Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Socioeconomic status can impact access to education and healthcare. [SEP] Text: The correlation coefficient between variables was confirmed through calculated coefficients (contingency, Spearman, and Pearson), often indicating high values, almost within the range of a functional correlation. Based on teachers’ perspectives and statistical data, the correlations between variables are as follows: The correlation between marital status and education quality and teaching is not very strong, but it favors motivation for teaching work. The correlation between caring for family and children and engagement in teaching work at school is not very strong, but it favors hindrance to work engagement. Participation in professional development activities showed a slight correlation with the settlement type (rural-urban). The professional development of teachers in relation to teaching quality shows a strong correlation. The quality of organizing professional development activities correlates strongly with teaching quality. The relationship between the economic status (monthly payment) and engagement in teaching work also shows a very strong correlation. The quality of professional development activities correlates strongly with teaching quality and the ability to apply acquired knowledge to teaching. Notably, the organization of professional development activities is crucial, and the majority of teachers’ opinions emphasize the necessity for high-quality organization of such activities. From comparing teachers’ responses to cross-sectional questions regarding the impact of SES on education quality, for potential factors that influenced the decline in education quality (Table I), and for factors that could contribute to improving education quality (Table II), the study’s results lead to the division of influencing factors into primary and secondary categories: – Primary: Student engagement in teaching, family and parental engagement with children, successful teacher employment in studies, professional development of teachers, lesson planning and preparation, familiarity with the curriculum, and education level/qualification. – Secondary: Use of technology in teaching, school management, supervision and accountability, monthly payment, socioeconomic conditions, and education reforms. study has focused on the influencing factors in the quality of education and teaching and has analyzed the attitudes of teachers regarding the impact of SES on their teaching work in pre-university education in Kosovo. Through their positive attitudes, teachers have conveyed that the SES of teachers has a significant influence on the quality of education and teaching. These findings correspond with the results of other studies in this field concerning the impact of SES on the quality of education (Muijset al. , 2004). The study also provides additional findings related to the correlations between demographic variables. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by indicating that the socioeconomic status (SES) of teachers significantly influences the quality of education and teaching. It highlights correlations between various factors affecting education quality, emphasizing the role of SES in these dynamics. Moreover, it conveys that teachers' positive attitudes recognize the impact of SES on educational outcomes, aligning with other studies on this topic.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Every injury can be healed instantly with regenerative medicine. [SEP] Text: Many trauma centers elect to scan all patients with LOC or amnesia after head trauma. This can be a very time-consuming and costly practice. The above studies have shown that not all patients with minor head trauma require head CT because very few will have intracranial pathology, and fewer still will require neurosurgical or medical intervention. Most practitioners would like to be sure to detect all intracranial injuries, even if only for diagnostic purposes. It is possible to reduce the number of CT scans by one-quarter by limiting them to patients with minor head injury with LOC or amnesia and the seven clinical findings in the Haydel study (see chart). In all other patients, it seems safe to forego head CT in patients with minor head trauma, even if they have had a loss of consciousness or amnesia. According to one estimate, even a 10 percent reduction in the number of CT scans in patients with minor head injury would save more than $20 million per year. 6 For the moment, while it is not axiomatic that every minor head injury needs a CT scan, a more definitive maxim may be forthcoming in. TableAxioms in is written specifically for emergency medicine residents to dispel myths and misconceptions about different clinical entities. The column is written each month by a resident from the at MCP of Medicine in Philadelphia. 1. Marx JA, et al. Rosen's Concepts and Clinical Practice. Fifth Edition, Mosby, St. Louis, MO 2002, pp 298–299. 2. . Are CT scans for head injury patients always necessary? J Trauma 1991;31:801. 3. . Minor head trauma: Is computed tomography always necessary? Med 1996;27:290. 4. . Indications for computed tomography in patients with minor head injury. N Med 2000;343:100. 5. Developing a clinical decision instrument to rule out intracranial injuries in patients with minor head trauma: Methodology of the investigation. Med 2002;40:505. 6. . Practical selection criteria for noncontrast cranial computed tomography in patients with head trauma. Med 1993;22:148. © 2003 & Wilkins, Inc. View full 2003. Full-+ View in to Colleague Colleague's E-mail is Name: Colleague's Email: Separate multiple e-mails with a (;). Message: Thought you might appreciate this item(s) I saw in News. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the complexities involved in diagnosing and treating head injuries rather than suggesting that every injury can be instantly healed. It emphasizes that not all patients with minor head trauma require immediate interventions like CT scans, indicating a more nuanced approach to injury treatment. This suggests that while some injuries may benefit from regenerative medicine, the blanket statement of instant healing for every injury is misleading.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Phonetic variations can influence language comprehension. [SEP] Text: The passage was followed by 3 questions of which 2 were close ended and 1 was open ended in nature. Following this was a long reading passage of 20, 12 and 11 sentences, for 5th, 6th and 7th standard respectively. Simple sentences with an average length of 3-4 words for grade 5th while for 6th and 7th grade, longer sentences of compound and complex nature were also used. Long passage comprehension required recipients to answer 5 questions, 3 of which were multiple choice questions and 2 were open ended. The next task was assessment of phonetic reading skills and the last task was for assessing non-phonetic reading skills. A word list of 10 words for phonetic and 10 for non-phonetic task was built, separately for each class, in accordance with words used significantly in those classes. The material was validated based on performances of the typically developing children of each category mentioned (5th, 6th and 7th standard). A rehabilitation audiologist and a speech language pathologist also took part in the validation of the material. The final material consisted of 4 tasks in total, 2 passages (one short and one long) for reading comprehension assessment and 2 word lists (one phonetic and one non-phonetic) for reading assessment. began by taking the consent of the guardian via a consent form which mentioned the aim of the study, tasks required to be performed by child, assurance of confidentiality, providing task details and approximate duration of assessment. Following consent, a thorough case history was obtained from each participant of both groups which involved collection of all the relevant data and information required from the caregiver, including, general details, medical history, schooling details of the child, and ruling out any learning or concomitant disability. Additional information about hearing loss and pre implant and post implant details were obtained for CWCI participants. On fulfilling the inclusion criteria for testing, an online schedule was fixed wherein the child attended a video call session with the clinician under the supervision of a guardian. The guardian was provided with the assessment material beforehand and was instructed to keep the child seated in a quiet room with minimal distractions for the entire duration of the test. The caregiver was asked to send the child’s responses of the test via messaging platform (WhatsApp). The child was seated comfortably in front of the camera with a pen and paper. The entire testing was done in a single seating. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the influence of phonetic variations on language comprehension. It describes an assessment process involving phonetic and non-phonetic reading skills but does not provide any information or evidence tying phonetic variations directly to comprehension outcomes. Thus, it is irrelevant to the claim being analyzed.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Group dynamics can influence individual behavior and decision-making. [SEP] Text: Sequential evidence accumulation in decision making: The individual desired level of confidence can explain the extent of information acquisition Published online by Press: 01 January 2023 andDamian Läge Show author details Daniel Hausmann* Affiliation: (Cognition), University of Läge Affiliation: Psychology, University of Zurich * * Address: Daniel Hausmann, der Universität Zürich, (Kognition), Binzmühlestrasse 14 Box 22, CH-8050 Zürich. E-mail: d. hausmann@psychologie. uzh. ch. 0. 24 mb) View PDF [Opens in a new window] Save to to Save to & Permissions [Opens in a new window] and decisions under uncertainty are frequently linked to a prior sequential search for relevant information. In such cases, the subject has to decide when to stop the search for information. Evidence accumulation models from social and cognitive psychology assume an active and sequential information search until enough evidence has been accumulated to pass a decision threshold. In line with such theories, we conceptualize the evidence threshold as the “desired level of confidence” (DLC) of a person. This model is tested against a fixed stopping rule (one-reason decision making) and against the class of multi-attribute information integrating models. A series of experiments using an information board for horse race betting demonstrates an advantage of the proposed model by measuring the individual DLC of each subject and confirming its correctness in two separate stages. In addition to a better understanding of the stopping rule (within the narrow framework of simple heuristics), the results indicate that individual aspiration levels might be a relevant factor when modelling decision making by task analysis of statistical environments. Keywords evidence accumulationsequential information searchinformation acquisitionthreshold modelsstopping rulelevel of confidenceprobabilistic cuevalidityone-reason decision making 10. 1017/S1930297500002436 [Opens in a new window] The authors license this 3. 0 License. © [2008] This is an 3. 0/), which permits unrestricted re-use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. 1 Introduction “Some use it sometimes. ” This is the short statement by which Newell (2005) concluded the empirical research on the well-known Take-the-Best heuristic (TTB). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text supports the claim by discussing how individual behavior and decision-making, influenced by factors such as the desired level of confidence (DLC), can shape the decision process in a group context. The description of evidence accumulation and sequential information search highlights that decision-making is not solely an individual process but is also influenced by the dynamics of how information is sought and handled collectively.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Every injury can be healed instantly with regenerative medicine. [SEP] Text: DPSCs and SHEDs exhibit a faster rate of proliferation and a higher number of population doublings in vitro, compared with BMSCs. Furthermore, the rate SHEDs is 1. 5 times faster than that of DPSCs (Miura et al. , 2003). Like BMSCs, they are multipotent cells that can differentiate in vitro into a variety of cell types including odontoblasts, osteoblasts, chondrocytes, adipocytes, endothelial cells, myocytes, and functionally active neurons (Gronthos et al. , 2000, Gronthos et al. , 2002a, Batouli et al. , 2003, Miura et al. , 2003, Nosrat et al. , 2004, Kerkis et al. , 2006, d'Aquino et al. , 2007, Arthur et al. , 2008, Arminan et al. , 2009, Wang et al. , 2010). Furthermore, when transplanted into the transected spinal cord (SC), they specifically differentiate toward mature oligodendrocyte lineages (Sakai et al. , 2012: see below). A cDNA microarray analysis showed that SHEDs express many genes encoding extracellular and cell-surface proteins at levels at least two-fold higher than are expressed in BMSCs (Sakai et al. , 2012). It has been shown that the array of trophic factors produced by engrafted DPSCs and SHEDs provide significant therapeutic benefits for the treatment of preclinical animal disease models, including myocardial infarction, systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), ischemic brain injury, SCI, and colitis (Gandia et al. , 2008, Nakashima et al. , 2009, Yamaza et al. , 2010, de Almeida et al. , 2011, Leong et al. , 2012, Ma et al. , 2012, Sakai et al. , 2012, Taghipour et al. , 2012, Zhao et al. , 2012, Inoue et al. , 2013, Yamagata et al. , 2013). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by detailing the limitations of regenerative medicine, stating that while certain cells (DPSCs and SHEDs) have shown therapeutic benefits in specific preclinical models for various conditions, it does not support the idea that all injuries can be healed instantly. The complexity of injuries and the varying efficacy of treatments imply that instantaneous healing may not be feasible.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Phonetic variations can influence language comprehension. [SEP] Text: The test began with the short passage reading comprehension task followed by the long passage reading comprehension task and child was instructed to solve the same. The responses for both these tasks were timed separately and lasted from when the participant started reading the passage until they finished solving the last question. Following this, the clinician proceeded to the reading skills task. Guardian was asked to provide audio recordings of the child as they read each of the word in the word list out loud to their best capacity. These recordings were made separately for both word lists and sent to the clinician for analysis. Caregivers were instructed strictly not to help the child in any way. Only minimal reinforcement on completion of a task was permitted. Clinician avoided taking too many samples of the same test as it may adapt the child and lead to unresponsiveness or fabrication of intended data. On completion of the word list, the testing schedule was concluded. all 4 tasks were completed and all data was received, scoring was carried out. For both, the short and long passage, a score of 1 was given for each correct answer and 0 was given for each incorrect answer. In case of open ended questions, a score of ½ was given if some points of the expected answer were present in the recipient’s response. Similarly, for both the word lists, a score of 1 was assigned for each word produced correctly and 0 was given for words which had even one misarticulation/ error in their production. results were analysed for each of the 4 sections of assessment tasks, namely, short passage comprehension, long passage comprehension, phonetic reading skills and non-phonetic reading skills. Children with (CWNH) For the typically developing group statistical analysis began with analysing each of the 4 categories for normal distribution. The Shapiro-Wilk test of normality revealed that for phonetic reading skills and short passage reading comprehension scores, all three standards, i. e. standard 5, 6 and 7 did not demonstrate normal distribution. While the normality test revealed normal distribution for non-phonetic reading scores for 5th, 6th and 7th grade, for long passage reading comprehension, scores were normally distributed for 6th standard whereas normal distribution was absent for 5th and 7th standard (Table 3). words Non-phonetic words Short passage Long passage w value p value w value p value w value p value w value p value 5TH 0. 789 0. 002 0. 89 0. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text provides a detailed account of a reading comprehension assessment and the scoring of children's performance based on their reading skills. However, it does not address or support the claim regarding phonetic variations influencing language comprehension. It discusses operational procedures and statistical analysis without making a connection to the impact of phonetic variations on comprehension.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Group dynamics can influence individual behavior and decision-making. [SEP] Text: 1 Modelling the information acquisition process under uncertainty The order in which probabilistic cues are to be searched depends on the individual weight of the cue parameters (at least cue validity and discrimination rate, i. e. the proportion of occasions on which a cue value is different for two objects in a two alternative comparison task; see Reference Martignon, Hoffrage, Gigerenzer and ToddMartignon & Hoffrage, 1999; Reference Newell, Rakow, Weston and ShanksNewell, Rakow, Weston & Shanks, 2004; Reference Dieckmann, Todd, Forbus, Gentner and RegierDieckmann & Todd, 2005; Reference Läge, Hausmann, Christen and DaubLäge, Hausmann, Christen & Daub, 2005; Reference Todd, Dieckmann, Saul, Weiss and BottouTodd & Dieckmann, 2005). Whenever the discrimination rate is not relevant, only two search strategies are reasonable: a cue search in descending order of validities (as specified in TTB) or a random selection strategy of cues which has been called the Minimalist search rule (Reference Martignon, Hoffrage, Gigerenzer and ToddMartignon & Hoffrage, 1999). The decision maker’s knowledge about cue validities determines which of these two search rules is adaptive: TTB search rule is normatively required when cue validities are known, whereas Minimalist search rule is the only possible search strategy when cue validities are unknown. In both cases, the crucial question is about the stopping rule: at which point do people stop their search for information? When focussing on the decision rules (ORDM versus information integration in MRDM), the answer should be related to the general strategy of decision making that an individual prefers (one-reason stopping after the first discriminating cue versus more-reason stopping depending on the specific integration model). Focussing on the information acquisition process, however, an alternative answer would be that people will (ideally) terminate search when they have subjectively collected enough information, which means they have enough evidence to determine which of the options is the right or the best one. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text discusses the information acquisition process under uncertainty and highlights how an individual's knowledge about cue validities influences their decision-making strategies. This supports the claim as it implies that social factors, such as the recognition of different cues and strategies influenced by group dynamics, can affect how individuals behave and make decisions based on the information available.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Every injury can be healed instantly with regenerative medicine. [SEP] Text: Thus, these studies collectively show that tooth-derived stem cells are a highly proliferative, multi-potent, and self-renewing ecto-mesenchymal stem cell-like population that actively secretes a broad repertoire of trophic and immunomodulatory factors. Advertisement 3. Brief overview of the pathophysiology of SCIThe development of effective treatments for SCI has been stifled by this injury’s complicated pathophysiology. During the acute phase, a primary mechanical insult disrupts tissue homeostasis. This triggers a secondary response, in which activated resident microglia and infiltrating blood-derived macrophages initiate severe inflammation by releasing high levels of multiple neurotoxic factors that induce the necrotic and apoptotic death of neurons, astrocytes, and oligodendrocytes. This response spreads beyond the initial injury site, and leads to irreversible axonal damage and demyelination (Schwab et al. , 2006, Popovich and Longbrake, 2008, Rowland et al. , 2008). Subsequently, reactive astrocytes and oligodendrocytes near the site of the injured spinal cord (SC) respectively produce chondroitin sulfate proteoglycans (CSPG) and myelin proteins (including myelin-associated glycoprotein (MAG), and Ephrin). These extracellular molecules function as axon growth inhibitors (AGIs), acting through the intracellular Rho GTPase signaling cascade (Silver and Miller, 2004, Yiu and He, 2006). Thus, multiple pathogenic signals act to synergistically accelerate the progressive neuronal deterioration following SCI. Therefore, therapeutic strategies for functional recovery from SCI must exert multifaceted reparative effects targeting a variety of pathogenic mechanisms (Schwab et al. , 2006). Advertisement 4. Multifaceted neuro-regenerative activities of pulp stem cells4. 1. Anti-inflammatory activityUnder various pathogenic conditions, macrophages differentiate into polarized pro-inflammatory (M1) or anti-inflammatory (M2) states, and direct either detrimental or beneficial effects on tissue healing (Gordon, 2003, Mosser and Edwards, 2008). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by detailing the complexities and challenges associated with spinal cord injuries (SCI) and their treatment. It explains the intricate pathophysiology of SCI, including the processes that lead to irreversible damage and the necessity for multifaceted therapeutic strategies to repair the injury, suggesting that instant healing is not feasible.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Phonetic variations can influence language comprehension. [SEP] Text: 056 0. 501 0 0. 003 0. 006 6TH 0. 878 0. 02 0. 931 0. 177 0. 864 0. 012 0. 093 0. 915 7TH 0. 891 0. 02 0. 969 0. 682 0. 656 0 0. 845 0. 824 Table 3 Shapiro- Wilk test results for CWNH Following this, test (non- parametric test) was applied to compare the three standards for scores of all 4 tasks. The Kruskal-test indicated that there is a significant difference in the scores between standard 5th, 6th and 7th for phonetic scores, short reading comprehension passage, long reading comprehension passage whereas no significant difference was found for non-phonetic scores (Table 4). Task p value Phonetic scores 0 Non-phonetic scores 0. 019 Short reading passage scores 0. 016 Long reading passage scores 0. 275 Table 4 Kruskal- Wallis test results for analysis using the U test for the 3 tasks depicting a significant difference in the test (phonetic scores, short reading passage scores, long reading passage scores) there was a significant difference between the scores of standard 5 and 6, standard 6 and 7 but not between standard 5 and 7 on all 3 tasks (Table 5). Task 5th and 6th 6th and 7th 5th and 7th Phonetic scores 0 0. 016 0. 134 Short reading passage scores 0. 011 0. 03 0. 433 Long reading passage scores 0 0. 027 0. 816 Table 5 Mann- Test results for CWNH Children with (CWCI) For children with cochlear implantation the process was similar. Statistical analysis began with analysing each of the 4 categories for normal distribution. The Shapiro-Wilk test of normality revealed normal distribution across all standards for phonetic reading scores as well as for long reading passage comprehension scores. While Non-phonetic reading scores did not demonstrate normal distribution for standard 7 whereas normal distribution for standard 5 and 6, short reading passage comprehension scores were normally distributed only for 6th grade and not for 5th and 7th grade (Table 6). words Non-phonetic words Short passage Long passage w value p value w value p value w value p value w value p value 5TH 0. 945 0. 904 0. 764 0. 096 0. 629 0. 017 0. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text provides detailed statistical analysis results regarding phonetic and non-phonetic reading scores, but it does not directly address how phonetic variations may influence language comprehension. The analysis focuses on comparing scores across different standards and tasks without explicitly connecting these results to the impact of phonetic variations on comprehension, making it irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Group dynamics can influence individual behavior and decision-making. [SEP] Text: This assumption can be based on experimental findings that show a very clear relation between stopping behaviour and estimated cue validity in a learning experiment conducted by Hausmann, Christen, and Läge (2005): over a learning period of 50 trials, people observed the ratio of correct/incorrect answers from four experts who gave advice in a quiz show. In a second stage, they became participants of that quiz show and were able to seek advice from one or more of these experts. As to be expected, people started their search with the expert they had perceived to give the most valid answers. The stopping rule, however, very much depended on the perceived validity of this best adviser: the higher the perceived validity was, the higher the tendency towards ORDM. 1. 0. 2 Models with an explicit level of confidence as a stopping rule Approaches that place the stopping rule in the foreground and make it dependent on the quality of the searched cue information have been called evidence accumulation, or evidence accrual, or sequential-sampling process models, for they consist of an evidence threshold, the reaching or exceeding of which results in the termination of the information search (for a list of specific models according to this class of approaches, see and CumminsLee & Cummins, 2004, p. 346; Reference RouderRouder, 2001, p. 335; or Leth-Steensen & Marley, 2000, p. 65). The direction of the decision (the preferred option) has already crystallized and the effective choice (the decision rule) therefore remains trivial. The “satisficing principle” of (1955; 1956) was an early threshold model in decision making theories, intended as a direct rejection of the a priori normative view provided by the utility maximization principle of Utility theory. Rather than maximizing the overall utility of all available options, Simon postulated that people search for options only until the first one met or exceeded an aspiration level. had focused on the search for options and the evaluation of their overall utilities, one can assume a “sufficiency” principle for the search for probability cue information when options are given: how much cue information do people need to make a good or correct decision? People perhaps want to find out not only what the best decision is, but they also want to reach a certain level of confidence before making their final decision. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing how individuals' stopping behavior in a learning experiment was influenced by their perceptions of expert validity. This indicates that group dynamics, specifically the advice from experts in a quiz setting, affected individual decision-making processes, suggesting a clear link between these dynamics and personal choices.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Every injury can be healed instantly with regenerative medicine. [SEP] Text: In the acute phase of SCI, the majority of accumulating microglia/macrophages are of the M1 type, and few M2 macrophages are seen throughout this period (Kigerl et al. , 2009, David and Kroner, 2011). The activated M1 macrophages secrete high levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines and neurotoxic factors, including tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-6, glutamate, and reactive oxygen species (Hausmann, 2003, Donnelly and Popovich, 2008). These neurotoxic factors accelerate glial scar formation (Popovich and Longbrake, 2008), and they induce neuronal cell death (Takeuchi et al. , 2006, Block et al. , 2007) and the retraction of damaged dystrophic axons (Horn et al. , 2008, Busch et al. , 2009). In contrast, M2 cells counteract the pro-inflammatory M1 effects and promote tissue remodeling by secreting anti-inflammatory cytokines (e. g. IL-10 and TGF-β), and scavenging cellular debris (Gordon, 2003, Mosser and Edwards, 2008, David and Kroner, 2011). Thus, macrophage polarity has the potential to determine the level of inflammation and the resultant prognosis following SCI. Recent studies have demonstrated the induction of M2 macrophage polarization following SCI, and some of the underlying mechanisms are beginning to be elucidated. CSPG, a major component of the glial scar that is mainly known for its ability to inhibit axonal growth, has recently been shown to promote M2 polarization of infiltrating blood-derived macrophages (Rolls et al. , 2008, Shechter et al. , 2009, Shechter et al. , 2011). In addition, recent reports have shown that BMSC transplantation using SCI or brain ischemia models leads to M2 induction (Ohtaki et al. , 2008, Nakajima et al. , 2012). BMSC-mediated M2 induction requires both the pre-sensitization of BMSCs by pro-inflammatory factors, such as IFN-γ, TNF-α, and LPS, and direct cell-to-cell contact (Nemeth et al. , 2009, Singer and Caplan, 2011). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the complexities of spinal cord injury (SCI) healing, particularly the role of immune response and macrophage polarization in the injury process. It explains that M1 macrophages promote inflammation and neuronal damage, while M2 macrophages aid in healing and tissue remodeling. This indicates that healing from injuries is not instantaneous and involves significant biological processes, contradicting the claim that regenerative medicine can heal injuries instantly.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Phonetic variations can influence language comprehension. [SEP] Text: 972 0. 995 6TH 0. 988 0. 999 0. 965 0. 965 0. 922 0. 613 0. 908 0. 495 7TH 0. 814 0. 067 0. 749 0. 02 0. 774 0. 031 0. 854 0. 149 Table 6 Shapiro- Wilk test results for test indicated that there is a non-significant difference in the dependent variable between standards 5th, 6th and 7th for all 4 tasks of assessment, namely, phonetic reading scores, non-phonetic reading scores, short reading comprehension passage scores, long reading comprehension passage scores (Table 7). Task p value Phonetic scores 0. 414 Non-phonetic scores 0. 594 Short reading passage scores 0. 204 Long reading passage scores 0. 697 Table 7 Kruskal- results for CWCI Since no significant difference was seen within the groups on H test, analysis was not required for the CI sample analysis. CWNH vs. CWCI Final comparison was made between CWCI and CWNH grade wise for each of the 4 tasks using the U Test. On analytical comparisons, no statistically significant differences were seen between 5th, 6th and 7th standard peers of CWNH and CWCI for phonetic reading skill scores, non-phonetic reading skill scores and long reading passage comprehension scores. With reference to short reading passage comprehension scores, while there continued to be no statistical significance between 5th graders as well as 6th graders of the two groups, there was a significant difference between scores obtained by 7th standard participants of CWNH and those of CWCI (Table 8). TASK 5th standard 6th standard 7th standard Phonetic scores 0. 624 0. 44 0. 156 Non-phonetic scores 0. 294 0. 235 0. 663 Short reading passage scores 0. 839 0. 28 0. 037 Long reading passage scores 0. 576 0. 051 0. 477 Table 8 U Test results for CWNH vs. findings of this paper combined with those of previous studies give out some interesting topics of discussion. When comparing the various groups in the 4 domains of assessment it can be easily decoded that children who undergo cochlear implantation at a young age and have a significant hearing age perform almost at par, if not at the same level, of their typically developing peers. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text provides detailed statistical results regarding phonetic and non-phonetic reading scores across different grade levels but does not directly address the claim about phonetic variations influencing language comprehension. Instead, it mentions the absence of significant differences in assessment performances among different groups, meaning it does not support or contradict the claim about phonetic variations. Therefore, it is deemed irrelevant.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Group dynamics can influence individual behavior and decision-making. [SEP] Text: The expectation of the error distributions in accordance with three decision models (and MRDM) and one random model (expecting a uniform distribution of correct predictions and errors) is presented in Figure 2. Out of the 440 trials (20 trials for 22 participants), the DLC model predicted 400 trials correctly (91%). The superiority to the other models is evident: ORDM correctly predicted only 214 trials (49%), MRDM 226 trials (51%). Therefore, no more than 9% errors clearly speak in favour of a preferred and consistent use of a confidence threshold model (DLC) at a group level. Figure 2: The four examined models and their predictions. A pure ORDM-model would predict stopping after the first uncovered cue (= ORDM-stopping behaviour) for all testing trials per person (N = 20) independent of the degree of the validity of the first uncovered cue. A pure MRDM-model would predict a further search (no stopping after the first cue) for all trials (= MRDM-stopping behaviour). A threshold model with an individual desired level of confidence (DLC) would predict a stopping of information search as a function of the degree of validities: showing an ORDM-stopping behaviour if the validity of the first uncovered cues reaches or exceeds the DLC and correspondingly a MRDM-stopping if the validity is lower than the DLC. In comparison, a random model would result in an unspecific stopping behaviour. Results (on the third line) support the threshold model with only 4% (M = 0. 77, SD = 1. 11) errors of Type 1 (1 first cue validity wrongly accepted) and 5% (M = 1. 05, SD = 1. 46) errors of Type 2 (2 first cue validity wrongly ignored), with a total of 22 participants. On an individual level, each single participant can be classified as a user of his or her confidence threshold (binomial test, α =. 05, which means that at least 15 out of the 20 trials had to follow the DLC prediction). The same tests for the alternative models (ORDM and MRDM) failed for all participants: only in the case of one participant could it not be ruled out that she followed an inconsistent MRDM-stopping rule (15 hits out of the 20 trials for both, MRDM prediction and DLC prediction). In conclusion, people behave significantly according to the measured DLC. 2. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by explaining how individual participants in a group setting exhibited behavior that was significantly influenced by a measured confidence threshold model (DLC). It mentions that results support the assertion that people behave according to this model, indicating that group-level dynamics, such as utilizing a collective threshold for decision-making, can shape individual decisions and behaviors.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Every injury can be healed instantly with regenerative medicine. [SEP] Text: Thus, CSPG together with pro-inflammatory factors in the injured SC may be involved in the pre-sensitization of engrafted BMSCs to activate their M2-inducing machinery. As described in the previous section, SHEDs also exhibit strong immunosuppressive properties that effectively ameliorate several autoimmune diseases, including SLE and colitis (Yamaza et al. , 2010, Ma et al. , 2012, Zhao et al. , 2012). Importantly, intravenously administered SHEDs express Fas-Ligand, which induces T-cell apoptosis, thereby triggering immune tolerance (Zhao et al. , 2012). This elevates the ratio of regulatory T cells (Tregs) to pro-inflammatory T cells, resulting in anti-inflammatory conditions (Yamaza et al. , 2010). We also found that, in the mouse hypoxic ischemia model, both intracerebral transplantation of SHEDs, and administration of serum-free conditioned media (CM) derived from SHEDs (SHED-CM), generates anti-inflammatory conditions and promotes functional recovery (Yamagata et al. , 2013). Thus, tooth-derived stem cells have strong immunoregulatory properties that promote tissue regeneration in the injured CNS. 4. 2. Regeneration of the injured axonBoth axonal regeneration and the re-formation of appropriate neuronal connections are required for functional recovery from SCI. However, multiple AGIs block the inherent regenerative capacities of injured axons (Silver and Miller, 2004, Schwab et al. , 2006, Yiu and He, 2006, Rowland et al. , 2008). It is well known that AGIs constitute an intricate molecular network in the extracellular space of the injured CNS, where they activate a common intracellular signaling mediator, Rho GTPase, and its effector, Rho-associated kinase (ROCK) (Maekawa et al. , 1999, Winton et al. , 2002, Dubreuil et al. , 2003, Monnier et al. , 2003, Yamashita and Tohyama, 2003). Activation of the Rho-ROCK cascade induces growth-cone collapse and axonal repulsion (Hall, 1998). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts with the claim by discussing the challenges that injuries face in terms of regeneration, specifically mentioning that multiple axonal growth inhibitors (AGIs) block the inherent regenerative capacities of injured axons. This implies that not every injury can be healed instantly, as there are complex mechanisms in place that impede the regenerative process.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Phonetic variations can influence language comprehension. [SEP] Text: A growing body of literature has shown that sensory restoration can benefit the acquisition of several speech skills such as suprasegmental features, vowels, consonants, as well as intelligibility and conversational abilities. 6 In a recent large-scale study on the reading skills of deaf Dutch children, it was reported that the average reading comprehension scores of deaf children and adolescents were ‘‘shockingly low’’. The average reading comprehension for children in the ages of 7–20 years was at a level of first grade of primary education. 7. Geers8 reported in her study that normal speech and language development is possible for many children who experience only a short period of auditory deprivation during the critical language learning years. It is likely that an even greater proportion of children who receive auditory stimulation before a language delay has been established (i. e. , prior to age 2 years), will exhibit normal spoken language when they reach elementary school age. The findings of this study are similar to those mentioned in others. CWCI performed at par with CWNH on almost all areas of assessment, namely, reading comprehension and reading skills which suggests that cochlear implantation helps to establish near normal reading abilities. While conducting interviews with caregivers, almost all pointed out the critical factor of the COVID-19 impact on their learning. With a shift in the mode of education to online mediums, all parents expressed serious concerns of deteriorating skills due to limited exposure to schooling in the online mode for the 2 years of lockdown. Subjects targeted by parents mainly included language (English) and mathematical skills of their ward. These concerns lead us to believe that there is a possibility of higher scores in CWCI groups on the assessment tasks had it not been for the lockdown. Qualitative differences were found between the two groups (CWNH and CWCI) especially with reference to the reading skills task. Resonance was affected for most of the CWCI participants as they demonstrated a relatively nasal voice, similar to cul-de-sac nasality. Errors in production of words were phonological for CWCI group and they showed higher prevalence of SODA errors (Substitutions, Omissions, Distortions, and Additions) as opposed to the mispronunciation errors in CWNH. children with normal hearing, it can be concluded that non-phonetic reading skills are equally good across all grades (5th, 6th and 7th). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not directly address the claim about phonetic variations influencing language comprehension. Instead, it discusses various aspects of language acquisition and reading skills in children, particularly those with cochlear implants and the impacts of auditory deprivation and online learning. While there are mentions of phonological errors in the context of reading skills, the text does not specifically relate phonetic variations to language comprehension.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Group dynamics can influence individual behavior and decision-making. [SEP] Text: 61) which indicates that the more a participant behaved according to the ORDM stopping rule the more money he or she could earn. 3 of the advantages of the sequential evidence accumulation approach is that researchers will have a more precise view of the individual decision making process. Classification into the three building blocks (search, stopping and decision rule) (Reference Hausmann, Christen, Läge, Gula, Alexandrowicz, Strauss, Brunner, Jenull-Schiefer and VitouchGigerenzer, Todd & the ABC Research Group, 1999) has already proved to be a useful instrument in describing individual decision behaviour in multi-attribute settings with probability cues. Although the decision rule has been predominant for a long time in the research history of decision making, the empirical support for an evidence accumulation approach reveals that the stopping rule is crucial indeed: it expresses the need for people to know at which point they have accumulated sufficient information on the pending decision problem. If they reach this point by accumulating evidence, they already “know” how they have to decide because in most of the cases it is obvious. As in the best case, with only one discriminating cue, the decision rule becomes trivial: “decide in the direction the cue points to” (see and CumminsLee & Cummins, 2004). 3. 1 Empirical indications for a DLC 1, we tested the desired level of confidence (DLC) with a very simple and direct method on the basis of the first uncovered cue. The horse race experiment showed very clear empirical data confirming the hypothesis of individual confidence thresholds (with a mean DLC of. 73 in Experiment 1). The “inconsistent” behaviour Newell and other colleagues noted earlier can now be seen as a systematic search and decision pattern in nearly all of the tested participants: if the evidence from the first uncovered cue (validity) reached or exceeded the DLC, participants followed an ORDM, and if the value of the current cue validity was lower than the DLC, participants correspondingly searched for further information (violation of the stopping rule of ORDM) in order to increase their confidence. At present, we still know very little about how people deal with conflicting information or, generally, what they do by continuing to search after discriminating cues have been found. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing individual decision-making processes and the role of accumulated evidence in shaping those decisions. It highlights how an individual's behavior may be influenced by both internal thresholds for confidence and external cues, thus indicating that group dynamics, particularly in a decision-making context, can impact individual behavior and choices.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Every injury can be healed instantly with regenerative medicine. [SEP] Text: In contrast, inactivation of either Rho by C3 transferase, or ROCK by the kinase inhibitor Y-27632 down-regulates AGI signaling and promotes functional recovery after SCI (Lehmann et al. , 1999, Dergham et al. , 2002, Fournier et al. , 2003). Thus, Rho-ROCK signaling is an important target for SCI treatments; however, few studies have investigated the effect of stem-cell transplantation on regulating AGI/Rho-ROCK signaling cascades. Importantly, engrafted SHEDs were recently shown to promote the regeneration of two major types of descending axons (CST and 5-HT) beyond the lesion epicenter, and to concomitantly inhibit SCI-induced Rho activation. Furthermore, both SHED-CM and DPSC-CM (but not BMSC-CM) promote neurite extension by primary cerebral granular neurons (CGNs) cultured on two different AGIs (CSPG and MAG) (Sakai et al. , 2012). Thus, tooth-derived stem cells promote the regeneration of transected axons through the direct inhibition of multiple AGI signals by paracrine mechanisms. In addition, the engraftment of DPSCs into avian embryos results in the chemoattraction of trigeminal ganglion axons via the chemokine CXCL12 and its receptor, CXCR4 (Arthur et al. , 2009). DPSCs and SHEDs express several neurotropic factors that promote neurite extension (de Almeida et al. , 2011, Sakai et al. , 2012). Our preliminary analysis showed that these trophic factors, when applied individually, failed to promote the neurite extension of CGNs cultured on CSPG-coated dishes; however it is possible that they may promote axonal regeneration in a synergistic manner. 4. 3. Anti-apoptotic activityPharmacological blockade of neuron and/or oligodendrocyte apoptosis by a number of agents promotes functional recovery after SCI. These agents include the following: erythropoietin (Celik et al. , 2002, Gorio et al. , 2002), inhibitors of purine receptor P2X7 (OxATP and PPADS) (Wang et al. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the complexity of regenerative medicine and indicates that certain agents and mechanisms are necessary for promoting functional recovery after spinal cord injury (SCI). It highlights that merely applying trophic factors did not lead to neurite extension, suggesting that the healing process is not instantaneous and requires more than just regenerative medicine techniques.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Phonetic variations can influence language comprehension. [SEP] Text: With reference to phonetic reading, short passage and long passage reading comprehension skills, it was seen that standard 5 as well as standard 7 students performed better than students of standard 6. It was observed that for all 3 assessment tasks the performance of 5th graders and 7th graders was relatively same. For children with cochlear implantation, the performance level of children across all 3 grades 5th, 6th and 7th was relatively on the same level for all 4 assessment tasks, i. e. phonetic reading skills, non-phonetic reading skills, short reading comprehension passage and long reading comprehension passage. On comparing the participants of the two groups (CWNH and CWCI) standard wise for all 4 assessment tasks it can be written that the performance of 5th graders of CWNH and CWCI as well as 7th graders of the two groups for all 4 tasks (phonetic reading, non-phonetic reading, short reading comprehension, long reading comprehension) was comparable. For 6th standard participants, both CWNH and CWCI performed equally well in the phonetic reading, non-phonetic reading and long passage reading comprehension tasks. However, it was observed that 6th graders of CWNH group had significantly better scores in the short reading comprehension tasks as compared to those in the CWCI group Reading was chosen because for young children reading skills play an important role and form the basis of advanced learning as they grow. CWNH are enrolled into schools according to their chronological age but that is not the case for CWCI. Hence, this study assessed if CWCI can adapt to the complexity of skills needed as their grade increases. This study shows that comparable performances were seen for all major tasks between CWNH and CWCI indicating that CWCI can perform at higher levels of complexity. The major limitation of this study is the sample size of the CWCI group and the inequality between CWNH and CWCI group. Another drawback of this study is its period of occurrence. This study was conducted during the COVID- 19 pandemic and in the midst of a lockdown. As a result of this, online mode of communication was used to interact with the participants and close monitoring was maintained throughout the course of each session conducted. Additional behavioural observations which could have been possible in person were not plausible in the online mode. Lastly, this study was conducted only for 3 levels of schooling, i. e. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text discusses the performance of students across various reading comprehension tasks but does not specifically address how phonetic variations impact language comprehension. Instead, it mentions general reading skills and the performance of different groups of students, which does not directly support or refute the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Group dynamics can influence individual behavior and decision-making. [SEP] Text: It seems as if most people attach greater importance to confidence (“most probably I am correct”) than to normative behaviour (“I am significantly better than the base rate”) when making their decisions. 3. 2 Theoretical indications for a DLC: evidence accumulation and threshold models In general, sequential sampling models assume an accumulation of information until there is sufficient evidence to favour one option. More or less independently from each other, different authors have similarly termed such an internal confidence threshold: “level of aspiration” (and KanareffLanzetta & Kanareff, 1962), “desire to produce an accurate response” (and KleinmuntzHulland & Kleinmuntz, 1994), “desired level of judgmental confidence” (and ChaikenEagly & Chaiken, 1993), “desired level of confidence” (Reference Hausmann, Läge, Opwis and PennerHausmann & Läge, 2005), or “evidence accrual” (and CumminsLee & Cummins, 2004). 3. 2. 1 Heuristic and systematic information processing and the Principle of Sufficiency within and beyond the persuasion context The “heuristic-systematic model” (HSM) from Reference Chaiken, Liberman, Eagly, Uleman and BarghChaiken, Liberman, and Eagly (1989) distinguishes between two different modes of information processing: systematic information processing on the one hand needs a considerable cognitive effort in comprehending, evaluating und integrating the message’s arguments in forming a final judgment, whereas on the other hand heuristic processing is less effortful and can include specific simple decision rules, schemata, or heuristics that mediate people’s attitudes such as, for example, the use of heuristic cues as source expertise (“experts’ statements can be trusted”), source likeability, message length, and consensus information. One basic assumption of the model (in persuasion settings) is that people must be motivated to engage in systematic processing, because people — as economy-minded souls — prefer less effortful to more effortful modes of information processing. But the “sufficiency principle” (the underlying motivation to hold accurate and valid attitudes) forces efficient information processors to strike a balance between minimizing their processing efforts and maximizing their judgmental confidence. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing how people attach greater importance to their own confidence and heuristic cues when making decisions, which indicates that group dynamics and shared cues can play a significant role in individual decision-making processes. This aligns with the idea that group behavior can shape individual choices by creating pressures or influences that impact how decisions are formed and judged.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Every injury can be healed instantly with regenerative medicine. [SEP] Text: , 2004), a neutralizing antibody against CD95 (FAS) antigen (Demjen et al. , 2004), and minocycline (Stirling et al. , 2004, Teng et al. , 2004). Engrafted SHEDs suppress the apoptosis of neurons and oligodendrocytes, resulting in the remarkable preservation of neurofilaments and myelin sheaths in the region surrounding the lesion epicenter (Nosrat et al. , 2001, de Almeida et al. , 2011). Intracerebral transplantation of DPSCs from rhesus macaques promotes proliferation, cell recruitment, and maturation of endogenous stem/progenitor cells by modulating the local microenvironment (Huang et al. , 2008). Notably, SHEDs also strongly inhibit the apoptosis of astrocytes recruited to the lesion (Sakai et al. , 2012). Classically, reactive, CSPG-generating astrocytes have been considered an obstacle to axonal regeneration; however, recent genetic studies in mice indicate that the conditional ablation of astrocytes after SCI results in larger lesions, failure of blood-brain-barrier repair, increased inflammation and tissue disruption, severe demyelination, and profound cell death of neurons and oligodendrocytes (Bush et al. , 1999, Faulkner et al. , 2004, Okada et al. , 2006, Herrmann et al. , 2008, Rolls et al. , 2009). Thus, the collective evidence demonstrates that, in addition to their anti-regenerative activity, astrocytes also play an important role in neuro-protection during the acute phase of SCI. SHEDs can suppress astrocyte apoptosis and minimize secondary injury, as well as inhibit the AGI activity of CSPG derived from astrocytes. Thus, SHEDs have the potential to promote functional recovery after SCI through two distinct mechanisms involving astrocyte regulation. 4. 4. Cell-replacement activityUndifferentiated rat and human pulp stem cells can form neurospheres in vitro (Sasaki et al. , 2008, Wang et al. , 2010) and simultaneously express multiple neural stem/progenitor markers (Gronthos et al. , 2002a, Miura et al. , 2003, Sakai et al. , 2012). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by illustrating the complexities of regenerative medicine, particularly in the context of spinal cord injury (SCI). It discusses the role of SHEDs in suppressing apoptosis to promote recovery but does not support the notion of instant healing; instead, it highlights that reactive astrocytes can hinder regeneration and that there are significant biological challenges to healing injuries. The text emphasizes the necessity of ongoing mechanisms in recovery, countering the idea of instant healing.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Phonetic variations can influence language comprehension. [SEP] Text: Most manual letters are produced with the wrist extended or slightly hyperextended, elbow flexed past 90 degrees, and the forearm rotated such that the palm is facing outward. Several letters are produced with a different orientation that does not conform to this default. The letters -g-, -h-, -p-, and -q- face inward and -p- and -q- also face downward. Additionally, as with all parts of language, this phonological representation must be executed by the body through an interface between the abstract units (the phonology) and the physical reality (the phonetics). Again, as with all language, there can be, and often is, a divergence from phonological specification – or the citation form which is (more) closely tied to the phonological specification – and phonetic implementation due to a host of factors including coarticulatory effects, reduction, and effects of production rate. This 1. Will students who receive explicit training improve more on a comprehension measure than students receiving implicit fingerspelling training? 2. Will the efficacy explicit training interact with the experimental conditions? Specifically, will the training result in more or less improvement on fingerspelling comprehension when holds are masked, when transitions are masked, or in the control conditions where nothing is masked? II Methods1 ParticipantsEighteen students in their third semester of language learning participated in this experiment in exchange for course credit. The class was split into two groups; one received the explicit fingerspelling training, while the other received the implicit training. Groups were balanced for grades received in students’ highest completed level of ASL at the time of study as a proxy for language proficiency. Table 1 presents additional characteristics demonstrating that groups were also balanced with respect to age, age of acquisition, and gender. Table 1. Participant characteristics by group. CharacteristicExplicit trainingImplicit trainingGenderf = 8, m = 1f = 6, m = 3ASL 2 gradeA = 3, A– = 2, B+ = 3, B = 1A = 3, A– = 2, B+ = 3, B = 1ASL required for major21Average age of ASL acquisition (years)2221Average age at time of study (years)24242 Delivery and timelineUsing the survey delivery system Qualtrics (Qualtrics, 2016), participants entered a unique study identification number to complete a pre-test and post-test. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim directly and instead details the physical aspects of manual letter production and a study on training methods in language comprehension. It does not provide evidence or context regarding phonetic variations' influence on language comprehension.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Group dynamics can influence individual behavior and decision-making. [SEP] Text: The effected processing efforts (heuristic versus systematic) can therefore be viewed as a function of the discrepancy that exists between actual and desired levels of confidence (and ChaikenEagly & Chaiken, 1993): “… that people will exert whatever level of effort is required to attain a sufficient degree of confidence that they have satisfactorily accomplished their processing goals” (Reference Chaiken, Liberman, Eagly, Uleman and BarghChaiken et al. , 1989, p. 221). Although the underlying searching and stopping processes haven’t been tested empirically, Eagly, Chaiken, and their co-authors, have — within the field of social psychology — developed the idea of an individual confidence threshold (criterion point of sufficient or desired confidence) which can vary as a function of individual difference and situational factors. In his 3. 2. 2 Alternative threshold models under uncertainty Evidence accumulating approaches commonly try to model the individual decision process to include a stage of sequential gathering of information (search rule), the reaching of a threshold (stopping rule) and the decision for one of the options (a simple decision rule). For nearly all of these models, the termination of information search when reaching a threshold (stopping rule) is crucial. Apart from the two extremes (“search as much as you will find” and “search for one good reason”), many assumptions have been made and numerous investigations about different types of stopping thresholds have been conducted. In general, there could be more than one stopping mechanism (Newell’s “adjustable spanner” [2005] assumes a certain degree of flexibility), especially when considering that strategies are adapted to environments and circumstances. Time pressure (adhering to deadlines) can be mentioned as an external threshold, as well as cost arguments or other constraints (search costs, limited cognitive or material resources) (Reference SimonSimon, 1956). 3. 2. 3 Cost-benefit analysis as a stopping rule The most explored threshold is probably that in cost-benefit models. The selection of different decision strategies has been seen as a result of a cost-benefit analysis in the way that people choose the strategy that requires the least investment for a satisfactory solution (Reference Aschenbrenner, Albert and SchmalhoferBeach & Mitchell, 1978; and KanareffPayne, Bettman & Johnson, 1988). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing how individual decision processes, including the exertion of effort to attain confidence in processing, are influenced by situational factors and individual differences. It highlights that the selection of decision strategies and stopping mechanisms reflects how group dynamics and contextual elements can affect individual behavior and decision-making.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Every injury can be healed instantly with regenerative medicine. [SEP] Text: In addition, DPSCs can differentiate in vitro toward functionally active neurons, which express voltage-gated Na+channels, and in vivo toward neuron-like cells 48 hours after transplantation into the mesencephalon of avian embryos (Arthur et al. , 2008). Furthermore, simultaneous PKC and cAMP activation induces the differentiation of DPSCs into functionally active neurons (Kiraly et al. , 2009). Thus, pulp stem cells display a capacity for neuronal differentiation both in vivo and in vitro. Recently, three independent groups reported that pulp stem cells show neuro-regenerative activity in rodent SCI models. Interestingly, engrafted pulp stem cells promoted significant functional recovery in all three studies, but exhibited variable capacities for differentiation. In the first study, DPSCs were transplanted into the compressed mouse SC at day 7 (sub-acute phase) or day 28 (chronic phase) after injury, and the engrafted DPSCs differentiated into glia cells expressing S-100 and GFAP (de Almeida et al. , 2011). In the second study, undifferentiated or neural-phenotype induced SHED (iSHED) were transplanted into the contused rat SC at 7 days after injury. Engrafted SHED and iSHED differentiated primarily into MAP2+mature neurons and GFAP+astrocytes, and to a lesser extent into MBP-and NG2-expressing oligodendrocytes (Taghipour et al. , 2012). In the third study, from our group, undifferentiated SHEDs were transplanted into the completely transected rat SC immediately after the surgery. The engrafted SHEDs survived well following SCI: more than 30% of the engrafted SHEDs survived as a cell mass in the injured SC 8 weeks after transplantation and more than 90% of the engrafted SHEDs differentiated toward mature oligodendrocytes, expressing APC and MBP (Sakai et al. , 2012). Taken together, these experimental data suggest that the microenvironment of the transplanted stem cells significantly affects their capacity for differentiation. In the acute phase of SCI, the injured SC contains high levels of pro-inflammatory mediators. Thus these factors may activate the oligodendrocyte-specific differentiation cascade of pulp stem cells. Advertisement 5. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing research findings that indicate the complexity of healing with regenerative medicine, specifically mentioning that stem cells differentiate into various cell types following transplantation and that their effectiveness can vary based on injury type and timing. For instance, it describes studies showing engrafted stem cells promoting functional recovery after injury, but also highlights that factors like the inflammatory environment and the phase of injury affect the differentiation and healing outcomes, indicating that healing is not instantaneous.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Phonetic variations can influence language comprehension. [SEP] Text: These tests included the same content and basic design as those used in Keane and Geer (2016). Data were collected over a three-week period during a summer semester. Participants had one week to complete the pre-test, during which time they did not have access to the explicit training or implicit training (which they knew as respectively). In the following week they gained access to their training. In the week after the training, they completed the post-test, again, during which time they could not access the training. Participants were naive to the purpose of the study and to the differences in training design. 3 StimuliVideo stimuli for this project consisted of fingerspelling video clips from the corpus collected and annotated by Keane and colleagues (Keane, 2014; Keane, Brentari, & Riggle, 2013a, 2015, Keane, Riggle, & Brentari, 2013a). In their corpus, researchers identified stable hand configurations, which they termed apogees, as periods in which the velocity of the hand was zero or approached zero (see §3. 2. 2 of Keane, 2014, for more detailed information about segment identification in this corpus). In other words, the portion of the signal where the hand is as still as possible is the hold portion. The portions in between held postures are transition segments. Raw video footage was modified in the following ways for this experiment:•slowed to half-speed (all);•black screen masks inserted into the transition portions of each of the clips to create the holds-only condition (30 items); and•black screen masks inserted into the hold portions of each of the clips to create the transitions-only condition (30 items). The stimuli were all slowed to half speed to avoid a floor effect. Before data collection for the study reported in Geer and Keane (2014) began in earnest, several students volunteered to test project stimuli. At normal speed, students were unable to comprehend fingerspelled stimuli, even without masking. To combat this issue but still examine relevant cues in the fingerspelling stream, video clips were slowed to facilitate student testing. Crucially, half-speed stimuli retain their timing properties. For example, consider Figure 1. In this particular token, the hold portions are longer than the transition portions. Even when the item is slowed to half speed, this remains true. Instead of -c- lasting 149 ms, its duration would be double that, or 298 ms. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not directly address the claim regarding phonetic variations influencing language comprehension. It discusses a study involving fingerspelling video clips and how they were modified for an experiment, but does not provide evidence or insight into how variations in phonetics specifically impact comprehension.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Group dynamics can influence individual behavior and decision-making. [SEP] Text: There are several studies combining some of these factors, for example Lanzetta and Kanareff (1962; cost, payoff, aspiration), and Hulland and Kleinmuntz (1994; cost, time pressure, payoff, and experience). Other factors such as information costs, amount of payoff, time pressure, complexity, importance, experience, etc. are thought to be able to change the DLC in a specific decision task and can therefore indirectly influence the stopping of information search. The concept of the desired level of confidence as a stopping rule in evidence accumulation tasks needs to be investigated in more detail, especially in other experimental settings. We are confident that further research in the field of sequential evidence accumulation, especially on the investigation of factors influencing the setting or the adjustment of the desired level of confidence, could be the key to helping us reveal and understand the complex connections contexts and mechanisms of decision behaviour under uncertainty. 2. The table on the next page shows participants’ stopping behaviour in Experiment 2 (n = 36) in the Minimalist condition (uncovered cue validities were randomly distributed) and the TTB condition (cue validities were structured in a decreasing order). For both conditions the number of ORDM (information search stopped after the first uncovered cue) and MRDM (search continued after the first uncovered cue) is shown (amounting to a total of 29 trials for each condition). The desired level of confidence (DLC) was calculated for both conditions separately (level with the minimal sum of error values; for details see Experiment 1 or Hausmann & Läge, 2005). The number of DLC hits was calculated from the number of correctly used ORDM (when the first uncovered cue validity was equal to or higher than the calculated DLC) and the number of correctly used MRDM (when the first uncovered cue validity was lower than the calculated DLC). The classification of a DLC-stopping strategy was deduced if the number of DLC hits was equal to or larger than 21 (binomial test, α =. 50); a non-significant number (< 21) was classified as “none” strategy. A classification of an MRDM-stopping strategy was deduced if the number of MRDM was 29 (100% of the trials), and an ORDM-stopping strategy would have been resolved if the number of ORDM was 0. Notes on the table: S = Participant number Seq. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text discusses various factors that can influence decision-making, such as cost, time pressure, and experience, implying that the context and dynamics within a group can alter individual stopping behavior in decision tasks. It highlights the role of elements like desired level of confidence in evidence accumulation tasks and suggests that understanding group dynamics is essential for comprehending how these factors influence individual behaviors.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Every injury can be healed instantly with regenerative medicine. [SEP] Text: ConclusionRecent experimental data from a number of studies reveals that engrafted SHEDs provide a number of distinct therapeutic benefits for treatment of SCI: (1) the suppression of the early inflammatory response; (2) inhibition of the SCI-induced apoptosis of neurons, astrocytes, and oligodendrocytes, which promotes the preservation of neural fibers and myelin sheaths; (3) regeneration of the transected axon through the direct inhibition of multiple AGI signals (including CSPG and MAG) by paracrine mechanisms; and (4) cell replacement in the damaged SC through the SHEDs’ capacity for differentiation towards oligodendrocytes, neurons and astrocytes. Thus, we propose that tooth-derived stem cells may provide significant therapeutic benefits for treating SCI through both cell-autonomous and paracrine/trophic regenerative activities. Advertisement 1. -verdugoJ. . ASepulvedaP2009Cardiac differentiation is driven by NKX2. 5 and GATA4 nuclear translocation in tissue-specific mesenchymal stem cells. Dev 18907918-(2009) Cardiac differentiation is driven by NKX2. 5 and GATA4 nuclear translocation in tissue-specific mesenchymal stem cells. Dev 18:907-918. 2. . AGronthosS2008. 2617871795(2008). 26:1787-1795. 3. (2009Implanted adult human dental pulp stem cells induce endogenous axon guidance. 2722292237(2009) Implanted adult human dental pulp stem cells induce endogenous axon guidance. 27:2229-2237. 4. . WFisherL. WGronthosSRobeyP. GShiS2003Comparison of stem-cell-mediated osteogenesis and dentinogenesis. J 82976981(2003) Comparison of stem-cell-mediated osteogenesis and dentinogenesis. J 82:976-981. 5. BlockM. LZeccaLHongJ. S2007Microglia-mediated neurotoxicity: uncovering the molecular mechanisms. Neurosci 85769(2007) Microglia-mediated neurotoxicity: uncovering the molecular mechanisms. Neurosci 8:57-69. 6. 2009Overcoming Macrophage-. J Neurosci 29:9967. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the therapeutic benefits of engrafted SHEDs specifically for treating spinal cord injuries (SCI), mentioning various mechanisms at play, such as suppression of inflammation and inhibition of apoptosis, but does not suggest that injuries can be healed instantly. Instead, it implies that the healing process involves several steps and mechanisms, indicating that instant healing is not feasible.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Phonetic variations can influence language comprehension. [SEP] Text: Crucially, however, specific rules about fingerspelling were not explained to participants, nor could they infer one based on the training (DeKeyser, 2003). The control group’s training was meant to be a review of how fingerspelling is generally taught in ASL curricula. It included information about formation of the citation forms of each of the letters in the manual alphabet. This training included still images of each of the manual letters, except for -j- and -z-, which were presented with short video clips since their production involves movement. In addition, participants were reminded that while most letters are produced with the palm facing away from them, there are some exceptions to this generalization. They were shown still images of two angles of letters produced with non-default palm orientation. The training concluded with reminders of how to produce double letters in fingerspelling and that fingerspelling should be produced smoothly and without jerking movements. This training, like the first, lasted approximately 30–40 minutes. 5 Summary of training programsThe validity of this experiment rests on the fact that these training programs are as similar as possible, except for the obvious ways in which they have to differ with respect to explicit versus implicit instruction. Both training programs had the same number of slides and took roughly the same length of time. Most of the media (all videos and most of the still images) included in the explicit training was also included in the implicit training, but participants’ attention was not drawn to specific aspects of still images or videos. Here are two examples of the ways in which the same media were incorporated into both trainings. The explicit training details exactly what the difference is between hold and transition segments using Figure 2. In the implicit training, Figure 2a appears after seeing an example of fingerspelling (the word s-o-r-t) and the text reads ‘Here is a series of still images of the word you just saw’ (Geer, 2016, p. 144). The explicit training directed the learners’ attention to the production of the u-r bigram discussed above and pictured in Figure 3. The way in which this bigram’s production differs from the citation form of each of the letters is explained as is the phonetic environment in which this particular production is found. Students then see videos of words with u-r sequences. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text discusses specific training programs in fingerspelling and explains the methods used in teaching, such as the use of images and videos. However, it does not address phonetic variations or their impact on language comprehension, making the content irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Social mobility varies based on economic and policy factors. [SEP] Text: 2015년도 새누리정보 DB 자료를 이용하여 Baron&Kenny(1986)이 제안한 매개변수 효과를 검증하는 방법을 적용하였다. 분석결과, 사회적 성과인 1인당 참여개월 수에 신규여부, 계획예산총액, 사업운영개월 수, 수행기관사업단 수가 경제적 성과를 높이면서 영향을 미치는 것으로 확인되었다. 또 다른 사회적 성과인 1인당 월평균 보수에 전담인력수가 경제적 성과와 함께 높이는데 영향을 주었다. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the influence of economic factors on social outcomes such as participation months and average monthly salary, indicating that social mobility is affected by economic performance and associated policies.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Every injury can be healed instantly with regenerative medicine. [SEP] Text: (2009) Overcoming Macrophage-. J Neurosci 29:9967. 7. BushT. GPuvanachandraNHornerC. . NMuckeLJohnsonM. HSofroniewM. V1999Leukocyte infiltration, neuronal degeneration, and neurite outgrowth after ablation of scar-forming, reactive astrocytes in adult transgenic mice. Neuron 23297308(1999) Leukocyte infiltration, neuronal degeneration, and neurite outgrowth after ablation of scar-forming, reactive astrocytes in adult transgenic mice. Neuron 23:297-308. 8. 2002Erythropoietin prevents motor neuron apoptosis and neurologic disability in experimental spinal cord ischemic injury. 9922582263(2002) Erythropoietin prevents motor neuron apoptosis and neurologic disability in experimental spinal cord ischemic injury. 99:2258-2263. 9. d(2007Human postnatal dental pulp cells co-differentiate into osteoblasts and endotheliocytes: a pivotal synergy leading to adult bone tissue formation. Differ 1411621171d'(2007) Human postnatal dental pulp cells co-differentiate into osteoblasts and endotheliocytes: a pivotal synergy leading to adult bone tissue formation. Differ 14:1162-1171. 10. DavidSKronerA2011Repertoire of microglial and macrophage responses after spinal cord injury. Neurosci 12388399David S, (2011) Repertoire of microglial and macrophage responses after spinal cord injury. Neurosci 12:388-399. 11. De AlmeidaF. MMarquesS. (2011Human dental pulp cells: a new source of cell therapy in a mouse model of compressive spinal cord injury. J Neurotrauma 2819391949de (2011) Human dental pulp cells: a new source of cell therapy in a mouse model of compressive spinal cord injury. J Neurotrauma 28:1939-1949. 12. -villalbaA2004Neutralization of CD95 ligand promotes regeneration and functional recovery after spinal cord injury. 10389395-(2004) Neutralization of CD95 ligand promotes regeneration and functional recovery after spinal cord injury. 10:389-395. 13. . [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing various studies on regenerative processes related to spinal cord injuries and cell therapies, implying that while there is potential for healing, there are complexities involved such as leukocyte infiltration and neuronal degeneration, which suggests that healing may not be instantaneous.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Phonetic variations can influence language comprehension. [SEP] Text: Students in the implicit training group see the same video but are not directed to attend to any specific aspect of the phonetic realization of the words. III ResultsResponses in this experiment were counted as correct or incorrect. To be counted as correct, the typed response participants provided had to match the target word exactly. For example, if the fingerspelled target word were e-f-f-e-c-t, the typed response would have to be effect. Responses which were close – diverging from the target by only one or two letters– were counted as incorrect. This type of data is known as categorical because there are no in-between values, and binary because there are two potential outcomes (correct or incorrect). Table 2 presents the mean proportion of correct responses in each condition, for each test, and for each group of participants. Table 2. Mean proportion of correct responses and standard deviations by test type, condition (block), and training. BlockTest typemean (SD)Explicit mean (SD)APre-test0. 30 (0. 46)0. 39 (0. 49) Post-test0. 30 (0. 46)0. 66 (0. 45)Holds-onlyPre-test0. 42 (0. 49)0. 42 (0. 494) Post-test0. 45 (0. 50)0. 61 (0. 49)Transitions-onlyPre-test0. 19 (0. 39)0. 19 (0. 39) Post-test0. 24 (0. 426)0. 29 (0. 45)BPre-test0. 56 (0. 50)0. 56 (0. 50) Post-test0. 48 (0. 50)0. 67 (0. 47)Several trends can be noted in these data:•Performance overall was poor. On the pre-test, scores averaged approximately 37% across all conditions. •Performance is better in the holds-only condition versus transitions-only condition for both groups of participants. Average performance for holds-only was in the 40%-accuracy range, while average performance for transitions only was below 20%. •Performance is better in the allClearB condition (second control condition) than the other conditions (for both groups of participants). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the influence of phonetic variations on language comprehension. It discusses a study involving students and the correctness of typed responses based on exact matches to target words, but it does not provide evidence or argumentation related to how phonetic variations affect language comprehension. As such, it is irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Social mobility varies based on economic and policy factors. [SEP] Text: 그러나 여성참여자 수는 1인당 참여개월 수에 매개효과를 보이며 영향을 주었고, 평균연령은 부적인 관계(-)에서 매개효과를 가지며 1인당 월보수 수준을 낮추는데 영향을 미쳤다. 자체지출총액은 경제적 성과에는 부적인 영향을 미치며 1인당 월보수 수준을 높이는데 기여하였다. This study analyzed the factors affecting on social performance and their causal relationship when economic performance was assumed a mediating variable. With using we adopted the method of testing mediating effect, which was proposed by Baron and Kenny(1986). Our results showed that the length of participating months per person, total planning budget, the number of months in running business management, and the number of organizations for performing this project contributed to improve economic performance rate. In addition, the average monthly wage per person and the number of full-time specialists resulted in increasing economic performance level. By contrast, the number of women participants showed a significant mediating effect on the number of participating months per person. The mean age of participants exhibited a mediating effect with negative association, while it led to depress monthly paycheck level per person. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing various economic factors that influence social performance, highlighting mediating effects related to economic performance. It mentions how factors like the number of women participants, average monthly wage, and total planning budget contribute to economic outcomes, thereby affecting social mobility and performance. These insights support the idea that social mobility is conditioned by economic and policy-related aspects.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Every injury can be healed instantly with regenerative medicine. [SEP] Text: DMckerracherL2002Rho signaling pathway targeted to promote spinal cord repair. J Neurosci 2265706577(2002) Rho signaling pathway targeted to promote spinal cord repair. J Neurosci 22:6570-6577. 14. DonnellyD. JPopovichP. G2008Inflammation and its role in neuroprotection, axonal regeneration and functional recovery after spinal cord injury. 209378388(2008) Inflammation and its role in neuroprotection, axonal regeneration and functional recovery after spinal cord injury. 209:378-388. 15. 2003Rho activation patterns after spinal cord injury and the role of activated Rho in apoptosis in the central nervous system. J 162233243(2003) Rho activation patterns after spinal cord injury and the role of activated Rho in apoptosis in the central nervous system. J 162:233-243. 16. FaulknerJ. RHerrmannJ. EWooM. JTanseyK. EDoanN. BSofroniewM. V2004Reactive astrocytes protect tissue and preserve function after spinal cord injury. J Neurosci 2421432155(2004) Reactive astrocytes protect tissue and preserve function after spinal cord injury. J Neurosci 24:2143-2155. 17. FournierA. ETakizawaB. TStrittmatterS. M2003Rho kinase inhibition enhances axonal regeneration in the injured CNS. J Neurosci 2314161423(2003) Rho kinase inhibition enhances axonal regeneration in the injured CNS. J Neurosci 23:1416-1423. 18. GandiaCArminanAGarcia-verdugoJ. . DSanchez-torrijos-uberosFLlopMMonteroJ. ASepulvedaP2008Human dental pulp stem cells improve left ventricular function, induce angiogenesis, and reduce infarct size in rats with acute myocardial infarction. 26638645Gandia C, Arminan A, Garcia---(2008) Human dental pulp stem cells improve left ventricular function, induce angiogenesis, and reduce infarct size in rats with acute myocardial infarction. 26:638-645. 19. GordonS2003Alternative activation of macrophages. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing various scientific studies and mechanisms involved in spinal cord repair and injury recovery, indicating that regenerative medicine involves complex biological processes rather than instant healing. Phrases such as 'promote spinal cord repair' and 'the role of activated Rho in apoptosis' suggest that healing processes are involved and not instantaneous.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Phonetic variations can influence language comprehension. [SEP] Text: In allClearA (first control block), average performance on the pre-test was 35% while performance in allClearB was 56%. •Participants in the implicit group performed equally on the pre- and post-tests across conditions. •Participants in the explicit group improved from pre- to post-test. A commonly used statistical measure in the social sciences is the Analysis of Variance or ANOVA. However, problems with ANOVA for categorical data, such as these, is well documented (for summaries of these issues, see Agresti, 2002; Hogg & Craig, 1995). To combat these issues, data collected here were submitted to a mixed effects logistic regression model computed in R (R Core Team, 2013) with the package lme4 (v. 1. 1-7; Bates, Mächler, Molker, & Walker, 2015), which Jaeger (2008) advocates for in place of the ANOVA. The findings address the two research questions posed earlier in this section. The significant portions of the output of the mixed effects model can be found in Table 3. The text that follows will help the reader interpret this table. For readers interested in the complete output of the statistical model, it can be found in 1. Table 3. Significant output of the mixed effects logistic regression model. Coefficient β (standard error)(Intercept)−1. 26 (0. 53)*PostTraining1. 68 (0. 68)*Note. *p < 0. 05. 3, a positive value for a predictor indicates that that it is correlated with relatively more correct answers; a negative value for a predictor correspondingly correlates with relatively fewer correct answers. The magnitude and direction correspond to the relative likelihood of a correct answer. Thus, a bigger positive number means the answers are more likely to match the target while a bigger negative number means the answers are less likely to match. The intercept represents the prediction for all reference levels, so in this model the value is the prediction for the implicit training group in the pre-test in the clear A condition. This value is listed as significant in the table. The significance indicates that overall performance in this group was poor and correct answers were provided less than 50% of the time. This has no bearing on either research question so the intercept will not be discussed further except to note that it demonstrates the extent to which students struggle with fingerspelling comprehension. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim regarding phonetic variations and their influence on language comprehension. Instead, it discusses statistical measures and the performance of participants in a study without any mention of phonetic variations or their effects on comprehension.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Social mobility varies based on economic and policy factors. [SEP] Text: 분석결과, 사회적 성과인 1인당 참여개월 수에 신규여부, 계획예산총액, 사업운영개월 수, 수행기관사업단 수가 경제적 성과를 높이면서 영향을 미치는 것으로 확인되었다. 또 다른 사회적 성과인 1인당 월평균 보수에 전담인력수가 경제적 성과와 함께 높이는데 영향을 주었다. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by highlighting that various economic factors, including budget amounts and the number of operational months, significantly influence social outcomes such as individual income. This indicates that social mobility is affected by economic variables.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Every injury can be healed instantly with regenerative medicine. [SEP] Text: Immunology 32335(2003) Alternative activation of macrophages. Immunology 3:23-35. 20. (2002Recombinant human erythropoietin counteracts secondary injury and markedly enhances neurological recovery from experimental spinal cord trauma. 9994509455(2002) Recombinant human erythropoietin counteracts secondary injury and markedly enhances neurological recovery from experimental spinal cord trauma. 99:9450-9455. 21. . (2002aStem cell properties of human dental pulp stem cells. J 81531535(2002a) Stem cell properties of human dental pulp stem cells. J 81:531-535. 22. . . GShiS2002bProperties of Cells. J 81531535(2002b) Properties of Cells. J 81:531-535. 23. . GShiS2000Postnatal human dental pulp stem cells (DPSCs) in vitro and in vivo. 971362513630(2000) Postnatal human dental pulp stem cells (DPSCs) in vitro and in vivo. 97:13625-13630. 24. HallA1998Rho GTPases and the actin cytoskeleton. Science 279509514(1998) Rho GTPases and the actin cytoskeleton. Science 279:509-514. 25. HausmannO. N2003Post-traumatic inflammation following spinal cord injury. 41369378Hausmann ON (2003) Post-traumatic inflammation following spinal cord injury. 41:369-378. 26. HerrmannJ. . KKorsakR. . V2008STAT3 is a critical regulator of astrogliosis and scar formation after spinal cord injury. J Neurosci 2872317243(2008) STAT3 is a critical regulator of astrogliosis and scar formation after spinal cord injury. J Neurosci 28:7231-7243. 27. 2008to Regeneration in the CNS: Retraction of through Interactions. J Neurosci 28:9330. (2008) to Regeneration in the CNS: Retraction of through Interactions. J Neurosci 28:9330. 28. HuangA. H-CSnyderB. RChengP-HChan AWS (2008Putative dental pulp-derived stem/stromal cells promote proliferation and differentiation of endogenous neural cells in the hippocampus of mice. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by providing references to various studies related to regenerative medicine and its effects on recovery, specifically mentioning that while regenerative factors such as recombinant human erythropoietin enhance recovery from spinal cord trauma, they do not imply instant healing. Additionally, it discusses the complexities of healing with stem cells and other factors involved, suggesting that healing is not an instantaneous process.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Phonetic variations can influence language comprehension. [SEP] Text: For the group predictor, the implicit training group (group B), is the reference level because the study is testing whether the explicit training group (group A), will diverge from the assumed baseline that group B represents. The condition has four levels. is the reference level, which means that all comparisons are related to the first block of the experiment. Positive values represent performance better than the reference level and negative values represent performance worse than on the reference level. The hypothesis then (based on Geer & Keane, 2014; Keane & Geer, 2016) is that the values would be equal or positive in the holds-only condition and negative in the transitions-only condition. Table 5. Mixed effects logistic regression coefficient estimates and standard errors. Coefficient β (std error)(Intercept)−1. 26 (0. 53)*conditionClearB1. 42 (0. 76)conditionholdsOnly0. 68 (0. 56)conditiontransOnly−0. 91 (0. 56)testTypePostTest−0. 26 (0. 51)groupA0. 68 (0. 50)conditionclearB:testTypePostTest−0. 24 (0. 56)conditionholdsOnly:testTypePostTest0. 44 (0. 47)conditiontransOnly:testTypePostTest0. 18 (0. 50)conditionclearB:groupA−0. 62 (0. 57)conditionholdsOnly:groupA−0. 59 (0. 43)conditiontransOnly:groupA−0. 38 (0. 47)testTypePostTest:groupA1. 68 (0. 68)*conditionclearB:testTypePostTest:groupA−0. 58 (0. 75)conditionholdsOnly:testTypePostTest:groupA−0. 98 (0. 62)conditiontransOnly:testTypePostTest:groupA−1. 18 (0. 65)AIC2,636. 29BIC2,912. 04Log Likelihood−1,271. 14Num. obs. 2,610Num. groups: qNumber90Num. groups: word90Num. groups: group:subjCode16Variance: qNumber. (Intercept)0. 00Variance: word. (Intercept)2. 01Variance: word. conditionclearB0. 30Variance: word. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim about phonetic variations influencing language comprehension. Instead, it focuses on explaining the results of a study involving implicit and explicit training groups, their statistical analysis, and the conditions of the study without any mention of phonetic variations or their impact on language comprehension.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Social mobility varies based on economic and policy factors. [SEP] Text: 셋째, 신용카드 채무에 영향을 미치는 가구특성 요인은 가구주의 연령(-), 교육수준(-), 가구규모(+), 이혼(+), 임시･일용직종(+), 자영업종(+), 보험･대리･택배업종(+), 월세거주(+), 금융저축(-), 신용카드 이자상환비율(+)이었으며, 이들 중 일부의 영향력은 계층별로 상이했다. 결론적으로, 이러한 분석결과는 신용카드 채무가 저소득층의 빈곤유발 그리고 중산층 이상의 계층하락 요인임을 알려준다. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by indicating various household characteristics that influence credit card debt, suggesting that these factors differ by social class. It implies that credit-related issues contribute to poverty among lower-income groups and social decline in the middle class, reflecting that economic factors significantly impact social mobility.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Every injury can be healed instantly with regenerative medicine. [SEP] Text: 2626542663Huang AH--H, Chan AWS (2008) Putative dental pulp-derived stem/stromal cells promote proliferation and differentiation of endogenous neural cells in the hippocampus of mice. 26:2654-2663. 29. 2013Stem cells from human exfoliated deciduous tooth-derived conditioned medium enhance recovery of focal cerebral ischemia in rats. Tissue engineering 192429(2013) Stem cells from human exfoliated deciduous tooth-derived conditioned medium enhance recovery of focal cerebral ischemia in rats. Tissue engineering 19:24-29. 30. -parsonsG. (2006Isolation and characterization of a population of immature dental pulp stem cells expressing OCT-4 and other embryonic stem cell markers. Organs 184105116-(2006) Isolation and characterization of a population of immature dental pulp stem cells expressing OCT-4 and other embryonic stem cell markers. Organs 184:105-116. 31. KigerlK. AGenselJ. CAnkenyD. PAlexanderJ. KDonnellyD. JPopovichP. G2009Identification of two distinct macrophage subsets with divergent effects causing either neurotoxicity or regeneration in the injured mouse spinal cord. of neuroscience 291343513444(2009) Identification of two distinct macrophage subsets with divergent effects causing either neurotoxicity or regeneration in the injured mouse spinal cord. of neuroscience 29:13435-13444. 32. . 2009Simultaneous PKC and cAMP activation induces differentiation of human dental pulp stem cells into functionally active neurons. 55323332(2009) Simultaneous PKC and cAMP activation induces differentiation of human dental pulp stem cells into functionally active neurons. 55:323-332. 33. LehmannMFournierASelles-navarro1999Inactivation of Rho signaling pathway promotes CNS axon regeneration. J Neurosci 1975377547Lehmann M, Fournier A, Selles-(1999) Inactivation of Rho signaling pathway promotes CNS axon regeneration. J Neurosci 19:7537-7547. 34. LeongW. KHenshallT. LArthurAKremerK. LLewisM. DHelpsS. CFieldJHamilton-bruceM. . A2012Human adult dental pulp stem cells enhance poststroke functional recovery through non-neural replacement mechanisms. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing various studies related to regenerative medicine that highlight the complexities and limitations of healing processes. For example, the mention of neural cells and macrophage subsets implies that not every injury can be addressed instantly, as different pathways and mechanisms contribute to healing and regeneration. Furthermore, the studies referenced regarding stem cells and their roles suggest that while regenerative medicine promotes recovery, it does not guarantee instant healing for all types of injuries.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Neurolinguistic programming explores the connection between language and thought. [SEP] Text: Loading. . . in With Username/your institution Basket en de fr Publish with us Submit your Proposal 2024 Competition 2024 & Events and & Law, Economics & Media & Society & & & and in × Zitatvorschau in to clipboard. ris BibTeX Zotero. bib EndNote. enw in the Contex of Determinants of by Róbert Štefko (Author) Zuzana Birknerová (Author) ©2023 170 and Communication eBook for US$ 45. 95 Download immediately. Incl. VAT Format: PDF and ePUB – for all devices Softcover for US$ 45. 95 Shipping in approx. 10 working days national, international shipping possible Add to cart book focuses on the conceptualization of sensory marketing and neurolinguistic programming as potential tools for implementing neuromarketing, as well as the evaluation of its feedback in relation to factors influencing business behavior. The primary objective of the book is to clarify specific aspects of neuromarketing and neurolinguistic programming in the context of business behavior and to compare how subjectively businesspeople and customers perceive these aspects. It is dedicated to experts in the field of scientific research who engage in the study of neuromarketing and neurolinguistic programming in various contexts, especially in connection with sensory marketing in business behavior. Possibilities of using the presented methodologies, as well as theoretical and methodological knowledge, can be found in the preference of people for work, also in the education, coaching, and training of salespeople, employees, and people in general. the author About the book This eBook can be cited 1 Business behavior 1. 1 Personality of businessman 1. 2 Purchasing and consumer behavior 1. 3 Negative factors of business behavior 1. 4 Business behavior and marketing 2 Marketing and sensory marketing 2. 1 Feeling versus perception 2. 2 Areas of sensory marketing 2. 2. 1 Visual marketing 2. 2. 2 Audio marketing 2. 2. 3 Aroma marketing 2. 2. 4 Haptic marketing 2. 2. 5 Taste marketing 3 Neuromarketing 3. 1 Neuroscience 3. 2 Techniques in neuromarketing 3. 2. 1 Resonance (fMRI) 3. 2. 2 Electroencephalography (EEG) 3. 2. 3 Magnetoencephalography (MEG) 3. 2. 4 (CT) 3. 2. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not directly address the claim about neurolinguistic programming (NLP) and its connection to language and thought. Instead, it discusses sensory marketing and neurolinguistic programming as tools within the context of business behavior and neuromarketing without explicitly linking NLP to the relationship between language and thought.