Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Satellites help monitor Earth’s weather and climate changes. [SEP] Text: Early results were promising, but cloud height attribution remained a major challenge and improved NWP forecasts remained elusive. During the Program (GARP) in 1979, a special project attempted to improve atmospheric motion vectors inferred from the geostationary imagers with cloud heights inferred from the polar-orbiting sounders using CO2 slicing. Later, after a considerable effort to properly calibrate the water vapor spectral band measurements on Meteosat, the height assignment was improved and positive impact in NWP forecasts was realized. The early steps forward in the derivation of atmospheric motion vectors (AMVs) from Meteosat are summarized in Schmetz et al. (1993); among other things, the vicarious calibration of the WV channel using a radiative transfer model in real time with radiosonde data was an essential step to improve the height assignment of thin cloud tracers. The general message from that early work is that success was here a result of incremental improvements including feature selection, tracking, and height assignment; there was no single “big leap. ” On a further note, we would like to highlight the encouragement received from the for Medium-Forecasts (ECMWF), notably from Dr. Tony Hollingsworth, to pursue the continuous improvement of AMVs. He said explicitly “give me winds, without your winds from tracking marine boundary layer clouds our assimilation system will be blind over the tropical and subtropical oceans” (T. Hollingsworth 1985, personal communication). His comment was backed by a study (Reed et al. 1987) that demonstrated the potential information on atmospheric flow from tracking clouds. We remark that this type of direct encouragement from a prime user of satellite data, such as ECMWF, was and is very important; it is highly motivating for satellite scientists and it sets the tone that, a priori, more data are good to have. It is very likely that the welcoming attitude of ECMWF to new data, notably from satellites, has contributed to maintaining the ECMWF leadership in NWP over three decades. Often, weather forecast improvements were not realized immediately after new measurements were made available, as the previous examples demonstrate. In hindsight this tells us that the full potential of data remained untapped for a while. A convincing proof of this can be found in the reanalyses at NWP centers for climate applications (Hollingsworth et al. 2005; Dee et al. 2014). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the development and calibration of satellite data and its positive impact on numerical weather prediction (NWP) forecasts. It highlights the importance of satellite data in improving forecasts and atmospheric monitoring, particularly through enhancements in tracking cloud heights and atmospheric motion vectors. It notes that feedback and collaboration with organizations like ECMWF validate the usefulness of satellite data for monitoring weather patterns and climate.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Mindfulness programs require no training or structured guidance. [SEP] Text: AbstractIntroductionSurgery and the training of young surgeons face various challenges. Work hour restrictions, demographic changes, medicolegal demands, as well as economic constraints have led to changes in patient care and thus changed surgical residency. In addition to the daily training at work, several theoretical and practical courses are offered to surgical residents. The aim of this manuscript is to provide an overview of the existing courses and programs for surgical residents in Germany. It describes the current structure of surgical training in Germany for 10 subspecialties and sets out existing approaches to implement structured surgical training by professional associations as well as by commercial providers. Materials and methodsThe official homepages of 10 surgical associations were analyzed for information on structured surgical training and a Google search for surgical training programs was conducted. Then, the websites of two commercial providers were searched for information in courses. In addition, the members of the were asked open questions about the existence of structured resident training and additional training opportunities in their specialty. The courses were analyzed for structural characteristics such as the price and type of course (single course, exam preparatory course, and structured program). A structured program was defined as a set of courses based on learning objectives that are designed to cover all aspects of the specialty and include some form of summative or formative assessment. ResultsSeveral courses are offered by varied providers; some of them associated with surgical associations and some commercial. Seven of 10 professional associations offer single courses and six of them offer exam preparatory courses. Commercial providers only offer single courses. All of these courses are optional; there is no requirement to take part in any of them. None of them is free of charge, but most offer discounts for members of surgical societies. Only one structured program exists for orthopedics and trauma surgery. A fixed schedule does not exist for any surgical subspecialty, but it is rather the responsibility of the trainee or his/her supervisor to pick or suggest a course that suits their personal state of knowledge. DiscussionUntil now, it depends on personal motivation and the generosity of hospitals whether or not surgical residents will receive training outside of their training hospital. Various external courses are offered in all surgical subspecialties to complement on-the-job training. It is unknown how many residents take part in them. The implementation of new, competence-based specialist training regulations in Germany in 2018 may facilitate a change in surgical education. Simulation-based education can promote the acquisition and consolidation of surgical skills. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by providing detailed information on the structured nature of surgical training programs in Germany. It outlines that various theoretical and practical courses are offered, implying that structured guidance and training are essential for effective surgical education. The text specifies that even though some courses are optional, the existence of structured programs is crucial for comprehensive training, which directly opposes the claim that mindfulness programs require no such training or guidance.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Mycorrhizal fungi improve nutrient uptake in plants. [SEP] Text: The fungi/bacteria ratio was determined as the ratio of the adjusted ITS1 Ct to the adjusted 16S Ct. The ratio fungal:bacteria (calculated as fungal gene copy number divided by bacterial gene copy number; F:B ratio) was used as a predictor of nutrient cycling and C storage. Statistical analysis One-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) was performed on AM fungal root colonization, total yield, fruit nutrient concentrations and contents, soil bacterial and fungal abundances and fungal:bacterial ratios, after the necessary transformations (e. g. , log10, arcsen). The differences between means were determined using orthogonal contrasts to test differences between + M (all four isolates) vs -M (mock inoculated controls) (1st comparison); between Gigasporaceae and Glomeraceae (2nd comparison: inter-family diversity); between the two isolates of Gigasporaceae (3rd comparison: intra-family diversity) and between the two isolates of Glomeraceae (4th comparison: intra-family diversity). Moreover, at each harvest, fruit yield was analyzed using one-way ANOVAs with AM fungal inoculation [five levels: control (-M), G. gigaspora, S. pellucida, F. mosseae and S. sinuosa] as fixed factor. Mycorrhizal infection potential (MIP) data of the AM fungal inocula were analyzed by a one-way ANOVA with AM fungal inoculation (G. gigaspora, S. pellucida, F. mosseae, S. sinuosa) as fixed factor, whereas MIP data of the field soil were analyzed by a one-way ANOVA with year (2019 and 2020) as fixed factor. Litter bag data of var. were analyzed by a two-way ANOVA with AM fungal inoculation (five level) and time of field exposure (four treatments: 40, 52, 67, 79 days) as fixed factors. All data were ln- or arcsine-transformed when needed to fulfil the assumptions of ANOVA. Post-hoc Tukey-B significant difference test was used for comparison among treatments. Means and standard errors given in tables and figures are for untransformed data. All analyses were performed using the software package on SPSS 21. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not provide any evidence or arguments regarding the role of mycorrhizal fungi in improving nutrient uptake in plants. It focuses instead on statistical analyses related to fungal and bacterial ratios and their influences on nutrient cycling, which is not directly tied to the claim about mycorrhizal fungi specifically enhancing nutrient uptake.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Satellites help monitor Earth’s weather and climate changes. [SEP] Text: These are performed with the most recent state-of-the-art forecast systems. A comparison of the skill of the reanalysis with the skill of the real-time forecasts provides a measure of how much the use of the data in the model system improves the forecast skill. Figure 4a shows the evolution in time of the anomaly correlation of the 500-hPa height forecasts (this is a standard parameter for the ECMWF to measure impact and improvement). The increase in forecast skill is shown for different forecast ranges. Improvements are clearly discernable, and they are the result of improvements in measurements providing better and/or new data, data assimilation and modeling, and computing resources. Size Fig. 4. Annual running mean of anomaly correlations (in %) of the 500-hPa height forecasts for 3-, 5-, 7-, and 10-day forecasts for the extratropical Northern and Southern Hemispheres. (a) ECWMF operations from January 1980 to May 2013 and (b) the reanalyses from ERA-Interim from January 1979 to April 2013 and ERA-40 from January 1973 to December 2001. The shading shows differences in scores between the two hemispheres (from Dee et al. 2014). Citation: Weather, Climate, and Society 7, 4; 10. 1175/WCAS-D-15-0017. 1Download FigureDownload figure as PowerPoint slideFigure 4b shows the forecast skills using a state-of-the-art forecast system in a reanalysis mode. Here the improvements are due only to better data becoming more available over the years. This figure from Dee et al. (2014) tells us that past forecasts could have been much better, if it had been known how to use the data as we now use them. In fact, the lion’s share of the improvements is due to advances in modeling and data assimilation (Dee et al. 2014). Of course, the advent of new and better observations is a prerequisite for subsequent improvements on the part of users. As an aside, it is interesting that the gap between the forecast skill for the Northern and nearly vanishes from the late 1990s onward thanks to satellite data (Hollingsworth et al. 2005). Figure 5 illustrates the point made in the previous paragraph. Experience has shown that new meteorological satellite systems are not usually exploited to their full potential when operation starts. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by highlighting the impact of satellite data on improving forecast skill, specifically noting that the advancements in meteorological satellite systems have significantly enhanced operational forecasting and data assimilation. It states, 'the gap between the forecast skill for the Northern and nearly vanishes from the late 1990s onward thanks to satellite data,' thus directly supporting the assertion that satellites contribute to monitoring and improving weather predictions.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Mindfulness programs require no training or structured guidance. [SEP] Text: Additional training possibilities and structured programs should be implemented in surgical resident training to foster competence-based education and surgical proficiency. Keywords: competency-based education; continuing medical education; patient safety; postgraduate medical education; specialty training; structured residency program; surgical educationIntroductionSurgical training has to equip trainees with the skills, knowledge, and competencies necessary to provide high-quality patient care. During training, a surgical resident will have to not only develop technical skills and acquire factual knowledge but also develop the ability to make decisions on who needs to be operated on and to select the appropriate procedure. They have to be able to handle routine as well as complicated postoperative care and surgical emergencies. Surgery has had a long established “apprenticeship model” of training: the trainee would learn through observing and imitating the work of a skilled mentor [1]. That means surgical trainees gained knowledge and most of their skills from older surgeons’ expertise and by being immersed in the clinical environment for prolonged periods of time. With patient safety in mind and regarding working time regulations and shift work and increasing procedural complexity, this approach is no longer feasible nor educationally acceptable [2]. The “new” European working time directive, which took effect in 2003, restricts work hours to 48 h per week including on-call shifts [3]. Furthermore, surgical trainees on rotating shifts are often not able to attend scheduled learning opportunities such as grand rounds, radiology meetings, mortality and morbidity conferences, lectures, and tutorials. Thus, on-the-job training opportunities have diminished, while at the same time surgical care has become more complex because of growing knowledge and the implementation of new methods: “Loss of week day training and decrease in overall length of training due to restricted hours has occurred when the complexity of the knowledge base and skill levels for surgical training has historically increased” [4]. In a nationwide survey among residents by the Association (Bundesärztekammer, BÄK) in 2011, 66% of residents stated that they feel they are not able to accomplish their postgraduate education in their appointed work hours [5]. In the last decade, several countries have changed their surgical training and implemented competency-based surgical training models, usually with hands-on training and operative skills assessment in surgical skills labs. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the necessity of structured programs and training in surgical resident training. It emphasizes that surgical training, which parallels the need for mindfulness programs to have structure, requires guidance and competence-based education to ensure high-quality patient care. Phrases such as 'structured residency program' and 'competency-based education' indicate that education and training are required, contradicting the notion that mindfulness programs do not need training or structured guidance.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Mycorrhizal fungi improve nutrient uptake in plants. [SEP] Text: Declarationsauthours would like to thank Venerosi della Seta for allowing to run the field experiments at the “Prata” farm (Pisa, Italy), of the “Accademia di Agricoltura” of Torino giving us valuable advices for litter bag experiment set-up and interpretation of results and of the CCS Aosta for providing us the AM fungal inocula. Author contributions EP and LE acquired funding, conceived and designed the study. MA carried out the experimental procedures. EP and MA performed the molecular study, collected the data, performed the statistical analyses and wrote the first draft of the manuscript. LE and MN contributed to the discussion of the data. All authors commented on the manuscript and approved the final version. work was funded by the the Fund for 2007-2013 for Tuscany (Italy), measure 16. 1 (project; CUP Artea 743548) project leader Dr. and measure 16. 2 (project; CUP Artea 828090) project leader Prof. Laura Ercoli. was supported by a PhD scholarship from Sant’Anna (). Competing interests The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper. All authours have no conflict of interests to declare. 54. Al-(2001) Response of two tomato cultivars differing in salt tolerance to inoculation with mycorrhizal fungi under salt stress. Mycorrhiza 11: 43–47. Anderson MJ (2006) Distance-based tests for homogeneity of multivariate dispersions. Biometrics 62:245–253. (2003) Permutation tests for multi-factorial analysis of variance. J Simul 73:85–113. (2006) Multivariate dispersion as a measure of beta diversity. 9:683–693. (2008) Permanova + for Primer:Guide to Software and Statistical Methods. Plymouth: Primer-E Limited. (2006) Functional diversity of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungal isolates in relation to extraradical mycelial networks. 172:347–357. -(2000) Carbon metabolism and transport in arbuscular mycorrhizas. 124:949–958. (2021) Effect of biofertilizers application on soil biodiversity and litter degradation in a commercial apricot orchard. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim. It discusses acknowledgments, methodologies, and background information related to the study but does not provide any direct evidence or discussion regarding the role of mycorrhizal fungi in improving nutrient uptake in plants.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Satellites help monitor Earth’s weather and climate changes. [SEP] Text: Considering that a series of new meteorological satellites will deliver observations for two decades or more, the approach is mainly driven by current and future needs of nowcasting, NWP, and climate applications on the basis of technology-free observations of key parameters, that is, without preempting any technological realization. It invokes a long-term vision established by research in these application areas and by expectations of the benefits of improved forecasts. Assessment of priorities also comes into the picture, from the outset, recognizing that fulfilling all requirements is not affordable. Users are heard regarding their priorities, and vice versa they get to hear about the constraints; thereby, they become part of the process and take ownership. Steps in the include the following:Application expert groups meet to address user requirements and priorities (including sampling and accuracy requirements) for observations in broad application areas dominated here by meteorological and climate applications. They write position papers on the application areas. A team of remote sensing experts then assesses to what extent demonstrated observing techniques, innovative instrument concepts, and new technologies can fulfill the established requirements; they meet with the application expert groups at regular intervals to evaluate the requirements. To leave scope for iteration, requirements are given in three categories (threshold—below this the measurement is not useful; objective—the desired performance; and breakthrough—expected to pave the way to new science and applications). A sequence of open user consultation workshops is held where the requirements, priorities, and the likelihood of fulfilling them from space are presented and discussed; this enables the broader science and operational user community to arrive at a consensus on which mission and instrument concepts should be further studied during phase 0/A engineering studies (phase 0 is the mission analysis and requirements identification; phase A is a study of feasibility). Some applications and remote sensing experts participate in the follow-up studies, forming efficient mission teams per instrument. This allows for iteration on requirements and offers compromise solutions in case of feasibility or affordability issues. An important aspect is that a dedicated team of scientists and engineers from guides the user consultations. Similar user consultation processes were started at NOAA/where they evolved into hosting a series of annual user conferences. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the development and deployment of new meteorological satellites that are specifically aimed at delivering observations relevant to weather forecasting and climate applications. It emphasizes how these satellites are crucial for nowcasting and climate applications, as outlined in the passage, thereby supporting the assertion that satellites play a key role in monitoring weather and climate changes.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Mindfulness programs require no training or structured guidance. [SEP] Text: How do you rate the implementation of the structured programs? ”). This information was used to confirm and complement the collected data from the WebSearch. The websites of commercial programs that were named were analyzed as well. The PFJC is an association of young representatives of the surgical societies. At the time of research, there were 24 members of 10 surgical subspecialties. Personal information was obtained for vascular surgery, orthopedics and trauma surgery, general and visceral surgery, plastic surgery, oral and maxillofacial surgery, and pediatric surgery. In addition, there was personal insight on the training programs of the BDC. The representatives of the other surgical subspecialties did not respond to the request. The results are presented in Table 1. A structured program was defined as a set of courses based on learning objectives that are designed to cover all aspects of the specialty and include some form of summative or formative assessment. Table 1:Overview of surgical training courses in Germany prices according to the websites of the societies as of 2018. Single coursesStructured programExam preparatory coursesMandatoryFree of chargeTypical price (full/discounted)Discount for associated membersProfessional associations BDC (various)✔-✔--500/300–650/500 €✔ DGG (vascular surgery)✔----395–750/495 €✔ DGKCH (pediatric surgery)-----140/70 €✔ DGAV (general and visceral surgery)✔-✔--425/350–900/800 €✔ DGMKG (oral and maxillofacial surgery)✔-✔--550/330 €✔ DGNC (neurosurgery)-----350 €- DGOU (orthopedics and trauma surgery)✔✔✔--550 €- DGPRÄC (plastic surgery)✔-✔--25 €- DGT (thoracic surgery)-----–– DGTHG (cardiac surgery) in association with Aesculap Academy✔-✔--290/250–650/500 €✔Commercial VI (vascular surgery)✔----500–1550 €- (various)✔----100/80–1100/1020 €✔aaAcademy offers discounts for the members of the and more depending on the courses offered. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the implementation of structured programs that involve courses based on learning objectives, suggesting that structured guidance and training are indeed necessary for these programs. It describes a structured program as one that covers all aspects of a specialty and includes assessment forms, which indicates that mindfulness programs may also require a similar structure and guidance.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Mycorrhizal fungi improve nutrient uptake in plants. [SEP] Text: Out of experimental materials, field soil was gathered from A horizon of agricultural production area of Tokat Gaziosmanpaþa University. Experiment soil was analyzed and soil characteristic was summarized in Table 1. Table 1: Basic physio-chemical properties of soil and vermicompost. Growth conditions, treatments and experimental protocol The experiment was laid out under controlled greenhouse conditions in Tokat Gaziosmanpaþa University, Tokat, Turkey during April and March of 2021. The geographical position of the greenhouse is between 40°19' 58" N and 36° 28' 25" E. Altitude is 595 meters. Temperature and relative humidity were set as 25-27°C and 60-70% in the greenhouse, respectively. The light/dark period was 14:10 through the experiment. Three cultivars and eight treatments including different combinations of vermicompost and AMF were used in the experiment. Treatments were T1: control (100% soil), T2: 100% soil+AMF, T3: 15% vermicompost, T4: 30% vermicompost, T5: 45% vermicompost, T6: T3+AMF, T7: T4+AMF and T8: T5+AMF. The experiment was laid out in split-plot randomized complete design with three replications and repeated two times. Cowpea cultivars and treatments were placed in main plots and sub-plots, respectively. Seedlings were grown in viols (4. 5×6 cm2). Before starting the experiment, field soil was autoclaved at 121°C through 20 munites to avoid natural microorganisms’ effect. Viols were divided into three sections, therefore, each replication was constituted of three sections. Just one cultivar was sown in each viol and different treatments were applied above mentioned. Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi application and experimental layout Surface sterilization was applied to seeds with 2% of sodium hypochlorite for 5 minutes to avoid fungal and bacterial microorganisms before sowing. One seed was sown to each section of viols and irrigated by tapwater. Solutions containing 5000 ppm concentration of AMF were prepared using distilled water. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not directly support or refute the claim about mycorrhizal fungi improving nutrient uptake in plants. Instead, it describes the methodology of an experiment involving arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) and soil treatments without explicitly discussing their impact on nutrient uptake. Therefore, it is considered irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Satellites help monitor Earth’s weather and climate changes. [SEP] Text: The goal for the GOES user conferences is to 1) inform users of future capabilities and potential applications of the next series of NOAA geostationary satellites, the GOES-R series; 2) determine the associated user needs; 3) assess user and societal benefits of future systems; 4) develop and improve communication between and the user community; and 5) develop and refine a process for determining and updating requirements. Over the course of conferences, several adjustments to the GOES-R instrument capabilities have been suggested and plans to realize them have been started for subsequent instrument versions. At the Organization (WMO), efforts have been underway to evaluate the capabilities of the System (GOS) against the user requirements in various applications areas (there are 12 currently; see An international on Requirements and Redesign of the GOS (and later the on Evolution of the GOS) formulated a process called the Review (WMO 2001) that evaluates the capabilities of existing observing systems against user requirements, identifies gaps, and explores possibilities for improvements. The resulting implementation plan for achieving the evolution of the GOS can be found in WMO (2013). Each form of user consultation has provided strong evidence that user engagement with leading application experts and engineers is essential in exploring technological possibilities and trading user requirements effectively against affordable technological realizations. b. Moving from user requirements to system requirements: Working the trade space to design affordable achievable systemsCreating instrument specifications associated with the user requirements is primarily a job for the satellite science community and not the engineering community. Satellite scientists should be involved in the technical performance specifications (spectral bands, spectral resolution, field of view size, bit depth, sampling intervals in space and time, etc. ) and any evaluation of the trade space when compromise must be achieved. Part of the success of a new program will involve important short term sacrifices in requirements so that the program is affordable and still introduces new capabilities. While designing to cost is only an approximate description of this process, cost must be an important consideration. When establishing new system capabilities, it is difficult to estimate cost. Extrapolations from past systems were often based on payload size, weight, number of spectral bands being measured, and other such parameters; these cost estimates were prone to inaccurate results. However, independent cost estimates often become a self-fulfilling prophecy as the resources estimated become the resources budgeted and hence the resources expended. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text discusses the development and capabilities of NOAA geostationary satellites, specifically mentioning their roles in informing users about future capabilities and potential applications, which implies that these satellites are essential for monitoring weather and climate changes. The mention of evaluating the capabilities of observing systems aligns with the claim that satellites function in this monitoring capacity.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Mindfulness programs require no training or structured guidance. [SEP] Text: They are structured in the Center for Education and Quality (Weiterbildungs-, Fortbildungs- und Qualitätszentrum). The training concept for residents is divided in theory, technique, anatomy, practical workshops, and preparation for the board certification. This includes a weeklong course named “practical course for visceral surgery” where residents are trained in conventional and laparoscopic techniques of visceral surgery, including basic skills of thoracic and vascular surgery. In addition to the practical courses, there are a variety of lectures on state-of-the-art concepts and operative strategies. A modular learning concept that uses modern didactic methods for online-based as well as classroom-based seminars exists for theoretical courses. There are different technique courses for each surgical field (e. g. upper gastrointestinal), all of them focus on teaching practical skills on animal models. The anatomy courses are held by an anatomist together with a surgical expert. Participants get to refresh their knowledge on topography of a certain region on cadavers before moving on to patients. The practical workshops focus on the improvement of specific operative skills and are offered for different levels of training: for beginners (during residency), for adepts (before or immediately after board certification), and for experts (specialists). Additionally, the DGAV offers courses to prepare for the board certification with a comprised overview of the relevant knowledge and interactive case presentations [16], [17]. Orthopedics and trauma surgeryPostgraduate training in orthopedics and trauma surgery in Germany was adapted and reorganized to match similar residency programs in the in 2003 [18]. To provide young surgeons with more flexibility to work in different surgical specialties and to allow for easier migration within the European Union, a common curriculum was created and implemented by all Chambers of Medicine in 2006. The DGOU offers residents a training series called “Eight”. It was initiated in 2008 and offers young surgeons specializing in orthopedics and trauma surgery structured training parallel to their hospital resident training. The program aims to consolidate and enhance the skills and knowledge required in the final exam and their daily work as specialists. The course consists of eight modules and is based on a catalogue of learning objectives validated by experts. It is offered in four different 4-day courses (each course contains two modules) and takes place in different hospitals in Germany. There are two courses every year so completing all modules takes 2–4 years. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by describing a comprehensive and structured training program for residents in surgical fields. It emphasizes that there is a detailed training concept divided into various theoretical and practical components, including workshops and lectures, indicating that mindfulness programs, like surgical training, do require structured guidance and training.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Mycorrhizal fungi improve nutrient uptake in plants. [SEP] Text: 12: 751-731. Parniske, M. (2008). Arbuscular mycorrhiza: The mother of plant root endosymbioses. Microbiology. 6: 763-775. Pireh, P. , Yadavi, A. , Balouchi, H. (2017). Effect of cadmium chloride on soybean in presence of arbuscular mycorrhiza and vermicompost. Legume Research. 40(1): 63-68. Ravindran, B. , Wong, J. W. , Selvam, A. , Sekaran, G. (2016). Influence of microbial diversity and plant growth hormones in compost and vermicompost from fermented tannery waste. Bioresource Technology. 217: 200-204. Saez-Plaza, P. , Michalowski, T. ,. (2013). An overview of the Kjeldahl method of nitrogen determination. Part I. early history, chemistry of the procedure, and titrimetric finish. in Analytical Chemistry. 43(4): 178-223. Sagar, A. , Rathore, P. , Ramteke, P. W. , Rmakrishna, W. , Reddy, M. S. , Pecoraro, L. (2021). Plant growth promoting rhizobacteria, arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi and their synergistic interactions to counteract the negative effects of saline soil on agriculture: Key macromolecules and mechanisms. Microorganisms. 9(7): 1491. Sarma, B. , Farooq, M. , Gogoi, N. , Borkotoki, B. , Kataki, R. , Garg, A. (2018). Soil organic carbon dynamics in wheat-Green gram crop rotation amended with vermicompost and biochar in combination with inorganic fertilizers: A comparative study. Journal of Cleaner Production. 201: 471-480. Singh, A. , Karmegam, N. , Singh, G. S. , Bhadauria, T. ,. , Arunachalam, K. D. , Biruntha, M. , Ravindran, B. (2020). Earthworms and vermicompost: an eco-friendly approach for repaying nature’s debt. and Health. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not directly address the claim about mycorrhizal fungi and their impact on nutrient uptake in plants. Instead, it lists various studies related to mycorrhizae and plant growth but does not provide specific evidence or conclusions about nutrient uptake improvement. Therefore, the text is irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Satellites help monitor Earth’s weather and climate changes. [SEP] Text: Finally, we recall that there is a need to maintain a robust global observing system that necessitates a degree of redundancy. c. Developing and implementing the product algorithms: Collaborations between the science community and industryPostlaunch instrument performance evaluations, ground processing software implementations, and product algorithm improvements conducted over many years have revealed the following guidelines. Remote sensing scientists and applications scientists are the best source of prototype algorithms. Scientists, notably at the operational centers, must continue to drive the evolution to the operational applications software. There is a possibility for different levels of involvement of scientists during the industrial development of an (operational) applications ground segment; however, one point we would like to make emphatically is that it is not sufficient to just get specifications from scientists, pass them on to industry, and let the development happen in a disconnected way. Experience has told us that the applications software delivered by industry needs mending by scientists. During the development, a continuous involvement of scientists and engineers from the operational centers in the development of the new applications software is a prerequisite to ensure that operational centers are familiar with the software (i. e. , line-by-line understanding of the code) from day 1 of operations. d. Realizing the program through partnership: Combining the strengths of the private and public sectorsThe evolution in space-based remote sensing over the last 50 years could not have occurred without the cooperation between the government, industry, and research (including academia) communities. Each of these three pillars has its own strengths. Government space agencies should have responsibility for overall organization, continuous operation, and service in support of the common good (weather, climate, and security information). Also, government must maintain critical technical infrastructure and scientific understanding needed to evolve and improve applications and services. Finally, and very importantly, government must have the technical and scientific expertise to assess, judge, and guide industrial development work. Research institutions should be involved in the development of new application concepts based on existing and new capabilities, including proof of feasibility through demonstration. Research scientists should also participate in the system design trade space discussions. Industry should realize the proven science concepts meeting the requirements on the basis of specifications and prototype applications software provided by application scientists. We think that the above-mentioned Process at (A. Ratier 2002, personal communication) goes a long way in that direction. The economy of cost demands that operational programs buy recurrent satellites and instruments. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the importance of a global observing system for weather and climate information, emphasizing the cooperation between government, industry, and research communities to support operations that provide weather and climate information. It highlights that the evolution in space-based remote sensing relies on these collaborations, which directly supports the monitoring of Earth's weather and climate changes.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Mindfulness programs require no training or structured guidance. [SEP] Text: The course aims to be problem oriented and in step with actual practice. Residents learn in small groups of 8–10 participants. Each module ends with a combined written and oral exam. The course is endorsed by the for Orthopaedics and (für Orthopädie und orthopädische Chirurgie), the Society (für Unfallchirurgie), and the for Orthopaedics and (Berufsverband der Orthopäden und Unfallchirurgen, BVOU) [19], [20]. Plastic surgeryAssociation of Plastic, Reconstructive and (der Plastischen, Rekonstruktiven und Ästhetischen Chirurgen, DGPRÄC) offers nearly 100 courses per year in all subspecialties, i. e. reconstructive surgery, aesthetic surgery, hand surgery, and burn surgery. The course program is sent to all associate members once a year. These courses are organized by different plastic surgery centers in Germany as well some hospitals outside of Germany. The courses are for associated members only and held in small groups of maximum eight people; the fee is 25 € per course. Attending courses of all four subspecialties is encouraged. As not every hospital that trains plastic surgeons offers all aspects of plastic surgery, the DGPRÄC encourages residents to work and train at different hospitals during their residency with an exchange program (“Rotationsbörse”). A preparation course for the board exam is held once a year since 2018 [21]. Thoracic surgerySociety for (für Thoraxchirurgie, DGT) has founded the Academy for (Akademie für Thoraxchirurgie) in 2014 and aims to implement courses for thoracic surgeons as well as certifying courses for thoracic surgeons offered by other providers to ensure their quality and suitability [22]. Cardiac surgerySociety for Thoracic, Cardiac and (für Thorax-, Herz- und Gefäßchirurgie, DGTHG) does not offer any resident courses at the moment [23]. There is, however, a structured program consisting of several courses offered by the commercial provider “Aesculap Academy” that have been developed in cooperation with DGTHG. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by describing structured educational courses in various medical fields, emphasizing that they require organized training and guidance. For instance, it notes that residents learn in small groups, and various medical societies offer structured courses with specific training requirements, which directly contradicts the notion that mindfulness programs demand no training or structured guidance.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Mycorrhizal fungi improve nutrient uptake in plants. [SEP] Text: of for to & Inclusion Statement/Code of News and this journal Search all journals of for to & Inclusion Statement/Code of News and this journal Search all journals HortDate: 01 May 2012 Online ISSN: 2327-9834 Advertisement 0. 05 (nutrients, n = 40; phenolics, n = 24). Asterisk (*) denotes compounds detected only in shoots. Polyphenolic peak designation (P2–P11) as described in Lee and Scagel (2009, 2010). MPP = sum of P2–P8 and P10. Definitions for phenolic acronyms given in Table 3. AMF = arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus; MPP = minor polyphenolics. View in gallery Relative differences in concentration and content of nutrients and phenolics in (a–b) whole plants, (c–d) shoots (stems and leaves), and (e–f) roots of 16-week-old, greenhouse-grown basil plants grown with a complete fertilizer containing 16 mg·L−1 (LP) or 32 mg·L−1 (HP) P. Shaded bars distinguish the following: enhanced (greater biomass, concentration, and content); greater (greater biomass, similar concentration, greater content); similar (greater biomass, lower concentration, and similar content); suppressed (greater biomass, lower concentration, and lower content). Significant differences in biomass, concentration, and content determined by analysis of variance (ANOVA) or Kruskal-and median test at P ≤ 0. 05 (nutrients, n = 40; phenolics, n = 24). Asterisk (*) denotes compounds detected only in shoots. Polyphenolic peak designation (P2–P11) as described in Lee and Scagel (2009, 2010). MPP = sum of P2–P8 and P10. Definitions for phenolic acronyms given in Table 3. LP = low phosphorus; HP = high phosphorus; MPP = minor polyphenolics. raw image Relative differences in concentration and content of nutrients and phenolics in (a–b) whole plants, (c–d) shoots (stems and leaves), and (e–f) roots of 16-week-old, greenhouse-grown, basil plants inoculated or not (non-AMF) with the AMF, Rhizophagus intraradices. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text discusses a study related to the nutrient concentration and content in basil plants but does not directly address the claim regarding mycorrhizal fungi improving nutrient uptake in plants. It mentions comparisons of plants inoculated with arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) and those that are not, but does not provide clear evidence or conclusion about the role of AMF in improving nutrient uptake.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Satellites help monitor Earth’s weather and climate changes. [SEP] Text: At the same time instrument technical evolution should be encouraged, even in the absence of new user requirements. Research space agencies should lead in the effort to develop and demonstrate new technologies that measure new facets of the Earth–atmosphere system. The approaches currently in place by research space agencies, which are competitive and PI driven, do serve the purpose well. 1) Preceding operational implementation with a research demonstrationIn 1980, NASA added a geostationary temperature and moisture sounding capability to the -(VISSR), resulting in the (VAS). Research and operational agencies collaborated to demonstrate the utility of time-continuous soundings as part of the (OSIP). The VAS demonstration consisted of 79. 5 days of demonstration of geosounding wherein a NOAA principal investigator led the science experiments conducted by university and government scientists and the program was supported by NASA funding. The demonstration was extended when NOAA made VAS soundings routine. OSIP made possible the introduction of geostationary soundings and paved the way for operational implementation on subsequent GOES satellites. This is an example of fulfilling the need of operational agencies to evolve their systems after demonstration of possible replacement options by research agencies. 2) Trying a new acquisition approachDuring the development and acquisition of the National Polar-System (), the NOAA and (DMSP) polar-orbiting satellites were combined into one system. Expanded capabilities and considerable savings were anticipated (Winokur 1997). As part of the new acquisition approach, all design efforts were referenced to an interagency operational requirements document (IORD) that defined capabilities in terms of environmental data record requirements, but it did not specify sensor data record requirements nor even suggest instrument approaches or specific bands. The private sector was expected to respond with instruments and algorithms. Government and research community expertise was put on the sidelines. The traditional roles of the private and public sectors were altered; unfortunately, this contributed to schedule delays and unmet user expectations. A glaring example is that the Suite (VIIRS) instrument design did not include a WV sensitive measurement, a fundamental Earth remote sensing capability. NWP forecast improvements had been realized using polar winds (Key et al. 2003) developed from (MODIS) WV measurements. But in the absence of scientific input from government and research communities, the VIIRS was rendered incapable of continuing those measurements. In summary, the key partners in the development of new satellite systems should contribute with their strengths. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the development and operational integration of satellite systems that monitor Earth's atmosphere and provide critical data for understanding weather and climate changes. It mentions the NOAA and NASA collaboration in demonstrating the utility of geostationary soundings and polar-orbiting satellites, emphasizing their role in evolving operational systems to meet environmental data record requirements.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Mindfulness programs require no training or structured guidance. [SEP] Text: There are several courses (basic, refresher, and special) and an exam preparatory course consisting of two parts: theory and practice. Each part takes 3 days. Members of DGTHG are offered discounts for these trainings [23], [24]. NeurosurgerySpecialist training in neurosurgery is not part of the “common trunk” structure but similar to those surgical specialties. It takes a minimum of 6 years; up to 12 months of training in other specialties are eligible. for Neurosurgery (Neurochirurgische Akademie) is sustained by the for Neurosurgery (für Neurochirurgie, DGNC) as well as the of (Neurochirurgen). Once per year, it offers a training course oriented toward residents in training. A series of five courses cover essential aspects in all areas of neurosurgery, and lectures are held by relevant specialists. The 3-day program usually covers one large and one to two smaller areas of neurosurgery; the course fee is 350 € [25]. Oral and maxillofacial surgeryIn Germany, one has to complete two degrees, human and dental medicine, to specialize in maxillofacial surgery. Postgraduate training takes 5 years. Therefore, training to become a maxillofacial surgeon lasts between 11. 5 and 17 years depending on the order of qualifications (see Table 3). While studying dental medicine, trainees usually work part-time, which shortens the training period; this is not possible if dental medicine was studied first. Table 3:Timeline for studying and training in oral and maxillofacial surgery. Option 1Human medicineDental medicinePostgraduate trainingTotal timeYears6. 55. 5 (2. 5)5 (2. 5)11. 5Option 2Dental medicineHuman medicinePostgraduate trainingTotal timeYears5. 56. 5517Society for Oral and (für Mund-, Kiefer- und ) holds annual conferences as well as training courses for subspecialties (cancer treatment, reconstructive surgery, traumatology, implantation, and special radiology courses). Cooperative events are held with other national and international organizations. Twice a year, synoptic courses prepare for the final exam with lectures on all major subjects of oral and maxillofacial surgery (“MKG Update” and “MKG Kompakt”). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing various structured training courses and preparatory classes that exist in the medical field, specifically for neurosurgery and maxillofacial surgery. While it does not directly address mindfulness programs, the mention of structured training and the necessity of courses implies that programs in related fields do require organized training and guidance, thereby opposing the claim that mindfulness programs require no training.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Mycorrhizal fungi improve nutrient uptake in plants. [SEP] Text: Shaded bars distinguish the following: enhanced (greater biomass, concentration, and content); greater (greater biomass, similar concentration, greater content); similar (greater biomass, lower concentration, and similar content); suppressed (greater biomass, lower concentration, and lower content). Significant differences in biomass, concentration, and content determined by analysis of variance (ANOVA) or Kruskal-and median test at P ≤ 0. 05 (nutrients, n = 40; phenolics, n = 24). Asterisk (*) denotes compounds detected only in shoots. Polyphenolic peak designation (P2–P11) as described in Lee and Scagel (2009, 2010). MPP = sum of P2–P8 and P10. Definitions for phenolic acronyms given in Table 3. AMF = arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus; MPP = minor polyphenolics. View raw image Relative differences in concentration and content of nutrients and phenolics in (a–b) whole plants, (c–d) shoots (stems and leaves), and (e–f) roots of 16-week-old, greenhouse-grown basil plants grown with a complete fertilizer containing 16 mg·L−1 (LP) or 32 mg·L−1 (HP) P. Shaded bars distinguish the following: enhanced (greater biomass, concentration, and content); greater (greater biomass, similar concentration, greater content); similar (greater biomass, lower concentration, and similar content); suppressed (greater biomass, lower concentration, and lower content). Significant differences in biomass, concentration, and content determined by analysis of variance (ANOVA) or Kruskal-and median test at P ≤ 0. 05 (nutrients, n = 40; phenolics, n = 24). Asterisk (*) denotes compounds detected only in shoots. Polyphenolic peak designation (P2–P11) as described in Lee and Scagel (2009, 2010). MPP = sum of P2–P8 and P10. Definitions for phenolic acronyms given in Table 3. LP = low phosphorus; HP = high phosphorus; MPP = minor polyphenolics. Previous 10. 21273/. 47. 5. 660 Free access Download PDF Cite this 6. 3) for 5 months. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not directly address the claim regarding mycorrhizal fungi and their influence on nutrient uptake in plants. Instead, it presents data on biomass, concentration, and content of nutrients in basil plants, but it does not make any connection to the role of mycorrhizal fungi in enhancing nutrient uptake.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Satellites help monitor Earth’s weather and climate changes. [SEP] Text: They are 1) government and space agencies providing expertise to define attainable and affordable programs that also provide continuity; 2) research laboratories, academia, and advanced operational users (e. g. , NWP) participating in the setting of mission objectives with an eye on achieving unmet user requirements and seizing opportunities from the new observations; and 3) industry realizing the foreseen satellite observational capabilities. e. Fostering international cooperation and coordination: Establishing and maintaining space agency dialogueCommunities in many countries involved with the design, engineering, fabrication, implementation, and utilization of meteorological remote sensing satellite systems have become experts in their field. This has fostered international, institutional, and personal collaborations that have moved space-based remote sensing science closer to meeting the challenges in advanced meteorological satellite missions. Group for (CGMS) is a good forum for developing these concepts further, as they already arrange backup plans and coordinate applications algorithm development and evaluation. The need for enhancing international cooperation is large, and the main building blocks for doing so exist. The goal is for the satellite operators participating in the GOS to partition observing slots in the geostationary orbiting and overpass times of the polar-orbiting satellites; this enables global coverage with good refresh frequency. There has been considerable progress in this direction. 1) Geostationary backupsAs an early example of mutual benefit through cooperation and coordination, we recall that, through agreement reached at the CGMS, it has been possible for NOAA and to back each other up in case of a shortfall in geostationary satellite holdings. On two occasions the agencies were able to help each other out and thus prevent undue haste in their replacement strategies. It started in 1985, when NOAA was able to provide support to the European satellite program by making their GOES-4 satellite available to successfully support the through 1988. In 1990 and the Agency (ESA) made it possible to operate Meteosat-3 over the in support of NOAA weather-observing needs (de Waard et al. 1992). The positioning of Meteosat-3 at 50°W (later at 75°W), called the Coverage mission, was particularly useful during the hurricane season that included in September 1990 and precluded a rush for GOES-8 development and launch. This example set the scene for successful cooperation formalized through agreements between satellite agencies. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by detailing how international cooperation among various agencies has improved satellite observational capabilities for meteorological purposes. It describes initiatives like the CGMS that help in developing strategies for enhancing weather monitoring through satellite collaboration, which underscores the role of satellites in observing atmospheric conditions and climate changes.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Mindfulness programs require no training or structured guidance. [SEP] Text: Members of the within the DGMKG try to harmonize training contents and offers (e. g. with a checklist for on-call duties and special meetings for young surgeons within established conferences). Commercial providersThere are a number of commercial offers for resident training courses. Some focus on one specialty (e. g. VI), whereas others focus on certain aspects of surgery, e. g. laparoscopic and endoscopic surgery or endoscopy (e. g. courses offered by manufacturers such as B. Braun, Johnson&Johnson, Olympus, and others). The broadest variety of surgical courses in Germany is offered by the commercial provider “Aesculap Academy” by B. Braun. Courses include basic and advanced laparoscopy courses and special trainings such as advanced laparoscopy for pediatric surgeons or endoprosthetic courses for orthopedic surgeons. As mentioned above, different trainings, courses, and revision courses for cardiac surgery residents are offered in cooperation with the DGTHG [24]. Train-the-trainer programsTo improve surgical training, the medical societies recommend “Train-the-Trainer” programs. However, there are not many programs available. The BDC initiated together with the of (Internisten) and the BVOU a train-the-trainer concept, called “Mastertrainer”, which is aimed at teaching concepts for a better structured resident training to chiefs and attendings (i. e. the doctors responsible for residency training) [26]. DiscussionThis manuscript describes the current structure of postgraduate surgical training in Germany and sets out different approaches to implement structured surgical education. It does not claim to be complete; the data are limited to information available on the Internet, literature, and personal statements. It is intended to act as a first comprehensive overview of available surgical training programs for different subspecialties in Germany. However, it can only be perceived as a basis for further research. The current structure of postgraduate medical education in Germany does not require any external courses or training programs in addition to on-the-job training. Until now, no competency-based assessments exist. Most of the professional associations and surgical societies have implemented some kind of structured surgical training or at least offer theoretical and practical courses for residents and certified surgeons. But until now, all of these courses are optional and most of them are paid-for. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by stating that the current structure of postgraduate medical education in Germany involves various structured training programs and courses. It emphasizes that many professional associations and surgical societies have implemented structured surgical training or at least offer courses, which implies that some level of training or guidance is indeed required.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Mycorrhizal fungi improve nutrient uptake in plants. [SEP] Text: Inoculum consisted of a mixture of the soil substrate, extraradical hyphae and spores, and colonized root segments (less than 2 mm in length). Propagule numbers (15 propagules/g of soil substrate) in the inoculum used in this study were estimated using the MPN (most probable number) method (Woomer, 1994). Plant culture and treatments. Surface-sterilized (30% sodium hypochlorite for 10 min followed by a sterile water rinse) basil seeds were sown in 0. 92-L containers (Pot #GDP400; ) containing a steam-pasteurized (60 °C for 30 min) 3:1 mixture of alluvial silt loam and vermiculite (Horticultural Vermiculite; ). in the growing substrate was 3 mg·kg−1, and pH was 6. 2. Half of the plants were inoculated with AMF by hand-mixing 50 g of the AMF inoculum into the growing substrate in each pot before sowing seeds (AMF treatment) and the same quantity of sterile (121 °C, 15 min) inoculum was mixed into the growing substrate for the remainder of the plants before sowing seeds (non-inoculated treatment) (20 plants per cultivar per AMF treatment). Containers were placed in a glass greenhouse and watered as needed. Supplemental light (·720 μmol·m−2·s−1 photosynthetically active radiation) was provided for 16 h·d−1 by high-pressure multivapor lamps. Day/night temperatures were controlled at 24/15 °C during the experiment. After cotyledons had fully expanded, plants were fertilized weekly with 50 mL of a liquid fertilizer containing either 64 mg·L−1 P (low P) or 128 mg·L−1 P (high P) and 380 mg·L−1 N, 380 mg·L−1 K, 64 mg·L−1 S, 100 mg·L−1 Ca, 36 mg·L−1 magnesium (Mg), 4. 6 mg·L−1 Fe, 18 mg·L−1 chlorine, 0. 55 mg·L−1 manganese (Mn), 0. 37 mg·L−1 B, 0. 024 mg·L−1 Zn, 0. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not provide any direct evidence or information regarding mycorrhizal fungi or their effects on nutrient uptake in plants. Instead, it describes the setup of a plant culture experiment without mentioning the impact of AMF (arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi) on nutrient absorption, making it irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Satellites help monitor Earth’s weather and climate changes. [SEP] Text: It has long been recognized that international cooperation is essential for achieving a more complete global observing system and for sustaining it through national mishaps in satellite programs. Formal international agreements have created a sustained cooperative network. 2) IJPS: International cooperation for global data coverageIn 1988, and NOAA signed an agreement wherein the morning polar-orbiting satellite system would be provided by (called MetOp; Klaes et al. 2007) and the afternoon orbit would be provided by NOAA (with NOAA-18 and -19). This was in preparation for the (JPSS) that has since been realized. The cooperation helped to evolve the satellite systems and to further scientific collaboration on data utilization. Now MetOp has become a key ingredient of the space-based GOS, and it makes an essential contribution to the success of global NWP. A facet of the (IJPS) that deserves highlighting is that NOAA and shared instruments. MetOp flies the U. S. Radiometer (AVHRR), Sounder (HIRS, on MetOp-A and MetOp-B), and (AMSU-A) instruments. NOAA-18 and -19 fly the (MHS). We see this sharing as an early example toward a potential future of instrument sharing involving even more satellite agencies. 4. Synthesis and an outlookThe previous examples and comments can be summarized as follows. New meteorological satellite programs need to be developed from the beginning in close consultation with the user community, who can offer input toward end-user requirements. However, it is important to rely on leading scientists, with practical experience and a clear vision, to guide the process. Day-to-day users provide valuable insight for keeping the established useful services, but may be limited in visualizing future advances. Early evolution of programs should be accompanied by experts in their field and be led and guided by a small team of scientists and engineers. It is strongly recommended to allocate resources early for advancing the utilization beyond the products and services committed for day 1 of operations. The goal is to reach a full use of the new satellite observations as quickly as possible (see Fig. 5). The key partners in the development of satellite systems must focus on their strengths. First, government and space agencies must have critical expertise to set out attainable and affordable objectives to assess and gauge the progress of industrial development, and ultimately to accept the deliverable. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing how international cooperation in satellite programs has evolved to contribute significantly to global weather observation systems. It mentions MetOp as a key satellite that plays an essential role in global numerical weather prediction (NWP) and emphasizes the importance of satellite observations in meeting user requirements and advancing meteorological services.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Mindfulness programs require no training or structured guidance. [SEP] Text: That is to say, it depends on residents’ motivation and on the generosity of hospitals (absence, course expenses) whether or not surgical residents will receive training outside of their training hospital. Nonetheless, many residents in surgical training attend external training courses. According to a survey that was carried out by BDC in 2014/2015, 95% of surgical residents in Germany state that their employer offers them paid leave to attend external trainings, whereas 82% are granted (partial) financial support [11]. How many residents ultimately take part in structured programs or are able to attend external training courses is not known; currently, there are no data available. The quantity and variety of courses offered vary considerably between different specialties, as does their pricing policy. Course fees vary between 25 and 1550 € depending on the length, complexity, and expense. Information about training opportunities for surgical residents in Germany is not easily accessible for all subspecialties. It required considerable effort to gather the information presented in this manuscript, indicating that residents may struggle with finding information about available courses as well. Apart from few exceptions, no clearly defined recommendation on specific courses to attend and their suggested chronological order is presented by the professional associations. Residents and their supervisors are obliged to detect needs for additional training by themselves without a common structure and defined learning objectives they can refer to. This may change gradually with the implementation of new, competence-based WBO in 2018. The working environment with only little space for education and research challenges additional training opportunities: out of many interesting courses offered both by professional organizations and commercial providers, only few can be attended due to limited time and financial resources. There is no information about the quality of the programs available (apart from personal recommendations by peers who have attended the courses before). Most of them do not state clearly defined learning objectives or the didactic methods applied. Therefore, it is difficult for residents as well as their training hospitals to select appropriate courses that fit the learner’s educational needs and level of experience. Furthermore, the contents and didactic concepts of the programs are not considered in this review. Further research analyzing the training courses for their quality and effect on resident training is needed. It should be assessed if and to what extent courses and structured training programs improve surgical resident training. Ultimately, the quality of surgical training will have to be measured by the quality of patient care delivered. The need for optimally trained surgeons persists to ensure the highest standard of safe and comprehensive surgical care. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts with the claim by discussing the challenges faced by surgical residents regarding training and structured programs. It emphasizes that there is a lack of defined recommendations and structured guidance, which is contrary to the idea that mindfulness programs need no training. The mention of residents needing to detect their additional training needs themselves without a common structure indicates that structured guidance is indeed required.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Mycorrhizal fungi improve nutrient uptake in plants. [SEP] Text: 06 mg·L−1 copper (Cu), and 0. 006 mg·L−1 molybdenum (10 plants per cultivar per AMF treatment per P treatment). Plants were pruned back, to three nodes, 6weeks after germination and inflorescences that began to develop 9 weeks after germination were removed from plants. Plant harvest and colonization assessment. All plants were destructively harvested 16 weeks after germination and separated by structure: leaves, stems, or roots. Growing substrate was removed from roots by washing and fresh weight of each structure was recorded. Fresh samples (n = 5) of each structure from each cultivar by treatment combination were frozen, liquid N-powdered, extracted, and analyzed for phenolic composition as described in detail previously (Lee and Scagel, 2009, 2010). Fresh subsamples (n = 10) of roots were weighed, cleared, and stained using a modified procedure of Philips and Hayman (1970), in which lacto-phenol was replaced with lacto-glycerin and assessed for AMF colonization. AMF colonization was measured on ≈1-cm sections of root samples using the Bierman and Linderman (1980) method. Fresh samples (n = 5) of each structure were dried at 65 °C in a forced-air oven, weighed, ground to pass through a 40-mesh screen, and analyzed for nutrient composition (Scagel et al. , 2007). Nutrient analyses. Dried samples were analyzed for concentrations (mg·g−1 dry weight) of carbon (C) and N by combustion (CHN; LECO Corp. , St. Joseph, MI) (Scagel et al. , 2007) and concentrations (mg·g−1 dry weight) of other macro- and micronutrients by inductively coupled plasma-optical emission spectroscopy (Perkin-3000, Wellesley, MA) after nitric acid digestion (Scagel et al. , 2008). Standard reference apple leaves (#151; of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD) were run with samples for all procedures to ensure accuracy of results with ± 3% cv. Phenolic analyses. Aqueous extracts were analyzed for concentration of total anthocyanins (ACY) and total phenolics (TP). These extracts were further purified with a Sep-C18 mini column (Waters Corp. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text provides a detailed methodological description related to plant treatments, sampling, and analyses but does not specifically mention mycorrhizal fungi or their effect on nutrient uptake in plants. Therefore, it is irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Satellites help monitor Earth’s weather and climate changes. [SEP] Text: P. , ZhuY. , and MenzelW. P. , 2003: Cloud-drift and water vapor winds in the polar regions from MODIS. IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens. , 41, 482–492, doi:10. 1109/TGRS. 2002. 808238. )| falseSearch 10. 1175/BAMS-88-7-1085. Klaes, K. D. , and Coauthors, 2007: An introduction to the. Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc. , 88, 1085–1096, doi:10. 1175/BAMS-88-7-1085. )| falseSearch 10. 1364/AO. 20. 000011. Kriebel, K. T. , 1981: Calibration of the -VIS-channel by airborne measurements. Appl. Opt. , 20, 11–12, doi:10. 1364/AO. 20. 000011. )| falseSearch 10. 1175/BAMS-D-11-00230. 1. Lattanzio, A. , and Coauthors, 2013: Land surface albedo from geostationary satellites: A multiagency collaboration within SCOPE-CM. Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc. , 94, 205–214, doi:10. 1175/BAMS-D-11-00230. 1. )| falseSearch 10. 1175/2009BAMS2963. 1. Menzel, W. P. , and PhillipsJ. M. , 2009: Satellite meteorology: How it all started, 50 years ago. Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc. , 90, 1435–1436, doi:10. 1175/2009BAMS2963. 1. )| falseSearch 714. Morel, P. , DesboisM. , and SzejwachG. , 1978: New insight into the troposphere with the water-vapor channel of Meteosat. Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc. , 59, 711–714. )| falseSearch 10. 1080/01431169208904179. Morgan, J. , 1992: : Objectives, role and activities. Int. J. Remote Sens. , 13, 1065–1070, doi:10. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by referring to various studies and articles that discuss the role of satellites in meteorology and atmospheric science. For example, references such as 'Cloud-drift and water vapor winds in the polar regions from MODIS' and 'Satellite meteorology: How it all started' suggest that satellites are indeed utilized for monitoring weather patterns and climate conditions. Additionally, studies focusing on satellite measurements, like land surface albedo and calibration of satellite channels, further emphasize the contribution of satellites in understanding and tracking climate changes.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Mindfulness programs require no training or structured guidance. [SEP] Text: Insufficient knowledge and limited experience have been shown to entail medical errors and therefore affect patient safety [27]. Surgical residents want to deliver the highest quality of patient care and achieve the same high standards as their teachers and predecessors. To acquire and maintain procedural competency, there is a need for repetitive practice of technical skills. Studies have shown that in the surgical management of certain diseases a more favorable patient outcome is correlated with increased volume [28], [29]. A sufficient caseload and repetitive training is necessary to build expertise [30]. But with increasingly limited time available for training and spent in the OR, the need for additional training opportunities arises. Less working hours and diminishing on-the-job training mean that additional external learning opportunities should be created. It has been shown that medical simulation is effective and that medical education in patient care settings can be complemented by simulation [31], [32]. Skills labs and training courses can enhance procedural learning, especially when it comes to high-stake procedures such as laparoscopy [33], [34]. This is especially urgent in specialties with a broad spectrum. Some procedures are rare or carry a high risk for the patient, which may entail limited opportunities to train residents. In these situations, simulation can provide the opportunity to learn new techniques and consolidate skills in a safe environment without putting patients at risk. Ultimately, the aim of postgraduate medical education should not focus on time spent in clinical rotations or the number of medical procedures performed but on the demonstration of competence in delivering medical care to patients [35]. To enhance surgical training in Germany, there will have to be a change in surgical residency programs, and structured methods of postgraduate medical education are required. A pathway of planned learning should be laid out and designed to facilitate the progressive development of specified competencies. Training outside of teaching hospitals and structured programs should be implemented in surgical resident training in Germany. The development and supervision of structured resident teaching programs should preferably be performed by the surgical associations rather than commercial institutes to ensure their independence of economic interests. Nonetheless, commercial providers of surgical training can play a major role in training programs (e. g. by providing high-quality simulation training courses). The challenge – and opportunity – for the next decade will be to improve upon existing efforts in surgical specialist training and to implement quality guidelines and didactic structure in alignment with the new competence-based WBO. 7. Search in 10. 1016/j. ogc. 2006. 01. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by emphasizing the necessity of structured programs and training in medical education, which indirectly implies that effective skill acquisition, such as in surgical training, does not rely on untrained or unguided processes. It discusses the importance of deliberate practice, structured learning, and supervision in achieving competence, which indicates that similar principles would also apply to mindfulness programs.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Mycorrhizal fungi improve nutrient uptake in plants. [SEP] Text: , Milford, MA; Lee and Finn, 2007) before individual phenolics other than anthocyanins (polyphenolics) analysis. Using a SpectraMax M2 microplate reader (Corp. , Sunnyvale, CA), absorbance at 520 nm and 700 nm was used to determine ACY (mg cyanidin-glucoside/g fresh weight) (Lee et al. , 2005) and absorbance at 765 nm was used to determine TP (mg gallic acid/g fresh weight) (Waterhouse, 2002) in duplicate measurements for each sample. Specific polyphenolics were determined using an high-performance liquid chromatography/diode array detector (HPLC/DAD) (HP1100; Agilent Technologies, Inc. , Palo Alto, CA) and HPLC/DAD/electrospray ionization–tandem mass spectroscopy (MS was a XCT ion trap mass spectrometer; Agilent Technologies, Inc. ) system (Lee and Finn, 2007). Phenolic acids were quantified as caffeic acid equivalents at 320 nm and flavonol-glycosides were quantified as quercetin-rutinoside equivalents at 370 nm based on external standards. Polyphenolics were identified based on ultraviolet-visible spectra, retention time, authentic standards (caffeic acid, chicoric acid, quercetin-rutinoside, and rosmarinic acid), molecular ions, and fragmentation ions. Peak identification is detailed in Lee and Scagel (2009, 2010) and abbreviated by P1 through P11: caffeic acid derivative (P1; not detected in samples from this study), caftaric acid (P2), cinnamyl malic acid (P3), feruloyl tartaric acid (P4), caffeic acid (P5), caffeic acid derivative (P6), chicoric acid (P7), caffeic acid derivative (P8), quercetin-rutinoside (P9), cinnamic acid derivative (P10), and rosmarinic acid (P11). Calculations. Total fresh and dry biomasses were calculated as the sum of fresh and dry weights, respectively, over all structures. Biomass allocation between different structures (e. g. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim regarding mycorrhizal fungi and their role in nutrient uptake in plants. It discusses methods and analyses concerning polyphenolic compounds without mentioning mycorrhizal fungi or any related plant nutrient uptake mechanisms.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Satellites help monitor Earth’s weather and climate changes. [SEP] Text: CO;2. Schmetz, J. , HolmlundK. , HoffmanJ. , StraussB. , MasonB. , GärtnerV. , KochA. , and Van de BergL. , 1993: Operational cloud motion winds from Meteosat infrared images. J. Appl. Meteor. , 32, 1206–1224, doi:10. 1175/1520-0450(1993)032<1206:>2. 0. CO;2. )| falseSearch 10. 1002/qj. 49711749802. Smith, W. L. , 1991: Atmospheric soundings from satellites—False expectation or the key to improved weather prediction? Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc. , 117, 267–297, doi:10. 1002/qj. 49711749802. )| falseSearch 190. Szejwach, G. , 1982: Determination of semi-transparent cirrus cloud temperature from infrared radiances: Application to Meteosat. J. Appl. Meteor. , 21, 384–393, doi:10. 1175/1520-0450(1982)021<0384:>2. 0. CO;2. Szejwach, G. , 1982: Determination of semi-transparent cirrus cloud temperature from infrared radiances: Application to Meteosat. J. Appl. Meteor. , 21, 384–393, doi:10. 1175/1520-0450(1982)021<0384:>2. 0. CO;2. )| falseSearch 228. Winokur, R. S. , 1997: NOAA satellite programs—New advances for the 21st century. WMO Bull. , 46 (3), 223–228. )| falseSearch 1. The first global mosaic assembled from TIROS images in 1960. View in gallery Fig. 2. An early water vapor image from Meteosat-1. View in gallery Fig. 3. (top) Satellite 3 (ATS-3) image of from 2 Aug 1970 before landfall in the Gulf of Mexico. These images in time sequence animation provided a powerful message to the public. (bottom) This picture based on Meteosat-8 images shows a composite of the positions and evolution of over the from 3 to 15 Sep 2003. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim as it references operational systems such as Meteosat, which are used to monitor weather patterns through the collection of infrared images. Moreover, it discusses advancements in satellite technology that enhance weather prediction, indicating that satellites play a crucial role in observing and analyzing climate changes.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Mindfulness programs require no training or structured guidance. [SEP] Text: Respondents discussed manifestations of stress in interpersonal relationships with friends, coworkers, and family, at times expressing their frustration with their behaviors towards others: “feel that I am over drawn and cannot handle my stress levels I get irritable, less patient, and more easily annoyed. I notice this most with the one I care for the most. It seems that when I stress I take it out more easily on my wife than on my clients or anyone else. This does not happen often, but when it does happen it makes me feel even worse and it really makes me want to do something about my stress levels. ” This student noted her irritability, writing, “I get bothered if the house is messy or if I feel like I’m doing more housework than my boyfriend. wonder when I started to care about cleanliness or cooking healthy meals and budgeting. ” Another student journaled, “I just had a friend comment on my levels of stress this past weekend and it was such a wake-up call to me, because I thought my stress only affected me and was my problem and not visible…it kind of shook me up a little and I instantly became defensive with her and was aware that I felt like a failure at handling my stress. ” End of SemesterThematically, two major categories emerged at the end of the course: (a) awareness and (b) acceptance. main sub-themes emerged with regard to awareness (i. e. , to have knowledge or be conscious of). These were (a) staying present, (b) increased consciousness of stress, and (c) awareness of bodily states. 1) Staying Present. Many participants wrote about their ability to stay present (i. e. , consciously staying with whatever each new moment offers). Students discussed the effect this practice had on their stress levels. “I definitely feel like I benefited a lot from this class. The first change that I noticed after a couple of meetings was that I became more mindful. I started living more in the present and enjoying minute-to-minute experience,” wrote one student. Another noted, “I have become better at letting go and really focusing on what can be done in the present moment to accomplish what I need to accomplish. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by illustrating participants' discussions about the positive effects of mindfulness practices they learned in a structured class. Participants noted feelings of increased awareness and acceptance, along with specific techniques mentioned, such as 'staying present' and being 'consciously staying with whatever each new moment offers.' This indicates the value of training and structured guidance in developing mindfulness skills.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Mycorrhizal fungi improve nutrient uptake in plants. [SEP] Text: , roots, stems, leaves) was calculated as the percentage (%) of total fresh or dry biomass in each structure. The nutrient and phenolic content of each plant structure was calculated by multiplying the compound concentration in each structure by the dry (nutrients) or fresh (phenolics) mass of each structure. Net nutrient uptake and phenolic production were calculated as the sum content for each nutrient and phenolic overall structures. Shoot accumulation of nutrients and phenolics were calculated as the sum content for each nutrient and phenolic in leaves and stems. Minor polyphenolics (MPP) were calculated as the sum of phenolic peaks P2 through P8 and P10. Statistical analyses. Containers were arranged in a randomized design with each treatment unit (container) replicated 10 times for each AMF treatment (non-inoculated, AMF-inoculated) and P treatment (low P, high P) for each cultivar. All statistical analyses were performed using Statistica® (Statsoft, Inc. , Tulsa, OK). Data were tested for homogeneity of variance (Levene’s test) and normality (Kolmogoro-Smirnov test). Root colonization by AMF and biomass allocation data were arcsin-transformed before analyses and backtransformed means are presented. ACY data were analyzed by cultivar using the Kruskal-Wallis analysis of variance (ANOVA) and median test and means were separated at P ≤ 0. 05 (K-W0. 05). All other data were analyzed using mixed-model ANOVA with cultivar, AMF treatment, and P treatment as main effects and cultivar considered a random effect. Non-inoculated plants were not colonized by AMF (Table 1); therefore, only cultivar and P treatment were used in analysis of AMF colonization data. Eta-squared (η2) was used to determine the proportion of total variability attributable to differences among cultivars (η2C) or treatments (AMF inoculation, η2A; P rate, η2P). When appropriate, based on ANOVA results, means were compared using Tukey’s honestly significant difference test at P ≤ 0. 05 (thsd0. 05) for main effects and P ≤ 0. 01 (thsd0. 01) for interactions. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not directly address the claim regarding mycorrhizal fungi and their impact on nutrient uptake in plants. Instead, it details statistical analyses and methodologies used to assess various attributes of plant structures and their chemical contents without explicitly linking these to mycorrhizal fungi's role in nutrient uptake.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Satellites help monitor Earth’s weather and climate changes. [SEP] Text: View in gallery Fig. 4. Annual running mean of anomaly correlations (in %) of the 500-hPa height forecasts for 3-, 5-, 7-, and 10-day forecasts for the extratropical Northern and Southern Hemispheres. (a) ECWMF operations from January 1980 to May 2013 and (b) the reanalyses from ERA-Interim from January 1979 to April 2013 and ERA-40 from January 1973 to December 2001. The shading shows differences in scores between the two hemispheres (from Dee et al. 2014). View in gallery Fig. 5. Diagram showing the utilization of satellite data as a function of satellite lifetime hoped for in an ideal world and according to actual experience. The message is that timely research and development work toward the full exploitation of the potential of the data will increase the return on the investment by producing more mature products and services during the lifetime of a satellite system. raw image Fig. 1. The first global mosaic assembled from TIROS images in 1960. View raw image Fig. 2. An early water vapor image from Meteosat-1. View raw image Fig. 3. (top) Satellite 3 (ATS-3) image of from 2 Aug 1970 before landfall in the Gulf of Mexico. These images in time sequence animation provided a powerful message to the public. (bottom) This picture based on Meteosat-8 images shows a composite of the positions and evolution of over the from 3 to 15 Sep 2003. View raw image Fig. 4. Annual running mean of anomaly correlations (in %) of the 500-hPa height forecasts for 3-, 5-, 7-, and 10-day forecasts for the extratropical Northern and Southern Hemispheres. (a) ECWMF operations from January 1980 to May 2013 and (b) the reanalyses from ERA-Interim from January 1979 to April 2013 and ERA-40 from January 1973 to December 2001. The shading shows differences in scores between the two hemispheres (from Dee et al. 2014). View raw image Fig. 5. Diagram showing the utilization of satellite data as a function of satellite lifetime hoped for in an ideal world and according to actual experience. The message is that timely research and development work toward the full exploitation of the potential of the data will increase the return on the investment by producing more mature products and services during the lifetime of a satellite system. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text provides evidence that supports the claim by discussing the utilization of satellite data and its importance in forecasting. It mentions the efforts to exploit satellite data for better weather forecasting and the historical context of satellite imagery, indicating their role in monitoring weather and climate changes.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Mindfulness programs require no training or structured guidance. [SEP] Text: ” When describing her experience of moment-by-moment mindfulness this student detailed cognitive restructuring, “I am by nature a worrier and a ruminator. I find it helpful to be able to say to myself now, ‘I’m not going to think about that, I am going to look at the scenery while I am driving, or focus on my breathing’, or something along these lines. It is a tremendous relief to feel this way. Somehow it relieves me of the guilt… the feeling that I should always be thinking about solving my problems or other people’s problems. ” 2) of Stress. Students reported an increased consciousness of stress and anxiety as another shift in their changing awareness. Participants reported the ability to anticipate stress with this awareness: “noticed this semester is that I am catching myself before stress overwhelms me. I can see the red flags and can do something about it before things spiral out of control. ” Other students described developing the ability to gauge the amount of stress they were experiencing and to notice when levels were becoming critical: “I felt in the past that I had managed stress really well. However, after completing several meditation [sessions], and realizing that being stressed and overwhelmed were common during my practices, it seems I might not have managed as well as I was portraying. I feel my awareness of my level of stress has helped me to reduce the stress before it becomes overwhelming. ” Another student described becoming aware of the way stress cycles for her. She wrote, “I am learning to manage stress more effectively. I am learning to be present with it, talk about it, and let it go. The letting go part is very difficult and seems to be my sticking point. I can be present with my stress, talk about it, and want to let it go, but have been unable to find a way to do that. Yoga sometimes helps in the moment, but sometimes the stress finds its way back into my mind. Awareness of this pattern has been key for me… It is the first step to developing better skills for managing my stress. ” 3) Awareness of Bodily States. Students claimed greater awareness of bodily states as indicators of stress, “have gained from mind–body class is the ability to be aware of my body’s response to stress. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by illustrating that students have reported developing skills and awareness in managing stress through structured practices. Phrases like 'the letting go part is very difficult and seems to be my sticking point' and 'realizing that being stressed and overwhelmed were common during my practices' imply that structured guidance and training are necessary for achieving these mindfulness skills.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Mycorrhizal fungi improve nutrient uptake in plants. [SEP] Text: Conjugates of cinnamic acid are extremely widespread in the plant kingdom and esterified malic acid conjugates have been identified in many plants and plant products, including stone fruit, radish, spinach, chicory, and lettuce (Clifford, 1999; Winter and Herrmann, 1986). It is speculated that these types of phenolics may play roles in plant defenses against pathogens, insects, and ultraviolet damage and alter product quality (digestibility) of forage crops (Sullivan and Zarnowski, 2011). Caffeic acid derivative (P8; lithospermic acid A isomer, a conjugate of caffeic and rosmarinic acids) was first quantified in fresh basil by Lee and Scagel (2009, 2010). Caffeic acid derivative (P8) has also been found in roots and rhizomes of Salvia miltiorrhiza Bunge (Chinese herb: danshen) (Guo et al. , 2007) and in dried products of basil and coneflower (Lee and Scagel, 2010). Quercetin-rutinoside (P9) has been found in several plant species including basil (Lee and Scagel, 2009, 2010) and ingestion of this compound is linked to cardiovascular health (Serra et al. , 2012). Perner et al. (2008) reported that N fertilizer type altered quercetin-glycoside production of onion and inoculation with AMF increased content of specific quercetin-glycosides in bulbs. rate suppressed production of caffeic acid (P5) and accumulation of caffeic acid in roots but not shoots. Suppressed net caffeic acid accumulation in roots may be related to increased root exudation of phenolic acids in response to P availability. Others have reported that roots exude caffeic acid in low nutrient environments to improve rhizosphere chemistry for optimal nutrient uptake (Dakora and Phillips, 2002). rate has been reported to increase root concentrations of caffeic acid in non-mycorrhizal ‘Genova’ (Toussaint et al. , 2007). Total plant production was not reported by Toussaint et al. (2007), so it is unclear whether plants produced more caffeic acid at greater P rates. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is not directly related to the claim about mycorrhizal fungi and nutrient uptake in plants. Instead, it discusses various phenolic compounds in plants, their roles in plant defenses, and differences in compound concentrations under different fertilizer types. While there are mentions of AMF (arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi) affecting quercetin-glycoside production in onions, the overall focus and details do not specifically support or contest the claim regarding the improvement of nutrient uptake by mycorrhizal fungi.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Satellites help monitor Earth’s weather and climate changes. [SEP] Text: Skip to content Menu AGU. org to by AGU for dropdown menu Space & & & & dropdown menu ’ Highlights Editors’ Eos en Español Eos 简体中文版 to for: inthe Atmosphere over Earth’s -7/-2 constellation, launched this June, will provide the most accurate data yet on tropical weather, climate, and space weather. by R. Anthes and W. Schreiner 30 August 20193 March 2023 Share this:Click to print (Opens in new window)Click to email a link to a friend (Opens in new window)Click to share on Twitter (Opens in new window)Click to share on Facebook (Opens in new window)Click to share on LinkedIn (Opens in new window) A SpaceX rocket carrying two dozen satellites launches from Cape Canaveral, Fla. , in the early morning hours of 25 June 2019. Six of the satellites make up the -7/-2 constellation, which will collect tropical atmospheric data from the troposphere through the ionosphere to support studies of weather, climate, and space weather. Credit: NASA In the dark, early morning hours of 25 June 2019, a SpaceX rocket launched a constellation of six identical satellites, each the size of a typical kitchen oven, into orbit above Center at Cape Canaveral, Fla. Their planned 5-year mission: support operational global weather prediction, tropical weather and climate research, space weather forecasting, and ionospheric research. The satellites will collect radio occultation profiles of unprecedented accuracy in near-real time in the tropics. The launch (at 06:30 coordinated universal time 2:30 a. m. local time), part of the U. S. Air Force’s Program 2 mission, sent the 300-kilogram satellites into a 720-kilometer-altitude equatorial (24°) low Earth orbit. These satellites represent the latest phase of the U. S. ’s (NOAA) System for Meteorology, Ionosphere, and Climate () program. The mission, a collaboration with the Space Organization’s (NSPO) () program, goes by the name -7/-2. The satellites will collect radio occultation (RO) profiles of unprecedented accuracy in near-real time in the tropics. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by explaining that the constellation of satellites launched on June 25, 2019, is designed specifically to support operational global weather prediction, tropical weather and climate research, and space weather forecasting. It emphasizes that these satellites will collect tropical atmospheric data, thereby directly linking their purpose to monitoring weather and climate changes.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Mindfulness programs require no training or structured guidance. [SEP] Text: I notice when I have high level of stress because I am distracted, have increased anxiety in my stomach, notice tension in my neck, and have more aches and pains. ” For this student, awareness of stress allowed her greater ability to identify her limits: “I am better at reading my body’s signals when they say ‘This is enough! ’ I also feel like I am able to recognize my anxiety now without getting totally overwhelmed by it. I would not say I am anywhere close to accepting it, but it is a start. ” In exploring her newfound awareness of stress, this participant described the deleterious effects that stress can have on self-concept via the body and wrote, “I have found a deep connection and awareness to my body through this class. I found that I often hold my stress in different parts of my body, particularly my stomach… I can become so focused on my body during stress that I lose sight of my tasks ahead and focus on the negative things about my body. This is a pattern that really came to light throughout this semester. become stressed I hold it in my body, I then begin to criticize my body, my self esteem drops, and the stress increases. It is an ugly cycle. ” discussed their ability to accept what life presents to them, including stress-inducing situations. Sub-themes of acceptance included (a) accepting difficulties, (b) greater self-forgiveness, and (c) emotional reactivity and regulation. 1) Accepting Difficulties. One participant expressed this acceptance in the following way: “Whereas in the past it has been easy for me to get stuck worrying about something over and over, I now find it easier to accept that there are some things I have little or no control over, so they will need to work out on their own. That has helped reduce my stress a lot, I think. ” Another student noted how she now views stress with acceptance instead of shame. She journaled, “Stress is still a factor in my life, but I don’t think it is as much of a problem as it used to be when I was trying to ignore and/or rise above it. I think the main difference has been that now I acknowledge and attend to my stress instead of ignoring it… I think stress will always be a part of my life especially in such an emotionally demanding profession. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by highlighting the structured guidance and training involved in developing awareness and acceptance of stress. Participants describe learning to identify and accept their stress through a course, which suggests a level of training and structured guidance is necessary to achieve the described awareness and emotional regulation.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Mycorrhizal fungi improve nutrient uptake in plants. [SEP] Text: 1986 Esters and glucosides of hydroxycinnamic acids in vegetables J. Agr. Food Chem. 34 616 620Winter,M. Herrmann,K. 1986Esters and glucosides of hydroxycinnamic acids in vegetablesJ. Agr. Food Chem. 34616620)| falseSearch 79. In: Weaver, R. W. (ed. ). Methods of soil analysis, part 2. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. , Inc. . & Pokorny, J. 2006 Natural antioxidants from herbs and spices Eur. J. Lipid Sci. Technol. 108 776 793Yanishlieva,N. V. Marinova,E. Pokorny,J. 2006Natural antioxidants from herbs and spicesEur. J. Lipid Sci. Technol. 108776793)| falseSearch 0. 05 (nutrients, n = 40; phenolics, n = 24). Asterisk (*) denotes compounds detected only in shoots. Polyphenolic peak designation (P2–P11) as described in Lee and Scagel (2009, 2010). MPP = sum of P2–P8 and P10. Definitions for phenolic acronyms given in Table 3. AMF = arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus; MPP = minor polyphenolics. View in gallery Relative differences in concentration and content of nutrients and phenolics in (a–b) whole plants, (c–d) shoots (stems and leaves), and (e–f) roots of 16-week-old, greenhouse-grown basil plants grown with a complete fertilizer containing 16 mg·L−1 (LP) or 32 mg·L−1 (HP) P. Shaded bars distinguish the following: enhanced (greater biomass, concentration, and content); greater (greater biomass, similar concentration, greater content); similar (greater biomass, lower concentration, and similar content); suppressed (greater biomass, lower concentration, and lower content). Significant differences in biomass, concentration, and content determined by analysis of variance (ANOVA) or Kruskal-and median test at P ≤ 0. 05 (nutrients, n = 40; phenolics, n = 24). Asterisk (*) denotes compounds detected only in shoots. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not provide any information relevant to the claim about mycorrhizal fungi and their role in improving nutrient uptake in plants. Instead, it discusses various studies and findings related to phenolics and nutrients in vegetables, without mentioning mycorrhizal fungi or their impact.