Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Probiotics can support gut health by improving the balance of bacteria. [SEP] Text: This is because the purpose of this study was to determine whether the increased intestinal permeability and changes in TJ proteins that occur early after POI induction are closely associated with intestinal inflammation, so samples had to be collected relatively soon after POI induction (6 hours), and given the invasive manipulations involved in collecting ileum and colon samples, it was not appropriate to assess whether ileus occurred after sample collection. However, given that postoperative inflammation is strongly associated with POI and that previous studies have shown improvements in colonic transit time in the same animal model setting, we believe it is reasonable to conclude that suppression of postoperative intestinal inflammation by pre-administration of probiotics prevents POI. Consequently, we could not confirm the presence or severity of POI in the subjects used in this experiment. Although we established that preoperative probiotic administration can inhibit POI by preventing an increase in intestinal permeability, the mechanisms by which probiotics enhance intestinal permeability remain unexplored. Furthermore, while we observed that probiotics protect occludin and ZO-1 in the colon, the specific effects of probiotic administration on these TJ proteins remain unclear. Additionally, since all animals in the probiotic group received the same strain and dose, determining the most effective probiotic strain and dosage for optimal outcomes remains uncertain. Gene expression analysis techniques, such as RNA sequencing or quantitative real time polymerase chain reaction, can be valuable for assessing the mechanism and determining the most appropriate strain and dosage of probiotics to prevent POI. Given the species differences between guinea pigs and humans, further research is also needed to optimize dosages and strains for human applications. Although many human studies have been conducted, the ideal strain, dose, and duration of probiotic use for treating specific diseases are not well defined. For instance, various meta-analyses have shown that the effectiveness of probiotics varies under different conditions. One meta-analysis indicated that a short duration of probiotic use effectively improved overall irritable bowel syndrome symptoms, yet the studies analyzed involved months of probiotic use. 76 Conversely, 65% of studies in a meta-analysis of probiotic use in acute infectious diarrhea in pediatric patients reported benefits from just 5 days of use. 77 Therefore, even if the conclusions of these animal studies hold true in humans, further research is needed to determine the most effective way to administer probiotics. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the role of probiotics in preventing postoperative ileus (POI) through the suppression of intestinal inflammation and by stating that preoperative probiotic administration can inhibit POI, which implies a beneficial effect on gut health. Additionally, it highlights that previous studies have shown improvements in colonic transit time, further supporting the idea that probiotics can positively influence gut health.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: All processed foods are inherently unhealthy. [SEP] Text: There were several photos taken to contrast food prices, food quality, and food variety, mainly between fresh fruits and vegetables and processed food options: With galamsey and its impacts on smallholder farming, we’re in an interesting time. We’ve entered a time where fresh fruits and vegetables are highly expensive than processed food options. So, most sellers now give you the option – either you pay more if you want fresh tomatoes, or you pay less if you want the processed, canned equivalent. This photo [Image 8], which I took from our local market, illustrates these options. One other contradiction is that it is even risky to eat the fresh farm produce due to the mercury deposits on the land. So now we’ve all turned to eating processed foods. Image 8 Almost all study participants begun their photo-stories with the phrase “our diets have changed. ” This dietary change was explained in reference to the growing prevalence of processed foods, including instant noodles (indomine), canned fish, canned fruits, and canned vegetables. Others were packed sachets of hot cereals and beverages such as cocoa and coffee drinks. The way study participants described these processed foods was also noteworthy: reference was often made to the fact that these food options were “very new” to rural settings, and that galamsey miners were partly responsible both in creating shortages of traditional staple foods, and for facilitating the sale and consumption of ultra-processed foods: Due to galamsey mining and the difficulty in growing food, our diets have changed. Now there are instant noodles, cowbell coffee sachets, and many canned foods like tomatoes, fish, and other vegetables. I took this photo [Image 9] to illustrate these foods. These processed foods are very, very new to our community. They are now eaten by both adults and children. Image 9 Some study participants worried that if their children grew accustomed to these processed and imported foods, they may no longer appreciate cultural values around local foods and eating habits. DiscussionThe current study used photovoice to examine community perception and experiences of how small-scale mining affects farming, food security and dietary practices. The study identified that galamsey activities exacerbated community and household food insecurity on all fronts – availability, affordability, accessibility and safety. In one sense, galamsey is inflicting significant environmental costs on different community members by causing degradation of agricultural lands. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the circumstances that lead to increased consumption of processed foods in a community affected by galamsey mining. It highlights the economic pressures where fresh fruits and vegetables are more expensive than processed options, forcing people to opt for the latter. Additionally, the text indicates that processed foods are seen as new in the community due to changes in dietary practices driven by external factors, rather than an inherent unhealthiness of processed foods themselves.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: The suprachiasmatic nucleus is the master regulator of circadian rhythms. [SEP] Text: 1038/srep04106, pmid:24531181. ↵ -(2009) CK2alpha phosphorylates BMAL1 to regulate the mammalian clock. 16:446–448, doi:10. 1038/nsmb. 1578, pmid:19330005. ↵ (2009) Imaging neural activity in worms, flies and mice with improved GCaMP calcium indicators. 6:875–881, doi:10. 1038/nmeth. 1398, pmid:19898485. ↵ (2003) CREB-dependent activation of Per1 is required for light-induced signaling in the suprachiasmatic nucleus circadian clock. J 278:718–723, doi:10. 1074/jbc. M209241200, pmid:12409294. OpenUrlAbstract/↵ (1995) Individual neurons dissociated from rat suprachiasmatic nucleus express independently phased circadian firing rhythms. Neuron 14:697–706, doi:10. 1016/0896-6273(95)90214-7, pmid:7718233. ↵ (2003) Synchronization of cellular clocks in the suprachiasmatic nucleus. Science 302:1408–1412, doi:10. 1126/science. 1089287, pmid:14631044. OpenUrlAbstract/↵ (1996) Monoclonal antibodies specific to the integral membrane protein P0 of bovine peripheral nerve myelin. 25:41–49, doi:10. 1016/0168-0102(96)01026-7, pmid:8808799. ↵ (2002) Interactivating feedback loops within the mammalian clock: BMAL1 is negatively autoregulated and upregulated by CRY1, CRY2, and PER2. 290:933–941, doi:10. 1006/bbrc. 2001. 6300, pmid:11798163. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text provides citations and research references related to the suprachiasmatic nucleus and various aspects of circadian rhythms, but it does not explicitly support or contradict the claim that the suprachiasmatic nucleus is the master regulator of circadian rhythms. Therefore, it is considered irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Probiotics can support gut health by improving the balance of bacteria. [SEP] Text: In conclusion, POI increases intestinal mucosal permeability, which seems to be closely related to the altered TJ proteins, occludin, and ZO-1 expression. Even though inflammation of the intestinal muscular layer plays an important role in POI development, the mucosal and submucosal layers were not inflamed. Preoperative probiotic administration prevents both increased intestinal permeability and intestinal muscular layer inflammation; therefore, it can be considered a preventive measure of POI. study was supported by research grants from Co. , Ltd. MID (& Design), as a member of the of College of Medicine, provided excellent support to the medical illustration. study was supported by research grants from Co. , Ltd. Except for that, no potential conflict of interest relevant to this 1. 1. Intestinal permeability in the ileum and proximal colon of the control, POI, and probiotic groups. HRP permeability measured 6 hours after the operation. Bars indicate the mean±SEM. POI, postoperative ileus; HRP, horseradish peroxidase; SEM, standard error of mean. *p<0. 05 means statistical significance compared with POI group. Gut and Liver 2024; : Fig 2. 2. (A) Occludin expression in the ileum and proximal colon of the control, POI, and probiotic groups. (B) Representative immunohistochemical occludin staining (×200) in the ileum and proximal colon of the control, POI, and probiotic groups 6 hours after the operation. Bars indicate the mean±SEM. POI, postoperative ileus; SEM, standard error of mean. Gut and Liver 2024; : Fig 3. 3. (A) Expression of ZO-1 in the control, POI, and probiotics group. (B) Representative immunohistochemical ZO-1 staining (×200) in the ileum and proximal colon of the control, POI, and probiotic groups 6 hours after the operation. Bars indicate the mean±SEM. ZO-1, zonula occludens 1; POI, postoperative ileus; SEM, standard error of mean. *p<0. 05 indicated significance with respect to that in the POI group. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing how preoperative probiotic administration prevents increased intestinal permeability. This suggests a mechanism by which probiotics can support gut health, as maintaining proper intestinal permeability is crucial for sustaining a healthy balance of gut bacteria. The mention of probiotics in association with intestinal health indicates their supportive role in maintaining gut homeostasis, which aligns with the claim made.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: All processed foods are inherently unhealthy. [SEP] Text: Further, it is also reducing the quality and fertility of the land, as well as exposing consumers to potential food poisoning as reported in other settings[27–29], with several implications for dietary intake as well as for population health. While destruction of farmlands and potential contamination of the soil with heavy metals have been previously reported[15], the most interesting finding in this study relates to how community members linked galamsey to food shortages and the increasing consumption of processed foods. As many participants reported, the destruction of farmlands by galamsey operations have led to low production of food and food price spikes. Food prices in these situations are driven primarily by the relatively fewer arable lands, thus limiting the quantities of crops produced and farmers being overly dependent on inorganic fertilizer on reclaimed land for farming. Sudden increase in food prices, particularly among the poor, has been reported to lead to shifts toward unhealthy diet in addition to limiting food security. While increase in food prices may profit some local farmers, the same occurrence could drive others further into poverty. Given that the population in the current study are predominantly farmers, destruction of their farmlands by galamsey could drive them further into poverty since they cannot cash-in on the increase in food prices due to loss of arable lands. Taken together, our findings in relation to how galamsey has contributed to shortages of staple food sources and increased consumption of processed food provide an important point for reflection. Current public health literature shows that processed foods are linked with increased risk of unhealthy diets and non-communicable diseases. In low-income settings, including Ghana, much of the literature link behaviours associated with consumption of processed foods to urban settings, and to some extent, to affluence or high socio-economic status[30]. It is therefore interesting to observe that a shift in livelihoods in a largely rural setting could also contribute to increased propensity to consume processed foods. Thus, our findings here suggest that lack of food security in rural contexts, affected by galamsey, could drive community members towards increased consumption of processed food. Given the adverse health consequences of both food/ nutrition insecurity and increased consumption of processed foods, it is important that public and policy discussions around minimising the effects of galamsey in Ghana should include considerations about food and nutrition insecurity in communities heavily impacted by galamsey. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by providing a nuanced perspective on the consumption of processed foods. It states that the destruction of farmlands and subsequent food shortages lead community members to increasingly consume processed foods, linking this behavior to food insecurity rather than labeling processed foods as inherently unhealthy. It emphasizes that while processed foods are associated with health risks, the context of their consumption—such as economic pressures and food scarcity—is crucial for understanding their role in diets, implying that processed foods can be a response to broader socioeconomic challenges.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: The suprachiasmatic nucleus is the master regulator of circadian rhythms. [SEP] Text: Animals were housed in groups of 4 rats per cage and provided with rodent chow and water ad libitum. Animal care and handling was performed in conformance with approved protocols of the School of. For immunoblotting, 4 rats were decapitated rapidly after 1 minute of exposure to CO2 at dusk (ZT 11–13). The brains were quickly removed and cut into blocks containing the hypothalamus. Blocks were chilled on ice-cold artificial cerebrospinal fluid (a-CSF). One 400–500 mm thick coronal slice containing the SCN was prepared from each brain using a vibrating tissue slicer (). The slices were further reduced into punches that contain SCN tissue under a dissecting microscope (Olympus SZX12, Japan). The reduced hypothalamic slices were then homogenized using lysis buffer (10 mM Tris pH 7. 4, 150 mM sodium chloride, 10% glycerol, 1% Triton X-100, 1 mtablets [Roche, Mannheim, Germany], 1 mM sodium orthovanadate, 1. 5 mM EGTA and 10 mM sodium fluoride) for 20 minutes, then were centrifuged for 10 minutes at 14000 round per minute (rpm). The supernatant was then removed and stored at – 20ºC until used. For immunohistochemistry as well as immunofluorescence, rats were anesthetized at the desired circadian time (CT) with Solution (100 mg/kg) (), then fixed by cardiac perfusion using heparinized saline followed by 4% paraformaldehyde fixative. Brains were removed and kept in the fixative solution for at least one hour. Brains were then rinsed several times with PBS and kept at 4°C until used. 2. 2. Immunohistochemistry (IHC) IHC was performed on free floating sections (70 µM) using standard avidin–biotin complex (ABC) methods as previously described [1]. Coronal brain sections were prepared using a vibratome () and incubated at 4°C in PBS in 24-well plates. Sections were washed several times with 0. 3% Triton X-100 in phosphate buffer saline (PBS-T) before treatment with 0. 3% H2O2/PBS for 30 minutes. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it describes laboratory procedures and methods for brain tissue preparation and immunohistochemistry involving rats, without providing any information related to the role of the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) in regulating circadian rhythms.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Probiotics can support gut health by improving the balance of bacteria. [SEP] Text: Dis 2008;14:620-631. . Gut permeability in patients with acute pancreatitis. Gastroenterol 2000;35:1314-1318. . Clinical uses of probiotics for stabilizing the gut mucosal barrier: successful strains and future challenges. Leeuwenhoek 1996;70:347-358. The influence of probiotic supplementation on gut permeability in patients with metabolic syndrome: an open label, randomized pilot study. 2012;66:1110-1115. . Role of probiotics on gut permeability and endotoxemia in patients with acute pancreatitis: a double-blind randomized controlled trial. J 2011;45:442-448. Randomised clinical trial: the effects of a multispecies probiotic vs. placebo on innate immune function, bacterial translocation and gut permeability in patients with cirrhosis. Ther 2016;44:926-935. . Probiotic therapy fails to improve gut permeability in a hapten model of colitis. Gastroenterol 2000;35:1266-1271. Ait- Prevention of gut leakiness by a probiotic treatment leads to attenuated HPA response to an acute psychological stress in rats. Psychoneuroendocrinology 2012;37:1885-1895. Ait- Probiotic gut effect prevents the chronic psychological stress-induced brain activity abnormality in mice. 2014;26:510-520. Probiotics alleviate autoimmune hepatitis in mice through modulation of gut microbiota and intestinal permeability. J 2021;98:108863. Günzel D, Yu AS. Claudins and the modulation of tight junction permeability. 2013;93:525-569. . Regulation of tight junction permeability by intestinal bacteria and dietary components. J Nutr 2011;141:769-776. Occludin as a possible determinant of tight junction permeability in endothelial cells. J 1997;110(Pt 14):1603-1613. . The tight junction protein ZO-1 establishes a link between the transmembrane protein occludin and the actin cytoskeleton. J 1998;273:29745-29753. Zhang B, Guo Y. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by highlighting several studies and clinical trials that investigate the effects of probiotics on gut health, specifically in relation to gut permeability and the modulation of gut microbiota. For example, it mentions 'The influence of probiotic supplementation on gut permeability' and various studies showing the positive outcomes of probiotic therapy on gut health, which supports the claim that probiotics can improve the balance of bacteria.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: All processed foods are inherently unhealthy. [SEP] Text: Ultra-processed foods: a fit-for-purpose concept for nutrition policy activities to tackle unhealthy and unsustainable diets Part of: Ultra-processed foods Published online by Press: 14 December 2022 [Opens in a new window] Show author details Mark Lawrence* Affiliation: Institute for and Nutrition (IPAN), Deakin University, Geelong, Australia * Email: lawrence@deakin. edu. au 0. 18 mb) View PDF [Opens in a new window] Save to to Save to & Permissions [Opens in a new window] nutrition science began approximately 100 years ago in the context of nutrient deficiency diseases. Nutrition research and policy activities were framed mostly within a reductionist paradigm in which foods were analysed as being a collection of their constituent nutrients. Today, nutrition problems extend to all forms of malnutrition as well as environmental sustainability considerations and are associated with food and dietary pattern exposures. In 2009, researchers investigating the nutrition transition in Brazil proposed that industrial food processing was a key determinant of nutrition problems. The NOVA food classification system which is based on the nature, extent and purposes of food processing was developed to operationalise this proposition. The ultra-processed food (UPF) concept within NOVA is receiving much attention in relation to nutrition research and policy activities. This commentary describes the UPF concept as being fit-for-purpose in providing guidance to inform policy activities to tackle unhealthy and unsustainable diets. There is now a substantial body of evidence linking UPF exposure with adverse population and planetary health outcomes. The UPF concept is increasingly being used in the development of food-based dietary guidelines and nutrition policy actions. It challenges many conventional nutrition research and policy activities as well as the political economy of the industrial food system. Inevitably, there are politicised debates associated with UPF and it is apparent a disproportionate number of 10. 1017/S1368980022002117 [Opens in a new window] This is an 4. 0/), which permits unrestricted re-use, distribution and reproduction, provided the original 2022. Published by Press on behalf of nutrition policy challenge Modern nutrition science began approximately 100 years ago within the context of nutrient deficiency diseases(Reference Mozaffarian, Rosenberg and Uauy1). A ‘Nutrient Deficiency’ era of nutrition science prevailed over the following decades(Reference Ridgway, Baker and Woods2). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the concept of ultra-processed foods (UPF) within the NOVA food classification system, which highlights that while UPF are linked with adverse health outcomes, it does not imply all processed foods are unhealthy. The commentary indicates that the UPF concept has gained attention in informing policy for tackling unhealthy diets, suggesting a nuanced view of processed foods rather than an outright condemnation of all processed varieties.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: The suprachiasmatic nucleus is the master regulator of circadian rhythms. [SEP] Text: Non-specific binding sites were blocked using 2% normal goat serum in PBS for 1 hour. After thorough rinsing with PBS-T for at least 15 minutes, sections were incubated for about 36 hours at 4ºC with MT1 or MT2 rabbit anti-human polyclonal antibody serum in PBS (Inc. , WA) at 1:500 concentrations and washed 3 times with PBS-T for at least 10 minutes. Sections were then incubated with biotinylated goat anti-rabbit IgG (1:200; Vector Laboratories, Burlingame, CA) for 1 hour. After washing for 10 minutes with PBS-T, sections were incubated for 2 hours in ABC solution (1:100; Vector Laboratories, Burlingame, CA). The reaction product was visualized by incubating the sections with 3, 3’ diaminobenzidine (DAB) (Vector Laboratories, Burlingame, CA) for 4 to 5 minutes in PBS. Sections were then mounted on slides and covered with mounting media (5 ml PBS, 5 ml glycerol, 0. 1 g n-propylgalate) then covered with cover slips before visualization. Specimens were photographed using an Axioskop II microscope (Jena, Jena, Germany) equipped with 40x and 100x objectives. Negative controls were performed by omission of the primary antibody. Positive controls are described in the results. Images were obtained using a Spot RT digital camera (). Images were prepared using (Adobe Systems®, San Jose, CA). 2. 3. were performed under standard conditions with the same antibodies used for immunohistochemistry. A uniform amount of homogenized hypothalamus (25 µg) was loaded onto each lane of a 10% polyacrylamide gel (Biorad, Hercules, CA). The protein content was determined using a microplate reader and protein (BSA) standards (MPM, microplate reader, Biorad). The lanes were run at 100 V and 250 mA for 60 min. in sodium dodecyl sulphate (SDS) electrophoresis running buffer. Proteins were then transferred from the gels to nitrocellulose sheets at 100 V and 100 mA for 60 min. in a transfer buffer containing Trizma base and glycine (Sigma, St. Louis, MO). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it details a laboratory procedure involving antibodies, protein analysis, and microscopy, without any mention of the suprachiasmatic nucleus or its role in circadian rhythms.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Probiotics can support gut health by improving the balance of bacteria. [SEP] Text: 2005;6:844-851. Mörkl. Probiotics and the microbiota-gut-brain axis: focus on psychiatry. Rep 2020;9:171-182. Gut microbiota-derived short-chain fatty acids regulate IL-17 production by mouse and human intestinal γδ T cells. 2021;36:109332. Nueno-Palop C, Narbad A. Probiotic assessment of Enterococcus faecalis CP58 isolated from human gut. 2011;145:390-394. . Beneficial effects of Enterococcus faecalis in hypercholesterolemic mice on cholesterol transportation and gut microbiota. Biotechnol 2019;103:3181-3191. Perdigón. Interaction of lactic acid bacteria with the gut immune system. 2002;56 Suppl 4:S21-S26. . Probiotic Bio-Three induces Th1 and anti-inflammatory effects in PBMC and dendritic cells. Gastroenterol 2010;16:3529-3540. Probiotics have clinical, microbiologic, and immunologic efficacy in acute infectious diarrhea. 2010;29:135-138. Probiotic therapy (BIO-THREE) mitigates intestinal microbial imbalance and intestinal damage caused by oxaliplatin. Proteins 2022;14:60-71. . Listeria monocytogenes internalin and E-cadherin: from structure to pathogenesis. 2009;11:693-702. A comparative analysis of the intestinal metagenomes present in guinea pigs (Cavia porcellus) and humans (Homo sapiens). BMC Genomics 2012;13:514. Impact of birth weight and postnatal diet on the gut microbiota of young adult guinea pigs. PeerJ 2017;5:e2840. Effects of probiotic type, dose and treatment duration on irritable bowel syndrome diagnosed by Rome III criteria: a meta-analysis. BMC Gastroenterol 2016;16:62. Vassilopoulou L, Spyromitrou-Xioufi P, Ladomenou F. Effectiveness of probiotics and synbiotics in reducing duration of acute infectious diarrhea in pediatric patients in developed countries: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Pediatr 2021;180:2907-2920. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing various studies and assessments of probiotics, emphasizing their beneficial interactions with the gut microbiota and related immune responses. For example, it mentions probiotic effects on 'intestinal microbial imbalance' and highlights probiotics' role in clinical, microbiological, and immunological efficacy, indicating their importance in gut health.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: All processed foods are inherently unhealthy. [SEP] Text: During this nascent period, the nature and scope of nutrition science were framed mostly within a reductionist paradigm in which foods and dietary patterns were analysed as being a collection of their constituent nutrient parts. Nutrition research activities focused on studying associations between single nutrients and specific diseases and isolating and synthesising vitamins and minerals. These research activities informed the development of nutrition policy activities including the first nutrient reference values and food fortification interventions. Over the following century, there was a series of social, political, economic and technological changes affecting the structure and operation of global food systems which in turn have affected food supplies, dietary behaviours and nutritional health outcomes. Deficiency era gave way to the ‘Dietary excess and imbalances’ era and most recently the ‘Sustainability’ era(Reference Ridgway, Baker and Woods2). Nutrition science has increasingly been framed within a holistic paradigm in which foods and dietary patterns are analysed as being more than the sum of the nutrients they contain(and Rock3). Nutrition studies are reporting these food and dietary pattern exposures are associated with contemporary nutrition problems. Yet, the design of many nutrition policy activities continues to be informed by a nutrition science approach operating within a reductionist paradigm better suited to addressing nutrition problems prevalent a century ago. Nutrition policymakers are being challenged to apply a more fit-for-purpose conceptual basis to the design of nutrition policy activities tackling unhealthy and unsustainable diets(Reference Mozaffarian, Rosenberg and Uauy1,Reference Ridgway, Baker and Woods2,and Leitzmann4). An innovative concept to address this challenge During the early 2000s, and his research team at the USP centre (Center for in Health and Nutrition), University of São Paulo began investigating the nutrition transition in Brazil. Analysing trends in the data recorded in a series of national household budget surveys, they noted that Brazilian households were reducing their purchasing of staple foods such as beans, rice and vegetables as well as culinary ingredients and replacing them with ready to consume products, such as salty snacks, soft drinks and ready meals. They also observed that these food purchasing trends coincided with increasing prevalence in obesity and diet-related chronic diseases among the Brazilian population. Drawing on the findings from his team’s investigation into the Brazilian nutrition transition, in 2009 Monteiro published a commentary in Nutrition which presented a new theory for predicting and explaining relationships between food and health(Reference Monteiro5). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by describing a trend in Brazil where households are substituting staple foods with processed items like salty snacks and soft drinks. This shift has been associated with a rise in obesity and diet-related chronic diseases, implying that while processed foods can contribute to health issues, the text does not assert that all processed foods are inherently unhealthy. Instead, it highlights the complex relationship between food patterns and health outcomes, indicating that processed foods can be part of a larger dietary context rather than being categorically unhealthy.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: The suprachiasmatic nucleus is the master regulator of circadian rhythms. [SEP] Text: The nitrocellulose sheets containing the transferred protein lanes were then cut into strips and were exposed to one of the primary antibodies overnight at 4°C. After thorough rinsing with 1% milk in PBS, the secondary antibody (anti-rabbit IgG linked to biotin, ), was added and the strips were incubated on a rocker for 1 h at room temperature. The protein strips were then rinsed again three times in 1% milk in PBS for 10 min. and twice in PBS for 10 min. They were then treated with (Pierce Biotechnology, Inc. , Rockford, IL) for 5 min. and exposed to a CL-XPosure blue x-ray film (Pierce Biotechnology) for 30 s. Immunoblots of hypothalamic tissue indicated that labeling for MT1 and MT2 receptor antibodies was restricted to a single band of molecular weight greater than 37 kDa for MT1 and less than 37 kDa for MT2 (Fig. 1), within the reported molecular weights of both receptors between 28 and 40 kDa [2, 28]. Fig. 1 Immunoblotting of rat hypothalamus (HT) with MT1 and MT2 receptors antibodies. A) Immunoblot of rat hypothalamic tissue with anti-MT1 antibody. B) Same as in A but with anti-MT2 antibody. 2. 4. Immunofluorescence (IF) IF was performed on free floating brain sections (70 µm) that were prepared as previously described. After rinsing several times with PBS, sections were incubated with block/permeablization solution (PBS containing 1% bovine serum albumin, 0. 25% Triton-X100, and 5% normal goat serum) for 24 hours at 4ºC then rinsed with PBS for at least 10 minutes. Sections then were incubated with polyclonal MAP2 antibody (Abcam Inc. , ) at concentration of 1:100 overnight at 4ºC. Secondary antibody (Texas Red), (Abcam Inc. ) was applied, after washing three times with PBS, and sections were incubated overnight at 4ºC. Negative controls were performed by omission of the primary antibody, which resulted in complete loss of signal. Sections were mounted as previously mentioned but the mounting media contained 1. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses detailed methods for immunoblotting and immunofluorescence related to hypothalamic tissue and does not provide any information about the suprachiasmatic nucleus or its role in circadian rhythms. There is no mention or discussion of circadian rhythms in the text.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Probiotics can support gut health by improving the balance of bacteria. [SEP] Text: PPD계 Rb1, Rb2, Rc는 Bacteroides, Bifidobacterium, Eubacterium, Fusobacterium, Provotella oris 등의 장내세균이 생산하는 β-glucosidase, β-xylosidase, α-arabinofuranosidase, α-arabinopyranosidase의 작용에 의해 당이 분해되어 CK로 전환 되고(Bae et al. , 2000; Bae et al. , 2002a; Bae et al. , 2002b; Hasegawa et al. , 2000; Kim, 2009), PPT계는 Bacteroides, Eubacterium, Fusobacterium 등이 생산하는 α-rhamnosidase와 β-glucosidase에 의해 Rh1 또는 protopanaxatriol로 전환된다고 보고되었다(Bae et al. , 2000; Bae et al. , 2005). PPD계 GS는 위에서 분해되지 않고 장내세균에 의해 CK로 대사되어 체내로 흡수된다. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by describing the metabolic processes in the gut facilitated by various gut bacteria, including Bacteroides and Eubacterium, which are indicative of a balanced gut microbiome. The performance of enzymes such as β-glucosidase by these bacteria supports the assertion that probiotics can enhance gut health through improved bacterial balance.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: All processed foods are inherently unhealthy. [SEP] Text: The theory proposed that industrial food processing was a core influence on the structure and operation of food systems around the world and consequently a key determinant of dietary patterns and diet-related health outcomes. Critically, to operationalise the theory he introduced the innovative NOVA food classification system which is based on the nature, extent and purposes of food processing. NOVA classifies foods into four groups: group 1 – unprocessed and minimally processed foods; group 2 – processed culinary ingredients; group 3 – processed foods and group 4 – ultra-processed foods (UPF). It is the concept of UPF (Group 4) which has become the most germane component of the NOVA food system in its application to nutrition research and policy activities. UPF are defined as ‘formulations of ingredients, mostly of exclusive industrial use, that result from a series of industrial processes’(Reference Monteiro, Cannon and Levy6). Examples of such products include, margarines, soft drinks, preprepared frozen meals, instant noodles and confectionery. In a letter which the journal had invited me to submit in response to Monteiro’s commentary I supported the proposed theory and briefly mentioned it also had relevance to sustainability considerations in the context of the association between energy use and degree of food processing and packaging(Reference Lawrence7). Monteiro concurred saying ‘this is another reason to avoid ultra-processed foods’(Reference Monteiro8), p. 1968. Since 2009, recognition of the UPF concept’s relevance to sustainable diets has grown substantially(and Rock9,Reference Seferidi, Scrinis and Huybrechts10). As the twenty-first century unfolds, a rapid proliferation in the manufacture and consumption of UPF globally, regionally and nationally is being observed(Reference Baker, Machado and Santos11). Although the volumes and variety of UPF are highest in higher income countries, where it is estimated they now contribute more than half of the population’s dietary energy intake(12), the rate of change in consumption is especially dramatic in highly populated middle-income countries. These findings are linked with the industrialisation of food systems and consistent with the proposition that UPF are a powerful marker of the global nutrition transition(Reference Baker, Machado and Santos11). Evidence supporting the concept There is now a substantial body of evidence linking UPF exposure with adverse population and planetary health outcomes. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the NOVA food classification system, which categorizes foods based on their processing level. It specifically highlights that ultra-processed foods (UPF), which are considered the most unhealthy group, are linked to adverse health outcomes. However, the text does not claim that all processed foods are unhealthy; it suggests a more nuanced view that some processed foods might be acceptable while UPF are particularly concerning. This indicates that not all processed foods are inherently unhealthy, providing a rebuttal to the claim.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: The suprachiasmatic nucleus is the master regulator of circadian rhythms. [SEP] Text: In the hippocampus labeling was found in CA1, CA2, and CA3 regions mainly around cell bodies (Fig. 2A and 2C). Label was also found in the cortex in the neurons of the deep layers and appeared to be restricted to the somas of the neurons and not the processes (Fig. 2B and 2D). We did not observe circadian changes in the pattern of MT1 receptor expression. Fig. 2 MT1 receptors localization in the cortex and the hippocampus. A) low and C) high magnification pictures showing label of hippocampal neurons with anti-MT1 antibody. Scale bars are 80 and 20 µm respectively. B) and D) show labeling with anti-MT1 antibody in cortical neurons in low and high magnification respectively. Scale bars are 80 and 20 µm respectively. When the pattern of labeling for MT1 receptors within the SCN was examined across the circadian cycle, MT1 receptors were detected within the SCN particularly at dusk (ZT 11–13) (Fig. 3). Labeling was dense and had a diffuse pattern at that circadian time. In addition, labeling extended into the optic chiasm representing probably labeling of neuronal dendrites. There was no difference in distribution of the labeling within each SCN. During the other three circadian times: ZT 23–01 (dawn), ZT 5–7 (mid-day), and ZT 17–19 (midnight), labeling was also observed, but it was less pronounced when compared to the dusk period. Also the pattern of labeling was more discrete, probably labeling only somas of SCN neurons. Fig. 3 MT1 receptors localization in rat SCN across the circadian cycle. Labeling with MT1 antibody in the SCN is shown at A) midday ZT 5–7, B) dusk ZT 11–13, C) midnight ZT 23–01, and D) dawn ZT 17–19, respectively. 3V indicates the third ventricle, OC is the optic chiasm. Scale bar in each picture is 80 µm. Our attempt of quantification confirmed that there was a significant variation in MT1 receptor density in the SCN across the circadian cycle, compared to non-SCN areas. One-way ANOVA indicated a significant daily variation in the density of label for MT1 in the SCN (p<0. 001). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text discusses the localization and expression of MT1 receptors in the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) and other brain areas across different circadian times. However, it does not provide any direct support for or against the claim that the suprachiasmatic nucleus is the master regulator of circadian rhythms. Instead, the focus is on specific observations related to receptor expression without addressing the regulatory role of the SCN itself. Therefore, the text is considered irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Probiotics can support gut health by improving the balance of bacteria. [SEP] Text: Kim 등(2013)은 인삼의 주요 성분인 Rb1을 CK로 대사할 수 있는 능력이 있는 사람의 분변에서 대사활성과 장내세균을 분석한 결과, 대사능력이 없는 사람과 비교하여 높은 β-glucosidase 활성을 나타냈으며, Bacteroides와 Bifidobacterium 분포 비율이 높았다고 보고하였다. Kim 등(2015)은 프리바이오틱 식이섬유를 인삼과 함께 섭취한 쥐에서 장내세균의 glycosidase 활성이 증가되고, CK의 흡수율이 식이섬유 섭취량에 따라 유의차 있게 증가하는 것을 확인하였다. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by describing research that indicates the influence of certain dietary fibers on gut bacteria. Specifically, it mentions that a combination of prebiotic dietary fiber with ginseng resulted in increased glycosidase activity of gut bacteria and a significant increase in the absorption rate of CK, suggesting a positive interaction with gut health and bacterial balance.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: All processed foods are inherently unhealthy. [SEP] Text: The evidence has been collected from observational, experimental and mechanistic studies conducted in a diversity of countries. A recent systematic review and meta-analysis reported that UPF consumption was associated with increased risk of obesity, all-cause mortality, the metabolic syndrome, depression, cardiometabolic diseases and frailty among many other chronic diseases in adults as well as the metabolic syndrome in adolescents and dyslipidaemia in children(Reference Lane, Davis and Beattie13). Importantly, the observed associations between UPF and these diseases are not just the result of poor nutrient profiles. A randomised controlled trial conducted by Hall and colleagues showed that consuming an ultra-processed diet matched for macro-and micro-nutrient composition with the control diet caused a significant increase in ad libitum energy intake and consequent weight and body fat gain(Reference Hall, Ayuketah and Brychta14). Evidence from mechanistic studies is lending biological plausibility to the observed associations by showing how the novel chemical compositions and/or food matrix structures of UPF might be acting through one or more physiological, immunological, hormonal or neurobiological pathways(and Astrup15,Reference Srour, Kordahi and Bonazzi16). In relation to dietary sustainability metrics, a review which summarised the magnitude and types of environmental impacts resulting from each stage of the UPF supply chain reported three core findings(Reference Anastasiou, Baker and Hadjikakou17): (i) UPF production uses significant finite environmental resources; (ii) UPF are responsible for significant environmental degradation and waste; and (iii) findings (i) and (ii) are all the more egregious from a sustainability perspective when it is considered that UPF are superfluous to basic human needs. There are three characteristics of the body of evidence linking UPF exposure with adverse population and planetary health outcomes which have particular salience for the utility of the concept in guiding the formulation of nutrition policy activities: The risk exposure is a combination of increased dietary intake of UPF and reduced dietary intake of NOVA groups 1 and 3 (displaced by UPF). UPF refers to a heterogeneous group of products in relation to their health and sustainability effects, and it is the overall dietary pattern (amounts and combinations of individual UPF) rather than the intake of individual UPF which is relevant to explaining and predicting health and sustainability outcomes(Reference Osté, Duan and Gomes-Neto18). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts with the claim by presenting nuanced evidence regarding ultra-processed foods (UPF). While the text discusses the negative health outcomes associated with UPF consumption, it also suggests that the issues may relate to dietary patterns and the displacement of healthier food options rather than an inherent quality of all processed foods. It emphasizes that the health implications depend on the overall dietary intake and context, indicating that not all processed foods are universally unhealthy.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: The suprachiasmatic nucleus is the master regulator of circadian rhythms. [SEP] Text: Average MT1 receptor density in the SCN was significantly increased (indicated by low pixel values) at dusk compared to dawn (p < 0. 05) and mid-night (p < 0. 01) (Fig. 4). The average density of MT1 receptor label was higher at dusk than at midday; however this increase was statistically insignificant. On the other hand, MT1 receptor density compared to dawn and both midday and midnight was statistically insignificant, although the label was greater at dawn compared to these two circadian times. Fig. 4 Circadian rhythm of MT1 receptors density in the SCN. Normalized pixel density is plotted at different CTs. * and ** indicates that p value is less than 0. 5 and less than 0. 01 respectively, ns statistically insignificant. At midday (ZT 5–7) and dusk (ZT 11–13), label for MT1 extended into the optic chiasm apparently in dendritic processes. This identification was confirmed using antibody against MAP2 the dendrite marker [8]. This label probably originated from previously unobserved cell bodies in the optic chiasm that send dendritic processes into the SCN (Fig. 5). Fig. 5 MAP2 staining in the SCN and optic chiasm. A) Labeling of the dendrites within the SCN is shown with red color. The arrow points to a neuron within the optic chiasm. B) An overlay of both DAPI labeling the nuclei (blue) and MAP2 labeling the dendrites (Red). C) Same as in B but in a different section; notice a more distant neuron within the SCN (arrows). 3V indicates the third ventricle. OC is the optic chiasm. Scale bar is 20 µm. No clear labeling for MT2 receptors was observed in the SCN at the same antibody concentration that was used for MT1 was detected at (1:500). When the concentration of the antibody was increased to 1:100, only minimal labeling was detected in the SCN (Fig. 6). On the other hand, at 1:100 concentration clear MT2 labeling was detected in the paraventricular nucleus (Fig. 7) as well as in the retina (data not shown). Fig. 6 MT2 receptors immunostaining in the SCN. 3V indicates the third ventricle, OC is the optic chiasm. Scale bar is 80 µm. Fig. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not provide direct evidence or arguments regarding the role of the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) as a master regulator of circadian rhythms. Instead, it discusses receptor density in the SCN and comparisons at different circadian times without addressing the overall regulatory role of the SCN in circadian rhythms.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Probiotics can support gut health by improving the balance of bacteria. [SEP] Text: 최근의 보고에 의하면 유산균 대사산물과 사균체도 다양한 생리활성을 발휘하는 것으로 입증되어 프로바이오틱스의 개념이 사균체와 대사산물의 영역까지 확대되고 있으므로, 발효인삼의 제조에 생물전환능이 우수한 유산균을 활용함으로써 안전한 스타터로서의 이용뿐만 아니라, GS 유효성분의 함량 증가 및 흡수율 개선, 유산균의 건강기능성 효과, 관능성 개선 등의 상승효과를 기대할 수 있을 것이다. 1. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the various physiological activities of probiotic metabolites and dead bacteria, which expands the concept of probiotics. It highlights potential benefits, such as improved absorption rates and health functionalities of probiotics, suggesting they can indeed support gut health.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: All processed foods are inherently unhealthy. [SEP] Text: Humans have not evolved with the ability to efficiently metabolise the novel chemical compositions and physical structures of many UPF(and Leitzmann4). The utility of ultra-processed foods as a fit-for-purpose concept for nutrition policy activities Nutrition policymakers are increasingly embracing the UPF concept for its fit-for-purpose guidance in formulating nutrition policy activities to tackle unhealthy and unsustainable diets. Recommendations to avoid or reduce UPF consumption have been incorporated into national dietary guidelines published in Brazil, Uruguay, Peru, Ecuador, Israel and Malaysia(Reference Monteiro, Lawrence and Millett19) and in France a target was set to reduce UPF consumption by 20 % between 2018 and 2021(20). Similarly, dietary guidance from the Association recommends avoidance of UPF(Reference Lichtenstein, Appel and Vadiveloo21). In a follow-up to the 2021 Summit, the ‘Workplan of the Coalition of Action for from Systems for Children & All’(22) has recommended avoidance of UPF in its special project on food-based dietary guidelines incorporating sustainability. A special report on UPF published by the UN Food and Agriculture Organization(12) as well as a number of expert commentaries(Reference Monteiro, Lawrence and Millett19,Reference Khandpur, Neri and Monteiro23,Reference Adams, Hofman and Moubarac24) have drawn attention to the need for nutrition policy actions to support the implementation of UPF-related dietary guideline recommendations. Commonly identified policy actions to help reduce the consumption of UPF include front-of-pack labelling information, taxes, media campaigns and marketing restrictions. Conversely, policy actions directed towards amending the decision-making processes which facilitate the entry of UPF into the food supply receive limited attention. For example, reforming the nature and scope of the risk assessment process used in the setting of food standards which relate to the preparation and marketing of UPF. The UPF concept is yet to be formally recognised within the risk assessment activities of the Commission and national food standards agencies. Several researchers are now calling for risk assessment procedures in the setting of food standards associated with UPF to extend from their current focus on food safety to also address broader social, ecological and public health considerations(Reference Lawrence, Pollard and Weeramanthri25,and Parker26). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by detailing the nutrition policy actions directed towards minimizing the consumption of ultra-processed foods (UPF), suggesting that while UPF may pose health concerns, not all processed foods can be deemed inherently unhealthy. It emphasizes that recommendations to avoid or reduce UPF consumption have been included in dietary guidelines in multiple countries, implying that there is a nuanced understanding in nutrition policy regarding the health impacts of processed foods. Furthermore, it mentions that dietary guidance suggests avoidance of UPF, indicating an acknowledgment of certain processed foods being detrimental rather than an outright condemnation of all processed foods.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: The suprachiasmatic nucleus is the master regulator of circadian rhythms. [SEP] Text: There is a possibility that our sectioning process displaced these neurons, but this possibility seems remote due to the consistency of our observation. However, further studies are needed to confirm this finding. By contrast, MT2 receptors were not detected in this study. There is a possibility that the level of MT2 receptors in the SCN is not sufficient to be detected by this method at any time. This is more likely to be the case, as we were able to detect a very good signal with the MT2 antibody in the paraventricular nucleus (PVN) (Fig. 7) as well as in the western blots. This is also in agreement with mRNA data from Poirel et al. [18], who could not detect MT2 mRNA in SCN. However, we did not attempt to assess the daily pattern of changes in the PVN, which remains as a new venue to be explored. The results suggest that melatonin action in the SCN could be attributed to MT1 receptors with a minimal role for MT2. This is in agreement with Weaver et al. [27], who found that MT2 receptors were not necessary to mediate either seasonal reproductive or circadian responses to melatonin. Meanwhile our results do not support other pharmacological studies that suggested that melatonin actions in the SCN were mediated via MT2 receptors [3, 7]. However these studies relied on the use of two antagonists (luzindole and 4P-PDOT) that are not absolutely selective and may actually act as partial agonists for melatonin [2, 16]. We have also found that these putative antagonists mimic some of melatonin electrophysiological effects in the SCN (29). In conclusion, melatonin receptor MT1 synthesis exhibited daily rhythmicity peaking at dusk and dawn, which would allow for melatonin to exert its action on the SCN at these specific windows of time. Figure 8 summarizes the possible input and output pathways of the SCN and the potential role of melatonin receptors. Further investigation is needed to confirm whether or not a functional MT2 receptor exists in the SCN and whether or not it exhibits circadian variation throughout the day. Fig. 8 The possible feedback of melatonin on the SCN. RHT is the retinohypothalamic tract, GHT is the geniculohypothalamic tract, PVN is the paraventricular nucleus, and SCG is the superior cervical ganglia. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not specifically address the claim regarding the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) being the master regulator of circadian rhythms. Instead, it discusses the presence and role of melatonin receptors in the SCN, particularly focusing on MT1 and MT2 receptors, and indicates a need for further investigation rather than confirming the claim about the SCN's regulatory role.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: High protein diets can support muscle growth and maintenance. [SEP] Text: Key words: Lamb, crude protein, undegradable intake protein, canola meal, fishmeal, carcass compositionRésuméNous avons observé sur des agneaux sevrés, 186 femelles et 141 mâles châtrés de diverses compositions génétiques et d'un poids moyen de 16,2 kg, les effets sur la croissance d'une modification des contenus protéique et énergétique de la ration et d'une complémentation des aliments concentrés avec des protéines non dégradables dans le rumen. Les effets sur la proportion de maigre de la carcasse étaient évalués sur des agneaux mâles abattus au poids corporel de 41 kg. Les agneaux recevaient l'un ou l'autre de 5 aliments à base d'orge et de tourteau de canola : 1) haute teneur énergétique, 15% PB, sans farine de poisson, 2), haute teneur énergétique, 15% PB, avec farine de poisson; 3) haute teneur énergétique, 18% PB, sans farine de poisson; 4) haute teneur énergétique, 18% PB, avec farine de poisson et 5) teneur énergétique modérée, 18% PB, avec farine de poisson. Le tourteau de canola dosait 42,3% PB, avec un degré de dégradabilité dans le rumen de 48,1%, tandis que la farine de poisson contenait 76,2% PB avec un taux de dégradabilité ruminale de 15,2%. L'aliment 5 augmentait l'indice de conversion et le nombre de jours en epreuve et diminuait le taux de croissance, le rendement à l'abattage et la teneur en graisse interne. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text discusses the effects of various dietary protein compositions on the growth of lambs, which supports the claim that high protein diets can support muscle growth. It specifies different protein levels and their influence on carcass lean proportion, indicating that higher protein does relate positively to muscle development.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: All processed foods are inherently unhealthy. [SEP] Text: Ultra-processed foods drive to unhealthy diets: evidence from of: Ultra-processed foods Published online by Press: 27 April 2020 [Opens in a new window],Camila CorvalánLevyandauthor details Affiliation: Department of Nutrition, School of Public Health, Center of in Health and Nutrition, University of São Paulo, São Paulo01246-907, de Nutrición y Dietética, Universidad de Antioquia, UdeA Calle 70 No. 52-212, Medellín050010, Reyes* Affiliation: Institute of Nutrition and Food Technology, University of Chile, Santiago7810000, Corvalán Affiliation: Institute of Nutrition and Food Technology, University of Chile, Santiago7810000, Affiliation: Department of Preventive Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of São Paulo, São Paulo01246-907, Uauy Affiliation: Institute of Nutrition and Food Technology, University of Chile, Santiago7810000, A Monteiro Affiliation: Department of Nutrition, School of Public Health, Center of in Health and Nutrition, University of São Paulo, São Paulo01246-907, Brazil * *Corresponding author: Email mreyes@inta. uchile. cl 0. 37 mb) View PDF [Opens in a new window] Save to to Save to & Permissions [Opens in a new window] Abstract Objectives:To assess the consumption of ultra-processed foods and its association with the overall dietary content of nutrients related to non-communicable diseases (NCD) in the Chilean diet and to estimate the population attributable fraction of ultra-processed food consumption on the unhealthy nutrient content. Design:Cross-sectional analysis of dietary data collected through a national survey (2010). Setting:Chile. Participants:Chilean population aged ≥2 years (n 4920). Results:In Chile, ultra-processed foods represented 28·6 % of the total energy intake. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the consumption of ultra-processed foods in Chile and their association with unhealthy nutrient content. It does not support the idea that all processed foods are inherently unhealthy; rather, it indicates that ultra-processed foods specifically contribute to unhealthy diets and nutrient deficiencies, highlighting a nuanced view of processed foods.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: The suprachiasmatic nucleus is the master regulator of circadian rhythms. [SEP] Text: Plus sign (+) indicates stimulation while negative sign (-) indicates inhibition. This is the first demonstration of the daily pattern of melatonin receptor protein expression using the immunohistochemical approach. This is a step forward towards understanding of the role of melatonin in the regulation of the circadian clock, which can facilitate the therapeutic use of this hormone in jet lag and other sleep disorders. 10. 1038/85480 Dubocovich, M. L. , Rivera-Bermudez, M. A. , Gerdin, M. J. and Masana, M. I. (2003). Molecular pharmacology, regulation and function of mammalian melatonin receptors 8: d1093–1108, DOI: Dubocovich, M. L. , Yun, K. , Al-Ghoul, W. M. , Benloucif, S. and Masana, M. I. (1998). Selective MT2 melatonin receptor antagonists block melatonin-mediated phase advances of circadian rhythms 12: 1211–20. Ganguly, S. , Coon, S. L. and Klein, D. C. (2002). Control of melatonin synthesis in the mammalian pineal gland: the critical role of serotonin acetylation Res 309: 127–37, DOI: Gillette, M. U. and McArthur, A. J. (1996). Circadian actions of melatonin at the suprachiasmatic nucleus Res 73: 135–9, DOI: Gillette, M. U. and Tischkau, S. A. (1999). Suprachiasmatic nucleus: the brain’s circadian clock 54: 33–58. discussion 58–9. Hunt, A. E. , Al-Ghoul, W. M. , Gillette, M. U. and Dubocovich, M. L. (2001). Activation of MT(2) melatonin receptors in rat suprachiasmatic nucleus phase advances the circadian clock Physiol 280: C110–8. Kuboyama, T. , Tohda, C. and Komatsu, K. (2005). Neuritic regeneration and synaptic reconstruction induced by withanolide : Liu, C. , Weaver, D. R. , Jin, X. , and Reppert, S. M. (1997). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not directly address the claim and instead discusses various aspects of melatonin receptor expression and its implications for circadian rhythms. It mentions the role of melatonin in regulating the circadian clock, but it does not specify the suprachiasmatic nucleus as the master regulator of these rhythms. Therefore, it is irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: High protein diets can support muscle growth and maintenance. [SEP] Text: The incubation of rat skeletal muscle in the presence of hibernating bear plasma showed a decrease of proteolytic rate attributed to α2-macroglobulin, a non-specific protease inhibitor, present in higher levels in the winter bear plasma (112). The treatment of human myotubes with winter bear serum showed a significant inhibition of proteolysis and a slight decrease in protein synthesis with a subsequent improvement in protein content in these cells (113). These studies suggest that the identification of trans-species circulating components that maintain muscle mass may offer novel solutions to prevent and reverse human muscle mass loss. Exercise training in COPD Sedentary life style and the subsequent physical inactivity are counted as important contributing factor to muscle wasting and dysfunction in patients with COPD. Exercise training, is considered as the cornerstone of pulmonary rehabilitation and regarded as the best available treatment to improve muscle function in COPD patients. Many studies have assessed the relevance of exercise training on skeletal muscle structure and function (114,115). Exercise training lead to a reduction of the percentage of type II fibres (116-118), increase in oxidative capacity (41,116-121) with a reduction in early lactate release during exercise (119,120) and an increase, although modest, in mid-thigh muscle cross-sectional area (105) and FFM (122). These adaptations to exercise training are related to an up-regulation of key factors governing skeletal muscle regeneration and hypertrophy such as IGF-1, mechano-growth factor (MGF) and MyoD (105,116,118,123), and an increase in satellite cells numbers (124) together with down-regulation of myostatin (115,125). Moreover, exercise training appears to down-regulate the activity of protein breakdown pathways such as NF-κB–activated UbP pathway (116). The effect of exercise training on muscle and systemic inflammation and oxidative/nitrosative stress is controversial with studies showing no impact on the levels of systemic or local muscle inflammation (118,123) and others showing a preventive effect of exercise training on systemic and muscle oxidative stress in severe COPD patients (126). A significant reduction in most muscle amino acid levels after exercise was reported, whereas plasma levels of the amino acids were increased, suggesting enhanced amino acid release from the muscle during exercise in these patients (61). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text provides evidence supporting the claim as it discusses the physiological processes that correlate with muscle growth and maintenance. It mentions that exercise training can lead to an increase in muscle cross-sectional area and improvements in muscle function, which are necessary components for muscle growth. It also highlights the regulation of key factors such as IGF-1 and MyoD that are involved in muscle hypertrophy, alongside the up-regulation of satellite cells, which are critical for muscle regeneration. These findings suggest that protein metabolism and the conditions related to amino acids play a role in muscle maintenance, thereby corroborating the claim regarding high protein diets.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: All processed foods are inherently unhealthy. [SEP] Text: A significant positive association was found between the dietary share of ultra-processed foods and NCD-promoting nutrients such as dietary energy density (standardised regression coefficient (β) = 0·22), content of free sugars (β = 0·45), total fats (β = 0·26), saturated fats (β = 0·19), trans fats (β = 0·09) and Na:K ratio (β = 0·04), while a significant negative association was found with the content of NCD-protective nutrients such as K (β = –0·19) and fibre (β = –0·31). The content of Na (β = 0·02) presented no significant association. Except for Na, the prevalence of inadequate intake of all nutrients (WHO recommendations) increased across quintiles of the dietary share of ultra-processed foods. With the reduction of ultra-processed foods consumption to the level seen among the 20 % lowest consumers (3·8 % (0–9·3 %) of the total energy from ultra-processed foods), the prevalence of nutrient inadequacy would be reduced in almost three-fourths for trans fats; in half for energy density (foods); in around one-third for saturated fats, energy density (beverages), free sugars and total fats; in near 20 % for fibre and Na:K ratio and in 13 % for K. Conclusions:In Chile, decreasing the consumption of ultra-processed foods is a potentially effective way to achieve the WHO nutrient goals for the prevention of diet-related NCD. Keywords Ultra-processed foodsNon-communicable chronic diseasesNOVA food classificationDiet qualitySurvey (de Consumo Alimentario) paper Issue 7 May 2021 10. 1017/S1368980019004737 [Opens in a new window] Copyright © 2020 Ultra-processed foods, as defined by the NOVA food classification(Reference Monteiro, Cannon and Moubarac1), are formulations of many ingredients, mostly of exclusive industrial use, that result from a sequence of industrial processes (hence ultra-processed). They are typically ready-to-consume, hyperpalatable and aggressively marketed food and drink products(Reference Monteiro, Cannon and Levy2). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by providing evidence that ultra-processed foods are associated with negative health outcomes, specifically indicating a positive association with non-communicable disease (NCD)-promoting nutrients and a negative association with NCD-protective nutrients. Furthermore, it discusses the potential health benefits of decreasing ultra-processed food consumption, suggesting that while ultra-processed foods are linked to poorer diet quality, not all processed foods are inherently unhealthy. Therefore, the claim that all processed foods are inherently unhealthy is rebutted by the nuances presented in the text.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: The suprachiasmatic nucleus is the master regulator of circadian rhythms. [SEP] Text: , Masson-Pevet, M. , Pevet, P. and Gauer, F. (2002). MT1 melatonin receptor mRNA expression exhibits a circadian variation in the rat suprachiasmatic nuclei 946: 64–71, DOI: Redman, J. , Armstrong, S. and Ng, K. T. (1983). Free-running activity rhythms in the rat: entrainment by melatonin Science 219: 1089–91, DOI: Reiter, R. J. (1991). Melatonin: the chemical expression of darkness Endocrinol 79: C153–8, DOI: Reppert, S. M. and Weaver, D. R. (1995). Melatonin madness Cell 83: 1059–62, DOI: Reppert, S. M. and Weaver, D. R. (2001). Molecular analysis of mammalian circadian rhythms Physiol 63: 647–76, DOI: Reppert, S. M. , Weaver, D. R. and Ebisawa, T. (1994). Cloning and characterization of a mammalian melatonin receptor that mediates reproductive and circadian responses Neuron 13: 1177–85, DOI: Slotten, H. A. , Pitrosky, B. and Pevet, P. (1999). Influence of the mode of daily melatonin administration on entrainment of rat circadian rhythms J 14: 347–53, DOI: Stehle, J. H. , von Gall, C. and Korf, H. W. (2002). Organisation of the circadian system in melatonin-proficient C3H and melatonin-deficient C57BL mice: a comparative investigation Res 309: 173–82, DOI: Sugden, D. , McArthur, A. J. , Ajpru, S. , Duniec, K. and Piggins, H. D. (1999). Expression of mt(1) melatonin receptor subtype mRNA in the entrained rat suprachiasmatic nucleus: a quantitative RT-PCR study across the diurnal cycle Res 72: 176–82, DOI: Weaver, D. R. , Liu, C. and Reppert, S. M. (1996). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not directly address the claim about the suprachiasmatic nucleus being the master regulator of circadian rhythms. Instead, it cites various studies related to melatonin receptors and their expressions, which are associated with circadian rhythms, but it does not specifically affirm or deny the claim regarding the suprachiasmatic nucleus itself.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: High protein diets can support muscle growth and maintenance. [SEP] Text: The low saturated fat content of many plant proteins would be expected to improve lipids whereas the high fiber content of plant proteins would be expected to improve lipids and blood pressure and increase satiety, facilitating weight loss and limiting weight gain. Several recent reports provide increasing support for the notion that a specific source of plant protein, legumes, may be a particularly relevant component of high-protein diets aiming to reduce weight or cardiovascular risk factors and promote long-term health. A recent analysis [10•] of data collected as part of the Survey reported on differences between physiological measures and dietary composition for persons who consumed beans compared with those who did not consume beans. Interestingly, both weight and waist circumference were lower in those who consumed beans compared with those who did not, even though total energy intake was higher in the former. In addition, a number of measures of dietary status, including saturated fat, dietary fiber, phosphorus, magnesium, and folate, were more favorable in those who consumed beans. A recent crossover study investigated the influence of incorporating chickpeas, a legume high in dietary fiber and polyunsaturated fatty acids, on lipids and measures of glycemia [11]. In that study, daily chickpea intake representing 119 kcal per day for 12 weeks reduced plasma total and LDL cholesterol, fasting insulin, and insulin resistance as assessed by the homeostasis model, with a trend for reduced weight. A recent study in a rat model of carcinogenesis [12•] demonstrated that incorporating increasing amounts of small red beans into the diet while holding total protein, crude fiber, and carbohydrate constant resulted in a dose-dependent reduction in mammary tumor incidence, cancer multiplicity, and tumor burden. That study also demonstrated dietary red bean to induce a dose-dependent reduction in plasma glucose, insulin, insulin-like growth factor, and the inflammatory markers C-reactive protein and IL-6. Overall, these studies suggest that increasing legume intake to increase dietary protein may provide most, if not all, of the benefits associated with typical high-protein diets while promoting better long-term health outcomes. In summary, though long-term clinical trials evaluating the safety of high-protein diets are lacking and not likely to ever be completed, recent evidence provides increasing support for greater potential health benefits of plant proteins, particularly legumes, both for weight reduction and control of obesity and for minimizing chronic disease. There is much opportunity for research in the area of high-protein diets emphasizing plant protein. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text supports the claim by suggesting that high-protein diets, particularly those rich in plant proteins like legumes, can provide benefits associated with typical high-protein diets while promoting better long-term health outcomes. It mentions that studies indicate the potential health benefits of increasing legume intake to boost dietary protein, which may enhance weight reduction, control obesity, and minimize chronic diseases. These points imply that high-protein diets are indeed linked to positive health impacts.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: All processed foods are inherently unhealthy. [SEP] Text: Worldwide statistics on sales of ultra-processed foods show that these products dominate the food supplies of high-income countries, and their consumption is now rapidly increasing in middle-income countries(Reference Monteiro, Moubarac and Cannon3). At the same time, over the past few decades, obesity and other diet-related non-communicable diseases (NCD) afflicting both developed and developing countries have progressively increased and have become the major cause of death and disability(Reference Malik, Willett and Hu4). Accordingly, diet-related NCD contribute to a large part of the burden of disease in Chile(Reference Corvalán, Reyes and Garmendia5,6) in the Survey conducted between 2016 and 2017, 74·2 % of the population (15 years or above) had excess weight (i. e. , 39·8 % overweight, 31·2 % obese and 3·2 % morbid obese), 27·6 % were affected by hypertension, 12·3 % by diabetes and 3·3 % reported a history of acute myocardial infarction and 2·3 % of stroke(7). Given that ultra-processed foods have a poor nutritional profile, their dietary contribution has been proposed as an indicator of the dietary quality(Reference Monteiro, Cannon and Moubarac1,8) especially for studying the content of nutrients related to the development of NCD(9). Studies based on nationally representative cross-sectional surveys in Brazil, Colombia, Mexico, the USA, the UK and Canada have shown that increased ultra-processed food intake is associated with both nutritionally unbalanced diets (i. e. , higher in NCD-promoting nutrients: free sugars, saturated fats and energy density and lower in NCD-protective nutrients: K and fibre)(Reference Louzada, Ricardo and Steele10–Reference Marrón-Ponce, Flores and Cediel15) and increased prevalence of obesity(Reference Louzada, Baraldi and Steele16–Reference Nardocci, Leclerc and Louzada18). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by presenting evidence that ultra-processed foods are associated with poor nutritional profiles and increased prevalence of diet-related non-communicable diseases (NCD), suggesting that not all processed foods can be deemed inherently unhealthy without consideration of their impact on health.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Melatonin production is influenced by light exposure. [SEP] Text: Participants with chronic medical or psychological conditions and sleep disorders including sleep-disordered breathing with an apnea-hypopnea index exceeding 15/h in polysomnography (PSG) were excluded from the study. Participants completed a 7-day sleep-wake diary, and all of them typically slept between 23:00 and 08:00. They also completed questionnaires about sleep and mood, including the (PSQI), Inventory (BDI), and Scale (ISI). Participants were required to avoid unusual LE (e. g. , going out during their habitual sleep time) during the evening and nighttime for a minimum of 1 week prior to testing. They were instructed to maintain a regular sleep schedule for 1 week prior to participating in this study. Sleep and LE as monitored by wrist actigraphy (Actiwatch-Spectrum Pro, Philips/) were obtained from all subjects from 1 day before each session. The average LE during the daytime from 08:00 to 16:00 before being admitted to the unit was measured by actigraphy. Study protocol Each subject visited the unit for three separate sessions, each separated by 1 week. The study protocol is summarized in Fig. 1. Participants were admitted to the light-control unit around 16:00. They consumed the provided meal and brushed their teeth by 17:30. During their stay they avoided consuming alcohol- and caffeine-containing foodstuffs, and were allowed to drink only water. After applying PSG electrodes, the 6. 5-h experimental LE was initiated. Participants were instructed to sit on a chair and to remain awake during the LE. Watching television or using electrical devices was prohibited in order to avoid any additional LE. Saliva samples were collected hourly from 18:00 to 24:00. The participants went to bed to sleep with lights off at around 24:00, and woke up between 06:00 and 07:00 ad libitum. Psychomotor vigilance test (PVT) was performed upon awakening for 5–10 min. A research assistant kept watch on the wakefulness and procedures of the participants using video and EEG monitoring in the control room of the light-control unit throughout the study. Fig. 1 Study protocol. DL: dim light, LED: light-emitting diode, OLED: organic : polysomnography, PVT: psychomotor vigilance test. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the influence of light exposure on melatonin production. Instead, it provides detailed information about the study design, including participant selection, sleep diaries, questionnaires, and controlled environments, without discussing any direct relationship to melatonin or the effects of light exposure. Thus, it is irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Processed foods are generally higher in added sugars and preservatives. [SEP] Text: Are restrictive guidelines for added sugars science based? Download PDF Download eeOpen access Published: 12 December 2015 Are restrictive guidelines for added sugars science based? Jennifer Erickson1 & Joanne Slavin1 2010. Meanwhile, rates of obesity did not mimic the decline over the same time period [8]. According to data from 2009–2010, 47 % added sugars in the American diet come from beverages, 31 % from snacks and sweets, 8 % from grains, and 14 % from the categories of dairy, mixed dishes, condiments, fruits and fruit juice and vegetables combined [8]. While there is room for improvement in the American diet, this decrease in added sugar intake is encouraging and understanding the main sources of added sugars provides a direction to focus our efforts. Added sugar recommendations in AmericaIn 2002, the Institute of Medicine (IOM) Intakes recommended that less than 25 % of total energy should come from added sugars. The recommendation is based on the concept that foods containing high amounts of added sugars are typically high in calories and low in micronutrients [9]. The idea that added sugars are “empty calories” is a commonly cited reason that added sugar recommendations are necessary. Diets containing a large amount of energy as “empty calories” can lead to micronutrient malnutrition or over consumption of calories. Consuming the daily recommendation of all nutrients within an individual’s estimated energy requirement is challenging when the individual is consuming a large portion of his or her calories as empty calories. Repeated consumption of empty calories without compensation from other nutrients can lead to weight gain. The current 2010 for Americans, includes solid fats and added sugars (SoFAS) in their recommendation of 5–15 % of total energy from solid fats and added sugars [10]. Minimizing SoFAS consumption is encouraged to reduce excess calorie consumption and to replace foods high in added sugars with foods lower in added sugars and greater nutrient density. SoFAS consumption above the recommendation is considered to be incompatible with the likely exceeding calorie limits or obtaining inadequate micronutrient intake [10]. were created to assist the public in following recommendations, providing amounts of food from each food group to achieve optimal nutrient intake [11]. groups added sugars and solid fats together and recommends adult females and adult males to limit “empty calorie” intake to 120–250 calories per day and 160–330 calories per day, respectively, depending on caloric needs [8]. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the guidelines and recommendations surrounding added sugars in the American diet. It indicates that foods with high amounts of added sugars tend to be high in calories and low in micronutrients, which supports the understanding that processed foods, often loaded with added sugars, might lack nutritional value. The recommendation to minimize consumption of calories from solid fats and added sugars aligns with the notion that processed foods generally contain these components.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: All processed foods are inherently unhealthy. [SEP] Text: Furthermore, prospective cohort studies have shown that increased ultra-processed food intake is associated with higher incidence of obesity(Reference Mendonça, Pimenta and Gea19), hypertension(Reference Mendonça, Lopes and Pimenta20), dyslipidaemias(Reference Rauber, Campagnolo and Hoffman21) and cancer(Reference Fiolet, Srour and Sellem22). Furthermore, a recent randomised controlled trial has shown that limiting consumption of ultra-processed foods may be an effective strategy for obesity prevention and treatment(Reference Hall, Ayuketah and Brychta23). One study that applied an earlier version of the NOVA food classification to the 2006–2007 Chilean household budget survey has shown that processed and ultra-processed foods, taken together, represent 55·4 % of the money expended on food, and that such foods had greater energy density and added sugars content but lower fibre content than all other purchased foods(Reference Crovetto, Uauy and Martins24). A subsequent study that applied the NOVA food classification(Reference Monteiro, Cannon and Moubarac1,Reference Monteiro, Cannon and Levy2) to the 2010 Chilean dietary survey showed that the average dietary share of ultra-processed foods in Chile in 2010 was 28·6 % of the total energy intake, and that increased dietary contribution of ultra-processed foods was associated with higher average dietary content of added sugars and higher risk of excessive intake of added sugars(Reference Cediel, Reyes and da Costa Louzada25). The current study expands the analysis of the 2010 Chilean dietary survey by (i) examining the consumption of ultra-processed foods and its association with the overall dietary content of a range of nutrients related to NCD including free sugars, total fats, saturated fats, trans fats, Na, K and fibre and (ii) estimating the population attributable fractions of ultra-processed food consumption on the unhealthy nutrient content in the diet. source The data analysed during the current study were extracted from the Survey in Chile (de (ENCA)) performed by the University of Chile between November 2010 and January 2011. The ENCA used probability sampling by clusters, with stratification and multiple lottery stages, allowing it to represent the Chilean population aged 2 years or more, in urban and rural areas of every geographic region: North, Centre, South, South-Austral and Metropolitan. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by providing evidence that while ultra-processed foods are associated with various health issues, it does not support the idea that all processed foods are inherently unhealthy. It discusses studies indicating that increased intake of ultra-processed foods correlates with obesity, hypertension, dyslipidaemias, and cancer, suggesting that not all processed foods share the same negative health implications. Furthermore, it notes the nutrient composition differences in ultra-processed foods compared to other food categories, indicating a more nuanced understanding of processed food health impacts.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Melatonin production is influenced by light exposure. [SEP] Text: 24 PVT was conducted using automated psychometric measures that are commercially available from ( The following PVT metrics were obtained: mean reaction times, errors (pressing the wrong button or failing to release the button for 3 s or longer), and lapses (reaction times ≥355 ms). Statistical analysis All statistical analyses were performed using SPSS (version 18. 0 for. , ). Data were tested for normality using the Shapiro-Wilk test. The paired t-test was used to compare melatonin suppression between LED LE and. Repeated-measures ANOVA was used to compare the average LE during daytime before the experiment, AUC, melatonin onset time, PSG, and PVT parameters among the three light conditions. If significant differences among the three light conditions were detected by the repeated-measures ANOVAs, we performed paired-samples t-tests to compare parameters between pairs of light conditions (i. e. , DL vs. vs. LED, and OLED vs. LED). Associations between LE during the daytime, melatonin onset time, and AUC were evaluated using Spearman correlation coefficients. Bonferroni correction was applied in multiple comparisons, with significance defined as p<0. 017, while p<0. 05 was considered indicative of statistical significance in other tests. Go to: characteristics The 24 subjects in this study were aged 26. 9±5. 7 years (mean±standard deviation), and included 18 females. They did not have any definite sleep-related complaints (PSQI score=5. 3±2. 4 and ISI score=4. 8±3. 4) or depressive mood (BDI score=6. 0±3. 9). Their sleep logs indicated that the habitual sleep time was between 23:53±00:52 and 07:20±01:37. The accumulated amounts of daylight (8:00–16:00) did not differ between the three conditions (Table 1). Table 1 Salivary melatonin suppression, melatonin onset time, and daylight in the three study conditions Click for larger image Click for full table Download as Excel file Melatonin onset time and suppression The melatonin onset time differed significantly between the three groups, at 21:11±01:24, 21:20±01:19, and 21:36±01:16 in the and LED conditions, respectively (p=0. 011) (Fig. 2 and Table 1). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not provide any direct information or evidence related to melatonin production being influenced by light exposure. Instead, it discusses various metrics and statistical analyses from a study, including aspects of melatonin onset time and suppression, but does not explicitly connect these findings to light exposure effects on melatonin production.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Processed foods are generally higher in added sugars and preservatives. [SEP] Text: The DGAC report placed a large focus on added sugars, making it one of the five “cross-cutting topics” [8]. reexamined the evidence surrounding the potential health effects of added sugars. The DGAC assessed the evidence that added sugar negatively impacts the health risks for obesity, type II diabetes, cardiovascular disease and dental carries. The DGAC determined, based on the available evidence, there was a strong correlation between added sugars and negative health risks. Most of the cited evidence examines the association between sugar sweetened beverage (SSB) consumption and the health risk rather than the consumption of added sugar from variety of foods [8]. It is easier to count consumption of SSBS with food frequency instruments used in epidemiologic studies than to estimate total added sugar intake since few databases included information on added sugars. While SSB consumption may be the best method available for added sugar estimates, it is not without its limitations including possible confounding variables within the population. According to a recent study of over 12,000 participants, individuals reporting to consume one or more SSB per day were significantly more likely to smoke, consume fewer fruits and vegetables and report a sedentary lifestyle [16]. No discussion of if these confounding variables were considered in the DGAC report [8]. After an examination of the evidence and diet modeling, the DGAC suggested an appropriate intake of calories from added sugars to be between 4–6 % and set a maximal intake of 10 % total energy from added sugars [8]. After a period of time allowing for comments from the general public, the USDA and Department of Health and will assess evidence behind the recommendation from the USDA to set the for Americans 2015 added sugar recommendation [8]. With this suggested restriction on added sugars, the DGAC recognizes that the logical consequence of removing added sugars from the diet and food products would be replacing the added sugars with low calorie sweeteners. However, the DGAC report advises against this replacement due to the minimal evidence regarding long-term effect of low calorie sweeteners. Instead, the DGAC encourages the replacement of sugar-sweetened beverages with water and does not suggest a replacement in food products. Removal of sugar from products will change the taste, texture and shelf-life of products due to the functions of sugar previously discussed [6]. The sugar must be replaced with other ingredients and, if not low calorie sweeteners, what would be a better alternative? [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by detailing the focus of the DGAC report on added sugars, indicating that added sugars negatively impact health and are correlated with various health risks. It suggests that processed foods are likely to contain added sugars as part of their formulation, which supports the claim that processed foods are generally higher in added sugars. Additionally, the discussion of replacing sugar in food products implies a reliance on added sugars in processed foods, thus further reinforcing the claim.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: All processed foods are inherently unhealthy. [SEP] Text: Processed foods: chilli paste, wine and beer. Ultra-processed foods: dehydrated soup, artificial sweeteners, distilled liqueurs. The mean content of NCD-related nutrients in the overall Chilean diet and in two diet fractions restricted to ultra-processed and non-ultra-processed items, respectively, is presented in Table 2. The average content of free sugars and Na in the overall diet exceeded the upper limits set to the intakes of these nutrients, while the average content of K and fibre was below the lower limits. Compared with the fraction restricted to non-ultra-processed foods, the fraction restricted to ultra-processed foods presented in average 4·5 times more free sugars, 2·5 times more energy density for solid foods, 2·1 times more trans fats, 1·6 times more energy density for beverages, 1·4 times more saturated fats and 1·2 times more total fats, more Na and more Na:K ratio. On the other hand, the diet fraction made only of ultra-processed foods had in average 3·1 times less fibre and 1·3 times less K. All differences between the ultra-processed and the non-ultra-processed diet fractions were statistically significant (P < 0·001). Table 2 Mean content of non-communicable disease-related nutrients in the overall daily diet and in two diet fractions† † Chilean population aged 2 years or over (2010). 2010 (n 4920). ‡ Values are mean percentages. Comparison with the use of Student’s t tests in each nutrient. § Different size samples between the two fractions. Ultra-processed foods diet fraction (n 4657) and non-ultra-processed foods diet fraction (n 4918). ‖ It includes the following NOVA food groups: unprocessed or minimally processed foods, processed culinary ingredients and processed foods. ¶ Beverages excluded. ** Solid food excluded. * Different from non-ultra-processed foods, P ≤ 0·001. The mean nutrient contents of the overall diet across quintiles of the dietary share of ultra-processed foods are presented in Table 3. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by providing detailed comparisons of ultra-processed and non-ultra-processed foods in the Chilean diet, highlighting significant differences in nutrient content. It states that ultra-processed foods have higher levels of free sugars, trans fats, energy density, and sodium, while containing less fiber and potassium. These quantitative measures indicate that while certain types of processed foods may be unhealthy, not all processed foods are inherently unhealthy, as the text describes variations in nutrient content based on the type of processing.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Melatonin production is influenced by light exposure. [SEP] Text: 4 years, mean ± SD). Participants came to the laboratory between 4 and 7 h after their typical wake time, following a night during which they had at least 7 h in bed allotted towards sleep (self-reported). All participants were in good self-reported physical and mental health, not depressed (< 28 on the Center for (Radloff, 1977)), without sleep disorders (< 6 on the (Buysse et al. , 1989)), of intermediate chronotype (Horne & Östberg, 1976), were not regular smokers, and did not have an alcohol use disorder (< 20 on the Test; lack of proximal alcohol use was confirmed upon entry to the laboratory with salivary alcohol test). All participants had normal color vision (Ishihara plate test (Ishihara, 2007)), lacked self-reported ocular pathologies, and did not use medications that impacted ocular function or pupil size. Female participants were not pregnant, as confirmed upon entry to the laboratory with a urinary pregnancy test. All procedures were approved by the Board and conformed to the principals outlined in the Declaration of Helsinki. Following completion of screening questionnaires and determination of eligibility, participants took part in an approximately three-hour examination of their pupil responses to light. During this examination, participants were seated and placed their chin on a chin rest and rested their forehead on a temple bar, all of which fixed the distance between the eyes and an experimental light source both within and between participants. A head-mounted infrared eye tracker (ViewPoint USB-60 × 3 system, Arrington Research, Scottsdale AZ) was placed on the participant’s head and was used to record pupil size (recorded at 60 Hz) throughout the study. Once the eye tracker was in place, participants were exposed to 30 min of darkness. Following this dark adaptation, participants were exposed to a series of 1-min light pulses, each of which were separated by 10 min of darkness (to allow for partial dark adaptation of rhodopsin), that were produced by one of two lamps – (1) a standard broad spectrum (white) LED (EcoSmart BR30, 2700 K, color rendering index = 95, Home Depot, Atlanta GA) the spectrum of which is generated by blue LED exciting phosphors, or (2) a blue-depleted white LED (BlueFree in a 9. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text provides a detailed description of a study's methodology related to pupil responses to light but does not directly address whether melatonin production is influenced by light exposure. While it implies a relationship by discussing light exposure, it fails to make a direct connection to melatonin production, rendering the content irrelevant to the specific claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Processed foods are generally higher in added sugars and preservatives. [SEP] Text: Topfound some similarities in the top sources of added sugars in children’s diets among the races/ethnicities studied. Candy and cereals contributed substantially to added sugar intake, although some differences by race/ethnicity were noted. Soft drinks did not contribute as much added sugar intake for children, although they were a top source for many other races/ethnicities. Rice was a popular high-GI food across multiple racial/ethnic groups. High-GI foods were more prevalent in the diets of and other Hispanic children, groups disproportionately burdened by nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Breakfast foods (eg, cereal, baked goods) were major sources of added sugar. Cereal appeared within the top 5 sources across all races/ethnicities. A 2014 analysis of cold cereals sold in the found that 92% of cereals had added sugar, and that all cereals that were marketed to children contained added sugar. On average, children’s cereals have 40% more sugar than cereals marketed to adults and may contain more sugar than cookies (22). Television advertising of high-sugar breakfast cereals that is directed at children has been positively associated with higher intake of high-sugar cereals (23). Our findings support recommendations and efforts to restrict child-directed marketing to limit excessive sugar consumption. Soft drinks did not contribute to added sugar intake among in high quantities or similar amounts to children of other race/ethnicities. Current initiatives aimed at reducing added sugar intake have focused on taxing sugar-sweetened beverages, specifically soft drinks. Given our findings, such taxes might not be effective with Asian Americans. Focusing on reducing sugary drinks is imperative given the prevalence of their consumption and resultant adverse health effects (24), but additional efforts should be made to target other unhealthy dietary behaviors that contribute to added sugar consumption and to focus on foods, shifting the conversation from single nutrients to dietary patterns. In 2016, the US Food and established that added sugar content would be included on the Panel (NFP) of products to call attention to hidden sugars in foods (eg, cereals) (25). A study conducted before the final ruling aimed to measure whether the proposed changes to the panel would influence young adults’ purchase intentions. Although many of that study’s participants viewed the added sugars component on the panel, participants exhibited no changes in purchase intentions (25). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by detailing various sources of added sugars in children's diets, particularly highlighting that cereals are major contributors to added sugar intake and that 92% of cereals had added sugar. It emphasizes that breakfast foods, especially cereals marketed to children, often contain significant amounts of added sugars, supporting the notion that processed foods are typically higher in added sugars.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: All processed foods are inherently unhealthy. [SEP] Text: From the lower to the upper quintile, there were increases for free sugars (from 8·0 to 20·0 % kJ), total fats (from 25·2 to 30·1 % kJ), saturated fats (from 8·1 to 9·7 % kJ), trans fats (from 0·23 to 0·31 % kJ), Na:K ratio (from 0·84 to 1·04 mg/8368 kJ) and energy density (from 7·1 to 8·8 kJ/g for solid foods and from 0·71 to 1·38 kJ/ml for beverages), while there were decreases for K (from 3303 to 2743 mg/8368 kJ) and dietary fibre (from 25·8 to 19·0 g/8368 kJ). Both trends (the increase of NCD-promoting nutrients and the decrease of NCD-protective nutrients across quintiles of ultra-processed food consumption) were statistically significant even after adjusting for potential sociodemographic confounders (P ≤ 0·001). The mean dietary content of Na was similar across quintiles of ultra-processed food consumption. Table 3 Mean content of non-communicable disease-related nutrients in the overall diet across quintiles of the dietary share of ultra-processed foods† † Chilean population aged 2 years or over (2010). 2010 (n 4920). ‡ Obtained from regressing dietary nutrient contents on quintiles of the dietary share of ultra-processed foods (expressed in sd units). § Adjustment for sex, age groups, residential area, geographic region and family income. ‖ Beverages excluded. ¶ Solid foods excluded. * P < 0·01 for linear trend across quintiles. Table 4 presents the prevalence of nutrient intake inadequacies for the overall population and across quintiles of the dietary share of ultra-processed foods. The higher prevalence of nutrient inadequacy was found for Na (81·2 %), followed by K (76·4 %), fibre (68·9 %), free sugars (58·7 %), total fats (35·0 %), Na:K ratio (32·9 %), saturated fats (32·4 %), energy density (22·3 % for solid foods and 24·2 % for beverages) and trans fats (3·1 %). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by providing statistical data on nutrient intake associated with the consumption of ultra-processed foods. Although it highlights increases in non-communicable disease (NCD) promoting nutrients and decreases in protective nutrients, the claim of 'all processed foods being inherently unhealthy' is not universally supported. The text specifies trends and nutrient profiles rather than making an absolute judgment on all processed foods, indicating a more nuanced view.