Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Gene editing has shown promise in treating genetic disorders like cystic fibrosis. [SEP] Text: Amount of analgesia used All three trials reported this outcome; however, none provided data that could be analysed (Gladwin 2011; Head 2010; Weiner 2003). Gladwin 2011 reported the median (interquartile range (IQR)) amount of opioid used at four and eight hours after the intervention as well as the total amount. At four hours after the intervention, a median (IQR) of 0. 33 mg/kg (0. 2 to 0. 7) was required in the iNO group and 0. 33 mg/kg (0. 1 to 0. 6) in the placebo group. At eight hours, the median amount of opoid used had dropped to 0. 28 mg/kg (0. 09 to 0. 54) for the iNO group and 0. 23 mg/kg (0. 07 to 0. 70) for the placebo group. The total amount of opioid used was 2. 8 mg/kg (1. 4 to 6. 1) for the iNO group and 2. 9 mg/kg (1. 1 to 9. 9) for the placebo group (Gladwin 2011). Head 2010 did not report any numeric data for this outcome, but stated that the total amount of morphine used by the iNO group was slightly less than that used by the control group; however, the difference was both statistically and clinically insignificant (P = 0. 26). Weiner 2003 reported the mean amount of opoid at four hours, six hours, and a total over 24 hours. At four hours after the intervention, the mean amount of opioid used was 0. 26 mg/kg in the iNO group and 0. 32 mg/kg in the placebo group (Weiner 2003). However, at six hours this had increased to 0. 29 mg/kg for the iNO group and 0. 44 mg/kg for the placebo group. Over 24 hours, the mean amount of opioid used was 0. 63 mg/kg for the iNO group and 0. 91 mg/kg for the placebo group. 2. Length of hospital stay (for hospitalised participants) Two trials reported this outcome, both stating the median duration of hospitalisation (Gladwin 2011; Weiner 2003). Gladwin 2011 reported the median (IQR) number of days spent in the hospital was 4. 1 days (2. 0 to 6. 0) for the iNO group and 3. 1 days (1. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses opioid use and hospital stays related to interventions in trials without providing any information on gene editing or genetic disorders like cystic fibrosis. Therefore, it does not support, contrast, or provide any relevant context to the claim.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Disruption of circadian rhythms can lead to health issues. [SEP] Text: , daylight, incandescent, fluorescent) generates greater radiance, the light source should appear brighter and the photometric quantity should increase. Further, as the spectral power distribution of the light emitted by a source shifts to the middle of the "visible spectrum" (i. e. , near 555 nm) the source should also appear brighter and the photometric quantity should also increase. In general, photometry based upon Vλ provides quantities consistent with these expectations. Ironically perhaps, a photometric system based on apparent brightness will not conform to these prima facie expectations. As will be discussed in more detail in the next section, it is possible to show that when two lights of equal brightness are added together their sum can actually appear less bright than either light alone. Commerce and government simply could not employ a non-additive system of photometry where summing more optical radiation produced less light. The significance of additivity in the definition, and thereby, the sale and regulation of light should not be underestimated. Not only does additivity ensure that the combination of optical radiation always increases the amount of measured light, additivity also provides for inexpensive and practical means of measuring that light. Additivity ensures that, at any level of optical radiation, a linear detector-filter combination matching the spectral response of Vλ will provide photometric quantities identical to the sum of the spectral power obtained at each wavelength by a much more expensive and complicated spectroradiometer. Additivity is the dominant and perhaps only reason Vλ has not been displaced by commerce and government after nearly a century of research showing the inherent limitations of Vλ for characterizing the visual stimulus [16,18]. Spectral sensitivity of brightness perception In addition to the visual system's achromatic luminance channel, the spectral sensitivity of which is well characterized by Vλ, two spectrally opponent color channels simultaneously contribute to our perceptions of brightness. The three visual channels leading to brightness perceptions are formed in the retina from the three cone photoreceptor types (L, M, and S cones) but, depending upon the subsequent neural connections, they are combined in different ways to provide brightness information to the visual cortex. As previously discussed, the spectral sensitivity of the luminance channel is dominated by the summed input from the L and M cones. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim regarding circadian rhythms and their impact on health issues. Instead, it discusses aspects of photometry, brightness perception, and the characteristics of light sources. Thus, it is irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Collaborative learning can enhance communication and teamwork skills. [SEP] Text: 이러한 결과와 이론적 근거를 바탕으로 학교 구성원은 물론 외부전문가와 함께 학습컨설팅을 실시할 수 있는 협력적 학습컨설팅 모형을 개발하였다. 초등수석교사가 학습컨설턴트로서 활동하기 위해 필요한 역량을 찾아보고 학교현장에서 효과적으로 협력적 학습컨설팅을 활용하기 위한 방안을 논의하였다. KW - 초등수석교사, 협력적 학습컨설팅, 자기조절학습 역량 DO - 10. 15812/ter. 58. 1. 201903. 117 UR - ER - 김정섭 김은빈 김우리 and 심효진 (2019). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the development of a collaborative learning consulting model that involves school members and external experts. It highlights the need for competencies necessary for school leaders to facilitate collaborative learning consulting effectively, suggesting that such collaborative efforts are intended to enhance skills relevant to teamwork and communication.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Gene editing has shown promise in treating genetic disorders like cystic fibrosis. [SEP] Text: The remaining studies did not report any difference in lung function at three months (unit of measurement not specified) or at six months and one year (FEV1 % predicted and FVC % predicted). No deaths were reported in any of the five studies. Four studies reported clinical variables. One study reported an increase in Schwachman score and weight alongside a reduction in sputum volume with supplementation compared to placebo at three months (data not analysable). However, three studies reported no differences in either weight at six weeks, in body mass index (BMI) standard deviation (SD) score at six months (very low‐quality evidence) or BMI Z score at 12 months. Three studies reported biochemical markers of fatty acid status. One study showed an increase from baseline in both EPA and DHA content of serum phospholipids in the omega‐3 group compared to placebo at three months and also a significant decrease in n‐6/n‐3 ratio in the supplement group compared to placebo; since the quality of the evidence is very low we are not certain that these changes are due to supplementation. One six‐month cross‐over study showed a higher EPA content of the neutrophil membrane in the supplement group compared to the placebo group, but, no difference in DHA membrane concentration. Furthermore, the leukotriene B4 to leukotriene B5 ratio was lower at six months in the omega‐3 group compared to placebo. A one‐year study reported a greater increase in the essential fatty acid profile and a decrease in AA levels in the treatment arm compared to placebo. Authors' conclusions This review found that regular omega‐3 supplements may provide some limited benefits for people with cystic fibrosis with relatively few adverse effects: however, the quality of the evidence across all outcomes was very low. The current evidence is insufficient to draw firm conclusions or recommend routine use of these supplements in people with cystic fibrosis. A large, long‐term, multicentre, randomised controlled study is needed to determine any significant therapeutic effect and to assess the influence of disease severity, dosage and duration of treatment. Future researchers should note the need for additional pancreatic enzymes when providing omega‐3 supplementation or olive oil placebo capsules. More research is required to determine the exact dose of pancreatic enzyme required. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by focusing on various studies related to the effects of omega-3 supplements on cystic fibrosis rather than gene editing. It highlights that the evidence regarding treatment benefits is lacking, with many studies showing no significant improvement in clinical outcomes for cystic fibrosis. This implies that gene editing, as mentioned in the claim, is not the subject of the evaluation in the provided study.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Disruption of circadian rhythms can lead to health issues. [SEP] Text: The two color channels, red versus green (r-g) and blue versus yellow (b-y) are termed spectrally opponent channels because each provides opposing color information to the brain [19]. For one type of r-g channel, excitatory input is provided by the L cones and inhibitory input is provided by the M cones. For example, when the L cone provides relatively more input to the r-g channel than the M cone, the r-g channel signals "red" to the brain. Similarly, for one type of b-y channel, excitatory input is provided by the S cones and inhibitory input is provided by both the L cones and the M cones. When a light stimulates the S cones more than the combined input from the L and M cones, the b-y channel signals "blue" to the brain. As spectrally opponent systems, these channels can signal either "red" or "green" and either "blue" or "yellow" to the brain. Moreover, a spectrally opponent system is inherently a subadditive system because the addition of, say, a "green" light to a "red" light can decrease the response of the r-g system cell. Since the two spectral opponent channels contribute to brightness perception, two lights added together can actually appear less bright than either light alone. Much of the research attempting to understand human brightness perception has utilized both photometry and colorimetry as indirect methods of measuring the apparent brightness of lights of different spectral compositions. Colorimetry originated from controlled observations in the 19th century showing that with three, and only three, so called primary lights humans can match the appearance of any other test light [20]. In other words, by adjusting the radiances of the three primary lights, it was possible to create an additive mixture of these primary lights that was completely indistinguishable from the test light. (Some very saturated color stimuli cannot be matched using a set of three physical primaries without slightly changing the color of the test light by adding one of the physical primaries to it. Mathematically, this is equivalent to using a negative amount of primary to make the match. To avoid the use of negative amounts of primaries, the CIE color system [21] makes use of imaginary primaries that are mathematically defined, but not physically realizable. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses the physiological mechanisms related to color perception and does not mention circadian rhythms or their potential health implications. It focuses on color channels and brightness perception rather than any relationship to health issues related to circadian disruption.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Collaborative learning can enhance communication and teamwork skills. [SEP] Text: “초등학생의 자기조절학습 역량 향상을 위한 협력적 학습컨설팅 모형 개발: 수석교사의 역할을 중심으로“ 교사교육연구 58. 1 130. (2019): 117. 김정섭 김은빈 김우리 심효진. 초등학생의 자기조절학습 역량 향상을 위한 협력적 학습컨설팅 모형 개발: 수석교사의 역할을 중심으로 교사교육연구 [Internet]. 2019; 58(1), : 117 - 130. Available from: doi:10. 15812/ter. 58. 1. 201903. 117 김정섭 김은빈 김우리 and 심효진. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text mentions the development of a collaborative learning consulting model aimed at improving the self-regulated learning competencies of elementary students. This implies that collaborative learning techniques are being explored for enhancing learning skills, which supports the notion that such learning approaches can also enhance communication and teamwork skills.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Gene editing has shown promise in treating genetic disorders like cystic fibrosis. [SEP] Text: We are not able to draw firm conclusions or recommend the routine use of these supplements in people with cystic fibrosis. Larger and longer studies are needed to assess the clinical benefit of omega‐3 supplementation and to determine the appropriate dosage. Quality of the evidence We judged the quality of the evidence to be very low due to very low participant numbers, low event rates, limited reporting and poor study design. There was no consistency with regards to the time points when results were reported or the measurements used for the same outcome in different studies. Visual summary Authors' conclusions Implications for practice We conclude that the limited evidence from these five small studies is not adequate to support any change in clinical practice. The reported benefits, from the use of omega‐3 fatty acid supplements, are from small studies in which the quality of the evidence is very low and hence cannot be used to make recommendations for practice (Hanssens 2016, Henderson 1994; Keen 2010; Lawrence 1993; Panchaud 2006). There is very little evidence to recommend that people with cystic fibrosis (CF) supplement or modify their intake of omega‐3 fatty acid supplements in order to improve control of their condition. Equally, there is an absence of evidence that they are at risk if they do so. Although the data are sparse, it would seem prudent for people with CF taking omega‐3 fatty acid supplements to take no more than the recommended dose for the general non‐CF population. Although the appropriate dose increase has not been determined, an increase in pancreatic enzymes should be considered when taking these supplements. Implications for research Further large, long‐term, multicentre, randomised, controlled studies are needed in order to determine if there is a significant therapeutic effect and to assess the influence of disease severity, dosage and duration of treatment. Future researchers should note the prevalence for an increased dose of pancreatic enzymes when administering omega‐3 supplementation or oil based placebo to people with CF. The exact dose of pancreatic enzyme required is yet to be determined. Summary of findings Open in table viewerSummary of findings for the main comparison. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim about gene editing's promise in treating genetic disorders such as cystic fibrosis. Instead, it discusses the limited evidence regarding the use of omega-3 fatty acid supplements for individuals with cystic fibrosis, focusing on studies' poor quality and calling for more research. Therefore, it does not address gene editing or provide any supporting or contrasting information related to the claim.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Disruption of circadian rhythms can lead to health issues. [SEP] Text: ) As shown in subsequent research, the mixture matches the test light because the photon absorptions by the three cone photoreceptors are exactly the same for the mixture of primaries and for the test. Thus, the color of any test light can be quantified in terms of the relative amounts of the primary lights needed to match its appearance. The radiant powers in the three primaries are typically normalized with a linear transformation so that their sum is unity. By knowing two of the normalized values, the third value is also known. In this way the color, or more precisely the chromaticity, of the test light can be illustrated graphically in two dimensions. Figure 2 illustrates the results of colorimetric calculations based on the spectral power distribution of the light source and the three color matching functions in the (x', y') color system. (This color system is nearly identical to the de l'Eclairage (x, y) 1931 color system presently in common use [21], but with small differences for short [<460 nm] wavelengths [22]. ) The physical specification of the chromaticity of any light, natural or fabricated, can be defined as a single point within the area enclosed by the outermost contour. Figure 2 Chromaticity diagram based on the Judd correction [22], showing contours of equal B/L value [23]. Also shown are the chromaticity coordinates for a red light (RED) and for a green light (GRN) that, when added, produce a yellow light (YEL) with the illustrated chromaticity coordinates as described in the text. Of course, quantifying the relative amounts of three primaries needed to match the test light does not fully characterize its color appearance. A stimulus that is recognized as orange and another that is recognized as brown can have the same chromaticities, but factors such as the objects' relative luminances against their surrounding luminances will influence their perceived colors. Unlike photometry, where Vλ closely characterizes the spectral sensitivity of the human fovea for some types of visual tasks [16], colorimetric specification of a test light does not represent the response of a single visual channel or even the combination of multiple visual channels. Since brightness is influenced by both chromatic as well as achromatic visual channels, additional techniques must be used to characterize and measure apparent brightness. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text provided does not address circadian rhythms or their disruption in relation to health issues. Instead, it focuses on the quantification of color and chromaticity in light sources, which is unrelated to the claim about circadian rhythms and health.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: STEM education has been shown to improve future job prospects. [SEP] Text: Global grand challenges, sustainable development, and future studiesIn recent years, there has been an increasing focus on the close relationship between STEM (science, technology, engineering, and mathematics) education and sustainable development (SD) in school and university education (Bascopé & Reiss, 2021; Gough, 2021; Krug, 2012; Pahnke et al. , 2019; Suh et al. , 2019; Ulmeanu et al. , 2021; Velázquez et al. , 2020). A primary reason for this increased focus is that STEM education is considered one of the major pillars that support SD through building the capacities of future generations (Pahnk et al. , 2019). In this era of post-normal times and post-normal science, the world is going through a period of deep transformation, with governments forced to address future challenges (Sardar, 2010a, 2010b). One objective of STEM education is to confront and solve these global grand challenges. Since post-normal times and science are characterized by contradictions, unknown unknowns and uncertainties, and complexity (Samuel and Thamburaj, 2015), these global grand challenges require a revolutionary shift in thinking on the part of teachers and students (Schratz & Symeonidis, 2018). Therefore, there is an urgent need to identify new roles for STEM education that will prepare students for the “post-normal” world and the sustainability mindset it requires (Sardar, 2010a, 2010b). Science and technology are no longer seen by the young generation as positive means for addressing grand global challenges but rather as sources of fear (Eurobarometer, 2015). As a result, an increased interest in reforming STEM curricula to be “Future-” has developed. As stated by Pahnke et al. (2019): A powerful and sustained implementation of future-oriented science, technology, engineering, and math (STEM) education focused on the issues of critical importance, such as those outlined in the UN SDGs, and potential solutions to those problems, will help to inoculate young people and their teachers and parents against societal and health problems that can adversely affect their lives. (p. 3) Furthermore, Velázquez et al. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the focus on STEM education as a means to prepare future generations for global challenges and sustainable development. It suggests that a powerful implementation of STEM education will equip students with the necessary competencies to confront critical future issues, potentially enhancing their job prospects in a rapidly transforming world.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Gene editing has shown promise in treating genetic disorders like cystic fibrosis. [SEP] Text: There was no significant difference between the groups, odds ratio (OR) 0. 60 (95% confidence interval (CI) 0. 05 to 6. 80) (Analysis 1. 1) (very low‐quality evidence from this study at this time‐point). Diarrhoea was not reported in the remaining studies (Hanssens 2016; Keen 2010; Lawrence 1993; Panchaud 2006). c. one cross‐over study (n = 19) reported this event (Lawrence 1993). Three participants (one in the supplement group and two in the placebo group) had an asthma exacerbation requiring corticosteroid therapy and were excluded from analysis. The authors argued that corticosteroids affect essential fatty acid metabolism (Lawrence 1993). d. Stomach pains Only one study (n = 35) reported that five participants (treatment group not specified) complained of stomach pains; two participants withdrew from the study due to stomach pains (Keen 2010). 3. Lung function Lung function was not measured in one study (Henderson 1994). a. FEV1 There were no differences in FEV1 % predicted reported in the cross‐over Panchaud study (n = 16) at six months (Panchaud 2006), MD 2. 00 (95% CI ‐19. 11 to 23. 11) (Analysis 1. 2) (very low‐quality evidence from this study at this time‐point). One short‐term study (n = 16) reported on FEV1 (L), but investigators reported median (range) values and we are unable to analyse data in this review (Lawrence 1993). Investigators reported a significant increase from baseline in FEV1 in the EPA group, median 0. 25 L (0. 1 L to 0. 85 L) compared with the placebo group, median ‐0. 1 L (‐1. 15 L to 0. 24 L) (P = 0. 006). Hanssens reported no difference in lung function (FEV1% predicted) between groups (Hanssens 2016). Keen also reported no difference in lung function (measure not specified) (Keen 2010). b. FVC There were no differences in FVC % predicted reported in the cross‐over Panchaud study (n = 16) at six months (Panchaud 2006), MD ‐1. 00 (95% CI ‐16. 65 to 14. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by presenting findings from a series of studies that indicate no significant differences in outcomes for the treatment of conditions like cystic fibrosis. Specifically, it highlights that various measures of lung function (FEV1 and FVC) showed no significant improvements when comparing treatment groups to controls, which implies that the evidence does not support the claim that gene editing is effective in treating genetic disorders such as cystic fibrosis.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Disruption of circadian rhythms can lead to health issues. [SEP] Text: One common method of quantifying the brightness of lights is combining photometry and colorimetry by utilizing the ratio of the luminance needed by a test light of a given chromaticity to match the brightness of a reference light of another chromaticity and of a known luminance. The luminance of the reference light is designated B and the luminance of the test light that matches its brightness is designated L. Therefore, the brightness of any light in chromaticity space relative to a given reference light source can be described in terms of a unitless ratio, its B/L value. Figure 2 also shows constant B/L contours in the (x', y') color space [23] and, as described next, illustrates the subadditive nature of brightness perception. Consider a red light (a 630-nm spectral light) and a green light (a 520-nm spectral light), with (x', y') chromaticity coordinates of (0. 70, 0. 30) and (0. 07, 0. 83), respectively, as shown in Figure 2. Suppose the luminance of the red light is 10 cd/m2 and that of the green light is 15 cd/m2. Using the B/L values from Guth et al. [23] shown in Figure 2 (2. 93 for red and 2. 15 for green), their apparent brightnesses can be calculated from the product of their luminance (L, in cd/m2) and their B/L value: • red: 10 cd/m2 × 2. 93 = 29. 3 • green: 15 cd/m2 × 2. 15 = 32. 3 If the red and the green lights are superimposed onto each other, the luminance of the resulting yellow light would, of course, be 25 cd/m2 (10 + 15 cd/m2). The (x', y') chromaticity coordinates of this yellow light are (0. 48, 0. 49), corresponding to a B/L value of 1. 07 using the B/L contours from Guth et al. [23] in Figure 2. Therefore, the apparent brightness of this yellow light can be calculated as it was for the red and green lights: • yellow: 25 cd/m2 × 1. 07 = 26. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it focuses on the quantification of light brightness through photometry and colorimetry. It includes calculations related to luminance and chromaticity but does not address circadian rhythms or their potential health impacts.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: STEM education has been shown to improve future job prospects. [SEP] Text: (2020) argued that anticipatory competency is a key to sustainability: Anticipatory competency: The abilities to understand and evaluate multiple futures—possible, probable, and desirable; to create one’s own visions for the future; to apply the precautionary principle; to assess the consequences of actions; and to deal with risks and changes. (p. 9) STEM education should enhance the capabilities of students in innovation, creativity, scientific thinking, and problem-solving skills as well as develop their sustainability mindsets; it must enable them to engage with the interdisciplinary learning methodologies that address the complex economic, social, and environmental aspects of both the formal and informal curriculum. This will empower them to become active players in their societies and contribute to improving the quality of life. Education for sustainable development (ESD) aims “to empower and equip present and future generations to meet their needs using a balanced and integrated approach to the economic, social, and environmental dimensions of sustainable development” (Leicht et al. , 2018, p. 7). Put differently, ESD imparts the competencies for understanding such real-world changes and transformations as the COVID-19 pandemic, it identifies current problems and anticipates those that may occur in future societies, and collaboratively finds innovative solutions to them. The students of today, who are the generation that will live in these future societies, must acquire the appropriate knowledge and skills to define and solve sustainability problems (Suh et al. , 2019). According to the statement: Education for sustainability develops the knowledge, skills, values and world views necessary for people to act in ways that contribute to more sustainable patterns of living. It enables individuals and communities to reflect on ways of interpreting and engaging with the world. Sustainability education is futures oriented, focusing on protecting environments and creating a more ecologically and socially just world through informed action. Actions that support more sustainable patterns of living require consideration of environmental, social, cultural and economic systems and their interdependence. (para. 6) Although STEM education should have more innovative and, indeed, more anticipatory roles in identifying global grand challenges and should be future-oriented, it is difficult—and sometimes impossible—for STEM teachers to forecast global grand challenges and translate forecasting results into workable capstone projects that require (FS) concepts, methodologies, tools, methods, and skills (Tanenbaum et al. , 2016). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim as it emphasizes that STEM education enhances critical competencies such as innovation, creativity, and scientific thinking, all of which significantly contribute to better future job prospects. It discusses how education for sustainable development (ESD) equips students with necessary skills needed for future societal challenges, thereby implying a connection between STEM education and improved job opportunities.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Gene editing has shown promise in treating genetic disorders like cystic fibrosis. [SEP] Text: Neither trial found a difference between treatments in any measures of sputum clearance. The trial comparing hypertonic saline and Mistabron® also reported no differences in how many antibiotic courses were prescribed or in side effects. The trial comparing hypertonic saline to mannitol (12 participants) did not report lung function at relevant time points for this review; there were no differences in sputum clearance, but mannitol was reported to be more 'irritating'. Quality of the evidence The risks of bias due to people not being randomly chosen to receive different treatments or due to not all results being reported range from low to unclear, but there is a high risk that people knew which treatment they were receiving in half the trials as they could taste the difference between the solutions. The quality of the evidence was low or very low. Besides the risks of bias, the main problems were the small numbers of participants in trials combined with a wide variation in results; also, some trials limited participants to those who could tolerate hypertonic saline or to certain age groups. Visual summary Authors' conclusions Implications for practice There is low to very low‐quality evidence showing the benefits of hypertonic saline compared to placebo in those over the age of 12 years with cystic fibrosis (CF) in terms of improvement in lung function at least in the short term, but it should not be used in preference to dornase alfa (rhDNase). At this stage the benefit appears to be a modest reduction in frequency of pulmonary exacerbations, and an improvement in chest symptoms, though evidence does not exist to say in whom it works best. In children under the age of 12 years we have not found sufficient evidence to justify its routine use. In those over the age of six years, an improvement in exacerbation frequency was not seen, and in this cohort of children with milder lung disease, the modest benefits seen with hypertonic saline in earlier trials could not be detected. Improvement in one small cross over trial in 10 children (very low‐quality evidence) showed a small improvement this was not seen in our analysis. A larger trial would be needed to determine if this improvement can be related to clinical outcomes in children under 12 years of age. The variation in response seen in individuals to both rhDNase and hypertonic saline raises the possibility that certain individuals will respond better to one agent compared to the other. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing evidence related to treatments for cystic fibrosis, specifically noting that there is low to very low-quality evidence showing modest benefits of hypertonic saline compared to placebo. It emphasizes that improvements in lung function are not evident in certain cohorts, indicating that existing treatments, including hypertonic saline, do not demonstrate clear efficacy in the population discussed, which undermines the notion that gene editing, as a potential treatment for genetic disorders, has shown promise.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Disruption of circadian rhythms can lead to health issues. [SEP] Text: 8 Remarkably, the brightness of the yellow light created by combining the original red and green lights appears less bright than either the red or the green light alone, despite the yellow light being created from the superimposition of the red and green lights. A "photodian" luminous efficiency function It seems natural that as more research is conducted on the impact of optical radiation on the circadian system, particularly as it might affect human health, attempts would be made to develop a spectral sensitivity function for the circadian system. It also seems natural that attempts would be made to develop an additive sprectral efficiency function comparable to Vλ for the circadian system, a Cλ [24,25]. Certainly it is possible to develop such a function from the available data (e. g. , [26,27]) through international consensus to support commerce and government, but it is important to point out why an additive function like Cλ could probably never be exactly comparable to Vλ. Intrinsically photosensitive retinal ganglion cells (ipRGCs) have been shown to provide direct input to the SCN [28,29]. Figueiro et al. [30] were the first to suggest that multiple photoreceptors contributed to human circadian phototransduction via color opponent processes distal to the ipRGCs in the retina. Spectral opponency is an inherent attribute of the human retina, initiated distal to the ipRGCs in the outer plexiform layer of the retina, and underlies both color perception and the subadditive nature of apparent brightness perception previously described. Demonstrations of subadditivity in human circadian phototransduction have been performed by Figueiro et al. [31] specifically designed to test the conclusions by Figueiro et al. [30]. More recently, Figueiro and colleagues demonstrated, as predicted, that the subadditive response to light by the circadian system is formed from spectral opponent mechanisms in the retina [32]. It is interesting in this regard that additivity has been demonstrated in mouse circadian phototransduction [33,34]. This species does not exhibit subadditivity presumably because, quite unlike humans, mice have very little neural apparatus to support color vision [35]. Vλ, as previously discussed, is based upon a specific experimental paradigm isolating the achromatic visual channel in the fovea. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is largely focused on the properties of light, circadian phototransduction, and the roles of photoreceptors in the human retina. While it discusses the impact of optical radiation on the circadian system, it does not specify that disruption of circadian rhythms leads to health issues. Thus, the text is irrelevant (pass) to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: STEM education has been shown to improve future job prospects. [SEP] Text: The competencies that STEM teachers must obtain are future-scaffolding STEM competencies relevant to STEM related disciplines, which will empower students to think creatively about the future (Levrini et al. , 2019). STEM teachers should be able to systematically forecast future global grand challenges, critical issues, disruptions, new smart technologies, and strategic areas of research and innovation, as well as solve complex sustainability problems in innovative ways. Why futurize STEM educationBefore exploring the proposed knowledge base and skills that should be integrated into a capacity-building program in FS for STEM teachers, we must recognize FS’s controversial nature. Although FS has recently penetrated many fields and engaged many professionals and institutes, the issue of integrating FS in education, including STEM schools, has been ignored (Bol & Staring, 2018). To this end, the funded the “I SEE project”, which aims at supporting students in acquiring such future thinking skills as strategic planning, managing uncertainty, modeling, risk-taking, strategic and creative thinking and argumentation (Levrini et al. , 2019). SEE project developed an approach in which FS can inspire through the systematic use of forecasting methods and tools as well as by fostering the role of in addressing problems of the future (Branchetti et al. , 2018; Lloyd & Paige, 2016). In light of the above, this study explores what knowledge base and skills in-service STEM education teachers should possess and demonstrate to become Future-Proof STEM teachers who can enhance SD. To determine this, the following research questions should be answered: 1. Why is it so important to futurize STEM education to enhance SD efforts? 2. What are the basic knowledge base and skills that in-service teachers should possess and demonstrate to become Future-Proof STEM teachers for enhancing SD? 3. What is the general framework for a Future-Proof STEM teachers capacity-building program? Literature reviewand Symeonidis (2018) argued, many significant issues challenge educational systems in general and teacher education in particular to review their goals and curricula. The most important of these are the complexity of rapid social change and the uncertainties and contradictions that the world is currently experiencing. To prepare coming generations of students to tackle the expected challenges of these post-normal times, in which facts are uncertain, educational systems must futurize their curricula (Lotz-Sisitka et al. , 2015). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing how STEM education prepares students to think creatively about future challenges and equips them with necessary competencies for sustainable development. It emphasizes the importance of 'Future-Proof STEM teachers' who can teach students skills like strategic planning and creative thinking, which are essential for enhancing future job prospects in a rapidly changing world.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Gene editing has shown promise in treating genetic disorders like cystic fibrosis. [SEP] Text: 2 NA 14 (1 trial) ⊕⊝⊝⊝ very low3,4,5 Trial had a cross‐over design. No significant difference in the primary outcome (lung function) at this time‐point, with improvements only in secondary outcomes. FEV1 (% predicted) change from baseline, long term Follow‐up: 3 months The mean change from baseline in FEV1 (% predicted) was 8% higher (2% higher to 14% higher) in the hypertonic saline group compared to the daily rhDNase group. 2 NA 47 (1 trial) ⊕⊝⊝⊝ very low2,6,7 Trial had a cross‐over design. An additional cross‐over trial of 18 participants found no difference between treatments in FEV1 after 10 weeks (no data presented). LCI Outcome not reported. not reported. of sputum clearance Outcome not reported. exacerbations Follow‐up: NA 15 episodes occurring during treatment with hypertonic saline and 18 with daily rhDNase, there was no statistical difference between treatments (see comment). NA 47 (1 trial) ⊕⊝⊝⊝ very low2,6,7 Trial had a cross‐over design. Number of episodes reported rather than the number of participants with exacerbations (leading to a unit of analysis issue) so data not entered into the analysis. Adverse events Follow up: 3 months Increased cough was reported in 13 participants using hypertonic saline and 17 on daily rhDNase. There were similar rates of other adverse events between treatment arms (see comment). NA 47 (1 trial) ⊕⊝⊝⊝ very low2,6,7 Trial had a cross‐over design, so data not entered into analysis. *The basis for the assumed risk (e. g. the median control group risk across studies) is provided in footnotes. The corresponding risk (and its 95% confidence interval) is based on the assumed risk in the comparison group and the relative effect of the intervention (and its 95% CI). CI: confidence interval; FEV1 : forced expiratory volume in 1 second; LCI : lung clearance index; MD : mean difference; NA: not applicable. grades of evidence High quality : further research is very unlikely to change our confidence in the estimate of effect. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by detailing a clinical trial focused on treatments for cystic fibrosis, specifically comparing hypertonic saline and daily rhDNase. It reports that the trial had no significant differences in primary outcomes such as lung function (FEV1) and indicates that improvements were minimal and only in secondary outcomes. The findings suggest limited effectiveness of these interventions, which casts doubt on the effectiveness of gene editing in treating cystic fibrosis as claimed.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Disruption of circadian rhythms can lead to health issues. [SEP] Text: This channel has been shown to be additive in response to optical radiation for a given criterion response (i. e. , a constant-luminance flicker criterion). Our current understanding of the circadian system indicates that there is only one functional channel leading to the SCN from the retina, and that in humans, this channel exhibits subadditivity to certain combinations of wavelengths [36]. Clearly, a more detailed understanding of input to the SCN may emerge following additional research. For example, Aggelopolous and Meissl [37] suggest that there are multiple neural pathways providing input to the SCN in rats. Whether these different neuron pathways exist in humans or constitute different functional channels for the SCN has yet to be determined. Since there is no evidence to date that the human circadian system exhibits additivity, an additive "photodian" luminous efficiency function for measuring circadian light (i. e. , a Cλ) would only serve as a convenience to commerce and government. In other words, unlike Vλ, there would be no physiological foundation for a system of metrology based upon Cλ. This lack of homology between physiology and metrology may or may not be an important aspect in the deliberations for developing a system of circadian photometry, but it is certainly important to draw attention to this difference for scientific purposes, much as it is important to draw attention to the difference between luminance and brightness. Spectral sensitivity of the circadian system The retino-hypothalamic tract (RHT) is comprised of ipRGC axons and carries photic information from the retina to the SCN. In addition to the direct conversion of optical radiation to neural signal input to the master clock, the ipRGCs also carry spectrally-opponent information originating from the classical photoreceptors and processed by vertical (bipolar cells) and lateral (horizontal and amacrine cells) neurons, to the SCN. Of particular interest with regard to developing a definition of circadian light are the spectrally-opponent (color) mechanisms in the distal retina that provide synaptic connections to the ipRGCs [32]. In addition, amacrine cells that control the transition from scotopic (rod) to photopic (cone) responses in retinal ganglion cells also appear to provide synaptic threshold control of the ipRGC responses. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text discusses the mechanisms of the circadian system and the pathways leading to the SCN, but it does not provide any information or evidence related to health issues arising from the disruption of circadian rhythms. Therefore, it is irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Extracurricular activities support holistic student development. [SEP] Text: data is not yet available. studies have proven the positive impacts of student mobility on learner development. In general, student mobility may take place in two main forms: (1) learning abroad for a degree; (2) short-term mobility with a duration from some days to some weeks under different activities such as credit transfer, faculty-led study tour, and internship. In reality, the number of short-term mobility programs has dramatically increased globally to meet the needs of those who cannot afford overseas degree programs for financial, medical, family reasons, or the like. While learning abroad for degrees is relatively suitable to some specific learners, the above-mentioned mobility activities are generally easier for schools to organize, more accessible to learners as well as contribute significantly to student holistic development. Students of the University of Economics and Law, especially those in high-quality programs, are expected and encouraged to participate in different kinds of short-term student mobility programs. This paper focuses on presenting the impacts of short-term student mobility on student holistic development, illustrating the best practices from the University of Economics and Law and suggests some implications to foster short-term mobility in higher education institutions. TỔnhững năm gần đây, việc tăng cường đưa sinh viên tham gia các hoạt động trải nghiệm quốc tế đang nhận được sự quan tâm ngày càng lớn từ các trường đại học trên khắp thế giới. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the positive impacts of student mobility on learner development, stating that short-term mobility activities are easier to organize and contribute significantly to student holistic development. It highlights how these experiences, which can be considered extracurricular, enhance overall student growth.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Gene editing has shown promise in treating genetic disorders like cystic fibrosis. [SEP] Text: None of the results were statistically significant and the quality of the evidence was very low. The trial by Amin reported the overall number of adverse events and adverse events related to the trial drugs, rather than the number of participants experiencing an adverse event. There were no significant differences in cough, hoarseness or chest pain (P = 0. 17); however, there were significantly more overall adverse events in the hypertonic saline group for the symptoms of increased sputum production, fever, rhinorrhoea, malaise and ear infections (P = 0. 0035) (Amin 2010). Amin further reported a mean (SD) drop in FEV1 % predicted after the first inhalation of hypertonic saline 116 (140) mL and after isotonic saline 41 (88) mL, MD 75. 00 (95% CI ‐31. 49 to 181. 49) (Analysis 1. 12). trial demonstrated that participants with an FEV1 % predicted of 40% to 70% at baseline experienced a significant fall in FEV1 following isotonic saline, while none of the participants fell significantly with hypertonic saline (Chadwick 1997). trial reported the number of adverse events (not participants experiencing adverse events) as pulmonary exacerbations (see above), chest pain, gastro‐intestinal symptoms, headache, joint pain, pharyngitis and tonsillitis; these were significantly fewer in the hypertonic saline group (Elkins 2006a). Adverse drug reactions were also reported, events that in the opinion of the investigator were related directly to the trial medication. These were significantly higher in the hypertonic saline group (n = 14) than the control group (n = 1), P = 0. 01, and included cough, chest tightness, pharyngitis, haemoptysis, sinusitis, sneezing, tonsillitis and vomiting (Elkins 2006a). In the Eng trial there were similar reports of increased cough and haemoptysis; one participant in the hypertonic saline group had to withdraw because of haemoptysis, although it was not clear if this was directly related to treatment (Eng 1996). In the hypertonic saline group, one participant complained of chest tightness and one of throat irritation, with none in the isotonic saline group complaining of these symptoms (Analysis 1. 14). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing trial results that indicate a lack of statistically significant improvements and low quality evidence regarding treatments, specifically noting adverse events and limited efficacy related to hypertonic saline use. These findings suggest that the treatments in question, which may be associated with gene editing approaches, have not produced promising outcomes for conditions like cystic fibrosis.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Disruption of circadian rhythms can lead to health issues. [SEP] Text: These complicated neural connections have been mathematically modeled to develop a definition of the circadian (light) stimulus [36]. The mathematical model of human circadian phototransduction developed by Rea et al. [36] is based on the neuroanatomy and neurophysiology of the retina and on published psychophysical studies of nocturnal melatonin suppression using lights of different spectral power distributions. The model generates values of circadian light (CL) for any spectral power distribution (i. e. , for any light source, real or imagined, at any irradiance). CL is characterized by a high absolute threshold to optical radiation with a peak spectral response at short wavelengths. The model accounts for participation of ipRCGs as well as rods and cones in circadian phototransduction via neural connections, including spectral opponency, in the outer plexiform layer of the retina. Additional file 1 describes the computation procedure for calculating CL. It should be noted that the term CL is used in this paper to replace the term circadian stimulus (CS), used in the paper that describes the model of circadian phototransduction [36]. Notwithstanding the nonlinearities inherent in the circadian phototransduction model, CL is spectrally weighted irradiance for the human circadian system, a term more comparable to illuminance, which is spectrally weighted irradiance for the human visual system. As described in more detail below, the term CS will be henceforth used to describe the effective photic stimulus for the circadian system as measured by acute nocturnal melatonin suppression. Figure 3 shows the modeled spectral sensitivity of the circadian system for both narrowband and polychromatic light stimuli [36]. Because the model includes spectral opponency, responses from light stimuli created by a combination of narrowband sources cannot be predicted from the spectral sensitivity derived from narrowband light stimuli alone. In fact, for light stimuli with a particular balance of short-wavelength (e. g. , around 450 nm) and long-wavelength (e. g. , longer than about 510 nm) components, the response of the human circadian system to light is less than what would be predicted by an additive spectral efficiency function derived from responses to narrowband stimuli [30,31]. Emphasis for modeling was placed upon studies measuring nocturnal melatonin suppression because, in fact, there are presently no comparable spectral sensitivity functions for the circadian system using any other outcome measure (e. g. , phase shifting). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not directly address the claim about the health issues stemming from the disruption of circadian rhythms. Instead, it focuses on the mathematical modeling and technical details of circadian phototransduction, detailing the interaction of light with the human circadian system without making any statements about health implications.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Extracurricular activities support holistic student development. [SEP] Text: Nhiều cơ sở giáo dục xác định nhiệm vụ thúc đẩy hoạt động trải nghiệm quốc tế cho sinh viên là một yêu cầu thiết yếu trong quá trình quốc tế hoá trường đại học với mục tiêu giúp người học phát triển toàn diện tất cả các mặt, từ năng lực cá nhân, năng lực liên văn hoá, năng lực toàn cầu đến gia tăng khả năng tìm kiếm việc làm 1. Trên thế giới đã có nhiều nghiên cứu về tác động của trải nghiệm quốc tế lên sự phát triển năng lực người học. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by emphasizing the essential role of international experiential activities in higher education institutions, noting the aim of helping students develop comprehensively across multiple dimensions such as personal competence, intercultural competence, global competence, and enhanced job search capabilities. This aligns well with the concept of holistic student development.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Gene editing has shown promise in treating genetic disorders like cystic fibrosis. [SEP] Text: It remains to be determined if this change will result in significant long‐term improvement in health for individuals with CF or how this may relate to the progression of CF lung disease. It is important to realise that before participants started the trials, they were pre‐treated with salbutamol and lung function measured to determine whether they could tolerate hypertonic saline and only those who did tolerate it were allowed to carry on. This means that the results of the trials only apply to those people with CF who can tolerate hypertonic saline. Ballmann compared hypertonic saline 5. 75% 10 mL twice‐daily to nebulised rhDNase 2. 5 mg and found that in both groups FEV1 improved to a similar degree in three weeks (Ballmann 1998). In the Suri trial, twice‐daily 5 mL hypertonic saline 7% was compared to daily and alternate‐day rhDNase 2. 5 mg (Suri 2001). When treated with either rhDNase regimen, participants had a significant improvement in lung function from baseline, but when treated with hypertonic saline there was an increase of only 3% from baseline, less than seen in the Ballmann and Eng trials (Ballmann 1998; Eng 1996). In both of these trials 10 mL of hypertonic saline was used compared to 5 mL as used by Suri and Weller (Suri 2001; Weller 1980). This raises the possibility that the effectiveness of treatment may also depend on the total volume of saline nebulised and this may account for the lower effect size seen by Suri (Suri 2001). In addition, Suri found a wide variation in response to treatment with both rhDNase and hypertonic saline, with over 50% of participants demonstrating a more than 10% increase in FEV1 with rhDNase and 35% of participants with hypertonic saline. Thus, despite the overall reduced effect seen with hypertonic saline on lung function in individuals, both rhDNase and hypertonic saline have the potential to substantially improve lung function in the medium term. The wide variation seen in response to both hypertonic saline and rhDNase raises the possibility that there may be subgroups of people with CF who are more likely to respond to efforts to improve mucociliary clearance. It also suggests that some individuals may respond better to one treatment compared to the other and physicians may wish to consider this particularly in individuals who fail to respond to rhDNase. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text primarily discusses the effects of hypertonic saline and rhDNase treatments on lung function in individuals with cystic fibrosis (CF), rather than addressing gene editing specifically. As a result, it does not corroborate or contrast with the claim about gene editing's promise in treating genetic disorders, making it irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Disruption of circadian rhythms can lead to health issues. [SEP] Text: The values of the coefficients in Additional file 1 relating the opponent channels were optimized to align with published nocturnal human melatonin suppression data using narrowband spectra [26,27]. This resulted in a good fit (r2 = 0. 82) between all comparable suppression data using both narrowband and broadband spectra [24,26,27,30,38,39] and a four-parameter logistic function [40] characterizing the melatonin suppression response as the light stimulus increases from threshold to saturation (Figure 4). CL is defined in terms of irradiance, not radiance as with brightness because image formation on the retina is not believed to be important to the circadian system. Rather, CL is geometrically described in terms of radiant flux density on the cornea and therefore is geometrically comparable to illuminance at the eye. Figure 3 Nocturnal human melatonin suppression data from Brainard et al. [26] and Thapan et al. [27] for narrowband spectra (symbols), and a spectral sensitivity function resulting from exposure to narrowband illumination (solid curve). Also shown is the spectral sensitivity for broadband illumination when spectral opponency is exhibited [36]. Figure 4 Nocturnal human melatonin suppression data [24,26,27,30,38,39] (left ordinate), plotted as a function of CL quantities (abscissa) predicted by the model of Rea et al. [36]. Also shown is the best-fitting four-parameter logistic function [40] to all of the data from threshold to saturation. The circadian light quantity CL was formerly named circadian stimulus (CS) [36]; CS (right ordinate) now refers to the effective stimulus based on nocturnal melatonin suppression. Previously published studies have been conducted to test the utility of the model of human circadian phototransduction [32,41]. Nocturnal melatonin suppression by light was assessed by Figueiro et al. [41] for two light source spectra and four light levels. A priori predictions of melatonin suppression were made based on calculations of CL given by each light level and spectra. Results demonstrated that the model predictions were consistent with melatonin suppression obtained at all four light levels, although uncertainty was greater at the lowest light level, which was close to threshold response. Also, Figueiro et al. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim about the disruption of circadian rhythms leading to health issues. Instead, it discusses the optimization of light spectra in relation to melatonin suppression without linking it to health consequences of circadian rhythm disruption.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Extracurricular activities support holistic student development. [SEP] Text: Ban đầu các công trình tập trung tìm hiểu và nhận thấy lợi ích rất lớn từ các hoạt động quốc tế lên năng lực ngoại ngữ của sinh viên, về sau, ngày càng có nhiều bằng chứng khoa học cho thấy mối quan hệ mật thiết giữa các hoạt động trải nghiệm và sự phát triển năng lực cá nhân, sự cải thiện đáng kể về kiến thức chuyên môn cũng như các năng lực hội nhập 2 3. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by indicating that there is a close relationship between experiential activities and personal development, as well as significant improvement in expertise and integration skills. This aligns with the notion that extracurricular activities contribute to the holistic development of students.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Gene editing has shown promise in treating genetic disorders like cystic fibrosis. [SEP] Text: Quality of the evidence we judged the quality of the evidence from this review to be of very low to low quality, depending on the outcome measured (summary of findings Table for the main comparison; summary of findings Table 2; summary of findings Table 3; summary of findings Table 4; summary of findings Table 5; summary of findings Table 6). We do not think that the way the trials were designed affected the results, with even the cross‐over trials allowing for adequate washout at least in terms of lung function change. We judged that all participants had equal chances of being in either of the treatment groups. However, in all but two trials (Dentice 2016; Elkins 2006a), the taste was not masked and participants would be able to identify the hypertonic saline. The participants who dropped out of the trials appear to have been accounted for and are unlikely to influence the results. Potential biases in the review process Data were extracted, using predefined data extract sheets, independently by each of the authors and then a consensus was reached in regard to inclusion or exclusion. In addition, both the authors were involved in one trial (Elkins 2006a) and Wark was involved in a further trial (Dentice 2016). Where one or more author(s) of this was a co‐author on an included trial, a third party performed the data extraction and assessment of quality for that trial. Agreements and disagreements with other studies or reviews The first therapy used to enhance mucus clearance was rhDNase; it is effective in improving lung function in CF and has been adopted in most countries (Ramsey 1994). A separate systematic review found that when compared with placebo rhDNase improves lung function in people with CF in trials lasting from one month to two years (Yang 2018). There was a decrease in pulmonary exacerbations in trials of six months or longer. Voice alteration and rash were the only adverse events reported with increased frequency in randomised controlled trials. Although investigators also concluded that there that there was not enough evidence to firmly conclude if rhDNase is superior to hyperosmolar agents such as hypertonic saline in improving lung function. Nebulised rhDNase is a relatively expensive treatment and in many countries its use is restricted to those who have degrees of impairment of lung function and who demonstrate an improvement in pulmonary function tests during a trial period (Ramsey 1994). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the quality of evidence regarding treatments for cystic fibrosis such as rhDNase, stating that while rhDNase can improve lung function, there is 'not enough evidence to firmly conclude if rhDNase is superior to hyperosmolar agents' like saline. This indicates uncertainty about the effectiveness of certain treatments rather than supporting the idea that gene editing is promising.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Disruption of circadian rhythms can lead to health issues. [SEP] Text: Although beyond the scope of this paper, the Daysimeter has, in fact, recently been used to quantify and compare circadian disruption in day-shift and rotating-shift nurses [47,48]. Future research will undoubtedly utilize instruments like the Daysimeter to develop, for example, new shift-work schedules, new architectural practices and new light sources, all of which will depend upon our collective ability to measure and calculate circadian light. Figure 5 Close-up photograph of the Daysimeter. Two light sensors are located near the plane of the cornea, calibrated in terms of their absolute, spatial and spectral response to provide both photopic and circadian light readings. The rear housing attached to the earpiece contains accelerometers for measuring activity as well as memory and control circuitry, all powered by a coin-cell battery. Circadian light as a work in progress The definition of circadian light proposed here is based on the current knowledge of the neuroanatomy and neurophysiology of the human retina and on published psychophysical studies of nocturnal melatonin suppression using lights of different spectral power distributions. CLA and CS are provisionally defined then in terms of what is known about nocturnal melatonin suppression in humans (for an hour-long exposure to light, near the midpoint of the melatonin production curve, and with naturally-constricted pupils). Of course, acute melatonin suppression is not the only non-visual response by the circadian system; other non-visual responses include phase shifting and alertness. For at least these two cases, however, light-induced phase-shifting and light-induced nocturnal alertness appear to have similar threshold-to-saturation response characteristics [40,44]. A very recent study, however, has shown that both red and blue lights can affect alertness [49] as well as cortisol and alpha amylase production (Figueiro and Rea. , unpublished data) at night indicating that not all light-induced, non-visual responses have the same spectral sensitivity as nocturnal melatonin suppression. The development of new response characteristics for these non-visual systems, if they emerge, would be very reminiscent of those that were developed in visual science where multiple spectral sensitivity functions for different visual channels were established (cf. Figure 1). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not directly address the claim concerning health issues resulting from circadian rhythm disruption. It discusses tools and studies related to measuring circadian light and the effects of light on alertness and melatonin suppression, but it does not explicitly connect these factors to health consequences. Therefore, it is considered irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Extracurricular activities support holistic student development. [SEP] Text: Ngoài ra, người học đã từng tham gia trao đổi hoặc thực tập tại nước ngoài thường có điểm trung bình học tập cao hơn người học chưa từng thực hiện bất kỳ hoạt động trải nghiệm quốc tế nào trong quá trình học tập 13 14. Sinh viên cũng có khuynh hướng học tiến bộ hơn sau các chuyến đi 15. Một số nghiên cứu còn cho thấy mối quan hệ chặt chẽ giữa việc tham gia trải nghiệm quốc tế với sự gia tăng mối quan tâm đến các chương trình sau đại học 16. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by indicating that students who participate in international exchange or internships generally have higher academic performance and tend to progress academically after such experiences. This suggests that extracurricular activities, particularly international experiences, contribute positively to overall student development.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Gene editing has shown promise in treating genetic disorders like cystic fibrosis. [SEP] Text: Hypertonic saline 3% to 7% versus isotonic saline for cystic fibrosis (during acute exacerbations of lung disease) Hypertonic saline 3% to 7% versus isotonic saline for cystic fibrosis (during acute exacerbations of lung disease) Patient or population: adults and children with cystic fibrosis (during acute exacerbations of lung disease) Settings: hospitalised patients and outpatients Intervention: hypertonic saline 3% to 7% Comparison: isotonic saline comparative risks* (95% CI) Relative effect (95% CI) No of participants (trials) Quality of the evidence (GRADE) risk Corresponding risk Isotonic saline Hypertonic saline 3% to 7% FEV1 (% predicted) change from baseline, short term Follow‐up: approximately 14 days (at time of hospital discharge) The mean % change in FEV1 (% predicted) was 32. 3% in the isotonic saline group. The mean % change in FEV1 (% predicted) was 5. 10% higher (14. 67% lower to 24. 87% higher) in the hypertonic saline 3% to 7% group. NA 132 (1 trial) ⊕⊕⊝⊝ low1,2 FEV1 (% predicted) change from baseline, long term Follow‐up: NA Outcome not reported. ‐up: NA Outcome not reported. ‐up: NA No deaths were reported in either trial. NA 142 (2 trials) ⊕⊕⊝⊝ low2,3 1 trial had a cross‐over design. Measures of sputum clearance Follow‐up: NA Outcome not reported. exacerbations Follow‐up: up to 1 year There was no significant difference between the groups in time until the next pulmonary exacerbation requiring hospitalisation. HR 0. 86 (95% CI 0. 57 to 1. 30) 132 (1 trial) ⊕⊕⊝⊝ low1,2 Adverse events Follow up: up to 1 year Adverse events reported were cough and wheeze. No serious adverse events were reported. NA 142 (2 trials) ⊕⊝⊝⊝ very low2,3,4, 1 trial had a cross‐over design. *The basis for the assumed risk (e. g. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim as it focuses on the use of hypertonic saline versus isotonic saline for cystic fibrosis treatment during acute exacerbations, without mentioning gene editing or its effectiveness in treating genetic disorders. The details discussed revolve around pulmonary function outcomes rather than any advancements related to gene editing.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Disruption of circadian rhythms can lead to health issues. [SEP] Text: 1023/A:1011237000609 [PubMed] Figueiro, MG; Rea, MS; Bullough, JDDoes architectural lighting contribute to breast cancer? J Carcinog 5: 20. DOI: [PubMed] Lemmer, BImportance of circadian rhythms for regulation of the cardiovascular system: studies in animal and man 1: 168–70. full_text. [PubMed] Maemura, K; Takeda, N; Nagai, RCircadian rhythms in the CNS and peripheral clock disorders: role of the biological clock in cardiovascular diseases J 103: 134–8, DOI: [PubMed] Young, ME; Bray, MSPotential role for peripheral circadian clock dyssynchrony in the pathogenesis of cardiovascular dysfunction 8: 656–67, DOI: [PubMed] Kreier, F; Kalsbeek, A; Sauerwein, HP; Fliers, E; Romijn, JA; Buijs, RM"Diabetes of the elderly" and type 2 diabetes in younger patients: possible role of the biological clock 42: 22–7, DOI: [PubMed] Laposky, AD; Bass, J; Kohsaka, A; Turek, FWSleep and circadian rhythms: key components in the regulation of energy metabolism FEBS Lett 582: 142–51, DOI: [PubMed] Knutson, KL; Spiegel, K; Penev, P; Van Cauter, EThe metabolic consequences of sleep deprivation Rev 11: 163–78, DOI: [PubMed] de l'Eclairage. Light as a Stimulus. Paris: de l'Eclairage. Rea, MSed. : Reference and Application. New York: Society of North America. de l'Eclairage. CIE Proceedings 1924. Cambridge: University of Cambridge. Rea, MS; Bullough, JD; Freyssinier-Nova, JP; Bierman, AA proposed unified system of photometry Technol 36: 85–111, DOI: Bullough, JDSpectral sensitivity for extrafoveal discomfort glare J 56: 1518–22, DOI: Weale, RASpectral sensitivity and wave-length discrimination of the peripheral retina J Physiol 119: 170–90. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim directly. It lists various studies and authors related to circadian rhythms and their various roles without specifying any connection to health issues resulting from disruption of those rhythms. Thus, the text is irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Extracurricular activities support holistic student development. [SEP] Text: Tham gia trải nghiệm quốc tế giúp phát triển kỹ năng học tập suốt đời, khả năng tư duy độc lập và khả năng tự chủ của người học, giúp sinh viên có tư duy phản biện và kỹ năng nghiên cứu tốt hơn 17 18. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing how international experiences can enhance students' long-term learning skills, independent thinking, and self-management, which are all integral aspects of holistic development.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Gene editing has shown promise in treating genetic disorders like cystic fibrosis. [SEP] Text: Both groups could receive intermittent courses of antibiotics 'as required', on the basis of symptoms and organisms found in respiratory secretions. Types of outcome measures Primary outcomes Lung function (spirometry) forced expiratory volume in one second (FEV₁) % predicted (Knudson 1983) forced vital capacity (FVC) % predicted (Knudson 1983) Number of people with one or more isolates of S aureus (sensitive strains) NB: in only one study were the children old enough to perform the spirometry. We also included a study measuring infant lung function. Secondary outcomes Growth as measured by weight for age and height for age standard deviation (SD) scores* Survival on a yearly basis commencing at one year Number of people admitted to hospital and days spent as an inpatient Number of people receiving additional antibiotics and number of days received Number of people with one or more isolates of Haemophilus influenzae (H influenzae) Number of people with one or more isolates of P aeruginosa Number of people acquiring of multiply‐resistant S aureus Frequency of adverse effects including: diarrhoea; skin rash; and oral, nappy or vulval candidiasis Quality of life (if well‐validated measures are used) * standard deviation (SD) score = observed weight or height ‐ mean/SD Search methods for identification of studies Electronic searches We identified relevant trials from the Group's using the terms: antibiotics AND (staphylococcus aureus OR mixed infections) AND (preventative treatment OR unknown) AND (oral OR not stated). Register is compiled from electronic searches of the Register of () (updated each new issue of the), weekly searches of a search of Embase to 1995 and the prospective handsearching of two journals ‐ and the Journal of Cystic Fibrosis. Unpublished work is identified by searching the abstract books of three major cystic fibrosis conferences: the Fibrosis Conference; the and the Conference. For full details of all searching activities for the register, please see the relevant sections of the Group website. Date of the most recent search of the Group's CF Trials Register: 29 September 2016. Search of ongoing trials registers Clinicaltrials. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses the use of antibiotics and various outcome measures in cystic fibrosis without mentioning gene editing or its promise in treating genetic disorders. Therefore, it does not support or contrast the claim at all.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Disruption of circadian rhythms can lead to health issues. [SEP] Text: [PubMed] Lennie, P; Pokorny, J; 10: 1283–93, DOI: [PubMed] Brindley, GS; Du Croz, JJ; Rushton, WAThe flicker fusion frequency of the blue-sensitive mechanism of color vision J Physiol 183: 497–500. [PubMed] Wyszecki, G; Stiles, WSColor Science. New York: Wiley. De Valois, RL; Abramov, I; Jacobs, GHAnalysis of response patterns of LGN cells J Am 56: 966–77, DOI: [PubMed] Helmholtz, HHandbuch der Physiologischen Optik. Hamburg: Voss. de l'Eclairage. Colorimetry. Vienna: de l'Eclairage. de l'Eclairage. CIE 1988 2° for Photopic Vision. Vienna: de l'Eclairage. Guth, SL; Massof, RW; Benzschawel, TVector model for normal and dichromatic color vision J Am 70: 197–212, DOI: [PubMed] Rea, MS; Bullough, JD; Figueiro, MGPhototransduction for human melatonin suppression J 32: 209–13, DOI: [PubMed] Gall, D; Bieske, KDefinition and measurement of circadian radiometric quantities Proceedings of the CIE Symposium '04 on Light and Health. Vienna: de l'Éclairage, 32. Brainard, GC; Hanifin, JP; Greeson, JM; Byrne, B; Glickman, G; Gerner, E; Rollag, MDAction spectrum for melatonin regulation in humans: evidence for a novel circadian photoreceptor J Neurosci 21: 6405–12. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not provide any information related to the claim about circadian rhythms and health issues. Instead, it consists of citations and references concerning various topics in vision science and phototransduction, which makes it irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Extracurricular activities support holistic student development. [SEP] Text: Thứ hai, về phương diện văn hoá và năng lực hội nhập Nhiều nghiên cứu sử dụng các công cụ đo lường đánh giá tác động của các trải nghiệm quốc tế lên năng lực cảm nhận và khoan dung đối với khác biệt văn hoá của người học như GPI (Inventory), ILO (Outcomes) hay CCAI (Adaptability Inventory) đều cho thấy kết quả tương thích rằng trải nghiệm quốc tế, dù ngắn hay dài, đều tác động rất tích cực đến sự phát triển toàn diện của cá nhân, đặc biệt là ở phương diện văn hoá. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by stating that international experiences positively influence holistic development, particularly in cultural aspects. This suggests that similar extracurricular activities can promote broad personal growth.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Gene editing has shown promise in treating genetic disorders like cystic fibrosis. [SEP] Text: These questions remain unanswered because currently available trials lack important clinical outcomes and are underpowered to detect differences in treatment effects across subgroups of participants, resulting in overall poor‐quality data. The conduct of future RCTs needs to be improved with unbiased and clear reporting of clinically significant outcomes in accordance with the statement (Ioannidis 2004; Moher 2001; Moher 2003; Moher 2004). We recommend that future RCTs: are adequately powered and robust, designed to elucidate the magnitude in effect for both clinical and patient‐related relevant outcomes, i. e. appetite change, lung function, cost per quality‐adjusted life year (QALY), quality of life (e. g. sick leave from employment, functional ability, and psychological impact); define clinically significant weight gain in both children and adults; establish valid surrogate markers of appetite change (both objective and subjective); report changes in nutritional and dietary intake along with changes in predefined surrogate markers for appetite change; report on a predefined list of adverse effects, as well as monitoring any unexpected adverse effects for all age groups; ensure complete data sets are reported for all outcomes (including mean change data and their standard deviations); and report outcome differences and standard deviations of differences to allow for meaningful meta‐analyses. Summary of findings Open in table viewerSummary of findings 1. Appetite stimulants versus placebo for people with cystic fibrosis Appetite stimulants versus placebo for people with cystic fibrosis Patient or population: people with cystic fibrosis Setting: outpatients Intervention: appetite stimulants Comparison: placebo comparative risks* (95% CI) Relative effect(95% CI) No. of participants(studies) Certainty of the evidence(GRADE) risk Corresponding risk stimulants Change in weight (kg) Follow‐up: 3 months The mean change in weight ranged from 0. 67 kg to 1. 3 kg. The mean change in weight (kg) in the intervention group was 1. 25 kg higher (0. 45 higher to 2. 05 higher). ‐ 42(2 studies) ⊕⊕⊝⊝ Lowa,b Change in weight (kg) Follow‐up: 6 months The mean change in weight was 1. 5 kg. The mean change in weight (kg) in the intervention group was 3. 8 kg higher (1. 27 to 6. 33 higher). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by outlining the limitations and issues with current trials related to the treatment of cystic fibrosis. It discusses the lack of significant clinical outcomes and the overall poor quality of data, suggesting that improvements are needed in future randomized controlled trials (RCTs) to properly evaluate treatment effects. This implies that while gene editing may be a theoretical promise, there are substantial hurdles that undermine current understandings of its efficacy in treating genetic disorders like cystic fibrosis.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Disruption of circadian rhythms can lead to health issues. [SEP] Text: Rats were housed in individual cages, with food and water available ad libitum and were maintained in a chronobiologic animal facility (Enceinte autonome d’animalerie, Ref. A 110-SP-6; ). The chronobiologic facility was equipped with equidistant, soundproof, temperature-controlled (21°± 1. 0°C) compartments, each having independent light–dark cycles. All of the research procedures were performed in accordance with the of Health principles of laboratory animal care, Laws, and standards and ethics for animal biologic rhythm research. 10This study, including care of the animals involved, was conducted according to the official edict presented by the of Agriculture (Paris, France) and the recommendations of the Declaration of Helsinki. These experiments were conducted in an authorized laboratory and under the supervision of an authorized researcher (Y. T. ). Rats were housed in individual cages and maintained under a 12-h light–12-h dark cycle 4 weeks before the beginning of drug injection. Radiotelemetric recorders were surgically implanted under aseptic conditions, 3 weeks before the start of drug injection. Rats were lightly anesthetized by an intraperitoneal administration of diazepam (5 mg/kg Valium; Roche, Neuilly-sur-Seine, France), followed by ketamine (80 mg/kg Ketalar; Parke-Davis, Fresnes, France). Each rat was fitted with an intraabdominal radiotelemetric implant (model TA10TA-F40; Int. , Saint Paul, MN) to allow for the automatic recording of body temperature and general locomotor activity every 10 min throughout a 24-h period, using the Dataquest 4. 0 data acquisition software (Int. ). During the experiment, radio waves from the implant were collected via a radar receiver (model RPC-1; Int. ) that was placed beneath the cage. General locomotor activity and body temperature were continuously recorded for 2 weeks before drug injections. Propofol (10 mg/ml; Fresenius Kabi, Sèvres, France) was injected intraperitoneally at a dose of 120 mg/kg. Intralipid, 10%, was used as a control lipidic solution (10 ml/kg; Fresenius Kabi). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim regarding circadian rhythms and their impact on health. It primarily describes the experimental setup for a study involving rats, including details about their housing, light-dark cycles, and procedures followed. While it mentions a 12-h light–12-h dark cycle, it does not provide any evidence or discussion about the health issues related to the disruption of these rhythms.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Extracurricular activities support holistic student development. [SEP] Text: Sinh viên được phát triển đa dạng năng lực toàn cầu và liên văn hoá thông qua quá trình tìm hiểu, hiểu biết sự đa diện và phức tạp của các vấn đề quốc tế. Họ học được cách áp dụng kiến thức và kỹ năng trong môi trường quốc tế, sử dụng ngoại ngữ để giải quyết các vấn đề liên quan và hợp tác với bạn bè, đồng nghiệp từ các nền văn hoá khác 19 20. Ngoài ra, nó cũng giúp người học cởi mở hơn đối với sự khác biệt và học cách dung hoà sự mâu thuẫn do khác biệt văn hoá 21 22. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by highlighting that students develop diverse global competencies and intercultural understanding through various activities. It mentions how students learn to apply knowledge and skills in international contexts, solve problems, and collaborate with peers from different cultures, which supports the idea of holistic development beyond academic learning.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Gene editing has shown promise in treating genetic disorders like cystic fibrosis. [SEP] Text: One of its adjunctive effects is weight gain, and it has been used for appetite stimulation and weight gain for such indications as advanced cancer, AIDS, and the elderly (Lopez 2004); renal failure (Chung 2006; Hobbs 2012); chronic heart failure (von Haehling 2009); chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (Weisberg 2002); and CF (Eubanks 2002; Marchand 2000). MA is not very water‐soluble, thus its bio‐availability is low, although bio‐availability is improved if it is taken with food. Several formulations have been developed in an attempt to improve bio‐availability (e. g. a micronised tablet form and a concentrated oral suspension). The most recent of these is an oral suspension form using nanocrystal technology, which is licensed for anorexia‐cachexia in people with AIDS. (Remeron) is typically used as an antidepressant in tablet form, and the dosage differs between initial and maintenance treatment (EMC 2014c). In two trials evaluating its role as an appetite stimulant in people with CF, mirtazapine was given at a doses ranging from 15 mg to 45 mg per day (Sykes 2006; Young 2000). is an atypical antipsychotic drug (EMC 2014d). Whilst limited data are available, olanzapine has been used to stimulate appetite and improve body mass index (BMI) and other disease‐related symptoms (e. g. eating attitudes, anxiety) in people with anorexia aged nine years and older. The dose used to stimulate appetite has been higher than that used in psychiatric practice (Nasr 2008). with the anabolic steroid oxandrolone (Oxandrin) should be intermittent, and the duration should depend on an individual's response and adverse reactions. Two‐ to four‐week blocks of therapy are usually adequate, and dosage differs depending on the age of the individual (MedLibrary 2014; Upsher‐Smith 2022). Oxandrolone has been used principally in anorexia in people with cancer, but it has also been investigated in CF (Tongudai 1971; Varness 2009). is an antihistamine and serotonin antagonist used to treat migraine at differing age‐dependent doses (EMC 2014e). is indicated in the treatment of acute and chronic psychoses, and in the management of aggression in moderate to severe Alzheimer’s dementia. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses various treatments and their effects for conditions like advanced cancer, AIDS, renal failure, chronic heart failure, and cystic fibrosis (CF), but it does not provide any information regarding gene editing or its implications for treating genetic disorders such as cystic fibrosis. Therefore, it does not support or contrast with the claim.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Disruption of circadian rhythms can lead to health issues. [SEP] Text: The duration of general propofol anesthesia was between 25 and 30 min, and all rats were responsive 30 min after propofol administration. The dose of propofol was an anesthetic dose and not a sedative one, in accord with previous published data obtained in rats. 11,12Either propofol or Intralipid for control animals was administered at three different Zeitgeber times (ZTs): ZT6, ZT10, and ZT16. ZT0 represented the beginning of the rest period (light onset), and ZT12 represented the beginning of the activity period (light offset). Therefore, rats were injected in the middle of their rest period (ZT6), 2 h before the beginning of activity (ZT10), and 4 h after the beginning of the activity period (ZT16) (fig. 1). We used in each Zeitgeber time group 12–14 rats assigned as followed: 14 rats at ZT6, 12 rats at ZT10, and 14 rats at ZT16. In all three groups, half of the rats received propofol administration, and the other half received Intralipid injection. After the injections, general locomotor activity and temperature were recorded for a period of 13 days. View largeDownload slideFig. 1. Drug administration. Six groups of rats corresponding to three schedules of intraperitoneal injection (Zeitgeber time [ZT]) were created: ZT6 (n = 14), ZT10 (n = 12), and ZT16 (n = 14). Within each of the three ZT groups, half of the rats were injected with propofol and the other half were injected with Intralipid. View largeDownload slideFig. 1. Drug administration. Six groups of rats corresponding to three schedules of intraperitoneal injection (Zeitgeber time [ZT]) were created: ZT6 (n = 14), ZT10 (n = 12), and ZT16 (n = 14). Within each of the three ZT groups, half of the rats were injected with propofol and the other half were injected with Intralipid. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it primarily discusses the administration of propofol and Intralipid to rats at different Zeitgeber times, without addressing how this relates to health issues arising from the disruption of circadian rhythms.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Extracurricular activities support holistic student development. [SEP] Text: Quan trọng hơn, sinh viên còn có những sự thay đổi rõ rệt trong tư duy, trở nên có trách nhiệm hơn đối với các vấn đề xã hội, có tầm nhìn rộng hơn, thân thiện cởi mở hơn, trưởng thành hơn, từng bước tiến đến trở thành công dân toàn cầu 23. Thứ ba, về phát triển bản thân Xét về phương diện cá nhân, có những số liệu chứng minh mối quan hệ chặt chẽ giữa việc tham gia các chương trình trải nghiệm quốc tế với sự tự tin, độc lập và sở hữu các kỹ năng ở sinh viên. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by mentioning that students experience significant changes in their mindset, become more responsible towards social issues, and develop a broader perspective. Additionally, it emphasizes the relationship between participation in international experiential programs and the development of self-confidence, independence, and skills, all of which contribute to the holistic development of students.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Gene editing has shown promise in treating genetic disorders like cystic fibrosis. [SEP] Text: However, there is insufficient evidence at present to justify the use of these agents on a longer‐term basis (over six months). Quality of the evidence Trial quality was frequently suboptimal, which could have biased any observed treatment effects, on average, in the direction of overestimating the true treatment effect. There were areas of the reporting within the included trials that would have been greatly improved if the authors had followed the reporting guidelines for RCTs, specifically in reporting the details of random sequence generation, allocation concealment, and blinding (Moher 2001; Moher 2003; Moher 2004). We suspect that many of the trials were correctly randomised, but the evidence was not presented in the published papers, and so the risk of bias was marked as unclear. Although there were sufficient data to undertake meta‐analyses for some outcomes, all four included trials reported sufficient detail for a selection of outcomes to be included in the meta‐analyses. A major concern was incomplete reporting of data or selective outcome reporting, or both, with all trials listing outcomes in the methods section of the paper that were not reported on in the results. We assessed the certainty of the evidence supporting the outcomes as low using the GRADE approach (summary of findings Table 1). We downgraded the certainty of the evidence due to risk of bias (incomplete and selective reporting of outcome data as mentioned above, attrition bias caused by either a proportionately large dropout rate or dropouts due to the intervention and not corrected for in the analyses and the randomisation procedures). In addition, numbers of participants were small and event rates were low, increasing concerns about imprecision. Potential biases in the review process The number of trials included in the review precluded an analysis of publication bias, therefore we are unable to comment on this aspect of potential bias. In several trials it was not possible to obtain the effect size and SDs. The outcomes and SDs at baseline and follow‐up were reported accurately, but often the SD of the difference in outcome measure between baseline and follow‐up was not reported and could not be calculated from the reported data. The difference can be calculated from baseline and follow‐up measurements, but the SD of the difference cannot be simply calculated due to within‐participant correlations. It is strongly recommended that outcome differences and SDs of differences be reported in future trials. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by indicating that there is currently 'insufficient evidence at present to justify the use of these agents on a longer‐term basis.' It suggests that the quality of the evidence from trials is often suboptimal and contains risks of bias, which undermines the claims of promise in gene editing for treating genetic disorders like cystic fibrosis.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Disruption of circadian rhythms can lead to health issues. [SEP] Text: Close modal A circadian rhythm analysis was performed by fitting a cosinor function to the data using the Chronos-Fit program data analysis (Zuther and Lemmer, Institute of Pharmacology and of Clinical Medicine, Mannheim, Germany), an extended version of Win-ABPM-Fit. This program fits a cosine curve to the measured data points and calculates the midline estimating statistic of rhythm (MESOR; a rhythm-adjusted 24 h mean), amplitude (half of peak-to-trough of rhythmic change), and acrophase (peak time of the rhythm). These circadian parameters were determined 5 days before the day of injection (baseline) and compared with each of the 5 days after injection (D1, D2, D3, D4, D5). Statistical analysis on acrophase, MESOR, and amplitude were performed on raw data (table 1). The statistical analyses were performed using the software version 8. 0 (Inc. , San Jose, CA). For clarity, data were calculated as percentage from the baseline and phase shift for acrophase, amplitude, and MESOR, respectively (figs. 2–7). For each parameter examined (acrophase, amplitude, MESOR), multivariate analyses of variance for repeated measures were performed on raw data (between factors: Zeitgeber time [ZT6, ZT10, ZT16], treatment [propofol vs. Intralipid]; within factor: days [baseline, D0, D1, D2, D3, D4, D5]). Post hoc analyses on the phase shift of acrophase, as well as the absolute values of MESOR and amplitude, were performed using a t test with Bonferroni correction, which compared the propofol and Intralipid groups, on D1–D5. Table 1. Results of View largeView largeDownload slideFig. 2. Phase shift of rest–activity acrophase for the three Zeitgeber times (ZTs) of propofol administration ( A–C ) during the 5 days (D1, D2, D3, D4, D5) after propofol anesthesia or Intralipid administration. Positive values represent phase advances. Values are mean ± SEM. * Significant differences ( P < 0. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim about the disruption of circadian rhythms leading to health issues. Instead, it focuses on describing a study's methodology for analyzing circadian rhythms and related parameters without discussing any health effects of disruptions.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Extracurricular activities support holistic student development. [SEP] Text: Sự phát triển này rất quan trọng để người học có thể độc lập làm việc và đạt thành quả cao trong học tập. Quá trình tự điều chỉnh để thích nghi với môi trường sống và học tập, giải quyết những bất đồng trong hành trình, cho dù trong thời gian ngắn, giúp người học có thêm kinh nghiệm sống và trang bị kỹ năng giải quyết xung đột 24. Thêm vào đó, các trải nghiệm nâng cao thái độ, nhận thức và kiến thức của sinh viên về đa văn hoá và giảm chủ nghĩa dân tộc 18 25. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the importance of students' independent working skills and their ability to adapt to life and learning environments, which relates to holistic student development. It emphasizes experiences that enhance attitudes, knowledge about multiculturalism, and conflict resolution skills, directly supporting the idea that extracurricular activities contribute to a well-rounded educational experience.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Gene editing has shown promise in treating genetic disorders like cystic fibrosis. [SEP] Text: In the absence of strong evidence to indicate that one timing regimen is better than another, the timing of of dornase alpha inhalation can be largely based on pragmatic reasons or individual preference with respect to the time of airway clearance and time of day. Implications for research The primary outcome examined by this review (FEV1) was not affected by the timing of dornase alfa inhalation with respect to airway clearance or time of day. For the other outcomes of this review, there were some significant findings in individual studies, but further evidence is required in well‐designed studies of longer duration. To better investigate the effect on small airway function, a more sensitive measure, such as nitrogen washout, might be used. This review has identified few RCTs that consider the timing of dornase alfa inhalation. Given the expense in both time and money to both patients and care providers, further research is warranted to attempt to clarify an optimal regimen for dornase alfa therapy. Interestingly, in the current trials no follow up information regarding what participants opted to continue when the trial finished was included, this may have provided valuable insights into subjective treatment efficacy. of the condition Cysic fibrosis (CF) is the most common life‐limiting autosomal recessive disorder amongst Caucasians (Cutting 2002). Cystic fibrosis‐related pulmonary disease is the major cause of morbidity and mortality (Buzzetti 2009). Description of the intervention The enzyme recombinant human deoxyribonuclease (dornase alfa), has been shown to reduce the viscosity of sputum taken from people with CF by digesting the deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) released from neutrophils (Lieberman 1968). The proprietary name of dornase alfa is Pulmozyme® (produced by Genentech Inc). Therapy with dornase alfa over a one‐, six‐ or 12‐month period is associated with an improvement in lung function in CF (Jones 2010). A single daily dose of 2. 5 mg of dornase alfa is not less effective than higher dosing regimens (Fuchs 1994; Ramsey 1993). How the intervention might work Traditionally, people with CF have been advised to nebulise dornase alfa 30 minutes prior to airway clearance techniques. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is largely irrelevant to the claim regarding gene editing and its potential in treating genetic disorders like cystic fibrosis. Instead, the text discusses the use of dornase alfa, its administration timing, and its effects on lung function in cystic fibrosis patients. While it mentions cystic fibrosis, it does not address gene editing or provide any information supporting or contrasting the specific claim.