Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Wildlife conservation is equally effective in every environment around the world. [SEP] Text: However, because of habitat fragmentation for human settlement and cultivated land into previous wildlife habitats, the distribution of grivet monkey is highly challenging nowadays. In many areas, this monkey frequents human settlements and feeds extensively on crops [15–17], which exacerbate the conflict with humans. Longitudinal studies on conservation threats of primates are an important step towards developing effective conservation management plan. In spite of this governing rational, only a few studies have been conducted in central highlands of Ethiopia where the conflict is severe due to a high rate of forest degradation and restriction of primates to patches of habitat surrounded by agricultural fields [16]. This study aimed to provide baseline information on current situation of human-grivet monkey conflict (HGMC) and the perceptions of communities towards this monkey conservation. The researcher predicted that HGMC did not vary with regard to the distance of farmland from the forest boundary. The researcher also predicted that the attitude of households may not vary depending on the gender. Characteristics and Socioeconomic profile of the total of 143 individuals participated for questionnaire survey (Table 1). The majority of respondents 59. 4% (n = 85) were males, while 40. 6% (n = 58) were females. There was no significant difference in the proportion of genders interviewed among villages (χ2 = 6. 74, df = 5, p = 0. 24). Most of the respondents 81. 1% (n = 116) were married. Regarding educational level, most 83. 9% (n = 120) were literate, and the rest 16. 1% (n = 23) were uneducated. The family sizes of the respondents ranged from 1 to 11 with a mean of 4. 82 ± 2. 13. From the total respondent, 52. 4% (n = 75) possess family size of 4 to 6 individuals. There was significant difference in family size among villages (χ2 = 21. 82, df = 10, p = 0. 016). Among the households, 53. 1% (n = 75) possess 0. 5-1 ha of farmland while few 17. 5% (n = 25) possess > 1 ha of farmland. There was significant difference among villages regarding farmland size (χ2 = 19. 52, df = 10, p = 0. 034). The majority of respondents 84. 6% (n = 121) lack neither private nor communal grazing land and leave their cattle in the forest while only 11. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by describing specific challenges in wildlife conservation, particularly regarding the grivet monkey in Ethiopia. The challenges include habitat fragmentation, human-wildlife conflict, and forest degradation, which suggest that conservation efforts are not uniformly effective across different environments. The mention of varying conservation needs and experiences based on regional challenges indicates that conservation effectiveness may depend significantly on local conditions, directly contradicting the idea that effectiveness is equal everywhere.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Some assert that using pathogens for pest control will never affect beneficial insects. [SEP] Text: (2015) Trichoderma species belongs to the division Ascomycota, subdivision Pezizomycotina, class Sordariomycetes, subclass Hypocreomycetidae, order Hypocreales and family Hypocreaceae. Chaverri et al. (2015) have reidentified the ubiquitous Trichoderma harzianum into 14 new species with various characteristics. MorphologyRifai (1969) and Domsch et al. (1980) described colonies of Trichoderma spp. in culture to be floccose, tufted green, growing rapidly and sporulate well under incandescent light than otherwise, often producing spores in bands. Phialides of Trichoderma spp. are sterile hyphae creeping septate forming a flat, firm, tuft conidiophores erect arising from a short branch. In T. viride, conidia have double-layered walls consisting of an electron dense rough outer layer (epispore) and a moderate electron dense inner layer. Around the conidia and hyphae, a distinct mucilaginous substance is present (Hashioka et al. 1996). Majumdar (1993) and Sengupta (1995) stated that chlamydospores are formed late in cultural media, intercalary or rarely terminal, round and double-walled function as resting spores during unfavourable conditions. Recently, micromorphology of Trichoderma reesei has been studied by confocal laser scanning microscope to see the branching pattern of the fungus which produces cellulolytic enzymes (Novy et al. 2016). CharacteristicsTrichoderma spp. are often found wherever decaying plant materials are available mainly of cellulosic materials (Kubicek et al. 2009 and Jaklitsch, 2009). Trichoderma spp. are mainly characterized by branched conidiophore-bearing bright green conidia (Gams and Bissett, 1998). Figure 1 demonstrates the conidiophores containing phialides and phialospores of T. harzianum. According to Shah et al. (2012), the light green conidia of T. harzianum are globose to subglobose, while those of T. viride are globose. Small pale green conidia were observed in T. pseudokoningii. Fig. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it primarily discusses the characteristics and taxonomy of Trichoderma species, without addressing the issue of their impact on beneficial insects. There is no mention of pest control or any assertions regarding the effects on non-target insect populations.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Mirror neurons in the brain play a role in empathy and understanding others' emotions. [SEP] Text: This age brink has yet to be studied and identified; An analysis of Mary Gordon’s Roots of Empathy program indicates that it falls somewhere between Kindergarten and third grade, though this conjecture needs to be verified. Further research may also determine what happens after this age milestone is surpassed: would there still be some way to modify the MNS, e. g. , in the case of older autistic children? 4 Empathy and SYNC4. 1 SynchronizationThe aforementioned empathy and embodied simulation indicate that something extraordinary happens between people when they communicate, and the lifeblood of this wonder seems to be the mirror neurons, driving the process of intentional attunement (Gallese 2008, 2009, 2011). Two brains attune and couple, synchronizing beyond and regardless of the content of communication. Synchronization is understood here in a broader sense, as coordination of events to operate a system. Footnote 7 Brown and Kocarev (2000) highlight that SYNC can be considered if the properties of two subsystems (parts of a larger interacting system) agree in time. In the context of brain coupling, SYNC may be defined as coordination of brains to operate in accord and in time. The embodied simulation may lead to a situation where two brains become tuned to each other. 4. 2 Brain-to-brain couplingThis process is attributed to the emergence of complex behaviors that require the coordination of actions among individuals according to a shared set of rules. The neural processes in one brain are coupled to the neural processes in another brain via the transmission of signals through the environment. Two brains synchronize. This process of brain-to-brain coupling looks exactly like a wireless communication system in which two brains are coupled via the transmission of a physical signal (e. g. , sound, pressure or chemical compound) through the shared physical environment (Hasson et al. 2012). There are numerous joined behaviors such as mating, group cohesion, and predator avoidance, which depend on accurate production and perception of social signals. Development processes ultimately must result in coupling between the sensory systems of one individual with the signals produced by the motor system of another individual (Hasson et al. ibid). 4. 2. 1 Interactive alignment Interactive alignment is the unconscious process that enables communication and dialogue between people. Two interlocutors simultaneously align their representations at different linguistic levels by imitating each other’s choices of speech sounds, grammatical forms, words, and meanings. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the role of mirror neurons (MNS) in the process of empathy and communication. It states that 'the lifeblood of this wonder seems to be the mirror neurons, driving the process of intentional attunement,' emphasizing how the mirror neurons facilitate synchronization and attunement between individuals during communication, which is fundamental to understanding emotions.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Wildlife conservation is equally effective in every environment around the world. [SEP] Text: More male (32. 9%) respondents were interested to the conservation of grivet monkey as compared with females (20. 7%). Pearson’s Chi-Square test showed that there was significant difference between genders regarding their interest to grivet monkey conservation (χ2 = 6. 49, df = 2, P = 0. 04) (Table 2). There were no statistical difference in respondents’ perceptions to grivet monkey conservation based on their marital status, education status and family size. Village of households and their cropland distance from the forest had significant impact on their perception of respondents towards supporting grivet monkey conservation. Majority of respondents (77. 8%) having farmland 401m away from the forest supported the importance of grivet monkey conservation while those nearer to the forest argued against the issue. There was significant difference in respondents perceptions towards grivet monkey conservation based on distance of farmland from the forest (χ2 = 12. 7, df = 4, P = 0. 013) (Table 2). Respondents who argued grivet monkey conservation claimed several problems like damage to field crops, gardens, theft of backyard resources, children absenteeism from schooling, and extra workload of crop guarding which interrupt other socioeconomic activities. On the other hand, respondents those supported grivet monkey conservation stated that the monkeys are source of happiness, tourist attraction, heritage to the country and the generations to come. Table 2 Community perceptions towards grivet monkey conservation around conserving grivet monkey important? variables (%) Not important (%) I do not know (%) χ2 df p value sex male 32. 9 67. 1 0. 0 6. 49 2 0. 04 female 20. 7 74. 1 5. 2 age 18–30 24. 4 75. 6 0. 0 13. 23 6 0. 04 31–43 25. 0 75. 0 0. 0 44–56 35. 5 54. 8 9. 7 > 56 30. 4 69. 6 0. 0 Marital status married 25. 9 71. 6 2. 6 1. 91 2 0. 39 single 37. 0 63. 0 0. 0 Educational status Uneducated 21. 7 73. 9 4. 3 3. 53 6 0. 74 informal education 25. 0 75. 0 0. 0 primary 32. 0 66. 0 2. 0 secondary 31. 8 63. 6 4. 5 Distance from forest (m) < 200 24. 5 72. 6 2. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by demonstrating that perceptions and support for grivet monkey conservation vary significantly based on certain factors such as distance from the forest and the gender of respondents. It states that 'village of households and their cropland distance from the forest had significant impact on their perception of respondents towards supporting grivet monkey conservation,' indicating that these factors influence the effectiveness of conservation efforts in different environments.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Some assert that using pathogens for pest control will never affect beneficial insects. [SEP] Text: 1Phialides and phialospores of a Trichoderma harzianum and b Trichoderma viride (taken from the Université de website)Full size imageTrichoderma as a bioagentThe use of microorganisms as bioagents is a less hazardous method for controlling plant pathogens. Almost 20 species of the genus Trichoderma act as bioagents against many soil-borne as well as foliar plant pathogens. T. harzianum, T. koningii, T. viride, T. atroviride, T. pseudokoningii, T. longibrachiatum, T. hamatum, T. polysporum and T. reesei are the most important species, which act as potential antagonists (Monaco et al. 1991). Antagonism of Trichoderma against different pathogens has been reported for several times like Sclerotium rolsfii (Mukherjee and Tripathi, 2000), Fusarium ciceris, Macrophomina phaseolina, Rhizoctonia solani (Mukhopadhyay and Pan 2012a) and plant parasitic nematodes (Spiegel and Chet, 1998). Mukherjee and Raghu (1997) observed that Trichoderma species and Gliocladium virens were highly effective in suppressing S. rolsfii on ginger rhizomes and on several vegetables in storage. Li et al. (2018) showed that 4 species of Trichoderma restricted Fusarium oxysporum growth by producing volatile compounds. Influence of environmental factors on biocontrol potential of Trichoderma strainsAmong the Trichoderma species, the optimum temperature for the growth is different (Samuels, 1996), but mostly they are mesophilic. Water conditions have been shown to strongly effect on Trichoderma activities, most particularly spore germination, germ tube growth (Magan, 1988), mycelial growth (Lupo et al. 2002), the interaction with other fungi (Badham, 1991) and on enzyme production (Grajek and Gervais, 1987). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text primarily discusses the use of Trichoderma species as bioagents for controlling plant pathogens but does not directly address whether the use of pathogens for pest control affects beneficial insects. Thus, it is irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Mirror neurons in the brain play a role in empathy and understanding others' emotions. [SEP] Text: (“I handed John his lunchbox today” will trigger “and I handed him his coat…” instead of “I gave him his coat…”); in the first case both utterances use the same words to the extent possible. Using the MRI it was documented that, during successful communication, the speaker’s and listener’s brains exhibit joint, temporally coupled, response patterns (Hasson et al. ibid) synchronizing over time. Moreover, Dumas et al. (2010), when EEG-scanning pairs of subjects imitating each other, discovered that states of interactional synchrony correlate with the emergence of an interbrain synchronizing network. Footnote 8 The authors concluded that interbrain neural synchronizations can be seen as several aspects of the ongoing interactional synchrony, anticipation of other’s actions, and co-regulation of turn-taking. 4. 2. 2 Language as brain-to-brain coupling transmitterApparently, one of the transmitters of this attunement is language. However, the discovery is that it is not so much the content, words, and grammar that enable brain-to-brain coupling. It is much more the rhythm of communication. Across all languages and contexts, the speech signal has its own amplitude modulation (increase or decrease in intensity) consisting of a rhythm that ranges between 3 and 8 Hz. This rhythm is roughly the timescale of the speaker’s syllables production (three to eight syllables per second). Watching the speaker’s face is the equivalent of turning up the volume by 15 decibels. The mouth movements during speech are tightly coupled with the speech signal’s amplitude modulation. Thus, the speaker’s mouth oscillations at a rate of 3–8 Hz are captured by listener’s visual system and amplified via numerous sensory pathways in the listener’s brain (Hasson et al. ibid). This would indicate that face-to-face relationship enhances the ability of efficient communication—a conjecture that was documented in various experiments, starting with songbirds that learn much more effectively in social context, if the tutor is a live bird, as opposed to a tape-recording (Baptista and Petrinovich 1984). Another example: In a series of experiments aimed at analyzing how innovative and novel communication systems emerge, pairs of participants were invited to play cooperative games through interconnected computers. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing interbrain synchronizations and the importance of communication rhythms in establishing a connection between individuals. The mention of the 'co-regulation of turn-taking' and 'interactional synchrony' highlights how these processes, facilitated by joint neural responses, contribute to understanding and empathy between communicators. The connection between the speaker's and listener's brain activities during interactions supports the idea that mirror neurons are involved in these empathetic exchanges.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Wildlife conservation is equally effective in every environment around the world. [SEP] Text: Respondents chase, shot and trapped grivet monkeys as a revenge of their crop loss (Plate 2). Deforestation, livestock grazing, wood collection for firewood and sale, and agricultural encroachments are becoming common and widespread practices in the study area. Residents around WWNF usually cut trees such as Hagenia abyssinica, Prunus Africana, Olea europaea cuspidata, Olinia rochetiana, Ficus sur, Dombeya torrid, Myrica salcifolia, Allophylus abyssinicus, Ekebergia capensis, Podocarpus falcatus, Juniperus procera, Maesa lanceolata, Ilex mitis, and others for purposes like house construction, firewood, timbering, animal fodder, fencing and household and farming utensils (Table 5), most of which used as food sources for grivet monkeys. Such overlapping of human goals with the needs of grivet further escalates the conflict and endangers grivet monkey conservation in the study area. Table 5. Tree species logged by local communities around WWNF for different purpose Forest product utilization Local name tree species timbering for house & utensil construction fuel wood animal fodder Podocarpus falcatus √ √ procera √ √ fulva √ mitis √ europaea √ √ √ lanceolata √ √ viridiflorum √ √ √ √ abyssinica √ √ rochetiana √ √ √ √ revolutum √ √ Dombeya torrida √ abyssinica √ Africana √ hypselodendron totakula Galiniera saxifraga √ √ √ abyssinica √ africana √ √ DiscussionIn recent decades, human population growth and the related expansion of agricultural and industrial activities have intensified HWCs [18, 19]. In the developing countries like Ethiopia, the livelihoods of most of the peoples living in the rural area are depended on livestock holdings and agriculture which made HWC the most intensive [3]. Recently, HWC undoubtedly ranks amongst the main threats to conservation of wildlife in Africa [11]. This study also revealed that the communities around WWNSF experienced intensive conflict with grivet monkeys over crops. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by highlighting significant challenges in wildlife conservation in a specific area in Ethiopia. It discusses elements like human-wildlife conflict (HWC), deforestation, and agricultural encroachments that threaten grivet monkey conservation. These factors indicate that conservation effectiveness varies greatly depending on environmental and socio-economic conditions, thereby refuting the idea that conservation is equally effective worldwide.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Some assert that using pathogens for pest control will never affect beneficial insects. [SEP] Text: At higher water potential, optimum secretion of cellobiohydrolase and NAGase enzymes were observed, while the maximum activities of secreted glucosidase, xylosidase and chymotrypsin-like protease enzymes occurred at lower water potential values than those optimal for growth. Some examined Trichoderma strains were able to grow in a wide range of pH from 2. 0 to 6. 0 with an optimum at 4. 0. Mycelial growth of Trichoderma strains was also affected by the presence of heavy metals. Zehra et al. (2017) tested Trichoderma spp. against Alternaria alternata, F. oxysporum in different environmental conditions such as salt, temperature and pH and found T. harzianum to be most effectiveBiocontrol mechanisms of Trichoderma spp. The main three mechanisms of biocontrol of Trichoderma spp. are mycoparasitism, antibiosis, and competition for nutrients or space among others which may operate independently or together to suppress plant pathogens. MycoparasitismHaran et al. (1996) proposed the mycoparasitic activity (hyperparasitism) of Trichoderma as one of the major mechanisms involved in their antagonistic activities against phytopathogenic fungi. The importance of Trichoderma’s mycoparasitism in the biological control of wood decay fungi was discussed by Kumar et al. (1998), who investigated the hyperparasitism of T. harzianum by forming appressoria over the pathogenic hyphae of F. solani by lightly coiling around them within 95 h of contact. They added that within 6 days, the fungus was completely inhibited, while T. harzianum was multiplied by conidiogenesis. T. gamsii showed mycoparasitic activities as well as antibiosis against phytopathogens (Chen et al. 2016). In Fig. 2a and b, the microscopic observations on hyphal interaction showed that antagonist, sometimes, grew parallel to the hyphae of the tested pathogen, coiled around and penetrated into the hyphae of the pathogen by producing hook or knob-like structure (appresorium) (Mukhopadhyay and Pan, 2012a). Fig. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim regarding the effects of using pathogens for pest control on beneficial insects. Instead, it discusses the mechanisms of biocontrol by Trichoderma species against certain phytopathogenic fungi, and it provides details on enzyme secretion under varying water potentials and conditions for fungal growth. Therefore, the text is irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Mirror neurons in the brain play a role in empathy and understanding others' emotions. [SEP] Text: The games required players to communicate, but players could not see, hear, or touch each other. The only means of contact were devices that allowed for the exchange of visual signals. (The bar was set high, as they could not use standard graphic forms such as letters or numbers. ) So, in order to communicate with each other, players had to invent a novel visual communication system. It was shown that, when there was direct interaction between two (or more) players, innovated signs (basic elements of human communication) quickly emerged (Galantucci 2005; Galantucci and Garrod 2011). However, these new signs did not emerge by isolated individuals who played with an offline partner (Garrod et al. 2007). Brain-to-brain SYNC is also possible through hand gestures and facial expressions. The experiments document that there are two networks in the brain of the individual who is an observer coupled with the movements of the one who is the signaler (regions associated with the mirror neurons and regions associated with theory-of-mind). This supports the idea that these two networks collaborate during the perception. 4. 3 Neuro-synchronizationMoreover, it was shown, that this neural networks-to-networks collaboration is shaped in a specific, synchronic form: Applying fMRI to record brain activity from both speakers and listeners during natural verbal communication documents that during successful communication, speakers’ and listeners’ brains exhibited joint, temporally coupled, response patterns. Additionally, more extensive speaker–listener neural couplings result in more successful communication. Interestingly, this coupling disappears when participants fail to communicate (Stephens et al. 2010). During social interaction, both participants are modifying their own actions in response to the continuously changing actions of the partner. This continuous mutual adaptation results in interactional synchrony, to which both members contribute. The EEG-recording of communication documented phase synchronizations between two brains related to several oscillatory frequency bands in both partners’ brains’ right centroparietal scalp regions (Dumas et al. 2010). This neuro-SYNC especially applies to aforementioned kinesthetic empathy interactions, as “mirror neurons sit adjacent to motor neurons” (Stern 2004, p. 79). 4. 4 Neuro-SYNC applicationsNeuro-SYNC is applied in practice several ways; four examples from various fields are now presented:4. 4. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing how mirror neurons are involved in communication and empathy during social interactions. It specifically mentions that 'regions associated with the mirror neurons and regions associated with theory-of-mind' collaborate, suggesting that these neurons play a key role in perceiving and understanding others' emotions and actions. Additionally, the description of 'kinesthetic empathy interactions' and the synchronization of brain activity during communication further supports the idea that mirror neurons are important for empathy.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Wildlife conservation is equally effective in every environment around the world. [SEP] Text: Killing was the least effective method in this study area where the action is forbidden by the law of the country to protect the wildlife from mass persecutions. Moreover, scarecrow was ineffective to deter crop grivet monkeys from crop damages as the animals habituated the symbol and become non-responsive after a certain timeframe. The result was agreed with [12] who reported that the effect of scarecrow in preventing crop damage by wildlife is temporary. Crop-raiding by wildlife like grivet monkeys perceived as a significant problem causing a serious hazard to the food security and livelihoods of smallholder farmers’ households [20], which leads households to develop negative attitude and resentful attack on primates. Understanding the attitude of local communities towards wildlife is very crucial to attain long term success of conservation endeavor [24]. The questionnaire survey revealed that, the anticipated perceptions of respondents to tackle HGMC in WWNSF were eradication/relocation of grivet monkey followed by financial compensation. Moreover, they would be very thrilled if government bodies intervene to reduce the population size of the animals by killing. Similarly, [20] reported that relocation and killing of problematic wildlife were the actions that households recommend to combat HWC that they experienced in Ngangao forest, Kenya. Studies revealed that the negative impact and resources damage posed by wildlife are the priority area that need to be reduced by developing mitigation measures, accurate and reasonable verification of damages, and compensation schemes to economic impacts [25]. Respondents revealed that the main cause of crop damage by grivet monkey in WWNSF was triggered by habitat degradations. Local communities were encroached to the forest to collect wood for sale, fuel wood and cut trees used for animal fodder, and made household and agricultural utensils from the forest. This finding is similar to studies conducted on red-tailed monkeys in Uganda [26] and on grivet monkey in forest, Ethiopia [16], inferring that conversion of forest for agricultural farmlands and other purposes lead many nonhuman primates to concentrate on crops as their main source of food. Respondents less considered the impact of grivet monkey preference on crops to be a reason for crop raiding. In line with this finding, [9] in Lake Nabugabo, Uganda, reported that nutritionally anthropogenic and wild food are similar. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by illustrating that methods of wildlife conservation and management, such as killing or using scarecrows to deter crop-raiding by grivet monkeys, have varied effectiveness depending on the specific environment and context. For example, it affirms that killing was ineffective in the studied area due to legal protections, and scarecrows became ineffective over time because animals habituated to them. Additionally, the text emphasizes the importance of understanding local community attitudes and the specific environmental challenges faced, which suggests that conservation methods cannot be universally applied with equal effectiveness in all environments.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Some assert that using pathogens for pest control will never affect beneficial insects. [SEP] Text: 2Mycoparasitism by Trichoderma hyphae a coiling around the hyphae of Rhizoctonia solani and b producing haustoria to inhibit growth of Macrophomina sp. Full size imageAntibiosisAntibiosis is one of the important attributes in deciding the saprophytic ability of the fungus. A range of antibiotics produced by species of Trichoderma and Gliocladium, which has been suggested as a mode of action of both fungi against plant pathogens was reported by Weindling (1934). Manibhusanrao et al. (1989) reported that antibiotics like trichodermin, suzukacillin and alamethicin produced by T. harzianum influence morphological or physiological sequences leading to its successful penetration. Trichoderma spp. and Gliocladium spp. inhibited the growth of broad range of soil-borne fungi viz. genera of and Verticillium (Zaher et al. 2013; Ragab et al. 2015 and Chen et al. 2016). do et al. , (1998) demonstrated the in vitro antagonistic potential of 3 Trichoderma spp. against Colletotrichum gloeosporioides on passion fruit. Trichoderma spp. antagonistic to a range of pathogenic fungi was reported to be producing volatile and non-volatile antibiotics (Mukhopadhyay and Kaur, 1990). Studies on the production of volatile and non-volatile antibiotics revealed that T. harzianum and T. viride were highly effective in reducing the radial growth of S. rolfsii (Rao and Kulkarni, 2003). Mukhopadhyay and Pan (2012a) stated that T. viride was the most potential antagonist based on volatile and non-volatile antibiotics. Five local isolates of the bioagents, T. harzianum, T. viride, T. aureoviride and G. virens isolated from ginger rhizosphere were evaluated in vitro to assess their mode of antagonism against R. solani, infecting Capsicum annuum and C. frutescens. It was observed that the non-volatile antibiotics were more effective than the volatile antibiotics (Bunker and Mathur, 2001). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim about the impact of using pathogens for pest control on beneficial insects. Instead, it discusses the antagonistic properties and antibiotic production of certain fungi against plant pathogens, which is not directly related to the potential effects on beneficial insects.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Mirror neurons in the brain play a role in empathy and understanding others' emotions. [SEP] Text: 1 SYNC in psychotherapyThe psychotherapeutic relationship, previously delineated as empathetic, is also seen as synchronous. For example, in a sequence of encounters the patient and the therapist achieve accordant verbal and non-verbal patterns, regardless the psychotherapeutic ‘school’ (Ramseyer and Tschacher 2008) leading, by the end, to the therapist’s and the client’s evaluations of success or otherwise being similar (Tschacher et al. 1998). Even though unintentional movement synchronization is often emerging between interacting humans (Lorenz et al. 2014), it is especially worth exploring in the psychotherapeutic relationship. There were studies on the dyadic synchronization, in association with empathy, in the psychotherapeutic setting, using a new empirical approach: Analysis (MEA), a video-based algorithm that quantifies the amount of movement in various areas of communication. Statistical analysis detected synchrony on the global level, irrespective of the specific body parts moving. Moreover, a highly positive relationship between SYNC and the therapeutic bond was documented (Ramseyer and Tschacher et al. ibid). The authors concluded that this may be a promising concept for research on the therapeutic alliance. Physiological synchronization appears to be realized at an interpersonal level (between therapist and patient), as well as between different phenomenological levels of the interpersonal system: speech qualities and psycho-physiological variables (Schiepek 2009, p. 335). Synchronization, especially “here and now” SYNC, is tackled (implicitly) in Daniel Stern’s (2004) questions about the nature of “nowness” and the ways in which “now” is experienced between two people. By articulating the essence of the present moment—its duration, characteristics, and temporal architecture and what protects and separates it from past and future—Stern is, in fact, delineating the nature of synchronization between people. His “present intersubjectivity perspective” enables better understanding of the subjects’ implicit knowledge and consciousness. In some cases the neuro-synchronization approach is directly applied to the development of therapeutic techniques, for example, in neuro-dance therapy for autistic children (Lusty 2011) or Neuro-linguistic Programming (NLP, Dilts et al. 1980), well-known since 1980s. 4. 4. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text supports the claim by discussing the concept of 'synchronization' in psychotherapeutic relationships, which involves empathic connections between therapist and patient. It highlights how unintentional movement synchronization between people can occur, indicating a shared understanding and emotional resonance that is central to empathy. Furthermore, the text mentions studies that document the relationship between synchronization and empathy, thereby reinforcing the idea that neural and social mechanisms, potentially involving mirror neurons, facilitate emotional understanding.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Wildlife conservation is equally effective in every environment around the world. [SEP] Text: However, [16] in forest, Ethiopia, reported that human-primate conflicts were intensified during crop maturity and harvesting stages when grivet monkeys had preference to feed on the crops which differed from this result. This might be due to patchiness, degradation and lower quality of the habitat in forest where reduction in the availability of natural food sources leads the animals seeking alternate food sources [23]. Accordingly, human expansion into natural habitats worldwide has been the root of the hot conflict between wildlife and humans where natural food sources of wildlife are replaced by anthropogenic ones [22]. ConclusionThe finding of this study revealed that there was a strong conflict between human and grivet monkeys in and around WWNSF. This study, therefore, provides baseline data on crop damage for developing feasible wildlife management plan to enable friendly long-term coexistence of local communities with grivet monkey and other wildlife in and around WWNSF. Because crop-raiding by wildlife including grivet monkeys is the main cause that leads local communities develop negative attitudes and engaged in revengeful killing of wildlife to exterminate locally. Hence, grivet monkeys have been impacted with ruthlessness human persecution as a consequence of crop raiding. Forest alteration into agricultural lands and degradation due to cutting of trees for sale and firewood represents the most detrimental human activity that trigger HWC. Mitigation measures of HGMC need to focus on techniques that would not result in local extermination of grivet monkey population rather simply deter these animals in such a way that they stay in the forests, their natural home. Farmers also need to be encouraged to shift their crops productions which are unpalatable to grivet monkeys. More education can be launched to create awareness among local communities on the importance of wildlife and create job opportunities to reduce unemployment to mitigate the pressure of local people on wildlife and the forest. of the study area The study on HGMC and community perception to crop lose by grivet monkey (Cercopithecus aethiopes aethiops) was conducted in and around Wof-(WWNSF), which is located in Zonal administration, Regional State, Northwestern highlands of Ethiopia. The study area extends approximately between 9º42′- 9º47′ N latitudes and between 39 º 43′- 39 º 49′E longitudes (Fig. 1). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by highlighting that human-wildlife conflicts, specifically with grivet monkeys, are intensified in certain environments due to factors like habitat degradation and food source availability. It suggests that conservation strategies should be tailored to local circumstances, emphasizing the need for site-specific management, which implies that conservation effectiveness varies by environment.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Some assert that using pathogens for pest control will never affect beneficial insects. [SEP] Text: Bhagat and Pan (2010) screened 12 isolates of Trichoderma spp. in vitro against R. solani Kuhn. causing root and collar rot of French bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L. ) by dual culture tests and production of volatile and non-volatile antibiotics and it was found that all the isolates significantly inhibited the mycelial growth of R. solani. CompetitionBioagents compete for nutrients and space with pathogens and, thus, it is the injurious effect of one microorganism to another due to the utilization or removal of some resources from the environment. Competition between iron containing siderophore of Trichoderma and wood decay Basidiomycetes fungi was investigated by Srinivasan et al. (1995). Biopriming and field evaluation of Trichoderma spp. The biocontrol fungi, Trichoderma spp. , are not only able to control the pathogens causing plant disease, but can also induce seed germination, seedling emergence and promote plant growth. Vinale et al. (2004) reported that in greenhouse and field trials, T. harzianum and T. atroviride improved the growth of lettuce, tomato and pepper plants and productivity was increased up to 300% than the untreated control. Similarly, several scientists have got positive results of disease control and increased plant growth and yield in vivo and under field conditions (Harman et al. 2003, Dubey et al. 2007; Bhagat and Pan, 2008; Joshi et al. 2010 and Mukhopadhyay and Pan, 2012b). Seed treatment with bioagents for protection of seeds and control of seed borne diseases offers effective biocontrol agents that have been developed for the control of seed and seedling pathogens such as Pythium spp. , R. solani, S. rolfsii, M. phaseolina and Fusarium spp. , which offer the farmers alternative means to chemical fungicides (Dubey et al. 2007 and Nirmalkar et al. 2017). The efficacy of biological seed treatment can be affected by moisture, temperature and inoculums densities of the pathogen (Mathre et al. 1994) and also by soil pH and iron concentration (Weller, 1988). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim directly. It discusses the efficacy of Trichoderma spp. as biocontrol agents against specific pathogens and their positive effects on plant growth but does not mention any potential impact on beneficial insects. Therefore, the text is considered irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Mirror neurons in the brain play a role in empathy and understanding others' emotions. [SEP] Text: 2 Rhythms asynchrony as a predictor for early diagnosisAnalysis of rhythms in the child-parent relationship (e. g. Feldman 2003, 2007; Lin 2011) seems a promising tool for early predictions of various disorders and for shaping the adequate therapeutic procedures. Trevarthen and Daniel (2005) found that asynchronous rhythm in parent–child or caregiver-child early relationship may be a predictor for some disorders such as autism or Rett syndrome; the authors analyzed the activity-withdrawal rhythms comparing monozygotic twin girls at 11 months and found that the arhythmically behaving infants were diagnosed autistic or Rett. 4. 4. 3 Robots’ interaction based on the mirror neurons synchronizationBased on the MN theory and the consequential premise of parity between perception and action, androids were constructed to show how the MN system facilitates the interaction between two robots. Central to the interactional-behavior design was the synchronization between neuron groups in different structures of the MN system. The robotic simulations showed the potential of the mirror neuron paradigm for designing socially meaningful behaviors (Barakova 2007; Barakova and Lourens 2009). Social interaction has a wide spectrum of expressions such as synchronous movements, turn taking, gaze sharing, following, imitation, and conversation. Here a simple interaction behavior of following and turn taking was simulated, so that the turn taking was caused by changing synchronous firing of the oscillatory neurons. It appeared that turn taking has emergent properties due to nonlinear oscillations and their interaction (Barakova 2007). The experiments with robots proved that the synchronization of the mirror neurons function can lead to complex behaviors, enabling learning and sharing, and, finally, to emergent results. 4. 4. 4 NeuromarketingNeuromarketing extends classical market research techniques with neuroscience and eye tracking technologies. By merging consumers’ visual perception, brain sensorimotor, cognitive, and affective responses, neuro-specialists develop insights into the subconscious of consumers and adapt their marketing strategy accordingly (Fisher et al. 2010). Footnote 9 Researchers use technologies such as functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI), electroencephalography (EEG), steady state topography (SST), and positron emission tomography (PET) to measure activity in specific regional spectra of the brain response (Lee et al. 2006). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing how the mirror neuron system facilitates social interaction and behaviors such as imitation and turn-taking, which are essential for empathy and understanding others' emotions. The reference to robots designed based on mirror neuron synchronization suggests that these neurons play a role in enabling complex social behaviors. This aligns with the idea that mirror neurons contribute to empathic abilities as they are linked to the cues that help individuals comprehend and resonate with the emotions of others.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Wildlife conservation is equally effective in every environment around the world. [SEP] Text: The conflict between vervet monkeys and farmers at the forest edge in Entebbe, Uganda. Ecol. 2001; 39:195–199. . Perceptions and Solutions to Human-from 50 Years in Sri Lanka. Folia Primatol. 2019; 90:89–108. Mekonnen S. Coexistence between human and wildlife: the nature, causes and mitigations of human wildlife confict around. BMC Ecol. 2020; 20:51. . Community attitudes toward wildlife and protected area in Ethiopia. . Resour. 2010; 23:489–506. . The hidden dimensions of human–wildlife conflict: Health impacts, opportunity and transaction costs. Biol Conserv. 2013; 157:309–316. . Crop raiding patterns of solitary and social groups of red-tailed monkeys on cocoa pods in Uganda. Sci. 2012; 5:104–111. Veronika S. wof washa – cave of bird Dynamics of a Forest at the of the Ethiopian Highlands. Diploma. Zurich: University of Zurich; 2008. Teketay D, Bekele T. Floristic composition of Wof-Washa natural forest, Central Ethiopia: Implications for the conservation of biodiversity. . Fed Reperto. 1995; 106:127–147. Tilahun A. of Wof-. PhD. Addis Ababa: University; 2018. Hill CM. Conflict of Interest between People and Baboons: in Uganda. . Primatol. 2000; 2:299–315. PlatesPlates 1 and 2 are available in the sectionAdditional DeclarationsNo competing interests reported. Supplementary Filesfloatimage1. pngPlate 1floatimage2. pngPlate 2Supplementaryinformation. docx:Under ReviewVersion 2posted Editorial decision: Major revision26 May, 2022Reviews received at journal18 Apr, 2022Reviewers agreed at journal11 Apr, 2022Reviews received at journal07 Apr, 2022Reviewers agreed at journal07 Apr, 2022Reviewers invited by journal05 Apr, 2022Editor assigned by journal04 Apr, 2022Editor invited by journal28 Feb, 2022Submission checks completed at journal28 Feb, 2022First submitted to journal13 Jan, 2022You are reading this latest preprint versionShow more versionslets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text discusses various human-wildlife conflicts in different contexts, such as the conflict between vervet monkeys and farmers in Uganda, and crop raiding patterns of monkeys. This implies that the effectiveness of wildlife conservation may vary based on specific environmental and human factors, thereby contrasting with the claim that it is equally effective everywhere.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Some assert that using pathogens for pest control will never affect beneficial insects. [SEP] Text: Efficacy can also be controlled by inoculum density of the bioagents on the seed adjunct treatment such as priming formulation and additives that enhance the activity and survival of the bioagent in the formulated product, crop and pathogen specificity of the bioagent and compatibility with other microbial inoculants. Precolonization provides the bioagent with a competitive advantage over seed attacking pathogens and often provides superior seed protection when compared to seed coating (Harman et al. 1989). Bioagents are effective as a seed treatment, since they colonize roots, increase root mass, health and consequently frequently provide yield increases (Mukhopadhyay et al. 2012b). Molecular approaches of genus Trichoderma and its benefits Lytic enzymes and biocontrol An insight into the characters of genus Trichoderma at the molecular level would help in developing Trichoderma strains with excellent biocontrol properties. Several hundreds of genes and their products might be involved, which give genus Trichoderma its properties of biocontrol and plant growth enhancement. Hydrolytic enzymes such as glucanase, chitinase and protease are the key players that give Trichoderma the mycoparasitism properties (Haran et al. 1996). 1,4-β-N-acetylglucosaminidases, endo and exochitinases were reported to be secreted by Trichoderma spp. that help the fungus to improve its biocontrol potential. β-glucanase produced by Trichoderma spp. degrades β-glucan the structural component of the attacking pathogen. 1,3-β glucosidase purified from T. harzianum by Lorito et al. (1994), which inhibited germ tube elongation and spore germination of Botrytis cinerea. Proteinase from Trichoderma spp. is also involved in mycoparasitism. PRA1, a trypsin protease purified from T. harzianum CECT 2413 strain showed nematicidal effects by destroying the hatched eggs of Meloidogyne incognita (Suarez et al. 2004). Chitinase and protease activity produced by Trichoderma spp. helped to control Sclerotium rolfsii pathogen in groundnut (Parmar et al. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim about the effects of using pathogens for pest control on beneficial insects. Instead, it discusses the efficacy of bioagents, specifically the genus Trichoderma, and their properties related to biocontrol and plant growth. Since there is no mention of effects on beneficial insects, the text is considered irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Mirror neurons in the brain play a role in empathy and understanding others' emotions. [SEP] Text: When we reviewed the literature we found that Dr. Pearlman’s beliefs are precisely at the heart of the matter, that is to say: Empathy was delineated as a phenomenon going far beyond simple affective reaction, or even “emotional contagiousness;” it is influencing the epistemological as well as cognitive structures responsible both for understanding and predicting the behavior of the others. Its epistemological role is to provide information about the future actions of other people and important environmental properties. Its social role is to serve as the origin of the motivation for cooperative and pro-social behavior, as well as to facilitate effective social communication. The neural structures responsible for the development of empathy are mirror neurons, which make us “feel” the reasons for and consequence of an observed action of the other, as if we, ourselves, were performing this action. An increasing body of evidence shows that, during joint action, people become implicitly coupled at motor, perceptual and cognitive levels. Synchronized brains can create new phenomena, including verbal and nonverbal communication systems and interpersonal social institutions that could not have emerged in species that lack brain-to-brain coupling. Human acumen for empathetic response is multifaceted and includes: Affective (emotional) reaction (German origin is “feeling with”) Higher level of cognition (understanding others through “feeling into” their emotions) Epistemological abilities (precise and direct estimate of others’ plausible future actions) Environmental orientation (experiencing others’ reaction to the environment, e. g. , stress arising from encountering dangerous situations) Moral guidance (altruism and compassion for others in physical, psychological, or economic distress) Social aspects (initiates pro-social behavior and cooperation; especially when accompanied with sympathy) Bodily participation (kinesthetic reacting and participating internally in the observed movements) Empathy developed at a young age prevents future bullying and reduces aggression; empathy training may be useful for encouraging positive social behaviors. It also builds social intelligence. This process is possible by dint of the mirror neurons, which react to others’ reactions as if they were our own. Mirror neurons provide an “embodied simulation” of the observed person’s actions, leading to brain-to-brain coupling and synchronizing of communication and social behaviors. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by providing extensive evidence that mirror neurons are essential for the development of empathy and understanding emotions. It explains how mirror neurons influence not only emotional reactions but also cognitive processes that drive our ability to predict and understand the behavior of others. The text mentions that 'the neural structures responsible for the development of empathy are mirror neurons,' which aligns directly with the claim about the role of mirror neurons in empathy.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Wildlife conservation is equally effective in every environment around the world. [SEP] Text: -19 PreprintsProtocolsVideosJournalsTools & a 10. 21203/rs. 3. rs-1001104/v1This work is licensed under a CC BY 4. 0 LicenseArchived Versions:PostedVersion 1posted You are reading this older preprint versionRead the latest preprint version →AbstractBackground: Human-wildlife conflict (HWC) is predicted to increase globally in the vicinity of protected areas and occurs in several different contexts and involves a range of animal taxonomic groups whose needs and requirements overlap with humans. Human-monkey conflict exists in different forms more in developing countries and ranks amongst the main threats to biodiversity conservation. Grivet monkeys (Cercopithecus aethiops aethiops) are any slender agile Old-World monkeys of the genus Cercopithecus. This study was conducted to investigate the status of human grivet monkey conflict and the attitude of local communities towards grivet monkey conservation in and around Wof-(WWNSF), Ethiopia from September 2017 to May 2018. Questionnaire survey (143) was used to study the human-grivet monkey conflict and its conservation status. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics and the responses were compared using a nonparametric Pearson chi-square test. Results: Majority of respondents from both gender (male= 67. 1%; female= 74. 1%) were not supporting grivet monkey conservation due to its troublesome crop damaging effect. There was significant difference in respondents perceptions towards grivet monkey conservation based on distance of farmland from the forest (χ2= 12. 7, df =4, P = 0. 013). There was no significant difference in the techniques used by villagers to deter crop raiders (χ2= 14. 73, df =15, P = 0. 47). There was significant difference in respondents expectations on the mitigation measures to be taken by government (χ2= 40. 01, df =15, P = 0. 000). Based on the questionnaire result, 42. 5 ± SD 8. 68 of respondents in all villages elucidated that the causes of crop damage was habitat degradations. Conclusion: The encroachment of local communities in to the forest area and exploitation of resources that would be used by grivet monkey and enhanced crop damage by grivet monkey exacerbated the HGMC in the study area. As a result grivet monkeys have been killed relentlessly as a consequence of crop damage. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the local context of human-wildlife conflict, specifically related to grivet monkeys in Ethiopia. It highlights that local communities do not support conservation efforts due to the negative impact of these animals on their crops. This indicates that the effectiveness of wildlife conservation can vary significantly depending on the specific environmental and societal circumstances, thus undermining the claim that it is equally effective worldwide.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Some assert that using pathogens for pest control will never affect beneficial insects. [SEP] Text: 2015). Signalling pathways involved in biocontrol mechanism G protein signalling Neer in 1995 showed that G protein signalling is basically heterotrimeric and constitutes of 3 parts: a G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR), a heterotrimeric G protein (α, β, γ subunits) and an effector. proteins are signal transducers that couple cell surface receptors to cytoplasmic effector proteins and transmit the signal to the MAPK and cAMP signalling pathways (Fig. 3). In fungi, G proteins help during sexual and pathogenic development, secondary metabolism and virulence of the pathogens. T. atroviride subgroup I Gα subunit Tga1 was analysed by tga1 gene over-expression and silencing which showed that it is involved in both coiling and condition (Rocha-Ramirez et al. 2002). Reithner et al. (2005) characterized the Tga1 mutant and showed that the G protein subunit affects processes involved in Trichoderma biocontrol like chitinase formation and production of antifungal metabolites which are important for biocontrol by Trichoderma. He also proved that Δtga1 mutant was not able to overgrow and lyse the host fungi such as B. cinerea, R. solani and S. sclerotiorum. Homologue of Tga1 of T. atroviride, i. e. , TgaA and TgaB did not show such effects in T. virens and also showed different effects in controlling pathogenic fungi such as R. solani and S. sclerotiorum (Mukherjee et al. 2004). Zeilinger et al. (2005) showed that Tga3 protein of T. atroviride is involved in controlling vegetative growth and conidiation and thus Δtga3 knockout mutants produced significantly lesser intracellular cAMP levels in comparison to the parental strain. According to experiments done by do (2009), intracellular cAMP levels increased at several folds in T. reesei, since it carries an activated allele of the subgroup III Gα protein-encoding Tga3 homologue gna3. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it primarily discusses G protein signaling pathways and their roles in biocontrol mechanisms related to specific fungi and does not mention or address the impact of using pathogens for pest control on beneficial insects.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Mirror neurons in the brain play a role in empathy and understanding others' emotions. [SEP] Text: Social empathy is a clue for “feeling into” and understanding the not necessarily visible tendencies, pains and potential of groups and societies. Group synchronization increases identification, cooperation, and cohesiveness. According to “social mirror theory argues that there cannot be mirrors in the mind if there are not mirrors in the society” (2004, p. 128). The question for further research is whether we are also equipped with a specific social mirror neurons system, enabling us to tune into and coordinate with the group. We conjecture that there also exists a specific social empathy, which leads to understanding, often instinctually, of a group’s or a society’s latent potential, hidden agendas or concealed tensions, and its unspoken dreams and desires. If de Waal (ibid) is right in maintaining that the cooperation of species, including humans, derives from the need for survival in groups, and that groups of animals behave in a logical, well organized way, it may be worth exploring whether there exists some kind of psycho-neurological “detector” of the group’s behavior. A few cases of the application of SYNC in diverse fields have been presented. Finally, the studies on how people synchronize confirm Dr. Pearlman’s hypothesis, demonstrating the phenomenon of brain-to-brain coupling and tuning in, both at the verbal level (often regardless of the difference in spoken languages) and the bodily level. People or groups that are in SYNC perform and communicate better. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the concept of social empathy and suggesting a connection to a 'specific social mirror neurons system' that enables individuals to tune into and understand the emotions of groups and societies. It emphasizes the role of synchronization and brain-to-brain coupling, which supports the idea that mirror neurons are involved in the processes of empathy and emotional understanding.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Wildlife conservation is equally effective in every environment around the world. [SEP] Text: This was due to negative energy developed in human perspective. Thus, awareness creation education program and feasible crop damage prevention techniques need to be implemented. Crop damageGrivet monkeyHuman-wildlife conflictLocal communitiesQuestionnaire surveyRespondents perceptionsFiguresFigure 1Figure 2IntroductionHuman-wildlife conflict (HWC) is predicted to increase globally and occurs in several different contexts and spans a range of animal taxonomic groups[1, 2]. Currently, HWC is a global issue that has adverse consequences for both humans and wildlife [3]. Conflict (HWC) arises from a range of direct and indirect negative interactions between humans and wildlife. This occurs when the needs and requirements of human and wildlife overlap, which usually results in costs to both the local residents and animals when the needs of one impact negatively on the other [1, 4]. The loss, degradation and fragmentation of habitats through human activities such as, logging, animal husbandry, agricultural expansion and developmental projects [5-7] intensify the conflict. Ecosystems and habitats alarmingly dominated by humans, which trigger species including primates compelled to exploit new human resources to survive [8, 9]. As habitat is fragmented, the length of edge for the interface between humans and wildlife increases, while the animal populations become compressed in limited refuges. Consequently, it leads to greater contact and conflict with humans as wild animals seek to fulfill their nutritional, ecological and behavioral needs [10]. These can culminate in potential harm to all participants, and lead to negative human attitudes, with diminished appreciation of wildlife and severe detrimental effects for conservation. Human activities like logging, deforestation, hunting, agricultural expansion, and other such factors intensely affected primate populations [11]. Accordingly, primates and humans are always in potential conflict over crops due to primates’ renowned crop raiding behavior. Among wild animal species that cause damage to farmers’ yield and trigger HWC, primates take the top ranking [12]. The genera Cercopithicus, Papio and Macaca, particularly baboons and grivet monkeys are some of the most serious crop raiders because of their intelligence, adaptability, wide dietary range, complex social organization and aggression [6]. As human populations expand and natural habitats shrink, people and animals are increasingly coming into conflict over living space and food. Although feeding on cereal crops increases foraging efficiency and nutrient intake for primates, it is nuisance for farmers due to crop loss [13, 14]. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the negative interactions between humans and wildlife, and how human activities like logging, agricultural expansion, and habitat degradation lead to increased human-wildlife conflict (HWC). It emphasizes that the effectiveness of conservation measures may vary based on local conditions, as HWC is affected by the specific needs and activities of both humans and wildlife in different environments. The discussion about specific species and their adaptation to human environments indicates that conservation efforts cannot be universally effective if local conditions and human impacts vary significantly.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Some assert that using pathogens for pest control will never affect beneficial insects. [SEP] Text: TBRG-1 which bears the domain of RasGTPase helps in conidiation of Trichoderma but its lack causes positive effects on antibiosis mechanism (Castro et al. 2020). Fig. 3Schematic representation of signalling pathways involved in mycoparasitismFull size image Mitogen-activated protein kinasesMAPK cascades are found in all eukaryotes and are organized in a 3 kinase architecture comprising of a kinase or MEK and MEK kinase or MEKK or MAPK kinase kinase. In Trichoderma, the best observed MAPKs are yeast and fungal extracellular-related kinases (YERK1), and also MAPKs such as Fmk1 from Fusarium oxysporum, Pmk1 from Magnaporthe grisea, Ubc3/Kpp2 from Ustilago maydis, or Bmp1 from B. cinerea (Zeilinger et al. 2007). The MAPKs in different species of Trichoderma are more or less similar as described by Reithner et al. (2007). According to his findings, there is almost 98% similarity in MAPKs of T. atroviride (Tmk1) and T. virens (TmkA/Tvk1). MAPK signalling is important in Trichoderma to induce full systemic resistance in plants. loss-of-function mutants of T. virens can colonize the roots of cucumber plants against Pseudomonas syringae pv. lacrymans but cannot induce systemic resistance against the pathogen (Viterbo et al. 2005). MAPK cascades traduce signals by sequential phosphorylation of kinases. Inactivation of MAP kinase gene tvk1 in mutant line of Trichoderma showed increased mycoparasitism and decreased the growth of the fungus R. solani (Mendoza-Mendoza et al. 2003). Esquivel-Naranjo et al. (2016) showed that in T. atroviride, the mutants lacking the MAPKK gene Pbs2 and the MAPK Tmk3 were found to be highly sensitive towards cellular stress such as cell wall damage, osmotic and oxidative stress, UV irradiation and high temperature. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses various aspects of MAPK signaling pathways in Trichoderma species, effects of loss-of-function mutants, and their role in systemic resistance in plants. It does not address the assertion regarding the impact of using pathogens for pest control on beneficial insects.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: The gig economy has increased flexibility for workers but often lacks job security and benefits. [SEP] Text: 65 in healthcare workers. 5 According to a cohort study conducted in Sweden, OR for the association between exposure to violence and depressive symptoms increased by approximately two to three times. 18 In another cohort study conducted in Denmark, it was reported that individuals with a higher likelihood of work-related violence had a 1. 11 times higher risk of developing depression compared to employees with lower exposure possibilities. 19 Furthermore, previous research has demonstrated based on the cognitive theories of rumination that customer treatment can have a negative impact on an individual’s mood. 20 A longitudinal study in Germany revealed association between job stress and depressive symptoms. 21 We focused on the difference in the proportion of depressive symptoms between gig economy and general workers. This result is also similar to previous studies. Gig workers are not exactly the same as piece-rate workers. However, they share the same characteristics, in that they earn as much money as they work. According to a study, workers who receive piece-rate pay currently or in previous periods have a significantly increased likelihood of self-reported health limitations compared to those receiving salary-based pay. 16 According to some studies, US workers who reported receiving piece-rate pay were more likely to report lower overall health status and poorer psychological distress compared to workers receiving salary-based pay. 22,23 Furthermore, the gig economy encompasses both the characteristics of platform labor and pieced-rate workers. Generally, gig economy work exhibits traits such as non-standard employment, flexibility, and job instability. 24,25,26 The expected earnings per hour for platform workers is low, but they depend on income earned through long working hours and labor. 27 Platform workers do not enjoy the freedom of independent work and high income like freelancers, and often experience unstable employment conditions. 28,29 Customer satisfaction is closely related to platform worker income and has an impact on reputation within the platform. 30 Contrary to traditional employees, gig workers are responsible for their own career development and often face precarious employment relationships with various platforms. 31 These characteristics of gig workers can be seen as affecting the results of job stress in this study. Thus, gig workers more frequently suffered from a lack of daily meals, suppression of emotions at work, worries about work even when not working, and too tired to do housework after leaving the work, compared to general workers. These results attributed to the work environment for gig workers is different from general worker are considered to show differences in job stress associated with depressive symptoms. This study has several limitations. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing how gig economy work displays characteristics such as flexibility and instability, indicating a lack of job security and traditional benefits. It states that 'gig economy work exhibits traits such as non-standard employment, flexibility, and job instability', aligning with the claim regarding the benefits and drawbacks of gig work environments.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Wildlife conservation is equally effective in every environment around the world. [SEP] Text: Respondents having cropland closer to the forest area had negative attitudes towards grivet monkey conservation due to greater incidence of damage to their crops, replicating the trend of crop damage reported from earlier studies [2, 10, 14, 17, 21]. Respondents are pleased to chase out the monkeys from the periphery of the forest facing the cropland. This is contrary to the thought that resolving HWC lies on evading wildlife attractions to human habitation instead of getting rid of monkeys, which indeed requires a change in human habits, entrenched ways of thinking and the expenditure of public and private resources [22]. Households around WWNSF prevent crop damage against grivet monkeys by guarding their crop land using scarecrows including carcass of killed grivet monkey [10], dogs, children and females vigilance, and even trapping animals. Over 76. 3% of respondents used guarding (51. 3% by human and 26% by dogs) to deter grivet monkey against crop damage while other methods were preferred by less proportion of the respondents. Other studies revealed that guarding is the most effective and commonly used method to prevent crop raiding from crop raiders [2, 10, 19, 21, 23]. Killing was the least effective method in this study area where the action is forbidden by the law of the country to protect the wildlife from mass persecutions. Moreover, scarecrow was ineffective to deter crop grivet monkeys from crop damages as the animals habituated the symbol and become non-responsive after a certain timeframe. The result was agreed with [13] who reported that the effect of scarecrow in preventing crop damage by wildlife is temporary. Crop-raiding by wildlife like grivet monkeys perceived as a significant problem causing a serious hazard to the food security and livelihoods of smallholder farmers’ households [21], which leads households to develop negative attitude and resentful attack on primates. Understanding the attitude of local communities towards wildlife is very crucial to attain long term success of conservation endeavor [24]. The questionnaire survey revealed that, the anticipated perceptions of respondents to tackle HGMC in WWNSF were eradication/relocation of grivet monkey followed by financial compensation. Moreover, they would be very thrilled if government bodies intervene to reduce the population size of the animals by killing. Similarly, [21] reported that relocation and killing of problematic wildlife were the actions that households recommend to combat HWC that they experienced in Ngangao forest, Kenya. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by illustrating that local attitudes towards wildlife conservation, specifically related to grivet monkeys, vary significantly based on environmental context. It describes how respondents living near forests experience negative impacts on their crops, resulting in hostility towards conservation efforts. For instance, the mention of respondents preferring eradication or relocation of monkeys as a solution indicates that conservation strategies are not universally accepted or effective, emphasizing the need for adaptation to local circumstances.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Some assert that using pathogens for pest control will never affect beneficial insects. [SEP] Text: cAMP pathwaycAMP signalling in fungi helps in many cellular processes such as the sexual development, virulence, control of differentiation, monitoring of the nutritional status and stress. But the most important function of cAMP signalling is regulation of transcription and cell cycle. In eukaryotes, almost all the effects of cAMP are due to stimulation of cAMP-dependent protein kinases (PKA) (Dickman and Yarden, 1999). Functional PKA is found to be involved in plant pathogenic fungi, processes like growth, morphogenesis and virulence (Xu and Hamer, 1996). The process of sporulation is the main mechanism for survival and spread of Trichoderma in the environment. These processes are induced by environmental factors. cAMP plays a pivotal role in signalling during sporulation as investigated in T. viride and T. atroviride by Casas-Flores et al. (2006). cAMP along with the activators of G protein-mediated signal induce the mycoparasitic behaviour of T. harzianum by increasing the coiling behaviour of hyphae (Omero et al. 1999). Nogueira et al. (2015) observed that in T. reesei cAMP regulates cellulase expression depending on carbon source. The cel7a and cel6a genes were expressed in higher amounts in sporophose which increased cAMP levels and regulated secretion of cellulolytic enzymes. ConclusionTrichoderma can be an important component in IPM strategies. Biocontrol mechanisms of various species of Trichoderma have been isolated and studied. They restrict the growth and proliferation of the pathogens by parasitism and antibiosis as well as molecular approaches are being done. Different signalling pathways are being studied to gain further insights in the biocontrol mechanism of Trichoderma. Availability of data and materials All data analysed during this study are included in this submitted 136. Systematics of the Trichoderma harzianum species complex and the re-identification of commercial biocontrol strains. Mycologia 107:558–5901821. In compendium of soil fungi, Vol 1 pp: 368-377, 794-809, (2005) An oligonucleotide barcode for species identification in Trichoderma and Hypocrea. Biol 42:813–828CAS 10. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not provide any information related to the claim about the effects of using pathogens for pest control on beneficial insects. Instead, it discusses the role of cAMP signaling in fungi and its implications for Trichoderma in biocontrol strategies. Hence, it is irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: The gig economy has increased flexibility for workers but often lacks job security and benefits. [SEP] Text: : of -Mail Vid_Shy@Yahoo. economy in supply chain, can be successful, scalability, flexibility, with the workforce, agility, labour force flexibility, in achieving key areas of service levels in supply chain. Supply chain should be able to meet the changes in demand in the logistic sector, with a clear need for an agile contingent workforce, in supply chain. Supply chain gig workers are to fill the gap in supply chain, to boost the capacity, also able to undertake large scale projects, during a limited timeframe, of work in supply chain. Supply chain having temporary workforces, will also be able to meet the needs of the business, delivery, schedules, which can also be able to circumvent the high cost, with unnecessary permanent requirement in supply chain. Supply chain mainly depends upon the talent requirement within the industry of supply chain, is likely to subject of changes, depending upon the use of predictive analysis, to identify the factors that is liable to meet the impact of productivity in supply chain. Supply chain data driven is considered as an important in a gig economy, as it should be able to target free-lance workers, also the required manpower to meet the specific needs of supply chain, as gig economy is also able to bring the action on mobile, voice messages, internet of things in supply chain. Gig economy is integrating the concept of moving forward to strategy of digitalization, for sustainability in logistic, supply chain, facing an uphill task in business organization, to move the forefront in Internet of Things, machine building, in the perspective requirement of skilled manpower building, which is driven by talent, in order to face the business economy in supply chain. Key Words: Gig economy Workers, Digitalization, Permanent, Contingent, Workforce. : The term Gig is a temporary or contractual job, in a gig economy, as it signifies short-term contract free-lance work, as opposed to permanent work in supply chain, as the manpower utilized are paid on each of the individual gig of work, as they do in gig economy in supply chain, as in food delivery, car journey in supply chain. Gig economy is considered as a free market system, in which temporary positions are common, as many organisation contracts with independent manpower, on a short-term engagement in supply chain. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing how the gig economy is characterized by temporary or contractual jobs that provide flexibility, as noted in 'the term Gig is a temporary or contractual job'. However, it implies a lack of job security with phrases like 'temporary positions are common' and 'paid on each of the individual gig of work,' which indicates the absence of stability and benefits typically associated with permanent employment.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Wildlife conservation is equally effective in every environment around the world. [SEP] Text: Studies revealed that the negative impact and resources damage posed by wildlife are the priority area that need to be reduced by developing mitigation measures, accurate and reasonable verification of damages, and compensation schemes to economic impacts [25]. Respondents revealed that the main cause of crop damage by grivet monkey in WWNSF was triggered by habitat degradations. Local communities were encroached to the forest to collect wood for sale, fuel wood and cut trees used for animal fodder, and made household and agricultural utensils from the forest. This finding is similar to studies conducted on red-tailed monkeys in Uganda [26] and on grivet monkey in forest, Ethiopia [17], inferring that conversion of forest for agricultural farmlands and other purposes lead many nonhuman primates to concentrate on crops as their main source of food. Respondents less considered the impact of grivet monkey preference on crops to be a reason for crop raiding. In line with this finding, [9] in Lake Nabugabo, Uganda, reported that nutritionally anthropogenic and wild food are similar. However, [17] in forest, Ethiopia, reported that human-primate conflicts were intensified during crop maturity and harvesting stages when grivet monkeys had preference to feed on the crops which differed from this result. This might be due to patchiness, degradation and lower quality of the habitat in forest where reduction in the availability of natural food sources leads the animals seeking alternate food sources [23]. Accordingly, human expansion into natural habitats worldwide has been the root of the hot conflict between wildlife and humans where natural food sources of wildlife are replaced by anthropogenic ones [22]. ConclusionThe finding of this study revealed that there was a strong conflict between human and grivet monkeys in and around WWNSF. This study, therefore, provides baseline data on crop damage for developing feasible wildlife management plan to enable friendly long-term coexistence of local communities with grivet monkey and other wildlife in and around WWNSF. Because crop-raiding by wildlife including grivet monkeys is the main cause that leads local communities develop negative attitudes and engaged in revengeful killing of wildlife to exterminate locally. Hence, grivet monkeys have been impacted with ruthlessness human persecution as a consequence of crop raiding. Forest alteration into agricultural lands and degradation due to cutting of trees for sale and firewood represents the most detrimental human activity that trigger HWC. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing specific negative impacts of wildlife on crops resulting from habitat degradation and human expansion into natural habitats. It emphasizes that the effectiveness of wildlife management varies by context, as shown by different studies on grivet monkeys and red-tailed monkeys, which are influenced by local conditions such as habitat quality and human-wildlife conflicts. This implies that conservation strategies cannot be uniformly effective across all environments due to these variances.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Some assert that using pathogens for pest control will never affect beneficial insects. [SEP] Text: Molecular techniques for the improvement of microbial biocontrol agents against plant pathogens 79. Both of the recombinant strains showed improved biocontrol efficacy compared to the parent strain. Mycoparasitism, a mode of action employed by antagonists, involves the degradation of pathogen cell walls through the production of lytic enzymes such as chitinases, proteases and glucanases. Genes encoding chitinases have been successfully cloned from various microorganisms, including Serratia marcescens (Sundheim et al. 1988), and T. harzianum. T. virens cotton strains with two copies of the ech42 gene and a defective ech42 gene fragment were shown to have enhanced and decreased antagonistic activity against Rhizoctonia solani respectively (Baek et al. 1999). On agar plates, constitutive expression of chit33 in T. harzianum caused enhanced biocontrol activity against R. solani (Limón et al. 1999). Likewise, the endochitinase-encoding gene Chi67-1 was introduced into Clonostachys rosea to increase its biological activity against Sclerotinia rot of soybean (Sun et al. 2017). Transposon mutagenesisA number of mutants have been produced by the random insertion of transposable elements such as Tn5 or Tn3 into the genome of an organism to improve its biocontrol activities (Simon et al. 1983). For instance, 2,4-diacetylphloroglucinol (2,4-DAPG) biosynthetic locus phlACBDE, which was cloned from Pseudomonas strain CPF-10, was successfully assembled into a mini-Tn5 transposon (Zhou et al. 2005). Then, this construct was inserted into the chromosome of the non-2,4-DAPG-producing strain Pseudomonas fluorescens P32. The resultant strains considerably increased resistance to bacterial wilt induced by Ralstonia solanacearum in tomato as well as resistance to take-all disease in wheat caused by Gaumannomyces graminis var. tritici. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses the use of microbial biocontrol agents against plant pathogens and various genetic improvements in these agents. It does not address or provide evidence regarding the assertion that using pathogens for pest control will never impact beneficial insects.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: The gig economy has increased flexibility for workers but often lacks job security and benefits. [SEP] Text: Supply chain notion having in retaining loyal manpower, will be lost, depending upon the position, that need to be bought, before they perform better in supply chain. Gig economy has enormous benefits to the development of man-power, flexibility, employment, freedom, it has also an adverse impact on the working of organisation environment, through Gig economy, provides enormous benefits to the requirement of man-power, also provides enormous benefits to the manufacturers, in terms of flexibility, working, freedom in supply chain. Supply chain due to shortage of permanent work, this encourages to join work on contractual basis, as an independent onslaught worker in supply chain. chain gig economy opens supply chain activities, for the whole new type of risk, failing to have skilled manpower, which is actually needed in supply chain. Supply chain gig economy has also leveraged the traditional employee relationship, among gig manpower, leaving workers without healthcare, which is considered as one of the important benefits in supply chain. Supply chain in a gig economy rely upon transient workforce, who are not experienced in the respective field, not having much experience in their respective field, but are pursuing a career in supply chain, should take the initiative to provide proper training in their respective field of work, safety, skills, as it becomes necessary for any gig manpower to fulfil, perform necessary work, adequately in supply chain. Gig economy in supply chain, involves temporary contractual work, or a short term contract, freelance work, that goes on for a person to take, in a envisaged project to project basis, which the payment will be completed when the task is completed in supply chain. Gig economy in supply chain gets the name from the end of each piece of work completed, being taken up by the individual. Gig as an economic activity, involves the use of temporary, freelance, Hourly basis, which uses or performs the work typical to that in the service sector. Gig economy has made the existing manpower, workers, working on projects with multiple organisation, help to utilize the skills required, expose the required manpower towards better opportunities, with better independence, freedom to choose, where they should work, when the decide to work, in supply chain, with lesser risk to work better facilities, with less income, also less use of multiple manpower in supply chain. : A gig economy in supply chain encompasses, all the necessary platforms, which have independent contracts in supply chain. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by acknowledging both the flexibility and adverse impacts of the gig economy. It states that the gig economy provides 'enormous benefits to the development of man-power, flexibility, employment, freedom,' which supports the idea of increased flexibility for workers. However, it also highlights issues such as the lack of 'healthcare' and reliance on a 'transient workforce,' indicating a lack of job security and benefits, thus aligning with the claim.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: The majority of people worldwide actively support and contribute to wildlife conservation. [SEP] Text: interaction between local population and threatened species should be taken into account in order to establish effective conservation actions (Carman and Carman 2018). But local inhabitants must not be considered only as another element of a wild species habitat that can cause threats or abide to conservation measures (Berkes 2004). Local people are also active agents, that through their interaction with wildlife, and in specific socio-cultural contexts, they build a particular idea of nature and its conservation (Deruiter 2002; Brown 2003). In order to effectively include local population in conservation planning, the local understandings of wildlife should be studied, as these might differ from the scientific and governmental understandings (Gomez-Pompa and Kaus 1992). In this paper we use an ontological politics approach to analyse the interaction between local and conservationist ontologies of guanaco (a wild camelid) in Northern Chile. This framework allows us to explore the material and social processes behind the enactment of different wildlife ontologies, and thus, to better understand the political processes behind conservation. To understand the ontological politics approach, first, the concept of multiple ontologies will be discussed. Ontology is the study of the underlying structures of reality (Forsyth 2004). Philosophers and researchers from different backgrounds have criticised the modern ontological categories of natural science. In the case of Actor-(ANT), by tracing the emergence of scientific facts to social networks, an alternative ontological understanding of the world is proposed, where reality is not “naturally” given and universal (Blaser 2009a). This understanding of reality is related to an idea of modernity based on the separation between “human culture” and “non-human nature” (Latour 1993). In this context, the “natural” in natural science is a human-independent reality. According to Latour (2003), reality is enacted through social interactions where human and non-humans participate. However, the construction of reality is not only based on human-social processes and dominated by a powerful human creator, also ecological processes and other actors (e. g. , non-humans) are entangled in the construction of reality (Latour 2003). Also, the enactment of reality is affected by historical, cultural and material practices, and therefore, different enactments, and thus ontologies, can exist in different contexts (Mol 1999). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the complex relationship between local populations and wildlife conservation. It highlights that local people are not merely passive elements in conservation efforts, but active agents who interact with wildlife and construct their own ideas about nature and conservation. This suggests that support for conservation is not uniform across the globe and may differ significantly based on local understandings, which can diverge from those of scientific and governmental perspectives.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Some assert that using pathogens for pest control will never affect beneficial insects. [SEP] Text: Likewise, a group of random transposon (Tn) mutants from Pseudomonas parafulva JBCS1880 were employed in a different study by Kakembo and Lee (2019). These mutants showed high antagonistic activity toward Xanthomonas axonopodis pv. glycines and Burkholderia glumae. This was the first time a P. parafulva strain, which is anticipated to produce a novel lipopeptide, was used to control bacterial pustules on soybeans. Additionally, Alsohim (2020) investigated on the effects of P. fluorescens mutants generated through transposon mutagenesis. Their research showed that these mutations efficiently reduced Rhizoctonia solani, Alternaria sp. and Colletotrichum sp. mycelial development, consequently enhancing the potency of the bacterial isolates to stimulate plant growth. In a recent study conducted by Luo et al. (2023), surfactin (a bioactive compound with antimicrobial properties) production was found to be increased by B. velezensis Bs916 through transposon mutagenesis. In this study, 20 derivatives with high surfactin production were selected via transposon mutagenesis. The derivative H5, mutated for GltB gene (δGltB), was found to produce seven times more surfactin than the wild type. Cloning and insertion of genes responsible for antibiotic/antifungal enzymes, siderophore and bacteriocin productionTo expand the range of biologically controlled pathogens, it is possible to transfer genes responsible for antibiotic biosynthesis from one antagonistic strain to another. For example, a genetically modified strain of Pseudomonas putida has been developed to enhance its activity against soilborne pathogens. According to Bakker et al. (2002), this transformed strain produced phenazine-1-carboxylate (PCA) or 2,4-diacetylphloroglucinol (DAPG) on a constitutive basis and contained the phz or phl biosynthetic gene loci. In another work, trichodermin was produced more abundantly after the trichodermin gene (tri5-trichodiene synthase) was cloned and expressed in T. brevicompactum. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim regarding the impact of using pathogens for pest control on beneficial insects. Instead, it discusses various studies on the antagonistic effects of certain bacterial strains and the genetic modifications undertaken to enhance pathogen control effectiveness without evaluating the potential effects on beneficial insects.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: A majority of global wealth is held by a small percentage of ultra-wealthy individuals. [SEP] Text: Figures AbstractHow can we limit wealth disparities while stimulating economic flows in sustainable societies? To examine the link between these concepts, we propose an econophysics asset exchange model with the surplus stock of the wealthy. The wealthy are one of the two exchange agents and have more assets than the poor. Our simulation model converts the surplus contribution rate of the wealthy to a new variable parameter alongside the saving rate and introduces the total exchange (flow) and rank correlation coefficient (metabolism) as new evaluation indexes, adding to the Gini index (disparities), thereby assessing both wealth distribution and the relationships among the disparities, flow, and metabolism. We show that these result in a gamma-like wealth distribution, and our model reveals a trade-off between limiting disparities and vitalizing the market. To limit disparities and increase flow and metabolism, we also find the need to restrain savings and use the wealthy surplus stock. This relationship is explicitly expressed in the new equation introduced herein. The insights gained by uncovering the root of disparities may present a persuasive case for investments in social security measures or social businesses involving stock redistribution or sharing. Citation: Kato T, (2021) Wealth disparities and economic flow: Assessment using an asset exchange model with the surplus stock of the wealthy. 16(11): e0259323. Rodrigo Huerta-Quintanilla, Cinvestav-: August 19, 2021; Accepted: October 16, 2021; Published: November 4, 2021Copyright: © 2021 Kato, Hiroi. This is an open access 1. The assets mi(t+1) and mj(t+1) at time t+1 are defined by a set of Eq (1). In this model, there is no distinction between the two agents. (1)The model proposed by Chatterjee and Chakrabarti [6], which we call the “CC model” for convenience, uses savings. This model establishes a common saving rate λ, for N agents. Two agents, i and j, save a portion of their assets at the saving rate λ at time t. The wealthy and poor were not distinguished in the CC model. They then exchange their surplus assets other than savings, (1−λ)∙(mi(t)+mj(t)), at the random division probability ε, shown in Fig 1C. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text supports the claim by discussing the wealth disparity where 'the wealthy are one of the two exchange agents and have more assets than the poor,' indicating that a significant amount of wealth is concentrated among the wealthy, corroborating the notion that a small percentage of individuals hold a majority of global wealth.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: The majority of people worldwide actively support and contribute to wildlife conservation. [SEP] Text: Regarding the conservation of guanacos, most residents agreed with the legal protection and the hunting prohibition. Nevertheless, there is a contradiction between utilitarian and conservation values; some residents claimed that they do not eat guanaco meat, even though they like it, as they think that guanacos should be protected. An interviewee explained that he does not buy local guanaco meat any more, but he would like his children to try it someday. Furthermore, in the hypothetical scenario of the guanaco's extinction, most people would regret if guanacos disappear from the region. del Carmen, an ontology of guanacos emerged from an historical relation between guanacos and local people that was characterised by frequent and material encounters and the presence of the animal in the domestic sphere. Also, guanacos have had a symbolic presence, appearing in stories, legends, decorations, and other expressions. This also suggests that the value toward guanacos goes beyond their practical use. of The idea of wildlife conservation, with its base in ecological sciences and Western environmental though (Adams 2013), is present today in Atacama. From this perspective, guanaco, or Lama guanicoe, is a camelid, a large herbivore, classified as endangered species in the by Chilean law (Grimberg 2010). The description of wild animals, like guanacos, by conservation sciences (e. g. , ecology, wildlife management) is mainly focused on taxonomy, spatial distribution, demographics, habitat characteristics and threats. Conservation practitioners (like governmental institutions such as Corporation, or conservation NGOs) using these same concepts, devise conservation plans, implement actions and design educational strategies. According to taxonomical classifications, guanacos are a species of mammal, which corresponds to the most studied group of wild animals. The spatial distribution corresponds to the spatial occurrence of animals; it describes where animals can be found. Two kinds of spatial distribution are important to classify wild animals; the current distribution (i. e. , where the animal can currently be found), and the original distribution (called historical or “natural” extent of occurrence of the animal). In this context, “natural” distribution is understood as where the animal would be if there had not been the human disturbances that shaped the current distribution. This concept implies a non-dynamic view of the spatial distribution of animals. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by illustrating a complex relationship between local residents and wildlife conservation efforts, specifically regarding guanacos. While some residents support legal protection and conservation values, there are indications that not all are actively contributing to wildlife conservation, as exemplified by the divided opinions on hunting guanacos and their consumption. This suggests that there is a contradiction between utilitarian considerations and conservationist beliefs, which undermines the notion that the majority actively supports and contributes to wildlife conservation.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Some assert that using pathogens for pest control will never affect beneficial insects. [SEP] Text: Trichodermin exhibits antifungal properties that are effective against Aspergillus fumigatus and Fusarium spp. (Ma et al. 2003). Extracellular enzymes including chitinases, cellulases and β-1,3-glucanases, which break down the components of plant pathogenic fungal cell walls, are produced by both bacterial and fungal MBCAs. These lytic enzymes are often encoded by single genes, facilitating their isolation and transfer to other MBCAs. For example, when tested on agar plates, recombinant strains of T. harzianum transformed with the chit33 gene showed improved biocontrol activity against R. solani (Reino et al. 2008). In a study by Ellatif et al. (2022), genes encoding xylanase enzyme was cloned from T. harzianum kj81197. The xylanase-producing gene xyn2 exhibited largest xylanase activity compared to the wild type and showed superior antifungal activity against Alternaria spp. , F. oxysporum, Corynespora cassiicola and Botrytis cinerea. Similarly, ChiA gene encoding chitinase was derived from Bacillus velezensis and was cloned into E. coli. The resulting recombinant protein, rBVChiA exhibited improved antifungal activity against black pepper pathogen Fusarium falciforme (Tran et al. 2022). Additionally, PCA-producing biocontrol strains like P. fluorescens and P. aureofaciens were able to produce phenazine-1-carboxamide (PCN) instead of PCA due to the transfer of the phzH gene from Pseudomonas chlororaphis, which is necessary for PCN biosynthesis and control of F. oxysporum f. sp. radicis-lycopersici. As a result, P. fluorescens and P. aureofaciens effectively suppressed tomato foot and root rot diseases through PCN production (Chin-A-Woeng et al. 2001). Siderophore production is one of the many mechanisms through which MBCAs outcompete the pathogens for nutrients uptake. MBCAs may chelate iron with greater specificity and affinity using compounds called siderophores. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text provides detailed information about various microorganisms and their antifungal properties, mechanisms, and specific examples of biocontrol agents, but it does not address the claim regarding the effects of using pathogens for pest control on beneficial insects. Therefore, it is irrelevant to the specific claim.