Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Mental health awareness campaigns often include resources for support and treatment. [SEP] Text: A few women reported that with repeated efforts they managed to get referred to an appropriate mental healthcare service, only to then face long waitlists. They reported that their interactions with formal health and mental healthcare systems compounded their anxiety and sense of loneliness and isolation, which led to deepening feelings of hopelessness. their frequently unsuccessful initial attempts to seek out formal support, women reported a period in which they retreated away from formal healthcare professionals. As their emotional health continued to deteriorate, however, they reported they began to accept that the difficulties they were facing were unlikely to resolve on their own, and required more intensive support to recover, regardless of the responses they’d initially received from health professionals. By this point, many women realised they could no longer seek out support by themselves. They described feeling too hopeless and exhausted to adequately describe their emotions and to actively “fight” to get needed support. Women frequently noted that at this point they needed someone to ‘take charge’, finding self-referrals difficult. Luck “Secret Society. ” Some women reported that if they were eventually successful at getting formal mental health support on their own, it was typically down to luck, rather than being able to reliably and systematically being able to access help. Many women stated that to get to formal mental health support they needed to be “invited”, labelling it a “secret society”; available only to the privileged few. To access this secret society, they felt one needed the luck of having a relationship with an empathic healthcare professional who seemed to genuinely care about them, and who had the knowledge and persistence needed to help them advocate for access to the ‘secret society’ of mental health support. Finding such a person often required asking for help from a range of health care professionals. Once women accessed support, they reported it was easier to access further support. Location and Timing. Women reported that their access to mental health support was also affected by the area they lived in and what was offered in that area, and whether or not they had the “good luck” of delivering their baby at a time that corresponded with the start of support groups. this context of isolation, confusion, and frustration in trying to seek help, peer support helped to equalise imbalances in accessing formal mental health support due to luck. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by describing the challenges women faced in accessing mental health support. It highlights that women had difficulties seeking help due to long waitlists, feelings of hopelessness, and the notion that accessing support was akin to entering a ‘secret society’—available only to a privileged few. This suggests that, rather than effectively providing resources for support, the current systems may create barriers that hinder access to treatment.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Some assert that using pathogens for pest control will never affect beneficial insects. [SEP] Text: Nature Biotechnol. 2009; 27:567–71. 64. Endoh T, Ohtsuki T. Cellular siRNA delivery using cell-penetrating peptides modified for endosomal escape. Deliv Rev. 2009; 61:704–709. 65. . Delivery of nucleic acids and nanomaterials by cell-penetrating peptides: opportunities and challenges. Central. 2014; 7966. . Toxin delivery by the coat protein of an aphid-vectored plant virus provides plant resistance to aphids. Nat Biotechnol. 2014; 32:102–5. 67. . Delivery of intrahemocoelic peptides for insect pest management. Trends Biotechnol. 2014; 32: 91–8. 68. Thacker JRM. to Control. Press, 2002; Cambridge, UK. 69. öhl. Have biopesticides come of age? Trends Biotechnol. 2012; 30(5):250–8. doi: 10. 1016/j. tibtech. 2012. 01. 003. 70. Villaverde JJ, Sevilla-Morán B, Sandín-España P, López-Goti C, Alonso-Prados JL Biopesticides in the framework of the Regulation (EC) No. 1107/2009. Sci 2014; 70:2–5. 71. . Towards the elements of successful insect RNAi. J Insect Physiol. 2013; 59(12):1212–21. doi: 10. 1016/j. jinsphys. 2013. 08. 01472. . Persistent RNA virus infection of lepidopteran cell lines: interactions with the RNAi machinery. Insect Physiol. 2016; 93–94:81–93. doi: 10. 1016/j. jinsphys. 2016. 09. 00173. . (2014). DsRNA degradation in the pea aphid (Acyrthosiphon pisum) associated with lack of response in RNAi feeding and injection assay. Peptides U. 2014; 307–314. 74. Palli SR. RNA interference in Colorado potato beetle: steps toward development of dsRNA as a commercial insecticide. Insect Sci. 2014; 6:1–8. 75. . Slep KC. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is largely a compilation of references and citations related to biopesticides, RNAi, and similar topics. It does not provide any clear argument or evidence regarding the relationship between using pathogens for pest control and its effects on beneficial insects, making it irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Protein is essential for muscle repair and growth. [SEP] Text: [78], in resistance-trained athletes, reported that PRO-alone, consumed either immediately before and after exercise or in the morning and evening, did not significantly affect strength, power, or changes in body composition. The PRO source was a blend of collagen hydrolysate, WPI and casein. Unfortunately, total daily PRO intake for the morning-evening group increased significantly more than for the pre-/post-exercise group. Therefore, it is possible that the effects observed may not be predictive for all PRO, and in fact a positive bias for the morning-evening group may have confounded the results altogether. However, it may be possible that the subjects' high degree of prior strength training experience may have also created a "ceiling effect" requisite of a greater sample size and smaller effect size to observe small, but statistically significant between-group changes. In a study in previously untrained subjects involved in eight weeks of resistance training, 70 g/d of PRO (82% as the slow digesting PRO, casein [79]) reportedly increased fat-free mass when consumed in the morning and evening (five hours after resistance exercise) as opposed to being consumed in the morning and afternoon (immediately before training) [80]. Interestingly, these results may suggest that ingestion of slow digesting PRO, such as casein, prior to a period of prolonged fasting (e. g. , bedtime) could be advantageous to increasing muscle hypertrophy. However, it is also possible that the aforementioned Burk et al. study [80] more practically provides evidence to support the preferential need for post-exercise PRO/EAA supplementation, so long as previously untrained subjects consume PRO/EAA within five hours after exercise. Specifically, peak MPS response has been shown to be delayed in previously untrained individuals [81]. The majority of available data has concluded that whey or total milk PRO (whey+casein) ingestion immediately after resistance training better augments the MPS response beginning at ~1-3 hours post-exercise, compared to recovery under fasting conditions or consumption of carbohydrates or soy immediately post-exercise [5–11]. Moreover, in a fasted state, a decrease in MPS during or immediately after resistance exercise may be prevented by provision of EAAs before and/or during exercise [82–84]. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the importance of protein intake, particularly in the context of resistance training and muscle protein synthesis (MPS). It mentions that protein consumption, especially from sources like casein and whey, after resistance training leads to a better MPS response, which is crucial for muscle repair and growth. Additionally, it highlights that certain protein timing strategies may enhance muscle hypertrophy, supporting the idea that protein is essential for muscle-related outcomes.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Mental health awareness campaigns often include resources for support and treatment. [SEP] Text: FG1/M4: “absolutely, because again, we don’t have anyone else in (location). at all. so when my husband's working and I've dropped (child) at school, if I’m feeling in a right state I don’t have anybody to go to. Like nobody. ” Distrust of M6: “when I spoke to them they said did you know you could have self-referred ages ago. . rather than wait for the doctor because I felt like I did say to the doctors a couple times about it and health visitors”. FG1/M3: “I just, I didn’t know what was on offer, I didn’t really… I was just being passed around so many people and having to explain everything to strangers so many times. . . it’s really hard and really exhausting. ” M4: “if you don’t have that information you feel like there’s no-one you can turn to and its seeking it out for yourself which in that moment can be really hard” Assumptions and M6: “you know and it’s hard but a professional doesn’t necessarily ask you or if they ask you they say it very blasé like oh we assume your mood’s okay yeah? And then they move on to the next question”, FG1/M4: “she was like 'why haven't you told me' 'I'm like you didn't me a chance so for her just to see how bad I was and just breaking down in front of her” G4/M2: “I just felt a very quick rushed appointment and to actually say no when they were just expecting to be able to tick a box - I just went along with it because it just felt like they wanted me in and out. ” FG4/M3: “I get really angry about it, just about how I feel like the system has failed the mums who struggle afterwards, because no one knows where to go for support” Acceptance M5: “because I know for a fact that I didn’t like to think aw I’m one of the statistics that ended up with depression and post-natal depression so sometimes it can be quite intimidating to admit something like that”. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by illustrating struggles individuals face in accessing mental health support, showing that there is a lack of clear information and resources available. For instance, comments such as 'if you don’t have that information you feel like there’s no-one you can turn to' suggest that despite the existence of campaigns, the associated support systems are not effectively communicated or accessible to those in need, indicating a gap in awareness and resource allocation.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Some assert that using pathogens for pest control will never affect beneficial insects. [SEP] Text: The results showed that both EPNs were as effective as Emamectin benzoate in reducing the numbers of FAW larvae as well as the infestation in maize cobs compared to the control. The bacterium Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) and Bt toxinsBotha et al. (2019), in South Africa, evaluated the insecticidal efficiency of Bt maize against larvae of FAW fed on leaves of Bt maize expressing Cry1Ab (Bt1) and Cry1A. 105 + Cry2b2 (Bt2). The results showed moderate survival (4–35%) on Bt1 maize and very high mortality (99%) on Bt2. The authors attributed the moderate survival on Bt1 to low dose of Cry1Ab in Bt1 or to that the insects arrived to the continent might have carried alleles with resistance to the Bt1. Fungi (entomopathogenic fungi, EPF)Akutse et al. (2019), in Kenya, tested 20 isolates of EPF at 1 × 108 conidia/ml for their efficacy against eggs and 2nd instar larvae of FAW as well as the neonate larvae that emerged from the treated eggs. Only B. bassiana (ICIPE676) isolate caused mortality of 30% to 2nd instar larvae. Metarhizium anisopliae (ICIPE 40) caused 83% mortality in the treated eggs. In addition, M. anisopliae (ICIPE 41) and (ICIPE 7) caused 96. 5 and 93. 7% mortality rates in the neonate larvae. Later, Akutse et al. (2020) tested 22 isolates (16 M. anisopliae and 6 B. bassiana) against FAW moths. All the 22 isolates were pathogenic to the moths, but the mortality varied significantly among the isolates 7 days post-treatment. Beauveria bassiana (ICIPE 621) and M. anisopliae (ICIPE 7) were superior among all the other isolates by causing 100% mortality of the moths with the lowest LT50 values of 3. 6 and 3. 9 days, respectively. Sisay (2018), in Ethiopia, found that Beauveria sp. and Metarhizium sp. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text provides detailed results from various studies on the effectiveness of different pathogens against agricultural pests but does not address the impact of these pathogens on beneficial insects. Therefore, it is irrelevant to the claim regarding the assertion that using pathogens for pest control will never affect beneficial insects.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Protein is essential for muscle repair and growth. [SEP] Text: A recent study reported no increase in post-exercise MPS following EAA ingestion 1 h pre-exercise as compared to exercise in the absence of EAA's [80]. In another study, positive but similar leg net amino acid balance (an indirect marker of protein synthesis) was observed post-exercise when 20 g of whey protein was ingested immediately before exercise or 1 h postexercise [5]. Contrastingly, an earlier study from the same group reported that the ingestion of EAAs and CHO immediately before resistance exercise produced a larger increase in leg net amino acid balance compared to EAA+CHO provided immediately postexercise [73]. Explanations for the apparently confounding results of the prior study [73] may be that the length of the fasting period prior to the intervention was of too long a duration and/or an artifact, such as pooling of amino acids within muscle may have occurred. Moreover, the observation of a 20-fold increase in blood flow would seem to indicate that it is unlikely the results completely represented MPS [73]. Therefore, the question remains whether post-exercise PRO/EAA ingestion alone is enough, especially under normal dietary situations (eg, non-fasted), to elicit optimal muscle anabolism in response to exercise. This probably depends at least on the timing of the last meal before exercise and possibly on the duration/intensity/type of exercise. Lastly, non-significant trends observed by Beelen et al. [83] indicate that PRO ingestion prior to exercise may slow the breakdown of whole-body protein during resistance exercise. However, even if whole-body protein breakdown is reduced during exercise, what effect if any this may have on MPB and eventually on muscle adaptation, remains to be explored. Mindful, of course, that a change in MPS contributes more to the NPB of muscle than a change in PRO degradation (NPB = MPS - MPB) after a bout of resistance exercise with or without nutrient ingestion [85]. Effect of PRO/EAA dose on MPS and skeletal muscle hypertrophyAs few as 10 g of whey PRO has been shown to effectively stimulate MPS following resistance exercise [8]. However, the optimal PRO/EAA dose to elicit both the most dramatic rise in acute MPS and chronic muscle hypertrophy adaptations has yet to be fully elucidated. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing various studies that emphasize the role of protein (PRO) and essential amino acids (EAA) in muscle protein synthesis (MPS) following exercise. It highlights that consumption of whey protein can effectively stimulate MPS and notes that protein ingestion before exercise may help with muscle anabolism. This supports the idea that protein is essential for muscle repair and growth.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Mental health awareness campaigns often include resources for support and treatment. [SEP] Text: Social services are responsible for some employment schemes and various employment intervention programs, some of which are tailored to people with mental illness, such as IPS for people with moderate to severe mental illness. While collaboration agreements have been made between social services and the health trusts in most counties in Norway, there are variations in how well the agreements are anchored, and to what extent the content of the collaboration is concretized [25]. Aim of the studyThe aim of this study is to examine mental health professionals’ expectations and efforts to include employment for people with moderate to severe mental illness. This includes first examining mental health professionals’ expectations about employment through EESMI (Expectations for the Employability of People with Illness), and then looking at aspects of how employment is integrated in current practices across sectors and professions. MethodsData collection procedureThe data were collected from mental health professionals working in primary and specialist health services across Norway between August 2021 and October 2021. The authors used a survey tool with a high degree of security and privacy (Nettskjema), to collect sensitive data. The selection of mental health professionals was conducted through a combination of purposive sampling and snowball sampling to get a variety of gender, geographical backgrounds, professional backgrounds, and fields of practice. The survey was sent to a common e-mail list for primary and specialist health services across Norway and posted in Facebook groups designated for mental health professionals. Snowball sampling techniques were used by sending an electronic questionnaire to mental health professionals in the second author’s professional and clinical networks, who were asked to forward the email to their professional network. The first page of the survey included information regarding study participation, anonymity, privacy, security, and data management. MeasuresThis survey was developed to gather data on employment and collaborative practices among Norwegian mental health professionals. The survey included 49 questions about educational background, professional training, tenure, employment, collaborative practices, and demographic questions. To determine how employment is discussed and integrated into local routines among mental health professionals, participants were asked the following questions used in the analysis. “How often are patients’ ability to work/employment opportunities, work-oriented activity or collaboration with social services a topic in staff meetings the unit? ” and “Does the unit have routines for mental health professionals to address work or work-oriented activity as a topic in consultations with patients (for example, conversation tools or treatment plan? ”. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not directly address the claim about mental health awareness campaigns including resources for support and treatment. Instead, it focuses on employment schemes and intervention programs for people with mental illness, discussing the expectations of mental health professionals regarding employment integration. As such, it does not provide relevant information that supports or contrasts with the claim.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Some assert that using pathogens for pest control will never affect beneficial insects. [SEP] Text: were highly effective against FAW larvae inducing 100% and 80% mortality rates, respectively, 5 days post-treatment. Viruses (entomopathogenic Viruses: Baculoviruses)Bateman et al. (2018) stated that the commercial product of the cotton leafworm, Spodoptera littoralis nucleopolyhedrovirus (SlNPV), which targeted S. littoralis was found to be effective against FAW in Cameron and was being registered there. Further, Bateman et al. (2021) reported that commercial isolates of S. frugiperda NPV (SfMNPV) have been registered and successfully employed to control the FAW in some African and Asian countries (Kenya, Zambia, Bangladesh and Sri Lanka). In Nigeria, a new S. frugiperda multiblenucleopolyhedrovirus (SfMNPV-KA1) could be isolated from larvae of S. frugiperda (Wennmann et al. 2021). Role of insect pathogens against S. frugiperda larvae in Asian countries (Table 2)Table 2 Virulence of Entomopathogens against Spodoptera frugiperda larvae in Asian countriesFull size tableNematodes (Entomopathogenic nematodes, EPNs)In Korea, laboratory studies were conducted by Acharya et al. (2020) to evaluate the efficiency of EPNs against 6th instar larvae and 5-day-old pupae at a concentration of 600 IJs/larva and 600 IJs/10 pupae. In larvae, 100% mortality was achieved by Heterorhabditis indica and Steinernema carpocapsae, whereas S. arenarium, S. longicaudum and H. bacteriophora caused 97, 93 and 53% mortality rates, respectively. The emergence rates of adults from treated pupae were 33% (S. carpocapsae), 37% (S. longicaudum), 40% (H. indica), 57% (S. arenarium) and 60% (H. bacteriophora). Similarly, Lalramliana et al. (2021), in India, treated 3rd and 5th larval instars and 1-day-old pupae of S. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim directly. It discusses the effectiveness of various entomopathogenic viruses and nematodes in controlling pest insects, specifically 'Spodoptera frugiperda,' but it does not comment on the potential impacts of these pathogens on beneficial insects. Therefore, it is classified as irrelevant.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Protein is essential for muscle repair and growth. [SEP] Text: Acute studies utilizing egg PRO [86] or EAA [40] seem to indicate a plateau in MPS from the ingestion of between 20-40 g of intact PRO, or approximately 9-10 g of EAA, respectively. In agreement (to the existence of a plateau effect), no difference in mixed MPS was observed in a recent study involving the ingestion of 30 or 90 g of PRO from intact beef [87]. Whether or not such a plateau effect is predictive and independent of PRO source has yet to be determined. Similarly, subject-specific dosing and resistance training variables (e. g. , volume, intensity, etc. ) may also have an effect on the optimal PRO dose. Frequency of PRO dosing is also in its infancy and requires more analyses. For example, it would appear from the available acute MPS data that small (delivering ~10 g EAA), frequent (every 2-5 hrs) PRO feedings are ideal for maintaining a positive NPB in skeletal muscle, at least when consuming a fast-acting EAA source [40]. However, some studies suggest that larger, less frequent PRO/EAA containing feedings provide similar or possibly better responses on lean body mass and protein balance [88, 89]. More studies are clearly needed to fully address this issue and to determine if, for example, the optimal frequency and/or dose is a protein source dependent phenomenon. Effect of protein source on MPS and skeletal muscle hypertrophyThe literature is relatively sparse in comparing the acute or chronic effects of PRO source on MPS or muscle hypertrophy, respectively. Greater peak leucine net balance over time (indirect estimate of net muscle protein synthesis) was observed for whey versus casein PRO when ingested 1 h post-exercise, though no significant differences in net phenylalanine balance were observed [90]. A recent study by Tang et al. [11] showed that whey PRO appears to promote a larger MPS response than either casein or soy, at least during the first three hours post-ingestion; both at rest and after resistance exercise in young, healthy males. In fact, at rest, whey was shown to be ~93% and ~18% more effective than casein and soy, and whey was ~122% and ~31% more effective than casein and soy following exercise, respectively. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing various aspects of protein (PRO) ingestion and its effects on muscle protein synthesis (MPS). It highlights studies that investigate the optimal dosing of protein for maximizing MPS, as well as the types of protein sources and their efficiency in promoting muscle repair and growth. The mention of protein's role in achieving a positive net protein balance (NPB) in skeletal muscle further supports the claim that protein is essential for these processes.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Workplace mental health programs are shown to reduce absenteeism and increase productivity. [SEP] Text: Process evaluation of a workplace-based health promotion and exercise cluster-randomised trial to increase productivity and reduce neck pain in office workers: a RE-AIM approach 22. 7% but varied across organisations (range 9 to 83%). Participants were generally representative of the recruitment pool though more females (n = 452 or 59%) were recruited than were in the pool (49%). Effectiveness measures (health-related productivity loss and neck pain) varied across all organisations, with no clear pattern emerging to indicate the source of the variation. Organisation-level adoption (66%) and staffing level adoption (91%) were high. The interventions were implemented with minimal protocol variations and high staffing consistency, but organisations varied in their provision of resources (e. g. training space, seniority of liaisons). Mean adherence of participants to the EET intervention was 56% during the intervention period, but varied from 41 to 71% across organisations. At 12 months, 15% of participants reported regular EET adherence. Overall mean (SD) adherence to EHP was 56% (29%) across organisations during the intervention period (range 28 to 77%), with 62% of participants reporting regular adherence at 12 months. No organisations continued the interventions after the follow-up period. ConclusionAlthough the study protocol was implemented with high consistency and fidelity, variations in four domains (reach, effectiveness, adoption and implementation) arose between the 14 participating organisations. These variations may be the source of mixed effectiveness across organisations. Factors known to increase the success of workplace interventions, such as strong management support, a visible commitment to employee wellbeing and participant engagement in intervention design should be considered and adequately measured for future interventions. Trial registrationACTRN12612001154897; 29 October 2012. reports BackgroundNeck pain is a major burden to industry in terms of lost productivity (reduced work performance and lost days) [1,2,3] and personal suffering (pain, disability, reduction in quality of life and reduced job satisfaction) [4, 5]. With more than 50% of office workers experiencing neck pain at some stage of their working life [6,7,8], significant resources have been allocated to prevent the onset of this problem and/or reduce the impact for the employee and employer. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by indicating that while workplace interventions were implemented with high fidelity, the effectiveness in terms of improving productivity and reducing health-related productivity loss varied significantly among organizations. It mentions that participants reported mixed effectiveness and highlights the inconsistent outcomes across organizations, suggesting that not all workplace strategies lead to reduced absenteeism or increased productivity as claimed.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Some assert that using pathogens for pest control will never affect beneficial insects. [SEP] Text: frugiperda by four EPNs at five concentrations for larvae (10–800 IJs/larva) and four concentrations for pupae (200–1600 IJs/pupa). The tested nematodes were H. indica, H. baujardi, S. sangi and S. surkhetense. The results revealed that rates of mortality in larvae ranged 43–100% in the 3rd instar larvae, 25–100% in the 5th instar larvae and 37–69% in the pupae. Wattanachaiyingcharoen et al. (2021), in Thailand, evaluated the efficiency of two indigenous H. indica and S. siamkayai against FAW larvae in laboratory and greenhouse. In laboratory, 2nd and 5th larval instars were treated at six concentrations (50–300 IJs/larva), whereas in the greenhouse, maize plants in pots, infested with 2nd instar larvae, were sprayed with 100 ml of each of the two species at 20,000 and 50,000 IJs/ml one day after releasing the larvae on the plants. Rates of mortality in 2nd instar larvae at the tested concentrations ranged 27. 5–82. 5 and 17. 5–67. 5% by H. indica and S. siamkayai, respectively. The respective values in the 5th instar larvae were 45 and 32. 5% at 300 IJs/larva. In the greenhouse, rates of mortality 10 days post-treatment at 20,000 IJs/pot were 37. 9% by H. indica and 28. 75% by S. siamkayai. The respective values at 50. 000 IJs/pot were 57. 8 and 44. 7%. In China, Abbas et al. (2022) reported that 280 IJs of Steinernema sp. could kill 100% of 3rd instar larvae of S. frugiperda, whereas 400 IJs of H. indica killed only 75%. Also, Wang et al. (2022a) compared the virulence of an indigenous strain of Heterorhabditis sp. to a commercial S. feltiae against 3rd and 6th larval instars and 5-day-old pupae of FAW in laboratory. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text discusses the efficacy of specific nematodes on different larvae stages of the fall armyworm (FAW) and provides results on mortality rates but does not address the claim regarding the impact of using pathogens on beneficial insects. Therefore, it is irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Protein is essential for muscle repair and growth. [SEP] Text: It should be noted that WPH was used in the aforementioned study, whereas the soy and casein were intact. It may be probable, though, due to the large differences observed between the proteins, that WPI or whey PRO concentrate (WPC) would have provided similar results. However, recent results [46, 53] would seem to indicate that at least some differences in acute effects may occur in response to WPH versus intact whey. Whether such acute differences between the intact and hydrolysed PRO sources summate over time and reveal significant chronic effects is an area of needed research. Few long-term studies comparing different PRO sources have been published thus far. Hartman et al. [15], for example, observed greater gains in fat-free mass and muscle hypertrophy in response to 12 weeks of resistance training with ingestion of fat-free milk versus soy. Additionally, Cribb et al. [26] reported a five-fold increase in lean body mass from supplementation with hydrolyzed whey PRO isolate versus intact casein, when combined with 10 weeks of resistance training in recreational bodybuilders. Candow et al. [17] and Brown et al. [91], however, reported no significant differences on changes in body composition in response to combined resistance training and either whey or soy PRO ingestion. Kalman et al. [92] also found no differences between groups for lean body mass when examining the effects of 12 weeks of resistance training combined with 50 g/d PRO supplementation from either a whey PRO blend (50:50 ratio of WPI:WPC), soy concentrate, soy isolate, or a 50:50 ratio of soy isolate and the whey blend. Although interesting, some limitations within the aforementioned pilot study [92] do exist, as is evident by the author's own statement that "the data is considered inferential and not conclusive". That is, the sample size was too small to yield high statistical power. Indeed, of many of the studies to date, statistical power has likely not been high enough to adequately differentiate the effects between PRO source. A meta-analysis of studies (>200 subjects) in which PRO supplementation was used to promote muscle hypertrophy in combination with resistance training, was recently published that addresses this issue of statistical power [93]. Specifically, Phillips et al. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing several studies that indicate the positive effects of protein supplementation on muscle growth and repair. For instance, it references Hartman et al. who observed greater gains in fat-free mass and muscle hypertrophy with protein ingestion from fat-free milk compared to soy. Additionally, it mentions Cribb et al.'s findings of a significant increase in lean body mass from hydrolyzed whey protein isolate. These references support the idea that protein plays a crucial role in muscle repair and growth.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Workplace mental health programs are shown to reduce absenteeism and increase productivity. [SEP] Text: Maintenance – setting levelNone of the 14 participating organisations took steps to continue the exercise training or health promotion interventions beyond the study period. Participants in one organisation formed a working group to canvas ideas for improving their health and wellbeing. The research team were invited to contribute to this group. During the liaison interviews with four organisations, common themes on not adopting the intervention included the work required to maintain the program, the lack of meeting space, and changes of leadership within the organisation. One liaison noted, however, that participating in the study had increased participation in other wellness activities ‘and there’s getting more take-up of these types of activities, so if you provide the right environment … ’ (liaison, Org14). DiscussionThis paper examined the implementation of a workplace study using the RE-AIM framework domains of reach, effectiveness, adoption, implementation and maintenance. The interventions were evaluated in the context of a cluster-randomised effectiveness trial with the research team closely involved in recruitment, organisation and delivery of the EET and EHP sessions. Despite this approach, there were considerable variations between all organisations for each of the RE-AIM dimensions, including effectiveness. These organisational variances were examined to understand their potential impact on outcomes. Overall reach was lower than anticipated (at 18. 9%), although consistent with previous similar workplace-based studies [25,26,27]. Reach varied widely across organisations. The higher recruitment rates (e. g. > 45%) were from private and public organisations with relatively small recruitment pools (range 54 to 116). In contrast, organisations with lower recruitment rates (e. g. < 20%) drew participants from larger recruitment pools (range 459 to 702). This relationship has been demonstrated in previous examinations of recruitment predictors for workplace exercise interventions [25]. The size of the recruitment pool, however, did not always reflect the size of the organisation, with some organisations offering participation to only selected units or branches. These findings suggest that, rather than maximising the size of the recruitment pool within organisations in the hope of recruiting sufficient participants, larger organisations should be encouraged to ‘stagger’ recruitment and target smaller teams and work units. This approach may also enable team leaders to engage more directly with potential participants. Implementation effectiveness in relation to the primary outcome of health-related productivity varied across organisations, with no apparent pattern between positive or negative changes and other RE-AIM dimensions. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by detailing the challenges and limitations of the workplace health interventions, indicating that not all organisations succeeded in maintaining or adopting the interventions. Specifically, it highlights issues such as variations in effectiveness, with mention of 'implementation effectiveness in relation to the primary outcome of health-related productivity varied across organisations.' This suggests that the expected outcomes of reduced absenteeism and increased productivity may not have been realized uniformly, which contradicts the claim that such programs are unequivocally beneficial.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Some assert that using pathogens for pest control will never affect beneficial insects. [SEP] Text: The tested concentrations of the nematodes were 100 IJs/larva and 1200 IJs/5 pupae. Rates of mortality in 3rd instar larvae were 84 and 100%, whereas in the 6th instar larvae, they were 56 and 93%, by Heterorhabditis sp. and S. feltiae, respectively. Rate of adult emergence from treated pupae was 26. 7% by both nematodes compared to 93. 3% in the control. Chen et al. (2023) evaluated the infectivity of H. bacteriophora (HbSD) against S. frugiperda under laboratory, greenhouse and field conditions. In laboratory assays, the nematode was highly virulent against the larvae. In greenhouse assays, spraying aqueous formulation of the nematode showed good performance in killing larvae on maize leaves. Patil et al. (2022), in India, reported that H. indica and S. carpocapsae caused 100% mortality in third- and fourth-larval instars of S. frugiperda, and 85% and 72% in pupae, respectively. Treatment of two maize fields, naturally infested with the insect by the nematodes at 2. 5 × 108 IJs/ha, showed that H. indica significantly reduced the number of larvae and leaf damage. The efficacy of S. carpocapsae and H. indica applied twice against FAW in sweet corn field was tested by Ratnakala et al. (2023) in India. The results showed that S. carpocapsae reduced, significantly, the larval population and leaf damage in the treated crop. Shinde et al. (2022), in India, evaluated two native strains of H. indica (HI-MN and HI-CL) against larval instars of FAW. The LC50s were 21. 6 and 48. 9 IJs (3rd instar larvae) and 25. 5 and 52. 4 IJs (4th instar larvae) for HI-MN and HI-CL, respectively. In China, treatment of 2nd instar larvae of S. frugiperda with S. carpocapsae and S. longicaudum at 50 IJs/larva caused 92 and 80% mortality, respectively, as reported by Liang et al. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it provides detailed findings on the effectiveness of nematodes as biological controls against pests without addressing the impact of these pathogens on beneficial insects. It highlights rates of mortality in specific pest larvae and mentions field efficacy, but does not discuss or refute the assertion regarding the potential effects on beneficial insect populations.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Protein is essential for muscle repair and growth. [SEP] Text: [93] discovered that whey PRO elicited significantly greater gains in lean body mass than soy or carbohydrate, but was not significantly different than the effects of milk PRO. One explanation for the superiority of dairy PRO at increasing skeletal muscle mass may be explained by the results observed by Fouillet et al. [94] that reported significantly greater peripheral nitrogen retention from milk PRO than soy PRO; soy was found to have a more profound effect on splanchnic protein synthesis. Additionally, the rate at which amino acid concentrations rise may significantly affect MPS [11, 95]. For example, whey is absorbed rapidly and is relatively short-acting, quickly and vastly increasing whole body protein synthesis (estimated by non-oxidative leucine disposal) compared to casein [79, 96]. Paradoxically, it has been proposed that whey may have a negligible, or at least smaller decreasing effect on whole body protein breakdown (estimated by endogenous leucine rate of appearance) than may occur in response to slower acting PROs such as casein [79], but not all studies agree with this [97]. The effects of PRO sources other than milk or soy, on muscle hypertrophy, are both fewer in number and more equivocal. For example, Campbell et al. [98] showed that a meat-containing, as opposed to a lacto-ovovegetarian diet provided greater gains in fat-free mass and skeletal muscle mass during resistance training in older men. These results were refuted by a later study [99]. Though lean beef and other high quality, PRO-rich foods (e. g. , eggs) can induce a robust increase in muscle protein synthesis [86, 87, 100], clearly more studies comparing different PRO sources are needed to assess chronic adaptations when combined with resistance training. Whey proteinHuman milk contains two categories/fractions of PRO - whey and casein - in an ~90:10 ratio during early lactation; whereas the ratio shifts to approximately 60:40 and 50:50 during mature and late lactation, respectively [101]. By comparison, only ~20% of the total PRO in commercial bovine milk comes from whey [23–25]. Camel's milk, a source growing in popularity but lacking in human physiological response data, is only ~15% whey [102]. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by detailing the effects of various protein sources on muscle protein synthesis (MPS) and muscle mass gains. It highlights that whey protein significantly increases lean body mass compared to soy or carbohydrates and suggests that this effect is linked to protein metabolism and absorption rates, which are critical for muscle repair and growth. Additionally, it mentions that other high-protein foods can also enhance muscle protein synthesis, reinforcing the idea that protein is vital for muscle repair and growth.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Workplace mental health programs are shown to reduce absenteeism and increase productivity. [SEP] Text: For instance, Org4 reported very low intervention adherence and the highest attrition rate at 12 months, yet also recorded the highest reduction in health-related productivity loss at 12 months across all participants, while recording an increase in both health-related productivity loss and pain for EET participants. This result may be partially explained by the lower baseline productivity costs of participants who submitted 12 month data, as those with higher costs did not have data for inclusion in the 12 month analysis and no imputation of missing data was conducted. Three organisations (Org9, Org10 and Org14) demonstrated strong commitment by appointing a senior liaison, providing a consistent venue for interventions and achieving high recruitment and (for Org9 and Org14) high intervention adherence. However, these organisations achieved different results. Org9 and Org14 achieved minor (0. 1 days for Org9) or no reduction in productivity loss across all participants at 12 months (despite the significantly lower baseline costs of the participants who submitted data (1. 1 days) in Org9) and a decrease in neck pain across all participants at 12 months (− 0. 7 for Org9 and − 1. 0 for Org14), while EET participants recorded an increase in neck pain in both organisations (1. 1 for Org9 and 0. 9 for Org14) and an increase in productivity costs (0. 2 days) in Org9. The results in Org10 were the reverse, with increases in pain and productivity at 12 months for all participants, but reductions for EET participants. Organisational participation in this study required a commitment of considerable resources, including staff time and provision of session space. In return, participating staff received a workstation assessment (with associated equipment) and a 12 week health intervention. The high adoption rate among public and private organisations reflected the awareness among employers of the impact of neck pain on office workers and their willingness to try innovative approaches to improve the health and wellbeing of their staff. However, once organisations had agreed to participate, they demonstrated different levels of commitment in terms of resource allocation (liaison seniority, venue changes, and communications) and their capacity to engage and encourage staff to participate, with mixed effects on reach and implementation. The seniority of staff engaged in the intervention also varied between organisations. With one exception, the organisations that nominated managers or senior officers as liaisons had higher recruitment rates than those with more junior liaisons. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by highlighting mixed results among different organizations regarding the effectiveness of their interventions. While some organizations reported low productivity loss reductions, others experienced increases in productivity costs and pain levels among participants. For example, Org9 and Org14 achieved minor to no reduction in productivity loss despite high engagement, indicating that the mental health programs did not uniformly reduce absenteeism or enhance productivity.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Some assert that using pathogens for pest control will never affect beneficial insects. [SEP] Text: (2020). Duza et al. (2023), in Philippines, evaluated the efficacy of three Philippine isolates of H. indica () and S. abbasi (SaMBLB) against two strains of FAW, corn strain (CS) and rice strain (RS). The strain, HiPBCB was the most virulent against the two strains. The highest LC50 for SaMBLB, was 36. 95 IJs/larva for (CS) and 35. 92 IJs/larva for (RS). These values were sufficient to achieve 100% mortality after 48 h for the three H. indica isolates. The entomopathogenic bacterium, Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) and Bt toxinsIn China, Li et al. (2019) reported that Bt strain KN50 at a concentration of 32,000 IU/mg caused 72. 6–86. 6% control in S. frugiperda mixed larval instars in a maize field 7 days post-treatment. Wang et al. (2022b) evaluated the susceptibility of seven geographical populations of FAW larvae, collected from three provinces to four Bt insecticidal proteins in the laboratory. It was found that the ranges of LC50swere 0. 87–2. 63 μg/g for Cry1Ab; 0. 14–0. 30 μg/g for Vip3Aa; 0. 78–1. 86 μg/g for Cry1Ab + Vip3Aa and 0. 36–1. 42 μg/g for CryAb + Vip3Aa. Similarly, Zhou et al. (2023) investigated whether the FAW larvae could develop resistance to any of Bt corn hybrids planted in China in 11 geographical populations of FAW larvae from corn fields. They found that the ranges of the LC50s of the 4 Bt proteins to the 11 populations were 11. 42–88. 33 ng/cm2 for Vip3A, 111. 21–517. 33 for Cry1F, 135. 76–1108. 47 for Cry1Ab and 994. 42–5492. 50 for Cry2Ab. The study revealed that all 11 FAW populations proved to be susceptible to Vip3A, Cry1F and Cry1Ab. Xu et al. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses various studies on the efficacy of certain pathogens against specific pests, particularly the fall armyworm (FAW), without addressing any impacts on beneficial insects. It provides data on the virulence of different strains and their mortality rates on target pests, but does not mention any assertions or evidence related to the effects of using these pathogens on beneficial insect populations.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Protein is essential for muscle repair and growth. [SEP] Text: Comprising whey are the PRO components β-lactoglobulin (~50-55%), α-lactalbumin (~20-25%), glycomacropeptide (~10-15%), immunoglobulins (~10-15%), serum albumin (~5-10%), lactoferrin (~1%), lactoperoxidase (<1%), and other minor proteins such as β-microglobulin, lysozyme, insulin-like growth factors and γ-globulins [23–25, 103, 104]. Of the aforementioned whey fractions, β-lactoglobulin may be especially important for stimulating MPS according to at least one recent study in older rats that compared the effects of leucine-rich PROs on postprandial MPS [105]. Notably, β-lactoglobulin, representing about 50-55% of the PRO in whey, is a major source of BCAA and is composed largely of the BCAA leucine - approximately 14. 5% of β-lactoglobulin is made up of leucine residues. The potential, critical role of a PRO's leucine concentration on eliciting MPS has thus far only been observed in rats, however [106]. Interestingly enough, recent evidence also seems to indicate that native, or peptide-bound leucine, as opposed to free-form leucine may be utilized most efficiently [107]. This may imply that intact whey or its hydrolysated peptides may provide a superior MPS response than equivocal amounts of free leucine when consumed post-exercise. Similarly, whey is considered a high-quality PRO because of its abundance of EAA [23] which are necessary for stimulating protein synthesis and supporting muscle growth (Table 1) [108, 109]. Whey is also classified as a "fast" PRO due to the rate at which its consumption leads to an increase in amino acid availability [10, 79, 110], which may be important for athletes and specifically valuable around workouts. The rate and concentration of amino acid availability may also be predictive of the MPS response [95], which may explain the superiority of whey versus soy or casein at stimulating MPS [11]. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the importance of whey protein and its components, specifically leucine, in stimulating muscle protein synthesis (MPS), which is crucial for muscle repair and growth. It notes that 'whey is considered a high-quality PRO because of its abundance of EAA which are necessary for stimulating protein synthesis and supporting muscle growth,' indicating a clear link between protein intake and muscle recovery.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Workplace mental health programs are shown to reduce absenteeism and increase productivity. [SEP] Text: Conversely, the percentage of participants in management positions (where managers joined the study and led by example), did not have a direct effect on either recruitment or adherence during the intervention period. For instance, Org 9, who appointed a senior-level liaison and achieved both high reach and high intervention adherence, only had 4% of participants in management positions, while Org14 had 33% of participants in management positions and also achieved very high reach and high EET intervention adherence. The primary and secondary outcomes by organisation reported here should be interpreted with caution. The study was powered for analysis at the whole sample level and loss to follow-up at 12 months of over 25% in five organisations and a pool of fewer than 20 participants in four organisations means results can only be treated as indicative. The organisation with the most significant results (Org2), showed an increase in health-related productivity loss (a higher cost to the organisation) across all participants at both 12 weeks and 12 months, but potential reductions in health-related productivity loss for EET participants. The three organisations (Org9, Org10 and Org14) with the strongest cumulative organisational commitment (senior liaison, consistent venue and regular communication) achieved high reach, generally high adherence, and low attrition at 12 months, but did not demonstrate consistent results, with both increases and decreases in productivity loss. There was also an apparent disconnect in six organisations between changes in productivity loss and changes in neck pain. Five organisations (Org1, Org2, Org3, Org11 and Org14) reported either no change or an increase in productivity loss, while also reporting considerable reductions in neck pain. Conversely, Org5 reported no change in productivity loss, but an increase in neck pain for all participants of 1. 0 and a decrease for EET participants of 1. 7. The mixed results reported here led us to consider other factors that may have been a source of variation and that a change in health may not always be reflected in a change in productivity outcomes. The EET intervention included in the study [9] was modified from one delivered to office workers in Denmark [28]. intervention was conducted for one hour per week during work hours across 12 offices of a single, large public organisation, for an intervention period of 12 months. The study compared specific resistance training and all-round physical exercise to a reference group and found that both exercise interventions effectively reduced neck pain. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by highlighting mixed results regarding productivity loss among organizations participating in a workplace intervention. Specifically, Org2 experienced an increase in health-related productivity loss, while other organizations reported either no change or an increase in productivity loss, contradicting the claim that mental health programs lead to increased productivity. Additionally, the findings indicate that changes in health do not consistently correlate with changes in productivity outcomes, suggesting that mental health programs may not reliably achieve the intended results.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Some assert that using pathogens for pest control will never affect beneficial insects. [SEP] Text: (2022) reported that the LC50 values for FAW collected from different planting areas to Cry1Ab protein ranged from 17. 99 to 537. 60 ng/cm2 of diet. Also in China, Li-Mei et al. (2021), in field experiments, found that the larval density and percentages of damaged leaves and plants were significantly lower in Bt plants than in conventional ones. Li et al. (2019) evaluated five Bt toxins against neonate larvae of FAW using artificial diet assays. The results showed that the LC50 values were 50. 3, 161. 3, 207. 8, 603. 7 and over 800 ng/cm2 of diet for Cry1Ab, Cry1Ac, Cry1F, Cry2Ab and Vip3A, respectively. Zhao et al. (2023), in laboratory bioassays, found that Bt corn (DBN3601T) differed significantly in causing mortality in neonate larvae of fall armyworm during 3-year field trials compared to conventional corn. Zhang and Wu (2019) stated that the mortality of FAW larvae fed on leaves of Chinese Bt-Cry1Ab maize was less than 65%, whereas the mortality in larvae fed on Chinese Bt-(Cry1Ab + Vip3A) leaves ranged 53–100%. Similarly, Liang et al. (2021) reported that the mortality of FAW larvae that fed on different tissues of Chinese Bt-Cry1Ab maize DBN9936 ranged from 34 to 100%. In India, an experiment was conducted to evaluate the efficiency of three products of fungi, a product of a baculovirus, a product of Bt and the insecticide, azadirachtin against S. frugiperda in a maize field during 2019/2020. Four sprays were applied at 12-day intervals. The results revealed that with fourth spray, Bt was the most effective (Wayal et al. 2021). Karshanal and Kalia (2023), in India, reported that Bt could be established as endophyte in maize plants using different inoculation methods; seed treatment (ST), soil dranching (SD), foliar application (FA) and combination of all (ST + SD + FA). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not directly address the claim regarding the effects of using pathogens for pest control on beneficial insects. It primarily discusses various experiments and findings related to the effectiveness of Bt (Bacillus thuringiensis) in controlling specific pest populations, such as fall armyworm (FAW). Therefore, it is irrelevant to the specific assertion about the impact on beneficial insects.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Protein is essential for muscle repair and growth. [SEP] Text: , partially "pre-digested") during manufacturing, producing smaller peptides which may accelerate the absorption and utilization of amino acids [116]. Accordingly, as discovered by Koopman et al. [95] when comparing intact casein versus casein hydrolysate, the faster rate of amino acid appearance and greater peak amino acid concentration obtained from casein hydrolysate may (p-value was reported as p = 0. 10) combine to accentuate the MPS response to exercise [95]. However, the data comparing whey PRO to its hydrolysate is even less clear. In fact, whey may already be an effectively fast-acting source such that hydrolysis does not further augment its gastric emptying [113] or substantially accelerate the increase in blood amino acid concentrations [52]. One limitation to our current understanding of the differences between native whey and its hydrolysate is that all hydrolysis does not yield the same homogenous PRO containing end-product. Instead, degree of hydrolysis varies considerably and is rarely reported in studies and almost never on product labels; nor is the concentration of PRO fragments by molecular weight generally disclosed within the literature. For example, to possibly optimize PEPT-1 di- and tri-peptide transporters for rapid amino acid absorption and to eliminate allergenicity for some of the large dairy proteins, it has previously been recommended that the majority of PRO fractions be ≤ 0. 5 kDa in molecular weight [117]. It could be argued, however, that such extensive hydrolysis may ameliorate possible positive effects from some of the larger whey peptides [23]. Despite absorption kinetics of whey versus its hydrolysates being equivocal at the moment, WPH has been shown to yield a significantly greater insulin response compared to either WPI or WPC [52, 113]; and, as mentioned earlier, at least one acute training study in humans has reported improved recovery from WPH versus its WPI source material [46]. Thus, it is possible that WPH may elicit an enhanced effect on muscle hypertrophy when combined with chronic resistance training. Indeed, data collection has recently concluded within our laboratory at the University of Oklahoma to address this very question. Also, see Manninen [116] for a recent review on PRO hydrolysates. Are the effects of whey protein simply due to its constituent essential amino acids? [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing various aspects regarding protein, particularly whey protein and its hydrolysates, in relation to muscle protein synthesis (MPS) and recovery after exercise. The text mentions that whey protein hydrolysate (WPH) has been shown to possibly enhance muscle hypertrophy and recovery when combined with resistance training, implying the importance of protein in muscle repair and growth.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Workplace mental health programs are shown to reduce absenteeism and increase productivity. [SEP] Text: The inclusion of the productivity analysis in the study provides further insight into the changes that exercise interventions can affect in organisations. For instance, that reductions in neck pain are not always associated with productivity improvements and vice versa. A potential limitation of this study was the lack of information collected on organisational culture with no information collected on leadership (including leading by example [29] or organisational commitment to employee wellbeing and health [30]). Consequently, our ability to assess organisational variances was limited to observed factors. It should also be noted that no steps were taken to isolate the impact of the workstation assessment before exercise training or health promotion sessions commenced, and that the EHP intervention may have had a ‘placebo’ effect that could not be evaluated. Other limitations included the lack of a true control group, incorporation of a workstation assessment in both interventions, the impact of busy workplaces on interventions, and the limited opportunities for influencing participant behaviours. Future studies should aim to include a true control group to clarify the impact of the combined ergonomic and exercise intervention. All participants received an individual workstation assessment prior to allocation to EET or EHP. Although evidence for the effectiveness of ergonomic interventions for neck pain is limited [31,32,33,34], it is possible that changes to workstations reduced neck pain for participants in both intervention arms. Further, the workstation assessments included recommendations for taking regular breaks and the re-arrangement of desktop equipment to suit the participant’s work flow, which may have affected self-rated perceptions of productivity. However, the standard of workstations assessed was high (mean 86% (31. 6 out of 38)), leaving minimal room for improvement. Although the study was implemented as pragmatically as possible, work demands often precluded participants from attending every week, and staff turnover contributed to attrition during the intervention period. This was evidenced by ‘excessive work demands’ being the second-most cited reason for discontinuing participation and ‘lack of time’ being the most frequently cited reason for absence from training during the maintenance period. While some participants suggested offering the exercise and health promotion activities outside of work hours, many employees considered delivery during work hours to be a desirable feature of the interventions. Improving the flexibility of session availability could be considered for future studies. The intervention protocol allowed limited opportunities to directly influence adherence to EET and EHP sessions. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by highlighting several limitations of the studied interventions. It mentions that reductions in neck pain are not always linked to productivity improvements, suggesting that the expected outcomes of workplace health programs may not be as straightforward as posited. Additionally, the text indicates that excessive work demands and lack of time were common reasons for participants' absence from training and discontinuation, implying that barriers exist that could undermine the perceived effectiveness of workplace mental health programs on absenteeism and productivity.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Some assert that using pathogens for pest control will never affect beneficial insects. [SEP] Text: Feeding FAW larvae on the leaves of such plants caused 50% mortality by ST + SD + FA followed by 40% by ST. Fungi (Entomopathogenic fungi, EPF)Idrees et al. (2021), in China, evaluated the virulence of B. bassiana at three concentrations (1 × 106–1 × 108 conidia ml) against eggs, neonate larvae and 1st–6th larval instars of S. frugiperda. At 7 days post-treatment, % mortality in eggs was 40, 70 and 85. 6% at the three concentrations, respectively, whereas mortality in neonate larvae was 54. 3% at 1 × 108 conidia/ml. However, the 6th instar larvae were not susceptible to infection. Idrees et al. (2022) evaluated 12 isolates of B. bassiana from China against eggs and neonate larvae of S. frugiperda at a concentration of 1 × 108 conidia/ml. The three isolates, QB. 45, QB. 46 and QB. 428, caused the highest mortality rates in the eggs; 87. 3, 82. 7 and 79. 3%, respectively, 7 days post-infection. The respective mortality rates for neonate larvae ranged 45. 6–53. 6% 7 days post-infection and increased to 71. 3–93. 3% at 14 days post-treatment. Also, and at the same concentration, Idrees et al. (2023) found that M. anisopliae caused 86 and 57% mortality in eggs and neonate larvae, respectively. Herlinda et al. (2020), in Indonesia, evaluated the pathogenicity of 14 indigenous isolates of Metarhizium spp. against 3rd instar larvae of S. frugiperda at 1 × 106 conidia/ml. All isolates were found to be pathogenic to the treated larvae causing 70. 67–78. 67% mortality. Kiruthiga et al. (2022) studied the pathogenicity of M. anisopliae isolated from S. frugiperda in Tamil Nadu, India, against 2nd instar larvae of FAW at concentrations of 1 × 103–1 × 108 spores/ml. The mortality reached 18. 9–86. 7% at 7 days post-infection (LC50 value was 5. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text discusses the mortality rates caused by various pathogens on specific pest larvae, particularly Spodoptera frugiperda (FAW). However, it does not address the claim regarding the impact of using pathogens for pest control on beneficial insects. Therefore, the text does not provide relevant information to either support or refute the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Protein is essential for muscle repair and growth. [SEP] Text: As alluded to previously, the effects of whey on muscle adaptations may not be solely dependent upon its EAA concentration. A study that may confuse that argument was one in which the consumption of 15 g of EAA almost doubled the muscle protein balance in elderly subjects, compared to consuming whey [118]. Of note, however, the subjects consumed isocaloric amounts of either EAA or whey, and thus the whey trial consisted of ~50% less EAA. From this study, it would appear that whey may be energetically less efficient than consumption of its constituent EAA for increasing muscle protein balance, at least for elderly individuals, as its constituent non-essential amino acids do not seem to be as important in enhancing protein balance/synthesis [3, 108, 109]. Contrastingly, acute whey PRO ingestion (15 g), under resting conditions and in elderly men and women, resulted in greater muscle protein balance than consumption of its constituent EAAs (6. 72 g) or non-essential amino acids (7. 57 g) [10]. This result may suggest that something other than EAAs within whey are important for muscle hypertrophy. For example, it is possible that via the PEPT-1 cotransporters' high capacity, low specificity rate of transport, and an apparent increased transport affinity for L-valine bound peptides, that the bound form of an EAA may be more efficiently utilized than when delivered in its free-form [119]. Similarly, new discoveries continue to surface regarding bioactive peptides present within dairy, and specifically in whey that may facilitate improved recovery and antioxidative capacity to support physiological adaptations to exercise [104]. However, possible long term superiority of whey compared to its constituent amino acids (all, or just its EAAs) is not known. Whey protein and leucineIt is probable that the most important component in whey, for increasing protein synthesis and skeletal muscle size, is its high concentration of the BCAA, leucine (see Table 1). Leucine, acting as a signaling molecule in the mTOR cascade [61, 120], has been shown to be a critical amino acid for increasing skeletal muscle protein synthesis, both in vitro[58] and in vivo in humans [39] and rats [59, 105]. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing how whey protein, particularly its high concentration of leucine, plays a critical role in increasing skeletal muscle protein synthesis. It underscores the importance of protein in enhancing muscle balance and recovery, especially in relation to the consumption of whey compared to its constituent essential amino acids. The mention of leucine as a key signaling molecule for the mTOR pathway further supports the idea that protein is essential for muscle repair and growth.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Workplace mental health programs are shown to reduce absenteeism and increase productivity. [SEP] Text: This result is consistent with the findings in Australia [14] and India [32], where workplace injury in the surgical department was more prevalent than other forms of violence. The possible reason could be patients with dementia, the emergence of delirium after surgery, or delirium related to drug or alcohol abuse. There is an ongoing threat in the surgical department because HWs must interact with potentially harmful patients or visitors daily. It may result in violent incidents in the surgery department. While available research focuses on the other departments such as the emergency unit [5, 12, 14, 15]. Therefore, it needs to be more research on workplace injuries among HWs due to violent incidents addressing the problem in in-hospital surgical settings. It's unfortunate that workplace injuries due to WPV a tragic realities that extend beyond emergency and surgery departments to sensitive intensive care units. A study conducted in Australia reported that violent incidents were rising in intensive care units [15]. This finding is in line with our results. It could be that increased pressure to admit to the intensive care unit from the emergency department earlier could be a factor contributing to the perceived increase in violent incidents. According to our study data, we observed a higher rate of absenteeism occurring in the emergency department due to WPV than in other departments. This result is consistent with the findings in the USA [13], China [19], Sweden [36], and Finland [23], where HWs who worked in the emergency department were injured due to WPV taking sick leave or quitting their job. This level of absenteeism is alarming in the emergency department, where severe and emergency cases are treated. Researchers urge that a lack of comprehensive policies for dealing with patients and tackling violent incidents in the emergency department is causing fear, and dissatisfaction among HWs [12, 35], making them absent more often and taking more prolonged periods off-duty due to sickness [5, 19], which has a long-lasting severe negative impact on the health system [18]. A health system’s overall performance is primarily determined by the quality, numbers, composition, and distribution of HWs, which comprise doctors, nurses, midwives and many other categories. It’s pertinent to mention here that Bangladesh still needs more HWs to achieve the recommended global median of 48. 6 HWs per 10,000 population by 2030 [37]. A recent WHO report has mentioned that Bangladesh currently presents an estimated 33. 17 density of recognised and 15. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing absenteeism related to workplace violence (WPV) among healthcare workers (HWs), particularly in emergency departments. It states that a lack of comprehensive policies for dealing with violent incidents is causing fear and dissatisfaction, which leads to higher absenteeism rates. The claims that 'a higher rate of absenteeism occurring in the emergency department due to WPV' directly contradict the idea that mental health programs improve absenteeism, instead indicating that the current environment negatively impacts absenteeism.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Some assert that using pathogens for pest control will never affect beneficial insects. [SEP] Text: 8 × 104 spores/ml). Rajula et al. (2021), in Thailand, evaluated six indigenous isolates of B. bassiana against larvae of FAW at 1 × 106 and 1 × 108 conidia/ml. All the six isolates caused high mortality 12 days post-treatment with significant differences in their efficacy. The most effective isolate (BCMU6) caused 43 and 91. 7% mortality in the treated larvae at 3 and 12 days post-treatment, respectively, at 1 × 108 conidia/ml. The isolate BCMU1, however, caused the least mortality, 3. 33 and 41. 67%. Yan-li et al. (2022) could isolate eight fungal strains from diseased larvae of S. frugiperda in China. They tested the pathogenicity of M. rileyi against eggs, 1st–4th larval instars and pupae at 1 × 107 conidia/ml. Rates of mortality were 88. 7, 72. 5 and 56. 7% in the 1st, 2nd and 3rd larval instars, respectively. Mortality was 56. 6% in the eggs and 68. 8% in the hatched neonate larvae after 3 days and reached 80. 6% after 6 days. However, low mortality was found in the 4th instar larvae (5%) and pupae (14. 8%) and did not differ from the control. Xu et al. (2020) compared the virulence of 3 B. bassiana strains isolated from soil in China (bbbj, bbzj and bbhn) against 3rd instar larvae of FAW at different concentrations. The strain bbbj had the highest virulence with LC50 of 3. 37 × 105 spores/ml followed by the strain bbzj (with slightly less effect than bbbj) and then the strain bbhn. The strain bbhn, however, at the highest concentration (1 × 108 spores/ml) caused a mortality less than 50% in the treated 3rd instar larvae in 7 days. Visalakshi et al. (2020) found that spraying 3rd instar larvae of FAW with M. rileyi in laboratory at 2 × 108 spores/ml caused 90% mortality in treated larvae within 7 days. Ramanujam et al. (2020), in India, evaluated 10 indigenous strains of B. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim because it discusses various studies on the efficacy and mortality rates of specific pathogens against pest larvae, without addressing the impact on beneficial insects. It presents data about pathogenic effects but does not confirm or refute the assertion about the potential effects on beneficial insect populations.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Protein is essential for muscle repair and growth. [SEP] Text: Leucine may also be involved in suppressing muscle protein degradation, according to investigations in vitro[58] and in vivo in humans [121]. However, if recent data involving rodents can be duplicated in humans, leucine concentrations from whey may only affect peak activation of skeletal MPS but not the duration of MPS or duration of mTOR signaling [106]. Similarly, despite the positive effects of leucine per se, it likely is not the sole factor responsible for whey-induced adaptations to resistance training. For example, adding leucine to intact protein has been shown to offer little, if any, effect on protein synthesis and protein balance when consumed after resistance exercise [7, 122, 123], and 7. 5 g/d of supplemental leucine for three months was not shown to increase muscle mass or strength in elderly males [124]. However, the latter study did not include training, or may be indicative of what Moore et al. [9] found regarding compartmental/fraction-specific protein synthesis in response to PRO feeding alone versus in combination with resistance exercise. Also, results by Katsanos et al. [39] imply that a higher leucine threshold is necessary to stimulate protein synthesis in older adults. And lastly, it is possible that free-form versus native/bound leucine may yield varying efficacy. Thus, there still exists a need to adequately assess the long-term effects of supplemental whey versus leucine, in combination with resistance exercise, on MPS and muscle hypertrophy. ConclusionMost, but not all studies have shown that supplementation of whey alone or with carbohydrates immediately after and possibly before and during resistance exercise can enhance the muscle hypertrophy response to resistance training in healthy adults. Such a response seems to at least be the case when comparing the effects of whey versus a non-energetic, or carbohydrate or soy protein alternative. Some studies also suggest that whey may enhance recovery from heavy exercise and possibly decrease muscle damage and soreness. This could, over time, enhance training adaptations by way of increasing training volume or reducing the potential for over-reaching/over-training. However, much is yet to be understood about the effects of whey protein on the physiological response to resistance training. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the role of whey protein and leucine in enhancing muscle hypertrophy in response to resistance training. It indicates that 'most, but not all studies have shown that supplementation of whey alone or with carbohydrates... can enhance the muscle hypertrophy response to resistance training,' supporting the idea that protein is vital for muscle repair and growth.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Workplace mental health programs are shown to reduce absenteeism and increase productivity. [SEP] Text: 5 HWs per 10,000 population for the attainment of SDGs outlined in the WHO on for Health: Workforce 2030 [43]. In this situation, workplace injuries and absenteeism at work due to WPV will not only increase the crisis but may also cripple the quality health care services in Bangladesh [7, 27]. It is undeniable that workplace injuries and absenteeism due to WPV among HWs partly reflect the disadvantages of Bangladesh’s medical and health systems [7, 27, 28]. The policy implications of our findings are the development of effective national policies to prevent workplace injuries and absenteeism due to WPV among HWs. Our study documented significant injury incidents in the working departments, such as emergency, surgery, intensive care and gynecology and obstetrics departments in Bangladeshi hospitals. The high incidence of injuries in various hospital departments exhibits the country’s lack of ability of a health system to resolve the issue, leading to absenteeism among HWs. These highlight the need for an urgent call for policies and measures for zero tolerance of WPV against Bangladeshi HWs. Therefore, policymakers must approve a law that makes it clear that the law protects the legitimate rights of HWs and their safety must not be infringed upon. For example, we might consider a national ordinance similar to the Nepali government's historic law to protect health workforces named the “Safety and Security of Ordinance, 2022” [21]. In the alternative, we may ratify legislation identical to a Chinese law approved in 2019 that protects HWs from WPV perpetrating serious violence that disturbs medical work [44]. In addition to legislation, much still needs to be done before Bangladeshi HWs can live without WPV. The distrust between patients and HWs has social, cultural, and economic roots and is unlikely to disappear soon. Therefore, the authors stress the importance of breaking down growing communication barriers between patients and HWs by building mutual respect, raising public awareness and representation of stakeholders in the health sector [45]. Furthermore, workplace absenteeism due to injuries as result of WPV among HWs must be stopped immediately, while the country lags behind in the ratio between HWs and population, thereby hindering proper and timely healthcare services [27,28,29, 42]. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts with the claim by focusing on workplace violence (WPV) leading to absenteeism among healthcare workers (HWs) in Bangladesh. It highlights that injuries and absenteeism due to WPV are significant issues within the healthcare system, reflecting the need for urgent policy measures to address these challenges. Instead of supporting the idea that mental health programs reduce absenteeism and increase productivity, it emphasizes the negative impact of WPV on healthcare workers' absenteeism, which detracts from workplace efficiency and safety.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Some assert that using pathogens for pest control will never affect beneficial insects. [SEP] Text: bassiana, M. anisopliae and M. rileyi, in India, against larvae of FAW in laboratory. Among the 10 isolates, M. anisopliae (strain Ma 35) caused 68% mortality, followed by B. bassiana (strain 1) with 64% and B. bassiana (strain 2) with 57% mortality. The other seven strains caused 11–29% mortality. In addition, field experiments in maize plots during 2019 showed that M. anisopliae (strain Ma 35) caused 70% reduction of infestation and 44% increase in the yield. The respective values for B. bassiana (strain 1) were 76% and 55%. Also, Ramanujam et al. (2021) reported that a survey of S. frugiperda in maize fields in Karnataka, India, in 2018 revealed that about 20–30% of the collected 4th and 5th larval instars were found to be infected with the fungus, B. felina. In China, Gao et al. (2022) stated that the LC50s of B. bassiana (strain PfPb) for 1st to the 6th larval instars of S. frugiperda were found to be 7. 7 × 105, 5. 5 × 106, 2. 2 × 107, 3. 1 × 108, 9. 6 × 108 and 2. 5 × 1011 spores/ml, respectively, 7 days post-treatment. Firake and Behera (2020) reported that M. reliye and S. frugioerda NPV (SfMNPV) were observed to be the dominant mortality factors of FAW larvae in corn fields in various locations across throughout the season and were responsible for more than 50% mortality of the larvae. Ginting et al. (2020), in Indonesia, reported that N. rileyi was found, naturally, infecting 5. 3—79% of S. frugiperda larvae collected from corn fields in five villages. In Australia, Apirajkamol et al. (2022) tested six Beauveria isolates and five Metarhizium isolates against 3rd and 6th larval instars, pupae and moths of FAW. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text discusses various studies and experiments related to pathogens used for pest control, specifically targeting the larvae of the Fall Armyworm (FAW) and various fungal strains like M. anisopliae and B. bassiana. However, it does not address the claim regarding the impact of these pathogens on beneficial insects, making the text irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Protein is essential for muscle repair and growth. [SEP] Text: IntroductionThe importance of muscle mass, strength, and metabolic function in athletic performance, daily activities, and general health is widely recognized. Resistance exercise increases muscle size and strength. The effect of resistance exercise on skeletal muscle growth depends on the mode of contraction and duration, intensity, and frequency of exercise (Tesch 1988). Several studies have compared the effects of resistance exercise with concentric and/or eccentric contractions (ECs), showing that eccentric exercise results in greater gains in muscle strength and size than concentric exercise because of greater overload induced by ECs (Higbie et al. 1996). Therefore, eccentric exercise is considered important for exercise-induced muscle hypertrophy. However, eccentric exercise-biased training is not widely used, partly because eccentric exercise has some adverse effects. Eccentric exercise results in prolonged muscle weakness and muscle soreness (Proske and Morgan 2001), which are symptoms of muscle damage. This muscle soreness gradually develops and lasts for several days (Nosaka 2007). Muscle soreness and muscle weakness reduce the ability to perform athletic activities and potentially prevent regular exercise (Cleak and Eston 1992). Therefore, to make eccentric exercise possible for various practical uses, (e. g. , promoting general health and athletic performance), an effective intervention that decreases the adverse effects, and augments the positive effects of the eccentric exercise, needs to be identified. The initial phase of the recovery process from muscle damage is characterized by inflammation and degeneration of damaged tissue. Satellite cells are then activated, and they proliferate, differentiate, and fuse to myofibrils to repair muscle tissue (Charge and Rudnicki 2004). The recovery process is regulated by intracellular signaling pathways that control protein turnover, maintaining a balance between muscle protein synthesis and muscle protein degradation. Among these pathways, the mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) pathway is an essential step for muscle regeneration (Ge et al. 2009). Amino acids are known to be an important nutrient for stimulation of muscle protein synthesis. Resistance exercise and feeding of amino acids have a marked stimulatory effect on the rate of muscle protein synthesis (Biolo et al. 1997). Among amino acids, essential amino acids play an important role in increasing the rate of muscle protein synthesis (Volpi et al. 2003). Among essential amino acids, leucine in particular plays a specific role in stimulation of the mTOR pathway (Crozier et al. 2005). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by emphasizing the role of protein in the muscle recovery process. It mentions that the recovery process is regulated by pathways involved in protein turnover, and that amino acids are vital nutrients that stimulate muscle protein synthesis. Additionally, the text specifically points out that essential amino acids contribute significantly to muscle protein synthesis, and mentions leucine's role in stimulating the mTOR pathway, which is crucial for muscle regeneration.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Workplace mental health programs are shown to reduce absenteeism and increase productivity. [SEP] Text: Back to registered on January 11, 2017 History Pre--0001368 Initial registration date July 11, 2016 Initial registration date is when the trial was registered. It corresponds to when the registration was submitted to the Registry to be reviewed for publication. First published July 11, 2016, 11:23 published corresponds to when the trial was first made public on the Registry after being reviewed. Last updated January 11, 2017, 5:57 updated is the most recent time when changes to the trial's registration were published. of of (s) of Illinois at Urbana-of Illinois at Urbana-of Illinois at Urbana-development Start date 2016-07-11 End date 2018-06-30 Keywords Health, Keywords wellness programs, workplace wellness, employee wellness programs, weight and stress management JEL code(s) I12, I13, M52 01AG050701 wellness programs have become a $6 billion industry and are widely touted as a way to improve employee well-being, reduce health care costs by promoting prevention, and increase workplace productivity. Yet, there is little rigorous evidence available to support these claims, partly because the voluntary nature of these programs means that participants may differ from nonparticipants for reasons unrelated to the causal effects of the wellness program. We will implement a randomized control trial to identify the effects of incentives on wellness program participation, produce causal estimates of the effect of wellness programs on health outcomes, determine what kinds of employees benefit from wellness programs the most, and test for the presence of peer effects in wellness participation. External Link(s) Citation Jones, Damon et al. 2017. "Wellness Study. ". January 11. Jones, Damon et al. 2017. "Wellness Study. ". January 11. Sponsors & There is information in this trial unavailable to the public. Use the button below to request access. (s) Our treatment consists of a baseline survey among all control and treatment group members. Treatment group members will then be offered the opportunity to participate in a biometric screening and health risk assessment (biometric screening + HRA), and -- conditional on completing an biometric screening + HRA -- up to two, semester-long wellness programs (e. g. walking challenge, active living class, smoking cessation hotline). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text discusses the registration and details of a wellness program trial, mentioning that wellness programs are touted as a way to improve employee well-being and increase workplace productivity. However, it also notes that there is little rigorous evidence available to support these claims. Therefore, the text does not provide specific evidence to corroborate or contrast the claim directly and is largely focused on procedural aspects of the study, making it irrelevant to the specific assertion about the effectiveness of workplace mental health programs.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Some assert that using pathogens for pest control will never affect beneficial insects. [SEP] Text: isolates exhibited the highest mortality 7 days post-treatment at 3 × 103 conidia/ml. The isolate B-0571 caused 83, 61, 17 and 94% mortality in 3rd and 6th larval instars, pupae and moths, respectively. The respective values for the isolate B-1311 were 74, 72, 19 and 98%. Endophytic fungi Sari et al. (2022), in Indonesia, reported that 2-week old seedlings of maize already inoculated with the endophytic fungi, B. bassiana and M. anisopliaea were used to feed the neonate larvae of S. frigiperda for 6 h and were then fed on healthy non-inoculated leaves until pupation. The results showed that the fungal-colonized maize increased the developmental periods of larvae and pupae, significantly. However, % adult emergence, adults’ longevity and number of eggs deposited/female were significantly decreased than the control. In addition, Gustianingtyas et al. (2021), in Indonesia, could obtain eight isolates of the endophytic fungi from the corn roots in Indonesia belonging to Aspergillus sp. , Beauveria sp. , Chaetomium sp. and Curvularia sp. and were found to have insecticidal activity against 2nd instar larvae of S. frugiperda at 1 × 106 spores/ml. The two most pathogenic isolates belong to Beauveria sp. (isolates JgCrJr and JgSPK) with larval mortality of 29. 33 and 26. 67%, respectively. Also, Herlinda et al. (2022), in Indonesia, stated that out of 20 isolates from endophytic fungi inoculated in corn, four isolates of B. bassiana, one isolate of M. anisopliae and one isolate of Curvularia lunata were found to be more pathogenic to S. frugiperda larvae. Entomopathogenic virusesFirake and Behera (2020) reported that Metarhizium reliye and S. frugioerda NPV (SfMNPV) were observed to be the dominant mortality factors of FAW larvae in various locations across throughout the season and were responsible for more than 50% mortality of the larvae. Raghunandan et al. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is largely focused on the mortality effects of specific fungal isolates and viruses on particular pests, without addressing the potential impact on beneficial insects. Therefore, it is irrelevant to the claim being analyzed.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Protein is essential for muscle repair and growth. [SEP] Text: The purpose of this study was to investigate: (1) the effect of LEAAs on muscle soreness, which is a typical symptom of exercise-induced muscle damage, and (2) the effect of LEAAs on the rate of muscle protein synthesis after ECs in rats. The tibialis anterior (TA) muscle of rats was forced to contract by electrical stimulation. The fractional synthesis rate (FSR; %/h) was determined by calculating the incorporation rate of L-[ring-2H5] phenylalanine into the skeletal mixed muscle protein pool. Muscle soreness was evaluated by measuring the mechanical paw withdrawal threshold according to the pressure stimulus. Materials and methodsAnimalsThis study was approved by the Care and of Ajinomoto Co. , Inc. Male Sprague–Dawley rats (300–350 g; Laboratories Japan, Inc. , Yokohama, Japan) were used in this study. The rats were housed in a temperature-controlled room on a 12-h light–dark cycle. They were also provided a standard commercial chow (CR-F1; Laboratories Japan, Inc. , Yokohama, Japan) and water was provided ad libitum throughout the experiment. Experimental design Experiment 1 The effect of LEAAs on the FSR in the TA muscle after ECs was investigated in rats after 3 h of food deprivation. The rats were divided into one of three groups: Sed, sedentary controls and administration of distilled water as a control (n = 9); EC-Con, ECs and administration of distilled water as a control (n = 10); EC-AminoL40, ECs and administration of LEAAs (n = 9). The TA muscle was stimulated electrically via needle electrodes that were inserted near the common peroneal nerve under anesthesia with sodium pentobarbital (50 mg/kg, i. p. ). Electrical stimulation was applied for 1 s with current strength, which is three times as much as the twitch threshold (<100 μA), and a frequency of 50 Hz with a pulse duration of 1 ms was used (Taguchi et al. 2005). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the investigation into the effects of leucine-enriched amino acids (LEAAs) on muscle protein synthesis, an important aspect of muscle repair and growth. The study aims to observe how LEAAs influence the rate of muscle protein synthesis following exercise-induced muscle damage, supporting the idea that protein is essential for these processes.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Workplace mental health programs are shown to reduce absenteeism and increase productivity. [SEP] Text: size: planned number of clusters no peer effect design: 6,000 employees peer effect design: 5,600 employee/social networks Sample size: planned number of observations 6,000 employees Sample size (or number of clusters) by treatment arms no-peer effect design: 2,700 employees control; 1,100 employees treatment group A; 1,100 employees treatment group B; 1,100 employees treatment group C peer effect design: 2,300 employees control; 900 employees treatment group A; 900 employees treatment group B; 900 employees treatment group C; 200 social networks treatment group D Minimum detectable effect size for main outcomes (accounting for sample design and clustering) Participation MDE: - 5. 7 percentage points (baseline 50% participation) when comparing groups B + C to group A - 6. 6 percentage points if we are separately comparing group B to group A, and group C to group A. MDE: approximately 3. 8 percentage points, for an attribute that is held by 40% of the population. Short-: - 0. 61 for BMI (mean = 26. 3%, SD = 3. 9%) - 1. 21 for Systolic blood pressure (mean = 120, SD = 7. 5) - 0. 97 for diastolic blood pressure (mean 80, SD = 6) - 0. 23 for absenteeism (mean = 4, SD = 2) and (IRBs) IRB for the Protection of Research Subjects, University of Illinois at Urbana-2016-03-14 : 16456 IRB Board at the University of 2016-06-17 : 16-0728 2015-11-04 # 15_105 5: b31204fe9def985aa5da462772127878 SHA1: e61f755e563747b65bb9cc8feb9fdafad24e2e0f Uploaded At: August 06, 2017 Post-is information in this trial unavailable to the public. Use the button below to request access. the intervention completed? September 22, 2018, 12:00 +00:00 public data available? & Relevant Paper(s) wellness programs cover over 50 million U. S. workers and are intended to reduce medical spending, increase productivity, and improve well-being. Yet limited evidence exists to support these claims. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by stating that while wellness programs are intended to reduce medical spending, increase productivity, and improve well-being, there is 'limited evidence' to support these claims. This indicates skepticism regarding the effectiveness of such programs in achieving the claimed outcomes.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Some assert that using pathogens for pest control will never affect beneficial insects. [SEP] Text: Javascript is disabled in your browser. Please enable Javascript to view PeerJ. Related research -metabarcoding to assess insect diversity in citrus orchards View 10. 7717/peerj. 15338 Published 2023-05-05 Accepted 2023-04-11 Received 2022-09-23 pests, Beneficial species, Biodiversity, DNA metabarcoding, Biological control Copyright © 2023 Liu et al. is an open access 2023. Using DNA metabarcoding to assess insect diversity in citrus orchards. PeerJ 11:e15338 The authors have chosen to make the review history of this 2019. Insects were sampled using Malaise traps deployed in three citrus orchards producing a total of 43 pooled monthly samples. Malaise trap samples were sequenced following DNA metabarcoding workflow. Generated sequences were curated and analyzed using two cloud databases and analytical platforms, the barcode of life data system (BOLD) and multiplex barcode research and visualization environment (mBRAVE). platforms assigned the sequences to 2,141 barcode index numbers (BINs), a species proxy. Most (63%) of the BINs were shared among the three sampling sites while BIN sharing between any two sites did not exceed 71%. Shannon diversity index (H′) showed a similar pattern of BIN assortment at the three sampling sites. Beta diversity analysis by Jaccard similarity coefficient (J) and Bray-Curtis distance matrix (BC) revealed a high level of BIN similarity among the three sites (J = 0. 67–0. 68; BC = 0. 19–0. 20). Comparison of BIN records against all those on BOLD made it possible to identify 40% of the BINs to a species, 57% to a genus, 97% to a family and 99% to an order. BINs which received a species match on BOLD were placed in one of four categories based on this assignment: pest, parasitoid, predator, or pollinator. As this study provides the first baseline data on insect biodiversity in Chinese citrus plantations, it is a valuable resource for research in a broad range of areas such as pest management and monitoring beneficial insects in citrus gardens. ranks among the top three countries globally for citrus cultivation and production (Caserta et al. , 2020). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not directly address the claim concerning the effects of using pathogens for pest control on beneficial insects. Instead, it discusses research on insect diversity in citrus orchards and mentions various classifications of insects without specifically evaluating the impact of pathogens on beneficial insect populations.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Protein is essential for muscle repair and growth. [SEP] Text: The TA muscle was simultaneously stretched with electrical stimulation from an ankle position of 45° to 135° over a 1-s period with the use of a linearized servomotor (CPL28T2B-06KD, OrientalMotor Co. Ltd, Tokyo, Japan), and then returned to the starting position over 3 s (ankle position was defined as the angle between the tibia and the plantar surface of the foot, with 180° representing a completely extended foot). The electrical stimulation was repeated every 4 s for a total of 500 repetitions. EC-AminoL40 group was administered LEAAs (1 g/kg body weight) by oral gavage 30 min before and 10 min after EC because of following. (1) It has been reported that some types of amino acid supplementation (e. g. , leucine alone, BCAAs or a 12 amino acids mixture) before and immediately after exercise may attenuate muscle soreness (Jackman et al. 2010; Kirby et al. 2012; Nosaka et al. 2006). (2) It has been reported that plasma amino acid concentrations reached a level sufficient to stimulate the mTOR pathway 30 min after ingestion of a 0. 3375 or 0. 675 g/kg leucine (Crozier et al. 2005). (3) After EC, we administered the amino acids as soon as the rats awoke from anesthesia, which took 10 min. The AminoL40 mixture consisted of essential amino acids in the following proportions: histidine, 2 %; isoleucine, 11 %; leucine, 40 %; lysine, 17 %; methionine, 3 %; phenylalanine, 7 %; threonine, 9 %; tryptophan, 1 %; and valine, 11 % (Except for the higher proportion of leucine, this mixture contains the ratio of essential amino acids found in whey protein; all amino acids were manufactured by Ajinomoto Co. , Inc. , Tokyo, Japan). The AminoL40 mixture was developed with the specific purpose of avoiding substantially decreasing the availability of the other EAAs while increasing the proportion of leucine. Both the Sed and EC-Con groups were administrated distilled water as a control. The FSR was evaluated using the flooding dose method as described by Garlick and McNurlan (1998). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the administration of essential amino acids (EAAs), specifically leucine, which is known to play a significant role in muscle repair and growth. It notes that amino acid supplementation before and after exercise may attenuate muscle soreness and that plasma amino acid concentrations can stimulate the mTOR pathway, which is crucial for muscle protein synthesis. This suggests a direct link between protein consumption and muscle recovery or growth.