Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Vaccines help in preventing the spread of infectious diseases. [SEP] Text: gov, clinical trial reports from manufacturers' websites, and reference lists of included studies, and relevant systematic reviews. Selection criteria We selected randomized controlled trials (RCTs) conducted in children that compared rotavirus vaccines prequalified for use by the WHO with either placebo or no intervention. Data collection and analysis Two authors independently assessed trial eligibility and assessed risk of bias. One author extracted data and a second author cross‐checked them. We combined dichotomous data using the risk ratio (RR) and 95% confidence interval (CI). We stratified the analyses by under‐five country mortality rate and used GRADE to evaluate evidence certainty. Main results Sixty trials met the inclusion criteria and enrolled a total of 228,233 participants. Thirty‐six trials (119,114 participants) assessed Rotarix, 15 trials RotaTeq (88,934 participants), five trials Rotasiil (11,753 participants), and four trials Rotavac (8432 participants). vaccinated and followed up for the first year of life In low‐mortality countries, Rotarix prevented 93% of severe rotavirus diarrhoea cases (14,976 participants, 4 trials; high‐certainty evidence), and 52% of severe all‐cause diarrhoea cases (3874 participants, 1 trial; moderate‐certainty evidence). In medium‐mortality countries, Rotarix prevented 79% of severe rotavirus diarrhoea cases (31,671 participants, 4 trials; high‐certainty evidence), and 36% of severe all‐cause diarrhoea cases (26,479 participants, 2 trials; high‐certainty evidence). In high‐mortality countries, Rotarix prevented 58% of severe rotavirus diarrhoea cases (15,882 participants, 4 trials; high‐certainty evidence), and 27% of severe all‐cause diarrhoea cases (5639 participants, 2 trials; high‐certainty evidence). Children vaccinated and followed up for two years In low‐mortality countries, Rotarix prevented 90% of severe rotavirus diarrhoea cases (18,145 participants, 6 trials; high‐certainty evidence), and 51% of severe all‐cause diarrhoea episodes (6269 participants, 2 trials; moderate‐certainty evidence). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by providing specific results from randomized controlled trials that demonstrate the efficacy of the Rotarix vaccine in preventing severe rotavirus diarrhoea cases across different mortality settings. The high percentages of prevention (e.g., 93% in low-mortality countries) indicate that vaccines effectively help in preventing the spread of an infectious disease, supporting the claim made.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Renewable energy sources contribute to climate resilience by reducing reliance on fossil fuels. [SEP] Text: 6). The 1. 5C-CCU scenario is characterized by substantial availability of hydrocarbon-based energy for energy demand sectors, along with low dependence on fossil fuels. Conventional mitigation scenarios show a clear correlation of primary energy supply from fossil fuels and biomass with the consumption of hydrocarbon-based energy carriers (Fig. 2d). All AR6 scenarios, including IMPs, 1. 5C-DEC, and 1. 5C-CDR, show similar trends because hydrocarbon-based final energy carriers are generally supplied by fossil fuels or biomass. In the 1. 5C-CCU scenario, hydrocarbon-based energy usage in energy demand sectors reaches approximately 280 EJ per year, despite the reduction of fossil fuel and biomass primary energy supply to approximately 160 EJ by 2050, because DAC is a major carbon source for the energy system in this scenario. Carbon sources and utilization in energy systems The 1. 5C-CCU scenario requires CO2 capture from the atmosphere via DAC, reaching approximately 10 Gt-CO2 per year by 2050; the 1. 5C-DEC requires approximately 1 Gt-CO2 and the AR6 scenarios require < 2 Gt-CO2 (Fig. 3, Supplementary Fig. 7). In contrast to the extensive reliance on DAC, the implementation of CDR and CCS is lower in the 1. 5C-CCU scenario than in the 1. 5C-DEC, 1. 5C-CDR, and AR6 scenarios. CDR implementation is limited to 1 Gt-CO2 per year in the 1. 5C-CCU scenario, whereas it reaches 2. 3 and 6. 5 Gt-CO2 per year by 2050 in the 1. 5C-DEC and 1. 5C-CDR scenarios, respectively (Fig. 3b). CCS implementation, specifically geological storage, reaches approximately 3. 4 Gt-CO2 per year by 2050 in the 1. 5C-CCU scenario, even when CCS requirements for industrial process emissions are included; this value is lower than the values in the 1. 5C-DEC and 1. 5C-CDR scenarios, as well as the values in most AR6 scenarios (Fig. 3c). Figure 3d is a diagram of carbon flow in 2050 associated with energy systems; it includes DACCS, which is normally considered outside of the energy system. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing hydrocarbon-based energy and its continued reliance on fossil fuels, particularly in the context of the 1.5C-CCU scenario. It indicates that while there is a reduction in fossil fuel use projected for the future, significant consumption of hydrocarbon-based energy carriers—often derived from fossil fuels—remains. The emphasis on carbon capture methods such as DAC (Direct Air Capture) reveals a reliance on technologies that do not necessarily align with the direct utilization of renewable energy sources for climate resilience.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Bioengineered yeast can produce biofuels from sugars. [SEP] Text: On one hand, the residual lignin depressed the activity of polysaccharide hydrolases and the degradation rate of holocellulose [9],[10]. On the other hand, lignin degradation could decrease non-productive adsorption of polysaccharide hydrolases and accelerate hydrolysis [29]. Ligninase from Ch2-2 showed the adaptability to moderate and low temperatures, corresponding to the growth characteristics of the host fungus. The purified laccase and MIP were stable in a wide temperature range of 4 to 40°C and 4 to 28°C respectively, which verified that Ch2-2 was a cold-adapted lignin-degrading fungus. It greatly expanded the application scope of Ch2-2 and its enzymes, including straw returning during intermittent period of farming besides cellulosic ethanol production at room temperature. In a previous report, psychrophilic enzymes produced by cold-adapted microorganisms most often displayed high thermosensitivity [30]. Higher temperatures (>20°C) typically led to low densities of cells and poor extracellular enzyme production, although shortening the generation time. However, for Ch2-2, the dry cell weight and laccase activity always exhibited high levels whether at 15°C or at 28°C. The thermal stable range for laccase and MIP from Ch2-2 performed the best out of the psychrophilic enzymes reported. Recently, many researchers have obtained thermostable polysaccharide hydrolases with good hydrolysis ability from thermophilic strains [31]. The cellulase mixture from thermophilic fungi was often evaluated at temperature 35 to 65°C [32], however, it was uneconomical in operation because of higher demands on devices and power consumption. Psychrotolerant enzymes have considerable application prospects in biological refining industry. At present, there are only three psychrophilic C. cladosporioides reported, which were obtained from wood samples in Antarctica producing more endoglucanase activity at 4°C than at 15°C after 10 days cultivation. There were no further reports about their degradation and wider mesophilic adaptabilities. Like the digestion of novel mechanism of thermophilic Caldicellulosiruptor bescii CelA [33], psychrophilic enzymes from Ch2-2 provided the possibility of exploring a new synergy mechanism. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not directly address the claim about bioengineered yeast producing biofuels from sugars. Instead, it discusses the effects of lignin on polysaccharide hydrolases and the adaptability of various enzymes from different fungi at different temperatures. There is no mention of yeast or biofuels, which makes the text irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Vaccines help in preventing the spread of infectious diseases. [SEP] Text: In medium‐mortality countries, Rotarix prevented 77% of severe rotavirus diarrhoea cases (28,834 participants, 3 trials; high‐certainty evidence), and 26% of severe all‐cause diarrhoea cases (23,317 participants, 2 trials; moderate‐certainty evidence). In high‐mortality countries, Rotarix prevented 35% of severe rotavirus diarrhoea cases (13,768 participants, 2 trials; moderate‐certainty evidence), and 17% of severe all‐cause diarrhoea cases (2764 participants, 1 trial; high‐certainty evidence). Rotavaccinated and followed up for the first year of life In low‐mortality countries, RotaTeq prevented 97% of severe rotavirus diarrhoea cases (5442 participants, 2 trials; high‐certainty evidence). In medium‐mortality countries, RotaTeq prevented 79% of severe rotavirus diarrhoea cases (3863 participants, 1 trial; low‐certainty evidence). In high‐mortality countries, RotaTeq prevented 57% of severe rotavirus diarrhoea cases (6775 participants, 2 trials; high‐certainty evidence), but there is probably little or no difference between vaccine and placebo for severe all‐cause diarrhoea (1 trial, 4085 participants; moderate‐certainty evidence). Children vaccinated and followed up for two years In low‐mortality countries, RotaTeq prevented 96% of severe rotavirus diarrhoea cases (5442 participants, 2 trials; high‐certainty evidence). In medium‐mortality countries, RotaTeq prevented 79% of severe rotavirus diarrhoea cases (3863 participants, 1 trial; low‐certainty evidence). In high‐mortality countries, RotaTeq prevented 44% of severe rotavirus diarrhoea cases (6744 participants, 2 trials; high‐certainty evidence), and 15% of severe all‐cause diarrhoea cases (5977 participants, 2 trials; high‐certainty evidence). We did not identify RotaTeq studies reporting on severe all‐cause diarrhoea in low‐ or medium‐mortality countries. has not been assessed in any RCT in countries with low or medium child mortality. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by providing evidence of the effectiveness of vaccines, specifically Rotarix and RotaTeq, in preventing severe rotavirus diarrhoea cases across different mortality countries. The text states that in medium-mortality countries, Rotarix prevented 77% of severe rotavirus diarrhoea cases, and RotaTeq had similar high effectiveness rates in various settings. This supports the assertion that vaccines contribute to preventing infectious diseases.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Renewable energy sources contribute to climate resilience by reducing reliance on fossil fuels. [SEP] Text: Although the main carbon source is fossil fuels in the near-term (Supplementary Fig. 8), carbon flow in 2050 considerably varies among our three scenarios. In the 1. 5C-CDR scenario, carbon sources remain largely dependent on fossil fuels, with a nearly equal amount sequestered in underground storage to meet net-zero emissions for the energy sector. The 1. 5C-DEC scenario shows the smallest carbon flows both from the atmosphere and fossil fuels, based on the underlying assumption of decarbonization. In contrast to these two scenarios, 1. 5C-CCU uses carbon from the atmosphere, which is mostly converted into synfuels that eventually return the atmosphere. Consequently, the total carbon uptake of the energy system in 1. 5C-CCU is almost twofold greater than the uptake in 1. 5C-DEC, although its dependence on fossil fuel resources is smallest among the three scenarios. Economic implications Figure 4a compares cumulative additional energy system costs from 2021 to 2050. Under the 1. 5C-CCU scenario, these costs constitute approximately 2. 1% of gross domestic product (GDP); this value is almost twofold greater than the costs in the 1. 5C-DEC and 1. 5C-CDR scenarios (1. 3% and 1. 2%, respectively). The 1. 5C-CCU scenario involves higher carbon prices relative to the other scenarios, exceeding 1,000 US$ t-CO2 − 1 in 2050; the 1. 5C-DEC and 1. 5C-CDR scenarios have carbon prices near 800 and 400 US$ t-CO2 − 1, respectively (Fig. 4b, Supplementary Fig. 9a-b). According to sensitivity scenario analysis, despite the optimistic assumptions concerning key technology options (AdvTech) reduce cumulative energy system costs and the carbon price of the 1. 5C-CCU scenario to approximately 1. 6% of GDP and 800 US$ t-CO2 − 1 in 2050, these costs remain higher than in the 1. 5C-DEC and 1. 5C-CDR scenarios because decreases in the costs of solar and wind power occur in those scenarios. This comparison highlights the economic challenges of the CCU scenario compared with other mitigation options. The mitigation cost increase in the 1. 5C-CCU scenario is associated with the synfuel production cost. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by detailing various scenarios for carbon flow and dependence on fossil fuels. It highlights that in the 1.5C-CDR scenario, the carbon sources heavily rely on fossil fuels while the other scenarios also showcase varying degrees of reliance on fossil fuels rather than demonstrating reduced reliance. Specifically, the text suggests that while scenarios may differ in carbon flow and costs, they still primarily depend on fossil fuels, indicating that renewable sources may not significantly contribute to climate resilience as claimed.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Bioengineered yeast can produce biofuels from sugars. [SEP] Text: At present, it is not clear what role MIP plays in lignin degradation. The molecular weight of laccase was higher than that reported for MnP, which made it hard to access occluded lignin in biomass. Various low molecular weight electron transfer agents such as 1-hydroxybenzotriazole (HOBT) were usually needed by laccase to catalyze ligninolysis [34]. While MnP produced small diffusible strong oxidants that could penetrate the substrate, it needed Mn2+ induction and H2O2 to work [35],[36]. However, psychrophilic MIP from Ch2-2 plays its role without Mn2+ and H2O2 while being essentially unaffected by EDTA and completely depressed by Fe2+, which has not been previously reported. Therefore, future studies should be directed at elucidating the mechanism that MIP serves in the ligninolytic and synergistic hydrolysis system. Onozuka R-10 was one kind of expensive commercial cellulase mixture used in cellulose hydrolysis as reported [35], which was made of a variety of hydrolytic enzymes including endo-1, 3-D-glucanase-D-glucanase, β-glucosidase, xylanase, pectinase, protease and α-amylase. The cost of commercial xylanase from Aspergillus clavatus used in this study accounted for about one-fifteenth that of the Onozuka R-10. Their optimum range of temperature and pH were 40 - 50°C and pH 4. 0 - 5. 0. During the hydrolysis of Jerusalem artichoke stalks with different enzymes combination, interaction between Ch2-2 crude enzymes and commercial xylanase exhibited maximum synergistic effect at 15, 28 and 50°C, which could take the place of an expensive commercial cellulase mixture in application. The reducing sugars yield received through the mixture of Ch2-2 enzymes and commercial xylanase here at 28°C (482. 9 mg/g substrate) was much higher than that using a fungal-bacterial cocktail of pure strains at 30°C (165. 2 mg/g substrate) within 24 hours [37]. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses various enzymes and their roles in lignin degradation and cellulose hydrolysis without any mention of bioengineered yeast or biofuels. The focus is on enzyme interactions and their efficiencies, which does not relate to the production of biofuels from sugars by yeast.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Vaccines help in preventing the spread of infectious diseases. [SEP] Text: Infants vaccinated and followed up for the first year of life In high‐mortality countries, Rotasiil prevented 48% of severe rotavirus diarrhoea cases (11,008 participants, 2 trials; high‐certainty evidence), and resulted in little to no difference in severe all‐cause diarrhoea cases (11,008 participants, 2 trials; high‐certainty evidence). Children vaccinated and followed up for two years In high‐mortality countries, Rotasiil prevented 44% of severe rotavirus diarrhoea cases (11,008 participants, 2 trials; high‐certainty evidence), and resulted in little to no difference in severe all‐cause diarrhoea cases (11,008 participants, 2 trials; high‐certainty evidence). has not been assessed in any RCT in countries with low or medium child mortality. Infants vaccinated and followed up for the first year of life In high‐mortality countries, Rotavac prevented 57% of severe rotavirus diarrhoea cases (6799 participants, 1 trial; moderate‐certainty evidence), and 16% of severe all‐cause diarrhoea cases (6799 participants, 1 trial; moderate‐certainty evidence). Children vaccinated and followed up for two years In high‐mortality countries, Rotavac prevented 54% of severe rotavirus diarrhoea cases (6541 participants, 1 trial; moderate‐certainty evidence); no Rotavac studies have reported on severe all‐cause diarrhoea at two‐years follow‐up. increased risk of serious adverse events (SAEs) was detected with Rotarix (103,714 participants, 31 trials; high‐certainty evidence), RotaTeq (82,502 participants, 14 trials; moderate to high‐certainty evidence), Rotasiil (11,646 participants, 3 trials; high‐certainty evidence), or Rotavac (8210 participants, 3 trials; moderate‐certainty evidence). Deaths were infrequent and the analysis had insufficient evidence to show an effect on all‐cause mortality. Intussusception was rare. Authors' conclusions Rotarix, RotaTeq, Rotasiil, and Rotavac prevent episodes of rotavirus diarrhoea. The relative effect estimate is smaller in high‐mortality than in low‐mortality countries, but more episodes are prevented in high‐mortality settings as the baseline risk is higher. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by providing evidence that vaccines like Rotarix, RotaTeq, Rotasiil, and Rotavac significantly prevent severe rotavirus diarrhoea in infants and children in high-mortality countries. Specifically, it states that Rotasiil prevented 48% and 44% of severe rotavirus diarrhoea cases across different follow-up periods, supporting the assertion that vaccines contribute to preventing the spread of infectious diseases.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Renewable energy sources contribute to climate resilience by reducing reliance on fossil fuels. [SEP] Text: This finding emphasizes the advantages of the CCU-based scenario, which could help to avoid drastic changes in demand-side technology, infrastructure, and lifestyle without dependence on CDR and bioenergy. The CCU scenario could reduce the lock-in and stranded asset risks of hydrocarbon-based energy demand technologies and infrastructure (e. g. , internal combustion engine vehicles and natural gas pipelines31–33). Second, despite moderate demand-side technological changes, the CCU scenario requires dramatic transformations in energy supply sectors, including the upscaling of hydrogen generation and non-biomass renewable energy supply mainly from solar and wind power; these transformations generally exceed the ranges of the AR6 scenarios. Moreover, the CCU scenario requires large-scale deployment of DAC, reaching approximately 10 Gt-CO2 per year. Despite the decreases in solar and wind costs in recent years, along with advances in DAC technology, additional technological developments and associated policy supports are needed to support the energy supply transformation in the CCU scenario. Third, the CCU scenario exhibits unique characteristics in terms of carbon flow associated with energy systems. Whereas the representative mitigation pathways in AR6 are generally characterized by decarbonization of energy systems through the reduction of energy demand or use of renewables (i. e. , carbon usage itself is diminished), the CCU scenario depends on hydrocarbon energy carriers; its dependence on fossil fuels and bioenergy is the smallest among the three scenarios. This characteristic may affect the commonly used concept of decarbonization because decarbonization is generally regarded as an emissions reduction approach almost equal to fossil fuel usage, whereas the energy system in our CCU scenario heavily relies on carbon that is released into the atmosphere. Fourth, the CCU scenario involves increases in mitigation costs that almost double energy system costs relative to other scenarios, mainly because of additional investment in synfuel supply. Although technological development and cost decreases in key energy technologies (e. g. , solar, wind, hydrogen, and synfuel production, as well as DAC) could contribute to the reduction of synfuel production costs, direct electrification is generally a more attractive option in terms of cost. The CCU scenario has multiple implications for future climate policies and mitigation scenario assessments. First, the model results indicate that CCU-oriented scenarios are possible solely under specific conditions that include limited availability of demand-side electrification, CDR, and bioenergy. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the characteristics of the CCU scenario, which still relies on hydrocarbon energy carriers despite its smaller dependence on fossil fuels and bioenergy compared to other scenarios. It highlights that while renewable energy supply from solar and wind is necessary, the CCU scenario inherently involves significant reliance on fossil fuels and carbon released into the atmosphere, contradicting the notion that renewable energy sources entirely reduce this reliance.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Bioengineered yeast can produce biofuels from sugars. [SEP] Text: Enzymatic degradation5 g of dry bagasse was added in 150 mL conical flasks and moistened with 30 mL liquid Czapek culture medium [28]. After autoclaving for 1 hour at 121°C, each flask was inoculated with 5 mL seed liquid of C. cladosporioides Ch2-2 and incubated at 28°C [39]. In all cases, bagasse samples were treated identically but the sample without fungal inoculation served as a control. The samples were regularly tested to determine dry weight, chemical composition and enzyme activities using methods previously described [40]. All experiments were performed in triplicate. Enzymes purificationTwo major ligninase components, laccase and MIP, were isolated and purified from the fermentation broth of C. cladosporioides Ch2-2 using the techniques of (NH4)2SO4 precipitation, anion and cation exchange chromatography. The purity of the enzymes was confirmed by SDS-PAGE [41]. The supernatant of three-day-old culture was collected by suction filtration and centrifugation at 7,155 g for 10 minutes at 4°C. Solid ammonium sulfate was added to this supernatant up to 85% saturation and the resulting precipitate was collected by centrifugation at 11,180 g for 15 minutes. The precipitate was re-dissolved in 2 mL of 10 mM sodium acetate buffer, pH 4. 5, and dialyzed overnight. Precipitated material was removed by centrifugation at 800 g for 10 minutes and the supernatant was applied to a column (2. 5 × 20 cm) of DEAE-50. The enzyme was eluted gradually with 10 mM pH 8. 0 Tris buffer with NaCl of 300 mM, 500 mM and 1 M at a flow rate of 1. 2 mL/min. The fraction containing maximum laccase or MIP activity was collected and desalted by dialysis. The collection with laccase activity was applied to a column (1 × 40 cm) of Sephadex G-75. The enzyme was eluted with 10 mM pH 7. 0 phosphate buffer with NaCl of 0. 15 M at a flow rate of 0. 32 mL/min. The fraction containing maximum laccase activity was collected for further analysis [18]. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it primarily discusses the enzymatic degradation process involving the fungus C. cladosporioides Ch2-2 and the purification of enzymes, without mentioning bioengineered yeast or their capability to produce biofuels from sugars.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Vaccines help in preventing the spread of infectious diseases. [SEP] Text: In high‐mortality countries some results suggest lower efficacy in the second year. We found no increased risk of serious adverse events, including intussusception, from any of the prequalified rotavirus vaccines. model is widely used and taught in evidence-based health care as a strategy for formulating questions and search strategies and for characterizing clinical studies or meta-analyses. PICO stands for four different potential components of a clinical question: Patient, Population or Problem; Intervention; Comparison; Outcome. See more on using PICO in the Cochrane Handbook. Plain language summary available in Español فارسی Français Polski ภาษาไทย 简体中文 繁體中文 Are rotavirus vaccines safe and effective in preventing rotavirus diarrhoea in infants and children? What is the aim of this review? The aim of this was to find out if rotavirus vaccines are effective in preventing diarrhoea and deaths in infants and young children. We also aimed to find out if the rotavirus vaccines are safe. We collected and analysed all relevant studies to answer these questions. Key messages Rotarix, RotaTeq, Rotasiil, and Rotavac prevent the large majority of episodes of rotavirus diarrhoea during the first year of a child's life, when diarrhoea is most dangerous, with a slightly lower efficacy during the second year. We found no increased risk of serious adverse events (moderate‐ to high‐certainty evidence) including intussusception (where the bowel telescopes on itself, and can cause obstruction). What was studied in the review? Rotavirus infection is a common cause of diarrhoea in infants and young children, and can cause mild illness, hospitalization, and death. Since 2009, the Organization (WHO) has recommended that a rotavirus vaccine be included in all national infant and child immunization programmes. To date, 96 countries have followed this recommendation. In the years before infants and children started receiving rotavirus vaccine, rotavirus infection resulted in about half a million deaths a year in children aged under five years, mainly in low‐ and middle‐income countries. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the efficacy of rotavirus vaccines, stating that 'Rotarix, RotaTeq, Rotasiil, and Rotavac prevent the large majority of episodes of rotavirus diarrhoea during the first year of a child's life.' This indicates that these vaccines are effective in preventing a specific infectious disease, which aligns with the claim that vaccines help in preventing the spread of infectious diseases. The reference to the WHO recommending the inclusion of rotavirus vaccines in national immunization programs further supports the idea that vaccines play a critical role in public health by preventing diseases.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Renewable energy sources contribute to climate resilience by reducing reliance on fossil fuels. [SEP] Text: 3, 515-527, doi:10. 1038/s41560-018-0172-6 (2018). 4 van Vuuren, D. P. et al. Alternative pathways to the 1. 5 °C target reduce the need for negative emission technologies. Change 8, 391-397, doi:10. 1038/s41558-018-0119-8 (2018). 5 Luderer, G. et al. Impact of declining renewable energy costs on electrification in low-emission scenarios. 7, 32-42, doi:10. 1038/s41560-021-00937-z (2022). 6 Rogelj, J. et al. Scenarios towards limiting global mean temperature increase below 1. 5 °C. Change 8, 325-332, doi:10. 1038/s41558-018-0091-3 (2018). 7 Fuss, S. et al. Negative emissions—Part 2: Costs, potentials and side effects. Letters 13, 063002, doi:10. 1088/1748-9326/aabf9f (2018). 8 Fuhrman, J. et al. Food–energy–water implications of negative emissions technologies in a +1. 5 °C future. Change 10, 920-927, doi:10. 1038/s41558-020-0876-z (2020). 9 Realmonte, G. et al. An inter-model assessment of the role of direct air capture in deep mitigation pathways. 10, 3277, doi:10. 1038/s41467-019-10842-5 (2019). 10 Keyßer, L. T. & Lenzen, M. 1. 5 °C degrowth scenarios suggest the need for new mitigation pathways. 12, 2676, doi:10. 1038/s41467-021-22884-9 (2021). 11 Hasegawa, T. et al. Risk of increased food insecurity under stringent global climate change mitigation policy. Change 8, 699-703, doi:10. 1038/s41558-018-0230-x (2018). 12 Calvin, K. et al. Bioenergy for climate change mitigation: Scale and sustainability. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not provide any relevant information about renewable energy sources or their contribution to climate resilience. Instead, it consists of citations from various studies and articles, which do not support, contrast or have any bearing on the claim regarding renewable energy and climate resilience. Therefore, the text is considered irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Bioengineered yeast can produce biofuels from sugars. [SEP] Text: The first purification step of collection with MIP activity was the same as laccase. Then it was applied to a column (1 × 17 cm) of CM-50. The enzyme was eluted gradually with 10 mM pH 5. 7 acetate buffer with 50 mM NaCl at a flow rate of 0. 2 mL/min. The third step was as the first one with the Sephadex G-75 column (1. 5 × 60 cm). The fraction containing maximum MIP activity was collected for further analysis. Enzymes propertiesThe optimum pH for laccase and MIP were determined by incubation at various pH conditions (pH 2. 0 to 6. 0) at 28°C for 10 minutes in 50 mM sodium acetate buffer and malonic acid-sodium malonate buffer, respectively. The optimum temperature for the enzyme activity was determined by standard assay ranging from 4 to 70°C in the same buffer as above at pH 4. 5. The results were expressed as relative activity to the value obtained at either optimum temperature assay or optimum pH assay. The pH stability of the enzymes were determined by measuring the remaining activity after incubating the enzymes at 28°C for 2 hours in 50 mM sodium acetate buffer and malonic acid-sodium malonate buffer respectively from pH 2. 0 to 5. 5. To determine the effect of temperature on the stability of the enzymes in the same buffer as above (pH 4. 5), the remaining activity after incubating the enzymes for 4 hours at 4 to 40°C was measured. The activity of the enzyme obtained at either optimum temperature or optimum pH was defined as 100%. Kinetic constants of laccase and MIP were determined by measuring the initial rates at various ABTS and DMP concentrations respectively under standard reaction conditions. m and V max were determined at 28°C by recording the effect of various concentrations (10 to 40 mmol/L) of ABTS and DMP separately [42]. The effects of metal ions and chemical reagents on enzyme activity of purified laccase and MIP were determined. The enzyme was incubated with each reagent for 2 hours at 28°C before the addition of the substrate to initiate the enzyme reaction. The activity of the enzyme without adding chemical reagents or metal ions was defined as 100%. Enzymatic hydrolysisThe freeze-drying powder of crude enzymes from C. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not provide any information relevant to the claim about bioengineered yeast producing biofuels from sugars. It focuses on enzyme properties and purification steps related to laccase and MIP enzymes, with no mention of yeast or biofuels.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Vaccines help in preventing the spread of infectious diseases. [SEP] Text: In this review, we included randomized controlled trials in infants and young children that evaluated rotavirus vaccination with Rotarix (GlaxoSmithKline) or RotaTeq (Merck). These vaccines have been evaluated in several large trials and are approved for use in many countries. We also included trials that evaluated Rotavac (Ltd. ) and Rotasiil (of India Ltd. ), rotavirus vaccines which are currently used in India only. The rotavirus vaccines were compared with placebo or with no vaccine. The included studies did not allow comparisons between the different rotavirus vaccines. What are the main results of the review? We found 60 relevant studies with a total of 228,233 participants. The trials took place in several locations worldwide. The vaccines tested were Rotarix (36 trials with 119,114 participants), RotaTeq (15 trials with 88,934 participants), Rotasiil (five trials with 11,753 participants), and Rotavac (four trials with 8432 participants). Fifty‐six studies were funded or co‐funded by vaccine manufacturers, while four were independent of manufacturer funding. In the first two years of life, we found that rotavirus vaccines prevent more than 90% of severe cases of rotavirus diarrhoea in countries with low child mortality rates, more than 75% in countries with medium child mortality rates, and 35% to 58% in countries with high child mortality rates. Rotavirus vaccines probably prevent more than 50% of severe cases of diarrhoea from all causes (such as any viral infection, bacterial infection, or parasitic infection) in countries with low child mortality rates, 26% to 36% in countries with medium child mortality rates, and none to 27% in countries with high child mortality rates. The evidence for countries with low and medium child mortality rates comes from studies of Rotarix and RotaTeq vaccines; these two vaccines have been evaluated in all settings. Rotasiil and Rotavac vaccines have only been assessed in countries with high child mortality rates. We found little or no difference in the number of serious adverse events between those receiving rotavirus vaccines compared with placebo or with no vaccine. Rotavirus vaccines may make little to no difference to the number of deaths or to intussusception cases, compared with placebo or no vaccine, but the certainty of the evidence was limited for these rare outcomes. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by providing evidence that rotavirus vaccines prevent severe cases of rotavirus diarrhea, which is a type of infectious disease. The review findings indicate that in various countries, the vaccines tested were effective in reducing the incidence of severe rotavirus cases, thereby supporting the assertion that vaccines are beneficial in preventing the spread of infectious diseases.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Climate resilience can eliminate all climate-related risks entirely. [SEP] Text: Hewitt, P. Q. Zhang, M. Liu, J. Zhang, and P. Bett, 2019: Co-development of a seasonal rainfall forecast service: Supporting flood risk management for the basin. Manage. , 23, 43–49, falseSearch 10. 1175/JAMC-D-19-0050. 1. CrossrefHan, Z. , Y. Shi, J. Wu, Y. Xu, and B. Zhou, 2019: Combined dynamical and statistical downscaling for high-resolution projections of multiple climate variables in the Beijing–Tianjin–of China. J. Appl. Meteor. Climatol. , 58, 2387–2403, falseSearch 10. 1175/2009BAMS2607. 1. CrossrefHawkins, E. , and R. Sutton, 2009: The potential to narrow uncertainty in regional climate predictions. Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc. , 90, 1095–1108, falseSearch 10. 1007/s00376-018-7255-y. CrossrefHewitt, C. , and N. Golding, 2018: Development and pull-through of climate science to services in China. Adv. Atmos. Sci. , 35, 905–908, falseSearch 10. 1038/nclimate1745. CrossrefHewitt, C. , S. Mason, and D. Walland, 2012: The global framework for climate services. Nat. Climate Change, 2, 831–832, falseSearch 10. 1038/nclimate3378. CrossrefHewitt, C. , R. Stone, and A. Tait, 2017: Improving the use of climate information in decision-making. Nat. Climate Change, 7, 614–616, falseSearch 32. Jiao, M. , and Coauthors, 2013: Addressing the potential climate effects of China’s project. WMO Bull. , 62, 49–53. Jiao, M. , and Coauthors, 2013: Addressing the potential climate effects of China’s project. WMO Bull. , 62, 49–53. )| falseSearch 5. Jiao, M. , L. Song, T. Jiang, D. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by implying that while efforts in climate science and services aim to manage climate-related risks, they do not suggest the elimination of all risks. The various studies mentioned focus on improving climate prediction and risk management, indicating that climate resilience may mitigate risks but cannot completely eliminate them.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Bioengineered yeast can produce biofuels from sugars. [SEP] Text: cladosporioides Ch2-2 was used in different combinations at a loading of 0. 1 g/g substrate. The commercial cellulase (Onozuka R-10, Merck) and xylanase (BioRoYee) were assessed at a loading of 0. 25 g/g substrate and 1. 5 g/g substrate, respectively. The loading of 0. 05 g cellulase/g substrate (25 mg protein/g cellulose) and 0. 3 g xylanase/g substrate (26 mg protein/g cellulose) were also assessed. The hydrolysis assays were carried out at 1% (w/v) solid loading of grinding Jerusalem artichoke stalk in sodium acetate buffer (50 mM, pH 4. 5) in a 2 mL total volume. The reaction mixtures were mechanically shaken in an orbital shaker incubator at 15°C for 24 hours and then at 50°C for another 96 hours. The same reactions were individually performed at 15°C and 28°C up to 120 hours. The hydrolysis was terminated by boiling the reaction mixture at 100°C for 10 minutes to inactivate the enzymes. The supernatants collected after centrifugation at 9,300 g for 10 minutes for the measurement of reducing sugars. Blanks were run at the same time by incubating the substrates without enzymes. Reactions with each enzyme only were used as bases. All hydrolysis experiments were performed in triplicate and mean values and standard deviations are presented. The degree of synergism was calculated by the method described earlier [4]. Analytical methodsThe fungal biomass was detected by using the oven-drying method [25]. The samples cultured at different temperatures were first vacuum-suction filtrated. Collected mycelia were washed by distilled water and dried for 24 hours at 50°C in an oven until the weight was constant. FPA was measured spectrophotometrically based upon the color reaction between the degradation products (glucose) and DNS (3,5-dinitrosalicylic acid) [43]. The enzyme sample was mixed with 50 mM citrate-phosphate buffer (pH 4. 5) and Whatman filter paper. After incubation at 30°C for 60 minutes, the mixture was boiled with DNS for 5 minutes and the absorbance was measured at 520 nm. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not provide any information regarding bioengineered yeast or its ability to produce biofuels from sugars. Instead, it discusses various hydrolysis assays involving cellulase and xylanase enzymes, the processing of Jerusalem artichoke stalks, and analytical methods for measuring reducing sugars. Therefore, it is irrelevant to the claim about bioengineered yeast and biofuels.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Vaccines help in preventing the spread of infectious diseases. [SEP] Text: How up‐to‐date is this review? We searched for studies that had been published up to 30 November 2020. Visual summary Authors' conclusions Implications for practice Rotarix, RotaTeq, Rotasiil and Rotavac are efficacious vaccines in preventing rotavirus diarrhoea. Rotarix and RotaTeq have comparable safety and efficacy profiles and have been evaluated in different settings worldwide. The evidence on Rotasiil is currently limited to studies from India and Niger, and evidence on Rotavac to India only. The systematic review data support the global WHO rotavirus vaccine recommendation (SAGE 2009; SAGE 2012; WHO 2021b). The data from the included RCTs indicate that Rotarix, RotaTeq, Rotasiil, and Rotavac result in little to no difference in intussusception risk compared to a placebo or to no vaccine and, importantly, a lower risk of intussusception compared to the magnitude observed with the first licensed vaccine (RRV‐TV, RotaShield). However, since the data cannot exclude a smaller risk of intussusception or other rare serious adverse events, routine vaccine introduction should be accompanied by safety surveillance (Buttery 2011; Groome 2020; Patel 2011; Reddy 2020; Shui 2012; Weintraub 2014). Implications for research Placebo‐controlled efficacy trials of Rotarix and RotaTeq have been undertaken in representative populations of low‐, medium‐, and high‐mortality countries and do not require repetition; efficacy or effectiveness trials of Rotavac and Rotasiil outside of India should be considered if these vaccines are introduced globally. Further research would be valuable in the following areas: Continued post‐introduction studies to examine the impact and effectiveness of rotavirus vaccination, particularly in high‐mortality countries. A greater understanding of the lower vaccine efficacy observed in high‐mortality countries in Africa and Asia compared to low‐mortality countries in the first and second years of life. Studies assessing the impact of malnutrition on rotavirus vaccine performance. Studies to assess the potential benefit of alternative dosage schedules of rotavirus vaccine, especially in high‐mortality countries (e. g. neonatal dosing, additional dosing). Studies to assess risk and severity of rotavirus diarrhoea in older vaccinated children. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by providing details about the efficacy of specific vaccines (Rotarix, RotaTeq, Rotasiil, and Rotavac) in preventing rotavirus diarrhoea, indicating their role in public health by supporting the WHO recommendations for rotavirus vaccination. The conclusion that these vaccines are effective signifies their importance in preventing infectious disease spread.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Climate resilience can eliminate all climate-related risks entirely. [SEP] Text: Zhang, and J. Zhai, 2015: China’s implementation of impact and risk-based early warning. WMO Bull. , 64, 1–5. )| falseSearch 10. 1088/1748-9326/aa6cb9. CrossrefKent, C. , E. Pope, V. Thompson, K. Lewis, A. A. Scaife, and N. Dunstone, 2017: Using climate model simulations to assess the current climate risk to maize production. Environ. Res. Lett. , 12, 054012, falseSearch 10. 1175/JAMC-D-19-0096. 1. CrossrefKent, C. , and Coauthors, 2019: Maize drought hazard in the northeast farming region of China: Unprecedented events in the current climate. J. Appl. Meteor. Climatol. , 58, 2247–2258, falseSearch 10. 1007/s10584-013-0703-x. CrossrefKirchhoff, C. J. , 2013: Understanding and enhancing climate information use in water management. Climatic Change, 119, 495–509, falseSearch 10. 1175/WCAS-D-16-0127. 1. CrossrefKruk, M. C. , B. Parker, J. J. Marra, K. Werner, R. Heim, R. Vose, and P. Malsale, 2017: Engaging with users of climate information and the coproduction of knowledge. Wea. Climate Soc. , 9, 839–849, falseSearch 10. 1038/nclimate1614. CrossrefLemos, M. C. , C. J. Kirchhoff, and V. Ramprasad, 2012: Narrowing the climate information usability gap. Nat. Climate Change, 2, 789–794, falseSearch 2016. Environ. Res. Lett. , 13, 014015, C. , and Coauthors, 2018: Attribution of extreme precipitation in the lower reaches of the during May 2016. Environ. Res. Lett. , 13, 014015, falseSearch 79. Li, Y. , and G. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim as it discusses various studies related to climate risks and impacts, notably mentioning that climate risks cannot be entirely eliminated. While it explores themes around climate information and risk management, it implicitly suggests that complete elimination of risks is not achievable through climate resilience alone.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Bioengineered yeast can produce biofuels from sugars. [SEP] Text: One activity unit was defined as the amount of cellulase needed to release 1 μmol of glucose equivalent sugar per minute. Xylanase activity was also assayed based upon the color reaction between the degradation products (xylose) and DNS. The enzyme sample was mixed with 50 mM citrate-phosphate buffer (pH 4. 5) and 1% Birchwood xylan. After incubation at 30°C for 15 minutes, the mixture was boiled with DNS for 5 minutes and the absorbance was measured at 520 nm [43]. One activity unit was defined as the amount of xylanase needed to release 1 μmol of xylose equivalent sugar per minute. Laccase activity was determined using ABTS (0. 5 mM) as the reducing substrate [44]. The enzyme sample was mixed with 50 mM sodium acetate buffer (pH 4. 5) and ABTS. After incubation at 30°C for 10 minutes, the mixture was transferred into an ice-water bath to stop the reaction, and the absorbance was measured at 420 nm. One activity unit was defined as the amount of laccase required to oxidize 1 μmol of substrate per minute. MIP activity was detected by monitoring the oxidation of DMP in the absence of Mn2+ and H2O2[12]. The reaction mixture contained enzyme sample and 2 mM DMP in 50 mM malonic acid-sodium malonate buffer (pH 4. 5). After incubation at 30°C for 10 minutes, the absorbance was measured at 468 nm. One activity unit was defined as the amount of enzyme that produced 1 μmol product per minute. LiP activity was assessed by determining the oxidation of using H2O2[45]. The assay system contained enzyme sample, 32 μM and 100 μM H2O2 in 50 mM sodium tartrate buffer (pH 4. 5). After incubation at 30°C for 10 minutes, the absorbance was measured at 651 nm. One activity unit was defined as the amount of enzyme that produced 1 μmol product per minute. The quantitative analysis of chemical compositions of bagasse including lignin, cellulose and hemicellulose were performed by methods described earlier [46],[47]. The reducing sugars were quantified by the DNS method [48]. The estimation of protein content was determined according to the method described in Lowry et al. [49]. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses enzyme activities and methods for analyzing chemical compositions of bagasse, without addressing the capability of bioengineered yeast to produce biofuels from sugars. It focuses on laboratory procedures and does not mention bioengineering or biofuels.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Vaccines help in preventing the spread of infectious diseases. [SEP] Text: Continued post‐introduction studies in representative countries should examine vaccine safety with particular respect to intussusception and should analyse the risk/benefit of rotavirus vaccination (Patel 2011). Given the rarity of the event, data from different countries may need to be pooled (Escolano 2011; Escolano 2015), or self‐controlled case series analyses may need to be carried out (Carlin 2013; Stowe 2016; Tate 2018; Yih 2014). Summary of findings Open in table viewerSummary of findings 1. Rotarix compared with placebo for preventing rotavirus diarrhoea in low‐mortality countries Patient or population: childrenSetting: low‐mortality countriesIntervention: Rotarix, 2 dosesComparison: placebo comparative risks* (95% CI) Relative effect(95% CI) Number of participants(studies) Certainty of the evidence(GRADE) risk Corresponding risk Severe cases of rotavirus diarrhoeaFollow‐up: up to 1 year 13 per 1000 1 per 1000(0 to 2) RR 0. 07(0. 03 to 0. 18) 14,976(4 RCTs) ⊕⊕⊕⊕high Rotarix reduces severe rotavirus diarrhoea compared with placebo at up to one‐year follow‐up. Severe cases of rotavirus diarrhoeaFollow‐up: up to 2 years 29 per 1000 3 per 1000(2 to 4) RR 0. 10(0. 07 to 0. 14) 18,145(6 RCTs) ⊕⊕⊕⊕high Rotarix reduces severe rotavirus diarrhoea compared with placebo at up to two years follow‐up. Severe cases of all‐cause diarrhoeaFollow‐up: up to 1 year 94 per 1000 45 per 1000 (35 to 58) RR 0. 48(0. 37 to 0. 61) 3874(1 RCT) ⊕⊕⊕⊝moderatea due to reporting bias Rotarix probably reduces severe all‐cause diarrhoea compared with placebo at up to one‐year follow‐up. Severe cases of all‐cause diarrhoeaFollow‐up: up to 2 years 84 per 1000 41 per 1000 (34 to 51) RR 0. 49(0. 40 to 0. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text supports the claim by providing evidence that the Rotarix vaccine reduces the incidence of severe rotavirus diarrhoea in children. It specifically states that Rotarix compared with placebo shows a significant reduction in severe cases of rotavirus diarrhoea at various follow-up periods, demonstrating the vaccine's efficacy in preventing a specific infectious disease.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Climate resilience can eliminate all climate-related risks entirely. [SEP] Text: Zhao, 2014: A review of low-carbon city construction research in China. Ecol. Econ. , 10, 66–79. )| falseSearch 10. 1038/nclimate2836. CrossrefLourenço, T. C. , R. Swart, H. Goosen, and R. Street, 2016: The rise of demand-driven climate services. Nat. Climate Change, 6, 13–14, falseSearch 10. 1002/wcc. 403. Moser, S. C. , 2016: Reflections on climate change communication research and practice in the second decade of the 21st century: What more is there to say? Wiley Interdiscip. Rev. : Climate Change, 7, 345–369, falseSearch 10. 1016/j. crm. 2016. 10. 004. . Haigh, M. C. Lemos, A. S. Mase, and M. Widhalm, 2017: Useful to usable: Developing usable climate science for agriculture. Manage. , 15, 1–7, falseSearch 10. 3880. /j. issn. 1004-6933. Qiu, B. , 2015: The connotation, approach and prospect of Sponge City. Constr. , 2, 8–16, falseSearch 0. 2013-05-001. Song, L. , F. Xiao, and W. Li, 2013: The current status and future development of modern climate operation in China. Xuebao, 24, 513–520, falseSearch 10. 1175/BAMS-D-16-0158. 1. CrossrefSun, Y. , L. Song, H. Yin, X. Zhang, P. Stott, B. Zhao, and T. Hu, 2016: Human influence on the 2015 extreme high temperature events in western China. Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc. , 97, S102–S106, falseSearch 10. 1175/BAMS-D-18-0280. 1. CrossrefSutton, R. T. , 2019: Climate science needs to take risk assessment much more seriously. Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc. , 100, 1637–1642, falseSearch 10. 1175/BAMS-D-17-0253. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim as it comprises references and discussions around climate sciences and resilience, which imply that while climate services and research are beneficial, they do not guarantee the elimination of all climate-related risks. The references denote that climate resilience initiatives focus on reducing risks rather than eliminating them entirely.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Bioengineered yeast can produce biofuels from sugars. [SEP] Text: All experiments were performed in triplicate and mean values and standard deviations are presented. Authors’ contributionsLJ, JY and HF contributed jointly to the laboratory work reported in the manuscript. LJ contributed to interpretation of results and writing of the manuscript. YY and BL helped to prepare the freeze-drying powder of crude enzymes. XY and NZ helped to revise the manuscript. HY directed the over-all study and revised the manuscript. All authors have read and approved the final manuscript. AbbreviationsABTS: 2, 2′-Azino-bis-(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) diammonium salt DMP: Dimethyl phthalate DNS: 3,5-dinitrosalicylic acid DS: Degree of synergism FPA: Filter paper activity HOBT: 1-hydroxybenzotriazole LiP: Lignin peroxidase MIP: Manganese-independent peroxidase MnP: Manganese peroxidases SDS: Sodium dodecyl sulfate SDS-PAGE: SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis 10. 1186/1754-6834-7-105. 44. 10. 1111/j. 1365-2672. 2011. 05171. x. 1480. 10. 1016/j. biotechadv. 2012. 03. 002. 14. 10. 1186/1754-6834-4-1. 10. 1186/1754-6834-6-112. 475. 10. 1007/s00253-009-1979-7. 157. 10. 1166/jbmb. 2012. 1201. 35. 10. 1016/j. biombioe. 2012. 04. 020. 209. 10. 1016/j. jbiotec. 2006. 02. 021. 129. 10. 1002/jsfa. 3418. 415. 10. 1016/j. jiec. 2012. 09. 022. 55. Febs Lett. 1992, 299: 107-110. 10. 1016/0014-5793(92)80111-S. 245. 10. 1016/S0168-1656(99)00218-7. 765. 10. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses the methodology and contributions of authors in a manuscript without addressing the specific topic of bioengineered yeast or its capability to produce biofuels from sugars.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Vaccines help in preventing the spread of infectious diseases. [SEP] Text: 60) 6269(2 RCTs) ⊕⊕⊕⊝moderateb due to reporting bias Rotarix probably reduces severe all‐cause diarrhoea compared with placebo at up to two years follow‐up. One additional study reported on episodes of children with severe all‐cause diarrhoea (rate ratio 0. 70, 95% CI 0. 56 to 0. 86; n = 10,519); these data could not be pooled with the studies reporting on number of cases. All‐cause deathFollow‐up: 2 months to 2 years 0 per 1000 0 per 1000(0 to 1) RR 0. 71(0. 17 to 2. 88) 20,361(10 RCTs) ⊕⊕⊝⊝lowc due to serious imprecision Rotarix may result in little to no difference in all‐cause death compared with placebo. All serious adverse eventsFollow‐up: 2 months to 2 years 44 per 1000 39 per 1000(32 to 48) RR 0. 89(0. 72 to 1. 10) 18,971(12 RCTs) ⊕⊕⊕⊕high Rotarix results in little to no difference in serious adverse events compared with placebo. Serious adverse events: intussusceptionFollow‐up: 2 months to 2 years 1 per 1000 1 per 1000(0 to 3) RR 1. 42(0. 52 to 3. 87) 20,773(10 RCTs) ⊕⊕⊝⊝lowd due to serious imprecision Rotarix may result in little to no difference in intussusception compared with placebo. *The basis for the assumed risk is the control group risk across studies included in the meta‐analysis. The corresponding risk (and its 95% CI) is based on the assumed risk in the comparison group and the relative effect of the intervention (and its 95% CI). CI: confidence interval; RCT : randomized controlled trial; RR: risk ratio grades of evidenceHigh certainty: further research is very unlikely to change our confidence in the estimate of effect. Moderate certainty: further research is likely to have an important impact on our confidence in the estimate of effect and may change the estimate. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by presenting evidence from randomized controlled trials (RCTs) indicating that the Rotarix vaccine likely reduces severe all-cause diarrhea in children, which suggests that vaccines can effectively mitigate certain infectious diseases. This aligns with the claim that vaccines help prevent the spread of such diseases.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Climate resilience can eliminate all climate-related risks entirely. [SEP] Text: 1. CrossrefTonya, H. , and Coauthors, 2018: Provision of climate services for agriculture: Public and private pathways to farm decision-making. Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc. , 99, 1781–1790, falseSearch 9485. php. Vaughan, C. , S. Dessai, and C. Hewitt, 2018: Surveying climate services: What can we learn from a bird’s-eye view? Wea. Climate Soc. , 10, 373–395, C. , S. Dessai, and C. Hewitt, 2018: Surveying climate services: What can we learn from a bird’s-eye view? Wea. Climate Soc. , 10, 373–395, falseSearch 10. 1175/WCAS-D-16-0008. 1. CrossrefWall, T. U. , A. M. Meadow, and A. Horganic, 2017: Developing evaluation indicators to improve the process of coproducing usable climate science. Wea. Climate Soc. , 9, 95–107, falseSearch 10. 1088/1748-9326/aa9404. CrossrefWang, J. , S. Tett, Z. Yan, and J. Feng, 2018: Have human activities changed the frequencies of absolute extreme temperatures in eastern China? Environ. Res. Lett. , 13, 014012, falseSearch 758. Wang, Y. , B. Zhou, Y. Ren, and C. Sun, 2016: Impacts of global climate change on China’s climate security. Xuebao, 27, 750–758. )| falseSearch 10. 1007/s13351-019-8106-1. CrossrefWang, Y. , and Coauthors, 2018: Construction and application of a climate risk index for China. J. Meteor. Res. , 32, 937–949, falseSearch 10. 1175/WCAS-D-18-0087. 1. CrossrefWeichselgartner, J. , and B. Artheimer, 2019: Evolving climate services into knowledge–action systems. Wea. Climate Soc. , 11, 385–399, falseSearch 10. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by implicating that the implementation of climate services and evaluation indicators for climate-related decision-making acknowledges the existence of climate-related risks rather than promoting the idea that climate resilience can eliminate all such risks entirely. Specifically, it discusses the processes of coproducing usable climate science and measuring climate risk, which suggests an understanding that while resilience can mitigate risks, it cannot eliminate them completely.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Bioengineered yeast can produce biofuels from sugars. [SEP] Text: 1016/0003-9861(86)90644-2. 250. ,: Lignin peroxidase H2 from Phanerochaete chrysosporium: purification, characterization and stability to temperature and pH. Biophys. 1990, 279: 158-166. 10. 1016/0003-9861(90)90476-F. 3350. 10. 5504/BBEQ. 2012. 0107. 1152. 10. 1016/j. procbio. 2011. 02. 002. 162. 10. 1007/s11274-005-9013-4. 37. 10. 1016/j. enzmictec. 2009. 07. 014. 1219. 10. 1111/j. 1462-2920. 2006. 01013. x. 14. 10. 1016/0168-1656(94)90093-0. 579. 10. 1002/jobm. 201000385. 2197. 392. 10. 1016/j. jtice. 2011. 11. 001. 4792. 10. 1016/j. biortech. 2011. 01. 015. 443. 10. 1038/nrg2336. 451. 10. 1016/j. biortech. 2012. 12. 182. 8. 10. 1186/1754-6834-6-1. 107. 10. 1016/S0167-7799(99)01413-4. 26. ,: Efficiency of new fungal cellulase systems in boosting enzymatic degradation of barley straw lignocellulose. Biotechnol Prog. 2006, 22: 493-498. 10. 1021/bp050361o. 1516. 10. 1126/science. 1244273. 188. 10. 1016/S0168-1656(00)00303-5. 6050. 10. 1016/j. biortech. 2010. 02. 110. 10. 1186/1754-6834-6-115. 85. 10. 1016/j. jbiosc. 2012. 08. 014. 13. 10. 1186/1754-6834-6-100. 1362. 10. 1007/s10295-009-0620-1. 4835. 10. 1016/j. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text appears to be a list of references and DOIs related to various scientific studies and articles concerning lignin peroxidase, cellulase systems, and enzymatic degradation, among other topics. It does not provide any information directly about bioengineered yeast or its capabilities to produce biofuels from sugars. Therefore, it is irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Vaccines help in preventing the spread of infectious diseases. [SEP] Text: Low certainty: further research is very likely to have an important impact on our confidence in the estimate of effect and is likely to change the estimate. Very low certainty: we are very uncertain about the estimate. aDowngraded by one level for risk of selective reporting bias. Only one of the four studies reporting on severe rotavirus diarrhoea provided data for this outcome. bDowngraded by one level for risk of selective reporting bias. Only three of the six studies reporting on severe rotavirus diarrhoea provided data for this outcome. cDowngraded by two levels for serious imprecision. These trials were not powered to detect an effect on mortality. dDowngraded by two levels for serious imprecision: very few events with wide 95% CIs that included no effect. Open in table viewerSummary of findings 2. Rotarix compared with placebo for preventing rotavirus diarrhoea in medium‐mortality countries Patient or population: childrenSetting: medium‐mortality countriesIntervention: Rotarix, 2 dosesComparison: placebo comparative risks* (95% CI) Relative effect(95% CI) Number of participants(studies) Certainty of the evidence(GRADE) risk Corresponding risk Severe cases of rotavirus diarrhoeaFollow‐up: up to 1 year 13 per 1000 3 per 1000(2 to 4) RR 0. 21(0. 16 to 0. 29) 31,671(4 RCTs) ⊕⊕⊕⊕high Rotarix reduces severe rotavirus diarrhoea compared with placebo at up to one‐year follow‐up. Severe cases of rotavirus diarrhoeaFollow‐up: up to 2 years 25 per 1000 6 per 1000(4 to 7) RR 0. 23(0. 17 to 0. 29) 23,834 (3 RCTs) ⊕⊕⊕⊕high Rotarix reduces severe rotavirus diarrhoea compared with placebo at up to two years follow‐up. Severe cases of all‐cause diarrhoeaFollow‐up: up to 1 year 38 per 1000 25 per 1000 (20 to 30) RR 0. 64 (0. 52 to 0. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not directly address the claim that vaccines help in preventing the spread of infectious diseases. It discusses the certainty of evidence regarding the Rotarix vaccine and the effect of this vaccine on preventing severe rotavirus diarrhoea, but does not make a clear connection to broader claims about vaccines preventing the spread of infectious diseases. The mention of effects on diarrhoea does not specifically corroborate or contrast with the claim.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Climate resilience can eliminate all climate-related risks entirely. [SEP] Text: 1007/s11434-012-5587-z. CrossrefWu, Q. , and F. Niu, 2013: Permafrost changes and engineering stability in Qinghai-Xizang Plateau. Chinese Sci. Bull. , 58, 1079–1094, falseSearch 331. Xiao, F. H. , C. Zhang, B. Wang, H. Wang, C. Liu, and A. Wang, 2006: Impact of climatic change on agriculture and its adaptation countermeasures in China. Xuebao, 15, 327–331. )| falseSearch 10. 1142/S2345748117500075. CrossrefXie, X. , and Y. Zheng, 2017: Research on the evaluation indicator system for climate adaptive cities: A case study of Beijing. Chinese J. Urban Environ. Stud. , 5, 1750007, falseSearch 755. Yao, X. , M. Liu, X. Fan, J. Wang, and L. Wang, 2011: Review on evaluation of meteorological service benefits. Meteor. Mon. , 37, 749–755. )| falseSearch 10. 1155/2016/5194091. CrossrefZhai, J. , Y. Liu, P. Hou, T. Xiao, and G. Cao, 2016: Water conservation service assessment and its spatiotemporal features in Zones. Adv. Meteor. , 2016, 5194091, falseSearch 10. 1360/N972018-00911. CrossrefZhai, P. , Y. Yuan, R. Rong and J. Guo, 2018: Climate change and sustainable development for cities. Chinese Sci. Bull. , 64, 1995–2001, https// falseSearch 10. 3969/2012JMS. 00. Zhang, T. , S. Song, C. Tian, X. Chai, and S. Pan, 2011: The benefit valuation method and analytical study of profession meteorological service in China. J. Meteor. Sci. , 31, 194–199, falseSearch 10. 1016/j. egypro. 2011. 03. 148. CrossrefZhang, W. , H. Li, and X. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text discusses various studies and evaluations related to climate change adaptation and resilience in different contexts, such as agriculture, urban environments, and meteorological services. However, the comprehensive nature of the references suggests that while climate resilience is important, it does not imply the complete elimination of climate-related risks. Thus, the text runs contrary to the claim by highlighting the complexity and multifaceted nature of climate adaptation efforts.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Bioengineered yeast can produce biofuels from sugars. [SEP] Text: Functional relationship of furfural yields and the hemicellulose-derived sugars in the hydrolysates from corncob by microwave-assisted hydrothermal pretreatment 99. 94 mg g−1, 160 °C, 90 min), the maximum xylobiose content (20. 89 mg g−1, 180 °C, 15 min), and the maximum total xylose content in monosaccharide and oligosaccharides (DP ≤ 6) (272. 06 mg g−1, 160 °C, 60 min) were further converted to furfural using tin-loaded montmorillonite as the catalyst in a biphasic system. The highest furfural yield (57. 80 %) was obtained at 190 °C for 10 min from hydrolysates with the maximum xylose content. Moreover, controlled experiments showed that furfural yields from corncob hydrolysates were higher than those from the pure xylose solutions, and lower initial xylose concentration may be in favor of the furfural production. ConclusionsThis work provides an efficient approach to produce furfural by a two-step process for the biomass-to-biofuel industry. Results indicated that the production of furfural from biomass raw materials can be controlled by the depolymerization degree of hemicelluloses. BackgroundThe depletion of fossil fuel reserves, the increasing environmental and political pressures, and the unstable situation of fuel prices have drawn attention to the lignocellulosic biomass as an alternative resource of petroleum [1]. Agricultural residues, such as corncob, represent a highly sustainable resource of bio-platform molecules and chemicals for significant industrial use [2]. Furthermore, characteristics of high carbohydrate (cellulose and hemicelluloses) contents and high energy densities make corncob as one of the most suitable feedstock for the production of a variety of high-value-added chemicals such as furfural [3, 4]. Furfural is a secondary fuel precursor directly from biomass with an annual production volume of more than 200,000 tons [5]. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text discusses the production of furfural from biomass, specifically corncob, but does not provide evidence that bioengineered yeast is involved in producing biofuels from sugars. It primarily focuses on furfural yield and processing from hemicellulose-derived sugars, which is not directly related to the claim about yeast.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Vaccines help in preventing the spread of infectious diseases. [SEP] Text: 79) 26,479(2 RCTs) ⊕⊕⊕⊕ high Rotarix reduces severe all‐cause diarrhoea compared with placebo at up to one‐year follow‐up. Severe cases of all‐cause diarrhoeaFollow‐up: up to 2 years 78 per 1000 58 per 1000 (39 to 85) RR 0. 74(0. 50 to 1. 09) 23,317(2 RCTs) ⊕⊕⊝⊝lowa,b due to serious inconsistency Rotarix may reduce severe all‐cause diarrhoea compared with placebo at up to two years follow‐up. Serious inconsistency (I2 = 92%) in the pooled data: RIX Li 2014‐CHN: RR 0. 91 (0. 75 to 1. 09), n = 3148; RIX Ruiz‐Palac 06‐LA/EU: RR 0. 61 (0. 55 to 0. 69), n = 20,169. All‐cause deathFollow‐up: 2 months to 2 years 1 per 1000 2 per 1000(1 to 3) RR 1. 27(0. 89 to 1. 81) 77,043(9 RCTs) ⊕⊕⊕⊝moderatec due to imprecision Rotarix probably results in little to no difference in all‐cause death compared with placebo. All serious adverse eventsFollow‐up: 2 months to 2 years 45 per 1000 38 per 1000(34 to 43) RR 0. 85(0. 76 to 0. 95) 77,069(9 RCTs) ⊕⊕⊕⊕high Rotarix reduces serious adverse events compared with placebo. Serious adverse events: intussusceptionFollow‐up: 2 months to 2 years 1 per 1000 0 per 1000(0 to 1) RR 0. 72 (0. 39 to 1. 32) 75,540(6 RCTs) ⊕⊕⊝⊝lowd due to imprecision Rotarix may result in little to no difference in intussusception compared with placebo. *The basis for the assumed risk is the control group risk across studies included in the meta‐analysis. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text provides evidence that the Rotarix vaccine reduces severe all-cause diarrhoea compared to placebo, which indicates that vaccines can significantly help in preventing the spread of certain infectious diseases. Specifically, it states that the vaccine may reduce severe diarrhoea, supporting the notion that vaccines play a role in controlling and preventing the spread of infectious conditions.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Climate resilience can eliminate all climate-related risks entirely. [SEP] Text: Dettinger, Cody Poulsen, F. Martin Ralph, Max C. A. Torbenson, and Quantifying the Role of Variability and from to at in India Authors: Divya Upadhyay, Sudhanshu Dixit, and Rainfall and Flooding from in the Mid-of the Authors: Yibing Su, James A. Smith, and Previous 10. 1175/WCAS-D-19-0121. 1 Page(s): 729–744 1. IntroductionThe climate is of critical importance to social and economic development and human well-being. Against the background of climate change and increasing vulnerability and exposure, society is facing unprecedented challenges in terms of climate risks (IPCC 2014). To manage and reduce climate risks as well as improve societal resilience, the Organization initiated the for in 2009 (Hewitt et al. 2012). In recent years, climate services have received considerable attention (Lourenço et al. 2016; Brasseur and Gallardo 2016; Vaughan et al. 2018). China suffers from a wide range of meteorological disasters, such as floods, droughts, typhoons, heat waves, frosts, haze, and sandstorms. Many of these disasters have become more frequent and result in more significant impacts on socioeconomic development in China in recent decades, and in part, these events can be attributed to climate change (see, e. g. , Dong et al. 2016; Sun et al. 2016; Burke and Stott 2017; Li et al. 2018; J. Wang et al. 2018; Y. Wang et al. 2018; Chen et al. 2019). The use of climate information in decision-making can improve society’s understanding and perception of, and preparedness for, climate-related hazards; improve economic outcomes; and promote sustainable development as part of China’s active pursuit of social and environmental reforms toward a more sustainable society in response to climate-related challenges—a so-called ecological civilization guiding people to a more sustainable and harmonious development path (W. Zhang et al. 2011). The key to realizing such improvements is strengthening the engagement between users and providers of climate services, as well as scientific developments supporting climate services, and better utilization of climate information (Asrar et al. 2012; Kruk et al. 2017; Weichselgartner and Artheimer 2019). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by emphasizing that society is facing unprecedented challenges regarding climate risks due to climate change and increasing vulnerability. It notes that while climate services can improve society's preparedness and understanding of climate-related hazards, they do not imply that all climate-related risks can be entirely eliminated. The mention of various meteorological disasters and their increasing impacts on socioeconomic development indicates that risks remain persistent despite measures taken for climate resilience.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Bioengineered yeast can produce biofuels from sugars. [SEP] Text: This versatile intermediate is considered as an important chemical solvent for many organic materials and holds great promise as primary building blocks for the synthesis of a multitude of important non-petroleum-derived chemicals such as furfuryl alcohol, tetrahydrofurfuryl alcohol, methyltetrahydrofuran and polyols through oxidation, hydrogenation, hydrogenolysis and condensation reactions [6, 7]. Furfural is industrially synthesized from pentose-rich lignocellulosic materials using mineral acids as catalysts. However, old and inefficient strategies, equipment corrosion and waste disposal, and low production yields have strongly diminished its competitiveness with petroleum-based alternatives in the global market [8]. Achieving high furfural yields from corncob integrating green approaches and efficient equipment has the promising potential for biomass-to-biofuel technologies. There is an urgent demand to develop novel effective strategies for overcoming the major drawbacks of industrial furfural production. Solid acid catalysts, which possess properties such as thermal stability and recyclability, are deemed to benefit for the furfural production process [9]. Biphasic systems, which can hinder the second reactions by simultaneously extracting furfural from the aqueous medium to the organic phase, have received much attention [10, 11]. Extensive studies on xylose dehydration have been performed using solid acids as catalysts in biphasic systems [12–14]. However, detailed information on the direct conversion of lignocellulosic biomass to furfural is inadequate. Many natural factors impede the effective conversion of biomass, such as the crystalline domains of cellulose, the structural heterogeneity and the complexity of cell-wall constituents as well as its complex cross-linking [15]. To achieve the good contact between corncob sugars and the solid catalyst, it is necessary to destroy the complicated structure of the solid raw materials first and then obtain as many hydrophilic products, such as soluble polysaccharides, oligosaccharides and monosaccharide, as possible [16]. Further converting these sugars by solid catalysts in biphasic systems would then be desirable. This approach can effectively enhance the carbohydrate conversion rate and overcome the regeneration problem of the solid catalyst arising from the one-step conversion method. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim about bioengineered yeast producing biofuels from sugars. It discusses the production of furfural from lignocellulosic materials and emphasizes the challenges and approaches for improving yields, but it does not mention yeast or biofuels directly.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Vaccines help in preventing the spread of infectious diseases. [SEP] Text: The corresponding risk (and its 95% CI) is based on the assumed risk in the comparison group and the relative effect of the intervention (and its 95% CI). CI: confidence interval; RR: risk ratio grades of evidenceHigh certainty: further research is very unlikely to change our confidence in the estimate of effect. Moderate certainty: further research is likely to have an important impact on our confidence in the estimate of effect and may change the estimate. Low certainty: further research is very likely to have an important impact on our confidence in the estimate of effect and is likely to change the estimate. Very low certainty: we are very uncertain about the estimate. a Downgraded by two levels for serious inconsistency in the pooled data: I2 = 92%. bAlthough the 95% CI included both no effect and appreciable benefit, we did not downgrade for imprecision since it arose due to inconsistency between two precise estimates which was accounted for by downgrading for inconsistency. cDowngraded by one level for imprecision. The 95% CI was wide and included both no effect and appreciable harm. dDowngraded by two levels for serious imprecision: very few events with wide 95% CIs that included no effect. Open in table viewerSummary of findings 3. Rotarix compared with placebo for preventing rotavirus diarrhoea in high‐mortality countries Patient or population: childrenSettings: high‐mortality countriesIntervention: Rotarix, 2 dosesComparison: placebo or no intervention comparative risks* (95% CI) Relative effect(95% CI) Number of participants(studies) Certainty of the evidence(GRADE) risk Corresponding risk Placebo or no intervention cases of rotavirus diarrhoeaFollow‐up: up to 1 year 40 per 1000 17 per 1000(11 to 25) RR 0. 42(0. 28 to 0. 61) 15,822**(5 comparisons from 4 RCTs) ⊕⊕⊕⊕higha Rotarix reduces severe rotavirus diarrhoea compared with placebo or no intervention at up to one‐year follow‐up. Sensitivity analysis excluding the cluster‐RCT (RIX Zaman 2017‐BGD) that contributed data to this outcome showed no important change in the effect estimate or 95% CI (RR 0. 37, 95% CI 0. 23 to 0. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by providing specific evidence that the vaccine Rotarix reduces the incidence of severe rotavirus diarrhoea compared with placebo or no intervention. It states that in high-mortality countries, Rotarix has demonstrated a significant reduction (risk ratio of 0.42) in cases of rotavirus diarrhoea, which supports the notion that vaccines are effective in preventing the spread of infectious diseases.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Climate resilience can eliminate all climate-related risks entirely. [SEP] Text: China has made significant efforts to develop and advance the for (CFCS) as a national framework to improve decision-making for social and economic benefits, drawing on and further developing scientific knowledge and capability in China and worldwide. In section 2, we describe the current primary needs for climate services in China and introduce the CFCS designed to respond to these needs. In section 3, the practices and experiences of delivering and using climate services to improve societal resilience to climate-related risks in China are described. In section 4, the key challenges in developing tailored climate services for the government, economic sectors, and society are highlighted to aid in better-informed decisions and policies. 2. Framework for Climate Servicesa. Requirements of climate servicesAs stated above, to better serve society’s needs in terms of coping with a changing climate, there is a growing need to improve our understanding of how the climate has varied in the past and how it could change in the future. Many of society’s most pressing needs are to be able to better prepare for and manage meteorological disasters, adapt to a changing climate, and ensure that economic development is environmentally sustainable. Climate services in China are being developed to meet these pressing needs, along with a framework to enable and coordinate such activities. Table 1 highlights some of the key requirements for climate services in China, which are aligned with each of these areas, and we discuss these requirements in more detail below. Table 1. Examples of requirements for climate services in China. First, China is a country that has been and continues to be severely affected by meteorological disasters. From 1984 to 2018, the average annual direct economic loss caused by meteorological disasters reached 207 billion Chinese yuan ($29 billion), accounting for 1. 8% of the gross domestic product (GDP) coupled with a death toll of up to 3710 people (Fig. 1; CMA 2017). The rapid economic and social development and urbanization in China, undertaken against the backdrop of a warming climate, has the potential to increase China’s vulnerability to extreme weather and climate events such as high temperature, drought, heavy precipitation, and typhoons (Qin et al. 2015; Wang et al. 2016). Climate information is also needed to help avoid or mitigate the possible impacts of meteorological disasters on planning implementation. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by detailing the ongoing challenges and vulnerabilities that China faces regarding climate-related risks. It states that while efforts are being made to improve climate services and resilience, the country has been and continues to be severely affected by meteorological disasters, indicating that climate resilience alone cannot eliminate all climate-related risks. The mention of significant economic losses and a death toll from these disasters underscores the reality that risks remain, which is counter to the claim that resilience can entirely eliminate such risks.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Bioengineered yeast can produce biofuels from sugars. [SEP] Text: Although the hydrothermal pretreatment (HTP) of the whole biomass has been investigated by various studies previously in the aspect of the composition of different sugars in hydrolysates or residues individually [17–19], only few investigations took a whole view of both hydrolysates and pretreated materials to understand the dissolution and degradation trends of sugars and even put a perspective on the functional relationship between the hydrolysate composition and the high-value-added chemicals production. Unveiling the dissolving trends of hemicellulose-derived sugars from the cell wall of lignocellulose under HTP process will facilitate building on the relationship between operated conditions and the furfural yields. Our previous studies showed that tin-loaded montmorillonite (Sn-MMT) had a great catalytic ability and stable recyclability for the furfural production from xylose, water-insoluble hemicelluloses and water-soluble fraction of corncob in a biphasic system with 2-sec-butylphenol (SBP) as the organic extracting layer and dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) as the co-solvent in contact with an aqueous phase saturated with NaCl (SBP/NaCl-DMSO) [20]. In this paper, we demonstrate a novel approach: microwave-assisted HTP of corncob, followed by the heterogeneously catalyzed conversion of the hemicellulose-derived sugars in hydrolysates over Sn-MMT in the SBP/NaCl-DMSO system for the furfural production. This approach has several advantages: uniform and selective heating of microwave, efficient utilization of corncob sugars, the avoidance of corrosion and pollution of mineral acids, as well as the ability of depressing the side reactions [21]. The dissolution and depolymerization of hemicelluloses from corncob by the microwave-assisted HTP were assessed, the optimum microwave-assisted hydrolysis conditions were identified, and the relationship between the hydrolysate composition and the furfural yield was investigated. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not directly address the claim regarding bioengineered yeast producing biofuels. Instead, it discusses the hydrothermal pretreatment of biomass and the conversion of sugars into furfural through a different process involving catalysis with Sn-MMT. Although it touches upon sugar utilization, it does not support or contradict the specific claim about bioengineered yeast, rendering it irrelevant.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Vaccines help in preventing the spread of infectious diseases. [SEP] Text: 60, n = 6114, 3 RCTs with 4 comparisons). Severe cases of rotavirus diarrhoeaFollow‐up: up to 2 years 43 per 1000 28 per 1000(22 to 35) RR 0. 65 (0. 51 to 0. 83) 13,768**(3 comparisons from 2 RCTs) ⊕⊕⊕⊝moderatec due to risk of bias Rotarix probably reduces severe rotavirus diarrhoea compared with placebo or no intervention at up to two years follow‐up. Sensitivity analysis excluding the cluster‐RCT (RIX Zaman 2017‐BGD) that contributed data to this outcome showed no important change in the effect estimate or 95% CI (RR 0. 58, 95% CI 0. 42 to 0. 79, n = 2764, 1 RCT with 2 comparisons). Severe cases of all‐cause diarrhoeaFollow‐up: up to 1 year 176 per 1000 129 per 1000(99 to 167) RR 0. 73 (0. 56 to 0. 95) 5639(3 comparisons from 2 RCTs) ⊕⊕⊕⊕highd Rotarix reduces severe all‐cause diarrhoea compared with placebo or no intervention at up to one‐year follow‐up. Severe cases of all‐cause diarrhoeaFollow‐up: up to 2 years 233 per 1000 194 per 1000(168 to 224) RR 0. 83(0. 72 to 0. 96) 2764(2 comparisons from 1 RCT) ⊕⊕⊕⊕high Rotarix reduces severe all‐cause diarrhoea compared with placebo at up to two years follow‐up. All‐cause deathFollow‐up: 2 months to 2 years 20 per 1000 18 per 1000(13 to 25) RR 0. 88 (0. 63 to 1. 21) 8374(11 RCTs) ⊕⊕⊕⊝moderatee due to imprecision Rotarix probably results in little to no difference in all‐cause death compared with placebo or no intervention. All serious adverse eventsFollow‐up: 2 months to 2 years 92 per 1000 83 per 1000(71 to 96) RR 0. 90(0. 77 to 1. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by providing evidence that the Rotarix vaccine reduces severe cases of rotavirus diarrhoea and all-cause diarrhoea when compared with placebo or no intervention. This indicates that vaccines like Rotarix help prevent the spread of infectious diseases such as rotavirus diarrhoea, supporting the efficacy of vaccines in disease prevention.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Climate resilience can eliminate all climate-related risks entirely. [SEP] Text: Therefore, it is of major national importance to provide high-quality, useful, and actionable climate services to help manage and reduce the risk of meteorological disasters, as well as to aid in sustainable development. Climate information products based on climate observations, monthly and seasonal climate predictions, and climate change projections are needed to support planning and development. Size Fig. 1. The (left) economic loss and (right) death toll caused by meteorological disasters in China from 1984 to 2018. Citation: Weather, Climate, and Society 12, 4; 10. 1175/WCAS-D-19-0121. 1Download FigureDownload figure as PowerPoint slideSecond, mitigating and adapting to climate change while striving for economic and social sustainability poses a major challenge in China, especially for creating a low-carbon economy. Major engineering projects need to be implemented to adapt to the future climate using tailored climate information. In recent years, the ratio of people living in urban areas has rapidly grown and is expected to reach approximately 70% by 2030 in China. With the in 2015 (2015), the need for climate services to mitigate climate change became urgent in Chinese cities (Zhai et al. 2018). Climate information should scientifically and efficiently support national and local actions for climate change adaptation and mitigation, such as “low-carbon cities” (low-carbon city refers to the economic production of low carbon and low carbonization from social life to effectively improve the ecological environment of the city) (Li and Zhao 2014), “sponge cities” (sponge cities are designed to tackle urban surface-water flooding and related urban water management issues) (Chan et al. 2018), and “climate-adaptive cities” (climate-adaptive city refers to a city that can effectively cope with severe weather and climate events through urban planning, construction and management) (Xie and Zheng 2017). Furthermore, China is currently the largest emitter of greenhouse gases and faces great pressures to accelerate the transition to a low-carbon energy supply in terms of climate change mitigation actions (Zhai et al. 2018). Climate information should be used, for example, to assess potential wind and solar energies to meet future low-carbon energy needs. Third, climate change has exerted significant pressures on natural ecosystems that are directly relevant to future sustainable development in China (Fang et al. 2018). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by indicating that while it is important to provide climate services to reduce risks associated with meteorological disasters, it acknowledges the challenges posed by climate change and the need for ongoing adaptation and mitigation efforts. It specifies that major engineering projects and tailored climate information are necessary to address the complexities of climate change and that sustainable development is a pressing challenge, implying that not all climate-related risks can be entirely eliminated.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Bioengineered yeast can produce biofuels from sugars. [SEP] Text: Results and discussionThe dissolution and depolymerization of hemicelluloses from corncob by microwave-assisted hydrothermal pretreatmentRecent studies showed that hemicelluloses fraction in lignocellulosic materials (LCMs) can be effectively depolymerized into soluble monomers, oligosaccharides, and lower molecular weight polymers during the HTP process [22, 23]. The proportion of the soluble compounds depends on the operation conditions. In the present study, microwave-assisted hydrothermal pretreatments of corncob were performed as the first stage at given temperatures (120–180 °C) for desired periods, and the main components of hydrolysates are shown in Table 1. Table 1 Composition of hydrolysates (mg per gram sample, mg g−1) after the microwave-assisted hydrothermal pretreatmentFull size table The pH of hydrolysates decreased as the temperature rose and time prolonged, which was expected to be the reason that part of the acetyl groups present in the hemicelluloses of biomass was cleaved to generate acetic acid [24]. This was also verified by the steady increase of acetic acid content with increasing the reaction temperature and time in Table 1. In addition, furan compounds, such as furfural and 5-hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF), obtained from the further dehydration of the released monosugars during the HTP process, could be degraded to form organic acids, such as formic acid, which also reduce the pH of hydrolysates. The reaction severity for the furfural formation was much more moderate than that for HMF as observed in Table 1, which was ascribed to the higher xylose amount than glucose in hydrolysates because hemicelluloses are generally easier degraded than cellulose. Due to the higher temperature and longer pretreatment time being in favor of the furfural and HMF formation as well as their degradation, the yield of the formic acid was enhanced with the increase of the process severity. As a result, higher acidity was obtained at harsher treatment conditions, which in turn aids in a series of autohydrolysis process [25]. Although furfural was our target product, its yield was low at these given reaction conditions. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim regarding bioengineered yeast producing biofuels from sugars. Instead, it focuses on the depolymerization of hemicelluloses and the production of various compounds during the microwave-assisted hydrothermal pretreatment of corncob. There is no mention of yeast or biofuels, making the content irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Vaccines help in preventing the spread of infectious diseases. [SEP] Text: cDowngraded by one for risk of bias: the largest trial contributing data (RIX Zaman 2017‐BGD) was a cluster‐RCT where participants, carers and investigators were aware of treatment allocation. dWe did not downgrade for inconsistency as the heterogeneity observed in the pooled data (I2 = 75%) was due to within‐study heterogeneity (RIX Madhi 2010‐AF results split by country). eDowngraded by one level for imprecision; wide 95% CIs that included both appreciable benefit and no effect. fDowngraded by two levels for serious imprecision: very few events with wide 95% CIs that included no effect. Open in table viewerSummary of findings 4. RotaTeq compared with placebo for preventing rotavirus diarrhoea in low‐mortality countries Patient or population: childrenSettings: low‐mortality countriesIntervention: RotaTeq, 3 dosesComparison: placebo comparative risks* (95% CI) Relative effect(95% CI) Number of participants(studies) Certainty of the evidence(GRADE) risk Corresponding risk Placebo Rotacases of rotavirus diarrhoeaFollow‐up: up to 1 year 23 per 1000 1 per 1000(0 to 3) RR 0. 03 (0. 01 to 0. 11) 7688(5 RCTs) ⊕⊕⊕⊕ high RotaTeq reduces severe rotavirus diarrhoea compared with placebo at up to one‐year follow‐up. Severe cases of rotavirus diarrhoeaFollow‐up: up to 2 years 32 per 1000 1 per 1000(0 to 4) RR 0. 04(0. 01 to 0. 11) 5442(2 RCTs) ⊕⊕⊕⊕ high RotaTeq reduces severe rotavirus diarrhoea compared with placebo at up to two years follow‐up. Severe all‐cause diarrhoeaFollow‐up: up to 1 year ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ We found no studies that reported on this outcome in this setting. Severe all‐cause diarrhoeaFollow‐up: up to 2 years ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ We found no studies that reported on this outcome in this setting. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by indicating that the RotaTeq vaccine reduces the incidence of severe rotavirus diarrhoea when compared to a placebo, as evidenced by significant reductions in cases per 1000 participants. This supports the idea that vaccines can effectively prevent the spread of infectious diseases, specifically in the context of rotavirus.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Climate resilience can eliminate all climate-related risks entirely. [SEP] Text: China’s active pursuit of social and environmental reforms toward a more sustainable society in response to climate-related challenges, a so-called eco-civilization, requires new climate services. This concept of an eco-civilization involves undertaking major projects to protect and restore key ecosystems, construct Zones (Zhai et al. 2016), and develop an ecological economy. Note: an ecological economy is a sustainable form of economy that integrates economic development and environmental protection, drawing on the potential of the available resources while ensuring ecosystems are sustainable (Zhou and Zou 2016). Climate services are needed to monitor and assess the impacts of climate variability and climate change on grassland, farmland, wetland, forest, and other important ecosystems to support policy makers in carrying out ecological environmental governance. Efforts to address desertification, environmental pollution, and soil erosion also rely on climate information. For instance, the significant regional coordinated developments taking place in the Beijing–Tianjin–Hebei region, Guangdong–Hong Kong–and Area must assess ecological vulnerability, project future climate risks, and formulate adaptive approaches to climate change to improve the resilience of these areas and pursue environmentally friendly developments. b. The vision and goals of the CFCSClimate service refers to the process of generating, providing, and using climate information in such a way as to assist in decision-making (Hewitt et al. 2012). The CFCS vision is to help better manage climate risks and opportunities arising from climate variability and climate change and improve societal resilience to climate-related risks through better development and the provision and use of relevant, tailored, and usable climate services in China. Specifically, CFCS aims to achieve the following goals:provide timely, accurate, and tailored climate services for the safety and well-being of the people,reduce the vulnerability of society to climate-related risks through better provision and use of climate information,develop partnerships between providers and users of climate services and help users better understand and benefit from climate services, andextend climate service areas to help society plan for and adapt to climate variability and climate change and improve societal resilience. c. Structure of the is based on a foundation of climate knowledge (including from climate observations and climate models), and CFCS is supported by climate monitoring, prediction, and assessment products for disaster risk management, climate change adaptation, and mitigation. At the core of the framework is engagement between climate service providers and users to promote mutual understanding. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing how climate services and measures to improve societal resilience aim to reduce vulnerability to climate-related risks rather than entirely eliminate them. It emphasizes the need for ongoing monitoring, adaptation, and decision-making to manage climate risks, suggesting that while resilience can improve situations, it does not eradicate all risks.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Bioengineered yeast can produce biofuels from sugars. [SEP] Text: The objective of our work at the first stage was to obtain as many hydrophilic products (soluble polysaccharide, oligosaccharides and monosaccharide) as possible, which could give the better opportunity to contact different sugars with solid catalysts for the further furfural production at the second stage. Therefore, the hydrolysate composition should be seriously considered and the operation conditions should be carefully selected in the first stage due to the purpose of the high furfural yield and selectivity in the second stage. The Fourier-transform infrared (FT-IR) spectra of the raw corncob as well as the hydrothermally treated samples at different temperatures (120, 140, 160 and 180 °C) of constant reaction time (0 min), and different time (0–120 min) at the temperature of 160 °C were subsequently conducted to evaluate the cleavage of acetyl groups in corncob during the HTP process (Fig. 1). Bands around 1735 and 1250 cm−1 are mainly ascribed to the stretching vibration of C=O and C–O bonds of the acetyl ester units in hemicelluloses, respectively [26]. The decrease in the intensity of these bands was indicative of the dissolution of hemicelluloses from corncob and the deacetylation of hemicelluloses, which was consistent with the results that the acetic acid content in the hydrolysates enhanced (Table 1) and the weight percentage of xylose in the corncob residues decreased (Table 2) with increasing the pretreated temperature and time. The peak at 1515 cm−1 is attributed to the skeletal vibrations of the lignin aromatic rings [27]. Only a slight increase was observed for the intensity of this peak, which was also evident from the increase of the acid-insoluble fraction in the treated corncob analyzed by the NREL method (Table 2). Fig. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses the extraction of hydrophilic products from corncob and their analysis during a hydrothermal treatment process. It does not mention bioengineered yeast or biofuels, and focuses instead on chemical analysis of hemicelluloses and lignin. There is no indication that the information relates to bioengineered yeast or its ability to produce biofuels from sugars.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Vaccines help in preventing the spread of infectious diseases. [SEP] Text: RotaTeq compared with placebo for preventing rotavirus diarrhoea in medium‐mortality countries Patient or population: childrenSettings: medium‐mortality countriesIntervention: RotaTeq, 3 dosesComparison: placebo comparative risks* (95% CI) Relative effect(95% CI) Number of participants(studies) Certainty of the evidence(GRADE) risk Corresponding risk Placebo Rotacases of rotavirus diarrhoeaFollow‐up: up to 1 year ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ We found no studies that reported on this outcome in this setting. Severe cases of rotavirus diarrhoeaFollow‐up: up to 2 years 27 per 1000 6 per 1000(3 to 11) RR 0. 21 (0. 11 to 0. 41) 3863(1 RCT) ⊕⊕⊝⊝lowa,b due to risk of bias and indirectness RotaTeq may reduce severe rotavirus diarrhoea compared with placebo at up to two years follow‐up. Severe all‐cause diarrhoeaFollow‐up: up to 1 year ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ We found no studies that reported on this outcome in this setting. Severe all‐cause diarrhoeaFollow‐up: up to 2 years ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ We found no studies that reported on this outcome in this setting. All‐cause deathFollow‐up: 2 months to 2 years 0 per 1000 0 per 1000(0 to 4) RR 0. 33 (0. 01 to 8. 18) 4088(2 RCTs) ⊕⊕⊝⊝very lowa,c,d due to risk of bias, indirectness, and serious imprecision The evidence is very uncertain about the effect of RotaTeq on all‐cause death. All serious adverse eventsFollow‐up: 2 months to 2 years 58 per 1000 38 per 1000(8 to 185) RR 0. 66 (0. 14 to 3. 17) 4082(2 RCTs) ⊕⊝⊝⊝very lowa,e due to risk of bias and imprecision The evidence is very uncertain about the effect of RotaTeq on serious adverse events. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text provides evidence that the RotaTeq vaccine may reduce severe cases of rotavirus diarrhoea compared to a placebo, indicating a potential role of vaccines in preventing infectious diseases, particularly in medium-mortality countries. This supports the claim that vaccines help in preventing the spread of such diseases.