Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: No health risks are involved for tourists traveling to space. [SEP] Text: ResultsOf the 20 participants, 13 were men and seven were women. Participants’ ages ranged between 23 and 67, though the majority were over 50 years of age. Half of the caregiver-companions we spoke with traveled abroad with their spouses while the others traveled with a sibling, parent, or adult child. A small minority traveled with a friend. The medical tourists they accompanied obtained a variety of surgical procedures, including: hip or knee replacement, bariatric surgery, cataract surgery, colorectal surgery, and hernia repair surgery. Several of the care recipients went abroad for the experimental chronic cerebrospinal venous insufficiency (CCSVI) procedure for multiple sclerosis (see also [30]). The caregiver-companions and medical tourists travelled to 12 different countries: the Philippines, Poland, Spain, Turkey, the U. S. , and Venezuela. Though the participants had diverse experiences of providing care in medical tourism (see also [35, 36]), their advice to future caregiver-companions that we share in this section reflected the commonalities of their experiences. In the remainder of this section we expand on the five unique yet related themes that examine the points of advice former caregiver-companions have for others planning to assume this role. Become an informed health care consumerMany participants advised prospective caregiver-companions to become informed health care consumers by ensuring that they: (1) understand the procedure the care recipient will be undertaking and its risks, and (2) review information about clinics, doctors, and/or destinations. Participants were almost unanimous in offering this piece of advice, some suggesting that it was useful to start becoming an informed consumer prior to agreeing to take on an informal caregiving role. One participant advised: “make sure that you gather as much information as you possibly can, research, ask questions before you go. ” To most participants, undertaking such research was actually their first step towards becoming comfortable with the idea of caring for someone who was traveling abroad for medical care. Typically, information was gathered from internet sources. Undertaking online research enabled participants to feel as though they were informed health care consumers. As one participant explained: “we [participant and the medical tourist] did as much research as we possibly could, you know we were looking up anything online about them [clinics], you know rate your doctor, everything. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the importance of understanding health risks associated with various medical procedures that tourists may encounter while traveling abroad. It emphasizes the necessity for caregiver-companions to gather information about the procedures and their risks, suggesting that there are indeed health risks involved, contrary to the claim that no health risks exist for tourists traveling to space.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: The detection of gases like methane on exoplanets is often seen as strong evidence of life. [SEP] Text: We therefore follow a very conservative approach toward the concept of habitability here and focus solely on the capabilities of a mission such as LIFE to detect Earth-like exoplanets in the HZ of Sun-like and FGK-type stars. Therefore, we use the definition of Sun-like stars and the recently published rocky planet occurrence rates specifically inferred for these stars using the Poisson likelihood Bayesian analysis from Bryson et al. (2021). Compared to Quanz et al. (2022), who have published a first yield estimate for the subsample of FGK-type stars, this paper revisits the specific occurrence rate of rocky planets in the HZs of FKG-type and Sun-like stars. The new occurrence rates for rocky planets used in this paper cover the entire optimistic and conservative HZs from Kopparapu et al. (2014) for these stars. On the other hand, as illustrated in Sect. 2. 3, the planet population used in Quanz et al. (2022) misses a significant portion of these HZs, leading to an underestimation of the expected HZ planet yield. Moreover, the new planet occurrence rates from Bryson et al. (2021) predict that HZ planets around FGK-type stars are at least as common as those around M dwarfs, resulting in a higher planet yield for the FGK-type star sample than that predicted in Quanz et al. (2022), who used the planet occurrence rates from Kopparapu et al. (2018) (i. e. , from the 13). For a better comparability between the HZ planet yield for FGK-type stars obtained in this paper and the yield published in Quanz et al. (2022), we use the same underlying stellar sample of FGK-type stars as in Quanz et al. (2022) in addition to the sample of Sun-like stars as defined in Bryson et al. (2021). Finally, we also go one step further than Quanz et al. (2022) and estimate the number of detected HZ planets that might indeed be habitable and harbor liquid surface water using the tool from Zsom (2015). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim concerning the detection of gases like methane and its association with evidence of life on exoplanets. Instead, it discusses the occurrence rates of rocky planets and their potential habitability, focusing on mission capabilities and various studies related to planet yields, without mentioning methane or any specific gases as indicators of life.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Excessive sugar consumption is linked to a higher risk of metabolic diseases. [SEP] Text: [ [PMID: 20407058] [37] Bermudez OI, Gao X. Greater consumption of sweetened beverages and added sugars is associated with obesity among US young adults. Metab 2010; 57(3-4): 211-8. [ [PMID: 21088388] [38]. Fruit drink consumption is associated with overweight and obesity in Canadian women. 2012; 103(3): 178-82. [ [PMID: 22905635] [39]. Sugar-sweetened and diet beverages in relation to visceral adipose tissue. Obesity (Silver Spring) 2012; 20(3): 689-91. [ [PMID: 21901024] [40]. Association between commercial and traditional sugar-sweetened beverages and measures of adiposity in Costa Rica. Nutr 2012; 15(8): 1347-54. [ [PMID: 22494394] [41] Jayalath VH, de Souza RJ, Ha V, et al. Sugar-sweetened beverage consumption and incident hypertension: A systematic review and meta-analysis of prospective cohorts. 2015; 102(4): 914-21. [ [PMID: 26269365] [42] és. Sugar-sweetened beverages and risk of metabolic syndrome and type 2 diabetes: A meta-analysis. 2010; 33(11): 2477-83. [ [PMID: 20693348] [43]. Prospective associations between sugar-sweetened beverage intakes and cardiometabolic risk factors in adolescents. 2013; 98(2): 327-34. [ [PMID: 23719557] [44]. Dietary sugars and body weight: Systematic review and meta-analyses of randomised controlled trials and cohort studies. BMJ 2012; 346: e7492. [ [PMID: 23321486] [45]. Metabolic syndrome: Definitions and controversies. BMC Med 2011; 9: 48. [ [PMID: 21542944] [46] Chait A, den Hartigh LJ. Adipose tissue distribution, inflammation and its metabolic consequences, including diabetes and cardiovascular disease. Med 2020; 7: 22. [ [PMID: 32158768] [47]. Etiology of metabolic syndrome and dietary intervention. 2018; 20(1): 128. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by referencing multiple studies that associate sugar consumption, particularly from sugar-sweetened beverages, with obesity and related metabolic risks. For instance, it mentions studies linking sugar-sweetened beverage consumption with hypertension, metabolic syndrome, and type 2 diabetes, thereby directly supporting the assertion that excessive sugar intake is connected to a higher risk of metabolic diseases.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: No health risks are involved for tourists traveling to space. [SEP] Text: ” A few participants voiced frustration about the fact that, other than promotional websites, little publicly accessible information was available about medical tourism clinics abroad. Beyond online sources, participants identified previous medical tourists or prior clients of the clinics abroad as another important source of information about procedures, health care facilities, and what generally to expect. The reason why participants placed great emphasis on becoming informed health care consumers was because it was reported that challenges could arise when caregiver-companions are not well informed about the trip or the medical procedure being accessed abroad. According to participants, being uninformed about key aspects of travel could bring about stress or other negative outcomes. Participants explained that caregiver-companions needed to have a sense of the full scope of the responsibilities they taken on while abroad, from changing wound dressings to locating foods that meet post-operative dietary requirements. They suggested this familiarity came through undertaking research and becoming as informed as possible prior to departure. It was also noted, though, that some caregiver-companions lacked the skills or time to do appropriate research and assess information about medical tourism. One participant commented that: …most people don’t have this sort of, well the skills…a lot of people don’t have the determination to do all this research [up front] so maybe a lot of people may end up choosing the wrong type of surgery and the wrong doctor and even though all their intentions are good and they want to be healthy, they have bad outcomes. This statement reflected the tension between participants’ emphasis on research and caregiver-companions’ potential inability to access quality information or interpret it effectively. It also drew together a link between medical tourists and caregiver-companions both becoming informed health care consumers, in that a caregiver-companion may be able to augment the information obtained by the care recipient while working together to both become informed health care consumers. Assess and avoid exposure to riskParticipants stressed the importance of attentiveness to safety risks, both in the destination at large and specifically in the clinic. They also provided advice concerning how to avoid these threats, which could come from sources as diverse as unscrupulous industry members or unsafe local surroundings. One participant offered the opinion that research was necessary to avoid these potential threats, describing the negative experiences that had been witnessed among or reported by other medical tourists and caregiver-companions while abroad: …they had no idea what it was about. They never looked into it. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by highlighting the health risks and challenges faced by medical tourists and their caregiver-companions. It emphasizes the need for thorough research to avoid negative outcomes and safety risks associated with medical tourism, illustrating that uninformed travelers could face significant health risks abroad. Participants shared that not being adequately informed could lead to bad outcomes, thereby suggesting that there are indeed health risks involved in traveling for medical procedures.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: The detection of gases like methane on exoplanets is often seen as strong evidence of life. [SEP] Text: Furthermore, we update our existing planet population synthesis code P-pop2 (Kammerer & Quanz 2018) to be able to marginalize over the uncertainties in the planet occurrence rate model and reflect these uncertainties in the final yield estimates. Compared to Quanz et al. (2022), we hence obtain more realistic uncertainties and also observe new effects on the observing sequence stemming from the spectral-type dependence of the planet occurrence rates. Future updates of our yield estimate code will include instrumental noise sources in addition to the astrophysical photon noise from stellar leakage, local and exozodiacal dust, and the capability of simulating revisits of promising targets. As outlined in Sect. 4. 2, this will further increase the expected HZ planet yield. We also use our new simulations to study the predicted HZ planet yield as a function of the most important instrumental and astrophysical mission parameters such as the mirror diameter, the total throughput, the spectral coverage, and the exozodiacal dust level. This parameter study enables deriving requirements on the instrument parameters that are driven by the science goals of the mission. Ultimately, this work enables a more direct comparison between thermal emission and reflected-light missions and demonstrates the scientific capabilities of a mission such as LIFE under the conservative assumption that life can only exist around Sun-like stars, given that the Earth is still the only habitable planet known to us. Fig. 1Distance (left), mass (middle left), radius (middle right), and effective temperature (right) distribution of the two stellar samples (Sun-like and FGK-type stars) considered in this work. Sun-like stars are defined as stars with an effective temperature between 4800 and 6300 K. They are a subsample of the FGK-type stars. 2 estimate the number of Earth-like exoplanets in the HZ of Sun-like and FGK-type stars that can be detected with LIFE, we simulated 1000 synthetic planet populations based on Kepler statistics around a sample of nearby (distance d < 20 pc) stars with effective temperatures between 4800–6300 K and 3940–7220 K, respectively. Then, we used LIFE sim (Dannert et al. 2022) to compute the required integration time for detecting each of the simulated planets assuming photon noise from stellar leakage, local zodiacal, and exozodiacal light. Similar as in Quanz et al. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is largely irrelevant to the claim as it discusses updates to planet population synthesis methods, simulations of exoplanet detection parameters, and characteristics of stars, without mentioning gases like methane or their relationship to evidence of life on exoplanets.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Excessive sugar consumption is linked to a higher risk of metabolic diseases. [SEP] Text: [ [PMID: 30602666] [48] Papier K, D’Este C, Bain C, et al. Consumption of sugar-sweetened beverages and type 2 diabetes incidence in Thai adults: Results from an 8-year prospective study. 2017; 7(6): e283. [ [PMID: 28628126] [49] Sugar-sweetened product consumption alters glucose homeostasis compared with dairy product consumption in men and women at risk of type 2 diabetes mellitus. J Nutr 2015; 145(3): 459-66. [ [PMID: 25733460] [50] -Lozada LG, et al. Sugar, uric acid, and the etiology of diabetes and obesity. Diabetes 2013; 62(10): 3307-15. [ [PMID: 24065788] [51] Khitan Z, Kim DH. Fructose: A key factor in the development of metabolic syndrome and hypertension. J 2013; 2013: 682673. [ [PMID: 23762544] [52] Single oral challenge by advanced glycation end products acutely impairs endothelial function in diabetic and nondiabetic subjects. 2007; 30(10): 2579-82. [ [PMID: 17496238] [53] Consumption of sweet beverages and type 2 diabetes incidence in European adults: Results from EPIC-InterAct. Diabetologia 2013; 56(7): 1520-30. [ [PMID: 23620057] [54] Löfvenborg Sweetened beverage intake and risk of latent autoimmune diabetes in adults (LADA) and type 2 diabetes. Endocrinol 2016; 175(6): 605-14. [ [PMID: 27926472] [55] Perez-ánchez-. Excessive fructose intake induces the features of metabolic syndrome in healthy adult men: Role of uric acid in the hypertensive response. Obes 2010; 34(3): 454-61. [ [PMID: 20029377] [56]. Serum uric acid levels were dynamically coupled with hemoglobin A1c in the development of type 2 diabetes. 2016; 6: 28549. [ [PMID: 27328642] [57]. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim as it discusses various studies that investigate the link between sugar consumption and metabolic diseases. For instance, it references research on the incidence of type 2 diabetes related to sugar-sweetened beverage consumption and mentions studies that connect fructose intake with metabolic syndrome. These points directly support the assertion that excessive sugar consumption is associated with a higher risk of metabolic diseases.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: No health risks are involved for tourists traveling to space. [SEP] Text: They kind of just paid their money and went and, I mean if they got good results it was good. But some of the doctors that they did go to weren’t very good. And the places they went to weren’t very good [in terms of quality and local safety]. According to this participant, medical tourists could be at risk of traveling to doctors and facilities that were low-quality, particularly if they failed to do adequate research. It was acknowledged that exposure to such facilities many not only have affected the person undergoing care but also the caregiver-companion, particularly when protocols that ensured safe and clean environments in clinics were lax. However, as noted in the previous section, medical tourists and their caregivers may not have been equipped to conduct research or they could have found it difficult to access reliable information. Thus, as many participants noted, they were vulnerable to potential threats to safety and other risks (e. g. , exposure to unclean environments, handling bandages and other medical waste with no protocols for safe disposal, lax patrolling of clinics by security personnel). Awareness of such risks prior to departure was strongly advised: “ensure that you are well aware of the risks that you are taking going overseas to get a medical procedure done. Yeah, it’s [becoming a caregiver-companion] not a decision that should be taken lightly. ”Some participants offered warnings for intended caregiver-companions about exposure to unscrupulous and thus risky business practices, including the wide variations in cost between facilities and destinations: “the end result is these companies [clinics, medical tourism facilitators, etc. ] can take advantage of you too, ‘cause the reality is they still have to make money. ” These warnings were framed around concerns for the safety of both caregiver-companions and medical tourists. Participants noted that industry members may not have considered political instability in the destination, local violence, poor clinical outcomes, and/or unsafe clinic environments as they were motivated by profit. The potential for encountering unreasonable prices was also mentioned as a financial risk: You have to be aware that you are giving people money and they are going to make money, so there are going to be rogues out there. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the various health and safety risks associated with medical tourism. It highlights the dangers related to seeking medical care in foreign facilities, including exposure to low-quality doctors and clinics, unclean environments, and lack of safety protocols. Phrases such as 'potential threats to safety and other risks' and 'ensure that you are well aware of the risks' illustrate the acknowledgement that there are indeed health risks involved, which opposes the claim that no health risks exist for space tourists.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: The detection of gases like methane on exoplanets is often seen as strong evidence of life. [SEP] Text: (2022), instrumental noise was not simulated, but we required a conservatively high signal-to-noise ratio (S/N) of 7 integrated over the full wavelength range for detection to account for unconsidered instrumental noise. This corresponds to a 5σ detection in a scenario in which photon noise dominates instrumental noise by a factor of 2. For each star in the stellar sample, we then computed the amount of time that it takes to detect each of the planets simulated around it. The integration time was then assigned to the different stars in the order of decreasing efficiency, where the most efficient observation is the one that detects the largest number of planets per integration time. By focusing on only a subset of the simulated planets, this enables constructing a single-visit observing sequence that maximizes the expected yield of Earth-like exoplanets in the HZ of their host stars, similar to the altruistic yield optimization routine in Stark et al. (2014a). By averaging over 1000 synthetic planet populations, we marginalized over different numbers and properties of simulated planets, orbital realizations, and exozodiacal dust levels. Re-visits to make use of the orbital motion of the planets and detect those that might have been too close to their host star to be resolved in the first visit were not simulated, but could further increase the estimated planet yield beyond the predictions in this work (see Sect. 4. 2). The individual steps of our simulations are outlined in the following sections. 2. 1 Stellar sample We used the same stellar sample as Quanz et al. (2022) as host stars for the synthetic planet populations. This sample consists of single and wide binary main-sequence stars within 20 pc from the Sun. The main focus of this work is the sample of Sunlike stars, defined as stars with an effective temperature between 4800 and 6300 K (roughly corresponding to main-sequence stars with spectral types between K3V and F7V) according to Bryson et al. (2021), but for better comparison with the yield estimates presented in Quanz et al. (2022), we also considered the sample of all FGK-type stars with effective temperatures between 3940 and 7220 K (of which Sun-like stars are a subsample). These samples consist of 154 Sun-like and 358 FGK-type stars, of which 141 and 316 are single stars, and the remaining 13 and 42 are wide binary stars, respectively. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim regarding the detection of gases like methane on exoplanets as evidence of life. Instead, it discusses the simulation of detecting planets around star samples and the parameters involved in the detection process. Since there is no mention of gases or their implications for life, the text is irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Excessive sugar consumption is linked to a higher risk of metabolic diseases. [SEP] Text: Dietary sugars and cardiometabolic risk: Systematic review and meta-analyses of randomized controlled trials of the effects on blood pressure and lipids. 2014; 100(1): 65-79. [ [PMID: 24808490] [58] Consuming fructose-sweetened, not glucose-sweetened, beverages increases visceral adiposity and lipids and decreases insulin sensitivity in overweight/obese humans. J 2009; 119(5): 1322-34. [ [PMID: 19381015] [59]. Glycemic load, glycemic index, and carbohydrate intake in relation to risk of cholecystectomy in women. Gastroenterology 2005; 129(1): 105-12. [ [PMID: 16012940] [60] Becerra-Tomás N, Paz-Graniel I, Tresserra-Rimbau A, et al. Fruit consumption and cardiometabolic risk in the -plus study: A cross-sectional analysis. 2021; 31(6): 1702-13. [ [PMID: 33838995] [61]. Fructose metabolism in humans - what isotopic tracer studies tell us. (Lond) 2012; 9(1): 89. [ [PMID: 23031075] [62] Tappy L, Lê KA. Metabolic effects of fructose and the worldwide increase in obesity. 2010; 90(1): 23-46. [ [PMID: 20086073] [63] Association between dietary patterns and plasma biomarkers of obesity and cardiovascular disease risk. 2001; 73(1): 61-7. [ [PMID: 11124751] [64]. Diet soda intake and risk of incident metabolic syndrome and type 2 diabetes in the Multi-of Atherosclerosis (MESA). 2009; 32(4): 688-94. [ [PMID: 19151203] [65] Contribution of minimally processed and ultra-processed foods to the cardiometabolic risk of Brazilian young adults: A cross-sectional study. 2021; 38(2): 328-36. [PMID: 33586992] [66]. Erratum: Consumption of whole grains and cereal fiber and total and cause-specific mortality: Prospective analysis of 367,442 individuals. BMC Med 2015; 13: 85. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by referencing studies that indicate the negative metabolic effects of sugar, particularly fructose. For example, it states that 'consuming fructose-sweetened, not glucose-sweetened, beverages increases visceral adiposity and lipids and decreases insulin sensitivity in overweight/obese humans,' which aligns with the claim's assertion that excessive sugar intake correlates with metabolic disease risk.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: No health risks are involved for tourists traveling to space. [SEP] Text: So you really have to do whatever you can to keep your knowledge of where you’re going and what you’re going to do and don’t go giving money unless you’re absolutely sure of what you’re getting. Medically necessary care in Canada was provided with no cost at the point of service (i. e. , it is covered through taxation), and so the participants we spoke with were not accustomed to paying directly for surgeries. Engaging in medical tourism therefore added a layer of financial risk to the existing medical risks associated with surgery abroad. In keeping with what was reported in the previous section, participants advised that caregiver-companions should have become aware of the potential for financial burden and have been prepared to make quick, yet financially significant, unexpected decisions while abroad. Anticipate the medical Tourist’s care needsParticipants advised that prospective caregiver-companions should have anticipated the care needs of the medical tourist before arriving at the clinic abroad, minimizing the stress involved in providing care and guarding against caregiver burden. Participants who did not adequately do this reported feeling unprepared at times for what was expected of them. It was specifically recommended that intended caregiver-companions should have: (1) been familiar with the medical tourist’s health status, and (2) considered the comfort and emotional support they would need to provide while abroad. Becoming familiar with the medical tourist’s health status before departure and while abroad was important because it was reported that clinic staff often asked caregiver-companions to report on symptom changes, pain levels, and overall improvement. With regard to anticipating the comfort and emotional support needs of medical tourists, participants suggested that intended caregiver-companions may have been able to do things in advance to prepare for this aspect of the caregiving experience. For example, they could have arranged to stay in touch with family at home or have brought a favourite snack or DVD of a beloved television series. Participants were often quick to mention that from their experiences and observations of others abroad, medical tourists’ care needs were individualized and varied from person to person. Many participants tempered their discussions of this aspect of advice with comments such as: “It [care needs] would depend on how far developed their condition is” or “what level of disability they have. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the medical risks associated with surgery abroad, as well as the emotional and comfort needs of medical tourists. It highlights that individuals engaging in medical tourism face various medical risks and stresses the importance of being aware of these needs, suggesting that there are indeed significant health risks involved.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: The detection of gases like methane on exoplanets is often seen as strong evidence of life. [SEP] Text: The distance, mass, radius, and effective temperature distribution of both samples is shown in Fig. 1. We note that α and B are not included in these samples. Fig. 2Fractional planet occurrence rate as a function of the host star effective temperature for the median model parameters of the model 1 hab2 stars low bound with uncertainty (hab2min) case from Table 1 of Bryson et al. (2021). We note that the average value of this function over Teff from 3900 to 6300 K is one. 2. 2 Planet population To generate the synthetic exoplanet populations, we used the publicly available planet population synthesis tool P-pop (Kammerer & Quanz 2018) with recent occurrence rate estimates for rocky planets from Bryson et al. (2021), which are based on the Kepler DR25 planet candidate catalog (Thompson et al. 2018) and Gaia-based stellar properties (2018). Here, we consider two cases: the model 1 hab2 stars low bound (hab2min) and the model 1 hab2 stars high bound (hab2max), both with uncertainty, from Table 1 of Bryson et al. (2021). The low and high bounds refer to different extrapolation scenarios for orbital periods beyond 500 days, for which data supporting completeness characterization are not available in Kepler DR25 (Thompson et al. 2018). A conservative extrapolation is given by the low-bound scenario, in which completeness for orbital periods beyond 500 days is set to the completeness at 500 days, whereas an optimistic extrapolation is given by the high-bound scenario, in which completeness beyond 500 days is set to zero. Moreover, we decided to consider the hab2 stars sample because it is based on a larger number of planet candidates and on a wider range of stellar effective temperatures. This sample contains 68 885 stars with effective temperatures ranging from 3900 to 6300 K. Bryson et al. (2021) removed poorly characterized, binary, evolved stars, and stars whose observations were not well suited for long-period transit searches from the sample, as outlined in Sect. 3. 1 of their paper. The majority of the 68 885 remaining stars in the sample has radii smaller than 1. 35 R⊙, as recommended by Burke & Catanzarite (2017), but instead of a radius cut, Bryson et al. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text provided is irrelevant to the claim about the detection of gases like methane on exoplanets being seen as evidence of life. It focuses on statistical details regarding the distance, mass, radius, and effective temperature distribution of exoplanets, as well as methodologies for generating synthetic exoplanet populations. There is no mention of gas detection or its implications for the existence of life.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Excessive sugar consumption is linked to a higher risk of metabolic diseases. [SEP] Text: 2020; 21(1): 17-33. [ [PMID: 31808043] [77] -. Associations between fasting duration, timing of first and last meal, and cardiometabolic endpoints in the national health and nutrition examination survey. Nutrients 2021; 13(8): 2686. [ [PMID: 34444846] & :Pattern among Individuals: A Volume: 19 Issue: 1 Author(s): Chiang, Azrina Azlan*Barakatun-Yusof Affiliation: Department of Nutrition, Faculty of Medicine and : Noncommunicable diseases, cardiometabolic risk factors, metabolic syndrome, dietary sugar, sugar-sweetened beverages, adult. Abstract: Background: The global prevalence of noncommunicable diseases has risen rapidly over the past decade. Research has focused on dietary management, particularly dietary sugar, to prevent and treat noncommunicable diseases. Objective: This study undertakes a scoping review of research on the impacts of dietary sugar on cardiometabolic related health outcomes. Methods: Ovid Medline, Scopus and Web of collection databases were used to identify papers published from January 1, 2010 onwards. The included studies had to be cross-sectional or cohort studies, peered review, published in English and in adults, aged 18 years old and above. 10. 2174/1573399818666220324095435 DOI Print ISSN1573-3998 1875-6417 this journal Call for Papers in Submission closes on : 05 November, 2024 Wound Healing: Mechanisms and recent years, diabetic wounds have become a global health concern with an increase in the incidence of diabetes. Diabetic wounds are a kind of chronic and refractory ulcer. It is generally due to microcirculatory disturbances and reduced levels of endogenous growth factors. Delayed cutaneous wound healing is a chronic. . . read more Guest Editor(s): Dr. Submission closes on : 30 November, 2024 Oxidative and in the Development of Complications Diabetes, along with its associated secondary complications, represents a significant global health challenge, contributing significantly to morbidity and mortality. Unhealthy lifestyle habits, reduced physical activity, environmental pollutants, and stress are pivotal factors in the onset of diabetes, particularly type-2 diabetes. Poorly managed hyperglycemia can lead to various complications, including neuropathy,. . . read more Guest Editor(s): Dr. Kota V. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim as it discusses the rising global prevalence of noncommunicable diseases and emphasizes the focus on dietary sugar management to prevent these diseases. It specifically mentions that dietary sugar is linked to cardiometabolic health outcomes, thus supporting the assertion that excessive sugar consumption is tied to a higher risk of metabolic diseases.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: No health risks are involved for tourists traveling to space. [SEP] Text: ” Thus, no standard advice was offered with regard to anticipating care needs or determining whether or not they were met. Further, participants noted that caregiver-companions’ roles could be very hands-on and emotionally involved, and that this too should have been anticipated. As one participant explained, caregiver-companions need to be “comfortable with this person [medical tourist] because it can be very personal of what [care and support] needs to be done” and that such comfort was important in order to have provided compassionate, intimate, and understanding care. Familiarize yourself with important logisticsDrawing on their own experiences of transnational caregiving, several participants advised that caregiver-companions needed to become familiar with travel logistics and anticipated recovery timelines. They advised prospective caregivers to be informed about logistical matters such as arranging flights, ground transportation, and hotel bookings. Doing so enabled smooth transitions between locations and addressing necessary schedule changes should surgical recovery have happened faster or slower than anticipated. One participant explained that caregiver-companions “have a big role to play in taking care of a lot of the practical details if you do your homework on it, and you probably can’t do too much of that. ” The same participant suggested that talking to prior medical tourists who had undergone the same procedure in the same facility would have been a useful way to get details about anticipated timelines and logistics. This comment was echoed by several other participants who said that caregiver-companions should have gotten “as much information ahead of time of what’s happening and, you know, the timelines. ” With regard to timelines, participants suggested that caregiver-companions could even have requested information on scheduled appointment times in the clinic in advance of arrival so that they would know what to expect and how appointment schedules may have impacted their own daily routines. Protect your healthWhile most of the advice participants offered was aimed at better supporting medical tourists and taking steps that could indirectly improve caregiver-companions’ health and safety, a few participants noted that it was important for caregiver-companions to take concrete measures that directly protected their own health. However, this was the piece of advice least commonly offered by participants. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by highlighting that participants discussed the importance of caregiver-companions taking measures to protect their health during medical tourism, which implies potential health risks. The mention of needing to be informed about logistics and timelines further suggests that travelers may face challenges that can impact their health and safety.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: The detection of gases like methane on exoplanets is often seen as strong evidence of life. [SEP] Text: (2021) opted for a physically motivated selection based on the evolutionary flag, leaving 6. 8% of stars with radii larger than 1. 35 R⊙ in the sample. They did not apply a transit duration cut at 15 h either, as is done in the Kepler pipeline, because a significant fraction of the stars in the hab2 sample has transit durations of more than 15 h at the outer edge of the optimistic HZ. However, they noted that longer transit durations either have a small impact on the detection completeness or decrease it so that their impact falls within the considered low- and high-bound cases. We focused on model 1 because it has more parameters to trace the dependence of the planet occurrence rate on the stellar effective temperature. This dependence is illustrated for the hab2min case in Fig. 2. et al. (2021) mentioned that the dependence of the planet occurrence rate on the spectral type is not statistically significant and thus only a tentative detection, we are aware that including this spectral-type dependence in our simulations may introduce biases in our results. However, because the planet occurrence rate is assumed to be increasing with increasing stellar effective temperature while the number of stars in our stellar sample is decreasing with increasing stellar effective temperature, our simulations should still be on the conservative side. The two considered cases also account for the uncertainties in the planet candidate radius, instellation flux (i. e. , host star flux incident on the planet), and host star effective temperature and are described by the planet distribution model, (1) where N is the average number of planets per star, Rp is the planet radius, Fp is the planet instellation flux, T = Teff/T⊙ with Teff the host star effective temperature and T⊙ = 5778 K the effective temperature of the Sun, and (2) We note that N0, α, β, and γ are the model parameters from Table 1 of Bryson et al. (2021), and C was chosen so that (3) if averaged over Teff from 3900 to 6300 K, where R⊕ is the radius of the Earth and F⊕ is the instellation flux received by the Earth. This means that the planet occurrence rate integrated over Rp from 0. 5 to 2. 5 R⊕ and Fp from 0. 2 to 2. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim about the detection of gases like methane on exoplanets or their implications for evidence of life. Instead, it discusses the methodology related to planet occurrence rates and various factors influencing the detection of exoplanets, which is not directly relevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Excessive sugar consumption is linked to a higher risk of metabolic diseases. [SEP] Text: of Endocrine and > Vol. 12 No. 8, August 2022 Sugar Shenanigans: Curbing the Epidemic in Children and Adolescents () Amy Krazl, School of Nursing and. DOI: 10. 4236/ojemd. 2022. 128014 138 Downloads 1,067 Views 13. Data was gathered from pre- and post-tests and “Questionnaire” surveys for both participants and parents/guardians of the participants. Data was analyzed using one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) statistics. Results: A total of 54 participants met the criteria to be surveyed. Scores displayed an overall mean improvement from 9. 89 average correct pretest answers to 12. 52 correct posttest answers. Based on a 36-hour dietary recall, participants consumed more fruit and vegetables one-month post-presentation compared to the numbers reported prior to the presentation. According to the “Questionnaire” 61% of participants reported a positive or healthy change in their eating habits, and 48% reported being fed healthier foods following the program. Conclusions: An educational program to increase knowledge and promote reduction of the excessive consumption of sugar by participants and their parents/guardians resulted in improved understanding and a change in dietary habits. and Cite: Krazl, A. and Mailow, T. (2022) Sugar Shenanigans: Curbing the Epidemic in Children and Adolescents. of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, 12, 184-195. doi: 10. 4236/ojemd. 2022. 128014. 1. consumption of added sugar is one of the most influential and troubling realities concerning diet today. The average daily sugar intake of a child is more than triple the amount recommended by the Association [1]. Short- and long-term health problems related to excess sugar consumption, including obesity, cardiovascular disease, among many others, affect the functionality and success of both the current and future generations [2]. An educational program, entitled “Sugar Shenanigans” was delivered in effort to achieve the aim of this study: educate and empower the child and adolescent population to increase knowledge and improve dietary practices. (AHA) strongly recommends that children ages 2 to 18 consume less than six teaspoons (<25 grams) of added sugar per day [3]. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by stating that 'Short- and long-term health problems related to excess sugar consumption, including obesity, cardiovascular disease, among many others,' which supports the assertion that excessive sugar intake is linked to higher risks of metabolic diseases. Additionally, the text discusses an educational program aimed at reducing the excessive consumption of sugar, highlighting the significant impact of sugar on health.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: No health risks are involved for tourists traveling to space. [SEP] Text: For example, it was advised that caregiver-companions should have guarded against the physical demands of caregiving by avoiding activities that were overly strenuous while abroad, or planned ahead for such physical strain by becoming familiar with properly performing assistive lifts. Several noted the physical toll that lifting someone with a mobility impairment had in their own experience, particularly in unfamiliar settings such as hotel rooms and/or airplanes. Thus, they drew on their own caregiving experiences in suggesting that prospective caregivers needed to be aware of the physical demands of caregiving. A few others highlighted the need for caregiver-companions to become informed about travel medicine and undertake necessary precautions to protect their health in this regard: “I think that the most important thing is probably that you have your shots before you go and that the doctors, the GPs [general practitioners] will tell you that, any travel people will tell you that. ” That said, only a few participants discussed actually having undertaken the recommended travel medicine precautions. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the physical demands and health precautions necessary for caregivers traveling, which implies that there are health risks involved for those traveling, including in unfamiliar settings. Specifically, it mentions the physical toll of caregiving and the importance of being informed about travel medicine to protect health, which suggests that travel can involve health risks.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: The detection of gases like methane on exoplanets is often seen as strong evidence of life. [SEP] Text: 2 F⊕ for a given host star with effective temperature Teff is given by (4) where (5) is the inverse of the average of the host star effective temperature-dependent part of Eq. (1). Hence, for each star in our sample, we drew a random number of planets from a Poisson distribution with mean and randomly distribute the planet radius and instellation flux according to Eq. (1) by feeding uniformly distributed random numbers between 0 and 1 into the normalized inverse cumulative distribution functions of the planet radius- and instellation flux-dependent parts of Eq. (1). Then, we repeated this step 1000 times to simulate 1000 synthetic planet populations. We marginalized over the uncertainties in the model parameters N0, α, β, and γ by drawing a random set of parameters for each of the 1000 synthetic planet populations from the Markov-chain (MCMC) posteriors of Bryson et al. (2021) (obtained via private communication). This approach enables reflecting the uncertainties in the underlying planet distribution in our final yield estimates. The uncertainties introduced by drawing from a Poisson distribution are given by and are negligible compared to those in the underlying planet distribution. Based on results from Kraus et al. (2016), we scaled the planet occurrence rate around close binary stars with separations < 50 au to 30% of the nominal rate around single stars. Unlike in Quanz et al. (2022), we did not apply a multiplanet system stability criterion to ensure that a randomly drawn planetary system is stable. The reason for this choice is that if a high value () is drawn for N0 from the MCMC posterior of Bryson et al. (2021), it takes too long to randomly draw a stable multiplanet system (because a very dense and regular orbital period and planet mass spacing would be required). Moreover, redrawing multiplanet systems until they happen to be stable leads to deviations of the simulated from the desired planet radius and instellation flux distributions and biases these distributions toward smaller planets and more widely spaced orbits. Part of this problem might also be the tail of high planet occurrence rates in the MCMC posterior distribution itself, which could predict too many planets within a given orbital period range for a system to be stable. This might be the case because Bryson et al. (2021) did not perform a system stability analysis when they derived their planet occurrence rates. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses methods for simulating synthetic planet populations and uncertainties in planetary distribution without addressing the detection of gases like methane or its implications for life on exoplanets.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Excessive sugar consumption is linked to a higher risk of metabolic diseases. [SEP] Text: Added sugar is defined as “all sugars used as ingredients in processed and prepared foods, and sugars eaten separately or added to foods at the table” [4]. of Agriculture (USDA) 2020-2025 state that “most Americans have less than eight percent of calories available for added sugars” [5]. In contrast, children are found to consume on average more than 81 grams of sugar per day [6], approximately 19 teaspoons per day. The most prominent sources of childhood sugar consumption include intake of drinks and desserts/snacks [4]. There is strong evidence that the effects of added sugar are overwhelmingly negative. Added sugar contributes zero nutrients to the body [7], and these “empty” calories do not simply disappear. The direct risk of obesity associated with increased sugar consumption is evident [2]. Increased insulin resistance, caused by a pattern of excessive sugar consumption, contributes to excessive weight gain and is found to contribute to diagnosis of diabetes [8]. Excess insulin may also lead to leptin resistance, which causes sluggishness and overeating due to decreased feelings of fullness [1]. Sugar-sweetened beverages (SSBs) specifically are on the radar of sugar researchers to be a significant root cause of obesity [9]. Data also shows that the excess of added sugar not only promotes low quality calorie intake and higher weight, it may put one at higher risk for other diseases such as cardiovascular disease, cognitive problems (i. e. , dementia, Alzheimer’s), various forms of cancers, and others [2]. Additional risks may include high blood pressure, cholesterol, high triglyceride levels, kidney disease, liver disease and sensory nerve, retina and muscle damage [2]. Due to an overwhelming large number of calories consumed by sugar, children are more at risk for nutritional deficits in other areas. Included in these insufficiencies are iron deficiency, decreased bone health [10], dental caries [10], thyroid and hormone imbalances [11]. In addition to other nutritional deficiencies, children are at risk for addiction to sugar, as it has been studied that “sugar causes changes in peoples’ brains similar to those in people addicted to drugs such as cocaine and alcohol” [1]. This is in stark contrast to the outcome of eating a balanced diet, where the brain releases a consistent amount of dopamine each time foods are eaten [12]. There are many strategies to curb the childhood sugar intake today. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by detailing the negative effects of excessive sugar consumption, noting that increased sugar intake contributes to obesity, insulin resistance, and is linked to a higher risk of metabolic diseases such as diabetes. It states, 'The direct risk of obesity associated with increased sugar consumption is evident,' and mentions how excessive sugar may lead to conditions like high blood pressure and cholesterol, which are associated with metabolic diseases. The overall message that excessive sugar raises the risk of various health issues reinforces the claim.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: No health risks are involved for tourists traveling to space. [SEP] Text: 8% for chlamydia (Gratrix, Payne, et al. , 2019). Federal correctional guidelines dictate that incarcerated people should be offered voluntary screening and risk-based testing for STDs (sic) on admission (of Canada, 2019). Nonetheless, it is likely that a lack of comprehensive STBBI testing in both federal and provincial corrections contributes to high rates of infectious disease transmission. Other factors include a lack of timely follow-up and contact notification for positive results, information and data platforms that are separate from provincial health databases, and insufficient communication between correctional facilities and community healthcare settings during arrest, incarceration, or release. For example, federal reintegration programs address issues such as housing, education and social programs, but do not explicitly address the handover of public health interventions (of Canada, 2019). Crowding in limited shared space facilitates contact between incarcerated people, creating opportunities for high risk sexual behaviours or needle sharing. Delays in medical care due to security procedures can further increase transmission of infections within incarceration facilities (Flanigan & Beckwith, 2011). Interruption of medical care during admission and on release can also have deleterious effects on infectious disease treatment. However, there are successful examples of STBBI health care provision in international correctional facilities, even those that are overcrowded and have frequent movement in and out of facilities. Flanigan et al. describe a collaboration between incarceration facilities and Brown University’s School to offer opt-out HIV testing on admission; rapid testing within the facility; clinical services after diagnosis; and a facilitated release program in which medical care providers, social and outreach workers act as a case management team to ensure consistency of medical care and linkage to community-based services (Flanigan et al. , 2009). Harm reduction services in Canadian correctional facilitiesMobility in and out of incarceration can also expose justice-involved women to risks arising from substance use or sex that take place in facilities. Substance use is prevalent in Canadian corrections, despite efforts to prevent use and reduce availability of illicit drugs (of Canada, 2019; of Canada, 2018). Harm reduction policies and practices for substance use vary in Canadian provincial, territorial, and federal facilities, despite evidence supporting the value of such programs (Glauser, 2013). Correctional legislation and policies often have a zero tolerance approach to drug possession, and possession of needles, outside of certain circumstances (Office of the Correctional Investigator, 2019). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing various health risks and challenges faced by individuals in correctional facilities, including the transmission of infectious diseases, the implications of high-risk behaviors, and barriers to effective healthcare provision. Although the text does not directly reference space travel, it highlights the existence of significant health risks in a specific context, suggesting that the assertion of 'no health risks' for any form of travel is misleading.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: The detection of gases like methane on exoplanets is often seen as strong evidence of life. [SEP] Text: While we end up with a significant fraction of unstable multiplanet systems, it is important to note that the stability of the systems is completely irrelevant for our yield estimates because LIFEsim treats each individual planet as a separate observation and we did not consider revisits, on which the orbital motion of multiplanet systems would have an impact. Instead, it is only relevant that we simulate a planet population whose combined planet radius and instellation flux distributions match those predicted by Bryson et al. (2021). After the synthetic planets were generated, we assigned them randomly oriented (but coplanar within a system) circular orbits and uniformly distributed Bond and geometric albedos between 0 and 0. 8 (mean 0. 4) and 0 and 0. 1 (mean 0. 05), respectively. We note that we assumed the wavelength-dependent geometric albedo to be constant over the entire LIFE wavelength regime, but because we considered wavelengths longer than 3 µm, the reflected host star light (and therefore the geometric albedo) is negligible compared to the thermal emission, at least for the small and mature planets that are of interest here. All planets were considered to emit like blackbodies with a radius Rp and an effective temperature Tp that depends on the luminosity of their host star, their Bond albedo, and their orbital separation, similar as in Kammerer & Quanz (2018). Moreover, to account for the photon noise from exozodiacal light, we assigned each planetary system a randomly drawn zodi level according to either the nominal (median of ~3 zodi) or the pessimistic (median of ~12 zodi) exozodi level distributions from the HOSTS survey (Ertel et al. 2018, 2020). Table 1Definition of the three types of exoplanets with their occurrence rate considered in this work: rocky planets within the opt HZ, rocky planets within the con HZ, and exo-Earth candidates (ECCs). 2. 3 Habitable zones The HZ is commonly defined as the region around a star in which liquid surface water can exist on a rocky planet that has an atmospheric composition and climate stability feedback similar to our own Earth (Huang 1959; Hart 1978; Kasting et al. 1993; Kasting & Catling 2003). Previous works (2019; Gaudi et al. 2020; Quanz et al. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text discusses the methodology involved in simulating exoplanet systems and their characteristics but does not address the detection of gases such as methane or the implications of such detections for the existence of life. Therefore, it is irrelevant to the claim about methane being evidence of life.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Excessive sugar consumption is linked to a higher risk of metabolic diseases. [SEP] Text: A total of 34 responses to the “Level Questionnaire” were acquired. 94. 1% of parents reported that their child mentioned “Sugar Shenanigans” at least once. 67. 6% of children were said to have brought up the program more than one time. 28 of the 34 stated their children had a fairly positive or extremely positive reaction to the presentation, and there were 0 negative reactions reported. Over half of the children expressed interest in changing their unhealthy eating habits to their parents. 50% of the parents reported that their child voluntarily ate less added sugar, ate less “junk foods” or requested more fruits and/or vegetables. Most parents also encouraged these diet changes, documented by 70. 6%. One third of parents/guardians stated to have improved their own diet Table 3. 36-Hour dietary recall by participants. as well (consumed less added sugars, less “junk food” or more fruits and/or vegetables). 94. 11% reported no development of excessive concern about weight or diet due to the program. 100% of respondents agreed that children should be educated about the benefits of healthy eating and the dangers of added sugar consumption. 4. the investigative portion of this study, it was found that excess sugar consumption is both a current problem and a dangerous reality. There are far too many in the U. S. population unaware of the high levels of sugar they ingest and the subsequent health effects. The goal of this study was to not only assess the baseline knowledge regarding sugar consumption and health effects in children and to educate in an interactive way in order to bring about health changes. It was determined with evidence-based research that an educational program in schools would provide an appropriate avenue for information to be delivered. Participants in this study were able to tangibly view the facts through the presentation portion, an activity involving a fictional child’s dietary intake, and in the demonstration of food/drink sugar content. The demonstration revealed how beverages and desserts are indeed the largest contributing factors to added sugar in the diet [4]. Following the “Sugar Shenanigans” presentation, results support the use of verbal and visual education in schools in order to increase awareness and improve diet surrounding the topics of sugar and nutrition. There was a marked increase from pretest to posttest scores, and ANOVA results displayed a statistically significant outcome. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by stating that 'excess sugar consumption is both a current problem and a dangerous reality' and highlights that there are many in the U.S. population unaware of the high levels of sugar they ingest and the subsequent health effects. This suggests a link between excessive sugar consumption and health issues, aligning with the claim about metabolic diseases.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: No health risks are involved for tourists traveling to space. [SEP] Text: Seen as a whole, justice-involved women’s mobility in and out of correctional facilities is a significant driver of STBBI epidemics in Canada. Despite this fact, there are currently no available standards or recommendations for STBBI public health and healthcare in correctional environments in Canada, nor are there guidelines on the handover of public health interventions at incarceration or on release. There is also a lack of regularly collected, publicly available data regarding STBBIs in federal and provincial/territorial correctional facilities, making it more difficult to develop evidence-based interventions and policies. The development of public health interventions that recognize the mobility of justice-involved women– and its deleterious effects – could reduce healthcare inequalities, thereby improving public health and many lives. As others have argued in different contexts, a gender transformative approach to public health for justice-involved women is necessary to address the root causes of health inequities (Bloom, 2005). This involves “address[ing] gender as an element of a social system and structure” (Pederson et al. , 2015, pg. 146), centering justice-involved women’s life experiences, rights, p30. Bloom, B. (2005). Gender responsive strategies : Research, practice, and guiding principles for women offenders. Excellence in Justice Symposium. 11. Y. , Miller, J. , Sandhu, J. , Leon, A. , & Aho, J. (2018). Infectious and congenital syphilis in Canada, 2010–2015. Disease Report, 44(2), 43–48. of = de Sante Publique, 109(3), 353–361. 127. J. , Smyczek, P. , Bertholet, L. , Lee, M. C. , Pyne, D. , Woods, D. , Courtney, K. , & Ahmed, R. (2019). A cross-sectional evaluation of opt-in testing for sexually transmitted and blood-borne infections in three Canadian provincial correctional facilities: A missed opportunity for public health. of Prisoner Health, 15(3), 273–281. Taxman, F. S. , Rhodes, A. G. , O’Connell, D. , … Friedmann, P. D. (2012). Limiting options: Sex ratios, incarceration rates, and sexual risk behavior among people on probation and parole. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses health issues related to justice-involved women and STBBIs in correctional facilities in Canada, with no mention of tourists or space travel. Therefore, it does not provide any information that could support, contrast, or directly relate to the claim about health risks associated with space travel.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: The detection of gases like methane on exoplanets is often seen as strong evidence of life. [SEP] Text: 2022) considered an optimistic HZ (opt HZ) based on the so-called early Mars and recent Venus scenarios and a conservative HZ (con HZ) based on the so-called maximum greenhouse and runaway greenhouse scenarios from Kopparapu et al. (2014). These scenarios define two different planet instellation flux ranges for the HZ. We note that both opt HZ limits take the luminosity evolution of the Sun into account, which was fainter during the epochs when Venus and Mars provided habitable conditions. For the present-day solar luminosity, these insolation limits correspond to separations of 0. 75 and 1. 77 au, respectively, excluding Venus from the opt HZ, but including Mars. The planet radius range of the HZ is usually defined as 0. 5 R⊕ ≤ Rp ≤ 1. 5 R⊕. A third case called exo-Earth candidates (EECs) with a planet instellation flux range similar to the con HZ but with a tighter planet radius range has also been considered, however. For this case of EECs, the lower limit of the radius range is given by where ap is the planet semi-major axis in units of au (see Stark et al. 2019), so that planets closer to the star are required to have a larger radius in order to be able to hold on to an atmosphere and be potentially habitable. For better comparability with other works, we adopt the same three definitions of the HZ. They are also described in more detail in Table 1. Proper interpretation of the final yield estimates requires understanding of detection biases introduced by the range of simulated planets that only partially overlap with the HZs. The planet population from Bryson et al. (2021) simulates planet radii between 0. 5 and 2. 5 R⊕ and planet instellation fluxes between 0. 2 and 2. 2 F⊕. It therefore covers the entire con HZ, opt HZ, and the parameter space defined as exo-Earth candidates (see Fig. 3). However, the planet population from Kopparapu et al. (2018) that was used in Quanz et al. (2022) only simulates planet orbital periods between 0. 5 and 500 days. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses various definitions of habitable zones (HZ) and simulations of planet conditions without mentioning the detection of gases like methane or the implications of such detections for evidence of life on exoplanets.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Excessive sugar consumption is linked to a higher risk of metabolic diseases. [SEP] Text: Children were made more aware of their need for diet intervention when eating too much sugar, and they were empowered with the knowledge to facilitate change. These results were determined by both quantitative analysis and subjective qualitative responses. In addition to positive quantitative responses, the subjectively showed that children had an overall positive and impactful experience. Using all parts of data collected, the majority of children indicated some degree of diet improvement and sugar reduction. Not only did their knowledge improve directly following the presentation, but they retained and implemented what was learned in their daily lives. One seventh grader wrote, “[After the presentation,] I ate more fruits/veggies. I ate better snacks and less candy. ” Multiple children stated they ate fewer sweets. “I don’t eat Ho-Hos anymore” said a third grader. One child wrote, “I check the nutrition facts label before eating something”. Some responses stated that the child stopped drinking soda or generally consumed fewer SSBs. Almost all children reported that they talked with their families about “Sugar Shenanigans”. One stated that she and her family talked about, “How we would do it”. By this, the child meant that they discussed the strategy to be used as a family to implement a better lifestyle. Children reported to have communicated about the correct level of sugar and how the excessive level consumed often goes unnoticed. A child from fourth grade wrote that her family said, “We need to have at least 1 fruit or vegetable in our lunches”. The children also talked about this program with their friends. One fourth grader recorded that he talked with his friends about not drinking apple juice anymore (due to its sugary and refined nature). See supplementary material for additional participant data. Many recounted that, after the presentation, their parents cooked healthier meals and provided more vegetables in meals. A fifth-grade girl reported, “My mom gives me more smoothies with vegetables”. Another direct quotation read, “My parents gave me more fruits and veggies”. There were many quotes similar to this response. One question asked whether or not there were any new types of foods that were eaten or tried in the past month. Many confirmed a positive response. One child said, “Instead of chips, we now eat dried fruits”. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by demonstrating that children who learned about sugar consumption showed a clear reduction in their intake of sugary foods and drinks. It discusses how they retained knowledge on diet improvement and implemented changes in their daily lives, such as eating more fruits and vegetables and reducing the consumption of processed sugary snacks and drinks. These behavioral changes suggest an awareness of the potential risks associated with excessive sugar consumption, which aligns with the claim that such consumption is linked to a higher risk of metabolic diseases.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Eco-friendly fashion is always more affordable than traditional fashion. [SEP] Text: friendly design and realization of a bioflax bag bfb by infusion technology Submit manuscript. . . Journal of eISSN: 2574-8114 & Research 576. DOI: 10. 15406/jteft. 2017. 03. 00087 composite BfB bag, based on a commercial green epoxy resin and flax textile, has been designed and realized by using vacuum infusion process. Different polymer matrices, natural textiles and respective composites have been preliminary analyzed, manufactured and experimentally characterized in order to set properly the optimal bag materials. Various geometries and accessories have been selected and examined to ensure easy bag opening and to optimize its design allowing demonstrating the feasibility of a novel eco-friendly hand bag by infusion technology that is a low cost process manufacturing usually adopted for naval and automotive components. Keywords: bioepoxy, flax, composites, infusion resins and respective composites are widely used for several industrial applications, ranging from aeronautical, automotive to civil architecture and sportive goods providing many advantages over traditional reinforcing materials such as light weight coupled with high mechanical properties, resistance to aggressive chemical agents and impermeability to water. 1-3 Other important characteristics of composites include: unlimited capability to be molded and perfect adaptability to the original shape of the structural element that need to be reinforced; non invasive installation, low tooling and machinery costs, possibility to repair the structure without interrupting its utilization by users. More recently, the development and the adoption of reinforced biocomposites based on natural fibers (flax, jute, hemp, and cotton) have been gained significant research interest due the growing ecological consciousness and new specific legislative requirements regarding environmental protection and recycling of materials. 4-5 These materials, in fact, come from renewable sources, are easily recoverable or degradable for end use. Natural fibre-reinforced biocomposites have been especially used for applications where not structural characteristics are required. 6 Natural fibers compared to traditional synthetic fibers, such as carbon or glass, have many advantages: lower costs, easily accessible and abundant in nature, low chemical risk for operators, biodegradable and biocompatible, recyclable with various matrices, density less than or equal to synthetic fibers, source of income for agricultural producers. The main advantage of natural fibers is related to the low energy required for their production. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by highlighting that natural fibers, which are eco-friendly, have many advantages including 'lower costs' compared to traditional synthetic fibers. However, it does not universally state that eco-friendly fashion is always more affordable than traditional fashion as it varies based on specific materials and applications. Thus, while mentioning potential cost benefits, it implies that the affordability can depend on various factors, contradicting the absolute nature of the claim.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: The detection of gases like methane on exoplanets is often seen as strong evidence of life. [SEP] Text: When this is converted into planet instellation flux for the stars in the FGK-type sample, it does not cover a significant part of the HZ around earlier-type stars (see the opt HZ and con HZ regions that do not overlap with the Q21 region in Fig. 3). This needs to be kept in mind when yield estimates from this work are compared to those in Quanz et al. (2022). Fig. 3HZs considered in this work in the planet instellation flux vs. host star effective temperature plane. The region with dashed black edge shows the parameter space in which planets are simulated in this work using the Bryson et al. (2021) planet occurrence rates. The region with solid black and shaded edge shows the parameter space in which planets are simulated in Quanz et al. (2022). The black symbols highlight the positions of the Earth, Mars, and Venus in this figure, and the dashed red region shows the parameters space of Sun-like stars according to Bryson etal. (2021). Table 2Mission parameters adopted for the space-based nulling interferometer. 2. 4 Mission parameters The mission parameters adopted for the space-based nulling interferometer are the same as in Quanz et al. (2022) and can be found in Table 2. The array architecture is based on Cockell et al. (2009) and consists of four free-flying collector spacecraft that send their light to a fifth beam-combiner spacecraft. For the collector spacecraft mirror diameter and the wavelength coverage, we considered three different scenarios (pessimistic, reference, and optimistic). In the remainder of this work, these three scenarios are only referred to with their corresponding mirror diameters (1, 2, and 3. 5 m), and the corresponding wavelength regimes are adopted implicitly. We note that in addition to the mirror diameter, the total throughput (here assumed to be 5%) also has a strong impact on the final yield estimates. While 5% is a rather conservative choice (the (LBTI) currently achieves a total throughput of ~11% at 11 µ m; Quanz et al. 2022), the dependence of the predicted planet yield on the total throughput and also the mirror diameter are more closely investigated in Sect. 4. 1. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim regarding the detection of gases like methane on exoplanets as evidence of life. Instead, it discusses planet instellation flux and mission parameters for a space-based nulling interferometer, which is unrelated to the claim about methane and life detection.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Excessive sugar consumption is linked to a higher risk of metabolic diseases. [SEP] Text: Further research should include more resources on how to tangibly correct unhealthy habits and implement healthy eating. Children, especially those that are young, are not able to make many dietary changes without the help of their parents. The researcher should consider ways to better enact this change in the future. An overall increase in research must be done regarding the harmful and negative effects on sugar. Although there is a solid base of knowledge in the present day, more should be done on the impending side effects of overconsumption of sugar. 5. has been found to be an empty source of nutrition that threatens the health of children. It was evident from this study that an educational program was effective in increasing the knowledge of children about the danger and consumption of sugar. The posttest results, along with the child and parental impact level questionnaires, show evidence of increased knowledge and a sustained, improved diet. Because overall data was proven to be effective and statistically significant, this educational program can be used in future educational programs. Similar studies should be performed in order to educate a broader population. This will allow more children to be instructed regarding this topic, leading to betterment of general health, increased longevity and improved quality of life. paper would not have been possible without the generous support and guidance of my mentor, Dr. Tonia Mailow. Her voice of reason and expertise has kept me on course for the publication of this paper. This research was partially supported by the of Nursing and Health Professions. Special thanks to Dr. and Dr. from the who contributed greatly to the revisal and approval of this paper. We are grateful to all of the staff at School for encouraging participation in this project. Conflicts of authors declare no conflicts of interest regarding the publication of this paper. 2025. 9th Edition, U. S. Department of Health and Human Services. [6] Association (2018) Added Sugars. [7] U. S. Department of Agriculture and U. S. Department of Health and (2016) for Americans, 2015-2020—on Added Sugars. 8th Edition. [8] Welsh, J. A. , Sharma, A. , Cunningham, S. A. and Vos, M. B. (2011) Consumption of and Indicators of Risk among US Adolescents. Circulation, 123, 249-257. [9] Hu, F. B. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by highlighting the need for increased research on the harmful effects of sugar overconsumption and acknowledges that sugar is 'an empty source of nutrition that threatens the health of children.' It suggests that educational programs have been effective in increasing knowledge about the dangers of sugar consumption, indicating a connection between sugar intake and health risks. Furthermore, the text implies that correcting unhealthy dietary habits may lead to better health outcomes, supporting the notion that excessive sugar consumption is detrimental.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Eco-friendly fashion alone can eliminate the environmental impact of the fashion industry. [SEP] Text: Skip to main content in a journal Publish with us Track your research Developments in Eco-34. 9910 units per month Download 29. 95 Price excludes VAT (USA) Available as PDF Read on any device Instant download Own it forever Buy 84. 99 Price excludes VAT (USA) Available as EPUB and PDF Read on any device Instant download Own it forever Buy e109. 99 Price excludes VAT (USA) Compact, lightweight edition Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days Free shipping worldwide - see info 109. 99 Price excludes VAT (USA) Durable hardcover edition Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days Free shipping worldwide - see info calculation will be finalised at checkout Purchases are for personal use only Institutional subscriptions Similar content being viewed by others Innovation for a Industry: A the Development of Models 505. 105. 2017. Cleff, T. , & Rennings, K. (1999a). Determinants of environmental product and process innovation. European Environment, 9(5), 191–201. 2017. Dahlsrud, A. (2006). How corporate social responsibility is defined: An analysis of 37 definitions. Responsibility and Environmental Management, 15(1), 1–13. 50. 87. 63. 2. Accessed 27 Mar 2017. Fashion United. (2016). Global fashion industry statistics – International apparel. Accessed 3 Nov 2017. Freeman, E. R. (1984). Strategic management: A stakeholder approach. Cambridge: Press. 4749. Accessed 3 Nov 2017. Hill, N. , Walker, H. , Beevor, J. , & James, K. (2012). Conversion factors for company reporting: methodology paper for emission factors. 6 July 2012. Accessed 3 Nov 2017. Houtum, P. V. (2015). MVO en het MKB: Een praktijkvoorbeeld. Accessed 3 Nov 2017. ILO. (2009). Guidelines on occupational safety and health management systems. Accessed 3 Nov 2017. ILO. (2017). Tripartite declaration of principles concerning multinational enterprises and social policy. Accessed 3 Nov 2017. for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources. (1980). World conservation strategy – Living resource conservation for sustainable development. Accessed 3 Nov 2017. ISO. (2017). ISO 26000 – Social responsibility. Accessed 3 Nov 2017. Jonker, J. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text provided is largely irrelevant to the claim about eco-friendly fashion eliminating the environmental impact of the fashion industry. It contains various references, citations, and publication details that do not address or relate to the assertion about eco-friendly fashion. Therefore, it cannot corroborate or contrast with the claim.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: The detection of gases like methane on exoplanets is often seen as strong evidence of life. [SEP] Text: Because LIFEsim does not yet account for instrumental noise, we require a conservatively high signal-to-noise ratio (S/N) of 7 for detection. The duration of the search phase was set to 2. 5 yr, and the remaining 2. 5 yr of a nominal 5-yr mission could be spent on in-depth spectral characterization of the most promising targets. The slew time was set to a constant value of 10 h to simulate a penalty for switching targets, and the relative observing overheads were assumed to be 20%. While we used LIFEsim to compute an individually optimized observing sequence that maximizes the yield of HZ planets for each of the considered scenarios, we visited each system only once. We note that to determine the orbits of any detected planets and to reject false positives, multiple visits will eventually be required in advance of an in-depth characterization phase. 3 we studied the yield estimates, we performed a quick sanity check by comparing the average number of planets per star in our synthetic planet populations to those reported in Bryson et al. (2021). For our two synthetic planet populations (hab2min and hab2max) around Sun-like stars, we find an average number of planets per star with Rp ∈ [0. 5, 1. 5] R⊕ and Fp ∈ [0. 2,2. 2] F⊕ of and respectively, of which and reside within the con HZ and and reside within the opt HZ (in parentheses are the numbers from Bryson et al. (2021) for comparison). The small differences between our and their numbers arise because our stellar sample is different (the planet occurrence rate depends on the effective temperature of the host star) and because of the statistical nature of our simulations. 3. 1 Planet yield of Sun-like stars One of the scientific goals that was formulated for the LIFE mission is that at least 30 (requirement)/50 (goal) extrasolar planets with radii between 0. 5 and 1. 5 Earth radii are to be investigated. They should receive between 0. 35 and 1. 7 times the instellation flux of the Earth in order to assess their habitability and search their atmospheres for biosignatures (Quanz et al. 2021). We call these planets the potentially habitable planets here. As outlined in Sect. 2. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses the parameters of the LIFE mission, such as the signal-to-noise ratio needed for detection and the estimated yields of planets in the habitable zone, without mentioning the detection of gases like methane or their implications for the presence of life.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Excessive sugar consumption is linked to a higher risk of metabolic diseases. [SEP] Text: (2013) Resolved: Evidence that Decreasing Sugar-Consumption will Reduce the Prevalence of Obesity and Obesity-Related Diseases. Obesity Reviews: Journal of the for the Study of Obesity, 14, 606-619. [10] for Prevention and Health Promotion, Division of Adolescent and (2011) Guidelines to Eating and Physical Activity. Morbidity and Report: Recommendations and Reports, 60, 1-76. [11] Ruscio, M. (2014) Insulin, and Thyroid-of #1. Dr. Ruscio Blog, [12] Avena, N. (2014) Affects the Brain (Video). TedTalks. [13] SugarScience—Truth (2012) Infographic. of Francisco. [14] Hamulka, J. , Wadolowska, L. , Hoffmann, M. , Kowalkowska, J. and Gutkowska, K. (2018) Effect of an on Nutrition Knowledge, Attitudes toward Nutrition, Diet Quality, Lifestyle, and in Polish Teenagers. The ABC of Project: Design, Protocol, and Methodology. Nutrients, 10, 1439. [15] Chaudhary, A. , Sudzina, F. and Mikkelsen, B. E. (2020) Eating among Young People-A Review of the Evidence of the Impact of School-Based Interventions. Nutrients, 12, 2894. [16] Dung, B. C. and McDaniel, M. A. (2015) during Lecture Note-Outlines and Illustrative Diagrams. Jounral of in Memory and Cognition, 4, 129-135. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text supports the claim by referring to evidence indicating that decreasing sugar consumption may reduce the prevalence of obesity and obesity-related diseases, which implies a connection between excessive sugar intake and the risk of metabolic diseases.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Eco-friendly fashion alone can eliminate the environmental impact of the fashion industry. [SEP] Text: Sustainability is trending. It is a hot topic that consists of many definitions. In what way should you describe sustainability best with regards to businesses? 5. Why should fashion companies care about sustainability and what would they get out of it if they consider sustainability to be important? 6. What are the risks for companies to do business on a sustainable basis? (How do you experience this within your own company? ) 7. What are the opportunities for companies to do business on a sustainable basis? (How do you experience this within your own company? ) 8. What are the challenges to incorporating sustainability within the company? (How do you experience this within your own company? ) 12. 1. 2. 3 Transparency 9. As you may know, Fashion for Good has developed a sewing robot that makes it possible to produce clothes closer to the consumer. This technology makes the production of clothing cheaper, resulting in a reduction in transportation, supplies and CO2 emissions. In what way do you think this will affect workers in production countries such as Bangladesh? Will there be a future for them after this development/automation? 10. In what way do companies/you control the working conditions in production countries today? 11. How do companies/you build sustainable relationships with producers and suppliers? 12. How do companies/you find the right factories that produce durably? 13. Integrating sustainability means adjusting the business model. What could companies do in terms of sourcing, environmental friendly raw materials, and working conditions? (How and in what way do/did you accomplish this within your own business? ) 14. How important is sustainability for the marketing department? Has it become a way to (successfully) distinguish your company from the competition? 15. Why do companies ‘act’ sustainable only to get a better reputation? 16. Do you believe that these companies will eventually fall because they cannot meet the actual standards? Why? 17. Why do you think there is, in terms of sustainability, such a big ‘gap’ in what companies claim they do and what they actually do? 18. If you had to advise organizations with regard to launching a sustainable fashion brand, what would you recommend? 12. 1. 2. 4 19. In recent years, the concept of a ‘circular economy’ has risen exponentially. Do you think this is a term trend, or do you really think it is the future? Why? 20. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing various aspects of sustainability in business and fashion. It raises questions about the importance of sustainability, the challenges of integrating it within a company, and the reality of what companies do versus what they claim. It implies that achieving sustainability is complex and cannot be accomplished solely by adopting eco-friendly fashion practices. Mentioning the need for a changed business model and addressing factors such as sourcing and working conditions indicates that eco-friendly fashion alone is insufficient to eliminate the environmental impact.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: The detection of gases like methane on exoplanets is often seen as strong evidence of life. [SEP] Text: 3, we consider three different definitions of a potentially habitable planet: (1) a planet within the opt HZ, (2) a planet within the con HZ, and (3) an exo-Earth candidate. Table A. 1 shows the total predicted yield including uncertainties for the three different potentially habitable planet types mentioned above, as well as for all simulated planets (i. e. , 0. 5 R⊕ ≤ Rp ≤ 2. 5 R⊕ and 0. 2 F⊕ ≤ Fp ≤ 2. 2 F⊕) for the sample of Sun-like stars (4800 K ≤ Teff ≤ 6300 K). We note that for the remainder of this paper, “total predicted yield” means the median number of detectable planets over the 1000 simulated synthetic universes, and the uncertainties reflect the 16th and 84th percentiles of this distribution. In total, we present 24 different scenarios that are based on two different extrapolation models for the planet occurrence rate (hab2min and hab2max), two different exozodiacal dust level distributions (with a median of 3 and 12 zodi), two different optimization schemes for the interferometric baseline length (center of the opt HZ and center of the con HZ), and three different mirror diameters (1, 2, and 3. 5 m; we note that the wavelength regime is adapted implicitly, see Sect. 2. 4). In all cases, the total instrument throughput was set to 5%. We note that the modulation map of a four-telescope nulling interferometer is a pattern with many transmission minima and maxima (e. g. , Dannert et al. 2022). If the telescopes are free flying, their distances (i. e. , baselines) can be optimized so that the first transmission maximum occurs at the center of the respective HZ for a face-on system. Figure 4 compares the predicted planet yield for several of these scenarios. The main finding is that if LIFE were to only target Sun-like stars, 3. 5 m mirrors are required to detect 30 potentially habitable planets under the assumptions laid out in Table 2, even for the opt HZ. However, the 1σ upper bounds case would even fulfill the mission goal of detecting 50 potentially habitable planets with 3. 5 m mirrors or the mission requirement of detecting 30 potentially habitable planets with 2 m mirrors. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text discusses various definitions and models related to potentially habitable planets, their predicted yields, and detection scenarios, but it does not mention the detection of gases like methane or its implications for life. Therefore, it is irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Excessive sugar consumption is linked to a higher risk of metabolic diseases. [SEP] Text: CommentaryReport from a Symposium on Accelerating Policy-against Consumption for the Prevention of Caries and Noncommunicable DiseasesKharbanda, Om P. 1,; Moynihan, Paula2; Priya, Harsh3; Ivaturi, Anupama4; Gupta, Arpit5; Haldane, Desmia6 1Chief, Centre for and Research, Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India 2for Nutrition and 3Assistant Professor, Centre for and Research, Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India 4Senior Resident, Centre for and Research, Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India 56Former SRF, Centre for and Research, Institute of for correspondence: Dr. Om P. Kharbanda, Centre for and Research, Institute of Medical Sciences, - 110 029, India. E-mail: [email protected] A Review on (NCDs) Burden, Its Socio-and the Strategies for Prevention and Control of NCDs in Journal of 62(4):p 305-307, Oct–Dec 2018. | DOI: 10. 4103/ijph. IJPH_314_17 diseases and other noncommunicable diseases (NCDs) share common risks. Omnipresent and easily available sugars are a contributing risk factor for overweight, obesity, and diabetes. In addition, sugar consumption is known to cause dental caries in early childhood (early childhood caries) and in adults. It has been noticed that the prevalence of NCDs is increasing each year, leading to 70% of deaths. A symposium of diverse academicians was convened to identify the gaps in evidence, policy, and advocacy for action on sugars, emphasizing on its detrimental effects on oral health. Existence of policies on sugars, experiences of other countries, feasibility in India, and the role of public health dentists, public, and stakeholders were discussed. Policy priorities in India and advocacy to strengthen action against inappropriate sugar intake could help address the growing burden of sugar-related NCDs. Recommendations to this end were put forth by the panel of experts. than two-third of the total deaths due to NCDs in the South-Region (SEAR) of the WHO occur in India. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by stating that 'sugars are a contributing risk factor for overweight, obesity, and diabetes,' which are all metabolic diseases. It highlights how the increasing prevalence of noncommunicable diseases (NCDs) is linked to sugar consumption, thus supporting the argument that excessive sugar intake is associated with a higher risk of such diseases.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Eco-friendly fashion alone can eliminate the environmental impact of the fashion industry. [SEP] Text: At the end of last year, the Dutch government decided that the Netherlands should be a circular economy by 2050. This means producing with less raw materials and energy, reuse and recycling, and not affecting biodiversity. Do you think that this will continue to be intentional, or will it really work and what is needed? 21. A circular economy means that everyone must cooperate. How do you think we can ever achieve this? 22. Today, we live quite individually. Do you think organizations can also be sceptical? In other words, with regards to transparency, how will companies deal with sharing their own information? (How do you accomplish this? ) 23. Who will and who will not survive? 12. 1. 2. 5 Consumer (Behaviour) 24. Many consumers are willing to invest in fair and environmentally friendly clothes, but in reality, they do this only moderately. What are the obstacles? 25. Is there a way to offer the same prices as non-durable products? Why does this (or not) prove to be difficult? 26. In what way can the marketing department contribute to fulfilling the global intentions? In other words, what can marketers do to influence the behaviour? (Not only the buying behaviour, but the overall behaviour that sustainability is needed). 27. Do you think companies have the responsibility to encourage young people to buy durable clothing items? Why? 28. Do you believe in a future where clothes are leased? Why (not)? Rights and permissionsReprints and permissions Copyright information© 2018 Publishing AG, part of About this 10. 1007/978-3-319-93019-0_12Download citation. RIS. ENW. : 29 September 2018 Publisher Name: : 978-3-319-93018-3 Online ISBN: 978-3-319-93019-0eBook Packages: Economics and FinanceEconomics and Finance (R0)Share this 34. 9910 units per month Download 29. 95 Price excludes VAT (USA) Available as PDF Read on any device Instant download Own it forever Buy 84. 99 Price excludes VAT (USA) Available as EPUB and PDF Read on any device Instant download Own it forever Buy e109. 99 Price excludes VAT (USA) Compact, lightweight edition Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days Free shipping worldwide - see info 109. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the complexities involved in achieving a circular economy, highlighting that eco-friendly practices require cooperation among various stakeholders and that consumer behavior does not fully align with the demand for sustainable fashion. It questions whether companies will be transparent and share information necessary for sustainability, suggesting that eco-friendly fashion alone is insufficient to eliminate the fashion industry's environmental impact.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: The detection of gases like methane on exoplanets is often seen as strong evidence of life. [SEP] Text: Nevertheless, these findings should be taken with caution because allowing for revisits would further increase the predicted planet yield by a significant fraction (see Sect. 4. 2). Furthermore, the average yield with 2 m mirrors is approximately the same as the case with 1σ lower bounds with 3. 5 m mirrors and would probably be at the lower limit of what could be considered a statistically meaningful sample. This is because with a sample of about 10 potentially habitable planets, the habitability fraction of the (which is defined as the fraction of HZ planets that are actually habitable, and is 50%) could be rejected with a significance of ~3σ in case of a null result (Quanz et al. 2021). Finally, while several potentially habitable planets could be detected with 1m mirrors, a statistically meaningful assessment of the habitability fraction would likely be impossible. Our parameter study also reveals the impact of the interferometric baseline length optimization scheme and the median exozodiacal dust level on the predicted planet yield. Figure 4 shows that while the former has virtually no impact on the planet yield, the latter has a small but noticeable impact that increases with increasing mirror size. This is because with larger mirrors, exoplanetary systems at greater distances can be observed, whose the exozodiacal light is brighter than that of the planets. The uncertainties on the exozodiacal dust levels are still large, therefore it is encouraging to see that LIFE would only be weakly affected by a rather pessimistic distribution of this inevitable source of noise. We note that LIFEsim currently assumes a perfect background (and therefore exozodiacal light) subtraction down to the photon noise limit. While this might be an overly optimistic assumption for reflected-light missions, where exozodiacal dust disks will appear highly asymmetric due to the different forward and backward scattering cross-sections of the dust (e. g. , Stark et al. 2014b), subtraction of the exozodiacal dust disk should be more easy in the thermal infrared, where the near and far side of the disk will appear more symmetric. Nevertheless, potential substructure or disk offsets would also lead to additional disk flux leaking through the interferometric modulation map, although Defrère et al. (2010) found that this should not be an issue for disks with exozodi levels smaller than 50 zodi and offsets smaller than 0. 5 au. Fig. 4Predicted planet yield for the sample of Sun-like stars. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim about the detection of gases like methane on exoplanets as strong evidence for life. It discusses the caution needed in interpreting findings related to planet yield and observability of exoplanets but does not mention any gases, detection methods, or their implications regarding life.