Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: It's argued that evidence of life on Europa could be overlooked due to existing biases. [SEP] Text: Section 317 Even with the programs just discussed, unaddressed coverage gaps may leave some individuals, specifically un- or under-insured adults, subject to lack of coverage for vaccines or significant out-of-pocket costs. The federal Section 317 Immunization Program, established in 1962, continues to play a critical role in achieving immunization coverage targets and reductions in disease. The initiative provides funding for the nation’s immunization programs and services through grants to states, cities and territories; it is focused on supporting vaccinations for children, adolescents and adults who are uninsured. Additionally, the federal government purchases vaccine doses at CDC-negotiated public sector prices for distribution to states, in limited numbers subject to Congressional funding levels. These doses may be used to vaccinate the just under 30 million uninsured adults in the US through mass clinics and at Health Centers. Like VFC prices, Section 317 vaccine prices are substantially reduced relative to commercial list prices, and states also have access to these prices for additional vaccine purchase. 317 program is also charged with helping respond to outbreaks of vaccine-preventable diseases and thus will likely play an important role in the COVID-19 response. Under an important program exception, in an outbreak scenario, Section 317 doses may also be administered to insured individuals. In fact, the (NVAC) has noted that a “profound strength of the program is its flexibility, allowing it to respond efficiently and effectively to state-specific priorities and unexpected outbreaks of disease. ” However, the program’s ability to make a large-scale vaccine purchase in an outbreak scenario depends on adequate congressional appropriations. Pathway 2: the above programs are largely designed to ensure uptake of vaccines recommended for use in the US civilian population, other public health mechanisms exist to support the development and rapid deployment of vaccines in response to infrequent, high-consequence events, such as outbreaks of emerging infectious diseases like COVID-19. () is a federal, interdepartmental coordinating body, It supports the development, procurement, and stockpiling of medical countermeasures (MCMs) to diagnose, prevent, or treat conditions associated with chemical, biological, radiological, or nuclear (CBRN) threats, pandemic influenza, and emerging infectious diseases. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses the Section 317 Immunization Program and related public health initiatives, which have no connection to the evidence or biases related to life on Europa.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Hydroponics allows for soil-free farming in city environments. [SEP] Text: Maintain an app that communicates with the farmer and allows remote access to the growing environment. Immediate alerts to the farmer for uncommon incidences in the growing environment. Use a cloud server to maintain day-to-day plant growth status. Block diagram Hydroponics is soilless cultivation that can be grown in any small indoor area. Each requirement must be provided artificially in a controlled environment, whereas everything is naturally available for soil agriculture. The above Fig. 2 depicts the whole idea of our proposed system. Figure 2: Block diagram for proposed automatic nutrient provider for hydroponics farming. Download full-size image DOI: 10. 7717/peerj-cs. 1871/fig-2 Our proposed system aims at developing an auto-dosing system for nutrient management to distribute essential nutrients for plants with less human intervention. The system mainly automates the nutrient supply to prevent under-dosing or overdose. This system calculates and estimates the number of nutrients based on the ratios given at every plant stage or age. The block diagram of the system mainly comprises a growing chamber, water reservoir, NPK mixture pumps, and Arduino microcontroller that connects various sensors to sense different parameters like pH, EC, temperature, and water levels and uses LCD 16 × 2 monitor to display all these parameters. The pH and EC sensors in the system continuously monitor the hydroponic solution. If the recorded pH falls beyond the required range, the system triggers pH adjustment processes, such as introducing pH-up or pH-down solutions, to return the pH to the ideal range. If the EC values exceed the predefined thresholds, the system adjusts the nutrient content by diluting the solution with water or supplementing it with more nutrients. These corrective steps are frequently automated and initiated in real-time to handle any variations as quickly as possible and to guarantee that the nutrient solution remains within the precise parameters conducive to plant health. The system provides a stable and controlled environment by proactively maintaining pH and EC levels, protecting against harmful impacts on nutrient uptake and overall plant development in hydroponic farming. It feels pH and EC in regular intervals and compares recorded values with the minimum threshold already initialized in the system. EC and pH ranges vary from plant to plant. The nutrient solution requirement of the plant is directly dependent on the growth stage of the plant, which causes EC ranges to go for different growth stages. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by defining hydroponics as 'soilless cultivation that can be grown in any small indoor area,' thus supporting the assertion that hydroponics enables soil-free farming, particularly in urban settings. It elaborates on the controlled growing environment required for hydroponics, making it suitable for city environments where traditional soil farming may not be feasible.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Smart cities operate without any human oversight or intervention. [SEP] Text: We define the harmonic average of the associated mentioned scores as the weight of a relationship between 2 digitalities:where Mg=Mg(Si) is the harmonic average, N=2 is the number of digitalities related to each other, and Si is the score associated with each of the specialities that operationalize the digital functionalities involved in the relationship. We use a harmonic average as it is based on all observations, gives larger weights to smaller observations, and is thus more robust to strong observations and fluctuations of samples. Moreover, it can cope with variable time factors—in our case, the same speciality deployed via different technologies in different domains and in different time settings. For a triality, we calculate the Mg value for each of the 3 single relationships and then their arithmetic average. Mg is a function of the scores associated with the 2 related dots. The higher the output of the FAIRness assessment of the digitalities, the closer the corresponding dot is to the center of the technology ring, the lower the ranking of the relationship (decreasing importance from 1 to 5), and the more effective that portion of the ODH intervention is. From a graphical point of view, the dots and relationships shall tend toward the center of the ring. For an optimal ODH intervention, its ODHness (ie, an overall evaluation of how well the ODH intervention is delivered) has to tend to 0 [24]. Eventually, the weight associated with the dimensions involved in the ODH intervention is a corrective factor that improves the scores obtained in the previous steps. Accordingly, the greater the number of dimensions involved in the ODH intervention, the more effective the corrective factor is supposed to be. Ethical ConsiderationsOur research is not an observational study and does not produce or analyze any data taken from humans. Rather, we present a viewpoint and a use case as a potential scenario for an ODH intervention. Accordingly, a review by an ethics committee is not required. However, planning an ODH intervention must cope with data privacy and security. In our opinion, confidentiality protection is a sensitive issue. In this use case, we do not focus specifically on this aspect. Nevertheless, in a real-world operationalization, it will be critical to have a dedicated data protection framework that allows us to deal when needed with data anonymization and deidentification. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by emphasizing the importance of human intervention, particularly in the context of the ODH (Open Data Hub) interventions. It states that for an optimal ODH intervention, effectiveness is improved by having a more significant number of dimensions involved, suggesting that human oversight is necessary for evaluating and implementing these interventions effectively. Furthermore, it reflects on ethical considerations, data privacy, and security, implying that human involvement is critical when operationalizing smart city functionalities.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: It's argued that evidence of life on Europa could be overlooked due to existing biases. [SEP] Text: Guided by the and and the the of Health and the Research and routinely partner with biopharmaceutical companies to support MCM development through funding, technical assistance, and core services like clinical trial site management and manufacturing scale-up. These MCMs, such as H5N1 influenza vaccines and anthrax vaccines, are maintained in the Stockpile (SNS) along with other medicines, medical supplies, and equipment. In response to a public health threat, the SNS can deliver assets anywhere in the U. S. within 12 hours. While some MCMs in the SNS are licensed by the US Food and (FDA), others are stockpiled under Authorization (EUA), which is granted by the FDA during or in preparation for an emergency. EUA allows use of an unapproved medical product or the unapproved use of an approved medical product. First employed in January 2005 to facilitate anthrax vaccination for military personnel, this EUA authority provides flexibility in the interest of public health preparedness and response. The H1N1 pandemic is perhaps the most far-reaching precedent for vaccine procurement and distribution using the public health response pathway. During the 2009 H1N1 pandemic, the federal government purchased vaccines directly from manufacturers and distributed them to providers participating in vaccination programs. Because vaccine supply was initially limited, the ACIP recommended that priority be given to groups at highest risk of complications from the virus including pregnant women, anyone 6 months through 24 years of age, and health care personnel, among others. The vaccines were free for patients, and providers could bill for the administration of the vaccines. The government maintains bulk vaccine product in the SNS for pandemic influenza strains, which can be quickly filled, finished, and distributed should the need arise. As was the case for H1N1, the federal government may be the primary purchaser for the COVID-19 vaccine. To this end, Congress appropriated $300 million for the purchase of COVID-19 vaccines, therapeutics and diagnostics as part of the Appropriations Act, H. R. 6074, which was signed into law on March 6. the government be the primary purchaser of COVID-19 vaccines (Pathway 2), the price of the product will likely be negotiated in the same way it has been for other procurements of this nature. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses medical countermeasures (MCM), vaccine procurement, and public health preparedness related to H1N1 and COVID-19, without mentioning Europa or biases concerning evidence of life on that moon.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Hydroponics allows for soil-free farming in city environments. [SEP] Text: The pH meter calibrates the acidity or alkalinity of nutrient explanation in the water tank. In this system, we have grown tomato plants for the experimental results, and tomato plants can grow at a 5. 5 to 6. 5 feasible pH range. At all times, pH should be checked after getting EC in the predetermined range. The pH is too low or too high can stop nutrient uptaking and causes some deficiencies in plants. We should use pH up or down solutions to bring into the correct pH ranges. EC meter: EC meter and pH meter supports feeding hydro plants nutrients at consistent levels. Electrical conductivity (EC) can be measured in millisiemens (mS) or parts per million (ppm). For tomato plants, optimal EC ranges can be from 2 to 5 mS or 1,400 to 3,500 ppm levels based on the type of crops and growth stage of the tomato plants. If the EC value decreases, plants consume soundly and switch ON NPK pumps to raise nutrient solution. If the solution’s EC goes up, it means more nutrients in the resolution, and switching to the ON water pump dilutes the solution. Ultrasonic sensor: An ultrasonic sensor (HC SR04) is used to regulate the water level in the water tank. It is used to degree distance from one object to another object. It controls the water pump to turn on or off, thus avoiding water wastage. If the water equal recorded is less than the inception, it prompts the water pump to turn ON; otherwise, it will turn OFF immediately. 20 × 4 LCD: We used 20 columns × 4 rows of character LCD monitor designed for Arduino microcontroller with 16 pins to display all the input from sensors. 328 ADC: This device used for analog to digital conversion and vice versa. are using deep water culture for growing plants. Submersible pumps are used to mix the nutrient solution into the water reservoir. Hydroponic plants are soilless and consume macro and micro nutrients for their growth. It is essential to remember that the number of hydroponic nutrients and ratios that plants often require increases as plants get grown up. Then they slowly decrease as the plant enters the reproduction or harvesting stage. An auto-dosing system, designed to deliver nutrients mainly to concentrate on the plat stage, should fix specific nutrient ratios accordingly. Let us see how tomato plants consume nutrients at different stages of their growth. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing hydroponic systems, which are specifically designed for soil-free plant cultivation. It states that 'Hydroponic plants are soilless' and provides details about how nutrients are delivered to plants without the need for soil, reinforcing the idea that hydroponics enables farming in urban areas where soil may not be available.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Smart cities operate without any human oversight or intervention. [SEP] Text: In addition, anyone interested in running (primary use) or using data collected (secondary and tertiary uses) during an ODH intervention in real-world conditions must, according to the relevant local rules, obtain the approval of the relevant research ethics and data protection committees. Results(Updated): A Day in Tracy’s Life in a CityTo picture this vision, we flashback to our use case with Tracy and Mego. This time, we tell the same story but set in a smart city using smart devices. Tracy wakes up while her smart home processes the physiological measurements acquired overnight with IoT devices: a radar sensor on top of the bed monitors the respiratory rate, and the bed is equipped with a capacitive electrocardiograph in the mattress. Tracy also uses ballistocardiography and seismocardiography mounted on the bed frame for cardiorespiratory measurements and sleep assessment. opens a door or presses a switch, her body temperature, electrodermal activity (EDA), and photoplethysmography (PPG) are taken, which deliver heart and respiratory rates upon touching the smart door handle or smart switch, respectively. In addition, passive infrared sensors gather activity data for both Tracy and Mego. In the bathroom, the smart toilet analyzes her urine and measures the pH value and density of excrements. In front of the mirror, Tracy’s body temperature is measured by an infrared thermal sensor, whereas the weight scale integrated into records PPG and EDA. When watching television, Tracy’s electrocardiogram (ECG) chair records her heart and respiratory rates. leaves her apartment, she checks for Mego’s general health status, provided by his smart dog collar, on her app. Upon Tracy’s exit, her smart home transfers the health monitoring to her wearable sensors: Tracy’s smart clothes are equipped with an embedded ECG. During all her outdoor activities, Tracy’s wearable device performs the measurement, and data on the air quality are recorded [17,45]. Today, Tracy uses her car to drive to work. Opening the smart car door activates the measuring system, including body temperature, EDA, and ECG from the steering wheel as well as heart and respiratory rates from image-based PPG computed from the smart car’s indoor camera. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by describing a scenario where human involvement is evident in the operation of a smart city. For instance, it mentions that Tracy, a user of smart devices, actively interacts with her smart home and other technology, such as checking Mego’s health status through her app and utilizing various smart devices that require her input and presence. This indicates that smart cities operate with human oversight and intervention rather than autonomously.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: It's argued that evidence of life on Europa could be overlooked due to existing biases. [SEP] Text: Typically, the government uses a standard sole-source purchasing approach that establishes price based on the company’s development, manufacturing, and distribution costs, plus a mark-up for profit. With one seller and one purchaser negotiating these contracts, it is in the interest of both parties to reach agreeable terms. -19 vaccine be widely recommended for the U. S. population and made available through the typical supply and distribution channels and covered by both public and private payers (Pathway 1), the government will still purchase vaccines directly from manufacturers for the VFC and 317 programs for use in under- and un-insured populations. In addition, the emergency supplemental funding bill, H. R. 6074, requires that any new vaccines and therapeutics developed with government funds “be purchased in accordance with Regulation guidance on fair and reasonable pricing,” which is longstanding. The bill also specifies that the HHS Secretary may use existing authorities to ensure that vaccines, therapeutics, and diagnostics developed with supplemental funds be affordable in the commercial market. The interpretation of “fair and reasonable” is debatable given the high risk of failure associated with vaccine development, the complexity of clinical trials, the capital investments required for large-scale manufacturing operations, and the uncertain demand as the COVID-19 pandemic continues to unfold. Notably, no vaccine available on the US market has a list price of more than $230 per dose. In addition, many MCMs lack a viable position in the commercial market and the government is the sole purchaser, which strengthens its position vis-à-vis the establishment of price. the private sector or the government, or both, shoulder the larger proportion of costs to purchase and deploy a COVID-19 vaccine likely will depend on the epidemiology of the virus, the severity of the outbreak, and the timing of vaccine availability. If the outbreak subsides before a vaccine is available, a full-scale public health response is less likely. Based on past experience, and without significant changes to expedite development, a COVID-19 vaccine may be available in 12-18 months, although it could take much longer. Once a vaccine is ready for deployment, the ACIP will evaluate epidemiological, clinical, and economic evidence, along with other available data, to determine the most appropriate recommendation for use. As an example, a newly FDA-approved vaccine was recommended for the first time by the ACIP in February of 2020 for those at occupational risk for Ebola. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses the government's purchasing and pricing policies for vaccines and does not reference Europa, evidence of life, biases, or any related scientific discussion. Therefore, it does not contribute to an understanding of the claim regarding potential biases in recognizing evidence of life on Europa.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Hydroponics allows for soil-free farming in city environments. [SEP] Text: Tomato plant at germination stage At the time of the seedling or germination stage, the plant supplied nutrients naturally available in the RO water. The seedling can start its growth with lightening, CO2, oxygen, and minimal nutrients. Tomato plant at vegetative stage N-P-K ratios represent the percentage of each nutrient in the solution. For example, the N-P-K ratio 7-9-5 is the best ratio at the vegetative stage that contains 7% of nitrogen, 9% of phosphorous, and 5% of potassium. The remaining solution is filled with varying amounts of micronutrients. During the vegetative stage, plants consume higher amounts of nitrogen in the fertilizer for a rapid growth rate. Nutrient consumption with more nitrogen products makes plants healthier, with leaves seen dark shined greenish. At this stage, plants take around 1,400 to 2,000 ppm of nutrients required for growth. In our system, the minimum threshold of 1,400 ppm and a maximum of 2,000 ppm are taken for nutrient estimation. Tomato plant at reproductive stage (flower/fruit stage) Plants’ reproduction stage starts with flowers that carry out reproductive functions to produce fruits. During this stage, plants consume higher amounts of phosphorous (P) for flower/fruit production and reduce taking nitrogen as it is already collected in vegetative stage at higher levels. Phosphorous is also needed for healthy root structure development. In this stage, potassium is a crucial nutrient for reproduction. In this stage, a 5-15-14 NPK ratio may be a wise choice for plant growth. Plants require around 2,000 to 4,500 ppm of nutrients for optimum growth throughout the blooming or fruiting periods. In our system, the minimum threshold of 2,000 ppm and a maximum threshold of 2,500 ppm has taken. Similarly, for the fruiting stage, the minimum threshold of 2,200 ppm and ultimate point of 3,500 ppm has been accepted for nutrient estimation. Achieving 97. 5% accuracy in recognizing the vegetative stage, 97. 5% in the blooming stage, and 99. 4% in the fruiting stage in hydroponic plants using nutrient solutions has significant implications for precision agriculture. This level of precision enables focused and efficient fertilizer delivery throughout the plant’s growth cycle, optimizing resource efficiency and minimizing waste. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the rules and practices involved in hydroponic farming, which is soil-free. It details how plants, specifically tomatoes, are cultivated through nutrient solutions without soil, highlighting stages of growth and nutrient requirements. This information supports the idea that hydroponics facilitates soil-free farming, which is relevant for urban agriculture in city environments.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Smart cities operate without any human oversight or intervention. [SEP] Text: It is worth mentioning as well that Tracy’s bicycle is equipped with a smart handlebar that also delivers health data. A in Tracy’s Life (Updated)Some days ago, the continuous health monitoring system reported to Tracy that she should consult a physician—the sequence and length of atrial fibrillation periods had slightly increased, a well-known harbinger of stroke. However, because of time conflicts, the physician’s appointment was still outstanding when Tracy collapsed during her evening walk in the park with Mego. Instantaneously, Tracy’s smartwatch detected the AHE and asked Tracy to release the alert return. While the countdown had not yet ended, Mego’s collar reported Mego’s extraordinary excitement to Tracy’s smartwatch, which immediately generated the ISAN and sent an emergency alert. Using the ISAN, the rescue team requested access to the smartwatch so as to check previous and ongoing measurements and, therefore, be well prepared when arriving at Tracy’s location. This made it possible to perform the right intervention at the earliest point in time. Tracy recovered soon without staying in the hospital overnight. Analyzing the ODH InterventionMultimedia 83. [CrossRef] [Medline]Angelidou M. Smart city policies: a spatial approach. Cities 2014 Jul;41(Supplement 1):S3-11 [FREE Full text] [CrossRef]. Smart city and the applications. In: Proceedings of the 2011 on Electronics, Communications and Control. 2011 Presented at: ICECC '11; September 9-11, 2011; Ningbo, China p. 1028-1031. [CrossRef]. Appraising healthcare delivery provision: a framework to model business processes. 2017;235:511-515. [Medline]. Early detection of Parkinson disease using deep neural networks on gait dynamics. In: Proceedings of the 2020 Conference on Neural Networks. 2020 Presented at: IJCNN '20; July 19-24, 2020; Glasgow, UK p. 1-8 URL: [CrossRef]. Communication behavior changes between patients with diabetes and healthcare providers over 9 years: retrospective cohort study. J Res 2020 Aug 11;22(8):e17186 [FREE Full text] [CrossRef] [Medline] IoT for smart cities: machine learning approaches in smart healthcare—a review. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by describing a scenario in which human intervention is crucial for health monitoring and emergency response. It details how Tracy's smartwatch and Mego's collar work together to alert emergency services, highlighting the necessity of human oversight in the decision-making process during emergencies. This indicates that smart cities utilize technology but still require human involvement, contradicting the notion that they operate without any human oversight.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: It's argued that evidence of life on Europa could be overlooked due to existing biases. [SEP] Text: With this recommendation, many payers will be required to cover Ebola vaccination at first dollar for enrollees in these risk groups. However, Ebola vaccines may also be stockpiled by the government to facilitate a rapid response to this potential public health threat. An ACIP recommendation for a COVID-19 vaccine could take a variety of forms to reflect public health need. It could be a population-based recommendation targeting a specific age group or risk group, or one that defers entirely to shared clinical decision-making between patients and providers. Such a recommendation would activate the conventional system of vaccine coverage and finance with payers and the vaccine safety net playing a more prominent role. The sufficiency of the latter will depend on the will of the Administration and Congress to invest in our national immunization programs. Further, if the US government is the primary purchaser of COVID-19 vaccines, an ACIP recommendation will help guide federal vaccine procurement and inform the distribution strategy as it did during the H1N1 pandemic. Per its charter, the ACIP may develop guidance for use of unlicensed vaccines “if circumstances warrant. ” Affordable vaccines are critical to a public health response to an emerging infectious disease event like the COVID-19 pandemic, and to approximately 18 vaccine-preventable diseases in the US today. There are established policies and programs in place, however complex and imperfect to ensure broad access to a COVID-19 vaccine: the conventional vaccine coverage and financing programs (Pathway 1), and the public health preparedness and response programs (Pathway 2). Ongoing debate over drug prices should include an understanding of these pathways and longstanding contracting mechanisms that the government routinely uses to procure products from biopharmaceutical companies. Advertisement 2020. DOI: 10. 1377/hblog20200327. 868172 Please enable JavaScript to view the comments powered by Disqus. Caption 1220 19th Street, NW, Suite 800 Washington, DC 20036 T 202 408 6801 F 301 654 2845[email protected] & & -19 & & and conditions is pleased to offer for low-income countries. gratefully acknowledges the support of many funders. is an official journal of AcademyHealth. Project HOPE is a global health and humanitarian organization that places power in the hands of local health care workers to save lives across the globe. Project HOPE has published since 1981. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim regarding evidence of life on Europa or the notion of biases leading to such evidence being overlooked. Instead, the text focuses on vaccination recommendations, public health strategies, and systems related to COVID-19 and other vaccines, which are entirely unrelated topics.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Hydroponics allows for soil-free farming in city environments. [SEP] Text: With the potential to improve crop health and productivity, such accuracy contributes to the automation of hydroponic systems, decreasing labor requirements and enabling for data-driven decision-making. Furthermore, the environmental benefits, such as reduced nutrient runoff and a smaller ecological imprint, correspond with sustainable farming practices. This high level of precision not only ensures crop consistency, but also presents hydroponic farming as a competitive and environmentally aware strategy in modern agriculture. Equations for nutrients estimation based on the stage Estimating and calculating the ratios of nutrients to add to nutrient solutions is a primary issue in the hydroponic controlled environment. In India, the hydroponics culture is beginning. Most urban people are aware of growing hydroponics. In this urban farming, a farmer is tightly engaged with his day schedules. They cannot be time-intensive in dosing plants and making pH or EC adjustments. And if he is new to farming, he may accidentally shock his plants by over- or under-dosing. Overdosing on nutrients can result in a nutritional burn, the creation of salt content, and even plant death. Underdosing of nutrients sometimes results in plant decreases. The use of automated dosing systems is the solution to this problem. This system is used to avoid human errors and simplify nutrient management with less human intervention (dosing, checking levels, measuring pH and EC). Normally EC is measured in millisiemens. We can convert this EC to ppm using 500 NaCl or 700 KCl scales. 1MS=500ppm=EC500(or)1MS=700ppm=EC×700 For the tomato plant, the optimal EC range is from 2 to 5 mS, i. e. , 1,400 to 3,500 ppm, according to the KCl scale. We already discussed that plant absorbing nutrients involves several factors such as on plant stage, type of plant, and plant part growing. Accordingly, nutrient consumption at the vegetative stage is different from the flower stage, and similarly, nutrient uptaking at the flower stage is different from the fruit stage. At the germination stage, the plant uses a tiny percentage of nutrients as it can grow with nutrients available in fresh RO water. When it has grown in 30–40 days, leaves increase with height, around 20 to 30 cm. This stage is called the early vegetative stage. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing hydroponics as a method of farming that is suitable for urban environments. It emphasizes the automation of hydroponic systems and mentions that urban people are aware of growing hydroponics, which aligns with the concept of soil-free farming in cities. Additionally, it highlights the environmental benefits and the fact that hydroponics allows for intensive farming with reduced labor requirements, supporting the idea of soil-free agriculture in urban settings.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Smart cities operate without any human oversight or intervention. [SEP] Text: URL: [accessed 2022-10-28] Scquizzato T, Semeraro F. No more unwitnessed out-of-hospital cardiac arrests in the future thanks to technology. Resuscitation 2022 Jan;170:79-81. [CrossRef] [Medline]șan-Vida M, et al. Medical informatics and digital health multilingual ontology (MIMO): a tool to improve international collaborations. 2022 Nov;167:104860 [FREE Full text] [CrossRef] [Medline] Digital health multilingual ontology to index teaching resources. 2022 Aug 31;298:19-23. [CrossRef] [Medline]Denecke K, Baudoin CR. A review of artificial intelligence and robotics in transformed health ecosystems. (Lausanne) 2022 Jul 06;9:795957 [FREE Full text] [CrossRef] [Medline] Defining AMIA's artificial intelligence principles. J 2022 Mar 15;29(4):585-591 [FREE Full text] [CrossRef] [Medline]Goodman KW. Ethics in health informatics. Inform 2020 Aug;29(1):26-31 [FREE Full text] [CrossRef] [Medline] Healthcare data breaches: insights and implications. Healthcare (Basel) 2020 May 13;8(2):133 [FREE Full text] [CrossRef] [Medline]. Driving elements to make cities smarter: evidences from European projects. 2019 May;142:154-167 [FREE Full text] [CrossRef]Abu-Rayash A, Dincer I. Development of integrated sustainability performance indicators for better management of smart cities. Soc 2021 Apr;67:102704 [FREE Full text] [CrossRef]. Global E-waste management: can WEEE make a difference? A review of e-waste trends, legislation, contemporary issues and future challenges. 2021 Feb 01;120:549-563. [CrossRef] [Medline]. Biodegradable materials for sustainable health monitoring devices. 2021 Jan 18;4(1):163-194 [FREE Full text] [CrossRef] [Medline]Marques G, Pitarma R, M. Garcia NM, Pombo N. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by implying that the development and management of smart cities involve collaborative efforts, as mentioned in the context of 'integrated sustainability performance indicators for better management of smart cities.' This indicates that there are human elements involved in the oversight and decision-making processes regarding smart city initiatives.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: It's argued that evidence of life on Europa could be overlooked due to existing biases. [SEP] Text: 08 May 2020 Coronapod: The overlooked outbreaks that could derail the coronavirus response Outbreaks among those unable to isolate are spreading under the radar. We hear about the researchers scrambling to get a handle on the situation. Subscribe iPodcast acast and discuss the latest COVID-19 news. Your browser does not support the audio element. Download MP3 See transcript In this episode:01:02 How is coronavirus spreading in group settings? In order to successfully stop the coronavirus pandemic, researchers have to understand how the virus is spreading among groups unable to isolate. We hear about efforts to uncover levels of infection among homeless populations in the US, and the challenges associated with doing so. News: Ignoring outbreaks in homeless shelters is proving perilous16:49 One good thingOur hosts pick out things that have made them smile in the last week, including a virtual tour of the world, dark humour, and experimental cocktails. Up Close20:04 Fears rise at US drug-abuse research instituteis director of the on (NIDA). She tells us about her concerns for people living with substance-use disorders during the pandemic, and the damaging effect of lockdowns on NIDA’s research. News: The psychiatrist at the centre of the opioid crisisNever miss an episode: Subscribe to the on Apple Podcasts, Google Podcasts, Spotify or your favourite podcast app. Head here for the RSS feed. doi: Thompson, Noah Baker, and discuss the latest COVID-19 news. Benjamin ThompsonWelcome to Coronapod. Noah BakerIn this show, we’re going to bring you Nature’s take on the latest COVID-19 developments. Benjamin ThompsonAnd we’ll be speaking to experts around the world about research during the pandemic. Amy MaxmenI really don’t know how this plays out. We also don’t know a ton about this virus, so there’s so many open questions. I just have a really hard time making predictions because I don’t know how the outbreak is going to change. Benjamin ThompsonWelcome to episode eight of Coronapod. I’m Benjamin Thompson, once more in the basement, and I’m joined, as always, by. Noah and Amy, how are you both doing today? Amy MaxmenI’m doing good. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses the spread of the coronavirus and related public health issues without mentioning Europa or any related biases in scientific research. There is no connection to the claim regarding the investigation of potential life on Europa or the implications of biases that could affect such scientific evaluations.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Hydroponics allows for soil-free farming in city environments. [SEP] Text: 4. The application of the growth stage identification algorithm in hydroponic farming The application of the Identification algorithm in hydroponic farming situations has produced significant improvements in a variety of real-world applications. The precise detection of growth stages by the algorithm led to optimal nutrient administration in a tomato-growing commercial greenhouse, minimizing nutrient waste and increasing yield. By automating the procedures of monitoring and fertilizer correction based on accurate growth stage recognition, the algorithm improved labor productivity in vertical farming systems and streamlined operations. Additionally, the algorithm’s use in sustainable urban agriculture practices shown how it may reduce environmental impact by optimizing nutrient solutions, satisfying consumer demand for environmentally friendly food. Scholarly establishments applying the algorithm saw enhanced crop quality as a result of precise nutrient distribution, while arid-region hydroponic farms took use of its potential for resource-efficient farming. Furthermore, the algorithm’s applicability to automated home hydroponics showed that even city people could use it to produce plants successfully and optimally. All of these case studies highlight how adaptable and powerful the Identification algorithm is for raising production, sustainability, and efficiency in a range of hydroponic farming scenarios. Experiment results System setup The proposed system has been implemented to estimate the extra nutrients required to feed the plants in the right amounts. Files S2 and S3 show the system implementation in real-time for visualizing plant growth from vegetative to fruit. The above experiment used deep water culture to grow the plants in a fixed water tank mixed with the initial amount of nutrients. The tomato plants are taken for demo and monitored from the seedling stage to the fruiting stage for nearly 115 days. The plants were in the observation to analyze that nutrient consumption changes as they change their growth stage. We used an Arduino board designed with a pH sensor, TDs sensors, and a temperature sensor connected to the outside world using ESP-32 Wi-Fi for automating the nutrient supply. board is coded using the software Arduino IDE for the above implementation. Its user-friendly open-source software contains a text editor for writing and uploading data to the board. In this software, most of the components are written and validated using JavaScript. The board stores all the data logs processed and communicates with a private IOTCloudData server connected with an integrated ESP-32 Wi-Fi module. Plant growth identification In this system, we automated nutrient supply according to the plant stage. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by detailing the application of hydroponic farming in urban environments, particularly mentioning the use of an algorithm that automates nutrient supply for plant growth in systems suitable for city dwellers. This reflects the feasibility of hydroponics for soil-free farming in urban settings, enhancing sustainable agricultural practices and demonstrating its efficiency and adaptability in cities.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Smart cities operate without any human oversight or intervention. [SEP] Text: Internet of things architectures, technologies, applications, challenges, and future directions for enhanced living environments and healthcare systems: a review. Electronics 2019 Sep 24;8(10):1081 [FREE Full text] [CrossRef] Quantitative and qualitative analysis of the quality of life of type 1 diabetes patients using insulin pumps and of those receiving multiple daily insulin injections. 2022 Aug 01;20(1):120 [FREE Full text] [CrossRef] [Medline]. Rethinking technological acceptance in the age of emotional AI: surveying gen Z (Zoomer) attitudes toward non-conscious data collection. 2022 Aug;70:102011 [FREE Full text] [CrossRef]. An IoT-based vehicle accident detection and classification system using sensor fusion. 2021 Jan 15;8(2):869-880 [FREE Full text] [CrossRef]. Blockchain-empowered decentralised trust management for the internet of vehicles security. Eng 2020 Sep;86:106722 [FREE Full text] [CrossRef]. The role of privacy in the acceptance of smart technologies: applying the privacy calculus to technology acceptance. Hum-2021 Nov 25;38(13):1276-1289 [FREE Full text] [CrossRef]Kumar TM, Dahiya B. Smart economy in smart cities. In: Kumar TM, editor. in Smart Cities: Research: Ottawa, St. . The Gateway, Singapore: Springer; 2016:3-76. à F, Neglia G, et al. Artificial intelligence-based early prediction techniques in agri-tech domain. In: Proceedings of the 13th on. 2021 Presented at: INCoS '21; September 1-3, 2021; Taichung, Taiwan p. 42-48. [CrossRef]. Digital health literacy: bibliometric analysis. J Res 2022 Jul 06;24(7):e35816 [FREE Full text] [CrossRef] [Medline]. Perceptions of anonymised data use and awareness of the NHS data opt-out amongst patients, carers and healthcare staff. Engagem 2021 Jun 14;7(1):40 [FREE Full text] [CrossRef] [Medline]Nanni M, Andrienko G, Barabási Give more data, awareness and control to individual citizens, and they will help COVID-19 containment. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text discusses various aspects of smart cities, including technologies and applications, which implies that there is ongoing research and human input involved in developing and managing these systems. Moreover, the mention of giving more data, awareness, and control to individual citizens suggests that human oversight is indeed an integral part of smart city operations. Therefore, the text contrasts the claim by indicating that smart cities do not operate completely without human oversight.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: It's argued that evidence of life on Europa could be overlooked due to existing biases. [SEP] Text: Noah BakerYeah, I’ve spent an awful lot of time in my little pillow fort today because I’ve been recording various bits of voice overs for films and a few other things, so it’s been quite a comforting if not warm day for me. Benjamin ThompsonYes, the duvet fort does tend to raise the temperature. I’m actually in shorts right now, just to paint some pictures with words. All three of us are able to isolate, and I think we have been doing so for the duration we’ve been recording this show, but it’s not necessarily the case for everyone and all populations and, Amy, something you’ve been looking at this week is groups who maybe can’t help but congregate and the efforts that people are putting in place to try to protect them from COVID-19. Amy MaxmenRight, so, we live in a way where we’re quite privileged to be able to isolate and do our podcasts from home, and I think a real lack of attention has been put on people who can’t isolate, who either have to go to essential jobs that are quite dense or they live in shared places – these are like nursing homes or homeless shelters. So, we know for a fact that the biggest outbreaks in the US has been in these sorts of places. They’ve been in nursing homes. They’ve been in meatpacking plants. They’ve been in jails. Anywhere where people don’t have the agency to just say, ‘I’m going to go and keep to myself or just be in a bubble with my family. ’Noah BakerThat’s a really dangerous situation for those people, but one of the things that you’ve been looking at is how that could also fit into the wider public health situation for everyone because it’s not just a horrible situation for those people to be in. There may be broader impacts of this. Amy MaxmenYeah, exactly, I think the truth is these are very vulnerable places, so it’s terrible for the people who are there or who work in these places, and it also means in as much as we are one society or one country or one world, we can’t get rid of the outbreak by letting these things happen. I think a strong example is Singapore. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim about evidence of life on Europa or biases affecting the perception of such evidence. Instead, it discusses the implications of COVID-19 on vulnerable populations and public health, which is irrelevant to the topic of extraterrestrial life and biases in research.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Hydroponics allows for soil-free farming in city environments. [SEP] Text: Designing and implementing the arduino-based nutrition feeding automation system of a prototype scaled nutrient film technique (NFT) hydroponics using total dissolved solids (TDS) sensor. . 2021. AB mix hydroponics nutrient solution concentration control using microcontroller based on-off control method. FAO. 2022a. Food and agriculture organization of the United Nations. FAO. 2022b. Food and agriculture projections to 2050 | Global perspectives studies | Food and agriculture organization of the United Nations. . 2018. Design of PID controller for greenhouse temperature based on Kalman. Gul Z, Bora S. 2023. Exploiting pre-trained convolutional neural networks for the detection of nutrient deficiencies in hydroponic basil. Sensors 23(12):5407. 2022. Can soilless farming feed urban East Africa? An assessment of the benefits and challenges of hydroponics in Uganda and Tanzania. 6(1):100413 Haider J, Rai AB. 2021. Emergence of new insect pests on vegetables during the last decade: a case study. 9(1):20-26. 2019. Hydroponic system with automated hydrolysis using renewable energy self-sustainable. of Conferences 256:2012 Kaewwiset T, Yooyativong T. 2017. Estimation of electrical conductivity and pH in hydroponic nutrient mixing system using linear regression algorithm. . 2021. Architecture design of monitoring and controlling of IoT based aquaponics system powered by solar energy. Science 191:493-498 Lee S, Lee J. 2015. Beneficial bacteria and fungi in hydroponic systems: types and characteristics of hydroponic food production methods. 195:206-215. 2020. Utilizing a privacy-preserving IoT edge and fog architecture in automated household aquaponics. . 2021. A fog computing architecture with multi-layer for computing-intensive IoT applications. 11(24):11585 Nemali K. 2022. History of controlled environment horticulture: greenhouses. HortScience 57(2):239-246. 2021. Nutrient film technique (NFT) hydroponic nutrition controlling system using linear regression method. and Engineering 1108(1):12033. 2018. A novel approach for automating & analyzing hydroponic farms using internet of things. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing several hydroponic systems and their applications, all of which are designed for soil-free methods of farming. For example, it mentions the nutrient film technique (NFT) hydroponics, which is inherently a soilless farming method. Additionally, it implies the relevance of hydroponics in urban settings through discussions of the challenges and benefits of soilless farming in places like Uganda and Tanzania, which suggests that these methods are not only viable but also necessary in city environments.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Smart cities operate without any human oversight or intervention. [SEP] Text: Intervention into 1, 2017 DOI:10. 33797/CCJ. 03. 04 Anthology 2018: Human-Centred Design, Science, and No. 03 Those charged with developing what has variously been called ‘smart cities’, ‘future cities’ and ‘conscious cities’ have different agendas and perspectives. What is clear, however, is that emergent urban life is enabled by the principle of connectivity, widespread use of sensors, adaption to conditions, feedback and increased monitoring of citizenry. Conscious cities include urban sensing, but more specifically what account for as ‘the city’s awareness of the motives, personalities and moods of its inhabitants’7. This includes conscious streets, buildings and cities that are sensitive ‘to the mood and context of their users’. What might all of this mean? Might it be 2. 0, the next round of Guy Debord’s psycho-geography that in the 1950s urged adherents to study ‘the precise laws and specific effects of the geographical environment, consciously organized or not, on the emotions and behavior of individuals’1. This comes from a good place because Debord sought to awaken the masses ‘to the conditions that are imposed on them in all domains of life, and to the practical means of changing them’. Debord is not entirely clear on the politics of psycho-geography, but he seems to be simultaneously following Marxist and utilitarian suggestions of making more people happy, rather than just fulfilling the interests of a privileged few. Psycho-geography, then, has scope to be a critical method. Who is the city? There is a problem however with Palti and Bar’s phrasing. This might be semantic, but it is important that it is clarified. To speak of a city’s awareness is to speak of agency and consciousness; indeed by speaking in singular terms there is perhaps materialism, paternalism, or a gender-neutral ‘ism’ at play. Regardless, unless civic and political life is going really badly, and we live in a totalitarian mono-interest all-seeing state, a city is an assemblage of interacting and contradicting interests. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the importance of human oversight in the development of smart cities. It highlights how smart cities are characterized by principles of connectivity and feedback, indicating that they are responsive to the needs and moods of their inhabitants. The mention of 'agency and consciousness' implies that a smart city does not function autonomously without human interaction, challenging the notion that they operate without human oversight.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: It's argued that evidence of life on Europa could be overlooked due to existing biases. [SEP] Text: They did so beautifully in their response. They really stomped it out. But then they realised they had an explosion of cases among migratory workers who were in extremely crowded dormitories with something like 12 beds per room. When you overlook these places, it’s bad for everyone. Benjamin ThompsonIn particular, you’ve been looking at researchers and medics working with homeless populations in the US. What sort of numbers are we maybe talking in terms of disease burden in this population? Amy MaxmenSo, not a ton is known about what’s going on in homeless populations because there’s been a huge lack of testing. I started getting interested in this because I’ve been reporting on testing and a number of the groups I’ve been talking with – the University of Washington, the University of California, Berkeley, the University of California, San Francisco, – a lot of them have this enormous testing capacity that a lot of hospitals don’t really want, but they’ve been now working with communities to see how else their tests can be used. And what they’re finding, I think the overall look is just it’s there and there’s a lot of cases. So often, the testing criteria right now in many places is that only people with symptoms are tested, so a homeless shelter might screen everybody’s temperature and then if somebody has a fever, then they get a COVID test. Well, what these groups are finding is that the number of people who are asymptomatic – and let me go back to that in a second – is really high, more than half of the people. In one shelter in Boston, 147 people tested positive. Only one of them had a fever, and a low number – I think something like 8% of them – had a cough, which means just screening by taking people’s temperatures and assuming you’re going to catch it like that is going to be way too slow. By the time that happens, it’s out of hand before you’ve even noticed it. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses issues related to disease testing in homeless populations and the challenges faced by researchers, without addressing any aspects of life on Europa or the concept of biases in interpreting scientific evidence.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Community gardens contribute to food security in urban areas. [SEP] Text: Community gardens in urban areas: a critical reflection on the extent to which they strenghten social cohesion and provide alternative food E. J. & output: Thesis › internal (1) aims of this thesis are twofold; firstly, it aims to increase the understanding of the extent to which community gardens enhance social cohesion for those involved; secondly, it aims to gain insight into the importance community gardeners attach to food growing per se, and the extent to which participants perceive community gardens as an alternative to the industrial food system. I define community gardens as a plot of land in an urban area, cultivated either communally or individually by people from the direct neighbourhood or the wider city, or in which urbanites are involved in other ways than gardening, and to which there is a collective element. Over the last years, community gardens have sprung up in several Dutch cities. Although there are various reasons for an increasing interest in community gardens, there are two that I focus on in this thesis in particular. The first is the assumption made that community gardens stimulate social cohesion in inner-city neighbourhoods, to be seen in the light of the ‘participatory society’. The second is community gardens’ contribution to the availability of locally produced food, in the context of an increased interest in Networks (AFNs). government aims to transform the Dutch welfare state into a participatory society in which citizens take more responsibility for their social and physical environment. This way the government not only hopes to limit public spending, but also wishes to increase social bonding and the self-organisational capacity of society. Community gardens fit the rhetoric around the participatory society, as they are examples of organised residents taking responsibility for their living environment. Moreover, the literature suggests that gardens are physical interventions that may decrease isolation by acting as meeting places. However, both the extent to which community gardens enhance social cohesion and under what conditions they may do so are unclear, especially as gardens come in various designs, shapes and sizes. The popularity of community gardens also seems to be related to an overall increasing societal interest in food, and can be discussed in relation to Networks. AFNs are food systems that are different in some way from the mainstream, and are seen as a reaction to consumer concerns about the conventional food system. They are often considered to be dictated by political motivations and injected with a ‘deeper morality’. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by indicating that community gardens contribute to the availability of locally produced food, which is essential for food security in urban settings. It discusses the role of community gardens in providing alternative food systems and mentions that these gardens may address consumer concerns about the conventional food system, thereby enhancing food security through local production.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Smart cities operate without any human oversight or intervention. [SEP] Text: However, on the broader message about sensitivity to mood and emotional life, this has merit: technologies that feel, or what elsewhere I have discussed in terms of ‘empathic media’ are certainly on the rise5. Also, who could argue with cities that are designed in such as way as to make citizens feel better, especially given the Debord context? The rub is in how this is achieved and what the results are. Psycho-geography today includes sentiment analysis, facial coding, biometrics (heart, skin, respiration, blood flow, etc. ) and cellular understanding of the brain both in-house and ‘in-the-wild’. Seen positively, conscious cities involve use of communications technology to understand social feeling and increase citizen engagement, and to identify and react to complaints. In principle, reaction to civic feeling means things get done: maybe even the broken bin sensor on Dean St. This leads us to psycho-geographically enabled algocracy, which means that feelings, moods and emotions inform policy and municipal decision-making on how to spend resources. Things get interesting here because what companies such as Siemens offer is not only scope to model incoming data, but also capacity to predict the impact of decisions. By means of ‘command and control’ tablet dashboards, what Siemens offer are algorithmic answers to ‘what-if’ scenarios on the basis of citizen feedback. Indeed, in an academic interview with a representative of Siemens for a forthcoming book6, I asked: “Who would you trust more to make a citizen-centric decision: a roomful of politicians or an AI machine that has learned through machine learning what a citizen and city needs? ” He says: ‘In all honesty, the machine’. If the logic feels familiar, that’s because it is: it goes back to cybernetics, the science of feedback and self-regulating systems. The case above entails active feedback through social media and city apps. Conversely, passive technologies such as feeling-into online sentiment, gauging spending trends, profiling personal and emotional data through cameras, and charting citizen movement may be used to generate insight about citizen experience. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the roles of human intervention and oversight in smart cities. It highlights that technologies are used to assess citizen moods and feedback, and emphasizes the importance of active human engagement through social media accounts and city apps. The text suggests that decision-making in smart cities involves civic feeling and emotions, thereby indicating the necessity of human oversight rather than a purely automated operation.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: It's argued that evidence of life on Europa could be overlooked due to existing biases. [SEP] Text: I said let’s come back to the part about asymptomatic because a slight caveat there is that anybody who works with the homeless has told me that there’s such a high baseline of health problems so a lot of people have a cough anyway, so it’s kind of hard to say ‘completely asymptomatic’ because it’s more that it’s just also hard to distinguish it from normally just feeling bad. Noah Bakerguess this kind of problem of asymptomatic spread, that exists in the whole population, but it’s amplified so much by these close living quarters of these people, and that’s what really makes a difference here. Amy MaxmenExactly, so the transmission dynamics that you’re going to get in a group setting, any group setting – whether that’s a jail or a nursing home or a homeless shelter or any place where there’s dense conditions – you’re going to get a higher rate of spread. Noah BakerOut of interest, there’s an awful lot of modelling that’s been done about how the virus might spread among communities. Has there been much epidemiological work done that takes into account these sort of close living quarters or people that live in these ways? Amy MaxmenThat’s a great question. Even before the outbreak began, one of the researchers I’ve talked to before, at the University of Washington, she had actually started a study to look at how influenza moves through homeless communities because that was exactly her thought. We need to model the spread of this and also think about what do we do to stop that spread. If we can understand the transmission dynamics then we can stop, say, an influenza-like pandemic. And then this actual pandemic hit, which isn’t the flu but is also very transmissible, so what she’s trying to do and what other researchers I’ve talked to are trying to do is to do exactly that, to model the spread of how this moves so they can figure out how often do you have to screen people, how many people have to be screened and also, if they could get data on the speed of transmission in different settings. To be clear, in the US, people who are homeless have different situations. There’s sort of shelters that might house people who are recently out of jail. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text discusses asymptomatic spread of viruses among homeless populations and the need for modeling transmission dynamics in close living quarters. It does not provide any information related to life on Europa or the possibility of overlooking evidence due to biases. Therefore, it is irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Community gardens contribute to food security in urban areas. [SEP] Text: , Reference Cox, Shanahan, Hudson, Fuller and Gaston2018) and for the preservation of urban biodiversity (Lin et al. , Reference Lin, Philpott and Jha2015). Indeed, plant species richness in urban gardens is a collection of both cultivated plants for food and flower production, as well as wild plants that exist spontaneously in the ecosystem to potentially create city hotspot effects (Seitz et al. , and Egerer2022). Urban garden plants can provide a range of ecosystem services (Middle et al. , and Jones2014): food plants contribute to food security and sovereignty to support provisioning services (Elmqvist et al. , Reference Elmqvist, Fragkias, Goodness, Güneralp, Marcotullio, McDonald, parnell, Schewenius, Sendstad, Seto and Wilkinson2013); decorative plants have aesthetic or religious value to support cultural services (Himes et al. , Reference Himes, Puettmann and Muraca2020); wild plants and endangered plant species can contribute to biodiversity and nature conservation to provide supporting services (Weiskopf et al. , ñoz, Pershing, Peterson, Poudel, Staudinger, Sutton-Grier, Thompson, Vose, Weltzin and Whyte2020). However, some plant species growing in urban gardens also have associated disservices, conflicting with human benefits. For example, some plant species are poisonous to humans and animals through the production of secondary metabolites. In contrast to primary metabolites (e. g. , carboxylic acids, amino acids, sugars and fatty acids), which are produced and used by all plants, secondary metabolites are typically specific to certain groups of plants and serve, among other things, as defense substances (Sadava et al. , Reference Sadava, Hillis, Heller and Hacker2019). Although, some defensive secondary metabolites can provide beneficial effects to humans (e. g. , use against gastrointestinal problems with German chamomile Matricaria recutita) (Faehnrich et al. , Reference Faehnrich, Franz, Nemaz and Kaul2021), many of them can cause severe negative effects on the human nervous system, the cardiac system and the digestive tract (Sadava et al. , Reference Sadava, Hillis, Heller and Hacker2019). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by asserting that 'food plants contribute to food security and sovereignty to support provisioning services.' This indicates that community gardens, through the cultivation of food plants, play a significant role in enhancing food security in urban settings.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Smart cities operate without any human oversight or intervention. [SEP] Text: The emotional experience of cities is also tracked through in-house techniques and questioning within research facilities (using market research techniques such as EEG, skin conductivity and facial coding), but also by out-of-lab mapping of cities and emotional topography. This is about how the brain responds to space, architecture and urban features, measured by wearable biometrics (such as mobile and heart rate capture). Psychologists of urban geography can topographically link arousal reactions with elements of the city and thereafter use this data to plan for future design3. Surveillance (don’t be afraid, developers aren’t) Readers should not hold back from using the correct word to identify these developments. They are utterly based on surveillance and, what’s more, so-called smart city developers are not afraid to use this word, not least because it accurately refers to what they do: they architect data-based assemblages through which authorities and organisations may manage, influence and control citizenry. Visitors to smart city expos should recognise the lack of queasiness around the word ‘surveillance’, because it is seen as positive. See for example Geovision’s scheme for city surveillance4. The word is accurate in that the objective of sensor-enabled cities is management of large and small objects, systems, people, emotional life and all things that exist and flow throughout urban spaces. In 1992 published Postscript on the Societies of Control, an essay about the shift from ‘discipline’ to ‘societies of control’2. This charts the shift from control as that which takes places within places (such as schools and workplaces), to more generalised yet pervasive control-based activities. do not believe that readers of have dastardly plans in mind, they might consider what their work contributes to – particularly when their ideas are embedded in regions without democratic traditions. Indeed, Deleuze, some years ago, discussed a scenario where an identity card is required to navigate elements of the city. This also tracks and effects a ‘universal modulation’. What was once another oblique Deleuzianism is today clarified by visualisations on municipal dashboards of social sentiment, flow of citizens through urban space, feedback from sensors on buildings, and prescriptions on optimal civic decisions. City-as-platform 2. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing how smart city developments rely heavily on surveillance and human oversight. It mentions that authorities and organizations manage, influence, and control citizenry through data and sensor-enabled cities. This suggests that human intervention is inherent in the operation of smart cities, as they utilize data for planning and monitoring urban environments, which directly contradicts the claim that they operate without any human oversight.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: It's argued that evidence of life on Europa could be overlooked due to existing biases. [SEP] Text: There’s shelters where people who are homeless can come in and out. In California, 70% of the homeless are unsheltered, so they actually sleep in what we call tent cities or encampments. And then now, in the US, a lot of states have begun trying to move some homeless people into big stadiums where they have cots spaced out six feet apart. There’s also been moves to distribute face masks. But this is all done sort of without much evidence about what has an impact. I mean are people safer outdoors or are they safer indoors? And for the face masks, I talked to one researcher who is studying transmission dynamics in nursing homes. A lot of the residents in these nursing homes just can’t really wear face masks well. She was sort of describing how a man who has dementia is wandering around with his face mask kind of around his neck, it has coffee stains on it, and she just thought some of the things that she’s learning might be similar to in homeless shelters. It sounds great to say everybody should wear a face mask, but you and I both know we’re talking about how we don’t want to go hiking with a face mask on. Now, imagine if that’s your everyday life and you already have these huge concerns over your head like having no home. A face mask is just not going to be your number one priority. So, there’s a lot to be said about trying to back up the recommendations with real evidence. Benjamin ThompsonYou talk about care homes there and, certainly here in the UK, there’s been a lot of talk about a lack of access to face masks and personal protective gear. Are resources an issue in efforts to try and stop this virus among the communities you’ve been looking at? Amy MaxmenYeah, they’re a huge issue. So, number one, we know that we have a testing shortage. That is very real. But some of the researchers I’ve talked to, even when they have the tests, a pushback that they’re hearing from counties and states is that they don’t really want to survey lots of people in, say, a homeless shelter because there’s a lack of research about what to do if they do test positive. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text discusses issues related to homelessness, healthcare, and the distribution of resources during a pandemic. It does not address the claim regarding evidence of life on Europa or biases that may affect its discovery. Therefore, the text is irrelevant to the claim, as it does not provide any information or context related to the topic.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Community gardens contribute to food security in urban areas. [SEP] Text: -19 PreprintsProtocolsVideosJournalsTools & a 10. 21203/rs. 3. rs-2231410/v1This work is licensed under a CC BY 4. 0 LicenseStatus:PostedVersion 1posted You are reading this latest preprint versionAbstractUrban gardens have emerged as a new global tendency for supporting food security, and has therefore become the focus of diverse studies and attracted the attention of public administrations as an option for sustainable food production. Vegetable crops cultivated under conditions of high exposure to contaminants found in large urban centers, however, tend to accumulate toxic compounds, such as, trace elements, and insert them into human foods and the trophic chain. We therefore evaluated the food security of vegetables (lettuce and collard greens) produced in urban gardens in the Metropolitan region of (Brazil) in terms of the presence of trace elements. Assays were performed in plants harvested from four urban gardens as well as an agroecology site (control). We also assayed for trace elements in the garden soils and the irrigation water used for their production. Both the soils and the irrigation waters had trace element concentrations within the maximum recommended limits, and were therefore not vehicles of contamination. Similarly, trace element concentrations identified in the biomasses of lettuce and collard greens plants grown in the control area, as well as the four urban gardens, were below the maximum limits recommended for leafy vegetables. The vegetables produced in the urban gardens and the agroecology area are considered safe for human consumption. Urban agriculturefood security and nutritiontrace elementsLactuca sativaBrassica oleraceaFiguresFigure 1Figure 21. IntroductionUrban agriculture has attracted official attention as a method of promoting sustainable food production and food security (Veenhuizen 2006). Those goals accrue social importance and demonstrate a concern for food quality in urban areas in light of atmospheric pollution and soil contamination by trace elements that could accumulate in cultivated plants and represent risks to human health (Dala-Paula et al. 2018). Plants require both macro- and micronutrients for their growth and development. Although trace elements such as copper (Cu), iron (Fe), manganese (Mn), nickel (Ni), and zinc (Zn) are essential to plants, at high concentrations they can become toxic – as are nonessential trace elements such as arsenic (As), cadmium (Cd), chrome (Cr), and lead (Pb). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by stating that urban gardens have emerged as a global tendency for supporting food security and have attracted attention from public administrations as a sustainable food production option. It emphasizes the importance of urban agriculture in promoting food security, particularly in light of concerns about food quality due to atmospheric pollution and soil contamination.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Smart cities operate without any human oversight or intervention. [SEP] Text: 0 depart is when the surveillance of personal data, sentiment, emotional life, spending and mobility begins to be monetised and securitised. This entails turning the city into a platform, that sees the datafication of citizens for advertising and retail purposes (by means of urban personalisation, sensors, device data, geo-location, cameras, microphones, screens and augmented reality). The logic for this is already in place as ‘programmatic platforms’ used in advertising already pull from a myriad of 1st and 3rd party data sources to deliver targeted advertising capable of interacting with people in public spaces in real time. The rationale of the city-as-platform is that revenue from public-private partnerships provides services such as Wi-Fi and other city development. Of course, police and intelligence agencies also see great opportunity. Since Marconi, spooks and security agencies have used all communications technology at their disposal, so we can expect exponential increase in state surveillance and analytics in policing. Readers of will also know that the most substantial sensor-based investment is not taking place in Europe, US or Australasia; but in China, Nigeria, India, and the Middle East. Dubai is especially significant given that Dubai Holding, an investment company, is signing deals and building smart cities around the world. Dubai takes psycho-geography matters and data about emotional life seriously. Under the moniker of ‘Smart Dubai’, they use sensors, analytics and ‘empathic media’ to understand feelings and emotions to promote happiness. They do this by tracking what people do and how they behave, by tracking online sentiment, and through use of in-house psycho-physiological measures to analysis the brain’s behaviour to discern what factors make for happy citizens. They also have the Happiness Meter, a citywide live sentiment capture engine. This is not a cheesy add-on, but the happiness agenda impacts on all areas of public policy and spending, such as education, roads, health, policing, transport and management of borders. In theory this is the utilitarian doctrine in action: making happiness transparent so policy-makers can make decisions that promote overall net happiness. However, the question is this: does everyone in Dubai have equal rights to happiness and does each person’s happiness counts equally? Also, for the city-as-platform to work, legal structures need to be in place to facilitate this shared data structure. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by explaining that smart cities, particularly in Dubai, employ extensive monitoring and data collection systems which require human oversight. It discusses various methods of surveillance and datafication, such as sensors, analytics, and the Happiness Meter, indicating a significant level of human intervention in managing and interpreting the data collected from citizens to promote public policy that enhances happiness.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: It's argued that evidence of life on Europa could be overlooked due to existing biases. [SEP] Text: So, if you have somebody who tests positive, now they don’t have a home so you can’t isolate them. They don’t have health insurance so getting them medical care is an issue. Maybe you have to also provide food or some sort of income, and the same thing with people who are low socioeconomic status. If you’re telling them not to go into work, they need to have some sort of income to support that. Noah BakerI guess in a world where there is a limited number of tests for whatever reason that may be, because of these increased transmission dynamics of people living in close quarters for these various reasons, is there an argument to be made that public health response should focus more on those people with its limited testing resource than it should on others because they have this increased transmission dynamic? They could be acting almost as a reservoir that could cause a problem further down the line. Is a test on someone living in close quarters more valuable than a test on someone else, which is a horrible thing to say because, of course, a test is valuable everyone? Amy MaxmenI think there’s a real case to be made and I think this is exactly the kind of thing that could use research. I get emails from the various health departments in California saying, ‘Okay, now we have all these tests, anybody can get tested. Enter your ZIP code and you’ll find a testing spot nearby. ’ I think they are prioritising people with symptoms. But yeah, I feel like there should be some real thought here about where we’re going to get the most bang for our buck. Certainly, people they test, that’s true, but testing somebody like me who, let’s say, I don’t have any real symptoms but I just want a test. Certainly, those resources could be better spent and I’d like to see a very thorough kind of assessment about how this works. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim about potential biases in recognizing evidence of life on Europa. It discusses public health testing and resource allocation related to socioeconomic factors and does not mention Europa, biases, or life evidence in any context.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Community gardens contribute to food security in urban areas. [SEP] Text: Interest in urban agriculture has increased considerably in recent decades, principally in developing countries (Savi et al. 2019). Urban agriculture represents an important public policy to guarantee access of the poorest members of society to food resources, and contributes to bettering community and family relationships in large urban areas (Langemeyer et al. 2021). Community gardens have therefore taken on political relevance in Brazil in terms of fighting poverty and improving community food security (Branco and Alcântara 2011), favoring the useful occupation of urban spaces (Pinto and Ramos 2008), and providing social, cultural, economic, and environmental benefits. There have been very few studies, however, focusing on the security of food produced in urban gardens in Brazil, especially in terms of possible accumulations of toxic trace elements. Urban gardens may occasionally be established in areas with high concentrations of trace elements in the soil, air, or water – which would favor their accumulation in cultivated plants and their insertion into human diets (Gupta et al. 2019b; Pan et al. 2016). There can be numerous emission sources of trace elements in urban centers, including industries and the heavy circulation of automobile traffic (Demirezen and Aksoy 2005; Islam et al. 2021). França et al. (2017) reported a significant increase in Cd, Pb, Ni and Zn concentrations in plants growing in the metropolitan region of Recife City, Pernambuco State, Brazil. Those authors noted that the high levels of those elements in plants were related to particulate emissions in the atmosphere that spread those contaminants to the air, water, and cultivated soils (França et al. 2017), as they can be transported significant distances once liberated to the atmosphere (Demirezen and Aksoy 2005; Gupta et al. 2019a; Hanke et al. 2010). Plants grown in urban gardens can evidence high levels of trace elements in their biomass when cultivated in localities near pollutant and residue sources (Drabek et al. 2020). Additionally, vegetable crops cultivated in urban areas can become contaminated with trace elements due to their incorporation to substrate through managements such as organic matter and chemical fertilization and/or through the use of agrochemicals (fertilizers and agricultural defensive products) (Bati et al. 2017; Radulescu et al. 2013). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by stating that urban agriculture, which includes community gardens, serves as an important public policy for ensuring access to food resources for the poorest members of society. It specifically mentions that community gardens take on political relevance in Brazil in terms of fighting poverty and improving community food security. This indicates a direct link between community gardens and the enhancement of food security in urban areas.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Smart cities operate without any human oversight or intervention. [SEP] Text: Key is the Law, which has been in force since 27 December 2015. More formerly known as “Law No. (26) of 2015 Dissemination and Exchange in the Emirate of Dubai” its aim is clearly stated in 17. 2 Deleuze, G. (1992) Postscript on the Societies of Control, October, 59(4): 3–7. 3 Ellard, C. (2016) Places of the Heart: of Everyday Life. New York: Press. 4 Geovision (2017) City Surveillance, accessed 05/06/17. 5 McStay, A. (2016) Empathic media and advertising: Industry, policy, legal and citizen perspectives (the case for intimacy), & Society, (pre-publication): 1-11, accessed 05/06/17. 6 McStay, A. (forthcoming/2018) Empathic Media: of Emotional Life. London: Sage. 7 Palti, I. and Bar, M. (2015) A manifesto for conscious cities: should streets be sensitive to our mental needs? The Guardian, accessed 05/06/17. Safety & the CCD's Designing for in Coliving: and into Models? [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing multiple aspects related to the governance and structure behind smart cities, which imply some level of human oversight and intervention. While it does not explicitly state that smart cities cannot operate without human input, the mention of laws and societal perspectives suggests that human factors are integral to the functioning of smart cities.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: It's argued that evidence of life on Europa could be overlooked due to existing biases. [SEP] Text: Noah BakerI spoke yesterday to the head of NIDA, the on in the USA, – you’ll hear more from that interview later in the show – but one thing that she raised to me which she was very, very concerned about is that people that have substance use disorders, people that suffer from addictions, are being somewhat overlooked at the moment, and there is very little data about how people that are, for example, addicted to methamphetamines might have a different risk or a different transmission dynamic when it comes to COVID-19, and at the moment, they’re just desperate for data. So, they’re putting out calls asking for more data from all of their grantees to study this because they can’t model it until they know more about what’s happening, but the concerns are very much there. Amy MaxmenYeah. Benjamin ThompsonHas anyone given you any thoughts on long-term strategies? I only say because here in London, a lot of hotels, which of course, aren’t being used by paying customers, are being used to shelter and to house people who are homeless, but of course, as we talked about the other day, people are looking to reopen the economy and these hotels will eventually start reopening as hotels, and many of these people will see themselves potentially back on the streets and then we’re back to maybe square one in terms of disease transmission and so forth. What have people been telling you about ways that they could try and mitigate that? Amy MaxmenYeah, as far solutions go, the same thing is happening here. Counties are buying or renting out hotels and motels or even dorms, they’re talking about, to house the homeless, and I think that’s a great move. It’s still not as much as we need and there’s still a lot that are empty, so I think before thinking about what do we do when everybody’s back, I just think a lot of the people I’m talking to are just saying, ‘Let’s just freaking use these places and worry about what happens when everybody has to go back later. ’Noah BakerI’ve seen quite a few news reports of cities in the UK that have no people sleeping rough anymore. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text provided does not address the claim regarding evidence of life on Europa or biases related to it. Instead, it discusses concerns related to substance use disorders and housing the homeless during the COVID-19 pandemic. Therefore, it is irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Community gardens contribute to food security in urban areas. [SEP] Text: The constant monitoring of trace elements in plant material derived from urban gardens will therefore be necessary to minimize public health risks (Alfaro et al. 2017). The creation of the of Supply (SMAB) in in the 1980s stimulated urban agriculture for food production as a public policy. Program (Programa Lavoura) was established in 1986 to address social problems and to diminish criminality and the irregular occupation of urban areas and, by 2018, 24 urban gardens had become established (Yonegura and Silva 2021). By 2018, the number of urban gardens in Curitiba and the surrounding metropolitan region had increased to 93 (Lima and Gadens 2019); there are currently more than 100 community gardens supported by the urban agriculture policies of the Mayor’s Office of Curitiba (PMC). In addition to producing garden vegetables, public policies of administering urban spaces have facilitated the maintenance of the electrical transmission infrastructure, discipline the occupation of open public spaces, and avoided the accumulation of waste and construction residues (PMC 2019). Despite the existence of public policies to encourage the development of urban and peri-urban agriculture free from toxic agrochemicals in and the Metropolitan region, very few studies have been undertaken focusing on the safety of the food products grown in those gardens, principally in terms of trace element accumulation. The objective of this work was therefore to evaluate the concentrations of both essential and toxic trace elements in Lactuca sativa (lettuce) and Brassica oleracea (collard greens) plants cultivated in four urban gardens in Curitiba. Those species were chosen because they are among the leafy vegetables most commonly cultivated in community gardens and belong to the families Asteraceae and Brassicaceae respectively – groups known to be potential bioaccumulators of trace elements (Dala-Paula et al. 2018; Gupta et al. 2019a). Lactuca sativa (lettuce) is one of the most economically important leafy vegetable crops in the world (Shatilov et al. 2019) Brassica oleracea (collard greens), in turn, is considered as one of the world’s healthiest vegetables (Chen et al. 2014), and it plays an important role in human nutritional balance (Šamec et al. 2019). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by highlighting the establishment and growth of urban gardens in Curitiba and the surrounding metropolitan region, which are supported by public policies aimed at urban agriculture. The mention of program initiatives to stimulate urban agriculture indicates an effort to enhance food production, thereby contributing to food security. Specifically, the text notes that over 100 community gardens exist and are producing vegetables that are essential for human nutritional balance, which supports the idea that community gardens play a vital role in food security.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Smart city technology is completely secure and immune to cybersecurity threats. [SEP] Text: is Open Access? is an initiative that aims to make scientific research freely available to all. To date our community has made over 100 million downloads. It’s based on principles of collaboration, unobstructed discovery, and, most importantly, scientific progression. As PhD students, we found it difficult to access the research we needed, so we decided to create a new publisher that levels the playing field for scientists across the world. How? By making research easy to access, and puts the academic needs of the researchers before the business interests of publishers. are a community of more than 103,000 authors and editors from 3,291 institutions spanning 160 countries, including winners and some of the world’s most-cited researchers. Publishing on IntechOpen allows authors to earn 10. 5772/intechopen. 114926 this 1. Choose citation style Select style to clipboard Get citation 2. Choose citation style Select format Bibtex RIS Download citation Intech by the - Foundations and by Mazzeo and purchase hard copies of this book, please contact the representative in India: CBS Publishers & Distributors Pvt. Ltd. www. cbspd. com | customercare@cbspd. com 1. Choose citation style Select style to clipboard Get citation 2. Choose citation style Select format Bibtex RIS Download citation Impact of this 1. IntroductionSmart city’s main goal is to raise the quality of life standard of its residents to a new level by utilizing its resources more effectively and generating an intelligent ecosystem utilizing digital technology, aiming to provide inventive city transport networks, better water supply, waste disposal, light and heat buildings, user-friendly financial services, residents’ engagement in decision participation, safe environment with accessible public areas without restrictions, and making smart citizens of a smart city. Smart cities connect people to data networks, evolving structures involving people, technology, and policies that impact privacy and security, encouraging the development of new innovative cybersecurity protocols for smart cities. Policy guidelines in smart cities are required to guarantee the security, integrity, and secrecy of smart governance. City governance services are more complex and advanced, requiring the awareness of increased cyberspace security risks using more sophisticated technology and infrastructure. Hence, risk identification and mitigation are part of all domains in governance systems. Authorities and administrations aim to arrange city-wide interventions using IoT systems to build an integrated ecosystem for the entire city. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by highlighting that smart cities are complex systems that face increased cybersecurity risks. It mentions the need for new innovative cybersecurity protocols and guidelines to ensure the security, integrity, and confidentiality of smart governance, indicating that these systems are not immune to threats. Moreover, it notes that awareness of these cyberspace security risks is essential for effective city governance, further demonstrating that smart city technology is not completely secure.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: It's argued that evidence of life on Europa could be overlooked due to existing biases. [SEP] Text: They have found ways to house the rough sleeping population in Bristol, for example, which for me, made me feel warm and happy that that was happening and that there was a method that was found to do that. However, my concern is, well, they can do it right now because hotels are empty, but what happens when this all goes away? It’s not like homelessness has been fixed, which is kind of the thing that makes me feel warm. Oh, now we can find a way to fix this whereas previously we couldn’t, which is actually maybe kind of depressing. Amy MaxmenNo, it is an interesting point that I forgot to mention that, thanks. was speaking to who works with the homeless regularly, she was like, ‘Maybe this shows like we can actually do stuff here. It doesn’t necessarily have to be in hotels but there’s other vacant buildings and vacant homes. ’ So, she’s saying this shows we can actually give people temporary places to live and they’re also trying things like telemedicine and new ways to get medical care to people. So, right, this kind of shows if there’s a will, there’s a way to do this. We just happened to need a pandemic to show that it’s really important. Noah Baker. Again, what a mixture of feelings about the phrase ‘we needed a pandemic to show this is important’. Amy MaxmenI prefer no pandemic. Noah BakerI think I agree with you there. I think we all prefer no pandemic. Benjamin ThompsonI mean you’ve spoken to researchers on the ground who are working with homeless populations, for example. Are we able to draw parallels with other groups who are unable to avoid congregating, like in prisons, for example? Amy MaxmenYeah, I mean the data we do have from the US is that prisons have been a huge source of outbreaks. It’s one of the top three sources of outbreaks. The CDC put out a report yesterday about prisons. I think what was kind of shocking to me was the lack of data they have. A number of jurisdictions – I think 30% of jurisdictions in the US – don’t report their prison data. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses homelessness, temporary housing solutions, and COVID-19 outbreaks in prisons, without any reference to Europa or biases related to evidence of life there.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Community gardens contribute to food security in urban areas. [SEP] Text: 1"W Area located next to a rail yard and repair building for locomotives, with regular train traffic 2021/06/30 (HEV) 25°24'06. 6"S 49°15'00. 3"W Vacant site impacted by rainwater runoff from asphalt, located along the side of a heavily used road 2021/07/02 de Referência em Agroecologia (HCPRA) 25°22'53. 9"S 49°07'36. 6"W Located in the Iraí Area (APA), with a history of gardening using agroecology techniques 2021/06/23 2. 2 Characteristics of the gardens The urban gardens consisted of plots cultivated using techniques and management practices oriented by professionals from the Unit (UAU) of (SMSAN 2020), with emphasis on subsistence agriculture where families are directly responsible for the management and production of the vegetable crops (Oliveira et al. 2021; Silva 1999). Vegetables that exceed consumption needs can be commercialized in local establishments as additional income sources. The management of those gardens are based on organic agricultural techniques, with the recycling of organic material and without the use of fertilizers, pesticides, or herbicides (Oliveira et al. 2021; Souza 2005). The soils in the areas where the gardens were planted usually demonstrated some level of degradation, with the O and A horizons deteriorated or absent. Therefore, to make cultivation possible, topsoil was initially imported (first quality, sieved, dark, and free of impurities, woody material, seeds, weeds, roots, clods and clay, and without chemical or biological contaminants; approximately 8 m³ per bed). Lime is added every two years, and agricultural products are prohibited following the legislation covering organic agriculture; the planting beds are turned over after each planting cycle to improve aeration. garden was installed in the Iraí APA, where Organosols predominate. The horticultural practices adopted there include fertilization with vermicompost, mixed plantings in the same bed, crop rotation (family, genus, and species), control of non-vegetable crops through weeding at first and then covering with mulch, micro-spray irrigation, fallowing beds, and recycling organic material (IDR-PR 2021). 2. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by describing urban gardens that practice subsistence agriculture, where families manage and produce vegetable crops. It mentions that vegetables exceeding consumption needs can be sold for additional income, suggesting a direct contribution to food security. Furthermore, the emphasis on organic techniques and local community involvement in gardening supports the notion that these gardens play a significant role in enhancing food availability in urban settings.