Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: A majority of global wealth is held by a small percentage of ultra-wealthy individuals. [SEP] Text: distribution First, we use the KH model represented by Eq (4) to examine how wealth is distributed in accordance with the surplus contribution rate γ of the wealthy. Fig 2 shows the simulation results of wealth distribution. The saving rate for all agents is λ = 0. 25, which is set here as a parameter since the average saving rate per GDP in the world is approximately 0. 25 [26]. In the case of γ = 0 (the KK model) in Fig 2A, the power law distribution undergoes changes and approaches a delta distribution with larger disparities as time t passes. Changes from γ = 0. 1 in Fig 2B, to γ = 0. 5 in Fig 2C, to γ = 1 in Fig 2D (the CC model), indicate that the distribution gradually narrows and the disparities diminish. Considering these distributions as gamma distributions, the shape parameter k or the scale parameter θ of the gamma distribution appears to increase [27]. That is, we find that the surplus contribution rate γ is related to the scale k or shape θ of the gamma distribution. Download: PPTPowerPoint slidePNGlarger imageTIFForiginal imageFig 2. Wealth distribution for the surplus contribution rate γ of the wealthy. The horizontal axis represents wealth (assets) while the vertical axis represents frequency. The number of agents is set at N = 1,000. The initial value for assets at time t = 0 for all agents is mi(0) = 1(i = 1,2,⋯,N). The saving rate for all agents is λ = 0. 4. The four different surplus contribution rates of the wealthy are γ = 0, 0. 1, 0. 5, 1. For each case, we observe the changes in the distribution of wealth when the time (the number of changes) is t = 103, 104, and 105. Gini index, total exchange, and rank correlation coefficient Next, we observe the changes in the Gini index in response to the passage of time (the number of exchanges) using Eq (5). Fig 3 shows the simulation results of the Gini index g. Two different saving rates, λ = 0. 4, 0. 8, which are experimentally set here as parameters for broad observations, and four different surplus contribution rates of the wealthy, γ = 0, 0. 1, 0. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the wealth distribution dynamics and the relationship between different surplus contribution rates of the wealthy and the resultant changes in wealth distribution. It indicates that as the surplus contribution rate increases, the disparities in wealth distribution diminish, which aligns with the idea that wealth is concentrated among a smaller percentage of individuals. The mention of models and simulation results regarding fluctuations in wealth distribution reinforces the notion of disparities often being influenced by the wealth held by ultra-wealthy individuals.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: The majority of people worldwide actively support and contribute to wildlife conservation. [SEP] Text: On the contrary, the interaction with guanacos in the conservation ontology is more distant. People can go to the national park to see guanacos, but they cannot get near them. In this context, the knowledge about guanacos comes from science and is generally transmitted in an abstract way, by books, web pages, park rangers’ educational talks, and usually in a context of leisure. Whereas it is possible to feel the quality of the wool and the taste of the meat, it is not possible to touch the conservation status of guanacos or to see their demographics indices. Moreover, from the perspective of conservation, the proximity of human activities to guanacos is seen as negative, especially regarding human productive activities. The national park enables a space to see guanacos in a context of leisure, but where productive activities are not allowed. However, proximity to guanacos and their quotidian use by local people in Alto del Carmen played an important role in the knowledge and appreciation of guanacos. These two different engagements with guanacos are related to the broader view on the nature-society dualism. For conservation biologists, guanacos represent the world of wildlife, which was in its “natural” state before the arrival of modernity. In this manner, the European colonisation function has a benchmark, which is key for evaluating and defining wildlife today (Blaser 2014). Furthermore, this world of wildlife is portrayed as something separate from the human world. In the case that these two worlds get into contact, the latter threatens the former. Thus, boundaries between the two worlds need to be built in order to protect the natural character of wildlife (Cronon 1996). The nature-society division appears in many forms in this ontology. For example, the habitat of guanacos is defined by ecological elements like altitude, temperature, and natural vegetation; humans are not part of it. The protection of guanacos is done by separating its space from human activity, as in the national park, or trying to avoid human threats. Alternative conservation measures, like human-made habitats or guanaco-friendly agricultural practices that allow the spatial coexistence of humans and guanacos are not mentioned in management plans. The division of nature and society also plays a role in defining the origin of the species (i. e. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by suggesting that human interaction with wildlife, specifically guanacos, is limited and often characterized by distance. It explains that while people can observe guanacos in national parks, their engagement is framed in terms of leisure rather than active support or contribution to conservation efforts. The perspective that human activities are seen as negative for conservation indicates a clear divide between human involvement and wildlife protection. Thus, the text suggests a more complex relationship between humanity and wildlife conservation that does not align with the notion that the majority support and actively contribute to this cause.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Some assert that using pathogens for pest control will never affect beneficial insects. [SEP] Text: Iron sequestration by siderophores reduces the amount of this crucial nutrient available to other microbes, which inhibits their development. Molecular approaches have been extensively used to study the role of siderophore synthesis by rhizosphere bacteria in biological control against phytopathogens. The use of heterologous siderophores can provide bacteria a competitive edge in the rhizosphere. For instance, Pseudomonas sp. B24, a fluorescent strain of Pseudomonas, was genetically altered to improve its capacity to use more ferric siderophores (Moënne-Loccoz et al. 1996). The plasmid pCUP2 containing the pbuA gene, which encodes the membrane receptor of ferric pseudobactin M114, was introduced into the engineered Pseudomonas strain, enabling it to utilize both its own siderophore and the pseudobactin siderophore produced by P. fluorescens M114. This genetic alteration expanded the siderophore production that the modified Pseudomonas strain could utilize, possibly giving it an advantage in the rhizosphere environment. Recently, siderophore-producing genes have been identified in Lysobacter enzymogenes, which encode the novel siderophore lysochelin (Miller et al. 2023). Similarly, siderophore-producing genes have been identified in Bacillus subtilis YB-04 through genome analysis (Xu et al. 2022). These genes can be cloned and transferred into other MBCAs for improving their siderophore-producing capabilities, ultimately leading to improved efficacy against plant pathogens. Crown gall disease in pome and stone fruits is known to be caused by the soil bacteria Agrobacterium tumefaciens. Agrocin 84, a bacteriocin produced by its nonpathogenic counterpart Agrobacterium radiobacter strain K84, is essential for the biocontrol mechanism of crown gall disease (Kerr 1980). The plasmid pAgK84 contains the genes for agrocin 84 synthesis, bacteriocin immunity and conjugal transfer (tra). Through the use of recombinant DNA technology, a novel strain of A. radiobacter was produced in order to increase the effectiveness of biological management against crown gall disease. A. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it primarily discusses the mechanisms of siderophore production by certain bacteria and their role in biological control against plant pathogens, such as Agrobacterium tumefaciens, without addressing or providing any evidence concerning the effects of using pathogens for pest control on beneficial insects.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: A majority of global wealth is held by a small percentage of ultra-wealthy individuals. [SEP] Text: | Spiderweb Capitalism: Built by the Ultra-WealthyNov 29, 2023 | Arts, Humanities & Social Sciences, Business, Economics & anonymous leak of the in 2016 revealed how the exceptionally wealthy (such as politicians, celebrities and business leaders) hide their money and exploit secretive offshore tax regimes. is a Professor of Sociology at the University of Chicago, and after six years of research, hundreds of interviews and travelling 350,000 miles, she published Spiderweb Capitalism:. She uncovered the mechanisms behind the movement of money into and out of Southeast Asia, and how that money travels all over the world. to In writing her book a Professor of Sociology at the University of Chicago, started with a small research question about how foreign investors navigate new frontier markets. A frontier market is a country, such as Vietnam, that is more established than the least developed countries but still less established than the emerging markets, such as China. One afternoon, she had lunch with a lawyer who brought the topic of special purpose vehicles and holding companies to her attention. Vehicles are passive holding companies established for the purpose of isolating financial and legal risk by protecting certain liabilities and assets. It was in this conversation that her award-winning book took seed, and found herself immersed in the world of offshoring, the web of anonymous paper companies and finance professionals. She changed her research course and embarked on a global ethnography spanning networks of people and all countries of the world to expose the inner workings of the wealthiest people and how they hide wealth to create more wealth. believes two factors were critical in how she gained access to wealthy people and spaces. First, her academic appointment is at the University of Chicago, an institution with global reach and a highly regarded reputation. Second, after publishing her award-winning first book, Dealing in Desire, she was promoted within the University and benefitted from invites to international lectures and networking meetings. At these events, she met people who introduced her to wealthy international finance figures. A major challenge encountered conducting her interviews was avoiding hearing or witnessing any deal-making activity that might be illegal under the U. S Practices Act. Had this occurred, she could potentially be considered an accessory to criminal activity and so would often leave the room when this seemed a possibility. She also consulted heavily with lawyers at the University of Chicago. What is the Spiderweb? The spiderweb consists of a complicated web of subsidiaries that are interconnected across multiple countries and are virtually impossible to identify. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing how exceptionally wealthy individuals exploit offshore tax regimes and utilize a complex web of subsidiaries to hide and increase their wealth. It highlights the efforts of researchers in unveiling how the ultra-wealthy navigate the global financial system, supporting the idea that a small percentage of individuals manage a disproportionate share of global wealth.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: The majority of people worldwide actively support and contribute to wildlife conservation. [SEP] Text: , native or exotic) and therefore the importance of its conservation. Guanacos are native species because their original presence in Atacama was not caused by humans. Donkeys, on the other hand, are considered an exotic species, because they were introduced by humans. Nowadays there are feral donkeys roaming in Atacama, and they are not considered important for conservation, moreover, their presence is considered negative as they feed on native vegetation and compete with native guanacos. In contrast, society and wildlife do not appear as separate for local people as it is for conservationists. Some people expressed that they would not like to see guanacos disappear from the region, and often they compared this situation with the disappearance of donkeys. These people explained that donkeys were abundant in the past, but they disappeared because they were heavily hunted. Both guanacos and donkeys were regarded as local animals that were part of the land and were used by local people, and their existence are valued. Differently to the view of conservation science, the “natural” or human origin of animals is less significant to local people. Likewise, the blurring of the nature-culture divide can be noted in other characteristics of the interaction between local people and guanacos. As was mentioned above, guanacos were part of the domestic world, they were inside the house, in the plate and wardrobe, and also people were more frequently present in the mountains were most guanacos dwell. In addition, through the legend of the Yastai, guanacos were even part of the moral world of humans. Despite the differences, there are some overlaps between local people and conservationists. As mentioned above, local people would regret the extinction of guanacos, and they agree with the idea of conservation and the prohibition of illegal hunting. They do not see conservation measures as something negative, on the contrary, they are concern about the future of the species. Nevertheless, local people still appreciate guanaco meat, and they hope that their grandchildren can taste guanaco meat as they were able to do it in the past. Also, conservation scientists and local people are highly critical of commercial and large-scale hunting. However, contrary to the view of conservationists, hunting is not a singular thing for them. They make the distinction between the extensive, commercial hunting and the traditional hunting for subsistence, which is not disapproved. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by illustrating how local people have a distinct perspective on conservation compared to conservationists. While some local people express a desire to conserve guanacos and show concern for their future, they also appreciate guanaco meat and distinguish between subsistence hunting and commercial hunting. This illustrates that although they may somewhat support conservation, their practices and values do not align with the idea that a majority of people actively and uniformly support wildlife conservation. The view that 'hunting is not a singular thing for them' indicates a more complex relationship with conservation that challenges the simplicity of the claim.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Some assert that using pathogens for pest control will never affect beneficial insects. [SEP] Text: radiobacter strain K1026 was the result of the deletion of a 5. 9 kb area that overlapped the transfer (tra) region of plasmid pAgK84 (Jones et al. 1988). This genetic modification was aimed to reduce the risk of breakdown in the biological control of crown gall. Currently, crown gall on stone fruits is being managed commercially using the genetically engineered strain K1026. Studies have demonstrated that it is equally effective to the parent strain K84 in terms of root colonization as well as managing the crown gall disease (Jones and Kerr 1989). Recently, a novel bacteriocin, Lcn972 was found in B. velezensis HN-Q-8 and expressed in E. coli to derive the bacteriocin. The bacteriocin (which is also stable against high UV radiation) caused satisfactory inhibition of the potato scab pathogen Streptomyces scabies (Zhao et al. 2022). Similarly, Wang et al. (2020) characterized a novel bacteriocin, carocin S3 (which also includes the killer protein carocin S3K and the immunity protein carocin S3I), from multiple bacteriocin-producing strains of Pectobacterium caratovorum subsp. caratovorum. Gene identification techniquesThe isolation and sequencing are the first step in the characterization of any gene. There are two types of gene identification strategies: targeted and open. The targeted approach focuses on precisely identifying one or a small number of relevant genes. The open strategy, on the other hand, is used to find more genes by methods like differential expression analysis, extensive sequencing, or random mutation. In the early molecular research on biocontrol mechanisms, the focus was primarily on genes encoding enzymes that directly impacted plant pathogens. Examples of such enzymes include glucanases, proteases and chitinases, which continue to make up a sizeable fraction of the identified genes. Later, researchers turned their focus to the genes that control the actions of the aforementioned enzymes. Thus far, the identification of genes in MBCAs has predominantly been limited to the Trichoderma genus, with only a few genes identified in other genera. In the targeted strategy, the initial step involves designing degenerate primers that amplify specific segments of the gene sequence. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim regarding the assertion that using pathogens for pest control will never affect beneficial insects. Instead, it discusses the genetic modification of a specific strain for biological control and various gene identification strategies without mentioning beneficial insects or the implications of using pathogens in pest control.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: A majority of global wealth is held by a small percentage of ultra-wealthy individuals. [SEP] Text: For years, offshore financial centres, such as the and the Islands, have enabled economic and political elites, ‘who in less-developed economies are often one and the same—to secure exclusive and quasi-legal opportunities for the private accumulation of wealth’, she explains. refers to the ultra-high-net-worth individuals who control the web as the ‘big spiders’. The ‘smaller spiders’ are then used by the ‘bigger spiders’ as agents or fixers to cover close connections to transactions that would be considered dirty or corrupt. The web is so vastly intricate and complex, comprising so many layers and actors, that it becomes challenging to trace. Every strand in the network is connected by other network branches of financial, legal, business and public relations professionals, all of whom are hidden from one another; they purposefully conceal their relations with other parts of the web to keep their transactions ‘clean’. While doing research on investments in Southeast Asia, met with the chief executive officer (CEO) of a large asset management firm in Vietnam. She asked how difficult it is to make money in countries with lax regulation and high levels of corruption. Hoang’s surprise, he openly expressed that to be successful in a frontier Asian market, an investor has to tow the line between legal and illegal and successfully stay ahead of regulators. Playing in the elites capitalise on risky frontier markets by mastering the art of ‘playing in the grey’, explains Dr Hoang. Playing in the grey means finding the grey or ambiguous areas between what is deemed legal and illegal activity, exploiting countries or states with weak regulatory regimes, and creating complex and purposefully opaque webs of financial professionals. If the ultra-wealthy play the grey successfully, they mitigate criminal and reputational risks while simultaneously creating more wealth. In an interview with an individual she refers to as ‘Will’ (a previous ‘fat cat’ and now a ‘dominant spider’), heard about how he had lost count of the number of offshore structures his financial firm had set up for each of its investments. Throughout her book, demonstrates the significant lengths that the ultra-wealthy will go to to ensure no virtual or physical paper trails of financial transactions are left behind, including hiring fixers to remove any traces if needed. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by explaining how ultra-wealthy individuals engage in complex financial practices to secure and increase their wealth. It discusses the role of the ‘big spiders’ and ‘smaller spiders’ in a network that reflects the accumulation of wealth by a select few. The text illustrates how these ultra-high-net-worth individuals exploit regulatory grey areas to maximize their wealth while minimizing risks, indicating their dominant position in global wealth distribution.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: 3D printing is used to create custom prosthetics and implants tailored to individual patients. [SEP] Text: c Immediate postoperative images with implant in place, bone graft, and additional medial plate added for stabilityFull size imageLimitations to 3D printing technologyWhile these cases highlight the versatility of 3D printing within foot and ankle surgery, it is important to understand the limitations that come with this new technology. One of the main drawbacks of using custom 3D printed implants is the cost associated with making the implant. Healthcare costs are a tremendous burden on hospitals and patients – thus use of expensive implants may be denied in favor of more traditional and cheaper implants. However, as the technology continues to improve, costs of production will decrease and make these implants more affordable. The time it takes to design and manufacture the implant is also a limitation and it can take at a minimum four to 6 weeks for an implant to be made. This time delay has functional and economic consequences to the patient who continues to have pain and may be unable to work. It is important to note that this four to 6 week time frame is from experience at our institution and may vary between locations and practices. Finally, the technology is new thus there is a learning curve associated with its use. Each case is unique and presents its own challenges which adds complexity to using a custom implant and instrumentation. Surgeons must take extra time to prepare for each case and inspect the instruments and hardware before the case begins to better anticipate any intraoperative difficulties that may arise with its use. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by highlighting limitations of 3D printing technology, particularly regarding cost and manufacturing time. While it mentions the use of custom 3D printed implants in surgeries, it emphasizes drawbacks such as the high costs associated with these implants, which may lead to traditional alternatives being favored over them. Additionally, it discusses the time required to design and manufacture implants, which can take four to six weeks, potentially delaying patient treatment. These points suggest that while 3D printing has potential in creating custom solutions, practical issues may limit its usage in favor of traditional methods.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Some assert that using pathogens for pest control will never affect beneficial insects. [SEP] Text: These primers are carefully chosen based on factors such as the amino acid sequence of the protein being studied, sequence alignment of similar proteins from different microorganisms, or previous primer used for other MBCAs. Once the degenerate primers are in place, the DNA fragment is amplified through polymerized chain reaction (PCR) and subsequently isolated, cloned and sequenced. For instance, T. harzianum endo-1,3-glucanase (Donzelli et al. 2001) genes and T. harzianum exo-1,3-glucanase gene (Ait-Lahsen et al. 2001) have been successfully isolated using this method. Using degenerate primers that targeted conserved regions found by multiple amino acid alignment of known exoglucanase genes, Grevesse (2002) identified exoglucanase activity in culture filtrates. They effectively amplified exo-1,3-glucanase genes in post-harvest MBCAs, particularly Pichia anomala. In the open strategy, one effective approach involves the utilization of techniques that examine differential gene expression. These techniques have been extensively employed in studies focused on identifying genes associated with biocontrol. Notably, methods such as cDNA amplified fragment length polymorphism analysis (cDNA-AFLP), differential display and subtractive hybridization have been utilized thoroughly. cDNA-AFLP was used in a study to identify genes that may be involved in the biological control of Botrytis cinerea by Pichia anomala strain Kh5 (Massart and Jijakli 2006). In a medium containing either glucose or the cell wall components of Botrytis cinerea, the strain Kh5 was cultured. By using this method, they were able to identify eleven cDNA fragments that were related to the genes overexpressed in the presence of B. cinerea cell wall components. These fragments were thought to have a possible role in the secretion of enzymes. Another study conducted by Liu and Yang (2005) focused on the sequencing of T. harzianum cDNAs using the expressed sequence tags (ESTs) technique. In this investigation, they found 55 cDNAs that had similar characteristics with proteins related to biocontrol. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim regarding the use of pathogens for pest control and its potential effects on beneficial insects. Instead, it describes methods used in biocontrol research and identifies specific genes and techniques related to biological control without mentioning any implications or consequences for beneficial insects.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: A majority of global wealth is held by a small percentage of ultra-wealthy individuals. [SEP] Text: She adds that most of the people she interviewed preferred to lay low and operate with the strategy of staying hidden behind these financial webs. She quotes one source saying that ‘behind every CEO is a Chairman. are people in this world so rich they never appear in newspapers or public lists like Forbes… the Chairmen are nowhere and everywhere and accountable to no one’. And to the best of her knowledge, not a single person interviewed has been charged with criminal activity. of the most eye-opening revelations from is the marked divide between ultra-high-net-worth individuals, who have liquid assets of at least $30 million, and high-net-worth individuals, with between $1 million and $30 million. The legal and reputational risks between these two groups are not shared equally. The ultra-rich are shielded from public scrutiny by offshoring and creating webs of holding companies. While the high-net-worth individuals, like fund managers, legal professionals and accountants, are heavily compensated for their services, if something goes wrong, ‘they’re the face of the deal… they’re the fall guy’, explains. One of the other morally reprehensible goals of those who are playing the grey is to engage in tax avoidance. For example, one person interviewed pointed out that as a professor, she pays more taxes as a percentage of her income than the ultra-rich do on their profits, despite the profit being passed through many borders. This essentially means that the income tax system in many countries is regressive, as the top 1% pay less tax. The ultra-rich are also able to avoid the fallout of investments gone wrong. For example, a billionaire’s net worth may go down, and they may suffer public embarrassment if an infrastructure project fails. However, it is the local population that suffers the loss of hundreds of jobs and feels the consequences to the economy and environment, and may even end up paying for the repair work through taxation. Another legal but morally wrong practice is ‘front-running the law’ – that is, taking strategies that were highly lucrative pre-regulation in developed economies, and applying them to frontier markets where that regulation doesn’t exist yet. from Here? movement after the 2008 financial collapse successfully brought to light the issue of income inequality, but explains that ‘it has not changed the political and economic structures that create this inequality’. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the existence and characteristics of ultra-high-net-worth individuals, who possess liquid assets of at least $30 million, thereby supporting the notion that a small percentage of individuals control a significant amount of wealth. It highlights how these ultra-wealthy individuals are able to shield their wealth from public scrutiny and significantly lower their tax contributions compared to other income earners, implying a concentration of wealth among them.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: 3D printing is used to create custom prosthetics and implants tailored to individual patients. [SEP] Text: Time between post-implant removal CT scan and second-stage surgery ranged from 1 to 5 months. The mean age of patients was 75 years (range 62–88) and mean weight was 76 Kg (range 60–98). Patients’ demographics and clinical data are reported in Table 1. Table 1 Patients’ characteristicsFull size tableBone shape changesIn virtually all cases, the bony shape changed between the initial CT (with implant) and that taken following the first operation (without implant). We found that areas clearly defined on interval CT reconstructed models were missing on the pre-operative CT reconstructions, and the acetabular rim definition was not clear on the 3D reconstructions derived from pre implant removal scans. The cases and patterns of bony shape pre and post-implant removal are summarised in Fig. 6. In detail: Case 1: The volume of metal adjacent to the superior rim (cage, screws and femoral head) dramatically affected the true bony anatomy of the superior rim which resulted in a major change in the design of the 3D printed implant (see Fig. 7). Case 4: There was a major soft tissue defect with dead proximal femoral bone requiring proximal femoral replacement. To maximise the fixation of implants to the pelvis in such a hostile environment, the surgeon opted for a custom implant so that the constrained liner used at revision surgery did not pull the implant off the bone. In this case two-stage surgery was used to maximise the chance of limb salvage. Case 5: shows reduced bone in the superior acetabular rim. B shows absent medial acetabular wall due to bone removed at surgery or not clearly visible on pre-removal scan. This pattern was observed in cases 2, 3 and 6 as well. Case 7: The acetabular implant was loose and migrated into the pelvis and away from the innominate bone and therefore there were minimal differences between pre and post implant removal scans. This was seen in case 8 as well, where the loose implant was pushed into the pelvis, hence away from the pelvic bone. Fig. 6Pre and post implant removal reconstructed anatomies, a and b respectively. Parts in red represent the missing bone between the 2 CT reconstructions. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by focusing on the outcomes and anatomical changes observed in patients who received implants, detailing the surgical processes and challenges faced, rather than providing explicit information on the use of 3D printing for creating custom prosthetics and implants. For instance, it describes a case where a custom implant was used but does not elaborate on the role of 3D printing in that process.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Some assert that using pathogens for pest control will never affect beneficial insects. [SEP] Text: These cDNAs were further classified according to their possible modes of action, which included pathogen protease inactivation (5 cDNAs), mycoparasitism (22 cDNAs), competition for resources and space (5 cDNAs) and antifungal activity (23 cDNAs). Biocontrol-related promotersTo achieve successful transformation and demonstrate biocontrol activity, it is necessary to identify appropriate promoters related to biocontrol activities. A modified version of the naturally occurring bacteria Erwinia ananas (NR1), which is present in rice, was developed in a study. The altered strain of the bacterium, as opposed to the original strain, contained genes from Serratia marcescens B2, particularly those that encoded antifungal components such as the 58-kDa endochitinase. These antifungal factor genes expression was regulated by promoters derived from the recipient E. ananas. The result of the study showed that the rice blast disease could be resisted by the genetically altered microbe. Therefore, using the host's own promoter to express foreign genes is a novel strategy to achieve expression of biocontrol associated genes (Wu et al. 2011). Improved root colonizing abilitiesCertain soil bacteria exhibit beneficial effects on plants without establishing a symbiotic relationship. These bacteria, referred to as plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR), are widely present in the soil, around the roots and even inside plant roots. By preventing the establishment of plant pathogenic bacteria, PGPR boost plant growth in a significant way. Researchers have frequently assessed the possibilities of PGPR genetic modification to improve their capacity for biocontrol of phytopathogens. Enhancing the ability of PGPR strains to compete for limited nutritional resources including carbon, nitrogen and iron is one of the methods for increasing the ability of these strains to colonize plant roots. Manipulating genes associated with signaling pathways involved in colonization, such as those governing motility, chemotaxis and biofilm formation, can also enhance the colonization of biocontrol bacteria. Barahona et al. (2011), reported a hypermotile mutant strain of P. fluorescens that was developed by disrupting the kinB, sadB and wspR genes. This strain outperformed the wild-type strain in terms of rhizosphere colonization and demonstrated effective control over F. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim about the potential effects of using pathogens for pest control on beneficial insects. Instead, it discusses biocontrol strategies, the role of specific microbes like Erwinia ananas and P. fluorescens, and pathways for enhancing biocontrol activities without providing any direct evidence or argument related to the welfare of beneficial insects. Thus, it is deemed irrelevant.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: A majority of global wealth is held by a small percentage of ultra-wealthy individuals. [SEP] Text: Although she doesn’t provide a clear solution to the corruption and inequality problems identified in her book, she does view them as a systemic challenge for society to resolve. A big takeaway from her book is that no country can escape ‘the grey’; whether the money originated in or China, at some point, it finds its way back to the West as it travels through the financial web. Given this, questions why we have not uncovered financial markets in this way before, noting that ‘while the frontier markets and certainly new areas for spiders to expand their webs, these strategies have been in use since the late 1800s’. asserts that in Europe and the West, political and economic power often overlap and reinforce one another. She points to the need to identify effective mechanisms to regulate the regulators. also urges more sociologists to study elites and the systems that allow them to accumulate wealth. She also raises the question as to whether social scientists and economists are objective researchers or whether they are consciously or subconsciously working in a shadowy role that serves to maintain the status quo, inadvertently legitimising institutions of power and furthering these financial webs. 0 Reddit +1 0 LinkedIn 0 - of SociologyUniversity of is Professor of Sociology at the University of Chicago. She received her PhD in Sociology from University of California, Berkeley, her MA in Sociology from and her BA from the University of California, Santa Barbara. Her research examines deal-making in frontier and emerging economies, and her interests include the sociology of gender, global sociology, economic sociology, and qualitative/ethnographic research methods. is the author of two award-winning books: and Dealing in Desire. Between 2017 and 2020, was an associate editor at the of Sociology, and over the years, her work has been published in highly rated academic journals. Her work has led to the award of over 26 prizes from professional associations, including the Association of American Publishers, Sociologists for Women in Society, and the Association. : E: kayhoang@uchicago. edu T: kimberlykhoang of from the Margins: A Tribute to Lewis and Coser, Sociological Theory, 2022, 40(3), 203–223. KK Hoang, Spiderweb Capitalism: : Press, 2022. KK Hoang, Dealing in Desire: Asian Ascendancy, Western Decline, and the of : University of California Press, 2015. 4. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing systemic issues of wealth distribution and the need for sociologists to examine elites and the structures that facilitate their wealth accumulation. It suggests that the overlap of political and economic power allows a small elite to continue accumulating wealth, reinforcing the notion that a small percentage of individuals hold a large proportion of global wealth.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: 3D printing will replace all traditional methods of producing medical equipment. [SEP] Text: 3Publications primarily referencing “3D printing”, “rapid prototyping”, or “additive manufacturing” terms in the period from 2012 to 2015Full size image Analysis 2: Generalized overview of 3D printing literature concept clustersWe illustrate MeSH term clusters in two ways (Figs. 4 and 5). First, we provide a rapid visual overview of concept clusters (red), denoting closely linked concepts in published literature (Fig. 4). For example, the upper right hand cluster in Fig. 4 refers to bioprinting and materials research. The same cluster in Fig. 5 appears in green, highlighting its major MeSH category (“Chemicals and Drugs”). These display formats enable rapid visual analysis of major research directions and discipline clusters. Some of the more prominent research ‘islands’ include surgical equipment, dental technologies, disease modeling, and material development fields. Fig. 4Heat map for concept clusters within 3D printing literature. Red corresponds to a large number of highly clustered and related concepts, while blue represents absence of relationshipsFull size image Fig. 5Concept clusters within 3D printing literature arranged as individual MeSH categories and clustered by distance within the literature. Colors correspond to major MeSH categories: red represents “Diseases”, green corresponds to “Chemicals and Drugs” and blue represents “Analytical, Diagnostic and and Equipment”. Circle size represents the relative number of papers annotated with a particular MeSH term, while distance reflects concept proximityFull size image Analysis 3: Stratification of 3D printing publications by anatomical site, imaging modality, and 3D printing technologyCT based 3D printed models greatly outnumber other cross-sectional imaging modalities capable of volumetric reconstruction (Fig. 6) except in cardiovascular medicine where MRI and echocardiography are comparable. Orthopedic applications are among those most published (Fig. 7), including surgical planning and the creation of patient-specific orthopedic implants. Other common disciplines include otolaryngology, vascular and cardiac medicine, likely reflecting a high use of 3D printed models to plan and teach higher risk interventions for complex clinical scenarios. The leading applications in 3D printing of organs and tissues (bioprinting) are within vascular, skeletal, hepatic, and cardiac domains, in the order of significance (Fig. 8). Fig. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by illustrating that while 3D printing has significant applications in various medical fields, it does not imply that it will replace all traditional methods of producing medical equipment. It mentions various disciplines with notable advantages from 3D printing like surgical planning and patient-specific implants but does not state that these applications render traditional methods obsolete.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Some assert that using pathogens for pest control will never affect beneficial insects. [SEP] Text: oxysporum and Phytophthora cactorum. The two-component signal transduction system DegU-DegS regulated flagellar motility and biofilm formation in Bacillus species, and the DegQ protein influenced these processes by increasing DegU phosphorylation. Xu et al. (2019) developed B. velezensis as a recombinant strain by substituting the degQ gene with a xylose-inducible degQ. They showed that xylose, a carbohydrate often produced by plant roots, stimulated biofilm formation by this recombinant strain. When compared to the wild-type strain, the recombinant strain greatly increased the portion of roots colonized by it on cucumber and tomato plants, and it was also more effective in preventing tomato bacterial wilt and cucumber Fusarium wilt diseases. In a recent study, Chi et al. (2023), functionally characterized glycosyltransferase Taugt17b1, which is known to enhance the root colonizing ability of Trichoderma species. They reported that the overexpression of Taugt17b1 increased Trichoderma atroviridae colony growth rates, improved its root colonizing ability and induced systemic defense responses in plants to prevent plant diseases. Genome sequencing of MBCAsWhole-genome sequencing has identified distinctive traits of several microbes with the potential to be developed as MBCAs. Using paired-end and whole-genome shotgun sequencing methods, Takeuchi et al. (2014) completed a comprehensive genome sequencing of the rhizospheric bacteria Pseudomonas sp. Cab57. Using gap-spanning PCR products, they were able to bridge the gaps between the contigs. They discovered four gene clusters (phl, prn, plt and hcn) that govern the generation of antibiotics, nitrite/nitrate absorption and the Gac/Rsm signal transduction pathway. Additionally, it was discovered that these genes improved the bacterium's capacity to inhibit the growth of pathogenic microbes. In a different work, Jiang et al. (2017) reported the whole-genome sequence of the naturally occurring MBCA Bacillus cereus AR156 that exhibits potential in managing soilborne diseases. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is largely focused on the development and characteristics of various microbial biocontrol agents (MBCAs) and their effectiveness in managing plant diseases. It does not address the claim regarding the potential effects of using pathogens for pest control on beneficial insects, rendering the content irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: The Renaissance period was marked by a revival of art, science, and humanism in Europe. [SEP] Text: - Document précédent - Document suivant Hors-série 2 | 2018Traduire d’une culture à l’autre : humanisme et pluralités des cultures. Transmission des savoirs et éducation de l’homme à la : humanismo y pluralidades de culturas. Transmisión del saber y educación del hombre en el : humanism and cultural pluralities. Transmission of knowledge and human education in the Renaissance period Fins Résumé | Index | Plan | Texte | Notes | Citation | Auteur Résumés Français traduction est une activité qui a trait aux passages linguistiques et à la diversité des cultures. Nous questionnerons ici de façon approfondie la conception et l’élaboration de ce terme au sein du mouvement humaniste de la Renaissance européenne, période de l’esprit et de la lettre et d’une fidélité au texte original. Nous convoquerons les travaux d’Érasme, celui qu’on appelle le « Prince des humanistes ». Bien que son activité de traducteur soit exposée dans ses diverses œuvres, nous analyserons essentiellement deux textes qui révèlent la façon dont Érasme prend, dans son activité de traduction, des distances par rapport aux autorités, aux écoles et à tout ce qui peut limiter la liberté et la responsabilité des êtres humains. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the humanistic movement during the Renaissance, highlighting the diversity of cultures and the transmission of knowledge. It focuses on human education in the Renaissance period and specifically mentions Erasmus, a prominent figure associated with the humanism revival, indicating that this period was indeed characterized by a flourishing of humanist thought and engagement with classical texts, which aligns with the claim.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: 3D printing will replace all traditional methods of producing medical equipment. [SEP] Text: These differences have likely arisen from historical chance factors, since qualitative assessment of imaging modalities (Fig. 6), applications (Fig. 7), and specific printing technologies (Fig. 8) does not reveal a significant disparity to justify the observed terminological use difference. To avoid fragmentation of research efforts and terminological isolation in the setting of a lack of objective reasons for terminology use difference, common literature-supported terminology should be established. Our analysis establishes the dominance of the term “3D printing” to represent a collection of technologies that produce physical medical models. The success of medical 3D printing technologies will be more readily pursued by universally adopting the term “3D printing” that already encompasses most of the total use in the recent literature. We thus propose that “3D Printing” be formally adopted. Both “rapid prototyping” and “additive manufacturing” have historical significance. The term rapid prototyping originally denoted all technologies that could rapidly produce a physical prototype of a virtually designed object. Additive manufacturing was established to distinguish it from the dominant Control (CNC) subtractive methods, where raw materials in sheet or block form are secondarily processed with numerically controlled cutting and milling tools to subtract the unnecessary parts, leaving behind a whole prototyped object, or parts of the object that could be assembled into one. Rapid prototyping therefore encompassed additive manufacturing and subtractive manufacturing [11]. Additive manufacturing then encompassed technologies ranging from electron beam melting to fused filament fabrication, with “3D printing” abbreviated as 3DP originally relegated only to a set of technologies emerging at the of Technology that produced models by binding powder using an adhesive, much like an inkjet printer [12]. Our analysis demonstrates that over time, the meaning of these technologies has evolved in medicine to first make 3D printing nearly synonymous and interchangeable with the other two terms. Over time, “3D Printing” surpassed all others in literature. We recognize that more data can influence the use of terminology over time. We also recognize that, in theory, there may be specific medical uses for which the term “3D Printing” may not be scientifically accurate. In such rare cases, the most accurate terms should be used. However, the adoption of the term 3D Printing should be used for other cases so as to provide standardization and the ability of the field to mature with a standard lexicon. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the historical evolution of terminology related to 3D printing, rapid prototyping, and additive manufacturing. It emphasizes that while 3D printing encompasses various technologies, it doesn't inherently mean it will replace traditional methods such as CNC subtractive methods. The text mentions that there might be specific medical uses for which the term '3D Printing' may not be scientifically accurate, which implies that traditional methods still hold relevance in certain contexts.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Some assert that using pathogens for pest control will never affect beneficial insects. [SEP] Text: The capacity of this MBCA to protect tomato plants from Meloidogyne incognita, a nematode that causes root knot disease, as well as Ralstonia solanacearum, the cause of bacterial wilt, was demonstrated. Piombo et al. (2018) demonstrated the genome sequencing, assembly and characterization of two yeast cells belonging to the species Metschnikowia fructicola. These yeast cells demonstrated great biocontrol efficiency against post-harvest infections that lead to produce spoiling in fruits and vegetables. The release of cell wall-degrading enzymes, stimulation of defense signaling genes, presence of iron-binding compounds and a wide generation of superoxide anions were identified by the researchers as the biocontrol activities of the yeast strain. Few of the potential microbial biocontrol agents whose genome have been sequenced recently are enlisted in Table 1. Table 1 Recent complete genome sequences of potential microbial biocontrol agents (published in and after 2015)Full size tableGenomicsThe term “omics” refers to a broad area that includes a number of scientific disciplines, including proteomics, metabolomics, peptidomics, transcriptomics, phenomics, interactomics, genomics and secretomics (Sharma et al. 2017). The metabolome and expressome of various MBCAs, including Trichoderma, have been identified and analyzed using these highly effective omics techniques. The importance of omics in understanding the complex and varied biotic interactions involved in MBCAs like Trichoderma was emphasized by Lorito et al. (2010). The complete study of genomes is called genomics and it is a subfield of omics. It has made a significant contribution to our comprehension and advancement about biological control. It is now feasible to limit pathogen activity and create new consortia of MBCAs by understanding their microbiomes. The identification of multiple genes present in Trichoderma biocontrol strains has benefited greatly from genomic data. A genome mining strategy has also discovered the novel orphan biosynthetic cluster genes and made it easier to find related secondary metabolites in biocontrol strains (Eyiwumi et al. 2015). Similarly, genome sequencing and annotated gene function studies of important bacterial MBCAs have yielded useful information regarding their biocontrol mechanisms. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not directly address the claim regarding the impact of pathogens on beneficial insects. Instead, it focuses on the effectiveness of microbial biocontrol agents (MBCAs) in controlling specific pathogens and enhancing plant health. It discusses the genome sequencing of yeast strains and other biocontrol agents without mentioning any effects on beneficial insect populations.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: The Renaissance period was marked by a revival of art, science, and humanism in Europe. [SEP] Text: De son édition du (1516), texte qui remonte aux sources grecques et marque un retour à l’autorité de l’Écriture à la Declamatio de pueris statim ac liberaliter instituendis (1529), Érasme montre que le lecteur et le traducteur doivent à travers leur mouvement d’interprétation respectif chercher une visée éthique de clarification et de compréhension notamment à travers l’étude des « Belles-lettres ». Cette visée éthique prendra le sens d’une hospitalité langagière chez Paul Ricœur (2004). Translating is about linguistics as well as cultural diversity. In this paper, I focus on the concept of translation as used by Humanism, from its design to its development during the European Renaissance, when a translation had to be straight to the source’s spirit and letter. I study Érasme’s works, also known as the « Prince of Humanism ». Even though several pieces of his work highlight his part as a translator, I mainly focus on the two essays showing that Érasme, as a translator, distanced himself from experts, schools of thought, and everything that could have restricted human freedom and responsibility. From his edition of Testament (1516), going back to the Greek sources and reviving the Scriptures’ authority, to the Declamatio de pueris statim ac liberaliter instituendis (1529), Érasme demonstrated that, when it comes to interpreting, the reader and the translator had to seek an ethical aim of clarity and understandability especially in the study of the « belles-lettres ». This aim would become Paul Ricoeur’s (2004) concept of linguistic hospitality. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the Humanist movement during the Renaissance, specifically through the works of Érasme, who represents a key figure in this revival. It mentions the return to Greek sources and the authority of the Scriptures, which exemplifies the broader themes of art, science, and humanism that define the Renaissance period. The focus on ethical clarity and the responsibility of readers and translators further underscores the humanistic values that were prominent during this time.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: All organs can be 3D printed and transplanted successfully in humans. [SEP] Text: 1c Kin, Tatsuya; Imes, Sharleen; Shapiro, A M. James; of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada. This work was supported by the funds from a from the of Diabetes and Digestive and of the of Health (DK59101), and from the Network. The program is further supported by and Wellness (Services). Generous philanthropic support is provided by the Roberts Family, the Foundation for the Cure of Diabetes, the Trades and from the Canada (DRIFCan) and by the Research Council–Fellowship (A. K. ). The authors have no conflict of interest to declare. Address correspondence to: B. Med. Sci. (Hons. ), M. B. B. S. (Hons. ), Ph. D. , M. R. C. P. (U. K. ), Transplant Program, University of Alberta, 2000 6G 2C8. E-mail: [email protected] Received 28 March 2008. Revision requested 12 May 2008. Accepted 11 August 2008. Transplantation 86(11):p 1622-1624, December 15, 2008. | DOI: 10. 1097/TP. 0b013e31818c2559 islet transplantation is limited by the availability of donor organs. We report two cases where islets were isolated from donors with elevated HbA1c (6. 3% and 7. 9%). Islet isolation yield was adequate in both cases (521,350 and 497,472 islet equivalents, respectively). Islet graft analyses revealed a decreased proportion of β cells (21. 6%) and an increase in α cells (51. 0%) in the donor with the higher HbA1c, although graft characteristics of the other donor were similar to donors with normal HbA1c. Both islet preparations were transplanted into type 1 diabetes recipients with brittle diabetes. One recipient has remained insulin independent for 4 years to date with good glycemic control. The other recipient who received islets from the donor with the higher HbA1c had a 56% reduction in insulin requirement after transplant. Pancreases from donors with mild hyperglycemia may be a source of islets that could be considered for clinical islet transplantation. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing islet transplantation, which is limited by the availability of donor organs and does not mention 3D printing or the successful transplantation of all organs. It emphasizes that islet transplantation relies on actual donor organs and the results from specific cases, thereby refuting the notion that all organs can be 3D printed and successfully transplanted.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Some assert that using pathogens for pest control will never affect beneficial insects. [SEP] Text: For example, eight gene clusters with the potential for antimicrobial secondary metabolite production were identified from B. atrophaeus GQJK17 (Ma et al. 2018). PacBio sequencing of B. velezensis YB-130 revealed 12 gene clusters responsible for secondary metabolite production, with special mention to lanthipeptide (Xu et al. 2020). Similarly, B. subtilis MBI600, with a genome size of 40,76,736 bp, exhibited higher root colonizing ability and antagonistic activity against both Pythium aphanidermatum and F. oxysporum f. sp. radicis cucumerinum in cucumber (Samaras et al. 2021). Thiruvengadam et al. (2022) conducted complete genome sequencing of B. subtilis Bbv57 (genome size of 4,302,465 bp), an important MBCA with nine gene clusters involved in the production of antimicrobial secondary metabolites. Additionally, Wang et al. (2023a, b) reported that Bacillus amyloliquefaciens TA-1 has a single circular chromosome with 4172 protein-coding genes. Through in vitro assays, they demonstrated that the TA-1 strain is a potent antagonist against the groundnut early leaf spot pathogen, Cercospora arachidicola. ProteomicsProteomics is essential for understanding how the host, pathogens and microbial biocontrol agents interact with each other. It allows for the identification of new proteins that can be isolated and used to combat plant diseases. In early days, proteomic investigations pertaining to biocontrol activities were mostly conducted using gel-based techniques. However, the accessibility of gel-free mass spectrometry-based techniques has increased the viability of proteomic research of MBCAs. In comparison to older gel-based approaches, these cutting-edge methodologies have greatly enhanced protein analysis studies (Otto et al. 2012). Liquid chromatography and tandem mass spectrometry (MS) analyses have widespread applications in studying MBCAs characteristics and to learn more about the MBCA proteomic fingerprints and its underlying biological processes. Proteomic techniques may be used to identify proteins that are involved in biocontrol processes, have biotechnological potential and have differential expression (Alfonso et al. 2016). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text discusses various aspects of microbial biocontrol agents (MBCAs) and their characteristics, including the identification of gene clusters and their antagonistic activities against specific pathogens. However, it does not address the claim about the effects of using pathogens for pest control on beneficial insects. Therefore, the text is irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: The Renaissance period was marked by a revival of art, science, and humanism in Europe. [SEP] Text: ) 1L’humanisme européen est un mouvement intellectuel, culturel et pédagogique caractéristique de la Renaissance, qui a ouvert la voie à une révolution culturelle : une transformation de la vision du monde et de l’homme1. Cet univers a produit une refonte de la pédagogie, des valeurs et un élargissement des sources d’inspiration littéraires et artistiques à partir d’un vaste travail de relecture, de traductions, de commentaires et éditions des textes de l’Antiquité gréco-latine, donnant naissance à une Renaissance des formes littéraires et à un état d’esprit de redécouverte, accordant au savoir une fonction centrale. Ce vaste processus de civilisation, qui met au centre l’homme et la traduction des œuvres (ce qui se multiplie grâce à l’invention de l’imprimerie par Gutenberg), constitue le symbole d’un idéal de liberté, de dignité et de tolérance chez Pétrarque, Érasme, Budé, Rabelais, Montaigne, entre autres. 2 Jean-Claude Margolin, Humanisme en Europe au temps de la Renaissance, Paris, PUF, « Que sais-je » (. . . ) 2C’est en effet, au milieu du XVe siècle, plus précisément en 1453, que les savants chassés de Constantinople (aujourd’hui Istanbul) viennent se réfugier en Italie, apportant dans leurs bagages les textes originaux de la littérature et de la philosophie antique, et en particulier les œuvres de Platon et d’Aristote. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by detailing the characteristics of the Renaissance, particularly the intellectual and cultural movement of humanism that emphasized a transformation of worldview and the importance of knowledge. It mentions the revival of literary and artistic forms inspired by ancient Greco-Roman texts, which aligns with the claim about the Renaissance's focus on art, science, and humanism.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: All organs can be 3D printed and transplanted successfully in humans. [SEP] Text: Clinical islet transplantation (CIT) under the Edmonton protocol (1) is performed in patients with type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) with frequent hypoglycemia, hypoglycemia unawareness, and severe glycemic lability. Successful CIT results in insulin independence in up to 80% of patients at 1 year, although a decline in insulin independence is seen with time (2). A major limiting factor to CIT is the lack of donor organ availability. Traditionally, organs from donors with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) are not processed for CIT. This is because T2DM subjects have decreased β-cell mass (3, 4) and their islets are smaller, contain a higher proportion of α cells and have impaired glucose-stimulated insulin response in vitro (5). However, in real life, clinical history of potential organ donors is frequently available only from the next of kin. This is further compounded by the fact that diabetes, in particular T2DM, is clinically insidious and can remain undiagnosed for many years. Therefore, a negative history of diabetes may not necessarily mean the absence of glucose intolerance. In addition, glucose dysregulation is common in critical illness and elevation of glucose during this period may not be indicative of chronic hyperglycemia. Furthermore, diagnostic metabolic tests are often difficult to perform or interpret in this setting. Therefore, in our clinical practice, we have used the measurement of donor HbA1c as a surrogate marker of chronic hyperglycemia. Pancreases from donors with HbA1c more than 7% are not processed for the purposes of clinical transplantation. Here, we report two cases where islets isolated from donors with elevated HbA1c were transplanted into T1DM recipients with frequent hypoglycemia and hypoglycemia unawareness. Donor characteristics are summarized in Table 1. Both donors had no history of diabetes mellitus, and HbA1c results were not known before islet isolation and transplant. Although HbA1c is not by itself a diagnostic criterion for diabetes mellitus, the elevated HbA1c together with obesity suggests that donor A was likely to have undiagnosed T2DM, whereas donor B could have impaired glucose tolerance or T2DM. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the limitations of organ transplantation, particularly emphasizing the issue of donor organ availability and the complexities of donor organ characteristics. It specifically highlights that certain pancreases from donors are not processed for transplantation due to elevated HbA1c levels and potential undiagnosed diabetes, indicating that not all organs are readily available or suitable for transplantation. Thus, it challenges the assertion that all organs can be 3D printed and successfully transplanted.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Some assert that using pathogens for pest control will never affect beneficial insects. [SEP] Text: For instance, Trichoderma proteomic analysis discovered the presence of fungal cell wall-degrading enzymes (CWDEs), including three novel proteins produced by T. atroviride in response to the plant pathogen R. solani: N-acetyl-b-d-glucosaminidase and endochitinase (Grinyer et al. 2005). T. harzianum stimulated the synthesis of various CWDEs, including b-1,6-glucanases, proteases, chitinases and xylanases in the growing medium when it interacted with the plant pathogen B. cinerea (Yang et al. 2009). Furthermore, proteomics can help in identifying the development of immunity in plants treated with MBCAs like Trichoderma. A study demonstrated the identification of numerous positive and negative protein effectors in the interaction between maize roots and T. virens. These effectors play a role in suppressing defense pathways and inducing systemic resistance (Lamdan et al. 2015). In another context, studying the three-way interaction between the host, pathogen and MBCAs could enhance our understanding of MBCA-mediated defense responses in host plants. A proteomic study, involving two-dimensional gel electrophoresis–matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (2DE-MALDI-TOF-MS) by Prabhukartikeyan et al. (2019) showed that tripartite interactions between rice–Bipolaris oryzae–Bacillus amyloliquefaciens led to the expression of proteins involved in plant metabolism and defense responses. Similarly, through 2DE-MALDI-TOF analysis in the three-way interaction between rice–Rhizoctonia solani–Bacillus subtilis EPB24, upregulation of putative disease resistance proteins such as serine–threonine protein kinases, β-1,3-glucanases, nucleotide-binding site–leucine-rich repeats (NBS-LRR) proteins and peroxidases was observed (Durgadevi et al. 2021). Paranthaman et al. (2023), through 2DE-MALDI-TOF analysis, reported that tomato roots inoculated with P. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim directly or indirectly, focusing instead on various interactions between pathogens, microorganisms, and plant defense responses. It contains a detailed analysis of specific proteins involved in plant interactions but lacks any mention of the potential effects of using pathogens for pest control on beneficial insects.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: The Renaissance period was marked by a revival of art, science, and humanism in Europe. [SEP] Text: Il se produit alors, dès la fin du XVe siècle en Italie, puis en France et dans toute l’Europe au XVIe siècle, un formidable bouleversement des consciences et des savoirs en rapport avec la volonté de traduire l’humain et l’idée d'humanité en langage nouveau2. 3 Michel Ballard, Histoire de la traduction : repères historiques et culturels, Bruxelles : de Boeck, (. . . ) 4 Georges Mounin, Infidèles, Lille, PUL, 1994. 3La traduction est une activité qui a trait aux passages linguistiques et à la diversité des cultures3, et nous tenterons dans cette analyse d’examiner les enjeux de la traduction des textes grecs jusqu’à la fin de la Renaissance avec la traduction du grec, de l’hébreu et des textes bibliques en latin, puis en allemand et en anglais. À cette première période succède au XVIIe siècle une tendance inverse, puisque les traducteurs se détournent de la source et ouvrent une nouvelle ère avec les « belles infidèles »4, élargissant davantage la liberté du traducteur. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text discusses a significant transformation in consciousness and knowledge that occurred in Europe towards the end of the 15th century and throughout the 16th century. This closely relates to the claim as it indicates the rise of humanism and a renewed emphasis on the human experience, aligning with the idea of a revival during the Renaissance. The focus on translating texts from Greek and Hebrew also supports the claim of a revival in knowledge and culture that characterized the Renaissance.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: 3D-printed prosthetics are universally better than traditional prosthetics. [SEP] Text: Log in or to journalnew issue alertsGet alerts Enter your Email address: Subscribe to e2016. | DOI: 10. 1097/JPO. 0000000000000097 Advancements in computer-aided design programs, additive manufacturing, and open-source image editing software offer the possibility of designing, printing, and fitting transitional prosthetic hands and other prosthetic devices at very low cost. The development and use of 3D-printed transitional prosthetic devices to increase range of motion (ROM), strength, and other relevant variables would have a significant clinical impact for children with upper-limb deficiencies. Thus, the purpose of this study was to identify anthropometric, active ROM, and strength changes after 6 months of using a wrist-driven 3D-printed transitional prosthetic hand for children with upper-limb deficiencies. Materials and Methods Anthropometric, active ROM, and strength measurements were assessed before and after 6 months of using a 3D-printed transitional hand prosthesis. Five children (two girls and three boys, 3–10 years of age) with absent digits (one traumatic and four congenital) participated in this study and were fitted with a 3D-printed transitional hand prosthesis. were significant hand × time interactions for the forearm circumference (p = 0. 02), active ROM for flexion (p = 0. 02), and extension values (p = 0. 04). There were no significant hand × time interactions, however, for wrist flexion strength (p = 0. 29), wrist extension strength (p = 0. 84), active ROM for ulnar deviation (p = 0. 5), active ROM for radial deviation (p = 0. 25), and forearm skinfold values (p = 0. 11). durability, environment, and lack of printing standards for the manufacturing of 3D-printed prostheses are factors to consider when using these types of devices, the practicality and cost-effectiveness represent a promising new option for clinicians and those patients with upper-limb deficiencies living in developing countries. Thus, the transitional prosthetic hand represents a low-cost prosthetic solution for those in need of a transitional device to increase ROM and forearm circumference. Children's prosthetic needs are complex because of their small size, constant growth, and psychosocial development. 1 For most traumatic amputees, muscle atrophy, decreased mobility, and asymmetry are typical characteristics of the affected limb. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by acknowledging that while 3D-printed prosthetics offer advantages in cost and accessibility, there are significant factors such as durability, environmental concerns, and the lack of manufacturing standards that need to be considered. This suggests that 3D-printed prosthetics may not be universally better, as there are limitations and considerations that could impact their effectiveness compared to traditional prosthetics.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Some assert that using pathogens for pest control will never affect beneficial insects. [SEP] Text: fluorescens Pf1 showed upregulation of defense-related proteins such as phenylalanine ammonia lyase, serine–threonine protein kinase and nucleoside diphosphate kinase, which eventually contributed to host defense against F. oxysporum f. sp. lycopersici. Proteomic studies could also provide valuable information regarding the pathogen’s response to a particular MBCA, which is crucial for formulating effective management strategies. For example, acetyl-proteomic analysis of the apple valsa canker pathogen, Cytospora mali, revealed its lysine acyetylome in response to B. velezensis L-1 inoculation. Although B. velezensis L-1 could reduce the virulence of the pathogen, Cytospora mali, in turn, could alleviate MBCA suppression through the upregulation of acetylated proteins in autophagy, cytochrome P450 and heat-shock protein 70 (Sun et al. 2022). TranscriptomicsTranscriptome studies offer an excellent approach for characterizing candidate transcripts involved in various biological functions. ESTs, subtractive libraries and cDNA micro-arrays are some of the tools that may be used to analyze the vast transcriptomic responses to various factors and relate it to certain biological processes (Herrera-Estrella 2014). On studying the relationships between Trichoderma spp. , plants and pathogens, several transcriptome research have been conducted. For instance, Reithner et al. (2011) examined T. atroviride IMI206040 transcriptome at various phases of interaction with R. solani. Phytophthora capsici and B. cinerea. Through quantitative reverse transcription PCR, it was found that thirteen genes showed differential transcription (in the presence of R. solani), which mostly code for expansin-like proteins, acetyl xylan esterases, aspartyl proteases and trypsin-like proteases. Moreover, when relative gene expression analysis of these genes was studied at different stages of parasitism against B. cinerea and P. capsici, it revealed a synergistic transcription of several genes responsible for fungal cell wall degradation. Wang et al. (2023a, b) conducted a study on mycoparasitism-associated genes of T. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address or provide information relevant to the claim regarding the impact of using pathogens for pest control on beneficial insects. Instead, it discusses various experimental findings related to gene expression and pathogen interaction, which is unrelated to the assertion made in the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: The Renaissance period was marked by a revival of art, science, and humanism in Europe. [SEP] Text: 6Nous réfléchirons ici de manière approfondie à la conception et à l’élaboration de la traduction au sein du mouvement humaniste de la Renaissance européenne, notamment sous l’impulsion d’Érasme, le « Prince des humanistes », qui propose de nouvelles valeurs à ses contemporains et cherchera à donner à la pensée une éthique. 5 Écrivain hollandais d’expression latine, né en Hollande, à Rotterdam vers 1467 sous le nom de Geert (. . . ) 7Bien que son activité de traducteur soit exposée dans ses diverses œuvres, nous analyserons essentiellement deux textes qui révèlent la façon dont Érasme prend, en traduisant, des distances par rapport aux autorités, aux écoles et à tout ce qui peut limiter la liberté et la responsabilité des êtres humains. De son édition du (1516), texte qui remonte aux sources grecques et marque un retour à l’autorité de L’Écriture, à son traité d’éducation Declamatio de pueris statim ac liberaliter instituendis (1529), Érasme5 montre que le lecteur et le traducteur doivent, à travers leur mouvement d’interprétation respectif, chercher une visée éthique et éducatrice de clarification et de compréhension notamment à travers l’étude des « Belles-lettres ». [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the humanist movement during the Renaissance, specifically highlighting Erasmus as a key figure who promoted new values and emphasized the importance of ethics and education through translation and interpretation. This aligns with the claim's focus on the revival of humanism in Europe during the Renaissance.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: 3D-printed prosthetics are universally better than traditional prosthetics. [SEP] Text: 2 Most upper-limb prostheses for children include a terminal device, with the objective to replace the missing hand or fingers. 3 Electric-powered units (i. e. , myoelectric) and mechanical devices (i. e. , body powered) have been improved to accommodate children's needs, but the cost of maintenance and replacement makes their access difficult to many families. 3 The term transitional prosthesis has been widely used in the field of prosthodontics, specifically with hemimaxillectomy patients. 4 For upper- and lower-limb prostheses, however, these types of devices are referred as a “temporary prosthesis,” “initial prosthesis,” or “immediate postoperative prosthesis. ”5 Previous investigations have used transitional prosthetic devices, such as opposition posts and thermoplastic devices, with the objective of restoring and preserving strength and range of motion (ROM) in children with upper-limb reduction deficiencies. 6,7 Although functional, these devices may not be visually appealing to children, which may increase their rejection rates. 8–10 Despite great efforts by nonprofit organizations, such as LN-4 and others, a number of children with upper-limb deficiencies from developing countries are still not being fitted with any type of prosthesis because of a lack of trained technicians able to provide these services and a local shortage of the necessary componentry for the production of upper-limb prostheses. 11 There is a critical need for practical, easily fitted and maintained, customized, aesthetically appealing, low-cost transitional prosthetic devices for children. 12,13 Advancements in computer-aided design programs, additive manufacturing, and open-source image editing software offer the possibility of designing, printing, and fitting transitional prosthetic hands and other prosthetic or assistive devices at very low cost. 13,14 The development and use of 3D-printed transitional prosthetic devices to increase ROM, strength, and other relevant variables would have a significant clinical impact for children with upper-limb deficiencies. Thus, the purpose of this study was to identify anthropometric, active ROM, and strength changes after 6 months of using a wrist-driven 3D-printed transitional prosthetic hand for children with upper-limb deficiencies. active ROM, and strength measurements were assessed before and after 6 months of using a low-cost 3D-printed prosthetic hand. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the challenges and limitations of traditional prosthetics as well as the improvements that 3D-printed prosthetics could offer for children with upper-limb deficiencies. It highlights the critical need for low-cost transitional prosthetic devices and presents advancements in 3D printing as a possible solution, suggesting that while 3D-printed prosthetics have potential benefits, the statement of being 'universally better' is not substantiated in the text.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Some assert that using pathogens for pest control will never affect beneficial insects. [SEP] Text: harzianum T4 using transcriptomic analysis. The T. harzianum T4 strain effectively controlled the tomato gray mold pathogen B. cinerea. Approximately 2871 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were identified in T. harzianum T4 at 12, 24, 48 and 72 h of growth in the presence of the pathogen’s cell wall. The top ten significantly upregulated genes across all time periods encoded for glycoside hydrolases, cutinases, proteases, secondary metabolite synthesis, signal transduction proteins, etc. Additionally, Zhao et al. (2020) conducted a comprehensive analysis of the genome and transcriptome of Coniothyrium minitans, a mycoparasite that targets the plant pathogen Sclerotinia sclerotiorum. The research aimed to gain a better understanding of the molecular processes underlying the mycoparasitic relationship. Transcriptomic profiling of bacterial MBCAs has also contributed deciphering their biocontrol strategies. In a recent study by Jiang et al. (2019), it was discovered that the plant growth-promoting strain B. velezensis F21 is an effective biocontrol agent capable of suppressing the development of Fusarium niveum in watermelon while enhancing resistance and immunity in the plant. Transcriptomic analysis revealed that nearly a thousand ripening-related genes were upregulated in watermelon roots treated with B. velezensis F21 and Fusarium niveum, demonstrating the establishment of systemic resistance in response to the infection. Another transcriptomic study involved tomato roots pre-treated with MBCA Paenibacillus polymyxa NSY50, which resulted in the upregulation of defense-related genes such as pathogenesis-related (PR) proteins and phenylalanine ammonia lyase. In plants inoculated with NSY50 and the Fusarium wilt pathogen, 390 DEGs were identified, with 294 genes upregulated and 96 genes downregulated (Du et al. 2022). Mu et al. (2023) reported the response of the tomato early blight pathogen Alternaria solani to the MBCA B. amyloliquefaciens XJ5 through transcriptomic analysis. They found that after MBCA inoculation, a total 174 DEGs were observed, including 60 upregulated genes and 114 downregulated genes. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim regarding the impact of using pathogens for pest control on beneficial insects. Instead, it discusses various strains of microorganisms used for biocontrol and their effects on different plant pathogens without mentioning any implications for beneficial insect populations.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: The Renaissance period was marked by a revival of art, science, and humanism in Europe. [SEP] Text: Quel idéal de liberté et de dignité humaine pour ce traducteur humaniste 8Le thème de la traduction est un objet de réflexion depuis l’époque pré-chrétienne avec Cicéron et Horace, mais il devient essentiellement matière à débat en Occident au début de la Renaissance sous une double ramification : à partir du récit biblique d’une part, et à partir des œuvres de culture d’autre part, littéraire notamment. C’est une toute nouvelle façon de traduire que les humanistes préconiseront : l'interprétation pour une part empreinte de subjectivité ne doit pas altérer l'exigence d'objectivité. Cependant la lecture, l’exégèse et les pratiques interprétatives constituent des expériences ontologiques d’un grand nombre d’humanistes de la Renaissance. 9Effectivement, la Renaissance hérite de l’époque cicéronienne toute la dualité qui perdurera jusqu’au XXe siècle, un composé de divergences et d’oppositions binaires entre tradition et renouvellement, auteur et public, langue-source et langue-cible, ou encore entre littéralisme et traduction libre, c’est-à-dire littéralité et littérarité. 6 Michel Ballard, De Cicéron à Benjamin. Traducteurs, traductions, réflexions, Lille, PUL, 1995. 7 Valery Larbaud, Sous l’invocation de Saint Jérôme, Paris, Gallimard, 1973. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the role of humanism during the Renaissance, highlighting how humanist ideals influenced translation practices and literary culture. It notes that the Renaissance period saw a significant shift in the approach to translation, emphasizing the importance of subjective interpretation while maintaining objectivity, which reflects the broader revival of humanistic values.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: 3D-printed prosthetics are universally better than traditional prosthetics. [SEP] Text: Furthermore, children reported using the prosthetic hand just for fun (n = 5), for activities at home (n = 4), to play (n = 5), for school activities (n = 4), and to perform sports (n = 1). main finding of the present investigation was that use of a low-cost 3D-printed transitional prosthetic hand significantly increased forearm circumference (before, 16. 70 ± 1. 86 cm, and after, 17. 80 ± 1. 48 cm), wrist active ROM for flexion (before, 54. 60° ± 14. 48°, and after, 68. 40° ± 14. 29°), and extension (before, 40. 40° ± 37. 75°, and after, 47. 00° ± 36. 42°) on a small sample of children with upper-limb deficiencies. Muscle strength of the wrist flexors (before, 14. 07 ± 14. 8 kg, and after, 17. 72 ± 3. 78 kg) was not statistically greater that the nonaffected hand (before, 17. 89 ± 7. 74 kg, and after, 19. 08 ± 8. 47 kg). This finding may have resulted from the small sample size (n = 5) and the great variability in force production among our research participants (Figure 2). Figure 2: Individual changes for forearm circumference and strength for wrist flexors before and after a 6-month period of using the 3D-printed transitional hand prosthesis. The use of transitional prosthetic devices to restore and preserve strength and ROM in children with upper-limb reduction deficiencies has been described by previous investigations. 6,7 For example, Bryant et al. 6 developed a transitional terminal device with the purpose of restoring opposition, sensory functions, and control of grip strength in 12 children between 2 and 11 years of age with congenital aphalangia or adactylia. The terminal device consisted of an opposition post strapped to the forearm by Velcro straps. The authors indicated that the use of the opposition post preserved sensory feedback and improved grip strength and overall function. Although no quantitative data were reported for the complete data set, the authors reported a pinch on the affected side of 7. 7 kg compared with 4. 54 kg on the nonaffected side for a 14-year-old research participant. In addition, Shim et al. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by providing evidence that, while a low-cost 3D-printed transitional prosthetic hand has shown some benefits, such as increased forearm circumference and improvements in wrist active range of motion, muscle strength of the wrist flexors did not statistically exceed that of the nonaffected hand. This suggests that 3D-printed prosthetics may not be definitively better than traditional options, as improvements were limited and variability among participants was noted.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Some assert that using pathogens for pest control will never affect beneficial insects. [SEP] Text: At 24 and 48 h post-inoculation with XJ5 crude protein extracts, there was significant downregulation of chitin and mannose synthesis genes in A. solani, potentially impacting its ability to synthesize cell walls and resulting in reduced growth. SecretomicsSecretomics is a specific branch of proteomics that focuses on the analysis of secreted proteins. This analytical method is very useful for detecting the whole protein repertoire generated by MBCAs, such as Trichoderma. It is a well-established fact that different Trichoderma species colonize host plants and protect them from pathogen infections. In a study conducted by da Silva et al. (2022), secretomes were derived from culture filtrates following the growth of T. harzianum TR 274 in the presence or absence of Phaseolus vulgaris. Approximately 124 and 190 fungal proteins were identified in the presence and absence of the host, respectively. The main functional proteins identified were glycoside hydrolases, proteases and oxidoreductases, primarily responsible for modulating host defense responses. Secretome analyses have also been done to decipher the biocontrol mechanisms of MBCAs. For instance, the mycoparasitic activity of T. harzianum ALL42 is reported to be associated with a number of important proteins, including chitinases, glucoamylases, β-1,3-glucanases and proteases. After 24 h of incubation, these proteins were found to be activated when the cell wall of Fusarium solani was introduced to the culture medium (Ramada et al. 2016). Additionally, it was shown that T. harzianum secreted a large number of proteins during antagonistic interactions with the plant pathogen Guignardia citricarpa. These secreted proteins were responsible for inducing plant defense mechanisms and inhibiting the growth of the pathogen mycelium (de Lima et al. 2017). In a similar study, Rueda-Mejia et al. (2021) conducted a secretome analysis of Aureobasidium pullulans isolate NBB 7. 2. 1. in the presence of F. oxysporum. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not directly address the claim regarding the impact of using pathogens for pest control on beneficial insects. It discusses scientific findings on the secretomes of certain Trichoderma species and their roles in modulating host defense responses or affecting pathogen growth, but it does not provide information on the effects, if any, on beneficial insect populations. Therefore, it is considered irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: The Renaissance period was marked by a revival of art, science, and humanism in Europe. [SEP] Text: ) 11Or à la Renaissance, au sein même des humanistes, cet élan du traducteur qui tend à s’identifier à l’auteur de la source, réécrivant le texte-source comme s’il était partie intégrante de la langue-cible, renversera les termes de cette dualité du traduire depuis Cicéron, pour faire place à une distinction entre l’œuvre originale et un respect naissant pour de nouvelles normes du langage, désormais à l’écoute de l’élégance et de la noblesse de la langue, le but étant de pouvoir façonner aussi bien la langue que l’être humain8. 9 Mireille Huchon, Les français de la Renaissance, Paris, PUF, 1988, p. 73. 12Plus généralement, à cette époque, la traduction prolonge le mouvement initié par les Romains, entre activité orale d’interprétation, particulièrement dans les relations politiques et diplomatiques, et un mélange de traduction/imitation des textes-sources. Mais ce mouvement va s’accomplir de façon originale selon deux voies : d’un côté les traductions du grec vers le latin, langue qui exerce le primat sur les autres langues de l’autre côté on assiste en même temps à une multiplication des traductions et d’imitations des classiques dans diverses langues c’est par exemple le cas en France où le français devient la seule langue du royaume à partir de 1539. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the role of humanists during the Renaissance, indicating a revival and innovation in cultural practices such as translation that reflects a respect for the original works and a development of language norms. This aligns with the broader themes of art, science, and humanism that characterized the Renaissance, showcasing the period's emphasis on reshaping human thought and culture.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: 3D-printed prosthetics are universally better than traditional prosthetics. [SEP] Text: 7 reported a case of a 52-year-old woman with thumb and index finger disarticulation who used a transitional hand prosthesis made of low-temperature thermoplastic designed to increase strength and ROM of the three remaining fingers and to prevent phantom pain. After restoring strength and ROM in the affected hand, the research team designed the final wrist-driven hand prosthesis. The increase in circumference and wrist ROM found in the present investigation suggests that a low-cost 3D-printed prosthesis can be effectively used as a transitional or initial device in children with traumatic or congenital upper-limb deficiencies (Figures 2 and 3). The increases in circumference and active ROM for flexion and extension of the affected wrist after using a low-cost 3D-printed transitional prosthetic device suggests added benefits to the use of this type of device beyond gains in function. These findings also suggested that transitional prostheses may play an important role in patient rehabilitation and prescription of standard prostheses. 6,7 The transitional prostheses used in previous investigations6,7 were constructed using standard methodology and were customized to the patients' needs and particular hand morphology. Some individuals from developing countries in need of these types of devices are not being assisted because of a lack of trained technicians and local shortage of the necessary componentry. 11Figure 3: Individual changes for active range of motion (ROM) for wrist flexion and extension before and after a 6-month period of using the 3D-printed transitional hand prosthesis. Recent advances in manufacturing technology allow the production of 3D-printed prosthetic hands from a customized digital file. 13 Recently, Zuniga et al. 13 validated a distance fitting methodology for a popular open-source 3D-printed prosthetic hand named Cyborg Beast. 15 This prosthetic prototype or transitional prosthetic device can be fitted at a distance according to the patient's needs and manufactured using small, cost-effective desktop 3D printers. Conceivably, a 3D-printed device, such as the Cyborg Beast,15 in conjunction with a licensed prosthetist, could provide a 3D-printed transitional prosthetic hand to those around the globe in need at very low cost. It has to be noted, however, that the durability of 3D-printed prostheses and environmental factors that affect them, such as temperature, can restrict large-scale use of this type of device. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by highlighting that while 3D-printed prosthetics have certain benefits, such as cost-effectiveness and customization for transitional needs, it also raises significant concerns regarding their durability and environmental factors that can limit their widespread use. The mention of durability issues indicates that 3D-printed prosthetics may not be universally better, especially compared to traditional prosthetics that may not face the same limitations.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Some assert that using pathogens for pest control will never affect beneficial insects. [SEP] Text: Among 10,925 annotated genes, 79 genes were detected at the protein level, which were predicted to be associated with glycosylases, esterases, proteases, as well as secondary metabolite synthesis. These antagonistic proteins eventually caused reduced growth of F. oxysporum in the media. Conclusions and future directionsAs stated above, this review highlights the various molecular techniques that have been applied to improve the efficacy of MBCAs and understand their biocontrol mechanisms to combat plant pathogens. However, there are still much to learn about the mechanisms underlying advantageous plant–microbe interactions. Despite the market potential, a number of issues including limitations in fermentation, formulation, registration and commercialization need to be solved. The developments in next-generation technologies have offered great information on the interactions between plants and beneficial microbes. Characterizing these MBCAs requires a thorough understanding of their genomes. So, to gain a comprehensive understanding of the biocontrol strains, it is preferable to first identify their properties using genomic, transcriptomic and proteomic approaches. This background information can help in finding pathways that are important in the biocontrol mechanisms. Recently, omics methods have provided opportunities to understand the mechanisms that are used by MBCAs, while genetic manipulation through molecular techniques has the potential to develop new biocontrol strains with improved tolerance to biotic stresses and increased production of toxic compounds toward plant pathogens. However, it is important to note that genetic manipulation of MBCAs is still in its early stages, and regulatory considerations significantly impact its acceptance. Global attention has been drawn to the rising necessity to monitor genetically modified organisms under different environmental conditions. The growing body of knowledge in biotechnology can aid in the development of methods for monitoring the genetic and environmental effects of genetically modified MBCAs, thus enabling their long-term usage in the management of plant diseases. Availability of data and materials Not applicable. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses various molecular techniques and developments concerning the use of microbial biocontrol agents (MBCAs) and does not address the impact of using pathogens for pest control on beneficial insects. The focus is on improving biocontrol efficacy and the genetic manipulation of MBCAs without any mention of potential effects on non-target beneficial insects.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: The Renaissance period was marked by a revival of art, science, and humanism in Europe. [SEP] Text: Cet engagement est visible chez Ronsard, qui dans son Abbregé de l’art poétique (1565) préconise : « Tu composeras hardiment des motz à l’imitation des Grecs, et Latins »9. 10 Ce mot n’existait pas encore ni en français ni en latin. Ce n’est qu’au débout du XIXe siècle qu’il (. . . ) 13De fait, c’est au centre de cette grande communauté d’humanistes10 que le terme de traduction apparaît pour la première fois en 1540 – le verbe « traduire » apparaît dans la langue française à partir de 1539. Les traducteurs entretiennent dès lors une relation moins servile par rapport au dogme des Anciens, laissant de côté le « mot à mot » ou « le sens pour le sens ». 14Nous assistons alors à un véritable changement de paradigme et le projet de traduction du patrimoine langagier et culturel a soulevé un grand nombre de problèmes et donné lieu à une abondante littérature. 15La grandeur créatrice de la traduction, ainsi que ses risques, implique une réflexion sur la diversité de langues et de cultures. En ce qui concerne les textes bibliques, elle se développe depuis qu’à Alexandrie une communauté hébraïque traduit en grec la Bible des Septante. Plus tard, la réflexion chrétienne prendra en compte l’éloignement du traducteur face à l’exigence de respecter la lettre du message biblique, l’exigence de ne pas trahir son esprit. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text supports the claim by discussing the emergence of humanist ideals during the Renaissance, specifically referencing how Ronsard encourages the imitation of Greek and Latin forms in art and poetry. This reflects a wider trend of revisiting classical works, which is a hallmark of the Renaissance spirit, indicating a revival of cultural and intellectual pursuits.