Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Updating IoT device firmware is essential for maintaining security. [SEP] Text: 509 certificates. Figure 4-26architectureFull size image Figure 4-26 shows the architecture of the client software. separates updates into three different categories based on the type of update and the repository from which the update packages are retrieved. These include Application Over-the-Air (AOTA), Software Over-the-Air (SOTA), and Firmware Over-the-Air (FOTA). AOTA supports update of application and individual software vendor’s services via an update mechanism based on packages and signed RPMs using SMART and Docker container update mechanisms. SOTA supports operating system updates from an OS vendor’s repository, which includes the use of the OS standard update mechanisms, like Manager and MenderFootnote 60 (for Yocto Linux). FOTA supports device or component manufacturer’s ability to update custom firmware over the air and integrates firmware-specific functionality to update the device firmware components. The primary mechanism for FOTA support is. Turtle Creek’s contribution to the IoT platform is twofold. First it unifies multiple disparate platform and software update mechanisms under a single management tool, making the process of managing and distributing updates easier. Second, it incorporates significant security protections on the update process, overlaying them on top of existing capabilities where necessary. creates a manifest format to convey update commands and requires this update to be signed with a key in the TPM. This satisfies the security requirement for authorization of updates and ensures that the versions and source (repository) for the updates are genuine. If update packages do not include an embedded signature or source authentication, Turtle Creek’s manifest can include a detached signature so the actual bits downloaded for the update can be verified that they have not been accidentally or maliciously modified. Table 4-10 outlines a more complete security analysis of Turtle Creek. Table 4-10 of Full size tableand RoT SummaryOne of the most difficult problems in IoT systems is updating the base system firmware or recovering from a security vulnerability in a root-of-trust component like a TPM. Oftentimes, these firmware elements are designed to require a trusted administrator to manually watch over an update or install process. IoT devices in remote environments or hard-to-reach places cannot afford to miss such updates, but also cannot be sustained if a skilled administrator must manually install such updates. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by outlining the importance of firmware updates for IoT devices in maintaining security. It mentions that Firmware Over-the-Air (FOTA) supports the ability to update device firmware and incorporates significant security protections for the update process. Additionally, it emphasizes the need for proper authorization and the verification of update packages to ensure that they are genuine and have not been modified, highlighting that missing updates can lead to vulnerabilities.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: EV batteries last indefinitely without needing replacement. [SEP] Text: 2022;1(2):100015. 41 Battery technologies for grid-level large-scale electrical energy storage. Univ. 2020;26:92–103. 42. Progress in electrical energy storage system: a critical review. Sci. 2009;19(3):291–312. 43. Comparison of characteristics: lead acid, nickel based, lead crystal and lithium based batteries. In: UKSim-on and Simulation. Cambridge; 2015. p. 444–50. 44. Challenges and progresses of energy storage technology and its application in power systems. . 2016;4(4):519–28. doi: 10. 1007/s40565-016-0248-x 45. Advanced hydrogen storage alloys for Ni/MH rechargeable batteries. J Mater Chem. 2011;21(13):4743–55. doi: 10. 1039/c0jm01921f 46 Perrin M, Malbranche P, Lemaire- Temperature behaviour: comparison for nine storage technologies: results from the network. J Power Sour. 2006;154(2):545–9. 47. Comparative study for “36 V” vehicle applications: advantages of lead–acid batteries. J Power Sour. 2001;95(1–2):58–67. 48. Modeling of zinc bromide energy storage for vehicular applications. . 2010;57(2):624–32. doi: 10. 1109/TIE. 2009. 2030765 49 Rydh CJ. Environmental assessment of vanadium redox and lead–acid batteries for stationary energy storage. J Power Sour. 1999;80(1–2):21–9. 50 Dehghani-. Study of energy storage systems and environmental challenges of batteries. Energy Rev. 2019; 104:192–208. 51 Leung P, Li XH, de. Progress in redox flow batteries, remaining challenges and their applications in energy storage. RSC Adv. 2012;2(27):10125–56. doi: 10. 1039/C2RA21342G 52 Young KH. Research in nickel/metal hydride batteries 2016. Batteries. 2016;2(4):31. 53. Chemical processes for the recovery of valuable metals from spent nickel metal hydride batteries: a review. Energ Rev. 2022;170:112983. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing various battery technologies and their characteristics, which implies that batteries, including those used in electric vehicles, require ongoing development and may eventually face limitations in longevity or efficiency, contradicting the assertion that they last indefinitely without needing replacement.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Symbiotic relationships between microbes and plants can improve nutrient uptake. [SEP] Text: napus showed the highest Cd, Al and REE contents, mainly when the plans were supplied with P and shoot content was lowest in T. aestivum. The low P supply did not significantly affect the shoot REE content of T. aestivum, L. cosentinii, C. arietinum and B. napus. However, in the latter species, the contents of both LREE and HREE tended to be by 21–34% lower. Also, in L. albus and P. sativum, LREE and HREE contents were 40–46% (P. sativum) and 58–60% (L. albus) lower at low P supply. Also, in L. albus Al, Cd contents were 48% and 71% lower. contents in B. napus was 47%, lower and Cd content in T. aestivum was 43% lower when the P supply was low. In contrast, Al and Cd contents in P. sativum, C. arietinum and L. cosentinii were largely unaffected by P supply. Table 4 Contents of non-essential elements in shoots of six species cultivated under addition 100 µM P (P+) or no P (0P) (means ± sd; n = 5). Capital letters denote differences among the plant species within a P-treatment Element contents µg ng µg µg T. aestivum P0 14 ± 3B 13 ± 4B 0. 11 ± 0. 02C 0. 03 ± 0. 01C P100 20 ± 12B 23 ± 5BC 0. 14 ± 0. 08C 0. 04 ± 0. 02C p-value 0. 36 0. 05 0. 52 0. 31 B. napus P0 68 ± 10A 526 ± 125A 3. 4 ± 0. 9A 0. 44 ± 0. 15A P100 128 ± 62A 451 ± 121A 4. 3 ± 1. 0A 0. 64 ± 0. 18A p-value 0. 03 0. 36 0. 19 0. 12 P. sativum P0 59 ± 36AB 20 ± 7B 1. 24 ± 0. 33B 0. 21 ± 0. 04B P100 55 ± 32AB 24 ± 5BC 2. 05 ± 0. 34B 0. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim regarding symbiotic relationships between microbes and plants and their effect on nutrient uptake. Instead, it discusses the effects of phosphorus (P) supply on the contents of various elements in several plant species. The focus is primarily on the elemental uptake under varying phosphorus conditions rather than microbial interactions with plants.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Updating IoT device firmware is essential for maintaining security. [SEP] Text: Services such as which enable remote update of all software and firmware on a device are vital to both the security posture and ROI of IoT systems. Application-FrameworksThe application-level language frameworks are the first topic in the application plane of our generic IoT architectural model from Figure 4-2. Although we are several software layers removed from the hardware of the platform, hardware-based security still plays a role in providing best-in-class software and services. As we look at different options in this space, we want to focus on how an application developer might be able to leverage hardware-based security features. Application developers tend to choose an application framework based on the programming language they have chosen, and not vice versa. And particular programming languages tend to have certain frameworks that are popular with a majority of programmers. In this section, we will examine the common security APIs available within some of these frameworks and evaluate the ease of use for developers to utilize hardware security features. The hardware security features focused here are partly based on the hardware features we have discussed throughout the previous sections of this 5. pdf Full size image OPC-UA[Footnote 68, Footnote 69] is a platform-independent service-oriented architecture targeted to the industrial segment of IoT and is based on the earlier OPC Classic protocols that used the (COM) and (DCOM). OPC-UA is therefore an object-based technology, defining objects as notionally shown in Figure 4-29 and using the TCP/IP protocol for communication between objects, which provides a much richer set of services than MQTT, but it is also much more complex with a 13-part specification of over 1200 pages. OPC-UA provides communication between components (objects) on a device and between devices using the publisher-subscriber design pattern described earlier, the observer design pattern where objects notify other objects of events, and using direct method calls between objects (even across devices using a DCOM-like mechanism). OPC-UA includes a discovery service allowing objects and devices to find each other on a network. OPC-UA defines a comprehensive security modelFootnote 70 based on security above the transport layer and uses certificate-based identities for applications and users. By default, all communication between devices is encrypted and signed, and the algorithms are negotiated at session establishment between the two parties, just like TLS. All applications are assigned a unique identity certificate, which is used to perform authentication during session establishment to other entities. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by indicating that services enabling remote updates of software and firmware on IoT devices are vital for maintaining security. It discusses how communication between devices is encrypted and signed, which underscores the importance of keeping IoT systems updated to ensure their security posture.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: EV batteries last indefinitely without needing replacement. [SEP] Text: 54 Müller T, Friedrich B. Development of a recycling process for nickel-metal hydride batteries. J Power Sources. 2006;158(2):1498–509. 55 Hierarchical micro-nano sheet arrays of nickel–cobalt double hydroxides for high-rate Ni–Zn batteries. Adv Sci. 2019;6(8):1802002. doi: 10. 1002/advs. 201802002 56 Koohi-Fayegh S, Rosen MA. A review of energy storage types, applications and recent developments. J Energy Storage. 2020;27:101047. 57 Phase boundary derived pseudocapacitance enhanced nickel-based composites for electrochemical energy storage devices. Mater. 2018;8(5):1701681. doi: 10. 1002/aenm. 201701681 58. Recovery of rare earth elements from spent NiMH batteries using subcritical water extraction with citric acid. J Eng. 2022;10(3):108000. 59 Balaram V. Rare earth elements: a review of applications, occurrence, exploration, analysis, recycling, and environmental impact. Geosci Front. 2019;10(4):1285–303. 60 Recovery of rare earth metals (REMs) from nickel metal hydride batteries of electric vehicles. Minerals. 2021;12(1):34. 61. Rare earth element recycling from waste nickel-metal hydride batteries. J Hazard Mater. 2014;279:384–8. 62 ório JA. Spent NiMH batteries—the role of selective precipitation in the recovery of valuable metals. J Power Sources. 2009;193(2):914–23. 63. Separation of nickel (II), cobalt (II) and lanthanides from spent Ni-MH batteries by hydrochloric acid leaching, solvent extraction and precipitation. Hydrometallurgy. 2013;133:37–43. 64 Innocenzi V, Veglio F. Recovery of rare earths and base metals from spent nickel-metal hydride batteries by sequential sulphuric acid leaching and selective precipitations. J Power Sources. 2012;211:184–91. 65. Hydrometallurgical process for recovery of metal values from spent nickel-metal hydride secondary batteries. Hydrometallurgy. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text provides references related to nickel-metal hydride batteries and their recycling, which implies that these batteries eventually reach the end of their life cycle and require recycling, thereby suggesting they do not last indefinitely without replacement. This contrasts with the claim that EV batteries last indefinitely.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Symbiotic relationships between microbes and plants can improve nutrient uptake. [SEP] Text: 39 ± 0. 05B p-value 0. 35 0. 41 0. 02 <0. 01 C. arietinum P0 31 ± 15B 9 ± 4B 0. 46 ± 0. 24BC 0. 10 ± 0. 06BC P100 76 ± 59AB 10 ± 3C 0. 70 ± 0. 29C 0. 16 ± 0. 08C p-value 0. 17 0. 72 0. 18 0. 21 L. albus P0 56 ± 18AB 23 ± 9B 0. 77 ± 0. 39B 0. 18 ± 0. 09B P100 107 ± 56A 79 ± 55B 1. 82 ± 0. 55B 0. 45 ± 0. 12B p-value 0. 06 0. 04 0. 01 0. 04 L. cosentinii P0 22 ± 14B 23 ± 10B 0. 26 ± 0. 16C 0. 05 ± 0. 02C P100 33 ± 22AB 26 ± 9BC 0. 17 ± 0. 07C 0. 06 ± 0. 04C p-value 0. 42 0. 65 0. 25 0. 58 Species P0 <0. 01 < 0. 001 < 0. 001 < 0. 001 P100 < 0. 01 < 0. 001 < 0. 001 < 0. 001 3. 6 Root element contents in response to P supply Element concentrations in roots varied substantially depending on plant species and root halves (quartz sand and mixed sand, respectively). They were additionally affected by P supply (Fig. 3). All investigated plant species showed significantly higher [LREE] and [HREE] in roots growing in quartz sand, irrespective of the P treatment. Similarly, quartz sand roots of L. albus and L. cosentinii exhibited higher [Al] and [Cd]. Brassica napus showed higher [Al] and P. sativum showed higher [Cd] in quartz sand roots than in mixed sand, but in plants exposed to low P solutions. In contrast, T. aestivum showed higher [Cd] in mixed sand roots, but only when P was supply wat high. Considering the different P supply, quartz sand roots of T. aestivum, C. arietinum, L. albus and L. cosentinii did not show differences in their and HREE concentrations. However, in B. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is largely a collection of numerical data regarding various plant species, root element contents, and phosphorus (P) supply effects. It does not directly address or provide evidence regarding symbiotic relationships between microbes and plants or their role in improving nutrient uptake. Thus, the text is irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Updating IoT device firmware is essential for maintaining security. [SEP] Text: -19 PreprintsProtocolsVideosJournalsTools & a 10. 21203/rs. 3. rs-175858/v2This work is licensed under a CC BY 4. 0 LicenseStatus:PostedVersion 2posted You are reading this latest preprint versionShow more versionsAbstractIoT is an emerging topic in the field of IT that has attracted the interest of researchers from different parts of the world. Authentication of IoT includes the establishment of a model for controlling access to IoT devices through the internet and other unsecured network platforms. Strong authentication of IoT is necessary for ensuring that machines and devices could be trusted when it comes to data sharing. The whole idea of authentication further prevents cybercriminals from using loopholes in IoT devices to access data that they are not allowed to access. Various authentication techniques could be used to secure IoT servers and devices. Establishing mutual authentication between IoT servers and IoT devices has attracted a lot of research interests because it helps enhance the effectiveness and overall security of data sharing. Therefore, this research provides the basis for analyzing the whole idea of using security keys to encrypt both IoT servers and IoT devices. Scienceand 1Figure 21. Nomenclatureof Things (IoT) (IT) Infrastructure (PKI) Multi-factor Authentications (MFA) (email) Service (SMS) Time-based One-(TOTP) Software-as-a-Service (SaaS) Platform-as-a-Service (PaaS) Infrastructure-as-a-Service (IaaS) (APs) Two-Factor-Authentication (2FA) (IP) Information and (ICT) Network (WAN) of Service (DDoS) Denial of Services (DoS)2. IntroductionIoT is one of the latest technological innovations that has attracted a lot of interest from researchers and IT experts in the last couple of years. Mutual authentication between IoT servers and IoT devices is considered by experts as a critical step of securing the entire IoT system. The use of authentication systems that are based on single passwords is vulnerable to dictionary and side-channel attacks [1]. Authentication in the context of IoT servers and IoT devices is simply a model for the establishment of trust in the identity of IoT devices and servers to control access and protect data when information is conveyed through the internet or other unsecured network. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by emphasizing the necessity of strong authentication for IoT devices, which is a critical aspect of maintaining security in an IoT system. It discusses the importance of mutual authentication between IoT servers and devices to enhance security, indicating that proper authentication methods are foundational to preventing unauthorized access and ensuring secure data sharing.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: EV batteries last indefinitely without needing replacement. [SEP] Text: 1998;50(1):61–75. 66. Recovery of rare earth from spent MH-Ni battery negative electrode. Chem Ind. 2008;28:70–3. 67. Characterization and leaching of NiCd and NiMH spent batteries for the recovery of metals. Waste Manag. 2005;25(2):221–6. 68. Valorization of waste NiMH battery through recovery of critical rare earth metal: a simple recycling process for the circular economy. Waste Manag. 2020;104:254–61. 69. The recovery of rare earth elements from waste electrical and electronic equipment: a review. Hydrometallurgy. 2023;222:106156. 70. Recovery of nickel, cobalt and rare-earth elements from spent nickel–metal-hydride battery: laboratory tests and pilot trials. Hydrometallurgy. 2022;209:105826. 71. Process intensification for valuable metals leaching from spent NiMH batteries. Intensif. 2021;167:108507. 72 Lie J, Liu JC. Selective recovery of rare earth elements (REEs) from spent NiMH batteries by two-stage acid leaching. J Eng. 2021;9. 5:106084. 73 ão A HNO3-responsive aqueous biphasic system for metal separation: application towards CeIV recovery. ChemSusChem. 2021;14:3018–26. doi: 10. 1002/cssc. 202101149 74 da. Green separation of lanthanum, cerium and nickel from waste nickel metal hydride battery. Waste Manag. 2021;125:154–62. 75 Porvali A, Agarwal V, Lundström M. REE(III) recovery from spent NiMH batteries as REE double sulfates and their simultaneous hydrolysis and wet-oxidation. Waste Manag. 2020;107:66–73. 76 -Guerrero R, Lundström M. Nickel metal hydride battery waste: mechano-hydrometallurgical experimental study on recycling aspects. J Sustain Metal. 2020;6:78–90. 77. Leaching mechanisms of industrial powders of spent nickel metal hydride batteries in a pilot-scale reactor. ChemSusChem. 2020;13:616–28. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text discusses various studies and processes related to the recovery and recycling of spent NiMH batteries, indicating that these batteries have a lifecycle that requires them to be disposed of and recovered for materials after use. This suggests they do not last indefinitely without replacement, thus contrasting with the claim.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Symbiotic relationships between microbes and plants can improve nutrient uptake. [SEP] Text: napus, the concentrations of all elements were 102% (Cd), 208% (Al), 275% (LREE) and 248% (HREE) higher in P-deficient roots compared with roots supplied with P. In P. sativum, P deficiency also increased [Cd] by 89% and decreased [HREE] by 38% but did not affect [Al] and [LREE]. In the corresponding mixed sand roots of C. arietinum, L. albus and L. cosentinii, the addition of P to the roots in quartz sand increased [Cd] in all three species, increased [LREE] and [HREE] in C. arietinum (80% and 59% increase) and [LREE] in L. albus (30% increase), whereas [HREE] was unaffected in L. albus. In none of the species, there were changes in [Al] in the roots growing in mixed sand, neither in the lupin species nor in T. aestivum, B. napus and P. sativum. However, in B. napus [Cd], [LREE] and [HREE] was significantly higher, by 47%, 66% and 69%, at a low P supply. In contrast, in roots of P. sativum grown in mixed sand, concentrations of all abovementioned elements were not altered by affected by P supply. Also, in T. aestivum, [Cd] was not changed, but, as an exception, [LREE] and [HREE] were 25% and 20% lower at low P supply. Considering data from both root parts and P treatments, the calculated LREE/HREE ratios of L. albus and C. arietinum were substantially higher than those in the other species (on average 4. 9–5. 0) and the lowest values was in L. cosentinii (LREE/HREE = 3. 6 ± 0. 7). The LREE/HREE ratios were higher in roots grown in quartz sand than those in mixed sand, except for T. aestivum and P. sativum. In T. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim regarding symbiotic relationships between microbes and plants. Instead, it focuses on concentrations of various elements in different plant species under phosphorus (P) deficiency and how those concentrations change with varying P supply. Because it does not discuss symbiosis or nutrient uptake improvements related to microbes, it is irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Updating IoT device firmware is essential for maintaining security. [SEP] Text: As a technology, IoT is a clear representation of a revolutionary change of conceptualization of the internet from communication between people to communication that has rooms for everything. The problem is that this has come in handy with a fair share of risks and challenges. More precisely, information management and gathering, access control, authentication, and privacy have become increasingly vital functions that should be maintained and handled accordingly [2]. Undoubtedly, hackers and other malicious actors find the IoT platform an attractive and new platform that makes it easier for them to engage in their actions while expanding the scope and sophistication of the attack techniques. Based on their fields of application, the security requirements for IoT servers and IoT devices have to touch on the aspects of information availability, integrity, and confidentiality which to some extent is a great challenge. Even more, recent studies have not been redirecting a lot of attention to establishing better authentication mechanisms that could be used when securing IoT servers and IoT devices. This research gap has heightened the vulnerabilities and weaknesses that are associated with these devices, thus paving the way for unauthorized parties such as hackers [2]. B. This research is motivated by the fact that connectivity and big data have significantly impacted our daily lives. Connecting everyday systems, products, and devices to the global internet gives us the capability of accessing rich data in real-time. This is especially important because it enhances our abilities to carry out our business activities, analyze patterns, and make sound decisions. This transition towards connecting everything to the IoT calls for corresponding adoption and implementation of effective security keys when authenticating IoT servers and IoT devices. Many of us are in the rush of seeing the launch of the next smart car, connected medical device, or home automation systems but without proper security authentication protocols in place, it might be difficult to attain any of that. Designing IoT servers and IoT devices with the required security levels is considered the next step towards the attainment of full-scale incorporation of IoT in our daily lives. System authentication is the fundamental way of preventing catastrophic attacks on sensitive data and IoT servers and IoT devices. PKI is considered by many as one of the most innovative ways of encrypting data and authenticating websites. The secure approach offers a flexible and scalable solution that could provide the basis for securing IoT servers and IoT devices today. For organizations that are still struggling to address their authentication problems, this could be an ideal solution. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by emphasizing the necessity of effective security measures for IoT devices. It highlights that since IoT platforms present new vulnerabilities that hackers exploit, maintaining security through methods like authentication and firmware updates is critical. The mention of insufficient studies addressing authentication mechanisms underlines the challenges currently faced in securing IoT devices, which further supports the claim of the importance of firmware updates for security.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: EV batteries last indefinitely without needing replacement. [SEP] Text: doi: 10. 1002/cssc. 201902640 78. Recovery of rare earth metals and synthesis of Ni0. 6Co0. 2Mn0. 2(OH)2 from spent asymmetric-capacitance power batteries. J Clean Prod. 2019;235:1295–303. 79 Díaz-López JC, Angarita J, Vargas-. Electrolytic recovery of nickel and cobalt as multi-elemental coatings: an option for the recycling of spent Ni-MH batteries. J Ser. 2018;1119:012003. doi: 10. 1088/1742-6596/1119/1/012003 80. Recovery of rare earth (i. e. , La, Ce, Nd, and Pr) oxides from end-of-life Ni-MH battery via thermal isolation. . 2018;6(9):11811–8. doi: 10. 1021/acssuschemeng. 8b02097 81 öm M. Lanthanide-alkali double sulfate precipitation from strong sulfuric acid NiMH battery waste leachate. Waste Manag. 2018;71:381–9. 82. Recycling of rare earth element from nickel metal hydride battery utilizing supercritical fluid extraction. ECS Trans. 2018;85:405–15. doi: 10. 1149/08513. 0405ecst 83. Supercritical fluid extraction of rare earth elements from nickel metal hydride battery. . 2018;6(1):1417–26. doi: 10. 1021/acssuschemeng. 7b03803 84 Sobianowska-Turek A. Hydrometallurgical recovery of metals: and Zn from the stream of used Ni-MH cells. Waste Manag. 2018;77:213–9. 85. Process optimization and kinetics for leaching of rare earth metals from the spent Ni-metal hydride batteries. Waste Manag. 2016;51:196–203. 86 Alonso AR, Pérez -Sánchez RM. Hydrometallurgical process for rare earth elements recovery from spent Ni-HM batteries. Q. 2015;54:310–7. 87 öm M. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the recovery and recycling processes of spent Ni-MH batteries, which implies that these batteries do eventually reach the end of their usable life and require replacement. It references various studies focused on the recycling of components from these spent batteries, indicating that they do not last indefinitely without needing replacement.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Symbiotic relationships between microbes and plants can improve nutrient uptake. [SEP] Text: aestivum, the ratios were higher in roots grown in mixed sand of P-supplied plants than in corresponding roots grown in quartz sand but without differences between the P+ and P0 treatments. In contrast, in P. sativum, adding P to the quartz sand decreased the ratio from 5. 0 to 4. 3. Similarly, in L. albus, P addition decreased the LREE/HREE ratios from 5. 7 to 5. 0 in roots grown in quartz sand and 4. 6 to 4. 1 roots grown in mixed sand. Considering the root element contents (calculated as root biomass x concentration) sorbed by the different root halves, the P-supplied roots of C. arietinum growing in quartz sand accumulated more REEs than all other investigated species except P. sativum, which showed similar net root uptake of LREE and HREEs. We found the lowest REE accumulation in the roots of T. aestivum and L. cosentinii, compared with the other species, including L. albus. In contrast, L. albus showed the highest contents of Cd and Al. In the other root half growing in mixed sand, there were no differences in element contents between the species, except for T. aestivum and C. arietinum, which showed a 3-4 times higher Cd content compared with B. napus, P. sativum and L. cosentinii. A low P supply at the root half in quartz sand did not change the contents of Al and Cd in any of the investigated species, neither in quartz sand nor in mixed sand roots. However, in roots grown in quartz sand, LREE and HREE contents were 45% lower in P. sativum, while LREE and HREE contents were constant in the other species. Conversely, reducing the P supply in roots grown in mixed sand did not change LREE and HREE contents in P. sativum and did not affect LREE in the other species. However, in B. napus, the low P supply tended to increase the content of HREE by 83%, while in L. cosentinii, the root uptake decreased by 44%. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim directly regarding the role of symbiotic relationships between microbes and plants in improving nutrient uptake. It discusses various plant species' uptake of different elements under varying conditions but does not mention any microbial involvement or symbiotic relationships, making it irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Updating IoT device firmware is essential for maintaining security. [SEP] Text: The flexibility of PKI is especially vital in the context of changing requirements as well as during the representation of identity in a multiprotocol and cross-platform approach. By focusing on using security keys to authenticate IoT servers and IoT devices, this study offers a foundation for making more discoveries of even more effective authentication techniques. Evolving cyber threats has also been part of the motivation behind this research. The number of IoT devices has been rising every day with the market expected to attain exponential expansion in the next couple of years. As of now, it is estimated that everyone has an average of three IoT devices. The increase in the number of these devices has also increased the scope of attacks. New vulnerabilities and threats are continuing to emerge, thus compromising the growth capability of the IoT. There have been recent cases of hacking in healthcare facilities, financial institutions, transport systems, and so forth. Even though many of these attacks have been carried out in the wild, it is just a matter of time before smart hacking becomes the order of the day. Unless the IT industry and all its stakeholders pay close attention to the security needs when it comes to IoT servers and IoT devices, it will become difficult to contain the extent of the damage that could be realized on end. Security keys offer a scalable way forward for data encryption, authentication, and discovering devices. This research has further been motivated by the basic understanding that with increased data amounts that are being exchanged over the internet, it has become especially vital to have a coherent understanding of devices that are authorized to receive and send data. This partly involves using strong authentication such as security keys among devices users and cloud service providers. The stakes are a little bit higher when it comes to the IoT. That is bearing in mind that if by any chance data or information gets into the wrong hands or data integrity is compromised, it could lead to life-threatening situations. For instance, compromising an IoT device that is supposed to convey sensitive data about patients’ treatment could even lead to the death of the subject. Corporations should provision their systems and IoT servers and IoT devices with credentials that are trustable enough and to ensure that they do so on a large scale. Many security keys use open interoperability standards that could be applied in different use cases and across a wide range of platforms and protocols. Unlike the traditional authentication techniques, security keys could be scaled to suit the needs of the users. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by emphasizing the critical importance of security in the context of IoT devices. It mentions the increasing number of IoT devices and the emerging cyber threats, highlighting that unless stakeholders pay close attention to security needs, significant damage could occur. The text also discusses the necessity of strong authentication methods, such as using security keys, to maintain the integrity and safety of data exchange, which supports the argument that keeping IoT device firmware up-to-date is essential for security.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: EVs can be charged instantly, similar to filling a fuel tank with gas. [SEP] Text: Ключевые словасжиженный углеводородный газ; технологическое оборудование; подземная и наземная станция; заправка транспортного средства; газовое оборудование; эксплуатационнотехнические характеристики оборудования; неисправности и техническое обслуживание; безопасностьMeans of refueling gas%filled cars. Lecture № 7. Part 4. Features of operation of technological equipment of stationary gas filling stationsThe features of the operation of the process equipment of the gas filling station are given. The procedure for refueling vehicles is described. The characteristic features of operation and malfunctions of technological equipment are summarized. The features of technological processes of maintenance of equipment of stationary gas filling stations are described. The characteristics of the current and major repairs are given. The analysis of safety of technological processes of stationary gas filling stations is carried out. The features of the system of accounting for the release of LPG are described. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim regarding electric vehicles (EVs) being charged instantly. It primarily discusses the operation and maintenance of gas filling stations, without any mention of electric vehicles or the charging process. Therefore, it does not provide any information that could support or contrast the claim.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Symbiotic relationships between microbes and plants can improve nutrient uptake. [SEP] Text: Table 5 Contents of light rare earth elements (LREE), heavy rare earth elements (HREE) in roots of six plant species cultivated under split-root conditions on two sand types, quartz sand and mixed sand, respectively (means ± sd; n = 5). The plants received 100 µM P (P+) or no P (0P) in quartz sand. Capital letters denote differences among the plant species within a P-treatment, and lowercase letters denote differences between the root halves Root half with P supply (quartz sand) Root half without P supply (mixed sand) Species P-supply µg g µg ng µg µg µg ng µg T. aestivum P0 0. 57 ± 0. 23B 0. 13 ± 0. 05 6. 4 ± 3. 5b 23 ± 8b 0. 56 ± 0. 08B 0. 13 ± 0. 03AB 34 ± 6aA 106 ± 32aA P100 0. 81 ± 0. 42C 0. 19 ± 0. 09BC 9. 4 ± 5. 3bBC 34 ± 14B 0. 83 ± 0. 74 0. 17 ± 0. 12 36 ± 23aA 126 ± 124 p-value 0. 28 0. 26 0. 32 0. 18 0. 18 0. 54 0. 81 0. 87 B. napus P0 1. 44 ± 1. 32AB 0. 30 ± 0. 26 5. 2 ± 4. 1b 24 ± 20 0. 42 ± 0. 15B 0. 11 ± 0. 04AB 13 ± 2Ba 24 ± 9B P100 1. 01 ± 0. 59aBC 0. 23 ± 0. 15aBC 7. 6 ± 2. 4B 21 ± 10B 0. 26 ± 0. 08b 0. 06 ± 0. 02b 8 ± 2B 15 ± 5 p-value 0. 53 0. 34 0. 82 0. 34 0. 82 0. 07 0. 84 0. 11 P. sativum P0 1. 7 ± 1. 0aAB 0. 34 ± 0. 21a 18 ± 9 38 ± 20 0. 53 ± 0. 27bBC 0. 13 ±0. 07bAB 17 ± 10AB 59 ± 27AB P100 3. 1 ± 0. 2aAB 0. 62 ± 0. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim regarding symbiotic relationships between microbes and plants improving nutrient uptake. Instead, it presents data about the contents of various elements in plant roots under different conditions, which does not directly support or contest the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Updating IoT device firmware is essential for maintaining security. [SEP] Text: That means that billions of IoT servers and devices in different parts of the world could be customized or provisioned with digital certificates that can then be managed on specific centralized locations. Offering unique security keys to every single user and IoT device and IoT server will help create a secure digital tunnel that only authorized data can flow. The data will remain encrypted and out of reach to intruders and other unauthorized parties. Whereas the IoT is still evolving, we can all agree that we still have time to take the right security precautionary measures and ensure that these devices function in a manner that cannot limit their capabilities because of security vulnerabilities and faults. The IoT platform needs trustworthy, scalable, and fast deployments of digital certificates. For companies that rely on the internet for their daily operations, it is important to implement publicly trusted certificate root authorities that could enable users to understand that they are connecting to web locations that have been authorized. Of course, some IoT environments do not depend on public trust since they function under closed systems. Such networks could use security keys coupled with certificate management and sophisticated automation that can only be provided by a trusted partner. Moreover, this study has partly been motivated by the underlying need of enhancing the security of IoT servers and IoT devices. We are currently living in the era of the IoT. That means that different IoT devices are now part and parcel of almost every aspect of our lives starting from wearables in our bodies to devices in our offices and homes. In as much as the IoT has opened a wide range of opportunities that had not been explored initially, the related risks have been translating into costly challenges. The security of IoT devices has further been amplified by the fact that many users relate the functionality of the IoT platform with the traditional internet thus convincing them to have the same security approach to security as the past techniques. Nonetheless, the truth is that IoT security is way off different from the traditional internet security schemes. Although it could be easy to secure the entire network, blocking the infiltration of IoT devices before their activation has been a constant threat that has been identified by many experts in the field of information technology. Consequently, hackers can find their way into devices that have been connected or linked together during deployment. That is why it is important to rethink our approaches to the security of IoT servers and IoT devices. It is essential to understand the significance of building IoT security starting from the bottom up. This should also be embedded in the core project and organizational architectures when still at the conceptualization stage. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by emphasizing the importance of enhancing the security of IoT servers and devices through various security measures, including implementing digital certificates and security keys. It discusses the evolving nature of IoT security and the need for addressing vulnerabilities and potential intrusions, which aligns with the idea that maintaining security is critical, particularly through updating firmware to protect against emerging threats.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: EVs can be charged instantly, similar to filling a fuel tank with gas. [SEP] Text: В рецензии на статью рецензент обязан определить: − профиль статьи в соответствии с рубрикацией журнала; − научный уровень и новизну (оригинальность) представляемых для публикации результатов, их практическую значимость; − достоинства и недостатки по содержанию и форме изложения материала; − конкретные рекомендации по доработке или сокращению материала статьи, если таковые возникнут; − возможность (или невозможность) опубликования рецензируемой статьи в журнале. 3. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses the responsibilities of a reviewer in an academic context, with no mention of electric vehicles (EVs), charging processes, or fuel tanks. Hence, it does not provide any support, contrast, or relevance to the statement regarding the charging of EVs.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Symbiotic relationships between microbes and plants can improve nutrient uptake. [SEP] Text: 05aAB 14 ± 1BC 55 ± 8AB 0. 51 ± 0. 17b 0. 11 ± 0. 05b 15 ± 8AB 64 ± 28 p-value 0. 04 0. 06 0. 47 0. 15 0. 51 0. 74 0. 74 0. 80 C. arietinum P0 4. 6 ± 4. 1A 0. 84 ± 0. 76 15 ± 6b 62 ± 49 1. 17 ± 0. 55A 0. 25 ± 0. 11A 29 ± 8Aa 82 ± 35AB P100 4. 7 ± 1. 1aA 0. 86 ± 0. 23aA 18 ± 4B 50 ± 27AB 0. 94 ± 0. 62b 0. 22 ± 0. 13b 31 ± 10A 91 ± 64 p-value 0. 96 0. 97 0. 38 0. 68 0. 68 0. 73 0. 81 0. 78 L. albus P0 1. 8 ± 1. 2aAB 0. 32 ± 0. 21 40 ± 36 59 ± 44 0. 65 ± 0. 16bAB 0. 15 ± 0. 03A 24 ± 6A 51 ± 7AB P100 2. 2 ± 0. 6aB 0. 44 ± 0. 11aB 64 ± 8aA 75 ± 19aA 0. 76 ± 0. 32b 0. 13 ± 0. 02b 21 ± 9bAB 48 ± 14b p-value 0. 53 0. 26 0. 14 0. 41 0. 41 0. 54 0. 53 0. 50 L. cosentinii P0 0. 86± 0. 39aAB 0. 22 ± 0. 11a 13 ± 10 31 ± 15 0. 15 ± 0. 08bC 0. 05 ± 0. 02bB 6. 0 ± 1. 9B 17 ± 10B P100 0. 79 ± 0. 29aC 0. 19 ± 0. 07aC 8 ± 5BC 32 ± 26B 0. 30 ± 0. 17b 0. 09 ± 0. 04b 8. 9 ± 3. 7B 30 ± 13 p-value 0. 76 0. 72 0. 52 0. 94 0. 19 0. 07 0. 86 0. 21 Species P0 0. 03 0. 06 0. 06 0. 35 < 0. 01 0. 04 <0. 001 < 0. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not provide information relevant to the claim regarding symbiotic relationships between microbes and plants improving nutrient uptake. It consists mainly of numerical data and statistical values without any contextual explanation or findings that relate to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Updating IoT device firmware is essential for maintaining security. [SEP] Text: Loopholes in nodes can enable malicious actors to assume control over protocol states and cryptographic keys. Also, these vulnerabilities could as well give hackers a unique opportunity of cloning and redistributing malicious nodes within a network setup, thus compromising the security of the whole network [3]. There is also the issue of DoS that could result because of poor authentication [3]. DoS is considered as a type of attack whereby the entire network or system is shut down by attackers, thereby preventing authorized parties or users from accessing them. This could overwhelmingly be attained through vast amounts of simultaneous spam requests that could end up overloading the network and prevent authorized users from receiving or delivering normal services. Next, poor authentication of IoT devices could lead to Denial of Sleep Attack. It is vital to note that one of the core purposes of the IoT network is to sense via an extensive number of nodes that are widely distributed. In this case, the nodes offer different pieces of data such as vibration, humidity, and temperature data. These data are in this case provided at specific intervals after which the IoT devices could sleep and wait for the subsequent interval [3]. However, when it comes to the Denial of Sleep Attack, the power supply of the nodes is compromised leading to an increase in power consumption and reduced lifetime of services of the nodes. This is attained by preventing the nodes from sleeping once necessary data has been sent. Poor authentication has further been associated with the problem of DDoS attacks. Here, the most challenging concern is the underlying capability of using a vast number of IoT nodes to pass traffic that has been gathered towards the servers of the victims [3]. Several studies associated DDoS attacks with IoT servers and IoT devices with some ending up compromising the whole networks or systems. Moreover, there have also been incidences of Sybil attacks on the fake node. Such attacks are whereby malicious actors tend to use fake nodes to deploy fake identities. In the event of a Sybil attack, the entire network or system could end up generating wrong data and even making neighboring nodes start receiving spam data that could compromise authentication protocols that have been implemented [3]. These fake nodes could be used by the attackers to transmit or convey data to nodes that are legitimate making them consume more energy and making services go down. Other attacks include and are not limited to mass node authentication, side-channel attack, routing attacks, and replay attack. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by highlighting the vulnerabilities in IoT devices related to poor authentication and various attack types such as Denial of Service (DoS) and Distributed Denial of Service (DDoS). It also mentions that these vulnerabilities can be exploited by malicious actors, compromising the security of the whole network. The implication is that regularly updating firmware could help mitigate these risks and enhance security measures against such attacks.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: EVs can be charged instantly, similar to filling a fuel tank with gas. [SEP] Text: Приведен расчет расхода газа СУГ АГЗС. Сформулирована особенность освидетельствования и наполнения резервуаров хранения СУГ. Ключевые словасжиженный углеводородный газ; архитектурнопланировочные решения; подземная и наземная АГЗС; эксплуатация АГЗС; освидетельствование резервуаров; газовое оборудование, заполнение резервуаров; расчет заправочных колонок и АГЗСMeans of refueling gas&cylinder cars. Lecture № 7. Part 3. Features of operation of stationary automobile gas filling stations with liquefied petroleum gas (LPG)The characteristics and master plan of a stationary automobile gas filling station (AGPS) of liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) with ground and underground reservoirs are presented. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim. It discusses the operation and features of gas filling stations for liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) rather than addressing the charging of electric vehicles (EVs) or comparing it to refueling with gasoline. There is no mention of the instant charging capability of EVs or any characteristics that would support or contrast the claim.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Symbiotic relationships between microbes and plants can improve nutrient uptake. [SEP] Text: 01 p-value P100 <0. 001 <0. 001 <0. 001 <0. 01 0. 12 0. 08 <0. 01 0. 48 3. 7 Normalized REE pattern in shoots of plant species and responses to P supply The substrate-normalized [REE] calculated for shoots treated with different P levels showed clear differences among the plant species and partly depended on the treatment with P (Fig. 4). In all plant species, the normalized REE concentrations were <<1, and the pattern was generally similar among the plant species tested with curves downward from left to right showing LREE-enrichment and HREE-depletion. In B. napus and P. sativum, the normalized [LREE] relative to [HREE] were much higher than those in T. aestivum, C. arietinum, L. albus and L. cosentinii showing LREE/HREE > 1. Also, B. napus and P. sativum exhibited steeper curves than T. aestivum, C. arietinum, L. albus and L. cosentinii did. Concerning the effects of P addition, C. arietinum did not show any differences in the REE pattern between P-supplied and P-deficient plants. When the plants were cultivated under P-deficient conditions, T. aestivum and B. napus displayed higher normalized [REE], particularly [LREE] and middle-mass [REE] (Gd–Er). In contrast, P. sativum, L. albus and L. cosentinii, showed significantly higher [LREE] and [HREE] when the plants were supplied with P in the nutrient solution. Discussion3. 1 Plant growth, root biomass and nutritional status In this study, we tested six plant species previously characterized by Pearse et al. (2006) regarding their ability to acquire P from different P forms in soil by carboxylate release and rhizosphere acidification. In the present experiment, the cultivation of plants with split roots growing in different sand types allowed us to control the P nutrition status on one root side without influencing REE availability directly through the precipitation of Al and REE with phosphate in the presence of P. The treatment with low P supply showed less production of shoot and total plant biomass of T. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not directly address the claim regarding symbiotic relationships between microbes and plants. Instead, it discusses the influence of phosphorus (P) on plant species and their nutrient uptake, without mentioning microbes or symbiotic interactions. Therefore, the text is irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Updating IoT device firmware is essential for maintaining security. [SEP] Text: Thus, the bottom line of this is that by putting all the above issues into consideration, there is a dire need for the implementation of better authentication techniques for IoT servers and IoT devices [3]. 4. Expected DeliverablesIoT servers and devices can be hacked remotely by malicious actors and unauthorized parties who might attempt to find their way into the device using an internet connection. If IoT devices could have been configured in a manner that allows for communication only with authorized servers, the outside communication attempts could have been ignored. The number of attacks targeting IoT servers and devices has continued to increase year in year out. Thus, as these devices are being integrated into corporate networks, special attention should be redirected to the essence of security. Powerful and efficient cryptographic solutions should be utilized because they can assist with the standardization of secure lines of communications between different devices and machines. Nonetheless, it is also a tough decision to select the most appropriate authentication model that can get the job done. Before choosing the architecture model that is ideal for IoT authentication, it is first of all essential to consider a wide range of factors that includes and are not limited to connectivity, security requirements, security expertise, financial budgets, hardware capacity, and energy resources. Therefore, the following models will be used to address the authentication problem that relates to IoT servers and IoT devices: A. of The core purpose of the chain of trust model is to prove that a specific certificate comes from a given trusted source [4]. The model is comprised of three basic entities that form the valid chain of trust. They include end-entity, intermediate, and root. Consequently, the end-entity offers compliance, scalability, and security with certificate authority standards. Nonetheless, certificates, in this case, do not offer a guarantee that the subject under consideration is reputable or trustworthy in his business activities, safe to carry out business with, or compliant with specific laws. The end-entity offers vital pieces of information to the issuing certificate authority through a form of certificate signing request. This certificate has to be signed before being issued by a trusted certificate authority showing that the information that has been provided is correct at the time of issuance. connection to the IoT server will not be successful if the certificate has not been signed or verified [4]. Next, when it comes to the intermediate entity, the idea is that at least a single certificate should be present in the chain of the Layer certificate [4]. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the need for improved security measures for IoT devices and servers. It emphasizes the importance of secure lines of communication and authentication techniques, implicitly suggesting that keeping firmware updated is a crucial component in protecting these devices against increasing attacks. The discussion of utilizing cryptographic solutions and the need to address security requirements indicates that regular updates would be a necessary element to maintain the integrity and security of IoT systems.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: EVs can be charged instantly, similar to filling a fuel tank with gas. [SEP] Text: Алматы)Международный научно-технический журнал «АвтоГазоЗаправочный комплекс + Альтернативное топливо» зарегистрирован в Министерстве РФ по делам печати в 2002 г. Свидетельство о регистрации ПИ № ФС77–63954. Периодичность издания – ежемесячно, объём каждого выпуска – 48 стр. Журнал включён в Перечень изданий ВАК Минобрнауки РФ. Журнал входит в национальную информационно-аналитическую систему − Российский индекс научного цитирования (РИНЦ). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses the registration and publication details of a scientific journal without any mention of electric vehicles or charging them. It does not provide any information that would support, contrast, or address the claim about EV charging.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Symbiotic relationships between microbes and plants can improve nutrient uptake. [SEP] Text: aestivum, B. napus, and L. albus, whereas there was no effect on C. arietinum, P. sativum and L. cosentinii (Fig. 1). In the latter species, no response to different levels of P addition might be explained by a virtually unchanged shoot [P] following P addition. Indeed, when P was added to the root half in quartz sand, shoot [P] increased in all species, except in P. sativum and C. arietinum (Table 2). This was unexpected, given that the plants received a high supply of P (100 µM P as KH2PO4) in the nutrient solutions. Shoot [P] did not exceed the concentration that is adequate for crop growth of 2 mg P g-1 dry weight (Marschner 1995), except in T. aestivum, suggesting that the amount of P given to the plants was not sufficient to achieve a luxury uptake in the P-treated plants and the amount of P given may have been sorbed onto Al and Fe oxides and hydroxides under the acidic conditions of the quartz sand. After five weeks of plant growth, all plants entered the reproduction phase, so P remobilization to the seeds may have contributed to the low shoot [P] (et al. 2020). Shoot [Fe] and [Mn] were largely unchanged at the low P supply, except in T. aestivum and P. sativum, where [Mn], [Fe] and [Zn] were lower that at a high P supply (Table 2). Given that these elements were added to the nutrient solution irrespective of the P-treatment, this suggests a reduced uptake and/or translocation capacity under conditions of P deficiency (Fan et al. 2021). Root [P] was higher in all species at a high P-supply. This higher root P status was not only observed in the root half in contact with the nutrient solution, but also roots grown in mixed sand of T. aestivum, C. arietinum and L. albus, and to some extent in roots of L. cosentinii. Conversely, [P] of roots grown in mixed sand of B. napus and P. sativum were unaffected. Indeed, the [P] was highly influenced by root growth. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address symbiotic relationships between microbes and plants at all. It discusses the effects of phosphorus (P) addition on various plant species' nutrient uptake but provides no information about any symbiotic interactions that might improve nutrient absorption.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Updating IoT device firmware is essential for maintaining security. [SEP] Text: Because you are the only person who has access to your phone, you will automatically receive notification of any attempt made to log into your system, resource, or account. The use of email. Push notifications. H. Statistics and Numbers on field of IT is complex and subject to change. Any security change has the potential of setting off a chain of adjustments and tweaks that could irritate users. Streamlined authentication processes help maintain productivity levels in the IT sector a high as possible. That is why IT administrators are encouraged to make sure that all emerging upgrades are integrated to increase security. administrators have a unique opportunity of adapting the required level of security support with the aid of contextual information like geo-location and behavioral patterns. Identity theft is a high-reward, low-risk, and easy type of crime and threat to individuals and organizations. It is one of the fastest-growing crimes that is increasingly becoming more profitable compared to crimes that relate to drugs. Research has shown that stolen and weak user credentials are important weapons to hackers who have been using them in almost 95% of all attacks that have been orchestrated on web applications. Malicious actors seem to be on the winning side because between 2013 and 2014, the total number of attack breaches that ended up being successful had gone up by approximately 27. 5%. Even though these breaches have been associated with companies that bear household names, there has been a further concern because out of all target attacks, about 31% have been targeting business enterprises with less than 250 employees. Advanced firewalls and anti-virus systems are as important as vulnerability tests. However, the front door will always remain open without proper user authentication. Password theft has continued to evolve as attackers attempt to utilize highly sophisticated techniques like pharming, phishing, and keylogging. The bitter truth is that cyberattackers have been trying to do more than just steal data. They change services or programs, destroy data, or use servers to transmit malicious code, spam, or propaganda. I. Effectiveness of departments would agree that implementing MFA across all access points could bolster organizational security. The problem is that the nature of MFAs could be tedious leaving some people wondering about their effectiveness. Therefore, to truly understand the effectiveness of multifactor authentications, it is first important to develop a coherent understanding of how hackers and other malicious actors engage in their activities in the absence of MFA. In a nutshell, cyber-attackers are required to access your password and username. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text supports the claim by emphasizing the importance of integrating emerging upgrades to enhance security. It notes that 'IT administrators are encouraged to make sure that all emerging upgrades are integrated to increase security,' which suggests that keeping software, including IoT device firmware, updated is vital for protection against various cyber threats, such as identity theft and unauthorized access.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: EVs can be charged instantly, similar to filling a fuel tank with gas. [SEP] Text: Ключевые словауправляемость и устойчивость колесных машин; большие углы поворота управляемых колес; перераспределение крутящих моментовWays to increase the stability of the movement of cars at small and large angles of rotation of the controlled wheelsThe controllability and stability of the car are the most important operational properties and components of the active safety of its movement. Currently, the issues of creating active security systems are actively engaged all over the world. The purpose of the work is to analyze ways to increase the stability of the movement of a two—axle wheeled vehicle at small and large angles of rotation of the controlled wheels. A new method is proposed for analyzing ways to increase the stability of a two-axle wheeled vehicle, characterized in that it allows, based on the application of the second Lyapunov method, to identify methods to increase the stability of movement at small and large angles of rotation of controlled wheels. The analysis of the stability of the movement of two-axle wheeled vehicles at large rotation angles of controlled wheels with various traction and steering drive schemes is carried out. It is proved that for a two-axle wheeled vehicle with all driving and steerable wheels at small angles, the corrective steering angle on the rear axle should be directed towards reducing the angle of rotation of the front wheels of the rear axle modulo and, in addition, the rotation of the rear steerable wheels should begin later than the rotation of the front, i. e. with a delay. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim regarding the charging of electric vehicles (EVs). It discusses the stability and control of wheeled vehicles without mentioning charging processes or comparing them to filling a fuel tank, thus failing to support or contrast the claim.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Symbiotic relationships between microbes and plants can improve nutrient uptake. [SEP] Text: napus mainly relies on readily-available P sources and effectively adjusts its root growth to the compartment where P can be most easily acquired. In contrast, C. arietinum, L. albus and especially L. cosentinii appeared to follow a more conservative strategy and sustained root development in the mixed sand with higher total nutrient concentrations, increasing the chance to maintain P and micronutrient supply in nutrient-impoverished environments, where the presence of nutrients and their availability is patchy. In particular, this plasticity in root development, in concert with the species' ability to respond to P deficiency by altered carboxylate release and rhizosphere acidification (see Section 4. 2), might contribute to the result that L. cosentinii yields are twice as high as those of L. albus under low-P conditions in the field (Rahman an Gladstones 1974). 3. 2 Modifications of rhizosphere chemistry in response to P supply After five weeks of plant growth, all species tested had entered the reproductive phase and started flowering. So the carboxylate release observed in the present study may not necessarily characterize the plant's nutrient-acquisition efficiency, because carboxylate release typically declines when plants enter the reproductive stage (Mimmo et al. 2011). However, the observed exudation rates among P-supplied and P-deficient plants can be used to characterize the species' general response to P nutritional status (Fig. 2). In this study, the amount of carboxylates released from the different root halves per unit time (Fig. 2B) integrates root mass and carboxylate release per unit mass (Fig. 2C). They characterize the species’ ability to influence the root environments chemically. In contrast, exudation rates per unit of time and root mass characterize the physiological response to environmental conditions. The exudation rates per unit root mass as dependent on P supply were not as pronounced as the carboxylate release per unit time, most probably due to a declining exudation rate at the reproductive stage (Mimmo et al. 2011). Triticum aestivum, B. napus, P. sativum and C. arietinum did not show differences in rhizosphere pH in response to P supply (Fig 2D); however, the rhizosheath pH was lowest in P. sativum and C. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text discusses the root growth strategies of different plant species in response to phosphorus (P) availability and how their chemical exudation affects nutrient acquisition, which could suggest a relationship with nutrient uptake. However, it does not directly address or provide evidence of symbiotic relationships between microbes and plants improving nutrient uptake, making it irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Updating IoT device firmware is essential for maintaining security. [SEP] Text: Insecure updates: Using unencrypted or unauthenticated update protocols puts the device at risk of malware being installed by an attacker. Privilege escalation is the process by which an attacker uses a firmware flaw to obtain access to higher-level privileges than they should. Unauthorized access: This can include the use of easily guessable default credentials or the lack of proper access controls in the firmware. Weak encryption: This can include the use of easily crackable encryption algorithms or the use of easily guessable encryption keys. These are just some examples of the types of vulnerabilities that the tool may detect, and the actual vulnerabilities that are found will depend on the specific firmware image being analyzed. Overall, such tools are hugely valuable for security researchers and IoT device manufacturers looking to secure the boot process of their devices with the proposed algorithm including the below-mentioned steps: i) Extracting the firmware image from the IoT device. ii) Identifying the type of processor and operating system used in the device. iii) Analyzing the firmware for known vulnerabilities and common security features such as secure boot and firmware signing. iv) Decompiling the firmware to extract the underlying source code. v) Performing firmware reverse engineering to identify additional vulnerabilities. vi) Adding patches or unique payloads to the firmware. vii) Checking for security flaws in the bootloader and firmware. viii) Writing a report outlining the analysis’s conclusions and emphasizing any security concerns or vulnerabilities found. The setup consists of layers involving embedded sensors and actuator devices connecting to the physical world providing the status of the physical state changes. These devices are locally connected through a gateway that in turn connects to the Internet or the IoT Cloud platform. The cloud platform runs applications that remotely want to supervise and manage the physical IoT devices. Figure 1 illustrates this setup further. Figure 1: IoT, cloud, and application connectivity. Download full-size image DOI: 10. 7717/peerj-cs. 1771/fig-1 This setup translates the data into different layers, the physical IoT device runs the embedded software along with edge software on the local gateway as illustrated in Fig. 2. The IoT backend communicates with the cloud storage services and databases that in turn access the Internet via web apps instead of web services for other purposes like or Android apps. In IoT, different nodes of the scheme have different software even as very few layers inside IoT devices communicate with the external world in terms of physical access. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing various security vulnerabilities related to firmware, such as insecure updates and unauthorized access. It emphasizes the importance of identifying and fixing these vulnerabilities to secure IoT devices, indicating that performing tasks like firmware analysis, patching, and reverse engineering is crucial for maintaining device security.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Banks use encryption to protect customer data and transaction details. [SEP] Text: In each case, steps have been taken — by contacting the organisation concerned — to confirm whether the behaviours identified are or may have been carried out by the organisation. Case studies illustration is hard to know where to start with this case, as it appears to be a catalogue of poor practice from start to finish. It is particularly significant in that it is carried out by BT, the UK national telephone operator. In seeking corroboration for this practice, the initial response from BT was that it was perfectly acceptable to phone out in this manner, so long as sufficient ID checks were carried out. The ID checks in question appear, however, to have been checks on the ID of the call recipient. The idea that BT would go on to obtain bank account details flies in the face of all official advice given and sets a very poor example for other companies in this field. Attempts to negotiate the maze that is BT are talked about more widely as something that individuals would rather not do. It is likely that this is part of a wider issue in respect of over-automation of a highly complex process. The inability to link to a Officer is a serious failing, although oddly enough — according to the Office of the — not in itself a breach of any principle. The case appears to illustrate a corporate culture that has not taken any account of changes in public attitudes to outbound calling or public concerns over ID fraud. It is significantly bad practice and a PR disaster waiting to happen. illustration is outwardly better than the BT case, but only apparently so. The proposition being advanced to the caller is that the caller will ‘prove’ they are who they say they are by feeding them certain tidbits of personal information. Once they have done this, they will then seek to elicit further information back from the caller. The difficulty here is that even supposedly confidential information is not that confidential. Investigators have estimated that the key security questions asked by many banks — postcode, date of birth, mother's maiden name — could be obtained for a significant proportion of the population within minutes from the internet. Provision of the last four digits of a credit card number is outwardly more secure — but since enhanced security in the credit card industry, this is all that is displayed on most credit card slips anyway. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing practices related to ID fraud and security measures that banks employ, particularly criticizing the inadequacy of security questions used by banks. It indicates that crucial personal information could be easily obtained, thus implying that banks may not be using sufficient encryption or security measures to protect customer data effectively. This is highlighted when it states, 'the key security questions asked by many banks...could be obtained for a significant proportion of the population within minutes from the internet.' Therefore, the passage suggests that the current methods employed by some banks do not align with the claim of using encryption effectively.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Symbiotic relationships between microbes and plants can improve nutrient uptake. [SEP] Text: Conversely, when the mobility of elements is high(er), changes in the chemical speciation from the ionic form to a metal-organic complex may decrease availability through exclusion at the site of uptake (Barber and Lee 1974). In the present experiment, all plants altered the rhizosheath pH and released carboxylates depending on species and P supply (Fig. 2). The sand substrates contained the elements in sparingly soluble forms (Table 1). In both substrates, cadmium availability was associated with amorphous and crystalline silicates (Wiche et al. 2017a), and less than 0. 1% of Cd, Fe, Mn, and Al were present in mobile forms (Fraction 1). In contrast, the solubility of REE was somewhat higher, especially in the quartz sand (Table 1). Nonetheless, all species contained detectable concentrations of all elements with high variability among the species tested (Fig. 1). Aluminum and REE showed a similar behavior in the shoots, consistent with the literature (Liu et al. 2021; Fehlauer et al. 2022). In B. napus, high shoot and low root [Cd] can be primarily explained by the efficient influx and transport of Cd from roots to shoots (Selvam and Wong 2009). Concerning the effect of P supply, the REE concentrations in shoots and roots responded more sensitively than those of Al, given that four out of six species showed significant differences in LREE and HREE concentrations following a reduction of P supply (Fig. 3). Of these species, C. arietinum and T. aestivum did not respond to altered element accumulation and showed a relatively flat normalized REE pattern with a slight decrease in HREE accumulation (Gd–Lu) (Fig. 4). Concomitantly, these species did not respond to a low P supply with altered carboxylate release. The higher LREE and Al concentrations in roots in mixed sand of P-deficient C. arietinum (Fig. 3) corresponded with less root biomass (Fig. 1). Enrichment could largely explain this in the roots which led to unchanged element contents in the plants (Table 3). Similarly, the higher concentrations of Al and LREE in shoots and roots of P-deficient T. aestivum (Fig. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the concept of symbiotic relationships between microbes and plants directly. Instead, it discusses the mobility and availability of various elements and their impact on plant species under different phosphorus (P) supply conditions. While it talks about nutrient availability and how certain elements behave in different substrates, it does not provide any information supporting or denying the claim regarding symbiosis specifically. Therefore, the text is irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Updating IoT device firmware is essential for maintaining security. [SEP] Text: Figure 2: IoT physical to logical dataflow. Download full-size image DOI: 10. 7717/peerj-cs. 1771/fig-2 The research methodology followed for analyzing taint analysis and IoT firmware typically involves several stages: i) Taint analysis discovers some anomaly from a source flow to a sink. IoT systems have at least two different types of sources and sinks. a) The first is the external components interacting with the physical real world where sensors as the source and actuators are the sink or the Android apps for geolocation as the source and set the label as the sink. b) The second uses a database containing the outcome as well as communication routes as the sink or the Internet with the request and receive as the source. obtain as the answer and source. as the sink. ii) Firmware extraction involves removing firmware images from a variety of IoT devices, including those with embedded Linux, RTOS, and microcontroller systems. After extracting the firmware image, analysis and examination are performed to find security flaws and vulnerabilities. This includes the device's operating system and processor type as well as any open network ports, hard-coded emails/passwords, and other security issues. iii) Firmware reverse engineering extracts the underlying source code and decompiles the firmware, undertaking firmware reverse engineering. This makes it possible for security experts to do a more in-depth analysis of the firmware and find any potential flaws. iv) Modification can be done by adding patches or unique payloads to firmware images. This can be used to add unique features to the device or test the security of the device. v) By conducting attacks on the firmware and bootloader, test and evaluate the security of these systems. vi) Provide reports detailing the firmware’s testing and analysis, emphasizing any security concerns or vulnerabilities that were found. The steps for the algorithm proposed in this research for analyzing IoT firmware are explained in the pseudocode below: i) The firmware image is extracted from the IoT device using the function ‘extract-firmware’ in the first line of the pseudocode. ii) The firmware image is examined using the ‘analyze-firmware’ function in the following line. The CPU and operating system type of the device would probably be determined by this function, which would also look for known vulnerabilities and standard security measures like firmware signing and secure boot. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text outlines various steps in the analysis of IoT firmware, including firmware extraction, security flaw identification, and potential modifications. However, it does not directly address the necessity of updating firmware for security purposes. It fails to corroborate or contrast the claim, as it neither supports nor refutes the idea that updating firmware is essential for maintaining security.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Banks are completely immune to cyber attacks due to advanced cybersecurity. [SEP] Text: Study of smart grid cyber-security, examining architectures, communication networks, cyber-attacks, countermeasure techniques, and challenges access Published: 02 May 2024 Study of smart grid cyber-security, examining architectures, communication networks, cyber-attacks, countermeasure techniques, and challenges : orcid. org/0009-0003-9615-13471, Mehdi Adda1, Maxime Berger1, Hussein Ibrahim2 & …Ali Awde2 Show authors Cybersecurity 1. Increased connectivity and reliance on technology also introduce new cyber threat vulnerabilities. Cybercriminals can use SG communication networks to launch large-scale attacks, including Denial of service (DoS), replay attacks (RA), time delay attacks (TDA), time synchronization attacks (TSA), false data injection attacks (FDIA), load redistribution attacks (LRA), Malicious command injection, and Malware attacks. The consequences of the mentioned CAs can be severe, ranging from economic losses to blackouts and disruptions to vital infrastructure. In addition, they can lead to the theft of sensitive data, such as customer and company information. Fig. 1Timeline and history of industrial and energy-producing facilities cybersecurity attacksFull size imageAs depicted in Fig. 1, a number of cyber incidents involving power systems demonstrate the importance of addressing cybersecurity concerns (Harper 2019; Lakshmanan 2023; 2017; Keizer 2010; Radio-Canada 2023). As cyber threats become more complex and prevalent, it is crucial to develop robust security measures to safeguard the interconnected power infrastructure. This paper aims to discuss the various dimensions of SG CAs and explore effective strategies to enhance its security. Table 1 List of abbreviations used in this studyFull size tableSeveral research papers have been published on the topic of cybersecurity in SGs, each with its own unique scope and areas of interest. Some papers focus on a particular part of the SG, such as Mohan et al. (2020), Saxena et al. (2021) and Chen et al. (2020) which all target load-frequency control (LFC). Other reviews concentrate on specific attack types, such as DoS attacks, as seen in Raja et al. (2022) and Ortega-Fernandez and Liberati (2023) or FDIA (Liang et al. 2016). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by explaining how increased connectivity and reliance on technology introduce new cyber threat vulnerabilities, emphasizing that cybercriminals can exploit communication networks to launch large-scale attacks. It mentions various types of attacks and the severe consequences these can have, demonstrating that banks, like other sectors, are not immune to cyber threats, contrary to the claim.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Symbiotic relationships between microbes and plants can improve nutrient uptake. [SEP] Text: 3) were accompanied by lower biomass development (Fig. 1) and unchanged element amounts of elements accumulated in the plant compartments (Tables 3; 4). However, reduced Cd contents in shoots of T. aestivum (Table 3) might be explained by a lower Cd acquisition from the quartz sand, where the plants tended to develop less biomass at a low P supply (Fig. 1) together with a slightly reduced carboxylate release at the root half in mixed sand (Fig. 2). Similar to T. aestivum, the shoot biomass of B. napus was lower as a consequence of P supply (Fig. 1) but without changes in Cd, Al and HREE concentrations (Fig. 3), whereas LREE concentrations were significantly higher (Fig. 3) and Al, LREE, and HREE contents were less. (Table 3). Additionally, in P-deficient plants, total carboxylate release was less (Fig 2), suggesting that the element pattern in shoots was a consequence of a less element acquisition in concert with a preferential root-shoot transfer of LREE relative to HREE and LREE accumulation in shoots. HREE form more stable complexes with low-molecular-weight organic anions, presumably citrate, during long-distance transport in the xylem (Ma and Hiradate 2000). However, based on the higher charge density, HREE are preferentially sorbed onto cell walls during radial transport and form more stable complexes with metabolites released into the rhizosphere. Given that REEs are predominantly taken up in ionic form through Ca, K, and Na channels (Han et al. 2005), carboxylates and other chelating compounds would alter the chemical speciation, and hence the uptake and accumulation of REE, including the ratio of LREE/HREE (Wiche et al. 2017b). Element exclusion through extracellular complexation has been studied in detail for Al in Al-tolerant species (Zheng et al. 1998; Ma et al. 2001; Kochian et al. 2004) and Cd in L. albus (Römer et al. 2000). For a specific carboxylate (e. g. , citrate), the complex stabilities decrease in the order HREE > LREE > Al > Cd (Byrne and Li 1995; Martell et al. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address symbiotic relationships between microbes and plants, nor does it discuss the improvement of nutrient uptake. Instead, it focuses on biomass development, element accumulation, and the transport mechanisms of rare earth elements in various plant species under different nutrient conditions, which does not relate to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Updating IoT device firmware is essential for maintaining security. [SEP] Text: 1771/fig-6 From these taking and malware attack scenarios, the benign IoT network datasets were obtained, including information regarding the duration of the attack, packets involved, Zeek flow, PCAP file, and device, as presented in Table 5 below. Table 5: Application layer protocol breakdown for benign scenarios. by Zeek IoT_Cap-1 – – – 35 12 18 – – 56 IoT_Cap-2 65 – – 54 17 23 – – 45 IoT_Cap-3 45 – – 22 8 9 – – 79 IoT_Cap-4 – – – 78 21 14 – – 38 IoT_Cap-5 157 – – 69 29 23 – – 45 DOI: 10. 7717/peerj-cs. 1771/table-5 The compromised datasets using the attack methodology were validated for taint analysis. This research taint analysis of IoT devices uncovered several vulnerabilities as presented in Table 6. Table 6: Datasets validated for taint analysis. _Cap-1 12. 7 doorbell IoT_Cap-2 15. 8 monitor IoT_Cap-3 20. 1 thing IoT_Cap-4 19. 5 energy IoT_Cap-5 22. 5 assistant DOI: 10. 7717/peerj-cs. 1771/table-6 Note: AD, Attack duration in hours; BO, buffer overflow; IV, input validation; DL, data leakage; ID, information disclosure; C, compromised; N, not compromised. These are just a few samples from the research performed for the results that are obtained from taint analysis of IoT device firmware using datasets from Stratosphere IPS. essential component of IoT security is IoT device taint analysis, which helps to detect security flaws in IoT devices and thwart malicious attacks. To conduct taint analysis, researchers can find a variety of vulnerabilities in IoT devices, such as insecure input validation, buffer overflows, data leakage, unauthorized access, and information disclosure by utilizing datasets. The design and execution of bootloaders present major hurdles, despite their crucial role in the security and functionality of Internet of Things devices. Additional investigation is required to tackle these issues and create more effective and safer bootloading systems for smart IoT devices. All things considered, bootloaders are essential to the operation and security of embedded and Internet of Things devices. They oversee setting up security mechanisms to prevent unwanted access or manipulation, initializing the device’s hardware, and loading the primary operating system or firmware. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the importance of taint analysis in identifying vulnerabilities within IoT device firmware, which suggests that keeping firmware updated is critical for mitigating security risks. It emphasizes that bootloaders play a vital role in initializing security mechanisms and hence highlights the necessity for regular updates to safeguard against potential threats.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Banks are completely immune to cyber attacks due to advanced cybersecurity. [SEP] Text: Certain papers focus on the solution techniques, such as artificial intelligence (AI) (Omitaomu and Niu 2021; Ali and Choi 2020) and blockchain (BC) (Musleh et al. 2019; Alladi et al. 2019). However, several reviews cover different aspects of the field, including the architecture of SGs, various types of attacks, and solutions based on different techniques. These types of reviews provide a holistic view of cybersecurity in the SG. Table 2 provides a comparative analysis of these reviews. Year of publication, presentation of architecture and communication standards, SG cyber-physical attacks, and solutions presented in each reference are the primary aspects compared. Table 2 Summary and comparison of surveys and reviews on attacks and countermeasures in SGsFull size tableThe previous surveys have their own advantages. Some of them include the SG’s architecture and its communication standards (Khoei et al. 2022). However, the coverage area is limited because they do not involve the connection between all SG devices and systems. In this study, we demonstrate the most prevalent SG devices and systems, as well as their interdependencies. This type of holistic architectural diagram enables a deeper understanding and identification of key pathways through which cyber threats can propagate, leading to better comprehending the potential impact of attacks on the system and related devices. Additionally, it allows for a systematic risk assessment of the SG’s cybersecurity. Through analyzing the connections between elements, cybersecurity professionals are better equipped to identify vulnerabilities, weak points, and attack vectors facing the network. From an architectural perspective, a detailed view of device interconnectivity allows for the identification of key components, their roles, and their interdependencies within the SG. It helps in designing robust communication protocols, data management systems, and control mechanisms to facilitate seamless integration and interoperability among devices. In terms of CAs, the preponderance of previous research provides only one classification for each one. It varies across different papers, with some based on the target points on the architecture (Zhang et al. 2021), others on types of attacks or threats (Al-kahtani and Karim 2019), and yet others on the Confidentiality, Integrity, Availability (CIA) principle (Kawoosa and Prashar 2021) or Interconnection (OSI) model (Khoei et al. 2022). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the various aspects of cybersecurity, including vulnerabilities, attack vectors, and the need for risk assessment in smart grids (SGs). It explains that previous surveys often have limited coverage and emphasize the importance of understanding interconnectivity among devices to identify potential threats. This indicates that despite advancements in cybersecurity, banks (or systems in general) are not completely immune to cyber attacks, as vulnerabilities still exist and need to be addressed.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Symbiotic relationships between microbes and plants can improve nutrient uptake. [SEP] Text: 2004), while for a given element (e. g. , La), the complex stabilities decrease in the order citrate > malate > acetate (Fig. 5). Han et al. (2005) demonstrated that organic acids promote the uptake of La by barley, but the effect of the acid decreased in the order acetic acid > malic acid > citric acid, which can be explained mainly by decreased sorption of La onto the apoplast in the presence of the acid anion but a reduced uptake with increasing complex stability (Han et al. 2005). In the present experiment, B. napus released large quantities of malate (Fig. 2), a dicarboxylate with lower complexation constants (La: log K 4. 37) compared with citrate (La: log K 7. 63), but the large quantities released should favour complex formation and element exclusion, which might also explain the lower total REE concentrations in B. napus compared with P. sativum which released much lower amounts of dicarboxylates but strongly acidified the rhizosphere (Fig. 2D) and mobilized the elements in plant-available (ionic) forms (Cao et al. 2001; Wiche et al. 2017b). Slight differences in the complexation behaviour between LREE and HREE might have influenced the LREE accumulation in this species at a low P supply (Figs 3; 4). Indeed, P-deficient roots exposed to quartz sand with higher mobility of REE (Table 1) showed higher concentrations of Al, LREE and HREE but unaffected net root sorption (Table 3) with lower carboxylate release (Fig. 2). Conversely, P-deficient roots in mixed sand released greater amounts of carboxylates (Fig. 2B) and showed higher concentrations (Fig. 3) and element contents (Table 3), most likely through increased element dissolution followed by decreased internal element transport. This contention is further supported by the responses in P. sativum, L. albus and L. cosentinii. Pisum sativum strongly acidified the rhizosheath in both root parts, irrespective of P supply, and released only small amounts of carboxylates, especially malate (Fig. 3). A reduction in P-supply did not change shoot and root biomass (Fig. 1). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address or relate to the claim directly. It discusses the effects of organic acids on nutrient uptake in specific plant species and soil conditions, but does not mention symbiotic relationships between microbes and plants. Therefore, it is irrelevant to the claim about symbiotic relationships.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Updating IoT device firmware is essential for maintaining security. [SEP] Text: Discussion and future scope The continued growth and complexity of IoT devices will require ongoing research and development of taint analysis techniques to stay ahead of potential threats. IoT device taint analysis is a vital tool for ensuring the security and reliability of IoT devices and will continue to play a critical role in protecting against malicious attacks in the future. Pseudo code to analyze IoT Firmware. DOI: 10. 7717/peerj-cs. 1771/supp-1 Download Pseudo-code for IoT Firmware updates. DOI: 10. 7717/peerj-cs. 1771/supp-2 Security Assessment. DOI: 10. 7717/peerj-cs. 1771/supp-3 Initialization code in a Bootloader. DOI: 10. 7717/peerj-cs. 1771/supp-4 pseudo-code representation of a simple taint analysis algorithm for an IoT device. DOI: 10. 7717/peerj-cs. 1771/supp-5 Download Code. DOI: 10. 7717/peerj-cs. 1771/supp-6 Download Code: Function. DOI: 10. 7717/peerj-cs. 1771/supp-7 Download Code: Source Area. DOI: 10. 7717/peerj-cs. 1771/supp-8 Download Code: Rules. DOI: 10. 7717/peerj-cs. 1771/supp-9 Information and authors declare that they have no competing interests. conceived and designed the experiments, performed the experiments, performed the computation work, prepared figures and/or tables, and approved the final draft. conceived and designed the experiments, performed the experiments, analyzed the data, performed the computation work, prepared figures and/or tables, and approved the final draft. conceived and designed the experiments, performed the experiments, analyzed the data, performed the computation work, prepared figures and/or tables, authored or reviewed drafts of the 2018. Internet of things: a survey on the security of IoT frameworks. Journal of and Applications 38(9):pp 8-27 Anand P, Premananda BS. 2022. Secure bootloader for connectivity MCU. Arm Ltd. What is an operating system, arm | the architecture for the digital world. (accessed 22 September 2023). 2020. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text discusses the importance of ongoing research and development of taint analysis techniques for IoT devices to address potential threats. While it does not explicitly mention firmware updates, the context of ensuring security and reliability strongly supports the claim that maintaining updates (like firmware updates) on IoT devices is essential to protect against malicious attacks.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Banks are completely immune to cyber attacks due to advanced cybersecurity. [SEP] Text: However, our paper classifies CAs based on two criteria: first, their types, and then their target devices and domain. On the other hand, previous papers typically focus only on protection and detection mechanisms in their solutions sections (Kayastha et al. 2014; Khoei et al. 2022; Nafees et al. 2023). In our study we also include identification methods, as well as response and recovery mechanisms for the system after an attack, taking into account the NIST framework. Many organizations from the sectors of energy, transport, banking, health, water, and digital and financial market infrastructures consider the NIST cybersecurity framework in order to assure a reasonable level of cybersecurity. As a result, our study differed from the other reviews by covering all the steps of assuring security and not only concentrating on specific steps, like detection and protection. We provide a list of recent scientific research works in the identification of risk, response, and recovery function. This paper supports organizations seeking to follow a complete security routine by taking into consideration the scientific countermeasures at each step. Additionally, NIST explicitly states that no function is more important than another and calls for a balance of the five functions. This balance is not highlighted in previous literature. Our study sheds light on the existing gaps in scientific research concerning the various functions of the framework. Specifically, we identify a need for more extensive research in the areas of response and recovery mechanisms. The 6. OverviewArchitecture of the SGThe architecture of the SG is a subject of ongoing research and study by various stakeholders, including researchers, service companies, and electricity producers. Several models have been proposed, each with its unique features and characteristics. In this context, the authors in Ananthavijayan et al. (2019) review several standard architectures. One example is the Synchro-Network (NASPInet) (Gorton et al. 2012). Another example of a SG architecture model is the Suite () (Bobba et al. 2010). The NIST has also developed a SG architecture model (Standards 2021), which includes seven logical domains: customer, markets, service provider, operations, transmission, distribution, and bulk generation as shown in Fig. 2. Fig. 2Smart grid architectureFull size imageCustomerThis is the domain where power is used, but it is becoming increasingly actively managed and generated. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the complexity and multifaceted nature of cybersecurity in various organizations, including banks. It highlights that organizations must consider various functions of cybersecurity, including response and recovery mechanisms, indicating that complete immunity to cyber attacks is unrealistic. The mention of the NIST framework and the need for continuous improvement and research in cybersecurity demonstrates that banks cannot be assumed to be completely immune.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Symbiotic relationships between microbes and plants can improve nutrient uptake. [SEP] Text: Still, it decreased the concentrations and contents (Fig. 3) of and Fe, Mn, and Zn with higher LREE/HREE ratios in P-deficient plants. Conversely, in shoots of L. albus and L. cosentinii, the concentrations and contents of and Cd declined (Fig. 3) at a low P-supply, which was accompanied by greater exudation of citrate and malate (Fig. 2). Although in L. cosentinii, this effect was somewhat less pronounced than in L. albus, in L. cosentinii P-deficient plants displayed significantly lower LREE/HREE ratios indicating a higher HREE translocation relative to LREE when P-supply was low. In contrast, P-deficient roots of L. albus showed higher LREE/HREE ratios, irrespective of the root half, while in L. cosentinii, the LREE/HREE ratios in roots were unaffected. This can be primarily explained by the strong acidification of the rhizosphere of L. cosentinii, shifting the carboxylic acid: carboxylate ratio towards the acid form (Pearse et al. 2006), preventing complex formation and favouring uptake of LREE in L. albus but not in L. cosentinii, where the presence of carboxylates might have increased the release and uptake of HREE from sparingly-available element forms from the HREE enriched mixed sand (Table 1). 3. 4 demonstrated that P-nutrition influenced the accumulation of the non-essential elements Cd, Al, and REE, beyond the commonly recognized mechanism of REE-phosphate precipitation in roots. Plants that strongly acidified the rhizosphere and released small quantities of dicarboxylates accumulated the highest concentrations of REE. Conversely, low rhizosphere acidification and large amounts of carboxylates were associated with a significantly lower accumulation of REE. Phosphophile species or plants that do not respond to P deficiency (B. napus, T. aestivum, C. arietinum) with increased carboxylate release accumulated REE to higher concentrations when P supply was low, which could be explained largely by reduced growth and this concentration of REE and enrichment of the elements in the plant biomass. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not directly address the claim about symbiotic relationships between microbes and plants. Instead, it discusses the effects of phosphorus nutrition on the accumulation of various elements in different plants and the role of rhizosphere acidification. Therefore, it does not provide evidence or counter-evidence regarding microbial symbiosis that could support or contrast with the claim.