Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Workplace mental health programs are shown to reduce absenteeism and increase productivity. [SEP] Text: size: planned number of clusters no peer effect design: 6,000 employees peer effect design: 5,600 employee/social networks Sample size: planned number of observations 6,000 employees Sample size (or number of clusters) by treatment arms no-peer effect design: 2,700 employees control; 1,100 employees treatment group A; 1,100 employees treatment group B; 1,100 employees treatment group C peer effect design: 2,300 employees control; 900 employees treatment group A; 900 employees treatment group B; 900 employees treatment group C; 200 social networks treatment group D Minimum detectable effect size for main outcomes (accounting for sample design and clustering) Participation MDE: - 5. 7 percentage points (baseline 50% participation) when comparing groups B + C to group A - 6. 6 percentage points if we are separately comparing group B to group A, and group C to group A. MDE: approximately 3. 8 percentage points, for an attribute that is held by 40% of the population. Short-: - 0. 61 for BMI (mean = 26. 3%, SD = 3. 9%) - 1. 21 for Systolic blood pressure (mean = 120, SD = 7. 5) - 0. 97 for diastolic blood pressure (mean 80, SD = 6) - 0. 23 for absenteeism (mean = 4, SD = 2) and (IRBs) IRB for the Protection of Research Subjects, University of Illinois at Urbana-2016-03-14 : 16456 IRB Board at the University of 2016-06-17 : 16-0728 2015-11-04 # 15_105 5: b31204fe9def985aa5da462772127878 SHA1: e61f755e563747b65bb9cc8feb9fdafad24e2e0f Uploaded At: August 06, 2017 Post-is information in this trial unavailable to the public. Use the button below to request access. the intervention completed? April 26, 2018, 12:00 +00:00 public data available? & Relevant Paper(s) wellness programs cover over 50 million U. S. workers and are intended to reduce medical spending, increase productivity, and improve well-being. Yet limited evidence exists to support these claims. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by stating that despite wellness programs being intended to 'reduce medical spending, increase productivity, and improve well-being,' there is 'limited evidence' to support these claims. This suggests that the effectiveness of such programs in achieving the stated benefits, including reducing absenteeism and increasing productivity, is not well-established.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Some assert that using pathogens for pest control will never affect beneficial insects. [SEP] Text: In fact, it ranked first in the world in both 2017 and 2018, producing 32 million tons of fresh citrus (CGA, 2020). Citrus fruit is considered a superior agricultural product and its production represents an important industry in the rural areas of southern China. However, crop yields are severely impacted by an array of pests. A large number of insect species, both pest and beneficial taxa (Niu et al. , 2014) occur on citrus but their identification is difficult. Cryptic morphology and lack of taxonomic experts are the major challenges in large-scale insect diversity assessments. DNA barcoding (Hebert et al. , 2003), the characterization of sequence variation in a 658 bp fragment of cytochrome c oxidase I gene (COI), has gained global acceptance for specimen identification and species discovery (Gwiazdowski et al. , 2015; Hebert et al. , 2004). This method supplements morphology’s limitations by identifying unknown organisms by matching their barcode sequences to reference sequences. The simplicity and reliability of this method has motivated expansion of the DNA barcode reference library in the barcode of life data system (BOLD) (www. boldsystems. org). The BOLD system assigns eligible barcode sequences (>507 bp, <1% ambiguous bases, no stop codons, no contamination) to barcode index numbers (BINs) which serve as proxy for species (Ratnasingham & Hebert, 2013). BOLD currently holds seven million insect barcodes which have been assigned to more than 700,000 BINs. Implementation of the BIN system has enhanced the ability of DNA barcoding to discern and to count species (Hebert et al. , 2016), to assess biodiversity composition (Ashfaq et al. , 2018; Telfer et al. , 2015), to map species distributions (Ashfaq et al. , 2017), and to track species movements across borders (Ren et al. , 2017). This success has led to the use of BINs in the analysis of bulk samples and biodiversity studies by high-throughput sequencing (HTS) (Cristescu, 2014). DNA metabarcoding is a developing approach that identifies the species present in a mixed sample (bulk DNA or environmental DNA) based on HTS of a specific DNA marker (Comtet et al. , 2015; Hajibabaei et al. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim about the impact of using pathogens for pest control on beneficial insects. Instead, it discusses citrus production, challenges in insect identification, and the use of DNA barcoding for species identification. Therefore, it is irrelevant to the specific claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Protein is essential for muscle repair and growth. [SEP] Text: The enrichment of precursor was represented by E (muscle free), and the enrichment of product was represented by E (protein-bound). Muscle protein synthesis was calculated as FSR (%/h) = E (protein-bound)/(E (muscle free) × t) × 100, where t represents the time interval between phenylalanine injection and tissue sampling. Statistical analysisValues are shown as mean ± SE. A repeated measures two-way ANOVA followed by Bonferroni’s multiple-comparisons test was performed to test the mechanical withdrawal threshold with LEAA administration and various time points were the independent variables (GraphPad Prism; GraphInc. , San Diego, CA). Changes in the other measurements were examined with one-way ANOVA followed by Tukey’s multiple-comparisons test. Values of p < 0. 05 were considered significant. ResultsMeasurement of the in TA muscle protein was significantly lower in the EC-Con group compared with the Sed group (Fig. 1, p < 0. 05). The FSR was significantly higher in the EC-AminoL40 group compared with the EC-Con group (Fig. 1, p < 0. 05). There was no significant difference in the FSR between the Sed and EC-AminoL40 groups. Fig. 1Effect of EC and administration of AminoL40 on the FSR (%/h) of TA muscle protein. The FSR in TA muscle protein was significantly lower in the EC-Con group compared with the Sed group. The FSR was significantly higher in the EC-AminoL40 group compared with the EC-Con group. There was no significant difference in the FSR between the Sed and EC-AminoL40 groups. Data are shown as mean ± SE (n = 9 for the Sed and EC-AminoL40 groups, and n = 10 for the EC-Con group). *p < 0. 05 significantly different from other groupsFull size image Immunoblot analysisThe phosphorylation of p70S6K1 at Thr389 was significantly higher in the EC-Con group compared with the Sed group (Fig. 2, p < 0. 01). There was a further increase in phosphorylation of p70S6K1 at Thr389 in the EC-AminoL40 group compared with the EC-Con group (Fig. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text supports the claim by discussing the measurement of muscle protein synthesis and the effects of different conditions on muscle protein. It specifically notes that the fractional synthesis rate (FSR) of muscle protein was significantly affected by protein-bound precursors, indicating that protein intake influences muscle repair and growth. The significant differences observed between groups in muscle protein synthesis underscore the essential role of protein in these physiological processes.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Workplace mental health programs are shown to reduce absenteeism and increase productivity. [SEP] Text: size: planned number of clusters no peer effect design: 6,000 employees peer effect design: 5,600 employee/social networks Sample size: planned number of observations 6,000 employees Sample size (or number of clusters) by treatment arms no-peer effect design: 2,700 employees control; 1,100 employees treatment group A; 1,100 employees treatment group B; 1,100 employees treatment group C peer effect design: 2,300 employees control; 900 employees treatment group A; 900 employees treatment group B; 900 employees treatment group C; 200 social networks treatment group D Minimum detectable effect size for main outcomes (accounting for sample design and clustering) Participation MDE: - 5. 7 percentage points (baseline 50% participation) when comparing groups B + C to group A - 6. 6 percentage points if we are separately comparing group B to group A, and group C to group A. MDE: approximately 3. 8 percentage points, for an attribute that is held by 40% of the population. Short-: - 0. 61 for BMI (mean = 26. 3%, SD = 3. 9%) - 1. 21 for Systolic blood pressure (mean = 120, SD = 7. 5) - 0. 97 for diastolic blood pressure (mean 80, SD = 6) - 0. 23 for absenteeism (mean = 4, SD = 2) and (IRBs) IRB Board at the University of 2016-06-17 : 16-0728 2015-11-04 # 15_105 IRB for the Protection of Research Subjects, University of Illinois at Urbana-2016-03-14 : 16456 5: 4b7207d0cae30be5214388fdda8192b3 SHA1: a8251831b5b5270f7a5a910e94998a10281f4c23 Uploaded At: October 06, 2021 Post-is information in this trial unavailable to the public. Use the button below to request access. the intervention completed? April 26, 2018, 12:00 +00:00 public data available? & Relevant Paper(s) wellness programs cover over 50 million U. S. workers and are intended to reduce medical spending, increase productivity, and improve well-being. Yet limited evidence exists to support these claims. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by stating that while wellness programs are intended to reduce medical spending, increase productivity, and improve well-being, it notes that 'limited evidence exists to support these claims.' This suggests that there is not sufficient proof that these programs actually achieve the intended outcomes of reducing absenteeism and increasing productivity.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Some assert that using pathogens for pest control will never affect beneficial insects. [SEP] Text: , 2011; Moriniere et al. , 2016; Yu et al. , 2012). It differs from conventional DNA barcoding (usually based on Sanger sequencing of individual specimens) because HTS allows taxonomy to be assigned to hundreds or even thousands of species in a bulk sample. It achieves this goal by generating amplicons of the barcode region from bulk DNA extracts which are then sequenced and assigned to operational taxonomic units (OTUs) that are queried against reference sequences to determine their source species (Cristescu, 2014). Metabarcoding is not intrinsically linked to the use of OTUs, but it could group the DNA reads in amplicon sequence variants (ASVs) (Callahan et al. , 2016). Studies have now employed this approach to assess species composition in biological communities such as aquatic and terrestrial arthropods (Beng et al. , 2016; Braukmann et al. , 2019; Elbrecht & Steinke, 2018; Ji et al. , 2013) making metabarcoding an increasingly cost-effective approach for large-scale biodiversity studies. Widespread interest in metabarcoding has resulted in data proliferation and the development of computational tools to aid data analysis. As the BIN system has offered a novel approach to circumvent morphological bottlenecks to discriminate species, pairing of BINs with HTS has accelerated biodiversity assessments. Prior studies have used metabarcoding to survey insect diversity in different ecological settings in China (Huang et al. , 2022), but reports on the use of this technology to explore insect diversity in fruit gardens in this region are lacking. The current study aimed to fill this gap by coupling metabarcoding with the BIN system to explore insect diversity in citrus plantations. The composition of insect communities in citrus orchards was analyzed using DNA metabarcoding followed by data analysis on BOLD and mBRAVE. The species revealed by BIN matches on BOLD were then searched in citrus pest database—citrus pest information system (CPIS, cpis. hzau. edu. cn) and the literature to allow their classification into pest, parasitoid, predator, or pollinator (Niu et al. , 2014; Smaili, Boutaleb-Joutei & Blenzar, 2020; Urbaneja et al. , 2020). The results provide a valuable resource for research on citrus pest management and beneficial insects. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it does not address the potential effects of using pathogens for pest control on beneficial insects. Instead, it discusses metabarcoding and DNA analysis methods for assessing insect diversity in citrus plantations, without reference to pathogen use or its alleged impacts on beneficial insects.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Protein is essential for muscle repair and growth. [SEP] Text: 2, p < 0. 01). Fig. 2Effect of EC and administration of AminoL40 on the relative phosphorylation state of ribosomal S6 protein kinase 1 (phospho-S6K1 [Thr389]/total S6K1) in TA muscle. Phosphorylation of p70S6K1 was higher in the EC-Con group than the Sed group. Administration of AminoL40 further increased phosphorylation. Values are arbitrary units and presented as mean ± SE (n = 9 for the Sed and EC-AminoL40 groups, and n = 10 for the EC-Con group). **p < 0. 01 between groupsFull size image Blood variablesPlasma insulin levels were significantly higher in the EC-AminoL40 group than in the EC-Con and Sed groups (Fig. 3, p < 0. 05). Furthermore, the data points from EC-Con and EC-AminoL40 groups have been pooled in Fig. 4; the data of EC-Con and EC-AminoL40 groups were pooled to examine the relationship between plasma insulin and FSR. There was no correlation between changes in plasma insulin concentrations from Sed group and FSR (R = 0. 24, p = 0. 33, Fig. 4). Plasma amino acid concentrations are shown in Table 1. Essential amino acid concentrations, except for histidine and tryptophan, were significantly greater (2- to 10-fold greater) in the EC-AminoL40 group compared with the Sed and EC-Con groups (Table 1, p < 0. 05). However, histidine and tryptophan concentrations were lower in the EC-AminoL40 group compared with the Sed and EC-Con groups, despite LEAA administration (Table 1, p < 0. 05). Fig. 3Effect of EC and administration of AminoL40 on plasma insulin concentrations. Insulin concentrations did not differ between the Sed and EC-Con groups, but were significantly higher in the EC-AminoL40 group compared with both the Sed and EC-Con groups. Data are shown as mean ± SE (n = 9 for the Sed and EC-AminoL40 groups, and n = 10 for the EC-Con group) *p < 0. 05 significantly different from other groupsFull size image Fig. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text discusses the effects of amino acid administration on muscle protein synthesis, indicated by the phosphorylation state of ribosomal S6 protein kinase 1. Higher phosphorylation levels in the EC-Con group compared to the Sed group and further increases observed with AminoL40 administration support the claim that protein (or amino acids) plays a crucial role in muscle repair and growth. Additionally, the mention of essential amino acids being significantly greater in the EC-AminoL40 group reinforces the importance of protein for muscle functioning.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Workplace mental health programs are shown to reduce absenteeism and increase productivity. [SEP] Text: Back to registered on August 08, 2016 History Pre--0001368 Initial registration date July 11, 2016 Initial registration date is when the trial was registered. It corresponds to when the registration was submitted to the Registry to be reviewed for publication. First published July 11, 2016, 11:23 published corresponds to when the trial was first made public on the Registry after being reviewed. Last updated August 08, 2016, 6:47 updated is the most recent time when changes to the trial's registration were published. of of (s) of Illinois at Urbana-of Illinois at Urbana-of Illinois at Urbana-development Start date 2016-07-11 End date 2018-06-30 Keywords Health, Keywords wellness programs, workplace wellness, employee wellness programs, weight and stress management JEL code(s) I12, I13, M52 01AG050701 wellness programs have become a $6 billion industry and are widely touted as a way to improve employee well-being, reduce health care costs by promoting prevention, and increase workplace productivity. Yet, there is little rigorous evidence available to support these claims, partly because the voluntary nature of these programs means that participants may differ from nonparticipants for reasons unrelated to the causal effects of the wellness program. We will implement a randomized control trial to identify the effects of incentives on wellness program participation, produce causal estimates of the effect of wellness programs on health outcomes, determine what kinds of employees benefit from wellness programs the most, and test for the presence of peer effects in wellness participation. External Link(s) Citation Jones, Damon et al. 2016. "Wellness Study. ". August 08. Jones, Damon et al. 2016. "Wellness Study. ". August 08. Sponsors & There is information in this trial unavailable to the public. Use the button below to request access. (s) Our treatment consists of a baseline survey among all control and treatment group members. Treatment group members will then be offered the opportunity to participate in a biometric screening and health risk assessment (biometric screening + HRA), and -- conditional on completing an biometric screening + HRA -- up to two, semester-long wellness programs (e. g. walking challenge, active living class, smoking cessation hotline). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is largely focused on the registration details, initial publication dates, and administrative aspects of a trial related to wellness programs without providing specific evidence or findings that directly address the claim of reducing absenteeism and increasing productivity. While it mentions that wellness programs aim to promote employee well-being and enhance productivity, it contradicts the claim by stating there is 'little rigorous evidence available to support these claims.' Thus, the text does not directly corroborate or contrast the claim and is considered irrelevant.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Some assert that using pathogens for pest control will never affect beneficial insects. [SEP] Text: Exploration of pest and beneficial insect species in Chinese citrus orchards would allow scientists to screen the appropriate agents for pest management programs and promote pest biological control. Materials and single Malaise trap was deployed in three citrus orchards () about one kilometer apart in Ganzhou City, Jiangxi Province, China (Fig. 1). Samples were collected from April 2018 to July 2019 by replacing the collection bottles every month—so 43 samples were obtained from the three traps (Table S1). The collection bottles were stored at −20 °C until sorting. Specimens from each bottle were sorted into two size categories: small (e. g. , parasitic wasps, flies) and large (e. g. , butterflies, locusts). Large specimens were subsampled to obtain a tissue block (legs or partial abdomen) of a size similar to the small ones while small specimens were used in entirety. This was done to achieve comparable tissue-mass representation for all specimens in the DNA extracts. The specimens/tissue samples from each bottle were mixed, frozen in liquid nitrogen and then ground to a fine powder using a disposable mortar and pestle. DNA was extracted with the kit (DP304; ) following manufacturer’s protocols. Briefly, 500 mg of the powder was lyzed in 2 ml Buffer GA overnight at 56 °C in the presence of 20 µl proteinase K. The lysate was centrifuged at 5,000 g for 10 min and the supernatant was then aliquoted 40 µl into ten equal volumes for DNA extraction. The quality and purity of the DNA was assessed using a Nanodrop 2000 and 1% agarose gel electrophoresis. Three of the 10 DNA extracts from each sample were randomly selected for PCR, creating a total of 129 DNA extracts for analysis. Figure 1: Three sites in Ganzhou (Jiangxi Province, China) where Malaise traps were deployed. The map was created with ( Download full-size image DOI: 10. 7717/peerj. 15338/fig-1 PCR amplification A first PCR was used to amplify the target region of COI while the second PCR added adapters to allow discrimination of the sequences derived from each DNA extract (Prosser et al. , 2016). The first PCR employed the following primer pair—AncientLepF3 () (Prosser et al. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text describes a study related to pest and beneficial insect species in citrus orchards, focusing on methodologies used for specimen collection and DNA extraction. However, it does not provide any information or evidence regarding the assertion that using pathogens for pest control will never affect beneficial insects. Thus, the text is irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Protein is essential for muscle repair and growth. [SEP] Text: 4Correlation between the FSR in TA muscle and change in plasma insulin concentrations from Sed group. The 19 data points from EC-Con and EC-AminoL40 have been pooled in this figure. There was no significant correlation between the FSR in TA muscle and change in plasma insulin concentrations (R = 0. 24, p = 0. 33)Full size image Table 1 Plasma amino acid concentrationsFull size table Muscle sorenessThe time course of the change in the withdrawal threshold after EC is shown in Fig. 5. The decrease in mechanical paw withdrawal threshold to a pressure stimulus was significantly suppressed in the EC-AminoL40 group at 1 and 2 days after ECs compared with the EC-Con group (p < 0. 05, Fig. 5). Fig. 5Effect of AminoL40 administration on mechanical paw withdrawal threshold after EC. The mechanical withdrawal threshold in the EC-AminoL40 group was significantly higher than in the EC-Con group on days 1 and 2. Values are shown as mean ± SE (EC-Con and EC-AminoL40 groups, n = 11 for each group). *p < 0. 05 compared with the EC-Con groupFull size image DiscussionThe objective of this study was to investigate the effect of LEAAs on the rate of muscle protein synthesis and muscle soreness after eccentric exercise in rats. First, through the comparison of the EC-Con the Sed groups (which both received distilled water) we observed that the muscle protein synthesis was blunted 60 min after EC. Second, through the comparison between EC-AminoL40 and EC-Con groups, we found that administration of LEAAs significantly alleviated the EC-induced impairment of muscle protein synthesis, and induced greater phosphorylation of p70S6K1 than EC alone. Furthermore, LEAA reduced the muscle soreness evidenced by the decrease in the mechanical paw withdrawal threshold 1 and 2 days after EC. The current results suggested that LEAA administration could alleviate the impaired muscle protein synthesis and muscle soreness induced by eccentric exercise. We found that EC decreased muscle protein synthesis. Skeletal muscle protein synthesis is blunted 1 h after prolonged exercise in rodents (Anthony et al. 1999). However, exercise is associated with maintenance or hypertrophy of skeletal muscle and not atrophy. Therefore, the rate of muscle protein synthesis must increase during recovery from exercise. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text supports the claim by discussing how the administration of LEAAs (essential amino acids) significantly alleviates the impairment of muscle protein synthesis after eccentric exercise. It states that 'the current results suggested that LEAA administration could alleviate the impaired muscle protein synthesis and muscle soreness induced by eccentric exercise,' indicating that protein synthesis is crucial for muscle repair during recovery from exercise.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Mental health issues can be fully resolved through positive thinking alone. [SEP] Text: Books and journals Case studies Publish with us Advanced search Health through Social Support: Building positive and (Repper is at. ) and : 2042-8308 104. Publisher: Copyright © 2015, Whether we work in mental health services or struggle with our own mental health – or that of a family member – we are all aware of the importance of friends and the challenges of making and keeping friends in times of distress. In our practice we are so often challenged by people who say “I just want a girl/boyfriend” or “I can’t go out and do stuff because I don’t want to do it on my own […]”. Family members tell us that they are worried that this person spends all their time alone, does not go anywhere to make friends, refuses to contact old friends or go out. And for myself, I know that at my lowest, I find it difficult to call on friends because I do not want to burden them, I cannot imagine why anyone would want to see me. I have not the capacity to listen to them and I know that I will either speak obsessively about my own feelings or I would not have the energy to even talk. Friends are important, they can offer emotional support, practical help, advice, understanding – and helping us to achieve understanding – of what is going on, they help us to define ourselves, our value and our identity, they connect us with other activities, opportunities, roles and relationships. Indeed it is increasingly recognised that loneliness and isolation carry a mortality risk greater than that of obesity and physical inactivity and on a par with smoking (Holt-Lunstad et al. , 2010). In 2004, Mind reported that 84 per cent of respondents who had used mental health services in the UK felt isolated compared with 29 per cent of the general population. Data from the Office for (2013) shows that people facing mental health challenges are more socially isolated than any other group of disabled people. With these challenges in mind, I was delighted to receive a book on improving mental health through social support and more than willing to review it. was inspired to explore everyday support for people “disadvantaged by their experience of mental health problems” by his experience of working alongside such folk over ten years teaching horticultural skills in a voluntary sector organisation. He recognised the inadequacy of medical and psychological approaches to explain or guide the development of positive and empowering relationships outside services. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by emphasizing the importance of social support and relationships in addressing mental health issues. It discusses the inadequacy of solely relying on medical and psychological approaches, indicating that positive thinking alone is insufficient for resolving mental health challenges. Instead, it highlights that friends provide emotional support and connect individuals to activities and opportunities, thus demonstrating the need for external social interactions rather than relying exclusively on personal mindset.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Some assert that using pathogens for pest control will never affect beneficial insects. [SEP] Text: , 2016) and LepR1 () (Hebert et al. , 2004) and the following thermocycling regime: initial denaturation for 5 min at 95 °C, then 25 cycles of denaturation for 30 s at 95 °C, followed by annealing for 30 s at 55 °C and extension for 60 s at 72 °C, and a final extension for 10 min at 72 °C. For the second PCR, adapters were added to primers employed in the first PCR. All the second PCR reactions had a total volume of 25 µl and included 12. 5 µl 2×PCR Master Mix, 2 µl each of sequencing primers described above (10 µM), and 1 µl of template purified from the first PCR product or water (negative template control) and employed the following thermocycling regime (initial denaturation for 45 s at 98 °C, then six cycles of denaturation for 15 s at 98 °C, followed by annealing for 30 s at 60 °C and extension for 30 s at 72 °C, and a final extension for 1 min at 72 °C). Amplicons were purified using and (Illumina Inc. , ) and DNA Standards & were used for amplicon quantification. Satisfactory amplification was achieved from 126 of the 129 DNA extracts (Table S1). High throughput sequencing (HTS) Purified PCR2 products (126 reactions) were sequenced separately on an PE300 platform following standard protocols. Each reaction had two sequencing replicates to generate 252 products for sequencing. The amplicon libraries were prepared using MiKit v3 (Illumina Inc. , ). Briefly, the pooled library was thawed on ice along with HT1 (hybridization buffer), and then diluted to 2 nM in EB buffer. A total of 5 µl of the library were mixed with 5 µl of NaOH at 0. 2 N in a microcentrifuge tube with brief vortexing and 1 min of centrifugation at 280 g. After 5 min incubation at room temperature, 990 µl pre-chilled HT1 was added to the tube containing denatured library providing 1 ml of a 10 pM denatured library. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text provided is highly technical and describes processes regarding PCR and sequencing without reference to the claim about using pathogens for pest control and its effects on beneficial insects. Therefore, it is irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Protein is essential for muscle repair and growth. [SEP] Text: In humans, a previous study showed that skeletal muscle protein synthesis is blunted during resistance exercise. The same study also reported that an increase in AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) activity and a reduced phosphorylation of 4E-BP1 may contribute to the suppression of skeletal muscle protein synthesis. (Dreyer et al. 2006). It has been generally accepted that mTOR controls both 4E-BP1 and p70S6K1 directly. However, mTOR phosphorylation was unchanged immediately after exercise during the time when 4E-BP1 phosphorylation was reduced in Dreyer’s study (Dreyer et al. 2006). Furthermore, during post-exercise recovery, when muscle protein synthesis was stimulated, the increase in mTOR phosphorylation was associated with an increase in p70S6K1 phosphorylation. It suggested that the signaling mechanisms of mTOR to 4E-BP1 and p70S6K1 are regulated differentially and may be associated with the other mechanisms such as upstream regulation by TCS2 (Inoki et al. 2003). In the current study, 60 min after EC the phosphorylation of p70S6K1 was five times higher in the EC-Con than in the Sed group. However, skeletal muscle protein synthesis remained blunted. It indicated that AMPK activation or the other mechanisms which suppress the skeletal muscle protein synthesis still remained to be clear. Notably, LEAA administration further increased the phosphorylation of p70S6K1 relatively to that induced by EC alone. Although we did not measure any other signaling molecules related to an mTOR pathway, the dose of leucine administered in our study (0. 4 g/kg body weight twice, with a total dose of 0. 8 g/kg body weight) has been previously reported to be sufficient to increase mTOR pathway activity (Crozier et al. 2005). Resistance exercise and amino acid administration affects muscle protein synthesis additively and BCAA administration increases the augmented phosphorylation of p70S6K1 by resistance exercise (Borgenvik et al. 2012). Therefore, different mechanisms between exercise and amino acids are proposed for stimulating the mTOR pathway. However, in Crozier’s study (Crozier et al. 2005), administration of 0. 135 or 0. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the impact of amino acids, including leucine, on muscle protein synthesis and the mTOR pathway. It states that administration of leucine increased the phosphorylation of p70S6K1, which is associated with muscle protein synthesis. This indicates that protein not only contributes to muscle repair but also plays a role in stimulating growth through various signaling mechanisms.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Mental health issues can be fully resolved through positive thinking alone. [SEP] Text: He brings an accessible sociological approach to develop a broad and human(e) understanding of the formal and informal “social support that arises out of the network of friends, family and acquaintances such as neighbours and work colleagues, surrounding an individual”. The book provides a comprehensive analysis of the interactions between mental health problems and social relationships. It articulates the cyclical effect of self-stigmatisation combined with the cognitive and emotional effects of mental health problems on the individuals’ behaviour in relation to others who are also influenced by their pre-conceptions of mental illness and their experiences of relationships with others who have mental health problems. These dynamics can both impair the reciprocal nature of relationships and it can erode the pattern of friendships so that they are displaced or neglected and all too quickly fade away. Leach draws on the personal accounts of people with mental health problems to illustrate the meaning, nature and value of friendships, the need for altruism at times and the two way benefits of relationships even when one party is at their most distressed and might appear to give no return. (initially baulked at the notion of “one way” friendships, I can see that there may be times when it feels this way – to both people involved. ) He demonstrates the importance of social support in every domain of our lives – family, work, education and in communities and goes on to define ways in which social support can be offered and accepted in these domains. This is a helpful, informative and timely book. However, there are some aspects of social support that are glossed over. acknowledges the shortcomings of relationships that are over prescriptive or offer unwelcome or inaccurate advice, I wonder whether evidence of unhelpful social support, damaging relationships and the value of isolation needs to be included. I also feel that the barriers facing professionals in promoting, facilitating and supporting social relationships need to be explored and debated further. Hitherto, professionals have been wary of connecting people with shared interests, common goals and ambitions in case they bring additional burden and stress for each other (implicitly by virtue of having mental health problems). Fear of breaching confidentiality lies at the core of this. If we introduce two people who appear to have similar wishes and could potentially benefit from company in, for example joining a club, going to the cinema or doing an activity together then where do we stand if the relationships turns out to be exploitative or damaging? [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by illustrating the importance of social support and relationships in addressing mental health issues. It discusses how mental health problems can impact interactions with others and highlights the complexities involved in social relationships, such as self-stigma and impaired reciprocal connections. The mention of the holistic understanding required for mental health, including social dynamics, indicates that mental health cannot be resolved solely through positive thinking, but rather involves broader social interactions and support.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Some assert that using pathogens for pest control will never affect beneficial insects. [SEP] Text: The denatured library was diluted to 8 pM (480 µl of the 10 pM denatured library, 120 µl of the pre-chilled HT1) by inverted mixing and then pulse centrifugation. Subsequently, the libraries were loaded onto the reagent cartridge to set up the sequencing run. After cleaning the flow cell, the reagents were loaded into the flow cell to initiate the sequencing. Sequencing data analysis There are a range of cloud-based platforms and tools that are freely available to analyze HTS data (et al. , 2020). One such tool, mBRAVE, the multiplex barcode research and visualization environment, is a data storage and analytics platform with standardized pipelines and a sophisticated web interface designed to transform raw HTS data into biological insights (www. mbrave. net). mBRAVE integrates common analytical methods and links to the BOLD system for access to reference datasets (Young et al. , 2021; Zieritz et al. , 2022) and assignment of sequences to BINs, the features that are unique to this platform only. Results from the 252 sequence libraries were uploaded to mBRAVE (www. mbrave. net) under the project “MBR-MTCHN1” where they were analyzed using a standard pipeline (Young et al. , 2021; Zieritz et al. , 2022) involving sequence trimming (25 bp on each side), quality filtering (minimum QV 25), de-replication, identification, and OTU generation. mBRAVE has direct access to the DNA barcode reference libraries on BOLD which allows comparison of the sequence data with the selected libraries and interpretation of the outcome. This also allows the assignment of the generated OTUs to the barcode index numbers (BINs) and taxonomy on BOLD. The sequences were run against the DNA barcode reference library for Insecta on BOLD that represents 0. 5 million BINs and 213,000 named species (the system reference library for mengine—Insecta). The library also includes about 60,000 insect barcodes from China (DS-). Sequences on mBRAVE were organized by ‘sequence runs’ and assigned to BINs and Linnaean taxonomy. The resultant data was downloaded from mBRAVE to summarize the results by Malaise trap location. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim regarding the impacts of using pathogens for pest control on beneficial insects. Instead, it discusses the process of sequencing libraries and the use of analytical tools to interpret DNA barcode data, which is unrelated to the assertion that pathogens will not affect beneficial insects.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Protein is essential for muscle repair and growth. [SEP] Text: 337 g/kg BW leucine increased the phosphorylation of p70S6K1 by four or six times its level in the control group, respectively; furthermore, skeletal muscle protein synthesis rates were not different between the groups. This suggests that, in the present study, the difference that we observed in the phosphorylation of p706SK1 between the EC-Con and EC-AminoL40 groups might not be large enough to be physiologically important. Skeletal muscle protein synthesis was higher in the EC-AminoL40 group than in the EC-Con group, but was not different from the Sed group. This indicates that the LEAA administration could partly improve the negative effect of EC on skeletal muscle protein synthesis, but the factors which suppress the muscle protein synthesis still remained. In this study, we did not include a group that received LEAA without EC because our focus was on investigating the effect of LEAAs on skeletal muscle protein synthesis rates after EC. Further studies are required to clarify the underlying discrepancy between protein synthesis and signaling. In the current study, skeletal muscle protein synthesis and p70S6K1 phosphorylation were measured 50 min after administration of LEAAs or 60 min after ECs. Amino acid concentrations were elevated immediately, reached a peak at 30–60 min, and returned to basal levels approximately 240 min after LEAAs administration. Furthermore, Katta et al. (2009) reported that the phosphorylation of p70S6K1 was increased 0 and 1 h after ECs in rats. Thus, measurement at 50 min post-administration of LEAAs, 60 min post-ECs allowed us to detect the peak change in skeletal muscle protein synthesis and p70S6K1 phosphorylation induced by the combination of LEAA administration and ECs. We found that LEAA administration increased plasma insulin concentrations in plasma (Fig. 3). Insulin is a powerful stimulator of protein synthesis, and leucine is known to stimulate insulin secretion. However, previous studies have reported that the stimulatory effect of leucine on muscle protein synthesis occurs without a concomitant increase in serum insulin concentrations (Anthony et al. 2000). Furthermore, a previous study demonstrated that contractile activity is a potent stimulus for blunting the net protein synthesis rate in rat skeletal muscle ex vivo and can even override the anabolic effect of insulin (Miranda et al. 2008). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by indicating that administration of leucine and essential amino acids (LEAA) enhances skeletal muscle protein synthesis. It mentions that increased phosphorylation of p70S6K1 and elevated amino acid concentrations are linked to higher protein synthesis rates. This supports the idea that protein, particularly leucine, plays a crucial role in stimulating muscle repair and growth processes.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Mental health issues can be fully resolved through positive thinking alone. [SEP] Text: However, we now have much greater opportunity to support the development of friendships and the social support borne out of community integration for those with whom we work. Leach describes the potential benefits of social prescribing in primary care (enabling people to join social groups, clubs and activities of their choice); of personal health budgets and self-directed care. He could go much further than this. As we have seen from papers published in this journal, there are increasing examples of people using mental health services to form peer led, peer run communities, networks and movements and access community activities. “Recovery Rocks” in (Waegeli, 2014) fosters recovery within a peer community and “Prosper” in (Barrett et al. , 2014) offers a self-directed network and movement of over 150 people that is continuously influenced and changed by the skills and energy of its members. in (Walters, 2015) develops community partnerships and co-funds creative projects designed to provide supportive, creative opportunities in communities that enable people to reach their potential and live well in those communities. These are part of a larger social movement in which people with mental health problems are actively creating opportunities for themselves, with others who share similar experiences, to do the things they want to do in their own communities (geographical, cultural, with common interests, backgrounds and ambitions). Whilst these may begin with a strong focus on peer support amongst those with mental health problems, there is clearly evidence that they lead on to extending networks, friendships, valued roles and identities alongside others with similar interests and goals – rather than similar backgrounds and past experiences. Added to this, the development of (Perkins et al. , 2012), where people can learn with and from each other about their own conditions and ways in which they can move on, has led to the overwhelming finding that the main benefit is not so much what they learn about their condition, but about how they perceive themselves, their potential and their value. They develop lasting friendships with fellow students – based on shared experiences, shared interests and shared ambition, just as anyone else would when they attend college. And these relationships take them into the world beyond mental health services, achieving recovery together. So whilst I recommend this book to everyone working in mental health services because it really does provide a convincing account of the importance and benefits of social support. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by emphasizing the importance of social support and community integration in managing mental health issues. It discusses the benefits of forming peer-led communities and social connections, which indicate that recovery from mental health problems involves more than just positive thinking. The mention of initiatives like 'Recovery Rocks' and 'Prosper' illustrates that successful recovery often requires shared experiences and social networks, undermining the idea that positive thinking alone is sufficient for resolving mental health issues.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Some assert that using pathogens for pest control will never affect beneficial insects. [SEP] Text: Pairwise comparisons of BINs among trap locations were visualized by the package “VennDiagram” in R (ver. 4. 2. 2) statistical environment (R Core Team, 2023). To reduce the likelihood of false positives, a cleaning step was employed which excluded read counts in the BIN table that represented less than 0. 01% of the total read count for their respective sample. BINs represented by a single sequence (singletons) were also excluded from the final BIN count. Concordance or discordance between a BIN and the associated species was determined using “BIN Discordance” tool on BOLD. Diversity and species richness analyses were performed in R (package “vegan”) using BINs (as species proxies) recovered from the HTS sequence data. Alpha diversity at individual sites was analyzed by Shannon-Wiener index (Shannon, 1948) while the BIN similarity among the Malaise sites was calculated by Jaccard coefficient (Jaccard, 1912). Beta diversity was analyzed by Bray-Curtis dissimilarity index (Bray & Curtis, 1957). The species richness was assessed by three common estimators, Chao (Chao, 1984), Jack1 (first-order Jackknife) (Tukey, 1958) and bootstrap (Efron, 1992). Spread of BINs over time was determined by calculating BIN incidences in the Malaise sampling events for each site. 252 HTS libraries included 14 Malaise trap collections from GAN, 15 from QIU and 14 from SHI (Table S1). In total, these runs yielded 9. 5 million (M) DNA sequences which dereplicated to 2. 7 M barcodes averaging 250 bp in length. The 1,515,627 sequences remaining after filtration were assigned to BINs. Most sequences belonged to Diptera (64%), Hymenoptera (16. 1%), Lepidoptera (15. 3%), Hemiptera (2. 9%) and Coleoptera (1. 3%) (Fig. 2). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text discusses methodological details of analyzing Biodiversity Indices (BINs) and does not address the claim regarding the impact of pathogens on beneficial insects. Therefore, it is irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Protein is essential for muscle repair and growth. [SEP] Text: In the current study, the LEAAs were administered 30 min before and 10 min after EC. It remains unclear which of these administrations most affected the results. Further studies in this animal model are needed to investigate the timing of LEAA administration. We also found that LEAAs alleviated the reduction in muscle protein synthesis, which led to a positive net balance of skeletal muscle protein turnover. These results suggest that the administration of LEAAs may enhance recovery from muscle damage induced by EC. Further studies are required to determine the mechanisms responsible for the effects of BCAA or LEAA supplementation on DOMS and to investigate whether the specific composition amino acid supplementations changes these effects. In our study, we examined LEAAs, not leucine alone or BCAAs. Administration of leucine alone or BCAAs leads to a decrease in plasma concentrations of other essential amino acids in neonatal pigs (Escobar et al. 2005) and in humans (Borgenvik et al. 2012). In normal swine, reduced availability of amino acids leads to blunted muscle protein synthesis and amino acid supplementation recovers this reduced muscle protein synthesis (Kobayashi et al. 2003). Furthermore, insulin-mediated hypoaminoacidemia reduces protein synthesis, and increased availability of all amino acids, but not leucine alone, recovers this reduction in protein synthesis. Therefore, other essential amino acids, except for BCAAs and leucine, may be essential for sustaining augmented muscle protein synthesis. Accordingly, LEAAs have been investigated to stimulate muscle protein synthesis after several types of exercise (Dreyer et al. 2008; Pasiakos et al. 2011). Additionally, in our study, we found that LEAAs alleviated muscle damage after eccentric exercise. Therefore, LEAAs are effective for recovery after exercise via alleviation of muscle damage and enhancement of muscle adaptation. In conclusion, LEAAs suppress the decrease in mechanical paw withdrawal threshold induced by EC in rats. Additionally, LEAAs alleviate impaired muscle protein synthesis by EC and further increases phosphorylation of p70S6K1 by EC. However, the precise mechanisms by which LEAAs act to confer such effects still need to be clarified. These findings suggest that LEAA administration before and after eccentric exercise hastens the recovery from muscle soreness. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing how the administration of LEAAs (a form of protein) enhances recovery from muscle damage and stimulates muscle protein synthesis, especially after eccentric exercise. This supports the idea that protein is essential for muscle repair, stating that 'LEAAs alleviated the reduction in muscle protein synthesis' and contribute positively to 'recovery from muscle soreness.'


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Awareness campaigns can prevent all cases of mental health issues in society. [SEP] Text: Awareness campaigns: opening patients’ eyes to what pharmacy can offerThis year’s (18–24 September 2017) presented an opportunity for healthcare organisations to highlight the importance of eye health and the need for regular sight tests. 02 October 2017 Copy link to page Download PDF Pharmacists are well positioned to promote awareness campaigns, like Health Week, with patients and ensure that they are aware of the services available to them in their local pharmacy. Satyan Kotetcha, local professional network (LPN) chair for Birmingham and Jeff Blankley, local pharmaceutical committee (LPC) chair for both Wolverhampton and Birmingham, talk to about the eye care services they provide in the and how important awareness campaigns are in highlighting to patients what services they can access. What eye care services are provided by pharmacies in Wolverhampton and Birmingham? How do these compare to other services available in and what are the key challenges? JB: Wolverhampton CCG commissions a (MECS) through community pharmacy, which aims to facilitate the patient journey. The service evolved from the care Assessment and (PEARS) commissioned by NHS England, as a local bolt-on to a minor ailment scheme. MECS is a fantastic example of primary care working collaboratively to find the best treatment option for a patient with an eye condition, as well as being convenient for the patient. The optometry and pharmacy professions are working together to provide the best available care and reduce visits to GPs and even A&Es. Patients present and the optometrist treats or refers the patient to pharmacy, GP or A&E depending on the diagnosis. Serious and urgent conditions are referred to hospital and acute minor eye conditions, such as dry eye, itchy eye or infected eye, are referred to the community pharmacy. The referral is a written paper making the diagnosis clear and prescribing the appropriate eye drops from an agreed formulary indicated on the form. Non-formulary/non-standard strengths and sizes are excluded but preservative-free preparations are allowed. The patient then takes the form to the pharmacy and receives the eye-drops. The fee and cost of drops is reimbursed by the clinical commissioning group (CCG). The service receives around 100 activities per month and it clearly saves consequential time with GPs and hospitals as well as providing the remedy immediately. PharmOutcomes provides the platform to report activity and all other back office functions. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts with the claim by discussing the importance of awareness campaigns in providing information about eye health and services, but it does not support the notion that such campaigns can prevent all mental health issues. It focuses on the promotion of specific healthcare services instead of the broader implications related to mental health prevention.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Some assert that using pathogens for pest control will never affect beneficial insects. [SEP] Text: The BIN system (Ratnasingham & Hebert, 2013) linked the cumulative COI sequences from the three Malaise sites to a total of 2,141 BINs, and their counts were similar for the three orchards (GAN = 1,795; QIU = 1,792; SHI = 1,712) (Table 1). These BINs were used as a proxy for species to analyze insect biodiversity assemblages at the collection sites. Most (63%) of the 2,141 BINs were common among the three sampling sites, while only 6–8% were shared exclusively between site pairs, and 6% were unique to each site (Fig. 3). Alpha diversity analysis showed a similar Shannon index (H′) value (GAN = 6. 9; QIU = 6. 9; SHI = 6. 8) for the three Malaise sites. Biodiversity overlap determined by Jaccard similarity coefficient (J) suggested a high level of BIN sharing among the three sites in pairwise comparisons (GAN-QIU = 0. 67; QIU-SHI = 0. 68; GAN-SHI = 0. 68). Beta diversity assessed by Bray-Curtis index showed a low level of BIN dissimilarity in the pairwise site comparisons (GAN-QIU = 0. 20; QIU-SHI = 0. 19; GAN-SHI = 0. 19). All samples combined yielded 2,141 BINs, but estimates range between 2,233 (Chao), 2,260 (Bootstrap) and 2,373 (Jack1). At all three sampling sites, most BINs (GAN = 769; QIU = 739; SHI = 751) were encountered only once in the 14/15 collection events and just a few (GAN = 12; QIU = 15; SHI = 17) were detected in all samples. However, the variance (R2) of BIN occurrence in the collection events at the three sampling sites remained low (Fig. 4). Figure 2: Number of sequences assigned to 14 insect orders based on Malaise trap collections from three Chinese citrus orchards. Download full-size image DOI: 10. 7717/peerj. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it focuses on the biodiversity of insect species in sampling sites without directly addressing the impact of using pathogens for pest control on beneficial insects. The information provided pertains to the analysis of insect biodiversity using BINs rather than their relationship to pest control methods.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Protein is essential for muscle repair and growth. [SEP] Text: Log in or to journalnew issue alertsGet alerts Enter your Email address: Subscribe to e2001. Address for correspondence: 3123, East Street, Hamilton, (E-mail: [email protected]). Exercise and Reviews 29(4):p 155-158, October 2001. . , B. . BASS, and R. . Myostatin in muscle growth and repair. Exerc. Sport Sci. Rev. , Vol. 29, No. 4, pp 155–158, 2001. Myostatin, a member of the TGF beta superfamily, regulates skeletal muscle size by controlling embryonic myoblast proliferation. Recent results show that myostatin may also have a role in muscle regeneration and muscle wasting of adult animals. This review summarizes the recent developments in the regulation of myostatin gene expression and mechanism of its function. become an or a Hercules, does one need to pump iron, or be blessed with the appropriate genotype, or both? Four years ago, McPherron et al. (10) showed that mice lacking the gene myostatin (or GDF-8) are heavy muscled without pumping iron (Figure 1). In this review, we discuss the biology of myostatin and the possible role of myostatin in muscle growth and regeneration. Figure 1: Figure showing increased skeletal muscle mass in animals lacking functional myostatin. shows the upper limb of myostatin-null mice. Control (wild-type) mouse is shown in panel A. shows a double muscle bull. (and B are reprinted from McPherron, A. C. , A. M. Lawler, and S. J. Lee. Regulation of skeletal muscle mass in mice by a new TGF-β superfamily member. Nature. 387:83-90, 1997. Copyright © Ltd. Used with permission. )previously known as Growth and 8 (GDF-8), is a member of the TGF-β superfamily. gene has been cloned from most of the vertebrate species, and sequence analysis shows that myostatin structure and sequence is highly conserved during evolution. Although expression of only one isoform of myostatin is described in higher vertebrates, recently two myostatin isoforms have been reported from brook trout with 92% identity at the nucleotide level (11). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing myostatin and its role in muscle growth and regeneration. It highlights that myostatin regulates skeletal muscle size and suggests its importance in muscle development, which is fundamentally linked to the effects of protein in muscle repair and growth.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Awareness campaigns can prevent all cases of mental health issues in society. [SEP] Text: Wolverhampton CCG has been judged as outstanding for the past three years. In Wolverhampton, the lead profession is optometry and this has the support and collaboration of the pharmacy and medical professions. Other CCGs are now exploring the service. SK: The pharmacists here [in Birmingham] have a commissioned service where opticians will assess patients with minor eye conditions. If appropriate the optician will refer the patient to a participating community pharmacy where the pharmacist will supply appropriate drops as recommended by the optician, ranging from preparations for dry eye to steroids and antibiotics. Not only does this reduce burden on the eye clinic at the hospital, it utilises the skills and supply chain in primary care and also forges better relationships between the professions. It was a challenge getting buy-in from commissioners who were concerned that the service would create demand rather than shift activity; however, the evidence has meant that the service has been recommissioned. We are also hoping for other areas in the to adopt the service as this would allow better referral from NHS 111 and delivery at scale. We have had some success with a wide approach to minor ailments covering all but a few CCG areas. Building on this we have had a series of events in Birmingham and Wolverhampton to upskill pharmacists, dentists and opticians around each other’s roles in caring for patients with diabetes leading to referrals for medicines use reviews (MURs), dental checks and regional screening. I believe these services are quite unique and trail blazing and don’t know if other areas have adopted them yet. What are the benefits for the public, the pharmacist and pharmacy when it comes to being involved in awareness campaigns? SK: Pharmacies have such a great footfall, and to leverage this in making every contact count makes such sense. Awareness campaigns raise the profile of pharmacies in public health amongst the general public and show that our role goes beyond just dispensing prescriptions. There is also job satisfaction for counter staff as it gives them an opportunity to develop their role leading into provision of services such as blood pressure and diabetes screening. JB: MECS are supported by leaflets and posters across all the GP surgeries and pharmacy facilities. Pharmacy activity is tracked through PharmOutcomes, so, inactive practices can be identified and supported. A similar process covers the optometry practices across the city. Normal activity data is extracted and shared periodically. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim as it discusses the role of pharmacists and optometrists in managing minor ailments and public health awareness without asserting that these campaigns can prevent all mental health issues. It emphasizes that awareness campaigns raise the profile of pharmacies in public health but does not support the absolute effectiveness of such campaigns in preventing mental health issues, highlighting instead the complexity of healthcare collaboration and the challenges faced.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Some assert that using pathogens for pest control will never affect beneficial insects. [SEP] Text: 15338/fig-2 Table 1: Insect BINs recovered from three Malaise traps in citrus orchards and their assignment and discordance at different taxonomic ranks. locations Total BINs 1,795 1,782 1,712 2,141 BINs assigned to order 1,784 1,776 1,707 2,128 BINs assigned to family 1,744 1,739 1,664 2,076 BINs assigned to genus 1,053 1,034 1,019 1,229 BINs assigned to species 766 755 733 875 BINs with family-level discordance 15 18 19 20 BINs with genus-level discordance 85 87 89 98 BINs with species-level discordance 220 218 216 235 DOI: 10. 7717/peerj. 15338/table-1 Figure 3: Venn diagram depicting the overlap in BIN composition among insect collections from three citrus orchards. Download full-size image DOI: 10. 7717/peerj. 15338/fig-3 Figure 4: Incidence of BINs in the Malaise collections at three sampling cites, (A) GAN, (B) QIU and (C) SHI. Download full-size image DOI: 10. 7717/peerj. 15338/fig-4 When the sequences were compared against all insect records on BOLD, 40% (875) of the BINs showed a match to a known species while 59% (1,229) were placed to a genus, 97% (2,076) to a family, and 100% (2,141) to an order. However, a check of the correspondence between the BINs and their associated taxonomy revealed 235 discordances at the species level, 98 at the genus level and 20 at the family level. At GAN site, 220 discordant BINs were found at the species, 85 at the genus and 15 at the family level. At QIU, 218 discordant BINs were found at the species, 87 at the genus and 18 at the family level. At SHI, 216 discordant BINs were found at the species, 89 at the genus and 19 at the family level (Table 1). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim regarding the impact of using pathogens for pest control on beneficial insects. Instead, it provides data on insect taxonomic classification and discordances within insect BINs in citrus orchards, which is unrelated to the assertion made in the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Protein is essential for muscle repair and growth. [SEP] Text: Structurally, Myostatin appears to share several features with other members of the TGF-β superfamily. Myostatin contains a core of hydrophobic amino acids near the N-terminus that functions as a signal sequence for secretion. It is synthesized as a precursor form that is proteolytically processed to give rise to either 26-kDa or 12-kDa active processed mature myostatin in myoblasts or fibroblasts, respectively (Figure 2) (13). Mature myostatin contains nine cysteine residues that facilitate the active C-terminal mature protein to form a homodimer in a cysteine knot structure (10), and like other TGF-β members, once processed, myostatin appears to be secreted as corroborated by the presence of mature 26-kDa myostatin in circulation. However the proteins that facilitate myostatin secretion and the latency complex of myostatin are not yet characterized. Figure 2: A proposed model showing the proteolytic processing of myostatin. Precursor myostatin is synthesized as 375 amino acid (∼55 kDa) protein. The proteolytic processing site RSRR spanning between amino acid 263–266 is indicated. Homo-dimers of C-terminal mature processed myostatin and N-terminal Peptide (LAP) along with their molecular weights (based on SDS-PAGE mobility) are shown. In addition to structure, myostatin function appears to be very well conserved in the vertebrates. Targeted deletion of the entire C-terminus of myostatin in mice leads to an increase in the size of the animal (10) (Figure 1). The myostatin null mice were significantly larger than wild-type animals, the increase in body weight coming from a two- to three-fold increase in muscle mass. The increase in muscle mass resulted from muscle cell hyperplasia and hypertrophy (10), which suggests that myostatin is a negative regulator of muscle growth. Another mutation in the myostatin coding sequence identified in compact hypermuscular mouse is a deletion in the pro-peptide region preceding the proteolytic processing site of the precursor protein. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing myostatin's role as a negative regulator of muscle growth. It indicates that myostatin null mice exhibit a significant increase in muscle mass due to muscle cell hyperplasia and hypertrophy, suggesting that proteins like myostatin are integral to the regulation of muscle development. The mention of increased muscle mass aligns with the idea of protein's essential role in muscle repair and growth.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Awareness campaigns can prevent all cases of mental health issues in society. [SEP] Text: Pharmacies (HLPs), in some locations, have been used to promote MECS and posters added to the HLP Healthy Zone. Why did Wolverhampton and Birmingham LPCs ask local pharmacies to participate in Health Week? SK: Sight is very important but we often take it for granted. Lots of people attend pharmacy when there is something wrong – they may have difficulties with vision, medicines that cause dry eyes or blurred vision so promoting eye health fits really well with pharmacy. We are not competing with opticians but signposting and supporting patients. The local professional network (LPN) and local pharmaceutical committees (LPCs) have supported roll out of HLPs across the with funded training from England (HEE). Health promotion campaigns are a great way to demonstrate return on investment and to raise the profile of HLPs. I am the LPN chair for pharmacy and a colleague of mine who is the chair for eye health approached me to ask if pharmacy would support this work. We had already decided our mandated campaigns so approached the LPCs to ask if they would volunteer for just 200 pharmacies to participate, the response from the nine LPCs was unanimous. We targeted Birmingham and Wolverhampton due to previous engagement with eye health but ranthe campaign in other areas of the West Midlands. A regional independent wholesaler distributed all of the packs for us free of charge. They did the same for an earlier diabetes campaign as they could see the benefit, beyond just delivering medicines. JB: week was in the calendar for for a while. There are a lot of these campaign weeks which some pharmacies support, particularly where there is a local need identified. What advice would you give to pharmacists and pharmacy teams interested in promoting awareness days, weeks or months? SK: Communication is key. Plan all of your campaigns in advance and try to link with awareness days and national initiatives where there is already lots of media noise. Use different channels, particularly social media feeds. JB: To ensure that pharmacies and optometrists work together to help manage minor eye conditions and provide a joined-up message around eye health it is important to have joint working and meetings to coordinate and have sponsored events to increase attendees. Both my LPCs communicate directly with contractors generally as a one-topic email. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by implying that awareness campaigns, while beneficial, do not provide a comprehensive solution to all health issues. It discusses health promotion campaigns in pharmacies and highlights the importance of communication and collaboration in managing health concerns such as eye health. This suggests that awareness campaigns are not sufficient on their own to prevent all mental health issues, as they focus on specific health sectors rather than addressing the broader scope of mental health.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Some assert that using pathogens for pest control will never affect beneficial insects. [SEP] Text: Most (96%) of the 2,141 BINs were linked to 14 insect orders, with a 49% to Diptera, 22% to Hymenoptera, 14% to Lepidoptera, 5% to Coleoptera, and 4. 5% to Hemiptera. 875 of the 2,141 BINs were linked to a known insect species which included 443 pests, 223 pest/pollinators, 140 parasitoids, 52 predators, two predator/pollinators and 15 pollinators (Fig. 5 and Table S2). Figure 5: Number of BINs associated with pest and beneficial insect species. Download full-size image DOI: 10. 7717/peerj. 15338/fig-5 of morphology and lack of taxonomic experts have limited the understanding of insect pest and natural enemy complexes in citrus orchards, compromising the efficacy of pest management tactics (Niu et al. , 2014). The present study circumvented these limitations by employing DNA metabarcoding to assess insect diversity in three citrus plantations. The coupling of Malaise traps with metabarcoding has been successfully used to develop inventory for insect faunas in Sweden (Karlsson et al. , 2020) and Germany (Moriniere et al. , 2016). Malaise traps are useful for capturing flying insects and have been frequently used for barcode-based insect diversity assessments (Hardulak et al. , 2020; Karlsson et al. , 2020). DNA metabarcoding offers simultaneous identification of multiple species in bulk samples (Yu et al. , 2012). Prior studies have used metabarcoding to examine insect biodiversity, pest prevalence (Piper et al. , 2022), and to evaluate predator-prey relationships (Yang et al. , 2022). For example, (Huang et al. , 2022) used metabarcoding to reveal the composition of Diptera communities in a subtropical system, while (Kirse et al. , 2021) used this method to analyze seasonal shifts in arthropod diversity in Malaise trap catches. The effective implementation of metabarcoding for simultaneous, multi-species identification of complex mixed communities have helped scaling up pest surveillance efforts (Piper et al. , 2019). BINs were used as a proxy to count species and to link the generated sequences to species represented on BOLD. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses the use of DNA metabarcoding in assessing insect diversity and pest prevalence without addressing whether using pathogens for pest control affects beneficial insects. There is no information in the provided text that supports or contradicts the assertion about pathogens and their impact on beneficial insect populations.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Protein is essential for muscle repair and growth. [SEP] Text: Results from our laboratory show that during bovine myogenesis, the peak expression of MyoD is at day 70–120 and that of myostatin is between days 90–120, which coincides with onset of secondary fiber formation. Because timing of myostatin expression during development coincides with that of MyoD, and both MyoD and myostatin are predominately expressed in fast-twitch muscle (1), MyoD may be one of the key regulators of myostatin expression during the proliferation and differentiation of myoblasts during myogenesis. myogenesis, myoblasts proliferate and withdraw from the cell cycle and commit to a differentiation pathway to form myotubes. The size of muscle, therefore, is in part dependent on the extent of myoblast proliferation that occurs prior to differentiation. Recent studies (13) show that myostatin inhibits the proliferation of exponentially growing myoblasts in culture without causing overt differentiation or increasing apoptotic cell death. Fundamental to myoblast proliferation is the cell cycle. Regulation of the cell cycle predominantly occurs at the gap phases, G1 and G2, where cyclin-dependent kinases (Cdks) and their cognate partners, cyclins, phosphorylate substrates, which serve to promote gap-phase transitions. Regulating these Cdks are the p16 and p21 families of Cdk inhibitors (CKIs). When myostatin-treated myoblasts were analyzed by FACS, the distributions revealed cell-cycle arrest in the G1 and G2 phases. Based on the analysis of the cell-cycle control proteins, we have proposed a mechanism for myostatin function in muscle growth (13) (Figure 3) whereby in response to myostatin signaling, p21 is upregulated, inhibiting cyclin-E·Cdk2 activity, which causes the hypophosphorylation of Rb protein and G1 arrest. This model also, in part, explains the muscular hyperplasia seen in animals lacking functional myostatin in which myoblast proliferation becomes partially deregulated. Figure 3: A model for the role of myostatin in muscle growth. A, during early myogenesis, Myf-5 and MyoD specify cells to adopt the myoblast fate. In response to myostatin signaling, p21 is upregulated, inhibiting cyclin-E·Cdk2 activity. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the role of myostatin and MyoD in myoblast proliferation and differentiation, both of which are essential processes for muscle growth. It highlights that myoblasts proliferate prior to differentiating into myotubes, and since myoblast proliferation is fundamental for muscle size, it indirectly supports the assertion that protein (as a component of muscle tissue) is essential for muscle growth.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Awareness campaigns can prevent all cases of mental health issues in society. [SEP] Text: In Wolverhampton, this is supported by the city council public health department and a quarterly HLP newsletter is circulated with the England (PHE) calendar of events, which is shared annually with the new campaigns highlighted at each publication. Local activities are incorporated into the “news” each quarter. Birmingham LPC is embarking on a similar model, but at the LPC’s expense, as CCGs and the city council are yet to see the prevention and self-care opportunities in community pharmacy and HLPs. Getting meetings arranged helps, although only a proportion of contractors attend. There are networks of HLPs in Wolverhampton driven by a keen public health specialist in the council. There is also support from both officers and elected representatives in Wolverhampton city council. How can you market awareness campaigns effectively? What resources are available? SK: We are very lucky in the as we have great links to charities and PHE —- they have ordered all the national materials for our current mandated campaign ‘Stay well this winter’ (with emphasis on flu vaccination). We are also in the process of producing a short video clip in a pharmacy on how to set up a campaign — making it real and setting expectations. JB: We now use PHE websites to link to collateral available. Distribution is a challenge and can be just wallpaper without sufficient engagement. How do you measure the success of awareness campaigns? SK: Last year we launched a campaign, in collaboration with Diabetes UK and the Science Network, distributing 100,000 leaflets to pharmacies highlighting the care patients should expect from pharmacies. An astounding 47,000 leaflets were confirmed to have been stapled to patient bags with audited responses from 12,000 patients. This was so successful that Diabetes UK is rolling it out in other areas and we are now doing the same for the Foundation and chronic obstructive pulmonary disorder (COPD) next year! JB: The LPN really successfully marketed the diabetes campaign through community pharmacy. Evidence from the surveys showed that 25–35% of diabetics had not had their eyes tested or feet inspected or did not know what the right results for glucose, cholesterol and blood pressure were. SK: But don’t rely on just sending packs out with a letter also use a platform such as PharmOutcomes to measure impact and participation. RB provided financial support in the production of this content. Journal retains full editorial control. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by suggesting that while awareness campaigns are important and can be successful, there are inherent limitations and challenges in their implementation and effectiveness. It highlights issues like distribution challenges ('Distribution is a challenge and can be just wallpaper without sufficient engagement') and the need for engagement beyond passive measures ('But don’t rely on just sending packs out with a letter also use a platform such as PharmOutcomes to measure impact and participation'). This indicates that awareness campaigns alone are not sufficient to prevent all cases of mental health issues.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Some assert that using pathogens for pest control will never affect beneficial insects. [SEP] Text: This approach not only revealed the presence of potentially more than 2,000 insect species, but it also linked 866 (40%) of the BINs to known insects. This result supports the utility of BINs as an effective approach for counting species (Hebert et al. , 2016) and assessing insect diversity (Telfer et al. , 2015). While most BINs were assigned to single taxon, 12% were linked to more than one species or genus. The lower number of BINs with species matches on BOLD indicates the incompleteness of the current barcode reference library, emphasizing the need to develop regional DNA barcode reference libraries. BIN discordance has been reported in many barcode studies (et al. , 2020; Gibbs, 2018) and the issue has generally been linked to misidentifications (Hebert et al. , 2004), heteroplasmy, or incomplete lineage sorting (Kang et al. , 2016; Weber, Stohr & Chenuil, 2019). These issues can only be resolved by detailed taxonomic analysis. Nonetheless, use of BINs to identify or count species in pooled samples where sequenced specimens may not be validated by morphology has limitations (Elbrecht et al. , 2017). The number of BINs revealed at each of the three sites were similar, but a majority (63%) of the BINs were common among sites, and this was reflected in the high alpha diversity (S = 0. 67–0. 68) and low beta diversity values (BC = 0. 19–0. 20). This means that there was little variation in the insect species at these locations. There are several possible reasons for the low insect beta diversity. One reason could be that due to a similar habitat of citrus plantations and small distance (1 km) between the three traps the physical characteristics of the habitat were relatively similar across a wide area, leading to a homogenization of insect species. For example, if the vegetation and climate are very similar across a region, or the geographic range is small, it may be more likely that the same insect species will be found throughout that region (Chesters et al. , 2019; Dianzinga et al. , 2020). To investigate the spread of BINs over time we calculated BIN incidences in the collection events. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses the utility of Barcode Index Numbers (BINs) for identifying and counting insect species, insect diversity, and the limitations of using these methods. It does not address the use of pathogens for pest control or its impact on beneficial insects.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Protein is essential for muscle repair and growth. [SEP] Text: In these experiments, animals subjected to long periods of muscle unloading with intermittent muscle loading experienced no significant loss of muscle mass but showed higher levels of myostatin. One of the explanations for the elevated levels of myostatin in hindlimb unloading is that myostatin may function as an inhibitor of satellite cell proliferation (1). This is supported by the fact that myostatin-null mutant mice have both muscle hyperplasia and hypertrophy, which can be related to increased satellite cell activity. Furthermore, hindlimb unloading inhibits satellite cell proliferation. Unpublished results from our laboratory indicate that myostatin indeed inhibits the satellite cell proliferation. The rats exposed to the microgravity environment of the space shuttle flight also show loss of skeletal muscle mass is associated with increased myostatin mRNA and protein levels in the skeletal muscle. Taken together, these results suggest that there may be fundamental differences in myostatin expression in various muscle-wasting conditions. That is, depending on the nature of the stimulus, whether chronic or acute, the expression of myostatin would differ. When animals are subjected to unloading, the stimulus is drastic and occurs rapidly, which results in the quick and transient change in myostatin mRNA expression (1). The signaling events that regulate myostatin expression in response to such stimuli are currently under investigation. has also been hypothesized to play a role in the muscle regeneration process. Following skeletal muscle injury, the degeneration process, such as inflammation, neutrophil infiltration, and macrophage phagocytosis of necrotic cells, occurs within the damaged region. This process is then followed by the activation of satellite cells, which exist in skeletal muscle in a quiescent state. Activated satellite cells proliferate and migrate to the site of injury where they fuse to form myotubes and mature into skeletal muscle fibers. Unfortunately, studies to date examining myostatin in skeletal muscle regeneration are correlative and do not show a direct causative role for myostatin in muscle regeneration after injury. However, in saying this, many of the studies strongly implicate and lend good support to such a role. Kirk et al. (9), show high levels of myostatin protein in necrotic fibers and connective tissue of muscle damaged by injection of the myotoxin, notexin. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the role of myostatin and satellite cells in muscle regeneration and growth. It describes how activated satellite cells proliferate and migrate to injury sites to repair damaged muscle, indicating that proteins involved in this process are crucial for muscle repair and growth. While the text mentions that the role of myostatin is still under investigation, it emphasizes its association with muscle regeneration following injury, which correlates with the importance of protein in muscle growth.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Awareness campaigns can prevent all cases of mental health issues in society. [SEP] Text: Guest EditorialDror Ben-:Dror Ben-03766United StatesPhone: 1 6036467016Fax:1 6036467016Email: Dror. Ben-Zeev@Dartmouth. eduAbstractResearch has already demonstrated that different mHealth approaches are feasible, acceptable, and clinically promising for people with mental health problems. With a robust evidence base just over the horizon, now is the time for policy makers, researchers, and the private sector to partner in preparation for the near future. is a useful model to draw from. Created in 1985 by the U. S. Commission (FCC), Lifeline is a nationwide program designed to help eligible low-income individuals obtain home phone and landline services so they can pursue employment, reach help in case of emergency, and access social services and healthcare. In 2005, recognizing the broad shift towards mobile technology and mobile-cellular infrastructure, the FCC expanded the program to include mobile phones and data plans. The FCC provides a base level of federal support, but individual states are responsible for regional implementation, including engagement of commercial mobile phone carriers. Given the high rates of disability and poverty among people with severe mental illness, many are eligible to benefit from Lifeline and research has shown that a large proportion does in fact use this program to obtain a mobile phone and data plan. In the singular area of mobile phone use, the gap between people with severe mental illness and the general population in the U. S. is vanishing. Strategic multi-partner programs will be able to grant access to mHealth for mental health programs to those who will not be able to afford them—arguably, the people who need them the most. Mobile technology manufacturing costs are dropping. Soon all mobile phones in the marketplace, including the more inexpensive devices that are made available through subsidy programs, will have “smart” capabilities (ie, internet connectivity and the capacity to host apps). Programs like Lifeline could be expanded to include mHealth resources that capitalize on “smart” functions, such as secure/encrypted clinical texting programs and mental health monitoring and illness-management apps. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by indicating that while mobile health (mHealth) approaches are promising and feasible for addressing mental health issues, they do not suggest that awareness campaigns alone can prevent all cases. The emphasis on the need for strategic partnerships and the provision of resources to those in need implies that awareness campaigns are insufficient by themselves to eliminate mental health issues.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Some assert that using pathogens for pest control will never affect beneficial insects. [SEP] Text: This analysis revealed that almost half of the BINs at each site were encountered only once in the total collection events at each site and just a fraction of them were detected in all samples. This was also supported by the species abundance analysis which estimated the presence of up to 2,273 BINs, more than 2,141 recovered from the three sites. Factors such as habitat loss, climate change, or use of pesticides may contribute to the loss or population fluctuation of certain insect species and role of these factors in our results cannot be ruled out (Forister, Pelton & Black, 2019). The collection of rare BINs in the traps may also point to the accidental visit of insects from the neighboring habitats, low species abundance, or seasonality of the activity of various insect species (Wolda, 1988). Insects were classified as either pest or beneficial taxa based on the barcode sequence/BIN association with known species. The number of pest species detected was far higher than documented in the literature on citrus pests in China (Niu et al. , 2014; Urbaneja et al. , 2020). The present data provides a valuable resource for research in citrus pest management and monitoring. For example, the Asian citrus psyllid, Diaphorina citri, a devastating exotic pest of citrus in the US, was detected in samples collected from January to April, 2019. Its detection suggests the need for further monitoring targeted at this species to assist the timely implementation of control measures to reduce the risk of damage to the citrus production. Numerous studies have been conducted to reveal the trophic relationships between predator and prey by detecting host DNA from the gut contents or feces of the predators using DNA barcoding (Furlong, 2015; Galan et al. , 2018; McClenaghan, Nol & Kerr, 2019; Rytkonen et al. , 2019; Verdasca et al. , 2022). In our current study, we deployed the Malaise traps in the center of each citrus orchard, that reduced the possibility of adventitious predators. However, possibility of migration of insect predators from the neighboring crops to the sampling sites who ended up in the traps in search of their prey cannot be ruled out. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim regarding the impact of using pathogens for pest control on beneficial insects. It discusses factors affecting insect populations and mentions the detection of pest species, but it does not provide any information about whether pathogens used for pest control harm beneficial insects or not.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Protein is essential for muscle repair and growth. [SEP] Text: Log in or to journalnew issue alertsGet alerts Enter your Email address: Subscribe to e2010. | DOI: 10. 1519/SSC. 0b013e3181c212a3 (AA). . . . ; (EAA). . . --. . ingestion increases muscle protein synthesis in proportion to the essential amino acid (EAA) content of the protein dose. While intact protein ingestion is the most recognizable means for delivering EAA, it is a calorically inefficient means of delivering EAA because they represent 40 to 45% of the total amino acid (AA) content in most high-quality proteins. Furthermore, larger protein intakes result in ureagenesis and excretion of a substantial portion of the ingested AA. On the contrary, provision of only the EAA component presents several advantages over intact proteins. First, EAA ingestion results in a rapid increase in peripheral AA concentrations and delivery to skeletal muscle, thereby signaling an increase in protein synthesis. Second, ingestion of the EAA only results in an efficient utilization of endogenous nonessential AA, thereby reducing ureagenesis and AA excretion. Third, EAA ingestion maximizes the stimulation of muscle protein synthesis without affecting the metabolic response to subsequent meals and without negatively impacting subsequent caloric intake/substitution. Finally, on the basis of gram of AA uptake per gram of AA ingested, EAA ingestion results in a 2-fold greater accretion of muscle protein. This 3. 5 hours after the bolus oral ingestion of 15 g EAA or 15 g whey protein. Although both supplements stimulated protein synthesis, net protein balance over the post-supplement period was significantly greater for the EAA group compared with the whey group (21). The greater increase in protein synthesis is due in part to the larger increase in peripheral AA concentrations resulting from free-form AA ingestion (23). By converting AA uptake to milligram of protein, there was a calculated accrual of 4. 0 ± 0. 4 g of protein/leg for the EAA supplement versus 2. 2 ± 0. 3 g protein/leg for the whey protein, indicating that a 15-g EAA supplement provides approximately twice the anabolic stimulus as an isocaloric amount of whey protein. Not only was the EAA mixture more effective but also the efficiency of protein utilization (net protein synthesis/protein [i. e. , AA] ingestion) was approximately 1. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by stating that ingestion of essential amino acids (EAA) increases muscle protein synthesis, signaling the importance of protein for muscle repair and growth. Specifically, it explains that EAA ingestion leads to a greater increase in peripheral amino acid concentrations and a two-fold greater accretion of muscle protein compared to whey protein. This directly supports the assertion that protein is crucial for muscle growth.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Awareness campaigns can prevent all cases of mental health issues in society. [SEP] Text: Mobile phone hardware and software development companies could be engaged to add mHealth programs as a standard component in the suite of tools that come installed on their mobile phones; thus, in addition to navigation apps, media players, and games, the new Android or iPhone could come with guided relaxation videos, medication reminder systems, and evidence-based self-monitoring and self-management tools. Telecommunication companies could be encouraged to offer mHealth options with their data plans. Operating system updates pushed out by the mobile carrier companies could come with optional mHealth applications for those who elect to download them. In the same manner in which the Program has helped increase access to fundamental opportunities to so many low-income individuals, innovative multi-partner programs have the potential to put mHealth for mental health resources in the hands of millions in the years ahead. 2016;3(2):e26doi:10. 2196/mental. 5843KeywordsmHealth; policy; reimbursement; access We are closer than ever to having viable mobile health (mHealth) options for people with psychiatric illnesses and must ensure that the most vulnerable members of society will be able to benefit from the opportunities these clinical technologies can provide. Worldwide, the majority of the adult population has access to mobile devices [1]. Even people with severe mental illnesses, who have historically been the last to gain access to technological innovations, now own and use mobile phones [2]. Like the general population, people with psychiatric conditions are interested in leveraging their personal mobile devices to enhance their health, as demonstrated in numerous publications in this and other journals [3-5]. Clinical researchers across continents have responded to the public need by developing innovative mHealth approaches that use a range of mobile device functions such as texting, apps, and sensors for clinical assessment and treatment. The US of Mental Health, the largest funder of mental health research in the world, has already supported hundreds of technology-based studies, and mHealth for mental health projects continue to be funded annually. Private sector technology companies such as Google, Apple, and IBM as well as pharmaceutical companies are moving into the mHealth arena with an eye toward mental health. Research has already demonstrated that different mHealth programs are feasible, acceptable, and clinically promising for people with mental health problems [6-9]. A robust evidence base supporting the utility of different mHealth approaches is just over the horizon. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by suggesting that while mHealth programs and technologies can enhance access to mental health resources, they do not imply that awareness campaigns can prevent all cases of mental health issues. The focus on technology as a support system highlights the ongoing need for clinical resources and underscores that awareness alone is not sufficient to address mental health problems comprehensively.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Some assert that using pathogens for pest control will never affect beneficial insects. [SEP] Text: Likewise, it is possible that some insects revealed in our study are not truly citrus pests instead they had been consumed by a predator or had moved to the gardens in search of nectar or to benefit from honeydew secreted by other arthropods. To minimize this deviation at most, we manually verified the identified insect species in the CPIS database and some published 10. 7717/peerj. 15338/supp-1 BINs and taxonomy recovered from Malaise traps deployed in three citrus orchards and their status as pest or beneficial insects. DOI: 10. 7717/peerj. 15338/supp-2 We thank Changxiu Xia, for the help with field sampling. authors declare that they have no competing interests. conceived and designed the experiments, performed the experiments, analyzed the data, prepared figures and/or tables, authored or reviewed drafts of the 2198. The data is available at Figshare: Liu, Chenxi (2022): Rawdata for insect DNA metabarcoding sequences in citrus in China. figshare. Dataset. research was funded by Sino-Program (59-0212-9-001-F). The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript. 2017. Mapping global biodiversity connections with DNA barcodes: lepidoptera of Pakistan. 12(3):e0174749 --. 2018. Insect diversity in the Saharo-Arabian region: revealing a little-studied fauna by DNA barcoding. 13(7):e0199965 -Rashdan W, Jararweh Y, Al-Smadi M, Al-Zinati M. 2020. Comprehensive comparison of cloud-based NGS data analysis and alignment tools. Informatics in 18:100296 -. 2016. The utility of DNA metabarcoding for studying the response of arthropod diversity and composition to land-use change in the tropics. 6(1):24965 de. 2019. Metabarcoding a diverse arthropod mock community. Resources 19(3):711-727. 1957. An ordination of the upland forest communities of southern Wisconsin. Ecological monographs 27(4):326-349. 2016. DADA2: high-resolution sample inference from Illumina amplicon data. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim regarding the impact of using pathogens for pest control on beneficial insects. Instead, it discusses identification and verification of insect species within a specific ecological context, without mentioning pathogens or their effects on beneficial insects.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Protein is essential for muscle repair and growth. [SEP] Text: 1 for the EAA mixture as opposed to approximately 0. 2 for whey protein. The value of 0. 2 for whey protein is consistent with the observation of Hegsted (14) that about 20% of nitrogen intake above requirement for balance is retained in the body. The 4-fold higher ratio for the EAA reflects an efficient reutilization of nonessential AA, which would otherwise have been wasted/excreted, to maintain the stimulated protein synthetic rate. The consolidation of data indicates a dose response of net muscle protein synthesis to EAA administration (7). We continue to elucidate this relationship in the resting state; however, interpretation of the cumulative data to date is confounded at times due to the presence or absence of carbohydrate and/or exercise. The effects of EAA and exercise will be discussed in detail below. Regardless, it appears that as little as 3 to 4 g of EAA results in a stimulation of muscle protein synthesis and that maximal stimulation is achieved at approximately 15 to 18 g. This relationship is more discernable in young subjects, as we have demonstrated that EAA formulation must be altered slightly to account for changes in synthetic capacity that occurs with aging. order for EAA administration to maintain its anabolic capacity in older individuals, adjustments in formulation are necessary. Katsanos et al. (15) demonstrated that muscle anabolism was similar in young and older subjects when a dose of 15 g of EAA was given. However, at a lower dose of 7 g, the stimulation of muscle protein synthesis was blunted in the older subjects. The synthetic response was blunted despite the fact that the EAA composition was similar to that found in whey protein. The leucine content of that formula (and whey protein) represents approximately 26% of the EAA total (16). However, when the ratio of leucine was increased to approximately 40% of the EAA total, the older subjects experienced a similar increase in muscle protein anabolism as the young (16). These data are consistent with studies indicating the importance of leucine in the regulation of key initiation factors in skeletal muscle (1,30). In older rats, a greater amount of leucine was required to stimulate key enzymatic activity (p70S6 K) in the initiation pathway, as well as the stimulation of protein synthesis in skeletal muscle (10). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the importance of essential amino acids (EAA) for stimulating muscle protein synthesis. It emphasizes that the ingestion of EAA, particularly when dosed correctly, leads to enhanced muscle anabolism, which is crucial for muscle repair and growth. The mention of different responses of young and older subjects to EAA highlights the necessity of protein for maintaining muscle synthesis, thereby supporting the claim.