Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Some assert that using pathogens for pest control will never affect beneficial insects. [SEP] Text: The catching peak of ten harmful Microlepidoptera species is in First Quarter, another ten species have the peak in the and Last one, and only in two cases, the catching peak is in [57, 58]. This fact in these attributes to the high-polarized moonlight. This confirms the results of previous studies given in 6. 7. 6. 7. 1. Macrosynoptic weather situations The flying activity of (Agrotis segetum Den. et Schiff. ) during the change of macrosynoptic situations classified due to Péczely is investigated by the numbers of captures of this kind of moths by light traps. It can be shown that the flying activity is high during periods of fundamental changes in the weather situation and the activity resumes low if there is no change in the atmospheric circulation regime. At times of changes and/or existences of these types, the light-trap catches of two insect pests have been investigated [68], (Hyphantria cunea Drury) and the (Lymantria dispar L. ). We publish in this paper the favourable and unfavourable meteorological situations to trap the two given species. The authors have established that from the various 29 types of Hess-Brezowsky’s macrosynoptic weather situations, if they are continuous, which one are favourable or unfavourable from the point of view of collecting the moths, moreover how the species investigated react to the change of the weather situations [36]. 6. 7. 2. Weather fronts and air masses A few number of individuals were caught by the light-trap if the cold air mass was near the surface. The collecting is successful if there is warm air mass above the surface. We found the effectiveness of subtropical air masses in increasing flight activity and of course, light-trap catching. We found high catch in that cases, when the arriving cold front brings temperate maritime air in place of Saharan air coming from the which has the strong activity of spherics (electromagnetic radiation) [69]. 6. 7. 3. Weather events The instability line decreases alone the number of caught specimen only at that case, when it repeats during some days. If other meteorological events are involved, the influence is disadvantageous or inefficient for the catching result. The next day the amount of the collection increases only if a subtropical air mass also arrives. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim about the impact of using pathogens for pest control on beneficial insects. Instead, it focuses on the flying activity of certain harmful moth species and their correlation with weather conditions, which is unrelated to the effects of pathogens on non-target insect populations. Therefore, it can be deemed irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Bees play a critical role in pollination, supporting food production and biodiversity. [SEP] Text: Общий сбор пыльцы у пчел, получавших ароматизированную подкормку, увеличился на 33 и 9%, в том числе клеверной — на 30 и 5% соответственно по породам [16]. Используя сильную реакцию пчел на запах, можно направить их на опыление культурных растений, не являющихся лучшими медоносами. Это возможно благодаря использованию особых препаратов — аттрактантов, созданных на основе композиции ароматических веществ, наиболее привлекательных для пчел. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by highlighting the role of bees in pollination and how their enhanced response to specific scents can be utilized for pollinating crops. This reflects on the significant contribution of bees to food production and biodiversity.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Everyone can thrive equally well on a plant-based diet regardless of health conditions. [SEP] Text: No data were collected in this study on alcohol consumption or diet, but questions were asked about current smoking. Unsurprisingly, smoking prevalence was higher among the low income group. However, when we included smoking in models examining the effect of social ties on SRH, the effects were only slightly attenuated and there were no changes in the statistical significance of the associations. ConclusionThis study shows that people on low incomes report less social contact and also poorer health. The effect of lack of social ties on health appears to be of greater magnitude among people on low incomes, compared to those who are better off. If further research confirms this finding, it would reinforce calls to promote public health initiatives that aim to strengthen social ties and social cohesion in economically poor neighbourhoods. ConsentNo ethical consent was required for this study. The authors only analysed anonymous information. 235. 14. N° 2–3 1. A systematic review. Quarterly. 2004, 82 (1):: and Health: a review and explanation of the evidence. & Med. 2006, 62 (7): 1768-1784. 10. 1016/j. socscimed. 2005. 08. 036. 189. 957. 10. 1016/0021-9681(87)90145-7. 2257. 10. 1016/j. socscimed. 2004. 03. 027. 579. 10. 1136/jech. 2004. 025429. 174. 10. 1093/aje/kwh020. 1830. 10. 1016/S0277-9536(02)00181-8. 195. 10. 1037/0882-7974. 12. 1. 189. 126. 57. 10. 1016/S0277-9536(00)00065-4. 1008. 10. 1111/j. 1365-2826. 2004. 01262. x. 890. 10. 1016/S0306-4530(98)00061-4. 9. 10. 1007/s001270050014. 673. 10. 1016/S0277-9536(98)00381-5. 2002. ° 920. 2003 960. 10. 1016/S0277-9536(02)00099-0. 528. 10. 1016/S0895-4356(97)00045-0. 37. 10. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim because it discusses the smoking prevalence among low-income groups and social ties' effects on self-rated health (SRH) without mentioning anything about plant-based diets or health conditions related to diet. Therefore, it does not support, contrast, or provide any information relevant to the claim.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Some assert that using pathogens for pest control will never affect beneficial insects. [SEP] Text: The convergence zone is inefficient on its own, but in case of cyclogenesis, the number of collected moth decreases compared with the results of the day before. There is a disadvantageous influence if a moderate maritime air mass is involved from the previous day to the next. The collecting results are small in number on the previous day if cyclogenesis is the only influencing factor. On the day of arrival, it is also low when it is combined with any other meteorological events. In case of country-wide rain, the catching is low even on the next day. It is noticeable that country-wide rain on its own is favourable before and after the event for the success of the catching, but if it comes with any other meteorological events, it is unfavourable for the catching. For a cold weather front arriving on its own on, the previous day of its arrival is advantageous for collecting, but it is unfavourable on the day of arrival and the following one. It is also disadvantageous if it is combined with a moderate air mass, and the collecting results are higher in number in case of an arctic air mass, but they decrease on the next day. A warm weather front arriving combined with a subtropical air mass is favourable for the catching on the day of arrival and the previous one, but it is unfavourable if the warm front combines with moderate maritime air mass. The number of moths caught is low on the day of arrival and the following one if there is a moderate maritime air mass and it is independent from whether it is combined with any other meteorological events or not. The number of the catching is not very high—except if it is combined with other meteorological events—on the previous day of the arrival of a moderate continental air mass, but it is high on the following days. If the instability line on the previous day is followed by a moderate continental air mass with a cold front on the day of arrival, the catching of the previous night is high in number, but it is low on the following one. If the instability line on the previous day is followed by a moderate maritime air mass with a cold front on the day of arrival, a low number of the collection can be detected on that day, but it is increasing on the following one. Subtropical maritime air masses—arriving on their own, with the instability line and a cold front—are disadvantageous, but they are favourable on the previous and following days. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not provide any information related to the claim about the effects of using pathogens for pest control on beneficial insects. Instead, it discusses the influences of various meteorological events on the collection of moths, which is unrelated to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Bees play a critical role in pollination, supporting food production and biodiversity. [SEP] Text: Привлеченные сильным цветочным запахом аттрактанта, пчелы находят обработанные посевы и, прилетев, начинают собирать нектар на имеющихся цветках. Аттрактанты максимизируют опылительную деятельность пчел и являются особенно эффективными, когда период опыления сокращен из-за неблагоприятных погодных условий (понижение температуры до 5–10 ºС, пасмурная дождливая погода). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by explaining how bees are attracted to flowers and collect nectar, which maximizes their pollination activity. This directly supports the assertion that bees play a critical role in pollination.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Everyone can thrive equally well on a plant-based diet regardless of health conditions. [SEP] Text: ProtocolEgan1, BA, PhD Mary Mulcahy2, BA, MA Karen Tuqiri3, BA, MA Gatt1,4, BA, PhD 1Australia, Randwick, Australia2Care, of Wales Hospital, Randwick, Australia3of Wales Hospital, Randwick, Australia4School of Psychology, University of :2031AustraliaPhone: 61 2 9399 1812Fax:61 2 9399 1005Email: j. gatt@neura. edu. auAbstractBackground: Mental health has come to be understood as not merely the absence of mental illness but also the presence of mental well-being, and recent interventions have sought to increase well-being in various populations. A population that deserves particular attention is that of health care workers, whose occupations entail high levels of stress, especially given the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic. A neuroscience-based web-based well-being program for health care workers—the Thrive program—has been newly developed to promote habits and activities that contribute to brain health and overall mental well-being. Objective: This paper describes the protocol for a randomized controlled trial whose objective is to evaluate the Thrive program in comparison with an active control condition to measure whether the program is effective at increasing well-being and decreasing symptoms of psychological distress in health care workers at a designated Australian hospital. Methods: The trial will comprise two groups (intervention vs active control) and 4 measurement occasions over a 12-week period. A survey will be administered in each of weeks 0, 4, 8, and 12, and the well-being program will be delivered in weeks 1-7 (via web-based video presentations or digital pamphlets). Each of the 4 surveys will comprise a range of questionnaires to measure well-being, psychological distress, and other key variables. The planned analyses will estimate group-by-time interaction effects to test the hypothesis that mental health will increase over time in the intervention condition relative to the active control condition. Results: program was delivered to a small number of wards at the hospital between February 2021 and July 2021, and it will be delivered to the remaining wards from October 2021 to December 2021. A power calculation has recommended a sample size of at least 200 participants in total. A linear mixed model will be used to estimate the interaction effects. Conclusions: This trial seeks to evaluate a new web-based well-being program for health care workers at a major public hospital. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses a web-based well-being program for health care workers and does not mention anything related to plant-based diets or the health conditions of individuals following such diets. There is no information or evidence provided that supports, contrasts, or relates to the claim.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Some assert that using pathogens for pest control will never affect beneficial insects. [SEP] Text: If these sorts of air masses combine with a convergence zone and cyclogenesis, the number of the collection is less on the previous night. Subtropical maritime air masses—arriving with a warm weather front—are advantageous for the success of collecting on the previous day and also on the day of arrival. The number of moths caught showed a decrease on the day of the arrival of a subtropical continental air mass and the trend was the same on the next day. The number of moths collected is lower on the day of the arriving of subtropical continental air masses and the following days. The catching is high in number on the previous day and the day of the arriving of an arctic air mass combined with a cold weather front, but there is a decrease on the following day [70]. 6. 8. Weather elements Temperature may have an important part from the point of view of insects’ flying activity. The given temperature requirements of insects can be explained by the fact that their body mass is very small compared to both its surface and the environment. That is why the temperature of their body, instead of being permanent and self-sufficient, follows the changing temperature of the environment. This is because the ratios of the body mass and surface of insects determine the difference between the inner heat content and the incoming or outgoing heat. The heat content of the body is proportionate to its mass, while, on the other hand, the heat energy intake or loss is proportionate to the size of the surface of the body. Therefore, an external effect makes its influence felt as against the inner, small heat content of a relatively small mass. The speed as well as the size of the impact brings on the ratio between the mass and surface of the body of the insect [71]. So the temperature value always exerts a substantial influence on the life processes of insects. The chemical processes described as metabolism that determine the life functions of insects always follow the temperature changes in the direct surroundings. Naturally, the activity of the organs of locomotion also depends on the temperature of the environment, which explains why we can expect a massive light-trap turnout by what is an optimal temperature for the given species [72]. Southwood [73] on the other hand, is of the view that the flight of insects has a minimum and maximum temperature threshold typical for each species. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text discusses various factors influencing insect behavior, such as air masses, temperature, and their body temperature dynamics. However, it does not address the claim regarding the impact of using pathogens for pest control on beneficial insects. Therefore, the text is irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Bees play a critical role in pollination, supporting food production and biodiversity. [SEP] Text: Они также рекомендуются для использования в условиях, когда наряду с культурным растением, требующим опыления, цветут другие конкурирующие виды, более привлекательные для пчел. Обработанные аттрактантом участки посещаются большим количеством пчел, которые работают более активно [5]. Выпускаемые промышленностью аттрактанты используются в основном для улучшения опыления садов. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the role of bees in pollination, specifically mentioning their attraction to flowers and their active participation in pollination efforts, which supports the idea that bees are crucial for food production and biodiversity.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Everyone can thrive equally well on a plant-based diet regardless of health conditions. [SEP] Text: If mental health is neglected, deteriorating mental health can impede physical healing; at the same time, the health care journey itself can have profound impacts on mental health. Recent research published by the (2019) found that: “People living with mental illnesses experience a range of physical symptoms that result both from the illness itself and as a consequence of treatment. These people are also at higher risk of experiencing a wide range of physical conditions. ” Recognizing the links between mind and body is the first step toward strategies to improve patient outcomes. attempts to bridge this existing divide by measuring well-being as a key factor in patient resilience, and integrating such information with the delivery of healthcare. In specifically designed questions, the app uses standard well-being questions, involving subjective well-being, as metrics to get a “Thriving Score” for each patient. ProjectSubjective well-being can influence physical health. Scores of studies show that our levels of happiness versus stress and depression can influence cardiovascular health, immune system strength, and our ability to heal from injuries (Diener et al. 2017). One important figure in this research from which derives new inspiration is Ed Diener, Professor of Psychology at the University of Virginia and the University of Utah, and a for Gallup. Alongside him is Dr. Carol Diener, who has dedicated her own research to identifying factors that predict subjective well-being. programme is a 12-week interactive course that delivers daily exercises to help patients form healthy habits and make better lifestyle choices. seeks to highlight connections between mental and physical health, Enhance is a tool with which patients can work toward happiness and wellbeing as an integral part of recovery from illness and injury. In each of these apps, related to rapid self-assessment and information sourcing for COVID-19, preparing for procedures and recovery, getting a or challenging yourself with the Enhance programme, is innovating at a rapid pace in pursuit of a goal that patients and clinicians connect mental well-being to physical health. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by indicating that mental health can significantly impact physical health and healing processes. It notes that individuals with mental illnesses experience both physical symptoms related to their mental health and have a higher risk of physical conditions. This suggests that the ability to thrive on a plant-based diet may not be equal for everyone, especially for those with mental health challenges, as their overall health outcomes may vary based on their psychological state.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Some assert that using pathogens for pest control will never affect beneficial insects. [SEP] Text: The insect flies if the temperature is above the minimum and below the maximum threshold and becomes inactive when the value is below the minimum or above the maximum threshold. According to him, there are other reasons for the fluctuations in the number of specimens experienced in the interval between the low and high threshold values. However, research in Hungary has proved that in the context of a single species, too, a significant regression can be established between the temperature values and the number of specimens collected by light-trap [47, 74, 75]. The high values of air temperature vapour pressure, saturation deficit and the height of cloud base increase the catch of Rivula sericealis Scopoli, and on the contrary, the wind velocity, relative humidity and amount of cloud decrease it. The decreasing clouds, and thunder and lightning preceding thunderstorms also increase the flight activity. Modifying effect of precipitation has become more accurate as well. The effect of rain in hindering the catch is well known, but the fact that the hindering effect remains after the rain has stopped is a new finding. Our results demonstrate that low temperature minima depress both the number of species and individuals in all aspects. In contrast, higher than the minimum value can rise in number of caught species and individuals. The daily temperature ranges—the 24-hour period noted between the highest and lowest temperature difference—in the temperate zone are more important than in the tropics, as activity of insects is strongly dependent on the daily temperature range in the temperates than in the tropics [76]. We found that the light trap catch of both Caddisfly (Trichoptera) species increased when the daily maximum temperature, minimum and average values of temperature were higher. The results can be written down with second- or third-degree polynomials. The fluctuation in temperature had no clear influence on the catch. The hydrothermal quotient has a strong influence on the catch of both species. Precipitation has no significant influence on the catch of the tested species [47]. The study of Nowinszky and Puskás [77] examines the efficiency of light-trap catching of (Agrotis segetum Den. et. Schiff. ) and various values of atmospheric electricity. The number of specimens trapped is the largest near the region close to 0 V/m. The rising positive values have a slight effect on the catch, while negative values of the atmospheric electricity are extremely disadvantageous for trapping. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses the effects of temperature and other environmental factors on insect specimen capture, without addressing issues related to the use of pathogens for pest control or their potential impact on beneficial insects.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Bees play a critical role in pollination, supporting food production and biodiversity. [SEP] Text: Головки клевера лугового с участка, обработанного препаратом Pollinus, содержали на 17,3 шт. семян больше, чем с участка без обработки, в том числе на 16,3 шт. больше выполненных (полноценных) семян. Разница по количеству семян в головках с обработанного и необработанного участков составила 35%. Такое могло произойти только в результате более интенсивного опыления обработанного аттрактантом участка, так как других различий между вариантами не было. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by highlighting the significance of enhanced pollination in a treated area, which led to a higher seed yield. This directly supports the importance of pollinators, such as bees, in agricultural productivity and biodiversity.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Everyone can thrive equally well on a plant-based diet regardless of health conditions. [SEP] Text: A healthful plant-based diet can reduce the risk of developing colorectal cancer: case-control study Download PDF Download eeOpen access Published: 31 July 2024 A healthful plant-based diet can reduce the risk of developing colorectal cancer: case-control study Sazin Yarmand1, Bahram Rashidkhani2, Arezoo Alimohammadi3, : orcid. org/0000-0003-3725-66864, Mahboobeh Shakeri5, : orcid. org/0000-0003-4572-39421,6 & …: orcid. org/0000-0002-7031-35427,8 Show authors Journal of Health, Population and Nutrition 0. 21; 95% confidence interval (CI): 0. 07–0. 56, representing 79% risk reduction). Conversely, the risk of CRC was significantly higher in the highest tertile of uPDI compared to the lowest tertile (OR = 6. 76; 95% CI: 2. 41–18. 94). PDI was no significant associated with the risk of CRC. ConclusionsThis study found that higher scores on the hPDI was significantly associated with a decrease risk of CRC, while greater adherence to the uPDI contributed to a significantly increase risk. IntroductionColorectal cancer (CRC) ranks as the most common cancers globally, placing third and second in terms of prevalence and mortality, respectively [1,2,3]. Reflecting this global trend, the prevalence of CRC is increasing in Western and Asian countries [4]. While the historical incidence rate of CRC in Iran was lower compared to Western countries [5], it has been continuously increasing in recent years [5]. CRC now ranks as the fifth most prevalent cancer among Iranian men and the third most prevalent among Iranian women [6]. This highlights the growing public health burden of CRC in Iran, with over 90,000 new cancer cases diagnosed annually [7]. Diet is a recognized and influential factor in CRC occurrence, with the potential for both harmful and protective effects on its prevalence [8]. A plant-based diet, in particular, has been shown to modulate several CRC risk factors, potentially leading to a reduced risk of developing the disease [9]. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing that although a healthful plant-based diet can reduce the risk of developing colorectal cancer, it highlights that adherence to different dietary patterns (plant-based vs. unhealthy plant-based) can lead to varying risks of colorectal cancer. This implies that health conditions may affect how well individuals thrive on a plant-based diet, as there can be significant differences in the impacts of dietary adherence on health outcomes, specifically in relation to colorectal cancer.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Some assert that using pathogens for pest control will never affect beneficial insects. [SEP] Text: 6. 9. The air pollutants We established that the light trapping of (Melolontha melolontha L. ) is most effective if the ozone concentration is high. As opposed to this, low ozone concentration reduces the success of the catch [78]. We established that the light trapping of this Straw (Helicoverpa armigera Hbn. ) is most fruitful when the ozone content of the air exceeds the 80 μg/m3 value. As opposed to this, the low ozone values reduce the success of the catching to a moderate level. Our results suggest that the flying activity of the European Corn-borer (Ostrinia nubilalis Hbn. ) increase when the ozone content is high. The light-trap catches verify this fact [79]. In a recent study, the light-trap catch of three beetle species (Coleoptera) in connection with the everyday function of the chemical air pollutants (SO2, NO, NO2, 10, O3) has been examined. We found that the behaviour of the studied beetle species can be divided only into two types: as the air pollution increases the catch either increase or decrease [80]. Advertisement 7. on our studies, the examined species are of three types: ascending, descending, ascending then descending. The increase or decrease in the catch can be explained by our previous hypotheses. There is always a correlation between low relative catch values and environmental factors in which the flight of insects is reduced. However, high values cannot be interpreted easily. Major environmental changes lead to physiological transformations of insect organisms. The imago is short-lived; therefore adverse conditions endanger the survival of the given specimen and the species as a whole. According to our hypothesis, the individual may adopt two different strategies to evade the impacts hindering its normal functioning. It may either display more activity by increasing flying intensity, copulation and egg-laying activities or take sanctuary against environmental factors of an unfavourable situation. In accordance with what we have found, we might say that both high and low catch can occur in case of unfavourable environmental factors [16]. It can be explained on the basis of our hypothesis of the first rising and then falling catch results. However, the answer is in the passivity for the additional increase of the radiation. Advertisement 1. Williams C. B. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text discusses various environmental factors affecting insect behavior and captures related to pollutants and ozone levels. It does not address the use of pathogens for pest control or its potential effects on beneficial insects. Therefore, it is irrelevant to the claim about the relationship between pathogens and beneficial insects.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Bees play a critical role in pollination, supporting food production and biodiversity. [SEP] Text: Более активное посещение пчелами обработанного участка позволило увеличить завязываемость семян на 16,9%, а обсемененность головок — на 15,9%. 2. Обсемененность головок и завязываемость семян клевера лугового на участках с обработкой и без обработки аттрактантом Pollinus Вариант Повторность Разобрано головок, шт. Структура головки, в среднем Завязываемость семян, % Обсемененность головок, % бобы, шт. семена выполненные, шт. семена щуплые, шт. всего семян, шт. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text provides evidence of the significant impact of bees on seed setting, stating that more active visits by bees to treated plots increased seed set by 16.9% and head seeding by 15.9%. This supports the claim that bees play a critical role in pollination and, by extension, food production.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Everyone can thrive equally well on a plant-based diet regardless of health conditions. [SEP] Text: Fruits and vegetables are rich in fiber, folate, vitamins, and antioxidant compounds, which have been linked to a protective effect against CRC [10]. In contrast to refined grains, whole grains contain the germ and bran, rich sources of fiber, antioxidants, and potentially other anticarcinogenic phytochemicals [11]. Several observational studies have reported an association between adherence to a plant-based diet and reduced risk of CRC. For instance, one study showed following a plant-based diet was linked to a 46% reduced risk of colon cancer and a 73% reduced risk of rectal cancer [12]. Similarly, another study noted a decrease in the risk of CRC with a plant-based dietary pattern [13]. Recently, novel measures of plant-based diets have been developed (plant-based diet index (PDI), unhealthful PDI (uPDI), and healthful PDI (hPDI)), to evaluate consumption of both animal and plant-based foods, while also considering the quality of plant-based options [14]. While limited research has investigated the association between these indices and CRC risk [14, 15], to our knowledge, no studies has explored this correlation within populations. Notably, the dietary habits of population differ significantly, with large portion sizes and a preference for refined grains like bread and white rice, leading to a higher carbohydrates intake compared to other regions [16]. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the association between PDI, uPDI, hPDI, and the risk of CRC in Iranian adults, contribution to a deeper understanding of the link between diet and CRC risk. Materials and methodsStudy populationThis hospital-based case-control study was conducted in three general hospitals and their associated CRC surgery departments of Tehran, Iran. The sample size was calculated considering a β = 0. 2, α = 0. 05, and anticipated odds ratio (OR) of 0. 45 based on a previous study investigating the association between a similar dietary factor and CRC risk [17]. Cases were individuals aged 40 to 75 years who were diagnosed with CRC, and had no prior history of cancer by convenient sampling method. The control group was randomly selected from the same hospitals, and free of chronic diseases or acute illness that could influence dietary pattern. The diseases of the patients in the control group include 14. 1% osteoarticular disorders, 38% sprains and fractures, 11. 3% disk disorders, 9. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by highlighting that dietary habits significantly differ among populations and that individuals in the studied cases had no prior history of cancer, while also noting that the control group was free of chronic diseases or acute illnesses. This suggests that not everyone, particularly those with existing health conditions, may thrive on a plant-based diet, as the study considered specific health factors in its design.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Some assert that using pathogens for pest control will never affect beneficial insects. [SEP] Text: An analysis of four years captures of insects in a light trap, Part II: The effect of weather conditions on insect activity; and the estimation and forecasting of changes in the insect population. Trans. R Entomol. Soc. Lond. 1940;90:227–306. 2. Jermy T. Ethology of food specialisation of insects (Thesis). Budapest: MTA; 1972 p. 3. Williams C. B. The influence of moonlight on the activity of certain nocturnal insects, particularly of the family of Noctuidae as indicated by light-trap. Phil. Trans. R. Soc. B. 1936;226:357–389. 4. Williams C. B. , Singh, B. P. , El-Ziady, S. An investigation into the possible effects of moonlight on the activity of insects in the field. Proc. R. Entomol. Soc. Lond. Ser. A. 1956;31:135–144. 5. Dufay C. Contribution. The study of the phototropism of Lepidoptera: Noctuidae (in French) a l'Étude du phototropisme des Lépidopteres noctuides. Ann. Sci. Nat. , Zool. Paris. 1964;12(6):281–406. 6. Bowden J. , Church B. M. The influence of moonlight on catches of insects in light-traps in Africa. Part II. Bull. Ent. Res. 1973;63:129–142. 7. Bowden J. , Morris G. M. The influence of moonlight on catches of insects in light-trap in Africa. Part III. The effective radius of a mercury-vapour light-trap and analysis of catches using effective radius. Bull. Ent. Res. 1975;65:303–348. 8. Nowinszky L. editor. and the Moon. Szombathely: Press. 2008: 170 p. 9. Nowinszky L. , Szabó S. , Tóth Gy. , Ekk I. , Kiss M. The effect of the moon phases and of the intensity of polarized moonlight on the light-trap catches. Z. Angew. Entomol. 1979;88:337–353. 10. Kyba C. C. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text provides a detailed analysis regarding the effects of weather and moonlight on insect activity but does not address the claim regarding the use of pathogens for pest control and its effects on beneficial insects. Therefore, the text is irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Bees play a critical role in pollination, supporting food production and biodiversity. [SEP] Text: Применение аттрактанта Pollinus на семенном посеве клевера лугового является эффективным приемом повышения урожайности семян. Выявлена достоверная прибавка урожайности при обработке посева препаратом, составившая 20,1 кг/га (+21,2%) в сравнении с необработанным участком. Более высокая урожайность семян сложилась за счет увеличения завязываемости семян и обсемененности головок, что указывает на более интенсивную деятельность медоносных пчел. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by highlighting the role of honeybees in achieving increased seed yield through their activity, which directly relates to the importance of bees in pollination and thus in supporting food production.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Everyone can thrive equally well on a plant-based diet regardless of health conditions. [SEP] Text: For the uPDI, participants in the second and highest tertiles had a higher risk of CRC compared to those in the first tertile (tertile (T)2: OR = 2. 99; 95% CI: 1. 12–7. 96 - and T3: OR = 6. 76; 95% CI: 2. 41–18. 94). No significant association was found between the highest tertile of PDI and CRC risk compared to the lowest tertile. Table 2 Association between PDI, hPDI, and uPDI with CRCFull size tableDiscussionOur study suggests that following a healthy plant-based diet (higher hPDI scores) may be associated with a lower risk of CRC, while a diet high in unhealthy plant-based diet (higher uPDI scores) might be linked to an increased risk. No significant association was found with overall plant-based diet index (PDI). The current study’s findings demonstrated an inverse relationship between higher hPDI tertiles and CRC risk. The aligns with previous research by Kim et al. [14] who reported a 20% reduction in CRC risk. Additionally, a study by Wang et al. [15] indicated that higher hPDI scores were associated with a reduced risk of CRC. These findings collectively support the potential protective role of healthy plant-based dietary patterns against CRC. The inverse association between high hPDI scores and CRC risk observed in the present study and previous research can be explained by several potential mechanisms. Notably, hPDI emphasizes consuming a greater quantity of nutrient-dense plant-based foods, rich in fiber and antioxidants [25]. In contract, red meat consumption has been linked to an increased risk of CRC [26]. A meta-analysis study suggests that a daily increase of 150 g of red meat could increase elevate CRC risk by 20% [27]. The potential mechanisms for red meats carcinogenicity include the generation of N-nitroso compounds, heme iron, sulfur-containing amino acids, and saturated fatty acids [28]. Furthermore, fermentation of fiber in the colon by gut microbiota products short-chain fatty acids, such as butyrate, which can induce apoptosis and inhibit cancer cell proliferation. Additionally, dietary antioxidants neutralize free radicals that cause DNA damage and impede cancer cell formation [29,30,31]. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the varying impacts of different types of plant-based diets on colorectal cancer (CRC) risk. It indicates that a healthy plant-based diet (higher hPDI scores) may lower CRC risk, while an unhealthy plant-based diet (higher uPDI scores) could increase the risk. This suggests that not everyone thrives equally on a plant-based diet, as individual health conditions can lead to different dietary risks and benefits.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Some assert that using pathogens for pest control will never affect beneficial insects. [SEP] Text: M. , Ruhtz T. , Fischer J. , Hölker F. Cloud coverage acts as an amplifier for ecological light pollution in urban ecosystems, 2011;6:3. 11. Nowinszky L. editor. of by Abiotic Factors. Part I. Szombathely: Press. 1994: 155 p. 12. Tshernyshev V. B. Influence of disturbed magnetic field on the activity of insects. (In Russian) Tezisi. 1966;80–83. 13. Nowinszky L. , Puskás J. , Kiss O. Light-trap catch of the species in connection with the geomagnetic H-index. J. Biol. Nat. 2015;4(4):206–216. 14. Kleczek J. Catalogue of activity of chromospheric eruptions (in French) Catalogue de l’activite’ des e’ruptions chromosphe’riques. Publ. Inst. Centr. Astron (Chechoslovakia, Prague. Inst. Centr. Astron. ). 1952; 22. 15. Baker R. R. Integrated use of moon and magnetic compasses by the heart and dart moth, Agrotis exclamationis. Anim. Behav. 1987;5:94–101. 16. Nowinszky L. editor. of Light Trapping. Szombathely: Press. 2003: 276 p. 17. Özgüç A. , Ataç T. Periodic behaviour of solar flare index during solar cycles 20 and 21. Solar Phys. 1989;73:357–365. 18. Wilcox J. M. Solar activity and the weather. J. Atmos. Terr. Phys. 1975;37:237–256. 19. Puskás J. , Nowinszky L. , Károssy Cs. , Tóth Z. Németh P. 2 Relationship between UV-B radiation of the Sun and the light trapping of the European Corn-borer (Ostrinia nubilalis Hbn. ). In: Nowinszky L. editor. of by Abiotic Factors. Part III. Szombathely: Press. 2001: 18. 20. Selås V. , Hogstad O. , Kobro S. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text provided does not address the claim regarding the impact of using pathogens for pest control on beneficial insects. Instead, it contains seemingly unrelated references to various scientific studies and editors, with no direct connection to the assertion about pest control and beneficial insects. Therefore, it is categorized as irrelevant, or 'pass.'


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Bees play a critical role in pollination, supporting food production and biodiversity. [SEP] Text: Pollination practices and grower perceptions of managed bumble bees (Bombus spp. ) as pollinators of cranberry in Quebec and online by Press: 18 September 2023 Nolan D. Amon [Opens in a new window],[Opens in a new window] andChristelle Guédot [Opens in a new window] Show author details Nolan D. Amon Affiliation: Department of Entomology, University of Wisconsin-: Department of Entomology, University of Wisconsin-of Development, University of : Association des Producteurs de Canneberges du Québec, Notre-Dame-de-Lourdes, QC, Canada Université du Québec à Montréal, Montréal, QC, Guédot* Affiliation: Department of Entomology, University of Wisconsin-* Corresponding author: Christelle Guédot; Email: guedot@wisc. edu 0. 29 mb) View PDF [Opens in a new window] Save to to Save to & Permissions [Opens in a new window] Abstract Globally, honey bees are the most utilized animal pollinator in agriculture. However, fluctuations in honey bee colony availability have led to a demand for diversification among crop pollinators. Managed bumble bees are commercially available and highly efficient at pollinating many crops, including cranberries, yet utilization of these managed bees has remained relatively low in North America, with the cranberry industry remaining heavily reliant on honey bees. Here, we surveyed growers from Wisconsin (WI) and Quebec (QC), two of the world's largest cranberry producers, to assess their current crop pollination practices and attitudes regarding managed bumble bees as crop pollinators. To this end, we inquired about their farm demographics, usage of pollination practices, factors influencing those pollination practices, sources of information on crop pollination, and perceptions of managed bumble bees. QC respondents placed a greater importance on their relationships with beekeepers than WI respondents, while WI respondents were more concerned about fruit quality than QC respondents. QC respondents also stocked bumble bees and planted pollinator gardens at a higher percentage than WI respondents, believed that honey bees are more efficient pollinators of cranberry than bumble bees, and a greater proportion of QC respondents reported feeling well informed about bumble bees compared to WI respondents. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the significant role of honey bees and bumble bees as pollinators in agricultural practices, particularly in cranberry production. It highlights that honey bees are the most utilized animal pollinators globally and mentions the efficiency of managed bumble bees in pollinating crops. This supports the idea that bees are critical for pollination, which directly relates to food production and biodiversity.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Everyone can thrive equally well on a plant-based diet regardless of health conditions. [SEP] Text: A healthy gut microbiome, compared to a disrupted one, is associated with various health benefits, and a strong link has been established between its composition and cancer risk, particularly CRC [32, 33]. Certain plant foods rich in fructo-oligosaccharides and galacto–oligosaccharides (e. g. , onions, garlic, artichokes) promote the growth of beneficial bacteria that can reduce CRC risk through multiple mechanism, including preventing chronic inflammation, protecting intestinal cells, improving insulin sensitivity, and promoting healthy cell division [34]. Furthermore, dietary polyphenols, such as Flavonols and anthocyanins, found abundantly in plant-based foods characteristics of high hPDI scores, can improve gut microflora composition [35, 36]. The cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) pathway plays a role in inflammation and cancer development. Its activation, induced by inflammatory cytokines like interleukin-6 (IL-6), can lead to cell proliferation, angiogenesis, and other changes that promote tumorigenesis. Conversely, anti-inflammatory diets, characterized by high hPDI scores, have been shown to suppress COX-2 pathway activation [31]. This suggests that hPDI may exert protective effects against CRC by modulating inflammatory processes. In conclusion, study suggests that adherence to an anti-inflammatory dietary pattern, reflected by high hPDI scores, rich in antioxidants, polyphenols, fruits, vegetables, legumes, nuts, and olive oil, may contribute to reduced chronic inflammation and potentially lower colorectal cancer risk [31]. Consistent with our finding, previous studies have reported a positive association between high uPDI scores and increased risk of CRC [14, 15]. A case-control study by Wu et al. involving 2799 CRC cases and 2799 age- and sex-matched controls further supports this observation, demonstrating that the odds of developing CRC increased with higher uPDI scores [37]. In contrast to hPDI, uPDI emphasizes high glycemic index (GI) foods like refined grains and sugar-sweetened beverages, which are typically lower in fiber [38]. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the importance of gut microbiome health and the implications of dietary patterns on colorectal cancer risk. It points out that adherence to an anti-inflammatory diet, rich in specific plant-based foods, may help reduce chronic inflammation and lower cancer risk, which suggests that not all plant-based diets are equally beneficial for everyone, particularly for individuals with existing health conditions such as colorectal cancer. The emphasis on specific dietary characteristics implies that a generalized statement about thriving on a plant-based diet may not hold true in all health contexts.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Some assert that using pathogens for pest control will never affect beneficial insects. [SEP] Text: , Rafoss T. Can sunspot activity and ultraviolet-B radiation explain cyclic outbreaks of forest moth pest species? Proc. Biol. Sci. 2004;271(1551): 1897–1901 21. Becker G. Reaction of insects on magnetic fields, electric fields and atmospherics (in German) Reaktion von Insekten auf Magnetfelder, elektrische Felder und atmospherics, Zeitschrift für angewandte Entomologie. 1964;54(1–2):75–88. 22. Mletzko G. G. Orientation rhythm at Carabidae (in Russian). Zhurn. Obshch. Biol. 1969; 30:232–233. 23. Iso-Ivari L. , Koponen S. Insect catches by light trap compared with geomagnetic and weather factors in subarctic Lapland. Reports from the Research Station. 1976;13:33–35. 24. Pristavko V. P. , Karasov V. Sz. Application of ultraviolet light-traps to investigation of gnat's population (in Ukrainen). Nauki. 1970;10:69–72. 25. Pristavko V. P. , Karasov V. Sz. The role of variation of geomagnetic field associated with other abiotic factors influencing the fly activity of insects (in Russian). Minsk. 1981; 190–193. 26. Tshernyshev V. B. Influence of disturbed magnetic field on the activity of insects (in Russian). . 1966;80–83. 27. Tshernyshev W. B. The catches of insects by light trap and solar activity. Leipzig. 1972;188:452–459. 28. Baker R. R. , Mather J. G. Magnetic compass sense in the large yellow underwing moth, Noctua pronuba L. Anim. Behav. 1982;30:543–548. 29. Kiss M. , Ekk I. , Tóth Gy. , Szabó S. , Nowinszky L. Common effect of geomagnetism and change of moon phases on light-trap catches of fall webworm moth (Hyphantria cunea Drury). Z. Angew. Entomol. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses various studies related to insects and their responses to different environmental factors, such as magnetic fields and ultraviolet light, without addressing the use of pathogens for pest control or the impact on beneficial insects.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Bees play a critical role in pollination, supporting food production and biodiversity. [SEP] Text: Importantly, respondents in both regions rank bumble bees' ability to pollinate in inclement weather as their greatest benefit, and the costs of bumble bees as the greatest barrier to their use. We propose that trusted sources of pollination information in both regions, including university specialists, crop consultants, and beekeepers, are well suited to clarify misconceptions regarding bumble bee pollination. melliferahoney beespollination servicesResearch 10. 1017/S1742170523000352 [Opens in a new window] This is an 4. 0/), which permits unrestricted re-use, distribution and reproduction, provided the original 2023. Published by Across the world, approximately 70% of cultivated crops are either dependent on, or see yield increases driven by, animal-mediated pollination (Klein et al. , Reference Klein, Vaissiere, Cane, Steffan-Dewenter, Cunningham, Kremen and Tscharntke2007), which has an estimated economic value of approximately $217 billion per year (Gallai et al. , Reference Gallai, Salles, Settele and Vaissière2009). honey bee Apis mellifera (Hymenoptera: Apidae) is the most frequently utilized pollinator globally, due to its ease of management by humans and ability to pollinate a wide range of crops (Garibaldi et al. , Reference Garibaldi, Steffan-Dewenter, Winfree, Aizen, Bommarco, Cunningham and Klein2013). However, honey bee stocks worldwide have seen large fluctuations in recent years due to multiple factors, including pesticide exposure, susceptibility to pathogens and parasites, and a lack of dietary diversity and access to essential nutrients (Ellis, Evans and Pettis, Reference Ellis, Evans and Pettis2010; Potts et al. , and Settele2010). While the reliability of honey bee stocks has declined, the global demand for agricultural pollination continues to significantly increase (Aizen and Harder, and Harder2009; Breeze et al. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by stating that around 70% of cultivated crops are dependent on animal-mediated pollination, highlighting the essential role of bees like the honey bee, which is noted as the most utilized pollinator due to its ability to pollinate a variety of crops. Additionally, the text discusses the economic value attributed to pollination services, further underscoring bees' importance in supporting food production and biodiversity.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Everyone can thrive equally well on a plant-based diet regardless of health conditions. [SEP] Text: This dietary pattern (uPDI) may contribute to CRC development through several mechanisms, including the stimulation of insulin secretion and hyperinsulinemia via the phosphatidylinositol 3kinase (PI3K)/ protein kinase B (AKT) signaling pathway [39]. Hyperinsulinemia, a condition of elevated blood insulin levels, can contribute to insulin resistance [39]. Insulin resistance can further promote CRC by stimulating growth-promoting effects in colon cells [40]. Our study found no significant association between overall adherence to the PDI and CRC risk. In contrast, higher adherence to the PDI was associated with a lower risk of CRC in Chinese women [37]. A meta-analysis study also reported no significant association between a vegetarian diet and CRC risk compared to a non-vegetarian diet [41]. Although no significant relationship was indicated between PDI and CRC risk, plant-based diets are good sources of certain nutrients, including folate, magnesium, and B vitamins [42, 43]. Folate plays a fundamental role in cellular deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) methylation and cellular epigenetic changes. This function of folate introduces it as an essential factor in the correction of cell divisions as well as an inhibitory factor against cellular disorders [44]. To our knowledge, this is the first study to investigate the association between plant-based dietary indices and CRC risk in a population. We employed a reliable and valid FFQ to minimize measurement error. Also, using valid instruments and controlling for multiple potential confounders were other strengths of this study. However, selection bias is inevitable in case-control studies. To mitigate this, we recruited cases and controls from the same referring hospital. Additionally, recall bias is inherent to the case-control design. ConclusionsOur study found that greater adherence to the hPDI was significantly linked to a reduced risk of CRC, while higher uPDI scores were associated with an increased risk. This suggests that the quality, not just the quantity, of plant-based foods plays a significant role in CRC risk. Future studies with larger, diverse populations and prospective designs are warranted to confirm these findings and elucidate the underlying mechanisms by which hPDI and uPDI influence colorectal cancer risk. Data availability No datasets were generated or analysed during the current study. 197. 44. PubMed Pub164. . [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the association between different types of plant-based diets (uPDI and hPDI) and colorectal cancer (CRC) risk. It indicates that while higher adherence to a certain plant-based diet was linked to a reduced risk of CRC, others were associated with an increased risk. This suggests that the quality and specific characteristics of plant-based diets significantly influence health outcomes, implying that not everyone can thrive equally on a plant-based diet without considering their individual health conditions.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Some assert that using pathogens for pest control will never affect beneficial insects. [SEP] Text: 1981;91:403–411. 30. Danthanarayana W. Lunar periodicity of insect flight and migration. In: Danthanarayana W. Insect flight: Dispersal and migration. Berlin-Heidelberg: Springer-Verlag. 1986: 119. 31. Baker R. R. Celestial and light-trap orientation of moths. Antenna. 1979;3:44–45. 32. Baker R. R. , Sadovy Y. The distance and nature of the light-trap response of moths. Nature. 1978;276:818–821. 33. Sotthibandhu S. , Baker R. R. Celestial orientation by the large yellow moth, Noctua pronuba L. Anim. Behav. 1979;27:786–800. 34. S. A probable effect of the moonlight on the vertical distribution of Diptera. Bull. Soc. Ent. Egypte. 1957;41:655–662. 35. Nowinszky L. , Tóth Gy. , Bürgés Gy. , Herczig B. Vertical distribution related with migration and moon phases of Macrolepidoptera species collected by light-traps. Georgicon Agric. 1991;3(1):27–38. 36. Nowinszky L. , Károssy Cs. , Tóth Gy. The flying activity of turnip moth (Scotia segetum Schiff. ) in different Hess-Brezowsky's macrosynoptic situations. Időjárás. 1993;97(2): 21–127. 37. Puskás J. Investigation of weather events for development the plant protecting methods (in Hungarian). Thesis. Keszthely: University of Faculty; 1998. 92 p. 38. McKinlay A. F. , Diffey B. L. A reference spectrum for ultraviolet-induced erythema in human skin. to Ultraviolet Radiation: Risk and Regulations. Passchier W. F. , Bosnakovic B. F. editors. Elsevier, Amsterdam. 1987: 87. 39. Nowinszky L. , Tóth Gy. Influence of cosmic factors on the light-trap catches of harmful insects (in Hungarian). Thesis. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim about the impact of using pathogens for pest control on beneficial insects. Instead, it contains references and discussions about insect behaviors, lunar periodicity, and light-trap catches, none of which relate to the assertion made in the claim. Therefore, it is considered irrelevant.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Bees play a critical role in pollination, supporting food production and biodiversity. [SEP] Text: , Reference Breeze, Vaissière, Bommarco, Petanidou, Seraphides, Kozák, Scheper, Biesmeijer, Kleijn, Gyldenkærne, Moretti, Holzschuh, Steffan-Dewenter, Stout, Pärtel, Zobel and Potts2014). In light of these conflicting trends, interest in utilizing alternative pollinators to honey bees, including wild bees and managed bumble bees (Bombus spp. ) has greatly increased. While wild bees found in and around many agroecosystems are capable of substantial pollination service delivery (Winfree et al. , Reference Winfree, Williams, Gaines, Ascher and Kremen2008), wild bee populations are also highly variable in species composition and abundance due to the influence of temperature, precipitation, nutritional availability, habitat availability and landscape composition, among other factors (Koh et al. , and Ricketts2016; Ogilvie et al. , and Irwin2017; Papanikolaou et al. , Reference Papanikolaou, Kühn, Frenzel and Schweiger2017). This variability may raise concerns among growers about the reliability of wild bees as agricultural pollinators, especially for pollinator-dependent crops. Managed bumble bees may be an appealing alternative for growers in light of these concerns, as they combine the reliability of managed honey bees with some of the benefits of wild pollinators, while overcoming many of the shortfalls of either group of bees alone. Bumble bees have been commercially reared as alternative or supplemental pollinators of many crops since the mid 1980's. In the field, managed bumble bees are typically deployed in ‘quads’, a compact arrangement of four colonies (Velthuis and Van Doorn, 2006). Currently, two species of bumble bee dominate the commercial sphere: Bombus impatiens in North America, and B. terrestris for the rest of the world, though several more species are currently utilized for commercial pollination and yet more species are under evaluation for their commercial potential (Velthuis and Van Doorn, 2006; Garibaldi et al. , Reference Garibaldi, Requier, Rollin and Andersson2017). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the role of wild and managed bumble bees as important pollinators in agroecosystems. It emphasizes that while wild bees can deliver substantial pollination services, there are concerns regarding their variability in species composition and abundance. The mention of managed bumble bees being commercially reared as alternative or supplemental pollinators aligns with the claim that bees, in general, play a critical role in pollination and thus support food production and biodiversity.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Everyone can thrive equally well on a plant-based diet regardless of health conditions. [SEP] Text: , at a Fork in the RoadDavid L. 1,21of 2and Diet Quality, at a Fork in the RoadDavid L. 1,21of 230 years ago, McGinnis and Foege made a seminal contribution to the medical literature with the publication of of Death in the United States. 1 Looking past the proximal, but superficial “causes” routinely listed on death certificates, McGinnis and Foege, honoring the path blazed by objectives, asked: what caused these so-called causes? For instance, what caused the accumulation of atherosclerotic plaque that caused the myocardial infarctions that caused the congestive heart failure that culminated in death from cardiogenic shock? That answer, enumerated in a list of 10 factors, was dominated by just three that together explained away some 80% of annual, premature deaths in this country: tobacco, poor diet, and lack of physical activity. These three decades later, that grim trifecta still prevails, but the primacy has shifted. What we do with our feet, forks, and fingers still accounts for some 80% of premature deaths each year, but now forks (ie, our dietary patterns) prevail over fingers (ie, bringing cigarettes to our mouths) as the number one leading cause of premature death in the United States,2 and much of the world. 3We have come, in other words, to a fork in the road. That shift in primacy owes something to good news, with declines in the overall rate of smoking. But it owes much to bad news as well: the proliferation of willfully addictive, ultraprocessed junk foods accounting for ever higher percentages of total dietary intake for adults and children alike4; the sequential fixation on one nutrient, ingredient, or fad diet in endless parade rather than a stable commitment to eating well for a lifetime. Where that stability does prevail in the world’s Blue Zones,5 the well documented benefits – a bounty of years in life, a bounty of vital life in those years-are truly luminous. From our vantage here, they are enviable as well. Any number of factors impede our progress toward wholesome foods, mostly plants, in balanced, sensible, and yes-pleasurable- assemblies. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts with the claim by highlighting factors that impede progress toward a diet focused on wholesome, predominantly plant-based foods. It suggests that individuals face challenges such as the prevalence of ultraprocessed junk foods and emphasizes the importance of balanced dietary patterns. Also, the mention of differing health impacts based on dietary choices implies that not everyone may thrive equally on a plant-based diet.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Some assert that using pathogens for pest control will never affect beneficial insects. [SEP] Text: Kesztthely: University of Faculty; 1987. 123 p. 40. Péczely Gy. Grosswetterlagen in Ungarn. (Macrosynoptic types for Hungary). Kleinere Veröff. Zentralanst. Meteorol. Budapest. 1957. 41. Károssy Cs. Catalogue of Péczely's macrosynoptic types 1983–1987 in Hungary (in Hungarian). Légkör. 1987;32(3):28–30. 42. Hess P. , Brezowsky H. Katalog der Grosswetterlagen Europas, Berichte des Deutschen Wetterdienst. 1977;113:5. Offenbach. a M. 43. Berkes Z. Air mass and weather types in (in Hungary). Időjárás. 1961;5:289–293. 44. Nowinszky L. , Puskás J. , Örményi I. Light trapping success of heart-and-dart moth (Scotia exclamationis L. ) depending on air masses and weather fronts. Acta Phytopathol. Entomol. Hungarica. 1997;32(3–4):333–348. 45. Nowinszky L. , Puskás J. Influence of daily temperature ranges on the light trapped number of Macrolepidoptera individuals and species. J. Adv. Lab. Res. Biol. 2013;4(2):45–49. 46. Nowinszky L. , Puskás J. The number of Macrolepidoptera species and individuals in Kámon (Hungary) depending on the daily hydrothermal situations. Nat. Environ. 2014;19(1):54–58. 47. Nowinszky L. , Kiss O. , Puskás J. Effect of weather conditions on light-trap catches of Trichoptera in Hungary (Central Europe). Polish J. Entomol. 2014;83:269–280. 48. Odor P. , Iglói L. An introduction to the sport's biometry (in Hungarian). Budapest: ÁISH; 1987. 267 p. 49. Nowinszky L. , Puskás J. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it contains references to various studies and publications about weather patterns and insects but does not discuss the use of pathogens for pest control or its effects on beneficial insects. Therefore, it provides no support or contradiction to the specific claim regarding pathogens and beneficial insects.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Bees play a critical role in pollination, supporting food production and biodiversity. [SEP] Text: The greenhouse tomato industry is the largest consumer of managed bumble bee colonies, as tomatoes have poricidal anthers which require buzz pollination for fruit set (Buchmann, Reference Buchmann, Jones and Little1983). Many other crops benefit substantially from pollination by managed bumble bees, including apple (Goodell and Thomson, and Thomson1996), lowbush blueberry (Javorek et al. , Reference Javorek, Mackenzie and Vander Kloet2002; Stubbs and Drummond, and Drummond2001), cranberry (Cane and Schiffhauer, and Schiffhauer2003), melon (Campbell, Daniels and Ellis, Reference Campbell, Daniels and Ellis2018), pumpkin (Artz and Nault, and Nault2011), raspberry (Willmer, Bataw and Hughes, Reference Willmer, Bataw and Hughes1994), sweet cherry (Eeraerts et al. , Reference Eeraerts, Vanderhaegen, Smagghe and Meeus2020), and sweet pepper (Serrano and Guerra-Sanz, and Guerra-Sanz2006). For many of these crops, bumble bees are more efficient pollinators than honey bees, due to a number of factors including their ability to buzz pollinate flowers with poricidal anthers, greater visitation frequency to flowers, greater per-visit pollen deposition, and ability to forage at lower temperatures (Broussard et al. , Reference Broussard, Rao, Stephen and White2011; Cane and Schiffhauer, and Schiffhauer2003; Velthuis and Van Doorn, 2006). Cranberry (Vaccinium macrocarpon Aiton, Ericaceae) is a highly valuable and native plant to North America, cultivated in temperate regions of the and Canada (2019). Wisconsin (WI) is the largest cranberry producer in the United States, producing over 60% of US cranberries with 234 farms managing over 21,000 acres and an economic value estimated at $161 million USD in 2019 (2021). Quebec (QC) is Canada's largest cranberry producer, with QC growers managing more than 11,000 acres of cropland on 81 cranberry farms (Association des Producteurs de Canneberges du Québec, 2021) and a 2019 harvest valued at $78. 5 million USD (Statistics Canada, 2021). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by providing specific examples of crops that significantly benefit from pollination by managed bumble bees, such as tomatoes and cranberries. It highlights the critical role these bees play in efficient pollination, stating that they are more effective than honey bees for many crops due to their unique abilities. This shows the importance of bees in pollination and the overall support of food production, which aligns with the claim.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Everyone can thrive equally well on a plant-based diet regardless of health conditions. [SEP] Text: One among these is the many threads of argument tangling up diet type and diet quality into a common, dogmatic knot with the contention that some particular way of eating is “the best. ” Much would be served by muzzling such dogma, and severing that knot. That knot owes something to notoriety. Therapeutic diets tend to derive from an entity with great resources or individual with celebrity and owe their visibility to the light imparted from there. In the treatment of hypertension, for example, thoughts turn immediately to the DASH diet. 6 This is understandable, given that the acronym signifies “dietary approaches to stop hypertension,” and that an entire line of research was devoted to that proposition. But there is also the imprimatur of the NIH conferred upon DASH, thus elevating its stature and familiarity above the many other dietary patterns that might confer as robust an effect, by means of constrained sodium levels and many other shared nutritional characteristics. The same may be said of the dietary pattern plied in the Program. 7 Like DASH, this diet radiates the borrowed light of the NIH. And like DASH, this dietary pattern represents a sanitized version of the prevailing American diet rather than its replacement. Finally, like DASH, the health objective to which this diet was directed may be served by many variants not comparably venerated or even evinced. When our attention does allow for cultural variation in the power of food-as-medicine, we have a clear penchant for favoring the familiar. The therapeutic offerings of the Mediterranean diet deserve the respect they receive,8 but not persuasively at the expense of comparably healthful variants from Japan, India, China, the Caribbean, or Central America. In this, as in all things, the rich get richer: diets studied garner recognition and publication that begets more study. The evidence that accumulates thus for is meaningful; its absence for may be far less so. In other words, if the traditional diet of, say, some region in China, Japan, India, or Morocco has all the same benefits as the quintessential Mediterranean diet, or influences blood pressure as favorably as DASH- but simply has not been studied in ways that allow for expression of such effects in the peer-reviewed literature-we have an absence of evidence, not any evidence of absent benefit. The benefit is there, waiting to be found; we have not looked. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by illustrating that while certain diets, like the DASH and Mediterranean diets, have been studied and recognized for their health benefits, others that may be equally beneficial have not received similar research focus. This suggests that not all diets, including plant-based ones, may provide the same benefits for everyone, particularly those with specific health conditions, due to the variance in diet quality and recognition, thus challenging the assertion that everyone can thrive equally well on a plant-based diet.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Some assert that using pathogens for pest control will never affect beneficial insects. [SEP] Text: The light-trap catch of horse chestnut leaf miner (Cameraria ohridella Deschka et Dimić, Lepidoptera: Gracillariidae) depending on the solar activity featured by Q-index. Int. J. Geol. , Agric. Environ. Sci. 2013;1(1):32–35. 50. Nowinszky L. , Kiss O. , Puskás J. Light trapping of the caddisflies (Trichoptera) in Hungary (Central Europe) of different catches of the Q-index expressing the different intensities of solar flares. Int. J. Theor. App. Sci. 2014;6:23–30. 51. Tóth Gy. , Nowinszky L. Influence of solar activity on the outbreaks and daily light trap catches of Scotia segetum Schiff. Z. Angew. Entomol. 1983;95:83–92. 52. Nowinszky L. , Puskás J. The influence of solar terrestrial effects on light-trap catch of night flying insects. Biol. Forum. 2011;3(1):32–35. 53. Tóth Gy. , Nowinszky L. 3 Interplanetary magnetic field sector boundaries. In. : Nowinszky L. editor. Light trapping of insects influenced by abiotic factors. Part I. Szombathely: Press; 1994. p. 27–30. 54. Wilcox J. M. , Sherrer P. H. , Savalgaard L. , Roberts W. O. , Olson R. H. , Jenne R. L. Influence of solar magnetic sector structure on terrestrial atmospheric vorticity. J. Atm. Sci. 1974;31: 581–588. 55. Nowinszky L. , Puskás J. , Barczikay G. , Kiss O. Relationship between UV-B radiation of the sun and the light and pheromone trapping of Insects in Hungary (Central Europe). Nature & Environment 2015;20 (2):0–18. 56. Nowinszky L. , Puskás J. Light-trap catch of European corn-borer (Ostrinia nubilalis Hbn. ) in connection with the polarized moonlight and geomagnetic H-index. Annu. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text discusses various studies related to light trapping of insects and solar activity, but it does not address the claim about the impact of using pathogens for pest control on beneficial insects. Therefore, it is irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Bees play a critical role in pollination, supporting food production and biodiversity. [SEP] Text: Cranberries benefit substantially from insect pollination, particularly by bees (Gaines-Day and Gratton, Reference Gaines-Day and Gratton2015), and the majority of cranberry growers throughout utilize rented honey bees for pollination. This is despite the fact that honey bees are incapable of performing buzz pollination (and Vallejo-Marin, Luca and Vallejo-Marin2013) and cranberries have poricidal anthers which release large quantities of pollen when buzz pollinated (Buchmann, Reference Buchmann, Jones and Little1983). Honey bees instead liberate small amounts of pollen from cranberry flowers by drumming on the anthers with their forelegs (MacKenzie, Reference MacKenzie1994). Although there have been numerous studies demonstrating the benefits of bumble bees for cranberry pollination (Broussard et al. , Reference Broussard, Rao, Stephen and White2011; Cane and Schiffhauer, and Schiffhauer2003; MacKenzie, Reference MacKenzie1994; Ratti et al. , Reference Ratti, Higo, Griswold and Winston2008), grower utilization of commercially available bumble bees has remained relatively low in WI (Guédot, Atucha and Jonjak, Reference Guédot, Atucha and Jonjak2020) and no data was available on their utilization in Canada prior to this study. Here, we conducted a survey of WI and QC cranberry growers to better understand current grower pollination practices and attitudes toward managed bumble bees and to compare pollination practices and attitudes between these two major cranberry-producing areas. Published surveys of grower pollination practices are rare in the literature (Hanes et al. , Reference Hanes, Collum, Hoshide and Asare2015; Park et al. , and Danforth2020), and despite the economic importance of this native fruit crop, only a single survey has been published on grower practices in cranberry (Gaines-Day and Gratton, Reference Gaines-Day and Gratton2017). A better understanding of cranberry grower pollination practices and attitudes toward managed bumble bees could result in better targeted outreach efforts to growers and bumble bee suppliers, increasing adoption rates of managed bumble bees and improving the overall sustainability of the cranberry industry. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by demonstrating the significant role of both honey bees and bumble bees in the pollination of cranberries, which supports food production. It states that cranberry growers utilize rented honey bees for pollination, highlighting the reliance on bees for the cultivation of this important fruit crop. Furthermore, the text notes studies showing the benefits of bumble bees, emphasizing the critical role of bees in pollination, which supports both food production and biodiversity.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Everyone can thrive equally well on a plant-based diet regardless of health conditions. [SEP] Text: Of course, when evidence is absent, we are not at liberty to “assume” benefits. But we are not at liberty to assume them away, either. In reality, evidence is almost never entirely absent, any more than it is ever entirely definitive. While it’s true we lack well-funded randomized trials to test every conceivable way of eating well against every other, we have a persuasive aggregation of alternative evidence arguing the advantages of a far greater plurality of global diets than routinely get much attention. 9,10 We also have robust evidence for a fundamental theme of feeding ourselves well, never better captured than by Michael Pollan,11 which readily accommodates our rich heterogeneity of heritage. We live in a multicultural society at a time of great sensitivity to just such matters, yet seem to pursue diet quality in a “my way or the highway” blind spot. This has been called out as a fundamental failing in the prevailing efforts to improve nutrition in America,12 and may count among the reasons we have made so little progress. Diet quality is the single leading predictor of premature death and chronic disease in our country- and much of the world. Diet quality unworthy of the wellness we wish ourselves and loved ones made an outsized contribution to the toll of the acute pandemic from which we are only now emerging. 13,14 We may view that acuity as a cue to action. Time to unbundle diet quality from diet type, and acknowledge that there are many variants on the fundamental theme of eating well. Time to meet the citizens of a multicultural society where they are-where and how they live, and prefer to eat. The liberty of eating in accord with personal preference, and the justice of democratized access to the blessings of an objectively high-quality dietary pattern15 in a population of richly varied heritage-demand the divisibility of diet type from quality, and the banishment of dogma from that expanse of menus. There are, to be sure, innumerable ways of eating badly- and we have long since demonstrated our commitment to exploring these. There are, as well, many variants on the clear theme of eating well9 in the service of great prizes: more years in life, more life in years, and a sustainably vibrant planet into the bargain. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by highlighting the complexity of dietary needs and the importance of acknowledging individual preferences and variations due to diverse heritages. It suggests that the idea of a singular 'high-quality dietary pattern' fails to consider the multitude of diets that exist, which may not all be plant-based. Furthermore, it emphasizes that diet quality is more important than diet type, implying that a plant-based diet might not be equally beneficial for everyone, particularly if their health conditions do not align with such dietary restrictions.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Some assert that using pathogens for pest control will never affect beneficial insects. [SEP] Text: Nat. Sci. 2015;1(1):3–8. 57. Nowinszky L. , Puskás J. Light trapping of (Agrotis segetum Den. et Schiff. ) connected with vertical component of geomagnetic field intensity. E-Acta Nat. Pannonica. 2012;3:107–111. 58. Reddy L. H. V. , Reddy V. A. K. , Hemath S. , Prasad P. J. D. Modelling and optimization of solar light trap for “reducing and controlling” the pest population. Int. J. Eng. Technol. , Management Appl. Sci. 2015;3(4):1–11. 59. Dacke M. , Nilsson D. E. , Scholtz C. H. , Byrne N. , Warrant E. J. Insect orientation to polarized moonlight. Nature. 2003;424:33 60. Dacke M. , Byrne M. J. , Baird E. , Schultz C. H. , Warrant E. J. How dim is dim? Precision of the celestial compass in moon light and sunlight. Philos. Trans. R. Soc. B. 2011;366:697–702. 61. Nowinszky L. Nocturnal illumination and night flying insects. Appl. Ecol. Environ. Res. 2004;2(1):17–52. 62. Nowinszky L. , Hirka A. , Csóka Gy. , Petrányi G. , Puskás J. The influence of polarized moonlight and collecting distance on the catches of Operophthera brumata L. (Lepidoptera: Geometridae) by light-traps. Eur. J. Entomol. 2012;109:29–34. 63. Nowinszky L. , Puskás J. Light-trap catch of European corn-borer (Ostrinia nubilalis Hbn. ) depending on the moonlight. Acta Entomol. Serbica. 2009;14(2):163–174. 64. Nowinszky L. , Puskás J. The influence of moonlight on forestry plants feeding Macro-lepidoptera species. Res. J. Life Sci. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim regarding the use of pathogens for pest control or their effects on beneficial insects. Instead, it lists various scientific studies and findings related to insects, light traps, and ecological research without mentioning pathogens or beneficial insects, making it irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Bees play a critical role in pollination, supporting food production and biodiversity. [SEP] Text: Many important cranberry growing counties in WI, such as Jackson, Monroe, and Wood counties, were not well represented in our survey (Jackson: 23. 68%, Monroe: 10. 64%, Wood: 11. 63% of the total number of farms reported in the federal agriculture census included in our survey). Additionally, respondents to our survey managed much larger farms than official census averages (WI respondents: 186. 32 acres, WI census: 91. 94 acres, QC respondents: 302. 14 acres, QC census: 119. 13 acres) and attained higher yields at harvest (WI respondents: 293. 84 barrels acre−1, WI census: 224. 40 barrels acre−1, QC respondents: 274. 28 barrels acre−1, QC census: 224. 40 barrels acre−1, 2017; Statistics Canada, 2016). Pollination practices Pollination practices reported by respondents in WI and QC were largely similar, with some notable regional differences in how respondents support pollinators on their farms (Table 3). The utilization of rented honey bees for cranberry pollination was widespread in both regions (90. 91% WI, 100. 00% QC). Purchasing bumble bee quads for pollination was less common than renting honey bees in both regions, but more frequently reported in QC (32. 65% WI, 40. 00% QC). Though there are no prior published estimates of the percentage of growers who utilize managed bumble bees for pollination in QC, the percentage of WI respondents who report purchasing bumble bees corresponds well to previous survey data obtained at the 2019 School, where 40. 00% of surveyed growers reported stocking managed bumble bees (Guédot, Atucha and Jonjak, Reference Guédot, Atucha and Jonjak2020). Utilizing a combination of managed honey and bumble bees for cranberry pollination was also more common in QC than WI (22. 45% WI, 42. 11% QC). No respondents in either region reported doing nothing for crop pollination, which would entail relying exclusively on wild insects and abiotic factors for pollination services. Likewise, very few of the respondents reported owning their own honey bee colonies (0. 00% WI, 5. 56% QC). This high reliance on rented honey bees in both regions for cranberry pollination mirrors the broader reliance of many agricultural crops on managed bees for pollination (Klein et al. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the widespread utilization of rented honey bees for cranberry pollination, highlighting the dependence on managed bees for the pollination of agricultural crops. It states that 'the utilization of rented honey bees for cranberry pollination was widespread' in both Wisconsin and Quebec, which supports the assertion that bees are crucial for effective pollination in food production.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Everyone can thrive equally well on a plant-based diet regardless of health conditions. [SEP] Text: 16Dedicated attention to the primacy of nutrition in public health by the White House17 is welcome if not long overdue; acknowledgement of our obligation to help everyone find a way to love the food that loves them back would be more so. Food is too important a factor in the quality of life to renounce its pleasures for the sake of health. Health is too important a factor in the quality of life to sacrifice it to the ravages of ultraprocessed junk where food ought to be. The ramifications of dietary choice at the level of 8 billion hungry Homo sapiens for planetary viability, resource sustainability, biodiversity, climate stability, and the treatment of our fellow creatures are all too portentous to ignore. The theme of eating well accommodates this confluence of imperatives. It accommodates as well the one ineluctable requirement of any claim to “personalized nutrition,” namely-personal preference born of upbringing, seasoned in memory. Eating well is more invitation, less chore when it reconciles the commonality of basic theme to the vast divergence of specific taste. In our efforts to elevate diet quality for all, we have come to a fork in the road. Time to take it. 1. . Actual causes of death in the United States. JAMA. 1993;270(18):2207-2212. CrossrefPubMedWeb of Science2. Mozaffarian D, Glickman D. is Many of Us. Page, 2019. GBD 2017 Diet Collaborators. Health effects of dietary risks in 195 countries, 1990-2017: A systematic analysis for the global burden of disease Study 2017. Lancet. 2019;393(10184):1958-1972. CrossrefPubMedWeb of Science4. Wang L, Martínez Steele E, Du M, et al. Trends in consumption of ultraprocessed foods among US 2-19 Years, 1999-2018. JAMA. 2021;326(6):519–530. CrossrefPubMed5. Blue zones. 10, 2022. . National institutes of health. 10, 2022. Knowler WC, Barrett-Connor E, Fowler SE, et al. Reduction in the incidence of type 2 diabetes with lifestyle intervention or metformin. N Med. 2002;346(6):393-403. CrossrefPubMedWeb of Science8. Scripps. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by emphasizing the importance of personal preference and individual dietary choices. It states that health is a critical factor in life and suggests that dietary choices should not neglect health in favor of pleasure ('Food is too important a factor in the quality of life to renounce its pleasures for the sake of health'). This highlights that, contrary to the claim, not everyone may thrive equally on a plant-based diet, as individual health conditions and preferences can significantly influence dietary success.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Some assert that using pathogens for pest control will never affect beneficial insects. [SEP] Text: 2013;13:1–10. 65. Nowinszky L. , Puskás J. Light-trap catch of Lygus sp. (Heteroptera: Miridae) in connection with the polarized moonlight, the collecting distance and the staying of the Moon above horizon. J. Adv. Lab. Res. Biol. 2014;5(4):102–107. 66. Nowinszky L. , Puskás J. , Barczikay G. between and the Number of in Pheromone Traps. of Entomology. 2015;84:163-176. 67. Nowinszky L. , Kiss O. , Szentkirályi F. , Puskás J. , Kádár F. , Kúti Zs. Light trapping efficiency in case of Ecnomus tenellus rambur (Trichoptera: Ecnomidae) depending on the moon phases. Adv. Biores. 2010;1(2):1–5. 68. Nowinszky L. , Károssy Cs. , Tóth Gy. Flying activity of insects harmful to the agriculture and its relation with the macrosynoptic weather situations (in Spanish). Actividad de vuelo de insectos dañinos para la agricultura y su relacion con los cuadros macrosinopticos del tiempo. Cuadernos de Fitopatologia. 1995;12(4):186–190. 69. Nowinszky L. , Károssy Cs. , Puskás J. , Mészáros Z. Light trapping of turnip moth (Scotia segetum Schiff. ) connected with continuance length of time and changes of Péczely type macrosynoptic weather situations. Acta Phytopathol. Entomol Hung. 1997;32 (3–4): 319–332. 70. Puskás J. , Nowinszky L. , Makra L. The joint influence of meteorological events for light-trap collecting of harmful insects. Acta Climatol. Univ. Szegediensis. 31A. 1998;31:17–25. 71. Bacsó N. Agrometeorological bases of plant protection (in Hungarian). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim regarding the impact of using pathogens for pest control on beneficial insects. Instead, it provides references and studies that focus on various aspects of entomology, pest control, and environmental influences on insect behavior, none of which directly reference the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Bees play a critical role in pollination, supporting food production and biodiversity. [SEP] Text: 86% of WI respondents reported they would stop stocking managed bees if prices got ‘too high’. Though stocking managed honey bees is an industry standard practice and benefits cranberry yield in some situations, dependent on landscape context (Gaines-Day and Gratton, Reference Gaines-Day and Gratton2016), variations in wild bee fauna may partially explain why QC respondents seemed more sensitive to pollinator-associated costs than WI respondents. QC's cranberry agroecosystem was reported to host 103 species of wild bees (Gervais et al. , Reference Gervais, Fournier, Sheffield and Chagnon2017), compared to WI's 198 species (Amon, Reference Amon2021 and Gaines-Day, Reference Gaines-Day2013 combined). Though the true relationship between wild bee biodiversity and cranberry yield remains unclear (Amon, Reference Amon2021; Broussard et al. , Reference Broussard, Rao, Stephen and White2011; Evans and Spivak, and Spivak2006; Gaines-Day, Reference Gaines-Day2013; Kevan et al. , Reference Kevan, Gadawski, Kevan and Gadawski1983; Ratti et al. , Reference Ratti, Higo, Griswold and Winston2008), studies have demonstrated that increased wild bee richness drive greater yields in a variety of crops (Hoehn et al. , Reference Hoehn, Tscharntke, Tylianakis and Steffan-Dewenter2008; Mallinger and Gratton, and Gratton2015; Rogers, Tarpy and Burrack, Reference Rogers, Tarpy and Burrack2014). This is supported by the fact that while 95. 45% of QC respondents agreed or strongly agreed that they stocked managed bees for peace of mind or insurance, this percentage was only 58. 18% for WI respondents (3). WI respondents may feel more confident that wild bees provide a substantial amount of pollination services on their farms than QC respondents, decreasing their need to stock managed bees for peace of mind. Alternatively, the phrasing of our survey statement may have led WI respondents to not agree with the statement- rather than stocking managed bees for peace of mind or insurance, WI respondents may simply consider managed bees as essential for production rather than ‘insurance’. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the role of wild bees and their biodiversity in relation to crop yields. It states that increased wild bee richness drives greater yields in various crops, supporting the assertion that bees, whether managed or wild, are essential for pollination and food production. Additionally, it highlights the respondents' behaviors in response to managed bee costs, indirectly indicating the importance of bees in agricultural systems.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Plant-based diets require no planning to meet daily protein needs. [SEP] Text: -19 PreprintsProtocolsVideosJournalsTools & a 10. 21203/rs. 3. rs-2076727/v1This work is licensed under a CC BY 4. 0 LicenseStatus:PostedVersion 1posted You are reading this latest preprint versionAbstractBackground/Objectives: Obesity has become a severe public health challenge globally. The present study aimed to identify separate and interactive dietary, genetic, and other factors that increase the risk of obesity, as measured by body fat mass. Subjects/Methods: We utilized a genome-wide association study to identify genetic variants associated with high-fat mass(obesity; n=10,502) and combined them to generate polygenic risk scores(PRS) of genetic variants interacting with each other in adults aged over 40(n=58,701). We then evaluated dietary and lifestyle factors in subjects to assess what factors might help overcome a genetic propensity for higher body fat. Results: The three-SNP model included brain-derived neurotrophic factor(BDNF)_rs6265, fat mass and obesity-associated protein(FTO)_rs1421085, and SEC16B_rs509325. ADCY3_rs6545790 and BAIAP2_rs35867081 minor alleles increased their gene expression in the visceral and subcutaneous adipocytes, but ADCY3_rs6545790 and BAIAP2_rs35867081 minor alleles decreased their gene expression in the hypothalamus. In the three-SNP model, the PRS was associated with body fat mass by 1. 408 and 1. 396 times after adjusting covariates 1 and 2, respectively. However, when separating subjects by PRS of the three-SNP model, a plant-based diet was the most significant factor associated with low body fat, followed by high protein diets and lower energy intakes. They could offset the effects of high genetic risk for high body fat. Conclusions: Modulating nutrient intakes might overcome a high genetic risk for obesity. Dietary choices favoring more plant-based and higher protein foods might help prevent increased body fat in Asians and potentially people of other ethnicities with high polygenetic risk scores. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by indicating that a plant-based diet is a significant factor associated with low body fat compared to high-protein diets, thus suggesting that dietary choices, including protein intake and planning, may be essential for achieving specific health outcomes such as preventing obesity. This implies that plant-based diets alone may not fulfill protein needs without proper planning.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Some assert that using pathogens for pest control will never affect beneficial insects. [SEP] Text: Gödöllő:University of Agricultural; Notes. 1964;107. 72. Manninger G. A. Connection between the climate, weather and the harmful animals (in Hungarian). In: Réthly A. , Aujeszky L. editors. Agrometeorology. Budapest: Quick. 1948: 424 p. 73. Southwood T. R. E. Ecological methods with particular reference to the study of insect populations (Second ed. ) London: Chapman and Hall. 1978: 524 p. 74. Nowinszky L. , Puskás J. (2013). Influence of daily temperature ranges on the light trapped number of Macrolepidoptera individuals and species. Journal of Research in Biology. 213;4 (2):45-49. 75. Járfás J. Forecasting of harmful moths by light-traps (in Hungarian). Thesis. Szeged: University; 1979. 127 p. 76. Nowinszky L. , Puskás J. Light-trap catch of harmful Microlepidoptera species in connection with polarized moonlight and collecting distance. J. Adv. Lab. Res. Biol. 2013;4(4):108–117. 77. Nowinszky L. , Puskás J. Light-trap Catch of the (Agrotis segetum Den. et Schiff. ) in connection with the Atmospheric Electricity. Adv. Biores. 2012;3(1):11–13. 78. Puskás J. , Nowinszky L. Light-trap catch of common cockchafer (Melolontha melolontha L. ) depending on the atmospheric ozone concentration. Acta Silv. Lign. Hung. 2011;7: 147–150. 79. Nowinszky L. , Puskás J. Light-trap catch of the harmful insects in connection with the ozone content of the air. J. Adv. Lab. Res. Biol. 2011;2(3):98–102. 80. Nowinszky L. , Puskás J. Light trap catch of beetle species (Coleoptera) in connection with the chemical air pollutants. (in press). information 1. Introduction2. activity and its influence on the Earth3. The weather4. Material5. Methods6. Results7. Discussion1. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is largely irrelevant to the claim as it provides a series of references and citations regarding various studies and methods related to pests and ecological factors. It does not directly address or evaluate the assertion about the impact of using pathogens for pest control on beneficial insects.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Bees play a critical role in pollination, supporting food production and biodiversity. [SEP] Text: Methods of supporting pollinators also varied by region, with a surprising amount of respondents in both regions reporting that they plant pollinator gardens, though this percentage was far greater in QC than in WI (50. 94% WI, 90. 48% QC, Table 3). Pollinator gardens are a commonly used strategy in many agroecosystems to support wild bees by providing forage and nesting opportunities through the planting and maintenance of native, perennial vegetation (Albrecht et al. , de öf, Sardiñas, äckers, Ward, Wilby, Woltz, Wratten and Sutter2020), driving subsequent increases in the abundance and diversity of wild bees (Williams et al. , and Peters2015) and crop yield (Blaauw and Isaacs, and Isaacs2014) in several agroecosystems. This relatively high rate of pollinator garden adoption in both regions may be due to the way our survey defined pollinator gardens- ‘gardens designed to provide pollinators with nectar and pollen, and have flowers bloom throughout the growing season’. Ostensibly, swathes of white clover or food plot mixes planted to attract white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) by survey respondents would be considered ‘pollinator gardens’ under our survey definition. Indeed, we see that the percentage of WI respondents in our survey here far exceeds the 30% of surveyed WI growers who reported planting a pollinator garden at the 2019 School (Guédot, Atucha and Jonjak, Reference Guédot, Atucha and Jonjak2020). Regardless of the way pollinator gardens are defined, it is notable that their rate of adoption is substantially higher among QC respondents than WI respondents. This regional difference in pollinator garden establishment rates could be driven by the perceived difficulty of establishing and maintaining pollinator gardens among WI growers. A previous survey of WI cranberry growers found that financial and time commitments, compounded with a lack of technical support, were barriers to their entry into cost-share programs for managing bee habitat (Gaines-Day and Gratton, Reference Gaines-Day and Gratton2017). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by emphasizing the importance of pollinator gardens as a strategy to support wild bees. It notes that these gardens provide forage and nesting opportunities, which in turn drive increases in the abundance and diversity of wild bees and contribute to crop yield. This directly supports the claim that bees are critical to pollination, food production, and biodiversity.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Plant-based diets require no planning to meet daily protein needs. [SEP] Text: The most important finding of the current study was that the primary dietary factors linked to low body fat content, other than lower energy intake, were high dietary protein consumption and, even more potent, a more plant-based diet. Among the four dietary patterns studied, most had no significant effect on the risk for high body fat content; however, diets considered low in plant-based foods and low in protein resulted in a significantly higher percentage of obese subjects among those with medium- and high- PRS. This result seems counterintuitive since plant-based diets are typically lower in protein than diets high in animal foods [30]. However, these results concur with studies in other ethnic groups that have found that vegetarian and/or plant-based diets support a leaner body type [31, 32]. There are various hypotheses about how a plant-based diet may help maintain a healthy body weight. First, a plant-based diet has a lower energy density, resulting in greater satiety with a lower energy consumption [18, 32]. Furthermore, plant-based diets contain lower fat and higher fiber which may impact the microbiome, which is known to have substantive impacts on energy utilization in humans [33–35]. However, the microbiome research has not progressed to the point that changes in the gut microbiome can be considered a cause or cure for excess body weight. There is also evidence that various phytochemicals from plant-based foods and dietary supplements may have anti-obesity effects by various mechanisms [19]. It has been shown that the anti-inflammatory properties of plant-based diets can prevent obesity and even result in a healthier obese phenotype in people who become obese [36]. However, this study had no clear association between high body fat mass and dietary inflammation index. Even though it has been difficult to demonstrate specific phytochemicals that profoundly affect body fat mass, it has been previously demonstrated that a phytochemical index score was associated with a lower prevalence of obesity in the Korean population [37]. Therefore, the accumulation of current evidence supports the finding in this study that consuming a plant-based diet provides significant benefits for managing body fat. Previous studies have also found the association of higher protein intake with lower body fat mass. It has also been observed in previous studies, and a recent meta-analysis and systematic review found that diets high in protein (18–59 energy %) were associated with an average of 1. 6 kg decrease in body weight [38]. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by highlighting that plant-based diets are typically lower in protein compared to diets high in animal foods. It discusses findings that diets low in plant-based foods and protein are linked to higher obesity rates, suggesting that careful planning is necessary to ensure adequate protein intake on a plant-based diet. The study also mentions that the association of high protein intake with lower body fat implies that attention to protein consumption is important for those following plant-based diets.