Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: It's suggested that synthetic biology can solve food shortages instantly and effortlessly. [SEP] Text:  Issue 5 Issue 4 Issue 3 Issue 2 Issue 1 Issue 8 Issue 7 Issue 6 Issue 5 Issue 4 Issue 3 Issue 2 Issue 1 Issue 8 Issue 7 Issue 6 Issue 5 Issue 4 Issue 3 Issue 2 Issue 1 Issue 8 Issue 7 Issue 6 Issue 5 Issue 4 Issue 3 Issue 2 Issue 1 Issue 8 Issue 7 Issue 6 Issue 5 Issue 4 Issue 3 Issue 2 Issue 1 Issue 8 Issue 7 Issue 6 Issue 5 Issue 4 Issue 3 Issue 2 Issue 1 Issue 8 Issue 7 Issue 6 Issue 5 Issue 4 Issue 3 Issue 2 Issue 1 Issue 8 Issue 7 Issue 5&6 Issue 4 Issue 3 Issue 2 Issue 1 Issue 8 Issue 7 Issue 6 Issues 4&5 Issue 3 Issue 2 Issue 1 Issue 8 Issue 7 Issue 6 Issue 5 Issue 4 Issue 3 Issue 2 Issue 1 Issue 8 Issue 7 Issue 5&6 Issue 4 Issue 3 Issue 2 Issue 1 Issue 8 Issue 7 Issue 6 Issue 5 Issue 4 Issue 3 Issue 2 Issue 1 Issue 8 Issue 7 Issue 6 Issue 5 Issue 4 Issue 3 Issue 2 Issue 1 Issue 8 Issue 7 Issue 6 Issue 5 Issue 4 Issue 3 Issue 2 Issue 1 Issue 8 Issue 7 Issue 6 Issue 5 Issue 4 Issue 3 Issue 2 Issue 1 Issue 7 Issue 6 Issue 5 Issue 4 Issue 3 Issue 2 Issue 1 Issue 8 Issue 7 Issue 6 Issue 5 Issue 4 Issue 3 Issue 2 Issue 1 Issue 8 Issue 7 Issues 5&6 Issue 4 Issue 3 Issue 2 Issue 1 Issue 8 Issue 7 Issue 6 Issue 5 Issue 4 Issue 3 Issue 2 Issue 1 Issue 8 Issues 6&7 Issue 5 Issue 4 Issue 3 Issue 2 Issue 1 Issue 8 Issue 7 Issue 6 Issue 5 Issue 4 Issue 3 Issue 2 Issue 1 Issue 8 Issue 7 Issue 6 Issue 5 Issue 4 Issue 3 Issue 2 Issue 1 Issue 8 Issue 7 Issue 6 Issue 5 Issue 4 Issue 3 Issue 2 Issue 1 Issue 8 Issue 7 Issue 6 Issue 5 Issue 4 Issue 3 Issue 2 Issue 1 Issue 8 Issue 7 Issue 6 Issue 5 Issue 4 Issue 3 Issue 2 Issue 1 Issue 8 Issue 7 Issue 6 Issue 5 Issue 4 Issue 3 Issue 2 Issue 1 Issue 8 Issue 7 Issue 6 Issue 5 Issue 4 Issue 3 Issue 2 Issue 1 Issue 8 Issue 7 Issue 6 Issue 5 Issue 4 Issue 3 Issue 2 Issue 1 Issue 8 Issue 7 Issue 6 Issue 5 Issue 4 Issue 3 Issue 2 Issue 1 Issue 8 Issue 7 Issue 6 Issue 5 Issue 4 Issue 3 Issue 2 Issue 1 Issue 8 Issue 7 Issue 6 Issue 5 Issue 4 Issue 3 Issue 2 Issue 1 Issue 8 Issue 7 Issue 6 Issue 5 Issue 4 Issue 3 [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not provide any information related to the claim regarding synthetic biology and food shortages. As such, it is irrelevant to the claim being analyzed.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Black holes are regions where the gravitational pull is so strong that not even light can escape. [SEP] Text: • Braz. J. Phys. 34 (4a) • Dec 2004 • copy Non gravitational black holes models of general relativity have recently been considered with great interest by the scientific community. They connect branches of physics as different as gravitation, condensed matter physics, electrodynamics, acoustics, and quantum field theory. One of the main expectations about such models lies on the possibility of testing in laboratory some aspects of quantum field theory in curved spacetimes. For instance, it seems to be possible to probe the existence of Hawking radiation by means of analogue models in the context of certain condensed matter systems. We briefly report the present day status of this topic of research. Some specific models are considered, particularly those presenting analogue event horizons as solutions. The issue of thermal emission (analogue Hawking radiation) is also discussed. gravitational black holes V. A. De Lorenci; R. de Ciências Exatas, de Itajubá, Av. BPS 1303 Pinheirinho, 37500-903, Itajubá, models of general relativity have recently been considered with great interest by the scientific community. They connect branches of physics as different as gravitation, condensed matter physics, electrodynamics, acoustics, and quantum field theory. One of the main expectations about such models lies on the possibility of testing in laboratory some aspects of quantum field theory in curved spacetimes. For instance, it seems to be possible to probe the existence of Hawking radiation by means of analogue models in the context of certain condensed matter systems. We briefly report the present day status of this topic of research. Some specific models are considered, particularly those presenting analogue event horizons as solutions. The issue of thermal emission (analogue Hawking radiation) is also discussed. 1 general relativity theory predicts that a bounded region in space from which nothing can scape appears as an external solution for the gravitational field associated with a spherically symmetric configuration for matter. Such exotic object is known as a black hole and it is delimited by a one-way surface called event horizon. However, semi-classical analysis revels that black holes are expect to emit thermal radiation with a Planckian spectrum with temperature TH =8pkBGM [1]. The energy radiated in this process comes from the mass M of the black hole which is thus continuously diminished by a small amount. In other words, black holes evaporate. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim as it describes that black holes are exotic objects from which nothing can escape, specifically mentioning that they are defined by a one-way surface known as the event horizon. This aligns directly with the claim about the strength of gravitational pull in black holes that prevents light from escaping.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Captive breeding programs guarantee the successful reintroduction of species into the wild. [SEP] Text: Introductioncapercaillie (Tetrao urogallus) is distributed among boreal and mountain forests, but in spite of its wide distribution, in many central European countries it is critically endangered [1]. The size of the capercaillie population has been systematically decreasing for over the last 100 years and has resulted in population fragmentation and the loss of many small, isolated populations [2]. The main reasons for the T. urogallus population decline are degradation of habitats due to improper forest management, disturbance of capercaillie habitats and ecosystems, excessive hunting, industrial pollution and increased density of predators. In Poland, like many other central European countries, the Western capercaillie population decline has been severe. From over 2500 individuals at the beginning of the 20th century, currently the Polish T. urogallus population is estimated at 380–500 birds, which are located in four isolated populations: and Bory Dolnośląskie Forest (BDF) [3]. Consequently, the capercaillie in Poland is under multistage protection of its habitats (Natura 2000 project) and the species itself. In 1995 it was entered into the of Animals [4] as a critically endangered species and listed in 4. 45, expected heterozygosity was 0. 585, and two populations revealed significant heterozygote deficiency, probably due to high population decline (FIS = 0. 45 in BDF and (FIS = 0. 36)). Rutkowski et al. [9] concluded that due to population fragmentation and substantial population decline, the proper way of Polish population protection and restoration should consist of implementing the captive breeding programmes combined with habitats improvement and reconstruction. To fulfil those goals, T. urogallus restitution programmes were undertaken in several Polish forest districts, and in 2009 one was started in Ruszów in the BDF [15]. The number of capercaillie in the BDF decreased from ~360 individuals in the mid-20th century [16] to 18 birds in 2006 [17], and only two incidental observations of females in 2009 [15] were noted. Such a population decline made it impossible to use local individuals in the restoration process. Thus, between 2009 and 2014, 131 capercaillie individuals (75 males and 56 females) were released in Ruszów (Merta, pers. comm. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the declining population of the capercaillie (Tetrao urogallus) and highlighting the complexities involved in its conservation efforts. It mentions that despite captive breeding programs being initiated in Poland, the local population decline has become so severe that it was impossible to use local individuals for restoration, necessitating the release of artificially bred individuals. This implies that successful reintroduction is not guaranteed, as evidenced by the extreme challenges faced, such as habitat degradation and low population numbers.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: It's suggested that synthetic biology can solve food shortages instantly and effortlessly. [SEP] Text:  Issue 2 Issue 1 Issue 8 Issue 7 Issue 6 Issue 5 Issue 4 Issue 3 Issue 2 Issue 1 Issue 8 Issue 7 Issue 6 Issue 5 Issue 4 Issue 3 Issue 2 Issue 1 Issue 8 Issue 7 Issue 6 Issue 5 Issue 4 Issue 3 Issue 2 Issue 1 Issue 8 Issue 7 Issue 6 Issue 5 Issue 4 Issue 3 Issue 2 Issue 1 Issue 8 Issue 7 Issue 6 Issue 5 Issue 4 Issue 3 Issue 2 Issue 1 Issue 8 Issue 7 Issue 6 Issue 5 Issue 4 Issue 3 Issue 2 Issue 1 Issue 8 Issue 7 Issue 6 Issue 5 Issue 4 Issue 3 Issue 2 Issue 1 Issue 8 Issue 7 Issue 6 Issue 5 Issue 4 Issue 3 Issue 2 Issue 1 Issue 8 Issue 7 Issue 6 Issue 5 Issue 4 Issue 3 Issue 2 Issue 1 Issue 8 Issue 7 Issue 6 Issue 5 Issue 4 Issue 3 Issue 2 Issue 1 Issue 8 Issue 7 Issue 6 Issue 5 Issue 4 Issue 3 Issue 2 Issue 1 Issue 8 Issue 7 Issue 6 Issue 5 Issue 4 Issue 3 Issue 2 Issue 1 Issue 8 Issue 7 Issue 6 Issue 5 Issue 4 Issue 3 Issue 2 Issue 1 Issue 8 Issue 7 Issue 6 Issue 5 Issue 4 Issue 3 Issue 2 Issue 1 Issue 8 Issue 7 Issue 6 Issue 5 Issue 4 Issue 3 Issue 2 Issue 1 Issue 8 Issue 7 Issue 6 Issue 5 Issue 4 Issue 3 Issue 2 Issue 1 Issue 6 Issue 5 Issue 4 Issue 3 Issue 2 Issue 1 Issue 6 Issue 5 Issue 4 Issue 3 Issue 2 Issue 1 Issue 6 Issue 5 Issue 4 Issue 3 Issue 2 Issue 1 Issue 6 Issue 5 Issue 4 Issue 3 Issue 2 Issue 1 Issue 8 Issue 7 Issue 6 Issue 5 Issue 4 Issue 3 Issue 2 Issue 1 Issue 8 Issue 7 Issue 6 Issue 5 Issue 4 Issue 3 Issue 2 Issue 1 Issue 8 Issue 7 Issue 6 Issue 5 Issue 4 Issue 3 Issue 2 Issue 1 Issue 8 Issue 7 Issue 6 Issue 5 Issue 4 Issue 3 Issue 2 Issue 1 Issue 8 Issue 7 Issue 6 Issue 5 Issue 4 Issue 3 Issue 2 Issue 1 Issue 8 Issue 7 Issue 6 Issue 5 Issue 4 Issue 3 Issue 2 Issue 1 Issue 8 Issue 7 Issue 6 Issue 5 Issue 4 Issue 3 Issue 2 Issue 1 Issue 8 Issue 7 Issue 6 Issue 5 Issue 4 Issue 3 Issue 2 Issue 1 Issue 8 Issue 7 Issue 6 Issue 5 Issue 4 Issue 3 Issue 2 Issue 1 Issue 8 Issue 7 Issue 6 Issue 5 Issue 4 Issue 3 Issue 2 Issue 1 Issue 8 Issue 7 Issue 6 Issue 5 Issue 4 Issue 3 Issue 2 Issue 1 Issue 8 Issue 7 Issue 6 Issue 5 Issue 4 Issue 3 Issue 2 Issue 1 [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not provide any information relevant to the claim about synthetic biology and food shortages. Instead, it consists of repetitive phrases that do not address the assertion made in the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Black holes are regions where the gravitational pull is so strong that not even light can escape. [SEP] Text: By considering matter flowing in-wards (b < 0), out-going light apparently freezes (dr/dt = 0) at the radius rH such that Thus rH is identified with the radius of an analogue event horizon (the optical horizon), and the solution will represent an optical black hole [23, 40]. From the above analysis, which agrees with previous calculations [23], we find that either an ultra-relativistic motion of the matter or a highly refringent medium [41, 42], as it is found in Bose-Einstein condensates (see, however, a relevant discussion in Refs. [31, 22]), is needed in order to display such a horizon structure. Highly refringent media are usually quite dispersive, and thus the effective horizon would occur in this case only for a narrow range of frequencies. A practical realization of the analogue black hole configuration requires b = b(r) and possibly n = n(r) also. Recently, it has been proposed that Hawking temperature is a purely kinematic effect that is generic to Lorentzian geometries containing event horizons [43], and thus being dependent only on the effective metric structure (see however Ref. [22]). For the spherically symmetric solution the Hawking temperature TH of the analogue black hole would be given by [40] where ¢ = Ea¶/¶Ea. Equation (13) shows that the nonlinearity may significantly contribute to this temperature. It should also be noted, however, that the complete understanding of the physical meaning of the Hawking temperature associated with an analogue black hole is still an open question [31, 22], and it can be settled only after a detailed analysis of the radiation processes at the horizon. It should be stressed that the approximation of geometrical optics becomes unreliable for the modes whose wavelengths are comparable with the size of the horizon, as occurs in Hawking radiation processes. Furthermore, Hawking radiation from analogue black holes should also face the problem of the possible difference between signal velocity and phase velocity. Experimentally though, it appears to be a rather difficult task to maintain a stationary spherically symmetric and inhomogeneous flow. In order to exhibit a more realistic configuration, we will now focus on the cylindric symmetry. A particular case of such a configuration is the vortex matter flow which was discussed recently [24, 44, 45]. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text discusses concepts related to black holes, including the nature of horizons and Hawking radiation, which are closely tied to the notion of gravitational pull preventing light from escaping. The mention of 'event horizons' aligns with the claim that black holes are areas where not even light, due to strong gravitational effects, can make it out.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Captive breeding programs guarantee the successful reintroduction of species into the wild. [SEP] Text: )– 39 birds from the of in Kadzidłowo, 75 individuals from the Centre in Wisła (CBC-WFD) and 17 birds from the Centre in Leżajsk Forest District. Before initiation of the reintroduction process, complex analyses of causes of the capercaillie population decline were performed. In consequence, composite actions for active protection were planned and implemented: (i) use of captive breeding individuals for reintroduction, (ii) reduction and monitoring of predator numbers, (iii) habitat improvement, (iv) anthropopressure reduction and (v) ecological education [18]. Captive reared birds were reintroduced into two historical capercaillie refuges (with a combined area of c. 18 km2), where detailed analyses of habitat quality were performed using the Index [19], and then habitats were improved to be assessed as ‘good’ [15]. The majority of individuals reintroduced in Bory Dolnośląskie Forest were reared in the CBC-WFD, which was founded in 2002 and is one of the biggest capercaillie breeding stations in Poland [20]. The CBC-WFD started its activity with birds hatched from eggs imported from Belarus (3 males and 7 females). During the next years the captive population was enlarged with eggs collected from nests found in local forest districts as well as by birds which were injured or aggressive and were sheltered by foresters. In 2012 the basic breeding flock consisted of 16 males and 32 females, from which eight (two males and six females) were of Belarusian origin [20]. Both genetic lines (Belarusian and Western Carpathian) were reproduced separately. To improve the breeding success in the CBC-WFD, assisted reproduction techniques were implemented, allowing the number of offspring to be increased [21–24]. The reintroduction process is complex and its success depends on many factors, including the understanding of species ecology, habitat preparation, the number of reintroduced individuals and the reintroduced population’s adaptive potential [5]. Adaptation to the new environment is crucial for the reintroduced population and directly depends on its genetic diversity. Choosing appropriate individuals from a captive population allows one to create a non-distorted, sustainable population that will not excessively deplete the source population. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by stating that the reintroduction process is complex and its success depends on many factors, including species ecology, habitat preparation, and the adaptive potential of the reintroduced population. This suggests that captive breeding alone does not guarantee success and highlights the importance of understanding ecological context and ensuring genetic diversity for reintroduction efforts.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: It's suggested that synthetic biology can solve food shortages instantly and effortlessly. [SEP] Text: The editors speak to computational systems biologist Jing-Han about her pathway into aging research and the value of multi-disciplinary collaboration. Han discusses exciting questions and the latest evidence on rejuvenation and aging trajectories, and highlights the development of large-scale datasets in China to facilitate future discoveries. Tell us about your earlier research experiences. What drew you to aging-related research in the first place? I originally studied molecular pharmacology for my Ph. D. with at College of Medicine. I then conducted post-doctoral research at School on computational systems biology with whose research does not focus on aging. became interested in aging when I was analyzing protein–protein interaction network topology, in general and in cancer. I was searching for a ‘universal’ biological process that will reveal the fundamentals of biological network design principles to study in my own lab. I came across the first brain aging microarray dataset generated by Bruce Yankner’s lab and was immediately drawn to it. I thought that aging was this universal process that I was looking for, as it is universally present for all living things, and underlies almost all complex human diseases, including cancers. Starting from this brain aging dataset, we saw the aging protein–protein interaction network dynamically partition into two pairs of alternative and mutually inhibitory modules, which reach a balance between differentiation and proliferation or growth, and between reductive and oxidative metabolism, respectively (Xue et al. Mol. Syst. Biol. 4, 147; 2007). I then gobbled down over a thousand papers on aging, first trying to making sense of our discovery, and that got me more and more fascinated by the enigma of aging. Credit: As a researcher who investigates the molecular mechanisms of aging and aging-related disease, do you have a different or specific perspective on what ‘aging’ actually means? I now view aging as a trajectory — diverging from the young resilient state and moving to an old state that is less resilient to stress and challenge. Aging-related diseases are alternative old states that are particularly sensitive to certain types of stress and challenge. I now view aging as a trajectory diverging from the young resilient state and moving to an old state that is less resilient to stress and challenge. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim, as it focuses on aging research and the career path of a computational systems biologist, with no mention of synthetic biology or food shortages. Therefore, it does not provide any information supporting or contrasting the claim about synthetic biology.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Black holes are regions where the gravitational pull is so strong that not even light can escape. [SEP] Text: 1 IntroductionIn classical general relativity, under the main assumptions of the validity of the strong energy condition and of the existence of global hyperbolicity, the collapse of matter inevitable produces a singularity of the spacetime [1, 2]. At a singularity, predictability is lost and standard physics breaks down. According to the weak cosmic censorship conjecture, spacetime singularities formed from collapse must be hidden behind an event horizon and the final product of the collapse must be a black hole [3]. In 4-dimensional general relativity, the only uncharged black hole solution is the Kerr metric [4, 5], which reduces to the Schwarzschild solution in the spherically symmetric case. The Oppenheimer–Snyder model is the simplest fully analytic example of gravitational collapse, describing the contraction of a homogeneous spherically symmetric cloud of dust [6]. It clearly shows how the collapse produces a spacetime singularity and the final product is a Schwarzschild black hole. In analogy with the appearance of divergent quantities in other classical theories, it is widely believed that spacetime singularities are a symptom of the limitations of classical general relativity, to be removed by quantum-gravity effects. While we do not have yet any robust and reliable theory of quantum gravity, the resolution of spacetime singularities has been investigated in many quantum-gravity inspired models. Very different approaches have studied corrections to the Schwarzschild/Kerr solution, finding black hole metrics in which the curvature invariants are always finite [7–13]. Footnote 1 In the same spirit, one can study the modifications to the Oppenheimer–Snyder solution and to other models of collapse. In this case, the singularity is replaced by a bounce, after which the cloud starts expanding [14–18]. It is therefore disappointing that the quantum-gravity corrected model of collapse does not reproduce the quantum-gravity corrected black hole solution. In this paper, we want to investigate this apparent contradictory result. First, we determine both the quantum-gravity corrected static black hole metric and the quantum-gravity corrected homogeneous collapse solution within the same theoretical framework, since the ones reported in the literature come from different models. We find that the problem indeed exists. Second, we try to figure out the possible reason. One possibility is that the static regular black hole spacetimes are ad hoc solutions, but they cannot be created in a collapse and therefore they are physically irrelevant. The collapse always produces an object that bounces. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the properties of black holes and their relationship to spacetime singularities. It mentions that 'the final product of the collapse must be a black hole' and that singularities formed from collapse are 'hidden behind an event horizon,' which indicates that light cannot escape from them, thus supporting the assertion that black holes possess such a strong gravitational pull.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Captive breeding programs guarantee the successful reintroduction of species into the wild. [SEP] Text: Thus, first the captive and then the reintroduced population should be monitored both with genetic markers and/or with pedigree information (captive population). Such a multidirectional reintroduction process has much more chance of finishing with a wild, self-sustainable population [5]. To meet the goals of the best practices in reintroduction, we analysed the genetic diversity in both the captive (which was one of the source populations for reintroduction) and the new wild populations. We were interested particularly in: (i) the level of microsatellite and mtDNA diversity in captive and reintroduced populations, (ii) the genetic relationship between capercaillie from the CBC-WFD and the BDF revealed by its individuals genotype clustering, and (iii) the phylogenetic relationships between captive and reintroduced individuals with T. urogallus from other European countries. Materials and statement Forestry in Wisła District obtained permission (DOP-OZGIZ. 6401. 03. 171. 2011. km, dated on: May 10, 2011; expiry date: December 31, 2021) issued by the of Environmental Protection, signed by Dr Michał Kiełsznia, for keeping, reproduction and collection of the biological materials for experimental purposes, every year up to 50 adult capercaillie (Tetrao urogallus) and 150 juvenile birds in the CBC-WFD, Poland. The used protocol was approved by II Commission for on Animals (Permit: NR 31/2010; issued on February 22, 2010) and authors possess individual permission for carrying the experiments on animals, including capercaillie; Ewa Łukaszewicz—permit: No. 23/2009, Artur Kowalczyk—permit: No. 24/2009, both documents dated on June 19, 2009. During all procedures all efforts were made to minimize animals suffering. total, blood stains from 42 individuals from CBC-WFD were collected by a veterinarian from the vena brachialis, previously punctured with a needle. A drop of blood was taken on filter paper and dried immediately in the air. Seventeen individuals were founders—they were wild born or hatched from eggs collected in the wild. Founders source population localities are presented in Fig 1 and described in S1 Table. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the complexity of successful reintroduction. It emphasizes the need for monitoring genetic diversity and relationships between captive and reintroduced populations to ensure a sustainable wild population, indicating that captive breeding alone does not guarantee success. The details on evaluating genetic markers and the need for thorough analysis of relationships suggest that captive breeding is part of a broader strategy rather than a guaranteed solution.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: It's suggested that synthetic biology can solve food shortages instantly and effortlessly. [SEP] Text: Your lab has published on a wide range of topics, from the evolution of long non-coding RNAs that affect aging to facial image analysis of aging, as well as stem cell and developmental biology and the genetic bases of different kinds of disease in general — what inspires new approaches or projects in your lab, and do you have tips for successfully running a research group with very diverse projects? As a computational systems biologist, you never know where your data will lead you. We try to do as much as we can to validate the results of analyses, either in our own lab or through collaborations. As our first aging network analysis revealed a loss of balance between differentiation versus proliferation, and growth dominates the aging process and shows a continuation from early development, I have always kept a view of aging from the perspective of development. Only later on, when I started working on stem cells and development, did I realize that there is a big field using stem cells to tackle aging processes, which is often called regeneration, or part of rejuvenation. I envision that our two ends of research will meet on this line in the near future. People in my lab are from diverse backgrounds — from biology to mathematics, to computer sciences, to physics and chemistry. Some are more interested in development, some in epigenetics and single cells, some in AI and algorithms, and most in aging, the universal topic. We find that such a setting is particularly stimulating for new ideas and approaches; we all learn from each other and can easily form an integrative team, which is essential for a systems biology lab. What are the big open questions about aging at the molecular and cellular levels that should be prioritized? What do you see as the major challenges in aging research, and what might the future hold? Some of the big open questions from the systems biology perspective include, for example, whether aging in different tissues is synchronized, and whether any one tissue is most important for aging and rejuvenation. Horvath generated a pan-tissue methylation clock, he found that clocks in different tissues seemed to tick at different rates; and a study from Michael Snyder’s group using multiomics signatures defined four ageotypes, and also found that these were not synchronized (S. Ahadi et al. Nat. Med. 26, 83–90; 2020). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses various aspects of aging research, development, systems biology, and the collaborative nature of a diverse lab environment. It does not mention synthetic biology or food shortages, thus failing to engage with the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Black holes are regions where the gravitational pull is so strong that not even light can escape. [SEP] Text: 1 IntroductionEinstein’s general relativity (GR) has been validated by the Telescope (EHT) observation of shadows cast by supermassive black holes M87* [1] and SgrA* [2]. These also serve as further evidence of the remarkable accuracy of GR. The black hole shadow results from strong gravitational lensing of light by the intense gravitational field of the black hole. The extreme gravitational field of the black hole bends the light from the surrounding matter and stars, creating a dark area in the centre known as the “black hole shadow”, and it is surrounded by a bright ring of light known as the “photon ring” which is caused by the bending and amplification of light around the black hole. Utilizing gravitational lensing can offer a robust means to investigate gravitation on a large scale. By using strong-gravitational lensing by black holes and compact objects, it is possible to conduct gravity tests on a smaller scale, surpassing the limitations imposed by the [1, 2]. In its strong field limit, gravitational lensing exhibits intriguing characteristics, making it one of the most remarkable phenomena in astronomy. Gravitational lensing has proven to be a valuable tool for gaining insights into the structure of spacetime [3,4,5,6,7,8]. In the case of strong gravitational fields, where light passes close to the source, and the bending angle is much greater, phenomena such as shadow, photon rings, and relativistic images can occur [9,10,11,12,13,14,15,16]. Recent discussions have focused on strong-field gravitational lensing by black holes as another avenue to test general relativity [13,14,15,16,17,18,19,20,21,22,23]. Virbhadra and Ellis [17] provided a numerical method for studying the large deflection of light rays resulting in strong gravitational lensing. Later, Bozza [13,14,15,16] and Tsukamoto [21] analyzed the strong-field gravitational lensing analytically for general spherically symmetric and static spacetimes. Gravitational lensing by black holes has been critical in quantitative studies of the lensing by Kerr black holes [13, 24, 25]. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by explaining how black holes create a shadow due to their intense gravitational field which bends light from surrounding matter and stars. This is evidenced by the description of the 'black hole shadow' resulting from strong gravitational lensing, which indicates the strength of the gravitational pull that prevents light from escaping.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Captive breeding programs guarantee the successful reintroduction of species into the wild. [SEP] Text: In the CBC-WFD the male-to-female ratio is 1:2. 2. In the reintroduced population the sex ratio is unknown, but in other wild capercaillie populations there is usually a majority of males: 1:1. 6 [53] and 1:1. 5 [52]. That explains why in wild populations it is difficult to detect sex linkage without separate analysis of males and females, as male birds are homogametic (ZZ). When compared to other wild capercaillie populations, the population newly reintroduced in the BDF was characterised by high values of diversity parameters revealed with nuclear DNA. An isolated, Cantabrian capercaillie population presented low genetic diversity (HE = 0. 5, NA = 3. 4 [52]; HE = 0. 57, NA = 11. 75 [14]). populations described by Segelbacher et al. [7] had diversity parameters in the range 2. 8–6. 3 (NA) and 0. 45–0. 66 (HE). Finally, a Polish T. urogallus population described by Rutkowski et al. [9] revealed average HE equal to 0. 585 and average allele number equal to 4. 45, while the former BDF population had HE = 0. 59 and NA = 5. Thus, diversity parameters presented by us (NA = 5. 3 and HE = 0. 675) in the newly created BDF population indicate high genetic variation, which may result in adaptive potential necessary for population restoration and survival. Control region amplification revealed the presence of six mtDNA haplotypes in the BDF and seven among the captive founder population (Fig 2) (we did not sequence offspring in the captive population as they share the same mtDNA with their mothers). In total, nine different mtDNA haplotypes were present (GenBank accession numbers: KT223509-KT223517) and among them four were common for both populations, three were unique for the captive population and two for the wild population (S1 Table). Despite the much lower number of analysed individuals (17 captive vs. 62 reintroduced), all mtDNA diversity parameters were higher in the founder captive population (Table 2). Download: PPTPowerPoint slidePNGlarger imageTIFForiginal imageFig 2. Frequency of the mtDNA haplotypes among CBC-WFD founders’ population and BDF reintroduced population. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by highlighting the complexity and uncertainty surrounding the reintroduction of species, such as the high genetic diversity parameters observed in the captive population compared to wild populations. It indicates that while the captive population showed higher genetic variation, this does not guarantee successful reintroduction, particularly given the unknown sex ratio of reintroduced individuals. This points to challenges in achieving viable and sustainable wild populations from captive breeding efforts.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: It's suggested that synthetic biology can solve food shortages instantly and effortlessly. [SEP] Text: Our study on facial aging rate and blood transcriptome aging rate also showed that only among fast- and slow-aging outliers was there significant consistency between the two aging rates, but not among the general population (X. Xia et al. Nat. Metab. 2, 946–957; 2020). These studies suggest that different tissues are not aging at the same rate, and might not start at the same time, but most such studies have been cross-sectional analyses. Large-scale longitudinal analyses are needed to confirm this, and to verify the rate and temporal order of tissue aging. The sequence of tissue aging may give us some clues about which is the first tissue to target to prevent or delay aging onset, or the last tissue to guard against the collapse of the whole system. However, the temporal order does not necessarily correspond to the importance of impact. I thought that aging was this universal process that I was looking for, as it is universally present for all living things, and underlies almost all complex human diseases, including cancers. Another question is, how do different tissues interact to drive aging and rejuvenation? The answers to this question are key to understanding the mechanisms at play. A recent study has shown that immune system aging alone can drive aging of solid organs and the whole system. Obviously, whether this is true for other tissues (and their associated microbiomes), and whether targeting the immune system alone can rejuvenate the whole system, awaits more extensive studies. Parabiosis studies have already shown that sharing the young blood system can rejuvenate many tissues and organs in old mice. However, the detailed tissue–tissue interactions have yet to be mapped and delineated. There are also questions about heterogeneity in aging, as we know people age biologically at different rates. What are the major contributors to heterogeneity of aging across individuals? When do aging and aging heterogeneity start? When should rejuvenation begin or stop? Our recent study on the human facial aging clock and the blood transcriptome clock both showed a drastic increase in heterogeneity in aging rate at 40 years of age and a peak at around 50 (X. Xia et al. Nat. Metab. 2, 946–957; 2020). Such heterogeneity can be attributed to different lifestyles of the individuals, which suggests that middle age is perhaps a stage for personalized aging intervention. More dimensionality and preferably longitudinal data are needed to confirm this. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses facial aging rates, blood transcriptome aging, and the heterogeneity of aging across individuals, with no relation to synthetic biology or food shortages. It focuses on aging and rejuvenation processes rather than any solutions related to food supply or agricultural practices.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Black holes are regions where the gravitational pull is so strong that not even light can escape. [SEP] Text: With current observational facilities, the gravitational deflection of light by rotating black holes has received significant attention [26,27,28,29,30,31,32,33,34,35]. It turns out that we can understand the properties of black holes from the gravitational lensing effect. The observables in strong gravitational lensing can diagnose the properties of black holes in modified theories of gravity and compare them with their counterparts in GR. Moreover, the photon region of gravitational lensing also provides vital properties in the black hole shadow. In addition, gravitational lensing by regular or non-singular black holes exhibit several exciting features compared to Kerr black holes [33, 34, 36]. The prevailing belief is that singularities are an artifact of classical GR, and they can be resolved through a quantum theory of gravity [37]. Although a complete quantum gravity theory is not yet available, we must focus on regular models motivated by quantum arguments. Bardeen suggested the first regular solution for a black hole [38]. In Bardeen’s model, there are horizons, but there is no curvature singularity. Instead, the center of the black hole develops a de Sitter-like region, resulting in a black hole with a regular center. Since then, several regular black hole models have been proposed based on Bardeen’s idea, which mimic the behaviour of the Schwarzschild black hole at large distances. It is a wide belief that loop quantum gravity (LQG) could potentially address singularities in classical general relativity [39,40,41]. Because of the complexity of the complete LQG system, research has mainly focused on spherically symmetric black holes [42,43,44,45,46]. Semiclassical polymerization, which preserves the discreteness of spacetime suggested by LQG, has proved to be an effective technique for resolving the singularity issue [44,45,46]. As different polymerizations can cause various types of regularized spacetimes, exploring a broader range of models and methods is of great interest. Building upon previous research [42,43,44,45,46,47,48,49], Peltola and Kunstatter [50] used effective field theory and partially polymerized theory arguments to construct a static, spherically symmetric black hole that is asymptotically flat and encompasses the Schwarzschild black hole [50, 51]. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the gravitational lensing effect caused by black holes, which specifically highlights that the gravitational pull is strong enough to affect light, as seen in 'the gravitational deflection of light by rotating black holes'. This aligns with the claim that black holes have such a strong gravitational pull that light cannot escape.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Captive breeding programs guarantee the successful reintroduction of species into the wild. [SEP] Text: Clustering results of combined CBC-WFD and BDF population revealed with. Three distinct genetic clusters were present: one consisted of individuals from Belarussian lineage (orange) and two of lineage (blue and violet). Each line represents one individual and the amount of the colour indicates estimated membership of the individual in a distinct genetic cluster. most frequent mtDNA haplotypes in the reintroduced population were haplotypes no. four (43%), eight (32%) and two (18%), while in the captive founder population they were haplotypes no. two (35%), four (17%) and one (12%) (Fig 2). In the CBC-WFD founder population, haplotype no. one was found only among individuals from Belarus, haplotype no. two was most common among grouse from Belarus, being found only in two individuals outside this group (female no. 25 and male no. 20), and the rest of haplotypes were present only among individuals from the lineage. Both analysed populations (reintroduced and captive) presented the same genetic structure revealed with microsatellites. Three distinct genetic clusters differed however with frequencies in both populations. Thus, based on microsatellites we may state that both analysed groups of grouse were genetically similar. When we compared both populations with mtDNA, we found much greater disparities. Thirty-four percent of individuals from the BDF had two mtDNA haplotypes (no. eight and nine) not present in the captive population, which suggests that at least 34% of wild individuals were reared or are offspring of females reared outside the CBC-WFD. Phylogenetic analysis Both ML and BA phylogenetic trees revealed the same topology showing two distinct clades, Eurasian and Cantabrian (S1 Fig), as found in other studies [10–12,54]. All haplotypes from the present study were located in the Eurasian clade. Unfortunately, due to the lack of resolution resulting from the short DNA sequence used in phylogenetic analysis (CR sequences obtained from GenBank were shorter than DNA in this study, and after alignment the set of sequences had only 369 bp), we were not able to clarify relationships between particular haplotypes within the Eurasian clade. Bayesian posterior probabilities and SH-like branch support for nodes within clades were low and thus not significant. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by providing evidence of genetic differences between the reintroduced and captive populations. It notes that 34% of individuals from the BDF had mtDNA haplotypes not present in the captive population, suggesting that there are significant genetic disparities that complicate the assumption that captive breeding guarantees a successful reintroduction. The findings indicate that the genetic structure and diversity of wild and captive populations differ, implying that successful reintroduction may not be assured by captive breeding programs alone.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: It's suggested that synthetic biology can solve food shortages instantly and effortlessly. [SEP] Text: Although both aging rate and its heterogeneity become lower in old age, this could also mean that rejuvenation can work more uniformly among older individuals. Indeed, many aging interventions, such as rapamycin, as shown by Matt Kaeberlein’s and Joan Mannick’s groups, work effectively in old age. Identifying the windows for intervention and rejuvenation has yet to be done in a systematic manner, in particular in human populations. Related to this is the question of how many aging trajectories exist. Can a new trajectory lead to rejuvenation or everlasting youth? Many studies on aging transcriptomes, including our own, have shown that aging trajectories are often a continuum of developmental trajectories, and that lifespan-extending interventions such as caloric restriction delay these trajectories. However, not many studies set out to address whether different trajectories exist across different individuals. As a salient exception, recently Nan Hao’s group has shown beautifully, using live reporter systems to follow the replicative aging of each single yeast, two distinct trajectories — one characterized by mitochondrial decline, the other by ribosomal decline (Y. Li et al. Science 369, 325–329; 2020). More interestingly, genetically boosting both mitochondria and ribosomes created a new aging trajectory with a much longer lifespan. Our own research, combining network dynamics simulation and transcriptome profiling in Caenorhabditis elegans, has also shown that mildly but synergistically boosting multiple nodes in the aging regulatory circuitry can keep the network more frequently in the young versus the old steady state when compared with a strong perturbation of any single node, which may be lethal to the organism (Hou et al. Cell Metab. 23, 529–540; 2016). It would be interesting to see in theory and in practice whether such different perturbations can result in different aging trajectories. These studies evoked the intriguing possibility that systems or network approaches hold the key to more effective rejuvenation, consistent with the dramatic rejuvenation effects demonstrated for combined Yamanaka factor treatment by the groups of and others. I believe that in the future theorists and experimentalists will join forces to search for new trajectories — not only for longer lifespan, but also rejuvenation, or even a state of eternal youth. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses aging, rejuvenation, and interventions related to lifespan without mentioning synthetic biology or its potential to address food shortages. The content focuses on the complexities of aging trajectories and rejuvenation effects, which does not align with the topic of food supply solutions.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Black holes are regions where the gravitational pull is so strong that not even light can escape. [SEP] Text: 1 IntroductionGravitational lensing by black holes is one of the most powerful astrophysical tools for investigating the strong-field features of gravity and provide us with information about the distant stars that are too dim to be observed. It can help us detect exotic objects and hence verify alternative theories of gravity. The gravitational lensing theories were developed, among others, by Liebes [1], Refsdal [2], and Bourassa and Kantowski [3]. They have successfully explained the astronomical observations but in the weak field approximation. However, when a lens is a compact object with a photon sphere (such as a black hole), a strong field treatment of gravitational lensing is needed instead because photons passing close to the photon sphere have large deflection angles. Virbhadra and Ellis [4] obtained the lens equation using an asymptotically flat background metric, in the strong-field limit for a Schwarzchild black hole numerically. Apart from the primary and secondary images, they reported two infinite sets of faint relativistic images. An exact lens equation without reference to a background metric was found by Fritelli et al. [5]. Later, Bozza [6] used the strong field limit approximation to obtain analytical expressions for the positions and magnification of the relativistic images and extended his method of lensing for a general class of static and spherically symmetric spacetimes to show that the logarithmic divergence of the deflection angle at photon sphere is a generic feature for such spacetimes. Bozza’s [6] methods was extended to several static, spherically symmetric metrics which includes Reissner–Nordström black holes [7], braneworld black holes [8,9,10,11], charged black hole of heterotic string theory [12]. The strong gravitational field continues to receive significant attention, more recent works include lensing from other black holes [13,14,15,16] and from various modifications of Schwarzschild geometry [17,18,19,20,21,22,23], and more recently in 4D Einstein-Gauss-Bonnet gravity [24,25,26]. The gravitational lensing by a primary photon sphere with unstable circular light orbits and by a secondary photon sphere on a wormhole throat in a black-bounce regular spacetime shows the existence of an antiphoton sphere and the formation of infinite images near it [27]. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing gravitational lensing around black holes, which demonstrates that the gravitational pull is indeed strong enough to affect the paths of light. The mention of deflection angles of photons and the concept of a photon sphere supports the idea that black holes possess a gravitational force strong enough to prevent light from escaping.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Captive breeding programs guarantee the successful reintroduction of species into the wild. [SEP] Text: Nevertheless, all analysed individuals (both from Belarus and Carpathian) belonged to the same mitochondrial lineage, which suggests that they represent the same evolutionarily significant units (ESU) and as such may be used together in the reintroduction process. Pedigree-based breeding reliability When we compared pedigree data with genetic based information, we found several inaccuracies. First, some founder individuals, which should (according to breeding documentation) derive from a certain genetic line (Belarusian or Western Carpathian), did not derive from those lines. Second, captive population 1st generation offspring derived from the lineage turned out to have in part or in whole genotypes specific to capercaillie from Belarus. This may be the result of wrong assignment of founder individuals into genetic lineages or an inexact process of egg incubation and chick rearing. As all captive individuals belong to the same phylogenetic lineage, Eurasian, in this case crossing of individuals with different origin did not have negative consequences. But, once more it shows how important it is to implement genetic tools in captive breeding. Genetic based selection provides solid information which will ensure proper selection of animals for breeding and thereby ensure the preservation of a high level of biodiversity in the breeding flock. In conclusion, the genetic characteristics of both reintroduced BDF and captive CBC-WFD populations of Western capercaillie showed a high level of diversity. The main objective of captive breeding is to create a self-sustainable population capable of producing progeny that can be further used for reintroduction [5]. Thus, we showed that by this high level of biodiversity the CBC-WFD captive population poses genetic potential to be such a self-sustainable population and valuable source of individuals for reintroduction. The high level of diversity among individuals in the BDF population is a good predictor for the future, as it shows the first positive results of Bory Dolnośląskie Forest actions and leads to the conclusion that their continuation will help to fully rebuild the capercaillie population in this forest district. Thus, our results will be the basis to facilitate monitoring of the reintroduction process in the future. Supporting InformationS1 Table. List of individuals/samples used in the present study, along with sex information, samples localization and mtDNA haplotype/microsatellite cluster belonging. S2 Table. Microsatellite set used in the presented analysis. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by highlighting multiple concerns regarding the reliability of captive breeding practices. It discusses inaccuracies in pedigree data and genetic lineage assignments, raising doubts about the effectiveness of captive breeding. The mention of problems such as misassignment of founder individuals and issues in egg incubation suggests that captive bred populations may not be accurately prepared for successful reintroduction. This implies that while captive breeding may hold potential, it does not guarantee success due to genetic and procedural challenges.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: It's suggested that synthetic biology can solve food shortages instantly and effortlessly. [SEP] Text: I think the major challenges in aging research are, first, how to translate the results of animal research to humans (to intervention studies in human populations); and second, how to share and tap into the rich human phenome and medical records to predict aging trajectories and the effects of interventions for a particular individual — that is, to achieve personalized prediction and intervention. What do you see as the potential benefits of more multi-disciplinary studies on aging and what is the best way to encourage and support these? Aging has now been recognized as a true systems biomedicine problem, and now more and more grants are focused on multi-disciplinary studies of aging, which is a key factor in supporting this type of research. And there is genuine interest from the research community to engage in it. The rapidly aging global population is certainly a challenge for society, but it is also an unprecedented opportunity for aging research. All of a sudden, everyone is interested in aging, government and private funding are flourishing, so the challenge for us is how to deliver something useful for humans and translatable to large populations to address the pressures of aging populations. In fact, when deciding on the topic of our Center for Quantitative Biology’s summer symposium, the faculty, including many physicists and mathematicians, unanimously voted for aging and rejuvenation. However, there are also some practical challenges to overcome to truly embrace multi-disciplinary aging research. Although many journals are still hanging on to the classical ‘cell to animal study’ paradigm of research, many other journals, such as Nature Aging, are more open to multi-disciplinary studies. As an editor myself on many journals, I can understand how difficult it is to find the right editors and reviewers for such studies, but I envision that this will change as more researchers are educated and supported to be multi-disciplinary, like the students in our Academy for Studies in Peking University. The pandemic has affected most research communities quite severely; how have researchers in China been coping or adapting to restrictions to mitigate the spread of SARS-CoV-2, and have many researchers pivoted to working on more pandemic-related projects? Conducting our research has definitely been more difficult recently owing to the COVID-19 pandemic. During the lockdown, only those who had published on or have grants relating to SARS-CoV-2 were allowed to return to the lab. We were fortunate that we could do computational work remotely from home. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses challenges in aging research, the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on research activities, and the need for multi-disciplinary studies on aging, with no mention of synthetic biology or food shortages.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Black holes are regions where the gravitational pull is so strong that not even light can escape. [SEP] Text: The gravitational lensing received a boost when Telescope (EHT) [28, 29] unravelled the first-ever image of the supermassive black hole M87*. These results offer testing grounds for gravity theories on offering a compelling probe of the strong gravitational fields. With this motivation, this paper investigates the strong-field gravitational lensing of light by the hairy black holes in Horndeski gravity [30]. As a modification to GR, the simplest extensions are the scalar–tensor theories like Horndeski gravity [31], probably the most general four-dimensional scalar–tensor theory with equations of motion containing up to second-order derivatives of the dynamical fields. Horndeski theory of gravitation is described by the action principle formulated from the metric and a scalar field that leads to field equations with no derivatives beyond second order for the metric and the scalar field, and the theory has the same symmetries as GR, namely, diffeomorphism and local Lorentz invariance. (see e. g. [32, 33]). All the terms present in the action of Horndeski gravity have been shown to be originating from Galileons, i. e. scalar–tensor models having Galilean symmetry in flat spacetime [34]. There are compelling arguments that suggest that certain modifications are required in GR at both very high and very low energy scales. Gravitational collapses are destined to unavoidable singularities, while on cosmological scales, to describe the observed accelerated expansion of the Universe, GR relies on the yet unexplained presence of dark energy [35]. Horndeski theories [36] which have been studied in both the strong gravity on compact objects, such as neutron stars, black holes [37] and in cosmological regimes to describe the accelerated expansion [38]. The space of solutions for Horndeski’s theory of gravity is endowed with hairy black holes [39,40,41,42,43,44], Among the static and spherically symmetric hairy black holes in scalar–tensor theories the simplest case in which solutions admits a hairy profile with a radially dependent scalar field was studied in [41, 45,46,47,48]. The time-dependent hairy black hole solutions within the Horndeski class of theories have also been obtained [49]. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the strong gravitational fields associated with black holes, particularly referencing the 'strong-field gravitational lensing of light by the hairy black holes.' This implies that the gravitational pull around black holes is indeed strong enough to influence light, supporting the claim that not even light can escape from these regions.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Captive breeding programs guarantee the successful reintroduction of species into the wild. [SEP] Text: of the and Reintroduction of the Siberian Crane, Russia’s (Leucogeranus leucogeranus, Gruidae) Download PDF E. A. Mudrik1, T. A. Kashentseva2, K. A. Postelnykh2 & …D. V. Politov1 Show authors 440 Accesses 1 all metrics AbstractA captive population of the Siberian crane has existed in Russia for over 40 years, at the moment numbering 13 founders of natural origin and 17 breeders from the first and second generations, and mainly reproducing through artificial insemination. Since 2010, using molecular genetic markers, we have been monitoring the breeding and reintroduction of the Siberian crane, analyzing the genetic diversity and relationships in different generations of the population; establishing paternity in chicks obtained as a result of multiple artificial insemination; and determining the sex in individuals at different stages of their development. A total of 304 Siberian crane individuals have been genotyped by microsatellite loci. The group of breeders from the first and second generations appears still to retain the high-level heterozygosity of the founders. However, there has been a loss of allelic diversity and an increased relatedness. Paternity has been established in 135 individuals, with sex identification carried out for 225 offspring. The primary (at the time of fertilization) and secondary (at the time of hatching) ratios of males to females in the offspring of the Siberian crane in captivity have been shown to be close to 1 : 1 parity. We have completed the previously missing information on sex and paternity in the International Studbook, including data on dead or released birds using specimens from the collection of allantoises. In general, in the modern livestock of first- and second-generation breeders in the captive population of the Siberian crane in Russia, high genetic diversity is maintained. Yet because of the increased relatedness and inbreeding in the offspring, the aging and natural loss of founders, and an insufficient reproductive success of young breeders, it is necessary to enrich the gene pool of this population by new birds from the wild or unrelated individuals from other breeding centers or zoos. Use our pre-submission checklist Avoid common mistakes on your manuscript. breeding of rare species of animals, especially for the purpose of reintroducing their offspring into nature, requires the maintenance and enrichment of the original gene pool in captive populations created for this purpose. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the genetic challenges faced by the Siberian crane captive breeding program, indicating that while the population maintains high genetic diversity, increased relatedness and inbreeding may impact the success of reintroduction efforts. It emphasizes the need for enrichment of the gene pool to improve outcomes for reintroducing species into the wild, which suggests that captive breeding alone does not guarantee success.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Certain studies claim that biopesticides are universally safe for all environments. [SEP] Text: Loading. . . in With Username/your institution Basket en de fr Publish with us Submit your Proposal 2024 Competition 2024 & Events and & Law, Economics & Media & Society & & & and in × Zitatvorschau in to clipboard. ris BibTeX Zotero. bib EndNote. enw Fun for in by (Volume editor) (Volume editor) Minako O‘Hagan (Volume editor) ©2014 310 Pages Science, Society & Culture eBook for US$ 135. 85 Download immediately. Incl. VAT Format: PDF and ePUB – for all devices Softcover for US$ 143. 55 Shipping in approx. 10 working days national, international shipping possible Add to cart games have evolved to become a pervasive format which is beyond entertainment, enjoyed by a broad group of people rather than as a niche activity by hardcore gamers. However, to date, academic studies focusing on game localization and accessibility are few and far between, despite the fact that further research in localization and accessibility would be beneficial to all. The different contributions in this pioneering volume address the emerging fields of from different angles, providing insightful information about these relatively unexplored academic areas with such close tights to the industry. The volume is divided in two sections: the first section includes four contributions on Game Accessibility, dealing with issues such as universally accessible games and guidelines for promoting accessibility. The second section of the book includes nine contributions focussing on different issues affecting game translation and localization, such as case studies, culturalization, fan translation, and terminology management for the game localization industry. the the eBook can be cited of Section I: Accessibility to Games 1. Introduction 2. and People with Disabilities 3. Accessible 4. vs. 5. Games 5. 1. 6. A Challenging Task: Games 6. 1. Ambient Intelligence: for 7. 1. Introduction 2. Fun for All: and the Democratization of the 3. Accessibility revisited 4. Translation as a Tool to 4. 1. Gamers 4. 2. Gamers 4. 3. for All: Reducing the 5. Conclusions 1. Introduction 2. 2. 1. Accessibility in e-2. 2. Special and Devices 2. 3. Accessibility in Entertainment-3. for 3. 1. for 3. 2. Fine-grained Adaptation vs. Coarse-grained Adaptation 3. 3. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses topics related to game localization and accessibility rather than biopesticides or their safety in environments. No information pertaining to biopesticides or any studies that state they are universally safe can be found in the provided text.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Scientists have found planets outside our solar system that are located in their star's habitable zone. [SEP] Text: Using reported planetary parameters of the three detected planets, we numerically integrate the system for 106 yr with mass-less test p0. 11 AU and 0. 21 AU and eccentricity between 0. 01 and 0. 25. In stable systems, the fourth planet had very little effect on the overall stability of the system. There, the dynamical evolution of the three detected planets was comparable to that of 3-planet models. The eccentricity of the undetected planet had small amplitude variations and its semi axis remained extremely stable. Thus, Gliese 581 remains a good candidate for future detection of habitable Earth-mass planets. Key words: planetary systems - stars: individual: Gliese 581 - methods: N-body simulations 1 years have seen a significant increase in extrasolar planetary detection through the radial velocity technique (Butler et al. 2006). Most detected objects are giant (Jupiter-like) planets, due to the bias of observational techniques for detecting the largest and most massive planets. Recently, higher precision has led to the discovery of planets with a minimum mass below. The first one was GJ 876d, with minimum mass of (Rivera et al. 2005). Planets with minimal mass between one and ten are often referred to as super-Earths. Super-Earths are considered rocky planets with similar chemical and mineral composition as the Earth (Valencia et al. 2007). dwarf Gliese 581 is host to two super-Earths in its recently identified 3-planet system. Two years after Bonfils et al. (2005) detected a Neptune-mass object (planet b) orbiting the star, Udry et al. (2007) announced the discovery of two additional super-Earths (planets c and d). The properties of this planetary system are given in Table 1. With the announcement of the two detections, Udry et al. (2007) pointed out that the planets may lie within the habitable zone (HZ) of the star. Attempts to define the HZ of Gliese 581 and the possible habitability of the two outer planets have been subjects of recent investigation (von Bloh et al. 2007; Selsis et al. 2007; Chylek et al. (2007)). According to Selsis et al. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the discovery of planets, specifically super-Earths, in the Gliese 581 system. It mentions that 'the planets may lie within the habitable zone (HZ) of the star,' directly supporting the assertion that scientists have found exoplanets located in habitable zones.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Captive breeding programs guarantee the successful reintroduction of species into the wild. [SEP] Text: With the reproduction of a small number of individuals, there are threats of closely related crossings, which lead to a decrease of the genetic diversity, an increase of inbreeding depression, pathologies in the individual development of offspring, and a general decrease of its adaptive capabilities. To prevent such unfavorable processes, it is necessary to control reproduction and monitor the state of the gene pool in different generations of captive populations (Lacy, 1994; Ivy and Lacy, 2010). crane (Leucogeranus leucogeranus Pallas 1881) is one of the rarest and most endangered cranes in the world (BirdLife International, 2018). It is endemic to the Russian Federation, nesting in the lowland tundra of northeastern Yakutia (eastern population) and in the lower Ob basin (western population) (Flint and Kishchinsky, 1975; Meine and Archibald, 1996). The eastern population is quite stable: as of 2020, the minimum estimate of its abundance is 5500 individuals (Archibald, 2021). The western population of about 20 birds in the late 1990s (Meine and Archibald, 1996; Sorokin et al. , 2000) has almost disappeared by now (Mirande and Ilyashenko, 2019; Archibald, 2021). In order to create a reserve gene pool of the Siberian crane, in the period 1980–1996 in Russia, the United States, and Europe, three captive breeding populations were formed, the breeding stock of which was grown from eggs obtained mostly from nature of (Stewart, 1987; Panchenko and Kashentseva, 1995). The entire history of breeding and registration of captive Siberian cranes is recorded in the (Kashentseva and Belterman, 2014). The core of the Russian captive population of the Siberian crane is kept in the (hereinafter referred to as the OCBC), established in 1979 on the basis of the Reserve to obtain and raise chicks with the aim of releasing them into the habitats of the western population. Since 1988, Siberian cranes have been breeding regularly in the OCBC by their own and with the use of methods of increase productivity (Panchenko and Kashentseva, 1995; Kashentseva and Rozdina, 2002; Kashentseva, 2005, 2006). cranes kept in zoos and breeding centers in Russia and neighboring countries originate from this group. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by highlighting the potential genetic issues that arise from captive breeding, such as inbreeding depression and decreased adaptive capabilities, which can complicate successful reintroduction into the wild. It mentions the necessity to control reproduction and monitor the genetic diversity within captive populations to prevent these unfavorable outcomes, indicating that simply having a captive breeding program is insufficient for guaranteed success in reintroduction efforts.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Certain studies claim that biopesticides are universally safe for all environments. [SEP] Text: and Deployment of Games 4. The e4. 1. Combination of Input/4. 2. 4. 3. 4. 4. Features with the eEditor 5. 5. 1. Adaptation of the 1492 Game 5. 2. 6. Conclusions and Acknowledgements 1. Introduction 2. of a List of Solutions 2. 1. Pre-existing Lists 3. of of Structure 4. Solutions and 5. Lists of solutions by functionality 5. 1 Cognitive 5. 2. Mobility 5. 3 Visual 5. 4 Auditory 6. List of 7. Making a 1. Introduction 2. Playing with rhythm: Agents and Osu! Tatakae! Ouendan! 3. Agents 3. 1. Rhythm localized – a text analysis. 3. 1. 1. Borrowing from comics: the use of onomatopoeia. 3. 1. 2. Culture-specific items 4. Osu! Tatakae! Ouendan! 4. 1. Remakes 5. Strategies and Translation: A of and Evil: Annelies van Oers 1. Introduction 2. 3. 3. 1 Vinay and Literal translation Adaptation 3. 2 Omission 3. 3 Mangiron and O'Hagan Re-naming of key terminology and character names Contextualisation by addition Re-creation of plays on words The use of regional expressions 4. 5. Conclusions 1. Introduction 2. Fundamental factors of variation in the approach to game translation 3. Methodology 4. The OST: a specific form of constrained translation 5. The binding constraints of file management: decontextualisation, non-linearity and semantic ambiguity 6. Conclusions 1. Introduction 2. Localization, 3. Conclusions 2. 1 Terminology management reduces constraints stemming from the source text 2. 2 Terminology management improves consistency in the target text 2. 3 Terminology management saves on time and cost 3 The general procedures of terminology management in game localisation 3. 1 The key duties of a terminologist 3. 2 Terminology tools 3. 3 Terminology collection 3. 4 Terminology reference information 3. 5 Identification of target language equivalents 3. 6 Terminology glossaries 4 The establishment of a web-based terminology database for the video games domain 5 Conclusions 1. Introduction 2. Diaspora 3. 4. of Games in China 5. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim regarding biopesticides, as it appears to discuss topics related to games, translation, and terminology management without mentioning biopesticides or their safety in various environments.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Scientists have found planets outside our solar system that are located in their star's habitable zone. [SEP] Text: (2007), planets Gl 581c and Gl 581d are just outside the edges of what can be considered as the conservative HZ; however, the habitability of the planets is not entirely ruled out due to uncertainties in the precise location of the HZ boundaries. The dynamical evolution of the Gliese 581 planetary system has been previously considered by Beust et al. (2008). Their numerical integrations included various orbital inclinations, since the actual value of the inclinations are unknown. After considering various possible configurations, they concluded that the system is almost always stable. From that, they consider a 3-planet model to be a physically adequate description of the radial velocity measurements. Due to the inherent uncertainty in these measurements, the system may harbor additional, undetected planets. In the same study, Beust et al. (2008) also considered the presence of larger outer planets at the upper detection limit of the measurements. This limit placed constraints on the mass and distance of any unseen outer planet. In all the considered cases, they found that an additional outer planet had no effect on the stability of the system. Since the search for habitable earth-like planets is a subject of recent interest, we raise the question as to the possible existence of additional undetected planets inside the 3-planet system. In this paper, we numerically investigate this possibility through the dynamical stability of the system with a fourth planet, provided the contribution of the unseen planet to the radial velocity signal is just below the actual measurement uncertainty. In particular, we confine our study to the area between Gl 581c and Gl 581d, which is considered to be inside the conservative HZ (Selsis et al. 2007). Our paper is organized as follows. In Sect. 2 we provide a brief description of the methods used in our integrations. We perform our integrations in Sect. 3, beginning with a 3-planet model that includes several test p4. 2 Methods and model parameters To perform our computations we used the 3D hybrid symplectic integrator Mercury (Chambers 1999), which permits close encounters between massive bodies. The initial timestep was set to 0. 027 day, i. e. 1/200 of the smallest orbital period. This small timestep ensures good resolution of the shortest orbit. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing two planets, Gl 581c and Gl 581d, which are described as being located near the edges of the habitable zone (HZ). The text highlights ongoing research into the habitability of these planets and mentions that the area between Gl 581c and Gl 581d is considered to be inside the conservative HZ, thereby providing direct support for the existence of planets in their star's habitable zone.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Captive breeding programs guarantee the successful reintroduction of species into the wild. [SEP] Text: At the moment, the breeding stock in the OCBC is represented by 24 individuals, of which 13 belong to the founders of natural origin, while 11 are producers from the first and second generations obtained from the founders. For more than 40 years of the existence of this population, the last enrichment of its gene pool due to the arrival of new individuals from nature occurred 26 years ago, and the maintenance of genetic diversity in it was carried out only through control of reproduction. This control consists not only in the formation of pairs of self-breeding birds, but to a greater extent in the selection of sperm donors for artificial insemination of females, including from several males, which increases the efficiency of reproduction and allows keepers to get offspring from a wider range of producers (Kashentseva et al. , 2019). Since 2010, we have been carrying out genetic monitoring of processes related to the optimization of reproduction and the preservation of the gene pool of the captive population of the Siberian crane in Russia. Using molecular genetic methods, we estimate the levels of genetic diversity and coefficient of relatedness in different generations and in individual pairs of birds; we establish paternity in chicks obtained as a result of multiple artificial insemination of females with sperm from different donors, determine the sex of the offspring, and carry out individual identification of birds. These activities are necessary to raise genetically healthy Siberian crane offspring that can reproduce in captivity and survive, adapt, migrate, and reproduce in nature upon reintroduction. The purpose of this work is to review the results of genetic monitoring of reproduction and reintroduction of the captive population of the Siberian crane in the period 2010–2021, as well as to analyze the current state of its gene pool in Russia using molecular genetic methods. a material for research in the period 2010–2021 we used individual non-invasive biological samples (allantois of shell membranes after hatching, frozen embryos, growing feathers, blood, muscle tissue from dead birds) from 304 Siberian crane individuals from to the captive Siberian crane population in Russia. This number includes 37 individuals from which the initial population was formed (35 individuals from nature in Western and Eastern Siberia, as well as three birds from the Foundation, United States, and the Cracid and Belgium), and 267 offspring obtained in the OCBC from 1989 to 2021. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by detailing the complexities and challenges involved in captive breeding and reintroduction efforts. While it mentions that genetic monitoring and controlled reproduction are necessary to raise genetically healthy Siberian crane offspring, it does not guarantee the success of reintroduction into the wild. The mention that genetic diversity is maintained only through control of reproduction and the extensive work required to ensure the birds can survive and adapt in nature suggests that success is not assured. It highlights the ongoing efforts and complexities, indicating that successful reintroduction is not a guarantee but a goal requiring substantial research and management.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Certain studies claim that biopesticides are universally safe for all environments. [SEP] Text: Language in Gaming: Monolingual, Multilingual, and 6. 7. Conclusions 1. Introduction 2. What is video game localization? 2. 1. The relevance of localization in the current undergraduate Spanish curricula 3. The situation of the video game market 4. Educational resources related to video game localization in the new Spanish curricula 5. A survey of professionals working in the video game localization sector 5. 1. Question One: From which university did you graduate? 5. 2. Question Two: What is your degree in? 5. 3. Question Three: Have you attended courses in video game localization? 5. 4. Question Four: If the answer to the previous question was 'no', has the content of any other course helped you in your professional life? 5. 5. Question Five: Do you have additional training in video game localization? 5. 6. Question Six: What is your professional profile? 5. 7. Question Seven: Do you work in-house or as a freelance? 6. Proposals 7. 1. Introduction 2. 3. Increase of 4. Playground 5. Process, Templates and Standards 6. Flexibility 7. Collaboration 8. Content types Engagement 9. Transparency, Confidentiality and Security 10. Technology 11. No static content 12. Influencers Community 13. Localization: of Game Culturalization: 1. Introduction: Culture is critical to game design 2. Levels of game culturalization 3. The critical context of culture 4. Types of culturalization challenges 4. 1 History: Past and Present 4. 2 Religion & Faith: Sacred vs. Secular 4. 3 Ethnicity: Inclusion vs. Exclusion 4. 4 Geopolitics: Imaginations of Sovereignty 5. Final comments Note of Contributors EditorialVideo games have evolved to become a pervasive format which is beyond entertainment enjoyed by a broad group of people rather than as a niche activity by hardcore gamers. More recently casual and social games have been further pushing such a trend, turning digital games into a universal phenomenon. Recent game statistics in developed countries indicate the ratio of people in the population who play digital games surpassing well over the 50% mark. For example, the US-based Association reported that 72% of the US population played a digital game in 2010 (ESA 2011: 2). This suggests mainstreaming of video games and their potentially significant influence on societies as a whole, providing further impetus to research. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses video game localization, statistics about digital game popularity, and cultural aspects related to game design, without mentioning biopesticides or environmental safety.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Scientists have found planets outside our solar system that are located in their star's habitable zone. [SEP] Text: From Eq. (2), this region corresponds to maximum planetary masses between 2. 2 and 2. 6. At slightly higher eccentricities there are smaller areas of stability from 0. 170 AU to 0. 175 AU and 0. 190 AU to 0. 195 AU. These correspond to planetary masses of 2. 6 and 2. 7 respectively. 4 verified the stability of the three planet model by computing the secular evolution of the Gliese 581 system. We also defined two regions of possible orbital stability inside the conservative HZ and used these regions to investigate the existence of a fourth lower mass planet. The mass of the additional planet was restricted to a radial velocity contribution comparable to the original measurement uncertainty. This restriction set the considered masses to the maximum limit for the planet to be currently undetectable. Analysis of the two possible stability regions showed that the existence of a fourth planet had a low probability in one of the regions (region A). This conclusion held for planet masses well below the current detection limit and showed that test p0. 126 AU and 0. 170 AU and initial eccentricities between 0. 03 and 0. 13. Two more ranges were found at slightly higher eccentricities between 0. 15 and 0. 25 for semi-major axes from 0. 170 AU to 0. 175 AU and 0. 190 AU to 0. 195 AU. Within these ranges, the dynamical evolution of the three detected planets was comparable to that of 3-planet models. This is an important result, since changes in their dynamical behavior would no longer provide an adequate description of the present radial velocity data set, as was verified by Beust et al. (2008). It's important to note that since the mass values represent maximums for non-detection, they do not restrict the presence of lower mass planets. Systems with a lighter planet would still be stable. Also, our use of minimal masses for the known planets, i. e. the assumption of edge on systems, has set upper bounds for the stability zones that appear in Fig. 3. We would expect smaller zones for inclined systems. The main implication to this study is that the Gliese 581 system remains a good candidate for further detection of possibly habitable Earth-like planets. In recent years, planetary detection techniques have continually achieved higher precision. Although the planetary masses we considered are too small for detection from previous data, they are close to the detection limit and may be achievable in the near future. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by indicating that the Gliese 581 system remains a good candidate for further detection of possibly habitable Earth-like planets. It discusses the stability of the planetary system and suggests the potential for discovering additional planets that could be in the habitable zone.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Captive breeding programs guarantee the successful reintroduction of species into the wild. [SEP] Text: The descendants include Siberian cranes kept in the OCBC and zoos, as well as those released into the wild and those that died at different stages of their development, including embryonic. Biological material from offspring born in the period from 1989 to 2009 was available for analysis from 92 individuals, and in the period 2010–2021, from all in the amount of 175 (total 267 descendants). This material was used to assess the dynamics of the genetic structure of the population over time, to determine the sex and paternity retrospectively for offspring for whom these data were not available, and for all offspring in 2010–2021. In total, paternity was established in 135 individuals, sex diagnostics was carried out for 233 Siberian cranes. The assessment of the gene pool of the modern captive population as of 2021 was carried out in a total sample of breeding Siberian cranes of 30 individuals kept in the OCBC (24 individuals, 12 females and 12 males) and the Moscow (2), Ivanovo (2), and Yaroslavl (2) zoos (a male and a female in each). Of these 30 birds, 13 individuals from nature belong to the founder group: four from the western population and nine from eastern population. The remaining 17 Siberian cranes are their descendants in the first (F1) and second (F2) generations. Producers from these generations were combined into one group to analyze the changes that have occurred in the genetic structure of the population, gradually replacing the founders, compared with the original gene pool, characteristic to birds from nature. DNA was isolated from biological samples using a Chelex100 ion exchange resin (Walsh et al. , 1991) or a DIAtom™ DNAPrep100 kit (Ltd. , Moscow, Russia). The obtained genomic DNA was used for the subsequent PCR amplification of the alleles of microsatellite loci and the sex marker using the reagent kit (Ltd. ). The assessment of genetic diversity, individual identification, analysis of paternity and family relationship was carried out on the basis of eight polymorphic microsatellite loci: GjM15 and GjM34 (Hasegawa et al. , 2000); Gpa12, Gpa38, and Gpa39 (Meares et al. , 2008); Gram22 and Gram30 (Jones et al. , 2010); and Gj2298 (Zou et al. , 2010). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by providing detailed results of genetic analysis and the conditions of Siberian cranes in captivity, illustrating that while there may be successful breeding (noting the number of individuals and generations), it does not imply that those captured or bred can necessarily guarantee successful reintroduction into the wild. The mention of various stages of development of the cranes, including deaths, indicates challenges that are not compatible with a guarantee of successful reintroduction.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Certain studies claim that biopesticides are universally safe for all environments. [SEP] Text: This edited volume arose from the first on Translation and Accessibility in held at the Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB) on 2 -3 December 2010, organised by the Transof UAB, which is part of the Centre for and Accessibility in Catalunya (CAIAC). The focus of the conference was unique in its comprehensive approach combining game accessibility, game translation and localization and also related issues in broader environments of virtual worlds. Such combination was due to a broad view of accessibility, which not only encompasses users with functional diversity, but also those who due to age or skill are not able to play a game successfully, those who do not speak the original language of the game, and those who due to socioeconomic conditions cannot access games or virtual platforms. In addition, both game localization and accessibility are issues that ideally need to be taken into account early in the development process of a game, in order prevent costly modifications at a later stage. If accessibility and localization are considered since the conception of the game, it should not be too costly or cumbersome to translate the game into other languages or include accessibility ← 9 | 10 → features, such as the possibility to remap the controls or have intralingual subtitles. Gathering together researchers in academia as well as practitioners from the industry, the conference provided an ideal forum to exchange different perspectives to add to the emerging areas of research in translation and media accessibility of digital content. The conference demonstrated how research on game localization and research on game accessibility are gathering momentum, albeit they are still relatively unexplored academic fields. To date, most of the research conducted on game accessibility has been carried out by academics from engineering and computer studies backgrounds, such as the Games (UA-Games) at the Human-Laboratory of ICS-FORTH in Greece, who have developed a number of universally accessible games, and a handful of industry professionals interested in the topic, such as the Group (SIG) at the (IGDA). Most information and guidelines on game accessibility can be found on specialised blogs and websites, and are addressed to developers, to help them make their games accessible to the widest range of population. However, there seems to be a lack of awareness by mainstream developers and publishers about accessibility issues and due to the pressures and time limits associated to the release of a game, accessibility services usually are not a priority. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim because it discusses a conference on translation and accessibility in gaming. It does not provide any information regarding biopesticides or their safety in various environments.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Mirror neurons in the brain play a role in empathy and understanding others' emotions. [SEP] Text: 1 IntroductionWe sometimes feel as if we just resonate with something or someone, and this feeling seems far beyond mere intellectual cognition. It happens in various situations, for example while watching a movie or connecting with people or groups. What is the mechanism of this “resonance”? Let’s take the example of watching and feeling a film, as movies can affect us deeply, far more than we might realize at the time. It’s intriguing to pry open the filmmaker’s workshop and take a closer look at the methods used to influence the spectators. Let’s uncover this magic, using Dr. Karen Pearlman’s book Cutting Rhythms: Shaping the (Pearlman 2009). The author, well known for her pioneering work in articulating the underlying principles of rhythm in film is, says: Rhythm shapes cycles of tension and release by shaping time, energy, and movement through the film in patterns designed to provoke and modulate particular qualities of empathetic response. I emphasize empathetic here, because rhythm is a felt phenomenon; the spectators’ experience of rhythm [—] is an embodied, physiological, temporal, and energetic participation in the movement of images, emotions, and events in the film. (p. 62–63) The author refers then to rhythms that evoke empathetic responses. This is done by creating cycles of tension and release, synchronizing the spectator’s rhythms to the film’s pulse and its fluctuations. Synchronization (SYNC) is perceived as pivotal for shaping the film’s rhythms into a vehicle that triggers an empathetic resonance. Taking a closer look, Pearlman mentions physiology and neuroscience: The mirror neurons embedded in our brain reflect the movement and sounds seen on the screen and beef up the spectator’s empathy. More than that, a body-based, empathy-kindling path (called kinesthetic empathy) induces an inner image of movements seen onscreen. The observer essentially “internally simulates” the observed movements and, without actually moving, feels his own body configuration change in response. Both those paths (mirror neurons and kinesthetic interaction) make us experience physiological tension and release virtually simultaneously, as we perceive the movie’s patterns of intensity and relaxation; and thus we enter the universe of synchronization. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by stating that 'the mirror neurons embedded in our brain reflect the movement and sounds seen on the screen and beef up the spectator’s empathy.' This illustrates a direct link between mirror neurons and the experience of empathy, aligning with the claim that these neurons play a role in understanding others' emotions.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Captive breeding programs guarantee the successful reintroduction of species into the wild. [SEP] Text: This group was also characterized by a lower number of alleles per locus (NA) compared to the founders due to the loss of six unique alleles (Gram30178, Gram30182, Gpa38174, GjM15112, Gj2298178, Gj2298205), but it inherited two rare alleles from one of the deceased founders (Gpa12218, Gpa38190), which were currently not represented in the sample of birds of natural origin (Table 2). Table 1. Parameters of genetic diversity in the groups of founders of the captive population of the Siberian crane and producers from the first (F1) and second (F2) generations by microsatellite lociFull size tableTable 2. Allelic diversity and allele frequencies of microsatellite loci in the groups of founders of the captive population of the Siberian crane and producers from the first (F1) and second (F2) generationsFull size tableThe negative value of the coefficient of the relationship in the group of founders from nature indicated that the founders were unrelated (R = –0. 076). In the sample of producers from F1 and F2, this indicator was positive (R = 0. 034) and significantly differed from that of the founders (Fig. 1), which indicated an increased and obvious degree of genetic relatedness of the new generations of producers and an increase of inbreeding. Nevertheless, the value of this indicator was reduced for producers from F1 and F2 due to the replenishment of this group with new individuals (at the moment there are 17 of them) compared to 2014, when there were eight birds and their relationship coefficient was R = 0. 164 (Mudrik et al. , 2014a). Fig. 1. Mean values of the relatedness coefficient R and the limits of 95% confidence intervals determined using 1000 bootstrap repeats in the samples of the founders of the captive population of the Siberian crane and producers from generations F1 and F2. Full size imageIn other generations of offspring, most of which were released into the wild at the breeding and migration sites of the western population of the Siberian crane, a decrease in the allelic diversity was noted, and in the sample consisting only of the descendants of the F2 generation, the relationship coefficient was maximum and was at the level of siblings (R = 0. 320) (Mudrik et al. , 2014a). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by highlighting issues related to genetic diversity within captive breeding programs. It notes a decrease in allelic diversity among generations of the Siberian crane and indicates an increase in inbreeding, which can undermine the potential for successful reintroduction into the wild. The reference to reduced genetic diversity suggests that captive breeding does not guarantee successful reintroduction, as genetic diversity is crucial for the long-term viability of reintroduced populations.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Certain studies claim that biopesticides are universally safe for all environments. [SEP] Text: It could be argued that by not taking into account accessibility, developers are leaving behind an important segment of the population: people with disabilities, who according to the UN account for 10–12% of the word population (Bank, 2009). People with sensorial (visual, auditory), cognitive, and physical disabilities also can enjoy playing video games, as they are fun and provide hours of entertainment. As regards the topic of game translation, we wish to share a few observations on the development of the domain that is beginning to emerge as a legitimate research field in Translation Studies. Following the official declaration of year one of game studies in 2001 (Aarseth, 2001), academic research on video games has multiplied, helped by its increasingly ubiquitous presence in modern life and, most of all, by its inherent richness, inspiring many a research avenues. When the Handbook (Chandler, 2005) was first published, the domain was a somewhat esoteric practice, little known beyond the immediate circle of practitioners and gamers involved in fan translation of games. Despite its close link to ← 10 | 11 → software localization, which has been integrated into translator training at many universities for some time now, localization practices applied in video games have remained under reported until recently in academia. Similarly, the localization industry has focussed mainly on business-oriented productivity software. For example, in the early days games were not even included in the official statistics of the software industry as they were categorised as consumer goods and part of the entertainment sector (Berry, 2008:66). Localization found early difficulties gaining recognition both in industry and academia, is now an essential part of the game industry which relies on global sales while rapidly establishing itself as an interdisciplinary area of research in academia. Contemporary games are sophisticated technological as well as cultural artefacts with multiple perspectives that lend themselves to study and analysie from many and distant fields: from Psychology to Neuroscience or Sociology. Studies game localization is often introduced as a hybrid mode of (AVT) and (Munday, 2008:190) in an attempt to locate this newly emerged practice within an established category. The research trajectory so far in game localization illustrates how the field tagged itself to these pre-existing domains, motivated by the fact that video games are indeed audiovisual media and also that they are pieces of software. In the sense that both are dynamic fields sensitive to advances on technology, the boundaries between the two currently separate divisions are increasingly becoming blurred. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text discusses the importance of accessibility for people with disabilities in the context of video games and their translation rather than addressing biopesticides or their safety in different environments. Therefore, it is irrelevant to the claim about biopesticides.