Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Olfactory receptors may operate through quantum effects. [SEP] Text: Optogenetic activation of DAN-c1 during training impaired aversive learning, not appetitive learning (Figure 5b-d). This result is consistent with the effect of D2R knockdown in DAN-c1, indicating that increased, excessive dopamine release during training leads to impaired aversive learning. Figure 5. Over-excitation of DAN-c1 impairs larval aversive learning. (a) A schematic diagram of optogenetic manipulations of neuronal excitability in DAN-c1 during distinct stages in learning. (b-d) Activation of DAN-c1 during training impairs larval aversive learning (b), while keeps appetitive learning intact (d). Unconditioned stimuli used were quinine (b) and sucrose (d). No learning behaviors are observed in the control distilled water (DW) groups (c). Third-instar larvae with ChR2 expression in DAN-c1 are used. ATR, all-trans-retinal. Data are shown as mean ± SEM. Two-way multiple comparisons test, ***p < 0. 001, ****p < 0. 0001. numbers, see Table S4. D2R in mushroom body mediates larval learning through inhibitionWe have shown that D2R in DAN-c1 plays a critical role in larval aversive learning. Since D2Rs are also expressed in soma and axons in most mushroom body neurons (Figure 3h and i), we examined the role of D2R in MB neurons, the center for learning in Drosophila. Knockdown of these D2Rs by D2R-miR impaired both appetitive and aversive learning (Figure 6a). Similarly, optogenetic activation of mushroom body neurons during training led to deficiencies in both appetitive and aversive learning (Figure 6b and d). These deficiencies were not observed in larvae with activation during the resting stage. As D2Rs are inhibitory receptors, and optogenetic activation leads to greater neuronal excitation like what may occur with knockdown of D2Rs, these data show that the inhibitory effect of D2Rs in mushroom body neurons is necessary for larval olfactory associative learning to occur. Figure 6. D2R in mushroom body is necessary for both aversive and appetitive learning. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim regarding olfactory receptors and quantum effects. It discusses the role of D2 receptors in aversive and appetitive learning in Drosophila, specifically related to neuronal excitability and learning behaviors, without any mention of olfactory receptors or quantum mechanics.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Malnutrition remains a major issue in many low-income countries. [SEP] Text: ↵ Evidence-based interventions for improvement of maternal and child nutrition: what can be done and at what cost? Lancet 2013;382:452–77. of Science↵ Early childhood growth failure and the developmental origins of adult disease: do enteric infections and malnutrition increase risk for the metabolic syndrome? 2012;70:642–53. of Science↵. Addressing the double burden of malnutrition with a common agenda. Ser 2014;78:39–52. ↵ Guidelines for the inpatient treatment of severely malnourished children. Geneva: Organization, 2003. ↵Trehan I, O'Hare BA, Phiri A, et al. Challenges in the management of HIV-infected malnourished children in Sub-Saharan Africa. 2012;2012:790786. OpenUrlPubMed↵ Prompt initiation of ART with therapeutic food is associated with improved outcomes in HIV infected Malawian children with malnutrition. J 2012;59:173–6. ↵Murray E, Manary M. Home-based therapy for severe acute malnutrition with ready-to-use food. 2014. [Epub ahead of print]. ↵WHO. Community-based management of severe acute malnutrition. on Nutrition, Children's Fund, 2007. ↵ State of the art of Ready-to-Food: a tool for nutraceuticals addition to foodstuff. 2013;140:843–9. ↵WHO. Guideline: updates on the management of severe acute malnutrition in infants and children. Geneva: Organization, 2013. ↵ Evaluation of the routine use of amoxicillin as part of the home-based treatment of severe acute malnutrition. 2010;15:1022–8. OpenUrlPubMed↵Brewster DR. Inpatient management of severe malnutrition: time for a change in protocol and practice. Paediatr 2011;31:97–107. ↵Obonyo N, Maitland K. Fluid management of shock in severe malnutrition: what is the evidence for current guidelines and what lessons have been learned from clinical studies and trials in other pediatric populations? Bull 2014;35:S71–8. OpenUrlPubMed↵Diop el Comparison of the efficacy of a solid ready-to-use food and a liquid, milk-based diet for the rehabilitation of severely malnourished children: a randomized trial. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by referencing multiple studies and interventions related to malnutrition, particularly highlighting issues faced in low-income countries such as Sub-Saharan Africa. It discusses challenges in managing malnourished children, therapeutic approaches, and evidence-based guidelines for treating severe malnutrition. The repeated emphasis on interventions for maternal and child nutrition and the management of severe acute malnutrition supports the assertion that malnutrition continues to be a significant problem in these regions.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Wind farms always harm local bird populations. # questionable [SEP] Text: We show that for the PBR, the proportional change in PPI is independent of r and K and depends only on the so-called recovery factor Fr. When this recovery factor Fr=1 (generally used for populations that show sustained growth near carrying capacity), additional mortality results in an 87. 5% reduction of the PPI according to the PBR, and in a 58% reduction when Fr=0. 5 (used for populations with protracted gradual decline). For the PBR of a 58% reduction of the PPI was estimated, and for population a 14% reduction of the PPI at their estimated Fr values, compared to the population not exposed to additional mortality. We show that the use of the ‘1% mortality criterion’ and the Removal (PBR) method, currently often used in across species in most E. U. countries with rapidly growing wind industry, strongly underestimate the impact of additional mortality on species for which at low population density the recruitment rate is almost equal to the mortality rate. Original languageEnglishPlace of of pages35DOstatusPublished - 2017Publication seriesNameResearch reportNo. 2788ISSN (Print)1566-7197 Access to Document 10. 18174/406604Licence: and links into the research topics of 'Do assessment thresholds underestimate the mortality impact of wind farms on bird populations? '. Together they form a unique fingerprint. Immunology and Microbiology 100% Circus (Genus) Immunology and Microbiology 100% 100% Economics, Econometrics and Finance 100% Immunology and Microbiology 66% Immunology and Microbiology 66% Agricultural and 60% Economics, Econometrics and Finance 50% View full fingerprint Cite this. , Schippers, P. , Schotman, A. , Verboom, J. , van der Jeugd, H. , & Jongejans, E. (2017). Do assessment thresholds underestimate the mortality impact of wind farms on bird populations? (Research report; No. 2788). Research. Buij, R. ; Schippers, P. ; Schotman, A. et al. / Do assessment thresholds underestimate the mortality impact of wind farms on bird populations? . Wageningen : Research, 2017. 35 p. (Research report; 2788). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the methodology and findings related to the impact of wind farms on bird populations. It indicates that current assessment methods, such as the '1% mortality criterion' and the Replacement-Population-Based Risk (PBR) method, tend to underestimate the mortality impact of wind farms, suggesting that the statement about wind farms always harming bird populations is overly simplistic and potentially inaccurate. Specifically, it notes significant reductions in the Population Index (PPI) due to additional mortality from wind farms.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Olfactory receptors may operate through quantum effects. [SEP] Text: (a) Knockdown D2R in mushroom body neurons (MBNs) impairs larval aversive and appetitive learning. (b-d) Activation of MBNs during training impairs both larval aversive and appetitive learning. Unconditioned stimuli used were quinine (b) and sucrose (d). No learning behaviors are observed in the control distilled water (DW) groups (c). Third-instar larvae with ChR2 expression in MBNs (201Y-GAL4) are used. ATR, all-trans-retinal. Data are shown as mean ± SEM. Two-way multiple comparisons test, *p < 0. 05, **p < 0. 01, ***p < 0. 001, ****p < 0. 0001. numbers, see Table S3 and S4. DiscussionThe dopaminergic system plays an important role in Drosophila olfactory associative learning, but the roles of D2R in this process have not been fully explored. In this study, we systematically investigated the expression pattern of D2R in the third-instar larval brain as well as its role in larval aversive and appetitive learning. One driver strain singly identifying the DAN-c1 neuron was discovered and learning assays with thermogenetic tools (Shibirets1, dTRPA1) determined that the blockade of dopamine release from DAN-c1 impeded aversive learning, while its activation during training led to repulsion toward the odor in the absence of unconditioned stimulus (i. e. , QUI). These results revealed that DAN-c1 activation (i. e. , presumably leading to the release of synaptic dopamine) is both necessary and sufficient for larval aversive learning to occur. Subsequently, the expression pattern of D2R was explored by using a GFP-tagged D2R strain, including distinct dopaminergic and mushroom body neurons. D2Rs were expressed in DAN-c1, and the knockdown of these receptors resulted in aversive learning deficiency. These data suggest that presynaptic D2Rs in a single dopaminergic neuron, DAN-c1, regulate dopamine release during excitation whereas knockdown of these same receptors leads to excessive dopamine release, causing deficits in aversive learning to occur. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses the role of dopamine and D2 receptors in olfactory associative learning in Drosophila, without any mention or implication of quantum effects in the operation of olfactory receptors.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Malnutrition remains a major issue in many low-income countries. [SEP] Text: Log in or new issue alertsGet alerts Submit a your Email address: Subscribe to e4. 0 License, which allows others to remix, tweak, and build upon the work non-commercially, as long as appropriate credit is given and the new creations are licensed under the identical terms. Psychiatry 4(1):p 10-12, Jan–Apr 2022. | DOI: 10. 4103/wsp. wsp_6_22 is the movement of people to a new country or area to find work or better living conditions. [1] According to the World Bank, low-income economies are defined as those with a gross national income (GNI) per capita, calculated using the Atlas method, of $1045 or less in 2013; middle-income economies are those with a GNI per capita of more than $1045 but <$12,746; high-income economies are those with a GNI per capita of $12,746 or more. Lower-middle-income and upper-middle-income economies are separated at a GNI per capita of $4125. [2] Social deprivation is a broad and somewhat poorly defined umbrella term that refers to the combination of factors that prevent a person from having easy and frequent access to the many different aspects of their culture and society. [3] (WHO) defines mental health as a state of well-being in which the individual realizes his or her own abilities, can cope with the normal stresses of life, can work productively and fruitfully, and is able to make a contribution to his or her community. [4] relationship between social deprivation and mental health has long been established to be bimodal. On the one hand, social deprivation can increase the risk for poor mental health as it is one of its social determinants. On the other hand, experiencing poor mental health could be an avenue for being socially deprived. [5] In the low- and middle-income countries, due to political instability and pronounced insincerity, high level of unemployment, corruption, poverty, and the risk of social deprivation is heightened due to defective management of funds, infrastructures, and resources. For instance, in Nigeria, apart from the fact that there is a rising trend of unemployment, the majority of those employed are underemployed with a national minimum wage of less than a 100 US dollars. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the challenges faced in low- and middle-income countries, including political instability, unemployment, and poverty, which contribute to heightened risks of social deprivation. These factors likely exacerbate malnutrition, supporting the assertion that malnutrition remains a significant issue in these regions.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Wind farms always harm local bird populations. # questionable [SEP] Text: PY - 2017Y1 - 2017N2 - The consequences of additional mortality of birds from collisions with a rapidly increasing number of wind turbines are receiving much attention worldwide. Currently, threshold assessments for an acceptable impact on populations are commonly used to evaluate the expected effect of wind turbines on local bird populations. These provide a seemingly clear-cut method for establishing whether damage to the integrity of a population will or will not occur, but questions have recently been raised as to the validity of their use. In this paper we examine whether two widely used threshold methods for evaluating the impact of extra mortality on bird populations, the 1% mortality norm and have general applicability, or whether they should be used more cautiously. The 1% mortality norm is based upon the assumption that any additional mortality lower than 1% of the natural mortality has a negligible impact on a population, while the Removal or PBR method is used to estimate the loss of individuals from which a population can still recover. To evaluate the impact of additional mortality resulting from wind turbine collision on bird populations, we model the consequence of an increase in mortality rates on populations assumed to be regulated by logistic growth. We use the logistic growth equation to test how the population persistence of a species may be affected by different levels of additional mortality; and use case studies of existing, declining populations of in the Netherlands to determine how the effect of collision mortality operates to influence their population persistence. To examine the impact of additional mortality, we introduce a novel measure, the “Index” or PPI to describe the population persistence and changes therein following increased mortality. The PPI integrates the population growth at various densities - it is determined by the maximum population growth rate at small population size - and the carrying capacity, the population size where recruitment equals mortality. Our results show that the PPI can be very sensitive to additional mortality, especially in populations in which the mortality approaches the maximum recruitment. We found that a 1% increase in mortality rates of all post-fledging age classes from wind turbine strike lead to a c. 7-15% decrease in population persistence for Dutch populations of which should not be considered negligible. Strong effects of additional mortality on PPI are also evident using the PBR. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by providing a detailed examination of the impact of additional mortality from wind turbines on bird populations. It discusses that certain methods, such as the 1% mortality norm, may underestimate the effects of wind turbine collisions on bird populations. Specifically, it states that a 1% increase in mortality rates can lead to a significant decrease in population persistence, indicating that the impact of wind farms on bird populations can be substantial rather than negligible.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Olfactory receptors may operate through quantum effects. [SEP] Text: Furthermore, the activation of DAN-c1 with optogenetic tools during training, resulting in excessive dopamine release, impaired aversive learning, as well. Finally, it was demonstrated that either the knockdown of postsynaptic D2R or activation of mushroom body neurons led to learning deficits. These data demonstrate that D2Rs in distinct brain locations are critically involved in associative learning. Insights into the neuronal circuits underlying larval olfactory associative learningMushroom body and dopaminergic neurons play important roles in Drosophila associative learning66–69. In larvae, olfactory information (odors, Conditioned Stimulus, CS) is received by olfactory sensory neurons (OSN), then transmitted to the mushroom body via projection neurons (PN)70. The mushroom body (MB) is the learning center of Drosophila and composed of Kenyon cells (KC, or mushroom body neurons, MBN)71–73. Their dendrites form the calyx, receiving olfactory information from projection neurons. The axons converge into peduncles, then branch into the vertical and medial lobes. Distinct gustatory cues (taste, Unconditioned Stimuli, US) are sensed by gustatory sensory neurons (GSN) and transferred to dopaminergic neurons in different clusters (Figure 7A). DAN-c1 in the DL1 cluster mediates aversive cues, projects to the lower peduncle (LP) in the mushroom body. The plasticity of synapses from MBNs to MB output neurons (MBON) is negatively modulated by dopamine67,74,75. The MBN-MBON synapses in the vertical lobe and peduncle are responsible for attraction, while those in the medial lobe are for repulsion67,75. Figure 7. Roles of D2Rs in dopaminergic and mushroom body neurons during larval olfactory learning. (a) A schematic diagram shows the roles of D2R in dopaminergic neurons (DAN) and mushroom body neurons (MBN) in larval olfactory associative learning. During learning, olfactory stimuli (conditioned stimulus, CS) are received by olfactory sensory neurons (OSN) and transmitted to MBNs (green) via projection neurons (PN). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text discusses the role of various neurons in olfactory associative learning in Drosophila but does not address or mention quantum effects. Therefore, the text is irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Malnutrition remains a major issue in many low-income countries. [SEP] Text: This leads to a perfect storm: in some LMICs, a first wave with few severe cases and deaths; heavy-handed measures causing financial pain and public discontent; and reasonable restrictions lifted or forgone. Brazil has emerged as the next global epicenter, highlighting the catastrophic consequences of policy paralysis. Containment measures elsewhere are breaking down because of their socioeconomic effects, paving the way for a second wave hitting impoverished and restless communities during cooler seasons. Further, after HICs outbid each other to stockpile resources, LMICs will have a lack of access to testing, personal protective equipment, ventilators, and/or forthcoming vaccines. 5 in LMIdisease 2019 and its economic consequences will profoundly affect the mental health of the community, essential workers, people with preexisting mental disorders, and people with the infection. 6 In LMICs, the focus needs to be on mitigating the mental health consequences of the unemployment, poverty, food insecurity, and social disruption caused by economic lockdowns. The treatment gap for mental disorders, which already leads to only 2 in 100 people in need in LMICs receiving minimally adequate care for severe depression,7 will increase. Attempts to bridge this gap have focused on shifting tasks from specialists to lay health workers, who will now be unable to deliver services. While services were transitioned to online platforms in HICs, this will not be feasible in LMICs. Hospitals, health care centers, and clinicians do not routinely use online tools; computers and smartphones are less available, with connectivity tariffs still a limiting factor. Real-time training, supervision, or intervention will rarely be possible, and referrals will be disrupted. Group supports will be discontinued, terminating the only opportunity many people have to maintain tangible human connections. Physical distancing will affect the informal networks that patients rely on where formal services are lacking, shutting down their only source of emotional and material assistance. People with severe illness face double jeopardy. They are usually without employment or government support, and now their caregivers will be without income. With inpatient care disrupted, those who are unable to afford medications, without specialist or community-based care, and in households with relatives without employment risk becoming homeless or in chains (eg, in sheds or putative healing centers). A large proportion are in the care of traditional healers who may disavow the medical origin of COVID-19, and people in their care may therefore remain undiagnosed and continue to disseminate infection. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the profound socioeconomic effects of COVID-19 lockdowns in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs), emphasizing issues of poverty, food insecurity, and unemployment. It highlights how these factors contribute to malnutrition, thus supporting the assertion that malnutrition is a major issue in these regions.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Wind farms always harm local bird populations. # questionable [SEP] Text: We show that for the PBR, the proportional change in PPI is independent of r and K and depends only on the so-called recovery factor Fr. When this recovery factor Fr=1 (generally used for populations that show sustained growth near carrying capacity), additional mortality results in an 87. 5% reduction of the PPI according to the PBR, and in a 58% reduction when Fr=0. 5 (used for populations with protracted gradual decline). For the PBR of a 58% reduction of the PPI was estimated, and for population a 14% reduction of the PPI at their estimated Fr values, compared to the population not exposed to additional mortality. We show that the use of the ‘1% mortality criterion’ and the Removal (PBR) method, currently often used in across species in most E. U. countries with rapidly growing wind industry, strongly underestimate the impact of additional mortality on species for which at low population density the recruitment rate is almost equal to the mortality rate. AB - The consequences of additional mortality of birds from collisions with a rapidly increasing number of wind turbines are receiving much attention worldwide. Currently, threshold assessments for an acceptable impact on populations are commonly used to evaluate the expected effect of wind turbines on local bird populations. These provide a seemingly clear-cut method for establishing whether damage to the integrity of a population will or will not occur, but questions have recently been raised as to the validity of their use. In this paper we examine whether two widely used threshold methods for evaluating the impact of extra mortality on bird populations, the 1% mortality norm and have general applicability, or whether they should be used more cautiously. The 1% mortality norm is based upon the assumption that any additional mortality lower than 1% of the natural mortality has a negligible impact on a population, while the Removal or PBR method is used to estimate the loss of individuals from which a population can still recover. To evaluate the impact of additional mortality resulting from wind turbine collision on bird populations, we model the consequence of an increase in mortality rates on populations assumed to be regulated by logistic growth. We use the logistic growth equation to test how the population persistence of a species may be affected by different levels of additional mortality; and use case studies of existing, declining populations of in the Netherlands to determine how the effect of collision mortality operates to influence their population persistence. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the nuanced effects of wind turbines on bird populations. It describes how threshold assessments, such as the '1% mortality criterion' and the Removal (PBR) method, can significantly underestimate the impact of additional mortality due to wind turbine collisions on bird populations. It also points out that reliance on these methods may not accurately reflect the true risk of harm that wind farms pose, especially for populations at risk of decline, suggesting that the assertion that wind farms 'always' harm local bird populations oversimplifies the issue.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Olfactory receptors may operate through quantum effects. [SEP] Text: Distinct gustatory stimuli (unconditioned stimulus, US) are received by gustatory sensory neurons (GSN) and transferred to different dopaminergic neurons. Aversive stimuli are sent to DAN-c1 (red) in the DL1 cluster which connects the lower peduncle compartment (LP, square in dash line), while appetitive stimuli are received by pPAM neurons (blue) innervating the medial lobe (ML). D2Rs (yellow square) are expressed in DAN-c1 and pPAM as autoreceptors, regulating dopamine release. Both D2R and dDA1 (magenta circle) are expressed in the MBNs. (b) A hypothetical curve showing the relationship between learning ability and cAMP level in the mushroom body. Insufficient cAMP (rutabaga mutant) cannot induce learning, while excessive cAMP (dunce mutant) also impairs learning. Only the appropriate level of cAMP regulated by the opposing actions of D1R (dDA1) and D2R leads to successful learning in wild type larvae (WT). Knockdown of D2R in DAN-c1 causes excessive dopamine release, elevating cAMP and resulting in impaired learning. D2R knockdown in MBNs relieves the inhibition effect of D2R, resulting in excessive intracellular cAMP and learning failure. (c-d) Potential molecular mechanisms underlying Drosophila olfactory learning in the square region shown in (a). (d) During aversive learning, olfactory stimuli induce depolarization of MBNs, which activates voltage-gated calcium channels and induces calcium influx. Gustatory stimuli, such as quinine, activates dopaminergic neurons and elevates dopamine (DA) release. D1 receptor (dDA1) activates adenylyl cyclase (AC) and elevates cAMP via Gαs, while D2 receptor (D2R) inhibits AC and suppresses cAMP via Gαi/o. In Drosophila, the coincidence detector rutabaga (AC) is activated by the existence of both calcium and Gαs, converging the olfactory and gustatory stimuli. cAMP activates the PKA signaling pathway, elevating the neuronal excitability. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses mechanisms related to gustatory stimuli, dopamine release, and learning in Drosophila, without mentioning olfactory receptors or any quantum effects. Thus, it does not provide support or opposition to the claim regarding the operational behavior of olfactory receptors.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Malnutrition remains a major issue in many low-income countries. [SEP] Text: Karlsson O, J-W, Subramanian SV. Weakening association of parental education: analysis of child health outcomes in 43 low- and middle-income countries.  Epidemiol. 2019;48(1):83-97. doi:10. 1093/ije/dyy158 PubMed7. Hong SA. Prevalence and regional variations of coexistence of child stunting and maternal overweight or obesity in Myanmar.  Nutr. 2021;24(8):2248-2258. doi:10. 1017/S136898002000186X PubMed8. Seferidi P, Hone T, Duran AC, Bernabe-Ortiz A, Millett C. Global inequalities in the double burden of malnutrition and associations with globalisation: a multilevel analysis of Demographic and from 55 low-income and middle-income countries, 1992-2018.  Health. 2022;10(4):e482-e490. doi:10. 1016/S2214-109X(21)00594-5 PubMed9. Anik AI, Rahman MM, Rahman MM, Tareque MI, Khan MN, Alam MM. Double burden of malnutrition at household level: a comparative study among Bangladesh, Nepal, Pakistan, and Myanmar.  PLoS One. 2019;14(8):e0221274. doi:10. 1371/journal. pone. 0221274 PubMed10. Biswas T, Townsend N, Magalhaes RJS, Hasan M, Mamun A. Patterns and determinants of the double burden of malnutrition at the household level in South and Southeast Asia.  Clin Nutr. 2021;75(2):385-391. doi:10. 1038/s41430-020-00726-z PubMed11. Ahinkorah BO, Amadu I, Seidu A-A, et al. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by referencing multiple studies focused on malnutrition issues in low- and middle-income countries. For example, the analysis of child health outcomes in '43 low- and middle-income countries' and discussions around the 'double burden of malnutrition' further emphasize that malnutrition continues to be a significant concern in these regions.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Project-based learning encourages critical thinking and problem-solving skills. [SEP] Text: A teacher’s implementation of media use must be balanced with planning, implementation, and strict supervision so that the resulting quality does not deviate from the teacher’s aims and objectives in learning (Krida, 2021; Waniet al. , 2023). Apart from creating interesting learning media, teachers are also expected to have various abilities and skills in preparing and managing teaching materials, selecting appropriate learning models, and being able to master the class and use different learning models (Gultom et al. , 2020; Noret al. , 2022). A knowledge model is a pattern or design of knowledge activities that teachers must carry out when planning classroom learning, starting from preparing learning tools to assessment tools to achieve effective and efficient learning (Norström & Hallström, 2023; Wantuet al. , 2023). The results of the researcher’s initial observations from previous discussions with teachers or mentors at Muhammadiyah 2 School show that the learning process that have taken place so far is still oriented towards conventional learning models. The conventional learning model is a learning method that is still widely criticized because it is considered learning that does not give students freedom of action, and therefore, the participation of students in learning is still not optimal (Dietrich & Evans, 2022; Leal Filho, 2021). As a result, it causes boredom and hinders the development of students’ active participation in school (Khalaf & Zin, 2018). Apart from discussing with teachers, researchers also conducted Question-answer interactions with class VIII students at SMP Muhammadiyah 2 Batu and found that students still had difficulty dealing with mathematics questions in the HOTS category. HOTS has a good influence on students, including students are better able to understand learning concepts, differentiate learning concepts or ideas, provide clear arguments, solve and understand complex problems more clearly, construct explanations, and formulate hypotheses (Fatthurrahma & Anas, 2023; Pratama & Pramesti, 2018). If related to the cognitive level of Bloom’s taxonomy, HOTS is at the level of analyzing, evaluating, creating, remembering, understanding, applying, evaluating, and creating (Ariyantoet al. , 2020; Ekaliaet al. , 2022). Established on the description above, the comparison between mathematics learning that occurs now in schools and the expected mathematics learning in the future lies in the media and learning models. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the shortcomings of conventional learning models, implying that they limit student participation and critical engagement. It mentions that 'the conventional learning model is still widely criticized because it is considered learning that does not give students freedom of action,' which suggests that it does not foster the critical thinking and problem-solving skills attributed to project-based learning.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Olfactory receptors may operate through quantum effects. [SEP] Text: D1 and D2 receptors can also form heteromeric receptors and activate the PLC-PKC and CaMKII signaling pathways via Gαq. These pathways inhibit acetylcholine (ACh) release from MBNs to MB output neurons (MBON), which leads to avoidance of the learned odor. Abbreviations: AC, adenylyl cyclase; ACh, acetylcholine; ATP, adenosine triphosphate; CaM, calmodulin; 2+/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II; cAMP, cyclic adenosine monophosphate; CS, conditioned stimulus; DA, dopamine; DAN, dopaminergic neurons; DL, dorsolateral; ER, endoplasmic reticulum; Gαi/o, Gi/o protein α subunit; Gαq, Gq protein α subunit; Gαs, Gs protein α subunit; GSN, gustatory sensory neurons; LP, lower peduncle; MBN, mushroom body neurons; MBON, mushroom body output neurons; ML, medial lobe; nAChR, nicotinic acetylcholine receptor; OSN, olfactory sensory neurons; PKA, protein kinase A; PKC, protein kinase C; PLC, phospholipase C; PN, projection neurons; pPAM, primary protocerebral anterior medial; RyR, ryanodine receptor; US, unconditioned stimulus; VGCC, voltage gated calcium channel. When only the odorant appears, the subset of Kenyon cells representing this odor are depolarized, inducing calcium influx73. As a balance exists between compartments across the mushroom body lobes, the response to the odor depends on the naïve olfactory circuits from projection neurons to the lateral horn (LH). In aversive learning, in addition to olfaction induced calcium influx, gustatory stimuli also lead to dopamine release from DAN-c1 and subsequently, activation of Gαs in LP54. The co-existence of calcium and Gαs activates a Ca2+-dependent adenylate cyclase (AC), rutabaga (rut)76–79. Rutabaga converges information from both olfaction and gustation, working as the coincidence detector of associative learning. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim regarding olfactory receptors operating through quantum effects. Instead, it discusses the biochemical signaling pathways and neuron interactions involved in the olfactory response and learning, which is unrelated to quantum mechanics.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Malnutrition remains a major issue in many low-income countries. [SEP] Text: Prevalence and factors associated with the triple burden of malnutrition among mother-child pairs in sub-Saharan Africa.  Nutrients. 2021;13(6):2050. doi:10. 3390/nu13062050 PubMed12. Kosaka S, Umezaki M. A systematic review of the prevalence and predictors of the double burden of malnutrition within households.  Nutr. 2017;117(8):1118-1127. doi:10. 1017/S0007114517000812 PubMed13. Jayalakshmi R, Kannan S. The double burden of malnutrition: an assessment of ‘stunted child and overweight/obese mother (SCOWT) pairs’ in Kerala households.  J Policy. 2019;40(3):342-350. doi:10. 1057/s41271-019-00172-7 PubMed14. Das S, Fahim SM, Islam MS, Biswas T, Mahfuz M, Ahmed T. Prevalence and sociodemographic determinants of household-level double burden of malnutrition in Bangladesh.  Nutr. 2019;22(8):1425-1432. doi:10. 1017/S1368980018003580 PubMed15. Balaj M, York HW, Sripada K, et al. Parental education and inequalities in child mortality: a global systematic review and meta-analysis.  Lancet. 2021;398(10300):608-620. doi:10. 1016/S0140-6736(21)00534-1 PubMed16. Rahman MA, Halder HR, Siddiquee T, et al. Prevalence and determinants of double burden of malnutrition in Bangladesh: evidence from a nationwide cross-sectional survey.  Nutrire. 2021;46(2):11. doi:10. 1186/s41110-021-00140-w 17. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text discusses various studies related to the prevalence of malnutrition among different populations, particularly mother-child pairs in sub-Saharan Africa and within households in low-income areas like Bangladesh. It systematically reviews the burden of malnutrition, thus supporting the claim that malnutrition is indeed a persistent and major issue in low-income countries.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: IQ scores solely determine a person's academic potential. # questionable [SEP] Text: IQ Levels: stands for “intelligence quotient”—a composite score of various tests meant to measure human intelligence. A person’s IQ score is meant to represent their general intellectual faculties and the higher the score, the more generally intelligent a person is considered to be. Historically, the raw median score on intelligence assessment tests has been defined as an IQ score of 100, meaning that, by definition, about 2/3rds of the population has an IQ score that falls between IQ 85-IQ 115. An IQ score of 130+ is considered genius-level while an IQ below 70 is generally identified with having some intellectual or cognitive disability. “The high IQ has become the American equivalent of the Legion of Honor, positive proof of a child’s intellectual aristocracy… It has become more important to be a smart kid than a good kid or even a healthy kid. “– Sam LevensonDefining IntelligenceUnlike properties like mass or electric charge, “intelligence” is a very abstract construct, which makes devising tests to measure it difficult and sometimes inconclusive. Common knowledge may see a person’s IQ score as measuring a single factor of a person’s psychology; perhaps similar to how in various tabletop RPGs like Dungeons & Dragons a character might have a single intelligence stat. In some ways, this conception is correct. Most intelligence researchers would agree that for each person, there is a general factor of intelligence that underlies most if of their cognitive abilities. However, researchers also realize that intelligence is multi-faceted and that there exist domain-specific intelligence that may differ from one’s general intelligence factor. These domain-specific and narrower faculties are also important for assessing a person’s intelligence levels. In addition, researchers realize that there are a whole host of psychological characteristics other than intelligence, such as creativity, personality, and moral character, that are equally important for human functioning and happiness. In fact, most intelligence researchers now see ascribe to a view that sees intelligence as comprising a 3-tiered hierarchy of cognitive abilities. At the top of the hierarchal pyramid is the single intelligence factor g; the most general factor of intelligence that explains the correlations between abilities at the lower levels of the pyramid. The middle level is composed of broader, more general abilities such as general memory, learning, and auditory/visual perception. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by indicating that intelligence is multi-faceted and cannot be solely measured by IQ scores. It emphasizes that intelligence comprises not only a general factor of cognitive abilities but also domain-specific intelligences that are crucial when assessing a person's abilities. Additionally, it notes the importance of other psychological characteristics such as creativity, personality, and moral character, which also contribute to a person's functioning and happiness. Therefore, the assertion that IQ scores alone determine academic potential is refuted.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Olfactory receptors may operate through quantum effects. [SEP] Text: Its downstream signaling inhibits attractive MBN-MBON synapses in the LP, breaking the balance between distinct compartments. As a result, after learning, the larvae will exhibit repulsion when exposed to the odor again. In contrast, dopaminergic neurons in the pPAM convey appetitive cues, which project to compartments in the medial lobe. The co-existence of olfactory and appetitive gustatory stimuli leads to inhibition of these repulsive MBN-MBON synapses, inducing attraction. The conserved role of DAN-c1 in aversive learning throughout Drosophila developmentshare similar neuronal circuits of learning with larvae54,66–69. In adult brains, dopaminergic neurons are classified into 13 clusters, named as PAM (protocerebral anterior medial), PAL (protocerebral anterior lateral), PPM (protocerebral posterior medial), PPL (protocerebral lateral), and PPD (protocerebral posterior dorsal) clusters32. DANs in the PAM cluster innervate the medial lobe, while those in PPL1 project to the vertical lobe69. R76F02-AD;R55C10-DBD identifies two dopaminergic neurons in adult brains, MB-MP1 in PPL1 and ALT-PLPC in PPL2ab 61. MB-MP1 is also named PPL1-γ1pedc, innervating both γ1 and the peduncle of the β lobe69. Activation of this neuron induced aversive learning62, and activation of its corresponding MBON-γ1pedc>α/β led to approach80. During metamorphosis, dopaminergic neurons in DL1 develop into the PPL1 cluster, DL2a neurons develop into PPL2ab, and those in pPAM will develop into the PAM cluster81. This driver strain only identifies DAN-c1 from DL1 in larvae, which innervates the lower peduncle of the mushroom body. Interestingly, previous reports revealed that memory can be transferred from larvae to adults82, indicating the maintenance of neuronal circuitry architecture during metamorphosis. This evidence supports that DAN-c1 is the corresponding neuron of PPL1-γ1pedc in larvae, which performs similar functions in aversive learning. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim directly and instead focuses on the roles of dopaminergic neurons and aversive learning in Drosophila. It describes mechanisms of synapse inhibition and neuronal circuitry but does not mention olfactory receptors or any quantum effects. Therefore, it is irrelevant to the claim about olfactory receptors.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Malnutrition remains a major issue in many low-income countries. [SEP] Text: Sekiyama M, Jiang HW, Gunawan B, et al. Double burden of malnutrition in rural West Java: household-level analysis for father-child and mother-child pairs and the association with dietary intake.  Nutrients. 2015;7(10):8376-8391. doi:10. 3390/nu7105399 PubMed18. US Agency for International Development. The DHS program: available datasets. 14, 2022. Z, Kapoor M, Kim R, Subramanian SV. Association of maternal history of neonatal death with subsequent neonatal death across 56 low- and middle-income countries.  Sci Rep. 2021;11(1):19919. doi:10. 1038/s41598-021-97481-3 PubMed20. Doak CM, Adair LS, Bentley M, Monteiro C, Popkin BM. The dual burden household and the nutrition transition paradox.  Obes (Lond). 2005;29(1):129-136. doi:10. 1038/sj. ijo. 0802824 PubMed21. Organization. : Methods and Development. 2006. 14, 2022. S, Harttgen K, Subramanyam MA, Finlay J, Klasen S, Subramanian SV. Association between economic growth and early childhood undernutrition: evidence from 121 Demographic and from 36 low-income and middle-income countries.  Health. 2014;2(4):e225-e234. doi:10. 1016/S2214-109X(14)70025-7 PubMed23. World Bank. Bank country classifications by income level: 2020-2021. 2020. 14, 2022. M, Kim R, Vollmer S, Subramanian SV. Assessment of undernutrition among children in 55 low-and middle-income countries using dietary and anthropometric measures. . 2021;4(8):e2120627. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text supports the claim by referencing various studies that analyze malnutrition in low-income countries, such as associations between dietary intake and the dual burden of malnutrition in rural areas, and assessments of undernutrition among children in these countries. These references indicate that malnutrition is a significant issue affecting populations in low-income settings.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: IQ scores solely determine a person's academic potential. # questionable [SEP] Text: The bottom tier is composed of more narrow cognitive faculties that fall under the general categories of the middle level, such as spelling ability, or individual word recognition. IQ Tests/ScoresThe term “IQ” was first coined by German psychologist in 1912, but humans have always been interested in the project of differentiating people based on levels of intelligence. Unfortunately, the first systematic treatments of the concept of intelligence were almost always motivated by a desire to establish racist narratives about the intellectual superiority of the white race. European philosophers and naturalists in the 18th- 19th century believed that different races had “inherently” different levels of intelligence, with white people occupying the top spot in the racial hierarchy and black people and positioned at the lowest rungs. So, a large part of the development of IQ tests over time has subsequently been focused on creating more fair and unbiased tests. “Intelligence is a way of acting. If you act intelligently you are smart, regardless of your IQ. ” — Brian TracyThe first homogenous and standardized tests meant to measure intelligence were produced in the early 20th century including the Stanford-Scales, developed by American psychologist Lewis Terman, which became the most used test in the U. S. for decades. Intelligence tests were also widely administered in the U. S. military during WWI to sort candidates for officer training. Almost 2 million individuals were screened, making it the first usage of intelligence tests on a large-scale. IQ tests became popular in society as a means of educational placement, assessing intellectual disability, and employment screening. In addition, researchers indicate that over the 20th century, the raw IQ scores of the population have been increasing at a rate of about 3 points per decade, a phenomenon known as the Flynn effect. IQ Tests TodayCurrently, the most popularly used I. Q, test in the for adults over 16 is the (WAIS), originally published in 1955 and updated to its fourth edition in 2008. According to its creator David Wechsler, the test is meant to measure an individual’s intelligence where “intelligence” is defined as “… the global capacity of a person to act purposefully, to think rationally, and to deal effectively with his environment. ”(Wechsler 1939, p. 23). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts with the claim by emphasizing that intelligence is multifaceted and not solely defined by IQ scores. It explains that intelligence encompasses a broader range of cognitive abilities, such as spelling and word recognition, and cites Brian Tracy's assertion that intelligence is defined by one's actions rather than just IQ. Furthermore, the historical context provided illustrates the problematic use of IQ tests, which were often aligned with racially biased narratives, suggesting that reliance on IQ scores alone can perpetuate biases and does not encompass a person's complete academic potential.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Olfactory receptors may operate through quantum effects. [SEP] Text: Pre- and post-synaptic D2Rs regulate cAMP in the mushroom body during aversive learningThe molecular mechanisms underlying Drosophila learning have not been fully determined. In a traditional view, gustatory cues elevate dopamine release, which binds to D1 receptors and then activates Gαs. The co-existence of Gαs and calcium elicited by olfactory cues activates rutabaga in axons of MBNs. Rutabaga transforms ATP into cAMP, activating PKA signaling pathway. Mutant flies with either insufficient (rutabaga) or excessive cAMP (dunce) showed aversive learning deficiency, indicating that the level of cAMP should be kept in an optimal range to achieve aversive learning21,25 (Figure 7B). Our results have shown that D2Rs in dopaminergic neurons and the mushroom body are important for larval aversive learning, suggesting a “dual brake” role in regulating cAMP levels in the MBNs through both pre- and postsynaptic components. On the presynaptic side, D2R in DAN-c1 decreases the release of dopamine under gustatory stimuli, reducing the probability of postsynaptic D1R activation in MBNs. On the postsynaptic side, D2R in MBNs inhibits the coincidence detector rutabaga (AC) both via activation of Gαi/o and inhibition of voltage-gated calcium channels2, indicating postsynaptic D2R functioning as a “brake of the coincidence detector”. Combining these, “dual brake” D2R ultimately regulates the mushroom body cAMP level within a physiologically optimal range during aversive learning. In addition, D2R fine tunes the functional concentration spectrum of dopamine with higher resolutions, as its dopamine affinity is 10- to 100-fold greater than D1 receptors. Overall, D2Rs work in a “dual brake” system both expanding the representation of a dynamic range of gustatory signal intensity with high signal to noise ratio and preventing postsynaptic overexcitation, which increases the reliability of DAN-c1 and MBN circuits for the larval aversive learning (Figure 7C & D). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses the molecular mechanisms of aversive learning in Drosophila and focuses on the role of D2 receptors and cAMP levels, without mentioning olfactory receptors or any quantum effects related to their operation.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Malnutrition remains a major issue in many low-income countries. [SEP] Text: JC, Sawaya AL, Wibaek R, et al. The double burden of malnutrition: aetiological pathways and consequences for health.  Lancet. 2020;395(10217):75-88. doi:10. 1016/S0140-6736(19)32472-9 PubMed40. Victora CG, Christian P, Vidaletti LP, Gatica-Domínguez G, Menon P, Black RE. Revisiting maternal and child undernutrition in low-income and middle-income countries: variable progress towards an unfinished agenda.  Lancet. 2021;397(10282):1388-1399. doi:10. 1016/S0140-6736(21)00394-9 PubMed41. Özaltin E, Hill K, Subramanian SV. Association of maternal stature with offspring mortality, underweight, and stunting in low- to middle-income countries.  JAMA. 2010;303(15):1507-1516. doi:10. 1001/jama. 2010. 450 PubMed42. Hawkes C, Demaio AR, Branca F. Double-duty actions for ending malnutrition within a decade.  Health. 2017;5(8):e745-e746. doi:10. 1016/S2214-109X(17)30204-8 PubMed43. Carrillo-Larco RM, Miranda JJ, Bernabé-Ortiz A. Impact of food assistance programs on obesity in mothers and children: a prospective cohort study in Peru.  Public Health. 2016;106(7):1301-1307. doi:10. 2105/AJPH. 2016. 303191 PubMed44. Hawkes C, Ruel MT, Salm L, Sinclair B, Branca F. Double-duty actions: seizing programme and policy opportunities to address malnutrition in all its forms. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by referencing multiple studies that address maternal and child undernutrition in low-income and middle-income countries. Specifically, it points out ongoing issues related to malnutrition and the need for targeted actions to address this problem, thereby supporting the assertion that malnutrition continues to be a significant issue in these regions.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: IQ scores solely determine a person's academic potential. # questionable [SEP] Text: Primary to the conceptual foundations of the test is that intelligence is composed of a number of distinct but inter-dependent capacities that can each be individually measured and assessed. The WAIS-IV consists of 10 main tests and 5 additional subtests. From these 15 assessments are derived 4 index scores that correspond to 4 main categories: verbal comprehension, perceptual reasoning, working memory, and processing speed. These 4 index scores are then compiled to get a single numerical score, corresponding to a person’s IQ score. The test also gives the taker a percentile score, representing the percentage of test-takers who scored similarly. Verbal ComprehensionQuestions in the verbal comprehension section include judging similarities between the meaning of words, identifying the definition and proper usage of vocabulary, and testing one’s levels of general knowledge. These assessments are meant to measure one’s verbal reasoning skills, language development and use, information retrieval from long-term memory, and intellectual curiosity. Perceptual ReasoningThe perceptual reasoning index is meant to measure one’s ability to derive knowledge from visual and perceptual information. Questions in the perceptual reasoning test one’s ability to visualize objects in three dimensions and geometric reasoning skills. They are also meant to measure one’s capacity to recognize patterns and organization. Working MemoryThe working memory index is focused on identifying one’s ability to hold representation in immediate memory and perform mental manipulations on that representation. In other words, one can see working memory as analogous to RAM in a computer; the ability of a person to perform a number of cognitive manipulations at once. This section includes a person’s general arithmetic skills and the ability to recall information from short-term memory. Processing SpeedThe processing speed index primarily indicates how quickly a person responds to and integrates information into their behavior. As the name would imply, a measure of processing speed can be seen as analogous to the power of a computer processor. Essentially, this index measure how fast a person’s mind works. Questions in this section involve identifying visual stimuli quickly and recording one’s ability to identify and compare symbols. Scores/Ranges“Perspective is worth 80 IQ points. ” — Alan KayAs with most IQ tests, the WAIS-IV defines an average median score of IQ 100. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by explaining that intelligence comprises multiple distinct capacities that are assessed through various tests. Specifically, it describes how IQ scores are derived from different indexes measuring verbal comprehension, perceptual reasoning, working memory, and processing speed, which indicates that a single IQ score does not solely determine academic potential but rather reflects various cognitive abilities.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Olfactory receptors may operate through quantum effects. [SEP] Text: Recent studies showed that the approach/repulsion in learning is achieved via inhibition of the repulsive/attractive representing compartments67,74,75, which indicates dopamine inhibits acetylcholine release from MBN to MBON83. However, the PKA signaling pathway usually elevates neuronal excitability and increases neurotransmitter release2,3, which is contradictory to the recent findings. In addition to the “dual brake” role of D2R, our results suggest a third role of D2R in aversive learning. D1 and D2 receptors can form heteromeric receptors, whose downstream Gαq activates PKC and CaMKII signaling pathways. The activation of these signaling pathways may reduce acetylcholine release84 (Figure 7C & D). Explaining the results of thermogenetic and optogenetic experimentsActivation of DAN-c1 with dTRPA1 induced aversive learning, while the repulsion disappeared when DAN-c1 was activated in the quinine group (Figure 2K). Our explanation is that quinine stimulation and temperature activation led to over-excitation of DAN-c1, which impaired aversive learning. This is consistent with the learning deficiency in larvae with D2R knockdown in DAN-c1 (Figure 4E). Results from optogenetic activation of DAN-c1 during aversive learning also support this (Figure 5B). However, in contrast to results with thermo-activation, larvae with optogenetic activation of DAN-c1 showed neither repulsion after being trained with distilled water (Figure 5C), nor did they show reduced attraction in the sucrose group (Figure 5D). One possible explanation is that the thermo-activation is relatively mild compared to the optogenetic activation. Based on this, thermo-activation of DAN-c1 is still in the physiological range of cAMP under the upper cutoff (Figure 7B), resulting in repulsion in the distilled water (DW) group, neutralized attraction in SUC group, and impaired repulsion in QUI group. In contrast, optogenetic activation of DAN-c1 overwhelmed the physiological conditions, leading to failure of repulsion in DW group (Figure 5C). This repulsive failure did not affect appetitive learning (Figure 5D), and a stronger over-excitation in QUI group induced similar failure (Figure 5B). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim regarding the operation of olfactory receptors through quantum effects. Instead, it discusses various signaling pathways and mechanisms in neuronal excitability and learning processes, specifically involving dopamine and D1/D2 receptors, without any mention of quantum effects.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Malnutrition remains a major issue in many low-income countries. [SEP] Text:  Lancet. 2020;395(10218):142-155. doi:10. 1016/S0140-6736(19)32506-1 PubMed1727. doi:10. 1001/jamanetworkopen. 2022. 51727 Manage 1727. doi:10. 1001/jamanetworkopen. 2022. 51727 visual abstract icon editorial comment icon related 2022. study included 423 340 mother-child pairs from 45 LMICs and 56 720 father-child pairs from 16 LMICs. The mean (SD) age of the mother-child pairs was 28. 2 (6. 1) and 1. 9 (1. 4) years, respectively; 48. 8% of the children were female. We observed that 49. 0% of mother-child pairs experienced DBM. Compared with mother-child pairs with no maternal education, higher maternal education was associated with a lower risk of DBM. For example, the odds ratio (OR) for tertiary maternal education was 0. 71 (95% CI, 0. 67-0. 74). However, the association differed by DBM subtypes: higher maternal education was associated with a lower risk of both mothers and children being undernourished but with a higher risk of almost all DBM subtypes involving overnutrition. For example, compared with mother-child pairs with no maternal education, those with secondary education were less likely to develop simultaneous maternal and child undernutrition (OR, 0. 83 [95% CI, 0. 80-0. 86]) but were more likely to experience simultaneous maternal and child overnutrition (OR, 2. 20 [95% CI, 1. 61-3. 00]); similar results were observed for pairs with primary and tertiary education. The results in mother-child pairs remained consistent after controlling for paternal education. Among the father-child pairs, 26. 5% had DBM, with fathers with tertiary education significantly more likely to experience simultaneous paternal overnutrition and child undernutrition (OR, 1. 55 [95% CI, 1. 23-1. 95]) compared with pairs with no paternal education; they were also less likely to have both paternal and child undernutrition (OR, 0. 70 [95% CI, 0. 59-0. 84]). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by indicating that a significant percentage of mother-child pairs (49.0%) experienced double burden malnutrition (DBM) in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs), highlighting that malnutrition, both undernutrition and overnutrition, is prevalent in these populations. It discusses the relationship between maternal education and malnutrition, further emphasizing the ongoing challenges surrounding malnutrition in these regions.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: IQ scores solely determine a person's academic potential. # questionable [SEP] Text: Any score between 90-109 is considered average intelligence, with a score of 90-105 falling within the 25th-73rd percentile range of test-takers. A genius-level score on the WAIS is 130+, with only 2 percent of test-takers receiving such a score. The WAIS-IV has been found to be a very reliable psychometric evaluation and its measured IQ levels are found to correlate with a number of social variables, such as income, education level, and reported life satisfaction. IQ scores have even been shown to correlate with certain aspects of physical health. Of course, this does not mean that IQ is the only variable that determines the quality of one’s life, but it is important in many respects. Also, the reported benefits of a high IQ show diminishing return, indicating that after a certain point, more IQ does not help much in regards to general life quality. It is also important to realize that IQ tests only measure some parts of a person’s psychology. They are not meant to provide an exhaustive account of a person’s abilities or competencies. Some researchers propose that things such as social awareness, empathy, physical attunement, and life experience constitute distinct intelligence that the WAIS-IV does not measure and that the WAIS-IV should be updated to reflect these categories. Despite these criticisms, IQ tests are generally viewed in the psychological community as reliable criteria for judging an individual’s intelligence. ← Previous postNext post →: Our Attention? ? Adolescent Self-? [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by stating that while IQ scores are correlated with various life outcomes such as income and education level, they do not solely determine academic potential or life quality. It emphasizes that IQ tests only measure certain psychological aspects and that qualities like social awareness, empathy, and life experience are also important for assessing a person's overall abilities, indicating that academic potential cannot be fully captured by IQ scores alone.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Olfactory receptors may operate through quantum effects. [SEP] Text: Distinct dopaminergic neurons may have different roles in larval aversive learningPrevious work reported that aversive olfactory learning was induced through the optogenetic activation of DAN-d1, f1, or g1, but not DAN-c185. This discrepancy can be explained as the optogenetic overexcitation of DAN-c1, similar to our optogenetic or D2R knockdown results. Our learning assay results from larvae with D2R knockdown in DAN-d1 or g1 also supported this: aversive learning was not affected by D2R knockdown (Figure S4E). These data indicate D2Rs in DAN-d1 or g1 are not involved in larval aversive learning. Additionally, the DAN-c1 strain used in the previous work (SS02160-split-GAL4) not only labels DAN-c1, but also marks other non-dopaminergic neurons, which may affect the results. Besides, live calcium imaging showed that DAN-d1, f1, and g1 responded to the activation of mechanosensory and nociceptive neurons85, indicating a functional differentiation from gustatory activated DAN-c162,86. In future studies, the molecular signaling downstream of D2R needs to be explored, as well as the comprehensive neuronal circuit architectures of larval learning. The neuronal circuits underlying learning and memory are complex networks, sharing similarities with the regulatory networks of gene expression. Studies of the mechanisms of learning and memory help us understand the essential principles of the non-linear dynamic characteristics in these complex systems. On one hand, the progress in larval learning provides useful information for helping our understanding about more complex systems, from brains in adult flies to those in mammals. On the other hand, the architecture of larval learning circuits could improve either hardware design or algorithm structures in artificial intelligence, which may bring more powerful tools, such as navigation systems regulating multiple auto-drive vehicles in complex 3-dimentional environments. In conclusion, we explored the expression pattern of D2R in the third-instar larval brain and investigated their roles during larval olfactory learning. D2Rs were found in DAN-c1, and their knockdown induced deficiency in aversive learning. D2Rs were also expressed in MBNs, knockdown of which impaired both aversive and appetitive learning. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not reference olfactory receptors or quantum effects. Instead, it discusses the roles of dopaminergic neurons and D2 receptors in larval aversive learning. Therefore, it is irrelevant to the claim regarding the operation of olfactory receptors.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Malnutrition remains a major issue in many low-income countries. [SEP] Text: Conclusions and this study, maternal education and paternal education were independently associated with DBM, and the associations differed by DBM subtypes. These findings suggest that the different risks of malnutrition faced by households with various levels of education should thus be considered in policy evaluation. all forms of malnutrition by 2030 is at the top of the global health agenda during the United Nations’ sustainable development goals (SDG) era. 1 Low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) are prioritized, given their high prevalence of stunting, underweight, and micronutrient deficiencies. 2 Despite much progress made during the past decades to reduce undernutrition, the rising issue of obesity and overweight in LMICs has led to profound concerns over the simultaneous manifestation of multiple forms of malnutrition, requiring multifactorial action to address the problem. 3 The double burden of malnutrition (DBM) is increasingly acknowledged as a new challenge to achieving the SDG targets to end malnutrition. 3 The DBM, which usually refers to the coexistence of overnutrition and undernutrition, can be measured at the individual, household, community, and country level. 3 The DBM at the household level (referring to ≥1 individuals with overnutrition or undernutrition within the same household) is of great policy importance because households are the most essential units affecting the dietary patterns, eating behaviors, and food choices of household members. 4 Indeed, DBM exists in 2% to 35% of households in LMICs; in countries such as Guatemala, Egypt, and Comoros, more than 20% of households experience this problem. 3 However, the means to identify households at high risk of DBM in LMICs has been underinvestigated. Maternal education has frequently been examined as a risk factor for a single form of malnutrition such as child stunting, wasting, and underweight. 2,5,6 In terms of studies on DBM, maternal education has often been included as a covariate, but the findings have been inconsistent. Some studies reported that higher maternal education was associated with a higher risk of DBM. 7-9 A study in Myanmar found that households with mothers with primary education had 62% higher odds of experiencing DBM than those with no maternal education. 7 Conversely, other studies found that higher maternal education was associated with a lower risk of DBM. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the prevalence of malnutrition, specifically the double burden of malnutrition (DBM), in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs). It notes that despite progress in reducing undernutrition, obesity and overweight are also rising in these countries, highlighting the ongoing and multifaceted issues related to malnutrition. The mention of high rates of stunting, underweight, and micronutrient deficiencies in LMICs further supports that malnutrition is a significant issue in these regions.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: IQ scores solely determine a person's academic potential. # questionable [SEP] Text: Past experience suggests this sample size is sufficient to show clear differences between groups [e. g. , Hadad and Ziv, 2015; Hadad et al. , 2017; Hadad and Kimchi, 2018]). Participants had normal or corrected to normal vision. Table 1 Participants’ details, IQ scores, and AQ scores for Experiment 1 N (Female, Male)Age (range)Approx. IQ (range; SD)AQ (range; SD)ASD26 (8,18)21. 5 (18–28)107. 73 (82-125; 15. 37)23. 21 (16-39; 8. 16)TD Adults20 (12,8)26. 5 (24–30)117. 35 (95-120; 8. 25)16. 50 (5-22; 4. 80)TD Children17 (11,6)4. 8 (3. 9–5. 1)-- ASD diagnosis was confirmed by previous diagnoses based on the ADOS-G (Lord et al. , 2000). Participants also completed the short Hebrew version of the Scale (WAIS-III/WISC-IV) to assess IQ. The short version (Kaufman et al. , 1996) includes both verbal and performance intelligence tests shown to yield reliable scores in ASD (Minshew et al. , 2005). The approximated IQ scores were obtained by summing the scores of all four tests, multiplying the sum by 1. 6, and adding 36 (Lord et al. , 2000). The IQ scores of the ASD group did not differ from those of the typical group, t(43)=1. 56, p>0. 15. Each participant (or participant’s guardian, when required) provided written informed consent. TD participants were recruited through advertisements at the university, and ASD participants were recruited through hostels, assisted living centers, and Internet forums. All procedures were approved by the of the Faculty of Education, University of Haifa. Adults who were students at the University of Haifa received course credit, children received a gift card, and individuals with ASD were paid 50NIS per hour to compensate them for their time. Stimuli and procedure Request a detailed protocol The experimental protocol was approved by the local Committee. The procedures were explained, and informed consent was obtained from the adult participants and from the parents of the children. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing a study where IQ scores for individuals with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and typical development (TD) did not differ significantly. This suggests that IQ scores alone do not accurately reflect academic potential across different groups. The statement 'The IQ scores of the ASD group did not differ from those of the typical group' indicates that there are factors besides IQ that contribute to academic outcomes.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Olfactory receptors may operate through quantum effects. [SEP] Text: This research revealed the important roles of D2Rs in Drosophila larval olfactory learning and enriched our understanding regarding the mechanisms underlying the learning process. Materials and MethodsFly stocksAll fly strains used in this study are listed in Table 1 and Table S1. Flies were maintained on standard medium, which consists of cornmeal, yeast, dextrose, sucrose and agar in water. Flies were kept in a 12/12-hour light/dark cycle at 25°C. Canton-S genotype (WT) and yw1118 were used as wild-type. Strains carrying more than one transgene were constructed by standard genetic crosses with the w1118; CyO/Sco; TM2/TM6 multiple balancer chromosome strain. Strain UAS-Syb::spGFP1-10, LexAop-CD4::GFP11, LexAop-rCD2::RFPCyO; MB247-LexA::Up16/TM6B was made by chromosome swapping between UAS-Syb::spGFP1-10, LexAop-CD4::GFP11/CyO (II, second chromosome) and LexAop-rCD2::RFP (II). The D2R gene is located on the X chromosome, with 6 different alternative splicing products. The GFP-tagged D2R strain is inserted with a GFP gene in the second intron, generating D2R molecules tagged with GFP87,88. The D2R-miR strain produces microRNA recognizing the sequence across the third and fourth exons, which is not affected by the GFP insertion (Figure S4F). -GFP reconstitution across synaptic partners (GRASP) was used to investigate whether neurons formed synapses89 (Figure S2d). Half of split GFP tethered to the presynaptic synaptobrevin (UAS-syb::spGFP1-10) was expressed in one type of neuron using UAS/Gal4 binary system, and the complementary split GFP linked to a membrane protein (LexAop-CD4::spGFP11) was expressed in another category of neuron with LexA/LexAop. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it primarily discusses the roles of D2 receptors in Drosophila larval olfactory learning without making any reference to quantum effects or the functioning of olfactory receptors.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Malnutrition remains a major issue in many low-income countries. [SEP] Text: 22]), the statistical significance disappeared after covariate adjustment, with ORs of 1. 11 (95% CI, 0. 93-1. 13) and 1. 12 (95% CI, 0. 87-1. 44), respectively. Moreover, we found that a higher level of maternal education was associated with a lower risk of simultaneous maternal and child undernutrition. Compared with the pairs with no maternal education, those with tertiary education had a 36% lower risk of undernutrition in both the mother and child (OR, 0. 64 [95% CI, 0. 61-0. 68]) (Table 3). The dose response of maternal education years is shown in Figure 1 and eFigure 3 in Supplement 1. These results were consistent with the main analyses. Results of stratified analyses by children’s age, sex, and type of residence are presented in Figure 2 and eFigure 4 in Supplement 1. The results were similar to the main analyses. The interaction terms were not significant for children’s sex and type of residence. However, we found significant interactions (eTable 4 in Supplement 1) with children’s age, with associations among pairs of children aged between 1 and 5 years compared with those aged younger than 1 year. For example, secondary maternal education was associated with a higher risk of DBM among children aged between 1 and 5 years (OR, 2. 88 [95% CI, 1. 43-5. 79]); however, no such association was found among children aged younger than 1 year (OR, 1. 61 [95% CI, 0. 95-2. 74]). We generated stratified analyses by country income classification, and the results are presented in eTable 5 in Supplement 1. We found an association between maternal education and DBM among low- and lower-middle-income countries; despite the relatively large magnitude, no association was found among upper-middle-income countries. For example, compared with the pairs with no maternal education, pairs with mothers with tertiary education were more likely to have DBM, with ORs of 0. 62 (95% CI, 0. 55-0. 71) in low-income countries, 0. 72 (95% CI, 0. 68-0. 77) in lower-middle-income countries, and 1. 09 (95% CI, 0. 52-2. 29) in upper-middle-income countries. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by highlighting the association between maternal education and the risk of dual burden malnutrition (DBM) in low- and lower-middle-income countries. It specifically states that there is a significant relationship where maternal education levels affect the likelihood of undernutrition in both mothers and children, with evidence provided for low-income countries. This underscores the ongoing issue of malnutrition in these regions.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Empathy is linked to mirror neurons in the brain, helping us understand others’ emotions. # factual [SEP] Text: Like any other skill, to be used successfully, empathy needs to be practised and developed over time. When used correctly, empathy provides a way to access the minds of others, helping us to understand their thoughts and actions, and enabling us to interact with them. Although empathy plays an important role in connecting with others, more seems to be needed for full understanding. To some people, ‘understanding’ means knowing why someone else is feeling a certain way, while for others, it requires a shared personal experience. “For example, we struggle to empathise with people who commit hideous crimes,” explains Thomas. “In consequence, we can fail to understand them, even though we might know their motives. ” Empathy and understanding, therefore, appear to be heavily linked, but full understanding likely requires more than just empathy. ? Thomas is a member of a research group investigating this connection between empathy and interpersonal understanding. Philosophers research a topic by checking reality (known as ‘phenomena’) against a specific concept. “We are concerned with conceptual problems and try to develop terminology related to these topics that is clear and unambiguous,” says Thomas. For example, Thomas may ask whether ‘emotional contagion’, such as our ability to pick up the mood of a room full of people, is really a form of empathy. “Does this phenomenon fall under the concept of empathy? ” Thomas is not only concerned with theoretical concepts. “We want to use findings from developmental psychology to reveal the reality of empathy,” he says. Hopefully, this will lead him to an empirically informed theory of empathy in relation to interpersonal understanding. “We want to explain how empathy works. ” today’s world, it often seems like we are getting worse at understanding each other. Thomas believes that psychological mechanisms such as biases and poor emotion regulation are hindering our performance of empathy. And our increasing interaction through technology is not helping, as we lose so many social cues such as tone of voice and body language when we do not communicate face-to-face. When no personal connection exists, it is hard to ‘read’ someone, and so therefore harder to empathise with them. We also struggle to grasp what understanding actually means, and what a successful version of empathy looks like. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts with the claim by discussing the complexity of empathy and how it requires more than just neural mechanisms to fully understand others. It states that empathy needs to be practiced and developed over time and suggests that while empathy is important for connecting with others, understanding involves additional factors beyond empathy alone. The mention of difficulties in empathizing with certain individuals, especially in complex emotional situations, further emphasizes that full understanding of others’ emotions may require more than the link to mirror neurons as implied by the claim.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Olfactory receptors may operate through quantum effects. [SEP] Text: If synapses between these neurons exist, the split GFPs would form a complete one and be recognized by a mouse antibody (Figure S2a-c). ImmunohistochemistryAll staining processes were performed in 1. 5 ml Eppendorf tubes. Late third-instar (96-100h after egg laying) larval brains were dissected in dissection solution (300 mOsmol/L). Brains were fixed in 4% paraformaldehyde (. No. 15713) for 1 hour on ice. After three washes (0. 1% bovine serum albumin in 10m9647), brains were incubated in the blocking and permeabilization solution (0. 2% Triton X-100 in 10mM PBS with 5% normal goat serum; Triton-X 100, Sigma, T8532; NGS, Sigma-Aldrich, G9023) for 2 hours at room temperature. Incubation with primary antibodies was done overnight at 4°C. After three washes, brains were incubated in the secondary antibodies for two hours. Both the primary and secondary antibodies were diluted in the blocking and permeabilization solution. GFP antibody (Rabbit, Scientific, Cat. No. A6455, 1:1000), TH antibody (Mouse, Immunostar, Cat. No. 22941, 1:1000), goat anti-rabbit with green fluorescence (Invitrogen, 488 conjugate, Cat. No. A-11035, 1:1000), and goat anti-mouse IgG with far-red fluorescence (633 conjugate, Cat. No. 21052, 1:500) secondary antibodies were used. After three washes, brains were transferred and mounted in the Fluoro-Gel with (Sciences, Cat. No. 17985-10) on a piece of micro cover glasses (Sciences, Cat. No. 72200-41). Finally, the samples were covered with another piece of micro cover glasses. A seven-day staining protocol was used for staining of GFP-tagged D2R or GRASP, in which brains were fixed in 1% paraformaldehyde in Schneider’s insect medium (Sciences, Cat. NO. S0146) overnight at 4°C. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text discusses a detailed experimental procedure involving immunohistochemistry and the handling of larval brains, including the preparation and staining protocols. However, it does not address olfactory receptors or quantum effects, and therefore does not support, contradict, or comment on the claim regarding olfactory receptors' operation through quantum effects.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Malnutrition remains a major issue in many low-income countries. [SEP] Text: 87]) compared with pairs with no paternal education, and they were less likely to have both paternal and child undernutrition (OR, 0. 81 [95% CI, 0. 68-0. 98]) even after adjusting for maternal education (eTable 11 in Supplement 1). cross-sectional study of parental education and household DBM in LMICs had 3 salient findings. First, we observed that higher maternal education was associated with a lower risk of DBM in mother-child pairs. Second, the associations between maternal education and DBM differed by DBM subtypes. Higher maternal education was associated with a higher risk of having DBM subtypes involving overnutrition and a lower risk of both the mother and child being undernourished. Even after adjusting for paternal education in mother-child pairs, the results remained consistent. Third, more advanced paternal education was associated with a higher risk of simultaneous paternal overnutrition and child undernutrition but with a lower risk of simultaneous undernutrition in both the father and the child, especially in pairs with fathers with tertiary education. The association of paternal education was independent of maternal education. Our findings on the association between maternal education and DBM subtypes involving overnutrition are supported by previous evidence. 7-9 Previous studies have shown that higher education is associated with higher odds of obesity in households, especially in some LMICs. 26,27 At the individual level, women with more education are more likely to have jobs with higher wages, increasing the household income and indirectly leading to better nutrition levels among household members. 5 In turn, children of mothers with more education are more likely to be sedentary and consequently overweight. 26 At the societal level, cultural and societal perceptions may drive some people to be obese as it is considered healthy. 28 In some LMICs, high-calorie foods are expensive and more likely to be served in urban settings where wealthy households reside. 29 Low physical activity levels and consumption of high-calorie Western foods are perceived as status symbols in some countries. 30 For example, in Nigeria, cultural traditions encourage women to consume high-calorie foods to gain weight before marriage. 28 We also observed that paternal education was associated with DBM subtypes even after adjusting for maternal education. Some previous studies support our finding regarding paternal education and child malnutrition. 5,6 Our results suggest that the association of maternal and paternal education level with child nutrition was independent and that the association was greater for maternal education level. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the issues of undernutrition and its relationship with parental education in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs). It highlights findings that suggest higher maternal education is associated with lower risks of undernutrition among children, indicating that malnutrition is a significant concern that can be influenced by educational levels within these demographics. The mention of dual burden malnutrition (DBM) and its prevalence indicates the complexities of nutritional issues in LMICs.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Empathy is linked to mirror neurons in the brain, helping us understand others’ emotions. # factual [SEP] Text: We often fail to understand what is good for others, meaning empathic decisions might not lead us to morally sound conclusions. And barriers to fully understanding someone are always going to exist. “It is a common feature of empathy that we cannot ever fully succeed in empathising, because we cannot ever be the other person,” says Thomas. Download the 10. 33424/185 Link to the activity sheet 0 +1 Pinterest 0 LinkedIn 0 speaking at the Council. The website of Thomas’s research project, it Feel? The cover of Forms of Fellow Feeling, a book about empathy that Thomas co-edited. Thomas with Einstein at Madame Tussauds. This is Anfield! When not pondering philosophical questions, Thomas’s passion is football. – the ability to share the perspectives and feelings of another being – to gain appreciative knowledge of thoughts and feelings of others – the feeling of pity or sorrow for someone else – the study of foundational questions regarding all aspects of human and natural being, including knowledge, the mind, ethics and existence – the scientific study of how human thought and behaviour change over a lifetime – the ability to manage and respond to our emotions Many of us find it hard to understand the decisions that other people make. We may be concerned that our actions are not understood by others, we get frustrated when our friends and family cannot see something from our point-of-view, and we struggle to comprehend how someone could commit an atrocious act like murder. But why is it so hard to understand each other, and what prevents us from putting ourselves in someone else’s shoes? Empathy is a skill that enables us to take the perspective of other beings and feel what they feel. Schramme, a philosopher at the University of Liverpool, is using philosophical discussion and psychological findings to develop a theory relating empathy to interpersonal understanding. In a world that is becoming increasingly politically and culturally divided, this theory will aid future discussions by increasing our knowledge of how we understand each other. “Empathy is not itself a moral skill,” says Thomas, “but a mode of gaining understanding of another being. ” For example, some con artists are very good at ‘getting into the heads of others’, and so are good at empathy, but they are not caring or moral, rather they use their skill in empathy to cheat others. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by arguing that empathy does not necessarily lead to moral conclusions and points out the limitations in understanding others. While it discusses empathy, it emphasizes that it is not an innate ability to fully understand others, as indicated by Thomas's statement that we cannot ever fully empathize because we cannot be the other person. This suggests that the relationship between empathy and understanding emotions is more complex than simply being a function of mirror neurons.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Olfactory receptors may operate through quantum effects. [SEP] Text: In the second day, the brains were rinsed and washed twice with PAT3 solution (0. 5% Triton X-100 in 10mM PBS with 0. 5% BSA), each for 1 hour. Then brains were incubated in the blocking and permeabilization solution (3% NGS in PAT3) for 2 hours at room temperature. Incubation of primary antibodies was done overnight at 4°C. On the third day, brains were rinsed and washed twice with PBT solution, then incubated in the secondary antibodies for five days. Both the primary and secondary antibodies were diluted in the PBTN solution. In the staining of GFP-tagged D2R, GFP antibody (Rabbit, ThermoFisher Scientific, Cat. No. A6455, 1: 1000), TH antibody (Mouse, Immunostar, Cat. No. 22941, 1:1000), and mCherry antibody (Rat, ThermoFisher Scientific, Cat. No. M11217, 1:1000) were used. For staining of antibody (Mouse, ThermoFisher Scientific, Cat. No. G6539, 1:100) was used. Goat anti-rabbit with green fluorescence (Invitrogen, 488 conjugate, Cat. No. A-11035, 1:1000), goat anti-mouse with green fluorescence (488 conjugate, Cat. No. A11029, 1:1000), goat anti-mouse with far-red fluorescence (633 conjugate, Cat. No. A21052, 1:500), and goat anti-rat with red fluorescence (546 conjugate, Cat. No. A-11081, 1:1000) secondary antibodies were used. In the seventh day, brains were rinsed and washed twice with PBT solution, and then transferred and mounted in the Fluoro-Gel with on a piece of micro cover glasses. Finally, the samples were covered with another piece of micro cover glasses. Confocal imagingAll images were obtained with a 510 (LSM510, Carl Zeiss, Inc. , USA). Under 40× and 100× objective magnifications, images were collapsed from confocal stacks of 1. 0 μm optical slices. Under 25× objective magnifications, images were collapsed from confocal stacks of 2. 0 μm optical slices. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text describes a detailed experimental procedure involving antibody staining and confocal imaging of brain samples, which does not address olfactory receptors or quantum effects in any way. Therefore, it is irrelevant to the claim regarding olfactory receptors and quantum effects.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Malnutrition remains a major issue in many low-income countries. [SEP] Text: 41 Mothers with short stature might have a greater need for education on healthy eating and a healthy lifestyle to prevent transgenerational undernutrition. Eliminating malnutrition has been at the top of the global health agenda for decades. Although numerous attempts have been made at different levels (eg, community, local, national, etc. ) worldwide, most were targeted at a single form of malnutrition such as child stunting, obesity, or iron deficiency. 42 There is increasing evidence showing that interventions targeting a single form of malnutrition could lead to unexpected outcomes. For example, a study in Peru reported that food assistance programs were associated with a lower risk of obesity in children and a higher risk of obesity in mothers. 43 Policies targeting household-level DBM should therefore recognize that addressing one form of malnutrition did not exacerbate other types of malnutrition. 42,44 Education is generally associated with good nutrition and is key for addressing all forms of malnutrition. Our findings suggest that policy makers should differentiate between subgroups and develop targeted interventions. In terms of policy making, more attention is needed to address overnutrition among families with higher education. cross-sectional study has several limitations. First, the use of observational and cross-sectional data hampered our ability to make any causal inferences in our study. Second, although the magnitude of our sample was large, we did not find any association between maternal education and DBM among upper-middle-income countries, probably due to the limited number of countries in this category (only 6 countries). Third, although our study showed an association between parental education and DBM, the mechanisms through which parental education influences DBM are not fully understood and need to be further investigated. Finally, because of the large number of missing values for anthropometric indicators of fathers in the DHS, only 16 countries were included in the study of father-child pairs; therefore, studies of DBM in father-child pairs need to be further explored. association we observed between parental education and DBM differed by specific malnutrition type, with a higher level of parental education associated with a higher risk of having almost all DBM subtypes involving overnutrition and with a lower risk of both the parent and child being undernourished. This finding has important implications for policymakers to differentiate between subgroups and develop targeted interventions. Our results suggest that greater attention on the situation of overnutrition among families with higher education is needed when formulating policy. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by highlighting that eliminating malnutrition has been a priority on the global health agenda for decades. It discusses various forms of malnutrition and underscores the importance of education and targeted interventions to address them. The mention of policies and interventions aimed at different types of malnutrition supports the idea that malnutrition is a significant concern that continues to require action, particularly in low-income contexts.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Empathy is linked to mirror neurons in the brain, helping us understand others’ emotions. # factual [SEP] Text: Empathy is also often confused with sympathy, which is the feeling of sadness or pity you may feel if someone else is sad, whereas empathy involves a broader understanding of others. Like any other skill, to be used successfully, empathy needs to be practised and developed over time. When used correctly, empathy provides a way to access the minds of others, helping us to understand their thoughts and actions, and enabling us to interact with them. Although empathy plays an important role in connecting with others, more seems to be needed for full understanding. To some people, ‘understanding’ means knowing why someone else is feeling a certain way, while for others, it requires a shared personal experience. “For example, we struggle to empathise with people who commit hideous crimes,” explains Thomas. “In consequence, we can fail to understand them, even though we might know their motives. ” Empathy and understanding, therefore, appear to be heavily linked, but full understanding likely requires more than just empathy. ? Thomas is a member of a research group investigating this connection between empathy and interpersonal understanding. Philosophers research a topic by checking reality (known as ‘phenomena’) against a specific concept. “We are concerned with conceptual problems and try to develop terminology related to these topics that is clear and unambiguous,” says Thomas. For example, Thomas may ask whether ‘emotional contagion’, such as our ability to pick up the mood of a room full of people, is really a form of empathy. “Does this phenomenon fall under the concept of empathy? ” Thomas is not only concerned with theoretical concepts. “We want to use findings from developmental psychology to reveal the reality of empathy,” he says. Hopefully, this will lead him to an empirically informed theory of empathy in relation to interpersonal understanding. “We want to explain how empathy works. ” today’s world, it often seems like we are getting worse at understanding each other. Thomas believes that psychological mechanisms such as biases and poor emotion regulation are hindering our performance of empathy. And our increasing interaction through technology is not helping, as we lose so many social cues such as tone of voice and body language when we do not communicate face-to-face. When no personal connection exists, it is hard to ‘read’ someone, and so therefore harder to empathise with them. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by emphasizing that empathy requires more than just a neural mechanism, such as mirror neurons. It highlights that understanding others' emotions can be complex and may involve shared personal experiences and social cues. For instance, it mentions that ‘full understanding likely requires more than just empathy’ and discusses barriers to empathy such as biases and poor emotion regulation, which indirectly suggests that empathy cannot solely be explained by mirror neurons.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Olfactory receptors may operate through quantum effects. [SEP] Text: Under 10× objective magnifications, images were collapsed from confocal stacks of 12. 5 μm optical slices. ImageJ software was used to remove other signals outside of the mushroom bodies, as the background noise in GRASP is strong. Larval olfactory learning assaysA single odor learning paradigm was slightly modified from previous publication17,18. In brief, 25 to 50 third-instar larvae (92–96 h after egg laying) were trained on a 2. 5% agar plate (100mm petri dish) covered with 2 mL of 1 M sucrose solution (SUC, Sigma, Cat. No. S1888) or 0. 1% quinine hemisulfate solution (QUI, Sigma, Cat. No. 22640). Distilled water (DW) was used as a control. An odorant pentyl acetate (PA, 10μL, Sigma-Aldrich, CAT. No. 109584) was placed on a small piece of filter inside the lid. After 30 minutes, larvae were rinsed and transferred to the middle line of a new 2. 5% agar plate. A small piece of filter paper with 2. 5μL pentyl acetate was placed on one side of the plate, while distilled water on the other side. After 5 min, the numbers of larvae in the two semicircular areas were counted and the response index (R. I. ) was calculated with the following equation (Figure 2g): Naïve Olfactory TestLarvae were transferred into the midline of test plates. 2. 5μL of odorant were added on one side and distilled water on the other side. The number of larvae in two semicircular areas were counted and the R. I. was calculated after 5 min. Naïve Gustatory TestA petri dish with a median separator was used. Both sides were filled with 1% agar, with 2 mL of distilled water on the control side, and with 1 M sucrose (SUC) solution, or 0. 1% quinine hemisulfate (QUI) solution on the test side. Twenty larvae were put on each side near the midline and allowed to move for 5 min. Gustatory R. I. was calculated using the larvae numbers on two sides90. Larval locomotion assayIndividual larvae were placed on the surface of a plate of 2. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text provided does not address the claim regarding olfactory receptors operating through quantum effects. Instead, it describes experimental methodology related to olfactory and gustatory testing in larvae without any mention of quantum mechanics or its relation to olfactory receptors.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Malnutrition remains a major issue in many low-income countries. [SEP] Text: Nutrition education should be conducted with parents with more education to reduce DBM subtypes involving overnutrition. For families with parents with less education, we suggest that it is important to improve maternal education levels and provide nutrition education for parents to reduce the DBM of undernutrition. Back to top 2022. Published: January 24, 2023. doi:10. 1001/jamanetworkopen. 2022. 51727Open Access: This is an open access 2. 1. Griggs D, Stafford-Smith M, Gaffney O, et al. Policy: sustainable development goals for people and planet.  Nature. 2013;495(7441):305-307. doi:10. 1038/495305a PubMed2. Li Z, Kim R, Vollmer S, Subramanian SV. Factors associated with child stunting, wasting, and underweight in 35 low-and middle-income countries. . 2020;3(4):e203386. doi:10. 1001/jamanetworkopen. 2020. 3386 PubMed3. Popkin BM, Corvalan C, Grummer-Strawn LM. Dynamics of the double burden of malnutrition and the changing nutrition reality.  Lancet. 2020;395(10217):65-74. doi:10. 1016/S0140-6736(19)32497-3 PubMed4. Black AP, D’Onise K, McDermott R, Vally H, O’Dea K. How effective are family-based and institutional nutrition interventions in improving children’s diet and health? A systematic review.  BMC Public Health. 2017;17(1):818. doi:10. 1186/s12889-017-4795-5 PubMed5. Vollmer S, Bommer C, Krishna A, Harttgen K, Subramanian SV. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim, highlighting the need for education on nutrition to address both undernutrition and overnutrition, which affect families in low-income settings. By discussing maternal education and nutrition education for parents, the text emphasizes ongoing challenges related to malnutrition, specifically targeting families with lower educational levels.