Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Satellites help monitor Earth’s weather and climate changes. [SEP] Text: A historical extratropical cyclone created winter storm conditions, including blizzards, high winds, snowfall, and record-cold temperatures across most of the and parts of Canada. Areas that experienced blizzard conditions included parts of and Ontario. area of and the and Kingston areas of Ontario experienced almost two full days of blizzard/zero-visibility conditions on December 23 and 24. The cold wave affected all U. S. states from Colorado to the eastern seaboard and as far south as Miami, Florida. Scientific research yields essential data that helps NOAA’s Service forecasters issue warnings for potential heavy rain and flooding in areas prone to the impacts of atmospheric rivers as many as five to seven days in advance. Atmospheric rivers are large, narrow sections of the Earth’s atmosphere that carry moisture from the Earth’s tropics near the Equator to the poles. On average, the Earth has four to five active atmospheric rivers at any time. They carry massive amounts of moisture. Each moves the equivalent of the liquid water that flows through the mouth of the Amazon River. When they reach land, atmospheric rivers release this moisture, producing heavy snow and rain. Atmospheric rivers usually begin over tropical regions. Warm temperatures there cause ocean water to evaporate and rise into the atmosphere. Strong winds help to carry the water vapor through the atmosphere. As atmospheric rivers move over land, the water vapor increases farther into the atmosphere. It then cools into water droplets, which fall as precipitation. In 2022, after the eruption, lots of water and gases were released immediately into the atmosphere, enhancing the atmospheric rivers above the west coast of the USA. It joined with the and made a catastrophic change in the winter storms on the continent, creating bomb cyclones and blizzards. As occurred in 2022, the polar vortex breakdown is an extreme event known as sudden stratospheric warming; here, the vortex completely breaks down, and a blizzard was observed. Atmospheric rivers and polar vortexes are both low-pressure systems. The eruption of on November 27 released a lot of water vapor that rose into the atmosphere. It enhanced the atmospheric rivers; the meteorologist reported an extra number of atmospheric rivers in 2023. It meant that the Tonga eruption could send HO2 in large amounts to the to during 2022. It probably also increased the water vapor even though the stratosphere’s temperatures were lower than in the troposphere. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing how scientific research provides essential data that helps NOAA’s forecasters issue warnings for weather changes, including heavy rain and flooding. The mention of atmospheric rivers and their influence on weather patterns supports the idea that satellites are likely used to monitor these phenomena, which are critical for understanding climate changes.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Every student benefits equally from mindfulness activities. [SEP] Text: In this type of study, only a randomised controlled trial (RCT) could demonstrate that the observed effects are due to the employed intervention, and not to other variables. Second, we only used self-report measures. Third, the study was conducted over a relatively short period of time, and without a follow-up assessment. Thus, the long-term effects of the mindfulness intervention remain unclear. Fourth, the study only assessed the impact of mindfulness on depression, rumination, and trait anxiety, and it would be valuable to assess the impact on other mental health outcomes in future studies. Fifth, the current study relied on a sample comprised solely of psychology students at one urban university. This limits the generalisability of the findings to other populations and contexts. Further research should investigate the intervention used here among more diverse groups outside of academia, such as in workplace or community settings. Applying this brief intervention among professionals at various stages of their careers could provide insight into its potential benefits for improving psychological functioning in high-stress environments. The results of our study, along with its limits, suggest several directions for future research. Firstly, additional studies could be conducted to determine the generalisability of these findings to other populations, including different age groups and individuals with mental health conditions. Secondly, longer-term follow-up studies would be valuable in determining the durability of the effects of mindfulness on depression, rumination, and trait anxiety. Finally, future studies should aim to assess the impact of mindfulness on a wider range of mental health outcomes and to identify the specific mechanisms through which mindfulness may be impacting mental health. The findings of this study provide valuable insights into the impact of brief online mindfulness interventions on university students and suggest that these interventions may be an effective means of reducing depression, rumination, and trait anxiety. Despite its limitations, this study contributes to the development of more effective and personalised approaches to mental health treatment. In conclusion, the incorporation of mindfulness interventions in university settings, informed by our findings, could contribute to an educational environment that promotes not only academic success but also the mental health and overall well-being of students. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by highlighting several limitations and considerations regarding the effectiveness of mindfulness interventions. It discusses the need for further research to assess the generalizability of findings, given that the current study was conducted with a sample comprised solely of psychology students at one urban university. This suggests that the benefits of mindfulness activities may not be experienced equally by all students, especially those from diverse backgrounds or different academic disciplines.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Soil microbial diversity is vital for ecosystem services. [SEP] Text: Net primary productivity of Pinus massoniana dependence on climate, soil and forest characteristics. Forests 11(4):404. 2015. Strong altitudinal partitioning in the distributions of ectomycorrhizal fungi along a short (300 m) elevation gradient. 206(3):1145-1155 von. 2008. eggNOG: automated construction and annotation of orthologous groups of genes. Research 36(Database):D250-D254. 2020. Microbial community analysis using high-throughput sequencing technology: a beginner’s guide for microbiologists. Journal of Microbiology 58(3):176-192 Körner C. 2007. The use of ‘altitude’ in ecological research. Trends in Ecology & Evolution 22(11):569-574 -H. 2018. Thinning but not understory removal increased heterotrophic respiration and total soil respiration in Pinus massoniana stands. of the 621(5):1360-1369. 2006. Archaea predominate among ammonia-oxidizing prokaryotes in soils. Nature 442(7104):806-809. 2015. : an ultra-fast single-node solution for large and complex metagenomics assembly via succinct de Bruijn graph. Bioinformatics 31(10):1674-1676. 2018. Soil pH determines fungal diversity along an elevation gradient in Southwestern China. 61(6):718-726 Lladó S, López-Mondéjar R, Baldrian P. 2018. Drivers of microbial community structure in forest soils. and Biotechnology 102(10):4331-4338. 2014. The carbohydrate-active enzymes database (CAZy) in 2013. Research 42(D1):D490-D495 ’. 2018. Function and functional redundancy in microbial systems. & Evolution 2(6):936-943 --W, Wang J. 2012. SOAPdenovo2: an empirically improved memory-efficient short-read de novo assembler. Gigascience 1(1):18. 2019. Taxonomic, functional, and phylogenetic diversity of fungi along primary successional and elevational gradients near Mount Robson, British Columbia. 21(6):165-171 da. 2000. Biodiversity hotspots for conservation priorities. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text lists various scientific studies related to topics such as microbial community analysis, fungal diversity, and ecological research, but it does not directly address the claim that soil microbial diversity is vital for ecosystem services. Therefore, the text is irrelevant to the claim, as it does not provide evidence or an argument supporting or contrasting it.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Satellites help monitor Earth’s weather and climate changes. [SEP] Text: Therefore the eruption of increased the Polar Vortex, and the cyclone bomb Eliot was observed. Also, it increases the rainfall in the Southern states of the USA. Loa enhances the weather system with snow and rainfalls, it is mainly kept in the with much connection with the systems. 10. Discussion of this research, we are showing the importance of volcanic eruptions on the weather. Volcano emissions caused seasonal disruptions, enhancing the power of the hazard events that occurred in 2022-2023. eruption increased hazardous natural events such as rainfalls, floods, and the appearance of brighter noctilucent clouds in the since the water’s vapor, ashes releases, and gases reach the highest altitudes in the atmospheric layers as the mesosphere. Shockwaves from the propagating volcano create several natural phenomena, such as thunderstorms and lightning. The most important was the amount of water from Tonga, which immediately influenced the troposphere, causing floods and heavy rainfalls during some months in the Southern. In the stratosphere, the emissions became ice or ice drops, and the release of it was slower, depending much more on the amount of sunlight. The heavier precipitation happened later in Spring and early Summer in the Southern Hemisphere. Some emissions went higher to the mesosphere than possible; the transportation of those ice droplets created the noctilucent clouds in the European summer. It also enhances the atmospheric rivers in the Northern. eruption on November 27 also emitted water vapor to the troposphere; therefore, it was the source of other atmospheric rivers, as reported by some observations. Although the had much lower emissions than the Tonga eruption in the atmospheric layers then, the snowfalls, blizzards, and other catastrophes happened earlier. The bad weather in the Northern was an unhappy combination of several different events simultaneously in the wrong season (Winter). Volcano eruptions modify the temperature according to location (on land or submarine), intensity, and altitude the emissions reach. The height of the emission target is one of the most critical parameters. Suppose the emission is in the system troposphere/stratosphere. In that case, the effects are likely to keep in the Hemisphere the event happened. The entire environment will suffer disturbances if the emissions reach higher altitudes than the mesosphere. Submarine volcanos are rare and heavily impact the weather, increasing rainfalls, floods, and droughts regardless of the season. 11. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the impacts of volcanic eruptions on weather patterns, including observations of phenomena such as the Polar Vortex and cyclone bomb Eliot. The mention of how volcanic emissions influence weather systems supports the idea that monitoring tools—like satellites—are essential for understanding and observing these climate alterations.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Every student benefits equally from mindfulness activities. [SEP] Text: But, Michael says, mindfulness practices can also take place during everyday activities, like going for a walk. I spoke with Michael about the use of mindfulness in an SLP’s practice, and I asked him what mindfulness offers people who stutter. BOYLE: Stuttering very often comes with a history of struggle, of embarrassment, of frustration, of negative speaking experiences, because it starts in early childhood—ordinarily between the ages of 2 and 3. For a lot of people who stutter, that can become chronic. They may have a lot of negative experiences with speaking that get stacked up over time. Eventually, as somebody who stutters gets older, any speaking situation can be charged with this negative history of dread or anxiety. Or even if it’s less than that—just this sense of, this isn’t going to be good—and that physiological fight or flight reaction. Mindfulness can help in a lot of ways in stuttering, just like it can for many other conditions. think a big application is to keep touch with your center, to be centered on the present moment here and now. That even if somebody has had negative experiences with speaking in the past, let’s say in childhood or something like that, to have a separation between, “OK, this happened then, but this is now, and it’s not the same thing. I can sort of have some mental and emotional separation from that. ” It can help people to feel a lot more balanced and centered and present-focused, which can help them to become engaged in communication and feel more comfortable communicating. That, I think, is the foundation. It’s also possible that if somebody who stutters is in therapy, or they’re working on a certain strategy, mindfulness could help them tune into whatever it is that they’re trying to do, whether that’s a modification technique for speech production, or whether it’s increased eye contact or disclosure of stuttering, or just remaining present as one is communicating. Anything could be done with more mindfulness. The idea is that if it’s done in a present-focused, here-and-now way, you’ll be in the cognitive problem-solving mode of your brain, rather than the more fight-or-flight, reactive mode. It really helps people to be grounded and centered. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the varied experiences of individuals who stutter and how mindfulness practices can specifically help them. The mention of stuttering and its associated negative experiences highlights that not all students may benefit equally; rather, mindfulness may be particularly advantageous for certain individuals facing challenges related to stuttering. Additionally, the text emphasizes the potential for mindfulness to offer support in specific contexts, suggesting that benefits may not be uniformly distributed among all students.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Soil microbial diversity is vital for ecosystem services. [SEP] Text: Nature 403(6772):853-858. 2017. Soil viral communities vary temporally and along a land use transect as revealed by virus-like p2016. FUNGuild: an open annotation tool for parsing fungal community datasets by ecological guild. 20:241-248. 2006. MetaGene: prokaryotic gene finding from environmental genome shotgun sequences. Research 34(19):5623-5630 -. 2019. Fungal elevational rapoport pattern from a high mountain in Japan. 9(1):6570. 2014. A survey of tools for variant analysis of next-generation genome sequencing data. Briefings in Bioinformatics 15(2):256-278 Paez-Espino D, Eloe-. 2016. Uncovering Earth’s virome. Nature 536(7617):425-430. 2012. Effect of topography and accessibility on vegetation dynamic pattern in Mountain-hill Region. Journal of 9(6):879-890 ’. 2015. Insight into biases and sequencing errors for amplicon sequencing with the Illumina MiSeq platform. Research 43(6):e37 van Elsas JD. 2018. Microbial indicators for soil quality. Biology and Fertility of Soils 54(1):1-10. 2018. Belowground fungal community diversity and composition associated with Norway spruce along an altitudinal gradient. 13(12):e0208493. 2020. Contrasting patterns and drivers of soil bacterial and fungal diversity across a mountain gradient. 22(8):3287-3301 Siles JA, Margesin R. 2016. Abundance and diversity of bacterial, archaeal, and fungal communities along an altitudinal gradient in alpine forest soils: what are the driving factors? 72(1):207-220. 2012. Elevational patterns in archaeal diversity on Mt. Fuji. 7(9):e44494. 2009. Abundance, composition, diversity and novelty of soil Proteobacteria. 3(8):992-1000. 2020. Soil microbial communities affected by vegetation, topography and soil properties in a forest ecosystem. Ecology 149(306):103514 Tedersoo L, Bahram M, Põlme S, Kõljalg -. 2014. Fungal biogeography. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not directly support or contradict the claim regarding the importance of soil microbial diversity for ecosystem services. It consists of citations of various studies focusing on aspects of soil microbiomes and related topics but does not specifically address the role of microbial diversity in providing ecosystem services.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Satellites help monitor Earth’s weather and climate changes. [SEP] Text: for the Bulletin of the of of Atmospheric and Journal of of of Journal of the and Forecasting Weather, Climate, and in Sign up Sign in Sign up for the Bulletin of the of of Atmospheric and Journal of of of Journal of the and Forecasting Weather, Climate, and and Abstract1. Introduction2. Past evolution of satellite capabilities and their utilizationa. Technology evolution: It started by keeping it simpleb. Evolution of utilization: Developing applications and a user community over time3. Development of recent satellite programsa. Establishing user requirements: Finding the common ground between research capabilities and user requirementsb. Moving from user requirements to system requirements: Working the trade space to design affordable achievable systemsc. Developing and implementing the product algorithms: Collaborations between the science community and industryd. Realizing the program through partnership: Combining the strengths of the private and public sectorse. Fostering international cooperation and coordination: Establishing and maintaining space agency dialogue4. Synthesis and an outlook5. Summary 10. 1175/BAMS-D-13-00043. 1. de Waard, J. , Schmetz J. , and Menzel W. P. , 1992: Atlantic data coverage by -3. Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc. , 73, 977–983, doi:10. 1175/1520-0477(1992)073<0977:ADCB>2. 0. CO;2. de Waard, J. , SchmetzJ. , and MenzelW. P. , 1992: Atlantic data coverage by -3. Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc. , 73, 977–983, doi:10. 1175/1520-0477(1992)073<0977:ADCB>2. 0. CO;2. )| falseSearch 338. Eyre, J. R. , 1997: Variational assimilation of remotely-sensed observations of the atmosphere. J. Meteor. Soc. Japan, 75 (1B), 331–338. )| falseSearch 570. Hollingsworth, A. , and Coauthors, 2005: The transformation of earth-system observations into information of socio-economic value in GEOSS. Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc. , 131, 3493–3512, doi:10. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text provides a detailed overview of the past evolution of satellite capabilities and their applications, specifically mentioning their role in weather, climate, and forecasting. This directly supports the claim that satellites help monitor Earth’s weather and climate changes.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Every student benefits equally from mindfulness activities. [SEP] Text: And if you think about what communication is, it’s here and now. It’s me and you talking, or whoever it is that you’re talking to. It’s a process. If you’re constantly being interrupted by feelings of anxiety or panic or dread, then that connection is going to be less than it could be. Mindfulness, to me—in terms of stuttering—is a way to remain anchored in the present moment, and to be present with somebody when you’re communicating with them. GRAY: At the core, it sounds like what you’re saying is that this is about awareness and acceptance, and acceptance of something that can be stigmatized and difficult for some people to confront. BOYLE: It’s absolutely increased awareness. Acceptance, I think, is very, very relevant with mindfulness. It’s an acceptance of what’s actually happening without the reactivity to it. This is an idea in stuttering that goes way, way back, like a century ago or so. The idea [is] that a lot of the challenges with stuttering come with people’s reactions to stuttering. There’s that moment of getting stuck. But then, normally, people who stutter have some coping mechanisms that they put on top of that, which might be to avoid the word, to switch words, to talk around it, to push through very hard and force the word out, or to just avoid talking, and not talk, and not participate. They don’t want to deal with that. It’s not even so much the stuttering—although that’s an issue too—[but] the actual moment of stuttering. But very often for a lot of people, what can become more problematic and harder to change are the coping reactions, which may have served somebody well at a certain point in time. It may have gotten them out of pain and trouble. And, we shouldn’t think of them as completely maladaptive, but the problem is over time, it becomes very self-limiting. It can limit people’s lives to have that kind of fight-flight coping response, whether it’s literally fight-flight to push through and struggle, or to avoid and to run away. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by illustrating that not everyone may benefit equally from mindfulness activities, particularly in the context of stuttering. It discusses the coping mechanisms individuals who stutter develop in response to their experiences, indicating variability in how mindfulness affects different individuals. It highlights that while mindfulness may anchor someone in the present moment and emphasize acceptance, the challenges with stuttering and the associated coping responses can limit the effectiveness of mindfulness for those individuals. Therefore, it suggests that benefits may not be uniform among all students.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Soil microbial diversity is vital for ecosystem services. [SEP] Text: Global diversity and geography of soil fungi. Science 346(6213):1256688 Thakur MP, Geisen S. 2019. Trophic regulations of the soil microbiome. Trends in Microbiology 27(9):771-780 van der. 2013. Soil microbial diversity and agro-ecosystem functioning. Plant and Soil 363(1–2):1-5. 2015. Altitudinal distribution patterns of soil bacterial and archaeal communities along Mt. Shegyla on the Tibetan Plateau. 69(1):135-145. 2014. Soil properties in natural grassland, Caragana korshinskii planted shrubland, and Robinia pseudoacacia planted forest in gullies on the hilly Loess Plateau, China. Catena 119:116-124. 2020. Population structure and quantitative characteristics of Tetracentron sinense (Trochodendraceae) in Leigong mountain nature reserve, China. 98(1):86-100. 2012. Ammonia-oxidizing archaea have more important role than ammonia-oxidizing bacteria in ammonia oxidation of strongly acidic soils. 6(5):1032-1045. 2019. Vertical variation characteristics of soil genetic characteristics in Leigong Mountain, Guizhou Province. of 50:757-764. 2013. Ectomycorrhizal fungal communities of Quercus liaotungensis along local slopes in the temperate oak forests on the Loess Plateau, China. 28(2):297-305. 2022. Soil characteristics and microbial community structure on along elevation gradient in a Pinus armandii forest of the Qinling Mountains, China. and Management 503(6):119793. 2021. Fungal community diversity in soils along an elevation gradient in a Quercus aliena var. acuteserrata forest in Qinling Mountains, China. Ecology 167:104104 a question Learn more about Q&A a link Alert Loading. . . Just enter your email Tools & info information See citing 13. 4MB) Save to in download will start in a moment. . . Cancel × Report a problem Common use cases Typos, corrections needed, missing information, abuse, etc Our promise PeerJ promises to address all issues as quickly and professionally as possible. We thank you in advance for your patience and understanding. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text provides a list of studies related to soil microbiome diversity but does not explicitly support or refute the claim about the importance of soil microbial diversity for ecosystem services. It mentions various aspects of soil microbiology without addressing their role in ecosystem services, making the text irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Satellites help monitor Earth’s weather and climate changes. [SEP] Text: 1256/qj. 05. 181. Hollingsworth, A. , and Coauthors, 2005: The transformation of earth-system observations into information of socio-economic value in GEOSS. Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc. , 131, 3493–3512, doi:10. 1256/qj. 05. 181. )| falseSearch 1708. Johnson, D. S. , 1994: Evolution of the US meteorological satellite program: 1994 Verner E. Suomi Lecture. Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc. , 75, 1705–1708. )| falseSearch 7. Key, J. , Santek D. , Velden C. S. , Bormann N. , Thépaut J. -N. , Riishojgaard L. P. , Zhu Y. , and Menzel W. P. , 2003: Cloud-drift and water vapor winds in the polar regions from MODIS. IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens. , 41, 482–492, doi:10. 1109/TGRS. 2002. 808238. Key, J. , SantekD. , VeldenC. S. , BormannN. , ThépautJ. -N. , RiishojgaardL. P. , ZhuY. , and MenzelW. P. , 2003: Cloud-drift and water vapor winds in the polar regions from MODIS. IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens. , 41, 482–492, doi:10. 1109/TGRS. 2002. 808238. )| falseSearch 10. 1175/BAMS-88-7-1085. Klaes, K. D. , and Coauthors, 2007: An introduction to the. Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc. , 88, 1085–1096, doi:10. 1175/BAMS-88-7-1085. )| falseSearch 10. 1364/AO. 20. 000011. Kriebel, K. T. , 1981: Calibration of the -VIS-channel by airborne measurements. Appl. Opt. , 20, 11–12, doi:10. 1364/AO. 20. 000011. )| falseSearch 10. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text lists various studies and contributions related to meteorological satellites, suggesting that these satellites play a role in observing the Earth's weather and climate. For example, the mention of cloud-drift and water vapor winds from MODIS indicates the use of satellite data for understanding atmospheric conditions, supporting the claim that satellites aid in monitoring weather and climate changes.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Every student benefits equally from mindfulness activities. [SEP] Text: How can we get people to be in the moment with it, where they’re neither fighting against it or running from it, but just being present with it? It’s very hard to do. It’s very, very challenging, but it can be done. It can be worked on over time, and that can help somebody who stutters, in my view, to be more spontaneous, more natural, and frankly just more enjoyable in communicating. GRAY (Narration): Michael was clear in our conversation that mindfulness practices were in no way meant to replace other services an SLP provides. Instead, he calls mindfulness a “pretty useful supplement,” and “something to lay the groundwork. ” He highlights how it may aid someone who is implementing new strategies they’re learning from an SLP. I mentioned earlier that Michael is a person who stutters, and I asked him how he incorporates these mindfulness tools into his own life, and where he was introduced to them. BOYLE: I was interested in this topic—in Buddhist meditation and things like that—way back when I was in high school. I can remember reading books about it. My father was into it, and I remember looking at some of the books that he had in his library room, and it just always kind of resonated with me. I can’t really explain why. remember using it back then and finding it helpful, just in terms of maybe stress reduction or feeling better. I’m a bit older now, obviously, but throughout the years, it’s been cyclical. I’d say it hasn’t been necessarily consistent across those years of my life. There have been some phases where I’ve gotten a bit away from it. Then, I’ve come back to it, and I’ve read different things that make me think about it differently. It’s been an evolving process, not a static one. I feel like I’m always sort of learning more about it as I go. definitely think it’s been important to me in my life to have that sense of stability that I can practice, just to get me centered. As we all know, there’s a lot coming at us in our day-to-day lives, a lot of external needs that are always kind of grabbing at you. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the subjective experience of mindfulness practices, as described by individuals who mention their personal journeys and challenges. Michael emphasizes that mindfulness practices serve as a supplementary tool rather than a universal solution, stating they can help someone who stutters but are not intended to replace other therapeutic services ('in no way meant to replace other services an SLP provides'). This suggests that not every student may benefit equally from such activities, indicating diverse experiences and outcomes.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Soil microbial diversity is vital for ecosystem services. [SEP] Text: Javascript is disabled in your browser. Please enable Javascript to view PeerJ. Primary productivity as a control over soil microbial diversity along environmental gradients in a polar desert ecosystem All reviews of published 2023. Peer reviewers are encouraged (but not required) to provide their names to the authors when submitting their peer review. If they agree to provide their name, then their personal profile page will reflect a public acknowledgment that they performed a review (even if the 2017. The first revision was submitted on March 23rd, 2017 and was reviewed by 3 reviewers and the Academic Editor. The 2017. Version 0. 2 (accepted) · May 4, 2017 · shared your response with the reviewer and they were happy to accept the manuscript in this form. Congrats on a really nice manuscript and thank you for your patience during this process. Regards - Ball · Apr 13, 2017 Basic reporting The manuscript continues to be well-written and succinct. Clarity has been further improved due to revisions based on reviewer comments, particularly regarding the PAM measurements. Experimental design The experimental design seems appropriate for the interpretation of the results. Validity of the findings The results are supported by the data available. Dr. Lee brought up a good point about the PAM measurements essentially integrating photosynthetic capacity vs. resource limitation in this case, and in addressing this the authors improve the results & discussion. The way I read it, the authors are interpreting the PAM results as an ecosystem processes, essentially regardless of whether it's capacity or water resources that limit it, rather than claiming to measure the capacity for GPP. (think the added text in the discussion is an interesting little tidbit about short vs long-term processes. ) So given the scope of the interpretation, I think the results are supported by the experimental design. Additional comments I have no further comments. Cite this review as (2017) #1 of "Primary productivity as a control over soil microbial diversity along environmental gradients in a polar desert ecosystem (v0. 2)". PeerJ · Apr 19, 2017 Basic reporting No comment Experimental design Just because kill controls have not been included in the standard protocol does not mean they are not necessary. The concern is not with magical abiotic breakdown of organic materials, but with the stability of the substrates used in the assays. For example, L-DOPA used for the phenol oxidase assay is known to be unstable at high pH (which soils typically are). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it does not discuss soil microbial diversity or its importance for ecosystem services. Instead, it includes a review process for a manuscript, comments on experimental design and results related to primary productivity and PAM measurements, none of which directly support or oppose the claim about soil microbial diversity.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Satellites help monitor Earth’s weather and climate changes. [SEP] Text: , 1993: Operational cloud motion winds from Meteosat infrared images. J. Appl. Meteor. , 32, 1206–1224, doi:10. 1175/1520-0450(1993)032<1206:>2. 0. CO;2. )| falseSearch 10. 1002/qj. 49711749802. Smith, W. L. , 1991: Atmospheric soundings from satellites—False expectation or the key to improved weather prediction? Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc. , 117, 267–297, doi:10. 1002/qj. 49711749802. )| falseSearch 190. Szejwach, G. , 1982: Determination of semi-transparent cirrus cloud temperature from infrared radiances: Application to Meteosat. J. Appl. Meteor. , 21, 384–393, doi:10. 1175/1520-0450(1982)021<0384:>2. 0. CO;2. Szejwach, G. , 1982: Determination of semi-transparent cirrus cloud temperature from infrared radiances: Application to Meteosat. J. Appl. Meteor. , 21, 384–393, doi:10. 1175/1520-0450(1982)021<0384:>2. 0. CO;2. )| falseSearch 228. Winokur, R. S. , 1997: NOAA satellite programs—New advances for the 21st century. WMO Bull. , 46 (3), 223–228. )| falseSearch 1. The first global mosaic assembled from TIROS images in 1960. View in gallery Fig. 2. An early water vapor image from Meteosat-1. View in gallery Fig. 3. (top) Satellite 3 (ATS-3) image of from 2 Aug 1970 before landfall in the Gulf of Mexico. These images in time sequence animation provided a powerful message to the public. (bottom) This picture based on Meteosat-8 images shows a composite of the positions and evolution of over the from 3 to 15 Sep 2003. View in gallery Fig. 4. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text provides several examples of operational uses of satellite data for weather prediction and monitoring. Specifically, it references historical publications demonstrating how satellite imagery has been utilized to monitor cloud motion and atmospheric conditions, indicating that satellites play a crucial role in gathering data essential for understanding weather patterns and climate changes.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Every student benefits equally from mindfulness activities. [SEP] Text: There can be a lack of sensory stimulation, a lack of variation in stimulation, or an overstimulation of a sensory modality. While the abnormal regulation and integration of sensory, perceptual, and attentional processes is well-known to be actively involved in the adaptive response of subjects whose cognitive functioning is affected by physical environmental constraints (Levit-Binnun & Golland, 2012), these processes remain little-explored in healthy individuals. On the one hand, the adaptive ability to respond appropriately in a constantly changing environment involves a fine-tuned interplay between inside and outside, the brain and the body (Craig, 2009). Through the body, the brain receives information about the state of the external world (exteroception) and the body’s physiological state (interoception). On the other hand, health benefits are associated with a natural environment (Sarris et al. , 2019). In particular, naturalistic stimuli have been found to have restorative effects, compared to artificial stimuli (Gould van Praag et al. , 2017). Overall, the literature suggests that the operational constraints of the SSBN challenge the adaptability of submariners, who are immersed in an artificial, stressful environment. Meeting this challenge requires efficient interoception, which is the individual’s ability to pay attention to information from the body and to notice subtle changes that are consistent with the available environmental information (Mehling et al. , 2009). Interoception is a complex concept that includes objective processes of neural coding, transduction, and the central representation of internal stimuli (Salvato et al. , 2020). It engages both afferent and efferent mechanisms via three steps: perception, attention, and awareness (Schulz & Vogele, 2015). Although the first two steps are considered to be preconscious (Mehling et al. , 2009), research has found that perceptions do not need to reach conscious awareness to influence the psychological state of an individual (Craig, 2009). In this context, Mehling et al. (2012) have developed a multidimensional model of the interoceptive construct, which consists of four key dimensions. Firstly, perceptions note subtle changes in body processes indicative of variation in the person’s emotional/physiological state. Secondly, the quality of attention focuses on the emotional reaction and attentional responses to sensations, without being distracted or worried, and includes the subdimension of attentional control. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the individual variances in cognitive processes and sensory perceptions, suggesting that not all individuals, including students, have the same adaptive responses to environmental stimuli. It highlights that the lack of sensory stimulation, variations in stimulation, and individual differences in interoception can lead to differing benefits from activities, implying that students do not benefit equally from mindfulness activities.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Soil microbial diversity is vital for ecosystem services. [SEP] Text: Without data from kill/inhibitor controls, it is imprudent to interpret enzyme activity data quantitatively. Validity of the findings Following my reasoning above, it is not clear to me that calculating diversity indices for enzyme activities and assigning ecological relevance to them is a good idea since the enzyme activity data cannot be assumed to be quantitative. Additional comments No comment Cite this review as Lee CK (2017) #2 of "Primary productivity as a control over soil microbial diversity along environmental gradients in a polar desert ecosystem (v0. 2)". PeerJ · Apr 11, 2017 Basic reporting No comment Experimental design No comment Validity of the findings No comment Additional comments The authors have made adequate minor revisions for publication Cite this review as (2017) #3 of "Primary productivity as a control over soil microbial diversity along environmental gradients in a polar desert ecosystem (v0. 2)". PeerJ 0. 2 (PDF) Download author's response letter - submitted Mar 23, 2017 Version 0. 1 (original submission) · Feb 28, 2017 · first of all I apologize for the delay, we had trouble getting reviewers familiar with PAM. All 3 reviewers and I thought that the manuscript was an important contribution to the field and highlights a potentially innovative approach to linking terrestrial productivity to patterns of microbial diversity. As you will see the only really substantive issue is with benchmarking of the PAM results (particularly the influence of water on instantaneous PAM measurements), plus a response is needed about enzyme assay controls. Most comments were minor but I have selected 'Major Revisions' as it was not clear to me whether your response requires additional work to determine the validity of the PAM measurements or whether you have the data in hand already to support that. I hope this is straightforward to resolve. · Jan 27, 2017 Basic reporting No comment Experimental design No comment Validity of the findings No comment Additional comments The authors present a series of measurements estimating photosynthetic (and therefore C-fixing) activity in the McValleys along a moisture gradient from streams. Such measurements are very important for understanding the C cycle and basal food resources for this ecosystem where it has traditionally been very difficult to measure productivity. They introduce the use of PAM for tackling this difficulty. The manuscript is straightforward, clearly-written, and succinct. I provide only a minor comment: Lines 211-213/Table 4: Can you be explicit in how you defined these three zones? [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address soil microbial diversity or its importance for ecosystem services. Instead, it discusses enzyme activity data and its interpretation in the context of a study on primary productivity and microbial diversity in a polar desert ecosystem. The text is more focused on methodological concerns and the validity of findings rather than directly supporting or refuting the claim about microbial diversity.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Satellites help monitor Earth’s weather and climate changes. [SEP] Text: Annual running mean of anomaly correlations (in %) of the 500-hPa height forecasts for 3-, 5-, 7-, and 10-day forecasts for the extratropical Northern and Southern Hemispheres. (a) ECWMF operations from January 1980 to May 2013 and (b) the reanalyses from ERA-Interim from January 1979 to April 2013 and ERA-40 from January 1973 to December 2001. The shading shows differences in scores between the two hemispheres (from Dee et al. 2014). View in gallery Fig. 5. Diagram showing the utilization of satellite data as a function of satellite lifetime hoped for in an ideal world and according to actual experience. The message is that timely research and development work toward the full exploitation of the potential of the data will increase the return on the investment by producing more mature products and services during the lifetime of a satellite system. raw image Fig. 1. The first global mosaic assembled from TIROS images in 1960. View raw image Fig. 2. An early water vapor image from Meteosat-1. View raw image Fig. 3. (top) Satellite 3 (ATS-3) image of from 2 Aug 1970 before landfall in the Gulf of Mexico. These images in time sequence animation provided a powerful message to the public. (bottom) This picture based on Meteosat-8 images shows a composite of the positions and evolution of over the from 3 to 15 Sep 2003. View raw image Fig. 4. Annual running mean of anomaly correlations (in %) of the 500-hPa height forecasts for 3-, 5-, 7-, and 10-day forecasts for the extratropical Northern and Southern Hemispheres. (a) ECWMF operations from January 1980 to May 2013 and (b) the reanalyses from ERA-Interim from January 1979 to April 2013 and ERA-40 from January 1973 to December 2001. The shading shows differences in scores between the two hemispheres (from Dee et al. 2014). View raw image Fig. 5. Diagram showing the utilization of satellite data as a function of satellite lifetime hoped for in an ideal world and according to actual experience. The message is that timely research and development work toward the full exploitation of the potential of the data will increase the return on the investment by producing more mature products and services during the lifetime of a satellite system. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by detailing the utilization of satellite data for forecasting and analyzing atmospheric conditions, which implies that satellites indeed play a crucial role in monitoring weather and climate changes. It mentions the potential of satellite data to produce more mature products and services within the context of weather forecasting.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Every student benefits equally from mindfulness activities. [SEP] Text: The third includes trust, which reflects the extent to which the individual views awareness of bodily sensations as helpful for decision-making or health. Finally, mind–body integration includes emotional awareness, self-regulation, and body listening. Although further research is needed to better understand how interoception functions (Mehling et al. , 2018), it is well-known that the quality of internal sensations regulates stress adaptation (Schulz & Vogele, 2015) and emotional state (Price & Hooven, 2018). Furthermore, interoceptive efficiency has been described as a particular kind of mindful, nonjudgmental awareness and a sense of self, grounded in physical, external, and internal sensations in the present moment (Mehling et al. , 2012). One of the preventive challenges is to identify individual psychological resources that are efficient for dealing with the constraints due to containment. Literature suggests that a pertinent candidate for coping with extreme environments, such as a submarine patrol, could be dispositional mindfulness (Gibson, 2019). Dispositional mindfulness characterizes the awareness that emerges through paying nonjudgmental, focused attention, in the present moment to the unfolding experience (Kabat-Zinn, 1994). It has been conceptualized as the ability to be consistently mindful in everyday life, regardless of events (Kilpatrick et al. , 2011). It is thought to consist of at least two dimensions: acceptance and presence (Kabat-Zinn, 1994; Walach et al. , 2006). Here, acceptance does not mean resignation, but rather a perception of the experience that simply acknowledges it, rather than judging it as good or bad. Presence is the feeling of being there; it refers to the degree to which a subject is grounded in their own awareness. Dispositional mindfulness is associated with various positive physical and psychological health factors (Brown & Ryan, 2003), such as efficient emotional and stress regulation (Chiesa & Serretti, 2009). One potential mechanism for the health benefits associated with mindfulness is a high level of interoceptive sensibility, which can be measured by the of (MAIA) questionnaire (Bornemann et al. , 2015; Hanley et al. , 2017; Mehling et al. , 2012). However, evidence of an association between mindfulness and interoception accuracy (operationalized by the heartbeat tracking paradigm) is mixed (Khalsa et al. , 2020), and the relationship remains insufficiently characterized. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing individual differences in psychological resources and how they affect the perceived benefits of mindfulness practices. It emphasizes that dispositional mindfulness and interoceptive efficiency can influence stress adaptation and emotional state, suggesting that not all individuals may experience the same level of benefit from mindfulness activities. The reference to the need for further research on how interoception functions indicates that the impact of mindfulness is nuanced and varies among individuals, which directly contradicts the claim of equal benefits for all students.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Soil microbial diversity is vital for ecosystem services. [SEP] Text: Obviously it’s by soil moisture, which are listed for each zone in the table, but how did you decide on the cutoff points? Cite this review as (2017) #1 of "Primary productivity as a control over soil microbial diversity along environmental gradients in a polar desert ecosystem (v0. 1)". PeerJ · Feb 20, 2017 Basic reporting The manuscript is written clearly and concisely, and the results were well contextualized. The title is very straightforward and accurately represents the work. The only comment I have regarding the presentation of the manuscript is that there should be sub-headings in and Methods to improve readability. Experimental design The research question is interesting and fills a well-articulated gap in knowledge for the ecosystem. Broadly speaking, the findings are logical and congruent with expectations based on existing knowledge. However, there are two issues with experimental design that lessen the robustness of the findings: 1. The lack of reliable points of comparison for the PAM measurements 2. The lack of kill/inhibitor controls for enzyme activity measurements As far as this reviewer is aware, there have been few reliable reported measurements of primary productivity using PAM on organics-poor soils. Although PAM measures a very specific phenomenon (drop in photochemical quenching of fluorescent signals), it cannot be assumed that readings obtained by PAM are entirely associated with photosynthesis when there is very low chlorophyll content in the substrate being characterized. Note that I'm not say that the readings are false, but it is difficult to quantify exact how much estimated photosynthetic activity is actually biological. It would have been highly useful to have control measurements of bedrocks and active cyanobacterial mats or mosses to contextualize the readings reported here. Another issue with PAM is that it is an instantaneous measurement, which means the readings are much more reflective of the limiting factor for photosynthesis (i. e. , water) than capacity for photosynthesis. This is why water augmentation is a standard procedure when PAM is used to characterize lichen physiology since the capacity for photosynthesis is what determines the primary production capability of a system, not moisture content at the time of sampling. This potentially explains why ETR and GPP values did not correlated with ChlA levels (lines 264-265). A similar issue exists for the enzyme assay data since they (i. e. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the importance of soil microbial diversity for ecosystem services. While it discusses measurement techniques and some aspects of primary productivity and photosynthesis, it does not directly speak to how microbial diversity affects or is vital to ecosystem services.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Satellites help monitor Earth’s weather and climate changes. [SEP] Text: 30 Views 0 0 0 Views 1314 497 80 PDF Downloads 869 279 33 of Variability on the in Storage over the Tigris–Basin Authors: Li-and Guo-Evaluation of Performance of to Authors:. Yang, Ardeshir Ebtehaj, Sajad Vahedizade, and A 440-of in California from Authors: Ian M. Howard, David W. Stahle, Michael D. Dettinger, Cody Poulsen, F. Martin Ralph, Max C. A. Torbenson, and Quantifying the Role of Variability and from to at in India Authors: Divya Upadhyay, Sudhanshu Dixit, and Rainfall and Flooding from in the Mid-of the Authors: Yibing Su, James A. Smith, and Previous 10. 1175/WCAS-D-15-0017. 1 Page(s): 309–320 3706. E-mail: paul. menzel@ssec. wisc. edu AbstractIn this paper, the authors offer their observations from more than 30 years of involvement in the evolution of the space-based meteorological remote sensing systems. Successes and issues from the past are recalled that established meteorological satellites into their current pivotal role. Evolution of imaging and sounding satellite systems from user requirements to affordable realizations is noted; some examples from recent U. S. and European experiences in the area of operational meteorological satellites are presented. The authors discuss the importance of the balanced roles of the three partners in satellite development (government, research, and industry), the need to develop full utilization of new satellite programs quickly during their early life, and a vision for global cooperation early in the planning stages of meteorological satellite missions. The authors offer suggestions that could foster expanded international collaboration on science and applications as well as expedite more satellite observations being pursued in a sustained manner. Access content. Corresponding author address: W. Paul Menzel, University of Wisconsin–Madison, 1225 St. , Madison, WI 53706. E-mail: paul. menzel@ssec. wisc. edu Keywords: Instrumentation/sensors; Satellite observations; History1. IntroductionIn today’s world, space-based remote sensing has been established as a means to provide key information on weather and climate of the earth’s system on a global scale. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by stating that space-based remote sensing provides key information on weather and climate of the earth’s system on a global scale. It emphasizes the established role of satellites in monitoring meteorological conditions, which supports the assertion that satellites are crucial in monitoring Earth’s weather and climate changes.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Every student benefits equally from mindfulness activities. [SEP] Text: Interestingly, evidence of an association between mindfulness and health behaviors (e. g. , eating, sleep quality, and physical activity) is more robust (Gilbert & Waltz, 2010; Lentz & Brown, 2019; Roberts & Danoff-Burg, 2010). On the one hand, dispositional mindfulness appears to be related to decreased stress, which, in turn, contributes to increasingly positive health perceptions and behaviors (Roberts et al. , 2010). On the other hand, gender differences have been found with respect to the mindfulness processes that support health behaviors (Gilbert & Waltz, 2010). Exactly how dispositional mindfulness impacts health behaviors remains a subject of debate. Both emotional (Lentz & Brown, 2019; Shapiro et al. , 2006) and cognitive (Gilbert & Waltz, 2010) processes have been proposed. However, meta-cognitive processes may also play a part. Intention is one, well-known process that promotes the alignment of daily behavior with personal values and a long-term vision of health, especially in a context of daily stress (Lentz & Brown, 2019; Shapiro et al. , 2006). Concerning sleep, a previous study on SSBN suggested a relationship between subjective and objective sleep assessments without sleep degradation over the patrol (Trousselard et al. , 2015). But differences between submariners according to their adaptability were not studied. Referring to the relationship between quality of sleep and dispositional mindfulness in a civilian population (Howell et al. , 2008, 2010), it is relevant to evaluate how dispositional mindfulness and sleep are related between each other over the mission using a well-validated questionnaire for a follow-up evaluation of sleep changes as the (Parrot & Hindmarch, 1980). Furthermore, higher levels of dispositional mindfulness have been associated with greater awareness of healthy dietary practices and lower tendency to consume food in response to adverse emotional experiences (Lentz & Brown, 2019). These latter findings suggest that mindfulness may promote health behaviors via interoceptive processes (Hanley et al. , 2017). Adjusted assessments for evaluating food attitudes and physical activities, their changes over the patrol, and their relation to interoception functioning are needed for a better understanding of how a patrol impacts these health behaviors. There are many 2018. Although the precise duration is classified, in general, patrols last a minimum of 60 days and a maximum of 80 days. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing evidence that shows gender differences in the mindfulness processes that support health behaviors. Specifically, it mentions that while dispositional mindfulness is generally related to positive health outcomes, the impact may vary among individuals based on factors like gender and adaptability. This suggests that not every student benefits equally from mindfulness activities, as there are variations in how different individuals experience and utilize mindfulness.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Soil microbial diversity is vital for ecosystem services. [SEP] Text: , AG and POX) appear to correlate with moisture content. Again, the data make sense and are likely to be (at least partially) derived from enzymatic activities, but there is not enough confidence without kill/inhibitor controls to conclude that all of the activities observed are in fact due to enzymes released by resident microorganisms. Validity of the findings As stated above, the findings are logical and in line with what can be reasonably expected from existing knowledge. However, I do not think the experimental design allows the PAM and enzyme activity data to be unequivocally attributed to resident microorganisms. Without knowing how much of the PAM readings is attributable to primary production, I would feel much more comfortable using the GPP and NPP as upper limits rather than estimates. The application of Shannon diversity index on enzyme activity data is unusual and likely violates the statistical assumption of the index (i. e. , each "species" or "character" being independent of each other) since it is likely some microorganisms possess multiple of the enzymes assayed. I would also suggest that the authors be much more explicit and careful when discussing parameters that likely auto-correlate (e. g. , MBC vs. TN and SOC). A few specific comments: • Lines 215-217: Is ETR related to PAR or not? These two sentences appear to contradict each other. • Lines 243-245: Please provide 0. 1)". PeerJ · Feb 22, 2017 Basic reporting The manuscript was clearly articulated and described the use of PAM fluorometry to examine primary productivity rates in Dry Valley, Antarctica soils of Taylor Valley. General comments: The use of PAM fluorometry in conjunction with enzyme assays is a useful addition to the literature on microbial activity in hyper-arid Antarctic permafrost soils, specifically primary productivity for which there is limited data. Specific comments: Photos of cryptograms sampled would be useful for this manuscript. ln 94. The assumption that biological activity in is limited to a 8 week period in austral summer is likely incorrect. Bakermans et al. 2014 (doi: 10. 1111/1574-6941. 12310) demonstrated that heterotrophy occurs in soil samples from at -5 C. Additionally, the high salt content described in these soils (ln 93) aid in the formation of liquid water at colder temperatures, the likely limiting factor for activity. Need more details on the sites collected along the environmental gradient. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim since it discusses various aspects of soil microbial activity, enzyme assays, and methodological concerns, but does not specifically address the importance of soil microbial diversity for ecosystem services. There is no direct connection or support for the claim made.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Satellites help monitor Earth’s weather and climate changes. [SEP] Text: A prime example is found in numerical weather prediction (NWP), where the introduction of new satellite measurements has substantially improved forecasts over recent decades (e. g. , Kelly 1997; Pailleux 1997), and meteorological satellite measurements are today a cornerstone for NWP (WMO 2012). The fact that remote sensing measurements are a vital component in the observing system for global monitoring and prediction is being reflected in international partnering toward implementing and planning integrated and coordinated satellite programs. These programs use proven space and sensor technology to develop advanced engineering systems that gather, distribute, archive, and process data at every stage in the information processing chain. One constraint for operational satellite systems is that they need to maintain the continuity of established and necessary services together with affordable innovation. Research missions have a unique and complementary role in probing and demonstrating new capabilities in science and technology. While the usefulness of meteorological satellite measurements is generally accepted, there are difficulties arising that could hinder and slow down the evolution of the space-based remote sensing systems. A significant problem is the disparity between requirements from user communities and financial commitments from governments. On a positive note, the number of international entities is increasing that are embarking on multibillion dollar weather and meteorological satellite programs; each has the goal of reducing the potentially detrimental impact of weather on life and property as well as enhancing the benefits drawn from more accurate weather (and climate) services. Clearly, this is not only a science- and user-driven activity, because there is also a desire and necessity from industry to prove new capabilities and technologies. We think these elements make possible future scenarios for a space-based observing system that exhibits sustained growth in capability for global information regarding weather and climate. In fact, one could think of a future when the global space-based observing system would be planned and designed with international coordination from the outset, making contributions from individual space agencies truly complementary. This would go beyond the currently established coordination of meteorological satellite measurements. We freely admit that it would be a paradigm shift in many ways and therefore present significant challenges; however, it would make observations, especially the operational, to-be-sustained part of the satellite observing system, more affordable. We also emphasize that there should always be enough room for innovation and free thinking; this is currently well captured in the principal investigator (PI)-driven missions pursued by research space agencies in competitive ways. This needs to be maintained. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by describing the significant role of satellites in numerical weather prediction (NWP) and global monitoring of weather and climate. It states that 'the introduction of new satellite measurements has substantially improved forecasts' and emphasizes the importance of meteorological satellite measurements as a cornerstone for NWP. Furthermore, it discusses international efforts to implement satellite programs for monitoring and predicting weather changes, highlighting the utility of satellite technology in enhancing weather services.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Every student benefits equally from mindfulness activities. [SEP] Text: We, then, examined the effects of time (Baseline, D25, D55, and Recovery) and mindfulness status using (group × time) ANOVAs for MAIA and SPANE scales, separately. Finally, we examined the effects of time (baseline and recovery) and mindfulness status using (group × time) ANOVAs for sleep and eating assessments. For physical activity, time (D1–D20, D21–D40, and D41–D60) and mindfulness status (group × time) effects were examined. When the ANOVA revealed a significant effect, post-hoc Tukey’s tests were run for all pairs. Statistical significance was set at p < 0. 05. p < 0. 10 was considered evidence of a trend. ResultsMindfulness StatusNo difference was observed between the MG and the NMG with respect to sociodemographic data at baseline. None of the subjects had any experience of meditation. The two groups differed at baseline on the overall FMI score (F = 56. 24; p < 0. 001), the presence sub-score (F = 21. 9; p < 0. 001), and the acceptance sub-score (F = 43. 96; p < 0. 001). of self-reported mindfulness is described Table 1. A significant group effect (F = 33. 9, p < 0. 001) was observed for FMI scores, with higher scores in the MG. A trend was identified for the interaction between group and time (F = 2. 6, p = 0. 06) at baseline (p < 0. 001), D25 (p < 0. 001), and D55 (p < 0. 001). In all three cases, mindfulness scores were lower for NMG, while no difference was found at recovery. Significant group (F = 22. 84, p < 0. 001) and time (F = 4. 18, p = 0. 01) effects were observed the presence sub-score (Fig. 1, left). Presence scores were higher for the MG. At recovery, presence scores were lower than baseline (p = 0. 01) and tended to be lower than D25 (p = 0. 08) and D55 (p = 0. 09). The interaction identified inter-group differences at baseline (p = 0. 01), D25 (p < 0. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by presenting findings that indicate significant differences in mindfulness scores between the Mindfulness Group (MG) and the Non-Mindfulness Group (NMG). It states that 'mindfulness scores were lower for NMG,' indicating that not every student benefited equally from the mindfulness activities, as there were significant disparities in outcomes based on group affiliation.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Soil microbial diversity is vital for ecosystem services. [SEP] Text: For example. How do these regions vary ( pH, moisture content etc). In a broader context - how do they compare to other sites for which microbial activity has been detected (ex- Taylor Valley) or not detected (ex- University Valley) ln. 124. In table 1 or in text, please specifically describe which samples correlate to the described env. conditions ( ex- which site were the hyperarid soils collected from). ln 126. Describe the locations in each region. ln 174. Missing word Amplitude. ln 215. Change to: ". . ETR were not significantly associated with soil moisture and chlorophyll a. . " ln 217. P-value? ln 243. Please justify why the assumption of 50% respiratory carbon loss. ln 244. Again, note that communities may very well be growing for longer than 60 days annually. Ln 264. Since GPP is calculated as 1/4th of ETR, please remove one of these terms from the sentence (ie- ETR is correlated, or GPP is correlated; not GPP and ETR is correlated). ln 288-291. Describe how the TRFLP data reflects this. Experimental design The choice for sites should be better described in the manuscript (more detail needed). How were PAM measurements taken (more detail needed). Were cryptograms targeted specifically? Where samples dark covered first? Validity of the findings no comment. Cite this review as (2017) #3 of "Primary productivity as a control over soil microbial diversity along environmental gradients in a polar desert ecosystem (v0. 1)". PeerJ Submission (PDF) - submitted Dec 19, 2016 All text and materials provided via this peer-review history page are made available under a Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not directly address the claim regarding the importance of soil microbial diversity for ecosystem services. Instead, it discusses various aspects of experimental design and data collection for studying microbial activity in different regions, but does not provide commentary on the significance of microbial diversity in relation to ecosystem services.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Satellites help monitor Earth’s weather and climate changes. [SEP] Text: However, as the research missions are typically “one-off” missions, an immediate question is whether useful research missions need to be continued and, if so, what would be an adequate framework to do so? In this paper, we summarize our impressions from more than three decades of involvement in the evolution of the imaging and sounding space-based meteorological passive remote sensing systems. We recall some of the successes and issues from the past that established satellites into their current pivotal role. We note that our perspective is subjective and limited; however, it is from two scientists that transitioned into middle management. We started in a hands-on period contributing to the scientific development of satellite programs, transitioned to guiding the technical and scientific development of satellite systems, and finally became participants who interacted closely with top management that was making the decisions on satellite programs. We also note that we have been involved over the decades in international cooperation that has helped to foster increasing capability and mutual complementarity of satellite systems and helped to establish coherence in the scientific utilization of satellite measurements. 2. Past evolution of satellite capabilities and their utilizationa. Technology evolution: It started by keeping it simpleThe start of the satellite era is a landmark in the history of earth observation. Without a doubt, the first meteorological satellite more than 50 years ago (Suomi and Parent 1958; Menzel and Phillips 2009) was the beginning of a new exciting era that opened the eyes of mankind to many things that had been obscured before. However, it needs to be understood that the early design of the satellites was very simple and not up to the expectations that today’s users have. Several examples come to mind; for instance, data recording systems on the early Explorer satellites (Suomi and Parent 1958) were limited in storage capacity, and global coverage was limited by the number of ground sites receiving satellite data transmissions. Data processing was accomplished on paper tapes that experienced limited lifetimes. Researchers and their students processed the early data over several years; the concept of real-time processing did not exist. Satellite imagery with global coverage was realized only after laborious cutting and pasting [see Fig. 1 for an example from the early days of the Television and Satellite (TIROS)]. Size Fig. 1. The first global mosaic assembled from TIROS images in 1960. Citation: Weather, Climate, and Society 7, 4; 10. 1175/WCAS-D-15-0017. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by detailing the evolution of satellite technology and its pivotal role in earth observation and monitoring. It highlights the historical significance of the first meteorological satellite, stating it 'opened the eyes of mankind' to previously obscured aspects of weather and climate. This indicates that satellites have crucial applications in monitoring these changes.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Every student benefits equally from mindfulness activities. [SEP] Text: Significant group and time effects differed according to the eight MAIA sub-scores. No effect was observed for noticing. Scores for not-distracting (F = 4. 3, p = 0. 008) were higher at baseline compared to D55 (p = 0. 027) and recovery (p = 0. 028). Scores for not-worrying (F = 6. 87, p < 0. 001) were higher at baseline compared to D25 (p < 0. 001), D55 (p = 0. 042), and recovery (p = 0. 005). Scores for attention regulation (F = 19. 9, p < 0. 001) were higher among the MG than the NMG. A time trend (F = 2. 4, p = 0. 08) suggests that attention regulation was higher at baseline than D55 (p = 0. 04). A group trend was identified for emotional awareness (F = 3. 3, p = 0. 09) with higher scores for the MG compared to the NMG. A group effect was identified for self-regulation (F = 17, p < 0. 001), body listening (F = 9. 22, p = 0. 008), and trusting (F = 5. 04, p = 0. 04), with the MG scoring higher than the NMG in all cases. Table 2 presents submariners’ scores for sleeping, eating, and physical activity assessments as a function of mindful status. The only notable result for sleep was a trend for waking at night (F = 0. 396; p = 0. 06). The MG tended to experience less waking at baseline and recovery compared to the NMG. For getting to sleep scales, a time effect was observed for sleep latency (F = 7. 46; p = 0. 014) and feeling sleepy (F = 7. 72; p = 0. 013). At recovery, latency returns to normal, while greater difficulty is reported in falling asleep (compared to usual) at baseline. The same result is observed for feeling sleepy. A time effect is observed for restless/restful sleep (F = 5. 24; p = 0. 035). Sleep is reported to be more restful at recovery than baseline. For waking during sleep, time effects were observed. Scores for waking up easily tended to be better at baseline than recovery (F = 3. 32; p = 0. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by presenting findings that indicate differential effects of mindfulness activities across various measures and groups. For example, it details that there were significant group effects among the MG (Mindfulness Group) and NMG (Non-Mindfulness Group) in terms of emotional awareness and self-regulation, suggesting that not all students benefit equally from the activities, as evidenced by higher scores in the mindful group compared to the non-mindful group.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Mycorrhizal fungi improve nutrient uptake in plants. [SEP] Text: Details about inoculum geographical origin, collector and original supplier are given in Table S1. Experimental field site and climatic data The experiment was carried out in 2019 and 2020 at the organic farm “Prata” Pisa, Italy (43°44’ N, 10°24’E; 2 m above sea level and 0. 0% slope). The soil in 2019 was a silty-clay loam (8. 0% sand, 54. 1% silt and 37. 9% clay) with 35. 9 g kg− 1 soil organic carbon (Walkley-Black), 7. 9 pH(H2O), 2. 2 g kg− 1 total N (Kjeldahl) (good dotation) and 1. 89 g kg− 1 P, 22. 00 mg kg− 1 available P (Olsen) (very low availability). The soil in 2020 was a silty-clay loam (10. 2% sand, 50. 2% silt and 39. 6% clay) with 30. 5 g kg− 1 soil organic carbon (Walkley-Black), 8. 0 pH(H2O), 1. 83 g kg− 1 total N (Kjeldahl) (good dotation), 1. 72 g kg− 1 P and 17. 0 mg kg− 1 available P (Olsen) (very low availability). Climate of the site is cold, humid Mediterranean (Csa) according to the Köppen-Geiger climate classification (Kottek et al. 2006). Averaged over 1990–2020, mean annual maximum and minimum air temperatures were 20. 4 and 9. 9°C, respectively, and annual precipitation was 1084 mm. During the field experiment (May-September), maximum and minimum temperatures were 27. 4°C and 16. 0°C, respectively, in 2019, and 27. 4°C and 15. 5°C in 2020, while total precipitation was 236 mm and 270 mm in 2019 and 2020, respectively. Details about temperature (mean, minimum and maximum daily temperature) and rainfall for the tomato growth cycles are given in Fig. S2. Experimental set-up A first experiment was set-up in 2019 with tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L. ) var. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text provides detailed information about the experimental conditions, soil characteristics, and climate data for a study conducted on tomato plants, but it does not mention mycorrhizal fungi or their role in nutrient uptake. Therefore, the content is irrelevant to the claim regarding mycorrhizal fungi.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Satellites help monitor Earth’s weather and climate changes. [SEP] Text: 1Download FigureDownload figure as PowerPoint slideThe first geostationary satellite was launched in 1966 featuring only a daytime viewing capability; atmospheric motions were soon derived (Fujita 1968). Infrared sensing useful at night was added later on. However, quantitative processing of the data remained a challenge. For instance, the request for instrument characterization (e. g. , spectral response and its accuracy) of the early Meteosat imagers was met with the response from the vendor that the instrument had never been conceived for quantitative applications but should rather be considered as a camera. The first generation of Meteosat satellites did not have an adequate onboard calibration system; they were sometimes referred to as UFOs, meaning “uncalibrated flying objects. ” Nonetheless, they were extremely useful also for quantitative applications thanks to vicarious calibration methods using a real-time radiative transfer model (Schmetz 1986) or aircraft measurements (Kriebel 1981). Now it appears that the information can even be usefully employed in a reprocessing effort to establish Records (CDR) from the first generation of geostationary satellites (e. g. , Lattanzio et al. 2013). In short, quantitative usage of early satellite data required many workarounds to bypass known shortcomings. One can summarize the pioneering work of the early satellite era by saying that it was driven by a desire to demonstrate the feasibility of technology paired with the conviction that global observations of weather and climate would become a key asset as opportunities arose (Morgan 1992). It was clear that the accuracy of the measurements was limited, but that did not stop the programs from going forward. The alternative could have been to go back to the laboratory and continue technological development until measurements were adequate without actually knowing what “adequate” implied in all its facets. This would have incurred enormous costs. It is important to realize that our pioneers did a splendid job by not seeking perfection but rather by seeking excellence that actually worked. We believe that this message has deep implications for today’s satellite programs; evolution of those programs requires managers and decision-makers who are able to distinguish realistic excellence, which can be obtained within allocated budgets and time, from perceived necessity sometimes advocated by scientists. b. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by detailing the role of early geostationary satellites in monitoring weather and climate, noting that global observations of weather and climate would become a key asset as opportunities arose. It mentions the challenges faced in obtaining accurate quantitative data but emphasizes that the early satellite programs succeeded in demonstrating the feasibility of technology for monitoring purposes.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Every student benefits equally from mindfulness activities. [SEP] Text: To the best of our knowledge, no study has investigated dispositional mindfulness as a psychological resource, while it is thought to be relatively stable over time, even in stressful situations. Our findings confirm that dispositional mindfulness was stable during the patrol, especially the acceptance dimension. Interestingly, the presence dimension tended to decrease for the MG, but not the NMG. Body self-awareness can be broadly defined as the extent to which people are consciously aware of their bodily states and their relationships with others (Sutton, 2016). This conscious feeling of a unitary entity is shaped by exteroceptive and interoceptive signals, and maintained by the integration of sensory signals (Blanke, 2012). During the patrol, interoception scores were higher for the MG, but decreased from the middle of the patrol. This suggests that subjects with high dispositional mindfulness, but no experience of meditation, modify the connection between their body and the environment during immersion in an artificial situation (such as a submarine patrol). However, although presence scores fell in the MG, their emotional state during the patrol remained better than the NMG, confirming our second hypothesis. Furthermore, the impact of the patrol differed according to the interoceptive dimension and mindful status. Overall, during the patrol, scores fell (or tended to fall) for not-distracting, not-worrying, and attention regulation. At the same time, the MG scored higher than the NMG for attention regulation, self-regulation, emotional awareness, body listening, and trusting. With the exception of attention regulation, these differences during the patrol depended on either the time or mindful status. These changes are in line with theories of interoception (Garfinkel et al. , 2015; Mehling et al. , 2012). We adopt Mehling’s concept of interoception, which sees it as a multidimensional construct with four key dimensions (Mehling et al. , 2012, 2018). Our results suggest that the patrol per se impacts the first dimension (perceived body sensations), while dispositional mindfulness interacts with integrative dimensions. Attention regulation (which is presented as an intermediate step between perceived body sensations and integrative dimensions) should, therefore, be pivotal as it integrates the effects of the environment and personal interoceptive abilities. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by suggesting that the impact of mindfulness activities may not be equal among all participants, particularly highlighting differences between the mindful group (MG) and the non-mindful group (NMG) in terms of various psychological constructs such as attention regulation, emotional awareness, and body listening. The findings indicate that emotional states and scores in dimensions of mindfulness differ during the patrol, implying that the benefits received from mindfulness activities can vary based on individual disposition and mindful status.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Mycorrhizal fungi improve nutrient uptake in plants. [SEP] Text: Pisanello were harvested 11 times, from 22th July to 4th October 2019, while plants of var. were harvested six times, from 3rd August to 21th September 2020. For both varieties, the harvests were performed on 10 plants in the central area of each plot and fruit fresh weight per plant and number of fruits per plant were measured. Fruits of ripeness stage 6 (red) (USDA 1975) were collected at each harvest. This allowed to calculate the fruit fresh weight per plant at each harvest (Yield) and the production for the whole harvesting period per plant, namely the total fresh weight per plant (Total yield). In addition, the shoot dry weight (SWD) of tomato var. was determined at BBCH 22, after oven drying at 65°C up to constant weight. For total yield and SDW we also calculated the host benefit as (fresh or dry weight inoculated plant – fresh/dry weight not inoculated plant)/fresh or dry weight not inoculated plant) × 100. The fruits of var. Pisanello sampled at first and second harvest (22th of July and 1st August 2019, respectively) and the fruits of var. sampled at the second harvest (10th August 2020) were washed and immediately stored at -80°C. Fruit samples were lyophilized and ground to fine powder prior to the analysis of mineral nutrients. Approximately 0. 2 g of lyophilized tomato were digested using the (Co. , Ltd. , Shanghai, China) after the addition of 8. 0 mL of nitric acid (65%). The solution was diluted with Milli-Q water and analyzed. The concentration of and Mn was determined using a Spectroscopy instrument (4210 MP-) (Liberato et al. 2020), while N concentration was determined using the Kjedahl method (Jones et al. 1991). Effect of AM fungal inoculation on litter decomposition and bacterial and fungal abundance in soil In each replicate plot of var. Rio Grande, four litter bags filled with a standard organic substrate (hay) were inserted vertically into the soil at 10 cm soil depth near to the tomato roots. Five grams of hay composed by Dactylis glomerata L. (45%), Phleum pratense L. (50%) and Urtica dioica L. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text provides detailed information about the harvesting and analysis of tomato plants, including various measurements like fruit fresh weight and shoot dry weight. However, it does not mention mycorrhizal fungi or their role in nutrient uptake. Therefore, the text is irrelevant to the claim regarding mycorrhizal fungi.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Satellites help monitor Earth’s weather and climate changes. [SEP] Text: Evolution of utilization: Developing applications and a user community over timeWhen addressing the evolution of the utilization of satellite data, it is important to note that there was not an established user community in the beginning that could help in specifying user needs. In the early times of satellite development both the vision and the technical specification were provided by a few scientists and engineers. An example is the very beginning of the meteorological satellite era largely influenced and shaped by Suomi; he married a viable scientific objective (measuring the outgoing longwave radiation at the top of the atmosphere) with technology (a bolometer measuring Earth-reflected and -emitted radiation) that was challenging yet could be realized within the given constraints. The resulting experiment, from Explorer 7 (Suomi and Parent 1958) started the long-term measurement of the earth energy balance that continues today (Menzel and Phillips 2009). Another example from the European side is the inclusion of a water vapor (WV) channel on the Meteosat first generation after the development of the satellite had started, an activity led by Morel. This was a visionary idea to see the earth with a veil of water vapor (see Fig. 2), and the resulting applications surprised many (Morel et al. 1978) and became a well-established part of operational WV channel applications (e. g. , Szejwach 1982). Size Fig. 2. An early water vapor image from Meteosat-1. Citation: Weather, Climate, and Society 7, 4; 10. 1175/WCAS-D-15-0017. 1Download FigureDownload figure as PowerPoint slideEarly geostationary satellite images, while not calibrated very well to radiances, offered useful information and immediate impact. An example comes from the (NHC), whose mission is to evacuate shorelines in advance of hurricane landfall. It was often difficult to convince beachgoers in sunny skies to escape from possible storm surge, heavy winds, and excessive rainfall; however, the image loops of the raging tropical cyclone over the Gulf or Atlantic waters helped to accomplish the task. According to the NHC director of the time (N. Frank 1980, personal communication), (GOES) imagery was the most important tool at his disposal to encourage people to leave their vacation or their homes behind and seek safety away from the shoreline. Figure 3 gives examples of GOES and Meteosat images of hurricanes from 1970 and 2003. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by detailing how satellite data has evolved and its applications in measuring weather phenomena. It describes the early development of meteorological satellites, including specific examples where satellite imagery, such as those from the NHC and geostationary satellites like GOES and Meteosat, provided crucial information on weather events like hurricanes. This illustrates the role of satellites in monitoring and communicating significant weather-related changes.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Every student benefits equally from mindfulness activities. [SEP] Text: It could indicate the integration of internal and external perceptions of the body, which, in turn, contributes to the regulation of physiological integrity (homeostasis) and associated affect, drives, and emotions. Turning to our third hypothesis, although the patrol is associated with changes in health behavior, dispositional mindfulness had little impact on these changes. Self-reported sleep was poorer before the patrol (falling asleep, quality of sleep, awakening during sleep, and waking up) than at recovery. Nevertheless, the MG tended to report fewer waking periods at baseline and recovery compared to the NMG. Self-reported eating habits indicated that recovery was associated with less hunger at meal times and between meals, especially for the MG. Finally, physical exercise patterns did not change significantly during the patrol, although the MG tended to exercise a little more at the end. No data are available from during the patrol, and it is possible that health behaviors could have been disturbed at the very start, but returned to their usual level at recovery. Furthermore, the impacts of the patrol can be understood as resulting from the SSBN environment. The latter confines individuals in a context that is characterized by a lack of sensory stimulation, a lack of variation in stimulation, or overstimulation. A healthy subject, who is living and working in a non-ecological environment, such as Antarctic and space bases, may integrate interoceptive signals differently compared to the usual ecological environment (Rivolier, 1992). bases, space bases, and submarines are considered analogous, Antarctic bases are an unusual and extreme, but natural environment, while space bases and submarines are unusual and extreme artificial environments. The impact of this difference needs to be further evaluated in human adaptation studies. This observation may have applications for the current COVID-19 quarantine period, which decreases sensory stimulation from the environment. It also questions the interaction between interoceptive and exteroceptive cues, although it is not clear whether a supramodal form of bodily self-awareness exists (Salvato et al. , 2020). In addition, for individuals who are confined in an environment with little exteroceptive stimulation, dispositional mindfulness may not be enough to maintain the ability to be fully conscious and aware in the present moment, which could explain the decrease in dispositional mindfulness during our experiment. Altogether, our results suggest that two countermeasures could be developed for dealing with ICE (Fig. 2). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by indicating that dispositional mindfulness had little impact on health behavior changes, suggesting that benefits from mindfulness activities may not be experienced equally by all individuals. Specifically, it states that, 'dispositional mindfulness may not be enough to maintain the ability to be fully conscious and aware in the present moment,' which implies that some individuals, possibly including students, may experience different levels of benefit from mindfulness activities.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Mycorrhizal fungi improve nutrient uptake in plants. [SEP] Text: (5%) (“Hay”, Vitakraft pet care GmbH & Co. KG, Bremen, Germany) were inserted into 10 cm x 10 cm polypropylene net litter bags (15 mm mesh) (Tenax-ortoclima plus, Tenax s. p. a. , Lecco, Italy). The hay was ground in a 3 mm grid forage mill (). Main hay characteristics on dry basis at the beginning of the experiment were: 32. 4% C, 0. 82% N, 18. 8 MJ kg− 1 energy, 2. 9% protein, 3. 7% lipid, 12. 2% lignin (determined as acid detergent lignin, ADL; et al. 1991), 35. 5% cellulose and 5. 7% hemicellulose (Baldi et al. 2021). The litter bags were sealed using staples and hot glue. A plastic label was added to the litter bags for identification in the field and for easiness of finding purposes. Four litter bags per plot were positioned at plant transplanting (23th May, BBCH 22) (defined as litter deposition time). Then, one litter bag from each plot was collected after 40 days (2nd July 2020), 52 (14th July 2020), 67 (29th July 2020) and 86 (10th August 2020) days from litter deposition. After sampling, litter bags were opened, gently cleaned from soil and spontaneous plants, dried at 40°C and weighted. The percentage of remaining mass compared to the initial one was calculated. Litter bag decomposition coefficient (k) was also calculated from mass loss and expressed as a first-order decay constant. The k for each sample was calculated as follows: k = ln (Co/Ct)/t where k is the first-order rate constant (day− 1); Co is the initial weight of the sample; Ct is the litter bags dry weight at each sampling data (t). To assess the bacterial and fungal abundance in soil, DNA from soil around the roots of tomato was extracted (0. 25 g dry soil per sample) using the Dneasy Power(), following the manufacturer’s instructions. Soil sampling for DNA extraction was performed in triplicate at stage BBCH 89 (var. Pisanello 30th August 2019, var. 27th August 2020). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim regarding mycorrhizal fungi and their impact on nutrient uptake in plants. Instead, it describes an experiment involving litter bags, soil sampling, and mass loss calculations without mentioning mycorrhizal fungi or their role in nutrient uptake.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Satellites help monitor Earth’s weather and climate changes. [SEP] Text: Size Fig. 3. (top) Satellite 3 (ATS-3) image of from 2 Aug 1970 before landfall in the Gulf of Mexico. These images in time sequence animation provided a powerful message to the public. (bottom) This picture based on Meteosat-8 images shows a composite of the positions and evolution of over the from 3 to 15 Sep 2003. Citation: Weather, Climate, and Society 7, 4; 10. 1175/WCAS-D-15-0017. 1Download FigureDownload figure as PowerPoint slideOnce the satellite measurements became more established and satellite missions became routine, thus providing a sense of data continuity, a user community emerged (Johnson 1994). An early example is weather forecasters and nowcasters. Geostationary satellites providing continuous measurements became a key ingredient for monitoring tropical storms and midlatitude low-pressure systems (Purdom and Menzel 1996); they came to be operated by different satellite agencies and are now heavily used for nowcasting around the world. Over time many other operational applications have been established or are emerging: for instance, air traffic controllers use the data to monitor the displacement of volcanic ash plumes. The message here is that often opportunities offered by the new satellite observations are the start of a requirement. Generally speaking, we think that operational users are best able to formulate clear requirements for services and products they already know, while the truly novel aspects are better addressed by leading application scientists. A user community also emerged gradually in the field of NWP. The radiances measured from the (TOVS) series found on NOAA satellites provide temperature and humidity information for soundings (vertical profiles). For many years attempts had been made to use these temperature and humidity soundings in NWP analogous to information from radiosondes. NWP reliance on radiosondes propelled satellite data to be formatted into radiosonde-like characterization, but satellite radiance measurements represented contributions from broad overlapping layers in the atmosphere. Positive impact (especially in the radiosonde-rich Northern Hemisphere) of the TOVS sounding data eluded NWP centers for 15 years (Smith 1991). Finally, after a paradigm shift of using the TOVS measured radiances directly in a variational assimilation system, instead of the derived soundings TOVS, clearly positive impact was accomplished (Eyre 1997). Tracking atmospheric motions in the time sequences of geostationary images of cloud features was also an area where positive NWP impact was sought. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by detailing how geostationary satellites provide continuous measurements that are crucial for monitoring tropical storms and midlatitude low-pressure systems. It highlights the operational applications of satellite data in weather forecasting, emphasizing their importance in both historical and contemporary meteorological practices.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Every student benefits equally from mindfulness activities. [SEP] Text: Furthermore, the repeated administration of the interoceptive scale revealed low internal consistency for not-distracting and not-worrying dimensions (Mehling et al. , 2018). As the patrol impacted these two scales, the recent addition of three items to each of them needs to be included in further studies in order to confirm (or not) our results. Finally, the health behaviors were only self-reported during the patrol. Objective measures using monitoring for sleep, sport, or food intake would be necessary for better assessing how health behaviors change inside the submarine during the patrol. This will be helpful for evaluating the clinical relevance of the subjective changes that we have recorded during the mission. Future work could address these limitations, and this would provide a better understanding of how mindfulness can be used as a preventive measure in both isolated and confined environments, and quarantine. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses the methodology and limitations of a study regarding health behaviors and mindfulness without addressing how every student benefits from mindfulness activities. It mentions future work related to mindfulness but does not support, contrast, or evaluate the claim.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Mycorrhizal fungi improve nutrient uptake in plants. [SEP] Text: To minimize extraction bias, soil subsamples were extracted in triplicate and DNA was pooled prior to the analysis. Fungal and bacterial relative abundances in each sample were quantified using a modification of the technique described by Fierer et al. (2005). Quantitative PCR (qPCR) analysis was conducted using a CFX Connect Real-thermal cycler (Biorad, Hercules, California) with a program of 50°C for 10 min, 95°C for 15 min, 40 cycles of 95°C for 1 min, and 53°C for 30 s, followed by melting curve analysis. qPCR reactions consisted of 10 µL of a qPCR (® ), 0. 5 µL each of forward and reverse primers, 7 µL sterile water, and 15 ng DNA quantified by a Qubit 4 fluorometer using the Qubit 1x ds(). The16S rRNA gene region was used as bacterial target, whereas ITS1 region was used to estimate fungal abundance. The bacterial 16S rRNA gene was amplified using the pair of primers Eub338/Eub518 (Eub338: 5′--3′; Eub518: 5′--3′), while the fungal internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region was amplified using the pair of primers ITS1f/5. 8 s (ITS1f: 5′--3′; 5. 8 s: 5′--3′) (Fierer et al. 2005). Each 96-well plate also contained reactions with ten-fold serial dilutions of pure bacterial and fungal DNA (Bacillus subtilis and Amanita rubescens) in order to verify the linearity of the relationship between threshold cycle (Ct) and DNA concentration. Standard curves were generated using triplicate of plasmids, from 103 to 109 copies of the template. values were divided by the mean slope of the standard curves across all runs, to ensure that increases in fungal and bacterial abundance were weighted equally. Each sample was run in triplicate, and the mean Ct value was used for analysis. The gene copies were referred to g of dry soil. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim directly. It discusses methods for analyzing fungal and bacterial DNA in soil samples, but does not provide any evidence or assertions about the role of mycorrhizal fungi in improving nutrient uptake in plants.