Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Urban agriculture can provide fresh produce for local communities. [SEP] Text: In fact, 89% of farms in the US are classed as small farms. These small-scale farms are vitally important, particularly for local communities. Small farms can support local businesses, create jobs for local people and bolster the local economy. During the COVID-19 pandemic, for example, global food supply chains collapsed, and many local farms stepped up to provide their local communities with food. Small farms are also much kinder to their local environments; biodiversity is much higher around them than around large, industrial-scale farms. Unfortunately, running a small-scale farm is not easy. Smaller farms tend to have smaller financial margins, so one bad harvest, a sudden change in market conditions, or an extreme weather event can be disastrous. As the effects of the climate crisis start to kick in, farms of all sizes are struggling to adapt to changes in weather patterns and soil conditions. With less access to technology and fertiliser, small farms are particularly vulnerable to the effects of climate change. Managing a successful small-scale farm is demanding work, even at the best of times. It is particularly difficult for those farmers who are socially disadvantaged or who lack access to resources. Unfortunately, farmers from minority backgrounds may receive less support from government services and programmes, and they may find it harder to acquire the resources needed to manage a successful farm. E’licia Chaverest is the assistant director of the Alabama A&(SFRC). She, along with others at the SFRC, is dedicated to helping limited resource, socially disadvantaged farmers in Alabama to manage profitable and resilient farms that benefit their local communities. How does the SFRC help? “The SFRC is actively involved in developing policies and programmes that aim to assist socially disadvantaged, limited resource minority farmers,” says E’licia. For example, E’licia has served on the New and as part of a programme offered by the US Department of Agriculture (USDA). Her colleague,. Chembezi, inspired E’licia to apply for the position. He also recently held lengthy terms on the on Minority Farmers, another important USDA programme. The SFRC will always have a seat at the table when policies and programmes are being developed. “We are here to be a voice for the voiceless,” says E’licia. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by highlighting the importance of small-scale farms in supporting local communities, especially during challenging times such as the COVID-19 pandemic. It states that many local farms 'stepped up to provide their local communities with food,' which directly relates to the idea that urban agriculture contributes to local food supply. Additionally, it emphasizes the role of organizations like the SFRC in assisting these farms, further supporting the notion that urban agriculture can deliver fresh produce to local populations.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Smart cities often implement IoT devices to monitor energy and water usage. [SEP] Text: TIdak hanya sampai disini saja, togel singapore mempunyai layanan live draw sgp yang dimana kamu bisa menyaksikan hasil keluaran sgp, pengeluaran sgp secara langsung tanpa adanya direkayasa sama sekali yang kemudian di update ke data sgp terlengkap. togel hari hongkong singapore sidney macau dapat kamu saksikan melalui data hk terlengkap yang memberikan pengeluaran sdu dan keluaran sgp hari ini. Dalam memainkan togel hari ini kamu secara langsung dapat menyaksikan data hk, pengeluaran sdy dan keluaran sgp hari ini. Karena semua yang kamu cari seputar informasi togel hari ini terdapat pada bagian atas tabel yang sudah kami sediakan. Data hk umumnya sering sekali dijadikan acuan untuk mencari angka keluaran hk dan pengeluaran hk pada periode selanjutnya. Jadi untuk kamu yang ingin mencari informasi seputar togel hongkong bisa langsung menyaksikan data hk. Pengeluaran sdy adalah informasi yang selalu di berikan oleh togel sidney apabila kamu sedang melakukan pasangan pada togel sidney. Untuk menyaksikan pengeluaran sdy tentunya begitu sangat mudah karena semua terdapat pada data sdy yang kami hadirkan diatas. Keluaran sgp kini sudah bisa kamu saksikan dengan cepat dan tepat waktu. Karena keluaran sgp termasuk ke dalam bagian pengeluaran sgp yang dimana selalu mengumumkan hasil updatenya pada data sgp. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses lottery games and the availability of draw results, without any mention of smart cities or IoT devices. Therefore, it does not support or contrast the claim regarding smart cities and IoT.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: It's argued that evidence of life on Europa could be overlooked due to existing biases. [SEP] Text: Even then, the cohorts of YS were no longer the same for FA. To keep fairly comparable scenarios, whereas handled traits are different, the YS for the FA trait were chosen so that the same average pedigree index was observed in both situations. A total of 601 young sires were, thus, identified with their 31,976 daughters. It defined the scenario hereafter called the foot angle trait reference scenario, FA_REF. Then the proportion of selected animals was decreased from 0. 25 to 0. 10 for both traits, defining scenarios udder depth trait and foot angle trait, each with proportion of selected animals at 0. 10 (UD_p and FA_p, respectively). Finally, for the FA trait, 2[[page end]] levels of genomic accuracy were compared. In the scenario called FA_gEDC, gEDC was decreased from 26 (in FA_REF) to 10. Reliability of direct genomic values decreased from 50% to 27%. In order to sum up (see Table 2), UD_REF and FA_REF were compared to assess the effect of heritability change. Having UD_REF and UD_p on one side, and FA_REF and FA_p on the other side, highlighted the effect of selection intensity. The comparison of FA_REF with FA_gEDC showed the importance of genomic accuracy. Scenario1Proportion of selected candidatesHeritabilityGenomic equivalent daughter contributionYoung sires (n)UD_REF0. 250. 3610799UD_p0. 100. 3610799FA_REF0. 250. 1426601FA_p0. 100. 1426601FA_gEDC0. 250. 1410601Table 2Parameters for the different studied scenarios1UD = udder depth trait; FA = foot angle trait; REF = reference; p = proportion of young sires retained; gEDC = genomic equivalent daughter contribution. Open table in a new tabCriteria for Assessing the Quality of the Genetic EvaluationsBias was measured as the difference between TBV and EBV. Many criteria exist to assess the precision of evaluations; we retained 2 of them. The mean square error of prediction was preferred to the prediction error variance, as used in other studies on selection processes (Sorensen and Kennedy, 1984;Van Vleck, 1987;Schenkel et al. , 2002). Hickey et al. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim about life on Europa or the possibility of overlooking evidence due to biases. Instead, it discusses genetic evaluations and selection processes in animal breeding, which is not relevant to the claim being analyzed.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Urban agriculture can provide fresh produce for local communities. [SEP] Text: is responsible for developing a programme of support, and advises on loan requirements for new farmers who do not have much experience and need a helping hand to get started. By serving on this committee, E’licia can provide a voice for socially disadvantaged farmers and figure out how the programme can be changed to better support them. The SFRC conducts research into the issues that affect limited resource farms and how these issues might be overcome. It also helps socially disadvantaged farmers to implement environmentally friendly practices on their farms and successfully market their produce, ensuring that these farms are both environmentally and financially sustainable. The SFRC recognises that one of the main challenges for socially disadvantaged farmers is their lack of access to government funding and services. Often, this is because of structural racial discrimination or bias, which makes it harder for certain people to access these support systems. The SFRC works closely with government agencies and farmers to mitigate these challenges. Therefore, one of the SFRC’s priorities is to help socially disadvantaged farmers access key support so that they can address their farm endeavours. The SFRC helps farmers write grant proposals, facilitates one-on-one consultations with representatives from the USDA, develops educational programmes, such as conferences, seminars and workshops, at which farmers can find out about government initiatives. In addition, the SFRC provides training on new and emerging issues that directly affect farmers in general. What happens at an SFRC conference? The SFRC conferences are attended by small farmers from across that state of Alabama and beyond, local representatives from the USDA, charitable organisations and credit unions, which can grant loans to farmers. The conferences feature presentations from extension agents, agricultural organisations, researchers, government representatives and successful small farmers. Download the 10. 33424/416 Link to the activity sheet 0 +1 Pinterest 0 LinkedIn 0 Email E’licia (left) with Eddie and Ruby Smith, veteran farmers located in Greensboro, Alabama. © M. Echolas (left) and Marguerite McClintock (right) at an SFRC event © E’licia with his produce © E’licia bee farmer Marguerite McClintock, owner of LC, teaching youth about honey These gatherings allow socially disadvantaged farmers to access information and engage with other people in their industry. The SFRC hopes that these conferences and workshops will foster a sense of community between local farmers that encourages them to share advice and support each other. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text supports the claim by discussing the role of the SFRC (Sustainable Farming Resource Center) in aiding socially disadvantaged farmers to successfully market their produce. It highlights how the SFRC conducts research on limited resource farms and assists in implementing practices that ensure both environmental and financial sustainability, thereby contributing to the provision of fresh produce for local communities. The description of workshops and conferences fostering community among local farmers underscores the collaborative effort to supply fresh produce, corroborating the idea that urban agriculture serves the local population.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Smart lighting systems in cities can save energy by adjusting based on usage and time of day. [SEP] Text: Email Us: info@lupinepublishers. com Call Us: +1 (914) 407-6109 57 West 57th Street, 3rd floor, - NY 10019, 10. 32474/TCEIA. 2018. 02. 000149 Abstract PDF Also view in: to Conclusion 2001. Figure 1 Distribution of artificial lights visible from space. Produced using cloud-free portions of low-light imaging data acquired by the U. S. (DMSP) System (OLS). Four types of lights are included: human settlements (cities, towns, and villages), fires (defined as ephemeral lights on land), gas flares, and heavily lit fishing boats. [3] for details. Image, data processing, and descriptive text by the ’s Data Center. Figure 2: Unintentional birds’ moving across streetlights designed by smart lighting (Elvidge & M. L. Imhoff, 2001). 2 represents, smart lighting system makes wrong diagnosis, under the influence of birds or insects’ motions, illuminating by no reason. This, which is one disadvantage, causes costs, energy, and capital losses unlike this research objective i. e. energy saving (economic project). Thus, the system requires be designed in a way to identify the problems and react to the problems. 3 shows, captivity effect system can remove the insects before approaching to the lights. This system emits some waves, creates overlap among lights, and prevents insects’ infiltration. Moreover, using sound waves can be effective so that its frequency is not much problematic to human and at the same time inhibits birds’ approaching to the project site. Figure 3: Using captivity effect system in order to inhibit insects’ approaching (Elvidge & M. L. Imhoff, 2001). Companies and manufacturers made some efforts to improve the system performance and achieved some success; though, lacking perfect and comprehensive results, a promising future with no problem anticipated. In spite of knowing motion detection technology for construction environments, implementing it in outdoors and streets encounters us with complex problems such as stray animals, trees, wind, and climate changing. Recently, a new product naming Tvilight designed for solving the current problems. This technology includes eight sensors distinguishing people and vehicles from other environmental factors. Detection data communicates less than a hundredth of a second among different posts allowing them to properly react by estimating vehicle’s speed and traffic line. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts with the claim by discussing the disadvantages of smart lighting systems, specifically mentioning that they can lead to increased costs and energy use when they fail to operate correctly. It highlights that smart lighting systems sometimes illuminate unnecessarily due to misdiagnosis caused by environmental factors such as birds and insects, which negates the energy-saving objective of the system.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: It's argued that evidence of life on Europa could be overlooked due to existing biases. [SEP] Text: (2008) and L. R. Schaeffer (Department of Animal and Poultry Science, University of Guelph, Canada, personal communication) considered the computation of the correlation between true and EBV. We decided to use the squared correlation to compare it to the approximate reliability, a byproduct of the mixed model equations. This reliability is computed using the standard deviation in the base population. Statistics were averaged over 50 replicates. Definitions of all criteria assessing the quality of genetic evaluations are summed up in Table 3. Bias (Δ)Mean square error (MSE)Squared correlation (ρ2)= 150∑r=150E(âr−ar)= 150∑r=150Var(âr−ar) + E(âr − ar)2= 150∑r=150cov(âr, ar)var(âr) var(ar)2Table 3Definitions of the criteria for assessing quality of genetic evaluations with replicate r and ar = TBV¯, âr = EBV¯11TBV = true breeding value; E = expected value; Var = variance. Open table in a new tabResultsThe results are first presented for the reference scenario (UD_REF). To facilitate the interpretation, breeding values are expressed in genetic standard deviation of the trait. Validation of the ApproachWhen the selection scheme involves progeny testing, information is collected for the whole population of selection candidates so that the estimation of the Mendelian sampling term is consistent with the hypotheses underlying the BLUP methodology. In particular, the expected value of the Mendelian sampling term is supposed to be zero. For both populations simulated in the UD_REF scenario, Table 4 displays genetic values () and the difference between EBV and TBV. In the control population, EBV are not significantly different from TBV and the MS term is not significantly different from 0. Hence, the considered population structure and estimation method lead to unbiased evaluations in classical conditions. And, in the GPS population, TBV are indeed significantly larger than the TBV observed in the control population (Table 4), illustrating the fact that genomic preselection was effective. [[page end]]Δ = EBV−TBV¯Control0. 9310. 933−0. 001 (NS)0. 002 (NS) 0. 8640. 7420. 6300. 427GPS1. 3841. 2380. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim regarding evidence of life on Europa because it discusses concepts related to genetic evaluations and statistical analysis. There is no mention of Europa, evidence of life, or biases that could affect such evidence.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Urban agriculture can provide fresh produce for local communities. [SEP] Text: Indeed, the SFRC also encourages small farmers to forge relationships with USDA agencies prior to needing their services. In addition, the conferences give farmers the opportunity to take part in training and workshops that are designed to help them make their operation more sustainable and marketable, as well as to provide information on which services are available to them and how to access them. “This allows farmers to learn fully about government programmes in a non-judgemental environment,” says E’licia. What kind of government programmes are available? One of the most recent USDA programmes that the SFRC is implementing focuses on providing food safety training for socially disadvantaged farmers. This programme uses experimental learning to help teach the farmers new food safety practices to apply to their farm operation. “Experimental learning is the process of doing something to understand it,” explains E’licia. “Participants engage with a task and then reflect on it to understand how it can be applied to their farm. Basically, we are taking the classroom to the field. ” This project will include hands-on food safety demonstrations, computer literacy training and local farm visits. How successful has the SFRC been in helping socially disadvantaged farmers? The SFRC is constantly being recognised by the USDA for the work that it does. “This makes me proud because our team is constantly making an impact in the agricultural community by educating and empowering farmers,” says E’licia. “The USDA recognises our impact, effort and commitment to the farmers of Alabama. ” In 2020, one of E’licia’s projects that focused on financial literacy training for socially disadvantaged farmers received an award for its excellence. “This made me realise that I was truly making a difference in my community,” says E’licia. Despite the amazing work of the SFRC, limited resource, socially disadvantaged farmers still face many challenges. The SFRC remains committed to helping farmers navigate these challenges so that they can find stability and continue to support their local communities. E’licia L. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text supports the claim by detailing how the SFRC is actively helping socially disadvantaged farmers. By educating and empowering these farmers, the SFRC enables them to become more sustainable and marketable, ultimately contributing to local food systems. E’licia's statement about making a difference in the community emphasizes the positive impact the SFRC's work has on local agricultural efforts, thereby bolstering the idea that urban agriculture can indeed provide fresh produce for these communities.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Smart cities operate without any human oversight or intervention. [SEP] Text: ViewpointArriel Benis1,2,3*, PhD Mostafa Haghi4,5,6*, PhD Deserno5,6, PhD Oscar Tamburis2,3,7, PhD 1Department of Technologies, of Technology, Holon, Israel2“Health”, for (EFMI), Le Mont-sur-Lausanne, Switzerland3“Health”, (IMIA), Chene-Bourg, Geneva, Switzerland4Laboratory, Department of – University of Applied Sciences, Konstanz, Germany5Peter L. for of TU Braunschweig and School, Braunschweig, Germany6“Accident & Emergency Informatics”, (IMIA), Chene-Bourg, Geneva, Switzerland7Institute of Biostructures and *these authors contributed equallyCorresponding Author:Arriel Benis, PhDDepartment of Technologiesof Technology52 Golomb StreetHolon, 5810201IsraelPhone: 972 03 5026892Email: arrielb@hit. ac. ilAbstractSmart cities and digital public health are closely related. Managing digital transformation in urbanization and living spaces is challenging. It is critical to prioritize the emotional and physical health and well-being of humans and their animals in the dynamic and ever-changing environment they share. Human-animal bonds are continuous as they live together or share urban spaces and have a mutual impact on each other’s health as well as the surrounding environment. In addition, sensors embedded in the Internet of Things are everywhere in smart cities. They monitor events and provide appropriate responses. In this regard, accident and emergency informatics (A&EI) offers tools to identify and manage overtime hazards and disruptive events. Such manifold focuses fit with Health (ODH), which aims to transform health ecosystems with digital technology by proposing a comprehensive framework to manage data and support health-oriented policies. We showed and discussed how, by developing the concept of ODH intervention, the ODH framework can support the comprehensive monitoring and analysis of daily life events of humans and animals in technologically integrated environments such as smart homes and smart cities. We developed an ODH intervention use case in which A&EI mechanisms run in the background. The ODH framework structures the related data collection and analysis to enhance the understanding of human, animal, and environment interactions and associated outcomes. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by indicating that human oversight is essential in smart cities. It describes how the ODH framework supports monitoring and analysis of interactions between humans, animals, and their environment, suggesting that there is an active human role in managing these interactions and using technology, such as accident and emergency informatics (A&EI), which operates 'in the background,' implying ongoing human intervention.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: It's argued that evidence of life on Europa could be overlooked due to existing biases. [SEP] Text: 304***−0. 146*** 0. 7810. 6940. 5780. 409Table 4Mean (first line) and standard deviation within replicate (second row, in italics) of genetic values and bias (Δ) in the cohort of selection candidates when genomic selection is implemented (GPS) or not (control)11TBV = true breeding value; MS = Mendelian sampling contribution. Values are averaged over 50 replicates. Tested the null hypothesis H0, where the mean of MS or mean of bias equal zero. ***P<0. 001. Open table in a new tabBias EvidenceTable 4 indicates that the MS term in the GPS population is significantly larger than zero, whereas the variance has decreased compared with that in the control population. From this first scenario, the basic hypothesis on the MS distribution is shown to be no longer consistent with the observed distribution. Finally, the difference between EBV and TBV is significant and negative (Δ = −0. 146), indicating that evaluations are biased when genomic preselection is implemented. Furthermore, the expected value of the bias (Δ) between the 50 replicates presents a low variability in the control (standard deviation, σΔ = 0. 016) and in the GPS (σΔ = 0. 014) populations, showing that the results on bias are not random. Distribution of the Bias in Genetic EvaluationsUnder the classical selection scheme, the difference between EBV and TBV is distributed around a mean value of 0 with a standard deviation within replicate of 0. 427, as indicated in Tables 4 and 5. This is a symmetric distribution where mean and median are superposed, the distance between third and second, and second and first quartiles are the same (Table 5). It displays the distribution of the prediction error which is minimized with BLUP. When genomic preselection is implemented, such a type of distribution is also observed, but values are systematically translated into more negative values. On average, bias is equal to −0. 146 with a standard deviation between replicates of 0. 014 in the YS cohort and bias is equal to −0. 044 with a standard deviation between replicates of 0. 006 in the cohort of their daughters. Hence, EBV underestimate TBV. ItemControl populationGPS population−2. 249−3. 523−2. 598−3. 655First quartile−0. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses genetic values, bias in genomic selection, and prediction error in populations, without any reference to life on Europa or related biases that may overlook evidence of extraterrestrial life.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Urban agriculture can provide fresh produce for local communities. [SEP] Text: of Agricultural, Life and Natural Sciences, Alabama A&of research: Research project: Supporting limited resource, socially disadvantaged farmers in Alabama to manage successful and resilient farms Funders: US Department of Institute of Food and Agriculture (USDA-NIFA), and Education (SARE), USDA Office of Partnerships and Public Engagement-2501 work is supported by the US Department of Agriculture (USDA), under award numbers USDA-2020-70020-32265, USDA-BFRP Federal award 2021- 49500-35644, USDA-RMA 15570, and University of Arkansas-Center 14869. The contents are solely the responsibility of the authors and do not necessarily represent the official views of the Alabama A&or the University of Arkansas-Center. About small farms outreach Small farms outreach focuses on finding new and innovative ways to support small, local, family-run farms. This can include developing new sustainable practices, designing and delivering training programmes or creating spaces for small farmers to share information and collaborate with each other. Small farms have an important role to play in local communities. They strengthen the local economy, provide jobs to local people, and can even help to support local wildlife. Small farms can help local people feel connected the land around them. For communities with small farms, it can be easier to see the direct link between how we treat nature and how nature treats us in return. Local farmers can act as role models to young people in a community. They give back to the community by volunteering, donating food and employing local people. They can also help to educate young people about their relationship with nature and influence the next generation of young farmers. Local farmers can teach children how to grow their own fruit and veg and show them that almost all the food that they eat comes from the natural world. What does the future of small farms outreach look like? “In the near future,” says E’licia, “we will need environmental scientists to find ways to combat climate change with less resources and more sustainable techniques. ” The effects of climate change are already disrupting farming practices all over the world. Droughts, flooding, extreme temperatures and soil erosion are just some of the things that will make life difficult for small farmers. One of the most pressing issues currently facing socially disadvantaged farmers is a lack of access to legal advice and support. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by highlighting the role of small farms in local communities. It states that small farms strengthen the local economy, provide jobs, and allow local people to connect with the land. Furthermore, local farmers contribute to the community by educating young people about food cultivation, thus directly linking to the provision of fresh produce.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Smart cities operate without any human oversight or intervention. [SEP] Text: The use case looks at the daily journey of Tracy, a healthy woman aged 27 years, and her dog Mego. Using medical Internet of Things, their activities are continuously monitored and analyzed to prevent or manage any kind of health-related abnormality. We reported and commented on an ODH intervention as an example of a real-life ODH implementation. We gave the reader examples of a “how-to” analysis of Tracy and Mego’s daily life activities as part of a timely implementation of the ODH framework. For each activity, relationships to the ODH dimensions were scored, and relevant technical fields were evaluated in light of the Findable, Accessible, Interoperable, and Reusable principles. This “how-to” can be used as a template for further analyses. An ODH intervention is based on Findable, Accessible, Interoperable, and Reusable data and real-time processing for global health monitoring, emergency management, and research. The data should be collected and analyzed continuously in a spatial-temporal domain to detect changes in behavior, trends, and emergencies. The information periodically gathered should serve human, animal, and environmental health interventions by providing professionals and caregivers with inputs and “how-to's” to improve health, welfare, and risk prevention at the individual and population levels. Thus, ODH complementarily combined with A&EI is meant to enhance policies and systems and modernize emergency management. 2023;11:e43871doi:10. 2196/43871KeywordsOne Health; Digital Health; Health; accident and emergency informatics; eHealth; informatics; medicine; veterinary medicine; environmental monitoring; education; patient engagement; citizen science; data science; pets; human-animal bond; intervention; ambulatory monitoring; health monitoring; Internet of Things; smart environment; mobile phone IntroductionBackgroundThe current data-driven society pushes people to seek and ask for an always-increasing number of highly personalized services [1]. Citizens of smart cities use ubiquitous and mobile technologies and expect to obtain what they need before asking for it. Thus, smart cities are models of urbanization development wherein technologies are actively deployed to enhance the quality of life (QoL) of both humans and animals [2]. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the active role of humans in smart cities, emphasizing that technologies are used to enhance the quality of life for both humans and animals. It indicates that interventions and continuous monitoring are managed by professionals and caregivers, which directly opposes the idea that smart cities operate without any human oversight or intervention.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: It's argued that evidence of life on Europa could be overlooked due to existing biases. [SEP] Text: 272−0. 486−0. 406−0. 539Median0. 0040. 011−0. 138−0. 043Mean0. 002 (NS)0. 011**−0. 146***−0. 044***SD between replicates0. 0160. 0060. 0140. 006Third quartile0. 2780. 5080. 1270. 454Maximum2. 1953. 7001. 9153. 608SD within replicate0. 4270. 7370. 4090. 736Table 5Quartiles and first moments of the difference between EBV and true breeding values for the young sires (YS) and their daughters (D) when genomic selection is implemented (GPS) or not (control)11Tested the null hypothesis H0, where the mean of MS or mean of bias equal zero. **P<0. 01***P<0. 001. Open table in a new tabEffect on the Accuracy of EvaluationsBy construction, the BLUP solutions should maximize the correlation between TBV and EBV and minimize the mean square error of prediction. The MSE increased in the GPS population compared with those of the control population. Similarly, the squared correlation between TBV and EBV was lower in the GPS population than that in the control population (Table 6), whereas the amount of information was identical, as indicated by the value of the approximate reliability (REL). All of the indicators show that the genomic preselection step decreased the accuracy of the estimations compared with that of the control population, with a diluted effect on daughters compared with that of young sires. PopulationMSEρ2 ()RELsires0. 1830. 7560. 815Daughters0. 5440. 4140. 476GPS Young sires0. 1880. 7270. 815Daughters0. 5440. 3940. 476Table 6Mean squared error (MSE) and reliability measures [ρ2(), REL] in control and GPS populations for udder depth trait and 25% selection rate11ρ2 = squared correlation; TBV = true breeding value; REL = approximate reliability; GPS = genomic preselected sires. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim about evidence of life on Europa or biases related to it. Instead, it provides a detailed analysis of genomic selection and breeding values, which is unrelated to the topic of extraterrestrial life or biases in scientific evidence.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Rooftop gardens help reduce heat in urban areas. [SEP] Text: As mentioned earlier, rainwater flows into the RBs in the catchment areas of the buildings, and once the barrels reach their capacity, the rainwater flows out of the pipes into the RGs in the garden catchment areas. Rainwater that falls in the park catchment area flows directly into the sewer system. The parameters for the RBs and RGs used in the simulation are the same as those shown in Tables 1 and 2. 4. DiscussionThe three simulation patterns described in Section 3. 3 will be compared from the depth of the outlet, the total runoff of the sewer systems, and the flood condition in the sewer to verify the rainfall control effect of RBs and RGs. 4. 1 Runoff of the 1) Short-duration Rainfall (July 15, 2021) The simulation results of short-duration rainfall (July 15, 2021) showed that the peak stormwater runoff time was delayed by 10 min when RGs were used (Fig. 9). The decrease in flood volume rate when using RBs and RGs is 0. 93% and 13. 32%, respectively. When the combination of RBs and RGs is used, the decrease in flood volume rate was found to be 29. 26%. The effect of reducing total runoff of the sewer systems is higher when using RBs and RGs in combination than when using RBs and RGs individually. Also, the use of the combination of RBs and RGs reduced the peak flow rate and total volume of stormwater runoff. Thus, this combination of RBs and RGs can effectively reduce the load on wastewater treatment facilities from events such as localized rainstorms. 2) Long-duration Rainfall (July 2, 2021) In the case of long-duration rainfall (July 2, 2021), little effect was observed when the amount of precipitation exceeded the storage capacity of the RGs. The rainwater exceeded the storage capacity of both the RBs and RGs during peak time (2). The decrease in flood volume rate when using RBs and RGs was 0. 2% and 7. 79%, respectively, during peak time (2). This means that surface runoff is effectively reduced at the peak time (1). The decrease in flood volume rate when using RBs and RGs is 4. 86%and 18. 04%, respectively, during peak time (1) (Table 3). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the positive effects of rainwater barrels (RBs) and rooftop gardens (RGs) on stormwater runoff and flood volume rates. It states that using RGs contributes to a reduction in stormwater runoff, delaying peak stormwater runoff time and decreasing overall flood volume, which supports the idea that rooftop gardens help mitigate urban heat by managing rainwater effectively.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Smart cities operate without any human oversight or intervention. [SEP] Text: Accordingly, personal data such as location, interests (eg, queries on search engines, reads on social media, answers to surveys, and purchases), contacts (eg, calls and social media connections), and activities (eg, neighborhood meetings and personal announcements) are shared continuously [3]. Concerning health-related issues, citizens, as patients, demand proactive suggestions from a modern and evolving public health sector to improve self-care and lower the number of critical events. To this end, their digitized health records encompass the entire process, from the physician’s consultation (in person or remote) to purchasing prescribed drugs (in person or on the web). People use web-based services to check their laboratory tests or reports of certified physical training. Furthermore, they may use applications for sleep monitoring that are provided by a health care management organization [4-8]. Smart cities and (digital) public health share aspects related to a healthy lifestyle. of Things (IoT; we will use IoT as an encompassing term including the Internet of [IoMT] and the Internet of Things [IoAHT]) monitors several subtopics of public health: environmental conditions, electromagnetic radiation, health conditions, fitness activities, food quality, emotions, and accidents [9-11]. Therefore, we need signals, data, and information produced by sensors in wearables or mobile apps or existing on social media networks to run health interventions [10] and cope with emergencies [12]. Accordingly, this has been called to expand the capabilities of health records. In smart cities, IoT devices also trace and track animals. Such applications reflect social and cultural norms, the safety and wellness of animals (eg, pet activity and feeding trackers [13]), and the collective composed of humans and animals [14]. In such communities, large amounts of data are produced continuously and exchanged wirelessly [15]. Its purposes range from home automation to trip management and QoL. These sensors range from microelectromechanical systems to advanced medical devices. It is worth noting that, during the first waves of the COVID-19 pandemic, an increasing rate of shared information was observed. The need arose to timely deliver health care for both humans and animals as specific clusters of customers belonging to the same ecosystem [5,9]. Valid data collection was needed [16,17] that fit the essential elements of smart (healthy) cities [18,19]. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by describing multiple human-centric activities and interactions within smart cities, such as the involvement of citizens in health-related issues and the use of IoT devices that require human engagement for effective data gathering and health interventions. It emphasizes the need for data collection and the role of individuals in the health ecosystem of smart cities, which indicates that human oversight or intervention is integral to their operation.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: It's argued that evidence of life on Europa could be overlooked due to existing biases. [SEP] Text: Open table in a new tabSensitivity AnalysisTable 7 indicates that all parameters (intensity of selection, heritability, and accuracy of genomic evaluation) induced changes in the mean bias and mean MSE[[page end]] of the BLUP evaluations compared with those of the reference scenario, UD_REF. When genomic selection intensity increased, the magnitude of the bias also rose and the accuracy of the estimations decreased. This is verified for UD and FA traits when the proportion of selected candidates decreased from 25 to 10% (scenario UD_REF compared with UD_p and scenario FA_REF compared with FA_p). The same trends were observed when the precision of the genomic evaluation decreased (FA_gEDC compared with FA_REF). Finally, scenarios UD_REF and FA_REF were compared, with the same proportion of selected candidates and the same amount of genomic information. When the heritability was lower, genetic evaluations were more affected: the magnitude of the bias was larger and the accuracy of the estimations was lower. Scenario1Δ,σΔMSEUD_REF−0. 146±0. 0140. 188UD_p−0. 227±0. 0160. 217FA_REF−0. 214±0. 0210. 305FA_p−0. 155±0. 0200. 299FA_gEDC−0. 249±0. 0250. 364Table 7Mean bias (Δ), standard deviation (σΔ), and mean squared error (MSE) over 50 replicates when the heritability, the proportion of selected candidates, and the reliability of genomic evaluation vary1UD = udder depth trait; FA = foot angle trait; REF = reference; p = proportion of young sires retained; gEDC = genomic equivalent daughter contribution; UD_REF = 36% of heritability, 25% of young sires retained, 10 EDC from genomic evaluation; UD_p = 36% of heritability, 10% of young sires retained, 10 EDC from genomic evaluation; FA_REF = 14% of heritability, 25% of young sires retained, 26 EDC from genomic evaluation; FA_p = 14% of heritability, 10% of young sires retained, 26 EDC from genomic evaluation; FA_gEDC = 14% of heritability, 10% of young sires retained, 10 EDC from genomic evaluation. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim about the potential oversight of evidence of life on Europa due to biases. It discusses genomic evaluation parameters, such as heritability and bias in genetic evaluations, which do not pertain to astrobiology or the biases that might affect the interpretation of evidence on Europa.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Rooftop gardens help reduce heat in urban areas. [SEP] Text: Table 3 Flood volume reduction rate Peak time (1) Current condition RBs Rflood volume (m2/s) 29. 54 29. 48 27. 24 Rate of decrease 0. 20% 7. 79% Peak time (2) Current condition RBs Rflood volume (m2/s) 11. 48 10. 97 9. 45 Rate of decrease 4. 86% 18. 04% The effect of reducing the depth of the outlet is higher when using RBs and RGs in combination than when using RBs and RGs individually. The reduction rates in the two peak periods were 36. 36% and 30. 88%, respectively (Fig. 10). In both rainfall scenarios, the combination of RBs and RGs delayed the first peak stormwater runoff time by approximately 10–20 min. The discharge was commensurate with the runoff capacity of the river, reducing the river’s burden. However, once the amount of precipitation exceeded the storage capacity of the RBs and RGs, little controlling effect was observed. For example, at the second and third peaks, little effect was subsequently seen in peak runoff volume or time. 4. 2 Condition in the 1) Long-duration Rainfall (July 2, 2021) SWMM model can show the hourly change of conduit capacity and flood volume from manholes with different colors. Thus, the effectiveness of stormwater control in flooded areas can be verified by comparing flooding scenarios under current conditions with those after using RBs and RGs. Figure 11 shows the conduit capacity in the sewer system during the long-duration rainfall peak time (7:50). Figure 11 shows the conduit capacity in the sewer system during the long-duration rainfall peak time (7:50). In Fig. 11, the middle figure and the left graph show the situation after using RBs and RGs. The color of the circled area has changed compared with the current condition figure on the left. Especially in the case of RGs, as seen in the middle of the figure, almost all conduits have flow depths of less than 1 m, indicating that almost none of the conduits are overflowing. This indicates that the use of RBs and RGs reduces the volume of stormwater in the sanitary sewer system and, thus, reduces the load on the sewer system. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text supports the claim by discussing the effectiveness of using roof gardens (RGs) in combination with rain barrels (RBs) for stormwater management, indicating that they help reduce the volume of stormwater in the sanitary sewer system. While the text does not explicitly state the impact on urban heat, the reduction in stormwater burden typically leads to lower heat levels due to increased vegetation and evapotranspiration associated with rooftop gardens.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Smart cities operate without any human oversight or intervention. [SEP] Text: For instance, McConnell et al [20] analyzed the influence of owning animals on stress. Other work has assessed the impact of the surrounding ecosystem on humans’ and animals’ QoL [21,22]. A practical setup for the entire data management process comprises aspects of generation, collection, transmission, storage, extraction, analysis, reporting, and decision-making as codified according to the principles of accident and emergency informatics (A&EI), with the dual purpose of preventing harm and supporting decisions [23]. Furthermore, aspects such as education, citizen engagement, and the large vision of human nature are notable elements of the Health (ODH) framework. The ODH Framework to an framework develops around 2 so-called keys [24]. On the one hand, looks at monitoring and assessing environmental hazard interactions and their impacts on health and biodiversity [25]. In contrast, stands as the mature deployment of currently available technology to improve individuals’ health and care [26]. The framework also includes 3 perspectives, 5 dimensions, and a technological ring. As ODH proposes a new holistic, data-driven approach encompassing human, animal, and environmental health and welfare, a solid common ground with this working scenario emerges. Table 1 adjusts the common aspects of smart cities and digital public health using the ODH framework. Health professionals traditionally define an intervention as the whole process, starting by defining a protocol; implementing it; systematically evaluating its effects; and then using the results to define, for example, a new therapeutic strategy or a new policy. According to the perspective, we refer to ODH Intervention as the use of digital and mobile technologies for specific initiatives addressing human, animal, and environmental system needs. In other words, an ODH intervention is a real-world implementation of the theoretical ODH framework, which relies on Findable, Accessible, Interoperable, and Reusable (FAIR) data [27-29]. In this regard, we recognize an appropriate alignment with the Classification of Interventions v1. 0 proposed by the Organization (WHO), which deals with the principles of implementing and delivering formal or informal care using electronic health services [10,30]. Table 1. Relationships between smart cities, digital public health, and Health (ODH). Topics in common between (digital) public health and smart citiesODH dimensionsCitizen engagementEducationHuman and veterinary health careIndustry 4. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim that 'smart cities operate without any human oversight or intervention.' It discusses various aspects of public health and the Health (ODH) framework and outlines the importance of human engagement and interventions. There is no mention of smart cities operating autonomously, nor is there evidence that supports the claim. Instead, it suggests that human involvement is crucial in monitoring and assessing health, which contrasts with the notion of fully automated operations in smart cities.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: It's argued that evidence of life on Europa could be overlooked due to existing biases. [SEP] Text: Open table in a new tabDiscussionSimulating data such as TBV and phenotypic values has many advantages. Compared with studies on real data, the only relevant source of bias is isolated and the mechanisms underlying bias are controlled so that it is then easy to vary parameters of interest and better understand mechanisms underlying bias. In the literature, several methods were proposed to systematically detect bias in prediction procedures. They involved assessing the change between estimates of 2 sets of selected and unselected data to study sequential selection (Mallinckrodt et al. , 1995) or between 2 consecutive predictions (Reverter et al. , 1994). However, by accessing true genetic values, the actual properties of BLUP solutions may be contrasted with their expectation of unbiasedness and of minimum error variance. The major limitation with this method is that it cannot be used to check routinely if classical evaluations are biased by genomic preselection. The approach in our study was designed to be realistic. It is based on real data with large numbers of herds and young sires promoting genetic and environmental diversity. Moreover, the choice of paternal families and their composition (number of siblings) tried to mimic the strategies implemented by breeding companies when genotyping candidates. However, only one data structure was considered with type traits. Repeated or longitudinal data, for example, for which evaluation models are different, were not investigated. Genomic selection can be seen as a missing data process where only progeny of selected animals are recorded. These were selected based on GEBV; however, this information was not included in the evaluation. Actually, whatever the scenario, it is always observed that under genomic selection, bias is significant and breeding values of selected young sires and their daughters are underestimated. Mixed model equations assume that selected young sires have a Mendelian sampling term with zero expectation, whereas the MS contribution is now, on average, positive. The accuracy of evaluations is also always lower when a genomic preselection step is implemented. The magnitude of the bias and the accuracy loss are even greater when the intensity of genomic selection is increasing. This is not surprising, because the proportion of missing data is indeed rising. We observe the same trends when the accuracy of the genomic evaluations is decreasing, when the correlation between GEBV and the trait is in the same way declining. [[page end]] Finally, Sorensen and Kennedy (1984) reported that the magnitude of a selection bias also depended on heritability. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text discusses methods to detect bias in genetic evaluations and the impacts of genomic selection but does not reference or relate to the claim regarding potential biases in evidence of life on Europa. Therefore, it is irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Hydroponics allows for soil-free farming in city environments. [SEP] Text: Javascript is disabled in your browser. Please enable Javascript to view PeerJ. Related research -nutrient estimator: distributing nutrient solution in hydroponic plants based on plant growth View 10. 7717/peerj-cs. 1871 Published 2024-02-23 Accepted 2024-01-22 Received 2023-09-29 -Time and hydroponic, Nutrient estimator, Mask R-sensors, Micro nutrients, Macro nutrients, Region proposal network Copyright © 2024 Sangeetha and This is an open access 2024. Automatic nutrient estimator: distributing nutrient solution in hydroponic plants based on plant growth. PeerJ 10:e1871 The authors have chosen to make the review history of this 97. 5% accuracy for the first 5 weeks with 1,715 ppm of nutrition ingestion, identifying the vegetative state. The flowering stage is identified with 97. 5% accuracy in the 6–9th week with 2,380 ppm of nutrition consumption, and the fruiting location is determined with 99. 4% accuracy in the last 10–15th week with 2,730 ppm of nutrition consumption. world’s population is projected to increase from 6. 8 billion today to 9. 1 billion by 2050. This growth will necessitate a 25% increase in food production compared to the current levels (FAO, 2022a). According to research conducted by the FAO, meeting this demand and simultaneously addressing issues such as hunger, poverty, efficient management of finite natural resources, and adaptation to climate change will pose significant challenges for global agriculture in the upcoming decades. (FAO) (FAO, 2022b) projects that in India, more than 189 million people may receive less food in terms of quantity and quality for healthy growth by 2020. In India, the population is increasing rapidly, but at the same time, the percentage of agricultural land is decreasing. At the same time, inadequate water resources, fewer rainfalls, increased expenses, and sudden disasters decreased farmers’ interest in farming. As a result, many of them have transitioned into the real estate sector to seek higher profits within a shorter timeframe (Shirsekar et al. , 2021). Hydroponics is a branch of hydroculture that is the most suitable explanation for these difficulties. Hydroponics farming (Tagle et al. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by specifically mentioning that hydroponics is a branch of hydroculture, which offers a solution to the challenges faced by traditional farming methods. It implies that hydroponics is well-suited for addressing the needs of agricultural practices, especially in urban areas where soil may be limited or unsuitable for farming.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Smart cities operate without any human oversight or intervention. [SEP] Text: 0Surrounding environmentSurveillanceAccidents and emergencies✓Environmental conditions✓Electromagnetic radiation✓Health condition of older adults✓✓Emotions✓Epidemics✓✓Fitness activities✓✓✓Food quality✓✓✓Healthy lifestyle promotion✓✓✓Our main objective was to show and discuss how the ODH framework—combined with A&EI—can dynamically support the comprehensive monitoring and analysis of the daily life events of humans and animals in technologically integrated environments such as a smart home and a smart city. The paper is structured as follows. After the introduction, we present and analyze a timely use case from a smart healthy city context [31]. We then describe the planning of an ODH intervention to deal with the use case features. Therefore, we remodel and update the original use case as an actual outcome of an ODH intervention. In the end, we introduce a part of the generic evaluation process of an ODH intervention and discuss its implementation potential. We conclude by pointing out the strengths and limitations of this use case, such as future developments of the ODH framework jointly with A&EI. Use CaseOverviewA smart and healthy city well acknowledges several core ODH challenges. Our use case describes the sequence of steps needed to set up an ODH intervention around a user-centered demand and measure several parameters continuously, comprehensively, and reliably for effective multipurpose and integrative welfare monitoring. In this use case, we deal with human and animal health and welfare monitoring, continuously measuring physiological and behavioral parameters during their different activities—alone or together. Tracy is a healthy single woman aged 27 years who shares her apartment in a metropolitan area with her dog Mego. Tracy is a junior finance analyst (ie, a tertiary position with responsibilities that might cause stress). During working weekdays, Tracy follows some typical activities of daily living. Mego is a healthy midsized male dog aged 5 years. Mego lives with his owner Tracy. Most of Mego’s time is spent at home (Figure 1). Figure 1. A day in Tracy and Mego’s lives. A in Tracy and Mego’s LivesAt 6 AM, Tracy usually wakes up and checks that Mego’s smart pet feeder delivered kibble and water. She then goes for a 30-minute run with Mego. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by describing a specific use case in a smart city context, emphasizing the need for monitoring and intervention regarding both human and animal health and welfare. It illustrates how the ODH framework supports ongoing, user-centered demand measurements, indicating that human oversight and response are integral to the operation of smart cities.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: It's argued that evidence of life on Europa could be overlooked due to existing biases. [SEP] Text: The coefficients of the relationship matrix being incorrect and even combined with the variance ratio in the mixed model equations may explain how bias and MSE vary with heritability. The magnitude of the bias was significantly different from zero under genomic selection in all of the studied scenarios. Over one generation only, the bias comprises between 4 and 11% of genetic standard deviation for the daughters of the young sires, and between 15 and 25% for the young sires. For the same range of heritability and selection intensity, such magnitude was never reported in studies assessing bias in genetic evaluations. As genomic evaluations are predicted to be the future dominant selection tool (progeny testing is already being abandoned in some breeding programs), the preselection intensity, which is not yet accounted for in classical models, may become large, and clearly biased evaluations are to be feared. Henderson (1990a, b) reported that a biased predictor may exist that has a smaller mean squared error than an unbiased predictor. Indeed, Gianola et al. (1988) and L. R. Schaeffer (Department of Animal and Poultry Science, University of Guelph, Canada, personal communication) used this argument to stress that the most important aspect to increase genetic gain is the increase of EBV accuracy. However, our results indicate an increase of the MSE. Assuming genomic preselection of the young sires only, genetic progress may then be decreased by 3 to 4%, if 25 or 10% of YS are retained. It means that an uncontrolled loss of accuracy can actually threaten the effectiveness of a breeding program and have large genetic and then economic effects. It seems essential to take into account this bias. To assess the bias magnitude over more generations, a fully stochastic study would have to be used. Considering previous studies, we expect that effect on genetic evaluations would increase. For example, Schenkel et al. (2002) found that the bias increased over generations in the case of missing pedigree information. In fact, direction and amplitude of the bias may particularly become unpredictable when daughters of selected young sires are mated to other preselected young sires. ConclusionsThis study presents evidence that national genetic evaluations are biased once young sires are preselected based on genomic breeding values. The challenge is now to account for genomic preselection in the classical evaluation models. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant (pass) to the claim regarding life on Europa and existing biases. It discusses biases in genetic evaluations and breeding programs, focusing on genomic selection, bias magnitude, and methodologies for genetic progress, which do not relate to the topic of extraterrestrial life or biases associated with it.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Hydroponics allows for soil-free farming in city environments. [SEP] Text: , 2018) is an intelligent way of growing crops that yields high-quality organic plants in a limited space without using soil and does not expose them to external disasters, and not causing any environmental pollution. The hydroponic food production method is becoming more popular for cultivating crops, especially for urban people who can grow plants on balconies or rooftops (Kaewwiset & Yooyativong, 2017). The hydroponic food production method of cultivation, referred to as “soilless culture” (Resh, 2022), uses water or nutrient solutions as the growing standard. Possibility of using land that is unsuitable for conventional agriculture, such as dry and degraded terrain. The ability of plants to adapt to shifting weather patterns. Cultivation is possible all year. Reduced need for labor-intensive operations such as weeding and soil preparation. These are the method’s primary advantages (Gumisiriza et al. , 2022). There is debate about whether hydroponic farming is more active than conventional farming (Atikah & Widyawati, 2021; Lee & Lee, 2015). Hydroponics agriculture has become a revolution in many countries and is slowly spreading in India. It has proved that it can ultimately grow pesticide-free crops with 95% less water and consume reduced nutrients compared to conventional agriculture. Six different methods of growing hydroponics include deep water culture, wick system, nutrient film technology, ebb and flow systems, drip systems, and aeroponics. It can choose any growing medium except soil like coconut pellets, perlite gravel, rockwool, or sand, or it can be any nutrient explanation. Plants are grown either horizontally or vertically based on space availability (Nursyahid et al. , 2021). In our system, we used deep water culture to grow plants, as shown in Fig. 1. Figure 1: Deep water culture for hydroponics. Download full-size image DOI: 10. 7717/peerj-cs. 1871/fig-1 The entire method for a vertical farming controlled environment comprises three significant steps. The first step is about intelligent sensors for monitoring several parameters, including air density, humidity, light intensity, temperature, CO2 levels, oxygen levels, water inflows, and recording pH and EC values. The second step covers caring for the plants under a controlled environment and regulating all the above parameters in specific ranges or threshold values. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by stating that hydroponics is a 'soilless culture' that allows for growing crops in environments such as balconies or rooftops, which are typical in city settings. It emphasizes that this method enables farming without soil, thus supporting the assertion that hydroponics facilitates soil-free farming.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Smart cities operate without any human oversight or intervention. [SEP] Text: Mego noticed the problem and started barking. After a while, some people came along, and finally, the ambulance arrived. Tracy stayed a few days in the hospital and another week at home to recover. During this time, Tracy’s friends had been taking care of Mego, hosting him and trying to preserve his routine to reduce the negative impact of Tracy’s absence (ie, during hospitalization) or unavailability to take care of him on her own (ie, during recovery). MethodsPlanning an intervention can be seen as the implementation of a set of digital functionalities, or digitalities [24], designed and deployed to (1) support specific initiatives that address human, animal, and environmental system needs and challenges; (2) assess and study these systems’ expected and unexpected outcomes and effects and collect related data; and (3) select timely metrics for the outcomes of multicriteria decision analyses. An ODH intervention is implemented to (1) address One Health–related challenges; (2) achieve One Health–related important and strategic outcomes for clinical follow-up and practice, such as for technology improvements needed; and (3) achieve FAIR uses of digital technologies [30,44]. In our case, this translates to (1) a challenge aiming to enhance aspects of healthy lifestyle promotion and surveillance; (2) an outcome consisting of performing effective monitoring of human and animal welfare within the context of a smart city, where health is a pivotal component; and (3) sensors for monitoring as digital technologies through which the intervention is implemented. Effective monitoring of humans and animals in a smart environment must cover all relevant locations (indoors and outdoors) and define the critical parameters of health care and QoL [45]. Table 2 reports the 9 major types of interactions between the intervention recipients considering the extant strict interconnectedness between them [46]. Each cell reports instances of how one actor (row) positively or negatively affects another (column). Table 2. Examples of interactions between the 3 components. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by implying that human intervention is necessary in smart cities for effective monitoring and management of health and welfare for humans and animals. It discusses the implementation of interventions meant to address the needs and challenges within a smart city, highlighting that these interventions require human oversight, such as monitoring and caring for both people and animals.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: It's argued that evidence of life on Europa could be overlooked due to existing biases. [SEP] Text: Understanding why evaluations are biased leads us to propose the inclusion of, in the classical evaluation, performance obtained from deregressed GEBV of culled and selected candidates, whereas Misztal et al. (2009) proposed a single-step genetic evaluation combining pedigree-based information with genomic data. All information upon which selection has been based would then be included. In addition, genomic and polygenic information would be naturally combined so that the level of accuracy of national evaluations would be increased. However, a correction, at a national level, would be even more relevant for international evaluations where breeding practices strongly differ between countries. At least, a validation test would be required to check that national evaluations are still unbiased despite genomic preselection to ensure the quality of international evaluations. 1. Ducrocq, V. , M. Goddard, L. Schaeffer, and G. Banos. 2008. (2007-2008) to the Committee. 4 pp. Interbull meeting, Niagara Falls, NY. 2. Gianola, D. ∙ Im, S. ∙ Fernando, R. L. Prediction of breeding value under Henderson's selection model: A revisitationJ. Dairy Sci. 1988; 71:2790-2798Abstract(PDF)Scopus (14)3. Harris, B. ∙ Johnson, D. Approximate reliability of genetic evaluations under an animal modelJ. Dairy Sci. 1998; 81:2723-2728Abstract(PDF)Scopus (60)PubMed4. Henderson, C. R. Accounting for selection and mating biases in genetic evaluationGianola, D. ∙ Hammond, K. Advances in for of LivestockSpringer-Verlag, Heidelberg, Germany, 1990; 413-436Crossref5. Henderson, C. R. Statistical methods in animal improvement: Historical overviewGianola, D. ∙ Hammond, K. Advances in for of LivestockSpringer-Verlag, Heidelberg, Germany, 1990; 2-14Crossref6. Hickey, J. M. ∙ Keane, M. G. ∙ Kenny, D. A. . . . Estimation of accuracy and bias in genetic evaluations with genetic groups using samplingJ. Anim. Sci. 2008; 86:1047-1056CrossrefScopus (7)PubMed7. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim regarding the evidence of life on Europa being overlooked due to existing biases. Instead, it discusses genetic evaluations, selection, and biases in that context without any direct connection to the claim about Europa or the potential for overlooked evidence of extraterrestrial life.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Hydroponics allows for soil-free farming in city environments. [SEP] Text: The last step is crucial for monitoring plant disease detection, weeds detection, pollination, prediction of nutrients mixture along with plant growth maturity stage identification, and messaging complete crop information through smart phone to inform the farmer about changes and for good yielding (Saputra, Irawan & Nugraha, 2017). The fundamental factors which affect a plant’s growth include pH, temperature, CO2, and EC of the water in the system. Four primary sensors control the environment in our hydroponics system. They are DHT11 (temperature and humidity), ultrasonic sensors (water flows), EC sensors (nutrient dissolvability), and pH sensors (acidity of nutrient solution). For these factors, we use an Arduino UNO to communicate and monitor whether or not the readings are in the given threshold range. Instead of soil, hydroponics is fed with nutrient solution added to the normal RO water. Hydroponics needs a varying number of macronutrients and micronutrients throughout its life cycle. Macronutrients are called primary nutrients and are crucial for the plant’s health; these include nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), and potassium (K), which are available from Ca (NO3)2 (calcium nitrate), KNO3 (potassium nitrate), and KH2PO4 (mono-potassium phosphate). In addition to the NPK mixture, micronutrients are also needed for plants that, include calcium (Ca), manganese (Mn), zinc (Zn), boron (B), iron (Fe), molybdate (Mo), chlorine (Cl), magnesium (Mg), copper (Cu) and sulfur (S). Proper nutrients, like nitrogen, phosphorous, potassium, etc. , are essential for plant development. Estimating ratios of NPK solution is a significant step that helps in high productivity (Shirsekar et al. , 2021). In hydroponic systems, plant growth and efficiency mainly depend on two main features, EC and pH values, that regulate plant nutrient uptake. We use a pH meter to measure the pH of the nutrient solution. If the pH value measured below seven, that shows acidic, whereas above seven shows basis or alkaline of explanation. The threshold range of pH values of hydroponics plants is mostly from 5. 5 to 6. 4. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by describing the hydroponics system, which operates without soil and relies on nutrient solutions for plant growth. It explains how plants are fed in hydroponics systems using nutrient solutions instead of soil, confirming the concept of soil-free farming. Additionally, it discusses the vital role of environmental factors and nutrient management, demonstrating the practicality of hydroponics in urban settings where traditional soil farming might be challenging.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Smart cities operate without any human oversight or intervention. [SEP] Text: HumanAnimalEnvironmentHumanFace to face [6] Interactive (technology-based; eg, via social media) [8,47] Food, habitat provision, emotional bond, and health and well-being control [48] Population follow-up and birth control [49,50] Environment destruction [51] Compliance and sustainability for a technological environment at home, on a bicycle, in the steering wheel of a car, in the fridge handle, and more [52] Urbanization [53-55] Climate change, pollution, and regulation [51] AnimalEmotional and physical bond; health, well-being, and safety feelings (eg, dog) [56] Disease vectors (zoonoses) [57] Food chain [58,59] Natural regulation of populations [60] Soil fertilization [61,62] Natural hazard (invasive species) [63-66] EnvironmentFood chain [58,59] Natural hazards and disasters [67] Space for well-being development [68-70] Availability of survival resources (food and shelter) [71] Chemicals’ influence on animal reproduction [72] Wildfire impacts on slope stability triggering in mountain areas [73] Natural hazards and disasters [67] Therefore, all the collected physiological, behavioral, and environmental data must (1) comprise indoor and outdoor locations where subjects are active and in contact [74,75], (2) be continuously time stamped, and (3) be shareable in a FAIR way [27]. framework delivers a variety of observations for continuous health monitoring. It aims at analyzing health data on environmental, behavioral, physiological, and psychological domains, which is in line with the WHO QoL definition [76]. Continuous health monitoring allows continuous data analytics and even subtle trends to become recognizable at the early stages. This then opens many options for preventive medicine, hindering adverse health events (AHEs) [77]. However, AHEs will still occur but maybe not as frequently as without continuous monitoring. In such an event, the measurements taken from the subject are helpful. As of today, smart homes, smart cars, smart wearables, and smart clothes send out emergency calls, but so far, useful information—although available at the site—is not transferred because of lacking protocols and communication standards. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by emphasizing the need for human interaction and oversight in smart environments. It states that 'useful information—although available at the site—is not transferred because of lacking protocols and communication standards,' suggesting that human oversight is crucial for effective communication and functionality in smart technologies. Additionally, continuous data analytics and health monitoring require human involvement to analyze trends and implement preventive measures, further underscoring the necessity of human intervention.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: It's argued that evidence of life on Europa could be overlooked due to existing biases. [SEP] Text: Loberg, A. ∙ Dürr, J. Interbull survey on the use of genomic informationProc. Workshop on in Genetic Evaluations. No. 392009; 3-148. Mallinckrodt, C. H. ∙ Golden, B. L. ∙ Bourdon, R. M. The effect of selective reporting on estimates of weaning weight parameters in beef cattleJ. Anim. Sci. 1995; 73:1264-1270PubMed9. Misztal, I. ∙ Legarra, A. ∙ Aguilar, I. Computing procedures for genetic evaluation including phenotypic, full pedigree, and genomic informationJ. Dairy Sci. 2009; 92:4648-4655Full Text(PDF)Scopus (408)PubMed10. Pearson, K. 1903. Mathematical contributions to the theory of evolution. XI. On the influence of natural selection on the variability and correlation of organs. Philos. Trans. Royal Soc. London 200:1–66. 11. Reverter, A. ∙ Golden, B. L. ∙ Bourdon, R. M. . . . Technical note: Detection of bias in genetic predictionsJ. Anim. Sci. 1994; 72:34-37 [[page end]]PubMed12. Schenkel, F. S. ∙ Schaeffer, L. R. ∙ Boettcher, P. J. Comparison between estimation of breeding values and fixed effects using Bayesian and empirical BLUP estimation under selection on parents and missing pedigree informationGenet. Sel. Evol. 2002; 34:41-59CrossrefPubMed13. Sorensen, D. A. ∙ Kennedy, B. W. The use of the relationship matrix to account for genetic drift variance in the analysis of genetic experimentsTheor. Appl. Genet. 1983; 66:217-220PubMed14. Sorensen, D. A. ∙ Kennedy, B. W. Estimation of response to selection using least-squares and mixed model methodologyJ. Anim. Sci. 1984; 58:1097-110615. van der Beek, S. 2007. Effect of genomic selection on national and international genetic evaluations. Pages 115–118 in Proc. Interbull Meeting: Dublin, Ireland. No. 37. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text provided does not engage with or address the claim regarding evidence of life on Europa and biases. It consists of references to various academic works focused primarily on genetic evaluations and related statistical methodologies, which are unrelated to the discussion of life on Europa.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Hydroponics allows for soil-free farming in city environments. [SEP] Text: Table 1: Survey for automatic hydroponic nutrient estimator. Khaoula et al. (2021) ML-based nutrient supply optimization Vernier sensors are connected to a to measure nutrients. There needs to be more information available regarding data storage or transmission. Gao, He & Yue (2018) To regulate and keep track of environmental and water quality factors A solar-based power source powers node. The sensor node’s Wi-Fi implementation increases power consumption and necessitates more Internet infrastructure. Arvind et al. (2020) Hydroponics system automation using hydroponics and machine learning (ML) edge computing technique Implemented cloud server to display sensor data It is only used on a small scale. Valiente et al. (2018) Systems for remote monitoring that use TDS sensors TDS sensors are subjected to calibration. The IoT-based system is missing a cloud server. DOI: 10. 7717/peerj-cs. 1871/table-1 Table 2: Nutrient consumption measured. Week number pH measured Average ppm measured/Week (EC X 700) Stage identified Week 1 5. 6 1,120 2 5. 8 1,330 3 5. 5 1,470 4 5. 8 1,575 5 5. 6 1,715 6 5. 4 2,100 7 5. 6 2,240 8 5. 5 2,250 9 5. 7 2,380 10 5. 5 2,390 11 5. 6 2,520 12 5. 3 2,555 13 5. 2 2,450 14 5. 5 2,660 15 5. 4 2,730 Fruit DOI: 10. 7717/peerj-cs. 1871/table-2 Table 3: Accuracy analysis. Week number Stage identified 1–5 Vegetative 95. 5 94. 3 97. 5 Week 6–9 Flower 95. 7 96. 7 97. 5 Week 10–15 Fruit 96. 8 96. 6 99. 4 DOI: 10. 7717/peerj-cs. 1871/table-3 Tagle et al. (2018) created a hydroponic tower for urban farming. It was outfitted with various sensor modules to track growth parameters like water temperature and level, total dissolved solids, relative humidity, ambient temperature, and light intensity. A subsequent investigation has included an automated data acquisition system (DAQ) (Shetty, Pai & Mallya, 2021). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim as it describes a hydroponic tower created for urban farming, emphasizing its implementation in a city environment. It mentions the integration of various sensor modules to track growth parameters, directly supporting the idea that hydroponics enables soil-free farming in urban locations.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Smart cities operate without any human oversight or intervention. [SEP] Text: This is addressed by A&EI [23]—in an emergency, whether an accident or a health-related adverse event, every second in fact counts as it carries data correlated with the individual involved. In a temporal-spatial continuous monitoring supported by the dynamic point of perception, the subject’s associated data are distributed in each measuring smart environment and device. Upon the occurrence of an event, such isolated data silos have to concatenate to build the complete informative understanding of the latest health status of the subject. Number (ISAN) takes over the role, aiming at (1) standardizing an event by associating a unique number (token) composed of time and location of the event and ID number, (2) automatically collecting the corresponding isolated data slices of the individual from the alerting system (ie, smart environments and wearables), (3) automatically generating the alert and transferring it to the responding system (ie, emergency service), and (4) simultaneously transferring the vital and nonvital data to the curing system (ie, hospital) for informing the medical personnel before the subject is delivered to the hospital [78,79]. deconstruct the ODH intervention into single independent events and steps (globally called “activities”) as items to be organized in tabular form, called the ODH intervention table (see Multimedia 4. 0 as health care services and technologies involving, eg, robots, 3D printing, cutting-edge ITs, and artificial intelligence [24,80]), and S (surrounding environment). DomainThe field refers to 1 of the 3 areas of digital functionalities (humanities, animalities, and environmentalities) encompassed by the technology ring within the ODH steering wheel [24]. This field is divided into 2 subfields. The first one, named “Speciality,” reports the digitality explicitly deployed in the corresponding activity. Each speciality is assigned to a single row. This means that each single activity is operationalized by one or more specialities and is characterized by the marking letter of the domain it refers to: H (human), A (animal), or S (surrounding environment). Accordingly, H(Si) denotes the ith speciality that operationalizes the general digital functionality from the human domain, which delivers the corresponding activity. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by detailing the need for human intervention in smart cities, especially in emergencies. It emphasizes that in case of an accident or a health-related event, data is collected and utilized in real-time to gather a complete understanding of the situation, demonstrating that human oversight is crucial for actions like generating alerts and transferring vital data to medical personnel before hospital arrival.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: It's argued that evidence of life on Europa could be overlooked due to existing biases. [SEP] Text: Login to your account Email or Remote login password? Keep me logged in Create a new account user Can't sign in? Forgot your password? Enter your email address below and we will send you the reset instructions If the address matches an existing account you will receive an email with instructions to reset your password. Username Can't sign in? Forgot your username? Enter your email address below and we will send you your username If the address matches an existing account you will receive an email with instructions to retrieve your username password must have 8 characters or more and contain 3 of the following: a lower case character, an upper case character, a special character or a digit password has been changed Products & Renew 0 Enter topic, phrases, DOI, title, or author& Well--19 Eye on the IRA Medicare & Costs & 2024, Children, Medicare, Pharmaceuticals & 2024, Care, Coverage & 2024, Needs, Pharmaceuticals & 2024, -19 & Featured 10. 1377/forefront. 20200327. 868172 to favorites health response to an emerging infectious disease creates demands for preventive, diagnostic, and therapeutic interventions. As the COVID-19 pandemic has unfolded, concerns about the cost and availability of a potential vaccine have emerged. While this concern is understandable given the current public health crisis and ongoing concern about patient affordability of health care generally, safeguards for vaccine access and a vaccine procurement and distribution infrastructure are already in place. A range of existing policies and programs promote widespread, affordable access to marketed vaccines, as well as public-private partnerships to support the development and potential stockpiling of new vaccines that address threats like COVID-19. As the country grapples with the challenges presented by the coronavirus, policymakers should remain mindful of existing mechanisms that provide widespread access to affordable vaccines. policies and programs addressing vaccine access can be divided into two pathways. Components of the first pathway have been designed to ensure coverage for and access to vaccines that are currently marketed and recommended for use. At the same time, a second pathway provides robust federal support for the development, procurement, and stockpiling of medical countermeasures needed to respond to infrequent but high-consequence public health events, such as the COVID-19 pandemic. While distinct, both pathways are designed to provide widespread access to vaccines and can be leveraged in a pandemic to ensure that a novel vaccine is available and affordable for the US population. Pathway 1: Conventional U. S. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses COVID-19 vaccine access and policies, failing to address any arguments or evidence related to life on Europa or biases that could lead to overlooking such evidence.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Hydroponics allows for soil-free farming in city environments. [SEP] Text: The DAQ program, written in Arduino software, was intended to collect and store data from six hydroponic parameters. Tembe, Khan & Acharekar (2018) suggested a hydroponics technique in 2018 to meet humans’ food requirements. They put the pH probe module and the light spectrum for hydroponics in place. The hydroponics idea can be applied in areas that are experiencing drought. Hydroponic plants can produce a higher yield and quality with less water consumption. It is not affected by the environment in the hydroponics system, and crops can be grown all year. The foremost disadvantage of a hydroponic system is the higher initial setup cost and the requirement to implement automatic monitoring equipment. Likewise, it requires constant supervision from the farmer. Power outages must be resolved manually in Sihombing et al. (2018) recently established hydroponic organization that only procedures the temperature of the nutrient clarification and the water level. A smartphone can be used to monitor the system. The method developed by Belhekar et al. (2018) and Jaimes et al. (2019) measures the system’s relative humidity, temperature, electrical conductivity, pH, and water level. Farmers are alerted to situations like systemic nutrient imbalances by the data submitted to a database. Monitoring the hydroponic atmosphere is the only function of the system. Therefore, the system is without actuators and depends on the farmer to control occurrences (Belhekar et al. , 2018). et al. (2019) can add rainwater to the design and regulate pH levels. The volume and velocity problem of data generated in a hydroponic system is addressed by Chaiwongsai (2019) using data fusion. Data fusion is a technique that merges (fuses) information from many sensors to provide a more accurate result. Moreover, data fusion lessens network transfers, which lowers traffic and energy use. The authors suggested a control and management system for tropical hydroponic horticulture. The system keeps track of data on the state of the power, temperature, humidity, water level, pH, and EC, which are then sent over the internet to a remote database. Users can access a mobile application to verify the hydroponic sensor’s status. A two-tier network of sensors (including data fusion and SI sensors) makes up the system (DFi). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by describing the hydroponics system, which is a method of farming that does not require soil and can be employed in various environments, including urban areas. Specifically, it mentions that hydroponics is suitable for areas experiencing drought and implies the ability to farm in conditions where traditional agricultural practices may be less feasible. The discussion of hydroponic systems indicates their capacity for higher yields and year-round crop production, reinforcing the idea that hydroponics supports soil-free farming.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Smart cities operate without any human oversight or intervention. [SEP] Text: The second subfield, named “Technology,” refers instead to one or more technological solutions through which the speciality is deployed. Each technology is assigned a single row as well. FAIR Data and an ODH intervention’s FAIRness is a basic requirement to correctly process the entire management cycle and stewardship of the data collected and shared during the intervention itself. Thus, the design and deployment steps of an ODH intervention need for its data to be FAIR. In this context, it means that the data must be (1) “Findable” by allowing for their discovery and sharing continuously between different monitoring, analyzing, and alerting systems; (2) “Accessible” by allowing the relevant and approved individuals and connected systems (ie, on behalf of accredited organizations) to deal with data and information when, where, and how needed to manage regular and disruptive events; (3) “Interoperable” by involving health-related communication, data exchanges, and processing standard protocols offered in a secured technological framework; and (4) “Reusable” to allow for a systematic, continuous, and intelligent integration of big multidimensional data for primary (eg, real-time clinical and environment monitoring) and secondary (eg, clinical and epidemiological follow-up) uses [29]. More specifically, a FAIR data assessment is conducted for every technology singled out so that an overall score is extracted for the speciality that the technologies refer to [29]. We mark satisfying, good, and total versus inadequate FAIRness of an individual technology with the symbols + or −, respectively. DomainThis points out 1 of the other 2 areas of the technology ring (Figure 2) involved in the same activity as the main one. Similar to the main digitality domain, we divide related digitalities into the subfields speciality and technology and assess their level of FAIRness. Figure 2. Example of a graphical representation of digitalities involved in a Health intervention. Data LinkageIn total, 2 digitalities from 2 different domains form a relationship. If 3 digitalities—one from each of the 3 domains—connect with each other, we refer to it as a triality, and the field is duplicated. The “Data Linkage” field relates to the relationship or triality between the specialities described in the previous subsections. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by detailing the importance of human oversight and intervention in managing data within smart city technologies. It emphasizes that the deployment steps of a health intervention require data to be FAIR, which includes being findable, accessible, interoperable, and reusable. This implies that human involvement is necessary to ensure proper handling and stewardship of data, directly contradicting the notion that smart cities operate without any human oversight.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: It's argued that evidence of life on Europa could be overlooked due to existing biases. [SEP] Text: For most Americans, affordable vaccine access today is made possible through a handful of federal and state policies and programs. The most important of these are discussed below. the 1980s, Congress enacted requirements that the influenza, pneumococcal, and hepatitis B vaccines be covered under B with zero cost sharing. of 2003, which created the program—the Medicare drug benefit—provided that all commercially available adult vaccines not covered under would be covered under Part D. However, the 45 million beneficiaries with coverage may be subjected to out-of-pocket costs, and higher rates of immunization have been observed among enrollees in plans that offered $0 cost-sharing. As a result, the 45 million beneficiaries with coverage are subjected to out-of-pocket costs for vaccines, and higher rates of immunization have been observed among enrollees in plans that offered $0 cost-sharing. However, the recently enacted Coronavirus Aid, Relief, and (CARES) Act provides coverage of a COVID-19 vaccine under B without cost sharing. As a result, beneficiaries will not be subject to cost sharing for the vaccine, as they would have if it were to be covered under Part D. Children (VFC) Established in response to a measles outbreak in the U. S. between 1989 to 1991, the federal Vaccines for Children (VFC) program provides childhood vaccines at no cost to over 40 million children who are Medicaid-eligible, uninsured, underinsured, or Alaska Native. The program has resulted in substantial increases in childhood vaccine uptake and drastic reductions in vaccine-preventable disease. Manufacturers negotiate vaccine prices with the Centers for and Prevention (CDC) at levels that are substantially reduced relative to commercial list prices. (ACA) On the heels of the 2009 H1N1 influenza outbreak, in the spring of 2010, Congress passed the Act (ACA). The law requires that all vaccines recommended by the on (ACIP) be covered without cost sharing by non-grandfathered commercial health insurance plans and Medicaid expansion programs. This requirement extended vaccine coverage to millions of Americans, but those in traditional Medicaid programs (e. g. pregnant women) are subject to variable vaccine coverage across states, an access barrier potentially worth evaluating within and beyond the COVID-19 vaccine affordability discussion. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text provided discusses the accessibility and coverage of vaccines in the United States, including historical context and federal programs that influence immunization rates. It does not address the topic of life on Europa or the biases that might lead to overlooking such evidence. Therefore, it is irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Hydroponics allows for soil-free farming in city environments. [SEP] Text: According to Bafdal, Dwiratna & Kendarto (2017), this technology is an advancement over earlier ones. Smart watering is the system’s registered trademark. The valve for the proposed self-aware fertigation is built to adhere to gravity and pressure laws. It implies that the valve will automatically open and shut depending on the predetermined height, enabling adequate nutrient circulation. This kind of technology is excellent for use in places without electricity. A hydroponic intelligent plant care system that uses IoT technology to control the environment was created by Paulchamy et al. (2018). IoT allows users to make changes by quickly adding or removing sensors and actuators. By managing the water sprinkling and pump flow, the IPCH box effectively reduces the CO2 concentration. According to the level, the flow of nutrients to hydroponic plants is automatically increased. The challenging step is maintaining a steady pH level in the water solvent. The crop can be grown anywhere in hydroponics, where the growth rate is 90% more than in regular farming. The novelty of the proposed method for distributing nutrient solution in hydroponic plants lies in its groundbreaking approach to optimizing plant growth through advanced modeling techniques. Unlike existing convolutional neural network (CNN) and deep neural network (DNN) models, this innovative system leverages a unique combination of data-driven insights and real-time feedback mechanisms to achieve unparalleled accuracy. The model’s claim to surpass existing CNN and DNN models is rooted in its ability to adapt and learn dynamically from the intricate interplay of variables affecting plant nutrition. By integrating cutting-edge sensor technologies and machine learning algorithms, the system not only precisely distributes nutrient solutions tailored to the specific needs of each plant but also continuously refines its predictions based on live environmental data. This adaptive and responsive nature sets it apart, positioning it as a pioneering solution in the realm of hydroponic agriculture, promising enhanced crop yields and resource efficiency. Proposed system and system design The ratios of nutrients will keep changing due to plant type, plant stage, plant organ focus, air temperature, and humidity. Automatic hydroponic nutrient management must focus on- Taking complete control of hydroponics that monitor and regulate everything needed for plants, including nutrients, EC, pH, CO2, temperature, and humidity Estimating nutrient ratios for feeding plants. Automating nutrient supply to dispatch nutrients in the right amounts at the right time. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing various advancements and applications of hydroponics, emphasizing that it allows plants to be grown anywhere, thereby supporting soil-free farming specifically in urban settings. It highlights the capabilities of hydroponics, such as managing nutrients and optimizing growth, which are essential elements in context of soil-less agriculture.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Smart cities operate without any human oversight or intervention. [SEP] Text: Equation 1 describes an example of a relationship between 2 specialities:rHA = H(Si) ⊕ A(Sj) (1)where rHA is the relationship between specialities, H(Si) is the ith speciality related to a digital functionality in the human domain, A(Sj) is the jth speciality related to a digital functionality in the animal domain, and ⊕ denotes a special defined operation similar to addition. It implies a possible confrontation between different specific deployments (in different domains) of the same kind of digital functionality. In the absence of a relationship between one speciality from one domain and another speciality from another domain, the symbolism of equation 1 becomes as follows:rHø = H(Si) ⊕ ø (2)where ø is the null element (there is no speciality connecting with Si) and rHø is the absence of a relationship (the second member is null). Consequently, we represent a triality as:t = rHAS = H(Si) ⊕ A(Sj) ⊕ S(Sk) (3)where t = rHAS is the triality (the specialities relate to all 3 domains) and S(Sk) is the kth speciality related to a digital functionality in the environment domain. Technology RingThe technology ring serves as a catalyst among all the digital functionalities that the ODH framework relies on [24]. Accordingly, an ODH intervention takes place ideally within it through a series of steps described as follows. Each of the 3 domains is divided into as many circular sectors as digitalities are involved in the ODH intervention (Figure 2). The width of each circular sector is directly proportional to the number of technologies deployed by the single speciality. Then, the bisector of the angle at the center is identified for each sector and represented by a dashed line. A dot is located along the bisector to represent the rate of involvement of the referring digitality within the ODH intervention. The position of each dot is the output of the overall assessment of the FAIRness of the digitality considered, which involves all the possible technologies related at once; the lesser the output of the assessment, the farther the dot is from the center, and the higher the associated score (decreasing importance from 1 to 5; integer values) of the digitality. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the involvement of human intervention in the Operational Digital Health (ODH) framework. It outlines how the technology ring facilitates intervention and assessment related to digital functionalities across different domains. The presence of a comprehensive process implying human oversight indicates that smart cities do not function independently of human involvement.