Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Malnutrition remains a major issue in many low-income countries. [SEP] Text: To examine the possibility of diagnosing the double burden of malnutrition using estimated deviation values in low- and lower-middle-income countries. modified version of the Tool was used. Data on 194 countries were analyzed, including data from the International Children’s Fund, Organization and World Bank. After conducting a Box–Cox transformation, deviation values were calculated. The degree to which the values deviated relative to a deviation cutoff value of 50 was assessed. Focusing on countries with low- and middle-income economic levels, we examined the utility of this tool to show characteristic nutritional problems in each country. deviation values had normal, distorted, bimodal, or trimodal distributions. In the lower-middle-income countries, almost all countries had values ranging from 40 to 60 for education and water environments (urban and rural), and the differences were minimal. However, different causes of noncommunicable disease-related deaths were considered, and the primary cause appeared to be related to lifestyle factors, particularly alcohol consumption and tobacco smoking. In comparison, the deviation values related to death among low-income countries also appeared to be related to differences in education and sanitation in urban and rural areas. study results can help to determine the status of nutritional inequalities and plan country-specific strategies to reduce the double burden of malnutrition. Citation: (2018) Diagnosing the double burden of malnutrition using estimated deviation values in low- and lower-middle-income countries. 13(12): e0208525. Bishwajit Ghose, University of : July 31, 2018; Accepted: November 19, 2018; Published: December 6, 2018Copyright: © 2018 Ishikawa et al. This is an open access 7. 0 mmol/L, 126 mg/dl, medication for raised blood glucose or a history of diabetes diagnosis), and mortality rates per 100,000 for diabetes, cardiovascular disease, chronic respiratory diseases, cancers, and other NCDs. These variables were age-standardized unless otherwise stated. Calculating deviation values and data analysis Taking into consideration that most variables were not normally distributed and many had a bimodal distribution even after a log transformation, a Box–Cox transformation was used for all variables [16]. Following the Box–Cox transformation, all variables were normally distributed. The deviation values were then calculated by using the following equation: deviation value = (number − average value) ÷ (standard deviation × 10) + 50. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the analysis of malnutrition issues specifically in low- and lower-middle-income countries. It highlights the 'double burden of malnutrition' and the impact of various socioeconomic factors, indicating that malnutrition is a recognized issue within these economic categories. The mention of nutritional inequalities and the examination of characteristics specific to low-income countries further supports the claim.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Organic farming often relies on natural fertilizers like compost and manure rather than synthetic chemicals. [SEP] Text: Thus, if a grower applied 5-5-5 based on actual macronutrient content, less of the amendment would be applied and correspondingly lower amounts of PAN would be available to the crop. The PAN concentration mineralized from 11-0-0 was less than all of the other amendments in the first 7 d (Table 1). Significant mineralization occurred between 7 and 14 d of incubation and total PAN from 11-0-0 was comparable to the ammonium nitrate treatment by the 14-d sampling. Hadas and Kautsky (1994) reported that only 65% of the organic N in feather meal mineralized in an 8-week, 30 °C incubation study using a clay soil. This difference highlights the impact of soil texture on mineralization. Perhaps problematically, the N in 11-0-0 fully mineralized before crop need. However, 11-0-0 can be sidedressed during the growing season to better match N mineralization with crop need. The rate of PAN availability would closely match crop need if 11-0-0 was sidedressed just before the five-leaf stage (600–700 GDD). In a related field study, this amendment was sidedressed at the five-leaf sweet corn stage (Johnson, 2009). The authors reported similar soil PAN concentration in the treatment that used 11-0-0 exclusively as a nitrogen source and the PAN of the soil in the control (no added N). The sweet corn likely used the N as soon as it was mineralized from the 11-0-0. The results of this laboratory incubation study and related field study suggest that 11-0-0 is a good option for N management in organic sweet corn. However, this amendment is costly, so using it in combination with GrM may optimize N while reducing cost to the grower. Similar to the 5-5-5, the actual N content of 11-0-0 was different from reported. Rather than containing more than reported, the N content was 0. 08% less. Thus, if actual nutrient content of 11-0-0 had been used to determine application rate, we may have seen higher PAN over the course of the incubation study. Under realistic circumstances, this could have resulted in a grower applying less N than expected. This highlights variability in batches of packaged amendments that could result in potential N deficiency. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the use of a synthetic nitrogen source, 11-0-0, in organic farming practices for managing nitrogen (N) in crops such as sweet corn. It provides insights into how synthetic amendments are utilized to optimize N availability and crop needs, which contradicts the assertion that organic farming relies primarily on natural fertilizers like compost and manure.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Olfactory receptors may operate through quantum effects. [SEP] Text: 2002Embryonic and larval development of the Drosophila mushroom bodies: concentric layer subdivisions and the role of fasciclin IIDevelopment 129:409–419 A. et al. 2016in Larval Drosophila26:661–669 F. et al. 2003Targeted gene expression in Drosophila dopaminergic cells using regulatory sequences from tyrosine hydroxylaseJ Neurobiol 54:618–627 G. U. Cervantes-Sandoval I. Davis R. L2010Olfactory learning in DrosophilaPhysiology (Bethesda 25:338–346 S2013Reinforcement signalling in Drosophila; dopamine does it all after allNeurobiol 23:324–329 Y. Rubin G. M2016Dopaminergic neurons write and update memories with cell-type-specific rulesElife 5 M. et al. 2003Dopamine and octopamine differentiate between aversive and appetitive olfactory memories in DrosophilaJ Neurosci 23:10495–10502 Y. et al. 2012Three dopamine pathways induce aversive odor memories with different stabilityPLoS Genet 8 P. Worden K. Aso Y. Rubin G. M. Keene A. C2015A dopamine-modulated neural circuit regulating aversive taste memory in Drosophila25:1535–1541 C. et al. 2012A subset of dopamine neurons signals reward for odour memory in DrosophilaNature 488:512–516 C. J. et al. 2012Layered reward signalling through octopamine and dopamine in DrosophilaNature 492:433–437 N. et al. 2015Distinct dopamine neurons mediate reward signals for short- and long-term memories112:578–583 T. et al. 2018A for in Drosophila23:652–665 Y. et al. 2010Specific dopaminergic neurons for the formation of labile aversive memory20:1445–1451 C. Lee D2014Pre- and of Dopamine D2 Receptor DD2R in Associative LearningBiology (Basel 3:831–845 K. Hwang R. Y. Tracey W. D. 2012Optogenetic manipulation of neural circuits and behavior in Drosophila larvae7:1470–1478 E. S. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it primarily discusses various studies and findings related to Drosophila and dopamine neurons, without mentioning anything about olfactory receptors or quantum effects. Therefore, it does not support, contradict, or relate to the claim in any meaningful way.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Malnutrition remains a major issue in many low-income countries. [SEP] Text: The countries presented are Bangladesh, Burkina Faso, Cambodia, Malawi, and Tanzania. Five example countries of the low-income countries were chosen because these countries showed the data of all indicators, had the most significant results, and were also the most diverse. Download: PPTPowerPoint slidePNGlarger imageTIFForiginal imageFig 6. Country diagnosis by the deviation graph for Bangladesh. Download: PPTPowerPoint slidePNGlarger imageTIFForiginal imageFig 7. Country diagnosis by the deviation graph for Burkina Faso. Download: PPTPowerPoint slidePNGlarger imageTIFForiginal imageFig 8. Country diagnosis by the deviation graph for Cambodia. Download: PPTPowerPoint slidePNGlarger imageTIFForiginal imageFig 9. Country diagnosis by the deviation graph for Malawi. Download: PPTPowerPoint slidePNGlarger imageTIFForiginal imageFig 10. Country diagnosis by the deviation graph for Tanzania. Bangladesh, the deviation values were high at 62 for GNI per capita, 69 for life expectancy at birth, and were high for education and WASH indicators. On the other hand, the deviation value for low birthweight was low at 37 relatives to the deviation value of 63 for the maternal mortality rate. The deviation values for physical activity in women (29) and smoking prevalence in men (41) were low, which is not desirable. The deviation values of raised blood glucose and chronic respiratory diseases were low in men and women. Faso, the deviation values for total adult literacy rate and diarrhea-related deaths due to inadequate WASH in children <5 years old were low at 39 and 40, respectively. Additionally, the deviations values for raised blood pressure in women and diabetes in women were low. In Cambodia, the deviation values for the population using at least basic drinking-water, sanitation services were high. Similarly, the deviation value for life expectancy at birth was high at 71 also. In Cambodia, the major issues were alcohol consumption and tobacco smoking. In Malawi, the deviation values for stunting and being overweight at <5 years old were low at 40 and 36, respectively. The deviation values for cardiovascular disease and cancer rates in women were also low at 43 and 44. In Tanzania, the deviation values for alcohol consumption, obesity rate, and diabetes in men and women were low. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by presenting detailed data about various health indicators in low-income countries such as Bangladesh, Burkina Faso, Cambodia, Malawi, and Tanzania. It highlights issues like stunting, low birthweight, and inadequate access to sanitation, directly suggesting that malnutrition and related health problems are prevalent in these countries, thus supporting the claim that malnutrition is a major issue.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Organic farming often relies on natural fertilizers like compost and manure rather than synthetic chemicals. [SEP] Text: Plant available N from the ammonium nitrate in combination with the pea and rye GrM reached a maximum by the 7-d sampling, while the PAN from the ammonium nitrate with alfalfa GrM was not maximized until the final sampling (Table 1). Because the PAN from alfalfa alone reached a maximum at day 14, this suggests that a combination with the ammonium nitrate potentially reduced the alfalfa mineralization rate. The total amount of PAN mineralized from the ammonium nitrate and the alfalfa at the end of the incubation study was in excess of a sweet corn crop total season N need. This reaffirms that the rate of ammonium nitrate could be correspondingly reduced to compensate for a significant alfalfa N credit of 80 lb/acre on this particular soil texture. The PAN of pea and ammonium nitrate at the end of the study was slightly higher than the total needed for a sweet corn crop but seemingly not enough to justify an N credit for the pea GrM crop (Table 1). Interestingly, when the rye was in combination with the ammonium nitrate, there was substantially less total PAN concentration at each of the dates in comparison with the rye in combination with the other amendments (Table 1), and moreover the rye and ammonium nitrate separately (Table 1). This was most likely attributable to the generally high carbon (C) to N ratio (C:N) of rye residue (although we did not determine the C and N of the rye residue in this study). The microbial community will draw any soil available N in the proportion to make use of available carbon, decreasing PAN in the soil. The C:N ratio of rye can range anywhere from 11:1 to 55:1 depending on the rye growth stage (Clark et al. , 1997). A C:N ratio of greater than 25:1 will immobilize PAN in the soil (Allison, 1966). Carbon and N analysis of a GrM before incorporation would help to determine probability of immobilization. Interestingly, there was no evidence of PAN immobilization from a rye cover crop in field studies that used ammonium nitrate as a fertilizer for sweet corn production (Cline and Silvernail, 2002; Johnson, 2009). Both studies attained optimal sweet corn yield, which would not have been possible if the N was immobilized and not available for crop use. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the use of ammonium nitrate as a fertilizer alongside other plant residues, indicating reliance on synthetic fertilizers rather than natural methods like compost and manure. The focus on ammonium nitrate and the subsequent assessment of nitrogen availability show a preference for synthetic chemical inputs in farming practices.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Olfactory receptors may operate through quantum effects. [SEP] Text: Zhang F. Bamberg E. Nagel G. Deisseroth K2005Millisecond-timescale, genetically targeted optical control of neural activity8:1263–1268 P. Felsenberg J. Waddell S2018Do the right thing: neural network mechanisms of memory formation, expression and update in DrosophilaNeurobiol 49:51–58 D. Waddell S2015Olfactory learning skews mushroom body output pathways to steer behavioral choice in DrosophilaNeurobiol 35:178–184 R. L2005Olfactory memory formation in Drosophila: from molecular to systems neuroscienceNeurosci 28:275–302 Y. et al. 2014The neuronal architecture of the mushroom body provides a logic for associative learningElife 3 G. S. Marin E. C. Watts R. J. Luo L2002Development of neuronal connectivity in Drosophila antennal lobes and mushroom bodiesNeurobiol 12:80–86 M. Borst A. Wagner S. Byers D1985Drosophila mushroom body mutants are deficient in olfactory learningJ Neurogenet 2:1–30 Belle J. S. Heisenberg M1994Associative odor learning in Drosophila abolished by chemical ablation of mushroom bodiesScience 263:692–695 R. L2011Traces of Drosophila memoryNeuron 70:8–19 J. et al. 2011Mushroom body efferent neurons responsible for aversive olfactory memory retrieval in Drosophila14:903–910 D. et al. 2015Activity of defined mushroom body output neurons underlies learned olfactory behavior in DrosophilaNeuron 86:417–427 T. Fischer M. Schulz R. Heisenberg M2000Localization of a short-term memory in DrosophilaScience 288:672–675 S. M. Davis R. L2009Dynamics of learning-related cAMP signaling and stimulus integration in the Drosophila olfactory pathwayNeuron 64:510–521 L. R. et al. 1992learning and memory gene rutabaga encodes a Ca2+/Calmodulin-responsive adenylyl cyclaseCell 68:479–489 T. Louis T. Jindachomthong K. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text provides a list of scholarly sources and studies related to the neural mechanisms of olfactory learning and memory in Drosophila, but it does not mention or provide any evidence regarding quantum effects in olfactory receptors. Hence, it is irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Malnutrition remains a major issue in many low-income countries. [SEP] Text: All the above-mentioned countries had similar economic situations, but the characteristic nutritional problems were different. There did not appear to be any country with nutritional problems during both the infant and adult age periods. DiscussionThe results of deviation value analysis among low-income or lower-middle-income countries showed that the more important nutritional issues varied by country, even among those with similar economic situations. In the lower-middle-income countries, the deviation values for most countries ranged from 40 to 60 for education and water environments (including urban and rural), and the differences were not large. However, different causes of NCD-related death were considered, and the primary cause of death appeared to be related to lifestyle, especially alcohol consumption and tobacco smoking. Comparatively, the deviation values related to death among low-income countries appeared to be related to differences in preprimary, primary and secondary schools education [18] and in sanitation in urban or rural environments [19,20]. In addition, nutritional differences were observed in early childhood during the newborn period among countries. These nutritional differences during the newborn and early childhood periods could potentially affect later health [21,22]. Although high-income countries were not aimed in the present study, results from previous research can be useful in considering the possible application of deviation graph research to those countries. Among high-income countries, the deviation values for high blood pressure and cancer-related mortality have been previously reported to be lower in Japan. Those deviation values have been shared among health staff and used to prioritize projects. Deviation graph results have also been previously used to provide guidance when promoting collaboration between departments on data analysis, and therefore, the use of deviation graph research could potentially lead to increased cooperation between health centers and hospitals [9]. We found the deviation graph tool used in this study to have the following characteristics. First, we proposed using graphs of estimated deviation values, which is an approach currently used at the prefecture level in Japan. This tool for analyzing local health inequalities can be potentially applied globally as a monitoring tool for diagnosing the double burden of malnutrition at the national level. This could be accomplished by using existing information published by and the that is related to under- and overnutrition-related chronic diseases. We suggest that analyzing the strengths and weaknesses of the health indexes of different countries is possible. Consequently, this analysis can help to both determine the status of nutritional inequalities and plan country-specific strategies for reducing malnutrition. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing various nutritional problems that exist in low-income and lower-middle-income countries. It highlights the differing nutritional issues among countries with similar economic situations, indicating that malnutrition is indeed a significant concern. The mention of the potential long-term effects of nutritional differences observed during early childhood suggests that these challenges are critical for the ongoing health issues in these nations.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Organic farming often relies on natural fertilizers like compost and manure rather than synthetic chemicals. [SEP] Text: The apparent lack of similarity between composted BSG+PD(1:1) and BSG+PD(2:1) suggests a suppression of PD’s effect in the latter due to an unfavourable BSG-PD ratio. Again, composted BSG+PD(1:1) and BSG+CD(1:1) were not similar because of the expected greater mineralisation of the former than the latter to release P (Chukwuma et al. , 2024), and perhaps other essential plant nutrients. In amaranth production with BSG, therefore, there is a need to compost a mix of BSG with compatible animal manure in the suitable mixing ratio; otherwise, the desirable changes in nutrient status and physical and biological attributes of the mix that would lead to enhanced amaranth productivity may not occur. Composted BSG (representing BSG that was not complemented before composting) applied at a higher rate of 20 t ha–1 in the present study was mostly similar to the un-amended control. In a soil with high clay content in north-central Nigeria, amaranth yield was found to be higher in compost complemented with NPK-15:15:15 fertilizer compared with non-complemented compost which, however, out-yielded the un-amended control (Abayomi & Adebayo, 2014). Differences in soil texture, compost source and environmental settings between the cited research and this study may partially explain these seemingly conflicting reports. Treatment effects on some important fertility parameters of the soil (Ebido & Ndubuaku, 2019) showed that, for the immediate and the residual effects, there were reductions in exchangeable acidity to varying degrees and slight to moderate increases in soil pH, soil organic carbon, total N, available P and cations exchange in amended plots relative to the control. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not directly address the claim regarding organic farming's reliance on natural fertilizers like compost and manure. Although it discusses composting and fertilizer use in the context of amaranth production and the mineralization of composted materials, it does not provide evidence or specific details supporting or contrasting the claim about organic farming practices generally. Therefore, it is deemed irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Quantum biology explores the intersection of quantum mechanics and biological processes. [SEP] Text: D 44, 3197 (1991); DOI: https:// https:// [8] S. Aaaronson and J. Watrous, Closed timelike curves make quantum and classical computing equivalent, Proc. R. Soc. A 465, 631-647 (2009); DOI: https:// (2008). https:// arXiv:0808. 2669 [9] O. Oreshkov, F. Costa, and Č. Brukner, Quantum correlations with no causal order, Nat. Commun. 3, 1092 (2012); DOI: https:// (2011). https:// arXiv:1105. 4464 [10] O. Oreshkov and C. Giarmatzi, Causal and causally separable processes, New J. Phys. 18, 093020 (2016); DOI: https:// (2015). https:// arXiv:1506. 05449 [11] M. Araújo, C. Branciard, F. Costa, A. Feix, C. Giarmatzi, and Č. Brukner, Witnessing causal nonseparability, New J. Phys. 17, 102001 (2015); DOI: https:// (2015). https:// arXiv:1506. 03776 [12] J. Wechs, A. A. Abbott, and C. Branciard, On the definition and characterisation of multipartite causal (non)separability, New J. Phys. 21, 013027 (2019); DOI: https:// (2018). https:// arXiv:1807. 10557 [13] Ä. Baumeler and S. Wolf, Perfect signaling among three parties violating predefined causal order, Proceedings of on (ISIT) 2014, 526-530, 2014; DOI: https:// (2013). https:// arXiv:1312. 5916 [14] Ä. Baumeler, A. Feix, and S. Wolf, Maximal incompatibility of locally classical behavior and global causal order in multi-party scenarios, Phys. Rev. A 90, 042106 (2014); DOI: https:// (2014). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text provided does not address the claim about quantum biology. Instead, it discusses various scholarly articles related to quantum mechanics and causal processes without any mention of biological processes or the intersection with biology. Therefore, the text is irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Malnutrition remains a major issue in many low-income countries. [SEP] Text: Applying such an approach to diagnose malnutrition worldwide can contribute to building agreements in terms of priority areas for intervention and development. However, this approach may be limited because of variations in reporting among countries [11,12]. Only few countries have reported vitamin A supplementation and diarrhea-related deaths due to inadequate WASH in children <5 years of age, which makes it difficult to calculate deviation values for these variables. Because the deviation score indicates the relative position of a country among the countries included in the analysis, missing data of some countries could affect the scores of other countries. Therefore, deviation scores among various variables in a country should be compared while considering the included countries. The Box–Cox transformation is the best approach for dealing with this data and permits long-term monitoring of trends. Second, applying the described approach and using existing data published by other organizations may facilitate the monitoring of SDGs. This method facilitates identification of data types that are not reported at the country level [23]. Third, to ensure the high quality of data reported in each country, cooperation between international organizations is important. Despite these limitations, we could have explored some of these issues with the current data. The study would be valuable to countries that may want to analyze the situations in their countries using a global monitoring tool. Prior research has observed that a standardized tool for monitoring malnutrition that can be used globally is unavailable. The present study results indicate that analysis of the strengths and weaknesses of the health indexes of different countries is possible [6]. Consequently, this analysis can help to both determine the status of nutritional inequalities and plan country-specific strategies for reducing the double burden of malnutrition. Further, in discussing the SDGs, all countries highlighted the importance of confirming their positions on global issues [24]. The analyses presented here may contribute useful information to all countries participating in the global effort to reach the SDGs [25,26]. Supporting informationS1 File. 1. Organization [Internet]. Geneva: Organization; c2017 [cited 2018 November 7]. Global nutrition targets 2025: To improve maternal, infant and young child nutrition. Available from: 2. . Global burden of double malnutrition: Has anyone seen it? Plos One. 2011 Sept. 6(9):e25120. pmid:21980384 View 3. . Conference on Nutrition. Conference outcome document: Framework for action [Internet]. Rome: WHO and FAO; 2014 [cited 2018 April 4]. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the global issue of malnutrition and the lack of standardized tools to monitor it, which implies ongoing challenges in addressing malnutrition particularly in low-income countries. It highlights that many countries struggle with nutritional inequalities and that understanding these issues is crucial for developing strategies to combat malnutrition. Furthermore, the mention of monitoring efforts and the importance of cooperation among international organizations aligns with the claim that malnutrition is a persistent and significant issue in these regions.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Organic farming often relies on natural fertilizers like compost and manure rather than synthetic chemicals. [SEP] Text: (37),2016] 판결요지 피고인이 트럭을 도로의 중앙선 위에 왼쪽 바깥 바퀴가 걸친 상태로 운행하던 중 피해자가 승용차를 운전하여 피고인이 진행하던 차선으로 달려오다가 급히 자기 차선으로 들어가면서 피고인이 운전하던 트럭과 교행할 무렵 다시 피고인의 차선으로 들어와 그 차량의 왼쪽 앞 부분으로 트럭의 왼쪽 뒷바퀴 부분을 스치듯이 충돌하고 이어서 트럭을 바짝 다시 피고인의 차선으로 들어와 그 차량의 왼쪽 앞 부분으� [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses a traffic incident involving two vehicles and does not mention organic farming, fertilizers, or any related topics. Therefore, it does not support or contrast with the claim.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Quantum biology explores the intersection of quantum mechanics and biological processes. [SEP] Text: https:// arXiv:1403. 7333 [15] Ä. Baumeler and S. Wolf, The space of logically consistent classical processes without causal order, New J. Phys. 18, 013036 (2016); DOI: https:// (2015). https:// arXiv:1507. 01714 [16] C. Branciard, M. Araújo, A. Feix, F. Costa, and Č. Brukner, The simplest causal inequalities and their violation, New J. Phys. 18, 013008 (2016); DOI: https:// (2015). https:// arXiv:1508. 01704 [17] S. S. Bhattacharya and M. Banik, Biased Non-Causal Game, (2015). arXiv:1509. 02721 [18] A. Feix, M. Araújo, and Č. Brukner, Causally nonseparable processes admitting a causal model, New J. Phys. 18, 083040 (2016); DOI: https:// (2016). https:// arXiv:1604. 03391 [19] A. A. Abbott, C. Giarmatzi, F. Costa, and C. Branciard, Correlations: Polytopes and Inequalities, Phys. Rev. A 94, 032131 (2016); DOI: https:// (2016). https:// arXiv:1608. 01528 [20] N. Miklin, A. A. Abbott, C. Branciard, R. Chaves, C. Budroni, The entropic approach to causal correlations, New J. Phys. 19, 113041 (2017); DOI: https:// (2017). https:// arXiv:1706. 10270 [21] J. S. Bell, On the Rosen Paradox, Physics 1, 3, 195-200 (1964); DOI: https:// https:// [22] O. Oreshkov and N. J. Cerf, Operational quantum theory without predefined time, New J. Phys. 18, 073037 (2016); DOI: https:// (2014). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text provided contains references to various academic papers and authors but does not address the claim regarding quantum biology or its intersection with quantum mechanics and biological processes. Therefore, it is irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Malnutrition remains a major issue in many low-income countries. [SEP] Text: health systemsnutritionchild healthmaternal healthprevention strategiesSummary boxAdvancing universal health coverage and improving health system quality are among the most important issues faced by those engaged in global health today. The critical role played by a healthy food system in disease prevention and treatment is overlooked in discussions of health system reform, especially in low-income and middle-income countries. Forming strong links between local food and health systems may be an important point of intervention for addressing both ends of the malnutrition spectrum. In this commentary, we highlight the potential for healthcare institutions to improve access to and adoption of healthy diets beyond providing nutrition counselling in order to address the full spectrum of malnutrition in low-income and middle-income countries. Hippocrates (fifth century BCE), the father of medicine and namesake of the Oath many medical students swear by to this day, was among the first to recognise the centrality of diet in disease prevention and treatment. In that Oath, the statement, ‘I will apply dietetic measures for the benefit of the sick according to my ability and judgement’, comes before statements about drugs and surgery. Unfortunately, the importance of diet and nutrition in medicine is lost in most discussions of health system reform today, especially in low-income and middle-income countries (LMICs). Moreover, few food system researchers and policymakers consider the myriad opportunities for improving health through forging partnerships between local food, agriculture and health systems. In this commentary, we highlight the potential for healthcare institutions to improve access to and adoption of healthy diets beyond providing nutrition counselling in order to address the full spectrum of malnutrition in LMICs (figure 1) and provide examples of how this framework could be implemented in LMICs. We adopt the United Nations’ definitions of a food system as ‘all activities related to the production, distribution and consumption of food’, and of a health system as ‘the people, institutions and resources, arranged together in accordance with established policies, to improve the health of the population they serve’. 1 2 Considering the great success of extending the reach of antenatal clinics in LMICs—over 80% of women in 38 LMICs studied had at least one visit during pregnancy3—and the anticipated increase in healthcare utilisation in LMICs as a result of expansion of universal health coverage, healthcare institutions as an intervention setting have the potential to have a substantial impact. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by emphasizing that malnutrition is a significant concern in low-income and middle-income countries (LMICs). It discusses the critical role of healthy food systems in disease prevention and highlights the need for healthcare institutions to improve access to healthy diets to address the full spectrum of malnutrition in these regions. The commentary critiques how health system reform discussions often overlook the importance of diet and nutrition, thus reinforcing the idea that malnutrition is an ongoing major issue.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Organic farming often relies on natural fertilizers like compost and manure rather than synthetic chemicals. [SEP] Text: This asynchrony between PAN mineralization from CPM and sweet corn N need was also observed when a full N rate of CPM was used for sweet corn production in the field (Johnson, 2009). The authors observed high PAN concentrations in the soil before sweet corn five-leaf stage in 2 out of 3 years of the study. A combination of N mineralization before crop need and heavy precipitation leaching events could cause PAN loss and subsequently N deficiency for the crop. At the end of the study, PAN from the CPM was equivalent to the ammonium nitrate treatment, suggesting it was mostly available in the first growing season (Table1). Composted poultry manure N availability during the first year has been reported to range from 14% to 60% of total N applied (Muñoz et al. , 2008). However, mineralization was likely greater on the loamy sand soils of Wisconsin. Soil texture can affect manure or compost mineralization, with as much as 99% N availability from manure on coarse textured soils in comparison with 62% on silt loam soil in an incubation study (Griffin et al. , 2002). Environmental differences in temperature and soil moisture also may alter the availability among years (Gaskell and Smith, 2007). A secondary complication with using CPM for organic production is the high P content of manure. Applying CPM at a rate that would apply sufficient N to a sweet corn crop would overapply P. Soils with excessively high P concentration can contribute to eutrophication of surface water through surface water runoff (Correll, 1998). This suggests that the sole utilization of CPM for organic production is not an environmentally sustainable tactic and P content should be kept in mind when designing organic fertility management systems. The PAN concentration of the soil amended with 5-5-5 was similar from 28 to 112 d with only ≈65% of the total organic N applied mineralized from 5-5-5 by the end of the study (Table 1). This suggests that 5-5-5 would not completely mineralize during a growing season. This fertilizer also has nearly equivalent amounts of P and N, so it does not resolve the problem of P overapplication encountered with CPM. Furthermore, the actual N content of this amendment was 25% greater than the reported N content. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the limitations and environmental concerns associated with using composted poultry manure (CPM) in organic farming. It highlights that while CPM provides nitrogen, it also has a high phosphorus content that can lead to environmental issues such as eutrophication. This suggests that relying solely on CPM may not be an environmentally sustainable tactic for organic production, indicating that the use of natural fertilizers may have complications that detract from the claim.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Quantum biology explores the intersection of quantum mechanics and biological processes. [SEP] Text: https:// arXiv:1406. 3829 [23] R. Silva, Y. Guryanova, A. J. Short, P. Skrzypczyk, N. Brunner, and S. Popescu, Connecting processes with indefinite causal order and multi-time quantum states, New J. Phys. 19 103022 (2017); DOI: https:// (2017). https:// arXiv:1701. 08638 [24] M. Araújo, P. A. Guérin, and Ä. Baumeler, Quantum computation with indefinite causal structures, Phys. Rev. A 96, 052315 (2017); DOI: https:// (2017). https:// arXiv:1706. 09854 [25] S. . Chiribella, and K. Modi, Entanglement, non-Markovianity, and causal non-separability, New J. Phys. 20, 033033 (2018); DOI: https:// (2017). https:// arXiv:1711. 04065 [26] G. Chiribella, Perfect discrimination of no-signalling channels via quantum superposition of causal structures, Phys. Rev. A 86, 040301 (2012); DOI: https:// (2011). https:// arXiv:1109. 5154 [27] C. Branciard, Witnesses of causal nonseparability: an introduction and a few case studies, Sci. Rep. 6, 26018 (2016); DOI: https:// (2016). https:// arXiv:1603. 00043 [28] T. Colnaghi, G. M. D'Ariano, P. Perinotti, and S. Facchini, Quantum computation with programmable connections between gates, Phys. Lett. A 376, 2940 - 2943 (2012); DOI: https:// (2011). https:// arXiv:1109. 5987 [29] M. Araújo, F. Costa, and Č. Brukner, Computational advantage from quantum-controlled ordering of gates, Phys. Rev. Lett. 113, 250402 (2014); DOI: https:// (2014). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim regarding quantum biology or its intersection with biological processes. Instead, it contains references to various quantum mechanics studies and articles, which are not directly related to the topic of quantum biology.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Malnutrition remains a major issue in many low-income countries. [SEP] Text: Download figure Open in new tab Download powerpoint Figure 1 Conceptual framework demonstrating the intersection between local food and health systems and specific opportunities to improve overall health and address the full spectrum of malnutrition in the context of low-income and middle-income countries. Definitions of food and health systems are drawn from the Food and and the WHO, respectively. The framework was developed based on evidence that diverse diets including fruits, vegetables, nuts, legumes and select animal-based products such as eggs can reduce the risk of stunting, micronutrient deficiencies, overweight/obesity and nutrition-related non-communicable diseases and that healthcare institution-based interventions can directly improve intake of these foods. In many LMICs struggling to address the full spectrum of malnutrition, from undernutrition to obesity and nutrition-related non-communicable diseases, the underlying problem is not one of caloric insufficiency, but rather one of poor diet quality. 4 For example, in Guatemala, 50% of reproductive-aged women are overweight or obese and 48% of children under five are stunted (an indicator of chronic undernutrition). 5 Prospective epidemiological studies have demonstrated a positive relationship between consumption of red meat, processed foods and sugar-sweetened beverages and risk of obesity in adults, whereas consumption of fruits, vegetables, nuts and legumes is associated with a decreased risk of obesity. 6 On the other end of the malnutrition spectrum, randomised controlled trials of nutrition counselling to mothers delivered by trained healthcare providers that focuses on improving healthy complementary feeding practices have been shown to result in a 29% reduction in stunting. 7 Results from a randomised trial, published this year, found that the prevalence of stunting among Ecuadorian children (ages 6–9 months) who received one egg per day for 6 months was reduced by 47% compared with controls. 8 Few studies have explicitly evaluated both ends of the malnutrition spectrum. One ecological study found that a 100 kcal increase (per capita per day) in availability of vegetables was associated with a reduction in heart disease mortality of 459 per 100 000 population among adults >55 years and a 3. 5% lower stunting rate among children. 9 Based on this evidence, our proposed actions for healthcare institutions involve the promotion of a whole food-based diet including fruits, vegetables, nuts, legumes and healthy, environmentally sustainable animal-based products such as eggs instead of meat. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the challenges of malnutrition in low-income and middle-income countries (LMICs). It explicitly states that these countries struggle to address the full spectrum of malnutrition, including both undernutrition and obesity, and emphasizes that the underlying issues are related to poor diet quality rather than caloric insufficiency. The example from Guatemala highlights the dual burden of malnutrition, with significant percentages of women being overweight while also observing stunting in children. This information supports the assertion that malnutrition is a significant concern in these regions.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Organic farming often relies on natural fertilizers like compost and manure rather than synthetic chemicals. [SEP] Text: Thus, if a grower applied 5-5-5 based on actual macronutrient content, less of the amendment would be applied and correspondingly lower amounts of PAN would be available to the crop. The PAN concentration mineralized from 11-0-0 was less than all of the other amendments in the first 7 d (Table 1). Significant mineralization occurred between 7 and 14 d of incubation and total PAN from 11-0-0 was comparable to the ammonium nitrate treatment by the 14-d sampling. Hadas and Kautsky (1994) reported that only 65% of the organic N in feather meal mineralized in an 8-week, 30 °C incubation study using a clay soil. This difference highlights the impact of soil texture on mineralization. Perhaps problematically, the N in 11-0-0 fully mineralized before crop need. However, 11-0-0 can be sidedressed during the growing season to better match N mineralization with crop need. The rate of PAN availability would closely match crop need if 11-0-0 was sidedressed just before the five-leaf stage (600–700 GDD). In a related field study, this amendment was sidedressed at the five-leaf sweet corn stage (Johnson, 2009). The authors reported similar soil PAN concentration in the treatment that used 11-0-0 exclusively as a nitrogen source and the PAN of the soil in the control (no added N). The sweet corn likely used the N as soon as it was mineralized from the 11-0-0. The results of this laboratory incubation study and related field study suggest that 11-0-0 is a good option for N management in organic sweet corn. However, this amendment is costly, so using it in combination with GrM may optimize N while reducing cost to the grower. Similar to the 5-5-5, the actual N content of 11-0-0 was different from reported. Rather than containing more than reported, the N content was 0. 08% less. Thus, if actual nutrient content of 11-0-0 had been used to determine application rate, we may have seen higher PAN over the course of the incubation study. Under realistic circumstances, this could have resulted in a grower applying less N than expected. This highlights variability in batches of packaged amendments that could result in potential N deficiency. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the use of 11-0-0, which is a synthetic nitrogen fertilizer, as a viable option for nitrogen management in organic sweet corn. It provides a detailed analysis of the performance of this synthetic amendment, specifically stating that using 11-0-0 can optimize nitrogen availability while reducing costs for growers. This suggests that reliance on synthetic fertilizers can occur even in organic farming contexts, which contradicts the claim that organic farming depends primarily on natural fertilizers like compost and manure.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Quantum biology explores the intersection of quantum mechanics and biological processes. [SEP] Text: https:// arXiv:1401. 8127 [30] A. Feix, M. Araújo, and Č. Brukner, Quantum superposition of the order of parties as a communication resource, Phys. Rev. A 92, 052326 (2015); DOI: https:// (2016). https:// arXiv:1508. 07840 [31] P. A. Guérin, A. Feix, M. Araújo, and Č. Brukner, from of the Direction of Communication, Phys. Rev. Lett. 117, 100502 (2016); DOI: https:// (2016). https:// arXiv:1605. 07372 [32] N. Friis, V. Dunjko, W. Dür, and H. J. Briegel, Implementing quantum control for unknown subroutines, Phys. Rev. A 89, 030303(R) (2014); DOI: https:// (2014). https:// arXiv:1401. 8128 [33] L. M. Procopio et al. , of Orders of Quantum Gates, Nat. Commun. 6, 7913 (2015); DOI: https:// (2014). https:// arXiv:1412. 4006 [34] N. Friis, A. A. Melnikov, G. Kirchmair, and H. J. Briegel, Coherent controlization using superconducting qubits, Sci. Rep. 5, 18036 (2015); DOI: https:// (2015). https:// arXiv:1508. 00447 [35] G. Rubino, L. A. Rozema, A. Feix, M. Araújo, J. M. Zeuner, L. M. Procopio, Č. Brukner, and P. Walther, of an Order, Sci. Adv. 3, e1602589 (2017); DOI: https:// (2016). https:// arXiv:1608. 01683 [36] G. Rubino, L. A. Rozema, F. Massa, M. Araújo, M. Zych, Č. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it appears to be a compilation of references and citations related to various studies in quantum mechanics without any discussion or mention of quantum biology or its relationship with biological processes.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Malnutrition remains a major issue in many low-income countries. [SEP] Text: The first step towards initiating improvements in healthcare institution food environments is the adoption of mandatory nutrition standards for patient meals, cafeterias and vending machines. Initiative in City demonstrated that the adoption of such standards can result in improvements in the healthfulness of food offerings in this setting. 10 Internationally, the in Healthcare Pledge, part of Harm’s Initiative, has encouraged hospitals in countries around the world, including those in LMICs, to provide healthy, sustainable food to patients and employees. Leading by example, healthcare institutions have a unique opportunity to promote healthy eating and drinking behaviours in addition to their standard health-system function of acute-care service delivery. Take, for example, the case of smoking bans in US hospitals. In 1994, the on the Accreditation of banned smoking in hospitals and other medical facilities, representing the first US industry to ban smoking in the workplace. 11 Though this ban was implemented to protect patients’ health, subsequent studies showed that hospital employees also benefited. For example, hospital employees were more likely to quit smoking than their peers working in industries that did not adopt smoking bans. 12 A ban on unhealthy foods in healthcare institutions could result in similar benefits: patients and employees exposed to healthy food and beverage choices on-site may be more likely to create similar healthy food environments in their homes. Following, for example, the taxes on unhealthy foods adopted by Mexico in 2014, such bans could cover sugar-sweetened beverages and non-essential foods with an energy density ≥275 kcal/1000 g, including salty snacks, cakes and other processed foods. Bans on unhealthy foods (sugar-sweetened beverages and further restrictions on the calories per serving of prepackaged foods) have been proposed in public hospitals in the UK,13 but, to our knowledge, no bans exist in LMICs. The WHO recommends the elimination of unhealthy foods in the school environment,14 and we propose that similar recommendations should exist for healthcare institutions. Healthcare institutions could also serve as a source of healthy foods for patients and employees. Kaiser Permanente, the largest non-profit healthcare system in the USA, has on-site farmers’ markets at hospitals in four states. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing initiatives aimed at improving food environments in healthcare institutions, with a specific mention of low- and middle-income countries (LMICs). The context implies that such initiatives are necessary due to issues related to malnutrition, thus supporting the assertion that malnutrition is a persistent challenge in these regions. It emphasizes the importance of providing healthy food options in hospitals as a way to combat malnutrition.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Organic farming often relies on natural fertilizers like compost and manure rather than synthetic chemicals. [SEP] Text: Plant available N from the ammonium nitrate in combination with the pea and rye GrM reached a maximum by the 7-d sampling, while the PAN from the ammonium nitrate with alfalfa GrM was not maximized until the final sampling (Table 1). Because the PAN from alfalfa alone reached a maximum at day 14, this suggests that a combination with the ammonium nitrate potentially reduced the alfalfa mineralization rate. The total amount of PAN mineralized from the ammonium nitrate and the alfalfa at the end of the incubation study was in excess of a sweet corn crop total season N need. This reaffirms that the rate of ammonium nitrate could be correspondingly reduced to compensate for a significant alfalfa N credit of 80 lb/acre on this particular soil texture. The PAN of pea and ammonium nitrate at the end of the study was slightly higher than the total needed for a sweet corn crop but seemingly not enough to justify an N credit for the pea GrM crop (Table 1). Interestingly, when the rye was in combination with the ammonium nitrate, there was substantially less total PAN concentration at each of the dates in comparison with the rye in combination with the other amendments (Table 1), and moreover the rye and ammonium nitrate separately (Table 1). This was most likely attributable to the generally high carbon (C) to N ratio (C:N) of rye residue (although we did not determine the C and N of the rye residue in this study). The microbial community will draw any soil available N in the proportion to make use of available carbon, decreasing PAN in the soil. The C:N ratio of rye can range anywhere from 11:1 to 55:1 depending on the rye growth stage (Clark et al. , 1997). A C:N ratio of greater than 25:1 will immobilize PAN in the soil (Allison, 1966). Carbon and N analysis of a GrM before incorporation would help to determine probability of immobilization. Interestingly, there was no evidence of PAN immobilization from a rye cover crop in field studies that used ammonium nitrate as a fertilizer for sweet corn production (Cline and Silvernail, 2002; Johnson, 2009). Both studies attained optimal sweet corn yield, which would not have been possible if the N was immobilized and not available for crop use. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the use of ammonium nitrate, a synthetic chemical fertilizer, in combination with plant materials like alfalfa and rye. It does not address natural fertilizers such as compost or manure, focusing instead on the impact of synthetic fertilizers on soil nitrogen levels and their effectiveness for crop yields.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Quantum biology explores the intersection of quantum mechanics and biological processes. [SEP] Text: Brukner, and P. Walther, of Temporal Orders, (2017). arXiv:1712. 06884 [37] K. Goswami, C. Giarmatzi, M. Kewming, F. Costa, C. Branciard, J. Romero, and A. G. White, Order in a Quantum Switch, Phys. Rev. Lett. 121, 090503 (2018); DOI: https:// (2018). https:// arXiv:1803. 04302 [38] L. Viola, E. Knill, and R. Laflamme, in Physical Systems, J. Phys. A 34, 7067 (2001); DOI https:// (2001). https:// arXiv:quant-ph/0101090 [39] E. Knill, Protected realizations of quantum information, Phys. Rev. A 74, 042301 (2006); DOI: https:// (2006). https:// arXiv:quant-ph/0603252 [40] D. W. Kribs and R. W. Spekkens, are Subsystems, Phys. Rev. A 74, 042329 (2006); DOI: https:// (2006). https:// arXiv:quant-ph/0608045 [41] P. Zanardi, Subsystems, Phys. Rev. Lett. 87, 077901 (2001); DOI: https:// (2001). https:// arXiv:quant-ph/0103030 [42] P. Zanardi, D. Lidar, and S. Lloyd, are Observable Induced, Phys. Rev. Lett. 92, 060402 (2004); DOI: https:// (2003). https:// arXiv:quant-ph/0308043 [43] M. Araújo, Adrien Feix, Miguel Navascués, and Časlav Brukner, A purification postulate for quantum mechanics with indefinite causal order, Quantum 1, 10 (2017); DOI: https:// (2016). https:// arXiv:1611. 08535 [44] A. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text provides a list of references and citations related to quantum mechanics but does not address the intersection of quantum mechanics and biological processes as stated in the claim. Therefore, it is irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Malnutrition remains a major issue in many low-income countries. [SEP] Text: 15 A survey of patrons to these farmers’ markets conducted in 2010 found that 48% of weekly market users reported consuming ‘a lot more’ fruits and vegetables and 25% of less frequent users, who visited just a few times per year, also reported eating ‘a lot more’ fruits and vegetables,15 thus demonstrating potential benefits of such a programme. Taking the farm-to-hospital movement a step further, Center recently opened a 650 m2 rooftop garden that is expected to produce 3175 kg of food this summer, which will feed into hospital cafeterias, patient meals and an on-site patient food pantry. 16 While few evaluations of farm-to-hospital programmes have been conducted to date, a recent study found that US communities with healthcare institution-affiliated gardens had lower levels of obesity compared with the general US population (27% vs 34%) despite a similar demographic profile,17 indicating that such programmes are a promising approach to promoting health. In the context of LMICs, there are emerging opportunities to leverage the widespread interest in urban agriculture among key global health players such as the Food and Agriculture Organisation18 to implement healthcare institution-affiliated gardens. Indeed, linkages between hospitals and urban gardens have already been documented in several cities,18 though we were unable to identify any evaluations of these programmes. In rural areas of LMICs (particularly and sub-Saharan Africa), several trials of homestead food production have been conducted and demonstrate significant positive impacts on dietary diversity though only a limited impact on stunting. 19 A multisectoral solution that directly links food, agriculture and health systems should be explored as a complementary approach to addressing malnutrition. On-site gardens and direct purchasing from local smallholder farmers would not only provide a source of healthy foods for the hospitals or clinics, but could also indirectly improve the livelihoods of the local community. For example, the primary goal of the Food and Agriculture Organisation’s Purchase from Africans for Africa programme in Ethiopia, Malawi, Mozambique, Niger and Senegal is to promote food and nutrition security, but a potential co-benefit could be the prevention of obesity in schoolchildren as it encourages the consumption of non-processed, nutrient-dense foods. 20 As part of the programme, Malawi smallholder farmers now provide staple grains, groundnuts, bananas and fish to 10 primary schools where enrolment has increased by 15%. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing various initiatives aimed at improving nutrition and addressing malnutrition in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs). It highlights the potential benefits of urban agriculture and the role of healthcare institution-affiliated gardens in promoting health and dietary diversity, which directly relates to addressing malnutrition. Furthermore, it mentions trials of homestead food production in rural areas of LMICs that have shown positive impacts on dietary diversity, reinforcing the claim that malnutrition is a significant issue that needs to be addressed through such initiatives.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Organic farming often relies on natural fertilizers like compost and manure rather than synthetic chemicals. [SEP] Text: Notably, the highest reductions in exchangeable acidity occurred in composted BSG+PD(1:1). This reduction, which may not be unconnected with its excellent performance in this study, can be attributed to the liberation and loss via leaching of Al3+ chelated with base-forming cations during PD mineralisation in this acidic sandy soil (Garzón et al. , 2011; Tang et al. , 2007). The data further showed nominally higher values of soil organic carbon, total N, available P and base-forming cations (except Mg2+) in composted BSG plus PD than composted BSG plus CD, regardless of mixing ratio (Ebido & Ndubuaku, 2019). Amaranth growth and yield were influenced mostly by the soil content of Ca2+. Calcium is a crucial plant nutrient for the growth and development of plants (McLaughlin & Wimmer, 1999), particularly vegetable crops (Hao & Papadopoulos, 2003; Parra-Terraza et al. , 2008). Soil structure enhancement due to organic amendment mediates increased yields of short-duration vegetables in coarse-textured tropical soils (Ogunezi et al. , 2019). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by stating that composted organic materials, such as BSG (brewer's spent grain) and PD (possibly a type of organic amendment), lead to improved soil characteristics, including higher values of soil organic carbon and total nitrogen. This aligns with the principles of organic farming, which utilizes natural amendments to enhance soil health and crop productivity, in contrast to synthetic chemicals.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Quantum biology explores the intersection of quantum mechanics and biological processes. [SEP] Text: Jamiołkowski, Linear transformations which preserve trace and positive semidefiniteness of operators, Rep. Math. Phys. 3, 4, 275-278 (1972); DOI https:// https:// [45] M. -D. Choi, Completely positive linear maps on complex matrices, Lin. Alg. Appl. 10, 285-290 (1975); DOI: https:// https:// [46] O. Oreshkov and N. J. Cerf, Operational formulation of time reversal in quantum theory, Nature Phys. 11, 853-858 (2015); DOI: https:// (2015). https:// arXiv:1507. 07745 [47] P. Perinotti, and the Classification of Quantum Computations, in Time in physics, R. Renner and S. Stupar (eds), Tutorials, Schools, and Workshops in the Mathematical Sciences, (Birkhäuser, Cham, 2017); DOI: https:// https:// arXiv:1612. 05099 [48] A. Kissinger and S. Uijlen, A categorical semantics for causal structure, in Computer Science, Issue 3 (August 9, 2019), lmcs:5681; DOI: https:// (2017). https:// arXiv:1701. 04732 [49] M. A. Nielsen and I. L. Chuang, Quantum computation and quantum information, (Press, Cambridge, 2000); DOI https:// https:// [50] E. Castro-Ruiz, F. Giacomini, and Časlav Brukner, Dynamics of Structures, Phys. Rev. X 8, 011047 (2018); DOI: https:// (2017). https:// arXiv:1710. 03139 [51] Strictly speaking, in Ref. Chiribella12 it was shown that if there exists a realization of the quantum such that Alice's operation is in the past of Bob's operation so that the output ancilla of Alice could be connected to the input ancilla of Bob, this would allow deterministic transmission of information back in time. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim about quantum biology as it primarily consists of references to various scientific papers related to quantum mechanics and computation without making any explicit connection to biological processes.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Malnutrition remains a major issue in many low-income countries. [SEP] Text: 21 Similar programmes could be developed and tested in the context of health systems in LMICs. In order to increase patient awareness and use of on-site food resources, healthcare institutions could adopt healthy food prescriptions written by physicians or community health workers that can be filled at on-site patient food pantries or farmers’ markets. This would be an innovative approach to addressing both lack of nutrition knowledge and access to healthy foods among low-income patient populations. Primary care providers at the aforementioned Center, for example, write prescriptions for healthy foods that can be filled at their on-site patient food pantry, which in turn receives food from the hospital’s rooftop garden. Low-income patients with HIV/AIDS, diabetes and obesity are among those who frequently benefit from this hospital service and are able to receive up to 4 days’ worth of food for their families twice per month. 22 Extending this to the context of LMICs, the Programme’s Food by Prescription programme provides food and nutrition counselling to patients with HIV and tuberculosis. The food basket typically consists of a staple, pulses, vegetable oil and, in some cases, micronutrient-fortified blended foods. 23 Considering that these food baskets are often provided as a household ration, not just for the patient,24 adding nutrient-dense fruits and vegetables to the basket could expand this programme’s benefits to include prevention of obesity and nutrition-related non-communicable diseases. Hospitals in the USA and the UK have started to adopt innovative programmes such as farm-to-hospital initiatives, patient pantries and fruit and vegetable prescriptions to promote patient and employee wellness and address the growing burden of chronic diseases in these settings. Similarly, in the context of LMICs, forming strong links between local food, agriculture and health systems has the potential to address both ends of the malnutrition spectrum—and this is timely considering the urgent call by the global nutrition community for interventions addressing the dual burden of undernutrition and obesity and nutrition-related non-communicable diseases. 4 Farm-to-hospital initiatives and healthy food prescriptions would create direct links between health and agriculture, and the involvement of clinical dietitians in the decision-making process would help ensure positive nutrition impacts. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing various innovative programs aimed at improving nutrition among low-income populations in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs). It highlights the importance of addressing both the lack of nutrition knowledge and access to healthy foods as significant challenges. The mention of programs like the 'Food by Prescription' initiative to provide food and nutrition counseling specifically for patients with conditions such as HIV and tuberculosis further supports the assertion that malnutrition is a critical issue in these regions. Additionally, it references the 'urgent call by the global nutrition community' for innovative interventions to tackle both undernutrition and obesity, emphasizing the ongoing challenges related to malnutrition.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Organic farming often relies on natural fertilizers like compost and manure rather than synthetic chemicals. [SEP] Text: (37),2016] 판결요지 피고인이 트럭을 도로의 중앙선 위에 왼쪽 바깥 바퀴가 걸친 상태로 운행하던 중 피해자가 승용차를 운전하여 피고인이 진행하던 차선으로 달려오다가 급히 자기 차선으로 들어가면서 피고인이 운전하던 트럭과 교행할 무렵 다시 피고인의 차선으로 들어와 그 차량의 왼쪽 앞 부분으로 트럭의 왼쪽 뒷바퀴 부분을 스치듯이 충돌하고 이어서 트럭을 바짝 다시 피고인의 차선으로 들어와 그 차량의 왼쪽 앞 부분으� [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses a traffic incident involving a truck and a passenger car, with no mention of organic farming or fertilizers. Thus, it does not support, contrast, or provide any information related to the claim about organic farming practices.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Quantum biology explores the intersection of quantum mechanics and biological processes. [SEP] Text: 12429 [60] D. Ebler, S. Salek, and G. Chiribella, with the Assistance of Order, Phys. Rev. Lett. 120, 120502 (2018); DOI: https:// (2017). https:// arXiv:1711. 10165 [61] M. Zych, F. Costa, I. Pikovski, and Časlav Brukner, Bell's Theorem for Temporal Order, Nat. Commun. 10, 3772 (2019); DOI: https:// (2017). https:// arXiv:1708. 00248 [62] A. Dimić, M. Milivojević, D. Gočanin, and Časlav Brukner, Simulating spacetime with indefinite causal order via Rindler observers, (2017). arXiv:1712. 02689Cited by[1] Giulia Rubino, Lee A. Rozema, Francesco Massa, Mateus Araújo, Magdalena Zych, Časlav Brukner, and Philip Walther, "Experimental entanglement of temporal order", Quantum 6, 621 (2022). [2] Christina Giarmatzi, 1 (2019) ISBN:978-3-030-31929-8. [3] and Ämin Baumeler, "Order for Locality", Letters 131 12, 120201 (2023). [4] Nick Ormrod, Augustin Vanrietvelde, and Jonathan Barrett, "Causal structure in the presence of sectorial constraints, with application to the quantum switch", Quantum 7, 1028 (2023). [5] Zuzana Gavorová, Matan Seidel, and Yonathan Touati, "Topological obstructions to quantum computation with unitary oracles", A 109 3, 032625 (2024). [6] Ämin Baumeler, Gilani, and Jibran Rashid, "Unlimited non-causal correlations and their relation to non-locality", Quantum 6, 673 (2022). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text provides a list of references and citations related to quantum mechanics, entanglement, and causal structures but does not directly address quantum biology or its intersection with biological processes. Therefore, it is irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Malnutrition remains a major issue in many low-income countries. [SEP] Text: While all proposed actions may not be generalisable to severely resource-limited settings where governments are struggling to provide access to the most basic of healthcare needs, this preventive, food-based intervention that targets an underlying driver of many of the acute-care cases that require healthcare system access may, over the long term, reduce the health system burden. Strategic planning and goal setting help to ensure that key stakeholders are involved from multiple disciplines and that clear metrics of success are defined a priori. These activities should go hand-in-hand with the adoption of the proposed organisational policies and programme evaluation in order to monitor progress and impact. 1. ↵Food and Agriculture Organization. 1997. 2. ↵Organization. Health systems strengthening glossary. Geneva: Organization of the United Nations, 2017. (accessed 3 Oct 2017). 3. ↵. Levels and trends in the use of maternal health services in developing countries. Calverton, Maryland, USA: Agency for (USAID), 2011. 4. ↵ Institute. Global nutrition report 2016: from promise to impact: ending malnutrition by 2030. Washington, DC: Institute, 2016. 5. ↵ Ramirez-, Kroker-Lobos MF Close-, et al. The double burden of malnutrition in indigenous and nonindigenous Guatemalan populations. 2014;100:1644S–51. doi:10. 3945/ajcn. 114. 083857 OpenUrlAbstract/6. ↵. Changes in diet and lifestyle and long-term weight gain in women and men. N Med 2011;364:2392–404. doi:10. 1056/NEJMoa1014296 of Science7. ↵. Impact of education and provision of complementary feeding on growth and morbidity in children less than 2 years of age in developing countries: a systematic review. BMC 2013;13(Suppl 3):S13. doi:10. 1186/1471-2458-13-S3-S13 8. ↵. Eggs in early complementary feeding and child growth: a randomized controlled trial. Pediatrics 2017;140:e20163459. doi:10. 1542/peds. 2016-3459 OpenUrlAbstract/9. ↵. Global dietary quality, undernutrition and non-communicable disease: a longitudinal modelling study. BMJ Open 2016;6:e009331. doi:10. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing interventions and strategies aimed at addressing malnutrition, particularly in resource-limited settings. It emphasizes the importance of food-based interventions to target the underlying drivers of acute healthcare needs, which directly relates to the ongoing issue of malnutrition in low-income countries.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Organic farming has no environmental impact since it doesn't use synthetic inputs. [SEP] Text: Sustainability, 15(5), 4374. Carucci, F. , Gatta, G. , Gagliardi, A. , Bregaglio, S. , & Giulian, M. M. (2023). Individuation of the best agronomic practices for organic durum wheat cultivation in the Mediterranean environment: A multivariate approach. Agriculture & Food Security, 12(1). Dono, G. , Buttinelli, R. , & Cortignani, R. (2022). Financial performance of connected agribusiness activities in Italian agriculture. Bio-Based and Applied Economics, 11(2), 147-169. Fenta, A. A. , Tsunekawa, A. , Haregeweyn, N. , Tsubo, M. , Yasuda, H. , Kawai, T. , Berihun, M. L. , Ebabu, K. , Sultan, D. , & Mekuriaw, S. (2023). An integrated framework for improving watershed management planning. Environmental Research, 236, 116872. Gambelli, D. , Vairo, D. , Cuoco, E. , & Zanoli, R. (2023). The role of stakeholder involvement in EU research and innovation policy: A case study of technology platform organics. Organic Agriculture, 13(2), 293-308. Gmitrowicz-Iwan, J. , & Ligęza, S. (2023). Floodplain lakes as an indicator of increasing industrial pollution – Case study from a fertilizer factory in Poland. Environmental Research, 238, 117278. Grigoruk, V. V. , Akimbekova, C. U. , & Umbitaliev, A. D. (2021). Forecast of organic diversification of agriculture in a global perspective. Journal of and Tourism, 12(7), 1754-1765. Guo, Q. , Shah, M. I. , Kumar, S. , Abdulkareem, H. K. K. , & Inuwa, N. (2023). The roles of organic farming, renewable energy, and corruption on biodiversity crisis: A European perspective. , 30(11), 31696-31710. Hettige, N. D. , Hashim, R. , Kutty, A. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing various studies and practices associated with organic farming. Specifically, the mention of 'the roles of organic farming, renewable energy, and corruption on biodiversity crisis' implies that organic farming does have an environmental impact, contrary to the claim that it has none due to the absence of synthetic inputs.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Quantum biology explores the intersection of quantum mechanics and biological processes. [SEP] Text: [7] Julian Wechs, Cyril Branciard, and Ognyan Oreshkov, "Existence of processes violating causal inequalities on time-delocalised subsystems", 14 1, 1471 (2023). [8] "The equivalence principle as a Noether symmetry", of in 21 10, 2440014 (2024). [9] Alastair A. and Cyril Branciard, "Communication through coherent control of quantum channels", Quantum 4, 333 (2020). [10] Esteban Castro-Ruiz, Flaminia Giacomini, Alessio Belenchia, and Časlav Brukner, "Quantum clocks and the temporal localisability of events in the presence of gravitating quantum systems", 11 1, 2672 (2020). [11] Goldberg and Khabat Heshami, "Breaking the limits of purification: postselection enhances heat-bath algorithmic cooling", Journal of 7 1, 015003 (2023). [12] Teodor Strömberg, Peter Schiansky, Marco Túlio Quintino, Michael Antesberger, Lee A. Rozema, Iris Agresti, Časlav Brukner, and Philip Walther, "Experimental superposition of a quantum evolution with its time reverse", Research 6 2, 023071 (2024). [13] Ricardo Faleiro, Nikola Paunkovic, and Marko Vojinovic, "Operational interpretation of the vacuum and process matrices for identical p1809. 06655, (2018). [55] Guérin, Giulia Rubino, and Časlav Brukner, "Communication through quantum-controlled noise", A 99 6, 062317 (2019). [56] V. Vilasini and Renato Renner, "Embedding cyclic causal structures in acyclic space-times: no-go results for indefinite causality", arXiv:2203. 11245, (2022). [57] Lucien Hardy, "Interpretation: to Quantum Gravity", arXiv:1807. 10980, (2018). [58] Julian Wechs, Alastair A. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text lists various scientific papers and their authors without providing specific information or examples relevant to the claim regarding quantum biology and its relationship to quantum mechanics. Therefore, it is deemed irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Malnutrition remains a major issue in many low-income countries. [SEP] Text: full text icon contents icon Contents figure icon Figures Tables multimedia icon Multimedia attach icon 1. for and prior studies assess the indirect relationship between economic growth (per-capita gross domestic product [GDP]) and undernutrition, which can be interpreted as the total effect of economic growth on undernutrition (a). In the current study, we determined the direct association between economic growth and contributing factors (immediate and underlying determinants) (b) and the direct association between contributing factors (immediate and underlying determinants) and undernutrition (c). The effects (b and c) can be interpreted as the partial effects of economic growth on undernutrition. Additionally, we assess overnutrition and dietary diversity failure as further dimensions of malnutrition. Adapted from the 2020 Children’s Framework on Maternal and Child Nutrition. 9 BMI indicates body mass index. Figure 2. Large135 310 participants in 56 countries. Squares represent point estimates of odds ratios (ORs) associated with stunting. Contributing factors include immediate and underlying determinants of malnutrition that were available in the Demographic and Health Surveys. All specifications include country and survey year fixed effects as well as household, child, and mother control variables. Error bars indicate 95% CIs. BMI indicates body mass index (calculated as weight in kilograms divided by height in meters squared); ORT, oral rehydration therapy. Figure 3. Large135 669 participants in 56 countries. Squares represent point estimates of odds ratios (ORs) associated with overweight. Contributing factors include immediate and underlying determinants of malnutrition that were available in the Demographic and Health Surveys. All specifications include country and survey year fixed effects as well as household, child, and mother control variables. Error bars indicate 95% CIs. BMI indicates body mass index (calculated as weight in kilograms divided by height in meters squared); ORT, oral rehydration therapy. Figure 4. and 98 842 participants in 51 countries. Squares represent point estimates of odds ratios (ORs) associated with dietary diversity failure. Contributing factors include immediate and underlying determinants of malnutrition that were available in the Demographic and Health Surveys. All specifications include country and survey year fixed effects as well as household, child, and mother control variables. Error bars indicate 95% CIs. BMI indicates body mass index (calculated as weight in kilograms divided by height in meters squared); ORT, oral rehydration therapy. Table. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text supports the claim by discussing the relationship between economic growth and undernutrition, emphasizing that undernutrition and other dimensions of malnutrition are influenced by various contributing factors in low-income countries. This aligns with the claim that malnutrition remains a significant issue.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Organic farming has no environmental impact since it doesn't use synthetic inputs. [SEP] Text: A. , & Ash’aari, Z. H. (2023). A new model for organic contamination assessments using benthic macroinvertebrates as biological indicators. of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences, 23(8). Jiang, L. , Chen, Y. , Wang, X. , Guo, W. , Bi, Y. , Zhang, C. , Wang, J. , & Li, M. (2022). New insights explain that organic agriculture as sustainable agriculture enhances the sustainable development of medicinal plants. Frontiers in Plant Science, 13. Kashiwagi, K. , & Kamiyama, H. (2023). Effect of adoption of organic farming on technical efficiency of olive-growing farms: Empirical evidence from of Palestine. Agricultural and Food Economics, 11(1). Kociszewski, K. , Graczyk, A. , Sobocińska, M. , Krupowicz, J. , & Mazurek-Łopacińska, K. (2023). Changes in the Polish market for agricultural organic products. Ekonomia i Środowisko, 84(1), 259-286. Kowalska, M. , & Bieniek, M. (2022). Meeting the European green deal objective of expanding organic farming. Equilibrium. of Economics and Economic Policy, 17(3), 607-633. Magrini, A. (2022). Assessment of agricultural sustainability in countries: A group-based multivariate trajectory approach. AStA Advances in Statistical Analysis, 106(4), 673-703. Mahboubeh, J. , Babak, A. , & Le Bodic, P. (2023). Farmland allocation in the conversion from conventional to organic farming. of Operational Research, 311(3), 1103-1119. Mandolesi, S. , Dudinskaya, E. C. , Naspetti, S. , Solfanelli, F. , & Zanoli, R. (2022). Freedom of choice – Organic consumers’ discourses on new plant breeding techniques. Sustainability, 14(14), 8718. Nematollahi, M. , Tajbakhsh, A. , & Sedghy, B. M. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by providing insights into various studies and models that assess the environmental impact of organic farming. It specifically refers to research that indicates organic agriculture can enhance sustainability, which suggests it does have an environmental impact, thereby contradicting the claim that it has none.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Quantum biology explores the intersection of quantum mechanics and biological processes. [SEP] Text: Abbott, and Cyril Branciard, "On the definition and characterisation of multipartite causal (non)separability", of Physics 21 1, 013027 (2019). [59] Alastair A. and Cyril Branciard, "Communication through coherent control of quantum channels", arXiv:1810. 09826, (2018). [60] Guérin and Časlav Brukner, "Observer-dependent locality of quantum events", of Physics 20 10, 103031 (2018). [61] Lucien Hardy, "Implementation of the Principle", arXiv:1903. 01289, (2019). [62] Yu Guo, Xiao-Min Hu, Zhi-Bo Hou, Huan Cao, Jin-Ming Cui, Bi-Heng Liu, Yun-Feng Huang, Chuan-Feng Li, Guang-Can Guo, and Giulio Chiribella, "Experimental transmission of quantum information using a superposition of causal orders", arXiv:1811. 07526, (2018). [63] Márcio M. Taddei, Jaime Cariñe, Daniel Martínez, Tania García, Nayda Guerrero, Alastair A. Abbott, Mateus Araújo, Cyril Branciard, Esteban S. Gómez, Stephen P. Walborn, Leandro Aolita, and Gustavo Lima, "Computational advantage from quantum superposition of multiple temporal orders of photonic gates", arXiv:2002. 07817, (2020). [64] Augustin Vanrietvelde, Nick Ormrod, Hlér Kristjánsson, and Jonathan Barrett, "Consistent circuits for indefinite causal order", arXiv:2206. 10042, (2022). [65] C. T. and Timothy C. Ralph, "Violation of a causal inequality in a spacetime with definite causal order", arXiv:1804. 05498, (2018). [66] Guérin, Giulia Rubino, and Časlav Brukner, "Communication through quantum-controlled noise", arXiv:1812. 06848, (2018). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim directly as it consists of references to various scientific papers and authors in the field of quantum mechanics without mentioning quantum biology or its intersection with biological processes. Therefore, it is irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Malnutrition remains a major issue in many low-income countries. [SEP] Text: 1136/bmjgh-2019-002042 PubMed14. Li Z, Kim R, Vollmer S, Subramanian SV. Factors associated with child stunting, wasting, and underweight in 35 low- and middle-income countries. . 2020;3(4):e203386. doi:10. 1001/jamanetworkopen. 2020. 3386 PubMed15. Kim R, Rajpal S, Joe W, et al. Assessing associational strength of 23 correlates of child anthropometric failure: an econometric analysis of the 2015-2016 Health Survey, India.  Med. 2019;238:112374. doi:10. 1016/j. socscimed. 2019. 112374 PubMed16. Masibo PK, Makoka D. Trends and determinants of undernutrition among young Kenyan children: 1993, 1998, 2003 and 2008-2009.  Nutr. 2012;15(9):1715-1727. doi:10. 1017/S1368980012002856 PubMed17. Katoch OR. Determinants of malnutrition among children: a systematic review.  Nutrition. 2022;96:111565. doi:10. 1016/j. nut. 2021. 111565 PubMed18. Corsi DJ, Neuman M, Finlay JE, Subramanian SV. Demographic and health surveys: a profile.  Epidemiol. 2012;41(6):1602-1613. doi:10. 1093/ije/dys184 PubMed19. Feenstra RC, Inklaar R, Timmer MP. The next generation of the Table.  Rev. 2015;105(10):3150-3182. doi:10. 1257/aer. 20130954 20. . : Length/Height-for-Age, Weight-for-Age, Weight-for-Length and Index-for-Age: Methods and Development. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text presents references to multiple studies regarding child malnutrition, particularly focusing on stunting, wasting, and underweight issues in low- and middle-income countries. This supports the claim that malnutrition is a significant concern in these regions, as indicated by the extensive research outlined in the references.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Organic farming has no environmental impact since it doesn't use synthetic inputs. [SEP] Text: (2021). The reflection of competition and coordination on organic agribusiness supply chains. Part E-logistics and Transportation Review, 154, 102462. Prodhan, F. A. , Afrad, Md. S. , Haque, Md. E. , Hoque, M. Z. , Rokonuzzaman, M. , Mohana, H. P. , & Pervez, A. K. M. K. (2023). Factors driving the adoption of organic tea farming in the of Bangladesh. Research in Globalization, 7, 100145. Rees, C. W. , Grovermann, C. , & Finger, R. (2023). National organic action plans and organic farmland area growth in Europe. Food Policy, 121, 102531. Reidsma, P. , Accatino, F. , Appel, F. , Gavrilescu, C. , Krupin, V. , Tasevska, G. M. , Meuwissen, M. , Peneva, M. , Severini, S. , Soriano, B. , Urquhart, J. , Zawalińska, K. , Zinnanti, C. , & Paas, W. (2023). Alternative systems and strategies to improve future sustainability and resilience of farming systems across Europe: From adaptation to transformation. Policy, 134, 106881. Rudnicki, R. , Wiśniewski, Ł. , & Biczkowski, M. (2021). A spatial typography of environmentally friendly common agricultural policy support relevant to Deal objectives. Land, 10(10), 1092. Salavisa, I. , Ferreiro, M. F. , & Bizarro, S. (2021). The transition of the agro-food system: Lessons from organic farming in the Area. Sustainability, 13(17), 9495. Sarkar, D. , Dubey, P. , Chaurasiya, R. , Sankar, A. , Shikha, Chatterjee, N. , Ganguly, S. , & Rakshit, A. (2021). Organic interventions conferring stress tolerance and crop quality in agroecosystems during the Decade on Ecosystem Restoration. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing various aspects and studies related to organic farming, which imply that it does have environmental impacts or considerations, as indicated by the research topics such as sustainability, resilience, and environmental policy support. This suggests that while organic farming avoids synthetic inputs, it still engages in practices that can significantly affect the environment, thus challenging the assertion that it has no impact.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Natural selection drives evolution through differential survival. [SEP] Text: Rates of evolution We used alignments of the 13 protein-coding genes in Acrossocheilus (excluding the outgroup) to determine the number of polymorphic sites (S), the number of haplotypes (Nh), and theta (θ) according to the finite sites model [18] in DnaSP v5. 1 [19]. We used the θ-values to infer the relative per-generation mutation rates (μRelative) of individual of genes (μgene) relative to the whole mitogenome (μgenome) using the equation θ = 4Neμ, where population size (Ne) can be assumed to be similar for each gene, because population size is a property of each sequence in this case, and recombination is almost nonexistent in the mitochondrial DNA. We also determined the number of nonsynonymous and synonymous substitutions using TreeSAAP [20]. To assess neutral evolution in Acrossocheilus species, we performed an F test for normality of gene length, nonsynonymous and synonymous mutations, and the total number of mutations, and then conducted linear regression analyses in PAST [21] using alignments for all 13 protein-coding genes. The analyses consisted of (1) the number of mutations versus alignment length in bases, (2) the number of synonymous mutations versus alignment length in bases, (3) the number of nonsynonymous mutations versus the alignment length in bases, and (4) the number of nonsynonymous changes versus synonymous changes. Phylogenetic analysis Based on the concatenated alignment of the 13 protein-coding genes with the outgroup taxa included, we inferred phylogenetic relationships using maximum-likelihood (ML) in RAxML v8. 2. 4 [22]. Prior to performing the ML analysis, we determined that GTR+G was the best-fit model of nucleotide substitution in v2. 1. 1 [23] under the Criterion (AIC). In RAxML, we calculated branch support via 1000 ML bootstrap replicates. species were used as outgroup. We used the resulting phylogeny as a framework for subsequent codon-based tests for selection. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim directly. It focuses on methodologies for studying genetic variation and phylogenetic relationships in Acrossocheilus species, without discussing natural selection or differential survival in relation to evolution.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Malnutrition remains a major issue in many low-income countries. [SEP] Text: H, Klasen S, Qaim M. What do we really know? metrics for food insecurity and undernutrition.  Food Policy. 2011;36(6):760-769. doi:10. 1016/j. foodpol. 2011. 08. 003 29. Acemoglu D, Johnson S. Disease and development: the effect of life expectancy on economic growth.  J Polit Econ. 2007;115(6):925-985. doi:10. 1086/529000 30. Bloom DE, Canning D, Fink G. Disease and development revisited.  J Polit Econ. 2014;122(6):1355-1366. doi:10. 1086/677189 2654. doi:10. 1001/jamanetworkopen. 2023. 42654 Manage 2654. doi:10. 1001/jamanetworkopen. 2023. 42654 visual abstract icon editorial comment icon related 2021. Observations included 1 138 568 children aged 0 to 35 months with valid anthropometric measures and information on contributing factors of malnutrition from 58 LMICs. Data were analyzed from May 20, 2022, to February 16, 2023. per-capita gross domestic product (GDP) was used as a proxy for economic growth. measures of childhood malnutrition were constructed: stunting (height-for-age z score <−2), underweight (weight-for-age z score <−2), wasting (weight-for-height z score <−2), overweight (weight-for-height z score >2), obesity (weight-for-height z score >3), and dietary diversity failure (consumption of less than 5 of 8 different food groups in the past 24 hours). Eighteen contributing factors of malnutrition were constructed, of which 10 were underlying determinants (eg, access to improved sanitation) and 8 were immediate determinants (eg, breastfeeding initiation). total of 1 138 568 children (mean [SD] age, 17. 14 [10. 26] months; 579 589 [50. 9%] boys and 558 979 [49. 1%] girls) were included in the analysis. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the analysis of malnutrition in 1,138,568 children in 58 low- and middle-income countries (LMICs). It details multiple measures of childhood malnutrition such as stunting, underweight, and wasting, indicating that malnutrition is a prevalent concern in these regions. The mention of contributing factors to malnutrition further supports the claim that it is a significant issue affecting children in low-income countries.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Organic farming has no environmental impact since it doesn't use synthetic inputs. [SEP] Text: journalsbooksconferenceservicesabout usnewsblogsSubmitSign in Open AccessResearch 10. 56578/of100103Received: 01-09-2024,Revised: 03-18-2024,Accepted: 03-24-2024,Available online: 03-30-20241. Introductionto of the Deal aims to increase the designated area for organic farming across the entire (EU) by up to 25% by 2030 (European Commission, 2020). Reaching this aim involves tackling the challenge of ensuring an adequate supply of organic seeds (Solfanelli et al. , 2021). The use of organic seeds and vegetative propagating materials, also defined as plant reproductive materials, is mandatory in organic farming. The EC 2018/848 (European Union, 2018) and its implementation regulations 2020/464 (European Union, 2020) and 2022/474 (European Union, 2022) define the conditions that allow for organic farmers to apply for a derogation regarding the use of non-organic seeds without chemical postharvest treatments. Döring et al.  (2012) proposed that, due to the low investment in the past or for other market-related reasons, organic seeds were often not available in sufficient quantity. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by highlighting that organic farming is dependent on specific regulations regarding the use of organic seeds and propagating materials, suggesting a structured system of farming that goes beyond merely avoiding synthetic inputs. It references the European Commission's initiatives and regulations that govern organic farming practices, indicating that organic farming does have implications for environmental management and resource availability.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Natural selection drives evolution through differential survival. [SEP] Text: For each approach, we applied the best-fit substitution model for each gene and assessed significance according to posterior probability > 0. 9 (FUBAR) or P-value < 0. 05 (MEME). After applying all approaches, we looked among them for agreement on sites under positive selection in order to reduce false positives [32]. To supplement the codon-based approaches, we also used TreeSAAP [20], which estimates significant changes in amino acid properties along the phylogeny. When amino acid substitutions have strong effects on protein biochemistry, they are considered candidates for selection. We ran the analysis with a sliding window size of 15 codons and a step size of 1 codon. We considered amino acid substitutions as possibly under selection if the magnitude of change was ≥ 6, and we regarded z-scores above 3. 09 or below– 3. 09 (P < 0. 001) as attributable to positive and purifying selection, respectively [33]. We applied these relatively stringent criteria to avoid detection of false positives. Environmental analysis We applied a generalized linear model (GLM) to investigate the relationship between pairwise Ka/Ks values and environmental distances among accessions. We obtained environmental data for 14 of the 25 mitogenome accessions of Acrossocheilus (Table 1) with available georeferencing for their collection localities. Specifically, we used DIVA-GIS 7. 4. 01 [34] to extract values for the 19 standard bioclimatic variables (S2 Table) of 1. 3 [35] and converted them to a distance matrix for the accessions in R 4. 0. 3. Bioclimatic variables are derived from the monthly temperature and rainfall values in order to generate more biologically meaningful variables, and are often used in species distribution modeling and related ecological modeling techniques. We obtained the distance matrix of pairwise Ka/Ks in DnaSP v5. 1 [19] and performed the GLM using the LME4 library [36] for R 4. 0. 3 [37]. of evolution Relative per-generation mutation rates (μRelative) varied across mitochondrial genes (Table 2). Overall, genes of the ND family evolved faster than the other ones, with ND6 evolving the fastest (μRelative = 1. 61, Table 2). The most slowly evolving gene was COX3 (μRelative = 0. 9, Table 2). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses various methods and analyses related to genetic changes and environmental factors in a particular study, without directly addressing the concept of natural selection or differential survival as a driving force in evolution.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Malnutrition remains a major issue in many low-income countries. [SEP] Text: Of these, 27. 3% (95% CI, 27. 2%-27. 4%) had stunting; 25. 7% (95% CI, 25. 6%-25. 8%), underweight; 11. 2% (95% CI, 11. 1%-11. 2%), wasting; 3. 8% (95% CI, 3. 7%-3. 8%), overweight; 1. 1% (95% CI, 1. 1%-1. 1%), obesity; and 79. 8% (95% CI, 79. 7%-79. 9%), dietary diversity failure. Per-capita GDP was weakly associated with childhood malnutrition. The odds ratios associated with a 5% increase in per-capita GDP were 0. 99 (95% CI, 0. 99-1. 00) for stunting, 1. 01 (95% CI, 1. 00-1. 01) for wasting, 1. 00 (95% CI, 1. 00-1. 00) for underweight, 0. 98 (95% CI, 0. 98-0. 98) for overweight, 0. 98 (95% CI, 0. 97-0. 98) for obesity, and 1. 03 (95% CI, 1. 01-1. 04) for dietary diversity failure. Although strong associations were found between many contributing factors and most outcomes for malnutrition, associations identified between per-capita GDP and these contributing factors themselves were ambiguous. Conclusions and this multicountry cross-sectional study, economic growth was weakly associated with childhood malnutrition and several contributing factors. To reduce child malnutrition, economic growth may need to be accompanied by more targeted investments to improve contributing factors that are strongly associated with child malnutrition, such as maternal health and education. growth has been the focus of development policy for many national governments. 1 Advocates of the trickle-down theories of macroeconomics argue that economic growth will automatically lead to a better quality of life and better health, including less childhood malnutrition. 2-4 However, evidence suggests that economic growth has only a weak direct association with reductions in childhood stunting, wasting, and underweight. 5 While the Goals emphasize ending all forms of malnutrition by 2030, at the same time, there has been an alarming increase in childhood overweight and obesity in many emerging countries. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by providing statistical evidence regarding malnutrition indicators among children, such as stunting (27.3%), underweight (25.7%), and wasting (11.2%). It discusses the weak association between per-capita GDP and childhood malnutrition, indicating that economic growth alone may not be sufficient to address this enduring issue. Furthermore, it suggests that while progress is being made, there remains an alarming trend of increasing childhood overweight and obesity in emerging countries, reinforcing the claim that malnutrition is still a significant concern.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Organic farming has no environmental impact since it doesn't use synthetic inputs. [SEP] Text: Thus, European member states report a high number of derogations for the use of non-organic seeds each year (Solfanelli et al. , 2021). Solfanelli et al.  (2022a) provided the first European-wide estimation of organic seed supply and demand. Their research showed that the share of certified organic seeds, organic farm-saved seeds and non-organic seeds which were purchased differed between crops and regions within Europe. On average, the share of non-organic seeds, granted through derogations, varied between 48. 5% in eastern European regions and 18. 6% in central European regions. Solfanelli et al.  (2022a) also found differences between crop types. Fruit production farms used the most non-organic seeds (41. 9%), followed by forages (35. 6%), arable farms (29. 8%), and vegetable farms (24. 6%). The reported high proportion of non-organic seeds showed that the supply of suitable varieties of organic seeds in Europe was still lacking. The new EC 2018/848 foresees a phasing out of derogations on the use of non-organic seeds by the end of 2036 (European Union, 2018). Padel et al.  (2021) stated that the full enforcement of the regulation to use only organic seeds might have unforeseen consequences, such as a reduction in agrobiodiversity in organic farming, rather than supporting an increase in supply. Padel et al. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by indicating that a significant number of non-organic seeds are used in organic farming, as demonstrated by the reported high percentages of derogations for non-organic seed usage in various European regions. This suggests that organic farming does rely on non-organic inputs, hence implying that it does have some environmental impact despite being promoted as a synthetic-input-free method.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Natural selection drives evolution through differential survival. [SEP] Text: The latter clade was sister to A. barbodon. Further, we found that A. hemispinus was nested within the clade of A. parallens that was sister to a clade containing A. jishouensis and one of two individuals of A. paradoxus. A. wenchowensis was paraphyletic and included A. fasciatus, and this clade was sister to A. kreyenberfii. Both accessions of A. beijiangensis clustered together and were sister to A. stenotaeniatus and A. spinifer. This whole clade of three species was sister to A. wuyiensis and the second A. paradoxus individual. Thus, A. paradoxus was polyphyletic. Download: PPTPowerPoint slidePNGlarger imageTIFForiginal imageFig 3. Maximum-likelihood tree of the Acrossocheilus genus based on 13 protein coding mitochondrial gene sequences. Onychostoma barbatulum and O. barbatulum were used as outgroup. The different individuals are labeled at the tips. Numbers at the nodes denote the bootstrap values. Analysis of positive selection Based on the analyses in found no significant difference for the models M7 vs. M8 (S1 Table), and comparisons between M1a and M2a as well as M8a and M8 revealed no significant evidence for positive selection in Acrossocheilus species. Thus, taken together, the CodeML analyses did not uncover any signal of positive selection. In contrast to CodeML, we detected codons under positive selection according to the and FEL algorithms. Specifically, we found six codons under positive selection in five genes (COX1, COX2, COX3, ND3, and ND4) based on MEME, two codons under positive selection in two genes (ND3 and ND4) using FUBAR and FEL, and only one codon in ND4 under positive selection based on SLAC (Table 3). Codon 1 located within ND3 was detected by all approaches except for SLAC, while the and FEL algorithms agreed that 51 in ND4 is involved in positive selection (Table 3). All other codons implicated in positive selection were detected by only one of the four approaches. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim directly since it predominantly discusses phylogenetic relationships and analyses of positive selection within specific fish species. It does not provide information regarding natural selection as a driver of evolution, nor does it mention differential survival, making it irrelevant to the claim.