Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: The Moon has an atmosphere similar to Earth, allowing for potential habitation without domes. [SEP] Text: Other programs associated to the atmosphere or the surface–atmosphere interaction will benefit from the high spatial resolution of an ELT. Concerning atmospheric phenomena, it will be possible to study the water profile along the volcanoes and the pressure waves located at the surface behind them. In addition, it will be possible to monitor the evolution of the polar caps, and in particular the dark cryptic regions, presumably covered with a clear slab of pure CO2 ice (Langevin et al. 2006). Maps of dust and water ice clouds will also be retrieved above the seasonal polar caps (Vincendon et al. 2008). Two types of instruments will be essential for these programs: 1) A high-resolution near-infrared mapping spectrometer covering the 1–5 μm range, i. e. covering both the reflected and thermal parts of the spectrum. The resolving power should be about 105. The main molecules to be monitored are the O2 dayglow at 1. 27 μm, CO at 1. 57, 2. 35 and 4. 7 μm, H2O around 3. 3 μm, HDO at 3. 7 μm, CH4 around 3. 3 μm. Other species to be searched for include OCS at 4. 83 μm, CH3OH at 3. 5 μm, H2CO at 3. 6 μm, HCl at 3. 6 μm, PH3 at 4. 3 μm (Encrenaz et al. 2004b). A typical example of this instrument is at the VLT. 2) A high-resolution thermal mapping spectrometer covering the 7–25 μm range with a resolving power of about 104–105; a typical example is TEXES at IRTF (and now also at ). Molecules to be observed include H2O2 and HDO at 8 μm, and possibly O3 at 9. 5 μm. Possible candidates include SO2 around 7. 1–7. 5 μm, NH3 at 10. 5 μm, and PH3 at 10. 1 μm. In addition, a heterodyne instrument operating at 10 μm, like (for and Composition) at IRTF, would be very valuable for resolving planetary lines and measuring doppler winds. In addition to the direct mapping of ozone at 9. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by focusing on various atmospherical studies and instruments aimed at monitoring atmospheric phenomena, none of which support the idea that the Moon has an atmosphere similar to Earth. Instead, the discussions about studying components such as CO2 ice and water profiles on volcanic terrains indicate a lack of a robust atmosphere conducive to habitation.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Circadian rhythms are regulated by light-sensitive proteins. [SEP] Text: Study 3, PMDD Complete measurements of urinary LH and FSH before and after light treatment in the both the follicular and luteal phases were available for only 4 women given morning light and 2 women given evening light. The multivariate contrast of hormone measures before and after the bright light stimulation was significant (P = 0. 044). Log10(LH) excretion increased from 1. 047 on the baseline night to 1. 264 after the bright light treatment (univariate P = 0. 027). Log10(FSH) excretion increased from 0. 030 on the baseline night to 0. 196 on the night after the bright light treatment (univariate P = 0. 125). The follicular vs. luteal phase hormonal excretion contrasts were not significant, nor were the morning vs. evening light treatment contrasts, but the interaction of the pre-post hormonal excretion contrast with time of treatment was significant (P = 0. 008). For LH, the increase after morning light treatment was consistently higher than with evening light in both the follicular and luteal phases. For FSH, the increase with morning light treatment was higher than with evening light in the follicular phase, but in the luteal phase, FSH excretion was extremely reduced, and the very small increase was greater with evening than with morning light. There were no other significant interactions. summarize, assays of urinary LH and FSH before and after bright light treatments gave weak and somewhat equivocal support to the hypothesis that bright light stimulates these gonadotropic hormones. Light stimulation of LH and FSH would be potentially useful, if a robust effect could be more clearly demonstrated. In children, regulation of light exposures might influence puberty and menarche. In men, an increase in testosterone production might lead to increased fertility in some younger men, and palliation of loss of libido, erectile dysfunction, and muscle wasting among older men. In women, light stimulation might promote fertility as well as regularize the menstrual cycle [55,61]. In both genders, bright light augmentation of gonadotropins might be one aspect of the antidepressant benefits [62 - 64]. In the first and third studies, LH was significantly increased after bright light treatment, but in neither case was a significant contrast with any parallel control treatment demonstrated. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text discusses the effects of bright light on urinary LH and FSH measurements in women and mentions the potential influence of light on hormonal excretion and reproductive health. However, it does not provide direct information about circadian rhythms or light-sensitive proteins regulating them. Therefore, it is considered irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Social support is crucial for mental health and resilience. [SEP] Text: Social support and the perception of health conditions can jointly predict the mental health state of older adults [17]. Additionally, Li et al. [11] found that sources of social support and resilience also affect mental health among older adults. However, only a few studies exist, and these do not provide sufficient knowledge on the factors influencing mental health among older adults in Thailand. Most of the previous studies have focused on the mental health of older adults living in one province or one region in Thailand; however, this does not represent the overall picture of older adults in Thailand [6, 17]. Identifying the causal factors of elderly mental health conditions will help healthcare professionals understand and recognize mental health issues experienced by older adults. These mental health issues are significant and require supportive care to prevent the development of further problems and their consequences, including low perceived quality of life [7], which can lead to an increase in suicidal thoughts and self-harm. As long as the older adults are unable to adapt to change, mental health problems can become more severe and can even progress to becoming psychiatric disorders. However, many older adults have varying levels of mental health, ranging from low to medium or high, which may depend on various factors. Thus, the information obtained could be fundamental knowledge that will be useful in planning care for the elderly that is effective, appropriate, and consistent with their needs. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the level of resilience, social support, and mental health among older adults, to evaluate the effects of resilience and social support on mental health, and to examine the mediating effect of resilience on the relationship between social support and mental health. The researchers also hypothesized that resilience, social support, and mental health of older adults are at a high level, that social support and resilience influence mental health, and that resilience would mediate the relationship between social support and mental health in older adults, as shown in Fig. 1. Fig. 1Hypothetical model. Notes: path 1, effect of social support on resilience; path 2, effect of resilience on mental health; path 3. 1, total effect of social support on mental health; and path 3. 2, direct effect of social support on mental health when resilience is used as a mediatorFull size imageMethodsResearch design and participantsThis cross-sectional study was carried out among older adults in Thailand. This method reflects the strength or direction of the relationship between two or more variables that the researcher wants to explore [18, 19]. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the importance of social support and its relationship with mental health among older adults, particularly noting that 'social support and resilience also affect mental health among older adults.' It emphasizes the need for supportive care to address mental health issues and acknowledges that social support is a key factor influencing resilience and mental health.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: AI chatbots can assist in preliminary diagnosis and patient engagement. [SEP] Text: In one case, ChatGPT did not provide appropriate information about suitable treatment, and its response contained inappropriate content in 4 cases. In contrast, ChatGPT recommended appropriate measures in 4 cases. Discussion and Conclusion: ChatGPT’s responses to the 10 case reports could have been better. To utilize ChatGPT efficiently and appropriately, users should possess sufficient knowledge and skills to determine the validity of its responses. AI chatbots based on large language models will progress significantly, but physicians must be vigilant in using these tools in practice. Key Words: Artificial intelligence; Language; Physicians; Republic of Korea 찾아보기말: 인공지능; 언어; 의사; 대한민국 서론 2022년 11월 30일 OpenAI사에서 GPT-3. 5를 기반으로 한 ChatGPT를 출시한 뒤[1], 많은 사람들이 이 대형언어모형(large language model) 인공지능 플랫폼(artificial intelligence [AI] platform)을 사용하기 시작하였다. 특히 가장 관심을 가진 분야는 교육 현장으로 학생들이 essay를 제출할 때, ChatGPT를 활용하였다. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by highlighting issues in ChatGPT's performance regarding medical information. It states that ChatGPT failed to provide appropriate information in several instances, implying that its effectiveness in aiding preliminary diagnosis may be limited. Furthermore, the discussion mentions the necessity for users to have adequate knowledge to assess the validity of the chatbot's responses, suggesting a significant limitation in the chatbot's utility for patient engagement and diagnosis.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Circadian rhythms are regulated by light-sensitive proteins. [SEP] Text: JAE provided intellectual background, performed the assays, and contributed to design, interpretation, statistics, and manuscript preparation. SDY contributed to design, performance, analysis, and interpretation of the first study. BLP designed and performed the third study and contributed to manuscript preparation. RLH consulted on the assays, provided laboratory facilities, and helped edit the manuscript. KMR managed human subjects consents and reimbursement, helped perform the first study, and contributed to manuscript preparation. All authors read and approved the final manuscript. by NIH R01 grants MH068545, HL61280, AG12364, MH63462, and (CRC) grant M01-RR-00827. RLH was supported by NIH R01 grants AG022982 and MH074697 and by the VA Center of Excellence for Stress and (). The NIH and the VA had no role in the design, collection, analysis, or interpretation of data, in writing the manuscript, or in submission of the manuscript. Richard T. Loving, D. N. Sc. and collected data for Study 2. Charles J. Meliska, Ph. D. coordinated Study 3 and Luis F. Martinez assisted with data collection. contributed light treatment boxes for this research. Bio-Light by Enviro-Med and Systems (now part of Philips Electronics) have also contributed light treatment boxes for the laboratory's research. 10. 1177/074873001129002079 [PubMed] Hastings, MH; Walker, AP; Powers, JB; Hutchison, J; Steel, EA; Herbert, JDifferential effects of photoperiodic history on the responses of gonadotrophins and prolactin to intermediate daylengths in the male Syrian hamster J 4: 335–350, DOI: [PubMed] Goldman, BDMammalian photoperiodic system: Formal properties and neuroendocrine mechanisms of photoperiodic time measurement J 16: 283–301, DOI: [PubMed] Elliott, JACircadian rhythms and photoperiodic time measurement in mammals 35: 2339–2346. [PubMed] Karsch, FJ; Foster, DL; Legan, SJ; (1976). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text discusses various contributors to research, their roles, funding sources, and references to studies but does not provide any information regarding the regulation of circadian rhythms or light-sensitive proteins. Therefore, it is irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Social support is crucial for mental health and resilience. [SEP] Text: When considering the overall instruments, as following:DemographicsSurvey items collected demographic data on participants’ gender, age, married status, educational level, religious, monthly income, occupation, exercise, family living, chronic disease, and participation in social activities. Thai geriatric mental health assessmentMental health also refers to a person’s condition with regard to their psychological and emotional well-being. The research instrument used for measuring the mental health of the older adults, i. e. , The T-GMHA (Thai version), developed by Ukaranan et al. [20]. It was developed to be a short version (15 items) for older adults, with reliability obtained by analyzing the Cronbach’s a (α = 0. 86). The instrument has four components: mental state (α = 0. 54), mental performance (α = 0. 78), mental quality (α = 0. 81), and support quality (α = 0. 84). The overall content validity was equal to 1. Social support scaleFamily support in this study is defined as the older adult’s perception to quality of received support in different forms of provision of assistance to family members, including emotional, tangible and information support [16]. Social support scale in this study was adapted from the social support questionnaires according to the concept of social support developed by Schaefer et al. [16] to be appropriate for the context of the older adults who live in community. The items focused on appraisals of quality of the support received from family members. For example, “You received caring from your family”. It differs from the items of a sub-factor of resilience: have social support. The research instrument used for measuring the social support received by older adults, i. e. , Scale (Thai version) developed by Lohasheewa [21] based on the concept of social support reported by Schaefer et al. [16], This instrument consisted of seven items, with reliability obtained by analyzing the Cronbach’s a (α = 0. 93). The instrument has two components: emotional support (α = 0. 89) and information and tangible support (α = 0. 90). The overall content validity was equal to 1. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the importance of social support in the context of mental health assessments for older adults. It outlines the definition of family support and its impact on mental health, indicating that support quality received from family members is an essential component of this relationship. Furthermore, it mentions the study’s focus on measuring social support, specifically highlighting the perception of quality support as significantly influencing mental health and resilience among older adults.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: AI chatbots can assist in preliminary diagnosis and patient engagement. [SEP] Text: 인공지능 챗봇의 질병 진단 및 환자 치료에 대한 답변은 신뢰할 수 있는가? ChatGPT에 문의하여 본 결과, 다음과 같이 요약하였다(Suppl. 1). “인공지능 챗봇은 도움이 되는 정보와 통찰력을 제공할 수 있지만 전문적인 의학적 조언이나 진단을 대체할 수는 없다. 전문가를 대체하는 것이 아닌 전문가 의료 자문과 함께 사용하는 것이 중요하다. ” 당연한 답이기는 하지만 그렇다면 어느 정도 수준에서 ChatGPT는 의료 지식을 제공할 수 있을까? [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by stating that while AI chatbots can provide helpful information and insights, they cannot replace professional medical advice or diagnosis. It emphasizes the importance of using AI alongside expert medical consultation, suggesting limitations in the chatbot's role in preliminary diagnosis.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Circadian rhythms are regulated by light-sensitive proteins. [SEP] Text: On the control of tonic LH secretion in sheep: a new concept for regulation of the estrous cycle and breeding season Endocrinology - Proceedings of the V of Endocrinology (Hamburg, Germany) July 18-24, 1976. 1Amsterdam-Oxford: Excerpta Medica, 198. Elliott, JA; Tamarkin, LComplex circadian regulation of pineal melatonin and wheel-running in Syrian hamsters J A 174: 469–484, DOI: [PubMed] Goldman, BThe circadian timing system and reproduction in mammals Steroids 64: 679–685, DOI: [PubMed] Bartness, T; Powers, B; Hastings, M; Bittman, E; Goldman, BThe timed infusion paradigm for melatonin delivery: what has it taught us about the melatonin signal, its reception, and the photoperiodic control of seasonal responses? J 15: 161–190, DOI: [PubMed] Gündüz, B; Stetson, MHA test of the coincidence and duration models of melatonin action in Siberian hamsters: the effects of 1-hr melatonin infusions on testicular development in intact and pinealectomized prepubertal Phodopus sungorus J 30: 97–107, DOI: [PubMed] Gündüz, B; Stetson, MHA test of the coincidence and duration models of melatonin action in Siberian hamsters. II. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim regarding the regulation of circadian rhythms by light-sensitive proteins. Instead, it includes references to various studies related to circadian regulation and reproduction in mammals, without specifically connecting to the role of light-sensitive proteins. Therefore, it is irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Social support is crucial for mental health and resilience. [SEP] Text: Thai elderly resilience scaleResilience is defined as the ability to bounce back to normal life and remain mentally healthy in the face of adverse life event, which consists of the following five components: 1) being able to join other people, 2) being confident in life 3) have social support 4) living with spiritual security and 5) being able to de-stress and manage problems [10]. Scale. This scale was developed twice, initial as pre-specific domains and later as specified domains. The pre-specified domains were conceptualized through three source of resilience features based on Grothberg: I AM (Inner strength), I HAVE (External support), and I CAN (Social skills and external skills). The specified domains were synthesized from knowledge and empirical indicators from literature reviews” [10]. This scale focused on exploring ability to do and to have something of older adults. For example, having social support is a sub-factor that based on a source of resilience “I have”. Items focused on asking about ability to have external support of the older adult. The research instrument used for measuring the resilience of the older adults, i. e. TERS (Thai version) developed by Maneerat et al. [22] based on the concept of resilience reported by Grotberg [10], consisted of 19 items, with reliability obtained by analyzing the Cronbach’s a (α = 0. 91). The instrument has five components: being able to de-stress and manage problems (α = 0. 62), living with spiritual security (α = 0. 81), have social support (α = 0. 77), being confident in life (α = 0. 80), and being able to join other people (α = 0. 77). The overall content validity was equal to 1. Data collectionAfter receiving permission to collect data, a research team consisting of researchers, research assistants, and gatekeepers held a meeting to plan the data collection procedure. The data collection process and guidelines for using each type of measurement to collect data as well as the objectives for each type of testing were discussed to check and confirm the understanding of research assistants and coordinators in each province, and, for gatekeepers, to schedule the date, time, and place for data collection. Then, the researchers prepared questionnaires and necessary materials, such as pencils and erasers, sufficient for the sample group, and collected data on the date and time of the appointment. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by explicitly stating that 'have social support' is one of the five components of resilience, emphasizing its importance in maintaining mental health in the face of adverse life events. This aligns with the claim that social support is crucial for mental health and resilience.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: AI chatbots can assist in preliminary diagnosis and patient engagement. [SEP] Text: 증례보고에 나와 있는 정보를 바탕으로 판정하였다. ChatGPT가 환자의 증상, 소견, 과거력만으로는 10예 중 4예에서만 감별진단에 제시한 증례 진단명이 포함되어 있다가, 여러 진단 검사 후 7예에서 진단명을 제시하고 있음을 알 수 있다. 3예에서는 검사 결과를 제공하여도 정확하게 진단명을 제시하지 못함을 알 수 있다. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by indicating that ChatGPT only included the correct diagnosis in 4 out of 10 cases based on symptoms, and even after additional tests, it still failed to provide accurate diagnoses in some instances. This suggests limitations in the chatbot's ability to assist effectively in preliminary diagnosis.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Circadian rhythms are regulated by light-sensitive proteins. [SEP] Text: The effects of 4- and 8-hr melatonin infusions on testicular development of pinealectomized juvenile Siberian hamsters (Phodopus sungorus) J 30: 56–64, DOI: [PubMed] Elliott, JA; Stetson, MH; Menaker, MRegulation of testis function in golden hamsters: a circadian clock measures photoperiodic time Science 178: 771–773, DOI: [PubMed] Malpaux, B; Migaud, M; Tricoire, H; Chemineau, PBiology of mammalian photoperiodism and the critical role of the pineal gland and melatonin J 16: 336–347, DOI: [PubMed] Wehr, TAPhotoperiodism in humans and other primates: Evidence and implications J 16: 348–364, DOI: [PubMed] O'Byrne, KT; Thalabard, JC; Chiappini, SE; Chen, MD; Hotchkiss, J; Knobil, EAmbient light modifies gonadotropin-releasing hormone pulse generator frequency in the rhesus monkey Endocrinology 133: 1520–1524, DOI: [PubMed] Lincoln, GA; Andersson, H; Hazlerigg, DClock genes and the long-term regulation of prolactin secretion: Evidence for a photoperiod/circannual timer in the pars tuberalis J Neuroendocrinol 15: 390–397, DOI: [PubMed] Haus, E; Lakatua, DJ; Halberg, F; Halberg, E; Cornelissen, G; Sackett, LL; Berg, HG; Kawasaki, T; Ueno, M; Uezono, K; Matsuoka, M; Omae, TChronobiological studies of plasma prolactin in women in Kyushu, Japan, and & Metab 51: 632–640. Hannibal, J; Hindersson, P; Knudsen, SM; Georg, B; Fahrenkrug, JThe photopigment melanopsin is exclusively present in pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide-containing retinal ganglion cells of the retinohypothalamic tract J Neurosci 22(RC191): 1–7. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim directly regarding the regulation of circadian rhythms by light-sensitive proteins. Instead, it discusses various studies related to photoperiodism and melatonin's effects on hamsters and other mammals without specifically linking these studies to light-sensitive proteins involved in circadian rhythms.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Social support is crucial for mental health and resilience. [SEP] Text: 95, which showed an acceptable fit of the model; the root mean square error of approximation (RMSEA) and standardized root mean square residual (SRMR), where value ≤ 0. 05 can be regarded as an appropriate fit and value between 0. 05 and 0. 08 as an acceptable fit [23]. The analysis of SEM was used by reviewing related documents, concepts, theories, and research to find the relationship model of the participant’s mental health. Theoretical framework and variables in the studyAccording to the accelerated population growth of the older adults worldwide, the World health organization (WHO) emphasize in mental health promotion for older population such as in South-Region. The promoting mental health policy among older people requires adequate awareness, sufficient human resources and infrastructure, strong psychosocial support, the use of innovative care methods, ongoing research, and reasonable funding. In addition, it is crucial to recognize the factors influencing the mental health of older adults, particularly the impact of resource scarcity to support the older adults, which significantly affects the mental health care of the older population [24]. Additionally, providing a comprehensive mental health action plan is necessary to protect and promote the mental well-being of all citizens [25]. In Thailand, which is facing an aging society, the policy focus on active and healthy aging through 3s (social, strong, and security). There is an emphasis on promoting happiness among older adults through organized activities. The objective is to create a practical model that both promotes mental health and prevents mental health problems among at-risk elderly groups within the community both urban and rural community [26]. In order to align with the policy of raising the level of service for older people, organizations and relevant networks must respond to their needs [27]. Thereby, in this study, the concept of social support [16], resilience [17], and mental health [20] were used. The literature review showed that social support was associated with resilience and mental health state of older adults [11,12,13,14,15]. Resilience was associated with mental health in old age [12,13,14]. Thus, these variables were selected to investigate how they work together for mental health in older adults. The relationship model of the older adults’ mental health in this study consisted of eleven observable variables of latent variables. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the association between social support, resilience, and mental health among older adults. It indicates that social support is linked to better mental health outcomes and resilience, showing that it plays a significant role in promoting mental well-being in this population. The mention of social support as a concept used to investigate mental health further supports the claim's assertion about its importance.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: AI chatbots can assist in preliminary diagnosis and patient engagement. [SEP] Text: 또한 논문에 치료 방법을 기술한 9예에서 ChatGPT는 1예는 제대로 알려주지 못하였고, 4예에서는 적절치 못한 내용이 포함되어 있고, 4예에서만 적절한 방안을 제시하였다(Table 1). 이 10개 증례에 대한 ChatGPT의 답은 앞에 언급한 미국의 33명 의사가 출제한 284문항, 내과 전문의가 제작한 흔한 증상으로 구성한 10개 증례보고에서와 차이가 나게 낮은 수준이다. 그 이유는 이번 10개 증례가 흔히 볼 수 있는 예가 아니고 또한 현재 ChatGPT 3. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the limitations of ChatGPT in the context of medical cases, noting that it failed to provide appropriate answers in several instances. Specifically, it mentions that only one out of nine cases was properly addressed and highlights the shortcomings of ChatGPT's responses compared to assessments by medical professionals.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Circadian rhythms are regulated by light-sensitive proteins. [SEP] Text: [PubMed] Provencio, I; Rollag, MD; Castrucci, AMPhotoreceptive net in the mammalian retina Nature 415: 493. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it does not provide any information regarding the regulation of circadian rhythms by light-sensitive proteins. It references a study but does not discuss its findings related to circadian rhythms.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Social support is crucial for mental health and resilience. [SEP] Text: The observable variables of latent variable “social support” consisted of two variables, namely emotional support (SS1) and support for information and tangible (SS2). For the observable variables of latent variable “resilience” consisted of five variables, namely, being able to join with other people (RS1), being confident in life (RS2), have social support (RS3), living with spiritual security (RS4), and being able to de-stress and manage problems (RS5). In addition, the observable variables of latent variable “mental health” consisted of four variables, namely, mental state (MH1), mental capacity (MH2), mental quality (MH3), and support quality (MH4). ResultsDemographic characteristics of the participantsThe researchers collected data from 964 older adults aged ≥ 60 years from representative provinces in the different regions in Thailand. The results of the demographic analysis of participants revealed that most of the participants were female (64. 21%), most likely < 65 years of age (34. 34%) and followed by aged 66–70 years (28. 42%), respectively (M ± SD = 69. 59 ± 7. 13). Most of them were married (57. 88%), followed by widowed (31. 22%). Most of them completed primary education (72. 07%), were Buddhist (99. 07%). Most participants did not have occupations (43. 93%), followed by being employed (20. 71%). As for physical activity, 39. 75% were exercising occasionally (1–2 times/week), followed by having a regular exercise (daily) at 31. 84%. Most of the participants were living with family members (offspring) (61. 93%). In terms of history of chronic diseases, most had high blood pressure (52. 13%), followed by other chronic diseases such as bone diseases, cancer, fatigue (33. 67%) and diabetes (28. 41%), respectively. The results of the data analysis are shown in Table 1. Table 1 Demographic characteristics of participants (n = 964)Full size tableLevel of resilience, social support, and mental health of older adultsThis study revealed that: (1) The participants had a high level of resilience in total (M ± SD = 58. 90 ± 8. 12, Min = 29 Max = 74, Skewness = 0. 11, and Kurtosis= -0. 19). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by indicating that social support (SS2) is included as one of the observable variables related to resilience (RS3). This suggests that social support contributes to resilience, further implying its importance for mental health as it's tied to the definitions presented for both resilience and mental health constructs.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: AI chatbots can assist in preliminary diagnosis and patient engagement. [SEP] Text: 감별진단은 자신이 흔히 다루는 특정 증상에서는 늘 염두에 두는 내용이지만, 조금 벗어나는 증상이거나 흔히 보지 못하는 증상을 호소하면 감별진단명에서 도움을 받을 수 있다. 물론 환자 대면 진료 현장에서 바로 챗봇을 사용하는 것은 워낙 짧은 시간 안에 진료를 마쳐야 하는 현실에서 쉽지 않다. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by suggesting that while differential diagnosis may often be considered, using chatbots directly in patient interaction is challenging due to the need to complete diagnosis quickly in practice. This implies limitations on the effectiveness of chatbots in assisting with preliminary diagnosis and patient engagement.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Circadian rhythms are regulated by light-sensitive proteins. [SEP] Text: J 16: 105–116, DOI: [PubMed] Hastings, MModeling the molecular calendar J 16: 117–123. [PubMed] Oster, H; Maronde, E; Albrecht, UThe circadian clock as a molecular calendar 19: 507–516, DOI: [PubMed] Steinlechner, S; Jacobmeier, B; Scherbarth, F; Dernbach, H; Kruse, F; Albrecht, URobust circadian rhythmicity of Per1 and Per2 mutant mice in constant light, and dynamics of Per1 and Per2 gene expression under long and short photoperiods J 17: 202–209. [PubMed] Bechtold, DA; Loudon, ASHypothalamic thyroid hormones: mediators of seasonal physiology Endocrinology 148: 3605–3607, DOI: [PubMed] Nakao, N; Ono, H; Yamamura, T; Anraku, T; Takagi, T; Higashi, K; Yasuo, S; Katou, Y; Kageyama, S; Uno, Y; Kasukawa, T; Iigo, M; Sharp, PJ; Iwasawa, A; Suzuki, Y; Sugano, S; Niimi, T; Mizutani, M; Namikawa, T; Ebihara, S; Ueda, HR; Yoshimura, TThyrotrophin in the pars tuberalis triggers photoperiodic response Nature 452: 317–322, DOI: [PubMed] Gorman, MR; Freeman, DA; Zucker, IPhotoperiodism in Hamsters: abrupt versus gradual changes in day length differentially entrain morning and evening circadian oscillators J 12: 122–135, DOI: [PubMed] Knobil, E; (1985). The circhoral gonadotropin releasing hormone (GnRH) pulse generator of the hypothalamus and its physiological significance in Physiology and Behavior. Berlin: Springer-Verlag, 40. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not provide information directly related to the claim about circadian rhythms being regulated by light-sensitive proteins. Instead, it lists various studies and authors without addressing how light-sensitive proteins influence circadian rhythms.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Social support is crucial for mental health and resilience. [SEP] Text: Older adults were able to join other people, living with spiritual security, being confident in life, and being able to de-stress and manage problems at a high level, except for have social support, which was at a moderate level. (2) The participants had a high level of social support in total (M ± SD = 22. 02 ± 4. 97, Min = 0 Max = 35, Skewness=-0. 85, and Kurtosis = 1. 31). Participants had emotional support at a moderate level, and the support for information and tangible was at a high level. (3) The participants in this study also had better mental health than the general population (M ± SD = 50. 77 ± 6. 19, Min = 29 Max = 74, Skewness=-0. 16, and Kurtosis= -0. 02). The level of mental health, including mental state, mental performance, mental quality, and support quality, was at a better level for the older adults than for the general population in all components. The normality test in Table 2 showed this sample can be defined as having a normal distribution. Normal distribution is a basic assumption underlying the standard use of structural equation modeling is that observations are drawn from a continuous and normal distribution. This assumption is particularly important for maximum likelihood (ML) estimation because the maximum likelihood estimator is derived directly from the expression for the multivariate normal distribution [23]. The details of the level of resilience, social support, and mental health of the participants are shown in Table 2. Table 2 Analysis of the level of resilience, social support, and mental health of the older adultsFull size tableCorrelations analysis of the observable variables in the causal model of older adults’ mental healthThis study revealed that all pairs of variables had a statistically significant positive correlation at the 0. 01 level with a Pearson correlation coefficient between 0. 20 and 0. 81, as shown in Table 3. Thus, the data are suitable for further SEM analysis. Table 3 Pearson’s correlation coefficient, mean, and standard deviation of the observable variables in the causal model of mental health of the older adults with resilience as the mediating variableFull size tableThe concordance between the theoretical causal model and empirical dataThe results of a reconciliation review between the theoretical causal model and the empirical data using the Mplus statistical computer program and robust maximum likelihood revealed that the causal model is inconsistent with the empirical data. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by indicating that older adults reported high levels of social support and that this support is linked to better mental health outcomes. It states that 'The participants had a high level of social support in total' and also mentions that the levels of mental health for these participants were 'at a better level for the older adults than for the general population,' suggesting a positive relationship between social support and mental health. Additionally, it notes that variables such as resilience also appeared correlated with social support and mental health, further supporting the importance of social support in maintaining mental health and resilience in the older adult population.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: AI chatbots can assist in preliminary diagnosis and patient engagement. [SEP] Text: 모든 선별을 수작업으로 하는 것은 불가능에 가깝다. 챗봇에서 환각현상을 피하고, 환각인지 파악할 수 있는 능력은 앞에서도 언급하였지만 해당 분야의 최고 수준 전문 지식과 수기를 갖추어야 가능하다. 챗봇 발전 방향 ChatGPT의 기반이 되었던 2022년 11월 30일 발표한 GPT-3. 5는 매개변수(parameter)가 1천750억 개이나 GPT-4에서는 100조 개로 570배 증가할 것으로 예측하고 있다. 여기서 매개변수는 프로그램과 프로그램을 연결하는 변수를 말한다. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by emphasizing the limitations of chatbots in making accurate assessments in healthcare. It states that all filtering cannot be done manually and points out that for a chatbot to avoid and identify hallucinations, a high level of expertise in the field is required. This implies that while chatbots may have potential, they currently may not adequately assist in preliminary diagnosis without the necessary expert knowledge.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Circadian rhythms are regulated by light-sensitive proteins. [SEP] Text: Lehman, MN; Goodman, RL; Karsch, FJ; Jackson, GL; Berriman, SJ; system of seasonal breeders: Anatomy and plasticity Bull 44: 445–457, DOI: [PubMed] Beek, EM van der; Wiegant, VM; Donk, HA van der; Hurk, R van den; Buijs, RMLesions of the suprachiasmatic nucleus indicate the presence of direct vasoactive intestinal polypeptide-containing projection to gonadotrophin-releasing hormone neurons in the female rat J Neuroendocrinol 5: 137–144, DOI: [PubMed] Leak, RK; Moore, RYTopographic organization of suprachiasmatic nucleus projection neurons of 433: 312–334, DOI: [PubMed] Cheng, MY; Bullock, CM; Li, C; Lee, AG; Bermak, JC; Belluzzi, J; Weaver, DR; Leslie, FM; Zhou, Q-YProkineticin 2 transmits the behavioural circadian rhythm of the suprachiasmatic nucleus Nature 417: 405–410, DOI: [PubMed] Popa, SM; Clifton, DK; Steiner, RAof Kisspeptins and GPR54 in the of 70: 213–238, DOI: [PubMed] Quaynor, S; Hu, L; Leung, PK; Feng, H; Mores, N; Krsmanovic, LZ; Catt, KJExpression of a functional g protein-coupled receptor 54-kisspeptin autoregulatory system in hypothalamic gonadotropin-releasing hormone neurons 21: 3062–3070, DOI: [PubMed] Revel, FG; Masson-Pevet, M; Pevet, P; Mikkelsen, JD; Simonneaux, VMelatonin controls seasonal breeding by a network of hypothalamic targets Neuroendocrinology 90: 1–14, DOI: [PubMed] McCann, SM; Karanth, S; Mastronardi, CA; Dees, WL; Childs, G; Miller, B; Sower, S; Yu, WHControl of gonadotropin secretion by follicle-stimulating hormone-releasing factor, luteinizing hormone- [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text provided does not address the claim regarding circadian rhythms and light-sensitive proteins. Instead, it contains a list of citations and references related to various studies, without discussing the regulatory mechanisms of circadian rhythms. Therefore, it is irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Social support is crucial for mental health and resilience. [SEP] Text: Hence, the researchers conducted a model modification to lessen the statistical agreement by requiring some observable variables to be correlated. The results of the model modification resulted in a causal model of mental health among older adults that was consistent with the empirical data. The statistical values indicating the consistency of the model with the empirical data are as follows: χ2 (26, N = 958) = 26. 87, p =. 41 χ2/df = 1. 03, CFI = 0. 99, TLI = 0. 99, RMSEA = 0. 006, SRMR = 0. 018. Effect size of the variables affecting the mental health of older adults with resilience used as a mediating variableThe relationship model of mental health among older adults showed that the latent variables that had a statistically significant direct effect at the 0. 01 level consisted of the following three paths: (1) SS RS, that is, social support directly affected resilience at a statistically significant level of 0. 01 with the size of influence in the form of a standard score (β) = 0. 98 (t = 29. 15). (2) SS MH, that is, social support directly affected mental health at a statistically significant level of 0. 01 with the size of influence in the form of a standard score (β) = 0. 74 (t = 3. 01). (3) RS MH: that is, resilience directly affected mental health at statistically significant level of 0. 05 with the size of influence in the form of a standard score β = 0. 20 (t = 2. 29). In addition, the causal model of mental health among older adults, there was only one indirect influence that is statistically significant pathway affecting mental health: SS - RS MH. Social support (SS) was described as an endogenous variable that influenced MH through the resilience (RS), which is a mediating variable, where the magnitude of indirect influence in the standard score (β) is equal to βMH on RS x βRS on SS equals 0. 20 x 0. 98 = 0. 20. Details are shown in Table 4; Fig. 2. Table 4 The results of the review of the concordance between the theoretical causal model and empirical data, size of direct influence, indirect influence, and combined influence of variables affecting mental health of older adultsFull size tableFig. 2 A structural equation model of mental health with resilience as a mediating variable. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by detailing a causal model of mental health among older adults and establishes that social support (SS) directly affects both resilience (RS) and mental health (MH), with statistically significant influence sizes given (SS RS: β = 0.98; SS MH: β = 0.74). These findings highlight the crucial role of social support in promoting mental health and enhancing resilience among older adults.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: AI chatbots can assist in preliminary diagnosis and patient engagement. [SEP] Text: 매개변수가 늘어남에 따라 응답 속도가 빨라지고 더 정밀한 응답이 가능하다. 또한 최신 자료를 훈련시켜 더욱 정밀한 응답이 가능하다면, 의료와 같은 전문 분야에서도 지금보다 더욱 뛰어난 응답을 할 수 있을 것으로 전망한다. 결론 및 제언 위와 같은 결과를 볼 때 ChatGPT가 임상에서 증례보고로 발표한 논문에 나온 증례에 감별진단명을 작성하는 것은 쉽지 않고, 치료 방법 제시도 완벽하지 않음을 알 수 있다. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by stating that while ChatGPT may improve response speed and precision with increased parameters, it highlights that producing a differential diagnosis and perfect treatment suggestions in clinical cases is not easy for AI. This implies limitations in the chatbot's ability to assist effectively in preliminary diagnosis and patient engagement.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Circadian rhythms are regulated by light-sensitive proteins. [SEP] Text: Biology, sociology, or both? J 5(3): 195–216, DOI: [PubMed] Roenneberg, T; Aschoff, JAnnual rhythm of human reproduction: II. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim regarding the regulation of circadian rhythms by light-sensitive proteins. It appears to be an unrelated reference to a publication without discussing the specific topic of circadian rhythms and light sensitivity.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Social support is crucial for mental health and resilience. [SEP] Text: MH = mental health, MH1 = mental health 1, MH2 = mental health 2, MH3 = mental health 3, MH4 = mental health 4, RS = resilience, RS1 = resilience 1, RS2 = resilience 2, RS3 = resilience 3, RS4 = resilience 4, RS5 = resilience 5, SS = social support, SS1 = social support 1, SS2 = social support 2Full size imageDiscussionsThe findings of this study revealed that older adults had high levels of resilience, social support, and mental health. The best model we obtained demonstrated that social support had a statistically significant with highly direct effect on mental health. Additionally, social support had a statistically significant indirect effect on mental health via resilience. This means that the mental health of older adults was influenced in various ways by support from their families and society, as well as by their resilience. Previous studies that conducted in different contexts and populations suggest that social support improves older adults’ mental health, [13, 31, 32, 33] aligning with this finding. However, other studies have focused solely on social support and its relationship with quality of life [17, 21]. Social support for older adults, especially in Thai contexts, primarily comes from family members such as spouses, children, grandchildren, relatives, and siblings, as well as from the broader society. culture, families are typically extended, with older adults living with their spouse and children [28]. Younger family members respect and support the older adults, feeling a sense of duty and responsibility toward them. They provide care in various ways, including assisting with daily activities like eating, sleeping, and exercising, as well as managing the environment. These factors contribute to good mental health in older adults [28, 29]. The social support includes three aspects: informational, tangible, and emotional. Informational support involves receiving consistent information, advice, and health care guidelines from family members, especially spouses, relatives, or grandchildren. For tangible support includes assistance with daily routines, financial aid, and other forms of help. Emotional support means receiving attention, love, care, and encouragement from family members [16]. Emotional support is crucial for mental health, helping individuals feel less isolated and better able to cope with stress. However, participants reported receiving only moderate emotional support from their families. Often, children and grandchildren are busy with work or study, leading to insufficient emotional support for the elderly. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by revealing that social support has a statistically significant direct effect on mental health and an indirect effect on mental health via resilience. It emphasizes the importance of social support from family and society in influencing the mental health of older adults, aligning with the assertion that social support is crucial for mental health and resilience.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: AI chatbots can assist in preliminary diagnosis and patient engagement. [SEP] Text: 이번에 활용한 증례는 우리가 흔히 보는 것이 아닌 매우 드문 경우이기에 흔히 볼 수 있는 증상을 진단하는 것과 차이가 있을 수 있다. ChatGPT는 매우 일반적인 지식을 제공하는 것은 가능하고, 질문의 맥락에 맞추어 답을 하지만, 그 답이 얼마나 신뢰할 수 있느냐는 오로지 전문가의 판단에 달려 있다. 즉, 인공지능 챗봇을 활용할 때 핵심은 사용자의 전문적인 지식이다. 어떤 답이 신뢰할만한지는 전문가만이 제대로 파악할 수 있기 때문이다. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by stating that while ChatGPT can provide general knowledge and responses based on context, the reliability of those responses is entirely dependent on a professional's judgment. It emphasizes that the determination of what is trustworthy can only be made by experts, suggesting that while AI may assist, it cannot independently ensure accurate diagnosis or patient engagement.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Circadian rhythms are regulated by light-sensitive proteins. [SEP] Text: Environmental correlations J 5: 217–239, DOI: [PubMed] Lam, DA; Miron, JAGlobal patterns of seasonal variation in human fertility Ann NY 709: 9–28, DOI: [PubMed] Meriggiola, MC; Noonan, EA; Paulsen, CA; Bremner, WJAnnual patterns of luteinizing hormone, follicle stimulating hormone, testosterone and inhibin in normal men 11: 248–252. Nicolau, GY; Haus, E; Bogdan, CChronobiology and aging 9(2): 149–171. Bellastella, A; Criscuolo, T; Mango, A; Perrone, L; Sinisi, AA; Faggiano, MCircannual rhythms of plasma luteinizing hormone, follicle-stimulating hormone, testosterone, prolactin and cortisol in prepuberty 19: 453–459, DOI: Martikainen, H; Ruokonen, A; Tomas, C; Kauppila, ASeasonal changes in pituitary function: Amplification of midfollicular luteinizing hormone secretion during the dark season 65: 718–720. [PubMed] Yoon, I-Y; Kripke, DF; Elliott, JA; Youngstedt, SDLuteinizing hormone following light exposure in healthy young men 341: 25–28, DOI: Danilenko, KV; Samoilova, EAStimulatory effect of morning bright light on reproductive hormones and ovulation: results of a controlled crossover trial PLoS 2: e7. DOI: [PubMed] Kripke, DF; Elliott, JA; Youngstedt, SD; Rex, KMCircadian phase response curves to light in older and young women and men J 5: 1. DOI: [PubMed] Loving, RT; Kripke, DF; Elliott, JA; Knickerbocker, NC; Grandner, MABright light treatment of depression for older adults [abstract] 23: 720. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not provide any information related to the regulation of circadian rhythms by light-sensitive proteins. Instead, it discusses various studies related to hormonal patterns and seasonal variations without addressing how circadian rhythms are influenced by light. Thus, it is considered irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Social support is crucial for mental health and resilience. [SEP] Text: Future studies should explore ways to improve emotional support for older adults, such as spending time with them, talking to them, and providing encouragement. This could significantly enhance the mental health of older adults. Meanwhile, the current study found that receiving social support directly influences resilience before affecting the mental health of older adults. This means that when they get social support, older adults will become mentally stronger as a result. They will be able to live with others with confidence and have enough spiritual stability to live, leading to a better MH state. In the same way, the research findings in China found that social support helps older adults face with negative experiences when they have low resilience, resulting in better MH conditions [11]. This previous study highlights the importance of social support, demonstrating that it can buffer the impact of low resilience on mental health. That study investigated sources of social support, and resilience on mental health across all ages (18–85 years old). In contrast, the current study specifically examines older adults who face physical and mental challenges. Furthermore, this study revealed that social support has a strong direct effect on both resilience and mental health, enhancing our understanding of the relationships among these variables and examining their structural relationships. In addition, this study revealed that older adults had a high level of overall resilience, which significantly impacts their mental health. This indicates that resilience helps older adults manage and reduce the severity of challenging situations. Resilience, which can be developed at any age, aids in building self-esteem and finding appropriate solutions to problems [10]. Meanwhile, resilience can allow the older adults to gain confidence and find ways to solve problems they encounter. The results also showed that improved mental health in older adults enables them to better prevent or mitigate loss or violence in distressing situations and navigate suffering independently, compared to the general population. The older adult also knows how to relax, such as by exercising regularly or participating in community social activities. Based on the results of this study, older adults received support and resources to help them perform daily activities. A previous study found that resilience mediates the relationship between social support and health-related quality of life among migrant older adults [34]. In contrast, our study shows that resilience mediates the relationship between social support and mental health (MH). Moore et al. [35] similarly found that older adults with low resilience levels may experience poorer mental health. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by emphasizing the significance of social support for mental health and resilience in older adults. It states that receiving social support directly influences resilience before impacting mental health, demonstrating a clear connection between social support and improved mental health outcomes. The assertion that social support helps older adults manage negative experiences and enhances their mental health aligns perfectly with the claim that social support is crucial for mental health and resilience.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: AI chatbots can assist in preliminary diagnosis and patient engagement. [SEP] Text: 진단보다는 치료 방법은 조금 더 나은 수준으로 제공한다. 치료 방법은 대개 안전하다고 이미 잘 알려진 것을 임상 현장에서 시행하므로 진단과는 다른 차원이다. 그러므로 비전문가가 인공지능 챗봇을 활용하여 답을 얻는 것은 비록 일부 제대로 답하는 내용이 있다고 하더라도 권장할 수 없다. 인공지능 챗봇의 답이 앞으로 더욱 많은 훈련 과정을 통하여 조금 더 수준이 올라갈 수 있을 것이다. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by stating that AI chatbots are not recommended for obtaining answers by non-professionals, as their responses, while sometimes correct, do not meet the standard expected for diagnosis, which is distinctly different from treatment methods. It emphasizes that the use of chatbots should be cautioned against in the context of diagnosis.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Circadian rhythms are regulated by light-sensitive proteins. [SEP] Text: Individuals with lighter pigmented irises experience greater intraocular straylight [38], possibly because transmission of light through lighter pigmented irises is greater than through darker pigmented irises [39], and thus might be expected to have larger non-image-forming responses. We have recently reported that Caucasian subjects had a longer endogenous circadian period (tau), relative to subjects [40]. We also reported preliminary evidence that Caucasians have larger light-induced phase delays, and smaller light-induced phase advances [40]. Whether iris color contributes to differences in circadian responses independent of race is not yet clearly established. The second goal of this study was to test whether phase delays differed between light and dark-eyed subjects. Fourteen subjects completed the study, but data from one subject could not be used because there was no discernable dim light melatonin onset (DLMO). Table 1 shows the demographics of the remaining subjects. The subjects were healthy, nonsmokers, had an average BMI of 25. 3 kg/m2, and did not show extreme morningness-eveningness [41]. In order to increase the likelihood of observing a difference in circadian phase shifts based on iris color, only subjects with blue or brown irises were enrolled in the study. Iris color was a subjective determination by more than one research assistant during the screening process. All subjects were medication free, except for one female on oral contraceptives. Subjects habitually consumed less than 300 mg of caffeine and 2 alcoholic drinks per day, and were free from common drugs of abuse, confirmed by a urine drug test at the start of the study. Subjects were screened for past or current medical, psychiatric, and sleep disorders via a telephone interview, an in-person interview, and several additional questionnaires. Subjects were not color blind (blindness test). Subjects had not traveled across more than three time zones in the one month prior to or worked a night shift three months prior to beginning the study. The study was conducted in February of 2009. The study protocol was approved by the and all subjects provided written informed consent before study participation commenced. Table 1 Subject demographics by iris color. Blue EyesBrown EyesN76Male/Female5/23/3Age (mean ± SD)25. 2 ± 6. 025. 8 ± 5. 4Self-reported4 CaucasianRace or Ethnicity7 Caucasian1 Hispanic1 AsianOwl-Lark Score52. 7 ± 6. 152. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text provides detailed demographic and methodological information from a study involving subjects with different iris colors and their potential influence on circadian responses. However, it does not directly address the claim regarding the regulation of circadian rhythms by light-sensitive proteins. Therefore, it is considered irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Social support is crucial for mental health and resilience. [SEP] Text: Additionally, our findings align with a previous study indicating that resilient older adults exhibit strong emotional regulation and problem-solving abilities [36]. The resilience of the older adult may be different from that of other age groups due to unique difficulties. Challenges in life that affect resilience include physical deterioration, chronic illness, and exposure to loss. Additionally, changes in social roles and status, income, and self-worth, as well as shifts in population and social structures, and a lack of caregivers, all contribute to these difficulties. Therefore, it is important to promote resilience in the elderly, enabling them to move forward and continue living happily according to their potential. Moreover, when considering the personal information of the participants, most participants were female, aged 65, and married. These factors are linked to high mental health scores as indicators of healthy aging. They lived with their families, especially spouses and grandchildren, highlighting the importance of family support. Participants received assistance from their children and had counselors or friends for conversation and activities. Additionally, older adults received financial support from welfare funds or elderly allowances and lived in provincial communities of Thailand, which aligns with the findings of Suwanmanee et al. [30], who found that 79. 2% of the older adults were mentally healthy. However, the findings of this study differ from that of Muijeen [3], who studied the MH levels of older adults in province, where it was found that most older adults had MH scores similar to that of an average person (fair). Moreover, studies differ in their findings on whether there was a difference in the MH scores of older adults grouped by age. Gray and Thongcharoenchupong [5] found that older adults had better MH or had higher MH scores than younger people, i. e. , most older adults in their 70s to 79s had higher MH scores than those in their 60s to 69s. Similarly, studies such as in Iran found that the average MH score of older adults was mainly high [31, 37]. Moreover, previous research in China reported findings similar to this current study. They showed that the majority of older adults had high overall MH scores [7], but a study in Thailand revealed that the majority of older adults had higher than the general population [3]. In summary, the current study highlights that social support directly affects both resilience and mental health and indirectly strengthens mental health through its impact on resilience. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by explicitly stating that social support directly affects both resilience and mental health and indirectly strengthens mental health through its impact on resilience. This aligns perfectly with the claim that social support is crucial for mental health and resilience.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: AI chatbots can assist in preliminary diagnosis and patient engagement. [SEP] Text: of potential conflict of interest relevant to this 1. Trustability of ChatGPT’s answers to diagnose case and suggest treatment No. Diagnosis of case report with symptoms, signs, and history DDx after diagnostic approach Treatment 1 Paraganglioma 0 0 1 2 Hypersensitivity reaction caused by sugammadex 0 1 1 3 Infantile steroid-resistant nephrotic syndrome 0 0 0 4 Hepatocellular carcinoma 0 1 1 5 Infected left atrial myxoma 1 1 2 6 Polyhydramnios associated with congenital bilateral vocal cord paralysis 0 0 1 7 Monochorea after acute contralateral pontine infarction 1 1 2 8 Osteoid osteoma 0 1 2 9 Corneal graft rejection after vaccination against COVID-19 1 1 N/A 10 Fournier gangrene 1 1 2 Total 4 7 12 For diagnosis, 0 means inappropriate answer and 1 means appropriate answer. For treatment, 0 means inappropriate answer, 1 means partially appropriate answer, and 2 means appropriate answer. DDx, differential diagnoses. Supplementary materials are available from or Harvard Dataverse: Suppl. 1. ChatGPT’s answers to “Are answers to disease diagnosis and patient care from AI chatbots trustable? ” jkma-2023-66-4-218-Supplementary-1. xlsx Suppl. 2. Ten case reports used in this opinion, which are randomly selected from the search results in PubMed. Search terms are ((Korea[Affiliation]) AND (caser report[Title]). The results are restricted to [2. xlsx Suppl. 3. ChatGPT’s answers to diagnose diseases and suggest treatment plan for 10 cases from Korea listed in PubMed jkma-2023-66-4-218-Supplementary-3. txt 1. OpenAI. ChatGPT Dec 15 version. 1, 2023. 2. Huh S. Are ChatGPT’s knowledge and interpretation ability comparable to those of medical students in Korea for taking a parasitology examination? : a descriptive study J 2023;20:1. 3. Performance of ChatGPT on USMLE: potential for AI-assisted medical education using large language models. 2023;2:e0000198. 4. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by indicating that the trustability of ChatGPT’s answers in diagnosing cases and suggesting treatment is questionable. It presents a list of diagnosis questions and scores where '0' signifies inappropriate answers and '1' appropriate answers. This suggests a lack of reliability in ChatGPT’s ability to assist in diagnoses, hence contradicting the claim regarding its effectiveness in preliminary diagnosis and patient engagement.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Circadian rhythms are regulated by light-sensitive proteins. [SEP] Text: 3 ± 10. 5 1 illustrates the protocol. During the baseline week (days 1–7), subjects were instructed to maintain a regular 8 hour sleep schedule each night. Their sleep schedule was similar to their habitual sleep schedule, as determined from pre-study sleep logs. Napping was prohibited. Subjects were required to call the lab voicemail within 10 minutes before bedtime and 10 minutes after wake time to verify compliance with the sleep schedule. Subjects completed daily event logs noting any caffeine, alcohol or over-the-counter medication/vitamins consumed that day. The day before the laboratory session (day 7), subjects were not allowed any caffeine or alcohol. On day 8, subjects arrived at the lab for a baseline phase assessment. At the end of the phase assessment, 2 hours after their habitual bedtime, subjects were exposed to bright light for 2 hours. After the light pulse, subjects slept in a private bedroom for 8 hours. Upon awakening, subjects remained in the lab bedrooms in <60 lux (4,100 K) and began their final phase assessment five hours later. After the laboratory session, photographs of subjects' irises were taken by an ophthalmologist (H. -S. C. ). Photographs of subjects' left and right irises were taken using a slit lamp and Hitachi HV-D30 digital camera. Iris photographs were taken in the same dark room, with only the computer monitor and slit lamp for light. A 10 mm diameter circular straight beam of unfiltered light at 50% maximum brightness was used. Subjects were instructed to open their eyes wide, to expose the full iris. Figure 1 Protocol diagram. This protocol is for a subject sleeping from 23:00–7:00 at baseline (days 1–7). Shaded rectangle with L inside shows time of bright light exposure (2 h, ~4000 lux). bright light was administered via a single light box placed on a desk ~40 cm from the subjects' eyes. The light box (67 × 68 × 7 cm, Philips Lighting, Eindhoven, The Netherlands) contained four fluorescent 17,000K lamps. The spectral plots of these lamps have been published [42]. Subjects read during the light exposure. The targeted illuminance was ~4000 lux, irradiance ~1640 μW/cm2, and photon density ~4. 2 × 1015 of photons/cm2/sec. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the role of light-sensitive proteins in the regulation of circadian rhythms. Instead, it describes a protocol for assessing subjects' sleep and light exposure without making claims about the specific mechanisms by which light affects circadian rhythms.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Social support is crucial for mental health and resilience. [SEP] Text: This suggests that the high level of mental health in older adults may arise not only from their resilience but also from receiving strong social support. Strength, limitations, and further researchThis study has some strengths in methodology. First, there is a large sample that comes from provinces and communities in Thailand. Second, the study collected data from a heterogeneous population. In addition, this study differs from previous studies that focused on examining the relationship between personal characteristics and the mental health of older adults [31] or specifically explored resilience and social support among only the urban elderly [32]. However, we acknowledge some limitations in this study, such as the reliance on self-reported instruments by the participants. This was mitigated by the fact that if the older adults were unclear about certain items, the researchers re-explained the items to the older adults. Besides, “In this study, all subjects are older adults who have physical illness or severe disease such as cancer, heart disease, and others. For future research should consider to examine relationships between resilience, social support, and mental health in a longitudinal perspective such as research could compare older adults’ mental health at different each age of elderly. In addition, considering the number of subjects (who have severe disease and who do not have severe disease) in each group must be equal or nearest before analysis is required. Moreover, the interaction effect of the different demographic characteristics, including exercise and physical illness of older adults should also be studied. For example, different ages of older adults may have an interaction effect with other demographic variables on the MH. Conclusions and implications of the studyThis study highlights that older adults with high levels of mental health benefit from social support and resilience as key influencing factors. The relationship model of social support, resilience, and mental health is beneficial for healthcare professionals, including nurses, psychologist when planning care for older adults. These professionals can develop interventions focused on promoting social support, which includes emotional, informational, and tangible support, combined with enhancing resilience among older adults. This approach helps maintain high levels of mental health, encompassing mental state, mental capacity, mental quality, and support quality. The enhancing resilience should include helping the older adult to join with others, be confident in life, have essential resources, live with spiritual security, and be able to de-stress and management problems. These interventions may be helpful for older adults maintain better mental health continuously. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by emphasizing that older adults with high levels of mental health derive benefits from social support and resilience, identifying these as key influencing factors. It states that a relationship model involving social support and resilience is valuable for healthcare professionals when planning care for older adults, suggesting that increasing social support can help maintain high levels of mental health.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: AI will replace all healthcare workers in the next decade. [SEP] Text: AI replace doctors’ ‘gut instincts’? Published on December 20, 2023 Doctors’ intuition plays a key role in healthcare, even when computers suggest another treatment approach. But with AI advancing, is that all about to change? Use + rapid advances in the field, AI won’t supplant human healthcare workers in 2024. : Pexels: to use -Edquist DOI 10. 54377/02d2-eea4 Doctors’ intuition plays a key role in healthcare, even when computers suggest another treatment approach. But with AI advancing, is that all about to change? The value of healthcare workers’ intuition in effective clinical care has been verified by reports around the world again and again. From doctors’ ability to spot sepsis in critically ill children, to ‘nurse worry‘ as a ‘vital sign’ predictive of patient deterioration, to helping GPs navigate complex patient care — intuition appears to play a large role in supporting high risk patients — even when data or computer outputs suggest another treatment approach. (AI) has already begun to transform healthcare, and the health sector will only continue to consider AI innovations in 2024 and beyond. In this increasingly technological world, questions swirl on what is the role of these human hunches in healthcare practice and whether AI is about to overtake doctors’ ‘gut feelings’ entirely. What is AI in healthcare and when is it used? Davenport from and Deloitte consultant explain elsewhere, AI healthcare includes ‘rule-based expert systems’, which use prescribed knowledge-based rules to solve a problem, and ‘robotic process automation’, which uses automation technologies to mimic some tasks of human workers. Such technology can help with automated patient monitoring, where alerts are signalled once a rule criterion is met, patient scheduling reminders and medicine management. Other forms of AI used in healthcare include robots, natural language processing and machine learning. Robots can help move and stock medical supplies, lift and reposition patients and assist surgeons. hospital has launched a €7 billion project, set to be completed in 2028, which will engage robots to collect patient data typically reliant on human physical touch: from measuring pulse, to taking temperature and calculating oxygen saturation. The release of ChatGPT in 2023 marked a leap forward for AI in popular consciousness. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by emphasizing the essential role of doctors' intuition in healthcare, indicating that despite AI advancements, it will not fully replace human healthcare workers. It states, 'the value of healthcare workers’ intuition in effective clinical care has been verified by reports around the world,' suggesting that human input remains crucial in medical decision-making. Additionally, the text mentions that while AI is transforming healthcare, it will continue to collaborate with human healthcare workers rather than completely supplant them.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Circadian rhythms are regulated by light-sensitive proteins. [SEP] Text: Every 20 minutes during the light treatment, research assistants measured the illuminance using a Minolta TL-1 illuminance meter to ensure that the light level was close to the targeted illuminance. To do this a research assistant told the subject to "freeze" in the position the subject was sitting, and then measured the light level from the subjects' head at the angle of gaze (which was typically downward since the subject was reading). If necessary, the research assistant then instructed the subject on how to reposition him/herself so that he/she were closer to the targeted light levels. If the subject was repositioned, the light level was measured again to verify that the light level was at the target level. When subjects were told to "freeze", the average light levels for the blue-eyed and brown eyed group were similar (3781 ± 286 lux vs 3521 ± 198 lux, respectively). After repositioning (which was not always necessary), light levels for the blue and brown-eyed subjects were 3806 ± 260 and 3901 ± 155 lux, respectively. time of the phase assessments relative to subjects' baseline sleep schedules are shown in Fig 1. Details of phase assessment procedures have been previously described [43]. Subjects remained awake and recumbent in a dimly lit room (4,100 K lamps with red filters; < 5 lux; < 3. 8 μW/cm2). Trips to an adjoining restroom, which was also maintained in < 5 lux, were permitted, but not in the 10 minutes preceding saliva samples. Every 30 minutes subjects provided a saliva sample using a salivette (). The samples were immediately centrifuged and frozen. At the end of both phase assessments, samples were shipped on dry ice to (Osceola, WI) and radioimmunoassayed for melatonin. The sensitivity of the assay was 0. 7 pg/ml and the intra- and inter-assay coefficients of variability were 12. 1% and 13. 2%, respectively. To determine the DLMO, a threshold was calculated for each melatonin profile. The threshold was determined by calculating the mean of five consecutive low daytime melatonin values plus twice the standard deviation of these values [44]. Melatonin profiles were smoothed with a locally weighted least squares curve (). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses a research methodology involving light treatment and measurements of melatonin levels, but does not mention circadian rhythms or light-sensitive proteins. It focuses on the experimental setup rather than the biological mechanisms involved in regulating circadian rhythms.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Empathy improves social connections and helps in understanding others. [SEP] Text: 5 Epistemic empathyRecent debates on epistemic authority have largely focused on which epistemic skills and virtues agents must possess and activate in order to identify and rationally respond to epistemic authorities. Footnote 27 But the foregoing discussion also puts a different question on the agenda: if certain authorities have the ability to guide interlocutors in their quest for understanding, then which skills and competences does this require? We propose that certain intellectual virtues will play a role here, including traditional ones such as intellectual thoroughness, fair-mindedness, or perseverance. There is also another epistemic virtue however, which, though largely neglected in the literature, plays a crucial role in this context. We call it epistemic empathy. Footnote 28 In a first approximation, epistemic empathy is the ability—or, if exercised, the mental state—of putting oneself in someone else’s epistemic position and of inspecting certain areas of it, thereby learning how the world looks from that perspective. To avoid misunderstandings: Our claim is not that epistemic authorities can always fully achieve this. Typically, there will be limits, be it because the epistemic distance between the interlocutors is too great, be it for principled reasons concerning particular experiences or perspectives of the agent that are hard or impossible for her to share with those who lack such perspectives. So, depending on the interlocutors, attempts to empathize epistemically may succeed to a greater or lesser extent, and certain perspectives may even in principle be inaccessible to outsiders. All this does not undermine the claim, however, that epistemic empathy exists, and that attempts to engage in it will often constitute a desirable social-epistemic goal. Characterizations of empathy vary widely. A major divide separates views that focus on affective phenomena and those that construe empathy more broadly in terms of emulating other peoples’ cognitive (but not necessarily emotional) perspectives. For example, (2006, p. 28) argues that empathy is “a form of inner or mental imitation for the purpose of gaining knowledge of other minds”. More recently (2014, p. 50) says, similarly, that “empathy involves taking up the perspective of another, which means understanding something about the content of another’s mind. ” Our proposal is in line with such more general approaches that allow for non-affective forms of empathy. Moreover, our specific notion of epistemic empathy must be understood broadly. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the concept of 'epistemic empathy,' which is described as the ability to understand how the world looks from another person’s perspective. It states that attempts to engage in epistemic empathy constitute a desirable social-epistemic goal, which aligns with the claim that empathy facilitates better social connections and enhances understanding of others.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: AI will replace all healthcare workers in the next decade. [SEP] Text: This type of AI, which requires training on large data sets (supported by human feedback), focuses on giving computers the ability to read, support and manipulate human language. Such natural language processing has changed the communication landscape with its language mimicry. While some note that the hype hasn’t quite been reflected in reality, professionals in a range of sectors — including healthcare — now use ChatGPT for correspondence, such as with drafting “sick notes”, medication management, or to manage healthcare information. There are predictions that healthcare Processing will be a $USD7. 2 billion business by 2028, with this type of AI being deployed to help translate complex published papers for public consumption, for analysis of electronic health records to help identify at-risk patients, and to interact with patients to help with triage or answer healthcare questions. In 2024, some say this type of AI is likely to focus on more sophisticated language models that power chatbots and virtual assistants, and will be built into word processing programs. gives computers the ability to learn without explicitly being programmed for a given task. The algorithms driving these types of AI are based on statistical and predictive models. often relies on ‘training’ from existing data sets, which have been human reviewed and annotated. Essentially, doesn’t automatically know what to look for, and without human-informed training this type of AI tends to provide lots of noise and useless predictions. Once trained, can take previously unseen patient information and apply its prior ‘training’ to analyse the data and predict outcomes, or make recommendations. In healthcare, can recognise patterns which may be missed by humans such as described for AI’s role in patient survival of gastric cancer, identification of primary causes of cancers, and reducing breast cancer false positives. In 2024, algorithms are likely to continue to be used for probing healthcare data analytics, with vast medical data provided by wearables, medical devices and electronic health records. With all forms of healthcare AI — it is clear that humans are still needed for AI training, evaluation of outputs, and considering the impacts of the AI recommendation. Artificial versus human intelligence: Who has the edge? Given the global healthcare workforce shortages, the proverb may be true: Necessity breeds invention. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by emphasizing the ongoing need for human involvement in healthcare despite advancements in AI. It mentions that AI systems require 'human feedback' and 'training' and highlights that humans are still necessary for 'AI training, evaluation of outputs, and considering the impacts of the AI recommendation.' This indicates that while AI may enhance certain tasks within healthcare, it does not support the idea that all healthcare workers will be replaced by AI.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Circadian rhythms are regulated by light-sensitive proteins. [SEP] Text: From each subject's two melatonin profiles (baseline and final), the higher of the two thresholds was applied to both profiles to calculate the DLMO. The DLMO was the point at which the fitted curve exceeded and remained above the threshold. Phase shifts were calculated by taking the difference between the baseline and final DLMO. In order to quantify iris color, iris photographs were analyzed using color variables in Photoshop (). For each photograph, the iris was selected and the extraneous parts of the photo (i. e. pupil, eyelashes) were removed. Each iris photograph was quantified using two systems: RGB and LAB. The red-green-blue (RGB) system is a measure of the amount of red, green and blue hue present in an image. The three color dimensions of the RGB system yielded numbers ranging from 0–255, with smaller numbers indicating darker colors. The LAB system quantifies each image according to its lightness ("L") and its color axes ("A" and "B"). The lightness component of this system was determined for each iris photograph. For the lightness component, smaller numbers indicated darker irises, with a possible range of scores from 0 (black) to 100 (white). L and RGB values for the left and right irises of each subject were typically very similar, and were averaged for analyses. Phase shifts of the DLMO for blue and brown-eyed subjects were compared with a two-tailed student's t-test. Pearson correlations were used to test the association between phase shift of the DLMO and iris color, as quantified with each of the RGB dimensions and the lightness component of the LAB system. Statistical significance was set at α = 0. 05. Data are expressed as mean ± SD. average phase delay of the DLMO was -1. 3 ± 0. 6 h, and the median phase delay was -1. 4 h. There were large individual differences in phase shifts, with one subject delaying as little as 3 minutes, and others delaying about 2 hours (Fig 2). The average baseline DLMO was 22:22 ± 1. 3 h, and the average baseline DLMO to baseline bedtime interval was 1. 9 ± 1. 3 h. The phase angle between the baseline DLMO to start time of the light pulse ranged from 2. 3 to 6. 5 h, and was similar for subjects with blue and brown irises. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not provide any information that supports or contradicts the claim regarding the regulation of circadian rhythms by light-sensitive proteins. The focus of the text is on data related to melatonin profiles and iris color analysis, which are unrelated to the claim about circadian rhythms being regulated by light.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Empathy improves social connections and helps in understanding others. [SEP] Text: In an Elgin-style framework, for example, the relevant areas of a noetic network (and thus possible targets of epistemic empathy) include not only knowledge and belief, but also commitments, acceptances, various kinds of experience, methods of inquiry, cognitive goals and values, as well as relations among these items, such as relations of support, conflict, and so forth. Such items too are in the target set of (acts of) epistemic empathy. Footnote 29Importantly, the epistemic empathizer need not endorse the view that she empathizes with. Instead, she preserves cognitive and evaluative distance, remains aware of (and typically stands by) her own view, which she is in a position to compare with the view she empathizes with. For example, if an agent believes that p whereas an authority believes that not-p, the latter’s epistemic empathy does not involve her switching to the belief that p. Footnote 30 Instead, in such cases the empathizer identifies, but does not adopt, the agent’s belief and sees how it is embedded in the agent’s system. Along similar lines, we can understand what a false theory states despite the theory’s being false. Here, too, we realize how things look from the perspective of the system, but do not endorse it. This does not rule out, of course, that the epistemic empathizer also shares attitudes with her interlocutor. For example, while disagreeing with him about whether p, she may nonetheless share his epistemic goals, the belief that q, or his acceptance of r. Moreover, like such objects of epistemic empathy, nor are the attitudes that constitute the authority’s epistemic empathy restricted to beliefs. They too can be of various kinds. They may consist of (justified, or reliable, rational, apt…) beliefs, partial beliefs or credences, attitudes of mere acceptance, knowledge and, of course, understanding. Empathy is standardly taken to be a success concept, and epistemic empathy is no exception. Compare affective empathy: If you feel bereft on your neighbor’s behalf because her partner has left her, yet rather than being unhappy about this herself she is in very good spirits, you do not empathize with her. Your mental state has missed its target, which is her mental state. That said, empathy is not an all-or-nothing affair. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text supports the claim by discussing the concept of epistemic empathy, which involves understanding others' beliefs and perspectives without necessarily endorsing them. It illustrates how empathy allows individuals to recognize and appreciate the experiences and cognitive frameworks of others, thereby improving social connections. The explanation that empathy is a success concept reinforces the idea that it facilitates understanding, aligning well with the claim that empathy enhances social connections and comprehension of others.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: AI will replace all healthcare workers in the next decade. [SEP] Text: It may not be long until healthcare includes integrated AI forms where a robot greets you in your native language for your annual check-up using Processing, takes your vital signs, and sends a recommendation to the doctor on which patient to prioritise and what investigations need to be ordered using algorithms designed to analyse collected vital signs. What AI can’t do is replace the natural ‘gut feel’ of a healthcare professional. And this won’t change in 2024. The clinical reasoning and thinking process that healthcare providers engage is so complex, and the sources of information that the human brain considers in patient care are too numerous to capture with current algorithms. The implicit knowledge an expert relies on for effective clinical care is so deeply embedded in human automation, that methods to get at these data points often fail. On top of this, AI-accessible data and the AI algorithms themselves can have flaws. Machine learning can be overly sensitive, leading to over-diagnoses in some patients. Processing AIs can act as healthcare trojan horses, where the technology is so convincing in its communication approaches that it tricks the user into thinking it is knowledgeable in the same way a human is. There are also privacy concerns with such AI applications. AI typically relies on data input to continue learning — and the clarity about what happens to confidential patient information when input into AI remains an open question for many platforms. There are also challenges that the healthcare AI field is tackling related to bias and responsibility, and questions about what we consider ‘mundane’ and ‘repetitive’ tasks which AI can truly take off humans. In reality (ironically), all existing AI is devoid of the necessary context within which healthcare occurs. It misses the complexity, the empathy, and important data points that human intelligence has access to, and can therefore only replicate specific human tasks. Our healthcare future: Humans leading, AI supporting A better description of the role of AI in healthcare in the future might be: “AI won’t replace the doctors, but those doctors will be replaced who don’t use Artificial Intelligence,” as Reddy, director at India’s Apollo, has put it. Healthcare AI is increasingly taking on roles of “clinical decision-making support”, meaning the healthcare provider is in charge and human intelligence is prioritised, while AI augments this. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by explaining the limitations of AI in healthcare. It emphasizes that AI cannot replicate the 'gut feel' of healthcare professionals and discusses the complex reasoning and contextual understanding that human providers possess. The statement 'AI won’t replace the doctors, but those doctors will be replaced who don’t use Artificial Intelligence' suggests that while AI will play a supportive role, it cannot fully replace the essential functions of human healthcare workers.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Circadian rhythms are regulated by light-sensitive proteins. [SEP] Text: The correlation between this phase angle and phase shift of the DLMO was r =. 51, p = 0. 08, indicating a tendency for subjects receiving the light pulse closer to their DLMO to have larger phase delays. Figure 2 Circadian rhythm phase delays with a single bright light pulse and delayed sleep/dark episode. The horizontal lines represent the median phase delays. There was no difference in the magnitude of the phase delay between subjects with brown (-1. 5 ± 0. 4) and blue (-1. 2 ± 0. 7) irises (Fig 2). As expected, quantification of iris color using the RGB and L metrics showed statistically significant differences between the blue and brown-eyed subjects for all variables except RGB Red (Table 2). However, there were no significant correlations between any of these variables and the phase delay of the DLMO (Table 2). Table 2 Color dimensions (mean ± SD) for subjects with blue and brown irises. withDimensionn = 7n = 6phase shift (n = 13)b Bluea 125. 5 ± 9. 6**42. 7 ± 9. 3r =. 40, p = 0. 17Greena 143. 0 ± 5. 2**93. 3 ± 18. 0r =. 31, p = 0. 31Reda 130. 1 ± 2. 2123. 0 ± 17. 3r =. 14, p = 0. 64Lightness57. 9 ± 1. 4*43. 0 ± 7. 2r =. 29, p = 0. 33 * p < 0. 01; ** p < 0. 001, t-test comparing subjects with blue vs brown irises a Measured from 3 dimensions of the RGB color system. b Positive correlations indicate that subjects with darker irises had larger phase delays. single 2 hour bright light pulse at night combined with a 4 hour delay of the sleep/dark episode delayed the human circadian clock an average of ~1. 5 hours. We also observed individual differences in the magnitude of the phase delay, from virtually no delay to up to 2 hours. These findings more clearly delineate the rate at which the circadian clock can be delayed in a practical protocol that could be used in the real world. Previous studies utilizing a single bright light pulse ending late at night with subjects waking at their habitual time (sleep episode truncated) have reported phase delays of about 1 hour [24,25]. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the role of light-sensitive proteins in regulating circadian rhythms. Instead, it discusses phase delays in circadian rhythms, correlations with iris color, and effects of a light pulse on the circadian clock, without mentioning the specific proteins involved in this regulation.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Empathy improves social connections and helps in understanding others. [SEP] Text: Step by step, the two discover what lies behind the mysteries and murders that haunt the Benedictine abbey they are visiting. (It turns out that the disturbing events are connected with the fact that the abbey’s labyrinthine library contains the only surviving copy of the lost second book of Aristotle’s Poetics. ) Adso often comes up with various incomplete or erroneous hypotheses, yet even when he doesn’t explicitly lay them out, William tends to know or anticipate them. What is going on is that William, who is a great intellectual authority for Adso and more generally for the relevant epistemic community (of 14th century monks and theologians), enjoys great empathetic insight into Adso’s overall noetic system. William guides Adso through processes of correcting and updating false assumptions, and leads him to see the relevance of certain data that he misinterpreted or overlooked and to draw the right conclusions. Footnote 32A fourth example comes from philosophy itself. The ways in which William relates to Adso have Socratic features. In Sect. 3 we mentioned Socrates, whom Plato portrays as someone who, though often claiming ignorance about whatever philosophical question arises, has the intellectual and dialectical skills to show his interlocutors where their reasoning goes astray. We said above that these include the skills to destroy the agents’ (especially the sophist’s) hubris and their conviction that they know what they are talking about. We may add here that Socrates’ effectiveness in his elenchus—his art of refuting his respondents’ poorly grounded claims and getting them to concede the incoherence of their views—often involves anticipating the cognitive dynamics in which they will engage. This in turn requires the ability to project himself into their minds. After pinning down some claim p that his interlocutor endorses, Socrates often anticipates additional beliefs and further commitments on the latter’s part, only to demonstrate in a next step, when the interlocutor articulates these views, that they are inconsistent with p. Although (and because) this process is to some extent destructive, Socrates’ insights into his interlocutors’ noetic system, and his ability to convey them to his interlocutors, enable the latter to make progress in understanding. Socrates also exercises the intellectual skill of what Watson, J. C (2018) and Watson, L (2018) calls the skill of good questioning. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by illustrating the empathetic relationship between William and Adso, whereby William guides Adso to correct his misunderstandings. This reflects the underlying process of empathy as William anticipates Adso's thoughts and beliefs, which helps Adso in understanding complex ideas and making progress in his reasoning. The reference to Socratic features further emphasizes the importance of empathetic engagement in intellectual discourse and the subsequent improvement in social connections.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: AI will replace all healthcare workers in the next decade. [SEP] Text: Under this model, AI could be programmed to alert the healthcare provider on all the variables not considered in an algorithm, to help the healthcare provider explore to what extent the AI recommendations can be valuable in a specific context or with a specific patient. For instance, if an AI is recommending antidepressants for a patient who is also pregnant, it would alert the doctor that such medications aren’t yet tested in this population — allowing the doctor to consider other data points in deciding the next best step. To support this model — in which humans lead, but AI support — the AI-integrated future shouldn’t just focus on improving AI. An AI-augmented healthcare system must include healthcare worker training and support in both AI literacy and human intelligence literacy. Education can also focus on helping healthcare providers recognise when to question patterns; how to challenge predictions; and the value of trusting intuition — essentially building capacity to tolerate uncertainty. This future-protecting healthcare education would help reduce the risk of “automation bias,” whereby humans allow the AI to work autonomously and the algorithm is trusted, even in the face of clear evidence that it’s wrong. AI has given us a valuable gift: the opportunity to explore what aspects of human intelligence are critical in healthcare, and which tasks can be enhanced with technology. After all, both human brains and AI are wired for prediction, but humans have the power to interrogate, question and evaluate these predictions while AI has computing power beyond a human brain. Both are needed to manage the complexities of patient care. Michelle D. is the Director of the Centre for Education and of the Centre for Scholarship in at in Australia. She is an award-winning educator, having received the ‘Teaching Excellence’ award amongst others, and is the author of the “Effect: How to Survive and Thrive through the Unexpected“. Originally published under by 360info™. Enjoy this 2024. Here’s why. Focus on 2024 It’s a wonderful year for a Moon dance Hydrogen can revolutionise clean energy, transport, decarbonise industrial processes … and cook your dinner. Focus on 2024 Hydrogen makes itself at home The UK and US have both approved a gene editing therapy to overcome the genetic mutation that causes sickle cell disease, but the treatment is expensive. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by outlining a future where AI supports rather than replaces healthcare providers. It emphasizes the need for healthcare worker training and support in AI literacy, suggesting that both human intelligence and AI are essential in patient care. The statement that 'humans lead, but AI support' indicates that healthcare workers will still play a crucial role, challenging the idea that AI will completely replace them.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Circadian rhythms are regulated by light-sensitive proteins. [SEP] Text: [37] could have been due to race or iris color, since the two were confounded in their sample. We recently reported that subjects had a shorter tau than Caucasians [40]. In that manuscript we also re-analyzed data from our previous phase-advancing study with daily light pulses [42] that included both light and dark-eyed Caucasians as well as dark-eyed African Americans, and thus in which race and iris color were not completely confounded. We found that circadian phase advances in light (n = 6) and dark-eyed (n = 15) subjects were similar, but (n = 7) had larger phase advances than Caucasians (n = 11) [40], suggesting that race, not iris color, was a factor mediating the magnitude of circadian phase shifts. Although there are racial differences in retinal anatomy, we hypothesize that the racial differences in phase shifting [40] are not due to racial differences in retinal anatomy or function, but rather are due to racial differences in tau. have darker fundus [45,46], likely due to greater choroidal melanin levels [47]. These anatomical differences could suggest that would have smaller phase shifts, since the darker fundus and higher melanin levels would absorb more light, and reduce the amount of light reflected from the outer retina that could potentially trigger phototransduction. Contrary to that suggestion, in our previous study [40] had larger phase advances than Caucasians. Because we found that had a shorter tau than Caucasians, which would augment phase advances relative to the Caucasians with a longer tau, we hypothesize that this larger phase advance in was due to differences in tau rather than differences in ocular structure. One limitation of this study, which is a possible source of variability in these data, is that we did not measure light exposure history, which influences the magnitude of subsequent light-induced phase delays [32]. Similar large individual differences have been reported in other phase shifting studies (e. g. [8,12,24,32]), some of which either controlled for or measured light exposure history. It is theoretically also possible that light exposure history was systematically different for subjects with blue or brown irises, such that one group was exposed to more light than the other group, thereby confounding the group differences in the magnitude of the phase delay. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the regulation of circadian rhythms by light-sensitive proteins. Instead, it discusses factors influencing circadian phase shifts, particularly racial differences and anatomical considerations, without mentioning the role of light-sensitive proteins or their regulatory effects on circadian rhythms.