Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Scientists use cell reprogramming to turn adult cells into pluripotent stem cells. [SEP] Text: Rapid and efficient reprogramming of somatic cells to induced pluripotent stem cells by retinoic acid receptor gamma and liver receptor homolog 1. . 2011;108:18283-18288. [PubMed] [DOI] [Cited in This 24. . Generation of induced pluripotent stem cells using recombinant proteins. Cell. 2009;4:381-384. [PubMed] [DOI] [Cited in This 81. 0] [Analysis (0)] 25. . Pluripotent stem cells induced from mouse somatic cells by small-molecule compounds. Science. 2013;341:651-654. [PubMed] [DOI] [Cited in This 88. 5] [Analysis (0)] 26. úzo-van den Boom D. Oct4-induced pluripotency in adult neural stem cells. Cell. 2009;136:411-419. [PubMed] [DOI] [Cited in This 49. 8] [Analysis (0)] 27. . Reprogramming of neural progenitor cells into induced pluripotent stem cells in the absence of exogenous Sox2 expression. Stem Cells. 2008;26:2467-2474. [PubMed] [DOI] [Cited in This 14. 9] [Analysis (0)] 28. ć J, Pekarik V, Tiscornia G. Efficient and rapid generation of induced pluripotent stem cells from human keratinocytes. Nat Biotechnol. 2008;26:1276-1284. [PubMed] [DOI] [Cited in This 29. . Direct reprogramming of terminally differentiated mature B lymphocytes to pluripotency. Cell. 2008;133:250-264. [PubMed] [DOI] [Cited in This 30. . Mouse meningiocytes express Sox2 and yield high efficiency of chimeras after nuclear reprogramming with exogenous factors. J Biol Chem. 2008;283:33730-33735. [PubMed] [DOI] [Cited in This 2. 4] [Analysis (0)] 31. . An efficient nonviral method to generate integration-free human-induced pluripotent stem cells from cord blood and peripheral blood cells. Stem Cells. 2013;31:458-466. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by listing various research studies that demonstrate the reprogramming of somatic cells into induced pluripotent stem cells. References to studies such as 'Rapid and efficient reprogramming of somatic cells to induced pluripotent stem cells' and 'Direct reprogramming of terminally differentiated mature B lymphocytes to pluripotency' provide clear evidence that adult cells can indeed be reprogrammed to revert to a pluripotent state.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Sustainable architecture completely eliminates energy costs. [SEP] Text: Cost reduction is possible mainly with the development of more efficient or cheaper components or by the purchase of cheaper components. and India for example, comparably efficient installations for small hydro PPs cost approximately 0. 5 × 106 euros per installed MW. Biogas plants present the next element of the energy mix in alternative 4, and are an interesting option as they can produce trapezoidal energy. The energy sources used in biogas plants are biological waste, sludge, animal manure and energy crops and the examples from Austria and Germany, where biogas plants are more common, have demonstrated that biogas plants have a positive impact on the development of the countryside and agriculture, too. At the same time, local sources are used and the problems of bio-waste disposal are solved. Second generation biogas plants are particularly appropriate because they primarily use wastes instead of energy crops, which is especially significant, as fields should be used for food rather than energy crop production. Therefore, restrictions on the use of crops in energy production must be drawn-up and implemented. The technology of cogeneration enables us to achieve higher efficiency when we use generated waste heat in industry processes or for household heating. In addition, fertilizer is also a useful by-product. The study has proven that at least 50 MW of biogas plants can be installed in Slovenia by 2020, with an investment evaluated at approximately 180 × 106 euros. Although biogas plants have social and environmental benefits, they are economical only with the support of a guaranteed purchase price system; nonetheless, we also need to consider the premium for the recovery of bio-waste and revenues from selling heat and fertilizer. In addition, solar power plants are also potentially interesting because they use the free energy of the sun, but solar panels are not yet efficient enough. At present, investments in installations of solar power plants should be made only in the sunniest areas of Slovenia, bearing in mind their increasing importance and greater exploitation with further development in the coming decades. In accordance with the current growth in solar power plants, due to the relatively high feed-in tariffs, Slovenia can expect 50 MW of solar power plant installations by 2020. The total investment costs are estimated at approximately 110 × 106 euros because the price of solar power plants will decrease by 2020. However, the variability of wind and solar energy is also an important issue and must be very carefully examined. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by explaining that while sustainable technologies like biogas and solar power have social and environmental benefits, they are not free of costs. For instance, it mentions that biogas plants are economical only with the support of a guaranteed purchase price system, and solar power investments should be considered with caution due to current inefficiencies and associated costs. This indicates that sustainable architecture does not completely eliminate energy costs, as costs still remain even with the implementation of these technologies.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Sustainable land management practices can mitigate environmental degradation. [SEP] Text: This phenomenon has occurred across the country where large amounts of land are given to urban areas, while less is given to areas with large forest areas. There are 792 cities in Japan (as of October 1, 2022), but designated cities must have the same administrative and financial capabilities as prefectures, so they currently have a population of approximately 70. Twenty cities with a population of over 10,000 people have been designated by government ordinance, and their population accounts for approximately 20% of the total population. Total tax payments are scheduled to increase yearly, exacerbating people’s dissatisfaction in forested and depopulated areas. According to a government report, approximately 84 billion yen have been allocated to municipalities nationwide in the 3 years since the system began in 2019. However, 47% of that amount, or 39. 5 billion yen, is not being utilized. 2023, the announced that the forest environment transfer tax accounted for 40 billion yen in fiscal 2022 (municipal portion: 34. 1 billion yen, prefecture portion: 5. 8 billion yen), and the utilization rate of the transfer amount is 80%. Nearly 50% of the forest environment transfer tax was used, and 20% remains unused in fiscal year 2022 because the amount is destined for urban areas with large populations under the current allocation standards. Therefore, in the 2024 tax reform, the government is adjusting the distribution standards to allocate more to local governments with large forest areas. Advertisement 5. Concluding remarksForest recharge is essential to contribute to the SDGs and requires sufficient financial resources. In Japan, was the first to establish a fund for forest recharge in 1993, and this municipal-level initiative has expanded nationwide. In 2003, introduced a forest environment tax at the prefectural level. Currently, 37 of the 47 prefectures have also introduced it. From 2024 onwards, a forest environment tax will also be levied as a national tax. The system of collecting funds for recharging forests at each administrative level is unique to Japan as a forest-rich country. From fiscal 2024, a “forest environment tax” will be collected as a national tax of 1,000 yen per person from those living in Japan, in addition to the resident tax. If there are approximately 62 million taxpayers, tax revenue is expected to reach 62 billion yen per year. The tax revenue will be distributed to all prefectures, towns, and villages nationwide as a “forest environment transfer tax. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text discusses various financial and administrative measures related to urban and forest areas in Japan, including the allocation of taxes for forest environmental purposes. However, it does not directly address sustainable land management practices nor does it make any claims about their effectiveness in mitigating environmental degradation. Thus, the information is irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Scientists use cell reprogramming to turn adult cells into pluripotent stem cells. [SEP] Text: [PubMed] [DOI] [Cited in This 45. 7] [Analysis (0)] 32. . Reprogramming of pancreatic beta cells into induced pluripotent stem cells. Curr Biol. 2008;18:890-894. [PubMed] [DOI] [Cited in This 16. 9] [Analysis (0)] 33. Cyranoski D. Stem cells cruise to clinic. Nature. 2013;494:413. [PubMed] [DOI] [Cited in This 8. 5] [Analysis (0)] 34. . Disease-specific induced pluripotent stem cells. Cell. 2008;134:877-886. [PubMed] [DOI] [Cited in This 99. 5] [Analysis (0)] 35. . Drug evaluation in cardiomyocytes derived from human induced pluripotent stem cells carrying a long QT syndrome type 2 mutation. J. 2011;32:952-962. [PubMed] [DOI] [Cited in This 21. 5] [Analysis (0)] 36. Samavarchi-. Functional genomics reveals a BMP-driven mesenchymal-to-epithelial transition in the initiation of somatic cell reprogramming. Cell. 2010;7:64-77. [PubMed] [DOI] [Cited in This 55. 4] [Analysis (0)] 37. Papp B, Plath K. Epigenetics of reprogramming to induced pluripotency. Cell. 2013;152:1324-1343. [PubMed] [DOI] [Cited in This 21. 1] [Analysis (0)] 38. . The functions of microRNAs and long non-coding RNAs in embryonic and induced pluripotent stem cells. Bioinformatics. 2013;11:275-283. [PubMed] [DOI] [Cited in This 2. 5] [Analysis (0)] 39. van van Oudenaarden A, Jaenisch R. Direct cell reprogramming is a stochastic process amenable to acceleration. Nature. 2009;462:595-601. [PubMed] [DOI] [Cited in This 49. 5] [Analysis (0)] 40. David L, Polo JM. Phases of reprogramming. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by referencing the concept of reprogramming in various scientific contexts, including 'Reprogramming of pancreatic beta cells into induced pluripotent stem cells' and discussing the epigenetics of reprogramming to induced pluripotency. This indicates that scientists are engaged in converting adult cells into pluripotent stem cells.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Sustainable architecture completely eliminates energy costs. [SEP] Text: As the effects of climate change become clearer and the need to find solutions more pressing, the desire to employ such technologies is being felt around the globe. Still, energy policy must ensure the reliability of power to consumers at all times, which is almost impossible for wind and solar power if the new energy storage facilities and a more intelligent electric grid are not developed and implemented. Finally, the possibilities of thermal energy exploitation in Prekmurje should be explored and examined, too. It could be used primarily as a source of district heating and possibly as a source for peak electricity generation as well. If the geological research and pilot projects are successful, thermal energy exploitation is a sensible option. Based on the Alternative 4 proposal for the installed powers of various renewables and their average production costs, the evaluated production costs for alternative 4 would be approximately 75 EUR/MW, which is the same as TPP Šoštanj 6 (external costs excluded). The summarized findings with the advantages and disadvantages of each alternative are presented in Table I. Table I. Comparison of key findings of proposed alternatives for electricity production in Slovenia. . Alternative 1 Reconstruction of TPP Šoštanj. Alternative 2 Multiple fuels. Alternative 3 Gas-steam PP. Alternative 4 Use of local RES. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by highlighting that while there is a global desire to employ renewable technologies, the reliability of these energy sources remains a challenge. It specifically mentions that achieving a completely reliable power supply from wind and solar energy is almost impossible without advancements in energy storage and intelligent power grids. Thus, it suggests that sustainable architecture cannot completely eliminate energy costs, as reliance on renewables requires supplemental infrastructure and does not ensure reliability on its own.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Sustainable land management practices can mitigate environmental degradation. [SEP] Text: ” Although problematic factors have been identified in the forest environment tax, there is no doubt that it will contribute to maintaining the forests’ public functions as a financial resource for forest recharge, along with the forest environment tax as a prefectural tax and water resource recharge throughout the country. In the future, I hope that Japan’s unique forest environment tax will become a model for forest cultivation worldwide, as it continues to make improvements, including reviewing the concession criteria and resolving issues. Advertisement 1386. 1. United Nations. for Forests, 2017-2023 [Internet]. 2017. Available from: [Accessed: December 25, 2023]2. FAO (Food and of the United Nations). 2020 Key findings. [Internet]. 2020. Available from: [Accessed: December 25, 2023]3. FAO. 2020: Main Report. Rome, Italy: FAO; 2020. 184p4. Nakayama K. A in Japan – Source Cultivation. Singapore: Springer Singapore; 2022. 126p. DOI: 10. 1007/978-981-16-9352-65. Council of Japan. Types of Functions and Examples of (in Japanese) [Internet]. 2001. Available from: [Accessed: December 25, 2023]6. Kohsaka R, Uchiyama Y. Forest environmental taxes at multi-layer national and prefectural levels: Comparisons of 37 prefectures survey results in Japan. Journal of the Society. 2019;101:246-252. DOI: 10. 4005/jjfs. 101. 2467. Forestry Agency. on Forest and Forestry in Japan, 2018 (Summary) [Internet]. 2018. Available from: [Accessed: December 25, 2023]8. Forestry Agency. on Forest and Forestry in Japan, 2022 (Summary) [Internet]. 2022. Available from: [Accessed: December 25, 2023]9. Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries. Forest environment tax and forest environment transfer tax (in Japanese) [Internet]. 2023. Available from: [Accessed: December 25, 2023] is a special local government that supplies water to four cities and one town in Aichi Prefecture. Union is made up of six towns and villages in Kiso District, Nagano Prefecture. information 1. Introduction2. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text primarily discusses Japan’s forest environment tax and its potential role in maintaining forest functions. However, it does not directly address sustainable land management practices or their effects on environmental degradation. Thus, while related to environmental topics, the text is not relevant to the specific claim about sustainable land management practices.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Scientists use cell reprogramming to turn adult cells into pluripotent stem cells. [SEP] Text: Res. 2014;12:754-761. [PubMed] [DOI] [Cited in This 9. 5] [Analysis (0)] 41. . A mesenchymal-to-epithelial transition initiates and is required for the nuclear reprogramming of mouse fibroblasts. Cell. 2010;7:51-63. [PubMed] [DOI] [Cited in This 64. 0] [Analysis (0)] 42. . A chemical platform for improved induction of human iPSCs. Nat Methods. 2009;6:805-808. [PubMed] [DOI] [Cited in This 28. 5] [Analysis (0)] 43. -. E-cadherin is crucial for embryonic stem cell pluripotency and can replace OCT4 during somatic cell reprogramming. EMBO Rep. 2011;12:720-726. [PubMed] [DOI] [Cited in This 17. 9] [Analysis (0)] 44. Yang J, Weinberg RA. Epithelial-mesenchymal transition: at the crossroads of development and tumor metastasis. Dev Cell. 2008;14:818-829. [PubMed] [DOI] [Cited in This 142. 3] [Analysis (0)] 45. . Mechanism of the mesenchymal-epithelial transition and its relationship with metastatic tumor formation. Res. 2011;9:1608-1620. [PubMed] [DOI] [Cited in This 23. 8] [Analysis (0)] 46. -. E-cadherin inhibits cell surface localization of the pro-migratory 5T4 oncofetal antigen in mouse embryonic stem cells. Cell. 2007;18:2838-2851. [PubMed] [DOI] [Cited in This 5. 2] [Analysis (0)] 47. . Epithelial-mesenchymal transition events during human embryonic stem cell differentiation. Cancer Res. 2007;67:11254-11262. [PubMed] [DOI] [Cited in This 14. 3] [Analysis (0)] 48. . Sequential introduction of reprogramming factors reveals a time-sensitive requirement for individual factors and a sequential EMT-MET mechanism for optimal reprogramming. Biol. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by mentioning cell reprogramming, specifically referencing mechanisms such as the mesenchymal-to-epithelial transition and the introduction of reprogramming factors essential for converting cells into a pluripotent state. The focus on factors associated with reprogramming aligns with the claim regarding the scientific process of transforming adult cells into pluripotent stem cells.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Sustainable architecture completely eliminates energy costs. [SEP] Text: Investment costs(comparison with TPP Šoštanj 6) a 1000 EUR/MW(cheaper-use of existing components) 905 EUR/kW(cheaper) 750 EUR/kW(much cheaper) 1750 EUR/kW(slightly lower) Electricity price(comparison with TPP Šoštanj 6) b 50-60 EUR/MWh(lower, lignite price is the same 2,7 EUR/GJ) Dependent on fuel mix(lower) Natural gas price is 2,4 EUR/GJ(currently lower) 75 EUR/MW(approximately the same, dependent on energy mix) Emission estimation(compared with TPP Šoštanj 6) Approximately the same Lower (dependent on fuel mix) to zero Efficiency(compared with TPP Šoštanj 6) c 2%–3%(lower) 7%(higher) 13%(higher) Not comparable Use of local resources Yes (fossil) Yes (fossil and renewable) (renewable) investmentUse of lignite from a local mine Detachment to a single energy source Low investmentEasy to implement Low environmental impactSocial benefits (health and employment)Rural development a transitory solution Unfamiliarity with technology Volatile gas price Unreliability of wind and solarHard to implement. Alternative 1 Reconstruction of TPP Šoštanj. Alternative 2 Multiple fuels. Alternative 3 Gas-steam PP. Alternative 4 Use of local RES. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing various economic aspects of energy production in comparison to a traditional power plant (TPP Šoštanj 6). It outlines costs and efficiency metrics without suggesting that sustainable architecture completely eliminates energy costs. Phrases like 'investment costs' and 'electricity price' indicate ongoing financial considerations, implying that while there may be lower costs, they do not equate to complete elimination.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: The human microbiome influences health and disease through various mechanisms. [SEP] Text: View this 1399. e1. View this 163. View this 2847. View this 351. View this 548. View this 32. View this 5069. View this 4957. View this 175. View this 1426. View this 638. View this 214. View this 65. View this 5042. View this 81. View this 703. View this 3079. View this 1292. View this 227. View this 563. View this 9621. View this 7439. View this 140. View this 254. View this 806. View this 2209. View this 423. View this 236. View this 341. View this 997. View this 993. View this 573. View this 166. View this 43. Nature. 2009;461(7268):1282–1286. View this 139. View this 455. View this 450. View this 798. View this 575. View this 2918. View this 22. Immunity. 2013;39(2):372–385. View this 684. View this 2878. View this 2094. View this 148. View this 1745. View this 135. View this 212. View this 643. View this 750. View this 346. View this 2554. View this 10. 1038/s41591-018-0324-z. View this 3150. View this 2824. View this 736. View this 6987. View this 853. View this 1191. View this 152. View this 7320. View this 1883. e12. View this 169. View this 8578. View this 55. View this 771. View this 830. View this 963. View this 352. e5. View this 1292. View this 884. View this 381. e1. View this 1495. View this 352. e1. View this 715. View this 1307. e1. View this 0645. View this 56. View this 672. View this 507. View this 134. View this 1382. View this 439. View this 1318. View this 738. View this 244. View this 205. View this 570. View this 493. View this 1743. View this 813. View this 1443. View this 538. View this 1302. View this 77. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not provide any information regarding the human microbiome or its influence on health and disease. It appears to consist of references or citations without context or relevance to the claim, making it irrelevant to the assertion being analyzed.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Scientists use cell reprogramming to turn adult cells into pluripotent stem cells. [SEP] Text: 2013;15:829-838. [PubMed] [DOI] [Cited in This 15. 9] [Analysis (0)] 49. . Direct reprogramming of somatic cells is promoted by maternal transcription factor Glis1. Nature. 2011;474:225-229. [PubMed] [DOI] [Cited in This 23. 8] [Analysis (0)] 50. Maherali N, Hochedlinger K. Tgfbeta signal inhibition cooperates in the induction of iPSCs and replaces Sox2 and cMyc. Curr Biol. 2009;19:1718-1723. [PubMed] [DOI] [Cited in This 19. 3] [Analysis (0)] 51. öler HR, Ding S. A combined chemical and genetic approach for the generation of induced pluripotent stem cells. Cell. 2008;2:525-528. [PubMed] [DOI] [Cited in This 35. 1] [Analysis (0)] 52. . Complex networks orchestrate epithelial-mesenchymal transitions. Biol. 2006;7:131-142. [PubMed] [DOI] [Cited in This 168. 8] [Analysis (0)] 53. . Reprogramming of human primary somatic cells by OCT4 and chemical compounds. Cell. 2010;7:651-655. [PubMed] [DOI] [Cited in This 38. 6] [Analysis (0)] 54. . BMPs functionally replace Klf4 and support efficient reprogramming of mouse fibroblasts by Oct4 alone. Cell Res. 2011;21:205-212. [PubMed] [DOI] [Cited in This 7. 5] [Analysis (0)] 55. . Pathogenic mutation of ALK2 inhibits induced pluripotent stem cell reprogramming and maintenance: mechanisms of reprogramming and strategy for drug identification. Stem Cells. 2012;30:2437-2449. [PubMed] [DOI] [Cited in This 4. 6] [Analysis (0)] 56. Papp B, Plath K. Reprogramming to pluripotency: stepwise resetting of the epigenetic landscape. Cell Res. 2011;21:486-501. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing various studies and methods related to the reprogramming of somatic cells, specifically mentioning processes that involve factors like OCT4 and other chemical compounds to achieve induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs). This implies the use of cell reprogramming techniques to convert adult cells into a pluripotent state.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Sustainable architecture completely eliminates energy costs. [SEP] Text: Investment costs(comparison with TPP Šoštanj 6) a 1000 EUR/MW(cheaper-use of existing components) 905 EUR/kW(cheaper) 750 EUR/kW(much cheaper) 1750 EUR/kW(slightly lower) Electricity price(comparison with TPP Šoštanj 6) b 50-60 EUR/MWh(lower, lignite price is the same 2,7 EUR/GJ) Dependent on fuel mix(lower) Natural gas price is 2,4 EUR/GJ(currently lower) 75 EUR/MW(approximately the same, dependent on energy mix) Emission estimation(compared with TPP Šoštanj 6) Approximately the same Lower (dependent on fuel mix) to zero Efficiency(compared with TPP Šoštanj 6) c 2%–3%(lower) 7%(higher) 13%(higher) Not comparable Use of local resources Yes (fossil) Yes (fossil and renewable) (renewable) investmentUse of lignite from a local mine Detachment to a single energy source Low investmentEasy to implement Low environmental impactSocial benefits (health and employment)Rural development a transitory solution Unfamiliarity with technology Volatile gas price Unreliability of wind and solarHard to implement a Investment costs of TPP Šoštanj 6 are 2000 EUR/MW. b Price of electricity produced in TPP Šoštanj 6 is evaluated on 70–80 EUR/MWh. c Efficiency of TPP Šoštanj 6 is 43%. As presented in Table I, all the proposed alternatives for electricity production in Slovenia are less expensive than the construction of the new lignite powered TPP Šoštanj. All of them also have lower (or app. the same) emissions by 2020. Alternative 1, 2, and 4 also enable the use of local renewable resources, which plays an especially important role in the transition to sustainable energy production and use. The most important finding is that all the studied alternatives enable softer transition to a sustainable future than the lignite-powered TPP Šoštanj 6 and the achievement of the 20/20/20 objectives. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by detailing various investment costs and electricity pricing related to different energy production methods, while emphasizing that all proposed alternatives contribute to a more sustainable future. Specifically, it notes that although these alternatives enable the use of local renewable resources and achieve lower emissions, they do not imply the complete elimination of energy costs, as they still entail investment and operational costs such as those associated with electricity pricing.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: The human microbiome influences health and disease through various mechanisms. [SEP] Text: 0 Skip to content 0 Publications A-Z Journals A-and and Developmental BiologyChemical and and and Planetary SciencesEcology, Evolution, and SystematicsEconomicsEntomologyEnvironment and and TechnologyGeneticsGenomics and Human GeneticsImmunologyLaw and and P10. 1146/annurev-publhealth-012420-105020 Copyright © 2021 by Annual Reviews. This work is licensed under a Attribution 4. 0 International License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited. See credit lines of images or other third-party material in this 10. 1146/annurev-publhealth-012420-105020 2021-04-01 2024-10-08 Download as Powertext loading. . . /deliver/fulltext/publhealth/42/1/annurev-publhealth-012420-105020. html? itemId=/content/journals/10. 1146/annurev-publhealth-012420-105020&mimeType=html&fmt=ahah 1. . 2020. Toxicomicrobiomics: the human microbiome versus pharmaceutical, dietary, and environmental xenobiotics. Front. Pharmacol. 11:390 [2. 2006. Overweight, obesity, and mortality in a large prospective cohort of persons 50 to 71 years old. N. Engl. J. Med. 355:763–78 [3. 2016. Associations of oral α-, β-, and γ-human papillomavirus types with risk of incident head and neck cancer. JAMA Oncol 2:599–606 [4. . 2012. Oral microbiome and oral and gastrointestinal cancer risk. Control 23:399–404 [5. 2013. Human gut microbiome and risk for colorectal cancer. J. Natl. Cancer Inst. 105:1907–11 [6. . 1995. Toward understanding the association of socioeconomic status and health: a new challenge for the biopsychosocial approach. Psychosom. Med. 57:213–25 [7. . 2009. Monitoring bacterial community of human gut microbiota reveals an increase in Lactobacillus in obese patients and Methanogens in anorexic patients. 4:e7125 [8. 2011. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim regarding the influence of the human microbiome on health and disease. Instead, it appears to be a fragment from a publication listing or table of contents without any relevant information about the microbiome or its mechanisms. Therefore, it is considered irrelevant.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Scientists use cell reprogramming to turn adult cells into pluripotent stem cells. [SEP] Text: [PubMed] [DOI] [Cited in This 9. 6] [Analysis (0)] 57. Apostolou E, Hochedlinger K. Chromatin dynamics during cellular reprogramming. Nature. 2013;502:462-471. [PubMed] [DOI] [Cited in This 26. 4] [Analysis (0)] 58. . Lin28 modulates cell growth and associates with a subset of cell cycle regulator mRNAs in mouse embryonic stem cells. RNA. 2009;15:357-361. [PubMed] [DOI] [Cited in This 10. 6] [Analysis (0)] 59. el-. WAF1, a potential mediator of p53 tumor suppression. Cell. 1993;75:817-825. [PubMed] [DOI] [Cited in This 201. 8] [Analysis (0)] 60. . Promoting reprogramming by FGF2 reveals that the extracellular matrix is a barrier for reprogramming fibroblasts to pluripotency. Stem Cells. 2013;31:729-740. [PubMed] [DOI] [Cited in This 3. 6] [Analysis (0)] 61. . Conversion of ancestral fibroblasts to induced pluripotent stem cells. Stem Cells. 2010;28:213-220. [PubMed] [DOI] [Cited in This 62. . Senescence impairs successful reprogramming to pluripotent stem cells. Genes Dev. 2009;23:2134-2139. [PubMed] [DOI] [Cited in This 32. 2] [Analysis (0)] 63. ñamero. The Ink4/Arf locus is a barrier for iPS cell reprogramming. Nature. 2009;460:1136-1139. [PubMed] [DOI] [Cited in This 50. 0] [Analysis (0)] 64. . Immortalization eliminates a roadblock during cellular reprogramming into iPS cells. Nature. 2009;460:1145-1148. [PubMed] [DOI] [Cited in This 43. 5] [Analysis (0)] 65. ías. The metabolome of induced pluripotent stem cells reveals metabolic changes occurring in somatic cell reprogramming. Cell Res. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing various studies and findings related to cellular reprogramming and the conversion of cells to induced pluripotent stem cells (iPS cells). For instance, it states 'Promoting reprogramming by FGF2 reveals that the extracellular matrix is a barrier for reprogramming fibroblasts to pluripotency,' supporting the idea that scientists are actively working to turn adult cells into pluripotent stem cells through reprogramming techniques.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Sustainable architecture completely eliminates energy costs. [SEP] Text: The combination of various alternatives is also an interesting option, with the goal of reducing the need for a large TPP, reducing the environmental impact of energy production, and lowering investment costs. If the new wind power plants, small hydro, biogas plants, and solar power plants, for example, are built as presented in this paper, Slovenia could gain an additional 290 MW of RES power to the value of 510 × 106 euros, which could mean at least a reduction of TPP Šoštanj 6 output to the same level. With an average of 1. 75 × 106 euros per MW or approximately 250 000 euros less per MW than planned in TPP Šoštanj 6, this would be less capital-intensive and more environmentally friendly. However, this also means that Slovenia does not need new TPPs for the transitional period by 2025, because energy demand can be sufficiently and reliably covered with the existing TPPs, as their installed power is high enough and would be even higher if renovated. All the proposed alternatives also have lower investment costs than TPP Šoštanj 6. The lowest investment costs can be seen in alternative 3, followed by alternative 2 and alternative 1. Even alternative 4, a combination of various power plants powered by renewables, has more than 10% lower investment costs. In addition to the lower investment costs, alternative 1, 2, and 3 are also better from the perspective of operating costs that were, however, not studied in detail. The production costs of alternative 4 are highly dependent on the included renewables and local geographic specifics. As calculated, the evaluated production costs for alternative 4 would be approximately the same as TPP Šoštanj 6 production costs. However, the environmental impact of TPP Šoštanj 6 is much higher than the environmental impact of Alternative 4. Therefore, we believe external costs will have a significant influence on the future economics of TPP Šoštanj 6 when included in the production costs. The transition to renewable energy sources will undoubtedly take some time. At this point, it is most important that we understand how to integrate more sustainable systems that exploit renewable energy into the overall energy infrastructure. The costs of electricity produced from wind and solar sources will more likely continue to decline while the costs of fossil fuels will most likely continue to rise. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the financial aspects of renewable energy alternatives and their investment costs. It highlights that while the alternatives have lower investment costs and environmental impacts compared to traditional sources, they do not entirely eliminate energy costs. Instead, the focus is on reducing the need for energy production from coal and transitioning to renewables while acknowledging that the production costs may align with those of existing traditional power plants. This suggests that energy costs are still present despite the shift towards more sustainable systems.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: The human microbiome influences health and disease through various mechanisms. [SEP] Text: Effect of alcohol on the oral mucosa assessed by quantitative cytomorphometry. J. Oral Pathol. Med. 28:216–20 [78. O'. 1992. Candida albicans as a promoter of oral mucosal neoplasia. Carcinogenesis 13:783–86 [79. O' 2015. Fat, fibre and cancer risk in and rural Africans. Nat. Commun. 6:6342 [80. Olsen I, Yilmaz O. 2019. Possible role of Porphyromonas gingivalis in orodigestive cancers. J. Oral Microbiol. 11:1563410 [81. Parkin DM. 2006. The global health burden of infection-associated cancers in the year 2002. Int. J. Cancer 118:3030–44 [82. . 2014. Microbial determinants of biochemical individuality and their impact on toxicology and pharmacology. 20:761–68 [83. . 1992. Longitudinal study of bone metabolism after ethanol withdrawal in alcoholic patients. J. Bone Miner. Res. 7:383–87 [84. Perera M, Al-. 2016. Emerging role of bacteria in oral carcinogenesis: a review with special reference to perio-pathogenic bacteria. J. Oral Microbiol. 8:32762 [85. 2016. The gut microbiome in conventional and serrated precursors of colorectal cancer. Microbiome 4:169 [86. -et al. 2018. A taxonomic signature of obesity in a large study of American adults. Sci. Rep. 8:9749 [87. 2017. Oral microbiome composition reflects prospective risk for esophageal cancers. 77:236777–87 [88. . 2003. Alcohol consumption increases periodontitis risk. J. Dent. Res. 82:509–13 [89. 2018. The pancreatic cancer microbiome promotes oncogenesis by induction of innate and adaptive immune suppression. 8:403–16 [90. 2012. A metagenome-wide association study of gut microbiota in type 2 diabetes. Nature 490:55–60 [91. Queipo-Ortuño MI, Boto-Ordóñez M, Murri M, Gomez-Zumaquero JM, Clemente-et al. 2012. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim regarding the influence of the human microbiome on health and disease. Rather, it lists various studies related to oral health and cancer without specifically discussing the role of the human microbiome. Therefore, it is considered irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Scientists use cell reprogramming to turn adult cells into pluripotent stem cells. [SEP] Text: Tang Y, Tian XC. JAK-STAT3 and somatic cell reprogramming. . 2013;2:e24935. [PubMed] [DOI] [Cited in This 2. 5] [Analysis (0)] 75. Yang J, van. Stat3 activation is limiting for reprogramming to ground state pluripotency. Cell. 2010;7:319-328. [PubMed] [DOI] [Cited in This 13. 9] [Analysis (0)] 76. . Stage-specific regulation of reprogramming to induced pluripotent stem cells by Wnt signaling and T cell factor proteins. Cell Rep. 2013;3:2113-2126. [PubMed] [DOI] [Cited in This 5. 8] [Analysis (0)] 77. van. Nanog is the gateway to the pluripotent ground state. Cell. 2009;138:722-737. [PubMed] [DOI] [Cited in This 50. 9] [Analysis (0)] 78. . Highly coordinated proteome dynamics during reprogramming of somatic cells to pluripotency. Cell Rep. 2012;2:1579-1592. [PubMed] [DOI] [Cited in This 18. 1] [Analysis (0)] 79. . A molecular roadmap of reprogramming somatic cells into iPS cells. Cell. 2012;151:1617-1632. [PubMed] [DOI] [Cited in This 54. 7] [Analysis (0)] 80. . Sequential expression of pluripotency markers during direct reprogramming of mouse somatic cells. Cell. 2008;2:151-159. [PubMed] [DOI] [Cited in This 37. 6] [Analysis (0)] 81. . A late transition in somatic cell reprogramming requires regulators distinct from the pluripotency network. Cell. 2012;11:769-782. [PubMed] [DOI] [Cited in This 11. 1] [Analysis (0)] 82. -Zalcenstein D, Maza I. The H3K27 demethylase Utx regulates somatic and germ cell epigenetic reprogramming. Nature. 2012;488:409-413. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by referencing multiple studies and articles focusing on the reprogramming of somatic cells to pluripotency. Phrases like 'reprogramming somatic cells into iPS cells' and 'highly coordinated proteome dynamics during reprogramming of somatic cells to pluripotency' explicitly indicate that scientists are engaged in converting adult cells into pluripotent stem cells, thus directly supporting the claim.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Sustainable architecture completely eliminates energy costs. [SEP] Text: These price changes have already been clearly visible since 2010, a period in which we have witnessed a huge decrease in the investment costs of solar and wind energy production equipment and a large increase in fossil fuel prices. At some point, renewables will be the cheaper source of power generation, which means that now is the time to ascertain how to integrate them into the grid and establish which storage solutions will set us on the path to reliable and secure all-day, year-round power supply. V. examined and presented in the paper, there are many alternatives to the current energy strategy. The research has shown that some of the alternatives are much more appropriate from the environmental perspective, since they produce fewer GHG emissions, require smaller use of imported fossil fuels and enable the increased use of local renewable resources. The short-term losses of electricity that could result from the proposed transition to more sustainable energy production and consumption should be replaced with possible short-term energy imports or less exports. We evaluate that the short term importing of energy is, due to reduced energy use, possible and rational. More sustainable energy production and use has other benefits as well, such as lower environmental costs, less pollution, smaller penalties for failure to meet the Kyoto targets, the achievement of 20/20/20 objectives, additional income from the sale of emission allowances, the use of local resources, sustainable economic and social development, etc. As calculated in the paper, if TPP Šoštanj 6 were not realized, the reduction of GHG emissions that Slovenia could reach with the implementation of the proposed energy policy is estimated at 1. 7 × 106 tons of CO2eqv per year over the next 44 years. The calculation has also shown that the estimated energy production in the existing blocks of TPP Šoštanj and the new block (TPP Šoštanj 6) by 2020 is approximately the same. This means that the Slovenian energy sector would remain self-sufficient also if the proposed energy strategy were applied, but at lower cost and with fewer environmental constraints. Another of the presented calculations has shown that TPP Šoštanj operating at its current capacities with existing block 4 and 5 would produce 43 TWh of energy and 50. 5 × 106 tons of CO2eqv emissions by 2025. The construction of TPP Šoštanj 6 would increase production to 52 TWh of energy by 2025 and result in 49. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the complexities and challenges associated with transitioning to sustainable energy sources. It mentions that while sustainable energy production may lead to lower costs and environmental benefits, it does not completely eliminate energy costs as it acknowledges that short-term losses of electricity could occur and suggests energy imports in some scenarios. Moreover, the text presents a more nuanced view of energy strategy, indicating that while there are cost reductions and advantages to sustainable practices, complete elimination of energy costs is not presented as a realistic outcome.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: The human microbiome influences health and disease through various mechanisms. [SEP] Text: Socioeconomic status, race, and mortality: a prospective cohort study. Am. J. 104:e98–107 [106. . 2010. Drinking habits are associated with changes in the dental plaque microbial community. J. Clin. Microbiol. 48:347–56 [107. Singh RK, Chang H- 2017. Influence of diet on the gut microbiome and implications for human health. J. Transl. Med. 15:73 [108. Soliman GA. 2019. Dietary fiber, atherosclerosis, and cardiovascular disease. Nutrients 11:1155 [109. . 2014. Starving our microbial self: the deleterious consequences of a diet deficient in microbiota-accessible carbohydrates. 20:779–86 [110. Sopori M. 2002. Effects of cigarette smoke on the immune system. Nat. Rev. Immunol. 2:372–77 [111. . 2016. The microbial pharmacists within us: a metagenomic view of xenobiotic metabolism. Nat. Rev. Microbiol. 14:273–87 [112. 2016. Innate immunity and asthma risk in Amish and Hutterite farm children. N. Engl. J. Med. 375:411–21 [113. . 1997. Role of CYP3A4 in human hepatic diltiazem N-demethylation: inhibition of CYP3A4 activity by oxidized diltiazem metabolites. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 282:294–300 [114. Szabo G. 1999. Consequences of alcohol consumption on host defence. 34:830–41 [115. . 1996. Regulation of human monocyte functions by acute ethanol treatment: decreased tumor necrosis factor-alpha, interleukin-1 beta and elevated interleukin-10, and transforming growth factor-beta production. Alcohol. Clin. Exp. Res. 20:900–7 [116. 2014. Fusobacterium in colonic flora and molecular features of colorectal carcinoma. 74:1311–18 [117. 2016. Bacterial diversity in saliva and oral health-related conditions: the Hisayama Study. Sci. Rep. 6:22164 [118. Tap J, Furet J- 2015. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text provided discusses various studies related to different health aspects and their connections to microbial communities and dietary influences but does not explicitly address the claim regarding the human microbiome's influence on health and disease. Therefore, it is considered irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Scientists use cell reprogramming to turn adult cells into pluripotent stem cells. [SEP] Text: [PubMed] [DOI] [Cited in This 22. 3] [Analysis (0)] 83. Plath K, Lowry WE. Progress in understanding reprogramming to the induced pluripotent state. Genet. 2011;12:253-265. [PubMed] [DOI] [Cited in This 16. 0] [Analysis (0)] 84. Nichols J, Smith A. Naive and primed pluripotent states. Cell. 2009;4:487-492. [PubMed] [DOI] [Cited in This 87. 5] [Analysis (0)] 85. -. Derivation of novel human ground state naive pluripotent stem cells. Nature. 2013;504:282-286. [PubMed] [DOI] [Cited in This 71. 7] [Analysis (0)] 86. Chang KH, Li M. Clonal isolation of an intermediate pluripotent stem cell state. Stem Cells. 2013;31:918-927. [PubMed] [DOI] [Cited in This 2. 1] [Analysis (0)] 87. . Novel cell lines isolated from mES cells exhibiting de novo methylation of the E-cadherin promoter. CMB. 2014;In press. [PubMed] [DOI] [Cited in This 88. Smith AG. Embryo-derived stem cells: of mice and men. Biol. 2001;17:435-462. [PubMed] [DOI] [Cited in This 38. 2] [Analysis (0)] 89. Huangfu D, Induction of pluripotent stem cells by defined factors is greatly improved by small-molecule compounds. Nat Biotechnol. 2008;26:79-797. [PubMed] [DOI] [Cited in This 73. 9] [Analysis (0)] 90. Ichida JK, A small-molecule inhibitor of Tgf-β signaling replaces Sox2 in reprogramming by inducing Nanog. Cell. 2009;5:491-503. [PubMed] [DOI] [Cited in This 91. Lyssiotis CA, Reprogramming of murine fibroblasts to induced pluripotent stem cells with chemical complementation of Klf4. Acad Sci. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by referencing multiple studies that discuss the derivation and understanding of pluripotent stem cells. For example, it mentions the work of Huangfu et al. (2008), which focuses on the induction of pluripotent stem cells and improvements through defined factors. This indicates that scientists are actively using cell reprogramming techniques in their research to convert adult cells into pluripotent stem cells.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Sustainable architecture completely eliminates energy costs. [SEP] Text: 5 × 106 tons of CO2eqv emissions. Thus, the difference in the amount of CO2eqv emissions is only 1 × 106 ton. However, the total costs for allowances are much lower if the proposed energy strategy is realised without TPP Šoštanj 6, because Slovenia can sell it after 2025 when block 5 ceases operations. This means that we have discredited the argument that TPP Šoštanj 6 will reduce GHG emissions concerning lignite combustion by 30%, as presented in TPP Šoštanj 6 documentation. The annual level of GHG emissions will be lower, but the total GHG emissions will be much higher, because TPP Šoštanj 6 would be operating for a much longer period and with higher installed power (from 2020 to 2025 - after closure of block 4). The gap in energy production should be filled with other RES, as proposed. We ascertained that this is the result of (1) the closure of some of the existing blocks of the existing TPP Šoštanj and (2) the annual reduction of TPP Šoštanj 5 emissions (387 MW or approximately 435 MW after reconstruction) after 2020, as they would annually be 0. 8 × 106 tons lower than the emissions of the new TPP Šoštanj 6. However, approximately 9 TWh less energy is produced without TPP Šoštanj 6. This gap should be filled with other RES, as proposed. In this paper, we have demonstrated that the competitive possibilities for investing in more sustainable renewables exist in Slovenia, mainly in the form of hydro PPs. From the trapezoidal energy consumption aspect, pump-storage hydro PPs are the most suitable, while small hydro PPs are the most suitable from the environmental and social point of view. In other words, the latter impact minimally on the environment and facilitate the development of rural areas alongside the exploitation of unused water sources. However, large hydro PPs still remain the largest energy producers from RES in Slovenia. Moreover, this paper has proven that if the output of the new large hydro PP and gas-steam PP is added, the new TPP Šoštanj block is unnecessary and inadequate from the environmental, economic and social perspectives. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the implications of energy production and emissions regarding TPP Šoštanj 6. It highlights that while efforts for sustainable energy strategies may lower certain emissions, they do not eliminate energy costs entirely, as the operational costs and the need for additional renewable energy sources (RES) remain significant. Specifically, it points out that even with an aim to reduce GHG emissions through renewables, there is a gap in energy production that needs to be filled, which implies ongoing costs.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: The human microbiome influences health and disease through various mechanisms. [SEP] Text: 1146/annurev-publhealth-012420-105020 dcterms_title,dcterms_subject,pub_keyword -contentType:Journal -contentType:Contributor -contentType:Concept -contentType:Institution 4 4 1. . 2020. Toxicomicrobiomics: the human microbiome versus pharmaceutical, dietary, and environmental xenobiotics. Front. Pharmacol. 11:390 [2. 2006. Overweight, obesity, and mortality in a large prospective cohort of persons 50 to 71 years old. N. Engl. J. Med. 355:763–78 [3. 2016. Associations of oral α-, β-, and γ-human papillomavirus types with risk of incident head and neck cancer. JAMA Oncol 2:599–606 [4. . 2012. Oral microbiome and oral and gastrointestinal cancer risk. Control 23:399–404 [5. 2013. Human gut microbiome and risk for colorectal cancer. J. Natl. Cancer Inst. 105:1907–11 [6. . 1995. Toward understanding the association of socioeconomic status and health: a new challenge for the biopsychosocial approach. Psychosom. Med. 57:213–25 [7. . 2009. Monitoring bacterial community of human gut microbiota reveals an increase in Lactobacillus in obese patients and Methanogens in anorexic patients. 4:e7125 [8. 2011. Dietary fibre, whole grains, and risk of colorectal cancer: systematic review and dose-response meta-analysis of prospective studies. BMJ 343:d6617 [9. 2019. The fungal mycobiome promotes pancreatic oncogenesis via MBL activation. Nature 574:264–67 [10. Bäckhed 2004. The gut microbiota as an environmental factor that regulates fat storage. PNAS 101:15718–23 [11. . 2013. Periodontitis: a host-mediated disruption of microbial homeostasis. Unlearning learned concepts. Periodontol 2000. 62:203–17 [12. Berrington de 2010. Body-mass index and mortality among 1. 46 million white adults. N. Engl. J. Med. 363:2211–19 [13. Blaser MJ. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not specifically address the claim regarding the influence of the human microbiome on health and disease. Instead, it appears to be a collection of citations and topics related to various studies without a cohesive argument or linkage to the claim. Therefore, it is irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Scientists use cell reprogramming to turn adult cells into pluripotent stem cells. [SEP] Text: is Open Access? is an initiative that aims to make scientific research freely available to all. To date our community has made over 100 million downloads. It’s based on principles of collaboration, unobstructed discovery, and, most importantly, scientific progression. As PhD students, we found it difficult to access the research we needed, so we decided to create a new publisher that levels the playing field for scientists across the world. How? By making research easy to access, and puts the academic needs of the researchers before the business interests of publishers. are a community of more than 103,000 authors and editors from 3,291 institutions spanning 160 countries, including winners and some of the world’s most-cited researchers. Publishing on IntechOpen allows authors to earn 10. 5772/55983 this 1. Choose citation style Select style to clipboard Get citation 2. Choose citation style Select format Bibtex RIS Download citation by From the by and purchase hard copies of this book, please contact the representative in India: CBS Publishers & Distributors Pvt. Ltd. www. cbspd. com | customercare@cbspd. com 1. Choose citation style Select style to clipboard Get citation 2. Choose citation style Select format Bibtex RIS Download citation Impact of this 1. IntroductionIn general stem cells have to fulfill two characteristics: self-renewal and the ability to differentiate into different cell/tissue types. Depending on their limitations in differentiation (pluripotent vs. multipotent) stem cells can be divided in embryonic or adult stem cells, depending on their limitations in differentiation [1]. This 2. Induced pluripotent stem cellsIt was recently discovered that a terminally differentiated cell could be reprogrammed into an ESC-like cell using four transcription factors. Having pluripotent characteristics, these iPSCs are capable of becoming one of more than 200 cell types [12]. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by describing that a terminally differentiated cell (which refers to an adult cell) can be reprogrammed into an embryonic stem cell-like (ESC-like) cell using four transcription factors. This process results in cells that have pluripotent characteristics, indicating that scientists can indeed turn adult cells into pluripotent stem cells.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Sustainable architecture completely eliminates energy costs. [SEP] Text: It is also socially inappropriate, as there is much more scope for new jobs in the renewable energy industry than in the coal industry and the use of RES can minimize or even completely solve the social and societal issues of the Šaleška Valley. We can conclude that the development and transition of the Slovenian energy industry into a more sustainable one is cost competitive and sensible. At a time when we are beginning to fully grasp the global environmental constraints, we are still basing our development on a quantitative increase in the use of raw materials and energy. We have to move away from restrictive assumptions and change our patterns of thinking with regard to the energy sector and to our everyday lives, as this is the only way to a sustainable energy policy. A fundamental change is needed in the mindsets of the energy policy planners as well as of the public. Therefore, energy policy development and energy consumption should be founded on the promotion of reduced and efficient use of energy and on the awareness that increasing consumption will undoubtedly exceed sustainable development. 1. Office, (Office, Ljubljana, 2009). 2. and Projections in Europe 2007 – Country Profile; Slovenia (EEA, 2007), 39. 3. Ministry of the (Ministry of the Economy, Ljubljana, 2010), 82. 4. Institute of Jožef Štefan (IJŠ), Program - 2010 Long-Balance 2010 to 2030 (Ministry of the Economy, Ljubljana, 2010), 188. 5. Y. Kaya and K. Yokobory, Environment, Energy and Economy – Strategies for Sustainability (University Press, Tokyo, 1997). 6. C. Cormio, M. Dicorato, A. Minoia, and M. Trovato, “A regional energy planning methodology including renewable energy sources and environmental constrains,” Energy Rev. 7, 99–130 (2003). 7. T. Wehnert, J. P. J. P. L. Araguás, O. Bernardini, L. Jaworski, B. H. Jørgensen, W. Jörß, O. Nielsen, A. Ninni, A. Oniszk-Poplawska, and D. Velte, Futures 2030 (Springer-Verlag, Berlin, 2007). 8. N. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the broader implications of sustainable energy practices, indicating that while renewable energy sources (RES) can minimize energy costs and societal issues, they do not fully eliminate energy costs. It emphasizes the need for a change in mindset and energy consumption patterns, suggesting that energy policy must focus on efficiency rather than complete elimination of cost.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: The human microbiome influences health and disease through various mechanisms. [SEP] Text: Phosphorus availability influences disease-suppressive soil microbiome through plant-microbe interactions access Published: 28 September 2024 Phosphorus availability influences disease-suppressive soil microbiome through plant-microbe interactions Yifan Cao1 na1, Zongzhuan Shen1 na1, Na Zhang1, Xuhui Deng1, Linda S. Thomashow2, Ian Lidbury3, Hongjun Liu1, Rong Li1, Qirong Shen1 & …George A. Kowalchuk4 Show authors Microbiome 15. 4 °C and an average annual precipitation of about 1106 mm. The soil is developed from a loess parent material with a clay loam texture and is classified as moisture soil. The trial was carried out in a greenhouse previously dedicated to the cultivation of tomatoes (Solanum lycopersicum Mill. cv. Shijihongguan) afflicted by bacterial wilt caused by R. solanacearum. Four distinct fertilization treatments were implemented: (1) CK — no fertilizer applied, (2) CF — application of chemical fertilizer, (3) OF — application of organic fertilizer, and (4) BF — application of bio-organic fertilizer. The latter three treatments were adjusted to an equivalent amount of nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium using chemical fertilizer. The experiment employed a completely random block design, with three replication plots designated for each treatment a total of 12 plots. Each plot covered an area of approximately 8 m2, accommodating 40 tomato plants. Two tomato planting seasons occurred annually from March 2013 to July 2019. The spring season was from March to June, while the autumn season was from August to November. Over the course of 13 consecutive seasons, only the spring seasons were sampled, with the first season excluded due to the absence of bacterial wilt outbreaks across all four treatments. Approximately 2-month post-transplantation of tomato seedlings to the field, the recording of disease incidence in each plot commenced. Plants displaying typical symptoms of bacterial wilt were identified as diseased and recorded until the end of the tomato harvest. Disease incidence was calculated as the number of diseased tomato plants in a plot divided by the total number of tomato plants in that plot. Soil samples were collected at the time of tomato harvest, with a portion sieved through a 20-mm mesh for nutrient property determination. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text discusses phosphorus availability's impact on soil microbiome associated with plant-microbe interactions but does not address the human microbiome or its effects on health and disease. Therefore, it is irrelevant to the claim regarding the human microbiome.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Scientists use cell reprogramming to turn adult cells into pluripotent stem cells. [SEP] Text: In order to be consider ESCs, they must fulfill certain criteria: (1) to express pluripotency factors such as Oct4, Sox2, Nanog, and SSEA1, however this criteria only apply for mouse ESCs, since in human 3 and SSEA4 are expressed in stead however this criteria only apply for mouse ESCs, since in human 3 and SSEA4 are expressed in stead (2) in female cells there must be the reactivation of the inactive X chromosome, (3) they should be able to differentiate into the three germ layers (ectoderm, endoderm and mesoderm) and in the case of mouse, be able to generate chimeras upon blastocyst implantation and pass through germline [13]. Takahashi and Yamanaka (2006) were the first that found a way to circumvent two of the most important drawbacks when using ESCs related to immune rejection and ethical. In their study they first hypothesized that the factors that play a role in maintaining ESC pluripotency could potentially turn somatic cells back into a pluripotent state. Starting with 24 candidate genes known to be involved in pluripotency and a herculean combinatorial effort they reduced this original 24 down to four factors: Oct3/4, Klf4, Sox2, and c-Myc able to reprogram mouse fibroblasts into an ESC-like state. Yamanaka and colleagues also reported the same results one year later for the human (2007) when using this same combination of factors [14]. After the four factor derivation of the iPSCs, much interest was focused on the process of somatic cell reprogramming. Although still not well understood, Scheper and Copray (2009) proposed one approach that divided reprogramming in two broad stages. First Oct4 and Sox2 repressed genes associated with the host cell lineage and reset the epigenome of the cell towards a permissive chromatin mode putting the cell in an embryonic-like state. The second stage allowed the reprogramming factors to reactivate the endogenous autoregulatory loop that triggers the pluripotency transcriptional network [6] (Figure 1). Figure 1. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing how Takahashi and Yamanaka developed a method to reprogram somatic cells into an embryonic stem cell-like state using specific factors. It details the process of reprogramming, specifically mentioning how key factors involved in maintaining embryonic stem cell pluripotency are utilized to induce pluripotency in adult cells. This directly supports the claim that scientists are using cell reprogramming techniques to transform adult cells into pluripotent stem cells.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Sustainable architecture completely eliminates energy costs. [SEP] Text: Smrekar-Iskrič and L. Dakić, “Do not even thing about increasing electricity price,” Finance 19, 2–3 (2013). 22. J. Likar, “Coal will be more expensive,” Finance - 14, 13 (2013). 23. See for Why is there no lignite market? 24. S. Malovrh, J. Blavdaž, and V. Kovačič, in the Past (Delo, 2011). 25. E. Primorska, in Renewable in Slovenia (Elektro Primorska, Koper, 2010). 26. M. Obrecht, “Study of factors in sustainable energy development modeling,” Ph. D. dissertation (University of Maribor, 2013). 27. M. Obrecht, M. Denac, P. Furjan, and M. Delčnjak, in Evaluation and Analysis of in Slovenia and Examination with : Proceedings of the 2011, Linköping, Sweden, 8–13 May 2011. CrossrefSearch ADS 28. D. Raner and D. Žebeljan, “Hydropower as a strategic advantage of Slovenia,” in RES in Slovenia (Fit media, Celje, 2009), 36. 29. A. Žumbar, of Small Hydro-Plants (Energetika. NET, 2006). 30. M. Obrecht and M. Denac, “Biogas - A sustainable energy source: New possibilities and measures for Slovenia,” J. Energy Technol. 4, 11–24 (2011); online at 31. LandesEnergieVerein, in Styria and Slovenia (LEA, 2003). 32. See for geographic information system for RES. 33. TPPŠ, Data on Emissions of (TPPŠ, 2011). 34. Industry of Serbia, Strategic and of the Industry of Serbia (Industry of Serbia, Belgrade, 2011). 35. M. Tomšič, State of the Technique of Plants and Fuel (Energetika. NET, 2010). 36. See for energy & oil prices. 37. Elektrarne (HSE), Data and News about Hydro-(Elektrarne, Ljubljana, 2011). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts with the claim as it discusses various aspects of energy development and costs, such as the increasing price of coal and electricity, which suggests that sustainable architecture does not entirely eliminate energy costs but engages with the complexities of energy pricing and sustainable solutions.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: The human microbiome influences health and disease through various mechanisms. [SEP] Text: Tomatoes were cultivated for 3 months per season, adhering to standard agronomic management practices, except for variations in the fertilizer managements. Basic information of tested soil, tomato cultivar, and pathogen in pot experimentThe soil with low phosphate availability used in our pot experiments was collected from a poplar plantation located in (119° 36′E, 33° 21′N). The collected soil represents a typical fluvo-aquic soil, with the following characteristics: organic matter content of 8. 75 g kg−1, available phosphorus content of 10 mg kg−1, total nitrogen content of 0. 49 g kg−1, and available potassium content of 223 mg kg−1. The tomato cultivar 'Micro-Tom' (Solanum lycopersicum L. ) was selected for this study. Tomato seeds were surface sterilized in 70% ethanol for 1 min and then soaked in 1% NaClO for 10 min, after which they were rinsed five times with sterile water. Tomato seeds were germinated on moist filter paper in petri dishes for three days at 30 °C. Budded seeds were sown in sterilized commercial nursery substrate (Technology Co. , Ltd. , Jiangsu, China) and then incubated to the two-leaf stage before being transplanted into pots. Plant growth conditions consisted of 14-h light and 10-h dark at 28 °C. R. solanacearum strain QL-Rs1115 (GenBank accession GU390462) was used as a model soil-borne pathogen. The stain was isolated and stored in our laboratory. The pathogen suspension was prepared according to a previous method [26]. R. solanacearum was grown in (NB) medium (glucose 10. 0 g L−1, peptone 5. 0 g L−1, yeast extract 0. 5 g L−1, beef extract 3. 0 g L−1) at 30 °C for 2 days with shaking at 170 rpm. The culture was then centrifuged at 4000 rpm for 8 min, and the resulting cell pellet was resuspended in sterile water. The final density of the prepared R. solanacearum inoculation was 1 × 108 colony-forming units (CFU) per ml. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it focuses on the cultivation of tomatoes, soil characteristics, and the management of a specific legume pathogen. It does not provide any information related to the human microbiome or its influence on health and disease.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Scientists use cell reprogramming to turn adult cells into pluripotent stem cells. [SEP] Text: Two state process for reprogramming somatic cells (Adapted from 6)After the first proposed cocktail to reprogram differentiated cells into iPSCs, many researchers started to ask the question of how these factors were interacting in order to modify existing epigenetic marks and return to a pluripotent state. To date it has been reported that differentiated cells have been successfully reprogrammed by substituting some of the factors such as Klf4 or c-Myc with other transcription factors such as Nanog or Lin28 or molecules (valproic acid or Wnt ligand). It tells us that there are different pathways involved in this process and that epigenetic enzymes are being activated in every case [9] all to one endpoint of pluripotency. Waddington referred to epigenetics for the first time as genetic interactions that can affect the phenotype. Later, he proposed a model based on how cells followed a developmental differentiation path much like traveling down a series of canals that start from a fertilized totipotent embryo and ending up as a specific lineage committed cell [15]. In this model, cells committed to a specific lineage cannot be recommitted to another lineage or canal. However, with the recent milestone of iPSC generation, Yamanaka suggested that cells could be pushed back up the canal towards the pluripotent state. During reprogramming, cells can experience other events. They can be stopped by some epigenetic bump and remain incompletely reprogrammed. In this situation cells return to their specific lineage or transition to another lineage. Finally, instead of moving they can undergo apoptosis or cellular senescence. This model proposed by Yamanaka (2009) is known as the stochastic model of iPSC generation [16] (Figure 2). Since the development of iPSCs, many researchers have focused their attention on the epigenetics changes that iPSCs acquire, together with the chromatin dynamics that occurs during cellular reprogramming. It has been already proposed that one way to ease cell destiny is by having less lineage epigenetic patterns [17]. The most used protocol for the production of iPSCs is the one that involves the application of the four transcription factors previously described by Yamanaka (2006) [15]. Thus initial studies have focused on how these four factors worked together to initiate the reprogramming cascade. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by explaining the process of reprogramming somatic cells into induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs). It details how researchers modify epigenetic marks to achieve a pluripotent state and references the pivotal work of Yamanaka on the factors involved in this reprogramming process. The text specifically mentions that differentiated cells have been successfully reprogrammed, supporting the claim that scientists use this approach to turn adult cells into pluripotent cells.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Sustainable architecture will always have a smaller carbon footprint than other structures. [SEP] Text: The primary endpoints for 96 percent of the pivotal trials for precision medicines were surrogate measures, compared to 49 percent of the trials for nonprecision medicines. In sensitivity analyses, similar results (presented in 4. 83—c6. 74—c5. 10—c8. 03—c Development time (years)****4. 16—c6. 07—c4. 75—c7. 35—c Review time (months)****7. 25—c10. 00—c6. 67—c11. 10—cNumber of pivotal efficacy trials supporting approvalb **2—c1—c1—c2—cProportion of total participants receiving treatmentb ****1. 00—c0. 66—c0. 67—c0. 62—cBreakthrough (n = 38)Non-breakthrough (n = 36)Breakthrough (n = 37)Non-breakthrough (n = 244)Pivotal trial characteristicsdNo. %No. %No. %No. %Number of participants enrolledb ****267—c315—c185—c615—cNumber of participants in treatment armsb ****234—c196—c124—c393—cProportion of participants in treatment armsb ****1. 00—c0. 66—c0. 67—c0. 66—cNumber of armsb ****2—c2—c2—c3—cPhase**** I, I/II, or II1437261643146 II/III or III24633494215723094Blinding**** Double14372672205421186 Single00000052 None (open label)2463102817462811Randomization**** Randomized26683186277323898 Nonrandomized1232514102762Comparator**** Activee61613367196928 Placebo10261850184916869 Neither2258514123273Endpoint**** Clinical outcome00386168133 Clinical scale00008224820 Surrogate measure381003392236211547 ’ analysis of data from Food and Drug Administration. Drugs@FDA (see note 28 in text). trials are those relied on for the approval decision. Significance refers to differences among all four categories of precision and nonprecision medicines within a group of product or pivotal trial characteristics. Percentages might not sum to 100 because of rounding. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses clinical trial characteristics related to precision and nonprecision medicines, with no mention of sustainable architecture or carbon footprints. Therefore, it does not support or contrast the claim in any meaningful way.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: The human microbiome influences health and disease through various mechanisms. [SEP] Text: Greenhouse experiment design examining soil microbial functions in relation to disease suppressionWe aimed to investigate how soil microbial functions potentially related to disease suppression responded to varying levels of phosphorus. A pot experiment was conducted in the greenhouse of University, Nanjing, China (118. 847 °E, 32. 036 °N). The experiment included six treatments and a control. The six treatments were as follows: (1) AP, soil amended with calcium superphosphate as a source of relatively available phosphorus; (2) UP, soil amended with calcium phosphate as a source of relatively unavailable phosphorus; (3) −P: soil without application of external phosphorus supply; (4) AP+RS, AP with pathogen inoculation; (5) UP+RS, UP with pathogen inoculation; and (6) −P+RS, −P with pathogen inoculation. The control (CK) treatment consisted of soil without any fertilization or pathogen inoculation. The total phosphorus input was kept consistent across the +RS, and UP+RS treatments. Each treatment had six replicates, with each replicate containing three tomato seedlings in three pots filled with 500 g of the test soil. The pots were arranged using a completely randomized block design. The phosphorus stress gradient in the soil was created by the application of calcium superphosphate (AP, AP+RS), calcium phosphate (UP, UP+RS), and the absence of any phosphorus fertilizer (−P, −P+RS). Urea and potassium sulfate were provided as nitrogen and potassium fertilizers in all treatments except the control (CK), and phosphorus fertilizers were applied according to the experimental design (Table S1). Prior to the second season, approximately half of the initial fertilizer amount was replenished to compensate for the nutrient loss after harvest. Tomato plants in the AP+RS, UP+RS, and −P+RS treatments were inoculated with R. solanacearum at a density of 1 × 107 CFU g−1 soil, 3 days after transplanting. The pathogen was subsequently added two additional times, once at the flowering stage and once at the fruiting stage. For treatments without pathogen inoculation, an equal volume of sterilized water was provided. The experiment was repeated twice. The first season started on October 22, 2020, and ended on January 13, 2021, and the second season started on March 21, 2021, and ended on June 12, 2021. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it focuses on a greenhouse experiment examining soil microbial functions related to disease suppression. It does not address the human microbiome or its influence on health and disease mechanisms in humans.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Scientists use cell reprogramming to turn adult cells into pluripotent stem cells. [SEP] Text: In this regard it has been proposed that Oct4 and Sox2 are totally indispensable for reprogramming while Klf4 and c-Myc enhance the efficiency and alter the structure of the chromatin to enable Oct4 and Sox2 to target more genes that are important for pluripotency [15]. Figure 2. Stochastic model for iPSC generation. All of the cells initiate reprogramming, but only a few can achieve complete reprogramming. (Adapted from 16)Finally, it is crucial to find the best method of reprogramming in order to approximate ESCs as much as possible. For this purpose, there are several variables that have to be taken into consideration in order to have reproducible and efficient reprogramming. First is the selection of reprogramming factors where the combination (and efficiency) can vary depending on the cell type. Second is the type of method used for factor delivery, be it viral vectors, RNA, protein, or small molecules, among others. Third is the selection of cell type, since the efficiency and kinetics reprogramming changes between cell types. Understanding how reprogramming factors coordinate the cascade to orchestrate reprogramming means it is important to know the right timing and stoichiometry for optimal reprogramming. Culture environment likewise is very important. Finally the selection of a method to identify and characterize iPSCs is very critical (Figure 3) [18]. Advertisement 3. EpigeneticsEpigenetics is defined in general as heritable changes in gene expression that do not affect DNA-sequence [19, 20]. In the nucleus DNA is wrapped into a protein complex known as chromatin. This protein complex, known as the nucleosome, is formed by proteins called histones (H2A, H2B, H3, H4) (Figure 4) [21] into a structure resembling beads on a string. Histone H1 in turn play a role in assembling higher order chromatin structure by interacting with the “inter-bead” regions of chromation. Via changes in histone post-translational modifications (acetylation, methylation, ubiquitination, and phosphorylation), chromatin becomes very dynamic, controlling the expression or repression of specific genes in specific cells, as well as during the cell cycle or in response to environmental cues. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the essential roles of reprogramming factors such as Oct4 and Sox2, which are critical for the reprogramming of adult cells into induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs). It details the importance of various factors and methodologies in effectively achieving pluripotency, thus supporting the assertion that scientists employ cell reprogramming to convert adult cells into pluripotent stem cells.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Green buildings require no maintenance once constructed. [SEP] Text: ASTM reserves the right to terminate this License, upon written notice, if Licensee materially breaches the terms of this Agreement. fails to pay ASTM any license or subscription fees when due, ASTM will provide the Licensee with a 30-day period within which to cure such breach. No cure period will be provided for material breaches relating to violations of Section 3 or any other breach likely to cause ASTM irreparable harm. If Licensee's subscription to an ASTM Product terminates, further access to the online database will be denied. or materially breach this License or make prohibited uses of material in any reserves the right to deny Licensee any access to the ASTM Product, in ASTM's sole discretion. 6. and Service. A. use standard Internet HTML format. ASTM reserves the right to change such format upon three [3] months' notice to Licensee, although ASTM will make reasonable efforts to use commonly available formats. and the are responsible for obtaining at their expense suitable Internet connections, Web browsers, and licenses for any software necessary to view the ASTM Products. B. are also available in (PDF) format to Licensee and its Authorized Users, who are solely responsible for installing and configuring the appropriate Reader software. C. ASTM shall use reasonable efforts to make online access available on a continuous basis. Availability will be subject to periodic interruption and downtime for server maintenance, software installation or testing, loading new files, and reasons beyond the control of ASTM. ASTM does not guarantee access, and will not be liable for damages or refunds if the Product becomes unavailable temporarily, or if access becomes slow or incomplete due to system back-up procedures, Internet traffic volume, upgrades, overload of requests to servers, general network failures or delays, or any other cause that may from time to time make the Product unavailable for the Licensee or Licensee's Authorized Users. 7. Terms and Fees. A. The term of this Agreement is _____________ ("Subscription Period"). Access to the Product is for the only. will remain in effect thereafter for successive so long as annual subscription fees, as such may change from time to time, are paid. Licensee and/or ASTM have the right to terminate this Agreement at the end of a by written notice given at least 30 days in advance. B. Fees: 8. Verification. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text provided is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses terms of a license agreement related to ASTM Products without mentioning anything related to green buildings or their maintenance requirements. Therefore, it does not corroborate or contrast the claim.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: The human microbiome influences health and disease through various mechanisms. [SEP] Text: Soil sampling and DNA extractionSoil sampling was conducted 80 days after tomato transplantation. Soils were collected from each pot at five different points and then combined to obtain a bulk soil sample. Soil loosely attached to the plant roots was removed by manually shaking, and the soil that remained tightly adhered to the roots was considered the rhizosphere compartment. The roots were submerged in sterilized water and shaken at 170 rpm for 30 min at 30 °C. The resulting soil suspension was centrifuged at 5000 rpm for 10 min to collect the rhizosphere soils. The rhizosphere soils from three plants within one replicate were combined to form a single sample (n = 6 in total). A portion of the bulk soil was air-dried for soil chemical property assessment. Soil samples were stored at −80 °C for subsequent microbial community analysis, with a portion of the rhizosphere soil was preserved in glycerol for the culture-dependent analysis. Soil genomic DNA was extracted from 0. 3 g of soil using the DNeasy® PowerSoil® Kit () following the manufacturer’s instructions. DNA extracts were quantified using a NanoDrop spectrophotometer (ND2000, ). Quantitative PCR of R. solanacearum and functional genesThe R. solanacearum abundance was determined by targeting the fliC gene [27]. Microbial genes related to disease suppression, including hcnAB, and phlD, were determined with the primer sets A3F/A7R [28], KS2F/KS2 [29], PM2/PM7-26R [21], and BPF2/BPR4 [21], respectively. For relative quantification, the 16S ribosomal RNA gene, as amplified by the primer pair of F515/R907, was used as a reference gene as previously described [30]. The detailed information describing the primers used is given in Table S2. Quantitative gene abundance was defined as the proportion of target gene abundance to 16S rRNA gene abundance. Mathematical model ΔΔCt was used in relative quantification data processing [31]. All qPCR amplifications were performed using a QuantStudio™ 6 Flex Real-Time PCR System (Applied Biosystems, USA). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text provided details on soil sampling, DNA extraction, and methods for analyzing microbial communities in soil, but it does not address the human microbiome specifically, nor does it mention how the microbiome influences health and disease. Therefore, the text is irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Scientists use cell reprogramming to turn adult cells into pluripotent stem cells. [SEP] Text: However, the purpose of UHRF is not to repress transcription, but actually to aid DMNT, especially during DNA replication, in order to conserve and maintain the DNA methylation [46]. Figure 8. Active and passive DNA methylation mechanism (Adapted from 1)DNA methylation can be achieved via two mechanisms, either actively or passively (Figure 8). Passive demethylation involves the inhibition of the DMNT protein during DNA replication and allows for newly synthesized cytosine to escape methyl imprinting from its parent DNA strand. This process usually occurs during cellular replication. Active demethylation can occur in both dividing and non-dividing cells [47]. Currently, there is no known enzyme that is able to remove the strong covalent bond of the methyl group from the cytosine residue. Instead, the methylated cytosine is thought to undergo a series of further modifications (AID/) that ultimately change the 5mC into a thymine [48]. This elicits a base mismatch and activates the base excision repair pathway to replace the residue with a naked cytosine. Another proposed demethylation pathway involves the use of the ten-eleven translocation (Tet) enzymes. This family of proteins are able to add a hydroxyl group onto the methyl moiety of 5mC to form 5hmC. Once in this state, 5hmC can return to an unmodified cytosine residue through either further oxidation by Tet enzymes or deamination by AID/. Unlike the deacetylation and demethylation of histones, DNA demethylation is much more complex and involves a number of enzymatic processes which has contributed to the great deal of debate about which pathway is more dominant [50]. Advertisement 5. Epigenetic reprogrammingIn order to understand the interactions and mechanisms involved in reprogramming a differentiated cell into an iPSC, a great effort has been made to study the ESC pluripotent state, in particular the means by which pluripotency transcription factors interact with each other or with other proteins such as chromatin remodeling enzymes and histone modifying enzymes. Moreover researchers have focused on finding the networks in iPSCs once the endogenous pluripotency factors have been activated by the exogenous Yamanaka factors [13]. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing epigenetic reprogramming and the efforts to understand how differentiated cells can be transformed into induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs). It mentions studying the interactions and mechanisms involved in reprogramming these cells and highlights the role of pluripotency transcription factors, aligning with the assertion that scientists employ reprogramming techniques on adult cells to achieve pluripotency.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: AI can help diagnose diseases by analyzing medical images. [SEP] Text: PresepsinPresepsin is a soluble fragment of the cluster of differentiation marker protein 14 (CD 14) involved in pathogen recognition by innate immunity [30]. Presepsin is emerging as a novel circulating biomarker of sepsis as it should be used for accurate and timely prediction of abnormal host response at an early stage thus allowing a safe treatment of patients and, similar to PCT, may be suited for monitoring appropriate antibiotic therapy [30, 31]. According to recent studies, the measurement of presepsin levels provides independent diagnostic and prognostic information in patients with sepsis and septic shock during the first week of intensive care treatment [32]. In particular, the diagnostic capacity to diagnose severe sepsis and septic shock at days 1, 3 and 8 in patients admitted to an ICU was very high (range of diagnostic area under the curves 0. 72–0. 84). Also in the long term, presepsin levels provided significant prognostic information for 30 days and 6 months all-cause of mortality [33]. Proadrenomedullin – a prognostic marker that may improve site of care decisionsAcute disease often leads to an inflammatory host response in patients characterized by the release of different active cytokines and hormone-like peptides into the blood stream. Among them, ProADM is the most potent vasodilator and becomes upregulated in inflammatory and infectious conditions. It belongs to the calcitonin peptide superfamily and is ubiquitously expressed in the body including sepsis, respiratory infections and pneumonia, and also heart failure and myocardial infarction [34, 35]. Importantly, ProADM has been shown to improve clinical pneumonia risk scores [36], and in a pilot intervention study, tended to decrease in length of stay without increased risk for readmissions by improving physicians admission and early discharge decisions [37]. Endothelial markers – mirror to the underlying pathophysiological mechanisms? The endothelium is an important component for the host reaction to acute disease. Endothelial dysfunction during sepsis and its association with adverse outcomes has been found to be an important contributor to sepsis morbidity. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses biomarkers (such as Presepsin and Proadrenomedullin) related to sepsis diagnosis and treatment, without any mention of AI or analyzing medical images. Therefore, it does not support or contrast the claim regarding AI's role in disease diagnosis.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: The human microbiome influences health and disease through various mechanisms. [SEP] Text: PCR reaction for each sample (10 μL) contained 5 μL of TB Green™ Taq™ (RR420A, TaKaRa), 0. 2 μL of each primer (10 μM), 1-μL DNA template, 0. 1-μL bovine serum albumin (10 μg μL−1), and 3. 5-μL ddH2O. All qPCR amplifications were performed with an initial denaturation at 95 °C for 2 min, then 40 cycles of denaturation at 95 °C for 30 s, annealing at 58 °C for 30 s, and extension at 72 °C for 30 s. All analyses were performed in duplicate, resulting in a total 12 parallel reactions for each treatment. The results were expressed as log2 fold change values (log FC) relative to the CK treatment. 16S rRNA gene and ITS amplicon sequencing and data processingBacterial and fungal sequencing libraries were amplified using the V4–V5 region of bacterial 16S rRNA gene (515F/907R) and the fungal ITS region (ITS5-1737F/ITS2-2043R) (Table S3). PCR utilized the following thermocycling program: 5 min at 94 °C for initialization, 30 cycles of 30-s denaturation at 94 °C, 30-s annealing at 52 °C, and 30-s extension at 72 °C. The constructed libraries were sequenced using an Illumina Nova6000 platform (Biotechnology Co. , Ltd. Guangzhou, China). Raw sequences were processed according to the procedure of v. 9. 1. 1354, using a 2 algorithm to obtain zOTU table. The taxonomy predictions were made using the “sintax” command with a bootstrap confidence threshold of 0. 6, based on the silva_16s_v123 and UNITE 8. 2 databases [32,33,34]. Soil nutrient contents determinationSoil nutrient contents, such as organic matter, total nitrogen, available phosphorus, and available potassium, were quantified using established methods [35, 36]. In brief, soil organic matter content was determined using the potassium dichromate-volumetric method. Total nitrogen content was measured using an element analyzer. Available potassium was assessed by extraction with ammonium acetate solution and quantification using a flame photometer. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text provides a detailed description of a PCR procedure and soil nutrient content determination, which does not address or relate to the influence of the human microbiome on health and disease. Therefore, it is deemed irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Scientists use cell reprogramming to turn adult cells into pluripotent stem cells. [SEP] Text: Understanding the interactions between the core pluripotency transcription factors and the previously mentioned epigenetic enzymes will provide some advantages to the iPSC field. One such advantage is the possible discovery of new cocktails that enhance reprogramming. In addition, it could explain the chronology of the epigenetic events for reprogramming on a molecular level. This section will cover some of the known molecular interactions among the pluripotent transcription factors and some of the epigenetic enzymes. 5. 1. Pluripotency gene networksThe first event toward transition from a differentiated to an iPSC state is the establishment of a proper chromatin state. Once the cells have found the correct chromatin state, the second event is to maintain and inherit it as they divide and proliferate [14]. The natural state of an ESC chromatin is known as “open”, where the heterochromatin is disperse and dynamic, which at the same time reflects a hyperactive transcriptional status [49]. The molecular structure for ESC to maintain pluripotency requires an interconnection of transcription factors with epigenetic proteins that are also interacting with the DNA. Due to fact that iPSCs are like ESC, they have to sustain the same molecular structure. In addition, they have to overcome an epigenetic barrier during the reprogramming process. The reprogramming process involves a chain reaction involving transcription factors, chromatin modifying enzymes and other histone related enzymes. An approach of how reprogramming occurs, suggests that the first step maybe interaction of transcription factors with the naked DNA, via histone modifiers or together with chromatin remodeling factors [14]. There are not time points or an order to follow for each specific transcription factor. Certain transcription factors are able to interact with DNA or with a chromatin remodeling enzyme depending what gene is activating. This molecular mechanism is determined by the locus, the type of transcription factor and on the context [14]. Hence the function of the four Yamanaka factors, Oct4, Sox2, Klf4 and c-Myc, [13] is crucial. It has been reported that Oct4 is indispensable in the reprogramming process. In some cases, such as what has been observed in neural stem cell reprogramming, the presence of Oct4 is sufficient for reprogramming in [51]. Moreover, as Oct4 can work alone, it also has a great effect in reprogramming when combined with Sox2. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the mechanisms involved in cell reprogramming, particularly focusing on the interactions of core pluripotency transcription factors and epigenetic enzymes. It explains that to transition from a differentiated state to an induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC) state, there are intricate molecular processes at play, which include the role of transcription factors such as Oct4. This provides evidence that scientists indeed use cell reprogramming to create pluripotent stem cells.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: AI-powered chatbots are increasingly used in patient support and care management. [SEP] Text: [41] evaluated the data-gathering function of eight chatbot symptom-checkers and found that the overall recall rate for all symptom-checkers was 0. 32 (2280/7112; 95% CI 0. 31–0. 33) for all pertinent findings. These results suggest that the data-gathering performance of currently available symptom checkers is questionable. As new chatbots become available, hypotheses about their future utility in medicine are limited only by researcher’s imagination. However, their current use should be limited to low-risk tasks with continued human oversight [11]. Regarding to scientific writing, several ethical issues arise about using these tools, such as the risk of plagiarism and inaccuracies, as well as a potential imbalance in its accessibility between high- and low-income countries, if the software becomes paying. For this reason, a consensus on how to regulate the use of chatbots in scientific writing will soon be required [42•]. Resistance to New TechnologyChatbots in healthcare face the challenge of resistance from patients and healthcare providers who are unfamiliar with new technology or prefer face-to-face interactions. To overcome this challenge, chatbots need to be designed to be user-friendly and easily integrated into existing workflows. Healthcare providers should also receive training on how to effectively use and recommend chatbots. et al. [25] indicated, frequent reasons for not activating the chatbot included misplacing instructions for chatbot use, relying on follow-up with clinic or discharge materials, inability to activate chatbot, and inability to text. Moreover, they are not capable of empathy, notably to recognize users’ emotional states and tailoring responses reflecting these emotions. The lack of empathy may therefore compromise the engagement with health chatbots [43]. Limitations of Our ReviewOur review has some limitations that need to be addressed. Firstly, we focused only on AI-based Chatbots, and incorporating other types of chatbots could expand their clinical application. Secondly, we conducted a qualitative assessment of the literature without collecting all identifiable 75. Pub71. PMID: 30418425. 3576. 83. Urological technology: where will we be in 20 years’ time? Urol. 2018;10:235–42. p. 311–22. Huri E, Hamid R. Technology-based management of neurourology patients in the COVID-19 pandemic: is this the future? [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by highlighting significant concerns related to the current use of AI-powered chatbots in healthcare. It indicates that the data-gathering performance of chatbots is questionable, suggesting limited reliability. Additionally, it mentions resistance from patients and healthcare providers, as well as the lack of empathy in chatbot interactions, which may hinder their acceptance and effectiveness in patient support. These points challenge the idea of their increasing use in patient care management.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: The human microbiome influences health and disease through various mechanisms. [SEP] Text: Available phosphorus was assessed by extraction with sodium bicarbonate solution and the molybdenum antimony anti-colorimetric method. All results are given in Fig. S1 and Table S4. Greenhouse experiment for tomato root transcriptome and metabolome analysesWe aimed to investigate the impact of root transcription and root exudates on microbial function related to disease suppression in the rhizosphere under different phosphorus levels. To this end, a pot experiment similar to the one described above was conducted, but the soil was changed to a mixture of soil and sand (weight 1:1) to facilitate root sampling. The experiment consisted of three replicates with two tomato seedlings in each replicate. This experiment was carried out from September 15 to November 28, 2022. The tomato roots were sampled by pooling two plants into one replicate as follows. Briefly, tomato plants were carefully pulled out and shaken gently to remove adhering soil. Then they were shaken in sterile water for 10 s to remove rhizosphere soil, followed by a quick separation of the aboveground part and root by sterile scissors on a tinfoil platform that had been wiped with alcohol. The roots were cut into 3-cm pieces, approximately 5 g of which were placed into a 15-ml centrifuge tube and immediately frozen in liquid nitrogen. This process was quickly completed, within 10 min, for each sample. Plant transcriptome sequencing and widely targeted metabolome analyses were conducted by Co. , Ltd. (Wuhan, China). For transcriptome analysis, total RNA was extracted, quantified, and qualified. Subsequently, 1 μg of RNA per sample was used for library preparation using the NEBNext® for Illumina® () according to the manufacturer’s instructions. The prepared libraries were then sequenced on an Illumina platform. Quality control was performed using fastp v0. 19. 3, and clean reads were aligned to the reference genome ftp://ftp. ensemblgenomes. org/pub/plants/release-52/fasta/solanum_lycopersicum/dna/ using HISAT v2. 1. 0. New transcript predictions were made using StringTie v1. 3. 4d, and gene expression levels were estimated using TPM (transcripts per million). The genes were annotated using the of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) and (GO) databases. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses a greenhouse experiment focused on tomato root transcriptome and metabolome analyses, detailing methods for assessing available phosphorus and conducting plant transcriptome sequencing. The content does not address the human microbiome or its influence on health and disease.