Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Bacteria can be engineered to produce pharmaceuticals like insulin. [SEP] Text: [36]), and the apparent Km for ERK1/2 dephosphorylation in one system, crude Xenopus laevis oocyte extracts, is also ∼300nm (C-Y. F. Huang and J. E. Ferrell, unpublished). The total ERK1 and ERK2 concentration in a variety of cell types is typically 300–1000nm (Ref. [9]). From these concentration and Km estimates, it follows that, if ERK1/2 protein were distributed uniformly throughout the cytoplasm, the zero-order ultrasensitivity generated by partial saturation of MEK and MAPK phosphatase would be small (Fig. 3a). Fig. 3 A switch-like response arising from saturation of the MAP-kinase kinase MEK and the MAP-kinase phosphatase by high concentrations of nuclear ERK (a)[35]. The degree of phosphorylation of cytoplasmic (b) and nuclear (c) MAP kinase is shown. The situation changes markedly, however, if the MAP kinase translocates to the nucleus and is maintained there by active nuclear MEK. Roughly 30–50% of a cell's ERK1/2 accumulates in the nucleus in response to strong ERK-activating stimuli[30]. If 50% of the 300-nm MAP kinase present in the cytoplasm translocates to the nucleus, then the nuclear concentration of ERK1/2 will be about 3000nm (given that the nucleus constitutes ∼5% of the cell's volume[37]). MEK and possibly MAP-kinase phosphatase will therefore be operating close to saturation, and the steady-state response of nuclear MAP kinase to increasing concentrations of active nuclear MEK should be strikingly switch-like (Fig. 3b). Again, several caveats arise from our incomplete understanding of the details of the system. We do not know whether the relatively low levels of nuclear MEK that accumulate in stimulated cells are responsible for keeping nuclear ERK1/2 activated, or whether any inactivated nuclear ERK1/2 must exit the nucleus to become reactivated. Active ERK1/2 can dimerize with both active and inactive ERK1/2 (Ref. [34]), and the Km for the interaction between the active/inactive dimer and MEK is not known. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text provided is irrelevant to the claim because it discusses the biochemical interactions and properties of ERK1/2 proteins and their concentrations in cell types, without mentioning bacteria or pharmaceutical production. There is no connection to engineering bacteria for insulin production.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Mental health conditions can have genetic, biological, and environmental causes. [SEP] Text: These studies are particularly interesting because neonatal measures reflect minimal social experience. Results from the Regensburg longitudinal studies have shown that poor neonatal behavioural organisation was related to disorganised behaviour in the at 18 months of age [71, 72]. This, together with findings that some of the behaviours characteristic of attachment disorganisation have also been found in children with developmental disorders [73, 74] imply that biological factors such as the infant's capability to organise environmental stimuli, communicate and regulate internal states and behaviour may also contribute to the development of disorganised attachment. Summarizing the empirical evidence, Barnett and colleagues [75] suggested a two-dimensional model in which both biological vulnerability as well as adverse environment might contribute to the development of atypical (disorganised) attachment behaviour. Twin studies of attachment security and disorganisationSince the study of parent-child attachment was so strongly driven by the environmental theory, a quantitative behaviour-genetic approach has only recently been used to investigate heritable and environmental variance components of attachment security. Most of the existing twin studies of attachment overviewed here have not been designed to focus on attachment, therefore they are quite heterogeneous regarding children's age and the method of assessment. In the Study (LTS), Finkel and Matheny [76] found a significant difference between concordances of attachment classifications of 99 monozygotic (MZ) and 108 dizygotic (DZ) two-year-old twins. Model-fitting resulted in estimates of 25% genetic and 75% non-shared environmental effects. In another study of 57 MZ and 53 same-sex DZ twins aged 3. 5 years, O'Connor and Croft [77] reported results of genetic model-fitting: variance estimates due to genetic, shared and non-shared environmental factors were 14%, 32% and 53%, respectively, but the genetic effect on secure vs. insecure attachment was not significant. Comparing 57 MZ and 81 DZ twin pairs, Bokhorst and colleagues [78] found only unique environmental factors accounting for the variance in disorganised vs. organised attachment, while both shared and non-shared environmental effects accounted for the variance in secure vs. insecure attachment. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing multiple factors influencing mental health conditions. Specifically, it notes that 'biological factors such as the infant's capability to organise environmental stimuli' and 'adverse environment might contribute to the development of atypical (disorganised) attachment behaviour.' Furthermore, it mentions twin studies that highlight the presence of both genetic and environmental factors affecting attachment security and disorganisation, which aligns with the claim regarding the complex interplay of genetic, biological, and environmental causes of mental health conditions.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Telemedicine eliminates the need for in-person visits entirely. [SEP] Text: -19 pandemic unexpectedly shifted the US health care system toward a large volume of telemedicine care. Longer-term telemedicine use in primary care, however, may not be driven primarily by social distancing efforts but instead may focus on ways that telemedicine can offer a convenient option for expanding access to health care. 1 Many patients and health care practitioners now recognize that video or telephone telemedicine can offer patients access to a clinician without transportation arrangements, time off from work, or time spent in a waiting-room. Still, it is unclear whether telemedicine visits adequately address the patient’s clinical concern, are more likely to require subsequent follow-up outpatient care, or are more likely to be followed by a serious health event that requires an emergency department visit or hospital stay. In addition, prior evidence from direct-to-consumer telemedicine, which is often not integrated with the patient’s regular physician or full electronic health record, suggests potential over-prescribing and differences in physician orders and follow-up visits when primary care is delivered through telemedicine compared with through a typical office visit. 2-4 In contrast, little evidence exists about these care processes in telemedicine visits between patients and their own primary care physicians. 5 In a setting with prepandemic patient-scheduled video and telephone telemedicine with patients’ own primary care physicians, we compared telemedicine visits and in-person office visits with regard to care processes and postvisit health care utilization. We hypothesized that serious outcomes would be rare after telemedicine visits but that some patients would require additional follow-up visits. In this cohort study, we examined primary care visits in a large integrated health care delivery system with more than 4 million members, Northern California, which uses a comprehensive outpatient-inpatient electronic health record (EHR; including outpatient, emergency, inpatient, laboratory, imaging, and pharmacy history) and patient portal. The institutional review board of the approved the study protocol and materials and waived the requirement for written informed consent for participants because the study used deidentified data. This study followed Strengthening the Reporting of in Epidemiology () reporting guideline. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the limitations of telemedicine, indicating that while it provides convenience and access, it may not fully replace in-person visits. It mentions that telemedicine visits might still require follow-up outpatient care and that serious health events may necessitate emergency department visits, suggesting that telemedicine doesn't eliminate the need for in-person care.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Bacteria can be engineered to produce pharmaceuticals like insulin. [SEP] Text: In addition, because the relevant nuclear MAP-kinase phosphatase has not yet been identified, it is unclear whether MAP-kinase phosphatase would be saturated by nuclear MAP kinase. Finally, scaffold proteins might alter the mechanism of MAP kinase phosphorylation in ways that could either increase or decrease the resulting ultrasensitivity. Nevertheless, translocation-induced saturation remains an attractive concept; surely nature has made use of it somewhere. 5 ConclusionStraightforward kinetic arguments show that regulated protein translocation can result in switch-like, ultrasensitive responses, provided that multiple components of a signaling cascade are induced to translocate, that translocation results in saturation of one or more of the inactivation reactions in the signaling cascade, or that translocation gives one of the activating components access to a stoichiometric inhibitor. Thus, translocation can, in principle, make the response of a signaling system nonlinear, suppressing initial responses—that is, building a noise gate into the system—and potentiating subsequent responses. We should now be able to test these ideas experimentally. AcknowledgementsI thank for sharing unpublished information and the NIH (grant number GM46383) for support. 1. Hubbard, M. J. ∙ Cohen, P. Trends Biochem. Sci. 1993; 18:172-177Abstract(PDF)Scopus (822)PubMed2. Inagaki, N. ∙ Ito, M. ∙ Nakano, T. . . . Trends Biochem. Sci. 1994; 19:448-452Abstract(PDF)Scopus (88)PubMed3. Mochly-Rosen, D. Science. 1995; 268:247-251CrossrefScopus (835)PubMed4. Faux, M. C. ∙ Scott, J. D. Trends Biochem. Sci. 1996; 21:312-315Abstract(PDF)PubMed5. Newton, A. C. Curr. Biol. 1996; 6:806-809Full Text(PDF)Scopus (59)PubMed6. Lester, L. B. ∙ Scott, J. D. Recent Prog. Horm. Res. 1997; 52:409-429PubMed7. Koshland, Jr, D. E. Science. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim regarding the engineering of bacteria to produce pharmaceuticals such as insulin. Instead, it discusses concepts related to MAP-kinase signaling and translocation, which are unrelated to the claim about bacterial engineering.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Mental health conditions can have genetic, biological, and environmental causes. [SEP] Text: In a model-fitting analysis using data from 485 twin pairs, Roisman and Fraley [79] have also emphasized the role of environment (parenting quality) in accounting for the variability in toddlers' observed secure-base behaviour. Using staff/parent-rated zygosity, a model containing only shared (C) and non-shared (E) environmental variances "was able to explain the data just as well as the full [ACE] model" (p. 835) providing a heritability estimate of 0. 17. Finally, using questionnaire data of attachment disorder behaviours in a very large community sample of 13,472 twins, both twin correlations and model-fitting results suggested a strong genetic influence on attachment disorder behaviour, especially in boys [80]. It is important to recognize the power constraints of quantitative genetic studies such as those using twin comparisons. These analyses aim at assessing heritability; that is, estimating how much of the population variance is due to genetic effects (the rest is environmental variance and measurement error). The twin method is based on comparison of twin correlations or concordances. If genetic effects are important for the trait in question, then correlation or concordance between monozygotic twins should be significantly greater than that between dizygotic twins. Limited sensitivity is inherent in the methodology based on detecting significant differences between twin correlations. This is not such a great limitation for many psychological and psychiatric phenotypes with substantial heritabilities of around 0. 5, but may cause problems in detecting smaller, yet potentially important genetic effects. (It is estimated that any specific gene effect accounts for less than 1% of the variance of complex traits [81]. ) The power limitations of relatively small twin studies are not trivial. Statistical power analysis by Visscher [82] has addressed the questions of rejecting CE models within the classical twin design when the true model is ACE, i. e. there is a significant genetic variance. The simulation results have shown that necessary sample sizes become fairly large at 0. 2 heritability except when shared environmental variance exceeds 0. 5-0. 6. Visscher and colleagues [83] have provided a web-based power calculation tool for determining the minimum number of twin pairs required to detect A and C in an ACE model of given parameters. Unfortunately, all published twin studies of attachment seem to be underpowered for detecting heritability (A), but most are powerful enough for detecting large environmental contributions. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the significant roles of both genetic and environmental factors in psychological traits and disorders. It mentions a heritability estimate indicating genetic influence on attachment disorder behavior, thus highlighting the genetic component, while also emphasizing the importance of environmental variances like parenting quality in shaping behaviors. These points support the idea that mental health conditions can indeed arise from a combination of genetic, biological, and environmental causes.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Telemedicine eliminates the need for in-person visits entirely. [SEP] Text: All clinicians in the setting have had access to video visit technology since 2014, and since 2016, patients scheduling a primary care appointment through the patient portal have been required choose their visit type: office, video, or telephone visit. The only exception was for visits designated as a “routine physical,” which were offered only as office visits. Available clinicians included patients’ own personal primary care clinician (primarily MDs, including nurse practitioners) or other primary care clinicians the patient had visited recently. The scheduling availability and clinicians available were comparable across visit types, with appointment availability generally within 3 days (often available the same day). Further details about video visits used in this setting, patient characteristics associated with use, and patient experiences have been described in prior publications. 6-8 As in an office visit, clinicians conducting telemedicine visits had full access to the patient’s EHR history and documented telemedicine visits directly within the EHR. Patients could receive a call for a telephone visit at any phone number and could access video visits from home or elsewhere in their daily lives directly through any internet-connected and video-enabled computer or mobile device. We studied all completed primary care appointments booked via the patient portal from January 2016 to May 2018. We included only index visits without any other clinical visits within the previous 7 days to define a relatively distinct patient-initiated care-seeking episode. We also excluded visits for routine physical, which were not eligible for telemedicine. 6 We also identified subsets of visits with diagnoses of upper respiratory tract infection (URI) and skin conditions, 2 commonly reported categories of telemedicine chief complaints and diagnoses. For each visit, we identified any prescribing or other orders (eg, for laboratory testing or imaging) associated with the visit, including the subset of prescriptions specifically for antibiotics. To characterize short-term follow-up health care utilization, we extracted all office-visits, emergency department visits, and hospitalizations within 7 days after the index primary care visit. We examined each outcome in the full sample of all patient visits, and in the subset of visits with diagnoses of URI and skin conditions because these were common visit reasons with prior telemedicine evidence. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by providing details about the limitations of telemedicine, specifically noting that visits designated as a 'routine physical' were only offered as office visits, indicating that telemedicine does not eliminate in-person visits entirely.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Bacteria can be engineered to produce pharmaceuticals like insulin. [SEP] Text: 1998; 280:852-853CrossrefScopus (89)PubMed8. Koshland, Jr, D. E. ∙ Goldbeter, A. ∙ Stock, J. B. Science. 1982; 217:220-225CrossrefScopus (367)PubMed9. Ferrell, Jr, J. E. Trends Biochem. Sci. 1996; 21:460-466Abstract(PDF)Scopus (497)PubMed10. Thron, C. D. Oncogene. 1997; 15:317-325CrossrefScopus (56)PubMed11. Pines, J. ∙ Hunter, T. J. Cell Biol. 1991; 115:1-17CrossrefScopus (761)PubMed12. Ookata, K. . . . EMBO J. 1992; 11:1763-1772CrossrefScopus (218)PubMed13. Heald, R. ∙ McLoughlin, M. ∙ McKeon, F. Cell. 1993; 74:463-474Abstract(PDF)Scopus (404)PubMed14. Jin, P. ∙ Gu, Y. ∙ Morgan, D. O. J. Cell Biol. 1996; 134:963-970CrossrefScopus (254)PubMed15. Jin, P. ∙ Hardy, S. ∙ Morgan, D. O. J. Cell Biol. 1998; 141:875-885CrossrefScopus (269)PubMed16. Pines, J. ∙ Hunter, T. EMBO J. 1994; 13:3772-3781CrossrefScopus (229)PubMed17. Li, J. ∙ Meyer, A. N. ∙ Donoghue, D. J. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 1997; 94:502-507CrossrefScopus (184)PubMed18. Toyoshima, F. . . . EMBO J. 1998; 17:2728-2735CrossrefScopus (284)PubMed19. Yang, J. . . . Genes Dev. 1998; 12:2131-2143CrossrefScopus (285)PubMed20. Brown, G. C. ∙ Hoek, J. B. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text provided lists various research articles and their citations, but it does not contain information or analysis regarding the engineering of bacteria to produce pharmaceuticals such as insulin. Therefore, it is irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Mental health conditions can have genetic, biological, and environmental causes. [SEP] Text: In addition, behaviour-genetic analyses usually employ main effects models dividing up the total phenotypic variance into additive (or dominant) genetic, shared and non-shared environmental components. They normally do not separate gene-environment interactions (genetic sensitivity to environments) and gene-environment correlations (arising from experiences correlated with genetic propensities). Finally, quantitative genetic modelling does not go beyond the extent to which genetic factors influence behavioural traits, that is they are not informative about specific genes or specific environmental factors affecting the behaviours in question. Molecular genetic studies of attachmentThe development of molecular genetic methodology started to shift the focus of study towards locating and identifying specific genes underlying genetic effects evident in twin and adoptive studies, even before sequencing the human genome was completed. The widely used strategy of allele association investigates correlations of gene variants with phenotypes, i. e. , it probes if individuals with a trait of interest carry a specific gene variant more frequently than individuals in a control group (case-control studies). The method of allele association has been quickly and productively applied in the area of multi-factorial mental illnesses for which genetic components have long been demonstrated by large heritability estimates. Genes regulating the cerebral levels of important neurotransmitters (dopamine, serotonin, GABA, etc. ) or signal transmission efficiency (neurotransmitter receptors and genes) have been targeted in association studies of major psychiatric disorders such as schizophrenia, bipolar disorders, attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), and autism [84], as well as of personality traits [85]. The first investigation of the specific genetic background of attachment behaviour showed an association between D4 dopamine receptor (DRD4) gene polymorphism and infants' attachment behaviour [86]. The level of dopamine and the density of dopamine receptors in the PFC increase between 6-12 months of infant life, when many of these functions go through intensive development [87] and when the development of first attachment relationships typically takes place. The highly polymorphic DRD4 gene has a number of frequent functional variants in the populations [88]. One of these is a variable number 48 base pair tandem repeat (48 bp VNTR) in the coding region of the gene [89]. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing genetic components affecting mental health, such as through behavior-genetic analyses and molecular genetic studies. It mentions the significant role of genetic factors in behavioral traits and highlights the interaction between genetic predispositions and environmental influences, consistent with the claim that mental health conditions can arise from genetic, biological, and environmental causes.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Telemedicine eliminates the need for in-person visits entirely. [SEP] Text: 9 comparing outcomes associated with index visit type, we accounted for a broad set of visit covariates using several types of patient characteristics previously shown to be associated with visit-type choice, including patient sociodemographic characteristics, and other measures of accessibility and affordability grouped into technology access, in-person visit barriers, and patient-clinician affiliation. 6 We used the EHR to identify patient sociodemographic characteristics (age, sex, race and ethnicity, and language preference), patient’s residential address to define patient neighborhood socioeconomic status (2010 US census measures at the census block group level), and neighborhood residential high-speed internet access level (Commission census tract level data). We included patients’ mobile portal use in the prior 365 days as a measure of mobile device access and video visit use in the prior 365 days as a measure of video visit experience. We extracted the patient’s insurance benefit cost-sharing for office visits. We also extracted the estimated drive time from the patient’s residence to the nearest health system medical facility and the type of parking offered at that facility (free parking lot or structure vs paid parking structure). We used automated data to identify whether the index visit was scheduled by a family care partner with permissions to act for the patient through the patient portal and whether the appointment was scheduled with the patient’s own personal primary care clinician. We used a multivariable logistic regression model to examine the association between index visit type (in-person visit, video visit, or telephone visit) and outcomes, including any prescribing, antibiotic prescribing, and orders during the visit; any in-person visit, emergency department visit. and hospitalization within 7 days after the index visit. The model was adjusted for patient age, sex, and race and ethnicity; neighborhood socioeconomic status; preferred language for health care; out-of-pocket cost-sharing for office visits; drive time to clinic; facility parking garage and fee; neighborhood internet access level; mobile portal use in prior 365 days; video visits in prior 365 days; whether the appointment was booked by a care partner on behalf of the patient; whether the clinician was the patient’s own personal primary care clinician; patient medical problem (Classification of Diseases and Problems, code grouping of primary diagnosis); whether the patient had preexisting chronic conditions (in clinical registry of asthma, heart failure, diabetes, and hypertension in quarter prior to index visit); and medical center. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing a variety of factors considered in determining the type of visit (in-person, video, or telephone) and highlights the complexity of visit-type decisions based on various patient characteristics. The analysis of different visit types implies that in-person visits remain a relevant option for patients, indicating that telemedicine does not entirely eliminate the need for in-person visits.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Bacteria can be engineered to produce pharmaceuticals like insulin. [SEP] Text: ∙ Kholodenko, B. N. Trends Biochem. Sci. 1997; 22:288(PDF)Scopus (72)PubMed21. Ferrell, Jr, J. E. Trends Biochem. Sci. 1997; 22:288-289(PDF)Scopus (120)PubMed22. Borgne, A. ∙ Meijer, L. J. Biol. Chem. 1996; 271:27847-27854CrossrefScopus (125)PubMed23. Crenshaw, D. G. ∙ Yang, J. ∙ Means, A. R. . . . EMBO J. 1998; 17:1315-1327CrossrefScopus (170)PubMed24. Shen, M. ∙ Stukenberg, P. T. ∙ Kirschner, M. W. . . . Genes Dev. 1998; 12:706-720CrossrefScopus (311)PubMed25. Solomon, M. J. . . . Cell. 1990; 63:1013-1024Abstract(PDF)Scopus (623)PubMed26. Izumi, T. ∙ Maller, J. L. Mol. Biol. Cell. 1993; 4:1337-1350CrossrefScopus (255)PubMed27. Hoffmann, I. . . . EMBO J. 1993; 12:53-63CrossrefScopus (569)PubMed28. Ferrell, Jr, J. E. ∙ Machleder, E. M. Science. 1998; 280:895-898CrossrefScopus (885)PubMed29. Huang, C-Y. F. ∙ Ferrell, Jr, J. E. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 1996; 93:10078-10083CrossrefScopus (973)PubMed30. Chen, R. H. ∙ Sarnecki, C. ∙ Blenis, J. Mol. Cell. Biol. 1992; 12:915-927CrossrefPubMed31. Fukuda, M. ∙ Gotoh, I. ∙ Gotoh, Y. . . . J. Biol. Chem. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text lists various scientific publications and authors without providing any information or evidence regarding the engineering of bacteria to produce pharmaceuticals like insulin. Therefore, it does not directly support or contradict the claim and is considered irrelevant.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Mental health conditions can have genetic, biological, and environmental causes. [SEP] Text: Receptor molecules coded by the 7-repeat allele have been found to have a lower potency for dopamine-mediated coupling to adenylate cyclase than receptors encoded by the other frequent, 2- or 4-repeat forms [90], and more recent results suggest an additional effect of the 48 bp VNTR on gene expression [91, 92]. Allele association studies have linked the 48 bp repeat polymorphism of the DRD4 gene with normal variations of neonatal, infant, and adult temperament [85], but also with clinical hyperactivity (ADHD) [93, 94]. In the longitudinal Budapest Infant-(BIPS), a relative over-representation of the 7-repeat variant of the 48 bp VNTR polymorphism was found in the group of infants displaying insecure-disorganised attachment behaviour with their mothers in the [86]. The estimated relative risk for disorganised attachment among children carrying the 7-repeat allele was four-fold, with the frequency of the 7-repeat allele being 67% in disorganised infants as opposed to 20% in securely attached infants [95], and with 50% frequencies in the insecure-avoidant and resistant groups. Subsequently, we also reported an interaction between the structural 48 bp repeat polymorphism and the -521 C/T promoter polymorphism in the same group of infants: the association between disorganised attachment and the 7-repeat allele was enhanced by the presence of the -521T allele [96]. researchers have failed to replicate this association [97, 98], parental genetic data and family-based analyses in the Hungarian sample showed a highly significant non-transmission of the 7-repeat allele (and the -521T~7-repeat haplotype) to securely attached infants, as well as a trend for preferential transmission to disorganised infants [95]. The preferential non-transmission of the 7-repeat allele to securely attached infants suggested that not carrying this allele might, in fact, have a protective effect, favouring the development of secure early attachment in this sample. Gene-environment interaction effects on infant attachmentSpecific genetic effects on phenotypes may be conditional on specific environments and thus be undetected in other environments. Similarly, exposure to specific environments are often influenced by choices that depend on the individuals' genetic make-up. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing genetic factors related to mental health, specifically through allele associations with conditions such as ADHD and attachment styles. It indicates that the 7-repeat allele's presence is linked to variations in behaviors and attachment, supporting the idea that genetic predispositions can influence mental health conditions. Additionally, the mention of gene-environment interactions further reinforces that environmental factors can interact with genetic make-up in shaping mental health outcomes.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Telemedicine eliminates the need for in-person visits entirely. [SEP] Text: We examined each outcome using a separate logistic regression model because standard composite measures of study outcomes were not readily available and each outcome represents a clinically distinct action and outcome. Standard errors were adjusted for repeated visits by patients. For easier interpretation, we calculated an adjusted rate for each outcome from the multivariable logistic regression model as if every visit in the entire cohort was an in-person visit, as if every visit in the entire cohort was a video visit, and as if every visit in the entire cohort was a telephone visit. We repeated the analyses for the 2 subsets of visits with diagnoses of URI and skin conditions (e14. 2 (StataCorp LLC). all 2 178 440 patient-scheduled primary care visits scheduled by 1 131 722 patients (611 821 [54%] female; mean [SD] age, 43 [22] years), 1 870 552 (86%) were scheduled as office visits and 307 888 (14%) as telemedicine visits, with 20 115 (7%) of the telemedicine visits by video. Overall, 13. 5% of visits were for patients younger than 18 years and 22. 2% were among patients 65 years or older; 54. 9% were for female patients, 59. 8% were for White patients, and 95. 1% were for English-speaking individuals (Table). 6 Prescribing and adjustment (Figure 1 and the eTable in the Supplement), the rate of visits with any medication prescribing was 51. 9% (95% CI, 51. 8%-52. 0%) for office visits, 38. 6% (95% CI, 38. 0%-39. 3%) for video visits, and 34. 7% (95% CI, 34. 5%-34. 9%) for telephone visits; the rate of any antibiotics prescribing was 13. 5% (95% CI, 13. 4%-13. 5%) for office visits, 10. 6% (95% CI, 10. 2%-11. 0%) for video visits, and 9. 7% (95% CI, 9. 5%-9. 8%) for telephone visits. As shown in Figure 2, the adjusted rate of ordering any laboratory test or imaging was 59. 3% (95% CI, 59. 3%-59. 4%) for office visits, 29. 2% (95% CI, 28. 5%-29. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by detailing that a significant portion of visits (86%) are still scheduled as office visits, and it discusses specific outcomes for telemedicine versus in-person visits. This evidence indicates that telemedicine does not eliminate in-person visits, as many patients still prefer or require them.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: CRISPR technology allows for targeted gene editing in various organisms. [SEP] Text: is Open Access? is an initiative that aims to make scientific research freely available to all. To date our community has made over 100 million downloads. It’s based on principles of collaboration, unobstructed discovery, and, most importantly, scientific progression. As PhD students, we found it difficult to access the research we needed, so we decided to create a new publisher that levels the playing field for scientists across the world. How? By making research easy to access, and puts the academic needs of the researchers before the business interests of publishers. are a community of more than 103,000 authors and editors from 3,291 institutions spanning 160 countries, including winners and some of the world’s most-cited researchers. Publishing on IntechOpen allows authors to earn 10. 5772/intechopen. 1003940 this 1. Choose citation style Select style to clipboard Get citation 2. Choose citation style Select format Bibtex RIS Download citation by From the and purchase hard copies of this book, please contact the representative in India: CBS Publishers & Distributors Pvt. Ltd. www. cbspd. com | customercare@cbspd. com 1. Choose citation style Select style to clipboard Get citation 2. Choose citation style Select format Bibtex RIS Download citation Impact of this 1. IntroductionPotato (Solanum tuberosum), a member of the Solanaceae family, is at fourth position among the most important staple food crops in the globe succeeded by rice and wheat in terms of human consumption [1]. By 2050, the estimated world population will be 9. 7 billion and potato will have a vital role in the future in securing food resources for the human beings [2]. From breeding point of view, potato has both morphological and genetical advantages and disadvantages. As potato is asexually propagated, it is exempted from the need to be bred from true seeds to produce homogenous plants. Being tetraploid makes it extremely difficult for desired features to be passed on to offspring in the future [3]. Moreover, potato research is complicated and time-taking process as it is highly heterozygous and polyploid crop, which cause significant hinderance while utilizing standard breeding approaches, ultimately making use of genome editing indispensable [4, 5]. At present, research is being conducted for improvement of specific desirable traits in several crops through genome editing (GE) technologies. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim directly as it discusses issues related to access in scientific publishing and the importance of potatoes as a staple food crop, rather than specific details about CRISPR technology or gene editing. Therefore, it is irrelevant to the claim about CRISPR technology.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Mental health conditions can have genetic, biological, and environmental causes. [SEP] Text: Such interplay between genes and environment may channel individual development into different trajectories early in life and affect the long-term development of mental health and disorder. A shift from association studies targeting genetic main effects towards investigating the interaction of genetic and environmental influences is reflected by the accumulating evidence for such processes being reported in recent literature [99]. Important reports are emerging, describing the moderation of behavioural responses to early rearing conditions by specific genotypes. For example, in the Dunedin study, Caspi and colleagues found that links between childhood maltreatment and later psychological maladjustment were moderated by genetic factors [100]. The functional polymorphism of the monoamine oxidase A (MAOA) gene affecting enzyme activity moderated the relation between early maltreatment and later antisocial behaviour in males. In the same population, the 5-regulatory polymorphism of the serotonin transporter gene was shown to moderate the effect of early maltreatment on adult depression in both sexes [101]. Both findings have since been replicated [102–104]. Importantly, in these studies, the genetic factors had no main effects on the outcome and the genetic influence was detected only when the environmental measure of maltreatment was included in the analyses. Our own study of the genetic effects on disorganised attachment has been extended by investigating the interplay between DRD4 gene polymorphism and maternal behaviour [54]. In order to increase the range of environmental and behavioural measures, we have done this in collaboration with the Boston-based US research group led by Dr. Karlen Lyons-Ruth, an expert on disorganised attachment in infants and atypical behaviour of mothers. Demographic risk, DRD4 7-repeat genotype, levels of atypical maternal behaviour and infant disorganised attachment were combined across the middle income, low risk Hungarian and the low income, high social risk US samples (N = 96 and 42, respectively). We found that, in the combined sample, disorganised attachment was related to both cumulative demographic risk and maternal atypical behaviour, but the main effect of infant 7-repeat genotype on disorganised attachment was no longer significant. However, the relation between maternal atypical behaviour and infant disorganisation was moderated by infant DRD4 genotype. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by detailing how genetic and environmental factors interact to influence mental health outcomes. It describes studies which reveal that genetic factors can moderate the effects of early environmental conditions, such as childhood maltreatment, on mental health disorders. For instance, it notes that the MAOA gene polymorphism affected the relation between early maltreatment and antisocial behavior, while the serotonin transporter gene polymorphism moderated the effect of maltreatment on adult depression. Additionally, the text discusses the interplay between genetic factors and maternal behavior, emphasizing that environmental influences are critical in understanding mental health development, supporting the idea that mental health conditions arise through a complex interplay of genetic, biological, and environmental causes.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Telemedicine eliminates the need for in-person visits entirely. [SEP] Text: 8%) for video visits, and 27. 3% (95% CI, 27. 1%-27. 5%) for telephone visits. This pattern in care processes between office visits and telemedicine visits was consistent among the subset of visits with diagnoses of URI and skin conditions. Postvisit Follow-up adjustment, 24. 5% (95% CI, 24. 5%-24. 6%) of office visits, 25. 4% (95% CI, 24. 7%-26. 0%) of video visits, and 26. 0% (95% CI, 25. 9%-26. 2%) of telephone visits were followed by an in-person office visit in the subsequent 7 days (Figure 3). Adjusted rates of emergency department visits within 7 days were not statistically significantly different between office visits (1. 30%, 95%CI, 1. 29%-1. 32%) and video visits (1. 23%; 95% CI, 1. 06%-1. 40%) but slightly higher among telephone visits (1. 37%; 95% CI, 1. 33%-1. 41%) (Figure 4). Adjusted rates of hospitalizations were not statistically significantly different by primary care index visit type; 0. 23% (95% CI, 0. 22%-0. 24%) of in-person office visits, 0. 23% (95% CI, 0. 14%-0. 32%) of video visits, and 0. 22% (95% CI, 0. 21%-0. 24%) of telephone visits were followed by hospitalization within 7 days. a large, integrated health care setting newly offering patient-scheduled primary care telemedicine visits, adjusted rates of prescribing and ordering were statistically significantly lower for telemedicine visits compared with in-person office visits. This was consistent for all visits and for the subset of visits with diagnoses of URI or skin conditions. Return office visit utilization was slightly higher after video and telephone visits than after an in-person primary care visit. Rates of emergency visits and hospitalizations were low and comparable between in-person and video or telephone primary care visits. We examined the integration of patient-initiated telemedicine visits with ongoing clinical care and patient-clinician relationships in a nonpandemic study period. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by providing evidence that telemedicine visits do not eliminate the need for in-person visits entirely. It states that a percentage of telemedicine visits were followed by subsequent in-person office visits, indicating that patients still required face-to-face consultations after telemedicine interactions. This suggests that while telemedicine is an alternative, it does not completely replace the necessity of in-person visits.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: CRISPR technology allows for targeted gene editing in various organisms. [SEP] Text: The binding domain consists of eukaryotic transcription factors and 3–6 zinc finger repeats which recognize between 9 and 18 base pairs [22], whereas the DNA-cleavage domain has a FokI restriction enzyme DNA cleavage. To cleave the DNA, the zinc finger domain fused at its C-termini via a peptide linker to the FokI of the cleavage domain. This cleavage domain must dimerize in order to cut DNA. For two cleavage domains to dimerize, the two different ZFNs with their C-termini must bind to opposing DNA strands. If zinc finger, domains are unable to target their specific site within the genome, then off-target cleavage occurs. This off-target cleavage may result in significant double-strand breaks that stop the repair process, which results in cell death or chromosome rearrangements. Further, this leads to the random integration of donor DNA [23]. These domains can be customized to target desired DNA sequences within the complex genomes. By utilizing endogenous DNA repair mechanisms, ZFNs can be used for the precise genome alteration of higher organisms. The efficiency of a given ZFN pair depends on its binding affinity and sequence specificity, both of which impact long-term stability and on-target modification [24]. It is a time taking process to design successful ZFNs. Moreover, ZFNs have poor targeting density which leads to off-targets. 2. 2 activator-like effector nucleases (TALENs) are synthetic restriction enzymes that merge the FokI nucleases with the DNA-binding domain of TALEs. TALEs are the natural lethal proteins derived from the Xanthomonas bacteria that bind with specifically targeted DNA sites via a DNA-binding domain in the centre to activate host gene expression. This central domain uses a unique DNA-binding mechanism that involves one-to-one correspondence between an individual repeat and a single nucleotide. Each TALE array has fifteen to nineteen individual tandem repeats and is highly conserved that varies only at amino acid positions twelve and thirteen, known as repeat variable di-residue (RVD) [25]. The RVDs determine the binding specificity of DNA with the TALE array base on one-to-one correspondence along with the base as specified RVD. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text discusses zinc finger nucleases (ZFNs) and transcription activator-like effector nucleases (TALENs), which are other forms of gene editing technology. However, it does not address CRISPR technology specifically or its capabilities for targeted gene editing, making it irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Mental health conditions can have genetic, biological, and environmental causes. [SEP] Text: The relationship was strong in the group of infants lacking the 7-repeat variant; as expected, mothers showing a low level of anomalous behaviour had infants displaying a low level of disorganisation, and conversely, infants of highly atypical mothers showed a high level of disorganised attachment behaviour. In contrast, the level of disorganisation in infants who carried the 7-repeat allele was at an intermediate level and unrelated to the degree of maternal atypical behaviour. Infants carrying the 7-repeat allele thus seemed to be less sensitive to maternal behaviour. At the same time, the previously reported main effect of the 7-repeat genotype on attachment disorganisation was restricted to the group with mothers low on atypical behaviour. This pattern of results was also present in the separate US and the Hungarian samples. We hypothesised that functional variations in the DRD4 gene expressed preferentially in brain regions of the reward circuit might modulate sensitivity to maternal stimuli, which in turn might result in infants' differential sensitivity to aspects of care-giving behaviour. Results of this first molecular genetic study of infant attachment [86, 96] seem to have transformed the attachment field by increasing interest in studying genetic and gene-environment interaction effects. A number of research groups have genotyped participants of previous and ongoing attachment studies, or have begun including genetic markers in the design of new studies. A further investigation of the DRD4 48 bp VNTR showed that infant genotype moderated the previously reported intergenerational transmission of mothers' unresolved trauma to disorganised attachment: the link was significant for infants carrying the 7-repeat allele only [105]. Studies have been extended by investigating associations with other candidate genes. The polymorphic serotonin transporter gene, coding for one of the important regulator of the synaptic level of the neurotransmitter serotonin, has been linked previously to anxiety-related traits [106] and affective disorders [107]. The 5-repeat polymorphism in the promoter region of the gene affects gene expression, that is the number of available serotonin transporter molecules. The 'short' 5-allele has been associated with low serotonin metabolism and behavioural problems in infant and juvenile Rhesus monkeys reared with peers only, but not in monkeys who were reared with their mothers and peers during infancy. In contrast, monkeys carrying only the 'long' allele showed normal metabolism and behavioural functioning, regardless of their early rearing history [108]. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the genetic influence on infant attachment behavior, specifically mentioning how variations in the DRD4 gene can affect sensitivity to maternal behavior, indicating a genetic basis for behavioral outcomes linked to mental health. Additionally, it highlights interactions between genetic factors, maternal behavior, and environmental effects, thus providing examples of how genetic, biological, and environmental factors contribute to mental health conditions.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Telemedicine eliminates the need for in-person visits entirely. [SEP] Text: Although the landscape of telemedicine payment barriers has improved particularly during the COVID-19 pandemic, this study offers an opportunity to examine a study setting with patient-scheduled telemedicine fully integrated into clinical care delivery and into the EHR, with consistent clinicians and availability between visit types. This type of integration between physicians conducting in-person and telemedicine visits and settings is increasingly common under pandemic telemedicine expansions. 10 In contrast to prior findings from direct-to-consumer telehealth physicians that may not be linked with a patient’s history or ongoing clinician relationships, we found lower rates of antibiotic prescribing via clinically integrated telemedicine visits compared with in-person clinic visits. 2,3 Our findings of low but differentially higher in-person follow-up visits after telemedicine are consistent with prior findings in direct-to-consumer telemedicine settings. 4 Still, even in cases in which a telemedicine visit does not serve as a stand-alone visit, there may be additional potential visits in telemedicine in offering initial clinical and site-of-care guidance. Even as pandemic concerns subside over time and telemedicine use rates continue to evolve, our findings suggest that telemedicine can be used to safely address some concerns when offered in the context of integrated in-person health care services. Aside from social-distancing aspects of telemedicine, patients will likely continue to choose virtual care for convenient health care access, potentially when facing barriers to in-person health care services, such as travel, mobility, taking time off from work, or caregiving responsibilities. 8 We have previously published associations between patient sociodemographic and technology access characteristics and visit type choice. 6 In addition, patients may also choose telemedicine if they do not expect that their condition will require in-person examination or services. Despite increasing use and availability of video technology, telephone-based virtual care is often still the dominant type of telemedicine used by patients and physicians, including during the COVID-19 pandemic. 3 Furthermore, given the potential digital divide in technology access to support video telemedicine visits, our findings of general comparability in adverse health events between telephone and video-based telemedicine visits in primary care suggest that phone visits may continue to offer a simple health care access option without raising safety concerns. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by stating that even with the use of telemedicine, there can be additional potential in-person visits for clinical guidance. It emphasizes that telemedicine can be integrated with in-person care and that patients may still require follow-up visits or examinations that necessitate in-person consultations. It suggests that telemedicine does not eliminate in-person visits completely, but rather offers an alternative that may complement traditional care.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: CRISPR technology allows for targeted gene editing in various organisms. [SEP] Text: Accretion of reducing sugars through cold induced sweetening is swayed by several metabolic processes viz starch synthesis, degradation, glycolysis, hexogenesis and mitochondrial respiration. A family of ubiquitous enzymes termed invertases degrades starch into sucrose and fructose [51]. These invertases have been sub-localized to cell wall, vacuole and cytoplasm. Vacuole localized invertases (VInv) play a significant role in cold induced sugar production. Therefore, these have been targeted most to prevent cold induced sweetening. Silencing VInv gene has been accomplished mostly by RNAi [52], TALEN [23] andCas technologies [53]. Significant reduction in sugar levels were observed in the transgenics developed via these technologies. 4. 5 StarchPotato is a valuable source of starch. Potato starch is used for both culinary and industrial purposes. It is often made up of amylose (20–30%) and amylopectin (70–80%) [54]. The amylose/amylopectin ratio influences the characteristics of both dietary and industrial starch [55]. Amylose-free starch has better freeze-thaw stability and is thus a key component in the manufacturing of frozen foods. Amylopectin has good binding properties and is therefore employed in the paper and glue industries [56]. Therefore, to increase amylopectin content; earlier the genetic engineering efforts primarily aim to produce amylose-free (waxy) potatoes. This might be accomplished by targeting specific genes involved in starch production [57]. Potatoes that produce amylopectin starch may be created by knocking out or silencing the GBSS gene. Various methods have been used to accomplish development of amylopectin rich cultivars viz. , radiation-induced mutagenesis, antisense technologies like and, more recently,Cas [58]. Amylose-free or amylose-reduced lines of sweet potato cultivars have also been developed utilizingCAS genome editing system [59]. Nowadays main focus of researchers has been on altering starch properties to reduce its harmful effects on humans prone to obesity and diabetes. Potatoes with less digestible starch i. e. , resistant starch has been engineered by RNAi mediated silencing of genes encoding for starch binding enzymes (SBE). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text discusses various methods of gene editing, including RNAi and TALEN, but does not explicitly mention CRISPR technology as a means for targeted gene editing. Since it does not support or contradict the claim directly regarding CRISPR, and rather focuses on other genetic engineering methods, it is deemed irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Mental health conditions can have genetic, biological, and environmental causes. [SEP] Text: A similar protective effect of the homozygous 'long/long' (l/l) genotype or else a buffering effect of maternal behaviour was found in human studies of infant attachment. For infants with a 'short' allele, variation in mothers' responsiveness was significantly associated with attachment security [109] or attachment disorganisation [110, 111]. For infants homozygous for the 'long' allele (l/l), there was no association between maternal responsiveness and attachment security or disorganisation. The gene-environment interaction effects on attachment reported in the above-cited publications are consistent with Belsky's differential susceptibility hypothesis [112], i. e. , children's susceptibility to care-giving experience seems to be moderated by genetic factors. Unfortunately, all these attachment studies, as usual, involved relatively small sample sizes. In the light of the latest meta-analyses questioning the 5-main effects [113] and 5-by stressful environment interaction effects [114], these initial investigations of genetic and gene-environment interaction effects on attachment need to be confirmed by larger studies, possibly including multiple polymorphisms of multiple candidate genes. Genetic moderation of effects of early mother-child relationship on children's problem behaviourFollowing up their above mentioned study [109], Kochanska and colleagues [115] found that the 5-promoter genotype moderated not only the relationship between maternal responsiveness and attachment security to the mother, but also the relationship of attachment security with children's later ability for self-regulation at 2, 3 and 4 years of age. Insecurely attached children with a 'short' 5-allele (s/s and s/l) developed poor regulatory capacities, but those who were securely attached did not show a deficit compared to children who were homozygous for the 'long' allele (l/l). For children homozygous for the 'long' 5-allele, attachment security was not related to self-regulation. The authors' interpretation that secure attachment relationship can serve as a protective factor in the presence of risk conferred by a genotype might however be confounded by their previously reported finding [109] that infants with l/l genotype were predominantly securely attached. It seems that in this case, consistent with other primate and human studies, the 5-l/l genotype has a protective effect in the face of parenting risk. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing how genetic factors, such as the homozygous 'long/long' genotype, interact with maternal behaviour and environmental influences to affect attachment security in infants. It highlights that genetic moderation plays a role in how individuals respond to caregiving experiences, supporting the idea that mental health conditions can be influenced by genetic and environmental factors.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Telemedicine eliminates the need for in-person visits entirely. [SEP] Text: 6 study has limitations. In this observational study, although our analyses adjusted for a wide range of patient and clinical covariates, we could not rule out unmeasured confounding, especially because the visit type in our study was self-selected by patients. Also, in examining patients self-scheduled visits via the portal, these findings may not represent visits booked by clinic staff at the request of a physician. More research is needed to fully characterize the full range of telemedicine visits used by patients and physicians. Our study outcomes were constructed such that the orders we identified in a given visit (eg, the ordering of future preventive tests) or visits in a given follow-up period (eg, new health problems may arise) may not have been directly related to the index visit. Because the subgroup analyses were limited to 2 specific common clinical subsets (skin and URI concerns), further research is also needed to characterize the use and outcomes associated with the wide range of specific clinical concerns and pathways addressed in primary care. In using a relatively short number of days to define a distinct care-seeking episode, we were not able account for patients’ longer-term history with a condition or the condition’s severity or its effect on the current visit type or outcome. This study did not aim to directly assess clinical appropriateness of a given visit type or health care utilization choice; further research is needed to closely examine this question. Also, the generalizability of our study is limited to the care delivery and nonpandemic setting of the data. Further research in the use of telemedicine during the COVID-19 pandemic is needed, particularly as the balance between telemedicine and in-person services and between telephone and video visits continues to evolve. Similarly visit types may vary between health care systems and geographic areas and may also vary over time. contrast to direct-to-consumer telemedicine, in this cohort study of patients using telemedicine to visit their own primary care physicians, we did not find evidence of overordering or overprescribing. Future study is needed to further examine the quality and safety of telemedicine within ongoing patient-physician relationships. Patient-scheduled video or telephone visits with their own primary care physicians were associated with a modestly higher rate of follow-up outpatient office visits than were initial in-person visits. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by suggesting that telemedicine does not eliminate the need for in-person visits. It states that patient-scheduled video or telephone visits were associated with a 'modestly higher rate of follow-up outpatient office visits than were initial in-person visits,' indicating that telemedicine may actually lead to increased in-person visits rather than eliminating them.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: CRISPR technology allows for targeted gene editing in various organisms. [SEP] Text: Enzymatic browning (EB) causes nutritional quality loss and alters the flavor and texture of tubers. Mechanical injury caused when tubers are cut, sliced or peeled disrupts subcellular compartmentation, resulting in the release of amyloplast-localized PPOs and vacuole-localized phenolic compounds [68]. PPOs catalyze the oxidation of monophenols and/or o-diphenols to o-quinones in the presence of oxygen, which then polymerize and form complexes with proteins, resulting in brown pigment build-up [69]. This enzyme is coded by a multi-gene family, and five PPO genes in potato have been recognized thus far, with numerous allele variants for each gene [68]. Though enzymatic browning is a quantitative characteristic, PPOs are frequently used as target genes to minimize browning in tubers because the PPO loci have a strong correlation with the QTL associated with browning of tubers [70]. Because PPOs are involved in numerous physiological functions as well as defense against diseases and pests, knocking out all PPO genes would almost certainly be fatal to plants. As a result, specific gene targeting or allele silencing is necessary [68]. Substantial progress has been made in this direction. StPPO2 gene was effectively modified in the cv. Desiree viaCas9 [13]. Two different types of edited lines were created by the four-allele StPPO2 edition: those with 111-bp non-frameshift alterations and those with frameshift mutations in the coding region that may have affected the activity of the enzyme after translation. No matter the mutation type, all lines had lower PPO expression levels and were less susceptible to EB than the wild type [13]. GM potato varieties (Innate® potato) with decreased enzymatic browning (EB) and minimal acrylamide generation have been successfully developed and are under cultivation [71]. Advertisement 5. Challenges in potato gene editingPotato is an asexually propagated, heterozygous and polyploid crop, which causes multiple obstacles in utilization of genome editing approaches. Major obstacles are: complications in target designing for gene editing and acquiring homozygous mutants with mutation of all targeted gene(s), which make it essential to screen a vast number of transformed plants to identify and propagate mutated lines carrying multiple alleles. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text discusses enzymatic browning in tubers and the genetic modification of a specific gene (StPPO2) in potatoes to minimize this issue. While it involves gene editing techniques, the focus is primarily on enzymatic browning and the challenges faced in potato gene editing without explicitly linking back to CRISPR technology or its application across various organisms. Therefore, it is largely irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Mental health conditions can have genetic, biological, and environmental causes. [SEP] Text: In a small-scale study, (N = 47), infants' DRD4 genotype was found to moderate the relationship between maternal insensitivity and externalising child behaviour: children who carried the 7-repeat allele and had relatively insensitive mothers showed the highest level of externalising behaviour [116]. In a further study, the same researchers investigated the effect of children's DRD4 genotype on the efficacy of parenting intervention in a pre-selected 'externalising' sample [117]. At the follow-up stage, they found that intervention aimed at increasing parental sensitivity and positive discipline was effective in reducing externalisation for children with a 7-repeat allele, but not for children without the 7-repeat allele. This findings points to a genetically moderated differential susceptibility to intervention, which might partially explain difficult-to-treat cases often encountered in clinical work. Methodological problems in molecular genetic studiesGenetic association studies in the field of psychiatric and psychological genetics have been suffering from inconsistencies in replications of results. There can be many reasons for these difficulties, some of which are the result of methodological flaws, for example genotyping errors. Improved measurement of phenotypes and carefully controlled genotype determination can reduce the danger of false negative findings [118]. Failure of replication, however, may have 'legitimate' underlying causes. Initially, replication problems of case-control studies were often attributed to population stratification (case and control groups originating from genetically distinct populations) and to multiple testing without appropriate corrections, which could result in spurious associations. These problems have been largely dealt with by using genetic data from families [119] and more stringent statistical testing [120]. However, the real problem might be that more complex behavioural phenotypes are affected by many genes, each with only a small effect accounting for only 1% or even less of the phenotypic variance [81], therefore inadequate statistical power is a serious problem. Likewise, different environment interactions across samples can also hinder replication of an association. A considerable genetic heterogeneity is expected within and among studies, as different combinations of the various alleles of the multiple genes and epistatic gene interactions may produce similar phenotypes. This heterogeneity may go undetected as often in smaller studies only a few genetic markers are investigated. According to Greene and colleagues [121], real associations may not replicate in independent samples if they are part of a larger epistatic interaction. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the interaction between genetic factors, specifically the DRD4 genotype, and environmental influences, such as maternal insensitivity, in shaping child behavior. It indicates that genetics can moderate the impact of environmental conditions on mental health, which aligns with the idea that mental health conditions arise from a complex interplay of genetic, biological, and environmental causes.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Telemedicine eliminates the need for in-person visits entirely. [SEP] Text: This might be expected owing to the lower barrier to entry for telemedicine and to some level of anticipated need for follow-up. There were, however, no statistically significant differences in the rate of emergency department visits or hospitalization after telemedicine. Video or telephone visits may be a convenient and safe way for patients to address some primary care needs without generating a substantial number of follow-up office visits or experiencing health events. Back to top 2021. Published: November 16, 2021. doi:10. 1001/jamanetworkopen. 2021. 32793Open Access: This is an open access 1. Temesgen ZM, DeSimone DC, Mahmood M, Libertin CR, BR, Berbari EF. Health care after the COVID-19 pandemic and the influence of telemedicine.  Proc. 2020;95(9S):S66-S68. doi:10. 1016/j. mayocp. 2020. 06. 052PubMed2. Uscher-Pines L, Mulcahy A, Cowling D, Hunter G, Burns R, Mehrotra A. Access and quality of care in direct-to-consumer telemedicine.  E Health. 2016;22(4):282-287. doi:10. 1089/tmj. 2015. 0079PubMed3. Li KY, Zhu Z, Ng S, Ellimoottil C. Direct-to-consumer telemedicine visits for acute respiratory infections linked to more downstream visits.  (Millwood). 2021;40(4):596-602. doi:10. 1377/hlthaff. 2020. 01741PubMed4. Shi Z, Mehrotra A, Gidengil CA, Poon SJ, Uscher-Pines L, Ray KN. Quality of care for acute respiratory infections during direct-to-consumer telemedicine visits for adults.  (Millwood). 2018;37(12):2014-2023. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by stating that while telemedicine provides convenience and addresses some primary care needs, it does not eliminate the need for in-person visits entirely. It mentions that there are no statistically significant differences in the rate of emergency department visits or hospitalizations after using telemedicine, indicating that follow-up care might still be necessary.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: CRISPR technology allows for targeted gene editing in various organisms. [SEP] Text: 2019;17:2259-2271. DOI: 10. 1111/pbi. 1313763. tuberosum GBSSI gene: A target for assessing gene and base editing in tetraploid potato. Reports. 2019;38:1065-1080. DOI: 10. 1007/s00299-019- 02426-w64. . Potato steroidal glycoalkaloids: Biosynthesis and genetic manipulation. Potato Research. 2009;52:1-15. DOI: 10. 1007/s11540-008-9103-465. Delbrouck JA, Desgagné. The therapeutic value of solanum steroidal (glyco)alkaloids: A 10-year comprehensive review. Molecules. 2023;28(13):4957. DOI: 10. 3390/molecules2813495766. GAME9 regulates the biosynthesis of steroidal alkaloids and upstream isoprenoids in the plant mevalonate pathway. Nature Communications. 2016;71(7):10654. DOI: 10. 1038/ncomms1065467. et al. Generation of α-solanine-free hairy roots of potato byCas9 mediated genome editing of the St16DOX gene. and Biochemistry. 2018;131:70-7768. . Polyphenol oxidase in potato (A multigene family that exhibits differential expression patterns). Plant Physiology. 1995;109:525-531. DOI: 10. 1104/2. 52569. . Polyphenol oxidase-mediated protection against oxidative stress is not associated with enhanced photosynthetic efficiency. Annals of Botany. 2015;116:529-540. DOI: 10. 1093/aob/mcv08170. Unravelling enzymatic discoloration in potato through a combined approach of candidate genes, QTL, and expression analysis. Theoretical and Applied Genetics. 2007;115:245-252. DOI: 10. 1007/S00122-007-0560-Y71. Richael CM. Development of the genetically modified Innate® potato. In: Goldman I, editor. Reviews. & Sons, Ltd; 2020. 78. DOI: 10. 1002/9781119717003. ch372. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not directly address the claim regarding CRISPR technology's ability to allow for targeted gene editing. Instead, it provides various citations and summaries about gene editing and genetic manipulation in potatoes, without specifically discussing CRISPR technology or its applications across different organisms.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Mental health conditions can have genetic, biological, and environmental causes. [SEP] Text: In these cases, small sample differences in allele frequency at an interacting locus may impact the power negatively, so the originally reported effect may not replicate or even reversed. The recommendation is to check for interaction with other polymorphisms (see, for example the replicability of 'novelty seeking', where interaction of at least three gene loci made replication uncertain [122]. As mentioned above, some of these problems can be tackled by increasing study sizes and combining study samples, increasing the number of carefully chosen candidate polymorphisms or as Plomin and Davis suggest [81] employing the newly available genome-wide association (GWA) strategy. In GWA studies many hundred thousand single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) across the genome of many (often more than 1000) individuals are genotyped. Comparing profiles of 'case' and 'control' groups, SNPs associated with caseness can be identified. GWA studies of type II diabetes identified nearly 20, robustly replicating gene loci. The associated alleles were common in the studied populations and all had only small effects on disease risk [123]. Although, this seems to be the "future of genetics in psychology and psychiatry" [81], GWA is almost certainly unfeasible in the field of attachment studies. Animal research pointing to new directions: environmental modification of brain anatomy and gene activity, epigenetic effects of parentingStudies in animal models have found convincing evidence for the critical impact of early emotional experiences. Studies from the 1950s showed that even short separations of young rodent pups from their mother have profound and persistent effects on behaviour and physiological stress reactivity [124]. In the last two decades, brain development shaped by the interplay of genetic predispositions and experience-induced adaptation has been extensively studied primarily in the context of stress elicited by early separation from the primary caregiver. An avian model of early parent-offspring bonding is filial imprinting in precocious birds which is accompanied by extensive reorganization in the frontal lobe. Domestic chicks imprinted on artificial stimuli in experimental settings showed increased synaptic connectivity in the intermediate medial hyperstriatum ventrale (IMHV), which seems to be important for storage of memory acquired during imprinting [125, 126]. Bock and Braun [127] showed that successful imprinting in chick is accompanied by extensive pruning of excitatory spine synapses in other associative forebrain regions. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing various factors affecting mental health, including genetic predispositions and environmental influences. It highlights the impact of genetics through genome-wide association studies (GWA) and also describes environmental factors such as early emotional experiences and maternal separation in animal models, which affects behavior and brain development. This elucidates the interplay of genetic, biological, and environmental factors in relation to mental health conditions.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Telemedicine eliminates the need for in-person visits entirely. [SEP] Text: doi:10. 1377/hlthaff. 2018. 05091PubMed5. Daniel H, Sulmasy LS; Health and Committee of the of Physicians. Policy recommendations to guide the use of telemedicine in primary care settings: an of Physicians position paper.  Med. 2015;163(10):787-789. doi:10. 7326/M15-0498PubMed6. Reed ME, Huang J, Graetz I, et al. Patient characteristics associated with choosing a telemedicine visit vs office visit with the same primary care clinicians. . 2020;3(6):e205873. doi:10. 1001/jamanetworkopen. 2020. 5873PubMed7. Reed ME, Parikh R, Huang J, Ballard DW, Barr I, Wargon C. Real-time patient-provider video telemedicine integrated with clinical care.  N Med. 2018;379(15):1478-1479. doi:10. 1056/NEJMc1805746PubMed8. Reed ME, Huang J, Parikh R, et al. Patient-provider video telemedicine integrated with clinical care: patient experiences.  Med. 2019;171(3):222-224. doi:10. 7326/M18-3081PubMed9. Uscher-Pines L, Mehrotra A. Analysis of Teladoc use seems to indicate expanded access to care for patients without prior connection to a provider.  (Millwood). 2014;33(2):258-264. doi:10. 1377/hlthaff. 2013. 0989PubMed10. Alexander GC, Tajanlangit M, Heyward J, Mansour O, Qato DM, Stafford RS. Use and content of primary care office-based vs telemedicine care visits during the COVID-19 pandemic in the US. . 2020;3(10):e2021476. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing various studies and analyses related to the use of telemedicine in primary care settings. Although telemedicine offers an alternative to in-person visits, it does not state that in-person visits are completely eliminated. For example, the mention of 'patient characteristics associated with choosing a telemedicine visit vs office visit' implies that patients still have options and in-person visits are still relevant.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: CRISPR technology allows for targeted gene editing in various organisms. [SEP] Text: (a) Schematic map of the pRPaCas9 construct. P rRNA rRNA promoter; TETO, tetracycline operator; La, nuclear localisation signal. Other components are from the pRPa parent vector (see the text for more details). (b) The protein blots show tightly regulated and inducible Cas9 expression (predicted mass: 159. 4 kDa). The EF1α panel provides a loading control. Multiple independent clones yielded similar results. (c) Cell growth with (+Tet) and without (−Tet) Cas9 induction. Error bars (SD) from triplicate counts are obscured by the data symbols. A second independent clone gave similar results. (d) Schematic map of the pT7sgRNA construct showing the gRNA cloning strategy using tandem BbsI sites. The sgRNA scaffold and HDV ribozyme are also shown. P T7 phage T7 promoter. Other components are from the pRPc6MYCn parent vector. (e) The RNA blot shows expression of the predicted 96 b sg2 that is dependent upon Cas9 expression. The rRNA panel provides a loading control. A second independent clone yielded similar results. Full size imageFor expression of the sgRNA, a phage T7 promoter, a cloning site, the sgRNA scaffold and a hepatitis delta virus (HDV) ribozyme29 were synthesised in tandem (Fig. 1d). The cloning site comprises dual BbsI restriction enzyme cleavage sites, which allows for high-efficiency cloning of annealed oligonucleotide pairs (AGGG[N]20/AAAC[N]20, Fig. 1d) without introducing additional unnecessary flanking sequences. The HDV ribozyme is a self-cleaving RNA that liberates the upstream RNA. Thus, the ribozyme generates the 3′-end of the sgRNA. This synthetic cassette was used to generate pT7sgRNA that integrates at a second non-transcribed rDNA spacer locus (Fig. 1d); there are estimated to be 10–20 rDNA spacer loci in the T. brucei genome7. We selected the aquaglyceroporin gene, AQP2, (Tb927. 10. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not explicitly discuss CRISPR technology or its application in targeted gene editing. Instead, it focuses on specific plasmid constructs, the expression of Cas9, and details about cloning strategies related to sgRNA. Although it mentions components relevant to gene editing, it does not provide clear evidence or information that directly corroborates or contrasts with the claim that CRISPR enables targeted gene editing in various organisms.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Mental health conditions can have genetic, biological, and environmental causes. [SEP] Text: Imprinted animals later responded to the presentation of the learned stimulus with enhanced brain electrical and metabolic activity (see Sullivan et al. [128] for a review). This experience-dependent development of neural connections serves the adaptive response of the offspring to its actual normative environment. However, in case of adverse early influences, the same plasticity may lead to altered neural development with long-lasting behavioural and physiological effects. There has been accumulating evidence for the importance of parental care, especially tactile stimulation in the subsequent development of infants of mammalian species. Separation from the mother in rodents induces physiological and behavioural responses including vocalisation and searching behaviour, corticosterone hormone release and inhibition of metabolism related to growth and later stress reactivity [129, 130]. Bock and colleagues [131] found synaptic changes in the prefrontal cortex of rat pups exposed to 1-hour-long separations from their mother. These changes were region-specific, depended on timing of the separations during the first weeks of the pups' life, and they also found a possible link between synaptic changes and endocrine function. A further study on the semi-precocious rodent Octodon degus [132] showed that short, repeated separations in the first three weeks of life resulted in significant alterations of density of neurons releasing corticotropin releasing factor (CRF) in brain regions involved in emotion regulation. More sustained early social isolation of young degus altered the serotonergic and dopaminergic cortical innervation in the orbital prefrontal cortex possibly reflecting different functioning of these monoamine transmitter systems in result of parental deprivation [133]. These few examples selected from an extensive research field illustrates the critical effects of early stress on brain development. The mechanisms underlying alterations in brain development are far from being understood in animals and even less in humans, but new molecular techniques and imaging methods may hold the key to growing knowledge of normal and corrupted developmental trajectories. In relation to the association of infant attachment with a promoter polymorphism of the serotonin transporter gene, we have mentioned that gene expression may be affected by variation in the DNA sequence of the regulatory region of the gene. There is, however, increasing evidence for changes in gene expression through DNA and chromatin modifications without a change in the inherited nucleotide sequence. Epigenetic modifications of promoter regions that influence the transcription of genes coding for crucial protein products can be induced by the environment. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing how early environmental factors, such as parental care and separation from the mother, can influence brain development and underlying physiology. It explains that early stress can alter brain development and behavior, which supports the idea that environmental causes play a significant role in mental health conditions. The text also mentions genetic influences through variations in gene expression related to the serotonin transporter gene, indicating that both genetic and environmental factors contribute to mental health outcomes.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Telemedicine eliminates the need for in-person visits entirely. [SEP] Text: Original PaperChristopher Ferber1,2, MD Mittelman1,3, MD, PhD Tannaz Moin4,5, MBA, MD Holly Wilhalme6, MS Rebecca Hicks1,2, MD 1Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, University of 2Department of Pediatrics, Endocrine and Diabetes Center, Miller Children's and Women's 3Children's Discovery and 's Hospital, School of 4Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, School of Medicine at 5HSR&D Center for the Study of Healthcare Innovation, Implementation & 6Department of Core, Division of Medicine and Research, University of :Christopher Ferber, MDDivision of Pediatric EndocrinologyUniversity of Angeles200 90024United StatesPhone: 1 3108256244Email: cjferber@mednet. ucla. eduAbstractBackground: Children and adolescents with type 1 diabetes require frequent outpatient evaluation to assess glucose trends, modify insulin doses, and screen for comorbidities. Continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) provides a detailed glycemic control assessment. Telemedicine has been increasingly used since the COVID-19 pandemic. Objective: To investigate CGM profile parameter improvement immediately following pediatric outpatient diabetes visits and determine if visit modality impacted these metrics, completion of screening laboratory tests, or diabetic emergency occurrence. Methods: A dual-center retrospective review of medical records assessed the CGM metrics time in range and glucose management indicator for pediatric outpatient diabetes visits during 2021. Baseline values were compared with those at 2 and 4 weeks post visit. Rates of completion of screening laboratory tests and diabetic emergencies following visits were determined. Results: A total of 269 outpatient visits (41. 2% telemedicine) were included. Mean time in range increased by 1. 63% and 1. 35% at 2 and 4 weeks post visit (P=. 003 and. 01, respectively). Mean glucose management indicator decreased by 0. 07% and 0. 06% at 2 and 4 weeks post visit (P=. 003 and. 02, respectively). These improvements in time in range and glucose management indicator were seen across both telemedicine visits and in-person visits without a significant difference. However, patients seen in person were 2. 69 times more likely to complete screening laboratory tests (P=. 03). Diabetic emergencies occurred too infrequently to analyze. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by highlighting that while telemedicine has been increasingly utilized, patients seen in person were 2.69 times more likely to complete screening laboratory tests. This suggests that in-person visits remain important for certain medical tasks, indicating that telemedicine does not eliminate the need for in-person visits entirely.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: CRISPR technology allows for targeted gene editing in various organisms. [SEP] Text: In terms of convenience, the current strategy involves annealing a pair of oligonucleotides and ligating the product to the BbsI-digested pT7sgRNA construct prior to transfection. This cloning step is highly efficient, but sgRNA delivery can also be achieved in a cloning-free format. Such a cloning-free format, involving transient transfection of the sgRNA or an sgRNA-encoding PCR-product, may be suitable for strategies that do not require maximal-efficiency editing, such as when integrated antibiotic resistance markers are used to select for correctly edited cells13. In terms of the editing efficiency of our system, several features likely contribute; first, Cas9 was codon-optimised to increase expression in T. brucei28. Second, Cas9 and the sgRNA are transcribed from strong rDNA and T7 promoters, respectively. Third, the T7 polymerase, BbsI-cloning approach and ribozyme all help to produce sgRNAs with minimal superfluous sequence, likely enhancing assembly with Cas9. In addition, tightly regulated temporal control of Cas9 expression increases the versatility of the system, also minimising off-target edits and allowing for phenotypic analysis of edited cells without potential interference from continuously expressed Cas9. Finally, and as in metazoan cells37, our findings support the view that gRNA sequences achieve optimal efficiency cleavage in T. brucei when the PAM-adjacent GC-content is >50%. A major source of off-target edits may involve the non-specific association of Cas9 with native RNA. Indeed, expression of Cas9 in the absence of sgRNA has been reported to be toxic in T. cruzi18 and Toxoplasma gondii, and a “decoy” sgRNA has been used in Toxoplasma to reduce these effects24. The current system should minimise such problems in T. brucei since we constitutively transcribe the sgRNA and induce a tightly regulated Cas9 gene, which stabilises the sgRNA. Thus, cells are not exposed to Cas9 in the absence of sgRNA. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text discusses specific methodologies related to CRISPR technology, such as sgRNA delivery methods and the efficiency of a particular editing system in T. brucei. However, it does not directly address the claim about CRISPR enabling targeted gene editing in various organisms, making it irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Mental health conditions can have genetic, biological, and environmental causes. [SEP] Text: Although the mechanisms through which these modifications occur have yet to be fully explored, one important process is environmentally induced DNA methylation leading to transcriptional silencing. It has also been shown that these environmentally mediated effects on gene expression tend to persist in the individual's lifetime and can even be transmitted from one generation to the next [134]. The pioneering research by Meaney and colleagues [135] has shown that, in rats, stable individual differences in maternal care are related to individual differences in pups' later behaviour and stress reactivity. Cross-fostering experiments have proved that these maternal effects are not heritable in the narrow sense, but are consequences of the characteristics of maternal care received in the first week of life. Meaney and colleagues have found that variation in early care affects the expression of the glucocorticoid receptor gene in the hippocampus by differential methylation of the promoter region of the gene leading to stable differences in offspring stress reactivity persisting through adulthood [136]. Moreover, they have shown that, through differential patterns of DNA methylation of the promoter region and thereby differential expression of the estrogen receptor alpha gene in the medial preoptic area (MPOA) of the brain, this individual variation of early experience influences adult reproductive behaviour, suggesting a mechanism for intergenerational transmission of the pattern of maternal care [137, 138]. Results of animal work cannot be translated directly to humans, but initial findings of recent research suggest an effect of parental care on epigenetic regulation in the human brain. The methylation pattern of the promoter of glucocorticoid receptor gene in the hippocampus of suicide victims with a history of childhood abuse has been found to differ from that of suicide victims with no childhood abuse or control subjects [139]. Thus, there is a good reason for hypothesising that epigenetic modification of gene expression plays a role in the development of early mother-infant relationship, even if at present it seems impossible to study these processes in human infants. ConclusionThere is a considerable individual variation in infants' attachment behaviour with their primary caregivers. Attachment theory, as first conceived, gave an environmental explanation for this variation, regarding caregivers' sensitive responsiveness to infant signals as the crucial factor for the development of optimal, secure attachment. This exclusively environmental explanation has recently been challenged by studies that have included physiological and genetic measures. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing various mechanisms through which mental health conditions may develop, including genetic, environmental, and epigenetic factors. It particularly emphasizes the role of maternal care and early experiences, which can induce DNA methylation changes affecting gene expression related to stress reactivity and behavior in offspring. Additionally, the mention of physiological and genetic measures challenges the idea that environmental factors alone determine mental health, thereby supporting the claim that both genetic and environmental causes play a role.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Telemedicine eliminates the need for in-person visits entirely. [SEP] Text: Conclusions: Our findings demonstrate an immediate improvement in CGM metrics following outpatient visits, regardless of modality. While statistically significant, the magnitude of these changes was small; hence, multiple visits over time would be required to achieve clinically relevant improvement. However, completion of screening laboratory tests was found to be more likely after visits occurring in person. Therefore, we suggest a hybrid approach that allows patient convenience with telemedicine but also incorporates periodic in-person assessment. JMIR Diabetes 2024;9:e58579doi:10. 2196/58579Keywordsdiabetes; type 1 diabetes; pediatrics; continuous glucose monitoring; time in range; glucose management indicator; telemedicine; screening labs IntroductionType 1 diabetes affects millions worldwide with up to 75% of cases diagnosed during childhood [1]. Pediatric type 1 diabetes care necessitates frequent outpatient visits to assess glycemic trends and adjust insulin doses, stay up to date with routine screening [2,3], provide reinforcement of diabetes education such as management of hypoglycemia, hyperglycemia, and illnesses, and prevent potentially life-threatening diabetic emergencies including level 3 hypoglycemia or diabetic ketoacidosis. In the past decade, continuous glucose monitors (CGMs) have become increasingly prevalent in place of traditional finger sticks [4]. By providing more frequent real-time blood glucose data with trends and safety alerts for glycemic excursions, CGM use has positive effects on clinical diabetes outcomes including less frequent episodes of hypoglycemia and lower hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) values [5,6]. Time in range (TIR) and glucose management indicator (GMI) are 2 key measures of glucose control generated from CGM data. TIR is the percentage of the time during a CGM window for which the blood sugar falls within a preset target range (typically 70-180 mg/dL). GMI is a surrogate measure for HbA1c calculated from all the available blood sugar data used to quantify overall glycemic control. GMI has the advantage of being applicable to custom time periods as opposed to the fixed red blood cell lifespan of 90-120 days, which HbA1c reflects. Frequent monitoring of HbA1c remains the gold standard of assessing diabetes management with tighter glycemic control being associated with less frequent complications of diabetes over time, even in youth [7-9]. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by highlighting that while telemedicine can improve convenience, it suggests a hybrid approach is necessary, as some patient assessments require in-person visits. The text states that screening laboratory tests were more likely completed after in-person visits, indicating the need for physical consultations despite the availability of telemedicine.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: CRISPR technology allows for targeted gene editing in various organisms. [SEP] Text: 2), clone 221a cells, 2T1 and 2T1T7 cells25 and their derivatives were grown in HMI-11 medium. Cumulative growth rates were monitored by splitting to 1 × 104 cells/ml and by counting daily. Tetracycline (Sigma) was applied at 1 µg/mL. Pentamidine isethionate was from Sigma and eflornithine was from Sanofi Aventis. T. brucei genetic manipulation and plasmid constructionT. brucei were genetically manipulated using electroporation as described25. To generate the pRPaCas9 construct, the SpCas9 sequence was codon optimised and synthesised (Genscript) with a La nuclear localisation signal27 at the N-terminus. The synthetic Cas9 cassette, digested with HindIII/BglII, was ligated to pRPac6MYCn 26 [Addgene ID:69242] digested with HindIII/BamHI. The resulting pRPaCas9 construct was linearised with AscI prior to electroporation; 2T1T7-Cas9 parasites were selected with hygromycin at 2. 5 µg/mL and checked for sensitivity to puromycin to indicate correct construct integration. To generate the pT7sgRNA construct, the BLA resistance cassette in pRPc6MYCn 26 [Addgene ID:69243] was replaced by a BLE cassette following NgoMIV/BstZ17I digestion. A synthetic sequence comprising a T7 promoter, tandem BbsI sites, the sgRNA scaffold and an HDV ribozyme was then used to replace the expression cassette from pRPc6MYCn, following NheI/ApaI digestion. Potential gRNA sequences were identified either manually or using the LeishGEdit. net online tool13, and then selected based on PAM-adjacent GC-content37. The gRNA oligonucleotide pairs were FwgAQP2 () and RvgAQP2 (); FwgAAT6i () and RvgAAT6i (); FwgAAT6ii () and RvgAAT6ii () and, for the ‘AQP2. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim, as it discusses the genetic manipulation of T. brucei using electroporation and various constructs but does not mention CRISPR technology or its applications in targeted gene editing. The specific procedures and components described do not support or rebut the claim being made.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Mental health conditions can have genetic, biological, and environmental causes. [SEP] Text: Although twin studies of attachment are providing mixed results, molecular genetic studies are showing that specific genetic polymorphisms of the dopaminergic and serotonergic neurotransmisson systems may moderate the statistically identified links between caregivers' behaviour and infant attachment. These gene-environment interaction effects, pointing to genetically-based differential susceptibilities to care-giving environments, have been more often found for disorganised attachment, which is an extreme form of insecure attachment predictive of subsequent behavioural problems and psychopathology. Because the results of the as-yet few and relatively small-scale studies are not wholly consistent, there is a clear need for larger-scale and carefully designed studies that examine multiple polymorphisms of multiple candidate genes. More recent research on the epigenetic modification of gene expression by early maternal care in animals suggests the possibility of similar processes affecting human development. The investigation of such processes in humans, although not feasible at present, would offer an opportunity to gain a deeper understanding of developmental psychopathology and the intergenerational transmission of attachment and parenting. 1. 812. 136. 160. 734. 249. 10. 1017/S0954579499002035. 304. 10. 1037/0012-1649. 42. 2. 293. 858. 10. 2307/1131237. 591. 10. 2307/1132107. 286. 63. 10. 1111/1469-7610. 00003. 655. 10. 1080/016502598384306. 532. 10. 1037/0012-1649. 40. 4. 519. 263. 10. 3200/GNTP. 166. 3. 245-263. 164. 10. 1037/0893-3200. 11. 2. 152. 596. 10. 2307/1131833. 86. 10. 1002/(SICI)1097-0355(199921)20:1<77::AID-IMHJ6>3. 0. CO;2-S. 242. 10. 1017/S0954579400005277. 746. 10. 1111/1469-7610. 00661. 561. 10. 1111/j. 1469-7610. 1992. tb00890. x. 376. 10. 1037/0012-1649. 31. 3. 364. 1313. 10. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing various factors that may contribute to mental health conditions, specifically highlighting genetic polymorphisms and gene-environment interactions. It mentions how specific genetic variations can moderate links between caregiver behavior and infant attachment, thereby implying a biological basis for these conditions. Furthermore, it points to the need for research into how environmental factors, such as maternal care, can affect gene expression and human development, reinforcing the concept that both genetic and environmental aspects play a role in mental health.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Telemedicine eliminates the need for in-person visits entirely. [SEP] Text: But with CGM use rising, many have advocated for using these CGM based metrics to assess overall diabetes control in addition to, or even in lieu of, HbA1c [10,11]. In addition to glycemic control monitoring, outpatient type 1 diabetes visits also serve the purpose of making sure patients are up to date with routine screening. recommends periodic laboratory assessment to screen for comorbidities of type 1 diabetes, as well as associated autoimmune diseases [2,3,12,13]. Finally, these visits reiterate diabetes education to patients and families which can help prevent complications of the disease including severe hypoglycemia, or the life-threatening diabetic ketoacidosis that can result from untreated hyperglycemia. The use of telemedicine for outpatient medical visits has skyrocketed in recent years as a response to the COVID-19 pandemic [14]. Outpatient type 1 diabetes care was no exception, with some centers citing as much as 99% of their visits being converted to telemedicine within the first year of the pandemic [15]. However, even before the pandemic, telemedicine had been studied as a possible modality for type 1 diabetes health care delivery given the ability to evaluate objective data from glucose and CGM logs to guide management decisions. Telemedicine visits have been shown to improve diabetes clinical outcomes [16], while potentially removing key barriers, such as geographic distance, for patients and families. Even after widespread vaccination strategies allowed the safe return of in-person visits, it has been reported that many patients and families continue to express a preference for telemedicine [17]. Because clinic visits generally entail adjusting insulin doses, promoting adherence, and reinforcing education about insulin administration and carbohydrate counting, it is reasonable to expect that CGM profile parameters should improve immediately after an outpatient encounter. Previous studies have confirmed that increased outpatient type 1 diabetes visits lead to improved clinical outcomes [18,19]. To our knowledge, our study is the first to evaluate emerging CGM profile parameters in pediatric patients in the periods directly before and after outpatient follow-up visits, and concurrently examine whether telemedicine versus in-person visits have differential effects on glycemic control, completion of screening laboratory tests, or frequency of diabetic emergencies. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by highlighting that while telemedicine has gained popularity and can improve diabetes management, it does not eliminate the necessity of in-person visits. It notes that outpatient visits serve essential purposes such as routine screening, diabetes education, and the adjustment of insulin doses, which indicate that both telemedicine and in-person visits are necessary for comprehensive care.