Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Climate resilience can eliminate all climate-related risks entirely. [SEP] Text: It includes CFCS steering committees, interagency working groups, internship programs, face-to-face discussions, workshops, and joint climate prediction consultations. The CFCS provides the nation’s organization and environment for developing, delivering, and using climate services in decision-making, as well as for the general public and climate-sensitive industries. Training for climate service users is important to the successful implementation of the framework and its evolution, along with feedback from service users and an ongoing assessment of the needs of users (Fig. 2). Size Fig. 2. Framework for Climate Services. Citation: Weather, Climate, and Society 12, 4; 10. 1175/WCAS-D-19-0121. 1Download FigureDownload figure as PowerPoint slideThe oldest foundation of Chinese climate services is the meteorological observation network and system. China has a real-time, three-dimensional climate monitoring system, including 2423 state climate stations and 55 680 automatic weather stations, and has accumulated a wealth of historical climate data. Users can readily obtain historical and real-time climate observations, as well as outputs from climate models covering historical and future periods, to monitor and assess extreme weather and climate events. China has also established a database of hazards covering 28 meteorological disasters, including droughts, rainstorms, floods, typhoons, and so on (Zheng et al. 2019). Chinese scientists have studied the disaster thresholds of rainstorms, floods, and droughts to help society manage and reduce the risks due to meteorological disasters (Jiao et al. 2015). Climate service products are defined within the CFCS as processed climate information and knowledge formed by integrating multidisciplinary knowledge to meet various societal needs. The most common climate service products in China include climate monitoring, climate prediction, and climate assessments (Table 2). Climate monitoring products provide information on historical changes in the climate system, a crucial component of climate services, to help establish a baseline for future changes. Some users are only concerned with weather and climate events that have occurred or are observed to be happening now and apply such information to daily decision-making. Climate prediction products use predictions for the coming months, seasons, and years to predict long-lived meteorological disasters such as drought, floods, heat waves, and cold snaps; the statistics of high-impact extreme weather events, such as the number of typhoons across a season; or special predictions for industries such as energy production or crop yield. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by indicating that while climate services aim to help manage and reduce risks associated with meteorological disasters, it does not assert that climate resilience can fully eliminate these risks. The mention of historical climate data, monitoring systems, and predictions emphasizes the need for continual assessment and adaptation to ongoing climate challenges, suggesting that some level of risk will always remain.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Bioengineered yeast can produce biofuels from sugars. [SEP] Text: 1FT-IR spectra of the solid residues obtained after the microwave-assisted hydrothermal pretreatmentHTP: (a) raw corncob, (b) hydrolysis at 120 °C for 0 min, (c) hydrolysis at 140 °C for 0 min, (d) hydrolysis at 160 °C for 0 min, (e) hydrolysis at 180 °C for 0 min, (f) hydrolysis at 160 °C for 30 min, (g) hydrolysis at 160 °C for 60 min, (h) hydrolysis at 160 °C for 90 min, (i) hydrolysis at 160 °C for 120 minFull size image Table 2 Composition of solid residues (weight percentage, wt%) after the microwave-assisted hydrothermal pretreatmentFull size table The morphological structures of the treated samples are illustrated in Figure S1 (Additional file 1). Substantial changes in the surface morphology and pore structure could be observed after the microwave-assisted HTP. The network structure of the raw material and the regular pore construction were destroyed under harsh conditions. However, there was no obvious change of the pretreated corncob’s crystal structure after the HTP process (Additional file 1: Figure S2). The process liquids were also analyzed for monosugars, oligosaccharides and water-soluble polysaccharides as described in the “Methods” section, and the results are shown in Table 1. During the HTP under 200 °C, almost all of hemicelluloses and a portion of cellulose can be released from the biomass to form water-soluble polysaccharides and oligosaccharides. These polysaccharides and oligosaccharides can further hydrolyze to produce monosaccharides in particular conditions [28]. Xylose, as the predominant neutral monosaccharide, was present at low productivity (<12 mg g−1) under mild conditions (≤140 °C and ≤120 min). Increased xylose monomer yield was achieved through prolonging reaction time or improving reaction temperature, indicating that the degree of the hydrolysis of hemicelluloses was enhanced by the increase of the treatment intensity. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim because it describes the microwave-assisted hydrothermal pretreatment of corncob biomass and its effects on the production of sugars. While it mentions the hydrolysis process that can produce monosaccharides, it does not provide information related to bioengineered yeast or its ability to produce biofuels from these sugars.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Vaccines help in preventing the spread of infectious diseases. [SEP] Text: 43(0. 29 to 0. 64) 6775(2 RCTs) ⊕⊕⊕⊕high RotaTeq reduces severe rotavirus diarrhoea compared with placebo at up to one‐year follow‐up. Severe cases of rotavirus diarrhoeaFollow‐up: up to 2 years 59 per 1000 33 per 1000(27 to 51) RR 0. 56(0. 41 to 0. 77) 6744(2 RCTs) ⊕⊕⊕⊕high RotaTeq reduces severe rotavirus diarrhoea compared with placebo at up to two years follow‐up. Severe cases of all‐cause diarrhoea Follow‐up: up to 1 year 77 per 1000 62 per 1000(45 to 85) RR 0. 80(0. 58 to 1. 11) 4085(1 RCT) ⊕⊕⊕⊝moderatea due to imprecision RotaTeq probably results in little to no difference in severe all‐cause diarrhoea compared with placebo at up to one‐year follow‐up. Severe cases of all‐cause diarrhoeaFollow‐up: up to 2 years 130 per 1000 110 per 1000(96 to 128) RR 0. 85 (0. 74 to 0. 99) 5977(2 RCTs) ⊕⊕⊕⊕high RotaTeq slightly reduces severe all‐cause diarrhoea compared with placebo at up to two years follow‐up. All‐cause deathFollow‐up: 2 months to 2 years 23 per 1000 21 per 1000(16 to 28) RR 0. 91(0. 68 to 1. 23) 7706(3 RCTs) ⊕⊕⊕⊝moderatea due to imprecision RotaTeq probably results in little to no difference in all‐cause death compared with placebo. All serious adverse eventsFollow‐up: 2 months to 2 years 19 per 1000 19 per 1000(14 to 26) RR 0. 99(0. 72 to 1. 36) 7730(4 RCTs) ⊕⊕⊕⊝moderateb due to imprecision RotaTeq probably results in little to no difference in serious adverse events compared with placebo. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by providing evidence that the RotaTeq vaccine reduces the incidence of severe rotavirus diarrhoea compared to a placebo at 1 and 2 years of follow-up. Specifically, it indicates a relative reduction in severe cases, suggesting that vaccines like RotaTeq can prevent specific infectious diseases.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Climate resilience can eliminate all climate-related risks entirely. [SEP] Text: Climate assessment products provide information about the climate impact on agriculture, energy, water resources, and human health based on current and future climates. For example, assessments of climate impact on agriculture include assessments of crop growth, impacts of agrometeorological disasters, agroclimatic resource surveys, and impacts of climate change on food security ( 2. Regular climate service products in China. has developed a strong user interface platform to facilitate effective interactions among providers, researchers, and users of climate services for the development, delivery and use of climate services. For example, each year, the Center (NCC) of the Administration (CMA) organizes a national stakeholder consultation workshop on climate services to build dialog between climate service users and providers. Every month, the NCC invites key users to take part in climate prediction consultations to coproduce and coissue climate prediction and transform climate information into client-tailored climate services. The annual Forum on Monitoring-Assessment-Prediction for II () initiated in 2005 by the NCC invites scientific experts and Asian users together to produce summer climate predictions. Fifteen sessions of have been held since then and have provided opportunities for communications between the producers and end users of climate products to help end users obtain a better understanding and make better use of the predictions. For example, as the strong El Niño event in the summer of 2016 likely created severe flooding of the Yangtze River, the NCC invited key users such as the to take part in the 12th in April 2016. This meeting provided valuable opportunities to discuss the prediction, its interpretation, and implications between providers and users. In particular, the predictions for 2016 were compared with the severe flooding events of the in 1983 and 1998, which were associated with strong El Niño events. Through attendance at the meeting and the presence of domestic and international experts, users gained greater trust and confidence in the predictions, which greatly aids them in taking more effective measures for river management to more successfully operate the Dam (as an example, see Golding et al. 2019). Furthermore, outreach is very important for improving a user’s climate awareness through user training; for example, each year, the NCC organizes training courses in disaster reduction for city officials and uses these courses to bring together key stakeholders to obtain feedback from user communities. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by indicating that climate resilience, while important for managing climate impacts such as floods, does not eliminate climate-related risks entirely. It discusses how climate assessment products and services help users understand and use climate predictions to manage risks, but does not suggest that these measures can completely eradicate the risks associated with climate change.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Bioengineered yeast can produce biofuels from sugars. [SEP] Text: However, the yield of xylose decreased under intense conditions (160 °C for 120 min), which was ascribed to the reason that xylose can be further dehydrated to form furan compounds [29]. Note that the xylose quantities reported here are more than sufficient to explain the apparent reduction in the xylose content reported for the analysis of structural carbohydrates in solid residues (Table 2). A maximum yield of xylose was detected at 160 °C for 90 min (99. 94 mg g−1). Arabinose was another monosugar in the filtrate obtained from the HTP of corncob. It presents in a form of arabinoxylan in corncob hemicelluloses [30]. The linear β-(1,4)-d-xylopyranose backbone is substituted by α-l-arabinofuranosyl units in the positions 2-O and/or 3-O [31]. The yield of arabinose increased with the increase of pretreatment time at relative low temperatures (120 and 140 °C). Additionally, it is noteworthy that there was no big gap between the yields of xylose and arabinose in mild conditions, suggesting that the degradation of hemicelluloses side chains and the backbone undergone at the same time. About 39. 34 % of arabinose could be obtained from the hydrolysis of hemicelluloses at 140 °C for 120 min, while only 3. 78 % of xylose was achieved. This indicates that the hydrolysis of side chains was much easier than that of the backbone, which was resulted from the higher structural angle strains in the furanoside sugar units (arabinose), whereas pyranose rings (xylose) are strain-free [32]. Nearly all the arabinose component in corncob was dissolving out at high treatment severity (after 60 min at 160 °C or the temperature higher than 160 °C, Table 2). However, when the temperature was up to 160 °C, the yield of arabinose in hydrolysates increased first and then decreased with prolonging the pretreatment time, which was ascribed to the side reactions in intense conditions [33]. Moreover, the yield of arabinose was much lower than that of xylose at high temperatures (160 and 180 °C). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text discusses various yields of xylose and arabinose under different conditions but does not provide any information on bioengineered yeast or its capacity to produce biofuels from sugars. The focus on sugar yields, their hydrolysis, and thermal treatments makes the text largely irrelevant to the claim about bioengineered yeast producing biofuels.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Vaccines help in preventing the spread of infectious diseases. [SEP] Text: Serious adverse events: intussusceptionFollow‐up: 2 months to 2 years 0 per 1000 0 per 1000(0 to 2) RR 0. 33 (0. 01 to 8. 16) 7488(2 RCTs) ⊕⊕⊝⊝lowc due to serious imprecision RotaTeq may result in little to no difference in intussusception compared with placebo. *The basis for the assumed risk is the control group risk across studies included in the meta‐analysis. The corresponding risk (and its 95% CI) is based on the assumed risk in the comparison group and the relative effect of the intervention (and its 95% CI). CI: confidence interval; RR: risk ratio grades of evidenceHigh certainty: further research is very unlikely to change our confidence in the estimate of effect. Moderate certainty: further research is likely to have an important impact on our confidence in the estimate of effect and may change the estimate. Low certainty: further research is very likely to have an important impact on our confidence in the estimate of effect and is likely to change the estimate. Very low certainty: we are very uncertain about the estimate. aDowngraded by one level for imprecision. The 95% CI included both no effect and appreciable benefit. bDowngraded by one level for imprecision. The 95% CI included both no effect and appreciable harm. cDowngraded by two levels for serious imprecision: very few events with wide 95% CIs that included no effect. Open in table viewerSummary of findings 7. Rotasiil compared with placebo for preventing rotavirus diarrhoea in high‐mortality countries Patient or population: children Settings: high‐mortality countries (Niger, India) Intervention: Rotasiil, 3 doses Comparison: placebo comparative risks*(95% CI) Relative effect(95% CI) No of Participants(studies) Certainty of the evidence(GRADE) risk Corresponding risk Severe cases of rotavirus diarrhoea follow‐up: up to 1 year 45 per 1000 23 per 1000(15 to 36) RR 0. 52(0. 33 to 0. 81) 11,008(2 RCTs) ⊕⊕⊕⊕higha Rotasiil reduces severe rotavirus diarrhoea compared with placebo at up to one‐year follow‐up. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text supports the claim by presenting evidence that the vaccine Rotasiil reduces the incidence of severe rotavirus diarrhoea when compared with a placebo in children from high-mortality countries. It states that Rotasiil has a relative risk (RR) of 0.52, indicating a significant reduction in severe cases compared to the control group, thereby correlating vaccine efficacy with preventing the spread of an infectious disease.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Climate resilience can eliminate all climate-related risks entirely. [SEP] Text: To raise climate change awareness, the NCC communicates climate change knowledge with policy makers and the public through the meetings of the IPCC report team, Day theme activities, climate change knowledge window of newspapers, websites, and WeChat (Wang et al. 2016). d. Governance of the (SC) was set up at the CMA at the interministerial level, which is appropriate for its national circumstances and requirements for climate services (Fig. 3). The SC is responsible for formulating a national strategic plan and implementation plan of the CFCS, determining pilot projects to meet national needs, and evaluating the benefits and problems resulting from the CFCS. The NCC of CMA is responsible for the the communication among relevant national institutions, provincial climate centers, and intersectional coordination. Six interdisciplinary working groups on agriculture, water resources, disaster risk reduction, energy, urbanization, and major engineering were established to facilitate in-depth and regular interactions among providers and users. The CFCS governance structure brings together all relevant national participants to work together to improve climate service delivery at the national scale. Size Fig. 3. The CFCS governance structure (WG: working group). Citation: Weather, Climate, and Society 12, 4; 10. 1175/WCAS-D-19-0121. 1Download FigureDownload figure as PowerPoint slide3. PracticesThe success of a climate service can be improved by integrating climate science with other relevant disciplines and joint efforts by climate scientists and users to produce knowledge together. Before taking actions, users need to reach out to climate service providers to better understand the usability and uncertainty of the climate information with which they have been provided. Different information can be used to support various decision-making processes. For instance, agricultural authorities will take preventive and reduction measures against meteorological disasters according to climate predictions at extended range and monthly to seasonal time scales (Zheng et al. 2019). Projections on climate change will be used by authorities on urban planning and construction of major projects to build the capacity to adapt to future climate changes. In the next subsection, we describe a series of examples of climate services currently being provided in China. These case studies are selected to illustrate the approach taken and the nature of climate service requirements and delivery in China. a. Climate services for disaster risk reductionClimate services for disaster risk reduction are the top priority at both the national and local levels in China. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the limitations of climate resilience measures. It emphasizes that while climate services and governance structures like the CFCS aim to improve service delivery and disaster risk reduction, they do not promise the complete elimination of climate-related risks. Instead, it focuses on integrating climate science with decision-making in various sectors, which implies accepting that some level of risk will always remain.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Bioengineered yeast can produce biofuels from sugars. [SEP] Text: This observation offered the hypotheses that the cleavage of β-(1,4)-d-xylopyranose backbone played the most important role at high temperatures. Small amounts of glucose were also recovered during the HTP process. According to the literature, it is believed that the glucose was from glucuronoarabinoxylans and xyloglucans in corncob [30]. Low yields of glucose (≤7. 40 mg g−1) were detected in all process liquids (Table 1), implying that cellulose was more difficult to hydrolyse than hemicelluloses during the HTP process. The glucose yield decreased coupling without HMF produced when prolonging the reaction time at 120 and 140 °C, which may be ascribed to the occurrence of rehydration reaction at low temperatures [34]. However, it decreased first and then increased when the temperature was up to 160 °C. More interestingly, the content of glucose in corncob residues increased first and then decreased at 160 and 180 °C, respectively. In summary, the following results could be obtained by these observations: (1) The glucose rehydration rate was higher than the cellulose hydrolysis rate at mild conditions (≤140 °C), thus leading to the decreasing of glucose yield. (2) Longer reaction time at high temperatures (≥160 °C) lead to the cellulose hydrolysis reaction, which resulted in the unstable trend of glucose yield. Since hemicelluloses are the major biomass components released by the HTP process, xylose oligomers (XOS) are other primary substances in hydrolysates. XOS are generally considered as oligosaccharides containing two to ten xylose molecules linked by β-1-4 glycosidic bonds [35]. Due to the lack of the standards with the degree of polymerization (DP) ≥7, the amount of each sample was reported up to DP 6 and the results are shown in Table 1. The contents of xylobiose (X2), xylotriose (X3), xylotetraose (X4), xylopentaose (X5) and xylohexose (X6) in hydrolysates steadily increased with increasing reaction time from 0 to 120 min at 120 and 140 °C, respectively. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not directly discuss bioengineered yeast or its ability to produce biofuels from sugars. Instead, it focuses on the competition between cellulose and hemicellulose during hydrolysis at various temperatures, the recovery of glucose from corncob, and the rehydration rates. Therefore, this text is irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Vaccines help in preventing the spread of infectious diseases. [SEP] Text: 60) 6799(1 study) ⊕⊕⊕⊝moderatea due to indirectness Rotavac probably reduces severe rotavirus diarrhoea compared with placebo at up to one‐year follow‐up. Severe cases of rotavirus diarrhoea follow‐up: up to 2 years 47 per 1000 21 per 1000(16 to 28) RR 0. 46(0. 35 to 0. 60) 6541(1 study) ⊕⊕⊕⊝moderatea due to indirectness Rotavac probably reduces severe rotavirus diarrhoea compared with placebo at up to two years follow‐up. Severe cases of all‐cause diarrhoea follow‐up: up to 1 year 93 per 1000 78 per 1000(66 to 91) RR 0. 84(0. 71 to 0. 98) 6799(1 study) ⊕⊕⊕⊝moderatea due to indirectness Rotavac probably slightly reduces severe all‐cause diarrhoea compared with placebo at up to one‐year follow‐up. Severe cases of all‐cause diarrhoea follow‐up: up to 2 years ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ We found no studies that reported on this outcome in this setting. All‐cause death follow‐up: up to 2 years 7 per 1000 6 per 1000(3 to 11) RR 0. 88(0. 50 to 1. 56) 8155(2 studies) ⊕⊝⊝⊝very lowb,c due to indirectness and serious imprecision The evidence is very uncertain about the effect of Rotavac on all‐cause death. All serious adverse events follow‐up: up to 2 years 204 per 1000 189 per 1000(173 to 208) RR 0. 93(0. 85 to 1. 02) 8210(3 studies) ⊕⊕⊕⊝moderateb due to indirectness Rotavac probably results in little to no difference in serious adverse events compared with placebo. Serious adverse events: intussusception follow‐up: up to 2 years 1 per 1000 1 per 1000(0 to 5) RR 1. 33(0. 35 to 5. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the effectiveness of the Rotavac vaccine in reducing severe rotavirus diarrhea compared to placebo. It presents data indicating that the vaccine likely contributes to a reduction in severe cases, which aligns with the notion that vaccines help prevent the spread of infectious diseases, specifically rotavirus in this context.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Climate resilience can eliminate all climate-related risks entirely. [SEP] Text: The whole cycle of disaster risk management includes risk identification, risk warning, disaster prevention, restoration, and reconstruction (Fig. 4). Identifying, monitoring, and assessing the risks associated with meteorological hazards are fundamental for effective disaster risk management. To identify levels of risk, the CMA, along with other government agencies, conducted risk surveys in 2012 that were placed into a database of meteorological disasters (Jiao et al. 2015). The database covers 28 different types of disasters from 1984 to 2012 in each county of China, including the factors leading to disasters, environmental hazards, disaster prevention and reduction capabilities, and disaster loss information for different economic sectors. Then, the spatial distribution of each hazard is mapped, and this information is used to identify thresholds or limits at which there is a high probability of hazard occurrence. For example, data on past fluvial flooding in an area can be used to assess probable damage before the disaster and to issue warnings for hazard prevention, reduction, and emergency response. Size Fig. 4. The flowchart of disaster risk management in China. Citation: Weather, Climate, and Society 12, 4; 10. 1175/WCAS-D-19-0121. 1Download FigureDownload figure as PowerPoint slideChina has established mechanisms through government leadership, coordination among different sectors, and participation from key communities to more effectively manage disasters. Central and local governments organize meteorological disaster prevention and reduction actions and provide funding for infrastructure and disaster relief based on disaster risk monitoring and assessment. A disaster risk reduction plan ensures a multisector emergency response and interaction in terms of meteorological disaster warnings. At the community level, emphasis is placed on involving the community, key nongovernmental organizations, and volunteers, as well as improving training and transfer of knowledge to the public. In addition to short-term risk management, the NCC has assessed the combined effects of climate change and increasing vulnerability and exposure to hazardous conditions in China based on climate change projections. Such climate services assist in building long-term resilience through restoration and reconstruction, which focus on reducing the underlying risk factors, siting critical infrastructure, transferring risks, and strengthening disaster preparedness capacity. For example, extreme heat events and extreme precipitation were projected to increase in most of the Beijing–Tianjin–Hebei region by the end of this century (Han et al. 2019). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by explaining that disaster risk management involves identifying, monitoring, and assessing meteorological hazards, and while it focuses on building long-term resilience, it acknowledges that risks cannot be entirely eliminated. The mention of extreme weather projections like increased extreme heat events and extreme precipitation indicates that climate-related risks persist even with resilience efforts, suggesting that some risks will always remain.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Bioengineered yeast can produce biofuels from sugars. [SEP] Text: This phenomenon indicated that the hydrolysis of hemicelluloses was smooth in mild conditions. However, when the temperature was up to 160 °C, the basic trends of the XOS contents increased first and then decreased, which was due to the continued hydrolysis of XOS into smaller oligosaccharides or monosaccharide in harsher environments. The highest total xylose content of monosaccharide and XOS (DP ≤ 6) in hydrolysates was obtained at 160 °C for 60 min (272. 06 mg g−1). It is believed that the dissolution of hemicelluloses is controlled by their chain length; namely, whether hemicelluloses could be presenting in the liquor depends on their molecular weights [18]. In this paper, lower molecular weight polymers were separated from hydrolysates by the ethanol precipitation procedures demonstrated in the “Methods” section, and the results of their molecular weights and compositions are shown in Table 3. Table 3 Weight-average (M w), number-average (M n) molecular weights, polydispersity (M wM n), and monosaccharide compositions (wt%) of ethanol-precipitated fractionsFull size table As shown in Table 1, with the dissolution and depolymerization of hemicelluloses, no ethanol-precipitated hemicelluloses (EPH) could be obtained within short treatment time at 120 °C (<90 min) and 140 °C (<30 min). However, the general trends of the extraction yields at different temperatures were similar except 160 °C under the investigated conditions. The yield of the precipitated hemicelluloses increased first, and then decreased linearly and even no precipitates could be observed, which was ascribed to the further depolymerization of the polymers into oligosaccharides and monosaccharide [18]. Different phenomenon at 160 °C may be due to the long interval of the pretreatment time at the relatively high temperature. The weight-average (M w) and number-average (M n) molecular weights of the precipitates and their distribution were determined by gel permeation chromatography (GPC) techniques and the results are shown in Table 3 and Fig. 2. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not discuss bioengineered yeast or the production of biofuels from sugars. It focuses on the hydrolysis of hemicelluloses and the extraction yields at various temperatures, which is unrelated to the claim about bioengineered yeast's capabilities.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Vaccines help in preventing the spread of infectious diseases. [SEP] Text: In high‐income countries, where deaths due to rotavirus are rare, rotavirus accounted for 40% to 50% of hospital admissions due to diarrhoeal disease in the pre‐rotavirus vaccine period (Linhares 2008; Parashar 2006a; Tate 2012). Epidemiology of rotavirus infection Rotavirus is transmitted primarily via the faecal‐oral route, with symptoms typically developing one to two days following infection. Rotavirus infection occurs throughout life, and successive rotavirus infections occur during infancy and early childhood. The first rotavirus infection typically results in the most severe disease outcome; subsequent rotavirus infections are associated with milder disease or may be asymptomatic. However, differences in the age of first infection and number of infections required to acquire protection from symptomatic disease vary from one population to another. Rotavirus diarrhoea is particularly associated with severe outcomes between the ages of three and 35 months (Parashar 2006b), with a peak incidence of all episodes occurring between six and 24 months (CDC‐ASIP 1999; Linhares 2008). The peak incidence of severe rotavirus disease occurs earlier in high‐mortality countries than in low‐mortality countries; an estimated 43% of all rotavirus hospitalizations in children aged under five occur by eight months of age in Africa compared with 27% in Europe (Crawford 2017; Sanderson 2011). Typically, infants in high‐mortality countries experience a greater number of symptomatic episodes (Gladstone 2011; Velázquez 1996). In temperate countries, rotavirus infections display marked seasonality, with distinct peaks during the winter months and few infections identified outside this period. In contrast, rotavirus infections tend to occur year‐round in many tropical countries, which nevertheless often display peaks of more intense activity and within‐country variation in seasonal patterns (Patel 2013) Rotavirus classification Rotaviruses are double‐stranded (ds) ribonucleic acid (RNA) viruses: genus Rotavirus family Reoviridae. Each of the 11 dsRNA segments, contained within the core of a triple‐layered viral p2017. Three doses are recommended, to be administered at 6, 10, and 14 weeks of age, at the same time as routine vaccinations under India’s childhood immunization schedule. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the impact of rotavirus vaccines on hospital admissions related to diarrhoeal diseases in high-income countries. It highlights that prior to the introduction of the rotavirus vaccine, rotavirus accounted for a significant percentage of hospital admissions due to diarrhoeal diseases, indicating that vaccination plays a critical role in preventing the spread and severe outcomes of infections like rotavirus.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Climate resilience can eliminate all climate-related risks entirely. [SEP] Text: Such climate information would provide valuable scientific support for policy makers creating climate change mitigation and adaptation strategies for the coordinated development of this region. b. Climate services for agricultureAccessible and usable climate information can support agricultural decision-makers who want to improve their understanding of the mechanisms of climate impacts on agricultural development and food systems (Tonya et al. 2018; Prokopy et al. 2017). In China, climate information is currently used to support food security and agriculture adaptive strategies for the central and local governments. Climate services for predicting productivity, certifying the quality of agricultural products, and agriculture insurance and trading are provided to agriculture departments, consulting firms, farmers, the insurance industry, and futures trading companies (Fig. 5). Size Fig. 5. The chain of climate services for agriculture in China. Citation: Weather, Climate, and Society 12, 4; 10. 1175/WCAS-D-19-0121. 1Download FigureDownload figure as PowerPoint slideAs an example, precipitation in northern China during summer 2014 was 20%–50% less than normal, and severe drought occurred in the and Henan Provinces. The NCC monitored drought development, including the severity, duration, and areal extent of the drought, assessed the drought risk on agriculture and water resources in real time, released drought predictions every 5 days, and jointly issued an early warning from agricultural departments to farmers. In particular, the NCC issued the red warning signal of the drought, which would be aggravated in the Henan and in late July of this year. It reminded the local government and farmers to strengthen drought prevention and drought relief measures, such as irrigation and artificial weather modification. Due to this proactive monitoring and prediction, timely warning, and effective drought relief measures, the direct economic loss was reduced despite the large affected population of 62. 2 million and the drought-affected area of 9. 9 million hectares (CMA 2015). Another example is the prediction of first frost days, which has a great impact on rice yield in Northeast China. The agricultural department uses the prediction of the date of the first frost to mitigate adverse effects and improve the chances of obtaining a good harvest. While most impacts of a changing climate are harmful (Xiao et al. 2006), warmer conditions can offer opportunities in some regions, and careful communication of how the climatic conditions are changing can offer some benefits to decision-makers. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by illustrating that while climate information and services can aid in mitigating climate-related risks—such as drought predictions and agricultural advice—there are still significant challenges posed by a changing climate. It notes that despite proactive monitoring and drought relief measures, a severe drought still affected a large population and area, leading to economic loss. This highlights that climate resilience can help manage some risks, but cannot eliminate them entirely.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Bioengineered yeast can produce biofuels from sugars. [SEP] Text: All of the fractions exhibited low M w ranging between 2519 and 11,950 g mol−1, representing the average degree of polymerization (DPw) ranging between 19 and 90. w of the precipitates decreased as the increase of pretreatment time, which was ascribed to the further hydrolysis to a lower degree of polymerization (DP) of the dissolved oligomers. However, when the temperature was up to 160 °C, the M w of the precipitates increased as increasing the treatment temperature (160 °C for 0 min, and 180 °C for 0 min), indicating that higher molecular weight hemicelluloses corresponding with a more branched fraction could be obtained at higher temperature and short reaction time in our studies [36]. The trend of M n was similar to that of M w. Fig. 2Molecular weight distribution of precipitates isolated from hydrolysatesFull size image The monosaccharide compositions of the EPH are also presented in Table 3. The dominating monomeric sugar components of EPH were identified as xylose, followed by glucose, arabinose and galactose, while glucuronic acid was a trace constituent. These sugar compositions suggested that the EPH were mainly potential galactoarabinoxylan-type polysaccharides and glucuronoarabinoxylans. The ratio of xylose to arabinose is indicative of the degree of linearity or branching of hemicelluloses. The xylose/arabinose ratio in the EPH continuously increased as increasing pretreated temperature or time, suggesting that long chain polymers with small amounts of branching with other monosaccharide compositions could be obtained in relatively higher treatment severity [30]. However, it decreased when prolonging the treatment time up to 120 min at 140 °C and 10 min at 180 °C, which was due to the degradation of the backbone. Opposite trend was observed for the total sugar amounts. The total sugar components of EPH decreased continuously with increasing temperature or time, which was due to the co-precipitation of lignin in acid conditions. Based on these results, it may be inferred that the majority of lignin in the precipitates is lignin–carbohydrate complex, which is called LCC-lignin [37]. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim directly or indirectly. Instead, it discusses the molecular weight of precipitates, hemicelluloses, and sugar compositions related to treatment conditions without mentioning bioengineered yeast or biofuels. Thus, it is irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Vaccines help in preventing the spread of infectious diseases. [SEP] Text: There are a further two rotavirus vaccines that have been licensed and approved for use in individual countries, but are not yet prequalified by the WHO: Lanzhou lamb rotavirus vaccine (LLR; of Biomedical Products) which is licensed and used in China; and a monovalent vaccine (Rotavin‐M1, ) which is licensed and used in Vietnam. Vaccines no longer in use Several vaccines, including the first licensed rotavirus vaccine (RRV‐TV; RotaShield, Wyeth Laboratories), were developed, tested in trials, and later abandoned or withdrawn from use. These vaccines are included in a separate (Soares‐Weiser 2004). RRV‐TV, a tetravalent rhesus‐human reassortant vaccine, was withdrawn from use in 1999 following reports of intussusception (bowel obstruction which occurs when one segment of bowel becomes enfolded within another segment). Evaluations have since suggested that the risk of developing intussusception was age‐related, with 80% of intussusception cases occurring in infants who were more than 90 days old when the first vaccine dose was administered (Simonsen 2005). Although it is still currently licensed, this vaccine is no longer in clinical use (Dennehy 2008). How the intervention might work Recommendations for rotavirus vaccine use Vaccination with Rotarix and RotaTeq was first recommended in 2006 in Europe and the Americas, where clinical trials had demonstrated vaccine efficacy of 85% to 100% (RIX Ruiz‐Palac 06‐LA/EU; TEQ Vesikari 2006b‐INT). 2009, following clinical trials of Rotarix and RotaTeq in low‐ and middle‐income countries in Africa and Asia, the of Experts (SAGE) on Immunization recommended "the inclusion of rotavirus vaccination of infants into all national immunization programmes", with a stronger recommendation for countries where "diarrhoeal deaths account for ≥ 10% of mortality among children aged < 5 years" (SAGE 2009). Due to an age‐related risk of intussusception identified with RRV‐TV (Murphy 2001), SAGE recommended administering the first dose of Rotarix or RotaTeq to infants of six to 15 weeks of age, with the last dose administered before 32 weeks of age (SAGE 2009). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the recommendation of rotavirus vaccines like Rotarix and RotaTeq, which, based on clinical trials, showed efficacy of 85% to 100%. It highlights that these vaccines have been included in national immunization programs due to their effectiveness in preventing rotavirus infections, which are a significant cause of diarrheal deaths in children.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Climate resilience can eliminate all climate-related risks entirely. [SEP] Text: For example, agricultural authorities have adjusted the crop layout in China, in accordance with reports submitted by the NCC regarding the impact of climate change on agricultural production. Double cropping rice, for instance, used to be grown south of the Yangtze River. Now, the presence of this rice has been expanded to north of the river. In 2010, of Xinyang city, Henan Province, succeeded in growing double cropping rice, with an average yield reaching over 500 kg per mu (666. 7 m2). Agricultural decision-makers can also benefit greatly from tailored climate services such as certification of agricultural product quality and agricultural insurance. In China, there is a certification of agricultural product quality arising from favorable climatic factors. This certification helps with market competitiveness and ultimately farmer income. In addition, through certification, key factors affecting agricultural products are clearly defined, and farmers can be guided to make use of climate information for planting and improve the quality of agricultural products. For example, white tea is the main tea variety in the Zhejiang Province, and its quality is closely linked to climatic conditions. In 2013, farmers in Anji County, Zhejiang Province, achieved certification associated with good climate conditions, and the value of tea increased by 10%, with 30 million Chinese yuan ($4 million) accumulated over a period of three years. Index-based climate insurance is provided to the agricultural insurance industry, indexing the damage caused by climate-related factors. Each index has its corresponding profit and loss, and the insurance contract is based on the index. Climate services cover the research and development of index-based climate insurance products, the formulation of probabilities, climate predictions and weather forecasts, live monitoring, and confirmation of insurance claims. For example, the Bureau has developed a low temperature meteorological index insurance product for tea, and the compensation ratio of the product is determined by the number of days that the daily minimum temperature is less than or equal to −1°C from 20 days before tea picking to 6 days after tea picking. The insurance index is widely welcomed by tea farmers and the government to effectively mitigate the risk of meteorological disasters (Zheng et al. 2019). c. Climate services for the water sectorThe water sector is facing a mounting challenge in terms of building resilience to climate variability and climate change (Kirchhoff 2013). The typical monsoon climate, which is experienced across much of China, determines the uneven temporal and spatial distribution of water resources. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by illustrating that while climate resilience strategies, such as adjusting crop layouts and implementing index-based climate insurance, are effective measures for mitigating the risks associated with climate change, they do not eliminate these risks entirely. For instance, the text states, 'the water sector is facing a mounting challenge in terms of building resilience to climate variability and climate change,' indicating that despite efforts, risks remain and need continuous management. Furthermore, it emphasizes the importance of climate services in addressing impacts rather than eliminating them.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Bioengineered yeast can produce biofuels from sugars. [SEP] Text: The content of lignin in the ethanol-precipitated hemicelluloses increased with the decrease of the hydrolysates’ pH, which may impede the dissolution and degradation of hemicelluloses due to the mass transfer effects. This result was also corresponding to the decrease of the total xylose content of monosaccharide and oligosaccharides at harsh conditions (Table 1) [18]. The FT-IR spectra of the EPH with different treatment temperature and time are shown in Fig. 3, and the peak assignments are conducted according to the literatures [18, 30, 36]. All samples give similar characteristic bands, which indicate that the structures of EPH have no big change after treated at different temperature and/or time. The band at 892 cm−1 is assigned to C1 group frequency or ring frequency, indicating the existence of β-glucosidic linkage between the xylopyranose units in the main xylan chains [30]. An intense band at 1051 cm−1 is respected to the stretching and bending vibrations of C–O, C–C, and C–OH and the glycosidic C–O–C of hemicelluloses [30]. Bands at 1375 and 1245 cm−1 are due to the C–H stretching and OH or C–O bending vibration [30]. A small signal at 1506 cm−1 arising from the C=C stretching of the lignin aromatic ring reveals the presentation of lignin in EPH. The band at 1639 cm−1 is presumed to be due to the water-related absorbance, while the band at 1739 cm−1 is corresponding to the carbonyl stretching assigned to the acetyl, glucuronic acid and ferulic ester groups of polysaccharides [36]. Bands at 3381 and 2914 cm−1 are due to the stretching vibrations of OH and CH, respectively [36]. Fig. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it does not address bioengineered yeast or the production of biofuels from sugars. Instead, it discusses the chemical properties and structural analysis of hemicelluloses and lignin, which does not provide any information related to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Vaccines help in preventing the spread of infectious diseases. [SEP] Text: 2012, SAGE relaxed the age‐restricted recommendation and advised to vaccinate "as soon as possible after the age of six weeks" because "the current age restrictions for the first dose (< 15 weeks) and last dose (< 32 weeks) are preventing vaccination of many vulnerable children" (Patel 2012; SAGE 2012). Rotavac and Rotasiil, which have been prequalified for use by the WHO, are nationally licensed in India and were recommended for use by SAGE in 2020 (WHO 2020). Performance of oral rotavirus vaccines by setting Many orally administered vaccines, including rotavirus vaccines, have demonstrated lower immunogenicity and efficacy in low‐ and middle‐income countries in Africa and Asia compared to high‐income countries in North America, South America, and Europe (Levine 2010). A systematic review demonstrated a correlation between lower vaccine efficacy against severe rotavirus diarrhoea, and high child mortality rates (2011). The reasons for reduced oral vaccine efficacy in countries with higher child mortality rates are unknown; factors may include interference by maternal antibody, environmental enteropathy, co‐administration with oral poliovirus vaccine, histoblood group antigen, diverse rotavirus strain types, micronutrient deficiencies, and altered gut microbiota (Czerkinsky 2015; Parker 2018). Outcomes of interest The safety and efficacy of the licensed vaccines for the prevention of rotavirus gastroenteritis in infants have been assessed in several randomized controlled trials (RCTs) worldwide. The goal of this review is to systematically assess these trials and to evaluate vaccine efficacy against severe rotavirus diarrhoea and severe all‐cause diarrhoea, within the first year of life and up to two years of age. We also examine the occurrence of deaths and serious adverse events, including intussusception, to provide decision makers, clinicians, and caregivers with the relevant information to aid decisions about vaccine use. Why it is important to do this review Development of Cochrane systematic rotavirus vaccine reviews The original of rotavirus vaccines (Soares‐Weiser 2004) examined vaccines in use and other vaccines, including those that were no longer in use or were in development. Soares‐Weiser 2004 concluded that more trials were needed before routine vaccine use could be recommended. An update in 2009 included a new search, revised inclusion criteria (only vaccines in use in children), and updated review methods and new authors. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the assessment of the safety and efficacy of licensed vaccines for the prevention of rotavirus gastroenteritis. It mentions the goal to evaluate vaccine efficacy against severe rotavirus diarrhea, which directly relates to the prevention of infectious diseases. Additionally, the systematic review aims to provide information to aid decisions about vaccine use, reinforcing the importance of vaccines in controlling infectious diseases.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Climate resilience can eliminate all climate-related risks entirely. [SEP] Text: As a result, water resources in China need to be actively managed for daily, monthly, seasonal, annual, and even decadal activities to resolve this uneven distribution for a range of uses, such as agriculture, industry, ecosystem, and domestic use (Cheng et al. 2006). The water sector receives considerable benefits through climate services in long-term strategic planning, the assessment of water availability and risks, effective water diversion, and distribution on all time scales in China. Climate services are essential to reservoir management, especially from the flooding season to the storage period. A late storage period may result in inadequate water storage, while an early storage period may cause flood risk. In the second half of 2017, the started to retain water 10 days earlier than usual, based on extended-range forecasts. As a result, the water level had reached 175 m by 21 October. It was the quickest and earliest water storage for the since it began to retain water and represents a significant benefit for water resource management and electricity generation. Carrying out interbasin water diversion to move water from regions with an excess of water to regions lacking in water requires forecasting any changes in water resources in both the water source and water receiving areas on monthly, seasonal, and annual bases. The South-to-is a significant infrastructure project that aims to relocate water resources from areas with sufficient or too much water (largely southern China) to areas lacking water resources (primarily in northern China). Taking the of the South-to-as an example, the runoff of the water source area and the water receiving area are both determined by the balance of too much and too little water due to climate variability. Water availability from the upper reaches of the in the source area is highly uncertain, and this significantly impacts the scheduling of water transfers from the source area to the receiving area. The NCC provided customized climate predictions at monthly, seasonal, annual and decadal time scales to the based on its specific needs, helped improve the use of climate information through training and communication, and assessed the benefits from the (Fig. 6). To formulate a water diversion plan for the next year, the NCC provided annual climate predictions for the before 20 September. In particular, summer and autumn precipitation predictions can help the to control flooding and determine reservoir storage timing and volume. Group also used monthly precipitation forecasts to schedule monthly water resources. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts with the claim by highlighting the challenges and risks associated with water resource management in China, suggesting that while climate services can aid in managing water resources, they do not eliminate climate-related risks. For example, the discussion on climate variability and its impact on water availability underlines the uncertainty and ongoing challenges in resource scheduling and management. This indicates that despite efforts in planning and forecasting, risks related to climate impacts cannot be entirely eliminated.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Bioengineered yeast can produce biofuels from sugars. [SEP] Text: 3FT-IR spectra of the ethanol-precipitated hemicelluloses from hydrolysates: (a) hydrolysis at 120 °C for 90 min, (b) hydrolysis at 120 °C for 120 min, (c) hydrolysis at 140 °C for 30 min, (d) hydrolysis at 140 °C for 60 min, (e) hydrolysis at 140 °C for 90 min, (f) hydrolysis at 140 °C for 120 min, (g) hydrolysis at 160 °C for 0 min, (h) hydrolysis at 160 °C for 30 min, (i) hydrolysis at 180 °C for 0 min, (j) hydrolysis at 180 °C for 5 min, (k) hydrolysis at 180 °C for 10 minFull size image Heterogeneous conversion of hemicellulose-derived sugars over Sn-MMT in the biphasic systemTo understand the relationship between the hydrolysate composition and the furfural yields, three specific samples with the maximum xylose content (160 °C, 90 min), the maximum xylobiose (X2) content (180 °C, 15 min), and the maximum total xylose content in monosaccharide and oligosaccharides (DP ≤ 6) (160 °C, 60 min) were selected for the following experiments. Our group previously found that Sn-MMT had the excellent catalytic performance in the conversion of xylose into furfural in the SBP/NaCl-DMSO system [20]. However, no detailed and systematic studies were displayed for the furfural production from corncob hydrolysates by a two-step process. In the present work, the obtained hydrolysates from the microwave-assisted hydrolysis of corncob were subjected to further hydrolysis and dehydration to yield furfural using Sn-MMT as a solid catalyst in a biphasic system (SBP/NaCl-DMSO) as the second stage of the process and the results are presented in Table 4 and Fig. 4. Table 4 Composition of products (mg per gram sample, mg g−1) after the heterogeneous reactionFull size table Fig. 4Furfural yields of different hydrolysates. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text describes the hydrolysis of hemicellulose-derived sugars and the conversion process to furfural using Sn-MMT as a catalyst, but it does not mention bioengineered yeast or its role in producing biofuels from sugars. Therefore, it is irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Vaccines help in preventing the spread of infectious diseases. [SEP] Text: The review was updated again in 2010 with nine new studies (Soares‐Weiser 2010). The 2010 version of the review concluded that Rotarix and RotaTeq are both effective vaccines for the prevention of rotavirus diarrhoea. Another update in February 2012 added a further nine new studies, GRADE ‘Summary of findings' tables and, again, new authors joined the team (Soares‐Weiser 2012a). 2012 update included a new search, and major restructuring of analyses, including re‐evaluating primary outcomes in consultation with the WHO to reflect the observation that vaccine efficacy profiles are different in countries with different mortality rates (Soares‐Weiser 2012b). The previous update published in 2019 (Soares‐Weiser 2019) added a further 10 Rotarix and RotaTeq studies to the review and, for the first time, four studies of Rotavac. This update added another five studies of a new vaccine Rotasiil, that has been prequalified by the WHO since the previous version of the review (Table 1). Open in table viewerTable 1. Prespecified changes for review update Protocol section Appraisal points Address here Background and research question • Review and update background section, including supporting 2019. Inclusion criteria • Review current PICO(s) and amend in light of new knowledge. • Identify any changes in usual care standards. • Check for standardized core outcome sets, such as those developed in collaboration with the core outcome measures in effectiveness trials (COMET) initiative (www. comet-initiative. org) or by guideline groups since the original review. • Check for any relevant patient reported outcomes to include subsequent to the original review. • Consider any new studies with less risk of bias that might warrant a stricter study design inclusion criteria (where the older version, when there was a dearth of evidence, included observational or quasi‐randomized comparisons). Authors plan to amend the types of outcome measures list: 1) remove immunogenicity outcomes because there is plenty of high‐certainty efficacy data, also for the new vaccines, and therefore no need to include immunogenicity outcomes for the objective of this review. 2) include 2nd year of life as a time point for primary efficacy outcomes (in addition to first year of life and up to two years). Methods • Appraise and update the methods pending relevant methodological advancements or developments. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text supports the claim by detailing the effectiveness of vaccines such as Rotarix and RotaTeq for the prevention of rotavirus diarrhoea, which aligns with the broader assertion that vaccines are instrumental in preventing infectious diseases. This is emphasized by the updates that continue to validate the efficacy and need for vaccines in diverse mortality contexts, further supporting the significance of vaccines in public health.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Climate resilience can eliminate all climate-related risks entirely. [SEP] Text: In addition, by downscaling global climate projections to a regional scale, the runoff of the water source area in the next 20–30 years has become an important input for construction of the Project of from the to the Hanjiang River. However, for lead times of the next 20–30 years, the dominant contribution is natural variability (Hawkins and Sutton 2009). Therefore, it is necessary for climate communities to reduce the uncertainty of decadal climate prediction based on robust regional climate modeling efforts. Size Fig. 6. Project climate service process. Citation: Weather, Climate, and Society 12, 4; 10. 1175/WCAS-D-19-0121. 1Download FigureDownload figure as PowerPoint slided. Climate services for the energy sectorThe energy sector has a large and varied need for and use of climate predictions to estimate the energy demands of heating and cooling. Climate information is also used to assess wind and solar energy distributions to meet future energy needs. Other examples include helping to make decisions on where to site wind and solar energy facilities, assessing climate risks and warnings to support energy scheduling and safe operation for winter heating and energy production and transmission for efficient operation of air conditioning during summer as well as electricity transmissions across China’s vast energy grid. As a specific example, the and and Bureau jointly hold a winter heating climate symposium and determine the likely start and end dates of the heating supply according to the results of long-term, medium-term, and short-term climate predictions as well as the meteorological standards on the start and end dates of the heating supply. Since such climate services have been used to guide heating, the has reduced coal consumption by 89 508 t each year, with a reduction in expenditures ranging from 3% to 5%, contributing to energy savings and emissions reduction, ensuring heating quality, and protecting the environment. The NCC has developed a dataset on the solar power resources of counties across the nation, which serves as the basis for the Office of the to carry out its photovoltaic poverty relief program. Program investments and benefit analyses are calculated based on the dataset. To mitigate climate change and promote green development, the Chinese government has accelerated the development of decentralized wind power and offshore wind power. The NCC has combined numerical model output with historical meteorological observations to develop a wind energy resource dataset with an hourly resolution from 1995 to 2017. Based on the dataset, the NCC has developed a Platform (CLAP). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by indicating that while climate services are beneficial for managing climate-related risks—like assisting in energy sector decisions and reducing coal consumption—they do not eliminate these risks entirely. It emphasizes the need to reduce uncertainty in climate predictions and acknowledges natural variability as a dominant factor, suggesting that complete elimination of climate risks is not feasible.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Bioengineered yeast can produce biofuels from sugars. [SEP] Text: Filled square pretreated temperature: 180 °C, pretreated time: 15 min; filled triangle pretreated temperature: 160 °C, pretreated time: 60 min; filled circle pretreated temperature: 160 °C, pretreated time: 90 minFull size image Experiments for the conversion of hydrolysates to furfural were performed in an autoclave using the drying oven as the heating source, since they are common and provide moderate heating to avoid the rapid degradation of the target products. During the furfural production process, XOS and polymers are hydrolyzed to form monomeric pentoses first, followed by dehydrating them to yield furfural. As observed in Table 4, hydrolysates employed in this study with the highest total xylose content of monomeric and oligosaccharides (160 °C, 60 min) resulted in the highest monomeric pentose yields. It should be noted that the xylose yield obtained here was lower than that in the first stage, which suggested that the dehydration reactions were much faster than the hydrolysis reactions. The highest furfural yield (57. 80 %) was obtained at 190 °C after 10 min from the hydrolysates with the highest monomeric pentose content conducted at 160 °C for 90 min in the first process. This yield is only slightly better than the one we reported previously (54. 15 % from water-soluble fraction of corncob treated at 140 °C for 5 h) [20], which may be due to the different molecular weights of the oligosaccharides in the hydrolysates. In addition, the decrease in treatment time also can lead to the reducing consumption of energy. However, the hydrolysate with the highest xylobiose (X2) as well as the second largest total xylose content (180 °C, 15 min) has the lowest furfural yield (Fig. 4). These results indicated that the production of furfural has a direct connection with the monomeric pentose content in the hydrolysates. Controlled experiments were carried out to investigate the influence of the initial xylose concentration of the hydrolysates on the furfural production, and the results are shown in Table 5. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses the conversion of hydrolysates to furfural and the conditions affecting furfural yield, without mentioning bioengineered yeast or its ability to produce biofuels from sugars.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Vaccines help in preventing the spread of infectious diseases. [SEP] Text: Summary of findings and assessment of the certainty of the evidence We interpreted the findings of this review using the GRADE approach (Schünemann 2017), and we used GRADE profiler (GRADE 2004) to import data from RevMan 5 (RevMan 2014) to create summary of findings tables. These tables provide outcome‐specific information concerning the overall certainty of evidence from each included study in the comparison, the magnitude of effect of the interventions examined, and the sum of available data on all outcomes we rated as important to patient care and decision making, and is reflected as follows: high certainty ("vaccine prevents. . . . "); moderate certainty ("vaccine probably prevents. . . "); low certainty ("vaccine may prevent. . . . "); and very low certainty ("we do not know whether or not the vaccine prevents. . . . "). We selected primary outcomes, all stratified by vaccine and high or low country mortality, for inclusion in the summary of findings tables: severe rotavirus diarrhoea at up to one year and up to two years follow‐up; severe all‐cause diarrhoea at up to one year and up to two years follow‐up; all‐cause death; serious adverse events; and intussusception. of studies Results of the search The update search in November 2020 identified 300 records after de‐duplication and an additional five studies that were retrieved from the excluded studies list. We screened 305 records and considered 282 to be irrelevant. We reviewed the full text of 23 studies. We excluded 18 studies for this update. Together with the previously 31 excluded studies, there are now 49 excluded studies in this review. The current update of the review includes 60 independent trials (see Characteristics of included studies), five of which are new to this update (SIIL Isanaka 2017‐NER; SIIL Kulkarni 2017‐IND; SIIL Zade 2014‐INDa; SIIL Zade 2014‐INDb; SIIL Zade 2014‐INDc). Included studies The 60 included trials enrolled about 228,233 participants (approximate number, as some trials provided only the number evaluable), and each trial compared a rotavirus vaccine with a placebo or no intervention. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the certainty of evidence regarding vaccines in preventing diseases, specifically referring to statements like 'vaccine prevents...', which indicates a clear acknowledgment of the vaccine's effectiveness in preventing infections.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Climate resilience can eliminate all climate-related risks entirely. [SEP] Text: This provides an important basis for national decisions on energy development planning and carbon dioxide emission reductions. The CLAP enables energy producers and providers, electricity network managers, and policy makers to improve renewable energy integration, profitability, electricity system management, and emissions reduction. CLAP can be used to query wind energy resource parameters in any selected region, analyze the potential exploitable energy capacity and inform economic assessments of wind power both on land and offshore. CLAP can also provide information about meteorological disasters, real-time monitoring, and prediction for supporting safe operation and maintenance of wind farms. CLAP has been used by several large wind energy companies, such as. , Ltd. ; Power Co. , Ltd. ; and Power Company. For example, Power Co. , Ltd. , used CLAP to reduce the development time and cost of Baxianjiao wind power in Rudong County, (Zhang 2017). e. Climate services for urbanizationIn recent years, the issue of urban climate change has garnered a great deal of attention, and the impacts of global climate change and urbanization will further increase in China (Zhai et al. 2018). Chinese cities are expected to face increasingly serious climate risks, such as urban water logging, large-scale haze, and the urban heat island effect, which threaten the sustainable progress of urbanization in China. The NCC has provided climate services for urban planning, including climate risk assessments and climate change projections for regional coordinated development, such as for the Beijing–Tianjin–Hebei region, Area, and Guangdong–Hong Kong–Bay Area. Despite the availability of some useful climate services in Chinese cities, far more services are urgently needed. For example, Fang et al. (2015) identified the need for targeted urban climate services for urban planning and construction, including designing suitable ventilation in cities, designing suitable drainage systems, and analyzing wind load design standards. has provided climate services for the site selection and construction of the Resort. The climatic conditions of the selected site are such that a northwest wind is dominant in winter and a southeast wind is dominant in summer. When planning the layout, the height and density of the buildings were designed to increase from southeast to northwest. Thus, in winter, the impact of the cold northwest wind can be lessened, while in summer, the cool and humid sea breeze from the southeast can be introduced to the resort to stimulate local circulation, promote ventilation, and alleviate the heat island effect. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by illustrating that, despite efforts in climate resilience and urban climate services, significant climate risks remain. It mentions that Chinese cities are expected to face increasingly serious climate risks such as urban water logging, haze, and urban heat island effects, which threaten urban sustainability. This indicates that climate resilience cannot eliminate these risks entirely.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Bioengineered yeast can produce biofuels from sugars. [SEP] Text: Compared with the hydrolysates (Table 5, entry 1), lower furfural yield was obtained using the pure xylose solution as the reagent (Table 5, entry 2), which presented the same initial xylose concentration in the hydrolysates. Moreover, the furfural yield from the pure xylose solution was much lower than that from the hydrolysates with the same total xylose amount in monosaccharide and oligosaccharides (DP ≤ 6) (Table 5, entry 3), which may be ascribed to the reason that the slow release of pentose monomers from the oligomers can impede the formation of humins. These phenomenons were in good agreement with the hypothesized that furfural yields from biomass hydrolysates may exceed those from pure xylose solution [38]. In addition, the yield of furfural decreased with the increment of the initial xylose content in the hydrolysates (Table 5, entries 1, 4 and 5). This is because the condensation loss reaction easily occurs in higher xylose concentration, leading to the formation of furfural–pentose [38]. Table 5 Comparison of the hydrolysates and the pure xylose solutionFull size table An advanced and comprehensive hydrolysis approach is imperative for the biomass-to-furfural technologies. To improve furfural yields in an eco-friendly and effective manner, we will couple this approach with ball milling with the small amount of dilute acid before the experiments in our future study, which will produce higher yield of monomeric sugar in the first pretreatment stage. ConclusionsA two-step process was proposed to yield furfural from corncob using microwave-assisted HTP as the first stage and heterogeneously catalyzed conversion as the second stage. The dissolution and depolymerization of sugars from corncob and the relationship between the hydrolysate composition and the furfural yields were investigated. In the first stage of the process, the released hemicelluloses from corncob were mainly in forms of monosaccharide, oligosaccharides, and water-soluble polysaccharides. About 86. 67 % yield of xylose presented as monosaccharide and oligosaccharides (DP ≤ 6) after the microwave-assisted HTP at 160 °C for 60 min. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim because it focuses on the furfural yield from biomass hydrolysates and the production of furfural from corncob, rather than addressing bioengineered yeast or biofuels specifically. There is no mention of yeast or their capability to produce biofuels from sugars.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Vaccines help in preventing the spread of infectious diseases. [SEP] Text: Effects of interventions See: Summary of findings 1 Rotarix compared with placebo for preventing rotavirus diarrhoea in low‐mortality countries; Summary of findings 2 Rotarix compared with placebo for preventing rotavirus diarrhoea in medium‐mortality countries; Summary of findings 3 Rotarix compared with placebo for preventing rotavirus diarrhoea in high‐mortality countries; Summary of findings 4 RotaTeq compared with placebo for preventing rotavirus diarrhoea in low‐mortality countries; Summary of findings 5 RotaTeq compared with placebo for preventing rotavirus diarrhoea in medium‐mortality countries; Summary of findings 6 RotaTeq compared with placebo for preventing rotavirus diarrhoea in high‐mortality countries; Summary of findings 7 Rotasiil compared with placebo for preventing rotavirus diarrhoea in high‐mortality countries; Summary of findings 8 Rotavac compared with placebo for preventing rotavirus diarrhoea in high‐mortality countries 1. Rotarix 1. 1. Primary outcomes Summary of findings of primary outcomes according to country mortality rate are presented in summary of findings Table 1 (Rotarix, low‐mortality countries), summary of findings Table 2 (Rotarix, medium‐mortality countries), and in summary of findings Table 3 (Rotarix, high‐mortality countries). 1. 1. 1. Rotavirus diarrhoea: severe Fourteen trials provided data on the efficacy of Rotarix to prevent severe rotavirus diarrhoea in children; see Analysis 1. 1 for up to one‐year follow‐up, Analysis 1. 2 for second year of life data, and Analysis 1. 3 for two years follow‐up. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by detailing the effectiveness of vaccines such as Rotarix, RotaTeq, Rotasiil, and Rotavac in preventing severe rotavirus diarrhoea in children across various mortality rate countries. By providing evidence of vaccine efficacy in reducing the incidence of a specific infectious disease (rotavirus diarrhoea), the text supports the assertion that vaccines are beneficial in preventing the spread of infectious diseases.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Climate resilience can eliminate all climate-related risks entirely. [SEP] Text: Simultaneously, the facilities with pollution sources were placed as much as possible in relation to the prevailing winds with the lowest pollution to reduce the impact on the resort. Climate services have also been used in constructing sponge cities, especially in the planning and design of urban drainage. An accurate measure of urban rainstorm intensity is the basis for understanding the discharge capacity of the drainage network and for planning and designing urban drainage systems (Qiu 2015). These measures provide a robust scientific basis and accurate design parameters for municipal construction, water affairs, and planning departments and directly affect the investment budget and reliability of the drainage infrastructure. The NCC and provincial climate centers have provided values of rainstorm intensity for major cities in China, which provides support for the safe operation of cities. f. Climate services for major engineering projectsThe construction and safe operation of major engineering projects, along with the analysis and evaluation of large-scale planning, rely on information related to climate suitability, risk, and possible impact on local climate. For instance, the NCC has provided a range of climate services for the construction and operation of the Project on the Yangtze River. Before construction began, the NCC conducted a thorough study on the possible climate and environmental problems and produced a report on the environmental impact of the Project on the Yangtze River. During the construction of the project, the climate services focus was on helping to ensure that the construction was completed successfully and safely. Once completed, the climate services focus was placed on how to realize the benefits of flood protection and water resource utilization. In recent years, floods and droughts have occurred frequently in the upper and middle reaches of the basin. Meteorological departments in the river basin regularly provide predictions of precipitation during the critical periods for water storage, water supply, low water levels, and flood seasons. Through a user network, meteorological departments distribute predictions to the dispatching communication center of the Dam. Furthermore, in view of the impact of the Project on local climate, the NCC has also carried out a climate effect assessment on the Project after construction (Jiao et al. 2013). Progress in the development of this climate service now continues in close collaboration with users at the Reservoir, enabling the evaluation and codevelopment of improved products and services to support more robust decision-making toward flood control and energy provision (Bett et al. 2018; Golding et al. 2019). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing climate services and measures that improve urban planning and drainage systems to mitigate risks from climate-related events, such as floods and droughts. It emphasizes that while such services enhance resilience, they do not eliminate all risks, as evidenced by the frequent occurrence of floods and droughts in the region discussed. This indicates that climate resilience strategies are aimed at managing and reducing risks rather than fully eliminating them.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Bioengineered yeast can produce biofuels from sugars. [SEP] Text: A positive effect of microwave-assisted HTP on producing sugars was observed during this stage. During the second stage, hydrolysates with the maximum xylose content (160 °C, 90 min), the maximum xylobiose (X2) content (180 °C, 15 min), and the maximum total xylose content in monosaccharide and oligosaccharides (DP ≤ 6) (160 °C, 60 min) were further conducted to produce furfural using Sn-MMT as the catalyst in the SBP/NaCl-DMSO system, respectively. The highest furfural yield (57. 80 %) was obtained from the hydrolysates with the maximum xylose content. Moreover, controlled experiments showed that furfural yields from corncob hydrolysates were higher than those from the pure xylose solutions, and lower initial xylose concentration may be in favor of the furfural production. These results indicated that the production of furfural from biomass raw materials can be controlled by the depolymerization of hemicelluloses. Further studies are in progress for improving the furfural yields coupling this approach with ball milling with the small amount of dilute acid before the experiments and the subsequent exploitation of the solid residues as the raw materials for the ethanol production in the first stage. MethodsExperimental materialsAcetone (≥99. 0 %, AR), ethanol (≥99. 0 %, AR), H2SO4 (≥98. 0 %, AR), NaH2PO4 (≥99. 0 %, AR), Na2HPO4 (≥99. 0 %, AR), SnCl4·5H2O (≥99. 0 %, AR), montmorillonite (≥98. 0 %, GR) and NaCl (≥99. 5 %, AR) were purchased from Kermel Co. Ltd. (Tianjin, China). DMSO (≥99. 0 %, AR) obtained from Reagent Co. Ltd. (Shanghai, China) was used in all DMSO co-solvent reactions. SBP (≥97. 0 %, GC) was purchased from Industry (Japan) and used as the extracted solvent in the furfural production process. Standard reagents of xylose (≥99. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text describes processes related to the production of furfural from sugars derived from biomass but does not mention bioengineered yeast or its capability to produce biofuels. Therefore, the text is irrelevant to the claim about bioengineered yeast.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Vaccines help in preventing the spread of infectious diseases. [SEP] Text: Trials were performed in low‐mortality countries (RIX Bernstein 1999‐USA; RIX Kawamura 2011‐JPN; RIX Phua 2005‐SGP; RIX Phua 2009‐AS; RIX Vesikari 2004b‐FIN; RIX Vesikari 2007a‐EU), medium‐mortality countries ( RIX Li 2014‐CHN; RIX Ruiz‐Palac 06‐LA/EU; RIX Salinas 2005‐LA; RIX Tregnaghi 2011‐LA), and high‐mortality countries (RIX Colgate 2016‐BGD; RIX Madhi 2010‐MWI; RIX Madhi 2010‐ZAF; RIX Steele 2010b‐ZAF; RIX Zaman 2017‐BGD). Data below are grouped accordingly. Low‐mortality countries Rotarix reduced severe rotavirus diarrhoea cases by 93% after one year (RR 0. 07, 95% CI 0. 03 to 0. 18; 14,976 participants, 4 trials), by 87% in the second year of life (RR 0. 13, 95% CI 0. 08 to 0. 20; 14,808 participants, 4 trials), and by 90% after two years (RR 0. 10, 95% CI 0. 07 to 0. 14; 18,145 participants, 6 trials). After three years, the pooled estimate from two studies showed an effect in favour of Rotarix compared to placebo, but the 95% CIs were very wide (RR 0. 10, 95% CI 0. 01 to 1. 52; 12,109 participants, RIX Phua 2009‐AS and RIX Vesikari 2007a‐EU; data not shown). Pooled results showed statistical heterogeneity at three years follow‐up (I2 = 69%, data not shown). Medium‐mortality countries Rotarix reduced severe rotavirus diarrhoea cases by 79% during the first year of follow‐up (RR 0. 21, 95% CI 0. 16 to 0. 29; 31,671 participants, 4 trials), by 76% in the second year of life (RR 0. 24, 95% CI 0. 17 to 0. 35; 17,733 participants, 3 trials), and by 78% after two years (RR 0. 23, 95% CI 0. 17 to 0. 29; 23,834 participants, 3 trials). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by providing evidence that the Rotarix vaccine significantly reduced cases of severe rotavirus diarrhoea in various countries. The reported effectiveness rates of up to 93% in low-mortality countries and 79% in medium-mortality countries indicate that vaccines contribute to preventing the spread of infectious diseases such as rotavirus.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Climate resilience can eliminate all climate-related risks entirely. [SEP] Text: The NCC has long engaged in permafrost observations for the construction and safe operation of the Qinghai–Tibet Railway. Research on how global warming impacts the melting of permafrost along the railway has been conducted, and projections have been proposed. To address this issue, railway authorities have taken various measures when designing the project, which have ensured its safe operation for more than a decade (Wu and Niu 2013). 4. SummaryThe primary means of evaluating the benefits of CFCS is user feedback and satisfaction. The conference for climate service users is held by the NCC every year to solicit such feedback, and the feedback has been that 88% of users felt satisfied from 2017 to 2019. The climate services are also assessed by the social and economic benefits that they have brought to users. This is a far more difficult metric of success to define and measure, but studies in 2011 suggested that the annual economic benefit of weather and climate services for multiple sectors in China was estimated to be around 279. 3 billion Chinese yuan, contributing about 1% to Chinese GDP (Yao et al. 2011; T. Zhang et al. 2011). Another indicator is the contribution to scientific progress, namely, how the interactions and services have facilitated a deeper understanding of climate mechanisms and the advancement of climate science and applied technologies. During the past five years, 816 papers have been published in journals of varying tiers to the benefit of the scientific community in terms of (CNKI). The development and implementation of climate services under the CFCS in China has provided extensive experience and lessons that have worldwide relevance. In particular, we highlight the following key aspects of climate services. a. The transition of climate research to operational climate servicesThe pull-through of climate research to operational climate services is fundamental for the CFCS. It enables research developments to be influenced, and perhaps even coproduced, between users and researchers. It is a positive way to improve climate service ability and usefulness. For example, research within China’s for (CSSP) project has enabled understanding of the impacts of current and future climate variabilities and extremes on crops (Kent et al. 2017, 2019). The progress in research on this topic is providing key evidence to support long-term agricultural planning and cropping structure adjustment in China (Belcher et al. 2018). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by emphasizing that while climate services, like those discussed in the context of the NCC and CFCS, contribute to understanding and managing climate-related challenges, they do not eliminate risks entirely. For instance, it describes how transportation projects, like the Qinghai–Tibet Railway, have implemented measures to ensure safe operation despite the ongoing risks presented by global warming and permafrost melting. This indicates a recognition of persistent climate risks rather than a complete elimination of them.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Bioengineered yeast can produce biofuels from sugars. [SEP] Text: 0 %, HPLC), glucose (≥99. 0 %, HPLC), arabinose (≥98. 0 %, HPLC), galactose (≥99. 0 %, HPLC), formic acid (50 %, HPLC), acetic acid (≥99. 9 %, HPLC), glucuronic acid (≥99. 0 %, HPLC), furfural (≥99. 0 %, HPLC) and 5-hydroxymethylfurfural (≥99. 0 %, HPLC) were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich. Xylobiose (≥95. 0, HPLC) and xylotriose (≥95. 0 %, HPLC) were purchased from WAKO (Japan). Xylotetraose (≥95. 0 %, HPLC), xylopentaose (≥90. 0 %, HPLC) and xylohexaose (≥90. 0 %, HPLC) were obtained from Megazyme (Ireland). All reagents were used without further purification. Corncob was obtained from a farm in (China). Prior to the experiments, it was ground to pass through 40 and 80 mesh screens and then extracted with the volume ratio of acetone to ethanol (2:1) for 6 h in a soxhlet extractor. The extracted solid was washed with water and oven-dried to constant weight at 55 °C. Thereafter, corncob was milled for 6 h (400 rpm min−1) by a ball-milling machine and then stored in desiccators. Biomass composition of the corncob after extraction was determined according to the established procedure (NREL/TP-510-42618) with a resulting composition 37. 09 wt% of glucose, 31. 39 wt% of xylose, 2. 28 wt% of arabinose and 14. 47 wt% of lignin. Microwave-assisted hydrothermal pretreatmentA closed-vessel microwave oven (100 mL, GAS-800, Beijing Xiang- Reagent Co. Ltd. , China) equipped with a magnetic stirrer, a temperature probe and an autoclave was used for the HTP experiments in this study. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant (pass) to the claim as it focuses on the procurement and preparation of corncob biomass, including chemical compositions and experimental procedures. There is no mention or discussion of bioengineering yeast or its capacity to produce biofuels from sugars.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Vaccines help in preventing the spread of infectious diseases. [SEP] Text: High‐mortality countries Rotarix reduced severe rotavirus diarrhoea cases by 58% during the first year of follow‐up (RR 0. 42, 95% CI 0. 28 to 0. 61; 9951 participants, 5 comparisons from 4 trials), made little or no difference in the second year of life (RR 0. 82, 95% CI 0. 52 to 1. 29; 6049 participants, 3 comparisons from 2 trials), and reduced severe rotavirus diarrhoea cases by 35% after two years (RR 0. 65, 95% CI 0. 51 to 0. 83; 7113 participants, 3 comparisons from 2 trials). Pooled results showed statistical heterogeneity at one‐year follow‐up (I2 = 52%, Analysis 1. 1). 1. 1. 2. All‐cause diarrhoea: severe Severe all‐cause diarrhoea was reported as cases in seven trials (RIX Colgate 2016‐BGD; RIX Li 2014‐CHN; RIX Madhi 2010‐AF; RIX Phua 2005‐SGP; RIX Ruiz‐Palac 06‐LA/EU; RIX Tregnaghi 2011‐LA; RIX Vesikari 2007a‐EU) and as episodes in two trials (RIX Phua 2009‐AS; RIX Ruiz‐Palac 06‐LA/EU). We have reported these data separately. Trials were performed in low‐mortality countries (RIX Phua 2005‐SGP; RIX Phua 2009‐AS; RIX Vesikari 2007a‐EU), medium‐mortality countries (RIX Li 2014‐CHN; RIX Ruiz‐Palac 06‐LA/EU; RIX Tregnaghi 2011‐LA), and in high‐mortality countries (RIX Colgate 2016‐BGD; RIX Madhi 2010‐MWI; RIX Madhi 2010‐ZAF). Low‐mortality countries Rotarix reduced the number of severe cases of all‐cause diarrhoea by 52% at one year (RR 0. 48, 95% CI 0. 37 to 0. 61; 3874 participants, 1 trial; Analysis 1. 4), and by 51% at two years (RR 0. 49, 95% CI 0. 40 to 0. 60; 6269 participants, 2 trials; Analysis 1. 5). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by presenting data on the effectiveness of the Rotarix vaccine in reducing severe rotavirus diarrhoea cases by 58% during the first year of follow-up, and by 35% after two years. This evidence indicates that vaccines can significantly lower the incidence of infectious diseases like rotavirus, supporting the idea that vaccines help prevent the spread of such diseases.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Climate resilience can eliminate all climate-related risks entirely. [SEP] Text: CSSP China has also been engaging users and scientists through developing prototype climate services that pull-through climate research for potential use in operational climate services at a later date (Hewitt and Golding 2018). The development of climate services highlights the need for skill in climate predictions on multiple scales and in the seamless provision of climate predictions over the course of a month, a season, and a year to cover climate elements, important weather processes, extreme weather and climate events, meteorological disasters, and climatic phenomena. Significant efforts to develop climate prediction models and statistical prediction methods within the operational services and research community in China mean that the accuracy of climate predictions at subseasonal to seasonal time scales in 2011–15 is 5% higher on average than that in 2001–10 (Zheng et al. 2019), which provides strong support for decision-making on disaster prevention and reduction. Continued pull-through of scientific advances and the reflection of user needs back to the science community is greatly needed to ensure the continued quality and relevance of climate services. b. Delivering relevant, tailored, and usable climate informationRelevant, tailored, and usable climate information can support society in developing better management of risks and opportunities related to climate. CMA has established a risk-based early warning system from which the benefits are being demonstrated through practical experiences worldwide (Jiao et al. 2015). After years of development, the NCC has also established a climate impact assessment service including comprehensive climate risk assessment indicators; quantitative assessment of the scope, intensity, duration, and losses in meteorological disasters; and assessment of the impacts of climate variability and climate change in forestry, water resources, health, transportation, environment, and energy. These services are tailored to decision-making needs to allow companies to form research reports and investment proposals based on the above information and for the effective management of disasters for society. The NCC also applied visualization techniques such as CLAP to help users interpret and utilize climate information as effectively and efficiently as possible. Continued efforts to develop more focused and tailored climate services, along with increased levels of evaluation, are needed to ensure that climate services remain relevant and usable by decision-makers. c. Effective engagement between users and providers of climate servicesThe climate service user interface platform is the means to ensure that climate services are developed and delivered successfully. Effective climate services must bridge the gap between climate service providers and information users with appropriate engagement between the providers and users (Golding et al. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by emphasizing that while climate services aim to support society in managing climate-related risks and enhancing decision-making, it acknowledges that complete elimination of these risks is not possible. The text discusses the development of climate services which provide tailored climate information and risk assessments but also implies that despite these advancements, risks remain as climate variability and disasters can still occur. Specifically, phrases like 'effective management of disasters' and 'the impacts of climate variability and climate change' indicate a recognition of ongoing risks, rather than a claim that resilience can eliminate them entirely.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Bioengineered yeast can produce biofuels from sugars. [SEP] Text: In all cases, corncob was first suspended in DI water with a solid to liquor ratio of 1:10 (g mL−1) and ultrasound for 30 min. A microwave irradiation power of 600 W was applied to heat the suspension to 120 °C in 3 min and then kept for 2 min. Then, the temperature was raised with a heating rate of 20 °C in every 2 min and a retention time of 2 min in every 20 °C interval. It is important to note that this heating way can provide a buffer stage to avoid the over-heating under 600 W irradiation power and alleviate the side reactions such as the dehydration and rehydration of monosaccharide. Reaction time counted from zero when the temperature reached to the desired point. After the reaction, the autoclave was natural cooling to room temperature. Thereafter, the pretreated corncob substrate and the hydrolysate were separated by filtration for further analysis and experiments. Precipitation of ethanol-insoluble hemicelluloses from hydrolysatesAfter the microwave-assisted HTP process, the hydrolysate was added into four times volume ethanol to precipitate the ethanol-insoluble hemicelluloses. The sediment was washed with acid ethanol (pH = 5. 5–6. 0) for several times and then freeze-dried. Conversion of hydrolysates over tin-loaded montmorillonite in the biphasic systemDetails on the synthetic procedures and characterizations of Sn-MMT had been published in our previous study [20]. Experiments for the conversion of hydrolysates to furfural were carried out in an autoclave (25 mL, Co. Ltd. , China) using Sn-MMT as the catalyst in the SBP/NaCl-DMSO system. In brief, the hydrolysate was saturated with the solid NaCl and the upper clean liquid was obtained as the reagent. Sn-MMT and organic solvents (DMSO and SBP) were added in a desired ratio, respectively. The autoclave was heated up to the desired temperature with a heating rate of 2 °C min−1 and kept for a required time. Initial reaction time (t = 0) was taken when the temperature set point was reached. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim directly or provide relevant information about bioengineered yeast or biofuels. It describes a process involving corncob and hydrolysates without mentioning yeast or biofuel production, making it irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Vaccines help in preventing the spread of infectious diseases. [SEP] Text: Rotarix reduced the rate of severe episodes of all‐cause diarrhoea by 30% at two years (rate ratio 0. 70, 95% CI 0. 56 to 0. 86; 39,091 participants, 1 trial; Analysis 1. 7). One trial reported on severe all‐cause diarrhoea after three years follow‐up (RIX Phua 2009‐AS); Rotarix reduced the number of severe cases by 27% (RR 0. 73, 95% CI 0. 61 to 0. 88; 10,519 participants; data not shown). Medium‐mortality countries Rotarix reduced the number of severe cases of all‐cause diarrhoea by 36% at one year (RR 0. 64, 95% CI 0. 52 to 0. 79; 26,479 participants, 2 trials; Analysis 1. 4), and by 26% at two years (RR 0. 74, 95% CI 0. 50 to 1. 09; 23,317 participants, 2 trials; Analysis 1. 5). Pooled results showed statistical heterogeneity at both one year (I2 = 46%) and two years follow‐up (I2 = 92%). Rotarix reduced the rate of severe episodes of all‐cause diarrhoea by 40% at one year (rate ratio 0. 60, 95% CI 0. 50 to 0. 72; 17,867 participants, 1 trial; Analysis 1. 6), and by 39% at two years (rate ratio 0. 61, 95% CI 0. 53 to 0. 70; 39,091 participants, 1 trial; Analysis 1. 7). High‐mortality countries Rotarix reduced the number of severe cases of all‐cause diarrhoea by 27% at one‐year follow‐up (RR 0. 73, 95% CI 0. 56 to 0. 95; 5639 participants, 3 comparisons from 2 trials; Analysis 1. 4), and by 17% at two years follow‐up (RR 0. 83, 95% CI 0. 72 to 0. 96; 2764 participants, 2 comparisons from 1 trial; Analysis 1. 5). Pooled results showed statistical heterogeneity at one‐year follow‐up (I2 = 75%). 1. 1. 3. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by illustrating how the Rotarix vaccine significantly reduced the rates of severe episodes of all-cause diarrhoea across various demographics. The reduction percentages (e.g., 30% at two years in a large participant cohort) indicate that the vaccine effectively mitigates severe disease, supporting the assertion that vaccines assist in preventing the spread of infectious diseases.