table viewerSummary of findings 3. BivWC vaccine (Shanchol): single dose versus placebo Patient or population: healthy children and adults, male and female; high risk population Setting: hospital and community; in regions with endemic cholera and seasonal epidemic peaks; Bangladesh; 2014 to 2016 Intervention : BivWC vaccine (Shanchol): single doseComparison: placebo: single dose Outcomes* Relative effectiveness, RR (95% CI) No of participants Certainty of the evidence (GRADE) of cholera (follow‐up: 2 years) 0. 61 (0. 53 to 0. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by providing evidence that the BivWC vaccine (Shanchol) significantly reduces cases of cholera compared to a placebo, indicating its effectiveness in preventing the spread of an infectious disease. It states that there is a vaccine effectiveness (VE) of 64% at 2 years and 37% at 1 year, clearly demonstrating that vaccines play a role in disease prevention.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: All agriculture can become pesticide-free without affecting food supply. [SEP] Text: This lack of knowledge of natural enemies increases the tendency to depend on harmful chemicals. The high use of chemicals is detrimental to farmers’, consumers’, and ultimately environmental health (Atreya et al. , Citation2012; Bhandari, Citation2014; Dickin et al. , Citation2016). Table 4. Various practices, knowledge to subside use and exposure to harmful pesticides, and technical knowledge of pesticide application among vegetable growers in plays a vital role in shaping the knowledge of farmers. If the farmer is trained on the regular interval there is less chance that the farmer commits any sorts of activities that are detrimental to his and environmental health. The study showed that only 27% of farmers received training regularly. A study carried out showed similar results in Nepal (Atreya, Citation2007). Many studies have shown positive results in farming activities after receiving training on the regular basis(Gautam et al. , Citation2017; Huang et al. , Citation2012; Noor & Dola, Citation2011). Protective gears play an important role in preventing harmful chemicals from entering the body. The study showed that only 29% of people use protective gear while spraying pesticides. The study carried out in Indonesia showed a similar result (Yuantari et al. , Citation2015). The study showed there was no significant relationship between knowledge and attitudes towards using protective equipment and practice. Likewise, a study carried out in Nepal showed that 30% of people do not use any form of personal protective equipment (PPE) (Koirala et al. , Citation2010). The study showed that 45% of people had received training on IPM, whereas only 28% of people were following some sort of IPM practices. The study revealed that only 18% of farmers knew natural enemies. Likewise, only 31% of farmers practice some sort of crop rotation. Furthermore, 88% of farmers depend on the agro-vet for technical advice. This clearly shows the communication gap between government workers and farmers. A similar result was seen in Nepal in a study carried out in 2014 (Bhandari, Citation2014). The IPM program, which started in 1997 with the support of FAO, has now been implemented in 62 of 75 districts with an intensive program in 17 districts. There are 131 IPM groups and 3667 farmer field schools in the country (Gc & Keller, Citation2013). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by highlighting the dependence on harmful chemicals due to a lack of knowledge about natural enemies, stating that a significant percentage of farmers do not use Integrated Pest Management (IPM) practices or receive adequate training. This suggests that transitioning to pesticide-free agriculture is currently hindered by insufficient knowledge and resources, which could impact food supply. The mention of poor adoption of IPM practices and low training rates indicates that achieving pesticide-free agriculture is not yet feasible without affecting food supply.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Bioengineered yeast can produce biofuels from sugars. [SEP] Text: In addition, samples were filtered through a 0. 2-μm syringe filter into HPLC vials. Concentrations of glucose, xylose, 2,3-BDO, acetoin, xylitol, ethanol, HMF, furfural, lactic acid, glycerol, and acetic acid were determined from filtered sample supernatants by Agilent 1100 series HPLC (Agilent, CA) utilizing a -87H organic acids column and Cation H+ guard cartridge (Bio-Rad, CA) operating at 65 °C. A refractive index detector was used for compound detection. Dilute sulfuric acid (0. 01 N) was used as the isocratic mobile phase at a flow rate of 0. 6 mL/min, following published procedures [41]. Sugar utilization, 2,3-BDO, acetoin, and ethanol titers were calculated based on the HPLC and dry cell weight data. Abbreviations2,3-BDO: 2,3-butanediol Als: acetolactate synthase AldC: acetolactate decarboxylase Bdh: butanediol dehydrogenase Pdc: pyruvate decarboxylase Adh: alcohol dehydrogenase Mdh: malate dehydrogenase Ogdh: 2-oxoglutarate dehydrogenase complex Ndh: NADH dehydrogenase TCA cycle: tricarboxylic acid cycle EMP: Embden–Meyerhof–Parnas pathway ED: Entner–Doudoroff pathway DDR: deacetylation and disc-refining DMR: deacetylation and mechanical refining NGS: next-generation sequencing HPLC: high-performance liquid chromatography 25. 8. 64. 57. 101. 9. 64. 9. 82. 81. 68. 57. 8. 4041. Genome Announc. 2014;2(3):e00590. 123. 33. 42. 73. 13. 9. 84. 204. 82. 6. 47. 9. 7. 8. 241. Sci Rep. 2016;6:19257. 16. 117. 4. 27. 101. Biotechnol. 2002;98–100:885–98. 99. 19. 3. 101. 8. 60. 45. 33. 55. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text provides a detailed description of a testing and analysis process involving various compounds and techniques, such as HPLC for glucose determination, but it does not directly address or provide evidence that bioengineered yeast produces biofuels from sugars. Therefore, the text is irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Vaccines help in preventing the spread of infectious diseases. [SEP] Text: 70) 204,700 (1 RCT) ⊕⊕⊕⊕ single dose of BivWC vaccine (Shanchol) reduces cases of cholera better than a placebo at 2 years; VE 39%. Cases of severe dehydrating cholera (follow‐up: 2 years) 0. 50 (0. 42 to 0. 60) 204,700 (1 RCT) ⊕⊕⊕⊕ single dose of BivWC vaccine (Shanchol) reduces cases of severe dehydrating cholera better than a placebo at 2 years; VE 50%. Cases of cholera (follow‐up: 6 months) 0. 60 (0. 47 to 0. 77) 204,700 (1 RCT) ⊕⊕⊕⊕ single dose of BivWC vaccine (Shanchol) reduces cases of cholera better than a placebo at 6 months; VE 40%. Cases of severe dehydrating cholera (follow‐up: 6 months) 0. 37 (0. 28 to 0. 50) 204,700 (1 RCT) ⊕⊕⊕⊕ single dose of BivWC vaccine (Shanchol) reduces cases of severe dehydrating cholera better than a placebo at 6 months; 63%. grades of evidence High certainty: we are very confident that the true effect lies close to that of the estimate of the effectModerate certainty: we are moderately confident in the effect estimate; the true effect is likely to be close to the estimate of the effect, but there is a possibility that it is substantially differentLow certainty: our confidence in the effect estimate is limited; the true effect may be substantially different from the estimate of the effectVery low certainty: we have very little confidence in the effect estimate; the true effect is likely to be substantially different from the estimate of the effect The meta‐analyses were based on per‐protocol data. For vaccine effectiveness, we converted the overall RR to vaccine effectiveness using the formula: % vaccine effectiveness = (1 ‐ RR) x 100%. CI: confidence interval; RR: risk ratio; VE: vaccine effectiveness of the condition The bacteria Vibrio cholerae (V cholerae) is responsible for the intense diarrhoeal disease, cholera. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by providing evidence that the BivWC vaccine (Shanchol) is effective in reducing cases of cholera compared to a placebo, thereby demonstrating that vaccines help in preventing the spread of this infectious disease. It states that the single dose of this vaccine reduces cases of severe dehydrating cholera both at 2 years and 6 months, indicating a direct role in preventing the spread of cholera.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: All agriculture can become pesticide-free without affecting food supply. [SEP] Text: Various studies have shown encouraging results among farmers after learning Management in Nepal and Asia (Bartlett, Citation2005; C. B. Thapa, Citation2017; Ghimire & Kafle, Citation2014). Despite the encouraging results, a lower number of farmers are adopting IPM in Nepal (C. B. Thapa, Citation2017). The lower adoption rate is recorded but the actual causation of a decrease in adoption rate is not reported yet in Nepal. There could be various causes like low confidence rate in non-chemical pesticides, the slow effect of the biocontrol agents, lack of proper training facilities and monitoring of the training, information gap between farmers and government officials. 5. ConclusionIn developing nations, protecting crops from insects, pests, and disease is a major problem in the production of food. Farmers consider pesticides as the panacea to overcome the infestation of pests and disease. The study in Bhaktapur accessed the farmers’ knowledge of pesticide use and handling and evaluated their current pest management technique. The survey found that the majority of the farmers’ knowledge on several facets of pesticides like handling, selection, harmfulness, use is very inadequate. The high use of pesticides has the potential to increase the health risk to both farmers and consumers. It was found that farmers use pesticides without deliberating the usefulness of natural enemies. Similarly, it was found that they do not consider their safety as if they do not use any protective equipment while spraying pesticides. The presence of a government extension program to enhance the farmers’ knowledge of pesticide safety was insufficient. The dependency on agro-vet to resolve the problem on plants verifies the situation. The study also underscores the importance of educating farmers on various areas of use of pesticides, and the ramification of unscientific uses. HighlightsMost of the farmers are unaware of various aspects of pesticides, its use and safety were inadequate among the farmersThis study aimed to find the farmers’ pest management strategy, knowledge on pesticide safety and practice of pesticide use at Bhaktapur district, NepalThe study reveals that education and training significantly affect the awareness of the use of pesticides and their safety. The study reveals that farmers mostly depend on chemical pesticides and agro-vet recommendations. Additional informationFundingThe authors received no direct funding for this research. Notes on contributorsSusan ThapaSusan Thapa's research niche includes research in the quantification of causation of high use of pesticides in agriculture and their public health significance. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by highlighting that the majority of farmers in Nepal depend on chemical pesticides due to inadequate knowledge of pesticide use and safety. It discusses the challenges in adopting Integrated Pest Management (IPM), emphasizing that low confidence in non-chemical solutions, lack of training, and insufficient government support hinder the transition to pesticide-free practices. Furthermore, it mentions that farmers view pesticides as essential for managing pests and diseases, indicating that achieving a pesticide-free agricultural system may not be feasible without proper education and support.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Bioengineered yeast can produce biofuels from sugars. [SEP] Text: Additionally, we substituted its native signal peptide by the pre-signal sequence of the main extracellular lipase, Lip2p, followed by three X-Ala motifs (see Additional file 1: Table S1) [30]. The generated strain, overexpressing the rice α-amylase, was able to produce the active enzyme according to the clear zones around the colonies on starch-containing YPD plates (Fig. 1b), contrary to the wild type (Fig. 1a). In addition, the supernatant of a glucose-based culture showed two bands on acrylamide gel corresponding to the expected sizes of the two different processed variants of the protein, 45 and 47 kDa (Fig. 2), as it has been previously described [27]. The presence of the protein in the supernatant further supports the correct secretion of the enzyme. This supernatant was able to generate clear zones after applying to a starch-containing plate indicating the secretion of an active form of the protein (Additional file 2: Figure S1). Fig. 1Starch-containing YPD plate. YPD plate containing starch after 3 days of incubation at 28 °C. The plate was stained with iodine vapor. The strains able to clarify starch were distinguished by the clear zone around the colonies. A the wild type (JMY2900), B expression of alpha-amylase (JMY5077), C expression of glucoamylase (JMY5083) and D expression of alpha-amylase and glucoamylase (JMY5017)Full size image Fig. 2SDS-PAGE gel of the culture supernatant. Proteins present in the supernatant of the culture from wt (wild type, JMY2900), α (strain expressing alpha-amylase, JMY5077), GA (strain expressing glucoamylase, JMY5083) and α + GA (strain expressing alpha-amylase and GA, JMY5017). M lane shows the molecular marker. Arrows indicate the bands corresponding to the expected sizes of the expressed proteinsFull size image Despite the proved expression and secretion of the active α-amylase, the modified strain was unable to grow on starch-based medium with no other carbon source (Figs. 3, 4). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim about bioengineered yeast producing biofuels from sugars. Instead, it discusses the expression and secretion of α-amylase in a modified strain and its inability to grow on starch-based medium, which is unrelated to the production of biofuels.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Vaccines help in preventing the spread of infectious diseases. [SEP] Text: Among the over 200 serological groups of V cholerae only two serogroups; serogroups O1 and O139, cause epidemics. V cholerae O1 has two further biotypes; classical and El Tor. Each biotype has three distinct serotypes; Ogawa, Inaba, and Hikojima (Heymann 2008). Tor biotype of V cholerae O1 is currently responsible for most of the epidemics. This was identified first in Indonesia in 1961, and spread to Asia, Africa, Europe, and Latin America. V cholerae O139, also known as the Bengal strain, has been responsible for the epidemic in India and Bangladesh since 1992, and has remained confined to Asia (WHO 2022). Previous epidemics were caused by the classical biotype V cholerae O1, but this is now less common. However, other strains, such as non‐O1/non‐O139 are responsible for occasional sporadic events of gastroenteritis (Heymann 2008). Evidence suggests that individuals with blood group O are at lower risk of developing cholera, but their susceptibility to developing severe cholera is higher if they are infected (Harris 2005). This provides the hypothesis that there may be a genetic imprint left by cholera infection in endemic areas (Harris 2016). It may also indicate that as cholera spreads to areas with a higher prevalence of blood group O, the prevalence of severe cholera will be higher in those places. Though the mechanism of this phenomenon is still unknown, it should be considered while assessing the effectiveness of the cholera vaccine. Description of the intervention The development of the cholera vaccine has a long history. Large‐scale vaccination programmes against cholera started in the 1960s. cholerae O1 cells were injected into humans after being killed by either heat, formalin, or phenol. In the 1970s, it was reported that these whole‐cell vaccines had low efficacy with short‐term immunity, and a significant side effect profile (Bhadra 1994). The first Cochrane review on cholera vaccines was published in 1998, and reported that the effectiveness of the killed whole‐cell vaccine was 54% at seven months, and 46% at the end of one year. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text supports the claim by discussing the development and history of cholera vaccines, stating that large-scale vaccination programs began in the 1960s to combat cholera. It references the first Cochrane review which reported a 54% effectiveness of the killed whole-cell vaccine at seven months, and 46% at the end of one year. This suggests that the cholera vaccine does have a significant role in preventing the spread of cholera, an infectious disease.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: All agriculture can become pesticide-free without affecting food supply. [SEP] Text: [40] found smallholder farmers in Cameroon not only producing good-quality seed but also highly knowledgeable about sorghum seed production. The failure of the seed samples acquired through relatives to meet the seed certification standards could be explained by the likelihood that seed and grain are often interwoven in exchange. The chances of grain conversion to seed are even higher during crises or post-crises. We conclude that farmers have the capacity to effectively produce and exchange amongst themselves seed of good quality that is comparable to or even higher than the standards of formal seed systems. Similar findings have also been reported for other crops, including cowpeas and maize. Biemond et al. [22] for example found that farmer-produced cowpeas seed samples had lower infection frequencies of seed- and soil-borne pathogens than seed-certified and foundation seed samples. In a follow-up study on maize, Biemond et al. [41] found that farmer-produced seed samples were heavily infected with a range of seed- and soil-borne pathogens, although control samples produced by a public institution were also heavily infected. The RP and PI for storage facilities did not give a clear indication of which facility is better suited for storage. There is scope to do further tests with a larger sample size to analyse differences. Variations may have also resulted from the handling of seed and different seed management practices. We found sacks to be the most commonly used storage facility in both districts; these were mainly coated with polythene and had limited free air circulation, thus stimulating fungal infestation. In addition, farmers sometimes recycle the same sacks from year to year and there is a possibility of carrying over the fungal inoculum through sacks. Traditional storage facilities such as the kitchen ceilings and granaries were the least used storage facilities. ConclusionsOur findings reveal unequivocally that farmer-led seed systems have the capacity to provide quality sorghum seeds for crop production in Zimbabwe. They channel seeds of reasonable quality within comparable levels to the set certification standards. Such systems not only present opportunities to deliver seed, food and nutritional security in sub-but also have the potential to provide solutions that are resilient to changing climates. Farmer-led seed systems deserves greater recognition and support from governments and other relevant players in crop production in order to develop a tailored and appropriate seed system that meets the ever-evolving needs of smallholder farmers in sub-Saharan Africa. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the capacity of farmer-led seed systems to provide quality seeds and food security without relying on conventional agricultural practices. It highlights that these systems can yield reasonable quality seeds while also addressing issues such as pest and pathogen management, implying that achieving food security could involve a range of agricultural practices, not solely pesticide-free methods.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Bioengineered yeast can produce biofuels from sugars. [SEP] Text: Lipid content of JMY5035 was compared when it grew in soluble starch-based medium (SS) presenting different C/N ratios (60 and 90). As we expected, JMY5035 strain greatly improved lipid content, up to 21. 1 ± 1. 4 % of the DCW, 5. 7 times more than JMY5017 (Fig. 6a, c). Total lipid was further enhanced when a C/N ratio of 90 was used, where JMY5035 reached 27. 0 ± 1. 4 % of DCW as fatty acids (Fig. 6b, d). These results are in accordance with previously publish data of the parental strain JMY3501, which after growing in glucose C/N ratio of 60 accumulated up to 25 % of DCW as fatty acids [41]. Similar biomass was formed in both C/N ratios; 11. 55 ± 0. 07 and 12. 36 ± 0. 16 g/L for C/N 60 and 90, respectively. Accordingly, total lipid production was 2. 44 ± 0. 15 and 3. 34 ± 0. 13 g/L, respectively. At the end of the culture, the strain JMY5035 was able to consume 60. 3 ± 6. 4 % of the starch added to the media. Interestingly, citric acid amounts produced in the conditions tested were very low, which is preferred in the industrial production of lipids using Y. lipolytica. Both slower growth and no citric acid production can be explained by the lack of the overflow through the glycolysis pathway, which would be limited by the rate of glucose release from starch. Fig. 6Lipid production in lipid overproducer background. a, b Show the strain expressing alpha-amylase and glucoamylase in the lipid accumulating background JMY3820; the growth in purple (OD600), the percentage of fatty acids in the DCW (%FA) in blue and the citric acid produced (g/L) in green. Two culture media were used as described in “Methods”; YNBCN60 (C/N 60) and YNBCN90 (C/N 90). c, d Show fluorescence microscopy images where the lipid bodies were stained with Bodipy. c Corresponds to the experiment A while d corresponds to the experiment B. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not directly address the claim about bioengineered yeast producing biofuels from sugars. Instead, it focuses on the lipid content and growth conditions of a specific yeast strain (JMY5035) in a starch medium and discusses different C/N ratios. While the text mentions lipid production, it does not make a clear connection to biofuels derived from sugars, making it irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Vaccines help in preventing the spread of infectious diseases. [SEP] Text: The level of protection diminished by the end of the second year among children under five years of age, but remained among children over five years of age for as long as three years post‐vaccination (Graves 2010). Over time, injectable vaccines have been replaced by oral cholera vaccines. However, a highly effective vaccine (protective efficacy > 85%) has not yet been introduced to endemic countries, due to the inability to generate similar protection (vaccine efficacy down to 61% even after three doses), and the challenge of delivery within the field (recommended storage is ‐20 °C (Lopez 2014)). Both inactivated oral cholera vaccines (killed whole cells of V cholerae ), and live attenuated oral cholera vaccines (genetically modified, non‐pathogenic strains of V cholerae) have been tested in clinical trials. Subunit vaccines consisting of cell components only (antigens) have also been tested. Among those, several safe and reasonably effective, licenced or WHO‐prequalified vaccines are available to use (WHO 2022). WHO prequalification is an assessment of the safety and efficacy of a vaccine, using standard procedures, to determine the requirements of the vaccination programme. It is a service provided for organizations, such as that procure vaccines. Currently, these WHO‐prequalified vaccines are available. Whole‐cell plus recombinant vaccine (WC‐rBS) ‐ Dukoral®: an inactivated monovalent vaccine containing killed whole cells of V cholerae O1 and additional recombinant cholera toxin B subunit. It is produced by SBL Vaccine/Crucell, Sweden. It must be administered with a buffer solution. Bivalent whole‐cell vaccine (BivWC) ‐ Shanchol® and Euvichol/Euvichol‐Plus®: Shanchol® is an inactivated bivalent vaccine containing killed whole cells of V cholerae O1 and V cholerae O139. It is produced by Shantha Biotechnics, India. Shanchol is a killed bivalent oral cholera vaccine containing whole cells of both V cholerae O1 and O139 serogroups. It received WHO prequalification in 2011. It is usually administered in a two‐dose regimen. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing various vaccines, including oral cholera vaccines, which are mentioned as safe and reasonably effective in clinical trials. It notes that these vaccines have received WHO prequalification, indicating their efficacy and safety in preventing cholera, an infectious disease. The mention of WHO-prequalified vaccines supports the claim that vaccines play a role in preventing the spread of infectious diseases.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: All agriculture can become pesticide-free without affecting food supply. [SEP] Text: Formulae display:? Mathematical formulae have been encoded as MathML and are displayed in this HTML version using MathJax in order to improve their display. Uncheck the box to turn MathJax off. This feature requires Javascript. Click on a formula to zoom. AbstractWhile the introduction of agro-chemicals has had positive effects on rice productivity, its application has also caused environmental pollution and biodiversity losses. To reduce the pollution, the Vietnamese government has implemented several programs to encourage eco-friendly cultivation practices to discourage the overuse of agro-chemicals. However, farmers in the Delta have resisted the adoption of these eco-friendly practices. The current study aimed at investigating the factors affecting the adoption of eco-friendly rice production practices. We conducted structured interviews with 202 rice farmers. Analysis using generalized ordered logit regression produced evidence that membership in agricultural cooperatives or clubs, perception of biodiversity losses, perceived ease of use, farmer experience, and the perceived difference in selling price all had positive effects on adoption, while risk perception and the number of paddy plots negatively affected the adoption. We also found that the single eco practice (adoption of one eco-friendly practice in rice farming) had the highest economic achievement. One more interesting finding is that a large proportion of farmers who use conventional methods shared similar characteristics with eco rice farmers. Based on the results, to promote the adoption of eco practices, it is necessary to create an incentive mechanism to encourage farmers to join farmer organizations. In addition, policy makers should focus on informing farmers about mitigating risks such as adverse climatic impacts, polluted water, and other environmental threats. Technical training courses and other information-sharing meetings should also be required to introduce to farmers about the benefits of eco practices. Keywords: adoptioneco-friendly rice productiongeneralized ordered logit regressionrice production has contributed significantly to socio-economic development of Vietnam, the overuse of agro-chemicals used to increase that production has also caused environmental pollution and biodiversity losses. To reduce the pollution and to revitalize biodiversity, the Vietnamese government has attempted to encourage the adoption of eco-friendly production practices. However, Delta farmers have been slow to embrace these practices. The current study investigated the factors affecting the adoption of eco-friendly practices based on a dataset of 202 farmers. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by highlighting that while eco-friendly practices aim to reduce the negative impacts of agro-chemicals, farmers have been resistant to adopting these methods. The mention of 'environmental pollution and biodiversity losses' due to the use of agro-chemicals implies that there are complications associated with transitioning away from traditional methods. Additionally, the statement that farmers in the Delta have been slow to embrace eco-friendly practices indicates that achieving a pesticide-free agricultural system is challenging and not guaranteed to maintain food supply levels.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Bioengineered yeast can produce biofuels from sugars. [SEP] Text: lipolytica have been described elsewhere [47]. Minimal medium (YNBCN60) contained 0. 17 % (wt/vol) yeast nitrogen base (YNBww), 6 % glucose (wt/vol; Merck, Fontenay-sous-Bois Cedex, France) 0. 15 % (wt/vol) NH4Cl and 50 mM phosphate buffer (pH 6. 8). Soluble starch medium (SS) was similar to YNBCN60 but substituting glucose for soluble starch, 1 % in the case of microplate assay (see results), 6 % in C/N60 and 9 % in C/N90, all of them contained 0. 17 % (wt/vol) yeast nitrogen base (YNBww), 0. 15 % (wt/vol) NH4Cl and 50 mM phosphate buffer (pH 6. 8). Raw starch medium (RS) was similar to YNBCN60 by substituting glucose for wheat raw starch (1 %) (Sigma-Aldrich), and as YNBCN60, 0. 17 % (wt/vol) yeast nitrogen base (YNBww), 0. 15 % (wt/vol) NH4Cl and 50 mM phosphate buffer (pH 6. 8). The industrial starch medium (IS) was similar to YNBCN60 but substituting glucose for 25 % industrial product containing starch (DZ starch) provided by (Belgium). Table 1 Strains used in this workFull size table Cloning and expression of heterologous amylasesHeterologous genes, alpha-amylase and glucoamylase were synthesized with codon optimization according to the codon usage of Y. lipolytica (GenScript) (Additional file 1: Table S1) and cloned in the autocloning vectors of JMP62 type [49, 50] under the control of pTEF promoter. BamHI and AvrII were used for the cloning of the genes in the vectors containing either the LEU2ex or the URA3ex excisable markers (Additional file 5: Figure S3). Expression vectors were digested with NotI and subject to gel electrophoresis. The NotI bands corresponding to the expression cassettes were extracted from the gel and used for transformation. Expression cassettes were integrated at random in Y. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it provides detailed information on the mediums used for yeast cultivation and the cloning of heterologous amylase genes in Yarrowia lipolytica. It does not mention biofuels, sugar conversion, or the ability of bioengineered yeast to produce biofuels.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Vaccines help in preventing the spread of infectious diseases. [SEP] Text: However, in resource poor settings, and under certain conditions, such as natural calamities and humanitarian crises, administration of a second dose might be challenging. Therefore, a large trial was conducted in Bangladesh using a single dose of Shanchol (Qadri 2016). It is important to note that the manufacturer of Shanchol decided to stop the production of the vaccine by the end of 2023. Euvichol/Euvichol‐Plus®: an inactivated vaccine containing V cholerae O1 and V cholerae O139. It is produced by EuBiologics Co, Ltd, Republic of Korea with the help of the Institute. Euvichol‐Plus and Shanchol have the same vaccine formula. and Shanchol resulted from the tech transfer of the vaccine formulation from the Institute, using the same strains and the same procedures. Euvichol‐Plus is the same as Euvichol. It is manufactured by the same company in the same facility, but Euvichol‐Plus is presented as a plastic tube with the thimerosol removed, while Euvichol is in a glass vial. The antigenic perspective of Euvichol and Euvichol‐Plus is identical. Another killed whole‐cell vaccine is under development and waiting for WHO prequalification. Hillchol®: a single stable recombinant V cholerae O1 Hikojima strain (MS1568) that expresses roughly the equivalent amounts of Ogawa and Inaba O1 lipopolysaccharide antigens. It is produced by. Ltd. , in collaboration with the University of Gothenburg, Sweden (Chowdhury 2021). Dukoral, Shanchol, and Euvichol/Euvichol‐Plus are the only three vaccines currently available for mass vaccination campaigns, through the Stockpile, which is supported by Gavi, the (WHO 2017; WHO 2022). However, the production of Shanchol will be halted by the end of 2023. How the intervention might work Cholera vaccines stimulate the immune system of the host, resulting in either the prevention of, or reduction in the severity of the natural infection. The immunogenicity and effectiveness of the vaccine are often influenced by the route of administration. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by stating that cholera vaccines stimulate the immune system of the host, resulting in either the prevention of, or reduction in the severity of the natural infection. This indicates that vaccines play a significant role in managing the impact of infectious diseases.