Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Once encrypted, data never needs additional security measures. [SEP] Text: 1 we show that LRSE reaches a higher level result accuracy compared to Cao’s approach. In comparison with a recent work[18], LRSE preserves search pattern and co-occurring terms privacy. Moreover, in Guo et al. ’s[18] approach, a trusted proxy is considered in the system model which increases the system cost. 6 Implementation and analysisWe conducted a comprehensive experimental evaluation of LRSE on 203 English books[26] with more than five million words (excluding stop-words) and more than 2200 keywords. Our experiment includes a user and a server. Both entities are implemented using Java (JDK 1. 8. 0_111) and are executed on Windows 7 machines with Core2 Duo CPU at 3. 17 GHz and 8 GBs of RAM. The user acts as the data owner and data user, and the server acts as the cloud server. We ran the experiments 10 times and difference between the maximum and minimum output of the same experiment was lees than 0. 5%. For example, the result accuracy experiment showed less than a 0. 2% difference in 10 runs. Recall that in Section 4 we explained that the user’s query is a set of keywords or a sentence in natural language. We assumed that the number of keywords in each query is between five and ten. In other words, each time our query simulator is generating a random number in this range (5-10) which indicates the number of keywords in the corresponding queryOur analysis includes result accuracy and privacy assessment. In general, the cloud server observes two groups of vectors: document vectors and query vectors. Our experimental evaluation demonstrates a higher privacy in both groups, and a higher level of result accuracy compared with Cao’s result precision[9]. 6. 1 Result AccuracySection 4. 1 describes a certain number of available ciphertexts (portion) are selected in every query. Although, the same portion for each keyword is employed in the query, it may effect the accuracy of the results due to the reason we explained in Section 5. 3. Thus, there is a small chance to lose some result accuracy when the number of available ciphertexts for a keyword is bigger than its frequency in a specific document (because the encrypted versions that are employed in the document may differ from the ones in the query). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the evaluation of privacy and accuracy in the context of data encryption. It highlights that even with encryption, there is a potential loss in result accuracy due to the handling of ciphertexts in queries. This implies that additional considerations, and perhaps security measures, are necessary to maintain accuracy and privacy after data has been encrypted.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Some propose that all insect pathogens can be safely used in urban environments. [SEP] Text: Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) reversibly inhibit cyclooxygenase (COX) and therefore alter PG synthesis in many tissues with a range of effects beyond their intended one. NSAIDs have a number of well-known adverse effects on the kidney, gastrointestinal (GI) tract, and cardiovascular system. Adverse effect profiles vary by drug, in part depending on relative selectivity for the COX-1 and COX-2 isozymes, with more COX-2 selective inhibitors having lower risk of GI bleeding but higher risk of cardiovascular disease. Therefore, all NSAIDs have potentially serious adverse effects, and NSAIDs are a common cause of drug-related emergency hospital admission and drug-related death, from GI bleeding, AKI, and serious cardiovascular events (1,2). International consensus guidelines recommend avoiding NSAIDs in people with eGFR <30 ml/min per 1. 73 m2, and to avoid prolonged use in those with eGFR 30–59 ml/min per 1. 73 m2 (3). Despite this, NSAIDs are commonly prescribed to people with CKD. One in ten people with CKD in the Study were prescribed an NSAID annually, with 24% exposed at some point during 8 years of follow-up. Exposure was common in all subgroups examined, but was somewhat less likely in people with more severe CKD and those seeing nephrologists (4). A systematic review of NSAID use in people with CKD in seven cross-sectional studies found that 8%–21% were currently taking NSAIDs (5). One likely reason for liberal prescribing is that NSAID prescribing has rapidly observable benefits on pain, whereas harms are merely theoretical risks at the point of prescribing. In addition, the prescriber will often not observe the harmful outcome because the patient presents with adverse effects elsewhere in the health care system. Randomized controlled trials examining NSAID effectiveness routinely exclude people with CKD, and often do not evaluate renal outcomes or other potential harms (6). Most of our evidence for NSAID harms in people with CKD therefore comes from observational studies. Although this means that causality cannot always be proved, there is no doubt that NSAID prescribing in people with CKD has a number of important adverse effects on the kidney and on other body systems. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text discusses the effects and risks associated with nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) in individuals with chronic kidney disease (CKD). It does not mention insect pathogens or their use in urban environments, making it irrelevant to the claim about insect pathogens.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Excessive sodium intake is linked to high blood pressure. [SEP] Text: ↵. Sodium reduction and its effect on food safety, food quality, and human health. 2010;9:44–56. doi:10. 1111/j. 1541-4337. 2009. 00096. x OpenUrlCrossRef27. ↵NIH. 2018. National heart, lung, and blood institute: DASH eating plan (accessed 17 Jun 2018). 28. ↵ -Research Group. Effects on blood pressure of reduced dietary sodium and the to (DASH) diet. DASH-Research Group. N Med 2001;344:3–10. doi:10. 1056/NEJM200101043440101 of Science29. ↵ Salehi-, et al. Influence of to (DASH) diet on blood pressure: a systematic review and meta-analysis on randomized controlled trials. 2014;24:1253–61. doi:10. 1016/j. numecd. 2014. 06. 008 30. ↵for Health and (NICE). 2016. Hypertension in adults: diagnosis and management. Clinical practice guidelines for the management of hypertension in the community: a statement by the of Hypertension and the of Hypertension. J 2014;16:14–26. doi:10. 1111/jch. 12237 OpenUrlCrossRef32. ↵. Salt sensitivity and its implications in clinical practice. Journal 2017 (published Online First: 10 October 2017). 33. ↵. An appraisal of methods recently recommended for testing salt sensitivity of blood pressure. J Assoc 2017;6:e005653. doi:10. 1161/JAHA. 117. 005653 34. ↵. Diagnostic tools for hypertension and salt sensitivity testing. 2013;22:65–76. doi:10. 1097/MNH. 0b013e32835b3693 35. ↵. Genetics of salt-sensitive hypertension. Rep 2011;13:55–66. doi:10. 1007/s11906-010-0167-6 36. ↵. Salt sensitivity, pulse pressure, and death in normal and hypertensive humans. Hypertension 2001;37(2 Pt 2):429–32. doi:10. 1161/01. HYP. 37. 2. 429 37. ↵. Sodium and volume sensitivity of blood pressure. Age and pressure change over time. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text references various studies and guidelines that discuss the relationship between sodium intake and blood pressure. Specifically, it mentions 'effects on blood pressure of reduced dietary sodium' and includes citations from research groups and systematic reviews indicating that dietary sodium reduction can influence hypertension. This directly supports the claim of a link between excessive sodium intake and high blood pressure.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Once encrypted, data never needs additional security measures. [SEP] Text: 1 we proved that the entropy of document vectors which are generated by LRSE are greater than or equal to the entropy of original vectors. The simulation results emphasizes our theorem and shows at least a 25% entropy improvement in all of the documents and in some documents around 90%. Figure 6 demonstrates the first 20 documents entropy improvement. Figure 6. Entropy improvement of the first 20 documents. Note that, some documents such as “Document6” in Figure 6 may possess a high frequency of some keywords because specifically discuss a special topic. For example, legal terminologies are used heavily in the congress documents which increases their frequencies and drastically reduces the entropy of the document vectors and threatens owner/user privacy. In LRSE, we break down these high frequency occurrences to a couple of frequencies in the average frequency range (see Section 4. 1). For example, assume the frequency of keyword wi in document Dj is 72 and the threshold is τ = 25, thus. Hence, LRSE divides the wi frequency to 3 smaller parts (say 22, 24, 26) which are close to the frequency average (25), and then generates 3 ciphertexts using the chaining notion for each part. Because of this LRSE feature, our observation and result simulation show a 90% entropy improvement in some of the documents. 6. 2. 2 of Document VectorsA low standard deviation (σ) represents that most of the keyword frequencies are very close to the average and consequently to each other. Note that, the keywords can be deduced or identified in a strong attack model that the cloud server is equipped with more knowledge such as the term frequency statistics of the document collection[16]. For example, the frequency of economic terminologies is much higher than the other keywords in a budget document. Thus, the more keyword frequencies become closer to each other the more difficult identifying the keywords becomes. Figure 7 demonstrates the standard deviation reduction of first 20 documents which are calculated by comparing the standard deviation of the original document vector and the corresponding vector in LRSE. The results show at least a 80%, σ reduction in each document. This means the frequency of the keywords are at least 80% closer to each other which preserve the data privacy against privacy attacks such as frequency statistical analysis mentioned above. Figure 7. Standard deviation deduction in the first 20 documents. 6. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by highlighting that even with encryption, there are vulnerabilities associated with keyword frequency that could expose user privacy. It explains how techniques like LRSE improve the entropy and reduce the standard deviation of keyword frequencies to protect against attacks, indicating that merely encrypting data is not sufficient to ensure its security without further measures.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Some propose that all insect pathogens can be safely used in urban environments. [SEP] Text: Effects PGs play an important role in maintaining or increasing renal blood flow in the face of extracellular volume depletion or reduced filtration, and have effects on renal handling of sodium, potassium, and water. NSAID inhibition of renal PG synthesis can therefore cause abnormalities of serum sodium and potassium, fluid retention, and AKI in the face of dehydration and intercurrent illness. There is consistent evidence from observational studies that NSAIDs are associated with increased risk of AKI. A systematic review estimated a pooled odds ratio (OR) of 1. 63 (95% confidence interval [95% CI], 1. 22 to 2. 19) for AKI for current NSAID exposure in people with CKD (6). This relative risk is similar to that observed in the general population, but baseline risk of AKI is higher in people with CKD meaning that absolute risk of NSAID exposure is higher (6). A population study in Canada published since the review found ORs of 1. 41 (95% CI, 1. 20 to 1. 65) and 1. 50 (95% CI, 1. 20 to 1. 89) for AKI and hyperkalemia, respectively, for new NSAID use in older adults irrespective of renal function. Estimated ORs were similar in those with and without CKD, but baseline risk and therefore absolute risk of AKI associated with NSAID exposure was higher in people with CKD (7). People with CKD are commonly prescribed diuretics and/or renin-angiotensin system inhibitors (Table 1), which is a further risk factor for AKI. The risk of NSAID exposure for AKI in people taking renin-angiotensin system inhibitors and/or diuretics is somewhat larger in people with CKD (OR 2. 51 [95% CI, 1. 09 to 5. 78]) compared with those without (OR 1. 60 [95% CI, 1. 31 to 1. 95]). However, the absolute risk of AKI is four times greater in people with CKD because their baseline risk of AKI is higher (8). Table 1. - Prevalence of selected prescribing and comorbidities in people with CKD (reanalysis of existing dataset) Drug or Condition with <65 yr (N=5159)a (%) Aged ≥65 yr (N=28,412) (%) Current diureticb 38. 5 57. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses the impact of NSAID use on renal function, acute kidney injury (AKI), and the associated risks for patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD). There is no mention of insect pathogens or their use in urban environments, making the text unrelated to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Excessive sodium intake is linked to high blood pressure. [SEP] Text: Hypertension 1991;18:67–71. doi:10. 1161/01. HYP. 18. 1. 67 OpenUrlCrossRef38. ↵. Dietary sodium and health: more than just blood pressure. J Cardiol 2015;65:1042–50. doi:10. 1016/j. jacc. 2014. 12. 039 39. ↵. High salt intake is independently associated with hypertensive target organ damage. J 2016;18:315–21. doi:10. 1111/jch. 12668 40. ↵. Sodium sensitivity and cardiovascular events in patients with essential hypertension. Lancet 1997;350:1734–7. doi:10. 1016/S0140-6736(97)05189-1 of Science41. ↵. Mechanisms and consequences of salt sensitivity and dietary salt intake. 2011;20:37–43. doi:10. 1097/MNH. 0b013e32834122f1 42. ↵ Sanders PW. Dietary salt intake, salt sensitivity, and cardiovascular health. Hypertension 2009;53:442–5. doi:10. 1161/. 108. 120303 OpenUrlCrossRef43. ↵. Genetic predisposition to salt-sensitivity: a systematic review. J Hypertens 2004;22:1243–9. of Science44. ↵. Polymorphisms of and ACE genes in salt-sensitive hypertension. 2008;86:505–10. doi:10. 1139/Y08-045 45. ↵. Genomics and pharmacogenomics of salt-sensitive hypertension. Rev 2015;11:49–56. doi:10. 2174/1573402111999150521102331 46. ↵. The association of genetic variations with sensitivity of blood pressure to dietary salt: A narrative literature review. ARYA Atheroscler 2014;10:169–74. OpenUrl47. ↵. Genetic variants in the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system and salt sensitivity of blood pressure. J Hypertens 2010;28:1–20. doi:10. 1097/HJH. 0b013e3283383655 OpenUrlPubMed48. ↵ Luft FC. Molecular genetics of salt-sensitivity and hypertension. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text provides links to multiple studies and articles that indicate high salt intake is associated with hypertension and related health issues. For instance, it mentions that high salt intake is independently associated with 'hypertensive target organ damage' and discusses various studies on salt sensitivity in hypertension. This supports the claim that excessive sodium intake is indeed linked to high blood pressure.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Once encrypted, data never needs additional security measures. [SEP] Text: 3 Query VectorsAlthough documents’ vectors are constant and barely change, the query vectors are prone to change as the user intentions and demands change. In other words, the number of queries increases over time, more information such as access pattern will be revealed to the cloud. For this reason, we dedicate the third part of our analysis to query vectors. The result analyses shows that LRSE protects the access pattern and privacy of the queries even when the number of queries grows. 6. 3. 1 from Ideal VectorTo preserve the access pattern, the ideal is the cloud server sees all of the queried keywords with the same frequency. In other words, after receiving m search requests the normalized vector of queries on n keywords is: which means that to predict the next queried keywords or discovering the underlying plain keywords, the cloud server has no more chance than flipping a coin, which is the best case scenario. We apply Euclidean distance measure to determine the distance between the ideal vector and the original/LRSE query vector. The less the Euclidean distance is, the closer we are to the ideal vector, and the more private is the data. To calculate the query vector, we processed the frequency of each queried keyword after every 3000 queries (for both original and LRSE queries). We then calculate its Euclidean distance from the ideal vector. Figure 8 demonstrates the Euclidean distance improvement. The results show that the query frequency vector is at least 67% closer to the ideal vector after 30000 search requests submitted. Note that this is the minimum improvement due to using uniform distribution. We randomly select some keywords to create the queries. However in the real world users keep asking for documents in their field of expertise or their interests which makes the original frequency vector farther away from the ideal vector. Figure 8. Euclidean distance improvement over 30000 queries. 6. 3. 2 of Query Vectors6. 2. 2 we explained the importance of having low standard deviation(σ) and analyzed the σ of LRSE document vectors. In this section we study the σ reduction of the query vectors. Unlike the documents, the number of the queries and consequently query vectors increases during the time and for this reason we show the σ reduction over time. We employed the same methodology in Section 6. 2. 2 to evaluate the standard deviation reduction. Figure 9 demonstrates that LRSE reduces the standard deviation 25-30%. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing how query vectors can change over time and the importance of monitoring access patterns and queries, suggesting that data security measures must be active even after encryption. It highlights that additional measures, such as reducing the standard deviation of query vectors and protecting access patterns, are necessary to maintain data privacy and security.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Some propose that all insect pathogens can be safely used in urban environments. [SEP] Text: 8 Current RASIb 52. 6 57. 3 Current diuretic and RASIb 26. 8 37. 0 Current antiplateletb 32. 7 52. 6 Current oral anticoagulationb 3. 8 8. 3 Cardiovascular diseasec 24. 7 50. 6 Heart failure 6. 0 14. 3 Any of the above 73. 8 90. 8 Two or more of the above 48. 0 73. 7 RASI, renin-angiotensin system inhibitor. aReanalysis of data for 33,571 people recorded as having CKD in primary care medical records in Scotland (9). bCurrent prescribing = prescription issued in last 84 d (either an angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor or an angiotensin receptor blocker). cCoronary heart disease, stroke, transient ischemic attack, or peripheral vascular disease. In contrast, the evidence that NSAID exposure is associated with progression of CKD is more mixed. Some studies show a dose-related increased risk of incident CKD in people with hypertension (9). However, a systematic review of seven studies found no association with progression of CKD for regular-dose NSAID use, although a significantly increased risk of progression from high-dose use (pooled OR 1. 26; 95% CI, 1. 06 to 1. 50) (10). GI and are many other reasons to be concerned about NSAID exposure in people with CKD, because NSAIDs cause GI bleeding, cardiovascular disease, and worsening of heart failure (2). People with CKD are at higher risk of GI bleeding. Compared with people with eGFR ≥60 ml/min per 1. 73 m2 and after adjustment for age, sex, comorbidity, and coprescribing, risk of hospitalization with GI bleeding is 50% higher in people with CKD stage 3, and seven times higher people with CKD stage 4 or 5 (11). NSAIDs can cause GI bleeding in anyone, but their risks are therefore potentiated in people with CKD because of higher baseline risk, and further potentiated by the frequent coprescribing in people with CKD of other drugs that increase bleeding risk (Table 1) (12). Many, but not all, NSAIDs are also associated with increased risk of major vascular events, particularly COX-2 inhibitors and diclofenac, where risk is increased by one third (2). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text discusses several medical topics including cardiovascular disease, chronic kidney disease (CKD), NSAID use, and associated risks, but does not mention insect pathogens or their safety in urban environments. Thus, it is irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Excessive sodium intake is linked to high blood pressure. [SEP] Text: v. 50(7); Jul 2020 10. 4070/kcj. 2020. 0042 J. 2020 Jul;50(7):555-571. English. Published online Mar 24, 2020. Copyright © 2020. Society of and Moo-1 and Yun-Jeong Jeong, MD2 Author information Author notes Copyright and License 1. 2Department of. Correspondence to Moo-. 27, Dongguk-ro, Ilsandong-gu, Goyang 10326, Korea. Email: mooyong_rhee@dumc. or. kr 03, 2020; 23, 2020; 10, 2020. This is an 4. 0) which permits unrestricted noncommercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. Go to: intake reduction has been emphasized because sodium adversely impacts health, especially blood pressure (BP), and the cardiovascular (CV) disease risk. However, data obtained from several cohort studies have raised questions regarding the effects of high sodium intake on BP and the CV disease risk. In the present study, we systematically reviewed the literature to evaluate these associations. Studies showing negative associations between urine sodium and BP and CV outcomes relied on estimated 24-hour urine sodium from spot urine that is inappropriate for determining sodium intake at an individual level. Furthermore, controversy about the association between 24-hour urine sodium and BP may have been caused by different characteristics of study populations, such as age distribution, ethnicity, potassium intake and the inclusion of patients with hypertension, the different statistical methods and BP measurement methods. Regarding the association between sodium intake and the CV disease risk, studies showing negative or J- or U-shaped associations used a single baseline measurement of 24-hour urine sodium in their analyses. However, recent studies that employed average of subsequently measured 24-hour urine sodium showed positive, linear associations between sodium intake and CV outcomes, indicating that controversies are caused by the different sodium intake measurement methods and analytic designs. In conclusion, the study shows that positive associations exist between sodium intake and BP, CV outcomes, and mortality, and that the argument that reducing sodium intake is dangerous is invalid. Sodium intake reduction should be recommended to all, and not limited to patients with hypertension or CV disease. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by indicating that 'sodium adversely impacts health, especially blood pressure (BP),' and concludes that there are 'positive associations between sodium intake and BP,' supporting the idea that excessive sodium is linked to high blood pressure.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Once encrypted, data never needs additional security measures. [SEP] Text: [18] propose a multi-keyword SSE approach which support multi data owners, and to tackle the key management challenges they exploit a trusted proxy. However, these schemes function based on the symmetric key encryption, where the same key is employed to encrypt and decrypt the data. Another approach is to use public key encryption. Boneh et al. [2] defined the concept of the “public key encryption with keyword search”, and later, several methods [6,29-32] were introduced to improve the efficiency and system cost of the public-key searchable encryption schemes. Basically, these methods exercise one key for encryption and another key for decryption. Thus, data users who own the private key are able to search the outsourced data encrypted by the public key. Nevertheless, all these methods suffer from private information leakage such as access pattern, search pattern, and co-occurrence information leakage. Cao et al. [9] believe that, to solve this problem, we must “touch” the whole outsourced dataset, which ends in losing the efficiency so other investigators chose not to impede these leaks which kept them out of the designed goals. 8 ConclusionsThe problem of leakless preserving privacy multi-keyword ranked search in SSE schemes, addressed here. We built a private model to prevent two kinds of leakage: search pattern and co-occurrence private information leakage. We employed the asymmetric inner-product to calculate the relevance score of each document with respect to the query. We also introduced our chaining encryption notion to generate multiple ciphertexts for the same keyword. All this leads to more uncertainty and a uniform probability model for the keywords distribution. Furthermore, with our chaining encryption notion, the data user is able to randomly choose a portion of the ciphertexts for each keyword. Thus even if consecutive queries share some keywords, the cloud is not able to find a pattern between the queries due to using different versions of ciphertexts in each query. Moreover, co-occurring terms appear with different ciphertexts in the encrypted documents, and so, finding the co-occurring terms becomes significantly more difficult for the cloud. Next, to tackle the challenge of leakless multi-keyword ranked search, we propose the LRSE scheme and define the privacy requirements. In addition, we explain each level of the LRSE scheme in details and describe the required algorithms. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing various encryption methods and their vulnerabilities. It highlights that while symmetric and asymmetric encryption approaches are utilized, they both face challenges such as private information leakage. Specifically, it states that methods suffer from access pattern and search pattern leakage, indicating that encryption alone does not suffice for complete data security and requires additional measures to address these concerns.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Some propose that all insect pathogens can be safely used in urban environments. [SEP] Text: Ibuprofen is associated with some increased cardiovascular risk in high doses, but has lower risk of GI bleeding. In contrast, naproxen appears safe from a cardiovascular perspective but is associated with higher rates of GI bleeding (2). NSAIDs are associated with a doubling of risk of heart failure hospitalization in randomized clinical trials (2), with evidence of increased mortality associated with NSAID prescription in people with established heart failure, particularly at higher doses (13). People with CKD have higher cardiovascular risk, and commonly have established CVD and/or heart failure (Table 1), meaning that absolute risk of harm from NSAID exposure will be larger than in the general population. have a number of adverse renal effects in people with CKD, and in particular are associated with clinically significant increased risks of AKI. People with CKD (and particularly older people with CKD) are very commonly prescribed other nephrotoxic drugs or other drugs that increase bleeding risk, very commonly have established cardiovascular disease, and fairly commonly have heart failure (Table 1). More than three-quarters have at least one additional reason to avoid NSAIDs, and more than one half have two or more additional reasons. In addition to renal risks, there will therefore often be good reasons to avoid NSAIDs in people with CKD. Although it is possible to mitigate NSAID risks by choosing NSAIDs that are safer for one outcome (such as naproxen for cardiovascular risks, or COX- 2 inhibitors for GI bleeding risks) there is no NSAID that is consistently safer across all outcomes. Similarly, although coprescribing of gastro-protective drugs can mitigate (but not abolish) GI bleeding risks, there is growing evidence that proton pump inhibitors are themselves associated with both incident CKD and with AKI in established CKD (14). There is therefore no safe way to prescribe for people with CKD. NSAID use in people with CKD always carries some risk, and that risk accrues across multiple domains (AKI, electrolyte disturbance, GI bleeding, cardiovascular disease, fluid retention, and exacerbation of heart failure), which are all more common in people with CKD than the general population. NSAIDs can therefore never be considered safe in people with CKD. However, they are sometimes indicated when baseline risk of all adverse effects is low and the indication is sufficiently strong that the expected benefit outweighs all expected risk. In this context, untreated pain is clearly suboptimal. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim regarding the safety of insect pathogens in urban environments. Instead, it discusses the risks associated with the use of NSAIDs (non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs) in patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD), focusing on various associated risks and complexities. Therefore, the text is irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Excessive sodium intake is linked to high blood pressure. [SEP] Text: intake; Urine; Blood pressure; to: sodium intake has been shown to have major impacts on blood pressure (BP) and the risk of cardiovascular (CV) disease,1), 2) and to increase the risk of stroke,3) left ventricular hypertrophy,4) the progression of renal disease,5) renal stones and osteoporosis6) and possibly the risk of stomach cancer. 7) Accordingly, the Organization (WHO) and many countries are making efforts to reduce sodium intakes. Nevertheless, some scientists argue reducing sodium intake to or below the recommended level is dangerous,8), 9) and that there is no clear evidence that sodium intake reduction decreases the incidence of CV diseases. 10) However, these studies have methodologic limitations that warrant consideration. In this 32. 2 to 84. 5 mmol/day. Even in the largest study conducted on this topic by Mente et al. ,18) the bias between measured and estimated 24-hour urine sodium level (calculated using the Kawasaki formula) was not small (bias=13. 6 mmol/day, 7. 8% of average 24-hour urine sodium of study population). Inaccurate estimation of 24-hour urine sodium level by formulae using spot urine sodium concentration may have inherent problem considering the method to develop formulae. Most of these formulas were developed using regression models in specific populations. Therefore, estimated 24-hour urine sodium values may depend on the mean of 24-hour urine sodium in the population used for formula development, and thus, calculated 24-hour urine sodium do not accurately reflect values in populations with different characteristics from the formula development population. We evaluated this hypothesis. Populations of studies that were conducted in year 2012,20) 2014,30) and from 2013 to 201435) were combined and analyzed. The method to determine the completeness of 24-hour urine collection was described elsewhere. 20), 30), 35) Among 1,115 participants, 791 had a valid 24-hour urine collection and spot urine sample (Table 2). Study population was divided by septiles of 24-hour urine sodium level. The means of measured 24-hour urine sodium and estimated 24-hour urine sodium (calculated using the Kawasaki and Danish formula) were compared (Figure 1). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by stating that sodium intake has been shown to have major impacts on blood pressure (BP) and the risk of cardiovascular (CV) disease. It highlights the concern about excessive sodium intake and its association with health issues such as high blood pressure, which supports the claim made.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Autonomous driving technology aims to reduce human error in transportation. [SEP] Text: For example, postal shipments were previously handled in trains (postal trains), and the same phenomenon can be observed today, in mobile depots (e. g. repurposed double-decker buses, “floating warehouse systems”). The driver must always supervise the driving task and sometimes takes over personally. At the goods issue point, he or she is responsible for checking the shipping papers and securing the load. At the goods receipt point, he or she is responsible for demanding a receipt confirmation. Today, in goods issue and receipt, in many supply chains the driver is responsible for loading and unloading the vehicle. The driver’s responsibility frequently ends at the loading ramp, but in some cases only after placement of the goods in the receiving facility, or even after pre-sorting, internal transport and shelving of the material (in some cases in temporary storage locations). As in earlier times, for some parcel and letter delivery operations it is common for the driver to pick the orders himself. In the field of production, conceivable applications would include own-account transport in which—similarly to the in-house segment—transport jobs are tendered and autonomous trucks could “apply” for and win the transport jobs based on predefined criteria. In this case neither a central control function nor route determination is required. Some gates already have freight locks, making workforce obsolete in place at the transfer of risk. If the driver no longer “accompanies” the vehicle, his or her activities would have to be performed by others. Companies then would have once again to hire or train own staff for such activities. The logistics companies might also opt for a different business model to account for these changes. This could lead to a general revaluation of work and the creation of local jobs, particularly in urban areas. In other cases, however, a further increase in the degree of automation in goods receipt and issue departments could be envisioned. Changes in the transport systems themselves can be expected primarily at the contact points between unmanned and manned driving as well as in the task profile of drivers. The changes to processes in rail and maritime traffic as well as in the spectrum of activities performed by humans do not seem overly serious. The driver is removed from the scenario and replaced by an autopilot. The remaining technology in trains and ships has heretofore been excluded from any proposed changes. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by illustrating that, despite the advancements in automation, drivers are still required to supervise the driving task and take over when necessary. It highlights the ongoing responsibilities of drivers in logistics, emphasizing that the automation of tasks is not complete and that human involvement remains crucial, thereby suggesting that autonomous technology does not fully eliminate human error in transportation.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Some propose that all insect pathogens can be safely used in urban environments. [SEP] Text: Other analgesics are not always effective and opioids in particular have significant problems of their own. If you must prescribe NSAIDs, then consider and aim to mitigate all potential adverse effects of NSAIDs in an individual. Gastroprotection with proton pump inhibitors should be used where indicated, interacting drugs should be stopped where possible, and patients should be instructed to stop NSAIDs and other nephrotoxic drugs should they develop diarrhea or vomiting, or febrile illnesses with reduced fluid intake (3). NSAIDs cannot be used safely in people with CKD because they are always risky. However, risk of NSAID use varies between individuals. NSAID use is therefore not always wrong because clinical practice not infrequently requires choosing the least-bad option in situations where every option is problematic. author has nothing to disclose. Funding None. 360. Responsibility for the information and views expressed herein lies entirely with the author(s). B. Guthrie was responsible for project administration, and review and editing the manuscript. See related debate, “for Analgesia in Patients with CKD? : PRO” and commentary, “for Analgesia in Patients with CKD? : ” on pages and respectively. 1. : Which drugs cause preventable admissions to hospital? A systematic review. 63: 136–147, 2007. Available at: | 2. ; Coxib and traditional ’ (CNT) Collaboration: Vascular and upper gastrointestinal effects of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs: Meta-analyses of individual participant data from randomised trials. Lancet 382: 769–779, 2013. Available at: | 3. Kidney Disease: Outcomes (KDIGO): KDIGO 2012 clinical practice guideline for the evaluation and management of chronic kidney disease. Available at: 1, 2020 | 4. ; (CRIC) Study Investigators: Patterns of NSAIDs use and their association with other analgesic use in CKD. Nephrol 12: 1778–1786, 2017. Available at: | 5. Lefebvre C, Hindié : Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs in chronic kidney disease: A systematic review of prescription practices and use in primary care. J 13: 63–71, 2019. Available at: | 6. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim regarding the use of insect pathogens in urban environments. Instead, it discusses the risks and considerations related to the use of NSAIDs, particularly in individuals with chronic kidney disease. As such, it does not provide any information or perspective related to the safety of insect pathogens.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Excessive sodium intake is linked to high blood pressure. [SEP] Text: When the 24-hour urine sodium excretion is calculated by applying the formulas to groups with smaller 24-hour urine sodium excretion than that of formula development population, there is a tendency of overestimation of 24-hour urine sodium. On the other hands, in groups with greater 24-hour urine sodium than that of the development population, there is a tendency of underestimation of 24-hour urine sodium. This phenomenon has been observed in many studies that validated spot urine collection methods. Some studies that validated the Kawasaki formula showed if mean measured 24-hour urine sodium in the validation population was lower than that in the population used to develop Kawasaki formula (209 mmol/day), mean estimated 24-hour urine sodium in the validation population was higher than mean measured 24-hour urine sodium,. 18), 20), 21), 22), 27), 28), 29), 30), 32), 33) and conversely, if mean measured 24-hour urine sodium in the validation population was higher than that in development population, mean estimated 24-hour urine sodium in the validation population was lower than mean measured 24-hour urine sodium. 24) However, many large studies are needed to verify our hypothesis and find method for accurate estimation of 24-hour urine from spot urine in a population level. Table 2 Demographic and clinical characteristic of study population Click for larger image Click for full table Download as Excel file Figure 1 Comparison between measured and estimated 24HUNa in septile groups divided according to measured 24HUNa. Estimated 24-hour urine sodium was calculated by using previously suggested equations. (A) Kawasaki, and (B) Danish equation. When the 24HUNa is calculated by applying the formulas to groups with smaller 24HUNa than that of formula development population, there is a tendency of overestimation of population mean 24-hour urine sodium. On the other hands, in groups with greater 24-hour urine sodium than that of the formula development population, there is a tendency of underestimation of 24-hour urine sodium. 24HUNa = 24-hour urine sodium excretion. Click for larger image Download as PowerPoint slide Go to: intervention studies have reported sodium intake reduction lowers BP and has a profound effect in individuals with hypertension. 36) Furthermore, this effect was observed even after modest sodium intake reduction. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by highlighting that intervention studies have reported that sodium intake reduction lowers blood pressure (BP) and significantly affects individuals with hypertension. This directly supports the idea that excessive sodium intake can lead to high blood pressure.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Autonomous driving technology aims to reduce human error in transportation. [SEP] Text: This approach has the advantage of enabling even unpracticed long-haul drivers (beginners, the elderly) to join a convoy. This would also require that freight and passenger vehicles have the ability to communicate with each other. However, it is not only technological determinism that offers strong arguments against automated road vehicles: Efficiency increases in road traffic also give rise to conflicts with mass transport systems. Automated platooning stands in direct competition with the railways, as did long trucks before them. Although at present there is a lack of professional truck drivers in Germany, the overall number of professional truck drivers would decrease, and in other countries with high unemployment, much-needed jobs would be lost. Moreover, public acceptance of fully automated systems is limited—not least due to continuous reports of failures of mechanical or electronic components in vehicles, or the fear of unstable data connections. Autonomous vehicles therefore would also have to be equipped with reliable software (artificial intelligence) that can respond to all eventualities—in particular when humans and animals are present on the roads. Also judging from a legal perspective, autopilots outside of factory grounds are a novelty. Previous AGT/AGV systems were handled according to the Machinery Directive, with stringent vehicle and operator safety concepts. An expansion of the sphere of action (private/public) and the operating speeds (walking speed to highway speeds) of the systems could necessitate new laws or adjustments to the existing legal framework. The use of autonomous vehicles in road traffic would require abolishment of the legal restrictions set forth in the on which stipulates that a driver must maintain control over the vehicle at all times. There have been recent developments in this regard in the United States, where the law has been adapted to permit deviation from the control requirement insofar as the system “can be overridden or switched off by the driver. ” If this legal stance were to be accepted in Europe as well, it would mean that there has to be a superordinate actor that can always intervene in controlling the vehicle. In the areas of rail, maritime and air traffic, the systems are already designed in this manner, and for rail and air traffic there are accepted superordinate actors. For road freight traffic, such an actor must still be created. Public acceptance is also yet to be ensured. 7 Conclusion and OutlookSince the 1960s, (driverless) automated guided transport (AGT) systems have been in use in in-house logistics in Germany. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by indicating multiple challenges and opposition to the implementation of autonomous driving technology. It highlights public skepticism due to fears about mechanical failures and the need for reliable software, which implies that the technology is not effectively reducing human error as intended. It also mentions potential reductions in professional truck driver jobs, suggesting that the technology could create negative socio-economic consequences rather than simply improving safety.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Certain claims suggest that the benefits of biocontrol outweigh any potential risks. [SEP] Text: Academy of Enter your Email address: Subscribe to eTOC Home > of Risk. . . of 6, 2007 ExplainedThe official US advisory warning women to eat less seafood during pregnancy to prevent neurological deficits associated with mercury exposure in the womb could have just the opposite effect — depriving infants of long-chain omega 3 fatty acids and other nutrients in fish that promote healthy brain development, according to researchers in the US and Great Britain. In 2004, the US FDA cautioned expectant mothers to limit seafood to under 340 grams per week — 12 ounces or around three servings. But a longitudinal outcome study of nearly 9,000 children, published in the Feb. 17 Lancet, revealed that infants born to mothers who consumed more than that amount had more robust cognitive development throughout early childhood, and had higher IQ scores at age eight (2007;369:578–585). study involved women in Bristol, England, who were pregnant between April 1991 and December 1992. Dietary questionnaires were sent four times during the pregnancy, and then periodically afterward. Child development was monitored through questionnaires sent to the parents and with IQ testing when the boys and girls were 8-years-old. Among findings, toddlers of mothers who ate less than 340 grams per week had significantly slower social and behavioral development and less developed fine motor and communication skills than mothers who ate more seafood. By age 8, children of mothers who ate little seafood scored in the lowest 25 percent of verbal IQ. “The findings suggest that advice to limit seafood consumption could actually be detrimental,” said lead researcher Joseph L. Hibbeln, MD, chief of the Laboratory of and Biochemistry at the on and Alcoholism at the NIH. The data were adjusted for 28 different possible confounders and maternal seafood intake was divided into three categories: none, 340 grams per week, or more than that amount. Without adjustment, there was a six-point difference in IQ scores between children of mothers in the highest and lowest categories. When adjusted for the 28 variables, the difference was a statistically significant three to four IQ points, Dr. Hibbeln told in a telephone interview. Although they did not include maternal or paternal IQ scores, the researchers did consider education and job status as potential confounders, as well as ethnicity. “This was the world's largest and most comprehensive longitudinal study on pregnancy and childhood outcomes. At 12 ounces of seafood during pregnancy, the beneficial effects on cognitive development far outweigh the risks. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by stating that the beneficial effects on cognitive development from seafood consumption during pregnancy 'far outweigh the risks.' This aligns with the assertion that benefits can surpass potential risks, supporting the underlying argument of the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Excessive sodium intake is linked to high blood pressure. [SEP] Text: 37) However, the majority of intervention studies were conducted over the short- or medium-term and few long-term studies have been undertaken, presumably because long-term dietary intervention studies are much more difficult to perform. In a previous study,38) we found 5 dietary intervention studies performed over more than 6 months. 39), 40), 41), 42), 43) Four of these studies reported lowering sodium intake significantly lowered BP. 39), 40), 41), 42) In the Trials of (TOHP) II study, the effect of sodium intake reduction on BP was observed, and although the effect declined with time, it remained significant until 36 months and reduced the incidence of hypertension. 41) On the other hand, a study performed in young healthy nulliparous pregnant women concluded a low sodium diet had no effect on BP or on the incidence of gestational hypertension. 43) on Salt, Other Factors, and () was a representative population-based cross-sectional study that evaluated the relationship between salt intake and blood pressure. 44) This study showed that 24-hour urine sodium and BP were significantly related, but unfortunately, did not determine whether BP reductions were dose-dependently related to 24-hour urine sodium levels. To investigate the dose-dependent effect of sodium intake on BP in population-based epidemiological studies, we searched PubMed from January 2009 to September 2019 for cross-sectional studies that evaluated the relationship between BP and sodium intake (search terms in 1. 93 vs 2. 98, respectively). In a study by Xu et al. 49) on 2,281 Chinese individuals, a significant linear association was observed between BP and 24-hour urine sodium excretion. In this study, average 24-hour urine potassium was 25. 3 mmol/day and the urine sodium-to-potassium ratio was 6. 8. In a previous study, we found a significant association between urinary sodium-to-potassium ratio and BP. 53) These findings suggest that high potassium intake and a low sodium-to-potassium ratio may reduce the effect of sodium intake on BP. Furthermore, ethnicity may have contributed to result disparities. The population studied by Jackson et al. included more than 10% African-Americans, but the population studied by Mente et al. 55) included 9. 1% non-Europeans (the proportion of Black people was not reported). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by detailing multiple studies that report a significant relationship between sodium intake and blood pressure (BP). It mentions that four dietary intervention studies indicated that lowering sodium intake resulted in significant reductions in BP, and another study noted a linear association between BP and 24-hour urine sodium excretion. These findings reinforce the claim that excessive sodium intake is associated with high blood pressure.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Autonomous driving technology aims to reduce human error in transportation. [SEP] Text: Flexible cooperation between road users becomes more important when the traffic is busier. The distances narrow between vehicles, the complexity increases, and more informal signals are exchanged. Car-to-car communication could provide another technological solution. This would require all road users—not only autonomous vehicles—to be fitted with the corresponding technology. Car-to-car communication has undergone years of research and there have already been a number of demonstrations, some of them on large test sites such as simTD [20]. The proliferation of vehicle-to-vehicle (V2V) or vehicle-to-x (V2X, vehicle to infrastructure) technology could significantly facilitate solving the communication issues between autonomous vehicles and human drivers. Frost & Sullivan [21] project that by the year 2030, 40 % of vehicles will be equipped with V2V or V2X technology due to the major advantages these technologies offer users, including reducing traffic jams and enhancing safety. The rapid spread of this technology, initially with a different focus in mind, could thus mitigate communication problems between autonomous vehicles and those driven by humans. Yet even then there will still be some situations that autonomous vehicles cannot solve, either because the other road users do not have the necessary communication devices or because the situation cannot be resolved through communication alone. If the autonomous vehicle operates without a driver to take over driving on short notice (although not immediately), a remote driver or guidance system would have to step in. 10 ConclusionsBecause vehicle-to-vehicle communication options are currently very limited and unreliable, a wide variety of glances, actions, and action sequences are used to communicate with unprotected road users. Depending on the circumstances and the state of mind of the people involved, interpersonal negotiations can have varying levels of intensity. The rules applied in these cases are highly culturally specific. In particular, the expectations placed on the other person vary widely from culture to culture, so it would not be possible to compile universal rules for robotic vehicles. Another problem arises merely due to the fact that the vehicle’s driver, the robot, is unrecognizable. This is evident for driverless cars, at any rate. If a person is sitting in the driver’s seat of the autonomous vehicle, any communication would likely be misdirected at the presumed human driver. Mixed traffic including cyclists and other vehicle types would be difficult to implement without the ability to recognize other road users’ glances and gestures. This is especially true in low-speed settings. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by highlighting the complexities and limitations of communications between autonomous vehicles and human drivers. It discusses the necessity of car-to-car communication and acknowledges that there are situations where autonomous vehicles cannot effectively interact with human road users, primarily due to the absence of necessary communication devices and the potential for misinterpretation of signals. Therefore, instead of solely focusing on reducing human error, the text presents challenges that indicate a reliance on human communication and decision-making in traffic situations.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Certain claims suggest that the benefits of biocontrol outweigh any potential risks. [SEP] Text: ”Children born to mothers who ate no fish were 28 percent more likely to have poor communication skills at age 18 months and 35 percent more likely to have poor fine motor coordination by 3. 5 years, compared with children of women who ate more than 340 grams; by age 7 they were 44 percent more likely to have poor social skills and 48 percent more likely to have lower verbal IQ scores. ''Seafood, including fish and shellfish, is rich in long-chain omega 3 fatty acids and other nutrients that are very important for neonatal neurological development, observed Gary J. Myers, MD, professor of neurology, pediatrics, and environmental medicine at the University of Center in New York, who co-authored an accompanying editorial. “It has been known for years that polyunsaturated fatty acids are essential in the development of healthy brains,” he told in a telephone interview, “but the researchers have put some science behind grandmother's old saying that fish is brain food. ”Nonetheless, he said, it is important to “have an informed and balanced view” of the benefits and potential risks, and to limit seafood to fish “low on the food chain” and from fresh water, where contaminant levels are lowest. major studies of impaired cognition from potential seafood contaminants have been based on epidemiological studies in normal children in communities where the diet is rich in seafood with high mercury levels such as whale meat, Dr. Myers noted. In a 2004 study, published in of Pediatrics, researchers at School of and institutions in Japan, Denmark, and the in Northern Europe, reported that high levels of mercury, primarily from eating whale meat, passed from mothers to child in utero, produced irreversible cognitive impairment affecting different targets in the brain (2004;144:177–183). The study of more than 800 children showed that the toxic effects of prenatal mercury exposure could occur, even at low levels. The findings were based on auditory electrical signal responses when children were tested at age 14. The teenagers also had impaired neurological regulation of their heart rate, a sign of mercury toxicity in the brain stem. Neuropsychological tests conducted at ages 7 and 14 years revealed similar deficits associated with prenatal mercury exposure. “But remember that this evidence was in normal children and based on finger-tapping responses to auditory signals,” said Dr. Meyers. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses the nutritional benefits of seafood for child development, particularly focusing on omega-3 fatty acids and the potential risks of mercury exposure from certain types of seafood. It does not mention biocontrol or support the idea that benefits outweigh risks in any context related to biocontrol.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Excessive sodium intake is linked to high blood pressure. [SEP] Text: 63) On the other hand, the Trial of in the Elderly (TONE) study showed no difference between the CV event rates in a reduced sodium intervention group and a usual lifestyle intervention group. 64) However, a meta-analysis that included data from the and TONE studies showed sodium intake reduction significantly reduced CV events. 65) Stolarz-Skrzypek et al. 66) reported an inverse association between 24-hour urine sodium and risk of CV mortality in a general population and in individuals with hypertension without CV disease. Actually, several cohort studies have reported different associations between sodium intake and CV outcomes. We searched cohort studies that evaluated association between sodium intake and CV outcomes in PubMed from 2009 to 2019 (search terms in 0. 8 g (34 mmol) difference between sodium intake at baseline and averages of subsequent measurements taken over 5 years, and 50% subjects were classified into different sodium intake groups when long-term 24-hour urine sodium measurements were used to classify sodium intake groups rather than single baseline measurements. Similarly, the hazard ratios of CV events and mortality were altered by up to 85% when average of subsequently measured long-term 24-hour urine sodium measurements were used. In the present review, we excluded studies that estimated sodium intakes from spot urine measurements using formulae, although the estimation of 24-hour urine sodium from spot urine is inexpensive and easily performed in large populations. Several large-scale studies have evaluated the association between sodium intake and CV outcomes and mortality using estimated 24-hour urine sodium values calculated in this manner, and these studies have consistently found paradoxical J- or U-shaped associations between sodium intake and CV outcomes and mortality. 8), 9), 75) However, in addition to the reasons as mentioned above, a recently published study demonstrated the inappropriateness of using estimated dietary sodium intake from spot urine when investigating the association between sodium intake and mortality. 76) In this study, a significant linear association was reported between the averages of subsequently measured 24-hour urine sodium and mortality, but J- or U-shaped relationships were found between estimated 24-hour urine sodium levels using spot urine and mortality. Go to: findings of the present systematic review can be summarized as follows: 1) The spot urine collection method is inaccurate and should not be recommended to measure sodium intake at the individual level, and further studies for its use to measure sodium intake at the population level are required. 2) High sodium intake is positively associated with BP. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by noting that 'High sodium intake is positively associated with BP,' thereby explicitly linking excessive sodium intake to high blood pressure.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Autonomous driving technology aims to reduce human error in transportation. [SEP] Text: Paper [3], by contrast, largely ignores questions of traffic flow and traffic control and focuses primarily on the optimal allocation of supply in relation to demand based on the premise that vehicles can be shared. We can quite rightly conclude at this point that a combination of these approaches, together with a correct description of the share of travelers who would opt for transportation via a robotic “mobility-on-demand” system, allows the best possible appraisal of the potential of autonomous vehicles. The paper also does not consider effects that would result from a fundamentally different organization of transportation. One example of this would be the EU’s CityMobil project, in which such scenarios are discussed and examined in greater detail [4]. This paper will examine how autonomous vehicles affect typical traffic management applications by looking at a few examples which have not been developed in all specifics. These examples, in order of increasing complexity, are the simulation of a single traffic signal system (Sect. 15. 4), simulation of an intersection controlled by an adaptive traffic signal system (Sect. 15. 5), simulation of a green wave (Sect. 15. 6) and the simulation of an entire city (Sect. 15. 7). Some of the questions to be considered here can draw on the effects of the introduction of intelligent speed control (autonomous intelligent speed control—AIC) on traffic flow on highways in particular [5]. There is a great deal of literature on this subject; the dissertation [5] and parts of the book [10] provide a more in-depth overview than is possible in this 15. 7 assumes that vehicles that have reached their destinations always immediately find a parking spot. 2 A Model of DrivingModels that describe how a human drives a vehicle have been around for a long time [6]. Very many of these models (for an overview see [7–10])—since 1950 more than 100 models have been described solely for the process of following a vehicle driving ahead—can also without further ado be applied as models for autonomous vehicles, albeit with differing parameters for humans and machines as mentioned in Sect. 15. 1. It is thus conceptually quite simple to model mixed traffic and quantify its effects on the transportation system as a whole. In the following, the focus will be on the process of following a vehicle, which is the most important, but not the only relevant process that determines the development of traffic flow on roads. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing various aspects of autonomous vehicles and traffic management without explicitly addressing the goal of reducing human error. It highlights the focus on vehicle allocation based on demand and mentions that previous models of human driving can also be applied to autonomous vehicles, indicating a shift from human driving to machine operation, but does not assert that the primary aim of such technology is to minimize human error in transportation.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Certain claims suggest that the benefits of biocontrol outweigh any potential risks. [SEP] Text: Log in or new issue alertsGet alerts Submit your manuscript Enter your Email address: Subscribe to e2023. © 2023 Published by on behalf of Ltd. This is an open access 4. 0/). IJS Open 55():p 100630, June 2023. | DOI: 10. 1016/j. ijso. 2023. 100630 Abstract Recently, Ruxolitinib (Opzelura) has been approved by the Food and (FDA) as the first treatment for non-segmental vitiligo, which results in chalky white macules with clear edges due to an autoimmune disorder. The mode of action of this cream is JAK inhibition which progressively enhances the growth of new, healthy skin cells, and eventually, repigmentation occurs in the affected area. Indeed, this medication represents significance in the field of dermatology as almost 3/4th % of facial vitiligo was resolved but the high cost will be a hindrance in facilitating the patients and should be subsidized. Moreover, prescribers and pharmacists should be aware of the black box warnings issued by FDA as severe caution is indicated. More clinical trials should be conducted to know the safety of children under 12 years of age. (Opzelura) is the first-line treatment for non-segmental vitiligo by JAK- inhibition. This JAK inhibition mechanism led to some serious complications clotting, heart infections, thrombosis, and other illness. The actual cost of this prescribed cream is expensive leaving few viable options for patients, thus needs to be evaluated. However, promising results prove that it is a significant breakthrough in the field of dermatology. 1. Short communication 2022, FDA approved the first cream treatment for the most widespread form of vitiligo—non-segmental vitiligo—in patients 12 years or older. Opzelura (Ruxolitinib) is from the family of (JAK) inhibitors and is said to improve repigmentation in vitiligo—an autoimmune disorder that destroys melanocytes in the body causing cutaneous depigmentation [1]. In the current research, the JAK kinase signaling pathway, cytokines, topical immunosuppressants, mechanisms of repigmentation, and antioxidants are used. Both medical and surgical ways are followed [2]. Afamelanotide, Prostaglandin E2, and Bimatoprost are considered emerging therapies [3]. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim regarding biocontrol or the comparison of benefits versus risks related to it. Instead, it discusses the approval and effectiveness of a treatment for vitiligo, focusing on mechanisms, costs, and clinical outcomes without mentioning biocontrol or any related benefits or risks.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Excessive sodium intake is linked to high blood pressure. [SEP] Text: 3) Associations between high sodium intake and CV outcomes are significant, but reverse causality cannot be ruled out. Although many studies have reported no, inverse, or J- or U-shaped associations of sodium intake with BP, CV outcomes, and mortality, these studies used biased methods to determine sodium intakes. This review convincingly shows sodium intake is associated with BP, CV outcomes, and mortality and invalidates the argument that reducing sodium intake is dangerous and unnecessary. Therefore, we conclude that sodium intake reduction should be generally recommended and not limited to patients with hypertension or CV disease. Go to: of Interest:Rhee MY has received lecture honoraria from Pfizer Inc. , & Co. KG. , Hanmi Pharm. Co. Ltd. , Yuhan Co. Ltd. , Co. Ltd. , Fees for consulting from Hanmi Pharm. Co. Ltd. , and research grant from Co. Ltd. and Dong-A Pharmaceutical Co. , Ltd. The other authors have no financial conflicts of interest. Author Contributions: Conceptualization: Rhee MY. Data curation:. Formal analysis:. Investigation: Jeong YJ. Project administration: Rhee MY. Writing - original draft:. Writing - review & editing:. Go to: 384. PubMed CrossRef Adrogué HJ, Madias NE. Sodium and potassium in the pathogenesis of hypertension. N Med 2007;356:1966–1978. . Sodium intake and risk of death from stroke in Japanese men and women. Stroke 2004;35:1543–1547. . Correlates of left ventricular mass in a population sample aged 36 to 37 years. Focus on lifestyle and salt intake. Circulation 1994;89:1041–1050. Salt intake and renal outcome in patients with progressive renal disease. Metab 1998;24:296–301. . Unravelling the links between calcium excretion, salt intake, hypertension, kidney stones and bone metabolism. J Nephrol 2000;13:169–177. . Salt and salted food intake and subsequent risk of gastric cancer among middle-aged Japanese men and women. Cancer 2004;90:128–134. 'Donnell M, Rangarajan S, et al. Urinary sodium excretion, blood pressure, cardiovascular disease, and mortality: a community-level prospective epidemiological cohort study. Lancet 2018;392:496–506. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by stating that there are significant associations between high sodium intake and blood pressure (BP). It discusses how, despite some studies showing varying associations, the review convincingly shows that sodium intake is associated with BP, which supports the idea that excessive sodium intake contributes to high blood pressure.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Autonomous driving technology aims to reduce human error in transportation. [SEP] Text: The delay was recorded for each simulated vehicle and the values used to calculate the average entered in Fig. 15. 6. In principle, the entire distribution of delays can be used to characterize the results, which for reasons of space is omitted here, although it would be interesting. The fluctuations in the delays are a measure of the reliability of such a system. However, the example presented here shows that the delay fluctuations are only very weakly correlated with the proportion of autonomously guided vehicles; the major source of stochasticity in this system is generated by the demand and not the dynamics of the vehicles. Two results in Fig. 15. 6 stand out. For one thing, the description from the theory does not always correspond to the simulation results. A considerable amount of research is still needed here, because it’s not at all simple to translate the assumptions on which the theory is based into the simulated reality. This will undoubtedly be even more difficult in comparison with real measured values. To achieve agreement, the values for the saturation-traffic volume determined in the simulation had to be used—with the theoretical values, i. e. the τ values defined in Sect. 15. 3, the agreement is not compelling. Second, autonomous vehicles “only” change the capacity; otherwise there are no or only very small gains. As long as the demand stays away from the respective capacity, there are only minor differences between the various scenarios, at least on the level of the description selected here. A change in the capacity does have one very positive effect, however: it means that the required green times at a traffic signal can be shorter, leaving more time for other modes of transport. 5 SignalsSection 15. 4 looked at a traffic signal with a fixed-time control system. Many modern systems, however, utilize an adaptive control system. That means that the traffic signal attempts to coordinate its green times with the current demand. When demand is low, the green times are short, and when demand is high, the system responds with long green times. The details are somewhat more complex, because the delay regarded as a function of the demand has a minimum with a certain optimal cycle time. An adaptive system is able to choose the optimal cycle time for itself, and makes very clever use of the fluctuations that occur in the traffic flow. In this case as well, the aim is to examine how such an adaptive system handles a mix of autonomous and normal vehicles. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by indicating that while autonomous vehicles can change traffic capacity, the gains in reliability and efficiency are minimal unless demand exceeds capacity. It suggests that the main source of variability in the system is demand rather than the performance of autonomous vehicles themselves, implying that the technology may not significantly reduce human error in driving, as its benefits are contingent on external factors like traffic demand.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Certain claims suggest that the benefits of biocontrol outweigh any potential risks. [SEP] Text: Topical and Oral JAK inhibitors, with Narrow-band (NB-UVB) therapy, are now the most effective new medications for vitiligo Ruxolitinib (Opzelura) is the most promising class of drug as it inhibits both JAK 1 and 2 and can treat facial vitiligo by showing a mean improvement of 92%, while truncal lesions showed a modest response that persisted at a six-month follow-up [2,3]. So, while Opzelura isn’t the first approved treatment, it is the first one to show some consistent promise. Vitiligo has equal incidence in both genders. It has a prevalence of less than 1% but can vary geographically and females are known to obtain it earlier than males. A patient’s quality of life suffers, especially that of females as white patches appear on exposed areas of the body, pushing patients to develop insecurities with their self-esteem taking the brunt of it. Adjustment disorder, depression, sleep disturbances, and anxiety are some of the associated psychological predicaments [4]. No laboratory confirmatory tests are required for it, but some tools for diagnosis are skin biopsy, Wood’s lamp, a hand-held ultraviolet (UV) irradiation device, and dermoscopy [3]. Histopathology typically helps confirm the diagnosis—melanocytes are absent. The cause of vitiligo is unknown; most common pathophysiological theories include autoimmune, neurohumoral, and auto-cytotoxic. All of these may be partially responsible for the disorder. Genetics also contributes to the pathophysiology with one-fifth of the patients having an affected relative. Epidemiologists show that vitiligo is a non-Mendelian, multifactorial trait. 20% of vitiligo patients suffer from thyroid disease and are typically more susceptible to other autoimmune diseases. Recently, melanocytorrhagy and the decreased melanocyte survival hypotheses are being considered, exploring the idea that the problem might be with the melanocytes and not the immune system. Due to all the different potential causes, the ‘convergence theory’ has been put forward, suggesting that no single hypothesis is responsible [4]. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is unrelated to the claim regarding biocontrol benefits and risks. Instead, it focuses on the treatment of vitiligo, detailing medications, their effectiveness, and aspects of the disorder's pathophysiology. There is no mention of biocontrol or any comparison of benefits versus risks.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Excessive sodium intake is linked to high blood pressure. [SEP] Text: PubMed CrossRef O' Urinary sodium and potassium excretion, mortality, and cardiovascular events. N Med 2014;371:612–623. . Reduced dietary salt for the prevention of cardiovascular disease. 2014:CD009217 PubMY. High sodium intake: review of recent issues on its association with cardiovascular events and measurement methods. J 2015;45:175–183. Statistical issues in analyzing 24-hour dietary recall and 24-hour urine collection data for sodium and potassium intakes. Epidemiol 2001;153:996–1006. . Salt intakes around the world: implications for public health. Epidemiol 2009;38:791–813. . Estimating dietary sodium intake in individuals receiving a randomly fluctuating intake. Hypertension 1982;4:805–808. . Errors in estimating usual sodium intake by the Kawasaki formula alter its relationship with mortality: implications for public health. Epidemiol 2018;47:1784–1795. approach to noncommunicable disease risk factor surveillance [Internet]. Geneva: Organization; 2017 [cited 2019 October 10]. Available from:. Comparisons of spot vs 24-h urine samples for estimating population salt intake: validation study in two independent samples of adults in Britain and Italy. 2014;24:140–147. 'Donnell MJ, Dagenais G, et al. Validation and comparison of three formulae to estimate sodium and potassium excretion from a single morning fasting urine compared to 24-h measures in 11 countries. J Hypertens 2014;32:1005–1014. Estimating salt intake in a Caucasian population: can spot urine substitute 24-hour urine samples? 2014;21:1300–1307. Estimation of 24-hour urinary sodium excretion using spot urine samples. Nutrients 2014;6:2360–2375. . Monitoring population sodium intake using spot urine samples: validation in a population. J 2014;28:657–662. . Validation of diet and urinary excretion derived estimates of sodium excretion against 24-h urine excretion in a worksite sample. 2015;25:771–779. . Validation of the spot urine in evaluating 24-hour sodium excretion in Chinese hypertension patients. Hypertens 2015;28:1368–1375. Validation and assessment of three methods to estimate 24-h urinary sodium excretion from spot urine samples in Chinese adults. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing various studies and articles that relate to sodium intake and its impact on health, particularly cardiovascular events. References to statistical approaches and validation methods for estimating sodium intake suggest an academic focus on its implications for health, aligning with the claim that excessive sodium intake is linked to high blood pressure.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Safety is a primary focus in the development of autonomous vehicle technology. [SEP] Text: of and Technology > Vol. 13 No. 3, September 2023 Compare and Contrast LiDAR and Non-LiDAR Technology in an Autonomous Vehicle: Developing a () Benjamin Quito, School of Computing and. DOI: 10. 4236/ojsst. 2023. 133006 123 Downloads 609 Views 94. 63% in predicting the images. Secondly, a is established to facilitate the subsequent proposal for Experimental Research, which is the third aspect. Framework incorporates the application of LiDAR and Non-LiDAR technologies mounted on a vehicle that is operated in diverse weather conditions by both a human driver and an autonomous system. tables, which are currently in a blank state, will be populated upon completion of the Experimental Research. Research aims to compare and contrast the performance of LiDAR and Non-LiDAR technologies on a vehicle driven by a human operator versus an Autonomous Vehicle. The findings of this research will be documented in the Scenario table outlined within this study, ultimately shedding light on the safety implications of implementing LiDAR and Non-LiDAR technologies within an AV context. -LiDAR Share and Cite: Quito, B. and Esmahi, L. (2023) Compare and Contrast LiDAR and Non-LiDAR Technology in an Autonomous Vehicle: Developing a Safety Framework. of and Technology, 13, 101-131. doi: 10. 4236/ojsst. 2023. 133006. 1. idea of an (AV) started with Vinci when he designed a self-propelled cart that could move without being pushed [1]. Google started its project in 2009 [2]. In 2015, Tesla released its autopilot [3]. Tesla’s autopilot is not entirely AV; the feature is Autosteer that keeps the car in its current lane; the technology has four different kinds of sensors; forward radar, forward-facing camera, 360-degree ultrasonic sensors, and GPS in combination with high-resolution navigation maps designed to track individual lanes and features of the roads [4]. NHTSA further mentioned that self-driving vehicles would be integrated into U. S. roads by advancing through the six levels of driver assistance technology advancements. The six-level driver assistance technology advancements focus on who does what and when, i. e. , the driver and the systems (ADS). 1. 1. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by indicating that the research aims to 'compare and contrast the performance of LiDAR and Non-LiDAR technologies on a vehicle driven by a human operator versus an Autonomous Vehicle' and that the findings will 'ultimately shedding light on the safety implications of implementing LiDAR and Non-LiDAR technologies within an AV context.' This shows that safety considerations are being actively addressed in the development of autonomous vehicle technology.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Certain claims suggest that the benefits of biocontrol outweigh any potential risks. [SEP] Text: The auto-immune cause of vitiligo is the T-cell-associated destruction of melanocytes which is carried out through the Janus kinase–signal transducer and activator of transcription (JAK-STAT) pathway. This pathway is utilized by cell-signaling molecules called cytokines to transmit messages across the cell membrane and to the nucleus. Ruxolitinib, the JAK inhibitor present in Opzelura, competes with ATP for the catalytic site in JAK tyrosine kinases, blocking this mechanism [5,6]. In efforts to find the treatment of NS vitiligo researchers carried out two clinical trials, two times daily participants were given a Placebo cream or Opzelura for about 5. 5 months and after that, all participants were given Opzelura for 6. 4 months. The 30% of patients who received Opzelura showed 75% betterment in facial vitiligo [1]. In a randomized control phase, 2 trials for Ruxolitinib cream on 157 patients from June 2017 to March 2018 by Rosmarian et al. in 13 patients who were given Ruxolitinib cream, acne was a treatment-related adverse effect observed. Up to 52 weeks of treatment with Ruxolitinib cream was linked to significant repigmentation of vitiligo lesions, and all doses were well tolerated [7]. Indeed, the drug is considered a breakthrough but potential hazards to this drug exist. The trials revealed that application-site acne, redness and itching, inflammation of the pharynx and nasal cavities, headaches, urinary tract infections, and fever were the most frequent side effects. However, serious complications based on research suggest that users of oral JAK inhibitors had a marginally higher risk of fatal infections, severe heart problems, clotting (thrombosis), cancer, low blood cell counts, cholesterol increases, and other illnesses [8,9]. The prescribed usage of this solubilized emulsion cream is a maximum of 60 g per week [10]. The usage of the medication as directed can prevent or lessen a major adverse reaction. The discontinuation of JAK inhibitors can result in relapse through the stress-induced activation of lymphocytes through the JAK/STAT pathway [11]. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses the mechanism and effects of Ruxolitinib, a JAK inhibitor, in treating vitiligo, rather than addressing any claims related to biocontrol and its comparison of benefits and risks.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Excessive sodium intake is linked to high blood pressure. [SEP] Text: Effect of longer term modest salt reduction on blood pressure: Cochrane systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised trials. BMJ 2013;346:f1325. Effect of sodium intake on renin level: Analysis of general population and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Cardiol 2016;215:120–126. The effects of nonpharmacologic interventions on blood pressure of persons with high normal levels. Results of the Trials of Hypertension Prevention, Phase I. JAMA 1992;267:1213–1220. . Effects on left ventricular hypertrophy of long-term nonpharmacological treatment with sodium restriction in mild-to-moderate essential hypertension. Circulation 1994;89:1023–1031. of Group. Effects of weight loss and sodium reduction intervention on blood pressure and hypertension incidence in overweight people with high-normal blood pressure. of Hypertension Prevention, phase II. Med 1997;157:657–667. . Blood pressure change in a free-living population-based dietary modification study in Japan. J Hypertens 2006;24:451–458. PubMed CrossRef van van der Maten GD, et al. Dietary sodium restriction does not prevent gestational hypertension: a Dutch two-center randomized trial. 1997;16:335–346. . Intersalt: an international study of electrolyte excretion and blood pressure. Results for 24 hour urinary sodium and potassium excretion. BMJ 1988;297:319–328. Sodium intake in a cross-sectional, representative sample of city adults. 2014;104:2409–2416. Estimation of salt intake by 24-hour urinary sodium excretion: a cross-sectional study in Yantai, China. BMC 2014;14:136. únior PR, Pimentel EB, et al. Relationship between salt consumption measured by 24-h urine collection and blood pressure in the adult population of Vitória (Brazil). Res 2015;48:728–735. '. Relationship between sodium and potassium intake and blood pressure in a sample of overweight adults. Nutrition 2017;33:285–290. Associations of usual 24-hour sodium and potassium intakes with blood pressure and risk of hypertension among adults in China's Shandong and Jiangsu provinces. 2017;42:188–200. Associations of sodium, potassium and protein intake with blood pressure and hypertension in Switzerland. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by summarizing multiple studies and reviews that investigate the relationship between sodium intake and blood pressure. It references several sources that demonstrate how sodium reduction impacts blood pressure, including systematic reviews and meta-analyses, indicating that there is scientific evidence supporting the link between excessive sodium intake and high blood pressure.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Safety is a primary focus in the development of autonomous vehicle technology. [SEP] Text: [21] indicated that when using a camera, there are problems with changing lighting and weather conditions and that the depth data using algorithms are not as accurate as the LiDAR. From the research, the researchers concluded that LiDAR and cameras on their own are not safe and that it was suggested in the 2. 4. website of Fritz. ai [22] defines image recognition as a computer vision technique that allows machines to decode and classify what they see on an image or video. This is often called image classification or image labelling; in machine learning, Du, Guo, & Simpson [23] wrote an 2. 5. neural network architectures are used in image recognition, and it is typical for the neural network to be used in different image recognition problems; it can also be tested on object detection or segmentation. Kumar [24] explained that CNN architectures are a well-known deep learning framework and the application of which ranges from computer vision to natural language processing (NLP); based on an 3. Karl Benz’s invention of the automobile in Germany in 1885/1886 [26] human drivers have consistently assumed control of vehicles. Among the paramount safety requirements in driving is the ability to visually perceive the road, discern obstacles, and maintain situational awareness, all of which necessitate the use of our visual faculties. This fundamental principle also applies to autonomous vehicles (AVs) as they, too, require a means of “seeing. ” The integration of LiDAR and Non-LiDAR technology empowers AVs to perceive the road, identify obstacles, and maintain environmental awareness. Pertinent terminologies in the realm of AVs encompass perception, localization, prediction, and decision-making [27]. The focus of this research lies specifically in the realm of perception, which enables AVs to accurately identify and categorize the objects within their visual field. In terms of data acquisition for identification and categorization purposes, the two dominant technologies employed are the Camera, which falls under the Non-LiDAR category, and the LiDAR itself. Through an extensive literature review, this research endeavour seeks to juxtapose and examine the relative merits and limitations of these two technologies. Furthermore, the research entails a comparative evaluation of proposed experimental methodologies for data collection, which will serve as inputs for an image processing model. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the limitations of LiDAR and camera technology in ensuring safety for autonomous vehicles. It mentions that 'LiDAR and cameras on their own are not safe' and emphasizes the importance of visual perception and situational awareness in driving, which suggests that simply relying on these technologies may not adequately address safety concerns in AV development.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Certain claims suggest that the benefits of biocontrol outweigh any potential risks. [SEP] Text: Madiha Salman: Conceptualization, writing – original draft, final approval and agreeing to the accuracy of the work. Registration of research studies Not Applicable. Iqbal, Madiha Salman. This paper did not involve patients, therefore no ethical approval was required. Trial registry number Name of the registry: Not Applicable. number or registration ID: Not Applicable. Hyperlink to your specific registration (must be publicly accessible and will be checked): Not Applicable. 24. Available from: [3] Bergqvist C, Ezzedine K. Vitiligo: a review. Dermatology [Internet]. 2020, Nov 1 [cited 2022 Aug 31];236(6):571–92. Available from: [5] Damsky W, King BA. JAK inhibitors in dermatology: the promise of a new drug class. J Dermatol [Internet]. 76(4): 2017 Apr 1, 736-744. [cited 2022 Aug 31]; Available from:, [cited 2022 Aug 31]; Available from: [6]. Janus kinase inhibitors in the treatment of Vitiligo: a review. [Internet]. 2021, Nov 18 [cited 2022 Aug 31];12. Available from [7] Ruxolitinib cream for treatment of vitiligo: a randomised, controlled, phase 2 trial. Lancet [Internet]. 2020, Jul 11 [cited 2022 Aug 31];396(10244):110–20. Available from Available from:/pmc/2023. Full-+ View in to Colleague Colleague's E-mail is Name: Colleague's Email: Separate multiple e-mails with a (;). Message: Thought you might appreciate this item(s) I saw in of Surgery Open. Your message has been successfully sent to your colleague. Some error has occurred while processing your request. Please try after some time. Back to Miss an new journal Tables of Contents sent right to your email inbox on the website Get eus at: Support: Submit a TEL: 800-638-3030 (within the USA) 301-223-2300 (outside of the USA) of © 2024 Health, Inc. and/or its subsidiaries. All rights reserved. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim about biocontrol and its benefits versus risks. It primarily contains administrative details about authorship, registration, and references to unrelated medical studies, making it irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Excessive sodium intake is linked to high blood pressure. [SEP] Text: Wkly 2017;147:w14411 Association between urinary sodium and potassium excretion and blood pressure among adults in the United States: Survey, 2014. Circulation 2018;137:237–246. -. Obesity masks the relationship between dietary salt intake and blood pressure in people of African ancestry: the impact of obesity on the relationship between sodium and blood pressure. Afr 2018;29:172–176. Dose-response association of 24-hour urine sodium and sodium to potassium ratio with nighttime blood pressure at older ages. 2019;26:952–960. . Balancing sodium and potassium: estimates of intake in a adult population sample. Nutrients 2015;7:8930–8938. Assessment of dietary sodium and potassium in Canadians using 24-hour urinary collection. Cardiol 2016;32:319–326. PubMed CrossRef Mizéhoun- Dietary sodium and potassium intakes: data from urban and rural areas. Nutrition 2017;33:35–41. Dietary sodium and potassium intake and their association with blood pressure in a non-hypertensive Iranian adult population: Isfahan salt study. 2017;74:275–282. ín-Ramírez E, Rivera Mancía S, et al. Assessment of sodium and potassium intake by 24 h urinary excretion in a healthy mexican cohort. Res 2017;48:195–202. . Estimation of salt intake assessed by 24-hour urinary sodium excretion among Somali adults in Oslo, Norway. Nutrients 2018;10:900. Characteristics of sodium sensitivity in Korean populations. J Sci 2011;26:1061–1067. Salt sensitivity of blood pressure: a scientific statement from the Association. Hypertension 2016;68:e7–46. Long term effects of dietary sodium reduction on cardiovascular disease outcomes: observational follow-up of the Trials of (TOHP). BMJ 2007;334:885–888. . Sodium intake and all-cause mortality over 20 years in the Trials of Hypertension Prevention. J Cardiol 2016;68:1609–1617. . Effects of reduced sodium intake on hypertension control in older individuals: results from the Trial of in the Elderly (TONE). Med 2001;161:685–693. . Salt reduction lowers cardiovascular risk: meta-analysis of outcome trials. Lancet 2011;378:380–382. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by referencing multiple studies that investigate the association between sodium intake and blood pressure. For example, it discusses various research findings, such as 'Dose-response association of 24-hour urine sodium and sodium to potassium ratio with nighttime blood pressure at older ages,' indicating a clear connection between sodium consumption and blood pressure levels. Additionally, it mentions assessment reports and scientific statements affirming the link between sodium sensitivity and hypertension.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: All autonomous vehicles will eliminate traffic accidents entirely. [SEP] Text: is Open Access? is an initiative that aims to make scientific research freely available to all. To date our community has made over 100 million downloads. It’s based on principles of collaboration, unobstructed discovery, and, most importantly, scientific progression. As PhD students, we found it difficult to access the research we needed, so we decided to create a new publisher that levels the playing field for scientists across the world. How? By making research easy to access, and puts the academic needs of the researchers before the business interests of publishers. are a community of more than 103,000 authors and editors from 3,291 institutions spanning 160 countries, including winners and some of the world’s most-cited researchers. Publishing on IntechOpen allows authors to earn 10. 5772/intechopen. 93020 this 1. Choose citation style Select style to clipboard Get citation 2. Choose citation style Select format Bibtex RIS Download citation IntechAnalysis and by Murat Darçın From the by Murat Darçın To purchase hard copies of this book, please contact the representative in India: CBS Publishers & Distributors Pvt. Ltd. www. cbspd. com | customercare@cbspd. com 1. Choose citation style Select style to clipboard Get citation 2. Choose citation style Select format Bibtex RIS Download citation Impact of this 2035. However, can AVs prevent traffic accidents? Results show that use of AVs will stay as a concern, and it will be hard to either champion or oppose them. From a positive perspective, AVs will contribute to traffic safety, increase economic and social benefits, and contribute to environmental protection. However, from a negative point of view, AVs would be hacked, expose our data to third parties, cause liability problems, increase carbon emissions into the atmosphere, risk our health, and constitute a financial burden in economies. The first section will introduce this 1. year approximately 1. 35 million people die as a result of traffic accidents that also cost most countries millions of dollars [1]. However, this unfortunate phenomenon mostly stems from humans. According to the US Department of Transportation’s Administration (NHTSA), 94% of the severe traffic accidents happen because of human errors [2]. defines the causes of traffic accidents as unsafe factors, unsafe road environments, insufficient driver knowledge, failure to recognize the danger, and improper thinking [3]. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing various perspectives on the effectiveness of autonomous vehicles (AVs) in preventing traffic accidents. While it suggests that AVs could contribute to traffic safety, it also notes that concerns remain regarding their ability to completely eliminate accidents, stating that the use of AVs will stay as a concern and that the majority of severe traffic accidents occur due to human errors, which AVs may not fully resolve.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Certain claims suggest that the benefits of biocontrol outweigh any potential risks. [SEP] Text: Academy of Enter your Email address: Subscribe to eTOC Home > : 2004 ExplainedStatin cholesterol-lowering drugs (3-hydroxy-3-methylglutary coenzyme A reductase inhibitors) are rapidly becoming among the most prescribed drugs in the US, with established cardiovascular benefits and a burgeoning body of basic research indicating neuroprotective properties beyond their cholesterol-lowering effects. Multiple studies have shown that statins reduce the risk of stroke in those with coronary artery disease and high blood levels of total or low-density lipoprotein cholesterol. It now appears that the vast majority of patients with a history of ischemic stroke or transient ischemic attacks could benefit from statin use. Moreover, some findings suggest that statins could help prevent Alzheimer disease or multiple sclerosis, although the evidence is far from conclusive. Still, statins are not without adverse effects, especially myopathy and myoglobinuria – a syndrome of acute muscle necrosis, with pigmenturia and increased risk of renal failure – and as the use and intensity of these drugs expands, the line between risk and benefit can blur. “Statins are incredibly useful from a cardiovascular point of view,” said Paul Thompson, MD, Director of at in Hartford, CT. “The problem is that as they are used more widely and in patients at lower risk, the risk-benefit profile changes. The more at risk the patient the greater the benefit, but if you treat low-risk patients you could be causing more trouble than you are saving. ”Specifically, neurologists need to weigh the cost-benefit of giving statins to prevent stroke or heart disease in patients with myalgia or neuropathy, a clinical challenge they will increasingly confront as more and more people take statins. “All treatment is a risk-benefit decision by the doctor, but also by the patient,” Dr. Thompson said. “Many patients are uncomfortable and have figured out that the statin may be the cause. That's a tough argument to win. ”a study published in 2003, Dr. Thompson and colleagues reviewed the literature to provide a clinical summary of statin-associated myopathy and to ascertain possible mediating mechanisms (JAMA 2003; 289(13):1681–1690). They also updated the US Food and (FDA) reports on statin-associated rhabdomyolysis. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text discusses statin cholesterol-lowering drugs, their benefits, and associated risks, but it does not mention biocontrol or its benefits versus risks in any manner. Therefore, it is irrelevant to the claim.