Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Coral reefs are affected by ocean acidification and warming. [SEP] Text: Since acidification alters DIC equilibrium, experiments were performed at normal and double concentrations of [HCO −3 ] to discriminate between a pH or Ω (or CO 2−3 ) effect on calcification. Effect of DIC concentration on photosynthesisThe results show that the addition of 2-mM bicarbonate in the medium doubled the photosynthesis in S. pistillata, suggesting carbon-limited conditions in this experiment. This is in agreement with the observations of Weis (1993), who demonstrated a bell-shape dependence of the net photosynthetic rate for the sea anemone Aiptasia pulchella on DIC concentrations, with maximal rates obtained at ca. 5-mM DIC. A similar carbon-limitation has also been shown for the corals Porites porites and Acropora sp. with an optimal concentration of 6-mM DIC (Herfort et al. 2008). Flow experiments or stable isotope measurements using corals have also suggested carbon-limitation for photosynthesis (Dennison and Barnes 1988; Muscatine et al. 1989; Lesser et al. 1994; Kühl et al. 1995), but these findings contrast with numerous other observations. Burris et al. (1983) and Schneider and Erez (2006) failed to enhance the rates of photosynthesis of S. pistillata and Acropora eurystoma by the addition of bicarbonate, up to concentrations of ca. 4. 3 and 2. 7 mM, respectively. Goiran et al. (1996) also demonstrated that the photosynthesis of Galaxea fascicularis was saturated at around 1. 5-mM bicarbonate, either at constant pH or pCO2. Finally, zooxanthellae photosynthesis did not change with a change in CO2 and pH (Leclercq et al. 2002; Langdon et al. 2003). The differences in these studies may be a consequence of the different incubation lengths used. Indeed, all the experiments on corals showing no DIC enhancement of photosynthesis were conducted on a rather short time scale (generally a few hours), while in the present experiment, corals were maintained for more than 1 week in the enriched DIC medium. The longer term increased availability of the substrate may have led to an up-regulation of either carbon transport mechanisms or of the photosynthetic system. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text discusses various experiments related to photosynthesis and DIC (Dissolved Inorganic Carbon) concentrations in corals, indicating that the ecological dynamics of corals, including those like S. pistillata and Acropora sp., are influenced by carbon availability. The mention of carbon-limitation for photosynthesis suggests that changes in oceanic carbon levels, which could be affected by acidification, have implications for coral growth and health. This aligns with the claim that coral reefs are affected by ocean acidification, as it emphasizes the significance of carbon dynamics in coral ecosystems.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Composting food waste has no environmental impact. [SEP] Text: Several scholars reported similar observations in their study. For example, Yu et al. (2019) observed that nitrogen content first decreased and then increased during the study of changes in carbon, nitrogen components, and humic substances in organic-inorganic aerobic co-composting. The authors claimed that the loss in nitrogen at the early stage of composting could be attributed to volatilization (Yu et al. 2019) and due to some loss in the form of NH3-N (Sun et al. 2017; Lu et al. 2016; Cao et al. 2020). The loss in nitrogen content at the early stage of composting could be due to the consumption of nitrogen content by microorganisms for growth and reproduction (Ren et al. 2016) and due to leaching from the compost. However, as the composting is progressing, a significant increase in nitrogen content was recorded in all the composting trials during the subsequent sampling. An increase in nitrogen maybe because of the degradation of organic carbon compounds (He et al. 2017). 4. 5. 3 C/N important parameter for the determination of composting time, quality of the final compost, temperature, and for evaluating compost maturity is the C:N ratio. It also plays an important role in formulating the nutritional balance of a composting mixture. Carbon and nitrogen are needed by microorganisms as a source of energy for metabolic activities. A proper C:N ratio is favourable to microbial growth and production and also good for soil and plant growth (Kebibeche et al. 2019). As the composting progressed, the C/N ratio was decreased throughout the composting period in all the composting trials. A decrease in C/N ratio was highest in compost trial 3, moderate in trial 2, and lowest in compost trial 1. This may be due to variation in temperature as a result of compaction. Compost trial 1 had the lowest bulk density (15 Kg/m3) so, the temperature was lowest in this trial and it recorded the lowest reduction in C/N ratio value. In compost trial 3, the changes in total nitrogen and organic carbon were high; therefore the reduction of C/N ratio was highest in this trial. At the end of the composting process, the highest reduction in C/N ratio was in compost trial 3 and the lowest reduction was observed in compost trial 1. This result was in line with the result of Getahum et al. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by detailing the importance of carbon and nitrogen in the composting process, and how they affect microbial growth and the nutritional balance of compost mixtures. The observations about nitrogen content changes, C:N ratios, and their impacts on soil and plant growth suggest that composting does have significant environmental effects, particularly regarding nutrient cycling and soil quality.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Liquid water is considered a key factor in determining a planet's habitability. [SEP] Text: ASTM has the right to verify compliance with this Agreement, at its expense, and at any time during the course of normal business hours. To do so, ASTM will engage an independent consultant, subject to a confidentiality agreement, to review Licensee's use of ASTM Product and/or Documents. Licensee agrees to permit access to its information and computer systems for this purpose. Verification will take place upon no less than 15 days notice, during normal business hours and in a manner that does not interfere unreasonably with Licensee's operations. If verification reveals unlicensed or prohibited use of the ASTM Products or Documents, Licensee agrees to reimburse ASTM for the costs incurred in verification and reimburse ASTM for any unlicensed/prohibited uses. By invoking this procedure, ASTM does not waive any of its rights to enforce this Agreement or to protect its intellectual property by any other means permitted by law. Licensee acknowledges and agrees that ASTM may imbed certain identifying or tracking information in the ASTM Products available on the Portal. 9. Passwords:Licensee must immediately notify ASTM of any known or suspected unauthorized use(s) of its password(s), or any known or suspected breach of security, including the loss, theft unauthorized disclosure of such password or any unauthorized access to or use of the ASTM Product. Licensee is solely responsible for maintaining the confidentiality of its password(s) and for ensuring the authorized access and use of the ASTM Product. Personal accounts/passwords may not be shared. 10. Disclaimer of Warranty: Unless specified in this Agreement, all express or implied conditions, representations and warranties, including any implied warranty of merchantability, fitness for a particular purpose or non-infringement are disclaimed, except to the extent that these disclaimers are held to be legally invalid. 11. Limitation of Liability: To the extent not prohibited by law, in no event will ASTM be liable for any loss, damage, lost data or for special, indirect, consequential or punitive damages, however caused regardless of the theory of liability, arising out of or related to the use of the ASTM Product or downloading of the ASTM Documents. In no event will ASTM's liability exceed the amount paid by Licensee under this License Agreement. 12. General. A. Termination:is effective until terminated. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim. It discusses the verification rights and procedures related to an agreement, including clauses on confidentiality, liability, and warranty disclaimers, which have no connection to the topic of liquid water and its role in planetary habitability.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Coral reefs are affected by ocean acidification and warming. [SEP] Text: The present results also demonstrate that photosynthesis was insensitive to pH and pCO2. Indeed for a given DIC concentration, pH and CO2 had no significant effect on the rates of net photosynthesis, although this pH decreased by up to 0. 6 units, while [CO2] increased by 27. 6 μM in bicarbonate-ambient seawater and by 48. 6 μM in bicarbonate-enriched seawater (i. e. , ca. 4. 5-fold increase in CO2 concentration). The lack of pH effect on photosynthesis was also observed by Goiran et al. (1996) and more recently by Schneider and Erez (2006). However, Goiran et al. (1996) showed that photosynthesis measured in a closed system was enhanced by an increase in dissolved CO2 at constant DIC, suggesting that CO2 supply to photosynthesis may be limiting while total DIC is at saturating concentration. This latter result is however surprising when compared to the present one, where a 4. 5-fold increase in dissolved CO2 did not cause any enhancement in O2 production, while a 2-fold increase in total DIC led to almost a doubling in O2 production. This suggests that the permeability of zooxanthellae and/or the peri-symbiotic membrane to CO2 is low. Due to this low permeability, the host can easily control the carbon supply to zooxanthellae using membrane carriers. Effect of change of DIC equilibrium on calcificationIt is assumed that global change-induced ocean acidification is leading to a global decrease in marine calcification (see review by Raven et al. 2005). The results of the present study confirm that seawater acidification leads to a decrease in the growth rate of a tropical coral, S. pistillata. The magnitude of this decrease was about 1-mg CaCO3 g−1 d−1 for each 0. 1 pH unit. However, the results also showed that a doubling of the seawater bicarbonate concentration lead to an increase in mean growth of 27%, independent of pH conditions, suggesting that calcification was C-limited. The smallest increase was at a pH of 8. 2 (15% compared to 28 and 39% at 7. 6 and 8, respectively). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by stating that 'global change-induced ocean acidification is leading to a global decrease in marine calcification' and that 'seawater acidification leads to a decrease in the growth rate of a tropical coral, S. pistillata.' Additionally, it discusses how the growth rate of coral is influenced by changes in pH levels, providing evidence of the impact of ocean acidification on coral reefs.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Composting food waste has no environmental impact. [SEP] Text: (2012) in the composting of municipal solid waste. 4. 6 Physical properties variation during composting 4. 6. 1 Bulk density, p1. Therefore, an increase in bulk density in trial 3 may be a result of the compaction effect. For an effective composting process, air (oxygen) must flow to achieve maximum compost performance. Bulk density, porosity, and free-air-space are interconnected and play a critical role in air movement in the compost mix (Iqbal et al. , 2010). Free-air-space or air- filled-porosity as cited in literature with a minimum value of 30% and 60% maximum is required to ensure the aerobic condition (Mayur et al. , 2018). Different studies reported different free air space values. For example, Ahn et al. , (2008) and Ruggieri et al. , (2009) reported a maximum value of 85–90% without any negative effects on compost. But in this study, a decreasing trend in porosity value was observed with maximum and minimum porosity values of 46. 34% and 37. 41% were observed. The minimum and maximum porosity value of 37. 41% and 39. 23% was recorded in compost trial 1. For trials 2, 33. 64% minimum and 40. 36% maximum were recorded. While 46. 34% maximum and 30. 67% minimum were recorded in compost trial 3. 4. 7 Evaluation of 4. 7. 1 Maturity and stability analysis of the matured compost Compost maturity simply refers to the level of decomposition of the poisonous substances formed during the composting phase (Wu et al. 2000). The maturity and stability of the final compost are important for its use in agriculture. If compost is not stable, microbial activities in it can cause adverse effects and can affect plant growth since the final product will be of agricultural use. The properties of the final products obtained in this study are shown in Table 3. The final product varies in terms of its physical and chemical properties. In all, the final pH of all the compost trials was within the recommended value (6–8), with the value being close to alkaline (7. 4–8. 3). Total nitrogen in the compost trial 3 (1. 78%) was slightly higher than trial 1 (1. 14%) and 2 (1. 45%). The electrical conductivity ranged between 3. 15 and 2. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by detailing the physical and chemical properties changes that occur during composting. It mentions that if compost is not stable, it can cause adverse effects, indicating that composting does have environmental impacts that must be managed. The importance of air movement, porosity, and the maturity of the compost illustrates how its process is essential for maintaining the environmental benefits of composting.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Liquid water is considered a key factor in determining a planet's habitability. [SEP] Text: Policy: ASTM International prohibits the entry of ASTM standards and related ASTM intellectual property (“”) into any form of (AI) tools, such as ChatGPT. Additionally, creating ----derivatives of using AI is also prohibited without express written permission from ASTM’s President. In the case of such use, ASTM will suspend a licensee’s access to and further legal action will be considered. Meetings & | Meetings & & & Standards and Papers & STPs Manuals, Monographs, & of ® (SOP) (TMA) and & & & & and ASTM What is and to to News and & -04. 12 Committee E06 $ 61. 00 In stock Significance and Use 5. 1 The dry indicator used in this test method is so strongly hygroscopic it will change color in a moderate- to high-humidity atmosphere without contacting liquid water. It will also change when in contact with liquid water. 5. 2 This test method is of value for materials that come in contact with water on one face and where it is important to evaluate the length of time for water vapor to pass through the material. Scope 1. 1 This test method covers the determination of the time required for water vapor to pass through a sheet membrane in contact with liquid water using the dry-indicator method. 1. 2 The method has been used to evaluate water resistive barriers, flexible flashing and other materials used in building construction in order to measure their resistance to water vapor transmission. 1. 3 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard. 1. 4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. 1. 5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee. Version D0779-16R22 Active D0779-16 D0779-03 D0779-94R02 D0779-94R98 is a Redline? [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is largely procedural and technical in nature, discussing ASTM standards and the behavior of materials in relation to water vapor and liquid water. While it mentions contact with liquid water, it does not address habitability or its importance regarding planets, thus making it irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Coral reefs are affected by ocean acidification and warming. [SEP] Text: Marubini and Thake (1999) have previously demonstrated that the addition of 2-mM bicarbonate increased growth rates as well as linear extension rates, and that the response was quick and sustained. More recently, Herfort et al. (2008) also found that the calcification rate of the corals Porites porites and Acropora sp. maintained at pH 8. 2 increased with an increase in bicarbonate concentration, up to a total of 6- and 8-mM DIC, respectively. These findings contradict the HCO −3 -dependence curve published by Furla et al. (2000), who showed that calcification was saturated at a concentration of ca. 1-mM HCO −3 Discrepancies between these studies may again be due to the length of the acclimatization process: between 8 h and 32 days for experiments in which a change in calcification rate was observed (Marubini and Take 1999; Herfort et al. 2008; present study) and <180 min when no change was recorded (Furla et al. 2000). A similar up-regulation of proteins involved in C-transport, as suggested for photosynthesis, may explain this result, and implies that corals are able to adapt to change in DIC concentration. Another explanation could be the enhancement of calcification by an enhancement of photosynthetic products. Indeed, both photosynthesis and calcification were significantly increased by the addition of bicarbonate, and it is well known that photosynthesis supplies some precursors of the skeletal organic matrix (see Tambutté et al. 2007 for a review). However, the two mechanisms were not correlated (see below) and there was no proportionality either, since photosynthesis was increased by a factor of ca. 2, while calcification was only increased by a factor of ca. 1. 4. To determine if the decrease in calcification observed upon acidification was mediated by the direct effect of one particular parameter, relationships were established between skeletal growth and all parameters of the carbon equilibrium. When plotting growth versus the entire set of data for each parameter, a clear relationship was only obtained with [CO 2−3 ] and Ωarag. However, when data were considered separately for each medium (bicarbonate-ambient and bicarbonate-enriched), linear relationships were observed with all parameters, except bicarbonate (Fig. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by detailing that the calcification observed in corals can be negatively affected by acidification, implying a direct impact of ocean acidification on coral growth. It discusses how changes in carbonate parameters, specifically CO2−3 and Ωarag, influence calcification rates, demonstrating the relationship between ocean chemistry and coral health, thus supporting the claim.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Composting food waste has no environmental impact. [SEP] Text: 78 ± 0. 01 20. 50 Table 4 Physical properties of the final compost Compost trial Finest (%) Fibrosity (%) Bulk density (Kgm− 3) Initial final Trial 1 89. 0 ± 0. 01 0. 5 ± 0. 012 15. 0 28. 21 ± 0. 2 Trial 2 95. 0 ± 0. 12 0. 0 ± 0. 00 20. 0 37. 21 ± 0. 5 Trial 3 97. 0 ± 0. 11 0. 0 ± 0. 00 25. 0 45. 23 ± 0. 3 4. 8 Physical properties of the final compost 4. 8. 1 Finest and fibrosity content of the matured compost The physical characteristics of the final compost were also evaluated based on the finest ratio and fibrosity content. Compost trial 3 had the highest percentage finest (97%), followed by compost trial 2 with 94% finest, and experiment trial 1 had the lowest percentage finest 89% finest. Fibrosity contents vary significantly among the experimental trials, experiment trials 3 and 2 recorded zero fibrosity while experiment trial 1 recorded 5% fibrosity content. The zero fibrosity recorded in trials 2 and 3 shows that all the sawdust in these trials were decompose totally while trial 3 contains some fiber content as a result of incomplete decomposition of the sawdust by microorganisms. 4. 9 Regression analysis The interactions between the physical parameters (bulk density, porosity, p0. 9. The correlation between bulk density and porosity was negatively correlated (-0. 942), and the highest negative correlation was between moisture content and bulk density (-0. 978). The reason for the negative correlation between bulk density and porosity is that bulk density increases throughout the composting process the porosity show decreasing trend. The same thing happened between moisture contents and bulk density, as composting progressed moisture was lost and bulk density increases. 5. 0 ConclusionsThe study was carried out to investigate the influence of the physical properties of composting materials on composting of sawdust with food waste. For this reason, sawdust and food waste was composted in a bin at the initial bulk densities of 15, 20, and 25 kg/m3. Physic-chemical parameters were monitored during the composting period. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by detailing the physical properties of compost made from food waste and sawdust, as well as the results of the composting process. The findings indicate that the physical characteristics of the compost are influenced by the composting materials, suggesting an environmental impact, particularly regarding the management of food waste. It emphasizes that measures such as bulk density and moisture content are significantly altered during composting, which implies that composting has tangible efectos on environmental factors, thus disputing the claim.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Liquid water is considered a key factor in determining a planet's habitability. [SEP] Text: Why Redline? × A PDF redline is a quick and easy way to compare all of the changes between the current, active standard and the previous version. With a redline you'll immediately see: additions deletions and other changes between the two standards. and Trouble! With a Redline you no longer have to spend time trying to determine what has changed in the new standard! Redlines save you time and ensure you see what the changes are to the standard. you select the "Standard + Redline" option you get both documents! Best of all, the cost of a Standard + Redline is only slightly more than buying the by itself. Soon! Price: Add to & and Handling × Domestic orders are delivered via Service (UPS) or (USPS). Transit times average 3 to 5 business days. Please be aware that UPS will not deliver packages to Boxes. . orders are delivered via courier post services which can be either a postal service, courier service, or a combination of both. is untraceable. Please allow 4-7 weeks for delivery. . Please be aware that carriers will not deliver packages to Boxes. Because of the variability of customs processes and procedures in different countries, ASTM International cannot guarantee transit times to international destinations. Customs duty and taxes are the responsibility of the consignee. Shipping & Handling charges follow the rate schedule, below: Shipping & Up to $50. 00 $18. 00 $50. 01 to $100. 00 $20. 00 $100. 01 to $150. 00 $28. 38 $150. 01 to $250. 00 $37. 59 $250. 01 to $500. 00 $54. 09 $500. 01 to $750. 00 $73. 48 $750. 01 to $1000. 00 $89. 57 $1000. 01 to $1500. 00 $116. 61 $1500. 01 to $2500. 00 $152. 29 $2500. 01 to $4999. 00 $201. 00 $5000. 00 to $higher $225. 00 Shipping and Handling charges are approximate. Additional charges may be incurred if your order requires multiple shipments. This does not apply to complete sets and sections. × -. By purchasing a subscription and clicking through this agreement, you are entering into a contract, and acknowledge that you have read this License Agreement, that you understand it and agree to be bound by its terms. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses the benefits of a PDF redline in comparing standards and shipping information, with no mention of liquid water or planetary habitability. Therefore, it does not support or contradict the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Coral reefs are affected by ocean acidification and warming. [SEP] Text: 3). The lowest concentration of bicarbonate used in the present experiment (1. 87 mM) was almost 2-fold higher than the concentration for which Furla et al. (2000) observed a saturation of calcification (1 mM). Since the increase in growth was non-linear, it is possible that bicarbonate ion concentrations above 1 mM are not limiting for calcification, and the supply of carbonate ions for calcification is based upon a simple equilibrium. Examining the findings that coral growth was correlated with the three parameters (pH, CO 2− 3 and CO2) leads to five hypotheses:(1) Seawater acidification affects coral calcification through a decrease in photosynthesis. This hypothesis is not supported since calcification and photosynthesis were not correlated (Figs. 1 and 2). Indeed, while calcification was dependent on CO 2−3 concentration, photosynthesis was not, suggesting some uncoupling of the processes, as already observed by Schneider and Erez (2006). This uncoupling refutes a possible competition for DIC between calcification and photosynthesis, as suggested by Langdon and Atkinson (2005). (2) Seawater acidification affects coral calcification through a decrease in carbonate concentration This hypothesis is supported by the significant correlation between growth and CO 2−3 concentration and is in agreement with previous studies performed at the organism (Marubini and Atkinson 1999; Marubini et al. 2001, 2003; Schneider and Erez 2006) and community (Langdon 2000; Langdon et al. 2003; Leclercq et al. 2000) levels. While in most studies, a linear relationship between coral calcification and [CO 2−3 ] was observed (Langdon and Atkinson 2005; Schneider and Erez 2006), this relationship was hyperbolic in the present study. This discrepancy is probably related to the different range of carbonate concentrations tested; indeed, the range used by Schneider and Erez (2006), for example, ca. 200 to <500 μM exactly fits within the linear portion of the plot depicted in Fig. 3d. Such a relationship suggests a Michaelis-Menten dependence of coral calcification upon carbonate, or in other words an enzymatic-linked process. Since increases in [Ca2+] or [CO 2−3 ] have the same effect on calcification (Gattuso et al. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim as it discusses the effects of seawater acidification on coral calcification. Specifically, it states that 'seawater acidification affects coral calcification through a decrease in carbonate concentration,' thus linking ocean acidification to coral growth. Additionally, the mention of 'significant correlation between growth and CO2−3 concentration' supports the idea that coral reefs are influenced by changes in ocean chemistry, which is a direct consequence of acidification.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Composting food waste has no environmental impact. [SEP] Text: According to the results obtained and presented above, the three composting trials at different initial bulk densities had reached an acceptable degree of maturation and stability at the end of the composting process. The highest temperature of 65. 3 o C was recorded in trial 3 with the highest bulk density and lasted for more than four days. Loss in Moisture content was more pronounced in trials 3 than in trials 1 and 2. The lowest EC was observed in trial 1 and highest in trial 3. The bulk density increases throughout the process, porosity, and moisture content decrease during the composting process. Trial 3 and 2 had the highest finest and lowest fibrosity content and trial 1 had the lowest finest and highest fibrosity content. Based on the result presented above, the best compost was produced at 25 kg/m3 bulk density and 46. 34% porosity. AbbreviationsNomenclature symbols NH4+ ammonium ion NH3-N ammonia nitrogen Abbreviations OM Organic matterTOC Total organic carbonEC Electrical conductivity GI Germination indexTN Total nitrogen densityDeclarationsauthors are grateful to the Department of Agricultural and Biosystems Engineering, University of Ilorin, Nigeria, without which this study would not have been undertaken. Author contributions : Conceptualization, Methodology, Data curation, Writing – original draft, Writing – review & editing. : Conceptualization, Methodology, Investigation, Writing – original draft. : Writing – review & editing. funds were received for this project. Data availability All data are included in this paper Ethical approval Not applicable Consent to participate Not applicable Consent for publication Not applicable Competing interest The authors declare no competing interest. 2150. . Adedayo, V. , Adeaga, O. , Akomolafe, D. , (2002). Volume and of Waste: A Strategy for Insecurity in Lagos State, Nigeria. jor of Agric and food Sci. 8 (6) 208 – 216. Doi. org/10. 26765/17559199 (2014). “Combustion properties of some tropical wood species and their pyrolytic products characterization”. Energy and Power. 4(3):54-57. , Feng, Y. A. (2003). Modifed air pycnometer for compost air volume and density determination. Can. Biosyst. Eng. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by detailing the composting process and its measurable environmental outcomes, such as the degree of maturation and stability achieved during trials. It discusses the changes in moisture content, bulk density, and porosity throughout the composting process, which highlight the environmental impact of composting food waste. The specific thermal and compositional results indicate a significant transformation of organic waste, demonstrating that composting does have an environmental impact contrary to the claim.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Liquid water is considered a key factor in determining a planet's habitability. [SEP] Text: If you do not agree to the terms of this License Agreement, promptly exit this page without entering the ASTM Product. 1. Ownership:is copyrighted, both as a compilation and as individual standards, 2. Definitions. A. Types of Licensees: (i) Individual User:a single unique computer, with an individual IP address; (ii) Single-Site:one geographic location or to multiple sites within one city that are part of a single organization unit administered centrally; for example, different campuses of the same university within the same city administered centrally. (iii) Multi-Site:an organization or company with independently administered multiple locations within one city; or an organization or company located in more than one city, state or country, with central administration for all locations. B. Authorized Users:any individual who has subscribed to this Product; if a Site License, also includes registered students, faculty or staff member, or employee of the Licensee, at the Single or Multiple Site. 3. Limited License. ASTM grants Licensee a limited, revocable, nonexclusive, non-transferable license to access, by means of one or more authorized IP addresses, and according to the terms of this Agreement, to make the uses permitted and described below, each ASTM Product to which Licensee has subscribed. A. Specific Licenses: (i) Individual User: (a) the right to browse, search, retrieve, display and view the Product; (b) the right to download, store or print single copies of individual Documents, or portions of such Documents, solely for Licensee's own use. That is, Licensee may access and download an electronic file of a Document (or portion of a Document) for temporary storage on one computer for purposes of viewing, and/or printing one copy of a Document for individual use. Neither the electronic file nor the single hard copy print may be reproduced in anyway. In addition, the electronic file may not be distributed elsewhere over computer networks or otherwise. That is, the electronic file cannot be emailed, downloaded to disk, copied to another hard drive or otherwise shared. The single hard copy print may only be distributed to others for their internal use within your organization; it may not be copied. The individual Document downloaded may not otherwise be sold or resold, rented, leased, lent or sub-licensed. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses license agreements and user rights regarding products without mentioning anything related to liquid water or planetary habitability.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Coral reefs are affected by ocean acidification and warming. [SEP] Text: The correlation with carbonate does not mean that this ion is directly used for calcification. (3) Seawater acidification affects coral calcification through an inhibition induced by high CO 2 concentrations. Upon hydration, CO2 may lead to acidification of the medium and then alteration of the biological processes. The intracellular CO2 concentration is unknown, but can be estimated taking into account an intracellular bicarbonate concentration of about 3. 7 mM (Furla et al. 2000), and a pHi value of 7. 4 for marine organisms (Payan et al. 1983). From these assumptions, the intracellular CO2 concentration, calculated using the Henderson-Hasselbalch equation, pH = pK + log [HCO −3 ]/[CO2] with pK = 6. 1 (Truchot 1987) would be equal to ca. 180 μM, a value below that reported for vertebrate cells which are in the range 5–15 mM for an extracellular PCO2 of about 5% (Stinner et al. 1994). Therefore a CO2 increase from 10 to 35. 5 μM (i. e. , a Δ of 25. 5 μM as in the present study) would decrease pHi by about 0. 04 pH units, a value within the range of natural variation experienced by the organism, and therefore insufficient to modify cell physiology as already suggested in plant cells (Bown 1985). Unfortunately, it is impossible to make such calculation for the peri-crystalline fluid, since the HCO −3 concentration is unknown, but as this concentration is likely higher than in cells (Allemand et al. 2004), the pH decrease should be even smaller. (4) Seawater acidification affects coral calcification through an inhibition induced by decreasing pH. The range of seawater pH, or extracellular pH (pHe) used in the present study or in most of the above cited literature is large (≈0. 6 units), but remains in the same range as those observed during a daily cycle in coral tissue (Kühl et al. 1995; Al-Horani et al. 2003) or within the ecosystem (Suzuki et al. 1995), suggesting that coral cells are already adapted to small variations in external pH. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing how seawater acidification impacts coral calcification through an inhibition induced by decreased pH. It explains that freshwater acidification affects the biological processes of corals directly and provides scientific context for the mechanism of these changes, thus supporting the assertion that ocean acidification affects coral reefs.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Composting food waste has no environmental impact. [SEP] Text: 45, 6–27 (2008). Laboratory determination of compost physical parameters for modeling of airflow characteristics. Waste Manage. 28, 660–670 Al-Rumaihi, A. ; McKay, G. ; Mackey, H. R. ; Al-Ansari, T. (2020). Environmental impact assessment of food waste management using two composting techniques. Sustainability, 12, 1595 Arias, O. , Vina, S. , Soto, M. , (2021). Co-composting of forest and industrial wastes watered with pig manure. Environ. Technol. 42 (5), 705–716. 09593330. 2019. 1643411. Assandri, D. ; Pampuro, N. ; Zara, G. ; Bianco, A. ; Cavallo, E. ; Budroni, M. (2021). Co-Composting of Brewers’ with : Influence of Strategies on Compost Quality. Agronomy 11, 1349. agronomy1107134. , Bundela, P. S. , Wong, J. W. C. , Selvam, A. ,(2014). Evaluation of thermophilic fungal consortium for organic municipal solid waste composting. Bioresour. Technol. 168, 214-221. (2016). Fundamental conditions of composting. Chin J. 37(1):164–169. Barrena, R. , Turet, J. , Busquets, A. , Farrés, M. , Font, X. , Sánchez, A. , 2011. Respirometric screening of several types of manure and mixtures intended for composting. Bioresour. Technol. 102, 1367–77. Boylan N. , Long. M. , (2009). An investigation of two peat failures in the wicklow mountains. Biology and environment: proceedings of royal irish academy, 110B (3) : 173 - 184. Brinton, W. F. , (2000). Standards and Report by for the of Recyclers Calabi-de. (2019). Optimization of wheat straw co-composting for carrier material development. 98:37–49. (2020). Enhanced nitrogen retention by lignite during poultry litter composting. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by presenting various studies and assessments related to food waste management and its environmental impacts. For example, the mention of 'Environmental impact assessment of food waste management using two composting techniques' suggests that composting does have measurable effects, contradicting the assertion that it has no environmental impact.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Liquid water is considered a key factor in determining a planet's habitability. [SEP] Text: (ii) Single-Site and Multi-Site Licenses: (a) the right to browse, search, retrieve, display and view the Product; (b) the right to download, store or print single copies of individual Documents, or portions of such Documents for the Authorized User's personal use, and to share such copies with other of Licensee within Licensee's computer network; (c) if an educational institution, Licensee is permitted to provide a hard copy of individual Documents to individual students (Authorized Users) in a class at Licensee's location; (d) the right to display, download and distribute hard copies of Documents for training or groups of Authorized Users. (e) Licensee will undertake all necessary authentication and verification processes to ensure only can access the ASTM Product. (f) Licensee will provide ASTM with a list of authorized IP (numeric IP domain addresses) addresses and, if Multi-Site, a list of authorized sites. B. Prohibited Uses. (i) describes all permitted uses. Any other use is prohibited, is a violation of this Agreement and can result in immediate termination of this License. (ii) User may not make this Product, or Documents, available to anyone other than another Authorized User, whether by Internet link, or by permitting access through his or her terminal or computer; or by other similar or dissimilar means or arrangements. (iii) Specifically, no one is authorized to transmit, copy, or distribute any Document in any manner or for any purpose except as described in Section 3 of this License, without ASTM's prior express written permission. In particular, except as described in Section 3, no one may, without the prior express written permission of ASTM: (a) distribute or forward a copy (electronic or otherwise) of any 4. Detection of Prohibited Uses. A. Licensee is responsible for taking reasonable measures to prevent prohibited uses, and promptly notify ASTM of any infringements of copyright or prohibited use of which Licensee becomes aware. Licensee will cooperate with ASTM in investigating any such prohibited uses and will take reasonable steps to ensure the cessation of such activity and to prevent any reoccurrence. B. Licensee shall use all reasonable efforts to protect the Product from any use that is not permitted under this Agreement, and shall notify ASTM of any use of which it learns or is notified. 5. to Product. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses licensing agreements and prohibited uses related to a product, with no mention of liquid water or habitability of planets.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Coral reefs are affected by ocean acidification and warming. [SEP] Text: We may hypothesize that a high β may prevent the equilibration between HCO −3 and CO 2−3 since this equilibrium is dependent upon pH, either in the cœlenteron or in the peri-crystalline fluid, thus stopping the carbonate supply to calcification. In conclusion, this study confirms that global change-induced seawater acidification may lead to a decrease of tropical coral growth calcification. While the biological mechanism underlying this decrease remains to be elucidated, it is proposed that this effect is either mediated by a decrease in carbonate, in pH, or by an alteration of the internal buffering system leading to a disruption of carbon supply to calcification rather than by a direct effect of CO2 or a change of HCO −3 concentration. Results showed that the negative effect of acidification may be counteracted by increasing the bicarbonate concentration of seawater, resulting in an increase in the carbonate concentration. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by confirming that global change-induced seawater acidification negatively affects tropical coral growth calcification. It explicitly states that seawater acidification may lead to a decrease in carbonate supply, which is crucial for calcification in corals. The study discussed highlights the importance of pH and bicarbonate concentration, which are directly related to ocean acidification and its effects on coral reefs.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Composting food waste has no environmental impact. [SEP] Text: J 277:122422. jclepro. 2020. 122422. (2018). Effect of hyperthermerphilic pretreatment on transformation and losses of C and N during pig manure composting. China. 38(5):1792–1800. 6923. 20180223. 003. (2020). Enhanced nitrogen retention by lignite during poultry litter composting. J 277:122422. jclepro. 2020. 122422 Chang, H. C. , Li, R. D. , (2019). Agricultural waste. Water Environ. Res. 91, 1150–1167. Chang, R. , Li, Y. , Li, J. , Chen, Q. , Zhao, H. , Qi, Z. , (2019). Influences of the thermophilic period on biodegradation and nitrogen loss in stimulated vegetable waste composting. Glob. Ecol. Conserv. 18, e00623. (2018). Infuence of clay as additive on greenhouse gases emission and maturity evaluation during chicken manure composting. 266:82–88. (2015). Bioremediation of soils contaminated with polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, petroleum, pesticides, chlorophenols and heavy metals by composting: applications, microbes and future research needs. Biotechnol Adv. 33 (6):745–755. (2016). Laboratory-scale investigation of aerobic compost stability of municipal solid waste in Istanbul. Sci 34(2):211–220 Ekinci K, Tosun İ, Bıtrak B, Kumbul BS, Şevik F, Sülük K (2019) Effects of initial C/N ratio on organic matter degradation of composting of rose oil processing solid wastes. Technol 16: 5131–5140. FAO. (2020). of and Nutrition in the World. : Assessed on 10 oct. , 2021 Fernández, J. M. , López-de-Sá, E. G. , Polo, A. , Plaza, C. (2014). Short term stabilization of organic matter in physically, chemically, and biochemically protected pools in soils amended with municipal wastes, Clean-Water, 42, 487–493. DOI: 10. 1002/ clen. 20130 0127 Getahun, T. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing various studies and the environmental effects associated with composting, including nitrogen retention, greenhouse gas emissions, and organic matter degradation. Statements about 'enhanced nitrogen retention during poultry litter composting' and 'effects of initial C/N ratio on organic matter degradation' imply significant environmental impacts resulting from composting practices.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Liquid water is considered a key factor in determining a planet's habitability. [SEP] Text: ASTM reserves the right to terminate this License, upon written notice, if Licensee materially breaches the terms of this Agreement. fails to pay ASTM any license or subscription fees when due, ASTM will provide the Licensee with a 30-day period within which to cure such breach. No cure period will be provided for material breaches relating to violations of Section 3 or any other breach likely to cause ASTM irreparable harm. If Licensee's subscription to an ASTM Product terminates, further access to the online database will be denied. or materially breach this License or make prohibited uses of material in any reserves the right to deny Licensee any access to the ASTM Product, in ASTM's sole discretion. 6. and Service. A. use standard Internet HTML format. ASTM reserves the right to change such format upon three [3] months' notice to Licensee, although ASTM will make reasonable efforts to use commonly available formats. and the are responsible for obtaining at their expense suitable Internet connections, Web browsers, and licenses for any software necessary to view the ASTM Products. B. are also available in (PDF) format to Licensee and its Authorized Users, who are solely responsible for installing and configuring the appropriate Reader software. C. ASTM shall use reasonable efforts to make online access available on a continuous basis. Availability will be subject to periodic interruption and downtime for server maintenance, software installation or testing, loading new files, and reasons beyond the control of ASTM. ASTM does not guarantee access, and will not be liable for damages or refunds if the Product becomes unavailable temporarily, or if access becomes slow or incomplete due to system back-up procedures, Internet traffic volume, upgrades, overload of requests to servers, general network failures or delays, or any other cause that may from time to time make the Product unavailable for the Licensee or Licensee's Authorized Users. 7. Terms and Fees. A. The term of this Agreement is _____________ ("Subscription Period"). Access to the Product is for the only. will remain in effect thereafter for successive so long as annual subscription fees, as such may change from time to time, are paid. Licensee and/or ASTM have the right to terminate this Agreement at the end of a by written notice given at least 30 days in advance. B. Fees: 8. Verification. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses licensing terms and conditions related to an ASTM Product, and does not mention anything about liquid water or planetary habitability.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Coral reefs are affected by ocean acidification and warming. [SEP] Text: 2022), altering marine temperate ecosystem function and structure. Such evidence demonstrates how ocean warming and warm boundary currents drive the tropicalisation of high latitude temperate ecosystems. However, few studies have assessed how interactions between range-shifting and native species may govern the pace of tropicalisation (but see Mitchell et al. 2022a, b). In ocean warming hotspots, current summer temperatures in recipient marine temperate ecosystems allow range-extending tropical species to persist in high latitude ecosystems for prolonged periods (Booth et al. 2011; Yamano et al. 2011), but lethal winter effects often lead to significant or complete mortality and, as such, limit tropicalisation in temperate ecosystems (e. g. Figueira et al. 2009; Beck et al. 2016). However, future winters will become warmer, allowing most vagrant tropical fish to establish permanently at higher latitudes (Figueira and Booth 2010). To date, most range-extension studies do not explicitly consider how warmer winters will alter the behaviours of competing native and range-extending species in tropicalisation hotspots. Future seasonal temperatures could not only modulate the rate at which tropical species establish in high latitude ecosystems, but also dictate the dynamics between smaller-scale range extensions and contractions across seasons. Benthic range-extending tropical fishes often form shoals with resident temperate species (Paijmans et al. 2020). Ocean warming is expected to increase shoaling interactions between temperate and tropical fishes in temperate ecosystems (Figueira and Booth 2010; Coni et al. 2021a). Shoaling interactions in novel temperate ecosystems can provide fitness benefits for range-shifting tropical fishes through multiple mechanisms: (1) enhanced learning of novel social cues (Smith et al. 2018), (2) reduced mortality (Mathis and Chivers 2003); (3) increased body size (Smith et al. 2018); (4) greater access to prey (Barlow 1974); and (5) increased foraging efficiency (Camacho-Cervantes et al. 2014). Novel shoaling interactions can also incur costs, including competitive exclusion by co-shoaling resident species (Coni et al. 2021a; 2022) and increased predation threat due to phenotypic oddity (Landeau and Terborgh 1986). Therefore, potential benefits must outweigh potential costs if range-extending tropical fishes are to gain any benefits from novel species interactions. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the impact of ocean warming on marine temperate ecosystems, indicating that ocean warming allows for tropical species, which can be associated with coral reef environments, to persist in areas that were previously unsuitable. The mention of tropicalisation driven by ocean warming suggests that coral reef systems, which are fundamentally composed of tropical species, will be influenced by these changes. Additionally, the text outlines how future warmer winters could alter species interactions, further linking the effects of warming temperatures to ecological shifts that would affect coral reefs.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Composting food waste has no environmental impact. [SEP] Text: ; Nigusie, A. ; Entele, T. ; Van Gerven, T. ; Bruggen, B. (2012). Effect of turning frequencies on composting biodegradable municipal solid waste quality. Resour. Conserv. Recycl. , 65, 79–84 Ghosh Ray, S. ; Ghangrekar, M. M. ( 2019). Comprehensive review on treatment of high-strength distillery wastewater in advanced physico-chemical and biological degradation pathways. Int. J. Environ. Sci. Technol. , 16, 527–546. Gómez‑Brandón M, Lazcano C, Domínguez J (2008). The evaluation of stability and maturity during the composting of cattle manure. Chemosphere 70(3):436–444. sphere. 2007. 06. 065 Hadi B. , Akeem A. J. , (2021). Valorization of sawdust by co-composting with food waste using a small-scale composter. . 2103 – 1213. 10. 30486/. 2021. 1924988. 1213 He Z. ,. , Xingjun T. , (2020) Impacts of peat on nitrogen conservation and fungal community composition dynamics during food waste composting. Chem 63:72 Hemidat,S Jaar, M. Nassour, A. Nelles, M. 2018. Monitoring of Parameters: A in Jordan. Waste and BiomassValorization. Hwang H. Y. , Seong H. K. , Myung S. K. , Seong J. P. and Chang H. L. , (2020). Co-composting of chicken manure with oranic waste: characterization of gases emissions and compost quality. Chem (2020) 63:3 Iqbal, M. K. , Shafiq, T. , Ahmed, K. , (2010). Characterization of bulking agents and its effects on physical properties of compost. Bioresour. Technol. 101 (6), 1913–1919. Jae‑Han Lee, Deogratius Luyima, Chang‑Hoon Lee, Seong‑and Taek‑(2020). Efficiencies of unconventional bulking agents in composting food waste in Korea. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by citing various studies related to composting, which indicate that composting processes involve environmental factors such as gas emissions and the quality of compost produced. For example, one study discusses the characterization of gases emitted during co-composting, suggesting that composting activities do have measurable environmental impacts, thus rebutting the claim that composting has no environmental impact.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Liquid water is considered a key factor in determining a planet's habitability. [SEP] Text: ASTM has the right to verify compliance with this Agreement, at its expense, and at any time during the course of normal business hours. To do so, ASTM will engage an independent consultant, subject to a confidentiality agreement, to review Licensee's use of ASTM Product and/or Documents. Licensee agrees to permit access to its information and computer systems for this purpose. Verification will take place upon no less than 15 days notice, during normal business hours and in a manner that does not interfere unreasonably with Licensee's operations. If verification reveals unlicensed or prohibited use of the ASTM Products or Documents, Licensee agrees to reimburse ASTM for the costs incurred in verification and reimburse ASTM for any unlicensed/prohibited uses. By invoking this procedure, ASTM does not waive any of its rights to enforce this Agreement or to protect its intellectual property by any other means permitted by law. Licensee acknowledges and agrees that ASTM may imbed certain identifying or tracking information in the ASTM Products available on the Portal. 9. Passwords:Licensee must immediately notify ASTM of any known or suspected unauthorized use(s) of its password(s), or any known or suspected breach of security, including the loss, theft unauthorized disclosure of such password or any unauthorized access to or use of the ASTM Product. Licensee is solely responsible for maintaining the confidentiality of its password(s) and for ensuring the authorized access and use of the ASTM Product. Personal accounts/passwords may not be shared. 10. Disclaimer of Warranty: Unless specified in this Agreement, all express or implied conditions, representations and warranties, including any implied warranty of merchantability, fitness for a particular purpose or non-infringement are disclaimed, except to the extent that these disclaimers are held to be legally invalid. 11. Limitation of Liability: To the extent not prohibited by law, in no event will ASTM be liable for any loss, damage, lost data or for special, indirect, consequential or punitive damages, however caused regardless of the theory of liability, arising out of or related to the use of the ASTM Product or downloading of the ASTM Documents. In no event will ASTM's liability exceed the amount paid by Licensee under this License Agreement. 12. General. A. Termination:is effective until terminated. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses the verification of compliance with an agreement and legal disclaimers, with no mention of liquid water or planetary habitability.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Coral reefs are affected by ocean acidification and warming. [SEP] Text: However, ocean warming and acidification can directly alter behaviour and fitness-related traits that determine the costs and benefits derived from novel shoaling interactions (e. g. aggression, boldness, and foraging; Nagelkerken and Munday 2016; Cattano et al. 2018; Goldenberg et al. 2018). This could subsequently modify the fitness benefits and costs of tropical-temperate shoals in a future ocean. Hence, it is necessary to assess how climate change affects novel tropical-temperate shoaling interactions to better predict tropicalisation outcomes. Ocean acidification can alter the behaviour of tropical and temperate fish species residing in tropicalisation hotspots (Mitchell et al. 2022a, b). However, previous research solely focused on how ocean warming effects can modulate the pace of marine range shifts (Figueira and Booth 2010; but see Coni et al. 2021c). Ocean acidification and warming both affect a wide range of behaviours (e. g. activity, boldness and foraging; Nagelkerken and Munday 2016; Goldenberg et al. 2018; Domenici et al. 2019), and may therefore modify marine range shift outcomes. Ocean warming and acidification can also concurrently affect the fitness of resident and range-extending species, modifying interaction outcomes which shape the initial stages of range shifts (Carmona-Catot et al. 2013; Mitchell et al. 2022a, b). Therefore, ocean acidification and warming effects could determine the true pace of range extensions and ensuing biodiversity shifts in high latitude ecosystems (Coni et al. 2021c). However, the direct effects of ocean acidification on the behaviour and fitness of range-shifting tropical and native temperate species, and their interactions, remain largely unknown. Here we used a controlled laboratory experiment to test the concurrent effects of projected future summer and winter ocean temperatures, ocean acidification, and novel species interaction on the behaviour and growth of range-extending tropical and co-shoaling native temperate fish species across a 38-day exposure period. Proxies for growth were somatic growth and length increase, while video recordings were used to examine a repertoire of behavioural proxies (aggression, activity, boldness and feeding). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing how ocean warming and acidification can alter behaviors and fitness-related traits of marine species, which are crucial for understanding the impacts of climate change on coral reefs. It emphasizes that ocean acidification can affect various species residing in tropicalization hotspots, suggesting a direct link between ocean changes and marine ecosystems, including coral reefs.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Composting food waste has no environmental impact. [SEP] Text: Chem (2020) 63:68 Jakubus M. (2020) A of from on Biological and Chemical Parameters. Agronomy 10, 869; doi:10. 3390/agronomy10060869 (2019). Addition of wood sawdust during the co-composting of sewage sludge and wheat straw influences seeds germination. Safe 168: 423–430. Kelleher, M. , (2007). Anaerobic digestion outlook for MSW streams. BioCycle 48 (8), 51e55 (2010) Co-composting of green waste and food waste at low C/N ratio. 30:602–609 Liang, C. ; Das, K. C. ; McClendon, R. W. (2003) The influence of temperature and moisture contents regimes on the aerobic microbial activity of a biosolids composting blend. Bioresour. Technol. , 86, 131–137 Lim, S. L. ; Lee, L. H. ; Wu, T. Y. (2016) Sustainability of using composting and vermicomposting technologies for organic solid waste biotransformation: Recent overview, greenhouse gases emissions and economic analysis. J. Clean. Prod. , 111, 262–278. Looper M. (2002) Whole animal composting of dairy cattle. Communications;108:1-4. , (2019) Changes in nutrients and bioavailability of potentially toxic metals in mine waste contaminated soils amended with fly ash enriched vermicompost. Soil Pollution. 230:306. 1007/s11270-019-4343-2 (2016) Effect of organic materials with different proportions on composting process. Modernization 37(3):587–593. 0275. 2016. 0002 Madejón1 E. , Marco P·, Paula M. , Alfredo P‑de‑M (2021) Composting as Option for on Recreational Beaches. Waste and Makan, A. , Assobhei, O. , Mountadar, M. ,(2014). Initial air pressure influence on invessel composting for the biodegradable fraction of municipal solid waste in Morocco. Int. J. Environ. Sci. Technol. 11, 53e58. Mashat, B. H. , (2014). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing various studies related to composting, indicating potential environmental impacts through processes such as 'co-composting of green waste and food waste' and addressing how composting influences 'aerobic microbial activity' and potentially reduces 'greenhouse gases emissions.' This suggests that composting can have significant environmental effects, rather than having 'no environmental impact' as the claim states.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Proteins can fold into their functional forms due to specific sequences of amino acids. [SEP] Text: Skip to Content eLife home page your research Search by keyword or author Reset form my search to Research 10. 7554/eLife. 40045 Open access Copyright information Version of RecordOctober 25, 2018 Accepted ManuscriptOctober 5, 2018 Open annotations (there are currently 0 annotations on this page). 2,269 views 370 downloads 26 0045. Copy to clipboard Download BibTeX Download. RIS Full text Figures and data Peer review Side by side Additional files 7 figures, 1 table and 3 additional files 1 with 3 supplements Download asset Open asset Schematic representation of DLL1 and DLL4 and variant proteins. I-X, full-length and chimeric ligands generated by domain swaps. XI and XII, ligands with exchanges of the known NOTCH1 contact amino acids in the MNNL and DSL domains. 4 variant with an N109G mutation that eliminates the N-glycosylation site in DLL4. XIV-XVIII, soluble proteins encoding the N-terminal region up to and including EGF5 carrying a C-terminal Avi-His-tag for protein purification. I-XIII were tested in cell-based Notch activation assays, and XI in transgenic mice, XIV-XVIII used for measurements of binding affinities to N1. Proteins analyzed in cell-based assays were C-terminally Flag-tagged, proteins analyzed in mice were untagged. Break points and surrounding amino acid sequences and point substitutions are illustrated in Figure 1—figure supplement 1. Red domains/spikes: DLL1; blue domains/spikes: DLL4; white asterisks: N109G mutation. ECD, extracellular domain; N, N-terminus; D, DSL domain; E, EGF repeat, TM, transmembrane domain; ICD, intracellular domain; D, DLL; cont, N1 contact amino acids. Figure 1—figure supplement 1 Download asset Open asset Amino acid exchanges of DLL variant proteins. (A) Amino acid sequences around the break points of chimeric DLL1 and DLL4 proteins. Amino acids unique to DLL1 and DLL4 are indicated in red and blue, respectively. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it does not provide information about the folding of proteins or the role of amino acid sequences in that process. Instead, it discusses various proteins and their mutations without addressing the mechanics of protein folding.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Coral reefs are affected by ocean acidification and warming. [SEP] Text: We show that seasonal temperatures, ocean acidification, and novel interactions can all alter the behaviour and growth of range-extending tropical fish, and discuss how this could regulate the pace of tropicalisation in high latitude ecosystems. Materials and methodsFish collection and acclimationAbove-average rates of ocean warming in high-latitude temperate ecosystems (latitude: 34° S) and strengthening of the current (Wu et al. 2012) have increased the dispersal of larval-stage tropical fishes from the southern great barrier reef into shallow rocky, temperate ecosystems in southeastern Australian waters (Booth et al. 2007, 2011). One of the most common range-extending tropical fish species, the Indo-(Abudefduf vaigiensis), is often observed co-shoaling with temperate species, (Atypichthys strigatus) (Smith et al. 2018). Southeastern Australia’s cooler conditions have restricted tropical fish from establishing breeding populations as temperatures drop below their thermal minima in winter (~ 17 °C; Booth et al. 2011). However, ocean warming in southeastern Australia is expected to facilitate the successful establishment of breeding tropical populations in the future (Figueira and Booth 2010). A. vaigiensis is omnivorous, exhibits a dispersive larval stage, has high site fidelity in the adult stage, and reaches up to 20 cm in length (Kuiter 1993). The co-shoaling temperate species A. strigatus grows up to 25 cm in length and is omnivorous (Kuiter 1993). Tropical range-extending fish obtain fitness benefits by shoaling with temperate residents, growing faster and surviving longer into winter than conspecific tropical shoals in temperate ecosystems (Smith et al. 2018). Hence, we selected two pair types (temperate + temperate and tropical + temperate) to investigate how novel co-shoaling species interactions might alter temperate fish performance in mixed-species shoals (i. e. future conditions) compared to conspecific temperate fish pairs (i. e. present-day conditions), and how this is modified by the direct project future temperature and ocean acidification effects. Comparisons of the shoaling types can inform us about potential impacts on temperate fish communities in tropicalisation hotspots. As such, and also because of laboratory space limitations, we did not include pairs of tropical species. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing how ocean warming and acidification are influencing the behavior and growth of tropical fish, which are often found in coral reef ecosystems. It highlights that ocean warming is expected to facilitate the establishment of tropical fish in higher latitudes, indicating a direct impact of warming conditions in both tropical and temperate ecosystems. This suggests broader implications for coral reefs and their associated marine life.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Composting food waste has no environmental impact. [SEP] Text: Effective microorganisms (EM) technology as a pathway to improve municipal solid waste of Makkah city (Saudi Arabia) and as foul odor eliminator. In: (Germany) Manu M. K. , Rakesh K, Anurag G. , (2019) Decentralized composting of household wet biodegradable waste in plastic drums: Effect of waste turning, microbial inoculum and bulking agent on product quality. Journal of 226:233e241 Manu, M. K. ; Kumar, R. ; Garg, A. (2018) Performance assessment of improved composting system for food waste with varying aeration and use of microbial inoculum. Bioresour. Technol. , 234, 167–177. Mayur S. J. , Mohit D. , Ajay S. K. (2018). Composting physics: A degradation process-determining tool for industrial sludge. 116 : 14–20 Mayur S. J. , Mohit D. , Ajay S. K. (2018). Physical parameters evaluation during production of soil conditioner from aquatic waste: Hydrilla verticillata (L. f. ) Royle. / & Innovation 11: 64–73 Moh, Y. C. , Manaf, L. A. , (2017). Solid waste management transformation and future challenges of source separation and recycling practice in Malaysia. Resour. Conserv. Recycl. . 116, 1-14 Nahm K. H. (2005). Factors Inﬂuencing nitrogen mineralization during poultry litter composting and calculations foravailable nitrogen. Journal of Poultry Science; 61(2):238-255. Nayak, A. K. , Kalamdhad, A. S. , (2014). Feasibility of composting combinations of sewage sludge, cattle manure and sawdust in a rotary drum reactor. Environ. Eng. Res. 19 (1), 1–11 Nizami A. (2017) Waste biorefiner: Enabling circular economies in developing countries. 241: 1101-1117. Orthodoxou, D. , Pettitt, T. R. , Fuller, M. , Newton, M. , Knight, N. , Smith, S. R. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text discusses various studies that highlight the effectiveness of composting and its positive effects on waste management, soil conditioning, and nutrient availability. This supports the argument that composting has significant environmental benefits, contradicting the claim that it has no environmental impact.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Proteins can fold into their functional forms due to specific sequences of amino acids. [SEP] Text: Break point are just before the transmembrane domain (a), between EGF3 and 4 (b), EGF 2 and 3 (c), and DSL and EGF1 (d). (B) Amino acid sequences of the MNNL and DSL domains of DLL1 and DLL4 and ligand proteins with exchanges of amino acids that contact N1. N1 contact amino acids based on DLL1 and DLL4 structure alignments are depicted in black boxes. Amino acids unique to DLL1 and DLL4 are indicated in red and blue, respectively. Figure 1—figure supplement 2 Download asset Open asset Analysis of ligand receptor binding. (A) Analysis of the binding of various ligands to a biotinylated human N1 ectodomain fragment containing EGF repeats 6–15 using biolayer interferometry. Binding of DLL4 (from the N-terminus through EGF-repeat 5; (a), DLL1 (from the N-terminus through EGF-repeat 5; b), D4contD1 (c), D1contD4 (d), or D4N109G (e) to the N1 fragment was measured after the N1 fragment was immobilized on a streptavidin sensor tip. The data were analyzed using a single-site binding model using Graphsoftware. Calculated KD values and SEM are shown below the graphs. (B) Analysis of DLL1 and DLL4 binding to human N2 using biolayer interferometry. Detection of DLL1 (from the N-terminus through EGF-repeat 5; (a) or DLL4 (from the N-terminus through EGF-repeat 5; (b) binding to N2(1–15)-Fc immobilized on a protein A sensor tip. The data were analyzed using a single-site binding model using Graphsoftware. Calculated KD values and SEM are shown below the graphs. Figure 1—figure supplement 3 Download asset Open asset N109 is highly conserved and N-glycosylated in DLL4. (A) Alignment of murine DLL1 and DLL4 and of mammalian, bird, amphibian, and fish DLL4 showing the conserved N-glycosylation consensus site (green Asp in black box) in DLL4 proteins. M. m. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim directly. Instead, it focuses on the analysis of ligand-receptor binding involving specific amino acid sequences and structural information about certain proteins (DLL1 and DLL4). While it discusses amino acids and proteins, it does not provide information on how proteins fold into functional forms based on amino acid sequences, making it irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Coral reefs are affected by ocean acidification and warming. [SEP] Text: Sixty A. vaigiensis and 180 A. strigatus were collected during 7–24 March 2020, using barrier and hand nets at Cove (− 33. 81° S, 151. 29° E) and (− 33. 78° S, 151. 29° E) at depths of 0. 1–2 m. After capture fish were immediately transported to ambient holding tanks (size: 100 L) at the of (SIMS). Climate treatments and experimental setupFlow-through 20-L transparent tanks (IKEA product number: 898. 914. 70; dimensions: 39 × 28 × 28 cm, height × length × width; n = 120) were installed across two adjacent flow-through temperature/pH control rooms at SIMS. Two 0. 5 cm (diameter) holes were inserted 4 cm from the top of each tank (lengthways; Fig. S1. ) to allow fresh seawater to flow bilaterally out of each tank. Each tank was allocated a tank identifier and a climate treatment (Table 1). We provided 10 cm lengths of PVC piping (diameter: 10 cm) to each tank for shelter (Fig. S1). Tanks were randomly assigned one of the two CO2 × three temperature treatments (N = 6 treatments; Tables 1, 2), with 10 replicate tanks per treatment per fish pairing type (120 tanks in total). The ocean warming and ocean acidification treatments reflected ambient summer temperatures and those forecast during summer and winter for the leading range edge of tropical fish in southeastern Australian (latitude: ~ 34° S; Booth et al. 2011) by 2100 under an RCP 8. 5 scenario. The current summer temperature (i. e. control, and also reflective of current winter temperatures experienced in the core range of tropical vagrant populations, Figueira and Booth 2010) was 23 °C, the projected future summer temperature was 26 °C, and the projected future winter temperature was 20 °C (IPCC 2021). Table 1 Mean (± standard error) seawater parameters and treatment levels across experimentsFull size tableTable 2 Laboratory experimental temperatures reflecting the average seasonal temperatures at the core range and leading-edge of tropical A. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by detailing experimental setups that focus on climate treatments reflecting ocean warming and acidification. It describes how the treatments simulate projected future conditions for temperature and CO2 levels, thus directly connecting the experiments to the broader context of ocean acidification and warming's effects on marine life, which includes coral reefs.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Composting food waste has no environmental impact. [SEP] Text: (2015) An investigation of some critical physico-chemical parameters inﬂuencing the operational rotary in-vessel composting of food waste by a small-to-medium sized enterprise. Valoriz. 6(3), 293–302 Ouda, O. . , Al-Waked, R. , Korres, N. E. , (2016). Waste to energy potential: a case study of Saudi Arabia. Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev. 61, 328e340 Pezzolla D. , Mirko C. , Primo P. , Roberto C. , Luca R. , Giovanni G. , (2021) of to Optimize the of Wastes. Agronomy 11, 2090. Prashant P. B. , Bhargavi N. K. , (2019) Effect of active and passive aeration on composting of household biodegradable wastes: a decentralized approach. of Recycling of in Agriculture. (2011). Basic studies and applications on bioremediation of DDT: a review. Biodegradation. 65 (7):921–930. (2016) Evaluation of microbial population dynamics in the co-composting of cow manure and rice straw using high throughput sequencing analysis. 32(6):1–11. Ruggieri, L. , Gea, T. , Artola, A. , Sánchez, A. (2009). Air filled porosity measurements by air pycnometry in the composting process: a review and a correlation analysis. Bioresour. Technol. 100, 2655–66 Singh, J. , Kalamdhad, A. S. , (2013). Assessment of bioavailability and leachability of heavy metals during rotary drum composting of green waste (water hyacinth). Ecol. Eng. 52, 59–69. Sukholthaman, P. , Sharp, A. , (2016). A system dynamics model to evaluate effects of source separation of municipal solid waste management: a case of Bangkok, Thailand. 52, 50-61 Sundberg, C. , Jonsson, H. (2013) Higher pH and faster decomposition in biowaste composting by increased aeration. Waste Manag. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contradicts the claim by discussing multiple studies related to composting that highlight various aspects of the process, such as the influence of aeration, microbial population dynamics, and the bioavailability of heavy metals during composting. These points imply that composting has measurable effects on the environment, thereby opposing the idea that it has no environmental impact.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Proteins can fold into their functional forms due to specific sequences of amino acids. [SEP] Text: , Mus musculus; H. s. , Homo sapiens; C. l. , Canis lupus (dog); F. c. , Felic catus (cat); R. n. , Rattus norvegicus; M. a. , Mesocricetus auratus (Gold hamster); G. g. , Gallus gallus (chicken); X. l. , Xenopus leavis; X. t. , Xenopus tropicalis (frog); D. r. , Danio rerio (zebrafish); O. l. , Oryzias latipes (medaka). (B) Constructs used to validate the glycosylation state of N109 in DLL4. (I) DLL4 protein with mutated consensus sites N79, N162 and N297. (II) DLL4 protein with additionally mutated consensus site N109. The region around the N residues was exchanged from NVS to SAV (in case of N79) and from to (in case of N162) reflecting the sequence context in DLL1 lacking these consensus sites. N109 was changed to G. To prevent N-glycosylation of N297, S299 was mutated to A as found in DLL1. (III) represents a chimeric ligand with the N-terminus up to and including EGF3 of DLL1 fused to EGF4 and the C-terminal part of DLL4. Amino acid G112 was mutated to N (G112mut) generating an N-glycosylation consensus sequence like in DLL4. (IV) Chimeric ligand with the N-terminus up to and including EGF3 of DLL1 fused to EGF4 and the C-terminal part of DLL4 lacking all functional N-glycosylation sites. Red domains: DLL1; blue domains: DLL4. (C, D) CHO cells were transfected with constructs (I or II) (C) or (III or IV) (D) and treated with tunicamycin to prevent N-glycosylation. Red arrowhead in (C) points to faster migrating protein species in tunicamycin treated cells indicating N109 glycosylation. In contrast construct II did not show a shift in protein size upon treatment (black arrowhead). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text describes various constructs and genetic modifications related to glycosylation in specific proteins, but does not address or support the claim concerning how proteins fold into functional forms based on amino acid sequences. Thus, it is deemed irrelevant.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Coral reefs are affected by ocean acidification and warming. [SEP] Text: 1Aggression (total number of attacks) (a), activity (percentage of time spent swimming) (b), boldness (prey acquisition latency) (c), and feeding (bite rate) (d) responses for tropical fish across temperature (Te) and ocean acidification (OA). Note that decreased prey acquisition latency reflects increased boldness. Ti = time (days). Data for days 19 and 27 were pooled for visualisation purposes. The different letter above bars indicates significant differences among treatments (Tables S7–10). * denotes significant ocean acidification effect at a specific temperature level. Error bars represent standard errorFull size imageActivity levels were 3% higher under ocean acidification, irrespective of temperature (Fig. 1b; df = 1, F value = 4. 502, p = 0. 031), but all three other behaviours were unaffected by ocean acidification (Fig. 1a, c, d; p > 0. 05; Tables S7–10). From day 19–27, tropical fish showed a 27% increase in boldness-related behaviour (df = 1, F value = 5. 574, p = 0. 023), but decreased activity levels by 5% (df = 1, F value = 8. 126, p = 0. 005), irrespective of climate treatments. Tropical fish somatic growth (SL and WW) was faster at future- (SL: +92%, WW: +302%) and current summer temperatures (SL: +35%, WW: +204%) than at future winter temperature (SL: Fig. S2a; p < 0. 020; WW: Fig. 2a; p < 0. 002; Tables S12, 13). At current summer temperature, somatic WW growth decreased 47% under ocean acidification (Fig. 2a; control vs. acidification: p = 0. 030; Table S12). Fig. 2Growth (wet weight, WW) responses of juvenile tropical fish (a) and temperate fish (b, c) across temperature (Te), ocean acidification (OA) and pairing type (Pa) treatments (as depicted by the fish symbols above the graphs). Ti = time (days). Data for days 19 and 27 were pooled for visualisation purposes. The different letter above bars indicates significant differences among treatments (Tables S12, S15). * denotes significant ocean acidification effect at a specific temperature level. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by demonstrating that both ocean acidification and temperature have significant effects on tropical fish behavior and growth metrics. Specifically, it mentions 'significant ocean acidification effect at a specific temperature level,' indicating that ocean acidification interacts with temperature to influence marine life, which is a critical aspect of coral reef ecosystems.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Composting food waste has no environmental impact. [SEP] Text: 28, 518–526 (2017) Research of ammonia oxidizing bacterial community structure and its correlation with environmental factors in cow manure composting. J Agro-36(1):189–197. 11654/jaes. 2016-0960 Tibu C. ,Ted Y. A. , Negasi S. , Dzidzo Y‑T. , (2019) Efect of the composting process on physicochemical properties and concentration of heavy metals in market waste with additive materials in the Municipality, Ghana. of Recycling of in Agriculture 8:393–403 Varelas, V. (2019). Food wastes as a potential new source for edible insect mass production for food and feed: a review. Fermentation-Basel 5 (2021) Investigation of technology for composting mixed deer manure and straw. . . 2019 Organic matter, a critical factor to immobilize phosphorus, copper, and zinc during composting under various initial C/N ratios. 289:121745. 121745 Waqas Q. , · Min H. L. , · Byeong E. M. , Frank G. O. , · Fawad K. , Mohammad N. ,Hyeon T. K. , (2018) Composting of chicken manure with a mixture of sawdust and wood shavings under forced aeration in a closed reactor system. Wu, T. , (2010). Emission of volatile organic sulfur compounds (VOSCs) during aerobic decomposition of food wastes. Atmos. Environ. 44 (39), 5065 - 5071. (2019) Evaluation of microbial inoculants pretreatment in straw and manure co-composting process enhancement. J 239:118078. (2019) Evaluation of microbial inoculants pretreatment in straw and manure co-composting process enhancement. J 239:118078. Yu. K. M. , Daniel C. W. T. , Alex C. K. Y. , Season S. C. , Yong S. O. k. Chi S. P. , (2019) Valorization of food waste into hydroxymethylfurfural: Dual role of metal ions in successive conversion steps. 219, 338–347 Zaihua H. , Qiang L. , Xiaoyi Z. , Kai T. , Xiangshi K. , Xingjun T. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing various studies related to composting that highlight its impact on environmental factors, such as the emission of volatile organic sulfur compounds (VOSCs) and the potential for food waste to contribute to nutrient cycling and soil health. By referencing specific research on the effects of composting processes on different materials and the environmental implications, it illustrates that composting does indeed have an environmental impact.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Proteins can fold into their functional forms due to specific sequences of amino acids. [SEP] Text: (D) Generation of the consensus site in the MNNL domain of DLL1 (III) resulted in N-glycosylation as tunicamycin treatment led to a shift in protein size (red arrowhead) compared to the construct with the wild type DLL1 MNNL domain (IV, black arrowhead). Figure 2 Download asset Open asset The extracellular domains of DLL1 and DLL4 determine ligand behavior during somitogenesis. (A) Scheme of the targeting vector pMP8. CAG-Stop used to introduce inducible chimeric ligands into the Hprt locus, and of Cre-mediated activation of transgene (D1ECD_D4ICD or D4ECD_D1ICD) expression driven by the CAG promotor (CAG prom). 5’ hom and 3’ hom, Hprt 5’ and 3’ homology regions; ex1-3 (grey boxes), Hprt exons; neor, neomycin phosphotransferase; pA, polyadenylation signal; hHPRT prom, human Hprt promoter; DLL1/4iresdsRED, chimeric ORF–linked to dsRed tag by an internal ribosomal entry site (IRES). (B) Uncx expression in E9. 5 wild type embryos (a, a’; n = 28), embryos lacking DLL1 in the mesoderm (b, b’; n = 12) and male embryos lacking DLL1 in the mesoderm that express either D1ECD_D4ICD (c, c’; n = 9) or D4ECD_D1ICD (d, d’; n = 8) showing that the extracellular domain of DLL1 but not of DLL4 can restore Uncx expression. (C) Whole mount immunofluorescent staining of wild type (a–c) and D4ECD_D1ICD/Y;T(s):Cre (d–f) PSMs using antibodies recognizing the extracellular domain of DLL4 showing co-localization of the exogenous chimeric ligand with pan-Cadherin (panCad) at the cell surface. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses the generation of consensus sites in the MNNL domain of DLL1, N-glycosylation, and the expression of chimeric ligands, without addressing the specific relationship between amino acid sequences and protein folding into functional forms.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Coral reefs are affected by ocean acidification and warming. [SEP] Text: Indeed, we found that future winter temperatures decreased their growth relative to current summer temperatures. Our results therefore highlight that seasonal temperatures in temperate ecosystems, which currently modify the pool of arriving tropical vagrant species (Monaco et al. 2021), will continue to regulate the performance of interacting tropical and temperate fishes in high temperatures latitude ecosystems under ocean warming (Fig. 3). This finding is further reinforced when considering that future winter temperatures (20 °C) at the cold-range edge of coral reef fishes are still lower than current winter temperatures (23 °C) in their core range (see Table 2). Our data suggest that projected future winter conditions in temperate ecosystems will still reduce the performance of range-extending fishes in temperate fish communities and slow down tropicalisation of higher latitudes. Fig. 3Conceptual diagram showing how current and projected future natural seasonal temperatures and ocean acidification positively and negatively modify the growth and behaviour of interacting tropical (panels: a, b, e, and f) and temperate fishes (panels: c, d, g, and h) at 34° S, where the ranges of co-shoaling tropical and temperate fishes overlap. Projected future seasonal temperatures strongly regulate the growth and behaviour of range-shifting tropical fish and will likely modify the pace of marine range-shifts in southeastern AustraliaFull size imageTemperate fish behaviour was unaffected by the two climate stressors or novel species interactions, but they did show slower growth with increasing warming. Projected future summer temperatures (26 °C) sometimes already occur at the trailing edge (28° S) of the temperate species’ historical distribution (Froese and Pauly 2023) and, therefore, they may not need to adjust their behaviour to cope with projected ocean warming in their current core ranges (34° S), but suffer physiologically (e. g. slower growth). We suggest that unaltered behavioural responses and reduced growth during thermally stressful future summers (and autumns) may limit temperate fish performance (Mitchell et al. 2023), and may result in range contractions. This could then positively affect tropical fish abundance or performance during future summers at their leading edge through relief of competition (Coni et al. 2021a) and compromised temperate fish predator avoidance (Figueira et al. 2019). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by indicating that seasonal temperatures and ocean acidification positively and negatively affect the growth and behavior of marine species, including tropical fish, which are integral to coral reef ecosystems. The findings describe how projected future conditions related to ocean warming will regulate the performance of tropical fish in temperate ecosystems, suggesting that such changes are linked to broader impacts on coral reefs. Furthermore, the mention of climate stressors affecting fish growth reinforces the idea that coral reefs, which rely on these fish communities, are indeed impacted by oceanic changes.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Composting food waste has no environmental impact. [SEP] Text: -19 PreprintsProtocolsVideosJournalsTools & a -composting of green waste, food waste and phosphoric rock. Comparison of two-stage composting with traditional composting. Hernandez-Gomez, Marcos Ríos, Anauribeth Portela, and 4 moreThis is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. work is licensed under a CC BY 4. 0 LicenseStatus:PostedVersion 1posted You are reading this latest preprint versionAbstractGreen waste (GW) co-composting has limitations due to the content of slowly degradable compounds (i. e. lignocellulosic substances). The introduction of amendment and bulking materials has improved organic matter degradation and end-product quality. However, recent studies have included additional strategies such as two-stage composting (TSC). This research evaluates the effect of TSC on the process and end-product quality of co-composting of GW, food waste, sawdust and phosphoric rock. In our knowledge, TSC has not been studied together with strategies like the addition of co-substrates such as FW and phosphoric rock to improve GW composting. A pilot-scale study was developed using two triplicate treatments: TA: TSC and TB: Traditional composting. The two treatments used the same mixture (wet weight): 46% GW, 19% unprocessed food waste, 18% processed food waste, 13% sawdust, and 4% phosphoric rock. TB had a higher degradation rate of organic matter during the mesophilic and thermophilic phases compared to TA. This is related to the higher temperatures for longer periods during these two phases, with a higher degradation of volatile solids. Nonetheless, during the cooling and maturation phases, the two treatments had similar behavior on temperature, pH, and electrical conductivity with ash and lignin contents without significant differences at the end of the process. End-products in both treatments lacked statistically significant differences and fulfill quality criteria for use as soil improvers. However, end-products from traditional composting had lower nutrient content (NTotal and PTotal) that can be associated with nitrogen volatilization or the use of nutrients by the microorganisms during the active process phases. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the environmental benefits and considerations of composting food waste and green waste. Specifically, it details how two-stage composting (TSC) and traditional composting impact the degradation rate of organic matter, suggesting that composting methods influence the quality of the end-products. This implies an environmental impact by demonstrating varying rates of degradation and nutrient content, thus showing that composting has significant effects rather than no environmental impact.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Proteins can fold into their functional forms due to specific sequences of amino acids. [SEP] Text: Additional intracellular staining most likely reflects the presence of the ligand in the ER and trans Golgi as observed previously for DLL1 in cultured cells (Geffers et al. , 2007; Müller et al. , 2014) and for endogenous DLL1 and transgenic DLL4 in the PSM (Preuße et al. , 2015). n = 3 for wild type, n = 4 for D4ECD_D1ICD/Y;T(s):Cre; Scale bar = 10 µm. Figure 3 Download asset Open asset D1N-E3_D4 is not able to compensate for DLL1 function during somitogenesis. (A) "Mini-gene“ targeting strategy to express DLL1 or DLL4 variants from the Dll1 locus (a) and alleles generated in this study (d and e). The Dll1Dll1ki (b) and Dll1Dll4ki (c) control alleles were described previously (Preuße et al. , 2015; Schuster-Gossler et al. , 2016). Dll1D1N-E3_D4ki (d) encodes a fusion protein between the N-terminal part of DLL1 including EGF3 fused to EGF4 and the remaining C-terminal portion of DLL4 (III in Figure 1 and Figure 1—figure supplement 1Ab). Dll1D1contD4ki (e) encodes a DLL1 variant whose predicted amino acids of the MNNL and DSL domains that contact N1 are replaced by the corresponding amino acids of DLL4 (XI in Figure 1, Figure 5C, and Figure 1—figure supplement 1B). All alleles have an identical structure and intron 9 and 10 sequences of Dll1. (B) External phenotypes of wild type (a; n = 19), homozygous Dll1D1N-E3_D4ki (b; n = 11), Dll1Dll1ki (c; n = 3) and Dll1Dll4ki (d; n = 3) control E15. 5 fetuses. Arrow in (b) points to the short tail. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses various proteins and genetic constructs without addressing how specific amino acid sequences influence protein folding. It primarily provides experimental details and results related to DLL1 and DLL4 but does not mention the concept of protein folding tied to amino acid sequences.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Coral reefs are affected by ocean acidification and warming. [SEP] Text: During future winters, however, temperate species would still be at a higher advantage than tropical species at high latitude ecosystems, exemplifying the reversed performance outcomes of native versus range-extending species as a function of season in a future ocean. Activity levels of the tropical fish were slightly higher under elevated CO2, irrespective of temperature. This could put tropical fish at higher risk of predation (Biro et al. 2007; Beck et al. 2016), particularly during cooler months, when tropical fish experience declines in predator escape behaviours and growth in temperate ecosystems (Djurichkovic et al. 2019; Figueira et al. 2019). Higher growth of temperate fish in mixed-species pairs compared to temperate-only pairs is likely due to size differences between tropical and temperate pair members. The pairing of a larger temperate and a smaller tropical fish in tropical-temperate pairs reflects current size differences observed in high-latitude ecosystems at the current initial stages of range expansion in these species (Smith et al. 2018). Temperate fish in mixed-species shoals may benefit from body-size differences (Ward and Krause 2001) through superior foraging competency (Coni et al. 2021a). However, increasing tropical fish growth rates and consequently increased body sizes in high latitude ecosystems (at their leading edges) versus decreasing temperate fish growth and body size (at their trailing edges) during future summers could eliminate any size-advantages that co-shoaling temperate fish currently obtain from tropical-temperate shoaling interactions, although this could be partly regained during future winters. Shoal size, shoal composition and laboratory settings may alter behavioural responses to competing tropical and temperate fishes residing in temperate ecosystems (Paijmans et al. 2020; Coni et al. 2022). To address these limitations, we suggest future climatic experiments focus on larger shoal size responses to climate change. Additionally, larger shoal size responses could be addressed through the use of natural climatic analogues (see Nagelkerken et al. 2016), and therefore, reveal behavioural responses to concurrent novel interaction and climatic change effects in a natural setting. Previous studies postulated that ocean warming might promote tropicalisation and the coexistence of tropical and temperate fish in temperate latitudes (Kingsbury et al. 2019; Coni et al. 2021b; 2022). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text supports the claim by discussing how ocean warming is likely to influence tropical and temperate species' interactions as well as their growth rates in high-latitude ecosystems, which aligns with the broader context of how ocean warming impacts marine life. It also mentions previous studies that suggested ocean warming may lead to increased tropicalisation in temperate waters, further emphasizing the effects of warming on fish communities in relation to changing oceanic conditions.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Composting food waste has no environmental impact. [SEP] Text: These results indicate that at the end of the process, there were no significant differences in the total processing time, degradation rate or end-product quality among TSC and traditional composting. Evaluation of complementary strategies must continue to improve GW composting. & PolicyAgroecologyCo-compostingGreen wasteFood wastePhosphoric rockTwo-stage compostingFiguresFigure 1Figure 2Figure 31. waste is an important fraction of municipal solid waste (MSW) [1]. Composting is an effective method to manage GW because it reduces its volume and generates a product rich in nutrients which can be used for soils and plants [2]. However, GW composting is a challenge due to the content of lignocellulosic substances, which are difficult to degrade by microorganisms [3, 4]. This has led to fails in some GW composting plants due to the generation of immature products, plant under-sizing and odor emissions [5, 6]. The reduction of processing times and the improvement of end-product quality have become important goals of GW composting [6, 7]. Different studies have focused on GW composting optimization using different strategies [4, 8–10]: (i) operational changes on the process; (ii) addition of microbial inoculum; and (iii) co-composting with different supplementary materials (bulking or amendment) [7]. Regarding co-composting of GW, different materials have been used as amendments or bulking agents, such as: fly ash and jaggery [11], elemental sulfur [9], bio-char [12], bio-solids [8], wood chips [4], pig manure [13], cow dung (CD) and spent coffee grounds (SCG) [14]. The introduction of these materials aims to add essential nutrients, readily available carbon forms, compounds to regulate pH or control moisture. These additives have increased microbial activity, accelerated organic matter degradation, and improved end-product quality [10, 11, 15]. Likewise, the low content of phosphorous, characteristic of GW composting, has been adjusted adding phosphoric rock (PR), that besides improving end-product quality, reduces nitrogen volatilization [5, 9]. However, PR must be added in concentrations that do not inhibit the process [16] or excessively increase its content in the end-product [17]. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the environmental benefits and challenges associated with composting green waste (GW), which includes the reduction of volume and generation of nutrient-rich products for soils and plants. It acknowledges that composting can have positive environmental impacts, such as improved end-product quality and increased microbial activity, thus demonstrating that composting has significant environmental implications contrary to the claim.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Proteins can fold into their functional forms due to specific sequences of amino acids. [SEP] Text: Arrowhead in (c) points to edemas present in homozygous Dll1Dll4ki fetuses. (C) Indirect immunofluorescence staining of wild type (a–c, j–l), homozygous Dll1D1N-E3_D4ki (d–f, m–o), and homozygous Dll1Dll4ki (g–i, p–r) E9. 5 PSMs using antibodies recognizing the extracellular domain of DLL4 (a, d, g) and DLL1 (j, m, p) and pan-Cadherin (panCad; b, e, h, k, n, q) showing expression of D1N-E3_D4 and co-localization with the cell surface marker pan-Cadherin. Staining of D1N-E3_D4 appears weaker than DLL4 most likely because much of the epitope recognized by the polyclonal anti-DLL4 antibody is missing in this chimeric protein. n ≥ 3; Scale bar = 5 µm. (D) WISH of E9. 5 embryos showing that D1N-E3_D4 does not restore normal Uncx expression (e; n = 10) resembling the Dll1Dll4ki phenotype (d; n = 7). (E) Skeletal preparations of wild type (a; n = 11), homozygous Dll1Dll1ki (b; n = 6), heterozygous (c; n = 14/16) and homozygous (d; n = 3) Dll1Dll4ki, and heterozygous (e; n = 14) and homozygous (f; n = 10) Dll1D1N-E3_D4ki E15. 5 fetuses. Arrow and arrowheads in (c) point to axial skeleton defects that were not detected in Dll1D1N-E3_D4ki heterozygotes (e). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim regarding protein folding and amino acid sequences. Instead, it discusses immunofluorescence staining and phenotypic analysis in embryos, which is unrelated to the claim about protein folding mechanisms.