Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Malnutrition remains a major issue in many low-income countries. [SEP] Text: (2013) Associations of linear growth and relative weight gain during early life with adult health and human capital in countries of low and middle income: findings from five birth cohort studies. Lancet 382, 525–534. 17. Onis, M de & Blössner, M (2000) Prevalence and trends of overweight among preschool children in developing countries. 72, 1032–1039. 18. Jinabhai, CC, Taylor, M & Sullivan, KR (2005) Changing patterns of under- and over-nutrition in children – future risks of non-communicable diseases. Paediatr 25, 3–15. 19. (2008) Child nutrition in countries of the Commonwealth of Independent States: time to redirect strategies? Nutr 11, 1209–1219. 20. (2011) Double burden of nutritional disorders in young Iranian children: findings of a nationwide screening survey. Nutr 14, 605–610. 21. Ferreira, H da, S & Luciano, SCM (2010) Prevalence of extreme anthropometric measurements in children from Alagoas, Northeastern Brazil. Publica 44, 377–380. 22. (2011) Prevalence of overweight, obesity and underweight among 5-year-old children in by three methods of classification and a comparison with historical rates. 37, 143–149. 23. (2008) Rise in childhood obesity with persistently high rates of undernutrition among urban school-aged Indo-Asian children. Child 93, 373–378. 24. Wang, X, Höjer, B, Guo, S et al. (2009) Stunting and ‘overweight’ in the – malnutrition among children in a poor area of China. Nutr 12, 1991–1998. CrossRef25. Kimani- (2010) The prevalence of stunting, overweight and obesity, and metabolic disease risk in rural children. BMC 10, 158. 26. (2012) Demographic and health surveys: a profile. Epidemiol 41, 1602–1613. 27. (2011) Methodology. (accessed November 2013). 28. (2006) based on length/height, weight and age. 450, 76–85. 29. (2010) Data. GNI per capita, Atlas method (current US$). Table. (accessed November 2013). 30. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text presents multiple studies and findings relating to malnutrition in children from various low and middle-income countries, emphasizing issues such as undernutrition and obesity. It indicates a context where malnutrition is still prevalent, thus supporting the claim that malnutrition remains a major issue in such regions.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Every plant has medicinal properties that are safe for human use. # questionable [SEP] Text: Исследование показало, что в базе данных содержится мало информации о взаимодействиях непосредственно с лекарственными растениями. Так, Зверобой продырявленный (St. John’s wort, Hypericum perforatum) ускоряет метаболизм и выведение четырёх ЛП: ремдесивира, умифеновира, лопинавира, нирматрелвира — за счёт индукции изофермента цитохрома Р450 CYP3A. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by indicating that there is little information on the interactions of medicinal plants, specifically mentioning that St. John’s wort can accelerate the metabolism of certain drugs, which may imply potential safety concerns related to its use.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Olfactory receptors may operate through quantum effects. [SEP] Text: GRASP results showed neurons under TH-GAL4 formed synapses in the vertical lobe and lower peduncle (white dash lines in Figure 1d’), consistent with previous electron microscopy data46. We found three DAN driver strains that identify single dopaminergic neurons in the third-instar larval brain hemisphere. DAN driver R76F02-AD;R55C10-DBD identifies a dopaminergic neuron innervating the lower peduncle (LP), which would be DAN-c1 based on previous published nomenclature28 (Figure 1f). MB296B driver identifies the dopaminergic neuron (DAN-d1) projecting to the lateral 1. Driver strains screened for dopaminergic neurons in the third-instar larval brain. Strains are listed with their published names and names used in this work. The numbers of dopaminergic and non-dopaminergic neurons in the third-instar larval brain are described. The identities of dopaminergic neurons from distinct clusters are also listed, especially for those in DL1 and pPAM. The analogs column lists the labelled neurons in previous publications. Source/Gift column shows the original papers in which these strains were described, as well as the laboratories these strains were obtained from. Several, 2-5 neurons; some, 6-10 neurons; lots, >10 neurons. In pPAM, R58E02 driver identifies DAN-h1, i1, and j1, innervating the shaft (SHA), intermediate toe (IT) and upper toe (UT) (Figure 1i), and R30G08 driver identifies DAN-h1 and i1 (Figure 1j). As described in a previous report28, SS864 driver identifies DAN-i1, innervating the upper toe (Figure 1l), and SS1757 driver identifies DAN-k1 which innervates the lower toe (LT) (Figure 1m). In contrast, SS1696 driver identifies not only DAN-h1, but also i1 and one DL1 neuron not innervating the mushroom body (Figure 1K). In summary, our results show that five DL1 and four pinnervate nine distinct mushroom body compartments in a one-to-one pattern (Figure 1b and c). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text discusses various dopaminergic neurons and their synaptic connections in the larval brain but does not address olfactory receptors or the role of quantum effects in their operation. Therefore, it is irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Malnutrition remains a major issue in many low-income countries. [SEP] Text: (2014) The double burden of undernutrition and excess body weight in Ecuador. 100, issue 6, 1636S–1643S. 57. Kroker-Lobos, MF, Pedroza-Tobías, A, Pedraza, LS et al. (2014) The double burden of undernutrition and excess body weight in Mexico. 100, issue 6, 1652S–1658S. 58. Ramirez-Zea, M, Kroker-Lobos, MF, Close-Fernandez, R et al. (2014) The double burden of malnutrition in indigenous and nonindigenous Guatemalan populations. 100, issue 6, 1644S–1651S. 59. (2004) Stunted children gain less lean body mass and more fat mass than their non-stunted counterparts: a prospective study. Nutr 92, 819–825. 60. (2010) Maternal obesity and increased nutrient intake before and during gestation in the ewe results in altered growth, adiposity, and glucose tolerance in adult offspring. J 88, 3546–3553. 61. Dulloo, AG (2006) Regulation of fat storage via suppressed thermogenesis: a thrifty phenotype that predisposes individuals with catch-up growth to insulin resistance and obesity. 65, Suppl. 3, 90–97. 62. (2003) Neonatal anthropometry: the thin-fat Indian baby. Study. 27, 173–180. 63. (2006) Anthropometry and body composition of south Indian babies at birth. Nutr 9, 896–903. 64. (2007) Body fat distribution in stunted compared with normal-height children from the shantytowns of São Paulo, Brazil. Nutrition 23, 640–646. 65. (2000) Why are nutritionally stunted children at increased risk of obesity? Studies of metabolic rate and fat oxidation in shantytown children from São Paulo, Brazil. 72, 702–707. 66. (2000) Regulation of energy intake may be impaired in nutritionally stunted children from the shantytowns of São Paulo, Brazil. J Nutr 130, 2265–2270. 67. Popkin, BM & Slining, MM (2013) New dynamics in global obesity facing low- and middle-income countries. 14, Suppl. 2, 11–20. 68. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text discusses various studies and articles related to malnutrition, specifically highlighting issues such as undernutrition and obesity in the context of low-income countries like Ecuador, Mexico, and Guatemala. By mentioning 'the double burden of malnutrition' and specifically referring to populations in these countries, the text supports the claim that malnutrition is a significant concern in low-income settings.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Every plant has medicinal properties that are safe for human use. # questionable [SEP] Text: Одновременное применение с ЛП или пищевыми продуктами, содержащими зверобой, может привести к снижению концентрации препарата в плазме крови и, следовательно, снижению терапевтической эффективности ЛП. Необходимо это учитывать при совместном назначении и либо исключать приём данного лекарственного растения, либо, при невозможности отмены, корректировать терапевтические дозы. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by indicating potential negative interactions when St. John's Wort is used alongside other medications, which suggests that not all plants are safe for human use.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Olfactory receptors may operate through quantum effects. [SEP] Text: DL1 neurons innervate the vertical lobe and peduncle, while pPAM neurons project to the medial lobe. The single neuronal driver strains screened can be used to investigate the roles of individually identified DANs in larval olfactory learning. Dopamine release from DAN-c1 is both necessary and sufficient for larval aversive learningDopamine plays an important role during olfactory associative learning in both adults and larvae52,53. In adults, dopaminergic neurons in PPL1 regulate aversive learning54–57, while those in PAM mediate reward signals in appetitive learning58–60. In larvae, DL1 neurons innervating the vertical lobe and the peduncle are required for aversive learning18,41, while those in pPAM projecting to the medial lobe are involved in appetitive learning50. 1 and Table 1, three driver strains identifying single dopaminergic neurons in DL1 were discovered, which could be candidates to investigate their roles in larval aversive learning. The R76F02-AD;R55C10-DBD strain identifies MB-MP1 in the adult brain61, which is a dopaminergic neuron involved in adult aversive learning62. This driver strain identifies one neuron per hemisphere in the third-instar larval brain (Figure 2a-c, Figure S1c). Using a UAS- DenMark;UAS-sytGFP strain, its dendrites were labeled with RFP and axonal terminals were marked by GFP. Its dendrites were localized in the dorsomedial protocerebrum (dml), and its axonal terminals located in the lower peduncle of the mushroom body (Figure 2a and d), with GRASP results supporting the existence of synapses in this compartment (Figure 2E). All these characteristics are consistent with the previously published nomenclature28, indicating that this neuron is DAN-c1 (Figure 2f), thus, this strain will now be referred to simply as DAN-c1. Figure 2. DAN-c1 is both necessary and sufficient for larval aversive learning. (a-f) R76F02-AD;R55C10-DBD driver is used as it covers one dopaminergic neuron, DAN-c1, in each brain hemisphere. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim regarding olfactory receptors operating through quantum effects. It focuses instead on the roles of specific dopaminergic neurons in larval olfactory learning and connects to associative learning processes without mentioning any quantum activity related to olfactory receptors.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Malnutrition remains a major issue in many low-income countries. [SEP] Text: 03), the richest household (AOR 1. 72, 95% CI 1. 56 to 1. 88), grand multiparous (AOR 1. 62, 95% CI 1. 46 to 1. 81), age of child 36–47 months (AOR 1. 77, 95% CI 1. 64 to 1. 90), at a p<0. 05. Whereas breast feeding (AOR 0. 94, 95% CI 0. 89 to 0. 99), married mothers (AOR 0. 87, 95% CI 0. 78 to 0. 96), female children (AOR 0. 88, 95% CI 0. 84 to 0. 92), improved toilet (AOR 0. 23, 95% CI 0. 17 to 0. 29), improved source of drinking water (AOR 0. 28, 95% CI 0. 21 to 0. 35), rural residents (AOR 0. 66, 95% CI 0. 62 to 0. 69) had a contrasting relationship with the triple burden of malnutrition. 1 out of 10 households suffer from the triple burden of malnutrition in low-income and middle-income countries. This study revealed that several maternal, child, household and community-level factors have a significant impact on the triple burden of malnutrition among mother–child pairs. & policyCommunity child healthData availability statementData are available in a public, open access repository. is an open access 4. 0) license, which permits others to distribute, remix, adapt, build upon this work non-commercially, and license their derivative works on different terms, provided the original work is properly cited, appropriate credit is given, any changes made indicated, and the use is non-commercial. See: Statistics from Altmetric. com If you wish to reuse any or all of this 2020. The DHS used a cross-sectional survey study design to collect data and provide population and health indicators at the national level. The list of those countries and the respective year of surveys is provided in table 1. View this table:View inline View popup Table 1 Study setting and year of surveysData source and sampling procedureThe current analysis was based on pooled data from DHSs in 22 LMICs. These are nationally representative surveys that collect data on reproductive, maternal, neonatal, child health and nutrition in LMIC. The surveys are similarly designed that used standardised questionnaires and data collection procedures, allowing therefore comparability of results. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by stating that '1 out of 10 households suffer from the triple burden of malnutrition in low-income and middle-income countries.' This directly supports the assertion that malnutrition is a significant issue in these regions.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Every plant has medicinal properties that are safe for human use. # questionable [SEP] Text: Рекомендации по применению лекарственного растительного сырья на основе зверобоя в соответствии с данными Drugbank: беспокойство, ожоги первой степени, депрессия, дермабразия, дерматит, жар, бессонница, миалгия, обсессивно-компульсивное расстройство, сезонное аффективное расстройство, соматизированное расстройство. Интересно, что данные ЛП относятся к разным анатомо-терапевтическим группам (АТХ), но механизм и результат взаимодействия со зверобоем аналогичен. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by specifying potential medical applications and concerns related to St. John's wort, suggesting that not all plants are safe and effective for treating human conditions, as evidenced by the range of conditions listed (e.g., depression, insomnia) and the mention of a drug database.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Olfactory receptors may operate through quantum effects. [SEP] Text: (a) Dendrites and axons of DAN-c1 are labeled by DenMark and sytGFP, correspondingly. (b-e) The innervation patterns of DAN-c1. DAN-c1 is labeled with GFP, the MB with RFP, and DANs with TH antibody (blue color). Only one DAN soma is identified (c), axons from DAN-c1 innervate the lower peduncle (LP) of the MB (d), and synapses from DAN-c1 to the LP of the MB are shown by GRASP (e). A schematic diagram (f) shows the innervation patterns of DAN-c1. Modified from Eichler et al. 46, and Saumweber et. al. 28. (g) A schematic paradigm for larval olfactory learning (top) and two different training paradigms for thermogenetics (bottom). (h-j) Blocking dopamine release from DAN-c1 during learning using shibirets1 strain under 34°C impairs larval aversive learning. (k-l) Activation of DAN-c1 with dTRTPA1 under 34°C induces aversive learning. QUI, quinine. DW, distill water. SUC, sucrose. Data are shown as mean ± SEM. Two-way multiple comparisons test, *p < 0. 05, **p < 0. 01, ***p < 0. 001, ****p < 0. 0001. numbers, see Table S2. Scale bars: 50 µm (a and b), 20 µm (c, d and e). To reveal the role of DAN-c1 in larval olfactory learning, a single odor learning paradigm and thermogenetic tools were applied17,18,63. Compared to those trained with distilled water (DW), control larvae exhibited repulsion to the odorant pentyl acetate (PA) after being trained with quinine (QUI) paired with PA, reflecting aversive learning. In contrast, larvae were attracted to PA after being trained with sucrose (SUC) paired with PA, reflecting appetitive learning. The extent of repulsion or attraction was represented with a response index (R. I. ) that is compared to the DW group (Figure 2g). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses the innervation patterns of DAN-c1 neurons and their role in larval olfactory learning, without mentioning or providing any evidence about the operation of olfactory receptors or quantum effects.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Malnutrition remains a major issue in many low-income countries. [SEP] Text: The study participants were not consulted to interpret the results and write or editing of this document for readability or accuracy. ResultsDemographics and socioeconomic characteristicsA total of 116 795 mother–child pairs were included in the study. Over half (56. 48%) of mothers were in the age category of 25–34 years. About 22. 98% of mothers were illiterate and the majority (46. 39%) had attended secondary education. Approximately 95. 73% of mothers were married and 62. 89% were currently breast feeding. About 20. 33% and 21. 21% of the households were in the low wealth quintile of poorest and poorer, respectively. Over a quarter (27. 62%) of the families had never been exposed to any type of media. The majority of the children (32. 59%) were aged ≤12 months. A large proportion (83. 60%) of the households had improved sources of drinking water and almost two-thirds (67. 02%) of the households had improved toilet facilities. Almost three-fourth (71. 03%) of participants lived in rural areas and for over a quarter (27. 42%) of those participants, the distance to access health facilities was a big problem (table 2). View this table:View inline View popup Table 2 Sociodemographic characteristics of the study participantsPrevalence of triple burden of malnutritionIn 22 LMICs, the pooled prevalence of the triple burden of malnutrition among mother–child pairs was found at 11. 39% (95% CI 9. 56% to 13. 23%). Ethiopia has the lowest (3. 54%) prevalence of triple burden while Mauritania (31. 66%) bears the highest (figure 1). Download figure Open in new tab Download powerpoint Figure 1 The pooled prevalence of the triple burden of malnutrition. Multilevel analysesRandom parameter estimation and model selectionBased on the result of random effect analysis, the ICC of the null model was 0. 30, indicating that 30% of the total variability in triple burden prevalence was attributable to between-cluster variability, while about 70% was due to individual differences. The null model MOR was 3. 04, which indicates that a mother/child from a cluster with a high triple burden prevalence has a 3. 04 times higher probability of being malnourished than a mother/child from a cluster with a lower prevalence. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the prevalence of malnutrition among mother-child pairs in 22 low- and middle-income countries (LMICs), indicating there is a significant issue with malnutrition in these regions. The mention of the prevalence of the triple burden of malnutrition further underscores the claim that malnutrition is a critical issue in low-income countries.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Every plant has medicinal properties that are safe for human use. # questionable [SEP] Text: Тоцилизумаб, напротив, ускоряет метаболизм и выведение зверобоя. Наперстянка (Digitális), содержащая сердечные гликозиды, применяется в качестве кардиотонического средства как в виде самого сырья (листья) наперстянки, так и кардиологических препаратов: дигоксина и ланатозида Ц [25]. Фавипиравир и лопинавир могут снизить скорость выведения дигоксина и дигитоксина, что может привести к повышению уровня сердечных гликозидов в сыворотке крови. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing specific plants, such as наперстянка (Digitális), which contains cardiac glycosides and is utilized for its medicinal properties. However, it also highlights potential risks, noting that Favipiravir and Lopinavir can decrease the elimination of digoxin and digitoxin, leading to potentially dangerous increases in blood levels of these cardiac glycosides. This indicates that the medicinal properties of certain plants may not always be safe, challenging the claim.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Olfactory receptors may operate through quantum effects. [SEP] Text: To examine the role of DAN-c1 in aversive learning, we used a Shibirets1 strain, which encodes a thermosensitive mutant of dynamin blocking neurotransmitter release when the ambient temperature is higher than 30°C by repressing endocytosis and vesicle recycling functions17. When trained at 34°C, the complete inactivation of dopamine release from DAN-c1 with Shibirets1 impaired aversive learning (Figure 2h), while Shibirets1 did not affect learning when trained at room temperature (22°C). These data indicated that dopamine release from DAN-c1 is necessary for larval aversive learning to occur. In the next experiments, a fly carrying temperature-sensitive cation channel, dTRPA1, was used to excite the DAN-c1 neuron because it can be activated at temperatures higher than 30°C58. Activation of DAN-c1 with dTRPA1 at 34°C during training induced repulsion to PA in the distilled water group (Figure 2k). These data suggested that DAN-c1 excitation and presumably increased dopamine release is sufficient for larval aversive learning in the absence of gustatory pairing. Combining the blockade results with Shibirets1, these data revealed that dopamine released from DAN-c1 activation is both necessary and sufficient in larval aversive learning. However, when paired with a gustatory stimulus (QUI or SUC), activation of DAN-c1 during training impairs both aversive and appetitive learning (Figure 2k). We suggest that these data indicate a critical role for the amount of DAN-c1 dopamine release in larval associative learning, as dTRPA1 stimulation may result in excessive dopamine release. The expression pattern of D2R in the third-instar larval brainAlthough dopamine D1-like receptors have been proven important for learning42, the role of D2-like receptors has not been fully investigated. In addition, the expression pattern of D2R in fly brains was not reported. A fly strain expressing GFP-tagged D2R (BDSC#60276) was used to reveal the expression pattern of D2R in the third-instar larval brain (Figure 3a). D2Rs were found in dopaminergic neurons and the mushroom body. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant (pass) to the claim as it discusses the role of dopamine in aversive learning in a specific strain of flies and the expression of D2 receptors. It does not mention olfactory receptors or any quantum effects, thus does not relate to the claim being made about olfactory receptor function.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Malnutrition remains a major issue in many low-income countries. [SEP] Text: Model III was the best-fitted model since it has the highest log likelihood (−91 665) and the lowest deviance (183 330) value (table 3). View this table:View inline View popup Table 3 Multivariable multilevel logistic regression analysis of the triple burden of malnutritionFactors associated with the triple burden of malnutrition (fixed effects)The triple burden of malnutrition was statistically significant with mothers aged 25–34 years (AOR 1. 54, 95% CI 1. 45 to 1. 63), ≥35 years (AOR 2. 25, 95% CI 2. 08 to 2. 44), mothers attended secondary education (AOR 1. 08, 95% CI 1. 02 to 1. 15), family size >10 (AOR 1. 17, 95% CI 1. 08 to 1. 26), delivery by CS (AOR 1. 93, 95% CI 1. 83 to 2. 03), the richer household (AOR 1. 63, 95% CI 1. 49 to 1. 76), the richest household (AOR 1. 72, 95% CI 1. 56 to 1. 88), multiparous (AOR 1. 42, 95% CI 1. 34 to 1. 49), grand multiparous (AOR 1. 62, 95% CI 1. 46 to 1. 81), age of child 36–47 months (AOR 1. 77, 95% CI 1. 64 to 1. 90), age of child 48–59 (AOR 1. 51, 95% CI 1. 39 to 1. 64), breast feeding (AOR 0. 94, 95% CI 0. 89 to 0. 99), married mothers (AOR 0. 87, 95% CI 0. 78 to 0. 96), female children (AOR 0. 88, 95% CI 0. 84 to 0. 92), improved toilet facility (AOR 0. 23, 95% CI 0. 17 to 0. 29), improved source of drinking water (AOR 0. 28, 95% CI 0. 21 to 0. 35), rural residents (AOR 0. 66, 95% CI 0. 62 to 0. 69) at a p<0. 05 (table 3). DiscussionLMICs are increasingly facing the triple burden of malnutrition where women and children are among the hardest hit by the problem. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the triple burden of malnutrition affecting women and children, noting that 'LMICs are increasingly facing the triple burden of malnutrition where women and children are among the hardest hit by the problem.' This highlights that malnutrition is indeed a significant issue in low-income countries.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Every plant has medicinal properties that are safe for human use. # questionable [SEP] Text: Совместное применение пэгинтерферона альфа-2a и ланатозида Ц показывает пример положительного взаимодействия — сердечный гликозид способен снижать кардиотоксическую активность интерферонов. Тоцилизумаб, напротив, ускоряет выведение дигоксина и ланатозида Ц при совместном применении. Барвинок (Vinca rosea L. , Catharanthus roseus). Мажорными биологическими активными веществами барвинка являются винкристин и винбластин, фармакокинетика которых меняется при совместном применении с фавипиравиром. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing specific plants and their interactions with drugs, indicating that not all plants or their compounds are universally safe or effective. For example, it mentions the cardiotoxicity of interferons and the altering pharmacokinetics of digoxin, suggesting risks associated with plant-derived compounds.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Olfactory receptors may operate through quantum effects. [SEP] Text: In dopaminergic neurons (Figure 3b-g), D2Rs were found in DM1, pPAM, DL2b, and some DL1 neurons. In the mushroom body, D2Rs were expressed in the soma and lobes, but not in the calyx (Figure 3h and i). Even though D2Rs were widely found in vertical lobes, medial lobes, and peduncles, they were not expressed in every mushroom body neuron. A transection of the peduncle region showed the absence of D2Rs in the core area (Figure S3i), which is composed of densely packed newly created fibers and lacks Fasciclin II (FAS II)49. Figure 3. D2Rs are expressed in dopaminergic neurons and mushroom body in Drosophila larval brains. (a) The expression pattern of D2R in a general view. D2R is shown with tagged GFP (D2R-GFP). Magenta represents neuropils marked by nc82 antibody (a’). (b-g) D2Rs (presynaptic) are found in most DANs: DM1a (b) and DM1b (c), pPAM (d), DL1 (e), DL2a (f), and DL2b (g) clusters. D2Rs are expressed in parts of DL1 neurons (white arrows in e) but not in DL2a neurons (yellow arrow heads in f). (h-i) D2Rs (postsynaptic) are found in soma of mushroom body (MB) neurons (white arrows in h), and MB lobes and peduncles (i), but not in calyx (yellow arrow heads in h). (j) A schematic diagram shows the expression pattern of pre- and postsynaptic D2R in DANs and MB (yellow) in the Drosophila larval brain, respectively. Scale bars: 200 µm (a); 50 µm (b-g); 20 µm (h, i). Abbreviations: DL, dorsolateral; DM, dorsomedial; pPAM, primary protocerebral anterior medial. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text provides detailed observations regarding the expression patterns of D2 receptors in dopaminergic neurons and mushroom bodies in Drosophila larval brains, but it does not address olfactory receptors or mention quantum effects. Therefore, it is irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Malnutrition remains a major issue in many low-income countries. [SEP] Text: 33 34 This study assessed the triple burden of malnutrition (co-occurrence of undernutrition, overweight/obesity and anaemia among mother–child pairs) in the same household, using nationally representative data in LMICs. The result showed that the pooled prevalence of triple burden was 11. 39% (95% CI 9. 56% to 13. 23%); Ethiopia had the lowest (3. 54 %) prevalence while Mauritania (31. 66%) had the highest. The variation among countries could be attributed to differences in socioeconomic status, food environment, physical activity, genetic factors, healthcare system strength, national policy and political commitments. The study revealed that several maternal, child, household and community-level factors have a significant impact on the triple burden of malnutrition among mother–child pairs. It has found a parallel correlation between the triple burden of malnutrition and maternal age. The odds of being malnourished increase as the age of the mother increases. This is in agreement with previous studies where older mothers bear the highest risk compared with younger ones. 31 35 The possible explanation could be because of reduced physical activity, less energy requirement and hormonal changes among older mothers. Similarly, mothers who have attended secondary education were more likely to be malnourished. 31 A plausible explanation for this could be the shifts from manual labour to more sedentary occupations and the related decline in physical activity. Being married reduced the risk of the triple burden of malnutrition. Partners together could generate more money, reduce food insecurity and tend to take better care of themselves and their children. It has been reported that children in single-parent households suffered from undernutrition significantly more than children brought up by both parents. 36 37 Likewise, this study revealed breast feeding reduced the triple burden of malnutrition. Breast feeding plays a vital role in the prevention of different forms of childhood malnutrition. 38 However, delivery by caesarean section (C-section) delays the timely initiation of breastfeeding and prelacteal feeding. 39 Previous studies have reported that C-section increases maternal obesity and negatively affects the breast feeding of children, which results in malnutrition. 40 41 Moreover, malnutrition in children is related to gut microbiota alteration and C-section contributes to microbial alterations in the small intestine. 42Our study revealed a parallel relationship between the household wealth quintiles and the triple burden of malnutrition. As household income increases, the odds of malnutrition increase. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the prevalence of the triple burden of malnutrition, which includes undernutrition, overweight/obesity, and anaemia in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs). It presents data indicating varying levels of malnutrition across different LMICs, affirming that malnutrition is a significant issue affected by multiple factors such as socioeconomic status and food environment. The study's findings on malnutrition rates support the claim that malnutrition is a persistent challenge in these regions.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Every plant has medicinal properties that are safe for human use. # questionable [SEP] Text: Следует обратить внимание на совместный приём интерферона с ЛП, содержащими винбластин и винкристин, так как при совместном приёме с интерферонами интерферон будет увеличивать частоту и тяжесть связанных с их приёмом нежелательных реакций. Клубнелуковицы безвременника великолепного (Stev. ) — средство, влияющее на обмен мочевой кислоты, — содержат алкалоид колхицин, проявляющий противоопухолевую активность [25]. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by mentioning specific interactions and side effects related to the use of interferon in combination with other treatments. It highlights that while certain plants have medicinal properties, such as the colchicine found in the bulbs of the Colchicum autumnale, there are also risks of adverse reactions associated with their use, indicating that not all plant properties are safe.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Olfactory receptors may operate through quantum effects. [SEP] Text: To inspect whether the pattern of GFP signals indeed reflected the expression of D2R, three D2R enhancer driver strains (R72C04, R72C08, and R72D03-GAL4) were crossed with the GFP-tagged D2R strain. R72C08-GAL4 covered three DM1 dopaminergic neurons (Figure S3c), and R72C04-GAL4 labeled one DM1 and two DL2b dopaminergic neurons (Figure S3d and e). R72D03-GAL4 identified parts of mushroom body neurons, whose axons spread on the surface of the mushroom body lobes (Figure S3f); R72C08-GAL4 also identified a subset of neurons from four MB neuroblasts, with soma in four clusters and a converged bundle of axons (Figure S3g and h). These results revealed the expression of D2R in the mushroom body and dopaminergic neurons in the third-instar larval brain. D2R in DAN-c1 influences larval aversive learningOur previous work reported that D2R knockdown (UAS-RNAi) in dopaminergic neurons driven by TH-GAL4 impaired larval aversive learning63. Using a microRNA strain (UAS-D2R-miR)61, a similar deficit was observed (Figure S5c). To further understand the roles of D2R in aversive learning, its expression in distinct DANs, as well as corresponding learning assays were both investigated. Crossing the GFP-tagged D2R strain with a DAN-c1-mCherry strain demonstrated the expression of D2R in DAN-c1 (Figure 4a). Figure 4. Presynaptic D2R in DAN-c1 is necessary for larval aversive learning. (a) D2R is expressed in DAN-c1. The expression pattern of D2R is shown with tagged -c1 is marked by mCherry, and all DANs are marked with TH antibody (blue). (b-c) Knockdown of D2R by D2R-miR reduces fluorescent intensities of D2R-tagged GFP (D2R-GFP). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant (pass) to the claim as it discusses the expression of D2R in dopaminergic neurons and its influence on larval aversive learning, without mentioning or providing any information about olfactory receptors or quantum effects.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Malnutrition remains a major issue in many low-income countries. [SEP] Text: 30 43 High income could increase the purchasing power for food, influencing the type of foods consumed and the intake of prepared or processed food. 33 Economic growth and the food industry’s rapid penetration into the market have resulted to depend on energy-dense and nutrient-poor foods. 44 In recent years, the dietary preference in LMICs has changed as the food environment is dominated by media advertising, and relatively cheap, energy-dense foods. 45The odds of the triple burden of malnutrition were higher in a household with a family size >10. A plausible explanation is that in a household with a large family, providing optimum nutritious food to all the family members and children could be difficult. 46 47 Moreover giving proper care and time to children and the family could be unlikely and this could lead to malnutrition. Likewise, parity was found to be a determinant of the triple burden of malnutrition. Higher parity increased the odds of malnutrition. The possible explanation could be that women could gain weight during pregnancy, and weight loss might not occur in the post-partum period which could lead to child malnutrition. 48This study revealed that child age and sex were significant factors for malnutrition. Older under 5 children were more likely to be malnourished compared with younger ones. 49 A previous study50 revealed that there was an increased frequency of parasite infection in older children leading to a higher prevalence of malnutrition compared with the younger ones. In addition, gender was found a significant determinant of malnutrition where a female child was less likely to be malnourished. 51 The cause of the gender gap in malnutrition is unknown, however, some studies argued that male children are known to be more vulnerable than females to diseases including lower respiratory infections, diarrhoeal diseases, malaria and preterm birth. Those diseases have been reported as factors for undernutrition among young male children. 52 53 Others also claimed that boys are more vulnerable to environmental problems while playing, such as exposure to toxins and air pollution than girls. 54Being rural residents was associated with lower odds of the triple burden of malnutrition. The urban–rural difference could be attributable to factors including access to different food types, overcrowding, concurrent disease and sedentary lifestyles. Previous studies depicted that urbanisation affects the way of life, access to processed and junk foods could exacerbate malnutrition among women and children. 30 55Our study has some strengths and limitations. It used large nationally representative samples with appropriate statistical modelling. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing various factors associated with malnutrition in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs). It highlights that economic growth and the penetration of the food industry have led to the prevalence of energy-dense and nutrient-poor foods, contributing to malnutrition. Additionally, it mentions the triple burden of malnutrition, the impact of household size, and gender differences in malnutrition, all of which underline that malnutrition is a significant issue faced by families in these regions.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Every plant has medicinal properties that are safe for human use. # questionable [SEP] Text: При совместном применении как с фавипиравиром, так и с лопинавиром замечена повышенная концентрация в сыворотке крови уровня колхицина. Кора хинного дерева, основные алкалоиды которой хинидин — антиаритмическое средство и хинин — противомалярийное средство. Их концентрация в сыворотке крови в сочетании с фавипиравиром может повышаться. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by stating that while certain plants like the cinchona bark contain alkaloids with medicinal properties (e.g., quinine and quinidine), it implies that their effects and safety might vary when combined with other drugs like favipiravir and lopinavir, challenging the universality of the claim.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Olfactory receptors may operate through quantum effects. [SEP] Text: The TH-GAL4 driver is used to express mCherry. The intensity of D2R-tagged GFP is reduced in the DM1 cluster (yellow arrowheads in b), which is still intact in pPAM neurons (white arrows in c). (d) D2R-GFP fluorescent intensity is quantified by standardizing the values in DM1 with those in the pPAM. Data are shown as mean ± SEM. For the TH-GAL4 group, N=32 from 8 brains; for the TH×D2R-miR group, N=24 from 6 brains. Unpaired t test, ****p < 0. 0001. Scale bar: 20µm. (e) Knockdown of D2R in DAN-c1 by D2R-miR impairs larval aversive learning. QUI, quinine. DW, distill water. SUC, sucrose. Data are shown as mean ± SEM. Two-way multiple comparisons test, **p < 0. 01, ***p < 0. 001, ****p < 0. 0001. numbers, see Table S3. (f-i) D2R knockdown in DAN-c1 does not affect naïve sensory and motor functions. Data are shown as mean ± SEM. One-way multiple comparisons test. numbers, see Table S3. (Note) Figures S5 and S6 show additional information on naïve sensory and motor functions in larvae related to D2R-miR experiments. To reduce the expression of D2R in dopaminergic neurons, a microRNA strain UAS-D2R-miR was used when crossing with distinct driver strains. The efficiency of D2R knockdown was confirmed by crossing the GFP-tagged D2R strain with TH-GAL4;UAS-D2R-miR. In these larval brains, GFP signals in DM1 were not detected, while those in pPAM were still intact (Figure 4b and c). Quantification showed a significant decrease of GFP signals in the knockdown group compared to the control (Figure 4d), indicating reduced transcripts of D2R linked GFP by D2R-microRNA (Figure S4f). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim about olfactory receptors and quantum effects. It primarily discusses experimental procedures involving D2R, a dopamine receptor, the effects of its knockdown on learning in larvae, and the quantification of GFP signals in neural contexts, without mentioning olfactory receptors or quantum mechanisms.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Malnutrition remains a major issue in many low-income countries. [SEP] Text: The use of large nationally representative data and multilevel analysis helps to provide more robust estimates of observed associations as well as enhance the generalisability of the results. Despite the strengths, this study used cross-sectional data, which did not indicate a temporal relationship between the factors and triple burden. No important covariates, such as dietary intake, physical activity level, comorbidities and nutrition status during pregnancy, were incorporated into the study as the DHS did not provide a complete record of these variables. Conclusions and recommendationsAbout 1 out of 10 households suffer from the triple burden of malnutrition in LMICs. This study revealed that several maternal, child, household and community-level factors have a significant impact on the triple burden of malnutrition among mother–child pairs. The triple burden requires the governments, the scientific and medical communities and the industry’s efforts in changing dietary and lifestyle habits to address all forms of malnutrition and should focus on women’s nutrition to break the intergenerational triple burden of malnutrition. Data availability statementData are available in a public, open access repository. Ethics statementsPatient consent for publicationNot applicable. 34. doi:10. 1111/agec. 12304 Available: & Hepatology. Obesity: another ongoing pandemic. Hepatol 2021;6:411. :S2468-1253(21)00143-6. doi:10. 1016/S2468-1253(21)00143-6↵Organization WH. Diet, nutrition, and the prevention of chronic diseases: report of a joint WHO/FAO expert consultation: organization. 2003. ↵GBD 2015 Health effects of overweight and obesity in 195 countries over 25 years. N Med 2017;377:13–27. doi:10. 1056/NEJMoa1614362↵ The global burden of disease attributable to high body mass index in 195 countries and territories, 1990-2017: an analysis of the global burden of disease study. PLoS Med 2020;17:e1003198. doi:10. 1371/journal. pmed. 1003198↵. Obesity in low- and middle-income countries: burden, drivers, and emerging challenges. 2017;38:145–64. doi:10. 1146/annurev-publhealth-031816-044604↵-Addo E, et al. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by stating that about 1 out of 10 households suffer from the triple burden of malnutrition in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs). This indicates that malnutrition is a significant issue in these regions. Furthermore, it emphasizes that factors such as maternal, child, household, and community-level dynamics significantly impact malnutrition, reinforcing the severity of the issue.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Every plant has medicinal properties that are safe for human use. # questionable [SEP] Text: Различные виды рода строфанта, например семена строфанта комбе (Semen Strophanthi), являются источником сердечных гликозидов, первичным гликозидом является К-строфантизид. Лекарственное растительное сырьё строфанта применяется для производства ЛП списка А при тяжёлых формах хронической недостаточности, в качестве кардиотонического средства [25]. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by highlighting that specific plant parts, such as the seeds of Strophanthus, are used for medicinal purposes but are specifically applied in cases of severe conditions, suggesting that not every plant is safe or has universally beneficial medicinal properties.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Olfactory receptors may operate through quantum effects. [SEP] Text: To investigate the roles of D2R in distinct dopaminergic neurons during larval associative learning, UAS-D2R-miR strain was crossed with distinct single dopaminergic neuronal drivers. Among them, the knockdown of D2R in DAN-c1 impaired aversive learning with the odorant pentyl acetate, while appetitive learning was unaffected (Figure 4e). In contrast, although D2R was also found in DAN-d1 and DAN-g1, neither D2R knockdown in DAN-d1 nor in DAN-g1 affected larval olfactory learning (Figure S4c-e). As the naïve sensory and motor functions were not affected, this deficiency was caused by impairment in learning abilities (Figure 4f-i). Similar learning deficits were observed in the same strain trained with another odorant, propionic acid (Figure S5a), as well as in larvae with D2R knockdown using UAS-RNAi (Figure S5b). These results demonstrated that D2Rs are expressed in DAN-c1, and they are necessary for larval aversive learning. Presumably the knockdown of presynaptic inhibitory D2R autoreceptors on DAN-c1 will result in increased and excessive dopamine release, which leads to aversive learning deficiency. These results are consistent with the activation studies with dTRPA1 above, in which increased dopamine release during training results in impaired aversive learning (Figure 2k). Over-excitation of DAN-c1 during learning impairs larval aversive learningTo exclude possible chronic effects of D2R knockdown during development, optogenetics was applied at distinct stages of the learning protocol. Channelrhodopsin2 (ChR2) is a blue light activated cation channel from algae, which can be used to activate target neurons64,65. Over-excitation of DANs under a TH-GAL4 driver with ChR2 during training impaired aversive learning but left appetitive learning intact (Figure S7), which is consistent with D2R knockdown results. To investigate the mechanisms with a better temporospatial resolution, ChR2 was expressed in DAN-c1, and blue light was applied at distinct stages of the learning protocol (Figure 5a). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim regarding olfactory receptors operating through quantum effects. It focuses on the role of D2 receptors in larval associative learning and how their knockdown affects learning with odorants. There is no mention of quantum effects or olfactory receptors' mechanisms in the provided text.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Malnutrition remains a major issue in many low-income countries. [SEP] Text: Association of dietary intake, physical activity, and sedentary behaviours with overweight and obesity among 282,213 adolescents in 89 low and middle income to high-income countries. Obes 2021;45:2404–18. doi:10. 1038/s41366-021-00908-0OpenUrl↵ Mobilising evidence, data, and resources to achieve global maternal and child undernutrition targets and the sustainable development goals: an agenda for action. 2021;397:1400–18. doi:10. 1016/S0140-6736(21)00568-7OpenUrl↵ -19 crisis will exacerbate maternal and child undernutrition and child mortality in low- and middle-income countries. 2021;2:476–84. doi:10. 1038/s43016-021-00319-4OpenUrl↵World health organisation fact sheets—malnutrition. Available: [Accessed 26 Nov 2022]. ↵Adepoju AA, Allen S. Malnutrition in developing countries: nutrition disorders, a leading cause of ill health in the world today. Paediatrics and 2019;29:394–400. doi:10. 1016/j. paed. 2019. 06. 005OpenUrl↵ Trends in prevalence and determinants of stunting in Tanzania: an analysis of Tanzania demographic health surveys (1991-2016). 2019;18:85. doi:10. 1186/s12937-019-0505-8OpenUrl↵ Trends and determinants of stunting among under-5s: evidence from the 1995, 2001, 2006 and 2011 Uganda demographic and health surveys. Nutr 2018;21:2915–28. doi:10. 1017/S1368980018001982OpenUrl↵ Identifying the trend of persistent cluster of stunting, wasting, and underweight among children under five years in northeastern states of India. 2022;18:101158. doi:10. 1016/j. cegh. 2022. 101158OpenUrl↵Organization. WH. Who global anaemia estimates, 2021 edition. anaemia in women and children. Available: who. int/data/gho/data/themes/topics/anaemia_in_women_and_children [Accessed 1 Dec 2022]. ↵. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing various aspects of malnutrition and referencing studies and reports that highlight maternal and child undernutrition, especially in low- and middle-income countries. It indicates that the COVID-19 crisis will worsen undernutrition and child mortality in these regions, reinforcing the idea that malnutrition is a significant issue.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Every plant has medicinal properties that are safe for human use. # questionable [SEP] Text: В базе данных Drugbank обнаружена информация о том, что цимарин, содержащийся в растениях рода строфант, так же как ланатозид Ц, способен снижать кардиотоксическую активность интерферона. Йохимбин — основной алкалоид дерева Йохимбе (Pausinystalia yohimbe), содержится также в раувольфии змеиной. Тоцилизумаб способен усиливать фармакокинетику йохимбина. Раувольфия змеиная (Rauvólfia serpentína) содержит алкалоид резерпин. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by presenting specific examples of plants and their active compounds, such as cimarin from Strophanthus and yohimbine from Pausinystalia yohimbe. It implies that these substances may have specific medicinal properties that might come with risks, and does not support the idea that all plants or their properties are safe for human use.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Olfactory receptors may operate through quantum effects. [SEP] Text: Optogenetic activation of DAN-c1 during training impaired aversive learning, not appetitive learning (Figure 5b-d). This result is consistent with the effect of D2R knockdown in DAN-c1, indicating that increased, excessive dopamine release during training leads to impaired aversive learning. Figure 5. Over-excitation of DAN-c1 impairs larval aversive learning. (a) A schematic diagram of optogenetic manipulations of neuronal excitability in DAN-c1 during distinct stages in learning. (b-d) Activation of DAN-c1 during training impairs larval aversive learning (b), while keeps appetitive learning intact (d). Unconditioned stimuli used were quinine (b) and sucrose (d). No learning behaviors are observed in the control distilled water (DW) groups (c). Third-instar larvae with ChR2 expression in DAN-c1 are used. ATR, all-trans-retinal. Data are shown as mean ± SEM. Two-way multiple comparisons test, ***p < 0. 001, ****p < 0. 0001. numbers, see Table S4. D2R in mushroom body mediates larval learning through inhibitionWe have shown that D2R in DAN-c1 plays a critical role in larval aversive learning. Since D2Rs are also expressed in soma and axons in most mushroom body neurons (Figure 3h and i), we examined the role of D2R in MB neurons, the center for learning in Drosophila. Knockdown of these D2Rs by D2R-miR impaired both appetitive and aversive learning (Figure 6a). Similarly, optogenetic activation of mushroom body neurons during training led to deficiencies in both appetitive and aversive learning (Figure 6b and d). These deficiencies were not observed in larvae with activation during the resting stage. As D2Rs are inhibitory receptors, and optogenetic activation leads to greater neuronal excitation like what may occur with knockdown of D2Rs, these data show that the inhibitory effect of D2Rs in mushroom body neurons is necessary for larval olfactory associative learning to occur. Figure 6. D2R in mushroom body is necessary for both aversive and appetitive learning. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address olfactory receptors or quantum effects. Instead, it discusses the role of dopamine receptors (D2Rs) in aversive and appetitive learning in larvae. It elaborates on optogenetic manipulations, neuronal excitability, and learning behaviors without mentioning olfactory receptors or any quantum mechanisms, making it irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Malnutrition remains a major issue in many low-income countries. [SEP] Text: Impact of structured pre-natal counselling on early initiation of breast feeding and adherence to exclusive breast feeding: a comparative interventional study. 2021;10:2699. doi:10. 18203/2320-1770. ijrcog20212654OpenUrl↵ Ending malnutrition in all its forms requires scaling up proven nutrition interventions and much more: a 129-country analysis. BMC Med 2020;18:356. :356. doi:10. 1186/s12916-020-01786-5OpenUrl↵. Maternal nutrition counselling is associated with reduced stunting prevalence and improved feeding practices in early childhood: a post-program comparison study. 2019;18:47. :47. doi:10. 1186/s12937-019-0473-zOpenUrl↵Norman K, Haß U, Pirlich M. Malnutrition in older adults-recent advances and remaining challenges. Nutrients 2021;13:2764. doi:10. 3390/nu13082764↵ The impact of maternal and early life malnutrition on health: a diet-microbe perspective. BMC Med 2020;18:135. :135. doi:10. 1186/s12916-020-01584-zOpenUrl↵ Neurodevelopmental, cognitive, behavioural and mental health impairments following childhood malnutrition: a systematic review. BMJ 2022;7:e009330. doi:10. 1136/bmjgh-2022-009330↵. The impact of malnutrition on childhood infections. 2018;31:231–6. :231. doi:10. 1097/QCO. 0000000000000448↵Castro-Rodríguez DC, Rodríguez-González GL, Menjivar M, et al. Maternal interventions to prevent adverse fetal programming outcomes due to maternal malnutrition: evidence in animal models. Placenta 2020;102:49–54. :S0143-4004(20)30106-5. doi:10. 1016/j. placenta. 2020. 04. 002OpenUrl↵. Burden and determinants of malnutrition among pregnant women in Africa: a systematic review and meta-analysis. PLoS One 2019;14:e0221712. doi:10. 1371/journal. pone. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing various studies related to malnutrition, such as its impact on pregnancy and childhood health. Specifically, it mentions "Burden and determinants of malnutrition among pregnant women in Africa: a systematic review and meta-analysis," which highlights the ongoing issues of malnutrition in low-income settings.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Every plant has medicinal properties that are safe for human use. # questionable [SEP] Text: На основе лекарственного растительного сырья изготавливаются ЛП, седатирующие ЦНС, гипотензивные и снотворные препараты [25]. Лопинавир может снизить скорость выведения резерпина, что может привести к повышению его уровня в сыворотке крови. Спорынья (Secale cornutum) применяется для усиления сокращения матки и остановки маточных кровотечений [25]. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by mentioning specific medicinal uses of plant-derived substances, such as sedative and hypotensive effects, which implies that not all plants are necessarily safe for human use, as indicated by the caution regarding the increased serum levels of reserpine.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Olfactory receptors may operate through quantum effects. [SEP] Text: (a) Knockdown D2R in mushroom body neurons (MBNs) impairs larval aversive and appetitive learning. (b-d) Activation of MBNs during training impairs both larval aversive and appetitive learning. Unconditioned stimuli used were quinine (b) and sucrose (d). No learning behaviors are observed in the control distilled water (DW) groups (c). Third-instar larvae with ChR2 expression in MBNs (201Y-GAL4) are used. ATR, all-trans-retinal. Data are shown as mean ± SEM. Two-way multiple comparisons test, *p < 0. 05, **p < 0. 01, ***p < 0. 001, ****p < 0. 0001. numbers, see Table S3 and S4. DiscussionThe dopaminergic system plays an important role in Drosophila olfactory associative learning, but the roles of D2R in this process have not been fully explored. In this study, we systematically investigated the expression pattern of D2R in the third-instar larval brain as well as its role in larval aversive and appetitive learning. One driver strain singly identifying the DAN-c1 neuron was discovered and learning assays with thermogenetic tools (Shibirets1, dTRPA1) determined that the blockade of dopamine release from DAN-c1 impeded aversive learning, while its activation during training led to repulsion toward the odor in the absence of unconditioned stimulus (i. e. , QUI). These results revealed that DAN-c1 activation (i. e. , presumably leading to the release of synaptic dopamine) is both necessary and sufficient for larval aversive learning to occur. Subsequently, the expression pattern of D2R was explored by using a GFP-tagged D2R strain, including distinct dopaminergic and mushroom body neurons. D2Rs were expressed in DAN-c1, and the knockdown of these receptors resulted in aversive learning deficiency. These data suggest that presynaptic D2Rs in a single dopaminergic neuron, DAN-c1, regulate dopamine release during excitation whereas knockdown of these same receptors leads to excessive dopamine release, causing deficits in aversive learning to occur. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant (pass) to the claim about olfactory receptors operating through quantum effects. It discusses the role of dopamine receptors (D2R) in Drosophila olfactory associative learning without referencing quantum effects or any evidence supporting that olfactory receptors function via quantum mechanics. The provided details focus on learning behaviors and synaptic dopamine release rather than the operational mechanisms of olfactory receptors.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Malnutrition remains a major issue in many low-income countries. [SEP] Text: 0221712↵Sachs JD, Schmidt-Traub G, Mazzucato M, et al. Six transformations to achieve the sustainable development goals. 2019;2:805–14. doi:10. 1038/s41893-019-0352-9OpenUrlCrossRef↵. Mapping the sustainable development goals relationships. Sustainability 2020;12:3359. doi:10. 3390/su12083359OpenUrl↵ The intertwined relationship between malnutrition and poverty. Health 2020;8:453. :453. doi:10. 3389/fpubh. 2020. 00453OpenUrl↵Rah JH, Melse-Boonstra A, Agustina R, et al. The triple burden of malnutrition among adolescents in indonesia. Bull 2021;42(1_suppl):S4–8. doi:10. 1177/03795721211007114OpenUrl↵. Measuring malnutrition in all its forms: an update of the net state of nutrition index to track the global burden of malnutrition at country level. Security 2020;26:100453. doi:10. 1016/j. gfs. 2020. 100453OpenUrl↵ Prevalence and factors associated with triple burden of malnutrition among mother-child pairs in India: a study based on national family health survey 2015-16. BMC 2021;21:. :391. doi:10. 1186/s12889-021-10411-w↵. Prevalence and factors associated with double and triple burden of malnutrition among mothers and children in Nepal: evidence from 2016 Nepal demographic and health survey. BMC 2020;20:. :405. doi:10. 1186/s12889-020-8356-y↵-A, et al. Prevalence and factors associated with the triple burden of malnutrition among mother-child pairs in sub-Saharan Africa. Nutrients 2021;13:2050. doi:10. 3390/nu13062050OpenUrl↵-Strawn LM. Dynamics of the double burden of malnutrition and the changing nutrition reality. 2020;395:65–74. doi:10. 1016/S0140-6736(19)32497-3OpenUrlPubMed↵. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing various studies and indices that highlight the prevalence of malnutrition and its relationship with poverty, particularly in low-income countries. For example, the mention of the triple burden of malnutrition among adolescents in Indonesia and the studies relating malnutrition among mother-child pairs in countries like India and Nepal indicate that malnutrition is indeed a significant concern in these regions.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Every plant has medicinal properties that are safe for human use. # questionable [SEP] Text: Выявлено, что уровень концентрации алкалоидов спорыньи и их производных — дигидроэргокристина, дигидроэрготамина, эрготамина — в сыворотке крови ниже при сочетании с тоцилизумабом, напротив, лопинавир способен повышать концентрацию алкалоидов спорыньи в сыворотке крови. Перец (красный) стручковый, настойку которого (Capsici annui tinctura) используют для возбуждения аппетита и улучшения пищеварения [25], содержит алкалоид капсаицин. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing specific alkaloids and their effects on the human body, suggesting that some compounds in plants can have varying effects, such as increasing toxicity levels (e.g., лопинавир повышает концентрацию алкалоидов). This implies that not every plant has universally safe medicinal properties.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Olfactory receptors may operate through quantum effects. [SEP] Text: Furthermore, the activation of DAN-c1 with optogenetic tools during training, resulting in excessive dopamine release, impaired aversive learning, as well. Finally, it was demonstrated that either the knockdown of postsynaptic D2R or activation of mushroom body neurons led to learning deficits. These data demonstrate that D2Rs in distinct brain locations are critically involved in associative learning. Insights into the neuronal circuits underlying larval olfactory associative learningMushroom body and dopaminergic neurons play important roles in Drosophila associative learning66–69. In larvae, olfactory information (odors, Conditioned Stimulus, CS) is received by olfactory sensory neurons (OSN), then transmitted to the mushroom body via projection neurons (PN)70. The mushroom body (MB) is the learning center of Drosophila and composed of Kenyon cells (KC, or mushroom body neurons, MBN)71–73. Their dendrites form the calyx, receiving olfactory information from projection neurons. The axons converge into peduncles, then branch into the vertical and medial lobes. Distinct gustatory cues (taste, Unconditioned Stimuli, US) are sensed by gustatory sensory neurons (GSN) and transferred to dopaminergic neurons in different clusters (Figure 7A). DAN-c1 in the DL1 cluster mediates aversive cues, projects to the lower peduncle (LP) in the mushroom body. The plasticity of synapses from MBNs to MB output neurons (MBON) is negatively modulated by dopamine67,74,75. The MBN-MBON synapses in the vertical lobe and peduncle are responsible for attraction, while those in the medial lobe are for repulsion67,75. Figure 7. Roles of D2Rs in dopaminergic and mushroom body neurons during larval olfactory learning. (a) A schematic diagram shows the roles of D2R in dopaminergic neurons (DAN) and mushroom body neurons (MBN) in larval olfactory associative learning. During learning, olfactory stimuli (conditioned stimulus, CS) are received by olfactory sensory neurons (OSN) and transmitted to MBNs (green) via projection neurons (PN). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it focuses on the neuronal circuits and mechanisms involved in olfactory associative learning in Drosophila, particularly the roles of dopamine and mushroom body neurons. It does not mention or support the idea that olfactory receptors operate through quantum effects.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Malnutrition remains a major issue in many low-income countries. [SEP] Text: Profiling household double and triple burden of malnutrition in sub-Saharan Africa: prevalence and influencing household factors. Nutr 2022;25:1563–76. doi:10. 1017/S1368980021001750OpenUrl↵ Double-burden of malnutrition among the Indigenous peoples (orang asli) of Peninsular Malaysia. BMC 2015;15:680. doi:10. 1186/s12889-015-2058-x↵Villena-Esponera MP, Moreno-Rojas R, Molina-Recio G. Food insecurity and the double burden of malnutrition of Indigenous refugee épera siapidara. J Health 2019;21:1035–42. doi:10. 1007/s10903-018-0807-5OpenUrl↵Tiwari N. n. d. The influence of single parent environment on children’s learning and development. ↵Malnutrition among adolescents in low- and middle-income countries. Saln2018 2018;2018. doi:10. 52439/FJFX3922↵ Factors associated with delayed initiation of breastfeeding in health facilities: secondary analysis of Bangladesh demographic and health survey 2014. J 2021;16:14. doi:10. 1186/s13006-021-00360-wOpenUrl↵Belachew A. Timely initiation of breastfeeding and associated factors among mothers of infants age 0-6 months old in bahir Dar City, northwest, Ethiopia, 2017: a community based cross-sectional study. J 2019;14:5. doi:10. 1186/s13006-018-0196-3OpenUrl↵Saaka M, Hammond AY. Caesarean section delivery and risk of poor childhood growth. J 2020;2020:6432754. doi:10. 1155/2020/6432754↵. Gut microbiota alterations and dietary modulation in childhood malnutrition-the role of short chain fatty acids. 2019;38:615–30. doi:10. 1016/j. clnu. 2018. 02. 014OpenUrl↵ Prevalence and factors associated with underweight, overweight and obesity among women of reproductive age in India. 2019;4:1–12. doi:10. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by referencing multiple studies that highlight various aspects of malnutrition, including its prevalence and factors influencing malnutrition in low and middle-income countries, such as sub-Saharan Africa and among Indigenous peoples in Malaysia. The mention of 'double burden of malnutrition' clearly indicates that malnutrition is a serious concern in these regions, thus supporting the assertion that it remains a major issue in low-income countries.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Every plant has medicinal properties that are safe for human use. # questionable [SEP] Text: Отмечено, что интерфероны способны снижать фармакокинетические параметры капсаицина. Семена кофе (Semina coffeae) используются как стимулирующее средство при умственной усталости, от головной боли и как средство первой помощи при отравлениях [25], содержат алкалоид пуринового ряда кофеин. Кроме того, кофеин содержится в чае (Folia Theae), энергетических и прохладительных напитках. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing specific plants, such as coffee, that have medicinal properties but also contain compounds (like caffeine) that may have adverse effects. This suggests that not all plants are safe for human use, thereby contradicting the claim.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Olfactory receptors may operate through quantum effects. [SEP] Text: Distinct gustatory stimuli (unconditioned stimulus, US) are received by gustatory sensory neurons (GSN) and transferred to different dopaminergic neurons. Aversive stimuli are sent to DAN-c1 (red) in the DL1 cluster which connects the lower peduncle compartment (LP, square in dash line), while appetitive stimuli are received by pPAM neurons (blue) innervating the medial lobe (ML). D2Rs (yellow square) are expressed in DAN-c1 and pPAM as autoreceptors, regulating dopamine release. Both D2R and dDA1 (magenta circle) are expressed in the MBNs. (b) A hypothetical curve showing the relationship between learning ability and cAMP level in the mushroom body. Insufficient cAMP (rutabaga mutant) cannot induce learning, while excessive cAMP (dunce mutant) also impairs learning. Only the appropriate level of cAMP regulated by the opposing actions of D1R (dDA1) and D2R leads to successful learning in wild type larvae (WT). Knockdown of D2R in DAN-c1 causes excessive dopamine release, elevating cAMP and resulting in impaired learning. D2R knockdown in MBNs relieves the inhibition effect of D2R, resulting in excessive intracellular cAMP and learning failure. (c-d) Potential molecular mechanisms underlying Drosophila olfactory learning in the square region shown in (a). (d) During aversive learning, olfactory stimuli induce depolarization of MBNs, which activates voltage-gated calcium channels and induces calcium influx. Gustatory stimuli, such as quinine, activates dopaminergic neurons and elevates dopamine (DA) release. D1 receptor (dDA1) activates adenylyl cyclase (AC) and elevates cAMP via Gαs, while D2 receptor (D2R) inhibits AC and suppresses cAMP via Gαi/o. In Drosophila, the coincidence detector rutabaga (AC) is activated by the existence of both calcium and Gαs, converging the olfactory and gustatory stimuli. cAMP activates the PKA signaling pathway, elevating the neuronal excitability. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim regarding olfactory receptors operating through quantum effects. Instead, it discusses the mechanisms of gustatory stimuli and their relationship with dopamine release and learning in Drosophila. There is no mention of olfactory receptors or quantum effects, indicating that the text is irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Malnutrition remains a major issue in many low-income countries. [SEP] Text: epidemiologynutrition & dieteticspublic healthStrengths and limitations of this studyTo the best of our knowledge, this is the first scoping review that focuses on exploring the aetiology of the double burden of malnutrition among preschool children and women of reproductive age in low-income and middle-income countries. This review will encompass comprehensive literature search and will utilise a renowned thematic analysis framework to synthesis the findings of the study. The findings of this review will be important in both mapping the current literature with regard to the double burden of malnutrition phenomenon for high-risk populations and also guiding secondary data analysis for our subsequent studies. The anticipated dearth of causation literature and longitudinal studies in this area of research may limit our findings, specifically in understanding the aetiology of double burden of malnutrition. IntroductionThe modern-day world is characterised by the paradoxical co-occurrence of nutrition-related diseases and conditions. On the one hand, overnutrition is fast becoming a global public health problem. Recent data from the WHO indicate that approximately 2 billion adults (above 18 years) and 40 million preschool children (under 5 years of age) are overweight or obese. 1 This is a likely reflection of the ongoing nutrition transition, primarily in low-income and middle-income countries (LMICs), that is, currently characterised by the progressive affinity for calorie-dense foods and sedentary lifestyles in many population subgroups. 2 3 On the other hand, nutritional deficiencies that are facilitated by food inadequacies still persists in many population subgroups around the world, namely in the Global South. 2 Nearly half a billion adults have been estimated to be underweight, while 155 million preschool children have been reported to be stunted. 1 This contemporaneous existence of multiple nutrition burdens has led to the emergence of the double burden of malnutrition (DBM), a construct that characterises the simultaneous presence of both undernutrition and overnutrition sequalae. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by highlighting the ongoing issue of malnutrition in low-income and middle-income countries. It discusses both undernutrition and overnutrition as prevalent problems, noting that nearly half a billion adults are underweight and 155 million preschool children are stunted, thus indicating that malnutrition is indeed a major public health concern.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Every plant has medicinal properties that are safe for human use. # questionable [SEP] Text: Следует обратить внимание на то, что при сочетании с интерферонами кофеин выводится из организма медленнее и уровень кофеина в сыворотке крови повышается. Тоцилизумаб, напротив, ускоряет выведение кофеина из организма. В народной медицине принято для профилактики и при первых симптомах простуды применять растения народной медицины, например чеснок, лимон. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by mentioning specific conditions under which certain plants, like garlic and lemon, are used in folk medicine, implying that their medicinal properties may not be universally safe for all uses, especially when interacting with other substances such as interferons.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Olfactory receptors may operate through quantum effects. [SEP] Text: D1 and D2 receptors can also form heteromeric receptors and activate the PLC-PKC and CaMKII signaling pathways via Gαq. These pathways inhibit acetylcholine (ACh) release from MBNs to MB output neurons (MBON), which leads to avoidance of the learned odor. Abbreviations: AC, adenylyl cyclase; ACh, acetylcholine; ATP, adenosine triphosphate; CaM, calmodulin; 2+/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II; cAMP, cyclic adenosine monophosphate; CS, conditioned stimulus; DA, dopamine; DAN, dopaminergic neurons; DL, dorsolateral; ER, endoplasmic reticulum; Gαi/o, Gi/o protein α subunit; Gαq, Gq protein α subunit; Gαs, Gs protein α subunit; GSN, gustatory sensory neurons; LP, lower peduncle; MBN, mushroom body neurons; MBON, mushroom body output neurons; ML, medial lobe; nAChR, nicotinic acetylcholine receptor; OSN, olfactory sensory neurons; PKA, protein kinase A; PKC, protein kinase C; PLC, phospholipase C; PN, projection neurons; pPAM, primary protocerebral anterior medial; RyR, ryanodine receptor; US, unconditioned stimulus; VGCC, voltage gated calcium channel. When only the odorant appears, the subset of Kenyon cells representing this odor are depolarized, inducing calcium influx73. As a balance exists between compartments across the mushroom body lobes, the response to the odor depends on the naïve olfactory circuits from projection neurons to the lateral horn (LH). In aversive learning, in addition to olfaction induced calcium influx, gustatory stimuli also lead to dopamine release from DAN-c1 and subsequently, activation of Gαs in LP54. The co-existence of calcium and Gαs activates a Ca2+-dependent adenylate cyclase (AC), rutabaga (rut)76–79. Rutabaga converges information from both olfaction and gustation, working as the coincidence detector of associative learning. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim regarding olfactory receptors and quantum effects; instead, it discusses signaling pathways involving various receptors and neuronal responses related to olfactory learning and gustation. Therefore, it is irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Malnutrition remains a major issue in many low-income countries. [SEP] Text: 1 The DBM can be manifested at three different levels:1 individual level—depicting the co-occurrence of stunting, wasting or micronutrient deficiency with overweight/obesity at a single point in time or across the life course (eg, stunting in childhood and being overweight and obese in adulthood as a result of irreversible metabolic programming in early life);4 5 household level—where at least two household members have discordant nutritional statuses;1 and the population level—where both undernutrition and overnutrition types are common in the same population unit. 1Although everyone is susceptible to changes in nutritional health in response to sociodemographic changes, women of reproductive age (WRA) and preschool children are among the most vulnerable population groups. 1 6 7 Recent estimates show that 9. 27% of adult women globally are underweight, while 40. 5% are overweight or obese. 8 Conversely, 22. 9% of children under the age of 5 are estimated to be stunted, whereas 6. 0% are overweight or obese. 9 These groups’ risks of DBM are elevated due to the periods of growth and development that they are experiencing. Preschool children are at a critical window of rapid growth and development that requires optimal nutrition to support physical growth spurts experienced during this period. 6 As for WRA, nutritional demand increases due the onset of menstruation, pregnancy and breastfeeding, hence their nutritional status is highly sensitive to deficiencies in diets. 6 10 Furthermore, some of the proximate risk factors of DBM among these two groups are by themselves influenced by broader sociodemographic factors acting at different levels of the society (eg, household, community and regional levels). 6 For instance, increased urbanisation, industrialisation, economic development and global trade policy liberalisation have resulted to changes in dietary patterns and occupation structures, which in turn have had an influence on the individual’s nutrition status. 2 7 10The emergence of DBM creates an opportunity for health practitioners to identify population subgroups at most risk of adverse health outcomes. In recognition of this, the WHO in 2016 developed the double-duty actions, to provide a framework that leverages existing policies, interventions and programmes to concurrently reduce the risk of DBM. 1 However, there is a dearth of studies from LMICs to spur the actualisation of this and other related frameworks. A major contributor to this scarcity is the recency of the concept of DBM in research. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing various manifestations of malnutrition, including both undernutrition and overnutrition, particularly in vulnerable groups like women of reproductive age and preschool children. The mention of the double burden of malnutrition (DBM) and the challenges faced in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) indicates that malnutrition is still a significant issue in these areas.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Every plant has medicinal properties that are safe for human use. # questionable [SEP] Text: Лимон — в качестве лекарственного растительного сырья: применяется кожура плодов лимона (Exocarpium citri), содержит комплекс веществ, обладающих Р-витаминной активностью, в том числе флавоноид геспередин, оказывающий венопротекторное и антиоксидантное действие [25]. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by specifically referencing lemon peel as a medicinal plant with active compounds that confer health benefits, implying that not all plants may possess universally safe medicinal properties for human use.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Olfactory receptors may operate through quantum effects. [SEP] Text: Its downstream signaling inhibits attractive MBN-MBON synapses in the LP, breaking the balance between distinct compartments. As a result, after learning, the larvae will exhibit repulsion when exposed to the odor again. In contrast, dopaminergic neurons in the pPAM convey appetitive cues, which project to compartments in the medial lobe. The co-existence of olfactory and appetitive gustatory stimuli leads to inhibition of these repulsive MBN-MBON synapses, inducing attraction. The conserved role of DAN-c1 in aversive learning throughout Drosophila developmentshare similar neuronal circuits of learning with larvae54,66–69. In adult brains, dopaminergic neurons are classified into 13 clusters, named as PAM (protocerebral anterior medial), PAL (protocerebral anterior lateral), PPM (protocerebral posterior medial), PPL (protocerebral lateral), and PPD (protocerebral posterior dorsal) clusters32. DANs in the PAM cluster innervate the medial lobe, while those in PPL1 project to the vertical lobe69. R76F02-AD;R55C10-DBD identifies two dopaminergic neurons in adult brains, MB-MP1 in PPL1 and ALT-PLPC in PPL2ab 61. MB-MP1 is also named PPL1-γ1pedc, innervating both γ1 and the peduncle of the β lobe69. Activation of this neuron induced aversive learning62, and activation of its corresponding MBON-γ1pedc>α/β led to approach80. During metamorphosis, dopaminergic neurons in DL1 develop into the PPL1 cluster, DL2a neurons develop into PPL2ab, and those in pPAM will develop into the PAM cluster81. This driver strain only identifies DAN-c1 from DL1 in larvae, which innervates the lower peduncle of the mushroom body. Interestingly, previous reports revealed that memory can be transferred from larvae to adults82, indicating the maintenance of neuronal circuitry architecture during metamorphosis. This evidence supports that DAN-c1 is the corresponding neuron of PPL1-γ1pedc in larvae, which performs similar functions in aversive learning. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text discusses the interactions of dopaminergic neurons and their role in aversive learning, but it does not mention or provide evidence supporting olfactory receptors operating through quantum effects. Instead, it focuses on neural circuits, learning processes, and synaptic inhibition, making it irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Malnutrition remains a major issue in many low-income countries. [SEP] Text: The definition of DBM as the coexistence of undernutrition and overnutrition within individual’s, households, population or life-course is broad enough to capture the current nutrition realties in a lot of the world’s population. 6 11 However, this broad definition does not offer clear guidance on the specifics of measuring DBM. In extant literature, DBM has been defined in a myriad of ways, using varied nutritional biomarkers. 6 11 For instance, anthropometric based measures such as Index, waist circumference and waist-to-hip ratio for women and height-for-age and weight-for-height Z-scores for preschool children have commonly been in studies to operationally define DBM. 11 Presumably, the thinking underlying these definitions have been based on study context, target population and data availability. 11 12 Furthermore, there is no clear understanding as to whether the co-occurrence of the malnutrition indicators in the documented literature represents a non-random cluster with plausible similar aetiology. Therefore, the aim of this study is to map evidence of the DBM phenomenon in LMICs. It is anticipated that the proposed study will contribute to literature by adding knowledge on the plausible mechanisms for the existence of DBM at the individual, household and population levels among WRA and preschool children. Additionally, our findings are expected to guide future research on operational definitions and construct measurements that could be used in studying the DBM phenomenon among these vulnerable groups in LMICs. Methods and analysisA scoping review was determined as the most suitable literature synthesis design for this study given the exploratory nature of the study objective. 13 After gaining familiarity with the current literature on DBM among the populations of interest, we established the following research objective. To describe the current state of knowledge regarding the DBM among preschool children and WRA in LMICs. This objective will be examined through the following research questions:Which nutrition indicators have been used to operationally define the DBM at the individual, household and population levels among preschool children and WRA? What are the posited explanations for the occurrence of the identified DBM phenotypes at the individual, household and population levels among preschool children and WRA? What are the risk factors for the DBM at the individual, household and population levels among preschool children and WRA? [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the phenomenon of dual burden malnutrition (DBM) as it relates to low- and middle-income countries (LMICs). It acknowledges the coexistence of undernutrition and overnutrition, indicating that malnutrition is a multifaceted issue affecting the world's population, particularly vulnerable groups such as women of reproductive age and preschool children in these regions. The aim of the study is to map the evidence of DBM in LMICs, which directly supports the claim that malnutrition is a significant concern in these areas.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Every plant has medicinal properties that are safe for human use. # questionable [SEP] Text: Геспередин также содержат плоды аронии черноплодной свежие (Aroniae melanocarpae recens fructus), которые применяются для профилактики Р-витаминной недостаточности, лечения артериальной гипертензии 1-й и 2-й стадии и других заболеваний, сопровождающихся повышением артериального давления [25]. Обнаружено, что интерфероны замедляют метаболизм гесперидина. Зафиксировано взаимодействие лопинавира с чесноком. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing specific uses of a plant (Aroniae melanocarpae) for medical conditions, suggesting that not all plants are universally safe for human use, as indicated by the context surrounding their medicinal properties.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Olfactory receptors may operate through quantum effects. [SEP] Text: Pre- and post-synaptic D2Rs regulate cAMP in the mushroom body during aversive learningThe molecular mechanisms underlying Drosophila learning have not been fully determined. In a traditional view, gustatory cues elevate dopamine release, which binds to D1 receptors and then activates Gαs. The co-existence of Gαs and calcium elicited by olfactory cues activates rutabaga in axons of MBNs. Rutabaga transforms ATP into cAMP, activating PKA signaling pathway. Mutant flies with either insufficient (rutabaga) or excessive cAMP (dunce) showed aversive learning deficiency, indicating that the level of cAMP should be kept in an optimal range to achieve aversive learning21,25 (Figure 7B). Our results have shown that D2Rs in dopaminergic neurons and the mushroom body are important for larval aversive learning, suggesting a “dual brake” role in regulating cAMP levels in the MBNs through both pre- and postsynaptic components. On the presynaptic side, D2R in DAN-c1 decreases the release of dopamine under gustatory stimuli, reducing the probability of postsynaptic D1R activation in MBNs. On the postsynaptic side, D2R in MBNs inhibits the coincidence detector rutabaga (AC) both via activation of Gαi/o and inhibition of voltage-gated calcium channels2, indicating postsynaptic D2R functioning as a “brake of the coincidence detector”. Combining these, “dual brake” D2R ultimately regulates the mushroom body cAMP level within a physiologically optimal range during aversive learning. In addition, D2R fine tunes the functional concentration spectrum of dopamine with higher resolutions, as its dopamine affinity is 10- to 100-fold greater than D1 receptors. Overall, D2Rs work in a “dual brake” system both expanding the representation of a dynamic range of gustatory signal intensity with high signal to noise ratio and preventing postsynaptic overexcitation, which increases the reliability of DAN-c1 and MBN circuits for the larval aversive learning (Figure 7C & D). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not relate to the claim regarding olfactory receptors and quantum effects. It discusses the role of D2 receptors in regulating cAMP levels during aversive learning in Drosophila, without mentioning olfactory receptors or any quantum effects.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Malnutrition remains a major issue in many low-income countries. [SEP] Text: Decomposing the educational inequalities in the factors associated with severe acute malnutrition among under-five children in low- and middle-income countries 0. 05. ResultsThe proportion of children whose mothers were not educated ranged from 0. 1% in Armenia and to as much as 86. 1% in Niger. The overall prevalence of SAM in the group of children whose mothers had no education was 5. 8% compared with 4. 2% among those whose mothers were educated, this varied within each country. Fourteen countries (Cameroon(p < 0. 001), Chad(p < 0. 001), Comoro(p = 0. 047), Burkina Faso(p < 0. 001), Ethiopia(p < 0. 001), India(p < 0. 001), Kenya(p < 0. 001), Mozambique(p = 0. 012), Namibia(p = 0. 001), Nigeria(p < 0. 001), Pakistan(p < 0. 001), Senegal(p = 0. 003), Togo(p = 0. 013), and Timor Leste(p < 0. 001) had statistically significant pro-illiterate inequality while no country showed statistically significant pro-literate inequality. We found significant differences in SAM prevalence across child’s age (p < 0. 001), child’s sex(p < 0. 001), maternal age(p = 0. 001), household wealth quintile(p = 0. 001), mother’s access to media(p = 0. 001), birth weight(p < 0. 001) and neighbourhood socioeconomic status disadvantage(p < 0. 001). On the average, neighbourhood socioeconomic status disadvantage, location of residence were the most important factors in most countries. Other contributors to the explanation of educational inequalities are birth weight, maternal age and toilet type. ConclusionsSAM is prevalent in most LMIC with wide educational inequalities explained by individual, household and community-level factors. Promotion of women education should be strengthened as better education among women will close the gaps and reduce the burden of SAM generally. We recommend further studies of other determinate causes of inequalities in severe acute malnutrition in LMIC. reports BackgroundMalnutrition among under-five children (U5C) remains both a social and public health burden [1, 2] especially in the Low- and Middle-(LMIC). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by highlighting that malnutrition, specifically severe acute malnutrition (SAM), remains prevalent among under-five children in low- and middle-income countries (LMIC). It notes that malnutrition is a significant public health burden and identifies various factors associated with it, thereby supporting the argument that malnutrition is a major issue in these regions.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Every plant has medicinal properties that are safe for human use. # questionable [SEP] Text: Чеснок (Állium satívum) может вызвать снижение всасывания лопинавира, что приводит к снижению концентрации в сыворотке крови и, возможно, к снижению эффективности. Мак снотворный, или опийный (Papaver somniferum), используется в качестве успокаивающего, снотворного и противодиарейного средства [25]. Лопинавир снижает время выведения ЛП на основе опийного мака, а тоцилизумаб усиливает выведение кодеина, входящего в состав алкалоидов мака. Дурман (и innoxiae) содержит алкалоид скополамин [25]. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by indicating potential negative interactions and harmful effects of certain plants. For example, it notes that garlic (Česnak) can decrease the absorption of lopinavir, potentially reducing its effectiveness, and mentions the medicinal use of opium poppy (Mak snotvorny), which may carry risks despite some uses. This suggests that not all plants are safe for human use.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Olfactory receptors may operate through quantum effects. [SEP] Text: Recent studies showed that the approach/repulsion in learning is achieved via inhibition of the repulsive/attractive representing compartments67,74,75, which indicates dopamine inhibits acetylcholine release from MBN to MBON83. However, the PKA signaling pathway usually elevates neuronal excitability and increases neurotransmitter release2,3, which is contradictory to the recent findings. In addition to the “dual brake” role of D2R, our results suggest a third role of D2R in aversive learning. D1 and D2 receptors can form heteromeric receptors, whose downstream Gαq activates PKC and CaMKII signaling pathways. The activation of these signaling pathways may reduce acetylcholine release84 (Figure 7C & D). Explaining the results of thermogenetic and optogenetic experimentsActivation of DAN-c1 with dTRPA1 induced aversive learning, while the repulsion disappeared when DAN-c1 was activated in the quinine group (Figure 2K). Our explanation is that quinine stimulation and temperature activation led to over-excitation of DAN-c1, which impaired aversive learning. This is consistent with the learning deficiency in larvae with D2R knockdown in DAN-c1 (Figure 4E). Results from optogenetic activation of DAN-c1 during aversive learning also support this (Figure 5B). However, in contrast to results with thermo-activation, larvae with optogenetic activation of DAN-c1 showed neither repulsion after being trained with distilled water (Figure 5C), nor did they show reduced attraction in the sucrose group (Figure 5D). One possible explanation is that the thermo-activation is relatively mild compared to the optogenetic activation. Based on this, thermo-activation of DAN-c1 is still in the physiological range of cAMP under the upper cutoff (Figure 7B), resulting in repulsion in the distilled water (DW) group, neutralized attraction in SUC group, and impaired repulsion in QUI group. In contrast, optogenetic activation of DAN-c1 overwhelmed the physiological conditions, leading to failure of repulsion in DW group (Figure 5C). This repulsive failure did not affect appetitive learning (Figure 5D), and a stronger over-excitation in QUI group induced similar failure (Figure 5B). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text discusses various neurotransmitter signaling pathways and their implications for learning and behavior but does not mention olfactory receptors or quantum effects. Therefore, it is irrelevant to the claim that olfactory receptors may operate through quantum effects.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Malnutrition remains a major issue in many low-income countries. [SEP] Text: (WHO) maintains that malnutrition is responsible, directly or indirectly, for 35% of deaths among U5C [3], among which is Malnutrition (SAM). SAM is the most extreme and visible form of undernutrition among U5C. Under-five children with SAM usually “have very low weight for their height and severe muscle wasting” [4]. The likelihood that a child with SAM will eventually die is very high [4, 5]. Besides, “children with severe acute malnutrition are nine times more likely to die than well-nourished children” [4]. (International Children’s Emergency Fund) reported that SAM affected more than 16 million children globally in 2016 [4]. Although this figure is staggering, it is likely to have been underestimated [5]. To reduce the burden of SAM, there is a need to implement multi-sectoral evidence-based interventions which will enhance child and maternal health [3] in the long run. However, the development of the appropriate strategies, programmes and policies on the reduction of SAM, is hinged on the availability of information that can enhance child health interventions. While the literature is replete with the factors predisposing children to SAM and other poor nutrition outcomes, decomposition of these factors on key variables significant to poor nutrition is scarce in the literature. The identified factors are largely individual and household factors such as food insecurity, inadequate care and feeding, unhealthy environment, poor access to education, child’s age and sex, and mothers’ employment status and income [1, 6,7,8,9,10,11,12]. In a recent hierarchical analysis of factors associated with SAM in 51 LMIC, Fagbamigbe et al. identified maternal educational attainment, household wealth status and rural-urban differentials in the location of residence as the main determinants of whether a child has SAM or not [13]. These findings motivated the current study. There is a paucity of data on SAM in LMIC, especially on its decomposition by maternal educational differences, which has limited the understanding of the magnitude of the challenges of SAM for fact-based interventions. This is despite ’s recommendation that complex social and political efforts are crucial to ending SAM [4]. The role(s) of educational inequalities in the distribution of SAM in the LMIC and factors associated with the inequalities have not received sufficient attention. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by detailing the significant impact of severe acute malnutrition (SAM) on child mortality and health in low-income countries (LMIC). It cites that SAM is responsible for a high percentage of deaths among under-five children and emphasizes the need for interventions to address child and maternal health. Furthermore, it discusses the factors contributing to malnutrition, such as food insecurity and the socio-economic status of households, illustrating the complexity and severity of malnutrition as a persistent issue in these regions.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Every plant has medicinal properties that are safe for human use. # questionable [SEP] Text: Феруловая кислота относится к оксикоричным кислотам, содержится во фруктах, например апельсинах, яблоках, ананасах, и крупах — коричневом рисе, обладает широким фармакологическим спектром действия и входит в большое количество различных пищевых добавок, а также косметических средств. В растениях синтезируется из кофейной кислоты. Сочетание приёма феруловой кислоты с пэгинтерфероном альфа-2а повышает риск и тяжесть кровотечений. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by mentioning that ferulic acid, derived from plants, can have adverse effects, specifically stating that its combination with peginterferon alpha-2a increases the risk and severity of bleeding. This implies not all plants or their derivatives are safe for human use.