Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Coral reefs are affected by ocean acidification and warming. [SEP] Text: declined with increasing pCO2 (Januar et al. 2016) potentially indicating a reduced capacity for competition. However, this decline coincided with a decrease in overall coral cover and may therefore represent a decreased need to compete. Similarly, at all three naturally acidified sites that reported abundances for both soft and hard corals, soft corals increased in abundance from ambient to mid pCO2 before declining again under high pCO2 (Inoue et al. 2013; Januar et al. 2017; Agostini et al. 2018). However, this result could reflect opportunistic colonisation of space as hard coral abundance declined rather than altered competitive ability. Studies that directly quantify how the prevalence and outcomes of competition change between corals at natural CO2 seeps compared to control sites will help to resolve knowledge gaps about how OA will affect reef ecosystems in the future. Competition between hard corals and macroalgaeCompetition on reefs also occurs between corals and other sessile benthic organisms such as macroalgae. Calcifying macroalgae (e. g. Halimeda) can decline in abundance and diversity under OA in a similar way to corals (Johnson et al. 2014; Zunino et al. 2017). While fleshy macroalgal species (hereafter, macroalgae) can also suffer negative effects of OA on their physiology, diversity or abundance (e. g. Page et al. 2021), overall the observed effects on this taxon are predominantly positive (Connell et al. 2013; Kroeker et al. 2013; Johnson et al. 2014; Zunino et al. 2017). Coral–algal interactions are commonplace, especially in temperate environments, and under ambient conditions are not a significant threat to corals (Vieira 2020). However, under acidification a disparity between the predominantly negative physiological effect on corals and the predominantly positive effect on macroalgae has the potential to shift this balance, affecting coral–algal competition in two ways. Increases in macroalgae abundance (Connell et al. 2013) are likely to increase the frequency of coral–algal interactions. This increase of interactions has not been not been explicitly tested under acidification but has been shown under ambient conditions where macroalgae increased in abundance due to fishing pressure removing herbivorous fish (Bonaldo and Hay 2014). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the implications of increasing pCO2 associated with ocean acidification and its effects on coral competition and abundance. It mentions that studies are necessary to understand how ocean acidification (OA) will affect reef ecosystems, indicating that OA is likely to impact corals negatively in terms of competition with macroalgae and overall health. Additionally, the text highlights a disparity in the effects of OA on corals and macroalgae, suggesting that ocean acidification is a significant factor affecting coral ecosystems.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Every material used in sustainable architecture is biodegradable. [SEP] Text: A different utilization of tea, sugar, water may produce a natural variation of color, odor, texture, and thickness that contribute to different qualities and quantities of biomaterials. Various agents like natural fat, oil, and butter can be added to enhance the products’ flexibility and elasticity. Preservation techniques like smoking, frying, sundry stimulates diversity in terms of finishes and level of conservation. The second experimentation uses coffee waste. This experiment leads to the creation of material boards, bio-wood, insulations, and insect repellent. Different natural materials like tapioca, cornstarch, chalk, salt, and agar–agar are tested as variations for stabilizers and additional agents. Elaboration is done by fermentation, drying, frying, and molding (Table 1). This home experimentation leads to generally stable material for up to 6 months to 1 year before degrading smoothly at the end of the year; notwithstanding, both materials are generally water-soluble because of their organicity. Scientific and lab experiments must establish a higher quality standard material and push for more extended durability. Table 1 Experimentation on Kombucha tea and coffee waste for biodegradable material conceptFull size tableIllustrations of applying the experimental results above: (1) Indonesian coffee waste as filler wall bricks or decorative pillars (Fig. 7A, B); (2) tea as a semi-translucent material so that sunlight enters the room, the use of colorful kombucha tea gives a stunning impression (artistic) on the interior and appearance of the building (Fig. 7C, D, E). Fig. 7Source: (B) from Neo–Vernakular pada Budaya dan Hiburan (Widi and Prayogi 2020)Illustration of the use of Materials (A) and (E); Eksterior view (C) and Interior view (D) of Applications. Full size imageConclusionsAs a country in a transitional economy, Indonesia requires more effort to make its environment ready for global competition. It includes its architecture and city to prepare for the international standard to accommodate global networks and activities. Although undeniably Indonesia is rich with biodiversity and various inspirations to develop a biodegradable building material, active participation and support from various sectors are needed to open up the possibility for creating a greener environment. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the characteristics and properties of various materials used in sustainable architecture, stating that while they may be biodegradable, they are generally water-soluble due to their organic nature and may not remain stable beyond 6 months to 1 year. Therefore, the assertion that every material used in sustainable architecture is biodegradable is not supported as the text indicates variability in the durability and stability of these materials.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: X-ray crystallography can be used to determine the 3D structures of proteins. [SEP] Text: Left to right: (1) the membrane subunit of methionine-importing transporter heterocomplex MetI (PDB: 3tui) together with its periplasmic binding protein MetQ (Swissmodel: P28635); (2) the large and small subunits of acetolactate synthase IlvB (Swissmodel: P08142) and IlvN (PDB: 2lvw); (3) panthotenate synthase PanC (PDB: 1iho) together with ketopantoate hydroxymethyltransferase PanB (PDB: 1m3v); (4) subunits a and b of ATP synthase (model for a subunit a predict with EVfold-membrane, PDB: 1b9u for b subunit), for detailed information see Figure 6; and (5) the complex of UmuC (model created with EVfold) with one possible conformation of UmuD (PDB: 1i4v) involved in DNA repair and SOS mutagenesis. For alternative UmuD conformation, see Figure 5—figure supplement 3. Figure 5—figure supplement 1 Download asset Open asset Contact maps of all complexes without solved 3D structure with at least one inter-ECs above EVcomplex score of 0. 8. Inter-ECs are shown as red dots in the top right and bottom left quadrant while intra-ECs of the two monomers are shown in green and blue in the top left and bottom right quadrant, respectively. Figure 5—figure supplement 2 Download asset Open asset Contact maps of all complexes without solved 3D structure with at least one inter-ECs above EVcomplex score of 0. 8 (2). Figure 5—figure supplement 3 Download asset Open asset Details of the predicted UmuCD interaction residues. Figure 6 with 1 supplement Download asset Open asset Predicted interactions between the a-, b-, and c-subunits of ATP synthase. (A) The a- and b- subunits of E. coli ATP synthase are known to interact, but the monomer structure of subunits a and b and the structure of their interaction in the complex are unknown. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address or provide any information about X-ray crystallography or its application in determining the 3D structures of proteins. Instead, it discusses various protein complexes and their interactions without stating how or if their structures were solved using X-ray crystallography.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Coral reefs are affected by ocean acidification and warming. [SEP] Text: Furthermore, there is some evidence that coral–algal interactions are more detrimental to corals under high pCO2 (Table 1). For example, direct contact between corals and macroalgae under high pCO2 conditions results in significantly greater and faster coral mortality than under ambient conditions, in both adult colonies (et al. 2017) and coral larvae (Campbell et al. 2017). Furthermore, acidification is anticipated to result in smaller colony sizes (e. g. Teixidó et al. 2020) which have been shown to suffer greater mortality than larger corals when interacting with macroalgae under ambient conditions (Ferrari et al. 2012). The mechanisms behind these effects include enhanced macroalgal allelopathy (et al. 2017) and/or elevated production of DOC (dissolved organic carbon) which encourages microbial activity with negative consequences for coral (Diaz‐Pulido and Barrón 2020). To date, the balance of evidence suggests that algae can often outcompete corals under acidification. At a colony level this may result in an increased likelihood of coral overgrowth (Diaz-Pulido et al. 2011); however, there are also wider ecosystem level effects. For example, changes in coral–algal interactions under acidified conditions in favour of macroalgae can create a density-dependent negative feedback loop where increased macroalgal abundance results in more coral mortality which creates more space for macroalgal colonisation. This can result in ecosystem phase shifts from coral to macroalgal dominated states (Diaz-Pulido et al. 2011), which has been seen in at least one naturally acidified site (Enochs et al. 2015b). However, the maintenance of coral dominance at some naturally acidified sites, despite increased abundance of macroalgae (e. g. Fabricius et al. 2011) suggests that the (chronic) effect of acidification on coral–macroalgal interactions is not sufficient, on its own, to cause this phase shift. There may be a number of explanations for this. Firstly, competition can have negative effects for macroalgae as well as corals (Diaz-Pulido et al. 2011), and the presence of coral–algal competition does not always have additional suppressive effect on growth (Page et al. 2021) or tissue loss from allelopathy (2 out of 3 species; et al. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by providing evidence that coral–algal interactions are negatively impacted under high pCO2 conditions, which relates to ocean acidification. It states that coral mortality is significantly greater under these conditions compared to ambient conditions, and outlines mechanisms leading to increased coral mortality such as enhanced macroalgal competition and changes in ecosystem dynamics. The text discusses how acidification and warming can prompt shifts from coral to macroalgal dominated states, reinforcing the claim that coral reefs are affected by these environmental changes.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Every material used in sustainable architecture is biodegradable. [SEP] Text: is in the initiation phase of introducing biodegradable material to its society, an understanding needs to be lifted to the broader audience to anticipate homogeneous interpretations and creating a multi-dimensional perspective. There are three highlights for developing the general idea of the biodegradable material concept for future Indonesian sustainable architecture; (1) There is a local stagnancy of interpreting inspiration for biodegradable building material. It is often taken concerning Indonesian neo-vernacular architecture, but often seen as a limitation and barrier, while the global trend has clarified the unlimited possibility of designing biodegradable material almost from anything, including reusing and recycling ‘artificial/synthetic’ materials; (2) Indonesia can produce various biodegradable material developed from diverse materials, including the one may not be presented yet in Indonesian neo-vernacular architecture. Hence, although inspiration and lessons are taken from local architecture and traditional material, it is essential to propose a unique biomaterial product to contrast what is provided by existing industry. Material sources found in the surrounding environment should be prioritized. The material and technique shall be developed at home and able to be done by engaging local craftsmanship. Thus, alienation may be avoided. It may be contrasted with the case in other developed societies where an application of unfamiliar sources of biodegradable material to a public building is intended as part of the attraction, promotion, and education for the general public; (3) The future of Indonesian biodegradable material is omnipresent. However, to encourage sustainable architecture, Indonesia shall move from only implementing raw material and conservative methods to encouraging material development from the minor structure. Advanced techniques are suggested to stimulate innovation, for example, biomolecular engineering, biotechnology, and biochemistry; thus, multi-discipline collaboration can be promoted. The production must present a calculated, predicted, and simulated complex process of fermentation, culture lab, brewing, distillery, genetically modified products to present a more advanced biodegradable building material for future Indonesian sustainable architecture, such as Tea and Indonesian Coffee. Hence, lab experimentation and scientific methods are required for presenting higher quality material and universal design. Availability of data and materials Not applicable. 714. Jakarta: BP-REDD+ Indonesia(2017) Bioplastics made from upcycled food waste. Prospects for their use in the field of design. 20((sup 1)):S1596–S1610. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by highlighting that while there is a focus on introducing biodegradable materials in Indonesian sustainable architecture, it emphasizes the limitations and barriers regarding local interpretation. It notes that the global trend allows for the design of biodegradable materials from various sources, including artificial and synthetic materials, indicating that not all materials in sustainable architecture are biodegradable. Moreover, it discusses the need for innovation and the use of advanced techniques that may involve non-biodegradable components, thus opposing the claim that all materials used are biodegradable.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: X-ray crystallography can be used to determine the 3D structures of proteins. [SEP] Text: (B) EVcomplex prediction (right matrix) for ATP synthase subunit interactions compared to experimental evidence (left matrix), which is either strong (left, solid blue squares) or indicative (left, crosshatched squares). Interactions that have experimental evidence, but are not predicted at the 0. 8 threshold are indicated as yellow dots. (C) Left panel: residue detail of predicted residue–residue interactions (dotted lines) between subunit a and b (residue numbers at the boundaries of transmembrane helices in gray). Right panel: proposed helix–helix interactions between ATP synthase subunits a (green), b (blue, homodimer), and the c ring (gray). The proposed structural arrangement is based on analysis of the full map of inter-subunit ECs with EVcomplex score ≥0. 8 (Figure 6—figure supplement 1). Figure 6—figure supplement 1 Download asset Open asset Contact map of predicted ECs in the ATPsynthase a and b subunits. Inter-ECs are shown as red dots in the top right and bottom left quadrant while intra-ECs of the two monomers are shown in green and blue in the top left and bottom right quadrant, respectively. Author response image 1 Download asset Open asset 1 EVcomplex predictions and docking results for 15 protein complexes EVcomplex contactsDocking quality (iRMSD)Complex nameSubunitsSeqs†ECs‡TP rate§Top ranked model#Best model¶Carbamoyl-phosphate synthaseCarB:CarA2. 3170. 881. 91. 9Aminomethyltransferase/Glycine cleavage system H proteinGcsH:GcsT2. 950. 25. 45. 4Histidine kinase/response regulatorKdpD:CheY (T. maritima)95. 4780. 722. 12. 0Ubiquinol oxidaseCyoB:CyoA1. 0110. 551. 81. 2Outer membrane usher protein/Chaperone proteinFimD:FimC3. 660. 833. 23. 0Molybdopterin synthaseMoaD:MoaE3. 681. 04. 44. 1Methionine transporter complexMetN:MetI1. 9140. 861. 51. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim about X-ray crystallography and its use in determining the 3D structures of proteins. Instead, it discusses EVcomplex prediction and experimental evidence related to ATP synthase subunit interactions, which is irrelevant to the validity or application of X-ray crystallography in structural biology.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Coral reefs are affected by ocean acidification and warming. [SEP] Text: 2017) above that of acidification alone. Secondly, the effect and outcome of coral–algal competition differs between species (e. g. et al. 2017; Vieira 2020) suggesting phase shifts towards macroalgae are dependent on the macroalgal community composition. Thirdly, other environmental factors such as temperature may play a role. For example, coral–algal interactions vary temporally due to seasonal changes in temperature (Brown et al. 2019). Finally, additional indirect effects, such as decreasing herbivory (see section below), can determine the likelihood of a phase shift (Enochs et al. 2015b). Therefore, we suggest that while altered coral–algae competitive interactions have significant implications for coral communities, broader knowledge of species-specific tolerances to OA for both corals and algae, and better knowledge of the mechanisms and costs of competitive interactions, are required before the outcomes of such encounters can be accurately predicted in the future. CorallivoryUnder ambient conditions (~ 390–420 µatm pCO2, based on the approximate global average pCO2 concentrations from 2010 to 2022), corallivory (predation) of corals can be a chronic stressor to coral communities (Cole et al. 2011), potentially affecting species abundance and diversity (e. g. Littler et al. 1989; Lenihan et al. 2011). Changes in the rate of corallivory are likely based on demonstrated changes in fish behaviour under OA (Ferrari et al. 2011; Munday et al. 2014). Moreover, the potential effect of acidification on fish physiology, such as bone strength/mineralisation (2019; Mirasole et al. 2021) and skeletal deformities (Pimentel et al. 2014), may alter the impact of corallivory. However, to the best of our knowledge, only two studies have considered how corallivory changes as a result of ocean acidification (Table 1). One study found that very high pCO2 (1608 µatm) conditions did not affect the rate of coral consumption, or further reduce coral survival, following predation from Crown-of-Thorns starfish (COTs, Acanthaster plancii; Kamya et al. 2018). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing how various environmental factors, including ocean acidification (OA) and temperature, influence coral–algal interactions and the overall health of coral communities. The text mentions that 'other environmental factors such as temperature may play a role,' indicating a connection to warming in addition to acidification. Furthermore, it highlights the significant implications of altered coral–algae competitive interactions for coral communities, which is indicative of the impact of both ocean acidification and warming on coral reefs.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Every material used in sustainable architecture is biodegradable. [SEP] Text: Biodegradability of biodegradable mulch film: A review of the scientific literature on the biodegradability of materials used for biodegradable mulch film Maarten van der & output: Book/Report › Report › This report presents the findings of a desk study, commissioned by NRK-V and executed independently by WFBR. The objective of the desk study is to provide insight in the information available in the public and scientific literature regarding the biodegradability of biodegradable mulch film for use in agriculture and horticulture. Biodegradability of plastic describes the potential to undergo biodegradation in a suitable environment. Biodegradation does not only depend on the chemistry of the polymer, but also on the presence and activity of the biological systems involved in the process. This means that biodegradability in soil can be different from biodegradability in industrial composting conditions. The biodegradation of plastic is defined as its complete microbial utilization, resulting in its conversion to CO2, (and/or CH4), water and biomass by the metabolic activity of microorganisms. Not all materials labelled ‘biodegradable’, ‘oxo-(bio)degradable’ or ‘compostable’ will actually biodegrade at sufficient rate at ambient temperatures in soil to prevent accumulation of plastic (residues) in the field. Typically, mulch films are produced by combining polymeric feedstocks with other components (via master batches), such as processing aids, plasticizers and colorants, which are then further processed through extrusion into film. Regarding biodegradability and environmental fate it is important to consider not only the polymeric constituents, but all components that are used to produce the mulch film. In this report the biodegradability is discussed of the main polymeric constituents commonly employed for biodegradable mulch film. These include (thermoplastic) starch and several polyesters, including poly(butylene adipate-co-terephthalate) (PBAT), poly(butylene succinate) (PBS), poly(lactic acid) (PLA) and poly(hydroxy alkanoate) (PHA). It is important to realize that general statements regarding the biodegradability of these polymers are not possible, because variations of comonomer composition, molar mass, etc. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by indicating that not all materials labeled as biodegradable will actually undergo sufficient biodegradation in various environments. It states that 'Not all materials labelled ‘biodegradable’, ‘oxo-(bio)degradable’ or ‘compostable’ will actually biodegrade at sufficient rate at ambient temperatures in soil to prevent accumulation of plastic (residues) in the field.' This suggests that there are materials in sustainable architecture that may not be biodegradable.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: X-ray crystallography can be used to determine the 3D structures of proteins. [SEP] Text: 2Dihydroxyacetone kinaseDhaL:DhaK1. 4120. 426. 72. 4Vitamin B12 uptake systemBtuC:BtuF3. 250. 62. 82. 8Vitamin B12 uptake systemBtuC:BtuD9. 8210. 881. 10. 9ATP synthase γ and ε subunitsAtpE:AtpG2. 9150. 531. 41. 4IIA-IIB complex of the N,N'-diacetylchitobiose (Chb) transporterPtqA:PtqB3. 150. 27. 25. 530 S Ribosomal proteinsRS3:RS141. 4110. 911. 11. 1Succinatequinone oxido-reductase flavoprotein/iron-sulfur subunitsSdhB:SdhA3. 080. 621. 41. 430 S Ribosomal proteinsRS10:RS141. 261. 05. 32. 5 † Number of non-redundant sequences in concatenated alignment normalized by alignment length. ‡ Inter-ECs with EVcomplex score ≥0. 8. § rate for inter-ECs above score threshold. # iRMSD positional deviation of model from known structure, for docked model with best score. ¶ Lowest iRMSD observed across all models. Additional files Supplementary file 1 Benchmark data set and results. Download elife-03430-supp1-v2. xlsx Supplementary file 2 De novo prediction data set and results. Download elife-03430-supp2-v2. xlsx Supplementary file 3 Docking results. Download elife-03430-supp3-v2. xlsx Supplementary file 4 Predicted inter-ECs for complexes in de novo prediction data set with EVcomplex score ≥0. 8. Download elife-03430-supp4-v2. xlsx Supplementary file 5 ATP synthase interaction predictions. Download elife-03430-supp5-v2. xlsx Supplementary file 6 Comparison of ATP synthase EVcomplex predictions of a and b subunit with cross-linking studies. Download elife-03430-supp6-v2. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses various proteins and their associated data without mentioning X-ray crystallography or its use in determining 3D protein structures. Therefore, it does not provide support, contradiction, or any context related to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Coral reefs are affected by ocean acidification and warming. [SEP] Text: Fortunately, under acidified conditions, the abundance of herbivores is expected to be equal or greater than ambient conditions, due to the increased availability of food and a simplification of coral reef food webs (Kroeker et al. 2011; Alva-Basurto and Arias-González 2014; Vizzini et al. 2017; Harvey et al. 2019). Therefore herbivory is likely to continue being a major benthic structuring process under acidification (Baggini et al. 2015). However, where the herbivores are themselves negatively affected by acidification (e. g. sea urchins; Hall-Spencer et al. 2008) or the algal community becomes less palatable to herbivores (e. g. Harvey et al. 2019), this can reduce the top-down control of macroalgae and result in shifts in the benthic community. These effects are ‘secondary’ indirect effects where the impact on corals occurs via the impact of herbivores on the macroalgal community. In addition, herbivory can also affect corals directly. For example, under acidified conditions coral recruits had significantly higher post-settlement mortality and a higher size-escape threshold from grazing herbivorous fish (Doropoulos et al. 2012). Although we were unable to find any studies explicitly testing the secondary effects of herbivory on coral communities, we suggest changes in herbivory may be a significant factor in moderating the impacts of acidification on corals, and highlight the need for additional research on this topic. Crustose coralline algae (CCA)CCA, like corals, are calcifying organisms and are therefore likely to be negatively affected by acidification. For example, increased pCO2 on CCA has been shown to cause declines in recruitment (Ordoñez et al. 2017), competitive ability (Kuffner et al. 2008; Crook et al. 2016), growth (Johnson et al. 2014), calcification and recovery following injury (Manning et al. 2019). Ultimately, these changes result in up to 70 to 90% declines in CCA abundance (Kuffner et al. 2008; Fabricius et al. 2015; Vogel et al. 2016), however, these effects are species specific with some species persisting while others suffer reduced abundance or are lost completely (e. g. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing how acidification and changes in herbivory significantly affect coral reefs. It mentions that herbivores can be negatively impacted by acidification, which indirectly affects corals through shifts in the benthic community. Moreover, it highlights that calcifying organisms such as crustose coralline algae (CCA) face declines due to increased pCO2, which are directly linked to the health of coral reef ecosystems. Thus, the information supports the assertion that coral reefs experience adverse effects from ocean acidification.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Every material used in sustainable architecture is biodegradable. [SEP] Text: within a polymer family, can have substantial effects on physical properties and biodegradation behaviour. Polymer grades that have passed the biodegradability requirements as stipulated in EN 17033 are likely to actually biodegrade to CO2 and water (and biomass) at sufficient rate when applied in agri- or horticulture in the Netherlands. Certification according to ‘DIN geprüft Biodegradable in soil’, ‘’, ‘OK compost HOME’ and ‘DIN Geprüft Home compostable’ is considered a reliable confirmation that fulfilment of the biodegradability requirements of EN 17033 has been demonstrated. Original languageEnglishPlace of PublicationWageningenPublisher& Biobased ResearchNumber of pages25ISBN (Electronic)9789463957601DOstatusPublished - 2021Publication seriesNameReport & Biobased ResearchNo. 2138 Keywordsbiobased economybiodegradationbiological processesbioplastics output contributes to the following UN Goals (SDGs) Access to Document 10. 18174/544211Licence: and links into the research topics of 'Biodegradability of biodegradable mulch film: A review of the scientific literature on the biodegradability of materials used for biodegradable mulch film'. Together they form a unique fingerprint. Engineering 100% Engineering 57% 28% Engineering 28% Engineering 14% 14% Engineering 14% View full fingerprint Cite this van der Zee, M. (2021). Biodegradability of biodegradable mulch film: A review of the scientific literature on the biodegradability of materials used for biodegradable mulch film. (Report & Biobased Research; No. 2138). & Biobased Research. van der Zee, Maarten. / Biodegradability of biodegradable mulch film : A review of the scientific literature on the biodegradability of materials used for biodegradable mulch film. Wageningen : & Biobased Research, 2021. 25 p. (Report & Biobased Research; 2138). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing specific polymer grades that meet biodegradability requirements. It highlights that while some materials can biodegrade (like those that comply with EN 17033), it does not confirm that every material used in sustainable architecture is biodegradable. The discussion of certifications for specific polymers implies that not all materials necessarily meet these biodegradability standards.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: X-ray crystallography can be used to determine the 3D structures of proteins. [SEP] Text: Javascript is disabled in your browser. Please enable Javascript to view PeerJ. Related research -290 metagenome-assembled genomes from the Mediterranean Sea: a resource for marine microbiology View 10. 7717/peerj. 3558 Published 2017-07-10 Accepted 2017-06-19 Received 2017-05-09 -assembled genomes, Mediterranean sea, Bacteria, Archaea, Tara oceans Copyright © 2017 Tully et al. is an open access 2017. 290 metagenome-assembled genomes from the Mediterranean Sea: a resource for marine microbiology. PeerJ 5:e3558 The authors have chosen to make the review history of this 7. 2 Tbp of metagenomic data from 243 ocean samples from throughout the global ocean, specifically targeting the smallest members of the ocean biosphere, the viruses, Bacteria and Archaea, and picoeukaryotes (Sunagawa et al. , 2015). Initial work on these fractions produced a large protein database, totaling >40 million nonredundant protein sequences and identified >35,000 microbial operational taxonomic units (OTUs) (Sunagawa et al. , 2015). Leveraging the publically available metagenomic sequences from the “girus” (giant virus; 0. 22–1. 6 µm), “bacteria” (0. 22–1. 6 µm), and “protist” (0. 8–5 µm) size fractions, we have performed a new joint assembly of these samples using current sequence assemblers (Megahit (Li et al. , 2016)) and methods (combining assemblies from multiple sites using Minimus2 (Treangen et al. , 2011)). These metagenomic assemblies were binned using BinSanity (Graham, Heidelberg & Tully, 2017) into 290 draft microbial genomes with an estimated completeness ranging from 50–100%. Environmentally derived genomes are imperative for a number of downstream applications, including comparative genomics, metatranscriptomics, and metaproteomics. This series of genomic data can allow for the recruitment of environmental “-omic” data and provide linkages between functions and phylogenies. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses metagenomic data from marine microbiology without mentioning X-ray crystallography or its application in determining protein structures. Therefore, it does not support or contradict the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Coral reefs are affected by ocean acidification and warming. [SEP] Text: Peña et al. 2021). Therefore, acidification is also likely to cause shifts in community composition of CCA on reefs. CCA play a number of vitally important roles for corals. CCA cement and stabilise the reef substratum (Guinotte and Fabry 2008) which provides stable and suitable habitat for juvenile corals to settle on. However, reef pavement (solid carbonate substratum covered with CCA, turf algae and other sessile invertebrates), has been found to have dissolution rates 86% higher in acidified compared to ambient conditions. Similarly, reefs with low cementation rates under natural acidification suffered an almost complete loss of reef framework following a disturbance, with very low rates of coral recovery (Manzello et al. 2008). Furthermore, like corals, CCA are likely susceptible to increased bioerosion under OA. In addition to reduced abundance, this may contribute to a decrease in reef cementation in the future, reducing the available substrate for settlement of coral recruits. CCA are often used as a suitable settlement substrate, with declines in CCA abundance therefore reducing available settlement space. For example, during an in situ experiment at naturally acidified reefs in Guinea, 81% of coral recruits settled on CCA, despite it only accounting for 12% of substrate (Fabricius et al. 2017). This will therefore compound the effects of reduced reef cementation, further reducing the availability of suitable space for larval settlement. Finally, CCA act as an important settlement cue for coral larvae (Heyward and Negri 1999) and increased pCO2 can disrupt the response of corals to CCA (Table 1). For example, when CCA were pre-exposed to high pCO2, larval settlement declined between 54 to 87% (Doropoulos and Diaz-Pulido 2013; Webster et al. 2013). In addition, a loss of affinity has been shown between coral larvae and the most favourable CCA species (Titanoderma sp. ) which may further reduce settlement (Doropoulos et al. 2012). To exacerbate this effect, CCA species are differentially affected by increased pCO2 (see review: Hofmann and Bischof 2014) resulting in altered community compositions, with preferred settlement species such as Titanoderma sp. thought to be less tolerant of acidified conditions (Fabricius et al. 2015). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by detailing how ocean acidification negatively impacts coral reef ecosystems. It discusses how acidification increases the dissolution rates of reef substratum, negatively affecting the habitat necessary for coral settlement and recovery. The text also illustrates that increased pCO2 can disrupt larval responses to suitable settlement cues, leading to a decline in coral recruits and emphasizing the vulnerability of certain species, thereby demonstrating a clear correlation between ocean changes and coral health.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Every material used in sustainable architecture is biodegradable. [SEP] Text: Research output: Book/Report › Report › Professional TY - BOOKT1 - Biodegradability of biodegradable mulch filmT2 - A review of the scientific literature on the biodegradability of materials used for biodegradable mulch filmAU - van der Zee, MaartenN1 - Project number 6229110400PY - 2021Y1 - 2021N2 - This report presents the findings of a desk study, commissioned by NRK-V and executed independently by WFBR. The objective of the desk study is to provide insight in the information available in the public and scientific literature regarding the biodegradability of biodegradable mulch film for use in agriculture and horticulture. Biodegradability of plastic describes the potential to undergo biodegradation in a suitable environment. Biodegradation does not only depend on the chemistry of the polymer, but also on the presence and activity of the biological systems involved in the process. This means that biodegradability in soil can be different from biodegradability in industrial composting conditions. The biodegradation of plastic is defined as its complete microbial utilization, resulting in its conversion to CO2, (and/or CH4), water and biomass by the metabolic activity of microorganisms. Not all materials labelled ‘biodegradable’, ‘oxo-(bio)degradable’ or ‘compostable’ will actually biodegrade at sufficient rate at ambient temperatures in soil to prevent accumulation of plastic (residues) in the field. Typically, mulch films are produced by combining polymeric feedstocks with other components (via master batches), such as processing aids, plasticizers and colorants, which are then further processed through extrusion into film. Regarding biodegradability and environmental fate it is important to consider not only the polymeric constituents, but all components that are used to produce the mulch film. In this report the biodegradability is discussed of the main polymeric constituents commonly employed for biodegradable mulch film. These include (thermoplastic) starch and several polyesters, including poly(butylene adipate-co-terephthalate) (PBAT), poly(butylene succinate) (PBS), poly(lactic acid) (PLA) and poly(hydroxy alkanoate) (PHA). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by explaining that not all materials labeled as 'biodegradable' actually biodegrade effectively under certain conditions. Specifically, it states that biodegradability is influenced by factors like the chemistry of the polymer and the environment in which it is situated, meaning that some materials may not decompose as expected. It notes that components combined with polymers in products such as mulch films can also affect biodegradability, highlighting that the presence of non-degradable components could lead to plastic residue accumulation.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: X-ray crystallography can be used to determine the 3D structures of proteins. [SEP] Text: This method was initially performed on the seven sites from the containing microbial metagenomic samples (TARA007, −009, −018, −023, −025 and −030), but will continue through the various Longhurst provinces (Longhurst et al. , 1995) sampled during the project (Fig. 1). All of the assembly data is publically available, including the initial Megahit assemblies for each site from the various size fractions and depths along with the recovered putative (minimal quality control) genomes. Figure 1: Map illustrating the locations and size fractions sampled for the datasets. Girus, ‘giant virus’ size fraction (0. 22–1. 6 µm). Bact, ‘bacteria’ size fraction (0. 22–1. 6 µm). Prot, ‘protist’ size fraction (0. 8–5. 0 µm). The map in Fig. 1 was modified under a CC BY-SA 3. 0 license from ‘of ’ by historicair ( Download full-size image DOI: 10. 7717/peerj. 3558/fig-1 Figure 2: Workflow used to process metagenomic datasets. Download full-size image DOI: 10. 7717/peerj. 3558/fig-2 Materials and generalized version of the following workflow is presented in Fig. 2. Sequence retrieval and assembly All sequences for the reverse and forward reads from each sampled site and depth within the were accessed from Biology Laboratory-Institute (EMBL-EBI) utilizing their FTP service (Table 1). Paired-end reads from different filter sizes from each site and depth (e. g. , TARA0007, girus filter fraction, sampled at the deep chlorophyll maximum) were assembled using Megahit (Li et al. , 2016) (v1. 0. 3; parameters: -preset, meta-sensitive). To keep consistent with TARA sample nomenclature, “bacteria” or “BACT” will be used to encompass the size fraction 0. 22–1. 6 µm. Megahit assemblies ≥2 kb in length from all samples were pooled and combined based on ≥99% semi-global identity using CD-HIT-EST (Fu et al. , 2012) (v4. 6; -c 0. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim regarding X-ray crystallography and the determination of protein structures. It discusses metagenomic samples, data assemblies, and sequencing methods but does not mention anything about X-ray crystallography or its application in protein structure determination.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Coral reefs are affected by ocean acidification and warming. [SEP] Text: These effects suggest loss of CCA, or changes to the community composition of CCA, is a major pathway of indirect effects of OA on coral communities. Habitat provisionCorals are ecosystem engineers that build three-dimensional structures that provide habitat, shelter and food for many other reef organisms. This structural complexity they create affects species richness and abundance of many reef organisms, and is a driver of reef ecosystem functioning (Graham and Nash 2013). Consequently, degradation of structural complexity from acidification (Fabricius et al. 2011; Manzello et al. 2014; Enochs et al. 2015b) can have significant implications for a wide variety of taxa and the functioning of acidified reefs. Here we consider the interactions between corals with fish, invertebrates and zooplankton. Under ambient conditions, fish–coral interactions are often mutually beneficial. For example, associations with fish have been shown to benefit corals through enhanced colony growth (Chase et al. 2014) and photosynthesis (Garcia-Herrera et al. 2017), reduced sedimentation and sediment-induced partial mortality (Chase et al. 2018), and protection from predation (Chase et al. 2014). Furthermore, provision of habitat and shelter for herbivorous fish also benefit corals through maintenance of algal populations. For instance, herbivory pressure was > 7 times higher in high-complexity areas compared to low-complexity areas (Santano et al. 2021). Moreover, declines in structural complexity at naturally acidified sites can drive a shift in fish community composition (Cattano et al. 2020), and altered abundances of some fish species at acidified compared with ambient areas (Munday et al. 2014). To the best of our knowledge, the effect of ocean acidification on interactions between corals and fish have not yet been investigated, and therefore, how changes in fish abundance or community composition indirectly affect corals ability to persist under acidified conditions remains unknown. Many invertebrates use coral for habitat, with almost 1,000 known coral–invertebrate associations (Stella et al. 2011), although this number is likely to have increased over the last decade. This includes species which live in the branches and crevices coral provide, and boring organisms who reside within the coral tissue/skeleton (Stella et al. 2011). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing multiple ways that ocean acidification (OA) affects coral communities, including loss of calcium carbonate algae (CCA) and degradation of structural complexity, which can significantly impact reef ecosystems. It also refers to direct interactions between corals and other organisms, indicating that changes in community composition and interactions due to acidification have implications for coral health.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Every material used in sustainable architecture is biodegradable. [SEP] Text: It is important to realize that general statements regarding the biodegradability of these polymers are not possible, because variations of comonomer composition, molar mass, etc. within a polymer family, can have substantial effects on physical properties and biodegradation behaviour. Polymer grades that have passed the biodegradability requirements as stipulated in EN 17033 are likely to actually biodegrade to CO2 and water (and biomass) at sufficient rate when applied in agri- or horticulture in the Netherlands. Certification according to ‘DIN geprüft Biodegradable in soil’, ‘’, ‘OK compost HOME’ and ‘DIN Geprüft Home compostable’ is considered a reliable confirmation that fulfilment of the biodegradability requirements of EN 17033 has been demonstrated. AB - This report presents the findings of a desk study, commissioned by NRK-V and executed independently by WFBR. The objective of the desk study is to provide insight in the information available in the public and scientific literature regarding the biodegradability of biodegradable mulch film for use in agriculture and horticulture. Biodegradability of plastic describes the potential to undergo biodegradation in a suitable environment. Biodegradation does not only depend on the chemistry of the polymer, but also on the presence and activity of the biological systems involved in the process. This means that biodegradability in soil can be different from biodegradability in industrial composting conditions. The biodegradation of plastic is defined as its complete microbial utilization, resulting in its conversion to CO2, (and/or CH4), water and biomass by the metabolic activity of microorganisms. Not all materials labelled ‘biodegradable’, ‘oxo-(bio)degradable’ or ‘compostable’ will actually biodegrade at sufficient rate at ambient temperatures in soil to prevent accumulation of plastic (residues) in the field. Typically, mulch films are produced by combining polymeric feedstocks with other components (via master batches), such as processing aids, plasticizers and colorants, which are then further processed through extrusion into film. Regarding biodegradability and environmental fate it is important to consider not only the polymeric constituents, but all components that are used to produce the mulch film. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by explaining that not all materials labeled as 'biodegradable' or 'compostable' will actually biodegrade effectively in all conditions. It states that the biodegradability of materials involves various factors, including polymer composition and environmental conditions, and highlights that some materials may not biodegrade sufficiently to prevent plastic accumulation. This implies that the blanket statement about every material used in sustainable architecture being biodegradable is inaccurate.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: X-ray crystallography can be used to determine the 3D structures of proteins. [SEP] Text: 99) in order to reduce the number of redundant contigs for the downstream assembly step. The reduced set of contiguous DNA fragments (contigs) was then cross-assembled based on a minimum of 100 bp overlaps with 95% nucleotide identity using Minimus2 (Treangen et al. , 2011) (AMOS v3. 1. 0; parameters: -= 100 MINID = 95). This assembly method is available on Protocols. io at Table 1: Statistics for Megahit contigs, recruitment to data-rich-contigs, and relative abundance of draft genome results for each sample. TARA sample site Size fraction (Girus, Bacteria, or Protist) Depth (Surface or DCMa) No. of reads No. of initial Megahit assembly N50c (bp; initial Megahit assembly) Longest initial Megahit assembly (bp) Recruitment (% data-rich-contigs) Relative abundancec of draft genomes (%) Relative abundancec of ten most abundant genomes (% ) TARA007 Girus DCM 178,519,830 1,318,470 828 220,754 72. 84 14. 64 6. 35 TARA007 221,166,612 1,308,847 861 211,946 81. 74 14. 83 6. 12 TARA007 Protist DCM 744,458,992 4,667,618 654 188,635 19. 45 8. 60 3. 18 TARA007 265,432,098 2,590,120 564 18,444 25. 58 1. 57 0. 61 TARA009 Girus DCM 416,553,274 2,796,841 831 1,643,839 69. 48 14. 16 6. 32 TARA009 489,617,426 1,787,467 929 1,142,851 68. 85 12. 29 4. 76 TARA009 Protist DCM 329,036,110 1,938,636 613 95,724 22. 07 13. 35 4. 20 TARA009 370,813,078 1,700,350 588 292,050 22. 53 15. 97 6. 17 TARA018 Bacteria DCM 408,021,182 2,520,645 840 1,573,060 76. 22 11. 49 3. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses methods related to DNA assembly and genomic data without mentioning X-ray crystallography or any related techniques for determining protein structures.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Coral reefs are affected by ocean acidification and warming. [SEP] Text: Overall, invertebrate communities appear to be negatively affected by acidification and the associated loss in structural complexity (Fabricius et al. 2014). The implications of changes in invertebrate communities or coral–invert interactions depend on the interacting taxa. For example, populations of the herbivorous urchin Diadema savignyi, increased dramatically at the acidified site in Guinea (PNG; Fabricius et al. 2014) which could benefit corals through increased herbivory. In contrast, increased abundance of vermitid gastropods which bore into large Porites colonies (Fabricius et al. 2014), may negatively affect corals through weakening their structure. Finally, the mutualistic relationship between the coral host (Pocillopora verrucosa), and two ectosymbionts Trapezia spp. crabs and Alpheus, spp. shrimp reduced the impact of acidification on calcification in the host coral (Doo et al. 2018; Table 1). However, it is not clear whether this is because the ectosymbionts reduced the sensitivity of the coral to acidification or provided a resource or service that prevented the reduction in calcification seen in the corals without ectosymbionts. Due to high diversity of coral-associated invertebrates and the range of responses in interactions to acidification, it is hard to predict the potential changes in interactions and what the outcomes of those may be for corals. Furthermore, additional changes in the physical (water flow and temperature) and chemical (e. g. dissolved nutrients and oxygen) conditions of the ocean as a result of acidification and climate change could further exacerbate changes in interactions between the organisms involved in these symbioses. Demersal zooplankton use coral to shelter from predation during the day (Alldredge and King 1977). Similarly to fish, declines in structural complexity under acidified conditions have also been shown to result in reduced biomass and abundance of zooplankton (Smith et al. 2016; Allen et al. 2017). However, zooplankton are an important heterotrophic food source for corals (Houlbrèque and Ferrier‐Pagès 2009) and declines in their abundance has the potential to impact corals, through altered availability of food. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing how invertebrate communities are negatively affected by ocean acidification, which in turn impacts coral reefs. It describes various interactions that could either benefit or harm corals, depending on the effects of acidification and warming. Moreover, it highlights that declines in structural complexity due to acidification lead to reductions in biodiversity, which affects coral ecosystems. Additionally, it mentions that changes in physical and chemical ocean conditions from acidification and climate change could exacerbate these effects, directly linking the phenomena to coral health.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Every material used in sustainable architecture is biodegradable. [SEP] Text: of Materials > Vol. 12 No. 3, July 2022 Lactic Acid-Material for Melt Adhesive: Review () Ravindra V. . DOI: 10. 4236/ojopm. 2022. 123003 307 Downloads 1,507 Views 45. doi: 10. 4236/ojopm. 2022. 123003. 1. Introduction Bio-based and Bio-degradable materials Recently, to reduce their dependency on hydrocarbon materials, focus has been concentrated to making these adhesive recipes completely bio-based, sustainable and biodegradable. To reach this, research and developments are targeting on the uses of starch, lignin, tannin, soy protein, polylactides and vegetable oils based fatty acid as a partial/fully replacement to the hydrocarbon-based polymers [1]. Figure 1 is showing the classification of bio-degradable, renewable, non-biodegradable and petrochemical raw materials. Definitions: Bio-based materials: Fully or partially obtained from biomass e. g. , plants; Bio-degradable materials: The breakdown of organic matter into carbon dioxide, water and biomass by the action of microorganisms such as bacteria or fungus. Currently, Hot melt adhesives (HMAs) are based on petroleum-based materials and those are not biodegradable. To reduce the dependency on the petroleum sources and achieve biodegradability, bio-based raw material can be used in HMAs. Here, we review the uses of PLA in the hot melt adhesive segment. 2. Hot melt melt adhesives (HMAs) are one of the most growing sectors within the adhesive industry [2] [3]. HMAs can be useful for high-speed manufacturing and applications that require bonding versatility, large gap filling, and minimal shrinkage. HMAs do not require a carrier fluid such as an organic solvent or water, which eliminates the need for drying the liquid adhesive layer once it is applied to a substrate. Elimination of the drying step reduces solvent usage, increases production line speeds, and lowers transportation costs [4] [5]. HMA is a thermoplastic material which is solid at room temperature and is applied on the adherend in its molten state. The adhesive bond is formed after Figure 1. Bio-based and biodegradable materials. HMA is cooled. Therefore, HMAs provide several advantages e. g. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by stating that while there is a focus on developing bio-based and biodegradable materials for applications like hot melt adhesives (HMAs), it explicitly mentions that current HMAs are based on petroleum-based materials, which are not biodegradable. This indicates that not all materials used in sustainable architecture, particularly in specific adhesive contexts, are biodegradable.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: X-ray crystallography can be used to determine the 3D structures of proteins. [SEP] Text: 18 TARA018 414,976,308 2,604,031 816 2,086,508 75. 80 11. 03 3. 02 TARA023 Bacteria DCM 147,400,552 1,273,576 830 213,456 76. 08 13. 29 4. 09 TARA023 149,566,010 1,237,617 825 134,179 75. 98 13. 82 4. 01 TARA023 Protist DCM 508,610,652 2,707,801 734 336,689 28. 23 25. 07 7. 83 TARA023 397,044,232 2,246,571 593 397,140 23. 00 25. 16 10. 31 TARA025 Bacteria DCM 386,627,816 2,516,865 806 388,546 69. 77 14. 55 5. 35 TARA025 457,560,422 2,326,838 857 330,773 75. 57 10. 99 3. 18 TARA030 Bacteria DCM 346,837,034 1,968,945 1,097 508,775 80. 16 10. 31 2. 57 TARA030 478,785,582 1,639,697 1,194 204,976 77. 70 7. 26 2. 64 TARA030 Protist DCM 426,896,616 1,620,343 616 478,892 15. 12 17. 83 5. 13 TARA030 430,029,974 1,838,588 628 287,782 22. 36 17. 60 6. 73 DOI: 10. 7717/peerj. 3558/table-1 Notes: aDCM—deep chlorophyll maximum. bN50—length of DNA sequence above which 50% of the total is contained. cRelative abundance—determined using the reads recruited data-rich-contigs. Metagenome-assembled genomes Due to memory limitations during the binning step, contigs ≥7. 5 kb in length generated during the two-step assembly process (includes Minimus2 contigs and unincorporated Megahit contigs) were used to recruit sequence reads from each of the Tara samples using Bowtie2 (Langmead & Salzberg, 2012) (v4. 1. 2; default parameters). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses various data points related to different samples and sequencing without mentioning X-ray crystallography or its application in determining protein structures.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Coral reefs are affected by ocean acidification and warming. [SEP] Text: The extent of this impact is likely to be species specific, depending on the reliance of each species on heterotrophic food sources. Moreover, some species are capable of mitigating the effects of acidification by increasing heterotrophic energy contributions (Towle et al. 2015). A decline in zooplankton may therefore reduce the resilience of some corals to acidification. Overall, we suggest that the changes in habitat interactions reviewed here are likely to have only sub-lethal consequences for corals. However, they highlight the possibility of multiple small shifts in the functioning of coral reef ecosystems to accumulate, which may ultimately contribute to a shift in communities greater than that expected from the physiological stressors. This may be particularly be the case where changes affect mutually beneficial relationships, creating the possibility of a negative feedback loop. In this case, fewer beneficial habitat associations reduce physiological coral health and/or survival, which further affects habitat associations. Such effects are extremely hard to predict and with the current paucity of data on the indirect effects on corals of changes to habitat associations, this remains a significant knowledge gap. BioerosionBioeroders are a diverse range of organisms including bacteria, algae, sponges, molluscs and fish, which cause erosion through grazing of, attachment to, or embedding in, the coral skeleton (Wisshak et al. 2012; Glynn and Manzello 2015; Schönberg et al. 2017). There is significant evidence from naturally acidified reefs that bioeroder abundance increases under high pCO2 (Crook et al. 2013; Enochs et al. 2016b) (Table 1). This may be the result of reduced competition for space between settling bioeroders such as sponges (Schönberg and Ortiz 2008) or an increase in dead coral habitat which supports a high number of invertebrates (Tribollet and Golubic 2011; Valentino 2014). Increased bioeroder abundance may have additional indirect effects on coral populations by reducing the available space for settlement. However, increased bioeroder abundance is not found for all bioeroding species (e. g. grazers; Schönberg et al. 2017) or where other factors like habitat are limiting (Valentino 2014). The bioerosive capacity of many species is increased under high pCO2 (Table 1). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the impact of ocean acidification on coral reefs, mentioning that changes in habitat interactions may affect coral health and survival. It highlights that increased bioeroder abundance under high pCO2 could undermine coral populations, thereby demonstrating a direct relationship between ocean acidification and the health of coral reefs.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Every material used in sustainable architecture is biodegradable. [SEP] Text: , rapid setting times and elimination of volatile organic compounds [6] [7] [8]. Main application area of the HMAs is in packaging [9]. HMAs are often used to bond two substrates together so as to maintain the two substrates in a fixed relation to each other HMAs compositions have historically been based on petroleum-derived polymers, and these compositions are further tackifier, plasticized, and reinforced with a variety of resins, oils and waxes that can be derived from both petroleum and naturally occurring feedstocks such as wood, gum and tall oil rosin, and terpenes. Useful fillers and/or rheology modifiers are chalk, barite, quartz, gypsum, calcium oxide, magnesium oxide, silica [10] [11]. 3. offer advantages over their contemporary water-based and solvent-based adhesives like low volatile organic compounds (VOCs), 100% solid, fast drying, setting etc. The HMAs are designed to be applied in consumer goods, packaging, construction, transportation, electronics, healthcare, and for other applications like bookbinding, furniture etc. [12] [13]. These are generally available as granules, powder, slats, blocks, foils, ribbons etc. It is then applied by bringing it between two substrates. Once cooled, it will set and solidify. The solidification mechanism depends on open time and set time. Open time denotes the time during which sufficient tack is retained on the surface on the other hand, set time is referred as the time for developing acceptable bond strength at 20˚C. As the HMAs need heating, special applicators are needed for its application. Special glue gun that can be loaded with the solid adhesive sticks or rods which are fed and heated in the gun nozzle producing liquid adhesive. HMAs are solid materials at low temperatures (typically < 80˚C) and can melt to liquid or viscous-flow state at elevated temperatures, in which form they are applied on the surface of substrates [14] - [19]. Currently, almost all the base polymers for HMAs on the market are primarily derived from petroleum resources, such as ethylene vinyl acetate, block copolymers of styrene and butadiene or isoprene, polyesters, polyamides, polyurethanes and polyolefin’s [20] [21] [22] [23]. 4. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing materials used in hot melt adhesives (HMAs) that are primarily derived from petroleum resources. It mentions that 'almost all the base polymers for HMAs on the market are primarily derived from petroleum resources,' which implies that these materials are not biodegradable. This directly opposes the assertion that all materials used in sustainable architecture are biodegradable.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: X-ray crystallography can be used to determine the 3D structures of proteins. [SEP] Text: Read counts for each contig were determined using featureCounts (Liao, Smyth & Shi, 2014) (v1. 5. 0; default parameters). Coverage was determined for all contigs by dividing the number of recruited reads by the length of the contig (reads/bp). Due to the low coverage nature of the samples, in order to effectively delineate between contig coverage patterns, the coverage values were transformed by multiplying by five (determined through manual tuning). Transformed coverage values were then utilized to cluster contigs into bins utilizing BinSanity (Graham, Heidelberg & Tully, 2017) based on a preference value of −3 to be run for a maximum of 4,000 iterations with completion if convergence is achieved for 400 consecutive iterations and a damping value of 0. 9 (parameters: -p -3, -m 4,000, -v 400, -d 0. 9). Bins were assessed for the presence of putative microbial genomes using the lineage workflow in CheckM (Parks et al. , 2015) (v1. 0. 3; parameters: lineage_wf). Bins were split in to three categories: (1) putative draft genomes (≥50% complete and ≤10% cumulative redundancy (% contamination—(% contamination × % strain heterogeneity ÷ 100))); (2) draft genomes with high contamination (≥50% complete and ≥10% cumulative redundancy); and (3) low completion bins (<50% complete). The high contamination bins containing approximately two genomes, three genomes, or ≥4 genomes used BinSanity (Binsanity; -m 2000, -v 200, -d 0. 9) with variable preference values (-p) of −1,000, −500, and −100, respectively. The resulting bins were added to one of the three categories: putative draft genomes, high contamination bins, and low completion bins. The high contamination bins were processed for a third time with the Binsanity-refine utilizing a preference of −100 (-p −100). These bins were given final assignments as either putative draft genomes or low completion bins. Any contigs not assigned to putative draft genomes were assessed using BinSanity using raw coverage values. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses technical methods for data analysis on genomic contigs using software like featureCounts and BinSanity, with no mention of X-ray crystallography or protein structures.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Coral reefs are affected by ocean acidification and warming. [SEP] Text: Chemical bioerosion is less physiologically costly under high pCO2 (Wisshak et al. 2012) which may increase the bioerosive capacity of boring species. For example, it is estimated that rates of chemical bioerosion by an excavating sponge (Cliona caribbaea) could double by the end of the century (Webb et al. 2017). In addition, taxa using mechanical bioerosion may have increased bioerosive capacity where coral skeletons are weaker, less dense/more porous. While corals with lower density were more likely to have evidence of bioerosion than high density corals (Barkley et al. 2015), this correlation has not been explicitly tested under acidification. Furthermore, under ambient conditions, skeletal density does not always result in increased bioerosion. For example, the highest rates of bioerosion were found in the coral genus with the highest skeletal density (Pavona; Cosain-Díaz et al. 2021). These contrasting findings may be explained in part by variable rates of bioerosion between morphologies, with the most dense coral also being the morphology with the highest rates of bioerosion (massive; Cosain-Díaz et al. 2021). However, where density does affect bioerosive capacity, we are likely to underestimate the net effect of OA on coral growth by considering the direct effects in isolation. Finally, bioeroders may have increased biomass and faster growth (Fang et al. 2013; Uthicke et al. 2016), ultimately allowing an individual to have a greater rate of bioerosion or lifetime erosive capacity. The combination of increased bioeroder abundance and bioerosion capacity is expected to result in a large increase in total bioerosion under high pCO2. By the end of this century, these increases in bioerosion from sponges alone are estimated to be 7% under RCP 4. 5, 16% under RCP6 and 31% under RCP8. 5 compared to ambient conditions (393 µatm; Wisshak et al. 2012; IPCC 2014). Similarly, total volume removed by bioerosion under Ω aragonite saturation < 2 (comparable to RCP8. 5) may increase up to 78% compared to ambient aragonite (Ω aragonite > 3. 5; Crook et al. 2013). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the effects of high pCO2 on bioerosion in coral reefs. It indicates that under increased levels of pCO2, bioerosive capacity of boring species may increase, leading to higher rates of bioerosion as coral skeletons become weaker and less dense. This is directly tied to the impacts of ocean acidification and warming, as the increases in bioerosion are expected to occur under scenarios of elevated pCO2, which is associated with climate change.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Every material used in sustainable architecture is biodegradable. [SEP] Text: Need of Renewable and Bio-in Adhesive “Renewable resource” is used herein to refer to a resource that is produced by a natural process at a rate comparable to its rate of consumption. “Bio-based” is used herein to refer to a component of the hot melt adhesive that is produced or is derived from at least 50% by weight of a renewable resource. Bio-based materials are not necessarily compostable [24]. Packaging materials contain small amount of adhesives but that can nevertheless have a significant effect on the repulpability of the package. Recycled paper from packaging material waste is used in combination with virgin fibers in the paper making process and traditional hot melt adhesives are likely to contaminate the paper made in this way. It is therefore desirable that the adhesives used in packages would degrade in the recycling process. Other issues related to adhesives and packaging materials are the increasing demands on compostability and the use of materials from renewable resources. In compost environments it is important that the major part of packaging material is degradable in a certain time, which also includes the adhesives used. Biodegradable hot melt adhesives prepared from renewable raw materials have a potential for use in packaging applications [25]. Renewability of the adhesive raw materials can be considered to be an asset compared to petroleum derived polymers due to increased environmental awareness [26] [27] [28] [29]. 5. Polylactic Acid-acid (PLA) has been a subject for numerous studies during the past decades and several attempts have been made in order to commercialise this polymer on industrial scale. Lactic acid is the simplest molecule showing optical activity. The l-stereo form is the most commonly occurring one in nature, while the d-form can be produced either by biological or chemical methods. Lactic acid-based polymers are interesting because the starting chemical, lactic acid, can be obtained from renewable sources by fermentation. PLA is also compostable which means that a CO2—neutral life cycle can be established for the material [30]. PLA homopolymer has a glass transition temperature in the range 55˚C - 60˚C and a melting temperature of about 170 ˚C [31]. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by stating that 'bio-based materials are not necessarily compostable,' which implies that not all materials used in sustainable architecture, even if they are derived from renewable resources, are biodegradable. It highlights that while some materials, like biodegradable hot melt adhesives and polylactic acid (PLA), can be compostable, the general statement that every material is biodegradable is not supported.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: X-ray crystallography can be used to determine the 3D structures of proteins. [SEP] Text: Two additional rounds of refinement were performed with the first round of refinement using preference values based on the estimated number of contaminating genomes (as above) and the second round using a set preference of −10 (-p −10). Following this binning phase, contigs were assigned to draft genome bins (e. g. , genome 1, referred to as TMED1, etc. ), low completion bins with at least five contigs (0–50% complete; TMEDlc1, etc. lc, low completion), or were not placed in a bin (S1 and S2). Taxonomic and phylogenetic assignment of draft genomes The bins representing the draft genomes were assessed for taxonomy and phylogeny using multiple methods to provide a quick reference for selecting genomes of interest. Taxonomy was assigned using the putative placement provided via CheckM during the pplacer (Matsen, Kodner & Armbrust, 2010) step of the analysis to the lowest taxonomic placement (parameters: tree_qa -o 2). This step was also performed for all low completion bins. Figure 3: FastTree approximate maximum-likelihood phylogenetic tree constructed with 37 and 406 16S rRNA genes from putative draft genomes and 4. Phylogenetic tree with Shimodaira–Hasegawa local support values as available in Newick format in 5. Download full-size image DOI: 10. 7717/peerj. 3558/fig-3 Two separate attempts were made to assign the draft genomes a phylogenetic assignment. Draft genomes were searched for the presence of the full-length 16S rRNA gene sequence using RNAmmer (Lagesen et al. , 2007) (v1. 2; parameters: -S bac -m ssu). All full-length sequences were aligned to the reference database (Ref123) using the SINA web portal aligner (Pruesse, Peplies & Glöckner, 2012) ( These alignments were loaded in to ARB (Ludwig et al. , 2004) (v6. 0. 3), manually assessed, and added to the non-redundant 16S rRNA gene database (SSURef123 NR99) using ARB Parsimony (Quick) tool (parameters: default). A selection of the nearest neighbors to the Tara genome sequences were selected and used to construct a 16S rRNA phylogenetic tree. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not discuss X-ray crystallography or its application in determining the 3D structures of proteins. Instead, it focuses on methods for taxonomic and phylogenetic assignments of draft genomes and mentions 16S rRNA gene sequences, which is irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Coral reefs are affected by ocean acidification and warming. [SEP] Text: Such increases in bioerosion rates have been shown to result in significant declines in net calcification (Stubler et al. 2014) and even a switch from net calcification to net dissolution (Enochs et al. 2016a). Therefore, in conjunction with the predicted changes in net accretion, bioerosion could be a significant contributor to coral cover declines in the future. Coral diseaseCoral disease results from interactions between the host corals and the pathogen causing the disease. Worldwide, the prevalence of coral diseases has increased in recent decades due to a number of factors, such as rising water temperatures (Tracy et al. 2020), and decreasing water quality including nutrient enrichment (Vega-Thurber et al. 2014), plastic pollution (Lamb et al. 2018) and metal pollution (Tracy et al. 2020). However, the effect of acidification on coral diseases is largely unknown and remains a significant knowledge gap (et al. 2020). To date, only one study has empirically shown an impact of acidification on disease dynamics, which found that low pH (7. 7) decreased the progression of black bank disease on Orbicella faveolata under experimental conditions (Muller et al. 2017). This suggests that future acidified conditions may be less favourable to black band disease and result in decreased prevalence and/or progression. However, coral diseases are caused by a range of pathogens including marine and terrestrial bacteria, cyanobacteria and viruses (Sokolow 2009; et al. 2020), meaning the results from Muller et al. (2017) cannot easily be extrapolated to diseases caused by other pathogens. Despite limited information on coral disease under acidification, there are some indications that pathogen abundance and virulence, and coral susceptibility may change (Table 1). Increased abundances of disease-associated bacteria within the coral microbiome have been found experimentally (Meron et al. 2011; Grottoli et al. 2018; Table 1; et al. 2020), and at the seep site in PNG (Morrow et al. 2015), however, this did not result in an increase in infections. Furthermore, microbial pathogens were absent entirely at the seep site in Ishia, Italy (Meron et al. 2012). In addition, there is some evidence that pathogen virulence may be affected by acidification, potentially due to pathogen pH tolerance limits. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the impact of rising water temperatures and the potential effects of ocean acidification on coral diseases and overall coral health. It highlights how increasing bioerosion rates and changes in net calcification, linked to warmer temperatures and possibly acidified conditions, could contribute to coral cover declines. Furthermore, while the impact of acidification on coral diseases remains partially unknown, the text suggests that changes in pathogen dynamics may occur in acidified conditions, reiterating the relationship between ocean acidification, warming, and the health of coral reefs.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Every material used in sustainable architecture is biodegradable. [SEP] Text: In other embodiments, the PLA polymer is a crystalline homopolymer including (L-lactide) monomeric units. The major component of the HMA composition, which is present in an amount of about 60 wt% to about 99 wt% of the composition, includes a homo- or copolymer of poly (lactic acid), referred to herein generally as PLA. [33] 6. in acid (PLA) can be used for packaging materials, especially adhesives owing to its good processability and the excellent mechanical properties of its molded products. Therefore, the use of these materials as a substitute for non-biodegradable synthetic polymers can be considered to be environmentally beneficial. In one such study, copolymers with PLA: polycaprolactam (PCL) molar ratios 81:19 were tested for open time, adhesion, setting time, hot tack development, viscosity and weight loss of adhesives. To limit the unwanted thermal degradation, acetic anhydride is used as a stabilizer. This copolymer-based HMAs is used in industrial glue lamination process. The measured properties were evaluated against commercial ethylene-vinyl acetate HMAs [5]. The unique characteristics of PLLA/are its excellent hot tack and a combination of long open time with moderate setting time. The same copolymer in the same molar ratio can also be used as biodegradable HMA for food packaging applications [34] - [42]. HMA includes: a lactic acid and caprolactone copolymer resin, a crystalline lactic acid oligomer wax, and said amorphous lactic acid oligomer tackifier, characterized in that the amorphous lactic acid oligomer tackifier includes an amorphous polymerisation product of 1) lactic acid monomer and 2) a multifunctional polymerization initiator containing three or more hydroxy and/or amino groups [43] The poor stability of lactic acid based polymers have been demonstrated in several publications and different approaches have been reported to be efficient in the improving the stability on of PLA. This PLA/PCL copolymer was stabilized by end-capping of the hydroxyl groups with acetic anhydride or by treating the polymer with peroxide. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by providing details about materials like the PLA polymer, which although used as a substitute for non-biodegradable synthetic polymers, does not state that all materials used in sustainable architecture, including PLA, are biodegradable. The discussion on copolymers indicates that some materials require stabilization and may not inherently be biodegradable without specific treatments.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: X-ray crystallography can be used to determine the 3D structures of proteins. [SEP] Text: Genome-identified 16S rRNA sequences and SILVA reference sequences were aligned using the SINA web portal aligner (4). An approximately-maximum-likelihood tree with Shimodaira–Hasegawa local support values (Shimodaira & Hasegawa, 1999) was constructed using FastTree (Price, Dehal & Arkin, 2010) using the generalized time reversible and discrete gamma models (Yang) (v2. 1. 3; parameters: -nt -gtr -gamma; Fig. 3; 5). Draft genomes were assessed for the presence of the 16 ribosomal markers genes used in Hug et al. (2016). Putative CDSs were determined using Prodigal (v2. 6. 3; parameters: -m -p meta) and were searched using HMMs for each marker using HMMER (Finn, Clements & Eddy, 2011) with matches based on an e-value cutoff of 1 × 10−3 (v3. 1b2; parameters: hmmsearch -E 1E −10). If a genome had multiple copies of any single marker gene, neither was considered, and only genomes with ≥8 markers were used to construct a phylogenetic tree. Markers identified from the draft genomes were combined with markers from 6,080 reference genomes accessed from (6) that represent the major bacterial phylogenetic groups. Each marker gene was aligned using (Edgar, 2004) (parameters: -maxiters 8) and automatically trimmed using trimAL (Capella-Gutiérrez, Silla-Martínez & Gabaldón, 2009) (v1. 2rev59; parameters: -automated1). Automated trimming results were manually curated in Geneious (Kearse et al. , 2012) (7). Final alignments were concatenated and used to construct an approximately-maximum-likelihood tree using the LG (Le & Gascuel, 2008) and Gamma models with Shimodaira–Hasegawa local support values with FastTree (v2. 1. 10; parameters: -lg -gamma; Fig. 4; 8). A separate tree was constructed using the same concatenated alignments and tree-building parameters for the 210 draft genomes, without the reference genomes (Fig. 4). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses the alignment and phylogenetic analysis of 16S rRNA sequences and does not mention X-ray crystallography or its application in determining the 3D structures of proteins.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Coral reefs are affected by ocean acidification and warming. [SEP] Text: For example, growth in the bacterium Aurantimonas coralicida, which causes white plague type II, was strongly affected by pH with a clear lower limit beyond which no growth occurred (Remily and Richardson 2006). Finally, corals have shown decreased immunity under acidification, which may result in an increase in susceptibility (see review: Traylor-Knowles and Connelly 2017). Regardless of this potential decrease in virulence, we note that reduced growth and calcification in corals may reduce the ability of corals to recover if infection does occur and this could heighten the impacts of diseases on coral populations. Additional research is required on the prevalence of disease at naturally acidified sites, as well as both pathogen abundance and virulence, as well as coral susceptibility and recovery, to understand the effect of acidification on coral–pathogen interactions. Coral communities under acidified conditionsUltimately, the coral communities we see in the future will be the result of the combined impacts of both the direct and the indirect effects on corals. With consistent variability in findings between species, location and experimental studies, as well as the paucity of data on many indirect effects, our ability to accurately scale up our current knowledge to an ecosystem scale is limited. However, globally, there are a number of locations with naturally low pH/high pCO2 conditions as a result of volcanic gas seeps, hydrographic processes and localised low pH submarine springs. The natural gradients of pCO2 around these sites reveal how the direct and indirect effects of OA that are reviewed above could manifest at an ecosystem level. We review the evidence of indirect effects and the result of both direct and indirect effects on ecosystem level metrics, at ten naturally acidified coral communities or coral reefs (Fig. 2, Table 3). Seven of these sites occur around volcanic vents, where gas containing a high percentage of CO2 seeps through the seafloor and acidifies the surrounding waters. Of these seven, three occur in tropical coral reef ecosystems, in (Indonesia), Dobu, Esa’Ala and Upa-Upasina (PNG), and Maug (Commonwealth of Islands [CNMI]), and one on a sub-tropical reef in Iwotorishima (Japan). The remaining three vents are in temperate rocky shore environments where corals occur, in Shikine (Japan), and Panarea and Ishia (both Italy). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing how ocean acidification negatively impacts coral health, including reduced growth and immunity, which escalates susceptibility to diseases such as white plague. It emphasizes that coral communities will face combined effects from direct acidification and indirect influences, as examined through various natural sites with low pH and high pCO2 conditions. This points to the complex interplay between ocean acidification and coral ecosystems.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Every material used in sustainable architecture is biodegradable. [SEP] Text: It was noticed, that these chemically stabilized polymers performed better during processing and also retained their mechanical properties better than the un-stabilized copolymer. Especially the acetic anhydride treated polymer seemed to be an interesting alternative. The rapid degradation of these PLA/is probably related to low initial molecular weight and the presence of a high amount of monomer residues. The low Tg-values of the PLA/PCL polymers also increase the chain mobility resulting faster degradation [44]. Utilizing biodegradable and renewable raw materials is a demanding challenge for the packaging industry. Many packages are of single-type use, which means rapid growth of municipal wastes [45] [46] [47]. Based on the previous studies, lactic acid-based polymers were chosen as candidate of a new generation hot melt adhesive. These samples degraded rapidly in the hydrolytic and compost environments. Additionally, these lactic acid-based polymers showed interesting adhesive properties [48]. In the case of biodegradable hot melt adhesives, the materials need to be stable enough during storage, in the process and in the application, but after the package has fulfilled its purpose, it should preferably degrade rapidly [49]. It can in any case be concluded that blending starch with a lactic acid-based HM adhesive proved to be a promising alternative for tailoring the degradation properties of the material. Because of the current high price of lactic acid-based polymers compared to conventional HM formulations, using starch blends would also be economically beneficial [17] [39] [50] - [69]. Patent [70] discloses a hot melt adhesive comprising polylactic acid and a polyvinyl alcohol-based resin. In addition, patent [71] discloses a hot melt adhesive composition comprising a thermoplastic resin and a tackifier as main components, wherein either one or both of these components comprise a lactic acid copolymer resin derived from PLA or lactic acid and other hydroxycarboxylic acids. This composition exhibits good self-life, high content of bio-degradable components, recyclable components and (or) components obtained from renewable natural materials [72]. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing various materials, particularly lactic acid-based polymers, that are indicated to be biodegradable. However, it also mentions challenges in the packaging industry and the context in which these materials are used. This suggests that not every material in sustainable architecture is guaranteed to be biodegradable, as it highlights the presence of non-biodegradable components such as thermoplastic resins and tackifiers that may coexist with biodegradable elements.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: X-ray crystallography can be used to determine the 3D structures of proteins. [SEP] Text: Figure 4: Cladogram of a FastTree approximate maximum-likelihood phylogenetic tree constructed using 16 syntenic, single-copy marker genes for 210 draft genomes. Support for internal nodes were determined based on the Shimodaira–Hasegawa test (white ≥0. 500, gray ≥0. 750, black ≥0. 950). Sequence alignment for the draft genomes and the reference genomes used for phylogenetic assignment is available in 7. Phylogenetic tree of the draft genomes and the reference genomes used for phylogenetic assignment is available in Newick format in 8. Download full-size image DOI: 10. 7717/peerj. 3558/fig-4 Relative abundance of draft genomes To set-up a baseline that could approximate the “microbial” community (Bacteria, Archaea and viruses) present in the various Tara metagenomes, which included filter sizes specifically targeting both protists and giruses, reads were recruited against all contigs generated from the Minimus2 and Megahit assemblies ≥2 kb using Bowtie2 (default parameters). The contigs <2 kb in length likely constitute low abundance bacteria and archaea, bacteria and archaea with high degrees of repeats resulting in poor assembly, fragmented picoeukaryotic genomes, and problematic read sequences (low quality, sequencing artefacts, etc. ) and were not included in further analysis. All relative abundance measures are relative to the number of reads recruited to the assemblies ≥2 kb. Read counts were determined using featureCounts (as above). Length-normalized relative abundance values were determined for each draft genome for each sample: R e a d s b p p e r g e n o m e ∑ R e a d s b p a l l g e n o m e s × ∑ R e c r u i t e d r e a d s t o g e n o m e s ∑ R e c r u i t e d r e a d s t o a l l c o n t i g s ≥ 2 kb × 100. The initial Megahit assembly was performed on the publicly available reads for Tara stations 007, 009, 018, 023, 025, 030. Starting with 147–744 million reads per sample, the Megahit assembly process generated 1. 2–4. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses a phylogenetic tree constructed from draft genomes and their relative abundance, without mentioning X-ray crystallography or the determination of 3D structures of proteins.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Coral reefs are affected by ocean acidification and warming. [SEP] Text: Carbonate chemistry at vent sites is variable depending on the composition of the vent gases; however, pCO2 conditions close to the vent can be high and well in excess of what is predicted under end of century conditions, particularly in temperate regions (e. g. 5066 µatm in Ishia, Italy; Hall-Spencer et al. 2008). The remaining three sites occur as a result of three different processes. in Palau, acidification occurs in tropical lagoonal reefs where there is restricted circulation of water in semi-enclosed bays (Golbuu et al. 2016). Acidification here is less extreme (~ 600 µatm) than at some of the vent sites. Morelos (Mesoamerica) submarine springs (or ‘Ojos’) discharge low-pH, low aragonite saturation groundwater, through natural localised springs in close proximity to the tropical Reef. This results in high levels of acidity (pH 7. 05, pCO2 data is not stated) as well as reduced salinity and total alkalinity (Crook et al. 2012). Finally, seasonal upwelling results in mild acidification (588 µatm) at the southern-most reefs in the subtropical (Pacific [ETP]), as well as exposure to cool waters and elevated nutrient levels. Reefs further north are less affected by the upwelling and experience more ambient ocean conditions (Manzello et al. 2014). Fig. 2The location of the ten natural acidified sites with associated corals which are reviewed here, ordered by smallest to largest decrease in coral cover. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by providing detailed observations of how ocean acidification occurs in various locations and the effects on coral reefs. For instance, it states 'acidification occurs in tropical lagoonal reefs where there is restricted circulation of water in semi-enclosed bays' and describes how low-pH groundwater affects tropical reefs. Additionally, it discusses seasonal upwelling and its mild acidification effects on southern reefs, further supporting the assertion that coral reefs are impacted by acidification and related changes in ocean conditions.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Every material used in sustainable architecture is biodegradable. [SEP] Text: , the foils used in packaging flowers or plants, but also carpet backings. Suitable substrates further include metal foils and wood [24]. The hot melt adhesive according to the present invention is widely utilized for paper processing, bookbinding, disposable products and the like, and is particularly effectively utilized for disposable products because of excellent adhesion in a wet state. The “disposable products” are not particularly limited as long as they are the so-called sanitary materials. Specific examples thereof include disposable diapers, sanitary napkins, pet sheets, hospital gowns, operation white coats, urine liners, puerperant shorts, breast milk pads and armpit sweat pads. The present invention can provide a hot melt adhesive and an absorbent 9. global energy issues and dependency on petroleum resource focus has been shifted towards developing sustainable hot melt adhesives (HMAs) which are cost effective and bio-degradable. HMAs contain base polymer, tackifier and wax as primary components. In terms of environmental problems, such as global climate issues due to an increase of carbon dioxide emission, attempts had been made to produce HMAs using non-petroleum-based and bio-degradable resins, such as polylactic acid (PLA)-based resins. PLA copolymer-based HM adhesive was used in industrial glue lamination process. The unique characteristics of PLLA/PCL HM adhesive are its excellent hot tack and a combination of long open time with moderate setting time. Polyamide adhesives based on bio-based dimerized fatty acids had been available for HM applications. Blending of starch with a lactic acid-based HM adhesive proved to be a promising alternative for tailoring the degradation properties of the material. Hence, HMAs based on polylactic acid will continue to have a huge potential and sustainable and bio-degradable applications in packaging, sanatory and diaper adhesive industries. A lot of research has already been done on modification of PLA through copolymerization. However, the challenge remains to produce the PLA-based HMAs with high performance properties like synthetic resin HMAs. Conflicts of authors declare no conflicts of interest regarding the publication of this paper. 65. [2] Viljanmaa, M. , S&#246dergård, A. , Mattila, R. and Törmälä, P. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by detailing the use of various materials, particularly hot melt adhesives (HMAs), that are developed to be cost-effective and biodegradable. However, it also mentions that HMAs can include non-biodegradable components, leading to a nuanced understanding where not all materials in sustainable architecture are guaranteed to be biodegradable. The mention of 'disposable products' and discussions around various materials suggests the presence of non-biodegradable options, thereby directly contradicting the claim.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: X-ray crystallography can be used to determine the 3D structures of proteins. [SEP] Text: 6 million contigs with a mean N50 and longest contig of 785 bp and 537 kb, respectively (Table 1). In general, the contigs generated from the Tara samples targeting the protist size fraction (0. 8–5 µm) had a shorter N50 value than the bacteria size fractions (mean: 554 bp vs 892 bp, respectively). Contigs from the Megahit assembly process were pooled and separated by length. Of the 42. 6 million contigs generated during the first assembly, 1. 5 million were ≥2 kb in length (Table 2). Several attempts were made to assemble the shorter contigs, but publicly available overlap-consensus assemblers (Newbler (454 Life Sciences), cap3 (Huang & Madan, 1999), and MIRA (Chevreux et al. , 2004)) failed on multiple attempts. Processing the ≥2 kb contigs from all of the samples through CD-HIT-EST reduced the total to 1. 1 million contigs. This group of contigs was subjected to the secondary assembly through Minimus2, generating 158,414 new contigs (all ≥2 kb). The secondary contigs were combined with the Megahit contigs that were not assembled by Minimus2. This provided a contig dataset consisting of 660,937 contigs, all ≥2 kb in length (Table 2; further referred to as data-rich-contigs). set of data-rich-contigs was used to recruit the metagenomic reads from each sample using Bowtie2. The data-rich-contigs recruited 15–81% of the reads depending on the sample. In general, the protist size fraction recruited substantially fewer reads than the girus and bacteria size fractions (mean: 19. 8% vs 75. 0%, respectively) (Table 1). For the protist size fraction, the “missing” data for these recruitments likely results from the poor assembly of more complex and larger eukaryotic genomes. The fraction of the reads that do not recruit in the girus and bacterial size fraction samples could be accounted for by the large number of low quality assemblies (200–500 bp) and reads that could not be assembled due to low abundance or high complexity (Table 2). Table 2: Assembly statistics at various steps during processing. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim regarding the use of X-ray crystallography for determining protein structures. Instead, it discusses various aspects of contig assembly in metagenomics without mentioning X-ray crystallography or protein structure determination.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Coral reefs are affected by ocean acidification and warming. [SEP] Text: 1- Bays, Palau; 2- Indonesia; 3- Dobu, Esa’Ala and Upa-Upasina, Guinea (PNG); 4- Puerto Morelos, Mesoamerica; 5- Maug, Commonwealth of Islands (CNMI); 6- Iwotorishima, Japan; 7- Galapagos, Pacific (ETP); 8- Shikine, Japan; 9- Panarea, Italy; 10- Ishia, ItalyFull size imageA number of other acidified sites have also been described in the literature, however, they are excluded here because they also experience elevated temperatures and/or deoxygenation (Bouraké, New Caledonia; Mangrove lagoons, northern Reef; Bahia Concepcion, California), or because there are no ecological records of coral communities at those sites, (Ambitle Island, PNG; Mayreau Gardens, Caribbean) or where the pCO2 gradient occurs and dissipates daily (Moorea, French Polynesia). Changes in coral abundance (coral cover) with increasing pCO2 The effect of acidification on hard coral abundance, with the exception of Porites spp. , is largely negative (Fig. 3). Seven of the ten naturally high pCO2 sites showed reduced hard coral cover compared with adjacent control sites (Fig. 3, Table 2). Nevertheless, the effect is not always negative, and there is limited evidence of a physiological ‘tipping point’ or threshold response to increasing pCO2. While the three temperate/sub-tropical coral communities, as well as the CNMI and Mesoamerican coral reefs, showed rapid declines in coral cover at ~ 500 µatm pCO2, coral cover at similar concentrations increased significantly at Palau (~ 31%), was maintained at seep locations in Indonesia (~ 4% increase) and PNG (~ 2% increase) and shifted from hard to soft coral cover at Iwotorishima (Fig. 3, Table 2). This suggests that effects of pCO2 on coral abundance are likely to be influenced by other indirect effects and/or environmental factors, and also by the species composition of coral present at each site (see below). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the effects of ocean acidification (increased pCO2) on coral abundance. It mentions that changes in coral cover are largely negative with increased pCO2 at various sites, indicating that ocean acidification impacts coral reefs. The mention of 'rapid declines in coral cover' at certain pCO2 levels further supports the assertion that coral reefs are affected by acidification.