Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Electric vehicles (EVs) can reduce reliance on oil-based fuels. [SEP] Text: 23Modified modelFull size imageProjected energy demand reduces to a cumulative of 15,059,496 GWh in Fig. 24. This marks a 60% reduction from projected in the previous model. Figures 25 and 26 show modified energy generation and charging infrastructure capacity required by each state, respectively. Fig. 24Modified energy consumptionFull size imageFig. 25Modified annual energy consumption by state (PWh)Full size imageFig. 26Modified charging infrastructure required by state (GW)Full size imageConclusionPreparedness for EV transitionEVs are the future of transportation and being prepared for associated challenges drives this research work. The global energy reserves for petroleum resources are supposed to last long enough to support demands until 2052. Vehicles in the US will continue to grow every year per the forecast model. However, a drop in the automobile category is visible between 2012 to 2022, indicating similar trends for upcoming decades. Buses, trucks, and motorcycles were seen to grow during the same time, indicating similar trends for upcoming decades. Thus, the total number of projected figures for vehicles by each category was 374,820,943. Since the current share of EVs is significantly low, a quantification of energy required to support 100% EVs by 2052 was obtained. Thus, the quantified vehicles and energy required to support them prepare us for planning the future. Solar PV system installationSolar PV systems offer ease in meeting rising power demand from an EV. A residential owner can easily install at least 7 × 400W modules requiring 159 sq. of roof space to support one EV at home located in Randallstown, Maryland. Since the power generation from solar varies throughout the year, the ability of bi-directional flow of power between homeowners and power grids becomes a viable solution. Teeing the utility interconnection point at the service entrance is the most economical, whereas smart integration of home battery energy storage systems requires energy management by HEMS. However, local codes and standards define the detailed electrical distribution system designs. The HEMS, with monitoring, controlling, managing, logging, and detection of faults capabilities, offers smart grid applications. Both these concepts of roof-top solar can materialize for residential and commercial buildings, and their energy management system. Energy demand calculation and EV charging infrastructureWith the forecasted vehicle profile in hand, both average miles driven and EV mileage or energy consumption per mile were accounted for in obtaining the total annual energy consumption. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by emphasizing the transition to electric vehicles (EVs) as a key aspect of future transportation. It discusses how the energy demand is expected to shift with increased EV adoption, indicating a preparation for a future with significantly more EVs, thereby reducing reliance on oil-based fuels. It outlines the energy management challenges and infrastructure requirements for supporting EVs, reinforcing the position that widespread adoption of EVs will facilitate a decrease in dependence on petroleum resources.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: The value of all cryptocurrencies is stable and unaffected by market changes. [SEP] Text: Therefore, unlike fiat money and unlike gold, as the price of Bitcoin rises, it becomes more difficult to attack the network (Bitcoin’s equivalent of counterfeiting). To summarize this point, the high mining cost is not a waste—it is a security investment. 22. Scarcity and value Another misconception about the origin of the value of Bitcoin is that unlike fiat money, which is created “out of thin air,” the number of Bitcoins is fixed and cannot be changed, and this inherent scarcity is the source of its value. First, as was explained above, Bitcoin is also inflationary. In fact, the important characteristic of the decentralized crypto coins is not that coins cannot be created “out of thin air,” but that their creation is fully determined by the well-known protocol and cannot be manipulated by a central entity (i. e. , governments). Therefore, the users can take account of the inflation parameters into their future financial contracts. This property of cryptocurrencies is a clear advantage they have over fiat currencies. In fact, this is a major advantage even over commodities backed currencies, such as gold, since the future mining rate of gold is unknown, while cryptocurrencies are created in a predetermined manner. Second, scarcity, by itself, cannot be the source of value. Using Bohm-Bawerk example, the fact that a certain mud pie cannot be reproduced is, in itself, an insufficient demand to make it valuable. Scarcity is a necessary but insufficient condition for value creation. 23. The regression theorem and the origin of value It was who formulated in 1903 the vicious circle of money [32]. The marginal value theory of Menger, the forefather of the Austrians school, can explain why a handful of diamond worth considerably more than the buckets of water, despite the fact that water is clearly more essential to human existence than diamonds are [33]; however, it could not explain why a seemingly worthless object like pieces of papers can have a high value. In other words, it cannot explain why people would be willing to exchange them with commodities, which have a clear intrinsic value. It was clear that if people, for some reason, attribute value to money, then it would be a logical behavior for the individual to attribute value for money, even if he does not find it useful to himself. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by explaining that Bitcoin, like other cryptocurrencies, has inherent economic factors that make its value subject to various conditions rather than stable and unaffected. It discusses how the creation of Bitcoin is influenced by protocols and not manipulated by central entities, showing that its value is based on scarcity and market-driven dynamics, which suggests volatility rather than stability.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: The detection of gases like methane on exoplanets is often seen as strong evidence of life. [SEP] Text: ASTM reserves the right to change such format upon three [3] months' notice to Licensee, although ASTM will make reasonable efforts to use commonly available formats. and the are responsible for obtaining at their expense suitable Internet connections, Web browsers, and licenses for any software necessary to view the ASTM Products. B. are also available in (PDF) format to Licensee and its Authorized Users, who are solely responsible for installing and configuring the appropriate Reader software. C. ASTM shall use reasonable efforts to make online access available on a continuous basis. Availability will be subject to periodic interruption and downtime for server maintenance, software installation or testing, loading new files, and reasons beyond the control of ASTM. ASTM does not guarantee access, and will not be liable for damages or refunds if the Product becomes unavailable temporarily, or if access becomes slow or incomplete due to system back-up procedures, Internet traffic volume, upgrades, overload of requests to servers, general network failures or delays, or any other cause that may from time to time make the Product unavailable for the Licensee or Licensee's Authorized Users. 7. Terms and Fees. A. The term of this Agreement is _____________ ("Subscription Period"). Access to the Product is for the only. will remain in effect thereafter for successive so long as annual subscription fees, as such may change from time to time, are paid. Licensee and/or ASTM have the right to terminate this Agreement at the end of a by written notice given at least 30 days in advance. B. Fees: 8. Verification. ASTM has the right to verify compliance with this Agreement, at its expense, and at any time during the course of normal business hours. To do so, ASTM will engage an independent consultant, subject to a confidentiality agreement, to review Licensee's use of ASTM Product and/or Documents. Licensee agrees to permit access to its information and computer systems for this purpose. Verification will take place upon no less than 15 days notice, during normal business hours and in a manner that does not interfere unreasonably with Licensee's operations. If verification reveals unlicensed or prohibited use of the ASTM Products or Documents, Licensee agrees to reimburse ASTM for the costs incurred in verification and reimburse ASTM for any unlicensed/prohibited uses. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim regarding the detection of gases like methane on exoplanets as evidence of life. Instead, it discusses terms related to an agreement, access to ASTM products, and compliance verification, which are irrelevant to the topic of exoplanets and the evidence of life.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Electric vehicles (EVs) can reduce reliance on oil-based fuels. [SEP] Text: The annual energy consumption was 38,154,284 GWh and with the modified model, 15,059,496 GWh. The modified model factored in the improved mileage obtained from current trends. With the majority of power generation relying on fossil fuels there is a need to increase the usage of renewable energy. Large-scale solar PV systems for residential, commercial, and industrial use improve the power generation profile. Based on the energy demand for EVs by 2052 by each state, the capacity of EV charging infrastructure required is presented in Figs. 25 and 26 for both base and modified models. ImprovementsImproved transportation management with reduction of congestion and intelligently controlling the traffic movement ensures safety and reduction in travel times, thereby reducing the consumption of energy. Additionally, the increasing conversion efficiency of chemical energy to electricity from Li-ion batteries and improvements in vehicle dynamics in EVs result in reduced energy consumption. The modified model based on such efficiency improvements resulted in a 60% reduction to 15,059,496 GWh. The modified model was based on forecasted improved energy efficiency of the EV. IssuesThe forecasting was based on time series methodology, whereas some authors may prefer other statistical techniques such as moving square and linear regression. Additionally, some software in data analysis offers readily available tools and techniques to accurately predict future value based on past statistics. The selection of suitable tools and techniques is dependent on user p2052. For researchers and graduate students, the methodology laid becomes a foundation for future studies in electrification. Although the EV transition depends on the government and other stakeholders' interests, a simple evaluation of higher fuel economy and reduced carbon emissions from EVs against their ICE counterparts makes EV transition, a positive move. Three pillars of sustainability try to maintain a best fit within social, economic, and environmental impacts; thus, returns on investment for such a large-scale electrification need a fit with social and environmental returns. For example, reduced emission from EVs contributes towards safer and healthier premises. Discussion and future scopeThe losses due to transmission and distribution of power were ignored. However, a typical industry-wide transmission and distribution loss of 5 to 7% may increase similar burden on the generation companies when supplying the increased energy demand from EVs. The concept of charging while in motion on the roadways is a futuristic concept, and the widespread use of ultra-fast chargers may improve the user experience and comfort levels. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the reduction in energy consumption achieved through electric vehicles (EVs), specifically noting that improvements in vehicle dynamics and the conversion efficiency of Li-ion batteries lead to a significant reduction in energy demand. Additionally, it argues that the transition to EVs results in lower carbon emissions and improved fuel economy, contributing to a decrease in reliance on oil-based fuels.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: The value of all cryptocurrencies is stable and unaffected by market changes. [SEP] Text: However, how did money gain its value in the first place, or, in others word, it is a vicious circle to say that people want money simply because people want money [32]. Mises, apparently, solved this conundrum. He said that people want money today because they anticipate that other people would want it tomorrow since they wanted it yesterday, that is, money has value today because it has value yesterday. By introducing time schedule into the description of the process, Mises circumvented the vicious circle. But he did it with a cost. This logic leads to the unavoidable conclusion that any money had, prior to its use as a medium of exchange, an intrinsic value [34]. Thus, there is an argument that Bitcoin cannot be money since it never had an intrinsic value, that is, while the US fiat dollar is valuable today since it was based on the original value of the gold dollar, which was based for millennia on the currency value of gold, which was based somewhere in the past on the commodity value of gold, they claim that Bitcoin does not have such a chain of events. One cannot find any intrinsic value in the Bitcoin genesis. While gold has an extensive commodity use in its premonetary era, Bitcoin, according to them, had no nonmonetary history and therefore cannot evolve into money. This claim has several flaws. First, they turn Mises’ argument on its head—Mises used his argument to explain how apparently worthless object can be used as a medium of exchange. Bitcoin is already a medium of exchange, which means that there are only two options, either Mises argument is erroneous or that they are missing something about Bitcoin. In fact, Mises was not entirely accurate and Bitcoin does have a nonmonetary value. I would like to harness a physical analogy to explain this point—the laser. When a laser is connected to a power supply, it emits coherent light almost instantaneously. Nowadays, lasers are very common and there is nothing special about this; however, a laser is not a light bulb, the origin of light in a laser can be regarded as a similar mystery. A laser consists of two basic elements: a light amplifier and a resonator, which is actually a feedback mechanism. Hence, a laser is a giant amplifying machine. Using the feedback, the laser keeps on amplifying the light. But wait! Where did the light originally come from? [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the nature of money and its intrinsic value, specifically challenging the perception of Bitcoin as a stable form of currency. It argues that Bitcoin lacks an inherent value and a historical context that traditional currencies, like the US dollar backed by gold, possess. The mention of Bitcoin's inability to evolve into money due to its supposed lack of intrinsic value presents a direct contradiction to the claim that cryptocurrencies have stable values. Additionally, the text suggests that there are varying perspectives on the value of Bitcoin, which implies that cryptocurrency values could be subject to market changes rather than being stable.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: The detection of gases like methane on exoplanets is often seen as strong evidence of life. [SEP] Text: By invoking this procedure, ASTM does not waive any of its rights to enforce this Agreement or to protect its intellectual property by any other means permitted by law. Licensee acknowledges and agrees that ASTM may imbed certain identifying or tracking information in the ASTM Products available on the Portal. 9. Passwords:Licensee must immediately notify ASTM of any known or suspected unauthorized use(s) of its password(s), or any known or suspected breach of security, including the loss, theft unauthorized disclosure of such password or any unauthorized access to or use of the ASTM Product. Licensee is solely responsible for maintaining the confidentiality of its password(s) and for ensuring the authorized access and use of the ASTM Product. Personal accounts/passwords may not be shared. 10. Disclaimer of Warranty: Unless specified in this Agreement, all express or implied conditions, representations and warranties, including any implied warranty of merchantability, fitness for a particular purpose or non-infringement are disclaimed, except to the extent that these disclaimers are held to be legally invalid. 11. Limitation of Liability: To the extent not prohibited by law, in no event will ASTM be liable for any loss, damage, lost data or for special, indirect, consequential or punitive damages, however caused regardless of the theory of liability, arising out of or related to the use of the ASTM Product or downloading of the ASTM Documents. In no event will ASTM's liability exceed the amount paid by Licensee under this License Agreement. 12. General. A. Termination:is effective until terminated. Licensee may terminate this Agreement at any time by destroying all copies (hard, digital or in any media)of the ASTM Documents and terminating all access to the ASTM Product. B. Governing Law, Venue, and Jurisdiction:shall be interpreted and construed in accordance with the laws of the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania. Licensee agrees to submit to jurisdiction and venue in the state and federal courts of Pennsylvania for any dispute which may arise under this Agreement. Licensee also agrees to waive any claim of immunity it may possess. C. Integration:is the entire agreement between Licensee and ASTM relating to its subject matter. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text provided is irrelevant to the claim regarding the detection of gases like methane on exoplanets as evidence of life. Instead, it discusses contractual obligations and disclaimers related to the ASTM Products and does not mention exoplanets, gases, or the implications for life detection.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Eating a balanced diet is essential for long-term health. [SEP] Text: MENU eISSN 2508-7576 pISSN 2508-6235 E-alert the and and 10. 7570/jomes. 2018. 27. 1. 39Copyright © for the Study of Obesity. Eating a Balanced Diet: A through a in the Age of of of Medicine, Seongnam, KoreaCorrespondence to:Soo Lim, Department of of Medicine, 82 Gumi-ro 173beon-gil, Bundang-gu, Seongnam 13620, Korea,Tel: +82-31-787-7035,Fax: +82-31-787-4051,E-mail: limsoo@snu. ac. krThis is an 4. 0/) which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. to ::55:20:25-2017. The purpose of these guidelines is to encourage people to eat a balanced diet that meets the recommended caloric intake, thereby reducing the risk of obesity and obesity-related diseases. First, eat a carbohydrate:protein:fat ratio of 55:20:25. Middle-aged and elderly Koreans consume a high proportion of carbohydrates as part of their total caloric intake, and those ≥65 years consume a low proportion of fat as part of the total caloric intake. Second, reduce consumption of soda and sugar-sweetened beverages. The recent Organization recommendation for added sugar is less than 10% of a person’s total daily energy intake (<50 g/day). Koreans currently consume 72. 1 g of added sugar per day. Koreans between the ages of 6 and 29 years consume sugar mostly through sodas, and those ≥30 years consume sugar mostly through coffee. Third, maintain the recommended caloric intake for a healthy diet. Rapid weight gain increases blood sugar levels and blood pressure, which can lead to diabetes and hypertension, as well as increasing the risk of cardiovascular disease, stroke, and colorectal cancer. To help prevent these conditions, people should maintain a healthy weight by avoiding overeating and being physically active starting at a young age. Keywords: Beverage, Obesity, Metabolic syndrome, Body weight to ::55:20:25-2017. It has been modified for the format of Journal of Obesity & Metabolic Syndrome. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by outlining the importance of a balanced diet in reducing the risk of obesity and obesity-related diseases. It emphasizes the need to eat a balanced diet that aligns with recommended caloric intake and provides guidelines on macronutrient ratios, as well as recommendations to reduce sugar intake to maintain long-term health. Additionally, it states that maintaining a healthy weight and being physically active can help prevent conditions such as diabetes and hypertension, ultimately supporting the claim of the essential nature of a balanced diet for long-term health.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: The value of all cryptocurrencies is stable and unaffected by market changes. [SEP] Text: The laser has no element that generates the “original” light (i. e. , the primordial photons), it only amplifies it. So where did the light originally come from? Well, actually, this is quite a mystery that nobody really knows. The source can be thermal noise, scattered light, or maybe the zero point energy. While academically it may be an interesting question, it is practically irrelevant to the laser operation. Moreover, it teaches us an important lesson—in the presence of a highly efficient amplifying process, the increase is exponential, and therefore the initial trigger is practically irrelevant. It doesn’t matter whether the process started from a single photon, ten photons or a hundred, the changes in the time till it reaches equilibrium (the time, in which it grows exponentially) is negligible. The same goes for Bitcoin. It was proven to be a rapidly accelerating phenomenon. In fact, just like the laser intensity or any other phenomenon with an approximately constant rate increase, the value of Bitcoin grew exponentially: within about 4 years it increased by a factor of a million! The technology was proven so successful that the initial value, people attributed to Bitcoin, is unimportant. The legendary pizza transaction, which allegedly determined its initial market value (in which a couple of pizzas were sold for 10,000 BTC), could be totally different. It could have been sold for 1000 or 100,000 BTCs, and the final outcome would be almost the same and it would be determined by the equilibrium value. In fact, the entire process can start from a whim of a handful of strange geeks (see, for example [35]). That is totally sufficient, exactly like the amplifying process in a laser, which can start, for all we know, from a single photon, which accidentally was present in the laser’s cavity. In the previous paragraphs, it was explained why one does not have to prove that Bitcoin currently has an intrinsic use value in order to show that its exchange value, that is, its value as a medium of exchange, does not contradict Mises’ regression theorem; nevertheless, Bitcoin had and still has an intrinsic use value. Clearly, even prior to the Pizza transaction, the initial miner group attributed value to Bitcoin since they spent their time and the energy consumption of their computers to generate these Bitcoins. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by stating that the value of Bitcoin, which is representative of cryptocurrency values, has grown exponentially and was influenced by market dynamics. It highlights that Bitcoin's value is not stable and can change dramatically, with an increase by a factor of a million within four years, demonstrating that cryptocurrencies are affected by market changes.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: The detection of gases like methane on exoplanets is often seen as strong evidence of life. [SEP] Text: Conferences 0 in with login/password Your subscription volumesFor authors About A&A Aims and scopeHistoryEditors of A&ABoard of DirectorsIndexed inCopyrightA&A leaflet (PDF)A&A S2O leaflet (PDF)MastheadBrowse 1. Introduction2. Main guidelines for A&A style3. General structure4. UK versus US spelling and grammar5. Punctuation and style concerns regarding equations, figures, tables, and footnotes6. Verb tenses7. General hyphenation guide8. Common editing issues9. Measurements and their descriptions10. Suggested resources for more tips on language editing in the sciences(PDF file)LaTeX issues TeXnical background information The preamble of your TEX fileThe manuscript headerIncluding author names using non-Roman alphabetsThe main textFiguresTablesMultimedia 1. Introduction2. Main guidelines for A&A style3. General structure4. UK versus US spelling and grammar5. Punctuation and style concerns regarding equations, figures, tables, and footnotes6. Verb tenses7. General hyphenation guide8. Common editing issues9. Measurements and their descriptions10. Suggested resources for more tips on language editing in the sciences(PDF file)LaTeX issues TeXnical background information The preamble of your TEX fileThe manuscript headerIncluding author names using non-Roman alphabetsThe main textFiguresTablesMultimedia 10. 1051/0004-6361/201014139 Published online 24 February 2010 TopAbstract1 Introduction2 Planet detection testbed3 Conclusions and discussion360. C: Planet template signal of unity amplitude produced by phase chopping. This signal was used as the matched filter to test the noise suppression. Open with exoplanet signal detection process is illustrated in Fig. 2. Approximating the intensities in terms of orders of magnitude, top left, the star's intensity is normalized to unity and the local Zodiacal background light has an intensity of 10-4. The starlight would be nulled to the 10-5 level and then rotation of the interferometer array, averaging, matched filtering, and finally spectral fitting (Lay 2006) reduce the starlight to 10-8 of the original intensity. The planet detection testbed (Booth et al. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it does not discuss the detection of gases like methane on exoplanets or any implications related to evidence of life. Instead, it focuses on technical aspects of manuscript preparation and the scientific editing process.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Eating a balanced diet is essential for long-term health. [SEP] Text: The TFT Committee of the for a Healthy Life: Association statement (2017) and for the Study of Obesity approved this publication to advocate public awareness and education. ::55:20:25 Go to ::55:20:25-2. 2 times higher than the recommended daily allowance (2,000 mg) in men and 1. 6 times higher in women. It is estimated that four out of five people consume more sodium than recommended. An additional investigation of the intake of various food groups revealed that, until 2014, individuals’ daily intake of grains gradually decreased, while daily meat consumption rose steadily. Vegetable and fruit intake, in comparison, was still inadequate, with only 38. 3% of people eating more than 500 g of vegetables and fruits daily (based on data in 2014). This percentage was even lower in people with lower socioeconomic status, meaning that a systematic investigation is needed. 1,4Regarding the excessive or insufficient intake of various nutrients and food groups in Korea, consumption practices on the individual level should be changed first; in addition, strategies for improving nutrition management are needed and can be developed using dietary policies that support the centralized management of nutrients and food groups. Plan 2020 (2016–2020) set the nutrition-specific objective of increasing the percentage of the population with healthy dietary habits, including the consumption of appropriate amounts of dietary fat and sodium, fruits and vegetables, calcium, and vitamin A, and the outcomes of this strategy are eagerly anticipated. 5 -to ::55:20:25-72. 1 g (less than 20% of the recommended daily caloric intake for a 2,000 kcal diet), which is currently not a level of huge concern; however, there was a 3. 5% yearly average increase between 2007 to 2013, and the amount of sugar intake from processed foods is currently 44. 7 g (2013), reflecting a yearly average increase of 5. 8% compared to 2007. 1 Accordingly, the Ministry of Food and has proposed sugar-related recommendations, such as “Eat less sugar” and “Drink plenty of water instead of sweetened drinks” (Fig. 4). 1 Considering the increase in sugar intake, along with the rapid increase in beverage consumption, it is time to take preemptive and systematic actions to encourage appropriate levels of sugar intake by encouraging Koreans to change their dietary habits. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the importance of adhering to appropriate dietary practices to improve nutrition management and health outcomes. It highlights the need for individuals to alter their consumption of various food groups, indicating that maintaining balanced nutrition is essential. The mention of policy objectives aimed at increasing the population with healthy dietary habits further supports the idea that a balanced diet is linked to long-term health.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: The value of all cryptocurrencies is stable and unaffected by market changes. [SEP] Text: Bitcoin is not the only thing that can be sent via the blockchain, in fact, almost any kind of information can be sent via the transactions, and this is an irreversible process, since any such information will remain in the blockchain for eternity, and everyone in the network will have an access to this information. Bitcoins are the cost of perpetuating the information. In other words, Bitcoins can be regarded as the “real estate” of the blockchain. The more Bitcoins a person has, the more information he can send on the blockchain. There are all kinds of data encapsulated on the blockchain: poems, prays, political statements, commercials, and even photos [36]. In fact, it is amazing how many kinds of information can be found there. It is not difficult to find many applications for this kind of information retention. One of the special applications is the announcement of contracts. Such contracts will be confirmed by the blockchain. Or another important application is a decentralized registrar of real estate (or any other type of property). With the Bitcoin network, one can announce ownership of objects, the information will be available instantaneously, and since it is not centralized, then there is no fear of losing this information. The important thing is to realize that there is no direct connection between this information and the value of Bitcoin. The relation is indirect. The value of these announcements is directly related to the number of nodes in the network. The more people are connected to the Bitcoin network, the more valuable this information is. Therefore, if the network is large enough, then people will like to use it by sending and announcing information. However, it is clear that when the network grows, sending information becomes more valuable, and therefore the value of the network’s coin, which controls it, increases as well. The more coins a person owns, the more he controls the network. Again we see that owning Bitcoin is like owning real estate on the blockchain. Clearly, at its inception, when the Bitcoin network was small, the value of publishing data over it was low, but then the Bitcoin’s value was accordingly small. In fact, in its genesis, the Bitcoin’s value could have been only the subjective value of the first few geeks, who mined it (including Satoshi himself). When the network grows, the Bitcoin value increases exponentially, just like the laser power. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by explaining that the value of Bitcoin and, by extension, cryptocurrencies is not stable and heavily depends on the growth of the network. For example, the text states that 'when the network grows, the Bitcoin value increases exponentially,' indicating that the value fluctuates based on market dynamics and user engagement. Thus, the claim that the value of cryptocurrencies is stable is contradicted by the provided explanation of how Bitcoin’s value rises and falls with changes in its network.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: The detection of gases like methane on exoplanets is often seen as strong evidence of life. [SEP] Text: 2008) (PDT) has been developed for NASA's terrestrial planet finder interferometer (TPF-I) program to test this method of exoplanet detection using mid-infrared nulling. In our laboratory experiment, performed on the PDT, the light from a bright monochromatic source (forming the star) is split into four identical beams and may be combined with four beams of light from a faint source (forming the planet). For the test outlined here, we did not use the planet source. The four beams are then combined in a four-beam nulling interferometer, which eliminates most of the starlight by nulling the beams in pairs. The outputs of the two nullers are then combined and a phase modulation is also applied, enabling homodyne detection of the signal via a lock-in amplifier. The testbed embodies the main systems required for a large infrared telescope array (Martin 2005) such as fringe tracking for phase-locking on the star and laser metrology for internal pathlength and alignment control. Since the testbed's beam combination scheme is the same as that of TPF-Emma, it produces realistic signals which can be used to test starlight suppression and noise rejection. The output data can then be processed to test for the presence of planetary companions to the artificial star. Since, in this case, there are no companions, the test measures the noise level at the chosen radius, which was at the peak of the first constructive fringe on the nulling baseline. On the right of Fig. 2, the test described here is illustrated, reproducing all but one of the exoplanet detection steps. The starlight will be nulled to the 10-5 level and then averaging and matched filtering (testing for specific planet signatures, which would be created by the rotation of the interferometer array) will reduce the starlight to at most 10-7 of the original intensity. This level therefore forms the baseline noise level. Since the testbed currently uses a monochromatic source for the star, the spectral fitting step shown on the left, which requires a broadband source and is used to reduce the instability noise (Lay 2004), cannot yet be executed. Figure 2: Exoplanet detection process using a nulling interferometer. Open with 3: A: Data from the detector. The periodic full scale excursions are the resets. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not directly address the claim about the detection of gases like methane on exoplanets being evidence of life. Instead, it focuses on the technical aspects of exoplanet detection methods using a nulling interferometer. Since there is no mention of methane, gases, or evidence of life, the text is irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Eating a balanced diet is essential for long-term health. [SEP] Text: Additionally, according to an investigation conducted by the Ministry of Food and Drug Safety, people between the ages of 3 and 29 years old exceeded the recommended amount of sugar intake through processed foods in 2013, and the number of people from other age groups who exceeded this amount was on the rise. Presumably, added sugar intake through beverages or processed food was the cause for this increase. Those aged 6 years and older mostly consumed sugar from processed foods through beverages. The investigation reported that 1- to 5-year-olds mostly consumed sugar through fruit and vegetable juices, 6- to 29-year-olds through soda, and those 30 years old and over through coffee, especially coffee with added sugar, such as coffee mixes and canned coffee. 1Sugar-sweetened beverages are quite diverse, including drinks such as soda, vitamin drinks, energy drinks, and coffee, and these drinks account for a large part of the daily sugar intake of teenagers. Teenagers have a particularly high sugar intake compared to other age groups; therefore, continuous monitoring and management of their sugar consumption are necessary. We need to provide consumer education to raise awareness of the significant amounts of added sugar present in children’s food, such as juice, processed milk such as chocolate milk, yogurt, and snacks. to ::55:20:25-10. 5%) and increases in triglyceride levels (6. 2%) and abdominal obesity (2. 9%), which indicates that the lack of physical activity and excessive nutrient intake can be considered the main causes of the increase in metabolic syndrome among children and teenagers. 12 In fact, it is important to note that over the past 10 years, Korean teenagers have been engaging in less exercise and consuming more fat. 1A comparative analysis of Survey data from the and Korea in the past 10 years showed a decrease in the prevalence of metabolic syndrome among teenagers in the United States, while the rate doubled for Korean teenagers. 12 If the prevalence of metabolic syndrome among Korean teenagers continues to rise, it is predicted that metabolic syndrome will increase by 0. 4% every year, resulting in 22,000 new cases annually among teenagers. To prevent this, schools and households should provide balanced meals, increase the number of physical education classes, and provide after-school programs that allow teenagers to voluntarily engage in more physical activity, all of which require parents to change their perceptions of their children’s health and for a different governmental policy approach to be implemented. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by emphasizing the importance of balanced meals as a solution to prevent metabolic syndrome among children and teenagers. It states that schools and households should provide balanced meals to address rising health concerns, suggesting that a balanced diet is crucial for maintaining long-term health.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: The value of all cryptocurrencies is stable and unaffected by market changes. [SEP] Text: Nowadays, the fees of sending information over the blockchain are quite high, and therefore people seldom use the blockchain for broadcasting information. As a consequence, they tend to forget that the Bitcoin network has a clear nonmonetary use, and therefore it has a subjective use value. In any case, the fact that Bitcoin has a nonzero value does not and cannot contradict Mises’ regression theorem. 24. has many enemies, and, as a consequence, there are many arguments, which allegedly explains, why Bitcoin should be worthless or should be banned. The truth is that Bitcoin is extremely valuable and is here to stay because it cannot be banned. On the other hand, Bitcoin has many advocates, which use inaccurate arguments to justify the origin of its value. The fact that these arguments were presented by renowned economists shows us that our understanding about the origin of money did not change much during the last century. The mysterious gave us the opportunity to revive these century-old conundrums. The main conclusions are:Bitcoin is not a scheme; it is a great monetary invention, which has a clear economic value. It cannot and should not be banned by governments. In fact, any government’s manipulation and regulation emphasize and increase the need for cryptocurrencies. Criminals are not the only ones who see the benefits in using cryptocurrencies. In the third world (e. g. , Venezuela and Zimbabwe), cryptos are lifesavers. In general, cryptos are extremely valuable wherever censorship resistance is required, and in a global market economy, that fact creates value for everyone. Bitcoin does suffer from infancy problems (high volatility and high transaction costs); however, these issues are not fundamental and will be resolved eventually (we already see many signs for that). The fact that the crypto market exceeded 800B$, despite these issues, only emphasizes the need of the markets in them. The energy which is spent in crypto mining is not a wasted energy. It is the source of the network’s security which increases the trust in the system, and in a market economy trust is a very valuable commodity. The easiness in the creation of new coins is not equivalent to fiat money inflation. Fiat inflation is a counterfeiting process, while the creation of new cryptos is equivalent to the creation of a new invention, which may be better, but it has to surmount the former coins’ network effect. Bitcoin does not contradict any economical law. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by stating that Bitcoin and cryptocurrencies, in general, suffer from volatility ('Bitcoin does suffer from infancy problems (high volatility and high transaction costs)'). This highlights that the value of cryptocurrencies is not stable and is indeed affected by market issues.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: The detection of gases like methane on exoplanets is often seen as strong evidence of life. [SEP] Text: B: Data with processing steps applied: phase chopping, averaging over five rotations and filtering. The vertical axis shows volts measured at the detector: the full flux from the star would produce 254 V on this scale. C: Central part of interferometer field of view with a 0. 2 radian region around the star excluded. The map shows the measured noise amplitude () in space for trace B. D: For comparison with C, at identical scales, a model of the signal from a planet at location ( 0), to the right of center. The planet intensity is of the star. Open with report here the result of an experiment made with the PDT showing strong suppression of the starlight so that the characteristic signal of a planet three million times fainter than the star would be detectable at a signal to noise ratio of 10. At this suppression level, the ultimate goal of earth-sized exoplanet detection is not quite reached, but Neptune-sized planets (that are approximately three to four times larger) would be readily detectable in the habitable zone. Two planets in this size range (Kepler-4b and GJ1214b) were recently detected by transit methods (Borucki et al. 2010; Charbonneau et al. 2009). The expected star-to-planet contrast ratio would vary by a factor of 25 across the spectral band (et al. 2002), so a single number cannot cover all cases and a number of other factors would affect performance, for example, stellar diameter, zodiacal light and distance to the target system (Defrere et al. 2008). The figures used here therefore should be considered illustrative of an observation made in a portion of that wavelength range. True earth-sized planet detection requires the addition of the spectral fitting technique to the methods outlined here: this is planned as the next phase for PDT. Since the testbed operates in a normal laboratory environment rather than under a vacuum at cryogenic temperatures, some steps were taken to allow traceability of the testbed performance to flight. First, for the test discussed here, the null depth (the suppression of the starlight due to nulling) was limited to approximately 10-5 in order to emulate the suppression that would be used in space. Near the earth, the local zodiacal light and the exo-zodiacal light would total around 10-4 of the flux from the target star. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses the technical details of an experiment related to detecting exoplanets, including starlight suppression and planetary signal detection. There is no mention of gases like methane or their significance in relation to life detection on exoplanets.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Eating a balanced diet is essential for long-term health. [SEP] Text: 12Slow down weight gain when overweight or obeseAccording to a recent study, the larger and faster the weight gain compared to one’s weight at the age of 20, the higher the risk of developing cardiovascular disease (Fig. 5). Thus, attention should also be paid to obesity early in life and to the rate and speed of weight gain. 13 Rapid weight gain causes insulin resistance, increases inflammatory responses, and raises blood sugar and blood pressure, fundamentally damaging intravascular endothelial cells, which could cause coronary artery disease. In other words, the snowball effect of rapid and significant weight gain increases the risks of cardiovascular disease; therefore, it is important for people in their 20s and 30s to control their weight. Currently, the prevalence of diabetes and cardiovascular disease is continuously increasing in Korea. This could lead to major issues on the individual and social levels. It is important to implement preventive strategies, such as reducing westernized, high-fat, and high-calorie dietary habits, increasing physical activity, and maintaining a healthy weight early in life. Unless behavioral changes are made regarding westernized dietary habits and decreased physical activity, medical costs will rise. to ::55:20:25-2017. (1) Eat a carbohydrate:protein:fat ratio of 55:20:25. (2) Reduce consumption of soda and sugar-sweetened beverages. (3) Maintain the recommended caloric intake for a healthy diet. The purpose of these guidelines is to encourage people to eat a balanced diet that meets the recommended caloric intake, thereby reducing the risk of obesity and obesity-related diseases. 1. Food balance wheels. Adapted from Ministry of Health and Welfare and the Society. 2 Fig. 2. Daily intake recommendations for adults. 2,6. Fig. 3. (A) Amount of sugar intake through processed foods by age group. (B) Distribution of main sources of sugar in beverages. 7 Fig. 4. Drink plenty of water instead of sweetened drinks. Fig. 5. Conditions of weight gain and risks of cardiovascular disease: the snowball effect. 2015. Sejong: Ministry of Health and Welfare; 2015. Society; Association; for the Study of Obesity; Nutrition Society; Society of Lipid and Atherosclerosis. Joint statement on the low-carb high-fat diet trend from 5 professional organizations [Internet]. Seoul: for the Study of Obesity; 2016 [cited 2018 Feb 27]. Available from: for and Prevention. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by emphasizing the importance of a balanced diet in preventing obesity and related diseases, particularly cardiovascular disease. It discusses how implementing dietary changes and maintaining a healthy caloric intake are vital preventive strategies. The guidelines detailed in the text aim to encourage healthy eating habits that reduce health risks, which directly supports the claim that a balanced diet is essential for long-term health.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: The value of all cryptocurrencies is stable and unaffected by market changes. [SEP] Text: In particular, it does not contradict Mises’ regression theorem for two grounds: first, Bitcoin was valuable for the first miners even before it was used as a medium of exchange, and the regression process can be kindled by any subjective whim; second, even now Bitcoin has a nonmonetary value (just like gold) as a “real-estate” on the Bitcoin network. 1. Kharpal A. Wikihe Made 50,000% Return on to the US Government. CNBC. October 16, 2017. Available from: 2. Lujan S. Bitcoin was Built to Anarchy. Bitcoin. com. January 9, 2016. Available from: 3. del Castillo M. Guns & Crypto: is Cody Wilson's Alive. October 1, 2017. Available from: 4. Kim T. a ‘Trading Sardine,’ ‘Speculative Mania’—They are Right. CNBC. December 15, 2017. Available from: 5. Torres C. a ‘Asset’. Bloomberg Technology. December 13, 2017. Available from: Gil-Pulgar J. of the U. S. argues: Bitcoin is not rational. Bitcoin News. December 8, 2017. Available from: 7. Pollock D. is Pyramid Scheme. Cointelegraph. July 27, 2017. Available from: 8. Jr. Warning on Bitcoin: We're Probably near the Top of a bubble. CNBC. January 11, 2018. Available from: 9. Nullen C. Bitcoin is. Bloomberg Businesweek. March 14, 2018. Available from: North G. Bitcoins: Scheme in History. November 29, 2013. Available from: 11. Bennington A. : Even at $4,000 it's Still a ‘Bubble’. Coindesk. August 17, 2017. Available from: 12. North GI. Broken Pencil: Analysis of Bitcoins. December 6, 2013. Available from: 13. LeRoux C. of Bitcoin to Serve for Calculation. June 11, 2014. Available from: 14. Shostak F. Money Myth. Mises Institute. April 17, 2013. Available from: 15. Graf KS. Bitcoin as Medium of and Unit of Account Later: of Koning’s Medieval Coins. September 14, 2013. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing Bitcoin's value persistence and its nonmonetary value, suggesting that its worth is not stable and can be influenced by various factors, such as subjective whims. This implies volatility and a lack of stability in the value of cryptocurrencies, directly opposing the claim that their value is stable.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: The detection of gases like methane on exoplanets is often seen as strong evidence of life. [SEP] Text: Therefore there is little to be gained by suppressing the starlight by more than about five orders of magnitude. Secondly, the test was run over approximately three hours rather than the ten hours typically needed in space. To compensate for the resulting increased noise level, five array rotations were allowed in the analysis phase, rather than a single one. Thirdly, the testbed has nulling stability similar to that required in space, so that it produces a similar level of instability noise. Separate algebraic and numerical models were used to verify that this setup is a good analogue of the performance in space. After nulling the two pairs of input beams, the nulled output beams were combined at a beamsplitter known as the cross-combiner and then sent to the detector. The cross-combiner executes a step-like motion (known as phase chopping), which causes the phase between the nuller outputs to alternate by one half wavelength, modulating the constructive areas of the fixed nulling fringe pattern. This modulated signal was then processed to test the starlight suppression. Figure 3A shows the detector output measured in Volt. The total input starlight would measure 254 V on this scale. The horizontal axis of the figure represents time and extends over a nominal five rotations of the array, lasting a total of approximately three hours. Periodically, the testbed was automatically reset to counteract any drifting of the alignment; this results in the full scale deflections of the trace. These data, with the reset periods excluded, were then sampled as the mean difference between the detector outputs in each cycle of the alternate phase states, producing chopped data. This new dataset was then averaged by angle over the five rotations. Then we removed artifacts; a dc offset, the fundamental of the rotation frequency and the fundamental of the reset frequency. The result is shown in Fig. 3B. We then applied matched filtering to test for the presence of a planet. For an array with the dimensions 60 m and 10 m for the long and short axes respectively, nulling across the short baselines, we predict for a planet at 1 AU from its star 10 pc distant, at a wavelength of 10. 6 m, the ``chopped'' planet signal shown in Fig. 1C. To measure this putative planet signal we formed a correlation function where S is the detected signal and T is the theoretical planet signal, a template produced as discussed by Mennesson & Mariotti (1997). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim regarding the detection of gases like methane on exoplanets or their significance as evidence of life. Instead, it discusses technical details and methodologies related to starlight suppression and signal processing in a test setup, which are irrelevant to the assertion about methane detection and its implications for life.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Dietary fiber is important for digestive health. [SEP] Text: Mark L. Dreher4 Part of the book series: Nutrition and Health ((NH)) AbstractDuring the last several decades, there has been an increased exposure to higher energy-dense and lower fiber-containing foods and increasingly sedentary lifestyles, which have led to net habitual positive energy balances and weight gain in Western populations. For overweight or obese individuals who successfully lose weight, as many as 80% typically drift back to their original weight or more because after weight loss there are an array of metabolic regulatory processes at work to promote weight regain, so it is difficult to maintain weight loss. Consequently, maintaining a healthy weight is a daily effort but healthy fiber-rich dietary patterns can help to promote satiety and reduce overall dietary energy density to assist in weight control. Dietary fiber intake is inversely associated with obesity risk, and populations with higher fiber diets tend to be leaner than those with low fiber diets. The human gastrointestinal and energy metabolism regulatory systems evolved on pre-agriculture high fiber diets. Prospective cohort studies suggest that increased total fiber intake by >12 g/day to >25 g fiber/day, especially as a replacement for refined low fiber food, can prevent weight gain by 3. 5–5. 5 kg each decade. Randomized controlled trials (RCTs) show that adequate fiber intake >28 g fiber/day from fiber-rich diets can significantly reduce body weight and waist circumference (WC) compared to low fiber Western diets (<20 g fiber/day). Fiber-rich diets are usually more effective at promoting weight loss than are fiber supplements. RCTs show that healthy fiber-rich dietary patterns such as the Mediterranean (MedDiet), to (DASH), New Nordic, and vegetarian diets do not result in weight gain and high adherence to these diets can support weight loss and lower WC compared to control diets such as low fat or Western diets in overweight or obese individuals. Biological mechanisms associated with adequate fiber intake and healthy dietary patterns, in body weight regulation include effects on lowering diet energy density directly or by displacing higher energy-dense processed foods, promoting postprandial satiety, reducing metabolizable energy, and triggering other colonic microbiota or metabolic factors. This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access. Access this 34. 9910 units per month Download 29. 95 Price excludes VAT (USA) Available as PDF Read on any device Instant download Own it forever Buy 84. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by emphasizing the role of dietary fiber in promoting satiety and reducing overall dietary energy density, which can assist in weight control. It mentions that populations with higher fiber diets tend to be leaner and that adequate fiber intake can significantly reduce body weight and waist circumference compared to low fiber diets. Additionally, the text discusses biological mechanisms associated with fiber intake, such as promoting postprandial satiety and affecting colonic microbiota, which are relevant to digestive health.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Cryptocurrency will soon replace all fiat currencies worldwide. [SEP] Text: Books and journals Case studies Publish with us Advanced search The eternal coin - made from real money: risks in fiat currencies Journal of : 1526-5943 1. Publisher: Copyright © 2010, The eternal coin - made from real money: risks in fiat currencies 13. 6 trillion and off-balance-sheet commitments of $5. 8 trillion - an aggregate leverage ratio of 23 to 1. They also had underwritten derivatives with a gross notional value of $216 trillion - more than a third of the total (The) Telegraph, 2009). of Toronto economics professor (1894-1952) was influential in developing modern theories of communication. He dwelt on the interaction of empires and communication. His theory was that the media people choose affect the shape and durability of their society. He divided media into two types, "space-binding" and "time-binding. " His most famous example is the distinction between space-binding papyrus and time-binding stone: • The concepts of time and space reflect the significance of media to civilization. Media which emphasize time are those which are durable in character such as parchment, clay and stone. The heavy materials are suited to the development of architecture and sculpture. Media which emphasize space are apt to be less durable and light in character such as papyrus and paper. The latter are suited to wide areas in administration and trade. The conquest of Egypt by Rome gave access to supplies of papyrus which became the basis of a large administrative empire. Materials which emphasize time favor decentralization and hierarchical types of institutions, while those which emphasize space favor centralization and systems of government less hierarchical in character (Innis, 1950, p. 7). Given Innis' theories we should expect our extremely light information age to emphasize centralization and less hierarchical government. So is money just communication? Interestingly, Innis influenced his vastly more famous Canadian colleague at the University of Toronto, Marshall McLuhan. In the same book that McLuhan points out that "the medium is the message" and spots local culture being overwhelmed by globalization, Understanding Media, he too touches on money as a medium of communication: • [. . . ] money is a language for translating the work of the farmer into the work of the barber, doctor, engineer, or plumber. As a vast social metaphor, bridge, or translator, money - like writing - speeds up exchange and tightens the bonds of interdependence in any community. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address cryptocurrency or fiat currencies directly. Instead, it discusses the nature of money as a medium of communication and references theories from historical figures about the role of media and money in society. As such, it does not corroborate or contrast with the claim.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: The detection of gases like methane on exoplanets is often seen as strong evidence of life. [SEP] Text: The templates are calculated for a 6:1 X-array formation (Lay et al. 2007) of telescope apertures. At a given test radius R, all values of were tried, where these variables respectively are the angular radius from the star and the orbital phase of the planet. The rms of the function is the noise level in the signal for a planet at this radius. Figure 3C shows a plot of for all values of and for values of R ranging between 0. 2 and 1. 75 radian (equivalent to distances between 0. 4 AU and 3. 5 AU). For comparison, Fig. 3D shows a model of at the same scale for a planet three million times fainter than the star, located at 1 AU from the star. We see qualitatively a strong signal compared to Fig. 3C. Summarizing the results: normalizing the total input starlight to 1, the mean starlight suppression due to nulling was. After chopping, averaging and matched filtering, the rms output is. Thus the combination of nulling, chopping, rotational averaging and matched filtering suppresses the starlight by a factor of 60 million, measured as rms noise divided by starlight input. For comparison, a planet three million times fainter than the star and at a distance of 1 AU, will have a signal rms of which is a factor of 10 above the noise. Putting these numbers into the terms of Fig. 2, with a null about 50 better than 10-5 the starlight suppression was about three times better than the test goal. Had the null been exactly at the intended 10-5 level, (difficult to achieve precisely), the starlight suppression would have been two times better than the test goal. 3 Conclusions and discussion The testbed demonstrated starlight suppression of more than seven orders of magnitude using interferometric nulling. The performance was equivalent to that required to detect a Neptune-sized object at a distance of 1 AU from a sun-like star at a distance of 10 pc, with a signal to noise ratio of 10. Such an observation would be achievable with a 6:1 X-array formation with baselines of 10 m and 60 m between apertures. The testbed is also capable of producing realistic faint exoplanet signals for detection by the same procedure. These measurements will be reported in a subsequent paper intended for this journal. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text discusses the technical methods of starlight suppression and the detection of exoplanets but does not mention the detection of gases like methane or their implications for evidence of life. Therefore, the text is irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Excessive sugar consumption is linked to a higher risk of metabolic diseases. [SEP] Text: Research-dense areas and evidence gapsThe most extensively evaluated outcomes were the incidence of CVD, type 2 diabetes, and obesity. However, we found less sufficient evidence for the associations between potato intake and biomarkers of cardio-metabolic risk (e. g. , inflammation, oxidative stress, and blood lipids). For example, we have identified only two studies that reported the assessment of inflammation with C-reactive protein (CRP). Regarding potato intake measured, we found a considerable heterogeneity in the way potato was prepared: boiled, fried, or both. However, the majority of the studies did not perform subgroup analyses, resulting in a lack of evidence assessing the influence of specific types of potato intake on cardio-metabolic risk. DiscussionsThis evidence map has identified a large body of epidemiological evidence that evaluated potato intake with cardio-metabolic disease outcomes and categorized outcome data according to the quantified methods of potato intake, as reported in individual studies. Among studies that quantified potato intake, there was an increased risk of type 2 diabetes, weight gain, and SBP, but not for clinical endpoints of CVD and CVD mortality. However, among studies that provided frequency information on potato intake, without specifying the quantity of potatoes consumed, the associations with overall CVD risk factors or outcomes were less conclusive. In studies of dietary pattern or score, dietary patterns that included French fries or potato chips were associated with an increased cardio-metabolic risk or CVD mortality. Notably, such associations were not observed for dietary patterns that contained non-fried types of potatoes (baked or boiled), which emphasizes that the fried types of potato preparations along with associated types of foods consumed with potatoes may increase the cardio-metabolic risk. The most consistent results from studies that quantified potato intake found that an increased consumption of potatoes was generally related to an increased risk of weight gain and type 2 diabetes. For body weight, two cohorts reported by subgroups of potatoes (such as baked/boiled, fries, or chips) showed unfavorable outcomes, irrespective of the type of potato preparations, and one cohort that reported results for any type of potato also found an unfavorable outcome. This may be attributed to the high content of starches or refined carbohydrates in potatoes as it has been reported that the amount of starches or refined carbohydrates contained in foods was most associated with weight gain rather than other dietary metrics that are currently believed such as fat content or energy density [12]. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by presenting evidence that increased consumption of potatoes, particularly fried varieties, is associated with a higher risk of metabolic diseases such as type 2 diabetes and weight gain. It specifically states that the most consistent results from studies assessing potato intake indicate an increased risk of type 2 diabetes, thus supporting the link between high carbohydrate consumption, which can include sugar, and metabolic disease risk.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Cryptocurrency will soon replace all fiat currencies worldwide. [SEP] Text: At the extreme, an Eternal Coin, a coin that will always be accepted at never lose its value, must simultaneously connect us with all the risks of geography and time, and all the uncertainties society holds about the future. Outsourcing enduring value Recently, the euro debate has raised its head - should some countries join the euro who are out and hurt by the financial crisis (e. g. Iceland, the UK), should some countries leave (e. g. Italy)? This debate highlights an interesting-related question for a currency - how much you do or do not trust politicians. At one extreme, if you do not trust politicians, then you would like their hands as far from the levers as you can. A gridlocked entity with strict rules and over 30 nations participating is almost ideal to ensure they cannot muck around with the currency. Yet, if you do trust politicians and they are very close to your community, why not give them more control of the levers of the economy and even bring out your own local currency? There are alternatives to fiat money, when people voluntarily agree to exchange in a medium rather than use the legally enforced medium. There are numerous proponents of local currencies such as Ithaca dollars, Brixton Bricks, or Manchester Bobbins. One popular approach is a local "time bank" where people can swap hours of each other's time. Borges said: "You can't measure time in days the way you can money in dollars because every day is different. " Despite Borges, for every hour you spend helping someone at Rushey Green, you are entitled to an hour's help in return. was one of the first of its type to be established in the UK, and since 1999 it has proven to be a radical, empowering and transformational form of volunteering that gives self-confidence and stewardship to people who had previously been passive recipients of care or marginalized. Local exchange trading systems (LETS) such as are trying to link up; there is a UN program, there is a shareware system, Ripple. While time banks are an excellent example of community exchange, they supplement rather than supplant traditional money. Still, in this age of Credit Crunches, an hour of labor stored in some of these time banks does not sound so stupid when we hear the wild fluctuations in the value of government-based currencies. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing various alternatives to fiat currency, such as local currencies, time banks, and exchange trading systems. It emphasizes that these alternatives supplement rather than replace traditional money, suggesting skepticism regarding the complete replacement of fiat currencies by cryptocurrencies.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: The detection of gases like methane on exoplanets is often seen as strong evidence of life. [SEP] Text: The next logical step in mid-infrared starlight suppression development would be to employ spectral fitting, which affords a further level of noise suppression by enabling thedetection and compensation of the instability noise. Since this noise is produced by a 1/f process, it is only weakly reduced by an averaging process. However, instability noise has a spectral signature, which allows it to be corrected for in each detection epoch. Conversion of the PDT to operation with a broadband light source, enabling tests of starlight suppression using spectral fitting, is now being carried out. In the longer term, mid-infrared nulling interferometry also needs to be tested at realistic fluxes, which will require operation at cryogenic temperatures. This work shows that starlight suppression methods proposed for mid-infrared space interferometers are feasible and effective, and one additional step, the demonstration of spectral fitting, will complete the starlight suppression developments required for spectrally characterizing earth-like planets orbiting nearby stars. Liewer assisted with testbed development and operation. developed the software control system and several electronics systems. assisted with data analysis techniques and traceability to flight. The research described in this letter was carried out at the Laboratory, of Technology, under a contract with the. 1001. 0604] [360. C: Planet template signal of unity amplitude produced by phase chopping. This signal was used as the matched filter to test the noise suppression. Open with the text Figure 2: Exoplanet detection process using a nulling interferometer. Open with the text Figure 3: A: Data from the detector. The periodic full scale excursions are the resets. B: Data with processing steps applied: phase chopping, averaging over five rotations and filtering. The vertical axis shows volts measured at the detector: the full flux from the star would produce 254 V on this scale. C: Central part of interferometer field of view with a 0. 2 radian region around the star excluded. The map shows the measured noise amplitude () in space for trace B. D: For comparison with C, at identical scales, a model of the signal from a planet at location ( 0), to the right of center. The planet intensity is of the star. Open with the text Copyright ESO 2010 Current usage metrics About 2015. The current usage metrics is available 48-96 hours after online publication and is updated daily on week days. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim since it discusses technical aspects of mid-infrared starlight suppression and interferometry without addressing the detection of gases like methane or their implications for evidence of life on exoplanets.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Excessive sugar consumption is linked to a higher risk of metabolic diseases. [SEP] Text: Abstract Background: The global prevalence of noncommunicable diseases has risen rapidly over the past decade. Research has focused on dietary management, particularly dietary sugar, to prevent and treat noncommunicable diseases. Objective: This study undertakes a scoping review of research on the impacts of dietary sugar on cardiometabolic related health outcomes. Methods: Ovid Medline, Scopus and Web of collection databases were used to identify papers published from January 1, 2010 onwards. The included studies had to be cross-sectional or cohort studies, peered review, published in English and in adults, aged 18 years old and above. 27. [PMID: 28604169] [2] Saklayen MG. The global epidemic of the metabolic syndrome. Rep 2018; 20(2): 12. [ [PMID: 29480368] [3]. The effects of dietary sugars on cardiovascular disease and cardiovascular disease–related mortality: Finding the sweet spot. Proc 2019; 94(12): 2375-7. [ [PMID: 31806092] [4] Erickson J, Slavin J. Total, added, and free sugars: Are restrictive guidelines science-based or achievable? Nutrients 2015; 7(4): 2866-78. [ [PMID: 25884659] [5] Clar C, Al-Khudairy L, Loveman E, et al. Low glycaemic index diets for the prevention of cardiovascular disease. 2017; 7(7): CD004467. [PMID: 28759107] [6] Equator. . Enhancing the quality and transparency of health research. Equator resource centre. 2020. Available from: www. equator-network. org Accessed on 2nd Feb 2021 [7] Huang PL. A comprehensive definition for metabolic syndrome. Mech 2009; 2(5-6): 231-7. [ [PMID: 19407331] [8] Harmonizing the metabolic syndrome: A joint interim statement of the international diabetes federation task force on epidemiology and prevention; National heart, lung, and blood institute; American heart association; World heart federation; International. Circulation 2009; 120(16): 1640-5. [ [PMID: 19805654] [9] Quality assessment tool for observational cohort and crosssectional studies. Bethesda, MD: National institutes of health, department of health and human services. 2014. Available from: www. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by stating that research has focused on dietary management, particularly dietary sugar, to prevent and treat noncommunicable diseases, which include metabolic diseases. It implies that dietary sugar has significant impacts on health outcomes related to metabolic conditions, thus supporting the assertion that excessive sugar consumption is linked to a higher risk of such diseases.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Cryptocurrency will soon replace all fiat currencies worldwide. [SEP] Text: One interesting way to look at corporate risk management is that many companies outsource their medium of exchange to nation states. Companies depend on government to exchange value across space and time. A company that uses ten barrels of oil and ten tons of steel to produce ten widgets per year worth a combined 15 barrels of oil and 15 tons of steel might sensibly choose to manage risk by storing ten barrels of oil and ten tons of steel this year. The extra five barrels of oil and five tons of steel could then be exchanged in monetary form for distribution in wages or as profit. Unfortunately, both oil and steel fluctuate against all currencies, so companies need to manage it. Further, currencies fluctuate against other currencies. Governments steal value from the future store of value via inflation. Suddenly, any large company finds itself devoting a fair chunk of resource to managing its money. Large treasury units are expensive to run and maintain. They can also be dangerous. The more inept governments become the more the company needs to manage its outsource arrangements. In most other cases, the company would fire the outsourcer or re-contract the outsourcing assignment or bring the value storage task in-house. Some people would argue that major currencies such as sterling, the dollar, or the yen have been mismanaged over decades, and the recent financial crisis just highlights the mismanagement more than usual. A partial inspiration for this paper was reading David Boyle's 1999 book whose publicity states, "Only our limited idea of money is keeping us poor. " So some companies are restructuring their "outsourcing" relationships, if unconsciously, in two ways: first, they are examining other currencies. For large corporates, LETS are unlikely to supplant fiat currencies as local currencies would probably require even more management. Another approach to currency is to rebase the corporate accounts in another unit of account, e. g. special drawing rights (SDRs, an IMF currency basket). countries are discussing alternative SDRs. This naturally leads to more business-related baskets, such as a basket of commodities. A long-term proposal has been Bernard Lietaer's Terra, a currency he would base on a basket of the 12 most important commodities in world trade. Another attempt to produce a less volatile world currency unit has been launched as the Wocu, a tradable derivative of the exchange rates of the World's top 20 currencies as measured by GDP. Second, some companies are bringing more tasks in-house. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing how companies are currently managing their risk associated with fiat currencies and exploring alternatives. It mentions that for large corporations, local currencies such as LETS are unlikely to replace fiat currencies due to increased management requirements. Furthermore, it emphasizes existing challenges with fiat currencies, their mismanagement, and the potential for alternative currency proposals, indicating that while alternatives may be considered, they are not positioned to outright replace fiat currencies imminently.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: The detection of gases like methane on exoplanets is often seen as strong evidence of life. [SEP] Text: Conferences 0 in with login/password Your subscription volumesFor authors About A&A Aims and scopeHistoryEditors of A&ABoard of DirectorsIndexed inCopyrightA&A leaflet (PDF)A&A S2O leaflet (PDF)MastheadBrowse 1. Introduction2. Main guidelines for A&A style3. General structure4. UK versus US spelling and grammar5. Punctuation and style concerns regarding equations, figures, tables, and footnotes6. Verb tenses7. General hyphenation guide8. Common editing issues9. Measurements and their descriptions10. Suggested resources for more tips on language editing in the sciences(PDF file)LaTeX issues TeXnical background information The preamble of your TEX fileThe manuscript headerIncluding author names using non-Roman alphabetsThe main textFiguresTablesMultimedia 1. Introduction2. Main guidelines for A&A style3. General structure4. UK versus US spelling and grammar5. Punctuation and style concerns regarding equations, figures, tables, and footnotes6. Verb tenses7. General hyphenation guide8. Common editing issues9. Measurements and their descriptions10. Suggested resources for more tips on language editing in the sciences(PDF file)LaTeX issues TeXnical background information The preamble of your TEX fileThe manuscript headerIncluding author names using non-Roman alphabetsThe main textFiguresTablesMultimedia 10. 1051/0004-6361/202243846 Published online 02 December 2022 1 Introduction 2 Methods 3 Results 4 Discussion 5 Summary and conclusions Acknowledgements 2. 5-yr search phase, LIFE could detect between ~10–16 (average) or ~5–34 (including 1σ uncertainties) rocky planets (0. 5 R⊕ ≤ Rp ≤ 1. 5 R⊕) within the optimistic HZ of Sun-like stars and between ~4–6 (average) or ~1–13 (including 1σ uncertainties) exo-Earth candidates (EECs) assuming four collector spacecraft equipped with 2 m mirrors and a conservative instrument throughput of 5%. The error bars are dominated by uncertainties in the underlying planet occurrence rates and the extrapolation of the Kepler results. = 3. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim about the detection of gases like methane on exoplanets or their relevance as evidence of life. Instead, it primarily discusses procedural aspects regarding the publication standards and structure of a scientific journal, making it irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Excessive sugar consumption is linked to a higher risk of metabolic diseases. [SEP] Text: nhlbi. nih. gov/health-topics/study-quality-assessment-tools Accessed on 2nd Feb 2021 [10]. Association of free sugars intake with cardiometabolic risk factors among Japanese adults: The 2016 national health and nutrition survey, Japan. Nutrients 2020; 12(12): 3624. [ [PMID: 33255814] [11] Denova-Gutiérrez E, Talavera JO, Huitrón-Bravo G, Méndez-Hernández P, Salmerón J. Sweetened beverage consumption and increased risk of metabolic syndrome in Mexican adults. Nutr 2010; 13(6): 835-42. [ [PMID: 20144256] [12]. Sugar-sweetened beverages and prevalence of the metabolically abnormal phenotype in the Study. Obesity (Silver Spring) 2014; 22(5): E157-63. [ [PMID: 24550031] [13] Khosravi- Consumption of sugar-sweetened beverages in relation to the metabolic syndrome among Iranian adults. 2012; 5(4): 527-37. [ [PMID: 22854602] [14]. Substituting homemade fruit juice for sugar-sweetened beverages is associated with lower odds of metabolic syndrome among Hispanic adults. J Nutr 2012; 142(6): 1081-7. [ [PMID: 22551801] [15]. Sugar-sweetened beverage consumption in relation to obesity and metabolic syndrome among Korean adults: A cross-sectional study from the 2012–2016 Korean national health and nutrition examination survey (). Nutrients 2018; 10(10): 1467. [ [PMID: 30304842] [16] Barrio-Lopez MT, Martinez-Gonzalez MA, Fernandez--Rastrollo M. Prospective study of changes in sugar-sweetened beverage consumption and the incidence of the metabolic syndrome and its components: The SUN cohort. Nutr 2013; 110(9): 1722-31. [ [PMID: 23534417] [17] Duffey KJ, Gordon-. Drinking caloric beverages increases the risk of adverse cardiometabolic outcomes in the in () Study. 2010; 92(4): 954-9. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text provides multiple references to studies that demonstrate the association between sugar consumption and metabolic diseases. For example, it mentions 'association of free sugars intake with cardiometabolic risk factors among Japanese adults' and 'sweetened beverage consumption and increased risk of metabolic syndrome in Mexican adults', among others. These citations support the claim by clearly linking sugar intake to a higher risk of metabolic diseases.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Cryptocurrency will soon replace all fiat currencies worldwide. [SEP] Text: As a start to bringing currency management in-house, companies and groups of companies can develop their own currencies. Technology is lowering those barriers. Not surprisingly, given the harsher conditions, these newer currencies are emerging earliest in developing countries. Widespread successes include Africa's M-Pesa, Zap, Wizzit, or Celpay and the Philippines' Gcash or Smart Money. Of course, telcos globally are well-suited to supplanting monetary systems and have been circling around this area for years, think Western Union. Bringing money in-house sounds absurd, but of course, that is what full-scale risk management involves across the company - maximizing return by storing value so that the company purchases in the lowest "currency" and sells into the highest "currency. " Cheap oil and steel today, more expensive widget markets tomorrow. It may well be that the larger corporates, perhaps beginning with the larger mobile phone companies, begin to issue their own currencies. Then we would have a shadow currency system to replace a shadow banking system. The eternal coin One interesting thought experiment, the eternal coin, has been suggested by Z/and the project. The aim of the project is "to improve society's understanding and use of finance over the long-term. " Long finance is a collaborative vehicle dedicated to creating long-term finance from an intellectual and systems perspective. A "kitchen cabinet" of enthusiasts and visionaries from different organizations, many senior individuals from traditional capital markets backgrounds in investment management and banking, but also journalists, Sharia financiers, government officials, regulators and academics, intends to move commercial, regulatory, and government thinking from responsive to anticipatory and from local to global. The iconic focus of long finance, comparable to the long now's focus on the clock of the long now, is the paradoxical concept of enduring value expressed as the eternal coin. The eternal coin is a discussion project where people try to build the coin best suited to the long term. The eternal coin project should be explainable to the "man on the street," and link through most of the research. Imagine a web site where people can create their own currencies and talk about what enduring value means in a sustainable financial system. Will it be combinations of bonds or shares or commodities or forestry or land or "peak" - a basket currency weighted by the remaining life of key resources - or water or carbon or the dollar or euro or yuan or SDRs? [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts with the claim by discussing the emergence of company-specific currencies and highlighting the necessity of a more sustainable financial system rather than an outright replacement of fiat currencies. It mentions that these new currencies are being developed in conjunction with existing monetary systems and emphasizes the idea of a shadow currency system instead of completely eliminating fiat currencies. The focus is more on enhancing the current financial landscape rather than a future where cryptocurrencies fully replace all fiat currencies.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: The detection of gases like methane on exoplanets is often seen as strong evidence of life. [SEP] Text: 5 m or 1 m mirrors, the yield Y changes strongly, following approximately Y ∝ D3/2. With the larger sample of FGK-type stars, the yield increases to ~ 16–22 (average) rocky planets within the optimistic HZ and ~5–8 (average) EECs, which corresponds to ~50% of the yield predicted for M dwarfs in LIFE paper I. Furthermore, we find that in addition to the mirror diameter, the yield depends strongly on the total throughput, but only weakly on the exozodiacal dust level and the accessible wavelength range of the mission. Conclusions. When the focus lies entirely on Sun-like stars, larger mirrors (~3 m with 5% total throughput) or a better total throughput (~20% with 2 m mirrors) are required to detect a statistically relevant sample of ~30 rocky planets within the optimistic HZ. When the scope is extended to FGK-type stars, and especially when M dwarfs are included, a significant increase in the number of detectable rocky HZ planets is obtained, which relaxes the requirements on mirror size and total throughput. Observational insight into the habitability of planets orbiting M dwarfs, for example, from the Space Telescope, is crucial for guiding the target selection and observing sequence optimization for a mission such as LIFE. Key words: telescopes planets and satellites: detection planets and satellites: terrestrial planets techniques: interferometric techniques: high angular resolution © J. Kammerer et al. 2022 4. 0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. This 0. 32 transiting HZ planets around GK-type stars within d = 20 pc. Moreover, transiting HZ planets are strongly biased toward M dwarfs (e. g. , -1, Gillon et al. 2017) because the transit signal is stronger and the HZ is located closer to the host star, which increases the geometrical transit probability. While atmospheric characterization of (nontransiting) radial velocity planets is possible with the cross-correlation Doppler spectroscopy technique, this method requires very high spectral resolution (R ~ 100000, de Kok et al. 2014), which is challenging for faint Earth-like exoplanets even with the upcoming Telescopes (ELTs; e. g. , Snellen et al. 2015). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not directly address the claim regarding the detection of gases like methane as evidence of life on exoplanets. Instead, it discusses the detection techniques, observational capabilities, and factors affecting the yield of rocky planets around various types of stars, which are irrelevant to the claim about gas detection specifically.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Excessive sugar consumption is linked to a higher risk of metabolic diseases. [SEP] Text: [ [PMID: 20702604] [18] Ferreira-Pêgo C, Babio N, Bes-Rastrollo M, et al. Frequent consumption of sugar- and artificially sweetened beverages and natural and bottled fruit juices is associated with an increased risk of metabolic syndrome in a Mediterranean population at high cardiovascular disease risk. J Nutr 2016; 146(8): 1528-36. [ [PMID: 27358413] [19] A dietary pattern with high sugar content is associated with cardiometabolic risk factors in the pomak population. Nutrients 2019; 11(12): 3043. [ [PMID: 31847144] [20]. Sugar intake and metabolic syndrome among older adults in Peninsular Malaysia. Nutr 2018; 24(2): 163-74. [21] Sugar-sweetened beverage, sugar intake of individuals, and their blood pressure: International study of macro/micronutrients and blood pressure. Hypertension 2011; 57(4): 695-701. [ [PMID: 21357284] [22] Sugar-sweetened beverages consumption in relation to hypertension among Iranian university students: study. Disord 2020; 25(4): 973-82. [ [PMID: 31115792] [23]. Habitual intake of fruit juice predicts central blood pressure. Appetite 2015; 84: 68-72. [ [PMID: 25278432] [24] Reducing consumption of sugar-sweetened beverages is associated with reduced blood pressure: A prospective study among adults. Circulation 2010; 121(22): 2398-406. [ [PMID: 20497980] [25]. Association of sweetened beverage intake with incident hypertension. J Med 2012; 27(9): 1127-34. [ [PMID: 22539069] [26]. Association between sugar-sweetened beverage consumption and incident hypertension in Korean adults: A prospective study. Nutr 2019; 58(3): 1009-17. [ [PMID: 29372311] [27] Sayon-Orea C, Martinez--Rastrollo M. Baseline consumption and changes in sugar-sweetened beverage consumption and the incidence of hypertension: The SUN project. 2015; 34(6): 1133-40. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by providing multiple studies that associate frequent consumption of sugar- and artificially sweetened beverages with increased risks of metabolic syndrome and other cardiometabolic risk factors. Specifically, it states, 'Frequent consumption of sugar- and artificially sweetened beverages... is associated with an increased risk of metabolic syndrome,' thus supporting the assertion that excessive sugar intake is linked to metabolic diseases.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: All cryptocurrencies operate in the same way, without variation in technology or purpose. [SEP] Text: Importantly, they found that the effect of current drought was stronger in mites originating from wetter climate, demonstrating intraspecific variability (and possibly local adaptation) in response to drought. The second version of the manuscript represents a clear improvement from the previous version. The authors addressed a fair amount of comments made by the three reviewers. In particular, the paper reads much better now, and several minor issues were clarified. However, I still need to be convinced by the modelling approach. Inferences on the effect of drought on life history traits are based on a series of 12 repeated ANOVA, which is not recommended. This approach not only increases the risk of false discovery, but also prevents testing differences among populations. Yet, this is a key aspect of the paper. A possible alternative would consist in mixed-effect models in which population would be a random factor, crossed with plant identity, as there are two replicates (cotyledons) per plant. In addition, I have few minor comments:I would appreciate to see proper hypotheses/predictions stated at the end of the introduction. understand there are discrepancies in the literature, I believe this is possible here. I noticed the authors refrained from interpreting their results in terms of preference/performance of mites for/on drought-stressed plants. This is surely on purpose. Still, I had some difficulties to interpret the response of some life history traits. That’s typically the case for development time and sex ratio. That would be great if the authors could link each life history traits with fitness/population performance (if it makes sense). I guess that reduced development time allows faster reproduction and escape from enemies (slow-growth-high-mortality hypothesis). Yet, if development time is time from egg to male and female emergence. I guess this encompasses embryonic development and larval development? Very little basic information on mite biology would be needed for non-mite people. L100 - is it correct to talk about “population fitness”? I thought it was defined at the level of individuals. L282-284 - In this paragraph, it is unclear to me what is the y-variable. Figure 4 - Maybe consider adding cross-population means and SD? L394-397 - This is an excellent summary! Maybe consider adding one opening sentence? Discussion: the mechanisms linking drought with increased fecundity are discussed. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses ecological research related to mites and their response to drought conditions, with no information on cryptocurrencies, their operation, technology, or purpose. Consequently, it does not provide any insights or evidence that support or contrast the claim.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: The detection of gases like methane on exoplanets is often seen as strong evidence of life. [SEP] Text: Nevertheless, the number of Earth-like exoplanets in the HZ of their host star that could be found in an initial search phase is an important metric for evaluating the scientific merit of all of these mission concepts and inform science and technical requirements. In previous works, Stark et al. (2014a) and Stark et al. (2015) found that a reflected-light coronagraphy space mission needs an aperture of at least ~8. 5 m circumscribed diameter to achieve an exo-Earth candidate (EEC) yield of 30. Recent studies for a thermal emission nulling interferometry space mission such as LIFE by Kammerer & Quanz (2018), and Quanz et al. (2018, 2022) showed that when a total instrument throughput of 5% is assumed, four collector spacecraft with ~3. 5 m apertures are required to obtain a similar yield of 30 EECs. These yield estimates also revealed a strong preference for detections in thermal emission around M dwarfs. This stems from the high fraction of M dwarfs in the solar neighborhood (e. g. , Kroupa 2001; Reylé et al. 2021) and the limiting factor of the nulling interferometry technique being sensitivity rather than angular resolution (Quanz et al. 2022), which ultimately facilitates the detection of rocky HZ planets around nearby M dwarfs with LIFE. Especially the high angular resolution of a mid-infrared interferometer enables observations of planets around M dwarfs that are not accessible with a single-aperture near-infrared telescope, further increasing the fraction of detections around (very) late-type stars (Kammerer & Quanz 2018). Consequently, when the yield of Earth-like planets within the HZ of their host star is specifically maximized, an observing sequence that focuses almost entirely (~90%) on M dwarfs within 10 pc is obtained (Quanz et al. 2022). These findings show that a mission such as LIFE could detect ~20 EECs even with smaller 2 m mirrors and demonstrate its eminent scientific capabilities. However, they also raise fundamental questions about the habitability prospects for planets orbiting M dwarfs (e. g. , Shields et al. 2016) and the performance of a mission such as LIFE when focusing entirely on Sun-like stars, as is the case in the and HabEx reports (2019; Gaudi et al. 2020). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not directly address the claim regarding the detection of gases like methane on exoplanets or their implications for evidence of life. Instead, it discusses various scientific missions and strategies involved in detecting Earth-like exoplanets, particularly around M dwarfs, without making any reference to gaseous emissions or life detection.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Excessive sugar consumption is linked to a higher risk of metabolic diseases. [SEP] Text: [ [PMID: 25481680] [28] -K, Lee JE. Consumption of sugar-sweetened beverages and blood pressure in the United States: The national health and nutrition examination survey 2003-2006. Res 2012; 1(1): 85-93. [ [PMID: 23430313] [29] Sluijs I, van der Schouw YT, van der A DL, et al. Carbohydrate quantity and quality and risk of type 2 diabetes in the Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition-Netherlands (EPIC-NL) study. 2010; 92(4): 905-11. [ [PMID: 20685945] [30] de. Sugar-sweetened and artificially sweetened beverage consumption and risk of type 2 diabetes in men. 2011; 93(6): 1321-7. [ [PMID: 21430119] [31]. Soft drink and juice consumption and risk of physician-diagnosed incident type 2 diabetes: Study. Epidemiol 2010; 171(6): 701-8. [ [PMID: 20160170] [32] Caffeinated and caffeine-free beverages and risk of type 2 diabetes. 2013; 97(1): 155-66. [ [PMID: 23151535] [33] -Chapelon F. Consumption of artificially and sugar-sweetened beverages and incident type 2 diabetes in the aupres des femmes de la de l’Education Nationale-Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition cohort. 2013; 97(3): 517-23. [ [PMID: 23364017] [34] Sugar-sweetened beverage and diet soda consumption and the 7-year risk for type 2 diabetes mellitus in middle-aged Japanese men. Nutr 2014; 53(4): 1137-8. [ [PMID: 24633756] [35] Effects of sugar-sweetened beverage intake on the development of type 2 diabetes mellitus in subjects with impaired glucose tolerance: diabetes prevention study. J Vitaminol (Tokyo) 2015; 61(1): 14-9. [ [PMID: 25994135] [36]. Caloric sweetener consumption and dyslipidemia among US adults. JAMA 2010; 303(15): 1490-7. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by referencing multiple studies that indicate a connection between sugar-sweetened beverage consumption and the risk of developing type 2 diabetes, a significant metabolic disease. The studies, denoted by their PMID numbers, collectively suggest that higher consumption of sugar can lead to adverse health outcomes such as type 2 diabetes, providing a solid basis for the assertion that excessive sugar consumption is linked to a higher risk of metabolic diseases.