Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Circadian rhythms are regulated by light-sensitive proteins. [SEP] Text: Pukkala, E; Aspholm, R; Auvinen, A; Eliasch, H; Gundestrup, M; Haldorsen, T; Hammar, N; Hrafnkelsson, J; Kyyrönen, P; Linnersjö, A; Rafnsson, V; Storm, H; Tveten, UCancer incidence among 10,211 airline pilots: a Nordic study 74: 699–706. [PubMed] Kubo, T; Ozasa, K; Mikami, K; Wakai, K; Fujino, Y; Watanabe, Y; Miki, T; Nakao, M; Hayashi, K; Suzuki, K; Mori, M; Washio, M; Sakauchi, F; Ito, Y; Yoshimura, T; Tamakoshi, AStudy of the Risk of among Rotating-Shift Workers: Findings from the 164: 549–555, DOI: [PubMed] Band, PR; Le, ND; Fang, R; Deschamps, M; Coldman, AJ; Gallagher, RP; Moody, JCohort study of pilots: mortality, cancer incidence, and leukemia risk Epidemiol 143: 13–43. Schernhammer, ES; Laden, F; Speizer, FE; Willett, WC; Hunter, DJ; Kawachi, I; Fuchs, CS; Colditz, GANight-and Risk of in the Nurses' 95: 825–828. [PubMed] Mormont, MC; Waterhouse, J; Bleuzen, P; Giacchetti, S; Jami, A; Bogdan, A; Lellouch, J; Misset, JL; Touitou, Y; Levi, Marked 24-h rest/activity rhythms are associated with better quality of life, better response, and longer survival in patients with metastatic colorectal cancer and good performance status Res 6: 3038–3045. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text provided lists various studies and authors without mentioning circadian rhythms or their regulation by light-sensitive proteins. Therefore, it is irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Social support is crucial for mental health and resilience. [SEP] Text: Facebook is a free-to-use platform that has similar features to both synchronous and asynchronous platforms, with users able to post content and engage in discussions with others, and the messenger tool allows personal communication with others when group users may not want to share personal stories or information on the main feed. Therefore, Facebook is being increasingly used to host peer-to-peer support groups. These can be private or public, with anyone able to read and post content on public groups, but only those granted access by an individual with administration rights can see content in private groups. Moderators also on occasion set up live chat rooms where users can meet and speak live, on or off camera, with others in the group. Facebook peer support groups for mental health are typically self-organized in an informal way, rather than being organized, run, or moderated by medical professionals. Currently, there is little research into the use of Facebook groups for mental health peer support. In a content and thematic analysis of public Facebook groups for mental health peer-to-peer support, Prescott and colleagues [46] found that groups are used to share personal experiences, to request advice, to find informational support such as signposting to services, and to seek emotional support. However, this was a passive analysis and did not involve gaining any personal insights, personal information, or confirmation of diagnoses from participants. In a qualitative evaluation of a private Facebook group, Watkins and colleagues [47] found the group to be well-liked by participants, who found it educational and thought-provoking and found that it enabled them to build relationships with others and have conversations they may not have felt comfortable having face-to-face. Site–Based InterventionsAs social media has developed as a platform for delivering peer support, some researchers have taken this further to develop a novel form of digital intervention called social network site (SNS)-based interventions. These interventions have an SNS format, combining individually tailored therapy with clinical and peer moderation within a peer-to-peer social support network [48,49]. While initial pilot and small-scale studies have demonstrated positive outcomes following the use of these interventions, further research is required to support their efficacy and to understand how the peer support element can best be utilized to support users. ModerationMany online peer support groups and SNS-based interventions involve moderation, which is important for building a safe and positive community [50]. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the use of social media, particularly Facebook, as a platform for peer-to-peer support groups. It highlights how these groups enable sharing personal experiences, seeking advice, and providing emotional support, which aligns with the assertion that social support is vital for mental health. Additionally, it mentions that participants in a private Facebook group found it to be educational and supportive, further emphasizing the importance of social connections for mental health and resilience.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: All space missions are environmentally sustainable with no pollution. [SEP] Text: Besides, the enabling, integrative, and ubiquity nature of the IoT and big data technologies supports and justifies their applicability to the different paradigms of urbanism within different contexts, irrespective of the complexity of the environmental, economic, and socio-political systems of the city. In recent years, the IoT and big data technologies have become a central issue in the domain of smart sustainable urbanism. The generation of colossal amounts of data and the development of sophisticated data analytics techniques for monitoring, understanding, and analyzing urban systems are the most significant aspects of smart cities that are being embraced and leveraged by sustainable cities in the endeavor to enhance their contribution to sustainability (Bibri and Krogstie 2019a, b). While smart eco-cities generally deal with the challenges of environmental, economic, and social sustainability and prioritize strategies and solutions accordingly (see Bibri and Krogstie 2020a for a comprehensive case study), the environmental dimension of sustainability remains at the core of the eco-city(e. g. , Bibri 2020b; Holmstedt et al. 2017; Mostafavi and Doherty 2010; Rapoport and Vernay 2011). As such, they involve the combination of ecological and compact strategies as well as smart solutions (e. g. , Bibri and Krogstie 2020a, c; Höjer and Wangel 2015; Pandis and Brandt 2011; Späth 2017). Regarding the latter, the use of the IoT and big data analytics in ecological urbanism has just recently gained interest in research (e. g. , Bibri 2018a, 2019a, 2020b; Bibri and Krogstie 2017b; Shahrokni et al. 2014a, b; Shahrokni et al. 2015a, b). As regards smart cities, while all of them face the same challenges of sustainability in the light of the escalating urbanization trend, they differ in the policies and strategies they adopt to deal with and overcome such challenges. Moreover, smart cities vary in the kind of challenges they face and the solutions they prioritize. Evertzen et al. (2018) provide some comparative insights into the key differences between several cities. Regardless, the challenges for achieving the goals they pursue have been brought to the forefront by the combination of the IoT and big data analytics in recent years. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the challenges of sustainability faced by smart cities, which indicates that not all urban initiatives, including those related to technology such as IoT and big data, achieve full environmental sustainability. It highlights that smart cities deal with environmental sustainability issues and the challenges of urbanization, which suggests that pollution and environmental impacts are concerns that need to be addressed, thereby contradicting the claim that all space missions (or similar initiatives) are environmentally sustainable with no pollution.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Circadian rhythms are regulated by light-sensitive proteins. [SEP] Text: [PubMed] Chen, ST; Choo, KB; Hou, MF; Yeh, KT; Kuo, SJ; Chang, JGDeregulated expression of the PER1, PER2 and PER3 genes in breast cancers Carcinogenesis 26: 1241–1246, DOI: [PubMed] Zhu, Y; Brown, HN; Zhang, Y; Stevens, RG; Zheng, TPeriod3 structural variation: a circadian biomarker associated with breast cancer in young women 14: 268–270. [PubMed] Winter, SL; Bosnoyan-Collins, L; Pinnaduwage, D; Andrulis, ILExpression of the Genes Per1 and Per2 in Sporadic and 9: 797–800, DOI: [PubMed] Xiang, S; Coffelt, SB; Mao, L; Yuan, L; Cheng, Q; Hill, SMPeriod-2: a tumor suppressor gene in breast cancer Journal of 6: 4. DOI: [PubMed] Klevecz, RR; Shymko, RM; Blumenfeld, D; Braly, PSCircadian gating of S phase in human ovarian cancer 47: 6267–6271. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim regarding the regulation of circadian rhythms by light-sensitive proteins. Instead, it focuses on the expression of certain genes (PER1, PER2, PER3) in relation to breast cancer and the role of circadian biomarkers. Hence, it is irrelevant to the claim about the physiological role of light-sensitive proteins in circadian rhythm regulation.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Social support is crucial for mental health and resilience. [SEP] Text: Moderation within online communities can improve intention to participate [51] and the quality of users’ contributions [52]. Furthermore, moderation has been identified as a key component for the success of online peer-to-peer interventions [53], with the most favorable being those guided by moderators, who are perceived as caring, supportive, and friendly by users. Previous studies of moderators of various health-related online support groups for both mental and physical health conditions have found that most moderators are individuals living with the condition themselves. Some moderators described how moderating online communities fulfilled their own support needs and reported that it was empowering to be able to help others. Other motivations for setting up groups included addressing a lack of good existing support groups, reducing isolation, and having a place to exchange support and information. Moderators described various roles they took within these groups, such as circulating health information; moderating messages; providing support, encouragement, and advice; making announcements; and performing administrative tasks, such as responding to requests, banning harmful users, and organizing discussion threads [54-56]. In a study specifically examining moderation within mental health communities on Reddit [57], moderators’ motivations for starting Reddit threads included feeling good for helping others, taking the opportunity for leadership, improving the community, and spreading awareness about treatment. Their roles and responsibilities included clearing up spam and troll posts, handling posts on suicide or self-harm, and providing social support. In the same study, Saha and colleagues [57] found that the involvement of medical professionals as moderators or group members could be helpful to answer questions that other group members may have, but it was considered inappropriate to have medical professionals diagnose others via the group. While moderators have many critical roles within these groups, there may be some inherent risks given they are often vulnerable individuals themselves. Moderation may become overwhelming, taking up much time and energy, and moderators must set boundaries to focus on their own health. Moderators are required to make decisions on censoring potentially harmful content, to which posters may react angrily [36,37]. It is possible that moderators may become stressed with the responsibility of looking after members. Despite these initial studies investigating moderation within online health communities, research has not yet considered the roles and experiences of group moderators within peer-to-peer support groups specifically mediated via Facebook. Models and TheoriesSeveral models and theories have been proposed for the mechanisms underlying offline peer support. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by emphasizing the importance of moderation in online support communities where moderators, often individuals with health conditions, provide various roles that contribute to social support. It highlights that moderators fulfill their own support needs by helping others, which aligns with the assertion that social support is crucial for mental health. The mention of moderators providing encouragement, advice, and support suggests that such interactions in online communities contribute positively to mental health and resilience.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: All space missions are environmentally sustainable with no pollution. [SEP] Text: The emerging data–driven smart solutions have become of paramount importance to smart sustainable urbanism in regard to city development planning and city operational management. A key aspect of this is the use of urban big data as the evidence base for formulating urban policies, plans, strategies, and programs themselves, as well as for tracking their effectiveness and modelling and simulating future urban development projects. The operation and organization of urban systems and the coordination of urban domains require not only the use of complex interdisciplinary knowledge, but also the application of sophisticated approaches and the use of powerful engineering solutions underpinned by advanced computational analytics (e. g. , Batty 2013, Batty et al. 2012; Bibri 2019a, d, e, 2020a, b; Bibri and Krogstie 2017c, 2018; Bibri et al. 2020; Bettencourt 2014; Kitchin 2014). Modern cities employ the latest technologies in city development planning and city operational management to support sustainable development given rapid urban growth, increasing urban domains, and more complex infrastructures. The use of big data provides the basis for cities to be more sustainable, efficient, resilient, equitable, and livable. ConclusionData-driven technologies have become essential to the functioning of smart sustainable cities, particularly in relation to their contribution to environmental sustainability. This paper investigated the potential and role of data-driven smart solutions in improving and advancing environmental sustainability in the context of smart cities as well as sustainable cities under what can be labeled “environmentally data-driven smart sustainable cities. ” This study has shown that smart grids, smart meters, smart buildings, smart environmental monitoring, and smart urban metabolism are the main data-driven smart solutions applied for improving and advancing environmental sustainability in both eco-cities and smart cities. There is a clear synergy between such solutions in terms of their interaction or cooperation to produce combined effects greater than the sum of their separate effects—with respect to the environment. This involves energy efficiency improvement, environmental pollution reduction, renewable energy adoption, and real-time feedback on energy flows, with high temporal and spatial resolutions. Every city has its specific opportunities, capabilities, and constraints, not least in relation to the application of advanced technologies for environmental sustainability. Hence, there are many things for cities to learn from each other concerning the knowledge and expertise they can demonstrate in this regard. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the role of data-driven smart solutions in advancing environmental sustainability in urban environments. It highlights the importance of energy efficiency improvement, environmental pollution reduction, and the need for smart urban metabolism. This suggests that not all urban solutions, and by extension possibly space missions, may be entirely pollution-free or sustainable, indicating that there are significant environmental considerations involved.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Circadian rhythms are regulated by light-sensitive proteins. [SEP] Text: [PubMed] Klevecz, RR; Braly, PSCircadian and ultradian rhythms of proliferation in human ovarian cancer 4: 513–523, DOI: [PubMed] Tokunaga, H; Takebayashi, Y; Utsunomiya, H; Akahira, J; Higashimoto, M; Mashiko, M; Ito, K; Niikura, H; Takenoshita, S; Yaegashi, NClinicopathological significance of circadian rhythm-related gene expression levels in patients with epithelial ovarian cancer et Gynecologica 87: 1060–1070, DOI: Yeh, KT; Yang, MY; Liu, TC; Chen, JC; Chan, WL; Lin, SF; Chang, JGAbnormal expression of period I (PERI) in endometrial carcinoma J Pathol 206: 111–120, DOI: [PubMed] Shih, MC; Yeh, KT; Tang, KP; Chen, JC; Chang, JGPromoter methylation in circadian genes of endometrial cancers 45: 732–740, DOI: [PubMed] Cao, Q; Gery, S; Dashti, A; Yin, D; Zhou, Y; Gu, J; Koeffler, HPA Role for the Per1 in 69: 7619–7625, DOI: Gery, S; Gombart, AF; Yi, WS; Koeffler, C; Hofmann, WK; Koeffler, HPTranscription profiling of C/EBP targets identifies Per2 as a gene implicated in myeloid leukemia Blood 106: 2827–2836, DOI: [PubMed] Yang, MY; Chang, JG; Lin, PM; Tang, KP; Chen, YH; Lin, HY; Liu, TC; Hsiao, HH; Liu, YC; Lin, SFDownregulation of circadian clock genes in chronic myeloid leukemia: Alternative methylation pattern of hPER3 97: 1298–1307, DOI: [PubMed] Lewintre, EJ; Martín, CR; Ballesteros, CG; Montaner, D; Rivera, Rf; Mayans, JR; García-Conde, JCryptochrome-1 expression: a new prognostic [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not directly address the claim regarding circadian rhythms being regulated by light-sensitive proteins. Instead, it lists scientific studies and their findings related to circadian rhythms and cancer, which do not specifically confirm or deny the role of light-sensitive proteins in regulating circadian rhythms.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Social support is crucial for mental health and resilience. [SEP] Text: Gillard and colleagues [58] proposed a change model for peer support worker interventions. Change models provide an understanding of how processes within an intervention are associated with outcomes. The model suggests the primary mechanism is building trusting relationships based on peer workers sharing lived experiences and understanding service users’ experiences. Two parallel mechanisms flow from this: (1) peer workers role-modeling recovery and social functioning and (2) bridging the gap to professional services and the community. The model suggests these mechanisms lead to changes in outcomes such as hope, empowerment, social functioning, self-care, engagement with services, and strength of social networks. Chinman and colleagues [59] suggested these mechanisms show face validity, but no studies have explored their explanatory power. Moreover, no research has investigated whether these mechanisms can be applied to online peer support environments. It is as yet unclear whether models like these transfer to online peer support, and there is a gap in research in this area [14,59,60]. However, some researchers have set out new models describing what benefits people seek from online networks in particular, and how these benefits may be achieved. Naslund and colleagues [61] proposed a theoretical model for online peer support, incorporating 3 main opportunities provided by such networks. The first, challenging stigma, relates to individuals connecting with similar others and feeling more comfortable expressing themselves due to the anonymity afforded by online peer support networks. The second, increasing consumer activation, suggests online settings enable individuals to learn what to expect from a condition, how to cope with it, and how to approach important health care decisions. The final opportunity suggests that online networks facilitate access to other (online and offline) interventions. No studies have so far empirically tested whether this model is supported by users of Facebook groups for peer-to-peer support. Aside from these models, various theories from across the discipline of psychology have been suggested to underlie peer support, including social learning theory, social comparison theory, and helper therapy [62]. Social learning theory, in the context of peer support, suggests that peers with a history of or current mental illness act as role models for peers with similar mental illness [63]. Interacting with a peer perceived to be successfully coping with their illness is suggested to be more likely to result in positive behavior change. Barton and Henderson [64] suggested observing another peer demonstrating desired behaviors with visible consequences motivates others to replicate this behavior. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing how peer support interventions can enhance mental health outcomes through the creation of trusting relationships and social networks. It highlights that peer workers can role-model recovery and social functioning, leading to increased hope and empowerment. The proposed models also emphasize the benefits of social connections, particularly through online networks, in coping with mental health conditions. This supports the idea that social support is crucial for mental health and resilience.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: All space missions are environmentally sustainable with no pollution. [SEP] Text: It is therefore crucial to investigate the innovative solutions and sustainable strategies of different cities based on the ongoing and future projects and initiatives in their local context for learning purposes. Especially, it is well understood that there cannot be a set of rigid strategic guidelines that should be strictly followed and implemented anywhere around the world to achieve environmental sustainability. Sustainability generally depends on several intertwined factors that should fit the local context. In view of that, each city should tap into its local opportunities and capabilities as well as assesses its constraints and potentials from a more integrated perspective given the complexity surrounding the socio-political systems of the city. Overall, smart sustainable urbanism is shaped by socio–cultural and politico–institutional structures. There is much enthusiasm currently about the opportunities created by the big data deluge and its new and more extensive sources in the domain of smart sustainable urbanism. This involves, in the context of SUM, the collection, processing, and analysis of energy flows to provide data on, among others, energy consumption and GHG emissions based on high temporal and spatial resolutions. The analytical outcome can be used in planning to follow up on the environmental goals of sustainability by optimizing energy efficiency with respect to utilities and building owners, as well as by mitigating the environmental impacts of energy consumption in regard to households thanks to the user-generated automated data collection, real-time analytics, and tailored feedback to various stakeholders needs. The prospect of real–time data collection and analysis at any instant will provide the opportunity for aggregating and harnessing urban data to deal with urban changes at any scale and over any time period. Currently, datasets are able to show the real-time functioning of energy systems and provide deep insights into how long term environmental changes can be detected. Short–termism in energy planning is about measuring, evaluating, modelling, and simulating what takes place over hours, days, or weeks instead of months, years, or decades. In this respect, big data analytics can be used to derive new theories of how urban systems function, energy consumption increases, and GHG emissions rise in ways that focus on much shorter term issues than hitherto to contain the negative impacts of energy use on the environment. In addition, continuous energy planning as data constantly flood from urban systems in operation and are updated in real time allows for a dynamic conception of planning in response to the processual outcomes of urbanization as regards living and consuming processes. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the complexities of environmental sustainability and highlighting the negative impacts of energy use, such as energy consumption increases and GHG emissions. It suggests that energy planning often does not account for long-term environmental changes and acknowledges that real-time data collection shows the negative impacts of energy use on the environment, thereby implying that space missions may not be free of pollution.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Circadian rhythms are regulated by light-sensitive proteins. [SEP] Text:  marker in B-cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia Haematologica| 94: 280–284. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it appears to mention a marker in B-cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia without any reference to circadian rhythms or light-sensitive proteins.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Social support is crucial for mental health and resilience. [SEP] Text: Social comparison theory suggests that people seek out others they perceive as having things in common with, such as a similar mental illness, to establish a sense of normalcy and identity [65]. Interacting with peers who have successfully managed their illness may lead to aspirations of positive behavior change [66]. Upward comparisons, to those perceived to be successfully managing their illness, can provide hope and promote self-improvement. Downward comparisons, to those believed to be worse off, put into perspective how bad things could be and are proposed to be self-enhancing. Helper therapy proposes that individuals can benefit themselves through helping others [67]. Suggested benefits to the helper include enhanced self-image, development of their abilities, and the status of the helper role influencing the way they are treated [67,68]. Research has highlighted other benefits, including feeling useful to others, reducing internal stigma, feeling looked up to, and having a sense of achievement and competence [69-72]. Helper therapy has been identified as one of the mechanisms underpinning positive behavior changes with peer support-worker interventions [73]. In a study examining the mechanisms of peer support alongside a web-based psychoeducational program, Proudfoot and colleagues [74] found evidence for social comparison theory, which promotes hope, motivation, and faith in treatments, and helper therapy, which helps provide others awareness of how to manage their illness and promotes feelings of competence and a sense of connectedness to the mental health system. However, this study investigated peer support alongside another intervention, and research has yet to explore the mechanisms underpinning behavior and attitude changes in peer support when it is delivered alone in online peer support settings. When considering how these models and theories may be applied to online peer support, it will also be important to consider the extent to which users engage with and contribute to online groups. A common measure is frequency of posts, which has been suggested to broadly fit the 90-9-1 principle, stating that a majority of content will be posted by a small proportion of users (1%), while the vast majority of users (90%) choose to observe rather than participate actively [75]. However, this is a restricted, unidimensional measure, and reviews of multidisciplinary participatory styles have suggested there are up to 41 different styles of engagement found across various online health communities [76]. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing various theories and mechanisms that highlight the importance of social support in mental health. Specifically, it refers to 'helper therapy', which suggests that helping others enhances one's self-image and competence, and promotes feelings of connectedness, thereby reinforcing the notion that social support contributes positively to mental health and resilience. Additionally, the discussion on social comparison theory indicates that interactions with peers can provide hope and motivation, which are important for managing mental health, further supporting the claim.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: All space missions are environmentally sustainable with no pollution. [SEP] Text: Especially, the data-driven smart solutions pertaining to urban metabolism, which include smart grids as part of energy production flows, derive a real-time dynamic understanding of energy flows, which can provide planners a good basis for decision-making as to the system consequences of their decisions and actions on the environment. They moreover enable the further optimization of energy efficiency through automated decisions. In a nutshell, as concluded by Bibri (2019f), smart sustainable urbanism will prevail for many years yet to come given the underlying transformational power of big data science and analytics, coupled with its legitimation capacity associated with the scientific discourse as the ultimate form of rational thought and the basis for legitimacy in knowledge production. The present study offers insights that can inform future research agendas on smart sustainable urbanism from a technological and environmental perspective. More specifically, it provides the grounding for further in–depth research on the untapped potential of the IoT and big data technologies and their novel applications in advancing and improving environmental sustainability in the context of smart sustainable cities of the future. We would particularly like to encourage research on the development of a holistic approach to environmental sustainability underpinned by a strong synergy and dynamic interplay between techno-scientific and socio-political dimensions for the primary purpose of devising more effective solutions and more concrete guidelines and clear pathways for a wider implementation. This is predicated on the assumption that the data-driven smart solutions applied do not exist independently of the instruments, systems, practices, and knowledge employed and embedded within the multidimensional context (e. g. , local, national, social, political, cultural, institutional, organizational, regulatory, etc. )—where they are created and disseminated. Also, we would like to draw the attention of future researchers to the importance of developing a deeper understanding of the multi–faceted processes of change to achieve environment sustainability in the era of big data revolution through focused discursive investigations on, and practical implementations of, data-driven smart solutions in different contexts. Moreover, qualitative analyses of the kind that we have attempted, which try to illuminate how the data-driven smart solutions contribute to SDG 7 is of high importance and value. One key reason for this is that as the demand for practical ideas from both the technologically and ecologically advanced nations about how to achieve the environmental objectives of sustainable development through emerging technologies, such solutions are likely to get increasing attention from the policy makers and practitioners from other major cities around the world. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing how urban metabolism and smart solutions provide insights for optimizing energy efficiency and understanding environmental impacts, indicating that concerns about ecological sustainability are relevant to urban and technological practices. It implies that not all practices, including space missions, can be considered environmentally sustainable without addressing the environmental consequences of technology and systems.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Circadian rhythms are regulated by light-sensitive proteins. [SEP] Text: Eisele, L; Prinz, R; Klein-Hitpass, L; Nückel, H; Lowinski, K; Thomale, J; Moeller, LC; Dührsen, U; Dürig, JCombined PER2 and CRY1 expression predicts outcome in chronic lymphocytic leukemia Haematol 83: 320–327, DOI: [PubMed] Spathis, A; Morrish, E; Booth, S; Smith, IE; Shneerson, JMSelective circadian rhythm disturbance in cerebral lymphoma 4: 583–586, DOI: [PubMed] Hoffman, AE; Zheng, T; Stevens, RG; Ba, Y; Zhang, Y; Leaderer, D; Yi, C; Holford, TR; Zhu, YClock-in Non-Hodgkin's Lymphoma: A Study and of the Cryptochrome 2 69: 3605–3613, DOI: [PubMed] Pogue-Geile, KL; Lyons-Weiler, J; Whitcomb, DCMolecular overlap of fly circadian rhythms and human pancreatic cancer 243: 55–57, DOI: [PubMed] Gery, S; Komatsu, N; Kawamata, N; Miller, CW; Desmond, J; Virk, RK; Marchevsky, A; McKenna, R; Taguchi, H; Koeffler, HPEpigenetic silencing of the candidate tumor suppressor gene Per1 in non-small cell lung cancer Res 13: 1399–1404, DOI: [PubMed] Taniguchi, H; Fernández, AF; Setién, F; Ropero, S; Ballestar, E; Villanueva, A; Yamamoto, H; Imai, K; Shinomura, Y; Esteller, MEpigenetic inactivation of the circadian clock gene BMAL1 in hematologic malignancies 69: 8447–8454, DOI: [PubMed] Mulero-Navarro, S; Esteller, MEpigenetic biomarkers for human cancer: the time is now 68: 1–11, DOI: [PubMed] Kaminskas, E; Farrell, A; Abraham, S; Baird, A; Hsieh, LS; Lee, [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim directly nor provide relevant information regarding the regulation of circadian rhythms by light-sensitive proteins. Instead, it lists various research articles related to circadian rhythms and cancer, but fails to clarify any relationship to light-sensitive proteins, rendering it irrelevant.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Social support is crucial for mental health and resilience. [SEP] Text: Further research is required to understand engagement categories specifically within mental health support groups on Facebook and how this engagement ties into the potential mechanisms of online peer support that have been proposed. Research PerspectivesAs we emerge into the aftermath of the coronavirus pandemic, it is important now to understand and act on the toll that the pandemic has taken on mental health. There are indications that COVID-19 can have a direct impact on mental well-being through mental and neurological manifestations, with many of those hospitalized with COVID-19 experiencing anxiety or depression [77]. The pandemic also impacted on mental well-being indirectly through grief for those dying as a result of contracting the virus, heightened loneliness, and isolation from social distancing and lockdown measures, as well as anxiety and uncertainty about the future [78]. Financial insecurity will have contributed to poorer well-being for many, with the number of those claiming benefits due to unemployment rising [79], food insecurity quadrupling, and an estimated 1. 1 million people at the end of 2020 facing poverty [78]. Young people in particular have seen their mental health significantly worsen over the course of the pandemic [80]. Research shows promise for the use of online SNSs, including Facebook, to provide forums where mental health peer support can take place, with a variety of theories that could plausibly underpin their use. Novel online peer support platforms making use of social network functions may therefore offer a useful way to support people with mental health difficulties. However, it is currently difficult to use or promote online peer-to-peer support as an intervention when we do not have a quantification of the effectiveness of peer support provided in this way or a clear understanding of the benefits its users experience. We argue that in order for existing social network platforms like Facebook to be recommended as peer-to-peer support interventions and for separate peer support interventions to be developed based on SNSs, more research is needed to understand their effectiveness, making use of both quantitative and qualitative methods. We suggest that the effectiveness of novel social network–based peer support interventions should be evaluated using similar experimental designs as applied in prior research into offline peer support [16,32-34] with a primary focus on symptomology (using both clinical and self-reported outcomes) and psychosocial outcomes, such as self-efficacy in managing disorders, quality of life, hope, knowledge, empowerment, and social isolation. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the role of online peer support and social networks, such as Facebook, as essential tools in supporting those with mental health difficulties. It emphasizes the need for further research to understand the effectiveness of peer support interventions and indicates that social network functions may provide a valuable means of facilitating mental health support, thereby highlighting the importance of social support in mental health and resilience.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: All space missions are environmentally sustainable with no pollution. [SEP] Text: Further research should focus on providing the knowledge that these actors will need to make informed decisions about how to achieve those objectives through the development and implementation of the solutions in question in their own context. In addition, as this study has demonstrated that solutions for improving and advancing environmental sustainability already exist and are rapidly evolving across the selected cities, it would be useful and worthy to pursue a wider and more varied comparison (involving cities from other European and Scandinavian countries or from other parts of the world) with a view to revealing more global trends in smart sustainable urbanism. Taking up this in future research is indeed justified by the limitations to the present study, which pertain to the case selection that included only European countries. Due to this bias in the case selection, it is moreover conceivable that potentially more data-driven smart solutions for environmental sustainability exist in other cities in Europe and around the world. Finally, the concepts, ideas, and findings presented in this study for policy makers provide practical clues as well as lessons on the expected benefits of developing and implementing data-driven smart solutions to accelerate the movement towards environmental sustainability in the light of the emerging paradigm of the IoT and big data computing. Most of the time, when it comes to data-driven smart sustainable urbanism, contradictions, uncertainties, and even contentions and conflicts emerge during the cooperation and interaction between policymakers, planners, government officials, sustainability strategists, urban scientists, ICT experts, environmental engineers, technologists, industry experts, thought leaders, and citizens, irrespective of whether the city is already badging or just regenerating itself as data-driven smart sustainable. This phenomenon is nevertheless common in all urban development projects and initiatives due to the difficulty of aligning and accommodating the various interests and expectations of the involved city stakeholders. Regardless, learning from the experience and knowledge of the leading cities in their areas of expertise is a common way to formulate and implement urban visions, policies, and strategies through drawing positive and negative lessons and acting about the outcome We hope to have contributed our share to improving that practice. Availability of data and materials Not applicable. AbbreviationsAMI: : : Real-time : : : : : : : : Management EVs: GHG: : Heating, Ventilation, and ICT: Information and IoT: Internet of Things KPIs: : Near-field Communication OMI: : : : : : : Metabolism UM: 110. bcn. cat 110. bcn. cat 110. bcn. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the complexities and challenges of achieving environmental sustainability. While it mentions advancements in smart sustainable urbanism, it highlights that contradictions, uncertainties, and conflicts often arise among stakeholders in urban development, suggesting that similar issues could imply that space missions are not inherently environmentally sustainable and may still contribute to pollution.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Circadian rhythms are regulated by light-sensitive proteins. [SEP] Text:  SL; Leighton, JK; Patel, H; Rahman, A; Sridhara, R; Wang, YC; Pazdur, RFDA. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it consists of an author list and contains no information regarding circadian rhythms or light-sensitive proteins.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Social support is crucial for mental health and resilience. [SEP] Text: Qualitative evidence could usefully be gathered on existing peer support groups on Facebook to describe processes involved in online peer support, such as how groups are created, how they function, and how groups differ in terms of purpose and target audience. It is important also to be mindful of the limitations and potential harms of online peer support. The use of peer support may result in adverse events, such as behavioral contagion, corumination, or unpleasant or negative interactions with other users [36,37,81-83]. There is a need to apply principles of responsible research and innovation to future initiatives to develop online peer support, to anticipate potential harms and consequences of these approaches, and to engage with users to surmount these issues wherever possible [84]. Finally, exploring the mechanisms that underlie effective online peer support is crucial to understanding why it is helpful, and how its utility can be maximized. Particularly, in order to develop new interventions that are based on sites like Facebook, that is, SNS-based interventions, it will be important to understand whether theories underpinning offline peer support also apply to online peer-to-peer support in this context. It is also crucial to understand the role of moderation within these communities, and the benefits that moderators have for the workings of online peer support, including safeguarding, to clearly demonstrate their role in future social network–based peer support interventions. Deriving knowledge from existing online peer support groups (ie, those on Facebook) will be beneficial for the design of new online peer support interventions. Research in this area has the potential to provide a better understanding of why and how these networks help, and how they can best be organized and managed for maximum effect while reducing risk of harms. 2013. . Morbidity Survey: Survey of and Wellbeing, England, 2014. Service (NHS Digital). 2014. URL: [accessed 2023-02-16] Coronavirus and depression in adults, Great Britain: July to August 2021. Office for National Statistics. URL: https://www. ons. gov. uk/peoplepopulationandcommunity/wellbeing/1032. [CrossRef] [Medline] The economic case for investing in the prevention of mental health conditions in the UK. Foundation. 2022 Feb. URL: https://www. mentalhealth. org. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the importance of online peer support groups in fostering mental health. It emphasizes the need to explore the mechanisms that make online peer support effective, which aligns with the idea that social support is essential for mental health and resilience. Furthermore, it points out the necessity of understanding how such groups operate and their potential benefits, thereby reinforcing the claim that social support plays a crucial role in mental well-being.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: The Moon has an atmosphere similar to Earth, allowing for potential habitation without domes. [SEP] Text: Thus, as for div, morphogenesis of wild type depends on all three types of conflict, with directional conflict playing an essential role. Video 21 Download asset This video cannot be played in place because your browser does support HTML5 video. You may still download the video for offline viewing. Download as MPEG-4 Download as WebM Download as Ogg Wild-type wedge model without surface conflict as in Figure 10G. Size of canvas is rescaled to better visualise the deformation of the canvas. Video 22 Download asset This video cannot be played in place because your browser does support HTML5 video. You may still download the video for offline viewing. Download as MPEG-4 Download as WebM Download as Ogg Wild-type wedge model without areal conflict as in Figure 10H. Size of canvas is rescaled to better visualise the deformation of the canvas. Video 23 Download asset This video cannot be played in place because your browser does support HTML5 video. You may still download the video for offline viewing. Download as MPEG-4 Download as WebM Download as Ogg Wild-type wedge model without directional conflict as in Figure 10I. Size of canvas is rescaled to better visualise the deformation of the canvas. Video 24 Download asset This video cannot be played in place because your browser does support HTML5 video. You may still download the video for offline viewing. Download as MPEG-4 Download as WebM Download as Ogg Wild-type wedge model without orthogonal directional conflict as in Figure 10J. Size of canvas is rescaled to better visualise the deformation of the canvas. Integrating the activity of DIV into the full corolla model of div described above generated a corolla with a typical Snapdragon shape (Figures 10K and 2A, Video 25). Removing dorsoventral gene activities (i. e. ) from the model generated phenotypes resembling those of the respective mutants (Figure 11A–D, Videos 26 and 27). These phenotypes were distinct from virtual mutants obtained by removing each tissue conflict from the wild-type model (Figure 9—figure supplement 1C and E–F). Removing the deflection of polarity at the sinus resulted in an overarching lower corolla (Figure 9—figure supplement 1D), suggesting that the deflection of polarity could play a role in refining corolla shape. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses topics related to morphogenesis and genetic modeling, with no mention or connection to the Moon's atmosphere or habitation potential. It primarily focuses on scientific models and conflicts in developmental biology, which does not support, contrast, or relate to the given claim about the Moon.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Circadian rhythms are regulated by light-sensitive proteins. [SEP] Text: Approval summary: azacitidine for treatment of myelodysplastic syndrome subtypes Res 11: 3604–3608, DOI: [PubMed] Issa, JP; Gharibyan, V; Cortes, J; Jelinek, J; Morris, G; Verstovsek, S; Talpaz, M; Garcia-Manero, G; study of low-dose decitabine in patients with chronic myelogenous leukemia resistant to imatinib mesylate J 23: 3948–3956, DOI: [PubMed] Fu, L; Lee, CCThe circadian clock: pacemaker and tumour suppressor Cancer 3: 350–361, DOI: [PubMed] Sahar, S; Sassone-Corsi, PMetabolism and cancer: the circadian clock connection Cancer 9: 886–896, DOI: [PubMed] Filipski, E; Lévi, FCircadian disruption in experimental cancer processes Ther 8(4): 298–302, DOI: [PubMed] Lee, CCTumor suppression by the mammalian Period genes Control 17: 525–530, DOI: [PubMed] Hanahan, D; Weinberg, RAThe hallmarks of cancer: A review Cell 100: 57–70, DOI: [PubMed] Kondratov, RV; Kondratova, AA; Gorbacheva, VY; Vykhovanets, OV; Antoch, MPEarly aging and age-related pathologies in mice deficient in BMAL1, the core component of the circadian clock 20: 1868–1873, DOI: [PubMed] Gauger, MA; and Res 65: 6828–6834, DOI: [PubMed] Wang, CY; Wen, MS; Wang, HW; Hsieh, IC; Li, Y; Liu, PY; Lin, FC; Liao, JKIncreased vascular senescence and impaired endothelial progenitor cell function mediated by mutation of circadian gene Per2 Circulation 118: 2166–2173, DOI: [PubMed] Campisi, JSenescent cells, tumor suppression, and organismal aging: good citizens, bad neighbors Cell 120: 513–522, DOI: [PubMed] Lévi, F; Okyar [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text discusses various studies and research associated with cancer and circadian rhythms, but it does not directly address the claim about circadian rhythms being regulated by light-sensitive proteins. Therefore, it is irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Social support is crucial for mental health and resilience. [SEP] Text: uk/sites/default/files/2022-06/MHF-Investing-in-Prevention-Full-Report. pdf [accessed 2023-02-16] Poushter J, Stewart R. to Rise in but Developed Ones. Center. 2018. URL: https://www. pewresearch. org/global/2018/06/19/social-media-use-continues-to-rise-in-developing-countries-but-plateaus-across-developed-ones/ [accessed 2023-02-16] Tankovska H. Social media usage in the (UK) - Statistics and facts. Statista. URL: [accessed 2021-06-22]. Peer support among adults with serious mental illness: a report from the field. 2006 Jul;32(3):443-450 [FREE Full text] [CrossRef] [Medline]Penney D. Defining "peer support": Implications for policy, practice and research. Advocates for Human Potential. 2018. URL: https://www. ahpnet. com/AHPNet/media//White%20Papers/DPenney_Defining_peer_support_2018_Final. pdf [accessed 2023-02-16] Peer support services for individuals with serious mental illnesses: assessing the evidence. 2014 Apr 01;65(4):429-441. [CrossRef] [Medline]Watson E. 31. Lloyd-Evans B, Mayo- A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials of peer support for people with severe mental illness. BMC Psychiatry 2014 Feb 14;14:39 [FREE Full text] [CrossRef] [Medline] The effectiveness of one-to-one peer support in mental health services: a systematic review and meta-analysis. BMC Psychiatry 2020 Nov 11;20:534 [FREE Full text] [CrossRef] [Medline]. The effectiveness of peer support for individuals with mental illness: systematic review and meta-analysis. 2022 Sep 06:1-10 [FREE Full text] [CrossRef] [Medline]Corrigan PW. Impact of consumer-operated services on empowerment and recovery of people with psychiatric disabilities. 2006 Oct;57(10):1493-1496. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text provides multiple references to peer support services and their positive impacts on individuals with serious mental illnesses. For instance, it mentions a systematic review and meta-analysis that assesses the effectiveness of peer support in mental health services. This aligns well with the claim that social support is crucial for mental health and resilience as it highlights the role of peer support in empowering and aiding recovery for those with psychiatric disabilities.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: The Moon has an atmosphere similar to Earth, allowing for potential habitation without domes. [SEP] Text: To distinguish between the age of cells walls formed at each stage, we specify that walls at an initial time point (T0) are marked with thick blue lines, cell walls that arise during T1 are shown with thinner green lines and cell walls that arise during T2 are marked with very thinner white lines. A proximodistal polarity field is established at T0 using the GUI. We explore three growth patterns: 1. Uniform isotropic growth, Kpar=0. 05Kper=0. 05 2. High Kpar, Kpar=0. 08Kper=0 3. during T1 switching to high Kper at start of T2 During T1Kpar=0. 1Kper=0During T2Kpar=0Kper=0. 1 Generation of domes through tissue conflicts To illustrate how various types of tissue conflict resolution lead to curvature, we use an initial square with very slight curvature and marked with circular clones. Figure 1A, B. Uniform isotropic growth Request a detailed protocol To model uniform specified isotropic growth the KRN equations are: Kpar=0. 03Kper=0. 03Knor=0. 044 where Knor is specified growth rate in canvas thickness. Figure 1C, D. Uniform anisotropic growth Request a detailed protocol To model uniform specified anisotropic growth, a polarity field is established by producing POL at the bottom of the canvas (through factor ) and fixing it to a low concentration at the top (through factor SINK). The gradient of POL defines the local polarity. For uniform anisotropic specified growth, the KRN equations are: Kpar=0. 03Kper=0. 02Knor=0. 044 Figure 1E, F. Surface conflict Request a detailed protocol To model surface conflict with growth, the KRN equations are: Kpara=Kpera=0. 06Kparb=Kperb=0. 05Knor=0. 044 Figure 1G, H. Areal conflict Request a detailed protocol To model areal conflict with growth, the KRN equations are: Kpar=0. 05+0. 05 ∙ icentreKper=0. 05+0. 05 ∙ icentreKnor=0. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses cellular structures, growth patterns, and mathematical equations related to tissue growth, without any mention of the Moon or its atmosphere. Therefore, it does not support, contrast with, or address the claim regarding potential habitation on the Moon.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Circadian rhythms are regulated by light-sensitive proteins. [SEP] Text: , A; Dulong, S; Innominato, PF; Clairambault, JCircadian timing in cancer treatments 50: 377–421, DOI: [PubMed] Lévi, F; Schibler, UCircadian rhythms: Mechanisms and therapeutic implications 47: 593–628, DOI: [PubMed] Mormont, MC; Lévi, FCancer chronotherapy: Principles, applications, and perspectives Cancer 97: 155–169, DOI: [PubMed] Lévi, FRedfern P, Lemmer B(1997). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not directly address the claim regarding the regulation of circadian rhythms by light-sensitive proteins. Instead, it lists several references related to circadian timing and cancer treatments, but does not provide evidence or discussion that corroborates or contrasts the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Social support is crucial for mental health and resilience. [SEP] Text: J Res 2009 Sep 30;11(3):e41 [FREE Full text] [CrossRef] [Medline]. Systematic review on internet support groups (ISGs) and depression (1): Do ISGs reduce depressive symptoms? J Res 2009 Sep 30;11(3):e40 [FREE Full text] [CrossRef] [Medline]Melling B, Houguet-Pincham T. Online peer support for individuals with depression: a summary of current research and future considerations. J 2011;34(3):252-254. [CrossRef] [Medline]. Online peer-to-peer support for young people with mental health problems: a systematic review. 2015;2(2):e19 [FREE Full text] [CrossRef] [Medline]'Dea B. Comparative randomised trial of an online cognitive-behavioural therapy program and an online support group for depression and anxiety. Journal of & Rehabilitation 2011;4(4):461-467. -Ilani Y, et al. Digital peer support mental health interventions for people with a lived experience of a serious mental illness: systematic review. 2020 Apr 03;7(4):e16460 [FREE Full text] [CrossRef] [Medline]. Benefits of peer support in online Japanese breast cancer communities: differences between lurkers and posters. J Res 2011 Dec 29;13(4):e122 [FREE Full text] [CrossRef] [Medline]. An online, moderated peer-to-peer support bulletin board for depression: user-perceived advantages and disadvantages. 2015;2(2):e14 [FREE Full text] [CrossRef] [Medline]Easton K, Diggle J, Ruethi-Davis M, Holmes M, Byron-Parker D, Nuttall J, et al. Qualitative exploration of the potential for adverse events when using an online peer support network for mental health: cross-sectional survey. 2017 Oct 30;4(4):e49 [FREE Full text] [CrossRef] [Medline]. Combining online and offline peer support groups in community mental health care settings: a qualitative study of service users' experiences. Syst 2020;14:39 [FREE Full text] [CrossRef] [Medline] Use of the internet and digital devices among people with severe mental ill health during the COVID-19 pandemic restrictions. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by presenting various studies and systematic reviews that highlight the role of online peer support in addressing mental health issues like depression and anxiety. It references multiple research articles indicating that online peer-to-peer support is beneficial, suggesting that social support—whether online or offline—is important for enhancing mental health and resilience among individuals facing mental health challenges.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: The Moon has an atmosphere similar to Earth, allowing for potential habitation without domes. [SEP] Text: sketeers Atterholt et al (2024) on neural canal ridges in dinos Boisvert et al (2024) on (2024) on sauropod bauplan and taphonomy King et al (2024) on pneumatic ribs in apatosaurs Windholz et al. (2024) on a pneumatic rebbachisaurid caudal Taylor and Wedel (2023) on pneumatic Brachiosaurus ribs Wedel and Taylor (2023) on bifurcated cervical ribs Lei et al (2023) on theropod-bitten Morrison sauropods Wedel and Atterholt (2023) on expanded neurocentral joints in sauropods Aureliano et al (2023) on pneumaticity in et al. (2023) on the of et al (2022) on vertebrae of early saurischians Taylor and Wedel (2022) on vertebral orientation Smith, Rodgers, Dollé, and Wedel (2022) on nerve growth in big animals et al (2022) on dental cementum and age at death in humans Atterholt and Wedel (2022) on paramedullary diverticula in birds Woodruff et al. (2022) on respiratory infection in a sauropod Taylor (2022) on incomplete necks Aureliano et al. (2021) on saltasaur pneumaticity Kay, Estes, and Wedel (2021) on variation in the peroneus tertius muscle (PT) Amedeo et al (2021) on variation in human leg muscles Wedel et al. (2021) on expanded neural canals in the Taylor and Wedel (2021) on pneumatic variation Staples et al (2019) on long cutaneous branches of the obturator nerve in humans Taylor (2018) on Xenoposeidon as a rebbachisaurid Taylor and Wedel (2016) on the neck of and Wedel (2016), Dinosaurs: Life in the Age of et al. (2016) on moral dimensions of open Hone, Farke, and Wedel (2016) on dinosaur ontogenetic stages Taylor (2016) on evaluating research Wedel et al. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses various scientific studies primarily about dinosaurs and their anatomical features without mentioning the Moon or its atmosphere. Therefore, it does not provide any support or contrast to the claim regarding the Moon's habitability.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Circadian rhythms are regulated by light-sensitive proteins. [SEP] Text: GnRH cells tend to be anterior to the SCN in rodents, but in humans, GnRH is released mainly from cells of the arcuate nucleus posterior to the SCN. The neurophysiologic pathways controlling GnRH are not as clear as with prolactin. In sheep, melatonin seems to influence neurons in the posterior or median hypothalamus which use several neurotransmitters to modulate the GnRH neurons [12,35]. There are also direct synaptic connections to GnRH neurons from SCN cells, which might transmit the photoperiodic regulatory message [14,36,37]. A possible SCN neurotransmitter or diffusable messenger is prokineticin 2, for which a dense receptor supply is found in the arcuate [38]. Kisspeptin is also thought to be released by the SCN [39 - 41]. The exact mechanisms by which day length may be transduced to control arcuate nucleus pulsatile GnRH release remain somewhat a mystery. FSH pulsatile release is mediated to some extent by GnRH release. However, there is also a chemically-related peptide more specific for releasing FSH, called FSHRF [42]. The cells releasing FSHRF in the rat have somewhat distinct anatomic distributions compared to the GnRH cells. There is intriguing evidence that humans are photoperiodic, but the data are not entirely consistent. Human melatonin secretion has a longer duration in winter than summer [13,43 - 46]. Human reproduction varies somewhat by season; moreover, seasonal effects interact with latitude [47,48]. There are two peaks of births per year in some human population data sets. In hot climates, air temperature may be a factor [49]. Regarding the reproductive hormones, one study found a small June LH peak in young men from the west coast of America [50]. Similarly, in elderly Romanian men and women, LH was higher in spring and summer [51]. In contrast, February-March and August-September LH peaks were found in male and female Italian children ages 6-10 years [52]. women, 6-hour midfollicular LH was greater in December than April-May [53]. Some discrepancies between studies may be due to failure to control adequately for circadian effects in hormones which undergo both circadian and seasonal modulation. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not directly support or oppose the claim regarding the regulation of circadian rhythms by light-sensitive proteins. Instead, it discusses various aspects of GnRH neurons, their connections, and interactions with melatonin and photoperiodicity, without specifically mentioning light-sensitive proteins' role in regulating circadian rhythms.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Social support is crucial for mental health and resilience. [SEP] Text: 2021;12:732735 [FREE Full text] [CrossRef] [Medline]Sanger E. Social networking in mental health interventions for adolescents. Health 2022 Sep;142(5):261-262 [FREE Full text] [CrossRef] [Medline]ützer. Exploring opportunities to support mental health care using social media: A survey of social media users with mental illness. Psychiatry 2019 Jun;13(3):405-413 [FREE Full text] [CrossRef] [Medline]Chung JE. Social networking in online support groups for health: how online social networking benefits patients. J 2014;19(6):639-659. [CrossRef] [Medline]. How patients with schizophrenia use the internet: qualitative study. J Res 2010 Dec 19;12(5):e70 [FREE Full text] [CrossRef] [Medline]Dixon S. Distribution of Facebook users worldwide as of January 2022, by age and gender. Statista. 2022 Nov 10. URL: [accessed 2023-02-16]. Role of social media and the Internet in pathways to care for adolescents and young adults with psychotic disorders and non-psychotic mood disorders. Psychiatry 2017 Aug;11(4):290-295 [FREE Full text] [CrossRef] [Medline]. Online peer to peer support: Qualitative analysis of UK and US open mental health Facebook groups. 2020;6:2055207620979209 [FREE Full text] [CrossRef] [Medline]. Strengths and weaknesses of the Men, Masculinities, and (YBMen) Facebook project. Orthopsychiatry 2017;87(4):392-401 [FREE Full text] [CrossRef] [Medline]Gleeson JFM, Alvarez-Jimenez M, Lederman R. Moderated online social therapy for recovery from early psychosis. 2012 Jul;63(7):719. [CrossRef] [Medline]Álvarez-Jiménez M. Moderated online social therapy: Designing and evaluating technology for mental health. 2014 Feb 01;21(1):1-26. [CrossRef]. Providing online support for young people with mental health difficulties: challenges and opportunities explored. Psychiatry 2008 May;2(2):108-113. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text supports the claim by referencing various studies and articles that examine the role of social networking and online support in mental health interventions. For instance, it discusses how online social networking benefits patients and how moderated online social therapy can aid recovery from mental health issues. These points align with the assertion that social support is vital for mental health and resilience.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: The Moon has an atmosphere similar to Earth, allowing for potential habitation without domes. [SEP] Text: : 2157-7617 Journal of & -in-for Manuscript 10. 4172/2157-7617. 1000461 as It is Gravity and Universe: *Department of Mechanical Engineering, of Mechanics, Vadodara, India *Corresponding Author: Rajendra SP, Department of Mechanical Engineering, of Mechanics, Vadodara, India, Tel: +0030-210-5381560, Email: raju2180@gmail. com Received: 05-Apr-2018 Accepted Date: 16-Apr-2018 Published Date: 19-Apr-2018 DOI: 10. 4172/2157-7617. 1000461 should be agreed that all objects like planets, stars etc. float in the full vacuum universe. It should also be agreed that atmosphere possessed by these objects is due to gravity and the atmosphere is in the open system full vacuum universe. Here, air molecules always try to escape in full vacuum universe against gravity to have uniformity in the universe. Means it is balanced between gravity and full vacuum universe. It is in science textbooks that the Earth’s atmosphere exerts pressure. But, to have pressure in the system, it must be isolated by boundary and its value is same at any point within. Here, Earth’s atmospheric air neither uniformly distributed nor in a closed system. It is known that gravity is holding each air molecule towards the Earth. On surface, air has high-density molecules and as further go away molecules density decreases. This density difference is balanced between gravity and full vacuum universe. This paper uncovers the misconception regarding Earth’s atmosphere exerts pressure due to its air molecules vertical column mass. To prove the argument, the manometer experiment is visited. In this experiment author makes the effort to raise mercury filled tube up against gravity above pot level then inverts it. Here, mercury level drops because of gravity which creates a vacuum in the top of the tube. This causes reduced surface energy inside wall of the tube. To be in the equilibrium state with outer tube wall, inner wall surface tries to suck in all direction that holds mercury up against gravity that means tube mercury weight is balanced by vacuum and that is demonstrated. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the nature of atmospheres and gravity in a vacuum universe. It states that all objects, including planets, float in a vacuum and that atmospheres are due to gravity. It emphasizes that for a body to possess an atmosphere with pressure, it must be in an isolated closed system, which Earth completely does not satisfy. Thus, the Moon, which has a very sparse atmosphere compared to Earth, cannot support habitation akin to Earth's without domes, as the text implies pressures essential for sustaining such life cannot exist under the conditions described.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Circadian rhythms are regulated by light-sensitive proteins. [SEP] Text: ) Standards (0 to 100 mIU/ml), controls and unknowns were incubated with an anti-LH antibody in micro plate wells coated with another anti-LH antibody. After incubating and washing, the wells were incubated with tetramethylbenzidine (TMB) substrate and the timed reaction stopped with an acidic solution. Finally, enzymatic turnover of the substrate was quantified by dual wavelength (450 and 630 nm) absorbance measurement in a micro plate reader. With the above protocol, the displays a sensitivity of 0. 1 mIU/ml with intra-assay and inter-assay coefficients of variation ranging with mean dose (2. 8 to 69. 2) from 5. 3 to 7. 6%. Urine samples were typically measured by diluting 1:1 with zero standard. The concentration of LH or FSH was multiplied by the urine volume per time to obtain excretion during each sampling interval expressed as mIU/h. By assaying LH in the same urine specimens in which melatonin had been measured (aliquots of which remained frozen at -70οC), we produced LH-response curves resembling light phase-response curves [56], to indicate increases or decreases in LH following light treatment at contrasting circadian phases. The LH response was the 24-hour excretion rate for LH during the follow-up divided by the 24-hour excretion rate during the baseline. Because these responses formed a highly skewed distribution, the responses were then normalized as the Log10 of this ratio, the response index. These logged normalized responses formed a normal distribution. The circadian times of optimal response were sought. A dead zone for LH stimulation was predicted near mid-day, similar to that observed in light responses [56]. Such a stimulation dead zone might incidentally serve the function of a control-placebo condition. Responses of older and younger adults were compared. Advantages of this design were that the responses of subjects ages 18-30 years and 60-75 years could be directly contrasted in the same protocol, and LH responses to light could be observed at all circadian times. A limitation was that although an attempt was made to study all women ages 18-30 years during the follicular menstrual phase, there were various operational scheduling problems. Unfortunately, the menstrual phases were not physiologically verified, so studies with better control of menstrual phase are needed for young women. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim about circadian rhythms being regulated by light-sensitive proteins. Instead, it provides a detailed description of a scientific method for measuring LH responses in urine samples in relation to light treatment, without mentioning circadian rhythms or light-sensitive proteins specifically.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Social support is crucial for mental health and resilience. [SEP] Text: [CrossRef] [Medline]. Moderation, response rate, and message interactivity: features of online communities and their effects on intent to participate. J Comm 2006 Oct;12(1):24-41 [FREE Full text] [CrossRef]. Moderated online communities and quality of user-generated content. J Syst 2014 Dec 08;28(2):237-268. [CrossRef]Ridout B, Campbell A. The use of social networking sites in mental health interventions for young people: systematic review. J Res 2018 Dec 18;20(12):e12244 [FREE Full text] [CrossRef] [Medline]Coulson N, Shaw R. Nurturing health-related online support groups: Exploring the experiences of patient moderators. Behav 2013;29(4):1695-1701 [FREE Full text] [CrossRef]Smedley R, Coulson N. A thematic analysis of messages posted by moderators within health-related asynchronous online support forums. Couns 2017 Sep;100(9):1688-1693. [CrossRef] [Medline]van Uden-van de Laar MAFJ. Patient-initiated online support groups: motives for initiation, extent of success and success factors. J 2010;16(1):30-34. [CrossRef] [Medline]. Understanding moderation in online mental health communities. In: Meiselwitz G, editor. and and Applications of Social Computing. HCII 2020. in Computer Science, vol 12195. Cham, Switzerland: Springer; 2020. . Developing a change model for peer worker interventions in mental health services: a qualitative research study. Sci 2015 Oct;24(5):435-445 [FREE Full text] [CrossRef] [Medline] Establishing a research agenda for understanding the role and impact of mental health peer specialists. 2017 Sep 01;68(9):955-957 [FREE Full text] [CrossRef] [Medline]Rogers ES. Peer support services: state of the workforce-state of the field in the USA. 2017 Jun 12;21(3):168-175. [CrossRef]. The future of mental health care: peer-to-peer support and social media. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text supports the claim by referencing various studies and articles that discuss the role of online communities and peer support in mental health interventions. Specifically, it mentions the importance of online support groups and peer worker interventions in enhancing mental health care, thereby implying that social support plays a significant role in mental health and resilience.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: The Moon has an atmosphere similar to Earth, allowing for potential habitation without domes. [SEP] Text: an equilibrium state of the atmosphere with gravity and assume there is no wind currents and convection to provide a constant mixing of the atmosphere. Also, it should be agreed that the atmosphere tries to be in homogeneous state to have uniform molecule quantity everywhere in the universe. or it can be said that molecules want to be equally distributed everywhere in space. It is agreed that gravity attracts all gas//air molecules with same acceleration but with different force based on their mass. Carbon dioxide is heavy air molecule so; gravity causes it to be attracted more so, it is positioned/settled towards Earth’s surface. is the least mass molecule so, it is least attracted towards Earth’s gravity and it is positioned/settled away from the surface. That is because light molecules collision with heavy molecules keeps light molecules away from gravitating object. Now, consider two planets Earth & Venus atmosphere for example. It is observed that Earth and Venus both have nearly same gravity. Venus mass is nearly similar to Earth's mass. But the mass of 250 km thick atmosphere on Venus is 4. 8 × 10^20 kg, whereas the mass of 100 km thick Earth's atmosphere is 5 × 10^18 kg. That means Venus atmosphere has 100 times more mass than Earth’s atmosphere mass. But, as per above explanation gravity causes/attracts atmosphere, so, both should have nearly same atmospheric conditions as gravity uses energy to hold the atmosphere. The explanation I that, Venus most surface is currently covered with heavy elements which are exposed due to volcano eruptions. That caused high absolute gravity which is utilized for constantly attracting the molecules. Whereas on Earth no such heavy eruptions exist. That is why on Venus, atmosphere is denser and expanded high compared to Earth. Now, put the manometer on Venus surface. Due to Venus atmosphere is so dense compared to Earth's atmosphere, the author need to take huge effort to elevate filled mercury tube up. Here, mercury will keep showing very high level compared to Earth’s surface level. That is because tube wall faces have very high surface energy difference. Here, inside wall having a full vacuum which balances mercury column against gravity has very low surface energy compared to outside wall. Now, examine the siphon pipe experiment [3,4]. Here, to create initial siphon, vacuum is applied by author against gravity to raise water level up and lowered below enough to overcome pipe/fluid frictional losses to start flow. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing atmospheric conditions on Venus and Earth, noting that Venus has a significantly denser atmosphere compared to Earth's atmosphere. It implies that the comparison of atmospheres between planets indicates that similar conditions do not exist on the Moon. The claim about the Moon having a hospitable atmosphere is weakened by the explanation of how gravity and atmospheric mass vary on different planetary bodies, suggesting that the Moon does not have an atmosphere like Earth's that would support habitation without domes.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Circadian rhythms are regulated by light-sensitive proteins. [SEP] Text: Study 2, Light treatment of depression Our group tested the value of bright light treatment for depression in a controlled clinical trial, recruiting participants 60-79 years of age [57]. Subjects were selected for a Scale [58] score of at least 11 at baseline, which indicated probable major depressive disorder. An actual research diagnosis of major depression was not required, because many older people suffer substantial handicaps from depression without meeting formal diagnostic criteria for major depression [59]. Participants were studied in their own homes and community, while they continued with any ongoing treatment, which sometimes included stable utilizations of antidepressant drugs and psychotherapy. Light was tested as an augmenting therapy along with antidepressants and psychotherapy. Usage of drugs which distort melatonin secretion was an exclusion criterion, in order not to invalidate aMT6s measurements. At the end of a baseline week during which all subjects received mid-day placebo treatment, subjects collected all fractional urine specimens for 24 hours. Based on actigraphy, subjects were phase typed to predict whether they were somewhat phase-advanced or phase-delayed, and therefore might best respond to early morning light (administered immediately after awakening), mid-day light (no phase adjustment desired), or evening light (administered from 1-2 hours before bedtime). After the phase-typing to predetermine treatment timing, using structured randomization, subjects were then randomly assigned either to bright light treatment (10,000 lux for 1 hour) or dim red (<10 lux for 1 hour) placebo light treatment, to continue for 28 days. Wrist actigraphic monitoring, sleep logs, and self-ratings were carried out throughout the study. At the end of the 28 days, urine collections were repeated for 24 hours, as well as mood ratings. LH was assayed as described above, using the DSL-10-460 ActiveR LH Elisa. Since we only saw tentative actigraphic and mood evidence of light effects in the morning-light group, we limited our LH assays to that group. Study 3, PMDD The bright light responses of menstruating women were studied, contrasting those with and without premenstrual dysphoric disorder (PMDD), as an extension of previous work [60]. The women with PMDD who were selected for this study regularly became depressed during the luteal menstrual phase. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text discusses a clinical trial regarding the effects of bright light treatment on depression, focusing on various light conditions and participant responses. However, it does not directly address the role of light-sensitive proteins in regulating circadian rhythms. Therefore, the text is irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Social support is crucial for mental health and resilience. [SEP] Text: The influence of resilience and social support on mental health of older adults living in community: a cross-sectional study access Published: 18 July 2024 The influence of resilience and social support on mental health of older adults living in community: a cross-sectional study Ratchaneekorn Upasen1, Weeraphol Saengpanya2, Wanida Awae3 & …Preedanan Prasitvej4 Show authors BMC Psychology 1. 3 billion. Women comprise the majority of older adults, constituting up to 61% of those aged 80 years or over. Similar to other countries, Thailand has become an aging society in which the number of adults aged 60 years or over is increasing continuously, accounting for approximately 20% of both the male and female populations, with 5,974,022 men (44. 7%) and 7,384,729 women (55. 3%) [1]. Many older adults encounter both physical and mental health problems due to several reasons, including physical illnesses, boredom, loneliness, lack of purpose, or having no one to take care of because their children have moved out of the house to find work or migrated to a new location with their own family. These issues can make older adults feel worthless [1, 2]. Moreover, a previous study on the happiness, suffering, and mental health of older adults in the upper north of Thailand reported that most older adults were experiencing illness, were unable to earn an income, and could not find happiness in life. These factors led to changes in their mental health and resulted in more severe mental health issues [2]. Recently, the overall state of mental health in older adults who live in community has changed both positively and negatively [3]. A review on the psychological factors affecting the mental health of older adults, such as a study conducted by MuiJeen [3], found that most older adults had a mean mental health score of 43. 92, like that of the general population. This indicates that older adults have the same mental health state and capacity as the general population. Moreover, physical illness, specifically the deterioration of various bodily organs, is the primary factor affecting the mental health of older adults [2, 3]. In addition, changes in social roles, such as retirement, loss of a loved one, and loss of income also affect the elderly’s mental health [4]. A study conducted in Province found that 48. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text discusses various factors influencing the mental health of older adults, emphasizing how loneliness and lack of purpose due to social changes can lead to mental health issues. It implies that social support plays a role in mitigating feelings of worthlessness and loneliness, which corroborates the claim that social support is crucial for mental health and resilience.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: The Moon has an atmosphere similar to Earth, allowing for potential habitation without domes. [SEP] Text: Because of the strong on-going competition for time allocation on large telescopes, the question requires a careful justification of the scientific return of such observations. The purpose of this paper is to bring some elements of answer to these questions. Section 2 gives a short overview of the physical and chemical properties of the Martian atmosphere. Section 3 discusses the justifications for a ground-based monitoring of Mars. Section 4 illustrates some recent ground-based discoveries regarding the Martian atmosphere, some of which could not have been performed by space missions. Section 5 describes future prospects, both with an ELT and with ALMA, and summarizes the conclusions. 2 of MarsThe atmosphere of Mars is characterized with a very low surface pressure, with a mean value of 6 mbar. It is mostly composed of CO2 (95%), N2 (2. 7%), Ar (1. 6%), and minor gases: O2 (0. 13%), CO (0. 07%), H2O (from 10−5 to 10−3). Traces of O3, H2O2 and CH4 have been found in variable quantities, with mixing ratios ranging from 0 to a few tens of ppb. Like Earth, Mars exhibits a strong obliquity (24°) which induces large seasonal variations. The seasonal effects are much stronger than on Earth, because, due to the low surface pressure, the response of the atmosphere to the changes of solar insolation are very fast. As a result, the surface temperature exhibits considerable variations, with extreme values ranging from about 145 K in the polar regions in winter to more than 300 K near the sub-solar point in summer. These temperature changes lead to the periodic condensation of the main atmospheric constituent, CO2, at the winter poles. About a third of the atmosphere is then transported from one pole to the other following the seasonal cycle. The temperature cycle also induces the periodic condensation of H2O on the winter pole. As a result, the water vapor content changes drastically as a function of location and season, from about zero (at high latitude in winter) up to more than 50 precipitable microns at the time of maximum water ice outgassing, at the North pole in summer. The polar caps are thus composed of CO2 and H2O ice; perennial caps, observed in summer, are covered each winter by fresh CO2 and H2O ice (Langevin et al. 2005; see also Kieffer et al. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the atmosphere of Mars, with a focus on its composition and low surface pressure. It provides detailed chemistry, emphasizing that Mars has a very thin atmosphere primarily composed of CO2, which is vastly different from the robust atmosphere of Earth's and suggests limited potential for habitation. Additionally, the text highlights the significant challenges related to Mars' atmospheric conditions, which further undermines the claim related to the Moon.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Circadian rhythms are regulated by light-sensitive proteins. [SEP] Text: 0 with a multivariate repeated-measures general linear model. The main within-subjects factor was the baseline to after-light-treatment change within each CRC admission. The secondary within-subjects factor was the follicular phase and luteal phase repetitions of the light treatment protocol. A between-subjects factor was light treatment in the morning or evening. Since hormonal results were highly skewed, the log10 transformations of excretion were utilized. 1, PRparticipants were 25 young women with a mean age of 24. 0 years (range 18-31), 17 young men with a mean age of 23. 6 years (range 18-30), 28 older women with a mean age of 66. 2 years (range 60-74), and 28 older men with a mean age of 67. 8 years (range 59-75). The mean 24-hour LH excretion rate before light treatment was 597 mIU/h. The young females secreted more than 4 times as much LH as young males, but older participants of either gender were intermediate and about equal (ANOVA gender effect P = 0. 028, age effect NS, age/gender interaction P = 0. 03). LH excretion was more than twice as high in the April-June quarter as in January-March (with July-December intermediate), but the ANOVA for season effect controlled for age and gender was not significant, nor did the LH response after light treatment differ significantly by season of the year. After treatment, mean excretion was 719 mIU/ml. The gender effect persisted post treatment (P < 0. 04), but the interaction with age did not. The mean ratio of excretion after/before treatment was 1. 62 ± SE 0. 19. The increase in log10(LH) post treatment, controlled for age group and gender, was significant (P = 0. 03). Thus, the Log10 mean excretion index was. 063. The timing groups did not differ significantly by log10(LH response), which averaged close to zero for all groups, independent of time of light stimulation. As shown in Figures 1 and 2, the moving average responses were close to 0 at all times of day. Neither for the 98 participants as a whole nor for any of the age-gender subgroups (not shown) was there a consistently elevated response at a particular time of day. Figure 1 Change in LH in relation to time of light exposure. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not directly address the claim regarding the regulation of circadian rhythms by light-sensitive proteins. Instead, it provides detailed results of a study related to hormonal excretion and the effects of light treatment at different times without explicitly linking these findings to the regulation of circadian rhythms or the role of light-sensitive proteins.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Social support is crucial for mental health and resilience. [SEP] Text: 3% of the 422 older adults who were leaders of an older adult club had mental health scores similar to that of the general population, 37% had better mental health scores than that of the general population, and only 14% had lower mental health scores than the general population [4]. Hence, the mental health of older adults is another important health issue that requires attention as older adults with low mental health scores require further assistance to improve their mental health [1]. Studies have investigated the factors affecting the mental health of older people, including biological, psychological, social and environmental aspects [2,3,4,5,6]. In terms of biology, several factors are related to mental health, including physical illness, abnormal genes, various chemicals in the brain, metabolic abnormalities, congenital diseases, immune, and the side effects of medications. Lifestyle choices and emotional reactions also play significant roles [2]. For instance, a study found that older adults with physical illnesses, congenital diseases, or immune response issues are more likely to have mental health conditions [6, 7]. This study is consistent with findings that chronic illnesses are associated with mental health issues. Essentially, older adults with chronic illnesses tend to have poorer mental health. Additionally, sex and income were found to affect the mental health of older adults [7]. Additionally, a Thai study revealed that marital status and income showed different effects on the mental health of older adults [3]. Moreover, a study conducted by Gray and Thongcharoenchupong [5] found that older adults had different mental health scores depending on factors affecting their mental health, such as age, marital status, education, work, socioeconomic status, overall self-assessment, assessment in daily routine, medical benefits, and exercise. That is, the older adults in the 70–79 age group had lower mental health scores than those in the 60–69 age group. They also found that older adults with a higher education had higher mental health scores than those with lower educational levels. Moreover, older adults with a higher income had better mental health scores. study revealed that the elderly who engage in exercise had higher mental health scores than those who do not exercise [5, 6]. The psychological factors encompass relationships between individuals, emotional trauma (such as sadness, depression), self-esteem, personal attitudes and beliefs, social, cognitive, and coping skills [2]. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing various factors affecting mental health among older adults, including psychological factors that encompass relationships and social skills. It highlights the importance of social interactions with references to emotional trauma and the roles personal attitudes and coping skills play in mental wellbeing. These aspects align with the claim that social support is crucial for mental health and resilience.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: The Moon has an atmosphere similar to Earth, allowing for potential habitation without domes. [SEP] Text: A first tentative detection of CH4, at the level of 10 ppb, was reported by Krasnopolsky et al. (2004), using a Fourier-Transform spectrometer at CFHT, from individual transitions of the ν3 band around 3. 3 μm. Another detection, still tentative, was reported by the PFS instrument, at a lower spectral resolution (R = 2300), using a single spectral pixel within the Q-branch of the ν3 CH4 band, with variable mixing ratios ranging from 0 to 35 ppb (Formisano et al. 2004). Later on, Krasnopolsky (2007) reported, using C-SHELL, an upper limit of 14 ppb. The presence of methane on Mars has been demonstrated by Mumma et al. (2004, 2008) and Villanueva et al. (2008c), from near-infrared spectra taken with C-SHELL and in three different transitions of CH4 (R0, R1 and the P2 doublet). From the accumulation of data over several years, corresponding to different seasons and locations, a map has been built, showing evidence for isolated sources at high northern latitudes during northern summer; in contrast, no methane is detected around the equinox. The observed cycle, which has been successfully modelled by Lefèvre and Forget (2008), implies a localized source with a short lifetime (about half a year). As the photochemical lifetime of methane is expected to be about 300 years at the surface of Mars, an additional sink is needed to explain the observed cycle. 5 and Conclusions5. 1 with an ELTWhat will be the key observing programs to be performed with an ELT? For a 40-m telescope working at the diffracted limit, at the time of opposition, one can expect a spatial resolution of a few kilometers at 1 μm, and a few tens of kilometers at 10 μm. The main advantage of such high spatial resolution is associated with the monitoring of transient phenomena. If localized sources of hydrogen peroxide are associated to dust storms and dust devils, as suggested by Atreya and Mahaffy (2007), the improvement in spatial resolution is going to be decisive, in view of the small size of the dust devils at the surface. We have presently no idea about the size of the methane sources and the improved spatial resolution will bring constraints to this question. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the detection of methane on Mars and focuses on the observations and modeling linked to the Martian atmosphere, indicating a lack of sufficient knowledge about methane sources and atmospheric properties that would allow habitation. The mention of Mars implies that the Moon does not share these characteristics necessary for habitation similar to Earth.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Circadian rhythms are regulated by light-sensitive proteins. [SEP] Text: Change in urinary LH excretion (mIU/ml) is expressed as the LH stimulation index. This is a change index calculated by computing the ratio of the post-treatment LH excretion rate divided by the baseline (pre stimulus) rate, and then taking the log (base 10) of this fraction. In this way, a decrease producing a ratio of < 1. 0 gives a negative log value. Each point is plotted relative to the internal circadian time of the midpoint of the 3 h light stimulus. Zero h represents circadian midnight, defined as 3. 52 h prior to the time of the aMT6s acrophase in the pre-stimulus phase assessment. The key to symbols identifies the points by age and gender of the participants, N = 98. The black line presents a 3-hour moving average of the points, with dotted lines showing 95% confidence intervals of the mean. Figure 2 LH responses grouped by age group and times of light stimulus. The log LH response index (as described for Figure 1) is shown separately for young and older subjects versus the time of stimulus (in reference to the acrophase-peak of 6-sulfatoxymelatonin). Thick horizontal lines are medians. Blue and green boxes are interquartile ranges. The thin bars represent the range for each time bin. Study 2, Light treatment of depression Effects of the light treatment on mood and sleep, which were quite minimal and equivocal, were reported elsewhere [57]. There were 7 subjects assigned to bright morning light and 7 assigned to dim morning light who had provided adequate urine samples which could be assayed satisfactorily. rank-order correlation of LH and FSH excretion before light treatment was Rs = 0. 62 (P < 0. 02) among 14 participants. The correlation of LH excretion before and after light (dim control or bright) was Rs = 0. 72 among 14 participants (P = 0. 004). The correlation of FSH excretion before and after light was only Rs = 0. 34 (NS). Excretion per hour of LH and FSH did not differ significantly between bright-light and dim-light treated groups, either before or after treatment. Both LH and FSH tended to increase after treatment, but the trend was for a greater LH increase after dim light and a greater FSH increase after bright light (NS). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it does not address the regulation of circadian rhythms or mention light-sensitive proteins. Instead, it describes a study related to LH and FSH excretion in relation to light treatment on mood and sleep, which diverges from the topic of circadian rhythms.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Social support is crucial for mental health and resilience. [SEP] Text: For example, a study found that older adults who self-assessed as being healthy had higher mental health scores than those who self-assessed as having health problems. Similarly, older adults who assessed their health positively had higher scores in mental health than those who assessed themselves as having problems with self-care and lacking access to treatment [5]. Another study found that difficulties in coping with stress affect the mental health of older adults [6]. Additionally, previous studies by MaKibbin et al. and Chaosuansreecharoen et al. [8, 9] found that the health of the elderly, along with their self-esteem and happiness, were predictors of mental health. Resilience is another psychological factor that is defined as ability to bounce back to normal life and remain mentally healthy in the face of adverse life event, which consist of the following five components: being able to join with other people, being confident in life, have social support, living with spiritual security, and being able to de-stress and manage problems [10]. Resilience was found to be an influential factor on mental health among the elderly [11,12,13,14,15]. In addition, Tyler et al. [12] found that social support was associated with resilience among Parkinson’s caregivers, including elderly caregivers, in term of increasing their resilience. Resilience also can be a mediator of the relationship between social support and mental health symptoms. Another previous study also has shown that resilience is a mediator of relationship between loneliness and mental health and physical quality of life [12]. and environmental factors associated with mental health among older adults include support from friends and colleagues, social status, family dynamics, culture, and the broader environment [2]. For example, a study revealed that older adults who received support had better mental health than those who did not receive any benefits [5]. In addition, previous study by MaKibbin and Chaosuansreecharoen [8, 9] found that the health of the elderly, along with their social relationships and social networks were predictors of mental health. Previous studies mentioned that social support, including family support and resilience also influence the mental health state of older adults [11,12,13,14,15]. In this study, social support refers to perception of the older adult to quality of received support in different forms of provision of assistance to family, including emotional, tangible, and information support [16]. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by emphasizing the significant role of social support in enhancing mental health and resilience. It highlights that older adults receiving social support had better mental health outcomes compared to those who did not, as well as suggesting that social support is a predictor of mental health and resilience among the elderly. It explicitly states that 'social support was associated with resilience among Parkinson’s caregivers' and that 'resilience was found to be an influential factor on mental health among the elderly,' which reinforces the importance of social support in mental health and resilience.