Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Rhizobacteria enhance plant growth by fixing atmospheric nitrogen. [SEP] Text: 5 g of frozen leaf material in 3 ml of cold solution containing 50 × 10−3 M Na phosphate buffer (pH 7. 8), 1 × 10−3 Ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (M EDTA) and 2% (w/v) Polyvinylpolypyrrolidone (PVPP). The homogenate was centrifuged at 0°C for 40 min at 13,000 g. Determination of glutathione S-transferase activity (GST)The GST was determined by the method of Habig et al. (Citation1974). The samples were homogenized in phosphate buffer at pH 6. 5 and 100 mM and then centrifuged at 9,000 g for 30 min. The change in optical density was measured at 340 nm wave length. Concentrations of GST were expressed in units/mg protein. Determination of POXThe method of Nakano and Azada (Citation1987) was used for the spectrophotometric determination of ascorbate POX activity. The final solution (3 ml) was made by the addition of 100 μl of enzyme extract, 50 μl of 0. 3% H2O2, and 2850 μl phosphate buffer NaK-Ascorbate (50 mM NaK, 0. 5 mM ascorbate, and pH 7. 2). The activity of ascorbate POX was measured at 290 nm wave length and activity was expressed as units/mg protein. Determination of catalase activity (Cata)The spectrophotometric determination of Cata was made by following the method of Cakmak and Horst (Citation1991). The final solution was made by adding 100 μl of the crude enzyme extract, 50 μl of hydrogen peroxide to 0. 3% H2O2, and 2850 μl of phosphate buffer (50 mM, pH7. 2). The absorbance was recorded at a wavelength of 240 nm. was expressed as units/mg protein. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it presents detailed methodological information about enzyme activity determinations but does not address rhizobacteria or their role in enhancing plant growth through atmospheric nitrogen fixation.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Physical activity reduces the risk of chronic diseases like diabetes and heart disease. [SEP] Text: 4 kg·m−2 (51). This high incidence of insulin use in overweight women demonstrates the need for an alternative therapy. In a pilot study, only 50% of women diagnosed with GDM at 16-20 weeks gestation required insulin therapy if they followed a structured walking program (30% V̇O2peak, 3-4 times per week) in addition to conventional management (51). Although these data are preliminary, it appears that early diagnoses in women at risk for GDM (especially overweight women) and the addition of structured physical activity, may have promising results. Activity to Prevent GDM In high-risk groups, GDM is considered a significant initiating factor for type 2 diabetes (62), so prevention is crucial. Unfortunately, few prospective studies have been done in this area. Dyck et al. examined the feasibility of using first trimester exercise to prevent GDM in Aboriginal women (62). Despite incentives, compliance was minimal as the investigators recruited only eight women over two years. The exercise program may have been too strenuous as the women were required to exercise at 70% of age-predicted heart rate maximum. Due to small subject number, the authors were not able to determine whether the program truly prevented GDM, but it was nevertheless important to assess the feasibility of early GDM diagnosis and intervention. Dempsey et al. studied women who participated in recreational activities using a self-reported questionnaire (53). The authors found that women who were most active within the first 20 weeks of pregnancy had a 48% reduction in GDM. In addition, women who were most active one year prior to pregnancy had a 51% reduction in GDM risk. When both variables were combined, overall GDM risk was reduced by 60%. The authors concluded that even though their physical activity measurement tool was imprecise, the relationship between physical activity and GDM risk reduction was robust (53). These data were confirmed later by the same authors using a prospective cohort design (54). Mottola et al. (117) investigated low-risk pregnant women and showed that mild (30% V̇O2peak) cycling performed in late gestation was better than more intense (70% V̇O2peak) exercise at promoting glucose tolerance in response to an oral glucose load. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by providing evidence that physical activity significantly reduces the risk of gestational diabetes (GDM), which is a risk factor for type 2 diabetes. It states that women who were most active during the first 20 weeks of pregnancy had a 48% reduction in GDM, while women who were active a year prior had a 51% reduction in risk. When both factors were combined, the overall risk reduction for GDM was 60%. This showcases the potential of physical activity as a preventative measure against chronic diseases related to glucose metabolism.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Every injury can be healed instantly with regenerative medicine. [SEP] Text: J 22(3):790–801. Epub 2023/02/11. : 36763087(2012) A comprehensive protein expression profile of extracellular matrix biomaterial derived from porcine urinary bladder. 7(2):159–66. Epub 2012/03/09. : 22397606(2021) Collagen- and hyaluronic acid-based hydrogels and their biomedical applications. Rep 146. Epub 2021/09/07. : 34483486; PMCID: PMC8409465(2009) Biomaterials for promoting brain protection, repair and regeneration. Neurosci 10(9):682–92. Epub 20090805. : 19654582(2016) Extracellular matrix-based biomaterial scaffolds and the host response. Biomaterials 86:68–82. Epub 2016/02/19. : 26890039; PMCID: PMC4785021(2023) Immunogenicity of decellularized extracellular matrix scaffolds: a bottleneck in tissue engineering and regenerative medicine. 27(1):10. Epub 2023/02/11. : 36759929; PMCID: PMC9912640(2019) Regulation and directing stem cell fate by tissue engineering functional microenvironments: scaffold physical and chemical cues. Int 2180925. Epub 20191227. : 31949436; PMCID: PMC6948329(2009) The support of neural stem cells transplanted into stroke-induced brain cavities by PLGA p2994. Epub 2009/10/03. : 19798079(2018) Harnessing the potential of biomaterials for brain repair after stroke. 5. ECM hydrogel improves the delivery of PEG microsphere-encapsulated neural stem cells and endothelial cells into tissue cavities caused by stroke. Bull. 168:120–37. Epub 2020/12/30. : 33373665Lacalle-Aurioles M, Cassel de (2020) Applying hiPSCs and biomaterials towards an understanding and treatment of traumatic brain injury. Neurosci 14:594304. Epub 20201112. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by providing various studies and findings related to regenerative medicine and biomaterials, implying that while there are advancements, they do not suggest that every injury can be healed instantly. The mention of challenges such as 'immunogenicity of decellularized extracellular matrix scaffolds' and the complexity of tissue engineering indicates that regenerative medicine is not instant and likely involves intricate processes.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Rhizobacteria enhance plant growth by fixing atmospheric nitrogen. [SEP] Text: Further in-depth research is essential to understand the functioning mechanisms of PGPR and to find out more competent rhizobacterial strains which can work under diverse agro-ecological conditions. 2012. Implications of bacterial resistance against heavy metals in bioremediation: a review. Biotech. 3:39–46. 2011. Bioaccumulation of heavy metals by zinc resistant bacteria isolated from agricultural soils irrigated with wastewater. Bacteriol J. 2:12–21. 10. 3923/bj. 2012. 12. 21 2011. Effect of inoculation with a thermotolerant plant growth promoting Pseudomonas putida strain AKMP7 on growth of wheat (Triticum spp. ) under heat stress. J Plant Interact. 6:239–246. 10. 1080/17429145. 2010. 545147 Web of Science ®1949. Copper induced enzyme in isolated chloroplasts. Polyphenoloxidase in Beta vulgaris. Plant Physiol. 24:1–15. 10. 1104/1. 1 Pubof Science ®2007. Perspectives of bacterial ACC deaminase in phytoremediation. Trends Biotechnol. 25:356–362. 10. 1016/j. tibtech. 2007. 05. 005 Pubof Science ®2004. Screening rhizobacteria for improving growth, yield and oil contents of canola (Brassica napus L. ). Agri Res. 55:187–194. 10. 1071/AR03112 1982. Analytical methods in N-15 research. Fert Res. 3:37–62. 10. 1007/BF01063408 2006. Growth promotion of plants by plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria under greenhouse and two different field soil conditions. Biochem. 38:1482–1487. Web of Science ®1991. Effect of aluminium on lipid peroxidation, superoxidase dismutase, catalase and peroxidase activities in root tips of soybean (Glycine max). Physiol Plant. 83:463–468. 10. 1111/j. 1399-3054. 1991. tb00121. x Web of Science ®2013. Effectiveness of mycorrhizal fungi on globe artichoke (Cynara cardunculus L. var. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text discusses various studies and research related to plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR), but it does not provide specific information or evidence directly related to the claim that rhizobacteria enhance plant growth by fixing atmospheric nitrogen. It mentions a need for further research and other aspects of rhizobacterial activity without addressing nitrogen fixation specifically.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Physical activity reduces the risk of chronic diseases like diabetes and heart disease. [SEP] Text: Vastus lateralis biopsies showed that GLUT4 (glucose transporters sensitive to insulin) was elevated in the mild compared to more intense exercisers, starting at 16-20 weeks gestation until delivery (116). In a subsequent study, nutritional intake was controlled during pregnancy to approximately 8350 kJ·day−1 and included 200 g of carbohydrate per day (113). This combination of nutritional control and mild exercise (30% V̇O2peak on stair climber) was better than mild exercise alone in controlling blood glucose concentrations and preventing excessive weight gain during pregnancy. The blood glucose control remained at two months postpartum. These preliminary studies led to the development of a Nutrition, Exercise and Program (NELIP) which included mild walking (30% V̇O2peak) combined with nutritional control (8350 kJ·d−1; 200 g carbohydrate per day) for women at risk for GDM (152). Preliminary results are encouraging, as women at risk for GDM did not develop this disease while on NELIP (N = 23), excessive weight gain was prevented, and normal glucose tolerance remained at two months postpartum (13). In addition, high-risk women on NELIP maintained an insulin sensitivity index similar to those at low risk for GDM, and none developed the disease (115). Preliminary results suggest that overweight women at risk for GDM can enter a NELIP at 16 weeks gestation to help maintain their insulin sensitivity and glucose excursion, as well as prevent excessive weight gain and GDM. Assessment of glycosylated hemoglobin in these women also showed values well below the diabetic range (114). It may be that mild exercise, regardless of modality (e. g. , bike, stair climber or walking), in combination with nutritional control, is key in helping women at risk for GDM regulate blood glucose concentrations and prevent excessive weight gain during pregnancy. have not been able to determine a cost-effective, easily accessible evidence based program with guidelines for frequency, intensity, duration of exercise and type of activity that will produce optimal outcomes for women who are at risk for, or who develop GDM. Exercise is considered a valuable adjunctive therapy, and preliminary results are encouraging. However, until guidelines are available from well-controlled studies, the true effectiveness of a specific structured exercise program remains unknown. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by suggesting that mild exercise, in combination with nutritional control, is beneficial for women at risk for gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) in regulating blood glucose concentrations and preventing excessive weight gain. It mentions that high-risk women who followed a structured exercise and nutrition program maintained insulin sensitivity and did not develop GDM, indicating that physical activity can help manage a risk factor for chronic diseases such as diabetes.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Every injury can be healed instantly with regenerative medicine. [SEP] Text: : 33281561; PMCID: PMC7689345(2017) Long-term retention of ECM hydrogel after implantation into a sub-acute stroke cavity reduces lesion volume. 63:50–63. Epub 2017/09/18. : 28917705; PMCID: PMC5653430Mitragotri S, (2009) Physical approaches to biomaterial design. 8(1):15–23. Epub 2010/08/27. : 20740603(2008) Biocompatibility of PEG-based hydrogels in primate brain. 17(4):409–415 Epub 2008/06/05 : 1852224366. Epub 2010/01/14. : 20067398; PMCID: PMC2949233(2012) Defining and designing polymers and hydrogels for neural tissue engineering. 72(3):199–213. Epub 20111217. : 22192467; PMCID: PMC3408056. (2023) The combined effects of topography and stiffness on neuronal differentiation and maturation using a hydrogel platform. Cells 12(6). Epub 2023/03/30. : 36980275; PMCID: PMC10047827(2014) Extracellular matrix as an inductive scaffold for functional tissue reconstruction. 163(4):268–85. Epub 2013/12/03. : 24291155; PMCID: PMC4203714(2021) A comparative review of natural and synthetic biopolymer composite scaffolds. Polymers (Basel) 13(7). Epub 2021/04/04. : 33808492; PMCID: PMC8037451Gardiner NJ (2011) Integrins and the extracellular matrix: Key mediators of development and regeneration of the sensory nervous system. 71(11):1054–1072. Epub 20180309. : 29523844; PMCID: PMC5844953(2012) BDNF promotes differentiation and maturation of adult-born neurons through GABAergic transmission. J Neurosci 32(41):14318–14330. Epub 20150120. : 25662260; PMCID: PMC4363133(2010) VEGF in the nervous system. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contains multiple references to research studies focusing on the design and application of biomaterials and hydrogels in tissue engineering and regeneration. It highlights specific instances, such as the long-term retention of ECM hydrogel and its impact on reducing lesion volume. This suggests that while regenerative medicine has significant potential, it does not guarantee instant healing of every injury, contrasting with the claim that asserts instantaneous healing.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Rhizobacteria enhance plant growth by fixing atmospheric nitrogen. [SEP] Text: scolymus) micropropagation. J Plant Interact. 9:100–106. 10. 1080/17429145. 2013. 770928 Web of Science ®1961. Methods of analysis for soils, plants and water. Berkeley: University of California. 2014. Rhizosphere and endophytic bacteria for induction of salt tolerance in gladiolus grown in sodic soils. J Plant Interact. 9:577–584. 10. 1080/17429145. 2013. 873958 Web of Science ®1989. A comparison of method for measuring the colonization of root system by fluorescent pseudomonads. Plant Soil. 116:239–246. 10. 1007/BF02214553 Web of Science ®1958. Experiment with some microorganisms which utilize ethane and hydrogen. J Bacteriol. 75:92–601. Web of Science ®2008. Alleviation of water stress effects in common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L. ) by co-inoculation Paenibacillus and Rhizobium tropici. Ecol. 40:182–188. 10. 1016/j. apsoil. 2008. 04. 005 Web of Science ®2012. Response of barley to root colonization by Pseudomonas sp. DSMZ 13134 under laboratory, greenhouse, and field conditions. J Plant Interact. 7:1–9. Web of Science ®2009. The use of microorganisms to facilitate the growth of plants in saline soils. In: editors. Microbial strategies for crop improvement. New York: Springer; p. 1–22. 2012. Plant growth-promoting bacteria: mechanisms and applications, Corporation, Scientifica. 2012, 15. doi:10. 6064/2012/963401 1974. Glutathione S-transferases, the first enzymatic step in mercapturic acid formation. J Biol Chem. 249:7130–7139. Pubof Science ®2013. C and N mineralization and dissolved organic matter potentials of two contrasting plant residues: effects of residue type, moisture and temperature. Scand B-S P. 63:642–652. Web of Science ®2013. Response of soil microbial biomass and enzymes activity to cadmium (Cd) toxicity under different soil textures and incubation times. Crop Sci. 7:674–680. 2014. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text discusses various studies related to plant interactions with bacteria and microbial activities but does not specifically address the claim that rhizobacteria enhance plant growth by fixing atmospheric nitrogen. Therefore, it is irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Physical activity reduces the risk of chronic diseases like diabetes and heart disease. [SEP] Text: If modifiable GDM risk factors such as excessive weight gain and glucose intolerance can be improved by incorporating appropriate nutrition and physical activity intervention, we may help reduce diabetes and obesity epidemics in subsequent generations. Future studies should include the role of physical activity on subsequent type II diabetes incidence in women who were at risk for GDM during pregnancy. all women experience some degree of musculoskeletal discomfort during pregnancy. Twenty-five percent have symptoms that are at least temporarily disabling. Common pregnancy-related musculoskeletal conditions have been identified. Knowledge of musculoskeletal and neuro-anatomy and physiology allows for correct diagnosis, prognosis, and treatment of these disorders. Musculoskeletal adaptations of pregnant women should be considered to insure safe and effective exercise prescriptions and avoid provocation of symptoms or injury. There have been few randomized controlled studies designed to evaluate either acute or chronic maternal musculoskeletal effects of exercise. Much available literature is based on case series and expert opinion derived from clinical practice experience. Further research is needed to establish true evidence-based practice and appropriate interventions. have shown that 50-90% of pregnant women experience some type of back pain during pregnancy (66,93,127,129). Several investigators have followed women with back pain during pregnancy for months to years after delivery. Factors associated have included severity of pain during pregnancy, history of low back pain prior to pregnancy and advanced maternal age (24,127,129,130,155,160,162). Back pain is also the most commonly reported reason for missed days of work during pregnancy (128). It is not clear how frequently pain extends postpartum work leave. Specific causes of back pain during pregnancy are unclear but have been attributed to increased biomechanical strain and altered hormonal influences (93). The sacroiliac joints, located under the dimples on both sides of the upper buttock, are often involved. Increased biomechanical strain should be considered in exercise prescription, especially in individuals performing high impact exercise. Obesity, in relation to maintained maternal weight gain, may also influence chronic musculoskeletal disease risk related to low back pain, and hip and knee osteoarthritis. Spondylolisthesis, a condition where there is forward slipping of one vertebra on an adjacent vertebra, is secondary to a defect in the posterior elements of the spine. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by indicating that incorporating physical activity can improve modifiable risk factors for gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM), which in turn may help reduce future cases of diabetes and obesity. It implies that the role of physical activity is significant in preventing chronic diseases such as type II diabetes, especially in populations at risk during pregnancy.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Every injury can be healed instantly with regenerative medicine. [SEP] Text: Organogenesis 6(2):107–14. 20885857; PMCID: PMC2901814Theis V, (2018) VEGF—a stimulus for neuronal development and regeneration in the CNS and PNS. 19(6):589–597. : 2929998573. Epub 2015/03/05. : 25736182; PMCID: PMC4552615Bible E, Dell'(2012) Non-invasive imaging of transplanted human neural stem cells and ECM scaffold remodeling in the stroke-damaged rat brain by (19)F- and diffusion-MRI. Biomaterials 33(10):2858–71. Epub 2012/01/17. : 22244696; PMCID: PMC3268910(2017) Translational considerations in injectable cell-based therapeutics for neurological applications: concepts, progress and challenges. NPJ 2:23. Epub 2018/01/06. : 29302358; PMCID: PMC5677964(2019) Diffusion tensor imaging predicting neurological repair of spinal cord injury with transplanting collagen/chitosan scaffold binding bFGF. J 30(11):123. Epub 20191104. : 31686219Bonneh-Barkay D, Wiley CA (2009) Brain extracellular matrix in neurodegeneration. 19(4):573–85. Epub 20080725. : 18662234; PMCID: PMC2742568(2009) Carcinoma-produced factors activate myeloid cells through TLR2 to stimulate metastasis. Nature 457(7225):102–106. : 2682956688. Epub 2014/03/05. : 24589361; PMCID: PMC4000280-(2015) Sequential delivery of immunomodulatory cytokines to facilitate the M1-to-M2 transition of macrophages and enhance vascularization of bone scaffolds. Biomaterials 37:194–207. Epub 2014/12/03. : 25453950; PMCID: PMC4312192(2021) Post-stroke timing of ECM hydrogel implantation affects biodegradation and tissue restoration. 22(21). Epub 20211021. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by providing a collection of studies and references that discuss various aspects of regenerative medicine and its applications, such as neuronal development and stem cell therapy. However, it does not support the idea of 'instant' healing; the references imply that while regenerative medicine has potential for healing, it involves processes and timelines (e.g., discussions around degenerative diseases and methods like ECM hydrogel implantation) indicating that healing is not instantaneous.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Rhizobacteria enhance plant growth by fixing atmospheric nitrogen. [SEP] Text: 1080/17429145. 2010. 541944 Web of Science ®2006. Effect of substrate-dependent microbial ethylene production on plant growth. Microbiology. 75:231–236. 10. 1134/S0026261706020196 Web of Science ®2002. Phosphate mineralizing and solubilizing microorganisms. Phosphatic biofertilizers. Udaipur: Academy; p. 224. 2004. Plant growth-promoting bacteria confer resistance in tomato plants to salt stress. Biochem. 42:565–572. 10. 1016/j. plaphy. 2004. 05. 009 Pubof Science ®1987. Purification of ascorbate peroxidase in spinach chloroplasts: its inactivation in ascorbate depleted medium and reactivation by monodehydroascorbate radical. Physiol. 28:131–140. Web of Science ®2008. Rhizobacteria containing ACC-deaminase for improving growth and yield of wheat under fertilized conditions. Bot. 40:1231–1241. Web of Science ®1996. Effect of phosphate-solubilizing Pseudomonas putida on the growth of maize and its survival in the rhizosphere. Crop Sci. 11:13–23. 2014. Characterization of plant growth-promoting traits of Penicillium species against the effects of high soil salinity and root disease. J Plant Interact. 9:754–762. 10. 1080/17429145. 2014. 930524 Web of Science ®2004. The natural history of nitrogen fixation. Evol. 21:541–554. 10. 1093/molbev/msh047 Pubof Science ®1988. Other micro-algae. In: editors. Microalgal biotechnology. Cambridge: Press; p. 135–150. 2011. Plant growth promoting rhizobacteria: a critical review. Med Res. 2011:LSMR-21. 2007. Perspective of plant growth promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) containing ACC deaminase in stress agriculture. J Biotechnol. 34:635–648. 10. 1007/s10295-007-0240-6 Pubof Science ®1992. Tryptophan-dependent biosynthesis of auxins in soil. Plant Soil. 147:207–215. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not directly address the claim regarding rhizobacteria enhancing plant growth by fixing atmospheric nitrogen. Instead, it provides various references to studies related to plant growth-promoting bacteria, microbial ethylene production, and the role of different microorganisms in plant interactions. As such, it does not corroborate or contrast the claim but rather presents unrelated information making it irrelevant.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Physical activity reduces the risk of chronic diseases like diabetes and heart disease. [SEP] Text: The exercise program consisted of walking, jogging or cycling at 60-70% of heart rate maximum, 5 d·wk−1 for 12 weeks. Initial sessions lasted 20 min, with 5-min increases every 3 d until 45 min·d−1 was achieved. Women in the control group did not exercise more than once per week during the study. All participants were instructed to maintain their normal dietary intake. Both groups in the Dewey et al. study lost an average of 1. 6 kg over 12 wk (55). However, women in the exercise group showed greater increases in aerobic fitness (25% vs. 5%), and greater decreases in insulin response to a test meal, compared to controls (103). Plasma triglycerides, total cholesterol and LDL-cholesterol decreased significantly in both groups over time. There was a trend for HDL-cholesterol to increase in the exercise group and decrease in the control group. There were no differences between groups in breast milk volume or composition. Infant weight gain was also similar between groups. These results demonstrated that sedentary women can begin an exercise program without affecting milk composition or volume. However, exercise without energy (calorie) restriction did not promote weight loss. While some researchers have investigated the effect of exercise on breast milk macronutrients (protein, lipid and lactose) or volume, others have examined the effect of exercise on other biological compounds in breast milk. Investigators comparing sedentary women with women who exercised aerobically for at least 30 min·d−1, 3 d·wk−1, reported no significant difference in breast milk concentrations of vitamin B6 (104) and long-chained polyunsaturated fatty acids (19). Wright et al. (179) measured lactic acid levels in milk before and after either a 30 min bout of moderate exercise or rest, and reported no difference in lactic acid concentrations after either session. However, there was an increase in milk lactic acid after a maximum exercise test. Using the same protocol, Lovelady et al. (101) reported no differences in concentrations of S-IgA, lactoferrin or lysozyme in breast milk after a 30-min exercise session compared with seated rest. These results are in contrast to those reported by Gregory et al. (74) who reported S-IgA concentrations were lower 10 and 30 min after maximal exercise, compared to sitting. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by demonstrating that women who engaged in an exercise program showed greater decreases in insulin response to a test meal, which is a positive indicator for reducing the risk of diabetes. Additionally, the exercise group exhibited improved aerobic fitness and decreased levels of triglycerides, total cholesterol, and LDL-cholesterol, which are linked to a lower risk of heart disease. These findings support the notion that physical activity can indeed contribute to reducing the risk of chronic diseases such as diabetes and heart disease.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Every injury can be healed instantly with regenerative medicine. [SEP] Text: : 34768800; PMCID: PMC8583606(2018) Biodegradation of ECM hydrogel promotes endogenous brain tissue restoration in a rat model of stroke. 80:66–84. Epub 20180916. : 30232030; PMCID: PMC6217851(Submitted) Dose-dependent effects of matrix metalloproteinases on ECM hydrogel biodegradation 6090. Epub 2019/08/14. : 31408717; PMCID: PMC6819274(2022) Mapping the acute time course of immune cell infiltration into an ECM hydrogel in a rat model of stroke using (19)F MRI. Biomater 282:121386. Epub 2022/01/31. : 35093825(2014) Rethinking regenerative medicine: a macrophage-centered approach. 5:510. Epub 2014/11/20. : 25408693; PMCID: PMC4219501(2022) New insights into fibrosis from the ECM degradation perspective: the macrophage-MMP-ECM interaction. 12(1):117. Epub 2022/07/28. : 35897082; PMCID: PMC9327238(2019) Nondestructive, longitudinal measurement of collagen scaffold degradation using computed tomography and gold nanop4354. Epub 2019/04/11. : 30967961; PMCID: PMC6447000(2016) Fibronectin deposition participates in extracellular matrix assembly and vascular morphogenesis. PLoS One. 11(1):e0147600. Epub 2016/01/27. : 26811931; PMCID: PMC4728102Hong H, Tian XY (2020) The role of macrophages in vascular repair and regeneration after ischemic injury. 21(17). Epub 2020/09/04. : 32878297; PMCID: PMC7503238(2019) Blood vessels as a scaffold for neuronal migration. 126:69–73. Epub 2019/03/10. : 30851365(2016) ECM hydrogel for the treatment of stroke: characterization of the host cell infiltrate. Biomaterials 91:166–81. Epub 20160318. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim as it presents various studies related to regenerative medicine and healing, implying that while regenerative methods are beneficial, they may not guarantee instant healing for every injury. The references to different studies, such as the 'biodegradation of ECM hydrogel' and the role of macrophages in 'vascular repair and regeneration after ischemic injury,' suggest that the healing process is complex and may involve gradual restoration rather than instantaneous healing.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Rhizobacteria enhance plant growth by fixing atmospheric nitrogen. [SEP] Text: IAA production was determined according to the modified method of Glickmann and Dessaux [19]. PGPR cultures were grown in tryptic soy broth (TSB) which contained 2 mg mL−1 of L-tryptophan and incubated on a rotary shaker at 200 rpm under room temperature, 28±2°C for 24 h. The cultures were centrifuged at 7000 rpm for 7 min and the supernatants were quantified spectrophotometrically at 535 nm with 2 mL of Salkowski’s reagent (2% of 0. 5 M FeCl3 in 35% perchloric acid) after 25 min. The IAA concentrations were estimated from a standard IAA curve. 16S rDNA gene analysis of selected bacterial strains Total genomic DNA was extracted using (Co. Ltd. ) according to the supplier’s instructions and used as DNA template in polymerase chain reaction (PCR) for amplification of the 16S rDNA gene. The DNA purity was quantified at 260 nm and 280 nm using Nano(ND1000, Scientific Inc. ), 1. 6 to 2. 2, to detect protein contamination in the DNA [20]. PCR amplification was performed in a reaction mixture containing 50 ng genomic DNA template, 1X reaction buffer, 200 μM dNTPs mixture, 1. 5 mM MgCl2, 2. 5 U Taq DNA polymerase (Scientific), 0. 16 μM of each primer 27F (5’--3’) and 1492R (5’--3’) [21], and ultra-pure sterilised water to a final volume of 50 μL. These primers allowed an approximate 1500 bp of DNA fragments to be amplified. The DNA amplification was performed in a thermal cycler (-1148, Bio-Rad) by an initial denaturation at 94°C for 5 min, followed by 30 amplification cycles of denaturation at 94°C for 30 s, annealing at 55°C for 30 s, extension at 72°C for 1 min and a final extension step at 72°C for 5 min. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses methods for determining IAA production and DNA analysis of bacterial strains without mentioning the role of rhizobacteria in fixing atmospheric nitrogen or enhancing plant growth.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Physical activity reduces the risk of chronic diseases like diabetes and heart disease. [SEP] Text: By 60 min postexercise sIgA concentrations had returned to baseline. Difference in exercise intensity between the Lovelady et al. (101) and Gregory et al. (74) studies may have caused the conflicting results. Thus, while moderate exercise may have no effect on immunological components in breast milk, exhaustive exercise may be detrimental. McCrory et al. (109) examined the effects of exercise and 11 days of calorie restriction on milk volume and composition. Exclusively breastfeeding women were randomly assigned to one of three groups at approximately 12 wk postpartum: 1) diet group, which restricted energy intake by approximately 1,000 kcal·d−1; 2) diet plus exercise group, which decreased energy intake by approximately 720 kcal·d−1 and increased exercise to 86 min·d−1 for 9 of 11 days; or 3) control group, which had no energy deficit. Women in the diet group lost 1. 9 ± 0. 7 kg, the diet and exercise group lost 1. 6 ± 0. 5 kg, and the control group lost 0. 2 ± 0. 6 kg. This short-term energy deficit did not affect infant growth, nor breast milk volume and macronutrient composition. Lovelady et al. (100) investigated the effects of a 10-week calorie restriction and exercise program on infant growth in overweight (BMI = 25-30 kg·m−2), sedentary, exclusively breastfeeding women. Beginning at 4 wk postpartum, the diet and exercise group restricted energy intake by 500 kcal·d−1 and exercised for 4 d·wk−1 at 65-80% of maximum heart rate. Exercise sessions were initially 15 minutes, and were increased gradually until women were walking, jogging or aerobic dancing for 45 minutes per day. Women in the control group were instructed not to restrict calorie intake or exercise vigorously more than once per week. Women in the diet and exercise group lost significantly more weight (4. 8 ± 1. 7 kg vs. 0. 8 ± 2. 3 kg) and increased their aerobic fitness significantly more (13 vs. 2%) than mothers in the control group. Infant weight and length gains were not different between groups. of studies performed on breastfeeding women suggest that exercise improves aerobic fitness, plasma lipids and insulin response. However, exercise alone without calorie restriction does not promote weight loss. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by stating that exercise improves various health factors such as 'aerobic fitness,' 'plasma lipids,' and 'insulin response.' These improvements indicate a potential reduction in the risk of chronic diseases, including diabetes and heart disease, as they are associated with better metabolic health. Therefore, while the text focuses on specific populations (like breastfeeding women), it supports the broader claim about the benefits of physical activity.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Every injury can be healed instantly with regenerative medicine. [SEP] Text: : 27031811; PMCID: PMC4893791(2019) Tissue-specific extracellular matrix accelerates the formation of neural networks and communities in a neuron-glia co-culture on a multi-electrode array. 9(1):4159. : 30858401(2019) Bioscaffold-induced brain tissue regeneration. 13:1156. Epub 20191107. : 31787865; PMCID: PMC6855095(2013) Effect of an inductive hydrogel composed of urinary bladder matrix upon functional recovery following traumatic brain injury. Part A. 19(17–18):1909–18. Epub 2013/04/20. : 23596981; PMCID: PMC3726021(2017) Implantation of brain-derived extracellular matrix enhances neurological recovery after traumatic brain injury. 26(7):1224–34. Epub 2017/09/22. : 28933217; PMCID: PMC5639909. (2007) Repair of the dura mater with processed collagen devices. 83(2):580–8. Epub 2007/04/28. : 17465025(2004) Comparison of deep wound infection rates using a synthetic dural substitute (neuro-patch) or pericranium graft for dural closure: a clinical review of 1 year. Neurosurgery 54(3):599–603; discussion -4. Epub 2004/03/19. : 15028133(2022) Minimally invasive resection of intraventricular pilocytic astrocytoma using the aurora surgiscope in an adult patient: technical note. 168:227–31. Epub 2022/08/27. : 36028111(2022) Novel use of the aurora surgiscope system for minimally invasive resection of intraparenchymal lesions: a case series. (Hagerstown) 23(3):182–7. Epub 2022/08/17. : 35972079-Pierre G, Boccaccini AR (2015) Strategies for the chemical and biological functionalization of scaffolds for cardiac tissue engineering: a review. J R 12(108):20150254. Epub 2015/06/26. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by providing multiple citations of studies and results regarding regenerative medicine and tissue healing. It implies that while regenerative medicine has been shown to aid in recovery from injuries (e.g., 'inductive hydrogel' for 'functional recovery following traumatic brain injury'), it does not suggest that every injury can be healed instantly. The mentions of specific injuries and recovery processes indicate that healing is likely not instantaneous but instead requires time and specific treatments.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Rhizobacteria enhance plant growth by fixing atmospheric nitrogen. [SEP] Text: The suitability of DNA amplification was visualised by electrophoresis of PCR products with 6X loading dye (Thermo Scientific™) at 5:1 (PCR product: dye) ratio and a marker (1kb DNA ladder, Fermentas GeneRuler™) in 1% (w/v) agarose gel in 1X Tris-acetate EDTA (TAE) buffer for 1 h at 80 V. The agarose gel was stained with GelRed™ (Biotium Inc. ) for 40 min and examined under UV light in a UV transilluminator (Bio-Imager® Gel Doc™ XR+ System). Gel image was captured with software (Version 4. 1, Bio-Rad Laboratories) (S3 Fig). DNA fragments were extracted from the gel by slicing the target bands under UV light and purified using QIAquick gel extraction kit (Qiagen®). The purified DNA products were sent for sequencing by. Bhd. (www. base-asia. com) using BigDye® Terminator 3. 1 cycle sequencing kit (Applied BioSystems). The quality of 16S rDNA sequences was checked manually by using Software (version 2. 0). The sequences were analysed using the to identify the most closely related members in the database (www. ncbi. nlm. nih. gov/geo). The partial 16S rDNA sequences of the PGPR strains were submitted to the NCBI database under their respective accession number as follows: Bacillus subtilis UPMB10 (KP641618), Klebsiella sp. Br1 (KP257586), Klebsiella pneumoniae Fr1 (KP641617), Bacillus pumilus S1r1 (KP295962) and Acinetobacter sp. S3r2 (KP295963). Phylogenetic analysis The partial 16S rDNA sequences of UPMB10, Br1, Fr1, S1r1 and S3r2 were aligned with the most closely related bacteria sequences obtained from the NCBI database using [22]. The tree was constructed with Mega version 5 software package [23] by using the maximum likelihood method from distance calculated by the method of Kimura two-parameter model with a discrete Gamma distribution [24]. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it does not mention rhizobacteria, plant growth, or nitrogen fixation. Instead, it discusses the methodology for DNA amplification and sequencing processes used to analyze bacterial strains.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Physical activity reduces the risk of chronic diseases like diabetes and heart disease. [SEP] Text: 8 kg), lengths (75 versus 75 cm) abdominal (47 versus 48 cm) and head (47 versus 47 cm) circumferences were virtually identical at 1 year of age. Preliminary unpublished data indicate that their anthropometric characteristics are still similar at 5 years of age. In the same populace, the exercise offspring have demonstrated normal to advanced neurodevelopment (Bayley scales of infant development) and preliminary data at age 5 indicate normal neurodevelopment and normal blood pressure. Additional data are available from a smaller but carefully matched rural populace from northern Vermont (35). At age 5, the 20 offspring from the exercising women are 2 kg lighter, have less subcutaneous fat, but have similar axial growth compared to 20 matched controls. They also scored significantly higher on tests of oral language skills and general intelligence ( Intellegence) with no differences noted in academic readiness, perceptual motor or motor development. at Ages 8 to 20 questionnaire data from over 75 urban exercisers in the greater Cleveland area indicate that the growth and general health of their offspring continues to be normal (unpublished observations). To date, their academic performance is significantly better than that reported in control offspring, as is their performance in non-athletic extracurricular activities. Sports performance also indicates equal or advanced hand-eye coordination, balance, strength, speed and endurance in offspring of mothers who exercised during pregnancy. 17 to 20 physiological evaluations of the rural college age offspring of Vermont women who continued vigorous weight-bearing exercise regimens are currently underway. Limited information currently available suggests continued superior academic and sports performance with no evidence of compromised health, specifically in the areas of obesity, cardiovascular types of maternal non-weight-bearing and weight-bearing exercise have been studied during pregnancy and none appear to increase the risk of an abnormal short-term outcome. Long-term follow-up data are quite limited, but it appears that beginning or continuing weight-bearing types of exercise during pregnancy has no adverse effects on postnatal growth, health or neurodevelopment. Beginning or continuing recreational weight-bearing exercise during pregnancy appears to have some positive short-and long-term effects on offspring outcome. However, the volume and quality of much of the information is not ideal and there is a great need for prospective, randomized, exercise-intervention studies in more diverse populaces, which carefully monitor compliance and examine both short-and long-term outcomes of both mothers and their offspring obesity, cardiovascular function, and insulin resistance. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by suggesting that exercising during pregnancy leads to positive long-term effects on health outcomes for offspring, including no evidence of compromised health specifically in areas related to obesity and cardiovascular function. Additionally, it implies that exercise may influence insulin resistance positively, which aligns with the idea that physical activity can reduce the risk of chronic diseases.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Every injury can be healed instantly with regenerative medicine. [SEP] Text: : 26109634; PMCID: PMC4528590(2015) Functionalized scaffolds to enhance tissue regeneration. 2(1):47–57. Epub 2015/04/07. : 25844177; PMCID: PMC4383297(2019) Enhanced angiogenesis by the hyaluronic acid hydrogels immobilized with a VEGF mimetic peptide in a traumatic brain injury model in rats. 6(6):325–334. Epub 2018/05/23. : 29784996; PMCID: PMC6019573(2012) (2012) Neo-vascularization of the stroke cavity by implantation of human neural stem cells on VEGF-releasing PLGA microp7446. Epub 20080917. : 18801569(2017) Hydrogels with precisely controlled integrin activation dictate vascular patterning and permeability. 16(9):953–61. Epub 2017/08/08. : 28783156; PMCID: PMC5809173(2017) Spatiotemporal presentation of exogenous SDF-1 with PLGA nanop51. Epub 2017/07/14. : 28703822; PMCID: PMC5588897(2017) Hyaluronic acid-laminin hydrogels increase neural stem cell transplant retention and migratory response to SDF-1alpha. 60–61:206–16. Epub 2016/10/23. : 27645115; PMCID: PMC5357205(2021) Neuro-regenerative imidazole-functionalized GelMA hydrogel loaded with hAMSC and SDF-1alpha promote stem cell differentiation and repair focal brain injury. 6(3):627–37. Epub 2020/10/03. : 33005827; PMCID: PMC7508914Oh B, (2019) Conductive polymers to modulate the post-stroke neural environment. Bull 148:10–7. Epub 2019/03/10. : 30851354; PMCID: PMC6501562(2016) Systematic optimization of an engineered hydrogel allows for selective control of human neural stem cell survival and differentiation after transplantation in the stroke brain. Biomaterials 105:145–55. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts with the claim because it discusses various research articles regarding functionalized scaffolds and hydrogels in tissue regeneration. While these studies imply advancements in regenerative medicine, they do not support the notion that every injury can be healed instantly, which is an unrealistic expectation of current regenerative medicine practices.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Rhizobacteria enhance plant growth by fixing atmospheric nitrogen. [SEP] Text: Gaps were treated by partial deletion and bootstrap analysis was done by using 2000 replications. Streptomyces griseus FGQ9 (HQ202539) was used as an outgroup sequence. Pot experiment The experimental soil (Serdang series soil, Typic Paleudult) was collected from 0–15 cm soil depth at the (2°59'12. 5" N, 101°38'52. 9" E). The soil was air-dried, ground, sieved (2 mm mesh) and analysed for its physico-chemical properties. The soil had pH 5. 1 (1:2. 5, soil:water ratio; MeterLab® PHM210); total N (semi-micro Kjeldahl method) [25], 0. 46%; total C (Leco CR-12 carbon analyser) [26], 3. 2%; available P (Bray I) [27], 31. 6 mg kg−1; exchangeable K (NH4OAc) [28], 46. 8 mg kg−1 and field capacity (pressure plate method) [29], 26. 8%. Exactly 20 kg of the soil was weighed and placed in each undrained polybag (60 cm, D × 50 cm, H). Uniformed doses of (CIRP, 30% P2O5) and Muriate of Potash (MOP, 60% K2O) at the recommended rates of 60 kg P2O5 ha−1 and 40 kg K2O ha−1 equivalents [30], respectively, were applied to each polybag. The 15N-labelled urea (46% N, 4. 72 at. % 15Ne) at 40 kg N ha−1 equivalent (a third of recommended fertiliser-N rate) [30] was dissolved in 100 mL distilled water and applied to each polybag as a tracer. The experiment was conducted in a randomised complete block design, with two harvests at 50 and 65 days after planting (DAP; D50 and D65) with four blocks and 0. 75 m × 0. 25 m planting distance between the polybags. The six treatments imposed were: (i) killed B. subtilis UPMB10 inoculum, autoclaved at 121°C for 20 min (Uninoculated control), (ii) B. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim about rhizobacteria enhancing plant growth by fixing atmospheric nitrogen. Instead, it focuses on experimental setup, soil properties, and fertilizer application without mentioning rhizobacteria or their role in nitrogen fixation.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Physical activity reduces the risk of chronic diseases like diabetes and heart disease. [SEP] Text: the past few decades, research on the role of physical activity during pregnancy has come a long way. Research questions no longer focus on cautious concern for the health and well-being of mother and offspring, but rather, how maternal physical activity might affect future chronic disease risk. Although one must remember that each pregnancy is different, and a woman's physical activity experience should be considered in concert with guidance from her health care providers, positive results from studies examining exercise during pregnancy are very encouraging. Recent research on the Indicators from 2010 indicate that increasing physical activity and reducing obesity are the greatest priorities for enhancing women's health (105). Future randomized clinical trials will help sort out the appropriate physical activity regimens that are optimal to help prevent chronic disease and obesity in women, and be most beneficial for offspring growth and development. Results from this have helped provide direction for these future research efforts. Support for the Roundtable from the following is gratefully acknowledged: Life Measurement, Inc. ; Centers for and Prevention, Branch; University-Center for and Health; University-Department of Radiology; and Systems. This manuscript represents a consensus document from an official ACSM Roundtable held April 26-27, 2005. 1. Abraham, S. , A. Taylor, and J. Conti. Postnatal depression, eating, exercise, and vomiting before and during pregnancy. Int. J. Eat. Disord. 29:482-487, 2001. | PubMed | CrossRef 2. Alessio, H. M. , and E. R. Blasi. Physical activity as a natural antioxidant booster and its effects on a healthy life span. Res. Q. Exerc. Sport. 68:292-302, 1997. | PubMed | CrossRef 3. Amagada, J. O. , L. Joels, and S. Catling. Stress fracture of rib in pregnancy: what analgesic? J. Obstet. Gynaecol. 22:559, 2002. | PubMed | CrossRef 4. of Obstetricians and Gynecologists (ACOG). Technical Bulletin: Pregnancy and the Postnatal Period. Washington DC: ACOG, 1985. 5. of Obstetricians and GynecologistsGestational Diabetes. 30:525-538, 2001. 6. of Obstetricians and during pregnancy and the postpartum period. 267. Obstet. Gynecol. 99:171-173, 2002. 7. Association. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the positive impact of maternal physical activity on future chronic disease risk. It emphasizes that research has shifted to focus on how physical activity can help prevent chronic diseases, including the general assertion that increasing physical activity is crucial for improving women's health and reducing obesity, which are risk factors for diseases like diabetes and heart disease.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Every injury can be healed instantly with regenerative medicine. [SEP] Text: Epub 2016/08/16. : 27521617; PMCID: PMC5003628(2013) Neurorestorative effect of urinary bladder matrix-mediated neural stem cell transplantation following traumatic brain injury in rats. 12(3):413–25. Epub 2013/03/09. : 23469853; PMCID: PMC4049096(2002) Functional recovery following traumatic spinal cord injury mediated by a unique polymer scaffold seeded with neural stem cells. 99(5):3024–9. Epub 2002/02/28. : 11867737; PMCID: PMC122466(2010) Nerve regeneration following spinal cord injury using matrix metalloproteinase-sensitive, hyaluronic acid-based biomimetic hydrogel scaffold containing brain-derived neurotrophic factor. 93A(3):1091–1099. : 30460331; PMCID: PMC6243198(2018) An in vivo model of functional and vascularized human brain organoids. 36(5):432–41. Epub 2018/04/17. : 29658944; PMCID: PMC6331203El-(2012) Implantation of undifferentiated and pre-differentiated human neural stem cells in the R6/2 transgenic mouse model of Huntington’s disease. BMC Neurosci 13:97. Epub 2012/08/11. : 22876937; PMCID: PMC3502570(2003) In vitro expression of major histocompatibility class I and class II antigens by conditionally immortalized murine neural stem cells. 337(2):85–8. Epub 2003/01/16. : 12527394(2008) Effect of inflammatory cytokines on major histocompatibility complex expression and differentiation of human neural stem/progenitor cells. 26(9):2444–54. Epub 2008/07/19. : 18635871Download 75. Springer, Cham. citation. RIS. ENW. : 23 February 2024 Publisher Name: : 978-3-031-49743-8 Online ISBN: 978-3-031-49744-5eBook Packages: Biomedical and Life SciencesBiomedical and (R0)Share this 34. 9910 units per month Download 29. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by listing several studies that explore the effects of regenerative medicine on specific injuries, such as traumatic brain injury and spinal cord injury, suggesting that healing is complicated and may not occur instantly. It implies that while regenerative medicine shows promise, recovery is typically part of a longer process rather than an instant solution.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Rhizobacteria enhance plant growth by fixing atmospheric nitrogen. [SEP] Text: subtilis UPMB10 inoculation (Reference control), (iii) Klebsiella sp. Br1 inoculation (Negative control), (iv) K. pneumoniae Fr1 inoculation, (v) B. pumilus S1r1 inoculation and (vi) Acinetobacter sp. S3r2 inoculation. Six maize seeds of similar size and shape, var. Hibrimas, were sowed and thinned to two per pot at 7th DAP (D7). The PGPR inocula were grown in TSB medium for 24 h (200 rpm, 26±2°C) and cell suspensions were adjusted to OD600 between 1. 4 and 2. 0, which corresponded to the total plate counts of ca. 109 cfu mL−1, as determined on the TSA medium. Each polybag was inoculated with 20 mL of respective inocula (live or killed) on D0, D7 and D35. The polybags were watered and weighted daily to maintain at field capacity throughout the experiment to avoid any possible loss of applied 15N labelled fertiliser through denitrification, if the soil contained excess moisture. The total bacterial colonisations in soil, rhizosphere and root-endosphere were determined according to the method of Hoben and Somasegaran [15] from the collected soil and fresh root samples at D65 harvest. 15N abundance plant analysis At harvest (D50 and D65), each maize plant was separated into roots, young, ear and old leaves, stalk, tassel and ear (D65 only). The ear bearing leaf and its immediate lower leaf were labelled as ear leaves. The upward and downward leaves from the ear leaves were respectively labelled as young and old leaves. Every component was weighed, oven-dried (65±2°C, 72 h) and ground (<1 mm) to determine the plant tissue N (except root) using the semi-micro Kjeldahl method [25] and 15N abundance using an emission spectrometer (NOI7, Fisher Germany) at Agency in Bangi, Selangor. The 15N abundance in the sample was corrected for the natural 15N abundance present in the environment (0. 3663 at. % 15Ne). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text primarily focuses on experimental methods for analyzing bacterial inoculation effects on maize growth, including detailed descriptions of inoculation processes and nitrogen analysis methods. However, it does not provide direct information or evidence that specifically supports or refutes the claim regarding rhizobacteria enhancing plant growth through atmospheric nitrogen fixation.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Physical activity reduces the risk of chronic diseases like diabetes and heart disease. [SEP] Text: Exercise training down-regulates ob gene expression in the genetically obese SHHF/Mcc-facp rat. Horm. Metab. Res. 29:214-219, 1997. | PubMed | CrossRef 70. Garcia-Patterson, A. , E. Martin, J. Ubeda, M. Maria, A. deLeiva, and R. Corcoy. 2001. Evaluation of light exercise in the treatment of Gestational Diabetes. 24:2006-2007, 2001. | Text | PubMed | CrossRef 71. Goldman, M. , J. Kitxmiller, B. Abrams, R. Cowan, and R. Laros. Obstetric complications with GDM: effects of maternal weight. Diabetes 40(S2):79-82, 1991. 72. Gonik, B. , and C. A. Stringer. Postpartum osteitis pubis. South Med. J. 78:213-214, 1985. | Text | PubMed | CrossRef 73. Goodwin, A. , J. Astbury, and J. McMeeken. Body image and psychological well-being in pregnancy. A comparison of exercisers and non-exercisers. Aust. N. Z. J. Obstet. Gynaecol. 40:442-447, 2000. | PubMed | CrossRef 74. . Marks, and B. A. King. Effect of exercise on milk immunoglobulin A. Med. Sci. Sports. Exerc. 29:1596-1601, 1997. | Text | PubMed | CrossRef 75. Gunderson, E. P. Intensive nutrition therapy for GDM. 20:221-226, 1997. | Text | PubMed | CrossRef 76. Gunderson, E. P. , B. Abrams, and S. Selvin. The relative importance of gestational gain and maternal characteristics associated with the risk of becoming overweight after pregnancy. Int. J. Obes. 24:1660-1668, 2000. | PubMed | CrossRef 77. Hall, D. C. , and D. A. Kaufmann. Effects of aerobic and strength conditioning on pregnancy outcomes. Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol. 157:1199-1203, 1987. | PubMed | CrossRef 78. Harris, S. B. , L. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text includes references to studies that investigate the effects of exercise on health conditions such as Gestational Diabetes and obesity. Specifically, the mention of 'Evaluation of light exercise in the treatment of Gestational Diabetes' supports the claim that physical activity can influence chronic diseases. By discussing the impact of exercise in managing health risks, the text corroborates the claim that physical activity reduces the risk of chronic diseases like diabetes.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Updating IoT device firmware is essential for maintaining security. [SEP] Text: Application domains in embedded systems such as of Things (IIoTs) involve smart, mobile, and interconnected devices that operate in large numbers (devices swarms). These devices process and exchange safety, privacy, and mission-critical information. Thus, message exchanges, task collaborations, and service deliveries necessitate the communicating devices to trust each other. In this regard, it is essential to have a suitable device verification technique that scales to device swarms and establishes trust among collaborating devices. However, state-of-the-art device swarm attestation schemes assume a single external verifier and do not offer resiliency. In addition, in a swarm of self-organizing IoT networks, each member device independently changes its position (i. e. , continuously entering and leaving the network). Thus, it becomes very challenging for the trusted external verifier to track these mobile devices, which further exacerbates the problem of authentication, identification, and management of swarm members. We present a novel AI-powered self-healing decentralized attestation that distributes attestation among devices for systems that work in swarms. Decentralization decreases delay and overcomes the problem of a single point of failure. To ensure swarm security, interoperability, and management, we use a reusable digital identity for each physical system (IoT node), allowing authentication and authorization of access. Each device is leveraged with an ML model, where verifications are carried out on its device twin, that is, the digital representations of the attestable properties of the member device. After each attestation, our system quickly extracts information about swarm members and establishes a chained relationship (chains of trusted blocks) with one another. This chain comprises devices with benign software configurations. We evaluate performance and demonstrate if the execution overhead is negligible. We also analyze security and show that the proposed technique is very effective and robust against various attacks. Keywords digital identitysecuritydecentralized swarm attestationdevice twinartificial intelligenceblockchain Show + Kibret* of of Technology, Delhi, IndiaVinay J. Institute of Technology, Bombay, India *Address all correspondence to: samuel_wed@yahoo. com, samuel. wed@cse. iitd. ac. in 1. IntroductionEmbedded devices are used in the ever-growing network of Cyber–(CPS) and of Things (IIoTs). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by describing challenges related to device authentication, identification, and management in IoT environments. It emphasizes the need for decentralized attestation and mentions that the current state-of-the-art assumes limitations that may compromise security, indirectly suggesting that merely updating firmware is insufficient to maintain security in complex, interconnected device networks.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Rhizobacteria enhance plant growth by fixing atmospheric nitrogen. [SEP] Text: Meanwhile, the N2 fixation in the whole maize plant (plant top basis) was calculated from the mean weighted atom excess (WAE) using the following formula [31]: Where AE = at. % 15Ne, TN = total N of a, b, c, d, e and f = tassel, young, ear and old leaves, stalk and ear, respectively, ear was only available in D65 harvest. The proportions of N derived from the atmosphere (% Ndfa) was calculated, as follows: Statistical analysis Data were analysed using one-way analysis of variance procedure (ANOVA) followed by Duncan’s Test (DMRT) at p<0. 05 using System software (SAS version 9. 0) [32]. Pearson correlation of coefficient test was performed to estimate the relationships between related variables. Results PGPR strain characterisation The plant growth-promoting (PGP) abilities of the four selected strains and a reference strain, UPMB10 are shown in Table 1. These five strains gave positive reactions on Nfb media. In particular, four strains (UPMB10, Br1, S1r1 and S3r2) showed the clearest halo zones around their bacterial colonies grown on the Pikovskaya media, indicating higher phosphate solubilisation abilities compared to Fr1 strain. Treatment with Fr1 strain, however, produced the significantly highest IAA at 13 μg mL−1 compared to the other strains (5–11 μg mL−1). Download: PPTPowerPoint slidePNGlarger imageTIFForiginal imageTable 1. Plant growth promoting (PGP) abilities of the five strains used in the glasshouse experiment. Molecular identification of PGPR strains Analysis of 16S rDNA sequences from the NCBI database suggested that UPMB10, Br1, Fr1, S1r1 and S3r2 were most closely related to Bacillus subtilis (98% similarity), Klebsiella sp. (99% similarity), Klebsiella pneumoniae (99% similarity), Bacillus pumilus (99% similarity) and Acinetobacter sp. (98% similarity), respectively. A phenogram showing the genetic relationship among the PGPR strains and their most closely related bacteria obtained from NCBI database is presented in Fig 1. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not directly address the claim about rhizobacteria enhancing plant growth by fixing atmospheric nitrogen. Instead, it discusses statistical analysis methods and the characteristics of different plant growth-promoting (PGP) strains without establishing a clear connection to atmospheric nitrogen fixation or plant growth enhancement.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Physical activity reduces the risk of chronic diseases like diabetes and heart disease. [SEP] Text: It is possible that non-attendees without the necessary measurements were less likely to have the studied conditions, and were also at lower risk of developing diabetes. If so, the incidence rates we report for patients without the conditions could be overestimated. However, it is also possible that the risk of developing diabetes would be unaffected if the relative relationship between the conditions studied and diabetes is the same in attendees and non-attendees. Second, we assessed the presence of CVD, heart failure, renal disease and depression at baseline. We did not attempt to account for the development of these conditions prior to diabetes onset. If patients who developed the conditions were at an elevated risk of diabetes similar to the risk in those who had the conditions at baseline, this higher risk would have been mis-assigned to those without the conditions, which would have resulted in underestimation of the relative risk. Though this is speculative, we believe that, for this reason, the relative risks of incident diabetes associated with the studied conditions are conservative. Third, patients with the studied conditions received fasting glucose tests somewhat more frequently, thereby increasing their opportunity for a diabetes diagnosis. Although our estimates adjusted for the number of follow-up tests, some unmeasured ascertainment bias might remain. Finally, our assessment of diabetes status both at baseline (as an exclusion criterion) and at follow-up (as the outcome measure) did not include oral glucose tolerance tests. Therefore, some patients with clinical diabetes but with fasting glucose <7 mmol/l were probably included in the study, while others may have developed clinical diabetes but remained undetected because of subdiagnostic fasting glucose levels. We cannot determine how this limitation would have affected our results. Lifestyle interventions have been repeatedly shown to prevent or delay the onset of type 2 diabetes in at-risk individuals [6], and also improve CVD risk factors [7]. Furthermore, the benefits of early intervention last well beyond the duration of the intervention itself [8–10]. Of course, the presence of serious comorbidities, such as those we examined, may reduce patients’ willingness or ability to engage in intensive exercise programmes. In any case, the bidirectional relationship between diabetes and its complications calls for accurate assessment of health risk well before diabetes onset so that the maximum benefits of early intervention can be realised. Furthermore, it is possible that primary prevention of CVD and other complications will reduce the risk of subsequent diabetes. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by stating that 'Lifestyle interventions have been repeatedly shown to prevent or delay the onset of type 2 diabetes in at-risk individuals, and also improve CVD risk factors.' This supports the idea that engaging in physical activity can have a positive impact on reducing the risk of chronic diseases such as diabetes and heart disease.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Updating IoT device firmware is essential for maintaining security. [SEP] Text: These networked systems are applied in the military, industries, business, medical field, retail, transportation, home automation, and other safety and security-critical applications. Devices in IoTs and CPS can operate in swarms and are connected to each other [1]. They are large clusters of devices working together to perform some task. Their key characteristics are that they are smart, mobile, and interconnected and operate in large numbers. They generate, process, and exchange a vast amount of mission-critical data as well as privacy-sensitive information and thus become targets of various attack. Recently, a number of high-profile threats and attacks targeting IoTs have been reported in literature. Attackers pose a significant amount of threats to IoTs either by injecting malware [2, 3, 4, 5] or through observing properties (i. e. , execution time, memory usage patterns, task schedule, power consumption, etc. ) of the software running [6] on the underlying device. Such attacks could affect the integrity of the software running on the device as well as the underlying system’s firmware or can be used to reveal the running application’s secrets. Devices under attack could stop working, behave differently, or be leveraged to pose distributed denial-of-service (DDoS) attacks. Thus, it is necessary to have a good code verification technique that scales to device swarms and establishes trust among collaborating devices. Such trust decisions are carried out through remote attestation. 1. 1 Remote attestation in embedded devicesRemote attestation in embedded devices is a process where a target system (i. e. , prover) makes a claim about its internal state by supplying reliable evidence to a verifier (trusted party). The verifier will then decide whether the target system’s attestation information is within its acceptable state. Based on the technology they rely on, current attestation techniques can be divided into three groups: hardware-based, software-based, and hybrid. In light of protecting the prover’s report from being forged by an adversary, some techniques use secure hardware [7, 8], while others are based on trusted software [9, 10]. Secure hardware is too costly and complex for low-end embedded devices. On the other hand, trusted software relies on strong adversarial and algorithm optimality assumptions, which are very difficult to achieve in reality [11]. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the significant threats to IoT devices and the need for robust security measures, such as code verification and remote attestation. It emphasizes that devices are targets of various attacks and highlights the complexity of achieving secure firmware without mentioning the importance of regular updates specifically, thus challenging the notion that updating firmware alone is essential for maintaining security.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Rhizobacteria enhance plant growth by fixing atmospheric nitrogen. [SEP] Text: Proteolysis is a controlled and coordinated degradation of photosynthetic protein of plastids such as chloroplast into soluble proteins for N remobilisation [53]. N remobilisation in plants could influence C production, as remobilised N is primarily sourced and initiated from senescing photosynthetic plant parts [57]. According to Uhart and Andrade [13], certain soil conditions such as limited rate of N fertilisation and water supply could increase N remobilisation efficiency in plants but would result in reduced C filling and grain yield. Conversely, delayed plant senescence can increase C filling and grain yield, but it will lead to decreased grain protein content [53]. Consequently, PGPR applications could provide a solution to manipulate plant senescence and continuous exogenous fixed N to plants, and concomitantly maintain high grain yield and protein content [52]. This pioneering study has demonstrated the effects of PGPR on N fluxes in maize plant prior to anthesis (D50) and at ear harvest (D65) which could create a new approach to plant-N management. Prior to anthesis (D50), the majority of N assimilated during the early growth of maize was derived from labelled fertiliser-urea source, instead of unlabelled soil and atmospheric sources, as indicated by the highest at. % 15Ne in the old leaves of maize (D50 and D65). This phenomenon demonstrated the role of old leaves as a major sink for N during the early maize growth [57]. Concurrently, N remobilisation from old leaves to photosynthetically active plant parts such as ear and young leaves might have occurred before anthesis, as suggested by the lowest N uptake in the old leaves (D50) and the significant increments in N uptake and dry biomass of young leaves at D65. The old leaves continued to be the source of remobilised N for developing plant parts (young leaves, stalk and ear) after anthesis, as indicated in the significantly lower at. % 15Ne value at D65, while the N uptake and dry biomass parameters remained similarly low at D50. As ear leaves were optimal for photosynthate production at D50, the N usage for further organ growth has significantly reduced, as exhibited in the unchanged N uptake and dry biomass parameters of ear leaves between D65 and D50 harvests. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses nitrogen remobilisation in plants and the effects of certain conditions on carbon production and grain yield, without addressing the role of rhizobacteria in enhancing plant growth through nitrogen fixation.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Physical activity reduces the risk of chronic diseases like diabetes and heart disease. [SEP] Text: Food Bank–to Security, Dietary Intake, and in a Food-at for — — January 9, 2020 1; 2; Elizabeth M. 3; Martha Orozco, BA1; Eric A. Steiner, MUP1; Yuae Park, MA3; Tiffany L. Gary-3,4 (View author affiliations) Suggested citation for this 0210. DOI: and for Practice2018. Intervention components were delivered from November 2017 through March 2019. The intervention included monthly diabetes-appropriate food packages, text-based health education, and referrals to health care. Food bank staff members administered surveys to participants at baseline, 6 months (midpoint), and 12 months (postintervention); participants self-reported all responses. Primary outcomes assessed were food security status, dietary intake, health-related behaviors, and body mass index (BMI). Information on demographic characteristics, food pantry access, health care use, and symptoms of depression was also collected. screened 462 food bank clients for eligibility. Of the 299 who were eligible, 244 enrolled; 90. 6% were female, 80. 1% were Hispanic, and 49. 1% had an annual household income less than $20,000. At baseline, 68. 8% of participants had low or very low food security. At midpoint, participants had significant improvements in food security status, dietary intake, physical activity, health status, and depression scores. Mean BMI did not change. Implications for This intervention demonstrated that food banks can effectively screen clients at high risk for diabetes and improve household food security and other risk factors for diabetes. Food banks may be an important and strategic partner for health care systems or community-based organizations working to prevent diabetes in food-insecure populations. Topinsecurity is a risk factor for type 2 diabetes (1,2), and household food insecurity is more prevalent when a household member has diabetes (3). The US Department of Agriculture (USDA) defines food insecurity as a lack of consistent access to enough food for an active, healthy life (4). Compared with people in food-secure households, people in food-insecure households are more likely to report poorer health and symptoms of depression (5) and have a higher risk for diet-sensitive chronic conditions such as obesity, hypertension, and diabetes (6). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by describing an intervention that led to significant improvements in physical activity among participants who were at high risk for diabetes. It states that increased physical activity was one of the positive outcomes of the program, supporting the idea that physical activity plays a role in reducing the risk of chronic diseases such as diabetes.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Updating IoT device firmware is essential for maintaining security. [SEP] Text: Then, the estimated energy consumption of initiator, D1, is:ED1⪯168+69g1Esend+20g1+∑i=1g120+4ziErecv+3g1Emac+g1Eprng+EsignE1On the other hand, the energy consumption of every other device Di is:EDi⪯88pi+4wiEsend+168+20pi+∑i=1pi20+4ziErecv+2+3piEmac+piEprng+EsignE2where Di is the initiator, gi is the number of neighbors of Di, zi is Desi − 1, wi is Desi, and pi ≤ gi − 1. Advertisement 6. Security analysisRecall that the proposed approach aims to allow secure detection through remote attestation and ensures a trusted graph (TG) is formed among genuine devices in a network, where their execution time properties reveal the same. This means that services/collaborations are to be only in a link between devices Di and Dj, where Di, Dj ∈ TG. Recall also that our adversarial model only considers remote and local adversaries (see Section 2. 1), while physical attacks are out of scope. We start with the case where adversary A modifies the software configuration of the target device P (also called prover). Code performing attestation measurement is in ROM and accessed through EA-MPU (see Section 5. 1), and thus A cannot tamper with measurement code. This means that any modification on the running code is revealed on the measured value. could do to make any kind of change on the result and trick verifier V is to forge the hashed attestation result (i. e. , AttRepp). cannot tamper with code measurement entity in P, it must forge the hashed attestation result if it is going to deceive V. Given the preimage and collision resistance nature of MAC, we use MAC as HMAC; the probability that A forges AttRepp (i. e. , MAC(KVP; Np || sn || c’p)) is negligible in lmac. On the other hand, symmetric attestation key KVP is stored in ROM and read only by attestation code (attestation measurement entity), which A cannot tamper with. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is mostly technical and discusses energy consumption and secure detection through remote attestation, but it does not address the necessity of updating IoT device firmware for security purposes. As such, it does not provide relevant information to support or contrast the claim.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Rhizobacteria enhance plant growth by fixing atmospheric nitrogen. [SEP] Text: This positively demonstrates that the remobilisation of N accumulated in maize top prior to anthesis from the leaves (old, ear and young), tassel and stalk have served successively as N sinks and N sources toward the ear yield. Thus, this study indicates that PGPR inoculation can be considered as an alternative technique to improve grain yield besides the conventional plant breeding method for “delayed senescence” varieties, which is time consuming and tedious. Further studies are necessary to evaluate (i) the suitability and performance of B. pumilus S1r1 on maize under field conditions and (ii) the PGPR mechanisms involved in delaying plant senescence for higher N accumulation. Supporting InformationS1 Fig. Effects of preliminary PGPR inoculation on dry weight of maize top. Asterisk,* on a bar indicates significant difference by Dunnett’s test (Uninoculated 1/3 N control) at p<0. 05. Error bar indicates standard errors. S2 Fig. Effects of preliminary PGPR inoculation on total N uptake of maize. Asterisk,* on a bar indicates significant difference by Dunnett’s test (Uninoculated 1/3 N control) at p<0. 05. Error bar indicates standard errors. S3 Fig. Red-gel stained 1% agarose gel displaying amplified DNA products under UV-transilluminator. Lanes: 1, Fr1 DNA; 2, S1r1 DNA; 3, S3r2 DNA; 4, Br1 DNA; 5, UPMB10 DNA; M, 1kb DNA ladder (Fermentas GeneRulerTM). S1 Table. of total N uptake in plant top and in different parts of maize inoculated with PGPR at D50 and D65 harvests. S2 Table. of at. % 15Ne in plant top and in different parts of maize inoculated with PGPR at D50 and D65 harvests. 1. . Jagung manis hybrid baru Hibrimas. ; 2012. 2. Ministry of Agriculture and Agro-Malaysia. Agrofood statistics 2013. Malaysia; 2014. 3. . Soil fertility kit: a toolkit for acid, upland soil fertility management in Southeast Asia. Potash & (PPI). Singapore; 2001. 4. . [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the specific claim about rhizobacteria enhancing plant growth through nitrogen fixation. It discusses PGPR inoculation's impact on maize yield and nitrogen accumulation, but it does not specifically mention rhizobacteria's role in fixing atmospheric nitrogen. Therefore, it is irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Physical activity reduces the risk of chronic diseases like diabetes and heart disease. [SEP] Text: 2018, all participants were enrolled in health promotion education programming delivered through CareMessage (www. caremessage. org) — a nonprofit mobile health technology platform that designs mobile health tools for underserved patient populations. Participants first received a 24-week physical activity module, followed by a 24-week nutrition program. Each module delivered 3 to 5 text messages per week to participants to educate and nudge participants toward healthy behavior modifications. The text-based program was initiated for each participant by food bank staff members and was delivered in the participant’s language of preference. By midpoint, participants had completed the physical activity program and were starting the nutrition module. Physical activity and nutrition education are core content areas of DPPs. Although the text-based health promotion programming was not a substitute for DPP classes, it did provide relevant and complementary health information to participants. Text-based engagement and administrative messaging. All participants who provided consent for text messaging received general administrative messages during the project, with the goal to maintain or increase engagement in activities (primarily picking up project food packages). Messages included distribution reminders, date or time changes, and survey reminders. All messages were sent via the CareMessage platform, managed by food bank staff members, and delivered in the clients’ language of preference. Referrals to community-based DPPs. An initial goal of the project was to connect food bank clients to an existing community-based DPP for education and support aimed at lowering clients’ diabetes risk. However, the DPP provider that the food bank had planned on working with underwent organizational changes and no longer had capacity to provide DPP classes during the project period. Food bank staff members were not able to find a replacement community-based DPP partner within the first 6 months of the study. Originally, the project was designed so that participants would be offered either a referral to a formal community-based DPP or the text-based health promotion education programming. 2018, we decided to enroll all participants who were interested in a community-based DPP into the text-based health promotion programs. When the project’s enrollment closed in March 2018, we had initiated the text-based health program for 203 participants, including the 110 participants who initially expressed interest in the community-based DPP. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing a health promotion program that includes a physical activity module aimed at educating participants about healthy behaviors, which suggests that engaging in physical activity is intended to lower diabetes risk. The statement that participants received health information aimed at 'lowering clients’ diabetes risk' directly supports the claim that physical activity can reduce the risk of chronic diseases.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Updating IoT device firmware is essential for maintaining security. [SEP] Text: Ibrahim A, Sadeghi A-R, Zeitouni S. Seed: Secure non-interactive attestation for embedded devices. In: Proceedings of the 10th ACM Conference on Security and Privacy in Wireless and Mobile Networks. ; 2017. 74. DOI: 10. 1145/3098243. 309826022. . Dads: Decentralized attestation for device swarms. ACM Transactions on Privacy and Security (TOPS). 2019;22(3):19. DOI: 10. 1145/332582223. Kibret SW. Property-in Device Swarms: A Approach. 2nd ed. Berlin, Boston: De Gruyter; 2023. 90. DOI: 10. 1007/3-540-09237-424. . Airmed: Efficient self-healing network of low-end devices. arXiv preprint arXiv:2004. 12442. 2020:1-204. Available from: Kibret SW. to T Networks. New Delhi, Delhi, India: IIT Delhi; 2022. Available from: -R, Schunter M. Sana: Secure and scalable aggregate network attestation. In: Proceedings of the 2016 on Computer and Communications Security. Vienna, Austria: ACM; 2016. 742. DOI: 10. 1145/2976749. 297833527. . Crrp: A cooperative relay routing protocol for iot networks. In: 2016 IEEE 27th Symposium on Personal, Indoor, and Communications (PIMRC). IEEE; 2016. 6. DOI: 10. 1109/pimrc. 2016. 779484428. . Internet of things in industries: A survey. IEEE Transactions on Industrial Informatics. 2014;10(4):2233-224329. . From today’s intranet of things to a future internet of things: A wirelessand mobility-related view. . 2010;17(6):44-51. DOI: 10. 1109/mwc. 2010. 567577730. van Doorn L, Khosla P. Scuba: Secure code update by attestation in sensor networks. In: Proceedings of the 5th ACM Workshop on Wireless Security. : ACM; 2006. 94. DOI: 10. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text provided does not address the claim concerning the importance of updating IoT device firmware for security purposes. Instead, it appears to be a list of references and research reports related to various aspects of security in embedded systems and IoT, but it does not contain any explicit argument or information that supports, contrasts, or is directly relevant to the claim.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Rhizobacteria enhance plant growth by fixing atmospheric nitrogen. [SEP] Text: Are microorganisms more effective than plants at competing for nitrogen? Sci. 2000; 5: 304–308. pmid:10871903 View 5. Lugtenberg B, Kamilova F. Plant-growth-promoting rhizobacteria. Annu. Rev. Microbiol. 2009; 63: 541–556. pmid:19575558 View 6. Montañez. Biological nitrogen fixation in maize (Zea mays L. ) by 15N isotope-dilution and identification of associated culturable diazotrophs. Biol. Fertil. Soils 2009; 45: 253–263. View 7. Screening of rhizobacteria from maize (Zea mays L. ) in do (South Brazil) and analysis of their potential to improve plant growth. Appl. Soil Ecol. 2013; 63: 15–22. View 8. . The diversity of archaea and bacteria in association with the roots of Zea mays L. Microb. Ecol. 2001; 41: 252–263. pmid:11391463 View 9. . Inoculation of Bacillus sphaericus UPMB-10 to young oil palm and measurement of its uptake of fixed nitrogen using the 15N isotope dilution technique. Microbes Environ. 2012; 27(3): 257–262. pmid:22446306 View 10. . Effect of plant growth promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) inoculation on microbial community structure in rhizosphere of forage corn cultivated in Thailand. Eur. J. Soil Biol. 2011; 47: 44–54. View 11. Biological nitrogen fixation associated with sugar cane and rice: contributions and prospects for improvement. 1995; 174: 195–209. View 12. . Potential use of rhizobial bacteria as promoters of plant growth for increased yield in landraces of African cereal crops. Afr. J. Biotechnol. 2004; 3: 1–7. View 13. . Nitrogen and carbon accumulation and remobilisation during grain filling in maize under different source/sink ratios. Crop Sci. 1995; 35: 183–190. View 14. . In winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not directly address the claim regarding rhizobacteria enhancing plant growth by fixing atmospheric nitrogen. Instead, it lists various research studies and articles related to microorganisms and their interactions with plants, but does not provide explicit support or contradiction to the claim made.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Physical activity reduces the risk of chronic diseases like diabetes and heart disease. [SEP] Text: 2% (58 of 192) of respondents were participating in SNAP. In addition, 84. 8% (162 of 191) of respondents reported having a place to go when they are sick and need advice about their health, and 92. 1% (176 of 191) of respondents reported having health insurance coverage. Most (79. 4%) participants reported last visiting a physician within the past 6 months for a routine checkup. In our study population, 92. 1% (176 of 191) of respondents reported having health insurance coverage: of the 106 who answered about type of coverage, 38. 7% (n = 41) reported coverage through Medicaid, 23. 6% (n = 25) indicated private insurance, and 23. 6% (n = 25) reported benefits through Alameda County’s HealthPAC program, which offers health care services to low-income residents not otherwise covered by private insurance or Medicaid. Despite good health care coverage in this population, 19. 9% (38 of 191) of respondents reported that they found it difficult to see a physician because of cost. Midpoint changes At midpoint, 192 of 244 participants (78. 7%) completed surveys administered by food bank staff members; 52 were lost to follow-up. We found significant improvements in food security status, dietary intake, physical activity, and depression scores. We found no significant changes in weight or BMI. Food security status. The percentage of participants reporting that household adults skip meals decreased from 43. 6% at baseline to 29. 3% (Pearson χ2 = 98. 6, P <. 001) at midpoint (Table 2). The percentage of participants with low or very low food security status decreased from 68. 8% at baseline to 62. 5% at midpoint (Pearson χ2 = 72. 6, P <. 001). Physical activity and general health. The minutes of physical activity per week reported increased from 95. 6 to 145. 1 (paired t test = 4. 05, P <. 001) among participants, and the percentage of participants who reported regular physical activity at least once per week increased from 62. 5% to 80. 7% (Pearson χ2 = 21. 0, P <. 001) (Table 3). The percentage of participants who reported their health status as poor or fair declined from 73. 9% to 60. 1% (Fisher exact = 39. 19, P <. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by detailing that there was a significant increase in physical activity among participants, with reported minutes of physical activity per week increasing from 95.6 to 145.1, along with an increase in the percentage of participants engaging in regular physical activity at least once per week from 62.5% to 80.7%. Additionally, the percentage of participants reporting poor or fair health status declined from 73.9% to 60.1%, suggesting a potential reduction in the risk of chronic diseases due to improved physical activity levels.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Updating IoT device firmware is essential for maintaining security. [SEP] Text: The update problem encountered in operating systems is one of both synchronization and access. Synchronization between different software elements of a system, and between the software and hardware of the platform, is required. An update to a system can destroy this synchronization. Access relates to the permissions and capability to update all parts of the system, including the operating system kernel, the boot software, and all types of firmware on the device. A bad software update creates an incompatibility between two different software components on your device or an incompatibility between the software and the hardware of your device. An update problem is observed when two or more software components interfere with one another. The result of any of these conflicts can be a slowdown in operation, the failure of one or more services, a computer shutdown during operation (i. e. , a crash), or even a failure to boot the device. It is not uncommon for some Linux updates to cause a failure to boot after a kernel update, which then requires a rebuild of the boot device in order to remedy the situation. A good software update requires synchronization between the hardware and all the software on the platform. The word all introduces the other part of the update problem: Access. We defer the access issue until the section on secure updates, but it is important to understand the complexity of the update problem here and realize that the distributions we discuss now do not solve the whole problem. The access problem is caused by some updatable software on a device that resides in one or more difficult to reach hardware storage areas, normally referred to as firmware. The operating system itself may not be able to reach all these firmware locations. The device may need to be placed into a special operating mode, or an update must be submitted at a particular time during the boot process for the firmware update to be successful. This special access required to update firmware may be difficult or impossible to do without human intervention. If some part of the device’s regular software is updated, and it depends on a newer version of firmware that is not present on the device, the instability of a bad software update may be the result. If an operating system update causes an IoT platform to fail to reboot, or to crash so often that a new update cannot be pushed to the device, this requires a human being to go out to the device and repair or replace it. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing various update problems, particularly focusing on the risks and complications that can arise from software updates, including firmware updates. It emphasizes issues such as synchronization and access that can lead to instability or failure of device operations. Rather than supporting the idea that firmware updates are essential for security, it highlights that bad updates could actually destabilize devices, suggesting a more cautious approach toward updates.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Rhizobacteria enhance plant growth by fixing atmospheric nitrogen. [SEP] Text: ), post-anthesis nitrogen uptake and remobilisation to the grain correlates with agronomic traits and nitrogen physiological markers. Field Crop. Res. 2007; 102: 22–32. View 15. Hoben HJ, Somasegaran P. Comparison of the pour, spread, and drop plate methods for enumeration of Rhizobium spp. in inoculants made from presterilized peat. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 1982; 44: 1246–1247. pmid:16346141 View 16. . Isolation of Azospirillum spp. from oil palm roots. The proceedings of the 18th Microbiology Symposium, for Microbiology, Kuching, Sarawak; 1995. 9. 17. Baldani VLD, Döbereiner J. Host-plant specificity in the infection of cereals with Azospirillum spp. Soil Biol. Biochem. 1980; 12: 433–439. View 18. Pikovskaya RI. Mobilization of phosphorus in soil in connection with vital activity of some microbial species. Microbiologia 1948; 17: 362–370. View 19. Glickmann E, Dessaux Y. A critical examination of the specificity of the Salkowski reagent for indolic compounds produced by phytopathogenic bacteria. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 1995; 16: 793–796. View 20. . Random amplified polymorphic DNA fingerprints for identification of red meat species. Meat Sci. 1998; 48: 275–285. pmid:22063076 View 21. . 16S ribosomal DNA amplication for phylogenetic study. J. Bacteriol. 1991; 173: 697–703. pmid:1987160 View 22. Edgar RC. Muscle: multiple sequence alignment with high accuracy and high throughput. Res. 2004; 32:1792–1797. pmid:15034147 View 23. . MEGA5: molecular evolutionary genetics analysis using maximum likelihood, evolutionary distance, and maximum parsimony method. Mol. Biol. Evol. 2011; 28: 2731–2739. pmid:21546353 View 24. Hall BG. Building phylogenetic trees from molecular data with MEGA. Mol. Biol. Evol. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim regarding rhizobacteria and their role in fixing atmospheric nitrogen to enhance plant growth. Instead, it seems to focus on various studies and methods related to microbial species and their identification, without mentioning rhizobacteria or their specific relationship with nitrogen fixation.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Vaccines prevent the spread of infectious diseases. [SEP] Text: Review 1082. Assessment of to Prevent the Spread of SARS-Cov-2: A M Issarow* of Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, *Corresponding author: of Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, South Africa. Received: February 24, 2023 Accepted: March 31, 2023 Published: April 07, 2023 Abstract Background: The severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) that causes coronavirus diseases 2019 (COVID-19) is mainly spread person-to-person through droplets and aerosols. It is often recommended that healthcare workers and other people take precautionary measures to reduce their exposure to SARS-CoV-2 by wearing masks. However, the effectiveness of the masks is not well understood at the community level. Methods: To assess the effectiveness of the masks against the SARS-CoV-2 virus, we searched electronic databases (Pubmed, Scopus, and Web of Science) for studies that assessed mask or respirator effectiveness in the prevention of SARS-CoV-2 transmission. Results: The majority of studies reviewed suggested that all types of masks (e. g. , N95 respirators, surgical masks, and cloth masks) protect the human respiratory system against airborne viral pathogens, such as SARS-CoV-2. The quality and effectiveness of the masks vary depending on the materials, structures, and methods used for construction. The data shows that both surgical masks and N95 respirators can provide similar protection against airborne respiratory infections, including SARS-CoV-2, for healthcare workers, but due to its better facial fit, N95 is recommended for high-risk environments. However, although masks reduce the spread of SARS-CoV-2, they may not entirely provide proper protection against biologic p1. Masks are thought to keep infected people from spreading SARS-CoV-2 to others by preventing virus-containing droplets from being exhaled into the air and protecting uninfected wearers (Figure 1) [28]. Generally, it is believed that masks can be used to block droplets and aerosols containing SARS-CoV-2 that cause COVID-19. Figure 1: How masks can block droplets and aerosols containing SARS-CoV-2 [42]. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text discusses the effectiveness of masks in preventing the spread of SARS-CoV-2, which relates to how preventive measures can mitigate the transmission of infectious diseases. It mentions that 'masks can be used to block droplets and aerosols containing SARS-CoV-2,' supporting the broader claim that interventions like vaccines, and in this case masks, aid in preventing the spread of infectious diseases.