Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Vaccines help in preventing the spread of infectious diseases. [SEP] Text: 17 Comparison 3 Rotavac versus placebo, Outcome 17 Subgroup analysis: severe cases of rotavirus diarrhoea by G and P types (up to 2 years follow‐up). Using systematic reviews (free)Navigate to figure in ReviewPrint figureOpen in new tab Summary of findings for the main comparison. RV1 compared to placebo for preventing rotavirus diarrhoea in low‐mortality countries Patient or population: children Setting: low‐mortality countries (WHO strata A and B) Intervention: RV1 Comparison: placebo comparative risks* (95% CI) Relative effect (95% CI) Number of participants (studies) Certainty of the evidence (GRADE) risk Corresponding risk Placebo RV1 Severe cases of rotavirus diarrhoea Follow‐up: up to 1 year 13 per 1000 2 per 1000 (1 to 3) RR 0. 16 (0. 09 to 0. 26) 43,779 (7 studies) ⊕⊕⊕⊕ higha RV1 reduces severe rotavirus diarrhoea compared to placebo at up to one year follow‐up. One study (RV1 Vesikari 2007a‐EU) reported higher efficacy compared to the pooled data. When we excluded this study from the analysis, there was no heterogeneity observed in the pooled data Severe cases of rotavirus diarrhoea Follow‐up: up to 2 years 24 per 1000 4 per 1000 (3 to 5) RR 0. 18 (0. 14 to 0. 23) 36,002 (9 studies) ⊕⊕⊕⊕ high RV1 reduces severe rotavirus diarrhoea compared to placebo at up to two years follow‐up. Severe cases of all‐cause diarrhoea Follow‐up: up to 1 year 41 per 1000 24 per 1000 (19 to 30) RR 0. 59 (0. 47 to 0. 74) 28,051 (3 studies) ⊕⊕⊕⊝ moderateb due to reporting bias RV1 probably reduces severe all‐cause diarrhoea compared to placebo at up to one year follow‐up. Severe episodes of all‐cause diarrhoea Follow‐up: up to 2 years 39 per 1000 24 per 1000 (22 to 28) 0. 63 (0. 56 to 0. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text provides statistical evidence that the RV1 vaccine reduces severe cases of rotavirus diarrhoea compared to a placebo. It reports significant reductions in both severe rotavirus diarrhoea and all-cause diarrhoea in children who received the vaccine. This directly supports the claim that vaccines help in preventing the spread of infectious diseases, as the prevention of diarrhoea, a disease often linked to infectious agents, is highlighted.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Climate resilience can solve global warming without reducing carbon emissions. [SEP] Text: Also, as already mentioned, governments stimulate imports of zevs, hybrid vehicles and simply more energy-efficient vehicles through reductions of or exemptions from import duties, sales (excise) and registration taxes, road fees etc. 88 At the same time, taxes that directly target black carbon emissions are rare. 89 In sum, the overview of emission control measures in road transport reveals a heterogeneous landscape of national car emission regulations, and at the same time a considerable improvement that has taken place in emission regulation over the last decades. However, the improvement has mainly occurred in the EU, US and some other developed and advanced developing countries, whereas less developed countries are lagging behind. The uneven car emission standards among countries lead to the situation, which is very similar to ‘pollution heaven’ and carbon leakage. 90 Particularly, it is evident where second-hand cars from developed countries with stringent emissions controls flow to developing countries with lax standards, simply relocating the problem of air pollution to other parts of the world while continuing to spoil the climate for all. Therefore, an alignment of car emission standards among countries with their gradual convergence and, possibly, harmonization at the level of the highest standards is needed. 91 How such an alignment of car emission regulations can happen is discussed below. 3 Prospects for Standards for argument here is that the worldwide alignment of car emission standards would improve air quality in individual countries and support action on climate change globally. Alignment is also desirable for economic reasons. Varying standards and regulations among countries increase costs of doing business and act as trade barriers, whereas their harmonization would lead to economies of scale and economic efficiencies with positive welfare effects. 92 This section explores two ways, in which global alignment of car emission standards can happen. One is a ‘laissez faire’ way induced by market forces. The other is an institutional way, which requires an intervention of states entering negotiations on common standards in international and regional fora. 3. 1 Market-The market plays an important role in the alignment of product standards among countries. Studies reveal that large consumer markets with greener p3. 2 Alignment through International and Car emission standards can become part of a negotiated agreement as a result of treaty-driven harmonization in contrast to market-driven one discussed above. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by emphasizing that improvements in car emissions regulations are necessary to address climate change effectively. It discusses the need for alignment and harmonization of emission standards across countries to combat pollution and suggests that merely focusing on resilience without reducing carbon emissions will not suffice. The mention of how second-hand cars from developed countries with strict regulations can exacerbate pollution in developing countries highlights that without actual measures to reduce emissions, climate issues will persist.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Bioengineered yeast can produce biofuels from sugars. [SEP] Text: There was a single yeast species per nectar drop in practically all cases; two or three different yeast species occurred in only four nectar samples (see Data S1). The most frequent ascomycetous yeasts were Metschnikowia koreensis (n = 13), M. lochheadii (n = 11), and Kurtzmaniella cleridarum (n = 12), and the most frequent basidiomycetous yeasts were Ustilago species (n = 14) Cryptococcus laurentii var. laurentii (n = 12), and Sympodiomycopsis paphiopedili (n = 8). Analysis of diversity predicts that the overall species richness of yeasts in the sampled nectar community (Hill number q = 0) was between 25 and 34 species, which was in the same order of magnitude as the number of equally common species (q = 1, 22–34 species) or dominant species (q = 2, 19–33 species). Rarefaction and extrapolation curves were consistent in showing that several yeasts remained unrecorded at the Genus and Family sampling levels of the plant community surveyed. None of the three diversity estimates used reached an asymptote at those levels of the sampling hierarchy. At the Species level, species richness reached an asymptote at a sample size doubling the initial sampling effort, i. e. , n = 17. Analyses also showed that the number of species harbored at the Drop and Plant levels was nearly completely sampled since the three estimators of diversity reached an asymptote at approximately 100 and 50 sampling units, respectively. The maximum predicted species values were 25 for species richness (q = 0), 22 for equally common species (q = 1) and 19 for dominant species (q = 2). At all levels, estimation of the species richness is roughly comparable to the dominance. Rarefaction and extrapolation curves also allow us to make two predictions of Hill numbers for equally common species (q = 1) and dominance (q = 2) of yeasts in the host plant community. In the first scenario, Drop and Individual sampling categories for nectar collection reach an asymptote and harbor relatively low yeast diversity. In the second, Species, Genus and Family categories do not reach an asymptote; even when extrapolations double initial sample size and remain relatively high, there is unrecorded yeast diversity. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text discusses the diversity and species richness of yeasts found in nectar, but does not provide any information related to bioengineered yeasts or their capacity to produce biofuels. Therefore, it is irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Vaccines help in preventing the spread of infectious diseases. [SEP] Text: aWe observed heterogeneity (I2 statistic = 61%) in the pooled data, but given the strength of the evidence, and that estimates were all in the same direction, we did not downgrade the outcome. bDowngraded by one for risk of selective reporting bias. Only three of the seven studies reporting on severe rotavirus diarrhoea provided data for this outcome. cDowngraded by one for risk of selective reporting bias. Only five of the nine studies reporting on severe rotavirus diarrhoea provided data for this outcome. dDowngraded by two for imprecision. These trials were not powered to detect an effect on mortality. eDowngraded by two for imprecision. There was a 1:10,000 to 1:32,000 increased risk of intussusception with a previous rotavirus vaccine (Bines 2005), so these trials were not powered to detect an association between RV1 and intussusception. Figures and Tables - Summary of findings for the main comparison. RV1 compared to placebo for preventing rotavirus diarrhoea in low‐mortality countries Navigate to table in of findings 2. RV1 compared to placebo for preventing rotavirus diarrhoea in high‐mortality countries Patient or population: children Settings: high‐mortality countries (WHO strata D and E) Intervention: RV1 Comparison: placebo or no intervention comparative risks* (95% CI) Relative effect (95% CI) Number of participants (studies) Certainty of the evidence (GRADE) risk Corresponding risk Placebo or no intervention RV1 Severe cases of rotavirus diarrhoea Follow‐up: up to 1 year 60 per 1000 22 per 1000 (14 to 36) RR 0. 37 (0. 23 to 0. 60) 6114 (3 studies) ⊕⊕⊕⊕ high RV1 reduces severe rotavirus diarrhoea compared to placebo or no intervention at up to one year follow‐up. We did not downgrade for inconsistency as the heterogeneity observed in the pooled data (I2 statistic = 57%) was due to within‐study heterogeneity (RV1 Madhi 2010‐AF results split by country) Severe cases of rotavirus diarrhoea Follow‐up: up to 2 years 43 per 1000 28 per 1000 (22 to 35) RR 0. 65 (0. 51 to 0. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text supports the claim by explaining that the rotavirus vaccine (RV1) significantly reduces severe rotavirus diarrhoea compared to placebo, indicating that vaccination helps in preventing the spread of this infectious disease. The relative risk (RR) values provided suggest that the vaccine has a protective effect, corroborating the overall assertion that vaccines are effective in preventing the spread of infectious diseases.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Climate resilience can solve global warming without reducing carbon emissions. [SEP] Text: 101 As there is no sector-specific international organization for road transport, car emission standards can potentially be captured by work of a number of international and regional environmental and trade-related fora, such as the for Europe, the Climate and Coalition, the Organization and regional trade agreements. 3. 2. 1 for for Europe (unece) is a regional economic organization with the biggest influence on car emission standards worldwide. unece, which embraces 56 European and non-European members (including US, Canada, Israel, Turkey and former Soviet republics), hosts three UN agreements on car technical regulations open to any UN member102 and the for Harmonization of (wp. 29) aimed at pursuing actions towards the worldwide development of technical regulations for vehicles. The harmonization efforts of wp. 29 contribute to improving vehicle safety, protecting the environment, promoting energy efficiency and increasing anti-theft performance. An important milestone in the unece formation of the global car emission regulation is the recently adopted uniform car approval regulations. 103 They are based on the (wltp), which is a global standard for determining the levels of air pollutants (including pm2. 5), CO2 emissions and fuel consumption of traditional, hybrid and e-cars, aimed to ensure that emissions remain under the set limits whether the vehicle is driven in urban, rural or highway environments. 104 This international testing standard is beneficial from both an economic and an environmental perspective. For one, car manufacturers get a single approval for all major markets adopting this regulation. 105 For the other, as one of the main goals of wltp is to better match the laboratory estimates of fuel consumption and emissions with the measures of an on-road driving condition, wltp addresses the reliability of testing procedures in the wake of the Dieselgate scandal. wp. 29 and its on Pollution and Energy are now actively working to complement the new regulation on wltp with a globally-agreed Emissions Test, which will introduce procedures for testing vehicles in real life conditions on public roads to demonstrate real world compliance in addition to the wltp test performed in controlled conditions in laboratories. It is noteworthy that the uniform car approval regulations adopted by the unece are based on the Euro 6/vi standard of the EU. 106 This fact demonstrates the unilateral regulatory power of the EU and its global regulatory influence through international organizations and the potential for the worldwide convergence of car emission standards. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the importance of car emission standards and international regulations aimed at reducing emissions to protect the environment and ensure compliance with set limits. It highlights the role of organizations like UNECE in developing regulations that directly address carbon emissions, suggesting that solving issues related to climate and pollution inherently involves reducing emissions rather than relying solely on climate resilience strategies.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Bioengineered yeast can produce biofuels from sugars. [SEP] Text: These last categories have the highest predicted diversity of yeasts (Fig. 1, q = 0, q = 1, q = 2). Completeness curves show that sample completeness was nearly achieved with the current sample size at the Drop and Individual levels (1 and 0. 99, respectively). At the Species level, sampled completeness was close to one (0. 89) and at higher-order levels, the maximum sample completeness was 0. 76 and 0. 65 for Genus and Family, respectively (Fig. 1, sampling completeness). Figure 1: Diversity of tropical nectar-living yeasts. Diversity of nectar-living yeasts at the different hierarchically nested sampling levels used in nectar collection: nectar drops (Drop), individual plants (Individual), plant species (Species), plant genus (Genus), and botanical family (Family). Plots show (A) species richness (Hill number for q = 0), (B) equally abundant species (q = 1), (C) dominance (q = 2), and (D) sample completeness curve. Diversity curves were constructed using rarefied (solid lines) and extrapolated nectar samples (dashed lines) with sample size-based estimations. Each curve was extrapolated up to double the initial sample size. Observed sample size for each category curve is denoted by a different symbol. The 95% confidence intervals (color-shaded regions) were obtained by a bootstrap method based on 200 replications. Download full-size image DOI: 10. 7717/peerj. 3517/fig-1 Yeast-plant associations Correspondence analysis revealed a significant number of associations between yeasts and host plants (Fig. 2). The most extreme correspondence was observed between K. cleridarum with Opuntia dillenii, followed by Starmerella sp. and Metschnikowia ipomoeae with the host plant Ipomoea crinicalyx, Clavispora lusitaniae with Agave angustifolia, and M. koreensis with Tecoma stans. Looser associations included Candida sorbosivorans with Passiflora foetida, Metschnikowia sp. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text discusses the diversity of yeasts and yeast-plant associations but does not provide any information or evidence about bioengineered yeasts specifically producing biofuels from sugars. Therefore, it is irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Vaccines help in preventing the spread of infectious diseases. [SEP] Text: 83) 13,768** (2 studies) ⊕⊕⊕⊕ high RV1 reduces severe rotavirus diarrhoea compared to placebo or no intervention at up to two years follow‐up. Sensitivity analysis excluding the cluster‐RCT (RV1 Zaman 2017‐BGD) that contributed data to this outcome showed no significant change in effect estimate or 95% CI (RR 0. 58, 95% CI 0. 42 to 0. 79, n = 2764, 1 RCT) Severe cases of all‐cause diarrhoea Follow‐up: up to 1 year 176 per 1000 129 per 1000 (99 to 167) RR 0. 73 (0. 56 to 0. 95) 5639 (2 studies) ⊕⊕⊕⊕ high RV1 reduces severe all‐cause diarrhoea compared to placebo or no intervention at up to one year follow‐up. We did not downgrade for inconsistency as the heterogeneity observed in the pooled data (I2 statistic = 75%) was due to within‐study heterogeneity (RV1 Madhi 2010‐AF results split by country) Severe cases of all‐cause diarrhoea Follow‐up: up to 2 years 233 per 1000 191 per 1000 (166 to 222) RR 0. 82 (0. 71 to 0. 95) 2764 (1 study) ⊕⊕⊕⊝ moderatea due to indirectness RV1 probably slightly reduces severe all‐cause diarrhoea compared to placebo or no intervention at up to two years follow‐up. All‐cause death Follow‐up: 2 months to 2 years 24 per 1000 21 per 1000 (16 to 30) RR 0. 88 (0. 64 to 1. 22) 8181 (8 studies) ⊕⊕⊝⊝ lowb due to imprecision RV1 may make little or no difference to all‐cause death compared to placebo or no intervention. All serious adverse events Follow‐up: 2 months to 2 years 95 per 1000 84 per 1000 (72 to 99) RR 0. 89 (0. 76 to 1. 04) 7481 (7 studies) ⊕⊕⊕⊕ high RV1 makes little or no difference to serious adverse events compared to placebo or no intervention. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by providing evidence that the RV1 vaccine reduces severe rotavirus diarrhoea, which is an infectious disease, compared to placebo or no intervention. Specifically, it mentions a reduction in incidences of severe rotavirus diarrhoea and all-cause diarrhoea, suggesting that the vaccine effectively prevents these diseases, thereby supporting the claim that vaccines help in preventing the spread of infectious diseases.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Climate resilience can solve global warming without reducing carbon emissions. [SEP] Text: Due to the diverse membership of unece, the Euro standards have already been exported through unece to non-EU markets, including India, Mexico and China. 107 Also, as the UN agreements on car technical regulations hosted by the unece are open for non-unece members as well, these higher car emission regulations can potentially be adopted worldwide. Whether the adoption of stricter car exhaust and CO2 standards in the EU will prompt the unece wp. 29 to undertake further steps for harmonization of car emission regulations facilitating the transition to zevs at a global scale remains to be seen. 3. 2. 2 Climate and Climate and Coalition (ccac), a public-private partnership that promotes slcp reduction policies, also supports a universal upward convergence of car emission standards by bringing high-level attention to the policies and technologies available to promote low-sulfur fuels and cleaner diesel vehicles, providing expertise and financial assistance and promoting regional partnerships (see 2. 5 and black carbon from the global on-road diesel fleet could be reduced by over 90% in different regions by 2030 in a cost-effective way through the introduction of low-sulfur fuels and cleaner diesel vehicle standards. 108 It describes four categories of action depending on country’s specifics: ‘importers’, ‘refiners’, ‘vehicle standards’ and ‘cities first’. In import-dependent countries, implementing higher standards should not take long, as low-sulfur fuels are readily available on the global market. There are also countries that have no longer a problem with low sulfur fuels but still have a problem with appropriate car exhaust standards. These countries can gain from adopting stricter car exhaust standards matching already-available fuel quality, while playing the role of regional leaders sharing their experience with implementing low-sulfur fuel in regional fora. As concerns the ‘cities first’ approach, some countries, such as China and India, introduce stricter fuel quality only for urban areas, for instance through investments in cleaner public transport, so that lower sulfur fuels are available in cities and some transit corridors prior to ramping up low sulfur fuels in the whole country. In general, the ccac strives to implement car exhaust and fuel quality standards equivalent to Euro 4/iv by 2025 and Euro 6/vi by 2030 worldwide. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the importance of adopting stricter car emission regulations and reducing carbon emissions through various measures, such as promoting low-sulfur fuels and cleaner diesel vehicles. It highlights that improvements in vehicle standards are necessary to combat climate change, which directly counters the idea that climate resilience alone can address global warming without decreasing carbon emissions.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Bioengineered yeast can produce biofuels from sugars. [SEP] Text: with Lonchocarpus longistylus, Sporidiobolus ruineniae with Merremia dissecta, Papilotrema flavescens with Bravaisia berlandieriana, and Kwoniella mangrovensis with Operculina pinnatifida. The weakest associations were observed between Saitozyma flava, Ustilago sparsa, and Ustilago sp. with Ipomoea hederifolia and Ipomoea triloba, and Vishniacozyma taibaiensis and Naganishia liquefaciens with Piscidia piscipula (Fig. 2). Figure 2: Correspondence analysis for nectar-living yeasts. Correspondence analysis for yeasts isolated from floral nectar samples. Plots show the associations between yeasts and host plants: (A) dimensions 1 and 2, (B) dimensions 2 and 3, (C) dimensions 3 and 4. Yeasts are depicted by filled triangles and letters and host plants by filled circles and numbers. Distances among points depict the similarity between members of the same yeast group or of the same plant group. White dashed-line ellipses indicate significant (p < 0. 05) correspondences between yeasts and host plants. Percentage of contribution of each dimension to total variation is shown in parenthesis in the respective dimension. The points depicting the extreme correspondence of Kurtzmaniella cleridarum with Opuntia dillenii were extracted from the graphic analysis so that the correspondences are better observed. Yeasts: (a) Starmerella sp. , (b) Wickerhamiella occidentalis, (c) Candida sorbosivorans, (e) Clavispora lusitaniae, (f) Metschnikowia ipomoeae, (g) Metschnikowia lochheadii (h) Metschnikowia sp. , (i) Metschnikowia koreensis, (k) Vishniacozyma taibaiensis, (l) Saitozyma flava (m) Cryptococcus sp. 1, (n) Cryptococcus laurentii var. laurentii, (o) Papilotrema flavescens, (p) Cryptococcus sp. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses the associations between various yeasts and host plants, without mentioning anything related to bioengineered yeast or the production of biofuels from sugars. The focus is primarily on yeast species and their interactions with floral nectar and host plants, which does not connect to the claim concerning the bioengineering and biofuel production capabilities of yeast.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Vaccines help in preventing the spread of infectious diseases. [SEP] Text: RV5 compared to placebo for preventing rotavirus diarrhoea in low‐mortality countries Patient or population: children Settings: low‐mortality countries (WHO strata A and B) Intervention: RV5 Comparison: placebo comparative risks* (95% CI) Relative effect (95% CI) Number of participants (studies) Certainty of the evidence (GRADE) risk Corresponding risk Placebo RV5 Severe cases of rotavirus diarrhoea Follow‐up: up to 1 year 17 per 1000 1 per 1000 (1 to 5) RR 0. 08 (0. 03 to 0. 22) 4132 (5 studies) ⊕⊕⊕⊝ moderatea due to imprecision RV5 probably reduces severe rotavirus diarrhoea compared to placebo at up to one year follow‐up. Severe cases of rotavirus diarrhoea Follow‐up: up to 2 years 25 per 1000 4 per 1000 (2 to 10) RR 0. 18 (0. 08 to 0. 39) 7318 (4 studies) ⊕⊕⊕⊝ moderateb due to inconsistency RV5 probably reduces severe rotavirus diarrhoea compared to placebo at up to two years follow‐up. Severe all‐cause diarrhoea Follow‐up: up to 1 year ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ We found no studies that reported on this outcome in this setting Severe all‐cause diarrhoea Follow‐up: up to 2 years ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ We found no studies that reported on this outcome in this setting All‐cause death Follow‐up: 2 months to 2 years 1 per 1000 1 per 1000 (0 to 1) RR 1. 13 (0. 65 to 1. 96) 77,642 (9 studies) ⊕⊕⊝⊝ lowc due to imprecision RV5 may make little or no difference to all‐cause death compared to placebo. All serious adverse events Follow‐up: 2 months to 2 years 27 per 1000 25 per 1000 (23 to 28) RR 0. 93 (0. 86 to 1. 02) 75,672 (8 studies) ⊕⊕⊕⊕ high RV5 makes little or no difference to serious adverse events compared to placebo. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text presents statistical evidence that the RV5 vaccine significantly reduces the incidence of severe rotavirus diarrhoea compared to a placebo. Given that rotavirus is a major cause of diarrhoea and can lead to severe dehydration and death, the findings that RV5 probably prevents severe cases support the claim that vaccines help in preventing the spread of infectious diseases.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Climate resilience can solve global warming without reducing carbon emissions. [SEP] Text: 109 By committing ccac member countries to adopt higher car exhaust and fuel quality standards, the ccac makes an important contribution in the alignment of these standards across countries. 3. 2. 3 the Organization (wto) is not a forum for setting international standards for products, the wto has a structural unit, the Committee of to Trade (tbt Committee), which oversights the implementation of rules on the adoption and application of technical regulations and standards (tbt measures), including emission standards for cars. These rules ensure transparency and prevent unnecessary barriers to trade imposed by tbt measures, as well as discrimination of imports. At the same time, these rules promote regulatory harmonization through provisions which stimulate the use of international standards as the basis of national technical regulations and standards and mutual recognition of regulations and conformity assessment procedures (the basis for the conclusion of mutual recognition agreements). tbt rules will therefore play an important role in promoting compliance with any future car emission standards adopted by unece or at any other international forum. tbt rules also contribute to promoting best regulatory practices, particularly through discussions of specific trade concerns (stcs) at the tbt Committee. 110 Emissions standards for cars and fuels have also been the topic of stcs. These stcs focused on the elimination of trade barriers resulted from the methodology chosen for the calculation of environmental impact, trade restrictiveness of car regulations and some of their implementation features. 111 Also important are requirements of notification for draft technical regulations, which ensure transition periods between the announcement of a technical regulation and its promulgation. The experience with transition to low-sulfur fuel shows that the successful adoption of low-sulfur fuel standards in different countries was preceded by planning and preparation periods of up to 5 years to allow refiners to select strategies for compliance and raise the necessary capital. 112 Allowing transition periods and technical assistance for developing countries to adopt to more stringent regulations for their exports will be important in the transition to zevs. At the same time, wto is criticized for not paying due attention to environmental issues and its inability to induce upward regulatory harmonization. 113 Stricter standards can be compromised in trade disputes. In US-Gasoline, Venezuela and Brazil challenged three U. S. vehicle-related regulations – the luxury car tax, the gas-guzzler tax and the corporate fuel efficiency standards – and the US lost the dispute on the grounds that some requirements for the implementation imposed on imports were found discriminatory. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing regulatory measures and standards related to car emissions and fuel quality, indicating that addressing emissions through stricter standards and better practices is crucial. The mention of transitioning to zero-emission vehicles (zevs) and standards implies that reducing carbon emissions is a necessary step for achieving climate resilience, thus contradicting the notion that resilience alone can address global warming without emission reductions.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Bioengineered yeast can produce biofuels from sugars. [SEP] Text: 2, (q) Naganishia liquefaciens, (r) Hannaella siamensis, (s) Kwoniella mangrovensis, (t) Rhodotorula paludigena, (u) Sporidiobolus ruineniae, (v) Sympodiomycopsis paphiopedili, (w) Ustilago sparsa, (x) Ustilago sp. Host plants: (1) Agave angustifolia, (2) Bravaisia berlandieriana, (3) Gymnopodium floribundum, (4) Ipomoea crinicalyx, (5) Ipomoea hederifolia, (6) Ipomoea nil, (7) Ipomoea triloba, (8) Lonchocarpus longistylus, (9) Merremia dissecta, (10) Operculina pinnatifida, (12) Passiflora foetida, (13) Piscidia piscipula, (14) Tecoma stans. Download full-size image DOI: 10. 7717/peerj. 3517/fig-2 Yeast effects on nectar sugars Nectar samples containing yeasts had lower average concentrations of sucrose, glucose, and fructose than nectar samples lacking yeasts, irrespective of the yeast species and host plant (Table 2). In general, significant relationships were found between yeast cell density and nectar sugar concentration. The decrease in concentration of sucrose, glucose and fructose were proportional to the increase in yeast cell density raised to a power coefficient. In Fig. 3, data are plotted taking the logarithms of both variables to show the linearized pattern and the power function fitted for each sugar. Different yeasts groups (Yeast) and different plant species (Plant) as main factors showed no contributions to explaining variance in the model, but the interaction between both terms had a significant impact on the relationship between yeast cell density and nectar sugar concentration (Table 3). The AIC values confirmed that the multiplicative impact of the interaction between Yeast and Plant was more important to the regression model than the additive effect of each factor. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is not relevant to the claim regarding bioengineered yeast and biofuels. It discusses yeast effects on nectar sugars and the concentration of sugars in nectar samples with yeast present, without mentioning biofuels or any bioengineering processes related to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Vaccines help in preventing the spread of infectious diseases. [SEP] Text: RV5 compared to placebo for preventing rotavirus diarrhoea in high‐mortality countries Patient or population: children Settings: high‐mortality countries (WHO strata D and E) Intervention: RV5 Comparison: placebo comparative risks* (95% CI) Relative effect (95% CI) Number of participants (studies) Certainty of the evidence (GRADE) risk Corresponding risk Placebo RV5 Severe cases of rotavirus diarrhoea Follow‐up: up to 1 year 30 per 1000 13 per 1000 (9 to 19) RR 0. 43 (0. 29 to 0. 62) 5916 (2 studies) ⊕⊕⊕⊕ high RV5 reduces severe rotavirus diarrhoea compared to placebo at up to one year follow‐up. Severe cases of rotavirus diarrhoea Follow‐up: up to 2 years 63 per 1000 37 per 1000 (27 to 51) RR 0. 59 (0. 43 to 0. 82) 5885 (2 studies) ⊕⊕⊕⊕ high RV5 reduces severe rotavirus diarrhoea compared to placebo at up to two years follow‐up. Severe cases of all‐cause diarrhoea Follow‐up: up to 1 year 77 per 1000 62 per 1000 (45 to 85) RR 0. 8 (0. 58 to 1. 11) 4085 (1 study) ⊕⊕⊕⊝ moderatea due to indirectness RV5 probably makes little or no difference to severe all‐cause diarrhoea compared to placebo at up to one year follow‐up. Severe cases of all‐cause diarrhoea Follow‐up: up to 2 years 130 per 1000 110 per 1000 (97 to 127) RR 0. 85 (0. 75 to 0. 98) 5977 (2 studies) ⊕⊕⊕⊕ high RV5 slightly reduces severe all‐cause diarrhoea compared to placebo at up to two years follow‐up. All‐cause death Follow‐up: 2 months to 2 years 26 per 1000 23 per 1000 (17 to 32) RR 0. 92 (0. 68 to 1. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by providing evidence that the RV5 vaccine significantly reduces severe cases of rotavirus diarrhoea compared to a placebo. Specifically, it states that RV5 reduced severe rotavirus diarrhoea from 30 to 13 per 1000 in high-mortality countries, demonstrating that the vaccine effectively prevents the spread of an infectious disease, which supports the broader claim about the role of vaccines in preventing infectious diseases.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Climate resilience can solve global warming without reducing carbon emissions. [SEP] Text: 114 There is therefore a risk that stringent car emission standards will be challenged in the wto dispute settlement, especially if they are significantly above standards of other countries. Fossil fuel car bans are particularly susceptible to a challenge, as they constitute quantitative restrictions normally prohibited under wto rules. However, fossil fuel car bans, as long as they apply on sales of all fossil fuel cars (domestically produced and imported), can be justified under the health and environmental exceptions. 115 Import and export bans on second-hand cars can be justified on the same grounds. 116 They can also be potentially negotiated within the group of willing wto members under an international (plurilateral) agreement. Prospects for the conclusion of such an agreement require a separate study. 3. 2. 4 in the wto setting, harmonization of car emission standards under regional trade agreements117 (rtas) gives less reasons to worry about race to the bottom concerns, as long as an rta party with a larger market power can offer trade concessions in return for accepting higher standards by its rta partner. Being a package deal, an rta increases bargaining power needed to adopt a common standard that might be costly for the other party. 118 According to Dietrich, rtas can support alignment of car emission standards based on two approaches: domestic treatment and harmonization. 119 Under the first approach, trade in cars under an rta will only be liberalized if imported cars comply with standards of the importing rta party. Following the harmonization approach, governments agree on the application of a common standard and, in the case of upward harmonization, raise standards to the highest level of the two. But if rta Parties accept mutual recognition of standards, there will be no effect on standards’ alignment, as governments accept imports of cars under standards of the exporting country. Some existing rtas contain provisions on car emissions and air pollution control policies. 120 Some of these provisions are very general, in which rta Parties just agree to participate in joint work programs on air pollution standards (e. g. comesa 1993) or reiterate provisions from specific bilateral agreements addressing air pollution (e. g. China–Korea 2015). Some EU rtas provide for specific car emission standards to be used in trade between Parties (e. g. EU–Montenegro 2007). Many non-EU countries in Southern and (e. g. Ukraine, Serbia, Turkey etc. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the various regulatory frameworks and standards for car emissions, emphasizing the importance of reducing emissions from fossil fuel vehicles as part of environmental policy. It highlights that stringent car emission standards and fossil fuel bans are necessary for health and environmental reasons, suggesting a need for reduction in emissions rather than reliance solely on climate resilience to address global warming.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Bioengineered yeast can produce biofuels from sugars. [SEP] Text: The best power model that fits the data is one that includes yeast cell density as a predictor of nectar sugar concentration and a multiplicative effect of the interaction between yeasts and host plant species (Table 3). To illustrate the interaction between Yeast and Plant factors and its impact on nectar sugar concentration, along with the overlap effect of yeast cell density, scatter plots for representative yeast species and their respective host plant species are shown in Fig. 4. Table 2: Nectar samples with yeasts and nectar samples without yeasts. Comparisons of average (±SD) concentrations of the three nectar sugars between nectar samples containing yeast cells and nectar samples without cells. t-tests and statistical significance are shown for each sugar. Nectar sugars Nectar samples (g of solute per 100 mL solution) t d. f p With yeasts Without yeasts Sucrose 6. 3 ± 7. 8 10. 6 ± 11. 1 4. 48 215 <0. 0001 Glucose 2. 5 ± 3. 2 5. 5 ± 3. 8 7. 95 196 <0. 0001 Fructose 2. 9 ± 2. 9 5. 6 ± 3. 5 8. 81 172 <0. 0001 DOI: 10. 7717/peerj. 3517/table-2 Figure 3: The relationship between nectar sugars and yeast cell density. Overall relationship between yeast cell density and the concentration of nectar sugars: (A) sucrose, (B) glucose and (C) fructose. Power models are shown in each panel along with their statistical significance. The percentages of variance of each sugar explained by each model (adjusted R2) are 10%, 30%, and 36% for sucrose, glucose, and fructose, respectively. Download full-size image DOI: 10. 7717/peerj. 3517/fig-3 Table 3: Type III least-square analyses and Criterion (AIC) values for the effect of yeast cell density on the concentration of nectar sugars. Sum of squares (SS), degrees of freedom (d. f. ), F-values (F) and statistical significance (P-value) for the co-factors Yeast (different groups of yeasts) and Plant (different host plant species) are shown jointly with their respective AIC value. The lower the AIC value, the better the model fits to the data when a variable/co-factor is included in the model. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not directly address the claim regarding bioengineered yeast producing biofuels from sugars. Instead, it focuses on the relationship between yeast cell density, nectar sugar concentration, and statistical analyses involving different yeast and plant species. Thus, the content is irrelevant to the claim about biofuels.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Vaccines help in preventing the spread of infectious diseases. [SEP] Text: Search methods On 4 April 2018 we searched (via PubMed), the (published in the Cochrane Library), and. We also searched the. gov, clinical trial reports from manufacturers' websites, and reference lists of included studies and relevant systematic reviews. Selection criteria We selected randomized controlled trials (RCTs) in children comparing rotavirus vaccines prequalified for use by the WHO versus placebo or no intervention. Data collection and analysis Two review authors independently assessed trial eligibility and assessed risks of bias. One review author extracted data and a second author cross‐checked them. We combined dichotomous data using the risk ratio (RR) and 95% confidence interval (CI). We stratified the analysis by country mortality rate and used GRADE to evaluate evidence certainty. Main results Fifty‐five trials met the inclusion criteria and enrolled a total of 216,480 participants. Thirty‐six trials (119,114 participants) assessed RV1, 15 trials (88,934 participants) RV5, and four trials (8432 participants) Rotavac. RV1 Children vaccinated and followed up the first year of life In low‐mortality countries, RV1 prevents 84% of severe rotavirus diarrhoea cases (RR 0. 16, 95% CI 0. 09 to 0. 26; 43,779 participants, 7 trials; high‐certainty evidence), and probably prevents 41% of cases of severe all‐cause diarrhoea (RR 0. 59, 95% CI 0. 47 to 0. 74; 28,051 participants, 3 trials; moderate‐certainty evidence). In high‐mortality countries, RV1 prevents 63% of severe rotavirus diarrhoea cases (RR 0. 37, 95% CI 0. 23 to 0. 60; 6114 participants, 3 trials; high‐certainty evidence), and 27% of severe all‐cause diarrhoea cases (RR 0. 73, 95% CI 0. 56 to 0. 95; 5639 participants, 2 trials; high‐certainty evidence). Children vaccinated and followed up for two years In low‐mortality countries, RV1 prevents 82% of severe rotavirus diarrhoea cases (RR 0. 18, 95% CI 0. 14 to 0. 23; 36,002 participants, 9 trials; high‐certainty evidence), and probably prevents 37% of severe all‐cause diarrhoea episodes (rate ratio 0. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by providing detailed evidence that the rotavirus vaccine (RV1) significantly reduces the incidence of severe rotavirus diarrhoea cases in children. For instance, it states that RV1 prevents 84% of severe rotavirus diarrhoea cases in low-mortality countries, thereby supporting the assertion that vaccines play a crucial role in preventing the spread of infectious diseases.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Climate resilience can solve global warming without reducing carbon emissions. [SEP] Text: ) have harmonized car emission standards with the corresponding EU standards through rtas concluded with the EU. However, this does not concern second-hand cars and consequently the average age of fleets in and Balkans continues to be much older than in Western Europe. By contrast, the US-Mexico-(formerly nafta) has been irrelevant for both upward harmonization of car emission standards121 and promoting restrictions on second-hand cars. 122 In fact, US and Canadian standards have been harmonized through bilateral regulatory cooperation outside the rta. 123 Efforts to bring greater alignment between Canadian and U. S. car emission standards are ongoing through the Canada-US Council. Regarding standards in Mexico, US standards are adopted through market forces, as automobile plants in Mexico are operated by U. S. firms and many cars are exported to the US. Finally, it should be mentioned that an opportunity for harmonization of car emission standards was missed once the negotiations of the a mega-regional US-EU trade agreement, had been suspended in 2016. Driven by interests of costs savings from the elimination of differences in product standards, the EU and the US attached considerable importance to achieving regulatory convergence under the bilateral trade negotiations. Obtaining equivalency was extremely difficult, however, particularly for car carbon (fuel economy) standards, where differences existed not only in the design of standards but also in the level of emission reduction they achieve. 124 4 the above overview shows, the regulatory landscape addressing road transport emissions comprises diverse and predominantly national measures to combat air pollution or climate change. In most cases, black carbon emissions are only indirectly affected by policies and measures to reduce air polluting substances from cars. Mainly motivated by climate policy considerations, bans on fossil fuel cars are by far the most effective means of reducing road transport emissions and are considered in the EU, China and in an increasing number of other countries. However, they are unlikely to be feasible for many less developed countries in the foreseeable future, as they require investments in necessary infrastructure, such as charging and refueling stations, and consumer ability to pay higher prices for zero emission vehicles. These countries will therefore have to continue relying on alternative measures, particularly on car exhaust standards requiring the installation of diesel particulate filters. The adoption of the right mix of instruments is crucial. While the protection of climate, environment and health requires reducing both black carbon and CO2 emissions, CO2 and black carbon reduction measures are not always compatible. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by emphasizing that reducing CO2 emissions is essential for climate protection. It discusses the importance of car emission standards and the necessity for investment in infrastructure for effective emission reductions. It also highlights that while some alternative measures are mentioned, the adoption of effective bans on fossil fuel cars is essential for reducing road transport emissions, indicating that merely relying on climate resilience without emission reduction is insufficient.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Bioengineered yeast can produce biofuels from sugars. [SEP] Text: Model terms Fructose SS d. f F P-value AIC SS d. f F P-value AIC SS d. f F P-value AIC Full model −126 −206 −190 Yeast cell density 1. 35 1 5. 88 0. 0178 −120 0. 84 1 7. 85 0. 0064 −197 0. 56 1 4. 48 0. 0375 −186 Yeast 0 0 −126 0 0 −206 0 0 −190 Plant 0 0 −126 0 0 −206 0 0 −190 Yeast × Plant 4. 74 8 2. 57 0. 0155 −117 2. 39 8 2. 81 0. 0089 −194 2. 62 8 2. 64 0. 0133 −180 Residual 0. 48 73 0. 33 73 0. 35 73 DOI: 10. 7717/peerj. 3517/table-3 Figure 4: Differential effects of nectar-living yeasts. The effect of the interaction of different types of yeasts and host plants on the relationship between yeast cell density and the concentration of sugar in nectar samples. Data are shown only for fructose concentration in nectar of (A) Ipomoea crinicalyx, (B) Ipomoea hederifolia, (C) Ipomoea nil, (D) Ipomoea triloba, (E) Merremia aegyptia, (F) Merremia dissecta, (G) Operculina pinnatifida, (H) Opuntia dillenii, and (I) Tecoma stans. Not all yeasts are distributed in all host plants; some yeasts seem to be specific to some plants. Download full-size image DOI: 10. 7717/peerj. 3517/fig-4 other studies of nectar-living yeasts have been conducted in tropical nectariferous plants to date, excepting Herrera et al. (2009) and Canto & Herrera (2012), where the frequency of yeasts in floral nectar samples was assessed in three regions, two in southern Spain and one in southern Mexico. However, the diversity of nectar yeasts was not explicitly addressed in these previous studies, although their results suggest differences between temperate and tropical regions. A similar study was conducted by Mittelbach et al. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not provide relevant information regarding the production of biofuels from sugars by bioengineered yeast. Instead, it discusses yeast cell density and its interactions with various host plants, as well as the diversity of nectar-living yeasts in tropical and temperate regions, which is unrelated to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Vaccines help in preventing the spread of infectious diseases. [SEP] Text: 63, 95% CI 0. 56 to 0. 71; 39,091 participants, 2 trials; moderate‐certainty evidence). In high‐mortality countries RV1 probably prevents 35% of severe rotavirus diarrhoea cases (RR 0. 65, 95% CI 0. 51 to 0. 83; 13,768 participants, 2 trials; high‐certainty evidence), and 17% of severe all‐cause diarrhoea cases (RR 0. 83, 95% CI 0. 72 to 0. 96; 2764 participants, 1 trial; moderate‐certainty evidence). No increased risk of serious adverse events (SAE) was detected (RR 0. 88 95% CI 0. 83 to 0. 93; high‐certainty evidence). There were 30 cases of intussusception reported in 53,032 children after RV1 vaccination and 28 cases in 44,214 children after placebo or no intervention (RR 0. 70, 95% CI 0. 46 to 1. 05; low‐certainty evidence). RV5 Children vaccinated and followed up the first year of life In low‐mortality countries, RV5 probably prevents 92% of severe rotavirus diarrhoea cases (RR 0. 08, 95% CI 0. 03 to 0. 22; 4132 participants, 5 trials; moderate‐certainty evidence). We did not identify studies reporting on severe all‐cause diarrhoea in low‐mortality countries. In high‐mortality countries, RV5 prevents 57% of severe rotavirus diarrhoea (RR 0. 43, 95% CI 0. 29 to 0. 62; 5916 participants, 2 trials; high‐certainty evidence), but there is probably little or no difference between vaccine and placebo for severe all‐cause diarrhoea (RR 0. 80, 95% CI 0. 58 to 1. 11; 1 trial, 4085 participants; moderate‐certainty evidence). Children vaccinated and followed up for two years In low‐mortality countries, RV5 prevents 82% of severe rotavirus diarrhoea cases (RR 0. 18, 95% CI 0. 08 to 0. 39; 7318 participants, 4 trials; moderate‐certainty evidence). We did not identify studies reporting on severe all‐cause diarrhoea in low‐mortality countries. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by providing evidence that vaccines, specifically RV1 and RV5, significantly reduce the incidence of severe rotavirus diarrhoea in both high and low mortality countries, indicating their effectiveness in preventing infectious diseases. For instance, the text states RV5 probably prevents 92% of severe rotavirus diarrhoea cases in low-mortality countries and 57% in high-mortality countries. This supports the claim that vaccines contribute to the prevention of the spread of infectious diseases.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Climate resilience can solve global warming without reducing carbon emissions. [SEP] Text: The adoption of higher carbon and fuel economy standards for cars requires a simultaneous adoption of higher car exhaust and fuel quality standards in order to prevent the negative impacts of dieselization. Car exhaust standards and fuel quality standards, in their turn, should constitute one system of emissions controls, given that diesel particulate filters promoted by higher car exhaust standards can only function with low-sulfur fuels. In any case, due to specificities of countries, a mix of policy instruments, tailored to specific needs of countries is required. While diesel particulate filters and other emission reduction technologies have become cost-effective, existing discrepancies among countries in car emission standards preclude their diffusion on a global scale. This forms an obstacle to addressing domestic air pollution problems and hinders global climate action. The absence of maximum emission levels in road transport together with the lack of restrictions on trade in second-hand cars will slow down the transition to zevs. Global alignment of car emission standards with their gradual convergence to the level of the highest standards is therefore an outcome to strive for. There are two major ways for such alignment to take place. The first is through market forces that induce carmakers to follow higher car emission standards to get access to export markets. The second is through governments negotiating minimum emission levels and common standards in international and regional fora. The two ways can perfectly complement each other: governments can improve where markets fail and steer market-induced regulatory alignment in the direction of mutual economic and environmental interest. Today, unece as a regional organization with a global impact on vehicle regulation provides the best forum for negotiations on car emission standards. It has already managed to adopt uniform car approval procedures and a global standard for car emission testing based on high standards of the EU. Work of public-private partnerships and initiatives, such as ccac, can facilitate worldwide adoption of higher emission standards for vehicles, contributing through guidance and technical assistance to countries lagging behind. wto, for its part, can play a useful role by encouraging the use of international standards and promoting good regulatory practices that ensure the quality of regulations and their transparent and non-discriminatory application. Alignment of car emission standards can also be pursued through negotiations on trade liberalization under regional trade agreements, which offer ample scope for bargaining. If the goal of zero-emission road transport is taken seriously, front-runner countries should seize every opportunity offered by the above-discussed fora to promote higher standards for emissions from vehicles and their worldwide adoption. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by emphasizing the importance of reducing emissions through the adoption of car exhaust and fuel quality standards, which are necessary to mitigate the negative impacts of pollution. The mention of the need for higher emission standards and the challenges in achieving these standards indicates that reducing emissions is critical for addressing global warming, thereby contradicting the idea that climate resilience alone can solve this issue.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Bioengineered yeast can produce biofuels from sugars. [SEP] Text: (2015) in a subtropical environment of the Canary Islands. We will first discuss diversity patterns found in the present study and then compare them with previous findings. Finally, we will discuss the association between yeast species and host plants and the implications of differential yeast effects on nectar sugars. Yeast diversity Our results indicate that the assemblage of yeasts in the plant community surveyed was composed of a relatively high number of species at the highest sampling levels (plant genera and botanical families), along with a substantial number of equally common species and relatively low species dominance. This tropical plant community harbored a higher diversity of nectar yeasts than our sampling design could detect. While the expected yeast diversity at the drop and individual levels was estimated acceptably with the sample size set in this study, the analysis predicts that diversity increased remarkably at higher levels in the sampling hierarchy. Reducing the number of nectar drop replicates per plant, as well as the number of individual plants per species, while increasing the number of plant genera and families will probably achieve a more encompassing picture of diversity of nectar-living yeasts in tropical plants. A frequent pattern of animal and plant diversity is the latitudinal gradient of species richness (Pianka, 1966; Hillebrand, 2004). Although latitudinal clines in species richness are discernible in several groups of marine bacterioplankton and phytoplankton microorganisms (e. g. , Fuhrman et al. , 2008; Schattenhofer et al. , 2009; Barton et al. , 2010), microbial diversity has been less studied in these clines, particularly for diversity associated with tropical floral nectars. Although more studies are necessary, our results and those of the other studies reveal a possible tendency for lower latitudes to support more nectar-living yeast species than higher latitudes. For example, Herzberg, Fischer & Titze (2002) studied microfungal diversity in the nectars of native plants in temperate communities of Germany, reporting a species richness of 20 yeasts in a total of 25 different plant species. Pozo, Herrera & Bazaga (2011) found 12 yeast taxa in 24 plant species in southern Spain; later, Álvarez Pérez & Herrera (2013) found 20 yeasts in nectar of 30 plant species in a large plant assemblage from southern Spain. Most recently, Mittelbach et al. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it focuses on yeast diversity in tropical plant communities and discusses the interaction between yeast species and host plants, without mentioning bioengineered yeast or their capability to produce biofuels from sugars.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Vaccines help in preventing the spread of infectious diseases. [SEP] Text: In high‐mortality countries, RV5 prevents 41% of severe rotavirus diarrhoea cases (RR 0. 59, 95% CI 0. 43 to 0. 82; 5885 participants, 2 trials; high‐certainty evidence), and 15% of severe all‐cause diarrhoea cases (RR 0. 85, 95% CI 0. 75 to 0. 98; 5977 participants, 2 trials; high‐certainty evidence). No increased risk of serious adverse events (SAE) was detected (RR 0. 93 95% CI 0. 86 to 1. 01; moderate to high‐certainty evidence). There were 16 cases of intussusception in 43,629 children after RV5 vaccination and 20 cases in 41,866 children after placebo (RR 0. 77, 95% CI 0. 41 to 1. 45; low‐certainty evidence). vaccinated and followed up the first year of life Rotavac has not been assessed in any RCT in countries with low child mortality. In India, a high‐mortality country, Rotavac probably prevents 57% of severe rotavirus diarrhoea cases (RR 0. 43, 95% CI 0. 30 to 0. 60; 6799 participants, moderate‐certainty evidence); the trial did not report on severe all‐cause diarrhoea at one‐year follow‐up. Children vaccinated and followed up for two years Rotavac probably prevents 54% of severe rotavirus diarrhoea cases in India (RR 0. 46, 95% CI 0. 35 to 0. 60; 6541 participants, 1 trial; moderate‐certainty evidence), and 16% of severe all‐cause diarrhoea cases (RR 0. 84, 95% CI 0. 71 to 0. 98; 6799 participants, 1 trial; moderate‐certainty evidence). No increased risk of serious adverse events (SAE) was detected (RR 0. 93 95% CI 0. 85 to 1. 02; moderate‐certainty evidence). There were eight cases of intussusception in 5764 children after Rotavac vaccination and three cases in 2818 children after placebo (RR 1. 33, 95% CI 0. 35 to 5. 02; very low‐certainty evidence). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by providing specific statistical evidence that the RV5 vaccine prevents severe rotavirus diarrhea cases in high-mortality countries, such as preventing 41% of severe cases. This supports the notion that vaccines can be effective in reducing the incidence and potentially the spread of infectious diseases.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Climate resilience can solve global warming without reducing carbon emissions. [SEP] Text: 17Other contributing factors include changes in people’s behavior and habits (reducing travel), as well as availability of technical solutions, such as speed limits on the road. 18Benjamin Brown-Steiner and others, ‘Black carbon emissions from trucks and trains in the Midwestern and States from 1977 to 2007’ (2016) 129 155–166. 19William Dietrich, ‘Harmonisation of : Lessons from the Applied to the wto and the nafta’ (1996), 20 William and Law and 175. 20, ‘A technical summary of Euro 6/vi vehicle emission standards’ (icct, 2016). 21In the EU, the ongoing revision of car emission standards is part of the legislative package in support of the EU goal to reduce ghg emissions by 55% by 2030 and achieve a zero-carbon future by 2050. 22and others, ‘from Motor Vehicles: Standards and Technologies for Controlling Emissions’ (1996). 23Arabic numerals refer to light duty vehicles, whereas Roman numerals refer to heavy-duty vehicles. 24Williams and Minjares (n20). 25countries have a similar set of car standards, e. g. US Tier 1–3 standards for passenger vehicle emissions and US 2004 and 2010 standards for heavy duty vehicle emissions. 26dpf is a filter that captures and stores exhaust soot. doc is a device that reduces carbon monoxide and hydrocarbons in the exhaust gas by oxidizing them but, through the oxidation of hydrocarbons absorbed on p2. 93 billion for participating in a cartel’ (Press Release, 2016) < accessed 23/11/2022. 34Vehicle type approval is a process applied by national authorities to certify that a car model meets all safety, environmental and conformity of production requirements before authorizing it to be placed on the market. 35Regulation (EU) 2018/858. 36ccac (n30). 37Low-sulfur fuel is also required for some systems that control NOx. Moreover, sulfur in fuel is problematic on its own, because it leads to increased air pollution. When diesel sulfur content is high, sulfate p14. 10. 2020). < (last accessed 23 November 2022). 42See EU Regulation 443/2009. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing regulatory measures and standards aimed at reducing greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, such as the EU goal to reduce GHG emissions by 55% by 2030 and achieve a zero-carbon future by 2050. It emphasizes that technical solutions, changes in behavior, and stringent vehicle emission standards are critical components to addressing climate change, which indicates that simply relying on climate resilience is insufficient without also reducing carbon emissions.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Bioengineered yeast can produce biofuels from sugars. [SEP] Text: (2015) reported nectar fungal diversity from a subtropical plant community in the Canary Islands. A total of 34 yeasts species were found in eight native plant species. Belisle et al. (2014) reported 38 microfungi species, associated with mouthparts of 21 hummingbirds and six bat species of Costa Rica. In this work in a tropical environment, 18 nectariferous plants were surveyed and a total of 39 yeast taxa were found. Therefore, yeast species richness seems to steadily decrease from the tropical community of Yucatan and subtropical community in the to the temperate plant communities of southern Spain and Germany. Yeast-plant associations The diversity of nectar-living yeasts in our sample was also shaped by associations between yeast, host plants and flower visitors. This pattern creates a mosaic of nectar environments at the community level where habitat features are filters that influence the probability that the taxa, with their specified traits, can join and persist as members of a local community (Soininen, 2012; Hillebrand & Blenckner, 2002). According to our results and previous evidence (e. g. , Lachance et al. , 2001; Lachance & Starmer, 2008; Lachance, Hurtado & Hsiang, 2016), two types of non-exclusive filters may influence nectar-yeast interactions. First, floral nectar may act as a yeast community filter because of its physicochemical and nutritional factors such as availability of nutrients, water activity and the presence of yeast limiting/enhancing solutes, which can together lead to physiological specialization in nectar-living yeasts (Lievens et al. , 2015). Our results show the existence of frequent yeast and host plant correspondences, which is compatible with the existence of nectar filters that ‘sieve’ yeasts arriving to nectar and drive yeast distribution across host plants. However, experimental evidence culturing yeasts under different nectar environments are necessary to test the existence of this type of filter. Second, flower visitors can also be seen as an ecological filter as they show particular associations with yeasts. Different plant species have different pollinators that can transport different yeast species to floral nectars. In a preliminary nectar-yeast assessment in plants, de Vega, Herrera & Johnson (2009) observed that differences among plant species in yeast incidence were related to variations in pollinator types. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses the diversity of yeast species associated with plants and their ecological interactions, without mentioning bioengineering or the production of biofuels from sugars. The focus on ecological filters and yeast-plant associations does not support or contrast the claim that bioengineered yeast can produce biofuels.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Vaccines help in preventing the spread of infectious diseases. [SEP] Text: There was insufficient evidence of an effect on mortality from any rotavirus vaccine (198,381 participants, 44 trials; low‐ to very low‐certainty evidence), as the trials were not powered to detect an effect at this endpoint. Authors' conclusions RV1, RV5, and Rotavac prevent episodes of rotavirus diarrhoea. Whilst the relative effect estimate is smaller in high‐mortality than in low‐mortality countries, there is a greater number of episodes prevented in these settings as the baseline risk is much higher. We found no increased risk of serious adverse events. model is widely used and taught in evidence-based health care as a strategy for formulating questions and search strategies and for characterizing clinical studies or meta-analyses. PICO stands for four different potential components of a clinical question: Patient, Population or Problem; Intervention; Comparison; Outcome. See more on using PICO in the Cochrane Handbook. Plain language summary available in English Español Français for preventing rotavirus diarrhoea: vaccines in use What is the aim of this review? The aim of this was to find out if rotavirus vaccines are effective in preventing diarrhoea and deaths in infants and young children. We also aimed to find out if the rotavirus vaccines are safe. We collected and analyzed all relevant studies to answer these questions, and found 55 studies. Key messages RV1, RV5, and Rotavac prevent episodes of rotavirus diarrhoea (moderate‐ to high‐certainty evidence). We found no increased risk of serious adverse events (moderate‐ to high‐certainty evidence) including intussusception (where the bowel telescopes on itself, and can cause obstruction) (very low to low‐certainty evidence). What was studied in the review? Rotavirus infection is a common cause of diarrhoea in infants and young children, and can cause mild illness, hospitalization, and death. Since 2009, the Organization (WHO) has recommended that a rotavirus vaccine be included in all national infant and child immunization programmes, and 95 countries have so far followed this recommendation. In the years before infants and children started receiving rotavirus vaccine, rotavirus infection resulted in about half a million deaths a year in children aged under five years, mainly in low‐ and middle‐income countries. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by stating that rotavirus vaccines (RV1, RV5, and Rotavac) effectively prevent episodes of rotavirus diarrhoea, which is a significant health issue in infants and young children. The text also mentions that organizations like WHO recommend the inclusion of these vaccines in national immunization programs, indicating recognition of their role in preventing infectious diseases like rotavirus infection.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Climate resilience can solve global warming without reducing carbon emissions. [SEP] Text: 43Starting in the years 2025 and 2030, the EU fleet-wide CO2 targets will be stricter and defined as a percentage reduction from the 2021 level – for cars, 15% reduction from 2025 and 37. 5% reduction from 2030; for vans, 15% reduction from 2025 and 31% reduction from 2030. See EU Regulation 2019/631. 44In addition to fines for non-compliance, the so-called gas guzzler tax is levied on individual passenger car models that do not meet cafe standards. See nhtsa, ‘Fuel Economy’ < accessed 23 November 2022. 45Aleksandra Čavoški, ‘The unintended consequences of EU law and policy on air pollution’ (2017) 26 reciel 3, 255–265. 46Dylan Loh, ‘Singapore vows to be first in to ditch petrol cars’ (nikkei Asia, 2020)< accessed 23 November 2022. 47Hongyang Cui, Pramoda Gode, and Sandra Wappelhorst, ‘A of Zero-in Cities and their Development Progress’ (icct Briefing, 2021) < accessed 23 November 2022. 48Roadmaps for Energy, ‘on: Norway’s to “of Fuels by 2025”’ (2016) < accessed 23 November 2022. 49Charles Riley, ‘Europe aims to kill gasoline and diesel cars by 2035’ (cnn Business, 14 July 2021). 50While this plan is to be fulfilled mainly through car carbon standards, the ongoing revision of car exhaust standards will also contribute to this goal. 51The proposed changes are part of a larger package aimed at steering the EU towards its goal of cutting ghg emissions by at least 55% by 2030 compared to 1990 levels and become the first continent to be climate neutral in 2050. Commission, ‘Deal: Commission proposes transformation of EU economy and society to meet climate ambitions’ (Press Release, 2021) < accessed 23 November 2022. 52for a Regulation of the and of the Council amending Regulation (EU) 2019/631 as regards strengthening the CO2 emission performance standards for new passenger cars and new light commercial vehicles in line with the Union’s increased climate ambition, com/2021/556 final. 53The planned tightening of Euro exhaust emissions standards will also work for this outcome. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by highlighting the European Union's stringent CO2 targets aimed at reducing emissions. It states that the EU plans to cut greenhouse gas emissions by at least 55% by 2030 compared to 1990 levels. This suggests that reducing carbon emissions is a necessary strategy, countering the claim that climate resilience alone could address global warming.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Bioengineered yeast can produce biofuels from sugars. [SEP] Text: Mittelbach et al. (2015) also found that differences in pollinator types partly explained variation in nectar yeast composition between plants. Pollinators of plants sampled for this study included solitary bees, stingless bees, hummingbirds, beetles, and bats. Thus, it seems reasonable to postulate that these different groups will carry different yeast species, and the closest yeast-plant correspondences are also caused by particular flower visitors carrying particular yeasts to flowers. For example, correspondence between K. cleridarum and the cactus O. dilleni is explained by the association of this yeast with beetles of the genus Carpophilus, which contact cactus flowers to feed on nectar and pollen and release yeast cells to this environment (Lachance & Starmer, 2008). Correspondence of Starmerella sp. and M. ipomoeae with I. crinicalyx denote that the flower visitors are bees and nitidulid beetles (Rosa et al. , 2003; Lachance et al. , 2001). The association of M. ipomoeae and M. lochheadii with Ipomoea species results from the association of these yeasts with Conotelus beetles (Lachance et al. , 2001). In contrast, looser yeast-plant correspondences involved mostly basidiomicetous yeasts (except C. sorbosivorans) isolated in non-flower, non-nectar substrates and probably arrive to nectar through accidental contamination or air dispersal (Lachance et al. , 2001; Valério, Gadanho & Sampaio, 2002; Fell & Tallman, 1980; Yang et al. , 2010). Additionally, plant-yeast species correspondences mostly involved ascomycetous yeasts. In fact, ascomycetous yeasts showing correspondence with plants all belong to the same Saccharomycetes class (subphylum Saccharomycotina), while basidiomycetous taxa isolated from nectar belong to several classes such as Tremellomycetes, Ustilaginomycetes, Microbotryomycetes, and Hyphomycetes (subphyla Agaricomycotina, Pucciniomycotina, and Ustilaginomycotina). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text discusses various types of yeast and their associations with plants and pollinators, but it does not provide any information regarding bioengineered yeast or its use in producing biofuels from sugars. Therefore, it is irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Vaccines help in preventing the spread of infectious diseases. [SEP] Text: In this review we included randomized controlled trials in infants and young children that evaluated a monovalent rotavirus vaccine (RV1; Rotarix, GlaxoSmithKline) or a pentavalent rotavirus vaccine (RV5; RotaTeq, Merck). These vaccines have been evaluated in several large trials and are approved for use in many countries. We also included trials that evaluated another monovalent rotavirus vaccine (Rotavac; Bharat Biotech), which is used in India only. The rotavirus vaccines were compared with placebo or with no vaccine. The included studies did not allow comparisons between the vaccines. What are the main results of the review? We found 55 relevant studies with 216,480 participants. The trials took place in several locations worldwide. These studies compared a rotavirus vaccine versus placebo or versus no vaccine for infants and young children. The vaccines tested were RV1 (36 trials with 119,114 participants), RV5 (15 trials with 88,934 participants), and Rotavac (four trials with 8432 participants). Fifty‐one studies were funded or co‐funded by vaccine manufacturers, while four were independent of manufacturer funding. In the first two years of life, RV1: ●prevents more than 80% of severe cases of rotavirus diarrhoea in countries with low death rates (high‐certainty evidence) ●prevents 35% to 63% of severe rotavirus diarrhoea in countries with high death rates (high‐certainty evidence) ●probably prevents 37% to 41% of severe cases of diarrhoea from all causes (such as any viral infection, bacterial infection, or parasitic infection) in countries with low death rates (moderate‐certainty evidence) ●probably prevents 18% to 27% of severe cases of diarrhoea from all causes in countries with high death rates (moderate‐ to high‐certainty evidence). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by providing evidence from a review of randomized controlled trials that demonstrate the effectiveness of rotavirus vaccines in preventing severe cases of rotavirus diarrhoea in infants and young children. It specifically states that RV1 prevents more than 80% of severe cases in low death rate countries and outlines the significant reduction in severe diarrhoea cases from all causes, thus supporting the assertion that vaccines help prevent the spread of infectious diseases.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Climate resilience can solve global warming without reducing carbon emissions. [SEP] Text: 77and others, ‘Impact on Households of the Inclusion of Transport and in the EU ets’ (Institute, 2021). 78Michal Glowacki, ‘Emissions trading for road transport and buildings’ (Emissions-EUETS. com, 2021) < accessed 23 November 2022. 79The proposal on a road transport ets does not exclude possible merger of the two trading systems on assessment of the functioning of the new ets to be conducted after a few years based on information and collected market experience. 80Fuel suppliers will have to submit emissions allowances acquired at auction within a total cap on emissions reduced over time. The total quantity of allowances should be established for the first time in 2026, to follow a trajectory starting from the value of the 2024 emissions limits calculated on the basis of the reference emissions for this sector in the period from 2016 to 2018. (n78). 81Some EU (e. g. Germany) and other European countries (e. g. Switzerland) have carbon taxes on fuel and other pricing mechanisms for transport already in place. 82Maj and others (n77). 83See e. g. ercst, ‘Workshop: The ets for road transport and buildings: Why yes? Why not? ’ (2021)< accessed 23 November 2022. 84Kurt van Dender, ‘Taxing vehicles, fuels, and road use: Opportunities for improving transport tax practice’ (oecd Papers no. 44, 2019). 85When purchasing a car, a buyer had to pay a levy per gramme of CO2 per kilometer if the emission value of the car was above a certain threshold. If it was below the threshold, a rebate was paid. The scheme has eventually been abolished under the pressure of some operational and litigation challenges. 86unep, ’Addressing the Market’ (n4). 87Callejas and others (n56). 88ibid; The US is currently preparing an extension of tax credits for zev purchasers designed in the way that simultaneously stimulates local zev production. See cnbc, ‘EU, say U. S. plan for ev tax breaks may breach wto rules’ (2022) < accessed 23 November 2022. 89An example is the environmental protection tax in China that covers key components of pm2. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses emissions trading systems, carbon taxes, and subsidies related to fuel and transport but does not provide information supporting or contrasting the idea that climate resilience alone can address global warming without reducing carbon emissions.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Bioengineered yeast can produce biofuels from sugars. [SEP] Text: Yeast effects on nectar Our results show that the overall effect of yeast cell density on nectar sugars generally involves changes in the composition of nectar sugars that denote not only a chemical signature of yeast metabolism but also a nectar quality impoverishment since the sugar concentration decreases with increasing yeast cell density. This phenomenon has been reported previously by Herrera, García & Pérez (2008) and de Vega & Herrera (2013). By reducing the nutritional value of nectar, the foraging behavior of pollinators is affected and nectar-living yeasts become a factor that drives plant–pollinator interactions (Herrera, Pozo & Medrano, 2013; see also Vannette, Gauthier & Fukami, 2013; Good et al. , 2014; Schaeffer & Irwin, 2014). Although more data from additional tropical communities are needed, it is reasonable to expect that nectar-living yeasts will have ecologically significant implications in plant–pollinator interactions at the community level because of their effects on community-wide floral nectar traits and the foraging behavior of flower visitors. The results from this study also show that nectar alteration by yeasts is not a rare phenomenon in the community of host plants and is probably more frequent in tropical plant communities than is currently acknowledged. Yeast cell density and the interaction between different yeast groups and host plants account for most of the variance observed in nectar sugar concentration in this study. Although different yeast groups were not found to have different impacts on nectar traits, their interaction with host plants impacted nectar sugar concentration. One explanation is that the initial sugar concentration of nectar depends on the variance inherent to plant species in their nectar secretion. Nectar-living yeasts can match or mismatch with traits of initial nectar (e. g. , because of physiologic requirements of yeasts), therefore, different types of yeasts will differ in their ability to grow in different nectars (Herrera, Pozo & Bazaga, 2014). Moreover, floral nectars frequently contain plant metabolites that prevent yeast degradation of nectar (Adler, 2000; Thornburg et al. , 2003; Herrera et al. , 2010; Heil, 2011; Nepi et al. , 2012). The result is that some types (or species) of yeast will occur in specific host plants but will not occur in others. This pattern was observed across host plants in this study. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses the effects of yeast on nectar sugars and the implications for plant-pollinator interactions, without mentioning bioengineering or the production of biofuels from sugars.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Vaccines help in preventing the spread of infectious diseases. [SEP] Text: In the first two years of life, RV5: ●probably prevents 82% to 92% of severe cases of rotavirus diarrhoea in countries with low death rates (moderate‐certainty evidence) ●prevents 41% to 57% of severe cases of rotavirus diarrhoea in countries with high death rates (high‐certainty evidence) ●probably prevents 15% of severe cases of diarrhoea from all causes in countries with high death rates (moderate‐ to high‐certainty evidence); we did not identify any studies that reported on diarrhoea from all causes in countries with low death rates. In the first two years of life, Rotavac: ●probably prevents more than 50% of severe cases of rotavirus diarrhoea in India, a country with high death rates (moderate‐certainty evidence) ●probably prevents 18% of severe cases of diarrhoea from all causes in India (moderate‐certainty evidence). Rotavac has not been evaluated in a randomized controlled trial in a country with low death rates. We found little or no difference in the number of serious adverse events (moderate‐ to high‐certainty evidence), or intussusception cases (low‐ to very low‐certainty evidence), between those receiving RV1, RV5, or Rotavac compared with placebo or no intervention. How up‐to‐date is this review? We searched for studies that had been published up to 4 April 2018. Visual summary Authors' conclusions available in English Español Implications for practice RV1, RV5 and Rotavac are efficacious vaccines in preventing rotavirus diarrhoea with comparable safety and efficacy profiles. The systematic review data support the global WHO rotavirus vaccine recommendation (SAGE 2009; SAGE 2012). The data from the included RCTs exclude a risk of intussusception with RV1, RV5, and Rotavac of the magnitude observed with the first licensed vaccine (RRV‐TV, RotaShield). However, since the data cannot exclude a smaller risk of intussusception or other rare serious adverse events, routine vaccine introduction should be accompanied by safety surveillance (Buttery 2011; Patel 2011; Shui 2012; Weintraub 2014). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by providing evidence that RV1, RV5, and Rotavac are effective vaccines in preventing severe cases of rotavirus diarrhoea. It states that RV5 probably prevents between 82% to 92% of severe cases in low death rate countries and also highlights the efficacy of Rotavac in India. This supports the overall claim that vaccines play a significant role in preventing infectious diseases.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Climate resilience can solve global warming without reducing carbon emissions. [SEP] Text: Advertisement news careers commentary in Member sciencescience advancesscience immunologyscience roboticsscience signalingscience translational medicinescience partner journals anywhereTermin in in in in in JournalsTermSearching:: cancer climate artificial intelligence postdoc aging anywhereTerm science. org Custom publishing newsletters collections videos podcasts blogs visualizations prizes and awards authors & reviewers librarians advertisers about help Terms of -to the people Nations are turning to citizen assemblies to weigh up climate policies. 29 Oct 2020ByCathleen O’to content The 110 members of the U. K. were randomly selected. /:FacebookShare on recently, Sue Peachey, an apartment building manager in Bath, U. K. , didn't think much about climate change. "I did my recycling," she says. "I just wasn't aware of how serious it was. " She never imagined the U. K. Parliament asking for her advice on climate policy. But last year, a letter arrived in her mailbox inviting her to do just that, by joining the United Kingdom's first ever climate assembly. "I'd never done jury service—I'd never done anything like it before," Peachey says. She thought about her stepchildren and stepgrandchildren, and the legacy they would inherit. "That was the main reason why I thought, ‘Well, if somebody is going to have input on it, why shouldn't it be me? '" So, Peachey signed up to spend four weekends driving to Birmingham to listen to experts, deliberate with 109 fellow citizens, and recommend climate policies. The assembly was more than a focus group or a town hall meeting: It was an experiment in handing political power to a random but representative set of citizens. Last month, it produced its final report, and its recommendations will shape debates in Parliament. The U. K. is one of a growing number of similar gatherings popping up across Europe, many of them charged with addressing climate change and other science-heavy issues. A citizens' assembly in Ireland that deliberated from 2016 to 2018 led to a referendum that legalized abortion and a government plan to quadruple its carbon tax by 2030. This year in France, an assembly made 149 climate policy recommendations, and Macron has agreed to push for 146 of them, including making "ecocide" a crime and including climate goals in the French constitution. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by illustrating that citizen assemblies, such as those in the U.K., Ireland, and France, are specifically focused on climate policy recommendations that encompass reducing carbon emissions, as evidenced by plans to quadruple carbon tax and make 'ecocide' a crime. This indicates a political will to address carbon emissions, contradicting the claim that climate resilience alone can solve global warming without reduction efforts.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Bioengineered yeast can produce biofuels from sugars. [SEP] Text: For example, Metschnikowia group yeasts occur in I. crinicalyx, O. pinnatifida and T. stant but did not occur in the rest of the host plants. Similarly, Papilotrema group yeasts occurred only in I. hederifolia, M. aegyptia, M. dissecta and O. pinnatifida, and Ustilago group yeasts occurred only in I. hederifolia, I. nil, I. triloba, and M. dissecta. The observed diversity of nectar-living yeasts in the assemblage of host plants surveyed most likely represent only a portion of the actual number of species occurring in floral nectar in the area, suggesting that tropical communities harbor an impressive, as yet undiscovered diversity of yeast taxa associated with flower-nectar environments. The diversity of these types of yeasts is not only characterized by an important number of equally common species with low dominance but also by significant species correspondences between yeasts and nectariferous plants. Finally, the impact that the interaction between different types of yeasts and nectariferous plants exert on nectar sugars observed in this study suggests the existence of a nectar filtering process that sieves the initial assemblage of yeast species arriving to nectar from pollinators mouthparts, thus creating the opportunity for yeast ecological specialization. Data sets of tropical yeasts and host plants used in this study for the analyses of diversity, correspondence analysis, and power model regression Raw data of the incidence and cell density of nectar-living yeasts on the floral nectar of a tropical host plant community. Three data sets are shown, one used for the diversity analysis (diversity), another applied for the analysis of correspondence between yeasts and host plants (correspondence), and the last one used in the analysis of power model regression of yeast cell density versus concentration of nectar sugars (yeast effects). DOI: 10. 7717/peerj. 3517/supp-1 Download 10. 7717/peerj. 3517/supp-2 sequences of representative yeasts resulted from nectar samples Nucleotide sequences of the large-subunit (26S) ribosomal DNA gene (D1/D2 region). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it focuses on the diversity of yeast species in tropical floral nectar environments and their ecological interactions. It does not provide any information regarding bioengineered yeast or its ability to produce biofuels from sugars.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Vaccines help in preventing the spread of infectious diseases. [SEP] Text: Implications for research Placebo‐controlled efficacy trials of RV1 and RV5 have been undertaken in representative populations of low‐ and high‐mortality countries and do not require repetition; efficacy or effectiveness trials of Rotavac outside of India should be considered if Rotavac is introduced globally. Further research would be valuable in the following areas: Continued post‐introduction studies to examine the impact and effectiveness of rotavirus vaccination, particularly in high‐mortality countries. A greater understanding of the lower vaccine efficacy observed in high‐mortality countries compared to low‐mortality countries in Africa and Asia in the first and second years of life. Studies to assess the potential benefit of alternative dosage schedules of rotavirus vaccine, especially in high‐mortality countries (e. g. neonatal dosing, additional dosing). Continued post‐introduction studies in representative countries should examine vaccine safety with particular respect to intussusception and should analyze the risk/benefit of rotavirus vaccination (Patel 2011). Post‐introduction safety studies of Rotavac are currently lacking (Dutta 2017). Given the rarity of the event, data from different countries may need to be pooled (Escolano 2011; Escolano 2015), or self‐controlled case series analyses may need to be carried out (Carlin 2013; Stowe 2016; Tate 2018; Yih 2014). Summary of findings Open in table viewerSummary of findings for the main comparison. RV1 compared to placebo for preventing rotavirus diarrhoea in low‐mortality countries Patient or population: children Setting: low‐mortality countries (WHO strata A and B) Intervention: RV1 Comparison: placebo comparative risks* (95% CI) Relative effect (95% CI) Number of participants (studies) Certainty of the evidence (GRADE) risk Corresponding risk Placebo RV1 Severe cases of rotavirus diarrhoea Follow‐up: up to 1 year 13 per 1000 2 per 1000 (1 to 3) RR 0. 16 (0. 09 to 0. 26) 43,779 (7 studies) ⊕⊕⊕⊕ higha RV1 reduces severe rotavirus diarrhoea compared to placebo at up to one year follow‐up. One study (RV1 Vesikari 2007a‐EU) reported higher efficacy compared to the pooled data. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by stating that RV1 (a rotavirus vaccine) reduces severe rotavirus diarrhoea compared to placebo, indicating the vaccine's effectiveness in preventing a specific infectious disease. This aligns with the assertion that vaccines help prevent the spread of infectious diseases, as it highlights the role of vaccination in reducing disease incidence.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Climate resilience can solve global warming without reducing carbon emissions. [SEP] Text: And they fear punishment at the ballot box, where citizens express their opinions about a multitude of policies at the same time: "Voting is such a blunt instrument. " In mid-2019, the set a target of net zero carbon emissions by 2050, a first step toward keeping its commitments to the 2016 Paris agreement. But since then, there's been no action to meet the goal, says Darren Jones, a politician. "We've legislated this target, and that's great," he says. "But now how are we going to get there? " Climate policies need the backing of the public, Willis says, which means the public should be involved in creating them. And so, like Macron, Jones and other members of the U. K. Parliament asked the public to help. The U. K. deliberated in Birmingham, after hearing from climate scientists and advocacy groups. /was one of the 30,000 people whose postcode came up in a random lottery to choose potential participants, and one of 1748 people who responded to the invitation. An algorithm whittled the sample down to 110 people who matched the overall U. K. population's gender, age, ethnicity, education level, geographic region—and, crucially, their degree of concern about climate change. This two-stage process limits the influence of self-selection, which skews toward people who already have strong interests in a topic and drives polarization, says Stephen Elstub, a political scientist at who is studying how well the U. K. worked. The nonprofit Involve, contracted by Parliament to run the assembly, tried to eliminate barriers to entry, says Sarah Allan, Involve's head of engagement. The team chose Birmingham as a geographically central city and arranged travel, accommodation, child care, and accessibility adaptations like large-print reading materials. They covered all the members' costs, paying upfront when necessary so as not to exclude members who couldn't pay out of pocket. And they paid all members an honorarium of £150 for each weekend, a lure to those with little preexisting interest in the subject. "It's really important to try and get the people who wouldn't normally participate," Elstub says. On a gloomy Friday evening in late January, the assembly members gathered for the first time on the top floor of the glossy, high-rise hotel. Famed naturalist made an appearance to greet the members and host a Q&A about his work. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by emphasizing the necessity of actively reducing carbon emissions to meet climate goals. It discusses the U.K.'s target of net zero carbon emissions by 2050 and highlights the lack of action towards achieving this goal. The statement, 'We've legislated this target, and that's great... But now how are we going to get there?' underscores the requirement for tangible measures rather than relying solely on climate resilience, which is implied as insufficient alone to address global warming.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Bioengineered yeast can produce biofuels from sugars. [SEP] Text: Each sequence was obtained by two-way sequencing method using the primer combination NL1-NL4, according to Kurtzman & Robnett (1998) and Lachance et al. (1999). Raw sequences were edited, assembled and consensus sequences were obtained using 8. 1. 7 bioinformatics software (Biomatters Ltd, Auckland, New Zealand). DOI: 10. 7717/peerj. 3517/supp-3 We thank ópez for assistance with DNA sequencing of yeasts; Atzelby López, Blanca Lizama, Cesar Canché and Raymundo González for assistance in the field and laboratory; Marina García for chemical analyses; Paulino Simá, for host-plant identification. authors declare there are no competing interests. conceived and designed the experiments, performed the experiments, analyzed the data, contributed reagents/materials/analysis tools, wrote the paper, prepared figures and/or tables, reviewed drafts of the paper. Carlos M. Herrera conceived and designed the experiments, analyzed the data, contributed reagents/materials/analysis tools, wrote the paper, prepared figures and/or tables, reviewed drafts of the paper. performed the experiments, analyzed the data, contributed reagents/materials/analysis tools, reviewed drafts of the paper. following information was supplied relating to field study approvals (i. e. , approving body and any reference numbers): Permission to collect from natural areas of the Yucatan was granted by Secretaría del y Recursos Naturales, Delegación Yucatán-Subsecretaría de Gestion para la Protección Ambiental: Dirección General de (oficio 00837/09). DNA following information was supplied regarding the deposition of DNA sequences: The group large-subunit (26S) ribosomal DNA gene (D1/D2 region) sequences used here are provided in a Supplemental File. The following information was supplied regarding data availability: The raw data has been supplied as a Supplementary File. work was supported by the de Ciencia y Tecnología through CB-2007-01 program (grant number 80031), the Ministerio de Educación y Ciencia (grant number CGL2010-15964) and the Junta de Andalucía (grant number P09-RNM-4517). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text provides detailed information regarding sequence acquisition and analysis methods related to yeast but does not address the claim about the capability of bioengineered yeast to produce biofuels from sugars. Consequently, it is irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Vaccines help in preventing the spread of infectious diseases. [SEP] Text: When we excluded this study from the analysis, there was no heterogeneity observed in the pooled data Severe cases of rotavirus diarrhoea Follow‐up: up to 2 years 24 per 1000 4 per 1000 (3 to 5) RR 0. 18 (0. 14 to 0. 23) 36,002 (9 studies) ⊕⊕⊕⊕ high RV1 reduces severe rotavirus diarrhoea compared to placebo at up to two years follow‐up. Severe cases of all‐cause diarrhoea Follow‐up: up to 1 year 41 per 1000 24 per 1000 (19 to 30) RR 0. 59 (0. 47 to 0. 74) 28,051 (3 studies) ⊕⊕⊕⊝ moderateb due to reporting bias RV1 probably reduces severe all‐cause diarrhoea compared to placebo at up to one year follow‐up. Severe episodes of all‐cause diarrhoea Follow‐up: up to 2 years 39 per 1000 24 per 1000 (22 to 28) 0. 63 (0. 56 to 0. 71) 39,091 (2 studies) ⊕⊕⊕⊝ moderatec due to reporting bias RV1 probably reduces severe all‐cause diarrhoea compared to placebo at up to two years follow‐up. Three additional studies reported on cases of children with severe all‐cause diarrhoea (RR 0. 60, 95% CI 0. 36 to 1. 02; 9417 participants); these data could not be pooled with the studies reporting on number of episodes All‐cause death Follow‐up: 2 months to 2 years 1 per 1000 2 per 1000 (1 to 2) RR 1. 22 (0. 87 to 1. 71) 97,597 (22 studies) ⊕⊕⊝⊝ lowd due to imprecision RV1 may make little or no difference to all‐cause death compared to placebo. All serious adverse events Follow‐up: 2 months to 2 years 45 per 1000 40 per 1000 (37 to 42) RR 0. 88 (0. 83 to 0. 93) 96,233 (24 studies) ⊕⊕⊕⊕ high RV1 slightly reduces serious adverse events compared to placebo. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text supports the claim by indicating that the RV1 vaccine reduces severe rotavirus diarrhoea compared to placebo, which implies that the vaccine helps prevent the spread of this infectious disease. The results show a significant reduction in severe cases and adverse outcomes, reinforcing the idea that vaccines play a role in controlling infectious diseases.