Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: The body requires both macronutrients and micronutrients for proper functioning. [SEP] Text: Respondents with a degree in college or vocational education had a statistically higher intake of chromium compared to those with a degree in secondary education. The intake of sodium chloride (salt) was determined to be statistically higher in respondents with college, vocational education in comparison to respondents with secondary or tertiary education. Table 7. Daily mineral intakes by the living area and degree of education (median (25th and 75th percentiles)) shows that a healthy diet has a positive influence on health and promotes the prevention of common non-communicable diseases (NCDs). Several NCDs, such as cardiovascular diseases, type 2 diabetes, some cancers, and others, are associated with unhealthy diets. (8,and Calder9) Despite the fact that a healthy diet is recognized as a very important determinant of disease risk, studies show that the dietary intakes of residents of Lithuania and other countries still does not fully comply with the recommended daily intakes. . (Reference Mertens, Kuijsten and Dofková10) The energy intake of the adult Lithuanian population was determined to be 1691 kcal and is similar to the energy intake of adults from other Baltic states, however, the energy intake of Lithuanian adults is lower than the energy intake of adults from Northern and regions. (Reference Rippin, Hutchinson and Jewell3,Reference Lundblad, Andersen and Jacobsen11,Reference Straßburg, Eisinger-Watzl and Krems12) Our study revealed that men had a statistically higher intake of energy and this is comparable to what has previously been reported in other population-based surveys. (Reference Lundblad, Andersen and Jacobsen11,13) Proteins are necessary for development and growth as well as the production of essential amino acids. Furthermore, with an aging world population, consuming enough protein in the diet is a crucial dietary component for preventing disorders like sarcopenia. (8,and Calder9) Our study showed that in the diet of Lithuanian adults proteins provide the recommended amount of energy (14. 7 E%) and these results are in line with the data obtained by studies carried out in the Nordic and Baltic countries where the intake of protein differs from 14 to 19 E%. (and Pitsi14) Studies show that excessive fat intake is a risk factor for unhealthy weight gain and many NCDs. However, our study showed that the fat intake of the adult Lithuanian population was 42. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by detailing the importance of various nutrients in the diet. It notes that 'Proteins are necessary for development and growth as well as the production of essential amino acids,' indicating that macronutrients like proteins are vital for proper body functioning. Furthermore, it discusses the dietary role of minerals and mentions a 'healthy diet' as a determinant of health, which includes both micronutrients and macronutrients to prevent diseases. This reinforces the notion that both types of nutrients are essential for the body's proper functioning.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Autonomous vehicles require no human oversight or intervention in any scenario. [SEP] Text: Таким образом, при неожиданном появлении пешехода на пути следования агента-БТС в условиях плохой видимости, реакция БТС состоит в резком увеличении радиуса своего личного пространства с целью минимизации рисков последствий некорректного распознавания координат расположения агента-пешехода на проезжей части дороги. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by describing a scenario in which an autonomous vehicle (referred to as БТС) must react to an unexpected pedestrian in poor visibility conditions. This indicates that even autonomous vehicles may need to increase their personal safety radius in response to unforeseen circumstances, implying that human-like oversight may still be necessary in critical situations.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: The brain's visual cortex processes visual information in a hierarchical manner. [SEP] Text: Stimulus presentations in which one or both units in the pair exhibited an ‘outlier’ response, that is, more than 3 standard deviations from the mean, were excluded from the analysis. The spike count correlations for particular unit pairs for different stimulus combinations were included in the population analyses as separate observations and were not averaged together. For example, in the V1 adjacent stimulus dataset, pairs were typically tested with two separate adjacent stimulus combinations, differing in the direction of motion, potentially yielding two values of the spike count correlation (assuming both conditions passed the Poisson and response-separation exclusion criteria noted above). Similarly, V4 neurons tested with different combinations of drifting gabors and/or images contributed values of spike count correlations for each stimulus set to the population. Congruent or incongruent preference Preference of a unit for a particular stimulus was determined by higher spike counts. Unit pairs that both exhibited more spikes in response to stimulus A than to B, or both exhibited more spikes in response to stimulus B than to A, were defined as ‘congruent preference. ’ Unit pairs in which one responded with more spikes to A and the other with more spikes to B were defined as ‘incongruent preference’. Comparison of distributions of spike count correlations The medians of the ‘congruent preference’ vs. ‘incongruent preference’ distributions of spike count correlations were statistically compared using methods in which the same/different preference assignments were randomly shuffled and the medians recalculated 10,000 times. When the true difference between the medians was greater than any of the shuffled versions, the p-value can be said to be less than 1/10,000 or 0. 0001. Add a comment + Open annotations. The current annotation count on this page is being calculated. Data availability Source data is provided in a zip file; the individual files have informative names that indicate what they contain and thus to what figures they are linked. 525. PubMed 5393. 230. PubMed 366. PubMed 122. 1143. PubMed 1283. PubMed 1797. PubMed 795. PubMed 61. PubMed 7876. PubMed 6053. PubMed 942. PubMed 2715. PubMed 7356. PubMed 819. PubMed 2654. PubMed 228. PubMed 1999. PubMed 1789. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim regarding the hierarchical processing of visual information by the brain's visual cortex. Instead, it discusses specific methodological details about stimulus presentations and spike count correlations in neural units, which are irrelevant to the claim made.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: The body requires both macronutrients and micronutrients for proper functioning. [SEP] Text: (and Pitsi14,Reference Ruiz, Avila and Valero18) Many adverse health effects including unhealthy weight gain, dental caries or diabetes are associated with excessive intake of sugars. (8) Our study has demonstrated that the median energy intake from sugars in the diet of Lithuanian adults was 9. 8 E% and it is one of the lowest among other European countries. However, there are differences among countries when comparing the amounts of energy intake from sugars. For example, in Spain, the energy intake from sugars for adults is 16. 7 E%, while in the Netherlands it is 19. 5 E%. (Reference Straßburg, Eisinger-Watzl and Krems12,Reference Rui, Rodriguez and Valero19) Gender had a significant effect on the energy intake from sugars: women had a statistically higher energy intake from sugars which exceeded the recommended daily intake. Higher energy intake from sugars for women, compared to men, was also observed in other population-based studies. (Reference Walton, Bell and Re20) Scientific evidence shows that dietary fibre is crucial for a healthy and balanced diet. Dietary fibre is proven to be important for preventing a number of NCDs, including diabetes, cancer, cardiovascular diseases, and others. (Reference He, Wang and Wen21) Since the first national food consumption and dietary intake study of Lithuanian adult population carried out in 1997, the intake of dietary fibre in the diet of Lithuanian adults has been shown to be insufficient. In 1997 study it was 16. 2 g/d, in 2014 study – 15. 7 g/d, and our study showed that the intake of dietary fibre remained insufficient – 15. 1 g/d. (Reference Barzda, Bartkevičiūtė and Baltušytė15,Reference Barzda, Bartkevičiūtė and Stukas16) The low intake of dietary fibre and the fact that men had a higher intake of dietary fibre compared to women, which was observed in our study, is in accordance with studies carried out in other European countries. (Reference Rippin, Hutchinson and Jewell3) The study of the adult Lithuanian population diet showed that the intakes of vitamin A, vitamin E, thiamine, riboflavin, vitamin B6, and vitamin B12 were in adherence or almost in adherence to the recommended intakes. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by indicating that a balanced diet, which includes dietary fiber and various vitamins, is essential for health and prevention of non-communicable diseases (NCDs). It specifically mentions the intake of vitamin A, vitamin E, and other B vitamins in adherence to recommended intakes, highlighting the importance of micronutrients in the diet.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Autonomous vehicles require no human oversight or intervention in any scenario. [SEP] Text: Таким образом, при неожиданном появлении пешехода на пути следования агента-БТС в условиях плохой видимости, реакция БТС состоит в резком увеличении радиуса своего личного пространства с целью минимизации рисков последствий некорректного распознавания координат расположения агента-пешехода на проезжей части дороги. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by describing a scenario where the autonomous vehicle (агент-БТС) must react to an unexpected pedestrian, indicating that human oversight or intervention might be necessary for safe operation under certain conditions, such as poor visibility.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Action potentials are generated by the movement of sodium and potassium ions across the neuron membrane. [SEP] Text: Skip to Content eLife home page your research Search by keyword or author Reset form my search to Research 10. 7554/eLife. 13374 Open access Copyright information Version of RecordJuly 27, 2016 Accepted ManuscriptJune 10, 2016 Open annotations (there are currently 0 annotations on this page). 17,389 views 3,294 downloads 469 3374. Copy to clipboard Download BibTeX Download. RIS Full text Figures and data Peer review Side by side files 8 figures and 1 additional file 1 with 7 supplements Download asset Open asset Gene expression of glycolysis and TCA during neuronal differentiation. (A) Human BJ iPSC-derived NPCs showed homogeneous expression of the NPC markers Nestin and Sox2. (B) The left panel shows NPC-derived neurons after 3 weeks of differentiation; right panel shows staining of MAP2, a neuronal marker. (C) The top 200 up- and down-regulated genes during neuronal differentiation are depicted by a heatmap. Red and green intensities indicate fold increases and decreases, respectively, in gene expression (expressed as log2). (D) GO term analysis of genes up-regulated during neuronal differentiation. The top eight GO term biological process categories obtained are ranked by p-value. (E) The FPKM values of known neuron-specific genes are shown as log10-fold change. (F) The fold changes of FPKM values of proliferating NPC markers are shown. Bars represent mean ± SD of four RNA-seq replicates for NPCs and neurons differentiated at 1 and 3 weeks. (G, H, I and J) Relative expression levels of the key metabolic genes in glycolysis, tricarboxylic acid cycle (TCA), pyruvate dehydrogenase (PDH) complex and pentose phosphate pathway. Bars show the mean of FPKM values of differentiated neurons at 1 and 3 weeks relative to FPKM values of NPCs. Error bars represent SD of four RNA-seq replicates at each time point. Abbreviations, dihydroxyacetone phosphate (DHAP); 1,3-bisphosphoglyceric acid (1,3 BPG); 3-phosphoglyceric acid (3PG); phosphoenolpyruvic acid (PEP), α-ketoglutarate (α-KG); oxaloacetate (OAA). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses the gene expression during neuronal differentiation and does not provide any information regarding action potentials or the role of sodium and potassium ions in their generation.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: The body requires both macronutrients and micronutrients for proper functioning. [SEP] Text: The intakes of these vitamins range across Europe, for example, the intake of vitamin A differs from 692 μg RE/d in the to 1200 μg RE/d in France. (Reference Mertens, Kuijsten and Dofková10) The intake of vitamin B6 in Lithuanian adults is similar to the intake of vitamin B6 in other European populations which is between 1. 5 mg/d to 2. 0 mg/d. (and Pitsi14,Reference Mielgo-Ayuso, Aparicio-Ugarriza and Olza22) Insufficient intakes in our study were found for vitamin K, vitamin D, niacin, vitamin C, pantothenic acid, and biotin. Vitamin deficiencies can cause many adverse health effects so a healthy diet with adequate intakes of vitamins ensures the prevention of these adverse health effects. Our study determined that the intake of vitamin D in Lithuanian adults was only 5. 2 μg/d which is only half of the recommended intake of 10 μg/d. Several health benefits are associated with an adequate intake of vitamin D, including the health of bones and the proper functions of muscles, nerves, and the immune system. (Reference Zmijewski23) intakes vary across Europe from 4. 8 μg/d in Denmark to 11. 5 μg/d in Finland. (and Pitsi14) Inadequate intakes in the diet of Lithuanian adults were observed for potassium, calcium, chromium, iron, selenium, and iodine. When comparing the intakes of these minerals among the population of Lithuanian adults and other European adult populations, it was observed that Lithuanian adults had lower intakes of these minerals than adults from other European populations. (Reference Mertens, Kuijsten and Dofková10,Reference Zmijewski23,24) Selenium is an essential mineral for the normal function of the cardiovascular, endocrine, and immune systems, therefore, adverse health conditions, including type 2 diabetes, thyroid autoimmune disease and others, are associated with selenium deficiency. (Reference Castiglione, Platania and Conti25) It is recommended that Lithuanian adults should consume 50–60 μg of selenium per day (depending on gender and age), however, our study showed that the median intake of selenium is only half of the recommended norm, as it is 27. 8 μg/d. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by addressing the importance of both vitamins and minerals, which are essential micronutrients, for proper body functioning. It mentions that 'insufficient intakes' of various vitamins and minerals can lead to 'adverse health effects,' indicating that these nutrients are necessary for maintaining health. Additionally, it highlights specific essential minerals like selenium, potassium, and calcium and their roles in health, supporting the idea that micronutrient intake is critical for proper bodily functions.


Input:
Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Autonomous vehicles require no human oversight or intervention in any scenario. [SEP] Text: �омент времени <math xmlns:mml=" xmlns:m=" <math xmlns:mml=" xmlns:m="

 <math xmlns:mml=" xmlns:m=" – угол отскока <math xmlns:mml=" xmlns:m=" -ого агента <math xmlns:mml=" xmlns:m=" accent="true"><mrow><mi>I</mi></mrow><mo>~</mo></mover><mo>)</mo></math> от ближайшего <math xmlns:mml=" xmlns:m=" -ого агента <math xmlns:mml=" xmlns:m=" accent="true"><mrow><mi>I</mi></mrow><mo>~</mo></mover><mo>∪</mo><mi>P</mi><mo>)</mo></math> возникающий при нарушении границ личного пространства агентов-ТС с целью избежать столкновения в момент времени <math xmlns:mml=" xmlns:m=" <math xmlns:mml=" xmlns:m="

 <math xmlns:mml=" xmlns:m=" – дирекционный угол, задающий направление движения <math xmlns:mml=" xmlns:m=" -ого агента- [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it contains mathematical notations and does not discuss autonomous vehicles or human oversight in driving scenarios. Therefore, it does not provide any information that corroborates, contrasts, or relates to the claim.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Action potentials are generated by the movement of sodium and potassium ions across the neuron membrane. [SEP] Text: (Figure 1—sourcer data 1). Figure 1—source data 1 FPKM values of glycolysis, and pentose phosphate pathway in NPCs and differentiated neurons. Download elife-13374-fig1-data1-v2. xlsx Figure 1—figure supplement 1 Download asset Open asset The outline of the protocol used to differentiate neurons from iPSCs (upper panel). Representative pictures of fibroblasts, iand neurons (lower panel). Figure 1—figure supplement 2 Download asset Open asset Colonies containing neural rosettes, and type 4 colony produces NPCs of the best quality. Figure 1—figure supplement 3 Download asset Open asset Electrophysiological study of BJ 5-week neurons. Representative results were shown. (a) Patched neuron filled with rhodamine; (b) Evoked voltage dependent sodium and potassium currents recorded in voltage-clamp (−70 mV). (c) Evoked action potential. (d) Spontaneous burst of action potentials. (e) Zoom of 'd'. Figure 1—figure supplement 4 Download asset Open asset FPKM values of paralogous genes in glycolysis. Figure 1—figure supplement 5 Download asset Open asset Metabolites quantified by gas chromatography mass spectrometry (GC-MS). NPCs at early passage (P3) and 3-week neurons were incubated in fresh medium for 12 hr, and metabolites in cells were extracted and analyzed by GC-MS. The relative amount of metabolites extracted from neurons versus NPCs was obtained after normalization to protein content. Bars represent mean ± SD of three biological replicates for NPCs and 3-week neurons. (Figure 1—figure supplement 5—sourcer data 1) Figure 1—figure supplement 5—source data 1 Metabolites quantified by GC-MS. Download elife-13374-fig1-figsupp5-data1-v2. xlsx Figure 1—figure supplement 6 Download asset Open asset Oxygen consumption rate (OCR) analysis by Seahorse extracellular flux analysis. FCCP (F) is a chemical uncoupler of electron transport and oxidative phosphorylation; Rotenone and (R&A) are complex I and III inhibitors. Error bars represent SD. None mitochondrial OCR has been subtracted. (Figure 1—figure supplement 6—source data 1). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not provide a direct discussion on how action potentials are generated or the role of sodium and potassium ions in this process. While it references neuronal activity, such as evoked action potentials and the recording of sodium and potassium currents, it does not explicitly support or refute the claim regarding the movement of these ions being responsible for action potentials.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: The body requires both macronutrients and micronutrients for proper functioning. [SEP] Text: Selenium intake in Lithuanian adults is one of the lowest in Europe since in other European countries it differs from 46 μg/d in Sweden to 78 μg/d in Finland. (and Pitsi14) Iodine intakes in the adult Lithuanian population were determined to be 18. 8 μg/d which is below the recommended amount. In order to protect public health against the ailments caused by the Lithuanian geographical location, such as iodine deficiency, table salt should contain 20–40 mg/kg of iodine when used in food production to compensate for iodine deficiency. (26) Our study showed that sodium chloride (salt) consumption of Lithuanian adults was 5. 9 g/d and it complied with the recommended daily intake. Salt intake differs across Europe from 5. 4 g/d in Estonia to 8. 2 g/d in Austria. (Reference Rippin, Hutchinson and Jewell3,and Pitsi14) Significant differences were observed between salt intakes in women and men – women had a significantly lower sodium chloride intake than men which is in line with other population-based surveys. (Reference Rippin, Hutchinson and Jewell3,Reference Mielgo-Ayuso, Aparicio-Ugarriza and Olza22) The main advantage of this study is that it uses data from a nationally representative survey and data was collected by well-trained interviewers. However, this study has several limitations. First, a single 24-h recall was used in this study and it is known to have a high within-person variability. However, it is frequently used to estimate food and nutrient intakes in a large group of participants, since multi-day recalls place more of a burden on respondents and can eventually increase drop-out rates. Second, since this study was a cross-sectional look at the diet of Lithuanian adults, results should be interpreted with caution, also there is no accounting for seasonality in food consumption. Lastly, the current paper does not describe foods consumed from which nutrient intakes were calculated, however, the authors are planning to report this in the future publications. conclusion, study showed that intakes of majority of nutrients in the diet of the adult Lithuania population are not in compliance with the recommended daily intakes. Continuous nationally representative studies into food consumption and nutrient intake of the adult Lithuanian population must be carried out to assess the changes in the population’s diet and the effectiveness of policies aimed at promoting healthy diets. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text supports the claim by discussing nutrient intake in the adult Lithuanian population and indicating that their intakes of the majority of nutrients do not comply with recommended daily intakes. This implies that both macronutrients and micronutrients are essential for proper functioning, as deficiencies can lead to public health concerns, particularly with respect to iodine. Additionally, the emphasis on the need for continuous studies to assess nutrient intake further corroborates the importance of adequate macronutrient and micronutrient consumption.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Autonomous vehicles require no human oversight or intervention in any scenario. [SEP] Text: <math xmlns:mml=" xmlns:m=" close="" separators="|"><mrow><mfenced close="" separators="|"><mrow><msub><mrow><mi>v</mi></mrow><mrow><mover accent="true"><mrow><mi>i</mi></mrow><mo>~</mo></mover></mrow></msub><mo>(</mo><msub><mrow><mi>t</mi></mrow><mrow><mi>k</mi><mo>-</mo><mn>1</mn></mrow></msub><mo>)</mo><mo>=</mo><mn>3</mn></mrow></mfenced></mrow></mfenced></math> и <math xmlns:mml=" xmlns:m=" separators="|"><mrow><mn>1</mn><mo>-</mo><msub><mrow><mi>p</mi></mrow><mrow><mi>i</mi></mrow></msub><mo>(</mo><msub><mrow><mi>t</mi></mrow><mrow><mi>k</mi><mo>-</mo><mn>1</mn></mrow></msub><mo>)</mo></mrow></mfenced><mo><</mo><msub><mrow><mi>ρ</mi></mrow><mrow><mn>2</mn><mi>i</mi></mrow></msub><mo>(</mo><msub><mrow><mi>t</mi></mrow><mrow><mi>k</mi><mo>-</mo><mn>1</mn></mrow></msub><mo>)</mo><mfenced separators="|"><mrow><mn>1</mn><mo>-</mo><msub><mrow><mi>p</mi></mrow><mrow><mi>i</mi></mrow></msub><mo>(</mo><msub><mrow><mi>t</mi></mrow><mrow><mi>k</mi><mo>-</mo><mn>1</mn></mrow></msub><mo>)</mo></mrow></mfenced></math [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text seems to suggest conditions for the operations of autonomous vehicles that may necessitate human oversight, thus contrasting the claim that they require no human intervention in any scenario.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Action potentials are generated by the movement of sodium and potassium ions across the neuron membrane. [SEP] Text: In this experiment, NPCs had to be grown at high density to avoid differentiation and ensure optimal proliferation. The large amount of lactate secreted by high-density NPCs under these conditions decrease the pH value of the medium, which lacks sodium bicarbonate, significantly, from 7. 4 to 7. 0, during incubation and measurement. readings were out of the linear measurement range and not shown here. Figure 1—figure supplement 6—source data 1 OCR measurement by Seahorse extracellular flux analysis. Download elife-13374-fig1-figsupp6-data1-v2. xlsx Figure 1—figure supplement 7 Download asset Open asset The glucose and lactate concentrations in the medium growing NPCs and 3-week neurons were quantified by YSI 2950 metabolite analyzer. The lactate production/ glucose consumption ratio was calculated as the amount of lactate divided by used glucose. Bars represent mean ± SD. n= 3. In theory, if one glucose molecule is completely converted into lactate (no entry into mitochondrial TCA cycle), the ratio of lactate/glucose would be 2. (Figure 1—figure supplement 7—source data 1) Figure 1—figure supplement 7—source data 1 The ratio of lactate production/glucose consumption. Download elife-13374-fig1-figsupp7-data1-v2. xlsx Figure 2 Download asset Open asset Neuron-specific splicing of PKM and OGDH. (A) The upper panel shows the RNA-seq reads obtained from NPCs and neurons mapped to the PKM and OGDH chromosome locus using Viewer. The lower schematic diagram depicts the organization of exons near the cell type-specific splicing site. Red box and line represent exon splicing unique to NPCs; blue ones represent that unique to neurons. PKM2 and OGDH1 are unique to NPCs; PKM1 and OGDHneu are predominantly for neurons. (B) Validation of splicing by PCR. Primers were designed to amplify the unique splicing region and common region of PKM1/2 and OGDH1/neu mRNA. PCR was carried out with cDNA prepared from NPCs, neurons at 3 week and primary human astrocytes. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses the experimental conditions for neuronal precursor cells and the measurement of glucose and lactate concentrations, without mentioning action potentials, sodium or potassium ion movements, or neuron membrane dynamics.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: The body requires both macronutrients and micronutrients for proper functioning. [SEP] Text: Login to your accountEmail/UsernameYour email address is a required field. E. g. , j. smith@mail. comPasswordShowYour password is a required field. Forgot password? Remember meDon’t have an account? Create a If you don't remember your password, you can reset it by entering your email address and clicking the button. You will then receive an email that contains a secure link for resetting your passwordEmail*If the address matches a valid account an email will be sent to __email__ with instructions for resetting your passwordinRegisterLog ininSubscribeprovided by Main menu 10. 1016/j. cegh. 2018. 02. 010Also available on ScienceDirectCopyright: © 2018 Published by Elsevier, a division of. Ltd on behalf of. User License: Attribution – NonCommercial – NoDerivs (CC BY-NC-ND 4. 0) | Elsevier's open access license policy IssueDownload started1 Introduction2 Methods3 Results4 5 ConclusionFinancial support and sponsorshipConflict of interest65. 2% of the adolescent girls were at 15 years of age. The BMI was low to the age,whereas height for age was corresponding in comparison with the WHO growth standard. The daily mean intake of macronutrients namely protein, fat and energy intake was 53. 33g, 47. 89g and 1693. 33kcal respectively. Similarly the daily mean intake of micronutrients like calcium, iron, zinc, was 642. 86mg, 9. 74mg and 1. 97mg respectively. Further analysis of percentage of adequacy of macronutrients and micronutrients showed that 23. 1% of the adolescent girls were substantially excess in their protein intake and majority of the adolescent girls were having substantially inadequate intake of various micronutrients including iron and calcium. ConclusionMajority of adolescent girls were substantially inadequate in their micronutrients intake. Hence there is need for regular sensitizing nutritional programme at school and community level to prevent reproductive related complications in their future life. KeywordsPercentage of adequacyRecommended daily allowancesMacronutrients and micronutrientsAdolescent girls1 IntroductionAdolescence is the period of life in between childhood and adulthood accompanied by a rapid increase in the rate of physical growth and changes that involve physical development. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by providing data on the daily mean intake of macronutrients (protein, fat, and energy) and micronutrients (calcium, iron, and zinc) among adolescent girls, highlighting that there is a need for both types of nutrients for proper growth and to prevent complications in the future. It indicates that the intake of macronutrients and micronutrients is crucial for the health and development of adolescents.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Autonomous vehicles require no human oversight or intervention in any scenario. [SEP] Text: ><mi>v</mi></mrow><mrow><mi>i</mi></mrow></msub><mo>(</mo><msub><mrow><mi>t</mi></mrow><mrow><mi>k</mi><mo>-</mo><mn>1</mn></mrow></msub><mo>)</mo><mo>=</mo><mn>1</mn></mrow></mfenced></math> и <math xmlns:mml=" xmlns:m=" separators="|"><mrow><mn>1</mn><mo>-</mo><msub><mrow><mi>p</mi></mrow><mrow><mi>i</mi></mrow></msub><mo>(</mo><msub><mrow><mi>t</mi></mrow><mrow><mi>k</mi><mo>-</mo><mn>1</mn></mrow></msub><mo>)</mo></mrow></mfenced><mo><</mo><msub><mrow><mi>ρ</mi></mrow><mrow><mn>1</mn><mi>i</mi></mrow></msub><mo>(</mo><msub><mrow><mi>t</mi></mrow><mrow><mi>k</mi><mo>-</mo><mn>1</mn></mrow></msub><mo>)</mo><mfenced separators="|"><mrow><mn>1</mn><mo>-</mo><msub><mrow><mi>p</mi></mrow><mrow><mi>i</mi></mrow></msub><mo>(</mo><msub><mrow><mi>t</mi></mrow><mrow><mi>k</mi><mo>-</mo><mn>1</mn></mrow></msub><mo>)</mo></mrow></mfenced></math> <math xmlns:mml=" xmlns:m=" close="" separators="|"><mrow><msub><mrow><mi>v</mi></mrow><mrow><mi>i</mi></mrow></msub><mo>(</mo><msub><mrow><mi>t</ [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it consists of mathematical expressions without any discussion related to autonomous vehicles or human oversight. There is no information provided that supports, contrasts, or pertains to the claim.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Action potentials are generated by the movement of sodium and potassium ions across the neuron membrane. [SEP] Text: (C) The fold changes of FPKM values of hnRNPI, hnRNPA1 and hnRNPA2 are shown. Bars represent mean ± SD of four RNA-seq replicates for NPCs and neurons differentiated at 1 and 3 week. (D) The RNA-seq reads obtained from purified mouse astrocytes and neurons mapped to the PKM and OGDH chromosome locus using Viewer. The original RNA-seq data were from Zhang et al. (2014). (E) Alignment of amino acid sequences encoded by the alternative exons of human and mouse OGDH1/neu. OGDH1 contains a calcium-binding motif underlined in red, absent in OGDHneu. (Figure 2—source data 1). Figure 2—source data 1 FPKM values of hnRNPI, hnRNPA1 and hnRNPA2. Download elife-13374-fig2-data1-v2. xlsx Figure 3 with 2 supplements Download asset Open asset Characterization of HK2 and LDHA in NPCs, differentiated neurons and neurons directly converted from fibroblasts. (A) Immunoblotting analysis of the representative metabolic genes in glycolysis, tricarboxylic acid cycle (TCA) pathways. 20 µg of protein lysate from NPCs and from neurons differentiated for 3, 7 and 21 days (D3, D7, D21) were loaded. (B) Immunostaining analysis of HK2 and LDHA in NPCs and 3-week neurons. (C) Effects of HK2 or LDHA knockdown on NPC proliferation. NPCs at early passage (P2) were seeded in 24-well plates one day before infection. The NPC number was determined at 5 days after infection with lenti-shRNA virus against HK2 or LDHA. Two effective shRNA lentiviral vectors targeting different regions of HK2 or LDHA were used. Scramble shRNA vector was used as control. Error bars represent ± SD, n= 3. The knockdown efficiency was confirmed by immunoblotting. (D, E) Immunostaining analysis of LDHA in neurons directly converted from fibroblasts. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim about action potentials and the movement of sodium and potassium ions. Instead, it discusses RNA-seq data, protein analysis, and various metabolic genes in neurons without mentioning ion movement or action potentials.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: The body requires both macronutrients and micronutrients for proper functioning. [SEP] Text: 1 The growth and prosperity of a country largely depends on the nutritional status and growth of adolescent girls as they not only constitute one tenth of its population but also affects the growth of the remaining population. The nutritional status, growth and development of adolescent girls are mainly related to their nutritional requirements, dietary intake, dietary practices, cultural, traditions and meal patterns. 2Chronically malnourished girls are more likely to remain undernourished during adolescence and adulthood. When they become pregnant they are more likely to deliver low-birth-weight babies. Epidemiological studies from both developing and industrialized countries show evidence that suggest a link between foetal under-nutrition and increased risk of various adult chronic diseases. 3Adolescent girls are particularly vulnerable to malnutrition because they grow faster. They need macronutrients and micronutrients to support their growth spurt and to meet the increased demand for iron during menstruation. Adolescent girls who become pregnant are at a greater risk of various complications since they may not yet have finished growing. Pregnant adolescents who are underweight or stunted are especially likely to experience obstructed labor and other obstetric complications. There is evidence that the bodies of still-growing adolescent mother and her baby may compete for nutrients, raising the infant's risk for low birth weight (defined as a birth weight of fewer than 2,500g) and early death. 4An investigation done on dietary intake of macronutrient and micronutrient among 2,661 Slovenian adolescents reveal that the dietary habits of Slovenian adolescent girls were less than optimal and there was exceeding reference intake values of free sugars, salt, saturated fatty acids, and a below- reference intake of polyunsaturated fatty acids, water and several micronutrients when compared with central European recommendations, and WHO/FAO recommendations. 5A recent survey showed that the clinical nutritional status of the 362 girls from six rural communities in of Andra Pradesh, was far below the ICMR guidelines (of Medical Research) as well as the NCHS (for Health Statistics) standard. 6A cross-sectional study done in rural areas of Kolar District, Karnataka, India also reported that prevalence of wasting and stunting was 54. 79% and 32. 7% respectively among two hundred and thirty adolescent girls aged between 10-19 years. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by explicitly stating that 'they need macronutrients and micronutrients to support their growth spurt' and indicating that malnutrition affects the health and development of adolescent girls. It emphasizes the necessity of these nutrients for proper functioning, particularly during crucial growth phases and reproductive health.


Input:
Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Autonomous vehicles require no human oversight or intervention in any scenario. [SEP] Text: 05	 5	 10	 1	 10	 10	 0. 9	 0

 4	 3	 0. 7	 0. 25	 10	 10	 10	 5	 5	 0. 8	 1

 5	 6	 0. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text provided is not relevant to the claim as it contains numerical data in a tabular format without context or discussion related to autonomous vehicles or human oversight. Therefore, it does not support, contrast, or relate to the claim in any meaningful way.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Action potentials are generated by the movement of sodium and potassium ions across the neuron membrane. [SEP] Text: Two protocols were applied: one was to knockdown PTB1, a single RNA-binding protein, and the other was to overexpress proneuronal transcription factors Ngn2 and Ascl1. Tuj1 (ß-III tubulin) and Tau were stained as early and mature neuronal markers, respectively. The above experiments were repeated at least three times. (F) ChIP analysis of HK2 and LDHA promoters using anti-cMYC or N-MYC antibodies and rabbit IgG as control. Chromatin were prepared from NPCs. The enrichment values are shown as percentage normalized to input. N. C. stands for non-specific control. Bars are mean ± SD, n= 3. Immunoblotting and real time PCR analysis of HK2 and LDHA expression in NPCs with inducible c-MYC. mRNA expression levels of HK2 and LDHA relative to those from non-induction control were calculated after normalization to β-actin. Bars are mean ± SD, n= 3. (G) Immunoblotting analysis of c-MYC, N-MYC and Max in NPCs and 3-week neurons. (Figure 3—source data 1). Figure 3—source data 1 Knockdown effect on NPC proliferation and Myc control of HK2 and LDHA in NPCs. Download elife-13374-fig3-data1-v2. xlsx Figure 3—figure supplement 1 Download asset Open asset Immunoblotting analysis of mouse HK1, HK2 and LDHA in mouse NPCs derived from embryonic stem cell (ES-E14TG2a), 2-week differentiated neurons and embryonic neurons at E18. The relative mRNA expression levels of HK1, HK2 and LDHA in neurons were calculated against the levels in NPCs. Bars are mean ± SD, n= 3. (Figure 3—figure supplement 1—source data 1). Figure 3—figure supplement 1—source data 1 RT-PCR analysis of HK1, HK2 and LDHA during mouse neuronal differentiation. Download elife-13374-fig3-figsupp1-data1-v2. xlsx Figure 3—figure supplement 2 Download asset Open asset Immunoblotting and real time PCR analysis of HK2 expression in neurons with inducible c-MYC. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses experimental protocols involving RNA-binding proteins and transcription factors, immunoblotting, and PCR analysis without mentioning action potentials or the movement of sodium and potassium ions across the neuron membrane.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: The body requires both macronutrients and micronutrients for proper functioning. [SEP] Text: 7From the available literature it is evident that there is an inadequacy of macronutrients and micronutrients intake among adolescent girls. The present study aimed to study the female adolescent population of to assess the dietary intake with a view to develop an awareness programme. 2 MethodsCommunity based cross-sectional survey was carried out in five selected schools of by using cluster random sampling procedure. Ethical clearance was obtained from the Review Committee. Administrative permission was sought from principals of all the schools. Written informed consent was also obtained from all the adolescent girls involved in the study. The schools were randomly selected taking into account the number of schools in Udupi Taluk. Steps:-To assess the dietary intake of adolescent of girls, the required sample size was about 422 adolescent girls which were estimated after pilot study through estimation of proportion. The study was carried out from August 2015 to July 2016. All the participants were between 15–17 years of age and studying in 9th, 10th, 11th and 12th classes. The data were collected by the investigators themselves. All the study instruments were developed by the investigators and pretested before being administered to the adolescent girls. Baseline information on demographics such as age in years, place of residence, parents’ education and occupation, income, and type of diet was collected from all the adolescent girls using a validated and pretested questionnaire. Anthropometric measurements of the girls were measured using calibrated inch tape and weighing scale. A 24-h dietary recall method was used for assessing dietary intake after giving pre-instruction to the adolescent girls to write the daily intake on the note-book of three days which included the diet of two week days and one week end including the fast food items. The data were collected using calibrated utensils and Dr. was referred to identify the quantity. The intake of proportion food items and various macronutrients and micronutrients were compared with Allowance (RDA) proposed by the. Data was coded and entered in three different software, that was “SPSS” statistics version 20 for demographic data, dietary data in “Dietcal software” Developed primarily keeping in mind the Scenario based on (2017). It is a editable central repository of nutrients and their measure units with facility to create custom recipes. It allows calculation of nutritive values of set of food items and recipes. Helps calculation and keeping track of a person’s Nutrient Intake. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by indicating that there is an inadequacy of both macronutrients and micronutrients intake among adolescent girls, suggesting that both types of nutrients are necessary for proper dietary health. The study aimed to assess the dietary intake of these adolescents, aligning with the idea that proper functioning of the body depends on adequate intake of both macronutrients and micronutrients.


Input:
Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Autonomous vehicles require no human oversight or intervention in any scenario. [SEP] Text: 9	 0

 8	 9	 0. 9	 0. 1	 1	 100	 1	 5	 10	 0. 8	 1

 9	 9	 0. 1	 0. 1	 10	 0	 10	 9	 10	 0. 9	 0

 10	 9	 0. 9	 0. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text provided appears to be a string of numerical data and HTML elements without any coherent information pertaining to autonomous vehicles or the specific claim regarding human oversight. Therefore, it is irrelevant to the claim and does not provide any support or contrast.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Action potentials are generated by the movement of sodium and potassium ions across the neuron membrane. [SEP] Text: mRNA expression levels of HK2 relative to those from non-induction control were calculated after normalization to β-actin. Bars are mean ± SD, n= 3. (Figure 3—figure supplement 2—source data 1). Figure 3—figure supplement 2—source data 1 Activation of HK2 by ectopic c-Myc expression in neuron. Download elife-13374-fig3-figsupp2-data1-v2. xlsx Figure 4 Download asset Open asset Shutoff of aerobic glycolysis is critical for neuronal differentiation. (A) Immunoblotting analysis of HK2 and LDHA in NPCs and 3-week neurons constitutively expressing HK2 and LDHA (Flag-tagged). (B) Immunostaining of NPCs with anti-FLAG antibody (green), and nuclear staining was done with Hoechst (red). The percentage of Flag-positive cells were quantified, and 100 cells were counted for each group. (C) Immunostaining analysis of MAP2 and GFAP in 3-week neurons. The percentage of GFAP and MAP2 cells were quantified, and 100 cells were counted for each group, and three times of neuronal differentiation were included. Bars are mean ± SD, n= 3. The GFAP mRNA abundance in the RNA extracted from neuronal culture was quantified by real-time PCR and normalized to β-actin, and presented as a fold increase compared to neurons differentiated from control NPCs. Bars are mean ± SD, n = 3. (D) Nuclear staining with Hoechst in NPCs and 3-week neurons. The percentages of condensed nuclear were quantified, and 50 cells were counted for each group. Bars are mean ± SD, n= 3. (E) Immunostaining analysis of 2 and GFAP in 3-week neurons differentiated from NPC constitutively expressing HK2 and LDHA. (F, G) Colocalization of irregular puntated staining of LDHA (green) with MAP2 (red, in F) or condensed nuclear stained with Hoechst (red, in G) in 3-week neurons differentiated from NPC constitutively expressing HK2 and LDHA. (H) Immunostaining analysis of anti-FLAG and GFAP in 3-week neurons differentiated from NPC constitutively expressing HK2 and LDHA. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text provides detailed methods and results related to mRNA expression and immunostaining in neurons, focusing on HK2 and LDHA, but it does not mention action potentials or the movement of sodium and potassium ions across the neuron membrane. Therefore, it is irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: The body requires both macronutrients and micronutrients for proper functioning. [SEP] Text: N=422. Open table in a new tabBMI for age and height for age of the adolescent girls was calculated by using anthoplus software. The mean, standard deviation and z-score of the adolescent girls are represented in Table 3 and Figs. 4 and 5. The data presented in Table 3 shows the mean z-scores of BMI for age of the adolescent girls was at −0. 7611 (SD±3. 877) and height for age was at −0. 1702 (SD±7. 877) as compared to WHO reference mean. Adolescent GirlsMean Z-for Age-0. 76113. 877Height for Age-0. 17027. 877Table 3Mean Z-Score and of BMI and Height for Age of the Adolescent Girls. N=422. Open table in a new tabThe BMI for age was correspondingly lower when compared with WHO growth standard whereas the height for age was corresponding to the age of adolescent girls is given in Figs. 1 and 2 respectively. Fig. 1 BMI for the age Z-Scores. Fig. 2 BMI for the height Z-Scores. Among macronutrient, the mean intake of protein was 53. 33gm/day and percentage of adequacy of protein (101. 9%) was found slightly higher than the RDA whereas the percentage of adequacy for energy and fat intake was 71. 01% and 124. 93% respectively. The mean energy intake (1693. 33kcal/day), was lower than the RDA whereas, the mean fat intake (47. 89g/day) was found apparently higher than RDA for the age group (15–17 years). In the area of micronutrient intake, except the mean intake of thiamine (1. 32mg/d) which was higher than the RDA values, all other micronutrients were below the RDA. The data related to mean intake of both macronutrients and micronutrients is described in Table 4. indequate (>60%)Marginally inadequate (60-74%)Marginally adequate (75-89%)Adequate (90-110%)(111-124%)(>125%)(N)(%)(N)(%)(N)(%)(N)(%)(N)(%)(N)(%)1Macronutrients Protein6014. 26314. 97918. 77818. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the intake of both macronutrients and micronutrients. It specifies the mean intakes of macronutrients such as protein, energy, and fat, and mentions that the intake of several micronutrients was below the recommended dietary allowance (RDA), indicating that both types of nutrients are considered necessary for proper functioning.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Autonomous vehicles require no human oversight or intervention in any scenario. [SEP] Text: Данным сценариям соответствует состояние ИДС, характеризуемое недостаточным уровнем видимости, большим количеством пешеходов, неожиданно возникающих на проезжей части перед ОТС и БТС, сверхвысокой интенсивностью прибытия транспортных средств в ИДС (Сценарий 3), высокой долей (до 30%) агентов-ОТС с аномальным поведением (Сценарии 11 и 19). Отметим, что на практике комбинация подобных неблагоприятных факторов маловероятна. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by highlighting scenarios where autonomous vehicles are confronted with unfavorable conditions, such as insufficient visibility and unexpected pedestrians, suggesting that human oversight may be necessary in such situations.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Action potentials are generated by the movement of sodium and potassium ions across the neuron membrane. [SEP] Text: (I) Immunoblotting analysis of AMPK T172 phosphorylation in the cell lysate extracted from day 4 and day 21 neuronal culture differentiated from NPCs expressing HK2 and LDHA. 172 phosphorylation was quantified after normalized to non-phosphoAMPK, and presented as fold increase. (J) Lactate in medium from day-4 neuronal culture differentiated from NPC expressing HK2 and LDHA were quantified and normalized by protein content, and presented as percentage compared to those from control neurons, bars are mean ± SD, n= 3. (K) Immunostaining analysis of 2 and GFAP in 3-week neurons differentiated from NPC constitutively expressing HK2 and LDHA. The neuronal differentiation medium used contained 5 mM sodium pyruvate, ten fold of the standard concentration (0. 5 mM). The above experiments were repeated at least three times. (Figure 4—source data 1). Figure 4—source data 1 Constitutive expression of HK2 and LDHA is detrimental for neuronal differentiation. Download elife-13374-fig4-data1-v2. xlsx Figure 5 with 1 supplement Download asset Open asset Increased neuronal PGC-1αERRγ maintain the transcription of metabolic and mitochondrial genes during neuronal differentiation. (A) mtDNA copy number was measured during neuronal differentiation. Real-time PCR was done with NPCs and neurons differentiated at 1, 3, and 7 weeks. Bars represent mean ± SD n= 3. (B) Measurement of protein mass content of NPCs and neurons at 3 weeks normalized as in per million cells. Bars represent mean ± SD, n =3. (C) Immunoblotting analysis of the representative component of each mitochondrial respiratory complex. 10 µg protein lysate from NPCs and neurons at 1 and 3 weeks were loaded in SDS-PAGE gel. (D) Expression changes of main transcription factors involved in the transcription of metabolic and mitochondrial genes. Bars show the mean of FPKM values of differentiated neurons at 1 and 3 weeks relative to those of NPCs. Error bars represent SD of four RNA-seq replicates at each time point. Immunoblotting analysis confirmed the upregulation of PGC-1α and ERRγ. (E) Relative expression levels of genes encoding the mitochondrial respiratory complexes. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is largely focused on biochemical analyses related to neuronal cultures and differentiation, including discussions on AMPK phosphorylation, lactate measurements, and expression of certain transcription factors. It does not provide any information regarding the generation of action potentials or the specific roles of sodium and potassium ions in this process, thereby making it irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: The body requires both macronutrients and micronutrients for proper functioning. [SEP] Text: 54410. 49823. 253. 3Energy16037. 99522. 58720. 64811. 481. 9245. 71693. 3Fats296. 9378. 85813. 77016. 64310. 218543. 821. 8 2. Micronutrients Calcium27565. 24610. 9358. 3245. 7122. 8307. 1642. 8Iron38290. 5245. 781. 930. 751. 200009. 7Zinc41798. 810. 220. 50000000020. 51. 9Folate8820. 95613. 37918. 77016. 6307. 19923. 5165. 3Vitamin B641698. 630. 730. 70000000000000. 36Thiamine9622. 710424. 68520. 14911. 68820. 900001. 3Riboflavin228545312. 64610. 95112. 171. 7378. 81. 1Niacin19947. 210825. 66014. 2317. 3122. 8122. 89. 3Vitamin C22152. 4286. 6378. 8378. 8163. 88319. 737Table 4Categorization of Percentage of Adequacy according to different Sub-Categories of Adequacy of Macronutrient and Micronutrients. N=422. Open table in a new tabFurther, the dietary data categorization showed that majority of the adolescents girls were poor in the micronutrient intake except thiamine nutrient intake and it was also found that majority (185) of the adolescents were substantially excess in their fat intake. The arbitrary categorization is showed in Fig. 3. Fig. 3 Categorization of percentage of adequacy according to different sub categories of adequacy of macronutrient and micronutrient intake. 4 and micronutrients deficiency is widely prevalent among adolescents. The study reported that the 65. 2% of the adolescent girls were at 15 years of age and 82. 9% were Hindus. Majority, 82% of the adolescent girls were having their cycles regularly and 49. 3% were taking meals 2 to 3 times a day. The finding of the present study was supported by a community based cross-sectional study done among adolescent girls of age group 10–19 years in Varanasi reported that 94. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the intake of both macronutrients and micronutrients. It indicates that dietary data was collected and shows that a significant percentage of subjects are deficient in micronutrient intake, emphasizing the importance of these nutrients for proper health and functioning. Specifically, it mentions 'micronutrient deficiency is widely prevalent among adolescents', suggesting that both types of nutrients are necessary for proper functioning.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Autonomous vehicles require no human oversight or intervention in any scenario. [SEP] Text: Вместе с тем условия недостаточной видимости не являются принципиальным препятствием для использования БТС, так как имеется множество сценариев, при которых недостаточная видимость не приводит к существенному увеличению количества потенциальных аварий (например, Сценарии 1, 9 и 17). При этом увеличение доли БТС в общем ансамбле ТС приводит к существенному уменьшению количества дорожных заторов и количества потенциальных аварий (Сценарий 8). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing scenarios where insufficient visibility does not fundamentally hinder the use of autonomous vehicles, implying that there are situations where human oversight may still be necessary. This suggests that human intervention can be relevant depending on the conditions, which contradicts the claim that no oversight is required in any scenario.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Action potentials are generated by the movement of sodium and potassium ions across the neuron membrane. [SEP] Text: Bars show the mean of FPKM values of differentiated neuron at 1 and 3 weeks relative to those of NPCs. Error bars represent SD of four RNA-seq replicates at each time point. (F) Effects of PGC-1α or ERRγ knockdown on the gene expression of glycolysis, tricarboxylic acid cycle (TCA) and mitochondrial respiratory complexes. Neurons differentiated at 3 week were infected with lenti-shRNA virus against PGC-1α or ERRγ, and the total RNA was extracted 5 days after infection. Two effective shRNA lentiviral vectors targeting different regions of PGC-1α or ERRγ were used. Scramble shRNA vector was used as control. In real-time PCR experiments, the relative mRNA expression levels in neurons depleted of PGC-1α or ERRγ to scramble control were calculated after normalization to β-actin. Bars are mean ± SD, n= 3. Similar results were obtained for both shRNA knockdown constructs. (G) A hypothetical model depicting distinct transcriptional regulation of metabolic genes in the proliferation and post-mitotic differentiation states. (Figure 5—source data 1). Figure 5—source data 1 PGC-1α and ERRγ maintain the metabolic gene expression during neuronal differentiation. Download elife-13374-fig5-data1-v2. xlsx Figure 5—figure supplement 1 Download asset Open asset The fold changes of FPKM values of UCP2 are shown. Bars represent mean ± SD of four RNA-seq replicates for NPCs and neurons differentiated at 1 and 3 weeks. (Figure 5—figure supplement 1—source data 1). Figure 5—figure supplement 1—source data 1 UCP2 expression during neuronal differentiation. Download elife-13374-fig5-figsupp1-data1-v2. xlsx Figure 6 Download asset Open asset A model depicting transcriptional changes of metabolic genes underlying the switch from aerobic glycolysis in NPCs to oxidative phosphorylation in neurons. The genes with decreased expression are dimmed. The width of the arrows indicates increased and decreased pyruvate and lactate utilization at different steps in NPCs and neurons. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses the expression of metabolic genes and the effects of gene knockdown on neuronal differentiation, without any reference to the generation of action potentials or the movement of sodium and potassium ions across the neuron membrane.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: The body requires both macronutrients and micronutrients for proper functioning. [SEP] Text: 25% were Hindus, 48. 25% of the adolescent girls were non-vegetarians, 64. 75% of the adolescent girls were taking 3 times meal, and 80. 75% of the adolescents were having normal menstrual cycle. 9The study findings revealed that the mean intake (53. 33%) of protein of adolescent girls was 101. 9% of the estimated RDA which was slightly higher for the age group of 15–17 years, corresponding values for energy and fat intake was 71. 01 and 124. 93% respectively. The mean energy intake (2368. 32kcal/d) had reduced whereas, the mean fat intake (47. 89%) was found apparently higher than RDA for the age group (15–17 years), and a review was done on the dietary intake of school children and adolescents in the developing countries and the findings were supporting the with the present study findings. The results revealed that there was insufficient energy intake on one hand and consumption of high-calorie food on the hand. Some studies included in the review revealed a higher intake of fat more than recommended, and the protein intake was adequate for the majority of children and adolescents. 10The findings are supported by a cross-sectional study done among adolescents of Sialkot, Pakistan to rule out adolescents that do not meet the standards of adequacy of dietary intake revealed that female adolescents had significant lower total energy intake than male adolescents (P≤0. 001). However, they also reported that the percentage of kilocalories distribution of protein (12. 5%), carbohydrates (51. 5%), and fat (36. 3%) was similar between male and female adolescent indicating inadequate dietary intake. 11Majority of the adolescent girl’s micronutrients (calcium, iron, zinc, folate, vitamin B6, niacin, riboflavin, and vitamin C) was found less than the RDA value. The analysis of different sub-categories of adequacy of micronutrient showed that the majority, (65. 2%) of the adolescent girls had substantially inadequate calcium intake. Most of (90. 5%) of the adolescent girls had substantially inadequate iron intake, majority, (98. 8%) of the adolescent girls had substantially inadequate in zinc intake. Vitamin B6 intake was also substantially inadequate among 98. 6% of the adolescent girls. The findings also revealed that Thiamine intake (24. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the dietary intake of macronutrients such as protein, carbohydrates, and fat, as well as highlighting the inadequacy of micronutrients like calcium, iron, zinc, and vitamins among adolescent girls. This demonstrates the necessity for both categories of nutrients for proper bodily functions and overall health.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Autonomous vehicles require no human oversight or intervention in any scenario. [SEP] Text: Как следует из рисунка 7 и таблицы 2 существуют высоко рискованные сценарии развития дорожной ситуации с участием БТС (в частности, Сценарии 3, 11 и 19), при которых наблюдается аномально высокий уровень числа потенциальных аварий. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by stating that there are high-risk scenarios involving autonomous vehicles where an abnormally high number of potential accidents can occur. This indicates that in such scenarios, human oversight or intervention may still be necessary.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Action potentials are generated by the movement of sodium and potassium ions across the neuron membrane. [SEP] Text: Skip to Content eLife home page your research Search by keyword or author Reset form my search to 10. 7554/eLife. 23508 Open access Copyright information Version of RecordFebruary 23, 2017 Accepted ManuscriptFebruary 6, 2017 Open annotations (there are currently 0 annotations on this page). 3,685 views 596 downloads 39 3508. Copy to clipboard Download BibTeX Download. RIS Full text Figures and data Peer review Side by side Materials and methods 0. 4) and branching patterns in the (GM) neuron, an identified neuron type with highly-conserved physiological properties in the crustacean stomatogastric ganglion (STG) of Cancer borealis. We examined passive GM electrotonic structure by measuring the amplitudes and apparent reversal potentials (Erevs) of inhibitory responses evoked with focal glutamate photo-uncaging in the presence of TTX. were relatively invariant across sites (mean CV ± SD = 0. 04 ± 0. 01; 7–20 sites in each of 10 neurons), which ranged between 100–800 µm from the somatic recording site. Thus, GM neurons are remarkably electrotonically compact (estimated λ > 1. 5 mm). Electrotonically compact structures, in consort with graded transmission, provide an elegant solution to observed morphological variability in the STG. circuits can generate stable output despite variable underlying parameters across animals (Marder and Goaillard, 2006; Marder, 2011). Work in invertebrate central pattern-generating circuits shows that circuit function can be maintained across animals despite variable synaptic, intrinsic, and modulator-induced currents in identified constituent neurons (Prinz et al. , 2004; Schulz et al. , 2006; Marder and Goaillard, 2006; Goaillard et al. , 2009; Norris et al. , 2011; Marder, 2011; Roffman et al. , 2012; Williams et al. , 2013; Gutierrez et al. , 2013; Rodriguez et al. , 2013). This previous work has revealed the principle that neurons compensate for variable ionic conductances at the circuit (Grashow et al. , 2010) and single-neuron levels (Tobin et al. , 2009; Ball et al. , 2010; O'Leary et al. , 2013, 2014). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text discusses the properties and functions of specific neuron types and their electrical characteristics but does not mention the generation of action potentials or the movement of sodium and potassium ions. Therefore, it is irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: The body requires both macronutrients and micronutrients for proper functioning. [SEP] Text: 6%) among adolescent girls was marginally inadequate and among 54% of the adolescent girls it was substantially inadequate. Similarly in nutrient Niacin and majority of the adolescent girl’s i. e. 47. 2% and 52. 4% respectively was substantially inadequate. A review done on the dietary intake of school children and adolescents in developing countries revealed that most commonly reported vitamins with inadequate intake were vitamin A, B, B2, B3, B12, folate and β-carotene whereas vitamin C, B2, B1 and B6 intake was adequate in 95, 97, 83 and 100% respectively of the adolescents that is contradicting the present study finding. 10The present study findings were contradicted by a study which was conducted on the dietary pattern and nutrition related knowledge of rural adolescents between the ages of 10 to 19 years in of Varanasi District, among 270 adolescent girls. The study result revealed that more than two third subjects had inadequate intake of calorie, protein, and fats. High level of vitamin A and C deficiency prevailed in the majority (>90%) of subjects. 2Limitations: It was difficult to calculate all the dietary nutrients accurately. Using the Dietcal software based on three days dietary recall the nutritional values of the food items were taken and the calculation was done. The study was based on participants information no observation of the actual dietary intake was done. The research was cross sectional however random sampling was used to select the schools for getting the data. 5 ConclusionThe present study has concluded that the energy intake was less and protein and fat intake was adequate has most of the adolescents preferred to eat fast food items. Except thiamine intake all other micronutrients was inadequate. Based on the findings the awareness programme was developed and disseminated. There is need for regular sensitization program to make people aware about the macronutrients and micronutrients. Financial support and sponsorshipNone. Conflict of interestThe authors declare no potential conflicts of interests. 1. Thurnham, I. D. Nutrional of adolescent girls in low and middleSight Life. 2013; 27:24-282. Choudhary, S. ∙ Mishra, C. P. ∙ Shukla, K. P. Dietary pattren and nutrition related knowledge of rural adolescent girlsMed. 2010; 41:207-2153. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the necessity of both macronutrients (calories, protein, and fats) and micronutrients (vitamins A, C, and others) for adolescents. It highlights that a significant portion of adolescent girls had inadequate intake of essential micronutrients and emphasizes the importance of understanding macronutrients and micronutrients through awareness programs. The findings suggest that nutritional deficiencies in both categories can affect proper body functioning.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Autonomous vehicles require no human oversight or intervention in any scenario. [SEP] Text: Данным сценариям соответствует состояние ИДС, характеризуемое недостаточным уровнем видимости, большим количеством пешеходов, неожиданно возникающих на проезжей части перед ОТС и БТС, сверхвысокой интенсивностью прибытия транспортных средств в ИДС (Сценарий 3), высокой долей (до 30%) агентов-ОТС с аномальным поведением (Сценарии 11 и 19). Отметим, что на практике комбинация подобных неблагоприятных факторов маловероятна. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing scenarios in which insufficient visibility, unexpected pedestrians, and abnormal behavior from agents necessitate human oversight. This indicates that, contrary to the claim, there are situations where autonomous vehicles would require human intervention.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Action potentials are generated by the movement of sodium and potassium ions across the neuron membrane. [SEP] Text: The unique physiology of any given neuron is a consequence of its palette of ionic conductances, and its morphology (Mainen and Sejnowski, 1996; Vetter et al. , 2001). A neuron’s distributed, geometric cable properties: the length, diameter, taper, and branching of its neurites, shape passive current flow and voltage propagation (Rall, 1959, 1977; Goldstein and Rall, 1974). This resulting electrotonic structure plays a central role in determining whether voltage signals arising at disparate sites across the dendritic tree are integrated or segregated (Rall, 1959, 1967, 1969a, 1969b; Rall and Rinzel, 1973, 1974; Goldstein and Rall, 1974; Agmon-Snir and Segev, 1993; Vetter et al. , 2001). In this way, ion channel expression, when superimposed on morphology, gives rise to neuronal physiology, input-output computations, and circuit-level function (for reviews, see Koch and Segev, 2000; London and Häusser, 2005). In the present study, we investigated the physiological consequences of animal-to-animal variability in neuronal morphology in the crab stomatogastric ganglion (STG), a central pattern-generating circuit composed of 26–27 neurons. The identified neuron types of the STG exhibit highly conserved physiological waveforms and circuit-level functions (Harris-Warrick et al. , 1992), despite their complex and variable morphologies across animals (Wilensky et al. , 2003; Baldwin and Graubard, 1995; Bucher et al. , 2007; Goeritz et al. , 2013; Otopalik et al. , 2017). STG neurons display large somata (50–100 µm in diameter) and primary neurites that ramify throughout the STG neuropil (Selverston et al. , 1976; King, 1976a, 1976b; Baldwin and Graubard, 1995; Kilman and Marder, 1996). Synaptic transmission between neurons is predominantly graded, inhibitory cholinergic and glutamatergic transmission (Eisen and Marder, 1982; Marder and Eisen, 1984; Maynard and Walton, 1975; Graubard et al. , 1980; Manor et al. , 1997, 1999). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim directly regarding the generation of action potentials through sodium and potassium ion movement. Instead, it discusses various aspects of neuronal physiology, morphology, and synaptic transmission without specifically linking these concepts to the mechanism of action potential generation.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: The body requires both macronutrients and micronutrients for proper functioning. [SEP] Text: This process is heavily influenced by nutritional and hormonal inputs. 5 Excess and imbalanced macronutrient intake triggers insulin resistance (IR) and a proinflammatory state. In contrast, the role that micronutrients play is less clear. The putative role of micronutrients is supportive and believed to exert their effects by exacerbating deregulation of lipid homeostasis and antioxidant (AO) pathways. 3,4FIG 1: Relevant macronutrient and micronutrient absorption in the small bowel and their influences on MAFLD. Nutrients use active and/or passive transport to enter enterocytes and subsequently into the bloodstream/lymphatics, where many experience uptake and storage in the liver. liver uses three major macronutrients for energy: carbohydrates, fats, and proteins. The various macronutrient roles in MAFLD are summarized in Table 1. TABLE 1 - in the Liver and Role in and/or Effects of Simple sugars Largest storage of glycogen. Homeostatic regulator of blood glucose. Converts excess carbohydrates into FAs, cholesterol, and bile salts. High consumption leads to metabolic syndrome in human studies. Fructose is considered to be a strong DNL inducer. Fructose is noted to cause intestinal wall injury, leading to translocation of bacterial products and inflammation. 4,6 Dietary fiber Dietary intake reduces steatosis and adiposity in animal studies. Supplementation improved transaminases and insulin levels in a small human study. 7 Produces, uptakes, releases to peripheral tissues, stores, and oxidizes FAs depending on hormonal feedback. A systemic review found a 10% risk reduction in coronary events for every 5% of energy replaced with PUFA instead of SFA. SFA intake is believed to contribute to impaired glutathione metabolism and oxidative stress. 8 MUFA The relationship between MUFA intake and MAFLD development has been mixed. 4 One notable RCT showed greater improvement in liver fat, hemoglobin A1c, and blood pressure in individuals with diabetes given an isocaloric, MUFA‐enriched diet in comparison with a high‐carbohydrate/high‐fiber/low‐glycemic‐index diet. 9 PUFA (omega‐6) Studies show high intake of omega‐6 >> omega‐3 in diet in patients with MAFLD. Common essential omega‐6 is linoleic acid. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the roles of both macronutrients and micronutrients in the body. It emphasizes that energy production in the liver relies on macronutrients such as carbohydrates, fats, and proteins, which are essential for proper bodily function. Additionally, the text alludes to the supportive role of micronutrients, implying their necessity in metabolic processes and overall health, thus aligning with the claim about the requirement of both macronutrients and micronutrients.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Autonomous vehicles require no human oversight or intervention in any scenario. [SEP] Text: Вместе с тем условия недостаточной видимости не являются принципиальным препятствием для использования БТС, так как имеется множество сценариев, при которых недостаточная видимость не приводит к существенному увеличению количества потенциальных аварий (например, Сценарии 1, 9 и 17). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by indicating that there are specific scenarios where poor visibility does not significantly increase the likelihood of accidents, implying that not all situations are handled autonomously without human oversight or intervention. This suggests that there are conditions in which human judgment may still be necessary.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Action potentials are generated by the movement of sodium and potassium ions across the neuron membrane. [SEP] Text: Synaptic sites are sparsely distributed throughout finer processes in the neuropil region (King, 1976a, 1976b). There are no synapses on somata in these neurons (King, 1976a, 1976b) and spike initiation zones are located in the periphery where axons exit the ganglion (Raper, 1979; Miller, 1980). Thus, synaptic integration and release occurs predominantly in the neuropil. In individual STG neurons, pre- and post-synaptic sites are often tightly apposed on the same neurites (King, 1976a, 1976b). This juxtaposition of synaptic input and output suggests that current will flow in all directions across the neurite tree, centripetally and centrifugally, in the intact circuit, and allow for integration of voltage signals arising from disparate loci on the neurite tree, should the neuron be sufficiently electrotonically compact. Previous investigation of electrotonic structure in STG neurons employed simultaneous electrophysiological recordings at the soma and primary neurite, wherein electrodes were separated by several hundred microns (Miller, 1980; Golowasch and Marder, 1992). These recordings showed low-pass filtering of high-frequency voltage events across the primary neurite, as is typically imposed by the membrane capacitance (Rall, 1977). In contrast, slow voltage oscillations were subject to less electrotonic decrement. This frequency-dependent decay of electrical signals was consistent with the findings of contemporary theoretical and experimental works (Rall, 1977; Johnston and Brown, 1983; Spruston et al. , 1993, 1994; Jaffe and Carnevale, 1999). This early characterization of electrotonic structure in the STG may have been a satisfactory description at the time, given that STG circuit function is mediated predominantly by graded transmission (Eisen and Marder, 1982; Marder and Eisen, 1984; Maynard and Walton, 1975; Graubard et al. , 1980; Manor et al. , 1997, 1999) and slow oscillations (Graubard and Ross, 1985; Ross and Graubard, 1989), and continues to oscillate in the absence of spikes (Graubard, 1978; Raper, 1979; Graubard et al. , 1983;Anderson and Barker, 1981). However, these early experiments left the electrotonic properties of more distal sites and higher-order branches to the imagination. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the generation of action potentials or the movement of sodium and potassium ions across the neuron membrane. Instead, it discusses synaptic integration and the electrotonic properties of STG neurons without mentioning ion movement or action potentials, making it largely irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: The body requires both macronutrients and micronutrients for proper functioning. [SEP] Text: Linoleic acid metabolizes into arachidonic acid, which ultimately leads to production of proinflammatory, prothrombotic, and proaggregatory mediators. 2,4 PUFA (omega‐3) Common essential omega‐3 is linolenic acid, which metabolizes into eicosapentaenoic acid and docosahexaenoic acid, which lead to production of anti‐inflammatory mediators. 4 One systemic review showed supplementation with omega‐3 long‐chain PUFAs showed improvement in steatosis, metabolic risk factors, and liver enzymes in MAFLD. Supplementation was not found to benefit outcomes in improving NASH histology. 10 models fed a high‐trans‐fat diet over 4 months demonstrated steatosis, hyperinsulinemia, and severe necroinflammation. 4,6 source Synthesizes and breaks down AAs. Favors AAs for building hormones, cytokines, coagulants, transport proteins, etc. Can use as energy source when other macronutrients are limited. Diets higher in animal protein sources increase risk for metabolic syndrome. Has higher SFA and trans fat content. Associated with increase in all‐cause mortality. 11 PB Studies in humans show reduction in hepatic fat and inflammatory markers when protein sources from animals are replaced with plant sources. diet has been used as an example. 2,4,6 The liver removes nearly two‐thirds of the glucose and remaining monosaccharides absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract. Depending on the energy needs of the body, glucose is stored in the form of glycogen or oxidized for energy. Given limited storage capacity in the liver, excess carbohydrates are converted into triglycerides through the process of de novo lipogenesis (DNL). DNL is one of the main drivers of hepatic steatosis. 5,12 Simple sugars, particularly fructose, have been shown to predispose to the development of MAFLD in both animal and human studies. Fructose metabolism activates DNL as it can independently create triglycerides by bypassing one of the most regulated enzymatic steps in glycolysis with phosphofructokinase. 4,12 High‐fructose diets have been observed to influence signaling pathways that increase oxidative stress and inflammation in rats. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the roles of macronutrients and how they metabolize into important compounds necessary for bodily functions. It mentions how linoleic acid and omega-3 fatty acids contribute to the production of mediators that influence inflammation and metabolic health, which indicates the importance of these macronutrients. Furthermore, it describes the process of de novo lipogenesis and how glucose is stored or converted based on energy needs, highlighting the necessity of macronutrients in energy regulation and overall metabolic functioning.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Autonomous vehicles require no human oversight or intervention in any scenario. [SEP] Text: При этом увеличение доли БТС в общем ансамбле ТС приводит к существенному уменьшению количества дорожных заторов и количества потенциальных аварий (Сценарий 8). Как следует из рисунка 7 и таблицы 2 существуют высоко рискованные сценарии развития дорожной ситуации с участием БТС (в частности, Сценарии 3, 11 и 19), при которых наблюдается аномально высокий уровень числа потенциальных аварий. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by stating that there are high-risk scenarios involving autonomous vehicles where there is an abnormally high level of potential accidents, implying that human oversight may be necessary in such situations.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Action potentials are generated by the movement of sodium and potassium ions across the neuron membrane. [SEP] Text: Relevant voltage events must arise at more distal, finer processes, where pre- and post-synaptic connections are located (King, 1976a, 1976b; Kilman and Marder, 1996). Thus, a full experimental characterization of the electrotonic structure of STG neurons requires electrophysiologically sampling numerous sites across the dendritic tree. Of course, recording at many sites, let alone on the tiniest of neurite processes, presents technical challenges that few have overcome in situ. In one STG neuron type, the gastric mill (GM) neuron, we have utilized focal photo-uncaging techniques in tandem with electrophysiology to examine propagation of voltage events evoked at processes that vary in size and distance from the somatic recording site. We present a surprising case wherein geometrical complexity and variability appear not to constrain passive physiology. stomatogastric ganglion (STG) of the crab Cancer borealis is composed of 26–27 neurons situated around a dense neuropil region, wherein each of the neurons branches extensively. This central-pattern-generating circuit mediates the coordinated rhythmic contractions of the animal’s foregut. The gastric mill (GM) neuron is one of fourteen identified neuron types in the STG. There are typically four GM neurons in each animal. Figure 1A shows a schematic of one GM neuron and its axonal projections in the intact stomatogastric nervous system, as dissected for in vitro experiments. Filling the neuron with fluorescent dye reveals the complex morphology of the GM neuron in situ (Figure 1B). The GM neuron ramifies throughout the neuropil region and can be distinguished by multiple axons, projecting to and innervating extrinsic gastric muscles 1a, 1b, 2, 3a, and 3b via the anterior lateral (aln) and dorsal ventral (dvn) nerves (Maynard and Dando, 1974; Selverston and Mulloney, 1974; Weimann et al. , 1991). GM neurons participate in the episodic gastric mill rhythm (Hartline and Maynard, 1975). When bursting (Figure 1C), GM activity evokes rhythmic contractions of its target muscles, resulting in grinding movements of the gastric mill ossicles and attached teeth for internal chewing of food (Russell, 1985; Heinzel, 1988). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses the complexities of voltage events in neurons and the electrotonic structure of stomatogastric ganglion (STG) neurons, without addressing the specific mechanisms through which action potentials are generated by sodium and potassium ion movements across the neuron membrane.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: The body requires both macronutrients and micronutrients for proper functioning. [SEP] Text: 13 In the pediatric population, one small randomized controlled trial (RCT) demonstrated that implementation of a diet low in free sugar resulted in significant improvement in hepatic steatosis. 14 In adults, observational studies involving low‐carbohydrate diets have shown benefit in liver lipids in short‐term follow‐up. However, the emphasis has largely been on the hypocaloric nature of the diet because low‐fat/high‐carbohydrate versus low‐carbohydrate/high‐fat diets have produced comparable results. 2,15 Dietary fiber is another form of carbohydrate that has well‐documented beneficial effects on promoting weight loss and improving general markers of metabolic syndrome. In addition, there is growing research that dietary fiber may also influence gut microbiota and help promote an anti‐inflammatory environment within MAFLD. 6 can arrive to the liver from dietary sources, lipolysis from adipocytes, and DNL. In fed states, lipids can be synthesized and stored peripherally in adipocytes. Over time, overnutrition will lead to adipocyte hypertrophy and the gradual release of proinflammatory cytokines that ultimately precipitate IR. IR has been strongly implicated in the formation of hepatic steatosis and progression of MAFLD. 5 FAs can be categorized into saturated (SFAs), monounsaturated (MUFAs), and polyunsaturated FAs (PUFAs). Diets high in SFA are associated with increased hepatic fat deposition and oxidative stress within the liver. Alternatively, it has been shown that diets that replace SFA with MUFA help to increase FA oxidation and reduce lipogenesis in the liver in patients with MAFLD. 2,4 PUFAs can also affect the progression of MAFLD. The two most studied are omega‐3 (anti‐inflammatory) and omega‐6 (proinflammatory) FAs. An imbalance of omega‐6 FA over omega‐3 FA has been observed in patients with MAFLD. 2,6 Although the number of well‐conducted studies is limited, the Mediterranean diet has been the most studied. Protective nutritional benefits of the Mediterranean diet in MAFLD are shown in Fig. 2. It has been shown to display significant reduction in steatosis, liver enzymes, and markers of cardiovascular disease even under isocaloric conditions. 15FIG 2: Food source with meal composition and major macronutrients and micronutrients present within a traditional Mediterranean diet. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the importance of both macronutrients and micronutrients, particularly in the context of dietary approaches like the Mediterranean diet. It outlines various dietary elements, such as saturated fats, monounsaturated fats, polyunsaturated fats, and dietary fiber, which are essential to the body's functioning and health, especially in relation to liver health and metabolic syndrome.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Autonomous vehicles require no human oversight or intervention in any scenario. [SEP] Text: Данным сценариям соответствует состояние ИДС, характеризуемое недостаточным уровнем видимости, большим количеством пешеходов, неожиданно возникающих на проезжей части перед ОТС и БТС, сверхвысокой интенсивностью прибытия транспортных средств в ИДС (Сценарий 3), высокой долей (до 30%) агентов-ОТС с аномальным поведением (Сценарии 11 и 19). Отметим, что на практике комбинация подобных неблагоприятных факторов маловероятна. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by describing specific scenarios where visibility is poor and unpredictable events occur, indicating that human oversight may still be necessary due to the presence of unexpected pedestrians and high traffic intensity. This suggests that complete autonomy without human intervention is not feasible in such cases.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Action potentials are generated by the movement of sodium and potassium ions across the neuron membrane. [SEP] Text: GM neurons are unambiguously identified by matching their spiking activity with spiking units on extracellular nerves known to contain GM axonal projections (Figure 1D; Maynard and Dando, 1974). Figure 1 Download asset Open asset The stomatogastric nervous system (STNS) and identification of gastric mill (GM) neurons. (A) Schematic of an in vitro, isolated STNS with descending inputs intact (from bilateral commissural ganglia (CoGs) and esophogeal ganglion (OG)). The stomatogastric ganglion (STG; green box) contains identifiable motor neurons that project their axons onto specific muscle groups via the medial ventral nerve (mvn), anterior lateral nerves (aln), dorsal ventricular nerve (dvn) and lateral ventricular nerve (lvn), and dorsal gastric nerve (dgn). An example of the axonal projection path of a GM neuron is shown in green. Extracellular nerve recordings (locations indicated with gray circles) are utilized for physiological identification of GM neurons (as in D). (B) Example of an alexa488 dye-fill (green) of a GM neuron, with the STG, nerve projections, and other neurons outlined in white. (C) The GM neuron participates in a slow, episodic gastric mill rhythm that is highly conserved across animals. Top: an intracellular recording of GM with simultaneous extracellular nerve recordings of the dgn and lvn show concurrent, single-neuron and circuit-level activities. (D) GM neurons are identified physiologically by matching intracellular spike activity with extracellular nerve spike units in the dgn, which contains GM axonal projections (shown in green on dgn). Hyperpolarizing and depolarizing current pulses (Iinj) make this identification unambiguous. These identifications are verified with microscopy and identification of axons projecting bilaterally into the alns, as in B. and D, horizontal bars indicate an intracellular voltage of −50 mV. Variability in GM neuron morphology We generated three-dimensional confocal stacks of dye-fills of 14 GM neurons situated in the STGs of 14 different animals. Figure 2A shows six examples of maximum z-projection images generated from GM neuronal dye-fills. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim regarding action potentials and the ionic movements of sodium and potassium ions. It primarily focuses on the identification and physiological activity of GM neurons in the stomatogastric nervous system, lacking any mention of the mechanisms of action potential generation.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: The body requires both macronutrients and micronutrients for proper functioning. [SEP] Text: the least energy dense, proteins are preferably used by the liver for synthesis over catabolism. 12 Studies that have investigated the effects that proteins have on MAFLD are mixed. There have been concerns about confounding effects of other macronutrients that are either present or replaced by proteins in a diet. There are observational reports that note proteins from plant sources over animal sources help improve hepatic fat and IR and promote better glycemic control. 4,6 are nutrients that the body requires in minuscule amounts to perform its physiological functions. Experimental studies have shown that micronutrients demonstrate many AO, anti‐inflammatory, and immunomodulatory (IM) properties. 3 The various micronutrient roles in MAFLD are summarized in Table 2. TABLE 2 - in the Liver and Role in in Findings and/or Effects of Albumin production, which binds and transports 75%‐80% of zinc in the plasma. Serum levels low. One small RCT showed zinc supplementation for 3 months with a weight‐loss diet helped improve IR and oxidative stress in patients with MAFLD. No additional improvement in lipid profile compared with the control group. 16 Has AO, LP, and AF properties. 3 the regulatory hormone hepcidin that controls the export of iron from absorptive, recycling, and storage cells. Iron stores elevated in MAFLD. Studies are mixed. One small RCT showed improvement in liver enzymes and histological damage to those who underwent phlebotomy. 17 Another RCT found no improvement in hepatic steatosis, IR, liver injury with reduction in ferritin from phlebotomy. 18 Has IM and LP properties. the transport protein ceruloplasmin. It is a cofactor for several AO enzymes. Reduced hepatic levels found in patients with MAFL. 19 Rats fed copper‐depleted diets developed severe hepatic steatosis, oxidative stress, and lipotoxicity. Has AO and LP properties. 3 Production of bile acids for absorption via chylomicrons. Storage for majority of vitamin A in the body. Involved in hepatic lipid metabolism. Low retinoic acid levels associated with increased steatosis and IR in patients with MAFLD. 20 Animal studies found steatohepatitis from defects in mitochondrial beta‐oxidation. Has LP properties. 3 Production of bile acids for absorption via chylomicrons. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the importance of both macronutrients and micronutrients for physiological functions. It emphasizes the role of proteins (macronutrients) and highlights that micronutrients are required in minuscule amounts for various bodily functions, as stated in 'are nutrients that the body requires in minuscule amounts to perform its physiological functions.' This indicates that the text recognizes the necessity of both types of nutrients for proper body functioning.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Autonomous vehicles require no human oversight or intervention in any scenario. [SEP] Text: Вместе с тем условия недостаточной видимости не являются принципиальным препятствием для использования БТС, так как имеется множество сценариев, при которых недостаточная видимость не приводит к существенному увеличению количества потенциальных аварий (например, Сценарии 1, 9 и 17). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by suggesting that there are scenarios, specifically those related to low visibility conditions, which do not significantly increase the likelihood of accidents, implying that human oversight may still be necessary in such situations.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Action potentials are generated by the movement of sodium and potassium ions across the neuron membrane. [SEP] Text: GM neurons exhibit large somata (with a mean diameter ± SD of 74 ± 13 µm) and expansive neurite branches that span the neuropil region. Non-axonal neurite branches spanned an average ellipsoid volume of 4. 98 ± 1. 43 × 106 µm3 (mean ± SD). Figure 2 Download asset Open asset GM neurons exhibit expansive and complex morphologies. (A) Maximum z-projections of 3-dimensional confocal image stacks capturing Lucifer yellow dye-fills of six GM neurons (taken at 20x magnification). (B) Skeletal reconstructions of the six neurons shown in A, generated by manual tracing in software and used for quantitative morphological analyses shown in C-–F. All scale bars in A and B are 150 µm. (C) Boxplot of total cable lengths (excluding axonal projections; Mean + SD = 8112. 6 + 2453. 6 µm). (D) Boxplot of the total number of branch points (excluding axonal branch points; mean + sd = 148 + 63 branch points). and D, red line indicates the median, the blue box spans the 25th and 75th percentiles, and the whiskers span the range of data points not considered to be outliers. (E) Histograms show the distributions of paths from soma to terminating neurite for individual GM neurons (from top to bottom). (F) Histograms showing the tortuosities for soma-to-tip paths for individual GM neurons (from top to bottom). Tortuosity was calculated as the ratio of measured soma-to-tip path length (as in E) over the Euclidean distance from soma to tip. On right, diagram indicates the interpretation of tortuosity for a given path (blue) relative to the Euclidean distance (black). and F, the darker shaded region spans the 25th and 75th percentiles, solid lines indicate the mean, and dashed lines indicate the median. The y-axes are scaled to the maximum number of paths among bins within each neuron. Note the leftward bias in the tortuosity distributions (F). For C–F, metrics were calculated for N = 14 GM neurons in 14 different animals. software (freely available online at knossostool. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it focuses on the morphology and structural measurements of GM neurons, such as their size, shape, and branching patterns. It does not address the physiological mechanisms involved in the generation of action potentials or the specific role of sodium and potassium ions in this process.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: The body requires both macronutrients and micronutrients for proper functioning. [SEP] Text: Low serum levels are associated with MAFLD per a small systemic review of RCTs. Supplementation may improve lipid profile and markers of inflammation. Effects on glycemic index, IR, weight, and liver enzymes were not found to be significant. 21 Pronounced steatohepatitis, upregulation of proinflammatory cytokines, fibrogenic factors, and lipotoxicity seen in rat models. and LP properties. 3 Production of bile acids for absorption via chylomicrons. Low serum levels. Many clinical trials have demonstrated improvement in liver enzymes and liver histology for patients with MAFLD and NASH supplemented with vitamin E. 22,23 Has AO, LP, and AF properties. 3 Liver not directly involved in homeostasis. Water‐soluble and absorbed passively in the gut. Known predominately for its AO and coenzymatic roles within cells. Role in MAFLD is controversial. Low levels are mildly associated in the pediatric population but association in adults is mixed. 4,24 Studies aimed at better elucidating this relationship are lacking. 3 via gut largely passive but will experience conjugation reactions in the liver that help facilitate metabolism and/or elimination. Production of bile acids for absorption for larger molecules. Low levels seen in MAFLD. One RCT saw improvement in liver enzymes, steatosis grade, and inflammatory markers in patients supplemented with resveratrol for 3 months. 25 Has AO, IM, and anti‐inflammatory properties. 3 of bile acids for absorption via chylomicrons. Low levels seen in patients with NASH. 23 Beta‐carotene supplementation in rats improved liver injury histology and steatosis. 4 Has AO and anti‐inflammatory properties. 3 A healthy liver provides storage and production of key binding, transport, and regulatory proteins that help maintain micronutrient homeostasis. Although micronutrient effects on MAFLD pathogenesis have not been clearly delineated, active liver disease is believed to alter micronutrient levels that lead to increased oxidative stress and inflammation. Micronutrient‐deficient and/or excess states have been observed in MAFLD, which has prompted therapeutic correction. Therapeutic intervention involving micronutrients that positively affect liver injury histology in patients with MAFLD has produced varied results. 3,4 Zinc deficiency has been observed in MAFLD. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the involvement of micronutrients in liver health and disease, specifically in MAFLD and NASH conditions. It highlights that micronutrient levels can be altered due to active liver disease, leading to increased oxidative stress and inflammation. Furthermore, it notes that 'therapeutic intervention involving micronutrients that positively affect liver injury histology in patients with MAFLD has produced varied results,' which emphasizes the importance of micronutrients in bodily functions and conditions.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Autonomous vehicles require no human oversight or intervention in any scenario. [SEP] Text: Разработана новая имитационная модель движения БТС во взаимодействии с другими агентами (БТС, ОТС, ОТС с аномальным поведением и пешеходами), позволяющая оценивать влияние множества управляющих параметров на динамику потенциальных аварий (ДТП) и траффик выходного потока, в частности, учитывающая состояние недостаточной видимости, неожиданное появление пешеходов на проезжей части и наличие агентов-ОТС с аномальным поведением, движение которых оп [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing a simulation model that assesses the dynamics of potential accidents and traffic flow under various conditions, indicating that there are scenarios (such as poor visibility and unexpected pedestrian behavior) where human oversight may indeed be necessary to prevent accidents.