Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Interest rates set by central banks affect borrowing costs. [SEP] Text: Since the lower bound is estimated from banks’ Libor quotes alone, this result validates the model based on testable implications, under the assumption that the NYFR and the EDR are more accurate measures of borrowing costs than the distorted Libor. Although most empirical research on Libor manipulation has focused on the financial crisis when the signalling incentive was presumably stronger, related court documents contain evidence of manipulation attempts going back to 2005. To test whether these attempts succeeded in manipulating Libor, I extend the sample to include two more consecutive periods, from 3 September 2005 to 2 September 2006, and from 3 September 2006 to 2 September 2007. The estimated lower bound on the unmanipulated Libor provides very weak evidence, if any at all, of Libor manipulation during 3 September 2005–2 September 2007. Figure 5 shows the results. For this period, the average estimated spread between Libor and the lower bound on ct is −0. 6 bp. During this same period, the EDR is much closer to Libor than in any other period in the sample, and lies mostly above Libor. A likely explanation is that before the BNP Paribas announcement, there were no serious concerns about large financial institutions facing credit or liquidity risk; thus, banks did not have strong incentives to use Libor reports as signals of creditworthiness. Moreover, their individual attempts to benefit from trading positions may not have been sufficient to cause a substantial distortion in the benchmark rate. Figure 5Spread between Libor and the estimated common borrowing costs before the crisis Notes: This figure shows the spread between the published Libor and the estimated unmanipulated Libor from 3 September 2005 to 14 September 2008. It also includes the Libor–EDR and Libor–NYFR spreads for comparison. The NYFR is only available from 2 June 2008. The highlighted dates are 3 September 2006, 3 September 2007 (the first trading day after BNP Paribas suspended two sub-prime mortgage funds), and 16 March 2008 (when JPacquired for less than 7% of its market value 2 days before). The model is estimated separately for each corresponding period. I compute 95% confidence intervals (dotted lines) using the bootstrap. Open in new tabDownload slide 6. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim as it discusses the impacts of Libor rates, which are closely related to borrowing costs. It emphasizes the relationship between Libor and the estimated unmanipulated borrowing costs, mentioning how variations in Libor reflect banks' perspectives on creditworthiness and liquidity risk, thereby affecting the overall borrowing costs in the financial market.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Genetic engineering will eliminate the need for traditional farming methods. [SEP] Text: Pests are often controlled with man made chemicals which have many harmful effects, for example: 6 Knowledge (ITK) Knowledge (ITK) based inputs (Most of the ITK’s needs scientific validation before large scale adoption) Is the systematic body of knowledge acquired by local people through the accumulation of experiences, informal experiments, and intimate understanding of the environment in a given culture (Rajasekaran, 1993). Learning from ITK can improve understanding of local condition and provide a productive context for activities designed to help the communities. In addition, the use of ITK’s assures that the end user of specific agricultural development projects are involved in developing technologies appropriate to their needs’. Yet, ITK is still an underutilized resource in the development activities. It needs to be intensively and extensively studied, and incorporated into formal research and extension practices to make agriculture and rural development strategies more sustainable. Many of our indigenous practices in agriculture and allied fields have been replaced by the so-called modern technologies and they have become obsolete, especially among the younger generations. Now these indigenous practices are endangered ones and these are a possibility for them to become extinct particularly during this era of globalization, liberalization and commercialization. Now the need has come to re-examine and then gradually re-introduce the effective traditional technologies of crop production. Therefore, there is a need to systematically document the ITK as they are the unwritten body of knowledge. There is no systematic record to describe what is, what it does, how it does, means of changing it, its operations, it boundaries and its applications. It is held in different brains, languages and skills in as many groups, cultures and environments. is also a treasure land of indigenous practices in agriculture. However, only a few attempts have been undertaken by social scientists to document the available indigenous agricultural practices but none has evaluated scientifically. The documented ITK practices are given below. 181 - 194 (14 Pages) USD34. 99 Add to cart Knowledge (ITK) based inputs (Most of the ITK’s needs scientific validation before large scale adoption) Is the systematic body of knowledge acquired by local people through the accumulation of experiences, informal experiments, and intimate understanding of the environment in a given culture (Rajasekaran, 1993). Learning from ITK can improve understanding of local condition and provide a productive context for activities designed to help the communities. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by emphasizing the importance of Indigenous Traditional Knowledge (ITK) and traditional farming methods in agriculture. It outlines that these traditional practices are at risk of becoming extinct and argues for their systematic documentation and revitalization. By highlighting that many indigenous practices have been replaced by modern technologies, the text suggests a need for these methods rather than indicating that genetic engineering will eliminate their necessity.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Action potentials are generated by the movement of sodium and potassium ions across the neuron membrane. [SEP] Text: 071 5. 86−0. 59 0. 16−1. 123 712−83. 6 4. 3−0. 05 13. 130. 45 0. 230. 013 13. 350. 43 0. 240. 175 14. 39−0. 35 0. 35−0. 613 912−75. 6 3. 8−0. 05 9. 420. 150. 900. 00109. 61-0. 050. 97−0. 0580. 34−0. 98 0. 12−10. 756 311−87. 7 2. 7−0. 03 5. 180. 34 0. 510. 009 5. 270. 32 0. 540. 142 5. 200. 340. 510. 47867−64. 8 3. 6−0. 06 8. 59−0. 500. 26−0. 0117. 53−0. 580. 17−0. 18511. 38−0. 04 0. 93−0. 084 75−69. 9 3. 3−0. 05 9. 37−0. 22 0. 46−0. 008 9. 01−0. 290. 33−0. 1469. 840. 05 0. 870. 015 117−84. 6 3. 0−0. 04 7. 88-−0. 020. 97−0. 0017. 800. 10 00. 830. 039 7. 88−0. 0 0. 96−0. 020 710−85. 0 2. 2−0. 03 3. 02−0. 53 0. 28−0. 042 4. 110. 130. 800. 1442. 840. 570. 241. 805610Pooled Mean−78. 6 −0. 04 7. 260. 030. 55−0. 001 7. 320. 030. 570. 0296. 48−0. 14 0. 45−1. 010 9. 9Pooled SD7. 43. 470. 350. 320. 0163. 340. 320. 290. 1284. 570. 510. 343. 5182. 9 Lolliplots for each preparation, showing apparent Erevs for each photo-uncaging site as a function of their distance from the somatic recording site, diameter, and branch order (Figure 9), confirm no dependence of the apparent Erev on these cable properties. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not provide any information relevant to the claim about action potentials and the movement of sodium and potassium ions across the neuron membrane. Instead, it includes numerical data and references to experimental results without addressing the claim directly.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Globalization has increased interconnectedness in trade and labor markets. [SEP] Text: Pesquisar Sumário - Documento anterior - Documento seguinte 05 | 2009As fundações institucionais da economia in the Developing World: Resumo | Índice | Mapa | Notas do autor | Texto | Bibliografia | Notas | Citação | This study attempts to identify the evolution of labor markets paying specific attention to female labor in the developing world and to its relationship with recent trends of globalized production, investment and trade. This is an inductive study which uses summarized statistics, tables and figures to provide an understanding of the developing world labor markets in the era of globalization and economic integration. Topo da página Entradas no índice Keywords: globalization, labor, gender, international trade, investmentTopo da página Mapa 1. Introduction: Globalization and 2. in and Investment 3. and Feminization of 4. of the World’s in 5. ConclusionTopo da página Notas do autorI am grateful to and Luís for their interesting suggestions, to Ana C. Santos and to the participants of the CES (2009) for their valuable contributions and to the anonymous referees for their helpful comments. Texto integral PDF 944k Partilhar por e-mail 1. Introduction: Globalization and 1Since the 1970s the world economy has been going through substantial changes through which new patterns of production, new technologies and new labor control systems have been introduced (Standing, 1999). Globalization has brought major transformations in goods, capital and labor. To begin with, in terms of goods, “production has changed from a linear assembly line (Fordist production) to a networked form of production that depends on outsourcing or subcontracting around the world to different manufacturers” (Bayes, 2005: 7), becoming a more flexible form of production, able to adapt itself to varying conditions related to resources and other factors of production. In this sense, the new form of production is capable of creating or abolishing jobs without any time limit (Bayes, 2005). 2Second, with the deregulation of capital flow restrictions, international capital flows have been moving easily into both developed and developing countries in the form of foreign direct investment, loans and bonds. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing how globalization has transformed production, international capital flows, and labor markets. It highlights that globalization has introduced new patterns of production and easier movement of capital, which contribute to interconnectedness in trade and labor markets.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Genetic engineering will eliminate the need for traditional farming methods. [SEP] Text: In addition, the use of ITK’s assures that the end user of specific agricultural development projects are involved in developing technologies appropriate to their needs’. Yet, ITK is still an underutilized resource in the development activities. It needs to be intensively and extensively studied, and incorporated into formal research and extension practices to make agriculture and rural development strategies more sustainable. Many of our indigenous practices in agriculture and allied fields have been replaced by the so-called modern technologies and they have become obsolete, especially among the younger generations. Now these indigenous practices are endangered ones and these are a possibility for them to become extinct particularly during this era of globalization, liberalization and commercialization. Now the need has come to re-examine and then gradually re-introduce the effective traditional technologies of crop production. Therefore, there is a need to systematically document the ITK as they are the unwritten body of knowledge. There is no systematic record to describe what is, what it does, how it does, means of changing it, its operations, it boundaries and its applications. It is held in different brains, languages and skills in as many groups, cultures and environments. is also a treasure land of indigenous practices in agriculture. However, only a few attempts have been undertaken by social scientists to document the available indigenous agricultural practices but none has evaluated scientifically. The documented ITK practices are given below. 7 for 7. 1. of paddy seeds in diluted bio gas slurry for 12 hours increases resistance of seedlings to pests and diseases. During panicle formation in paddy, the flowers of Cycas circinalis are placed on sticks in paddy fields @ 4/ac. Its unpleasant odor repels ear head bugs. About 30 kg of tamarind seeds are applied for an acre of paddy field 1 day after transplanting to boost up the crop growth and yield. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by emphasizing the importance and necessity of indigenous traditional knowledge (ITK) and practices in agriculture, stating that modern technologies have caused these practices to become obsolete. It discusses the need to re-examine and re-introduce effective traditional technologies, indicating that rather than eliminating traditional farming methods, there is a growing need to document and utilize them alongside new technologies for sustainable agricultural practices.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Action potentials are generated by the movement of sodium and potassium ions across the neuron membrane. [SEP] Text: Linear regression analyses revealed near-zero slopes for all 10 neurons (Figure 9—figure supplement 1; Table 2). This suggests that, even though these sites vary in their absolute distance, diameter, and branch order, they do not vary substantially in their electrotonic distance from the somatic recording site. The minimal hyperpolarizing shift for apparent Erevs measured for activation sites between 100 and 800 µm from the recording site is consistent with a λ > 1. 5 mm (referencing Figure 7D and E). Taken together, these results demonstrate that GM neurons are surprisingly electrotonically compact, despite their expansive structures and morphological complexity. Figure 9 with 1 supplement see all Download asset Open asset Reversal potentials as a function of various cable properties. Each lolliplot shows the glutamate response apparent reversal potentials (Erevs) for photo-uncaging sites as function of their distance from the soma, branch order, and neurite diameter. Each color and lolliplot is indicative of the set of reversal potentials across sites within a single neuron (N = 10). Focal glutamate responses were evoked at varying membrane potentials (between −120 and −40 mV) with two-electrode current clamp at the soma. for each photo-uncaging site were determined as in Figure 6. Distance and branch order measurements were generated from skeletal reconstructions. Diameter measurements were generated by manual measurement of neuronal dye-fill confocal stacks. circuits function reliably despite remarkable animal-to-animal variability in the synaptic and intrinsic conductances of their constituent neurons (Goaillard et al. , 2009; Norris et al. , 2011; Roffman et al. , 2012 Sakurai et al. , 2014); see Calabrese et al. (2011) and Marder et al. (2015) for reviews). Given that neuronal physiology also depends on the passive cable properties arising from geometry, we examined the physiological consequences of animal-to-animal variability in neuronal morphology. Despite their expansive and complex morphologies, GM neurons have electrotonically compact structures. This effectively compensates for morphological variability and contributes to consistent neuronal and circuit-level function across animals. Complex yet compact Here, we present the ostensible conundrum wherein an identifiable neuron type, despite its complex, highly-branched, neurite tree, is surprisingly electrotonically compact. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses the electrotonic properties of GM neurons and their morphological characteristics without mentioning action potentials or the role of sodium and potassium ions in their generation.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Globalization has increased interconnectedness in trade and labor markets. [SEP] Text: While this rose the accessibility to different economic opportunities for international capital, it brought together capital’s ease of entering and exiting any country that served up high profit possibilities. This ease usually left many developing countries with bankruptcies, current account deficits, and financial crises and eventually with more poverty and lost jobs (Standing, 1999). 3Third, in terms of labor, companies have been shifting their location of production to cheap-labor abundant parts of the world mostly because of the cost reduction motive that still continues to drive them. This often means female labor which is usually employed in inhumane and unsafe working conditions and is usually low-paid at very low labor standards. 4This paper aims to explore the gender dimensions of globalization and recent production networks (such as free trade areas and export processing zones) in terms of employment and labor standards in light of the data and statistics from and of Unions. 2. in and Investment 5The world economy has been going through substantial changes since the 1970s. We have been witnessing to an increased liberal orientation in policy-making, followed by growing volumes of international trade, foreign direct investment (FDI) and other financial flows, and novel forms of economic integration promoted by developments in information technologies (Dejardin, 2008). For instance, the share of inward and outward global FDI stocks in world GDP grew from below 5% in 1980 to around 25% in 2006 (OECD, 2008). The amount of FDI inflows reached 648 billion dollars in 2004 while it was only 59 billion dollars in 1982, while GDP in current prices only more than tripled during the same period (see Table I). By the same token, international trade volume has followed an increasing trend fostered by trade liberalization, namely by the removal of obstacles to trade, by regulations put forward by the Organization, by easier access to regional or global markets and by decreased costs of transportation, coordination and communication. Exports of goods and non-factor services reached the value of 11 069 billion dollars in 2004 with an annual growth rate of 20,1%. It is striking that the annual growth rate of exports always exceeded the annual growth rate of global output between 1986 and 2004, except the year 2001, in which the September 11 terrorist attacks took place in the US. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by detailing how globalization has enhanced interconnectedness in trade and labor markets. It explains that international trade and foreign direct investment (FDI) have grown significantly, illustrating that trade liberalization has led to increased volumes of international trade and integration. The statistics provided, such as the growth of FDI from 59 billion dollars in 1982 to 648 billion dollars in 2004, serve as evidence of the claim that globalization has positively impacted trade interconnectedness. Furthermore, the text discusses how companies relocate production to areas with cheaper labor, highlighting the interconnectedness in labor markets influenced by globalization.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Genetic engineering will eliminate the need for traditional farming methods. [SEP] Text: Soaking the paddy seeds in diluted cow’s urine before sowing, considerably reduces the incidence of leaf spot and rice blast Presoaking of paddy seeds in milk increases its resistance against ‘tungro’ virus and ‘stunt’ virus For control of red leaf spot disease in paddy, the seeds are soaked in ‘Pudina’ leaf extract (Mentha sativa) for 24 hours ‘T’ shaped bamboo stands are placed in many places in the paddy fields so that birds can sit on them and feed on the larvae and adults of rice pests. Sowing on eighteenth day (Aadipperukku) of Tamil month Aadi (Jul-Aug. ) ensures good harvest. Daincha (Sesbania spp. ) seeds are sown on paddy main fields when paddy nursery is raised and the grown up daincha is ploughed in-situ during field preparation. Plough the main field for four to six times for better yield. 195 - 220 (26 Pages) USD34. 99 Add to cart 7. 1. of paddy seeds in diluted bio gas slurry for 12 hours increases resistance of seedlings to pests and diseases. During panicle formation in paddy, the flowers of Cycas circinalis are placed on sticks in paddy fields @ 4/ac. Its unpleasant odor repels ear head bugs. About 30 kg of tamarind seeds are applied for an acre of paddy field 1 day after transplanting to boost up the crop growth and yield. Soaking the paddy seeds in diluted cow’s urine before sowing, considerably reduces the incidence of leaf spot and rice blast Presoaking of paddy seeds in milk increases its resistance against ‘tungro’ virus and ‘stunt’ virus For control of red leaf spot disease in paddy, the seeds are soaked in ‘Pudina’ leaf extract (Mentha sativa) for 24 hours ‘T’ shaped bamboo stands are placed in many places in the paddy fields so that birds can sit on them and feed on the larvae and adults of rice pests. Sowing on eighteenth day (Aadipperukku) of Tamil month Aadi (Jul-Aug. ) ensures good harvest. Daincha (Sesbania spp. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by outlining various traditional farming practices that enhance crop yield and resilience without reference to genetic engineering. It describes methods such as soaking paddy seeds in cow’s urine and milk for pest resistance, using plant extracts for disease control, and specific agricultural timings that are established by longstanding cultural practices. These methods demonstrate the significance and reliance on traditional farming practices, suggesting that traditional methods are still pertinent despite advancements in genetic engineering.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Action potentials are generated by the movement of sodium and potassium ions across the neuron membrane. [SEP] Text: While the overall membrane conductance may be higher in the absence of TTX (although, no change in input resistance as measured at the soma was detected before and after TTX addition), we would not expect these TTX-sensitive currents to substantially alter inhibitory voltage signal propagation at the range of membrane potentials probed here (−120 to −40 mV). Furthermore, spike initiation zones, where TTX-sensitive channels are most likely to reside, are located in the periphery, where the axons exit the neuropil (Raper, 1979; Miller, 1980). Thus, it is unlikely that TTX-sensitive voltage-gated channels would shunt the current arising from these evoked events in the same way as has been seen in other systems (Laurent, 1990). In STG neurons, it is an intriguing possibility that separation of synaptic integration and slow waves from spike initiation zones may be a morphological strategy established to avoid shunting of synaptic currents. Future experiments in varying pharmacological and modulatory conditions could shed light on how different voltage-gated currents, modulatory currents, and ongoing synaptic input during rhythmic activity, may effectively compartmentalize these otherwise compact passive neuronal structures. Electrotonic structure in circuit context GM electrotonic structure is best understood in light of STG circuit architecture. The identified neurons of the STG exhibit complex morphologies (Wilensky et al. , 2003; Baldwin and Graubard, 1995; Bucher et al. , 2007; Goeritz et al. , 2013; Otopalik et al. , 2017). Like the GM neuron, all STG neurons display large somata (50–150 µm in diameter) and primary neurites that ramify throughout the STG neuropil, wherein synaptic partners form numerous, sparse synapses (King, 1976a, 1976b; Baldwin and Graubard, 1995). If each neuron type were highly electrotonically compartmentalized, yet variable across animals, wiring this circuit would be a puzzling developmental task. The fact that these neurons present electrotonically compact structures simplifies our understanding of the developmental wiring rules that may be required and how such a circuit can be relatively immune to structural differences. The neurons of the STG rely on graded transmission and slow oscillations, rather than fast spikes, to maintain phase relationships at the circuit level (Graubard, 1978; Raper, 1979; Graubard et al. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it does not discuss the generation of action potentials or the movement of sodium and potassium ions across the neuron membrane. Instead, it focuses on TTX-sensitive currents and the electrotonic structure of neurons, which does not directly address the process of action potentials.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Globalization has increased interconnectedness in trade and labor markets. [SEP] Text: Table I: Selected indicators of FDI and international production, 1982-2004 (Billions of dollars and per cent)(jpeg, 160k) Source: (2005), Report (2005:14) 6Contributing to these figures, another recent phenomenon has arisen. Following the fast transition of many developing and relatively closed economies to more open trade policies has also increased the participation of those countries in world trade. China and India are two major economies that are changing the face of globalization with their huge populations. The estimates of IMF in Outlook (2007) show that these two countries led to a fourfold rise in the effective global labor force over the past two decades. 7Coe (2007) points out that the changing nature of globalization through technological progress, specifically the sharp reduction of communication and coordination costs, “have allowed the emergence of global supply chains that are increasingly fragmented geographically” (Coe, 2007: 7). Baldwin (2006) characterized this change by defining two “unbundlings” of globalization that are rooted in technological advances followed by diminished cost of trade and increased volume of trade. The first unbundling he mentioned started in the late 19th with the necessity of producing goods close to the point they are consumed. With the second unbundling, accelerating more recently, the need to perform production close to consumption locations came to an end resulting in the spread of factory activities to offshore service sector jobs in their far offices. The second unbundling was also called as fragmentation, offshoring, vertical specialization, and slicing up the value-added chain. In order to survive supply chains, international trade has been rapidly evolving towards the exchange of intermediate inputs rather than in final goods or commodities. Increasingly, with the help of technological progress, intermediate inputs that were previously non-tradable (like business services) are now becoming tradable. Baldwin depicts a figure of the Japanese automobile and electronics plants in as an example for the evolution of the second bundling. He highlights how spectacularly the second unbundling rose in starting from 1985. Japanese manufacturers offshored some of their labor-intensive activities to the nearby countries such as China, Thailand, Malaysia, Indonesia and Vietnam. The most obvious reason for this was the increased wages in Japan and decreased comparative advantage of Japanese companies in manufacturing (Baldwin, 2006: 23). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the increased participation of developing economies such as China and India in world trade, which has been a direct result of globalization. It notes that these countries have contributed to a fourfold rise in the effective global labor force over two decades, demonstrating increased interconnectedness. Furthermore, the text highlights how technological advances and reduced costs of communication have led to the emergence of global supply chains, indicating a deeper integration of economies worldwide. The description of the 'two unbundlings' of globalization further emphasizes the evolution of trade practices towards more interconnected labor markets.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Genetic engineering will eliminate the need for traditional farming methods. [SEP] Text: Inoculate the soil with the bio-agents like Azospirillum, Phosphobacterium, Pseudomonas flouresens, Trichoderma viride on 30 days after sowing (DAS). Incorporate in situ 60 DAS (30 t ha-1 biomass is generated on 60 DAS) green manures. 11 in weather affects growth and development of plants. The extent of these effects depends upon the range or severity of change of weather. It is very much possible to change the weather in relatively small area to reap better harvest. Micro weather modification is defined as, “The manipulation of weather elements at increasing or decreasing the duration, intensity, quality etc. , for desired effects at microlevel of crop under investigation”. The climate near the ground can be managed partly by influencing the moisture status and temperature of the upper soil layers, e. g. by mulching and partly by action above the ground e. g. by shading or use of wind breaks. 261 - 262 (2 Pages) USD34. 99 Add to cart Change in weather affects growth and development of plants. The extent of these effects depends upon the range or severity of change of weather. It is very much possible to change the weather in relatively small area to reap better harvest. Micro weather modification is defined as, “The manipulation of weather elements at increasing or decreasing the duration, intensity, quality etc. , for desired effects at microlevel of crop under investigation”. The climate near the ground can be managed partly by influencing the moisture status and temperature of the upper soil layers, e. g. by mulching and partly by action above the ground e. g. by shading or use of wind breaks. 12 Knowledge (ITK) Based Inputs/Techniques for Storage 12. 1. for juice is mixed with grains and then sun dried before storage to prevent insect pests (Farmers in Nigeria). Seeds are safely stored in earthern pots after mixing with the leaves of neem and Vitex negundo (Farmers in Gujarat, India). Drying seeds and grains of all the crops on the new moon day before storing to avoid pest attack. Store seed materials in earthen pots which are kept on the ‘Paran’ directly above the furnace in kitchen. The smoke acts as a repellent. Grains, trees etc. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing various traditional farming techniques and methods for improving crop yields, such as the inoculation of soil with bio-agents, micro weather modification, and traditional storage techniques that have been used by farmers. This suggests that traditional methods remain relevant and useful, thereby contradicting the assertion that genetic engineering will render them obsolete.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Action potentials are generated by the movement of sodium and potassium ions across the neuron membrane. [SEP] Text: , 1980, 1983; Anderson and Barker, 1981; Manor et al. , 1997, 1999; Bose et al. , 2014). Given the relatively slow temporal precision of this circuit, an electrotonically compact structure is sufficient for integrating activity of many, yet sparsely distributed, synaptic inputs from each presynaptic neuron (King, 1976a, 1976b), independent of synaptic site locations. In this way, electrotonic compactness both masks the observed heterogeneity in glutamate sensitivity across the neuronal structure (Figures 4 and 5) and diminishes the consequences of presumed variability in synaptic site location arising from observed animal-to-animal variability in GM morphology (also see Otopalik et al. , 2017). In this scenario, presynaptic inputs may influence GM neuron activity with equivalent efficacy regardless of synaptic site location. This synaptic democracy (Häusser, 2001) is achieved by combining an electrotonically compact structure with graded transmission resilient to electrotonic decrement across sparsely distributed, synchronous presynaptic sites. This strategy is in stark contrast to the tight tuning of receptor or ion channel distributions employed by some neuron types. For example, CA1 pyramidal neurons compensate for passive attenuation of voltage responses with distance-dependent scaling of synaptic receptor density (Andrasfalvy and Magee, 2001; Magee and Cook, 2000; Smith et al. , 2003). It is feasible that strategies for achieving synaptic democracy vary across circuit contexts. The input-output computations of pyramidal neurons are typically dependent on spikes and fast voltage transients, whereas the neurons of the stomatogastric ganglion rely more heavily on graded transmission and slow oscillations to serve their circuit-level function (Graubard, 1978; Raper, 1979; Graubard et al. , 1980, 1983; Anderson and Barker, 1981; Manor et al. , 1997, 1999; Bose et al. , 2014). Electrotonic structure may reflect the temporal precision of the neuronal and circuit-level computations performed. Morphologies that are ‘good enough’ rather than optimal Numerous works have argued that specific neuronal geometries are optimal for precise neuronal computations (Mainen and Sejnowski, 1996; Stiefel and Sejnowski, 2007; Cuntz et al. , 2010). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim directly as it discusses synaptic integration, electrotonic structure, and the variability in neuronal responses rather than the mechanisms behind action potentials specifically related to sodium and potassium ion movements across the neuron membrane.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Globalization has increased interconnectedness in trade and labor markets. [SEP] Text: 8displays the trends in world trade of total merchandise, intermediate goods and other commercial services between 1988 and 2006. What is striking here is that all are at an increasing trend since 1988. The trade in intermediates exceeded five times of its amount in 1988. Figure I: Trends in world trade of total merchandise, intermediate goods and other commercial services, 1988-2006(jpeg, 72k) Note: Data are normalized at 100 in 1988. Source: WTO calculations based on and WTO statistics database. 9Table II exhibits the offshoring shares of the five countries that have the highest and lowest imported inputs in their production. Again, it is noticeable that goods are offshored much more than services across all countries. Offshored services account for less than the half of the goods offshored. It is striking that countries that are smaller in terms of resources appear to offshore more than larger ones. Report (2008) shows that countries that are large enough and labor and/or capital abundant take the opportunity of exploiting economies of scale and do not need to offshore part of their inputs. Contrarily, small countries choose to intensify their available resources in a smaller number of stages of production and tend to offshore the rest. Table II: Goods and service offshoring by country, 2000 (imported inputs as per cent of total inputs)(png, 106k) Source: report, 2008. WTO calculations based on OECD Input-Output tables. 10Beside global supply chains, another striking phenomenon in the age of globalization is the set up of export processing zones (EPZs) which are defined as “industrial zones with special incentives to attract foreign investors, in which imported products undergo some degree of processing before being exported again” by ILO (2007). These zones have enlarged to technological and scientific parks and can even be a country, a province or a town. EPZs are constructed with different names in different countries such as maquilas in Mexico and special economic zones (SEZs) in China. These zones are created with the aims of generating employment, gaining foreign currency, nourishing exports, contributing to the spread of technology and skills, developing underprivileged regions and flourishing the economy as a whole. The number of zones has been increasing rapidly since the 1990s and reached 3500 in 2006 (Figure II). 66 millions of workers were employed in 2006. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing trends in world trade, indicating an increasing trend in merchandise and service trade since 1988. It highlights how offshoring, particularly in smaller countries, has intensified, suggesting an increase in interconnectedness in labor markets. Additionally, the establishment of export processing zones (EPZs) aimed at generating employment and contributing to economic growth further supports the idea that globalization has fostered interconnectedness in both trade and labor.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Genetic engineering will eliminate the need for traditional farming methods. [SEP] Text: harvested on full moon day are raqre prone to storage pest attack. Mixing the dried leaves of neem with seeds while storing them. 263 - 272 (10 Pages) USD34. 99 Add to cart 12. 1. for juice is mixed with grains and then sun dried before storage to prevent insect pests (Farmers in Nigeria). Seeds are safely stored in earthern pots after mixing with the leaves of neem and Vitex negundo (Farmers in Gujarat, India). Drying seeds and grains of all the crops on the new moon day before storing to avoid pest attack. Store seed materials in earthen pots which are kept on the ‘Paran’ directly above the furnace in kitchen. The smoke acts as a repellent. Grains, trees etc. harvested on full moon day are raqre prone to storage pest attack. Mixing the dried leaves of neem with seeds while storing them. 13 of 13 1. Drawn from Vedas, the method of natural farming has been mastered by farmers of Maharashtra and Madhya Pradesh. In this method, all on-farm sources of nutrients including composts, cattle dung manure, green leaf manure and crop biomass for mulching are exploited to their best potential with continuous soil enrichment through the use of formulation known as “Amritpani” and virgin soil. 15 kg of virgin rhizosperic soil collected from beneath of Banyan tree (Ficus bengalensis) is spread over one acre and the soil is enriched with 200 lit Amritpani. It is prepared by mixing 250 g ghee into 10 kg of cow dung followed by 500 g honey and diluted with 200 lit of water. This formulation is utilized for seed treatment (beej sanskar), enrichment of soil (bhumi sanskar) and foliar spray on plants (padap sanskar). For soil treatment it needs to be applied through irrigation water as fertigation. The system has been demonstrated on a wide range of crops i. e. fruits, vegetables, cereals, pulses, oilseeds, sugarcane and cotton. 273 - 278 (6 Pages) USD34. 99 Add to cart 13 1. Drawn from Vedas, the method of natural farming has been mastered by farmers of Maharashtra and Madhya Pradesh. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by describing various traditional farming methods that utilize natural resources, such as neem leaves and virgin soil, to enhance crop growth and protect against pests. It emphasizes the effectiveness of natural farming practices mastered by farmers in regions like Maharashtra and Madhya Pradesh, suggesting that these methods are viable and ongoing without the need for genetic engineering.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Action potentials are generated by the movement of sodium and potassium ions across the neuron membrane. [SEP] Text: Experimentalists and theorists alike have suggested that neurons employ developmental growth rules that fine-tune neuronal geometry for optimal current transfer and wiring costs (Chklovskii, 2000, 2004; Chen et al. , 2006; Wen and Chklovskii, 2008; Cuntz et al. , 2007, 2010; Kim et al. , 2012). Many of these works rely on studies in neuron types with both recognizable morphologies and known computations and/or plasticity rules. In this way, such rules hinge on a somewhat circular premise that specific neuronal functions arise from specialized geometries. As is evident in the present work, not all neuron types exhibit conserved morphologies across animals, yet show stereotyped physiological properties and circuit-level functions. We present a case in which the solution to the morphology-to-physiology transform is many-to-one. Meaning in morphology Neuron types can have characteristic, recognizable morphologies. Many studies have explored stereotypy in macroscopic dendritic and axonal arborization patterns in a variety of systems, including cricket (Miller and Jacobs, 1984) and grasshopper (Goodman, 1976, 1978) sensory interneurons, the insect (Cuntz et al. , 2008) and mammalian (Bloomfield and Miller, 1986; Hong et al. , 2011) retina, and somatosensory (Wang et al. , 2002), motor (Ghosh and Porter, 1988), and visual (Martin et al. , 1983; Martin and Whitteridge, 1984a, 1984b) cortices. That said, there are remarkably few instances (Cuntz et al. , 2008; Wang et al. , 2002) in which multiple examples of relatively complete reconstructions have been published in enough detail to judge whether the ranges of neuronal morphological features shown here, pertinent to a neuron’s cable properties, are typical or more pronounced than in other systems. Here, we argue that the fine structural details of complex morphology may not matter for the neuronal and circuit-level function of an identified neuron type. In the STG, neurons rely predominantly on slow oscillations for circuit function, and electrotonically compact structures elegantly compensate for a high degree of animal-to-animal variability in morphology. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text discusses the geometric and functional characteristics of neurons and their morphologies but does not mention the generation of action potentials or the role of sodium and potassium ions in this process. Therefore, the text is irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Globalization has increased interconnectedness in trade and labor markets. [SEP] Text: Female workers account for 60-70% of the zone workforce worldwide, mounting up to 90% in some regions (ILO, 2007; Milberg, 2007). Figure II: Development of 1975 1986 1997 2002 2006 Number of coutries with EPZs 25 47 93 116 130 Number of EZPs or similar types of zones 79 176 845 3000 3500 Employment (millions) n. a. n. a. 22. 5 43 66 - of which China n. a. n. a. 18 30 40 - of which other countries with figures available 0. 8 1. 9 4. 5 13 26 Source: ILO database on EPZs, 2007 11To sum up, world’s production has changed both in quantity and in form, depending more on subcontracting or outsourcing and being more flexible, generating new jobs and relocating labor more easily. 3. and Feminization of 12The increased liberal orientation in policy-making and the recent trends in production, investment and trade patterns have had a significant impact on labor markets, in general, and on gendered dynamics in labor markets, in particular. The world has been experiencing feminization of labor since the 1970s (Standing 1989), which may be explained by various factors such as export-led growth, structural adjustment, economic crises, etc. (Cagatay and Ozler, 1995; Baslevent and Onaran, 2004; Ecevit, 1998). 13In 1995, Cagatay and Ozler explain the feminization of the labor force in terms of long-term development and structural adjustment. They point to the U-shaped characteristic of women’s labor force participation which is observed along different stages of capitalist development. They underline the dual work burden on women as reproducers and producers which causes the U-shape. They investigate whether changes in the paths of economic development have influenced or brought together the feminization of labor force. Using the data of 165 countries for the years 1985 and 1990 from resources, they carry out econometric analysis to estimate the female share of the labor force. The variables expected to determine this ratio are demographic factors like fertility, urbanization and female education; Product (GNP) per capita and other economic variables such as openness, changes in income distribution and degree of economic expansion. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing how policy changes and trends in production and investment due to globalization have notably affected labor markets. It mentions the feminization of labor and the shift towards subcontracting and outsourcing, which illustrates how global interconnectedness influences employment dynamics. The reference to the increase in the number of Export Processing Zones (EPZs) further supports the notion of increased interconnectedness in trade and labor.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Genetic engineering will eliminate the need for traditional farming methods. [SEP] Text: In this method, all on-farm sources of nutrients including composts, cattle dung manure, green leaf manure and crop biomass for mulching are exploited to their best potential with continuous soil enrichment through the use of formulation known as “Amritpani” and virgin soil. 15 kg of virgin rhizosperic soil collected from beneath of Banyan tree (Ficus bengalensis) is spread over one acre and the soil is enriched with 200 lit Amritpani. It is prepared by mixing 250 g ghee into 10 kg of cow dung followed by 500 g honey and diluted with 200 lit of water. This formulation is utilized for seed treatment (beej sanskar), enrichment of soil (bhumi sanskar) and foliar spray on plants (padap sanskar). For soil treatment it needs to be applied through irrigation water as fertigation. The system has been demonstrated on a wide range of crops i. e. fruits, vegetables, cereals, pulses, oilseeds, sugarcane and cotton. 14 Water and 14. 1. places where Ficus religiosa tree is found, underground water will be more. Underground water will be more in places where the neem tree with more knots is found. In places where termite hills are found, underground water will be more. Farmers are practicing traditional method of using neem stick, metals etc. for finding the water resource in underground for digging wells. While they are walking with this stick on hand it will be rottate automatically at the place where underground water is surplus. Some farmers are using the magnetic stones for identifying water sources. Magnet is tied with a thread and held like a pendulum while walking over the fields. The magnet will rotate automatically at the place where underground water is more and this is taken as the indication for digging wells. 279 - 282 (4 Pages) USD34. 99 Add to cart 14. 1. places where Ficus religiosa tree is found, underground water will be more. Underground water will be more in places where the neem tree with more knots is found. In places where termite hills are found, underground water will be more. Farmers are practicing traditional method of using neem stick, metals etc. for finding the water resource in underground for digging wells. While they are walking with this stick on hand it will be rottate automatically at the place where underground water is surplus. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by detailing various traditional farming methods that are currently in practice. It provides specific examples of soil enrichment techniques and practices used by farmers, such as the use of 'Amritpani' and methods for locating underground water with traditional tools like neem sticks and magnetic stones. This evidence suggests that traditional methods are still essential and actively being utilized, indicating that genetic engineering alone may not eliminate the need for such practices.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Action potentials are generated by the movement of sodium and potassium ions across the neuron membrane. [SEP] Text: The degree of animal-to-animal variability in neuronal morphology, and whether it is compensated for, may depend on the system and the precision of the neuronal and circuit-level computation(s) to be performed. Materials and methods Animals and dissections Request a detailed protocol Adult male (Cancer borealis) were purchased from (Boston, MA) and maintained in artificial seawater at 10–13°C on a 12 hr light/12 hr dark cycle without food. On average, animals were acclimated at this temperature for one week before use. Prior to dissection, animals were anesthetized for 30 min on ice. Dissections were performed as previously described (Gutierrez and Grashow, 2009) in saline solution (440 mM NaCl, 11 mM KCl, 26 mM MgCl2, 13 mM CaCl2, 11 mM Trizma base, 5 mM maleic acid, pH 7. 45). In brief, the stomach was dissected from the animal. The intact stomatogastric nervous system (STNS) was isolated from the stomach, including: the two bilateral commissural ganglia, esophageal ganglion, and stomatogastric ganglion (STG), as well as the lvn, mvn, dgn. The STNS was pinned down in a Sylgard-coated petri dish (10 mL) and continuously superfused with chilled saline. Electrophysiology and dye-fills Request a detailed protocol The STG was desheathed and intracellular recordings from somata were performed with 20–30 MΩ glass microelectrodes filled with internal solution (10 mM MgCl2, 400 mM potassium gluconate, 10 mbuffer, 15 mM NaSO4, 20 mM NaCl as in Hooper et al. , 2015). Intracellular signals were amplified with an Axoclamp 900A amplifier (Molecular Devices). For extracellular nerve recordings, Vaseline wells were built around the lvn, mvn, and dgn and stainless steel pin electrodes were used to monitor extracellular nerve activity (Figure 1A). Extracellular nerve recordings were amplified using model 3500 extracellular amplifiers (A-M Systems). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it provides a detailed methodology of performing electrophysiological recordings and dissection techniques on a specific species, without mentioning the generation of action potentials or the roles of sodium and potassium ions in that process.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Globalization has increased interconnectedness in trade and labor markets. [SEP] Text: The effect of adjustment is included in the model being represented by the involvement of the country in adjustment programs and also by the effects of these programs reflected on the economic indicators. The findings can be summarized as follows: Being consistent with the theoretical arguments, the female share of the labor force declines as the urban share of population increases (Cagatay and Ozler, 1995: 1888). All structural adjustment variables are found to have significant and positive influence on female share of the labor force. They find out that countries which are more intensively involved in structural adjustment processes have turned to an outward oriented growth policy and have increased their share of exports in their Product (GDP) and experienced a feminization of the labor force. They further find that the worsening of income distribution has a positive impact on feminization. 14Cagatay (2001) asserts that men and women are differently affected by trade policies and performance because they are differently located and have different types of command over economic resources. She further stresses that “gender-based inequalities impact differently on trade policy outcomes, depending on the type of economy and sector, with the result that trade liberalization policies may not yield expected results”; and that “gender analysis is essential to the formulation of trade policies that enhance rather than hinder gender equality and human development” (Cagatay, 2001: 5). Similarly, Cagatay and Erturk (2004) argue that globalization have made gender differentiated impacts due to the unequal access to and control over assets and economic resources. They point out that globalization together with economic liberalization has led to losses in livelihoods of many people, especially in poor countries that did not have available resources that could give a hand to these people. 15Standing (1999) highlights five labor market implications of global economic changes. First, the increasing selectivity of the state regarding the attribution of welfare benefits has led to “additional worker” effects, that is, to women’s entrance in the labor market during recessionary periods, and to their permanence as a result of a growing sense of income insecurity. Second, increasingly market-regulated economics has “weakened the defense of employment security regulations and customary practices preserving job security” (Standing, 1999: 585). This is reflected in the attempts of firms to easily fire workers or employ workers with decreased standards and rights or even search for cheaper sources of labor overseas. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing how structural adjustment programs and globalization have led to significant impacts on labor markets. It notes that countries involved in these processes are more outward-oriented regarding growth and have increased their share of exports in GDP. Furthermore, it highlights that globalization has resulted in differentiated impacts on gender within trade policies and labor markets, indicating a connection to increased interconnectedness. The mention of market-regulated economics and changes in labor market dynamics further supports the idea that globalization has altered trade and labor market structures.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Genetic engineering will eliminate the need for traditional farming methods. [SEP] Text: Due to over exploitation of natural resources and indiscriminate use of agro chemicals, green revolution also brought in quite a lot of miseries which focus the urgent need to have that is sustainable, leading to food and nutritional security to the rural poor. At this juncture it will be more appropriate to practicing organic agriculrure through the integration of traditional wisdom and modern scientific knowledge in synergy with nature. 19. 1. Eco-friendly Technologies for A sound package of eco-friendly technologies to grow rice is being successfully adopted by a few progressive farmers in Puliangudi village in Tirunelveli district of Tamil Nadu. “The technologies work well with indigenous rice varieties such as Kitchili Samba. The cost of cultivation is substantially reduced and the organic rice fetches a premium price in the market,” says Mr. P. Gomathinayagam, a pioneer in organic farming in Puliangudi. 20 Steps to A transition from conventional to organic farming requires numerous changes. One of the biggest changes is in the mindset of the farmer. Conventional approaches often involve the use of quick-fix remedies that, unfortunately, rarely address the cause of the problem. Transitioning farmers generally spend too much time worrying about replacing synthetic input with allowable organic product instead of considering management practices based on preventative strategies. Here are a few steps new entrants should follow when making the transition to organic farming: 20. 1. Understand the Basics of and the organic production systems are knowledge based, new entrants and transitional producers must become familiar with sound and sustainable agricultural practices. Transitional producers should be prepared to read appropriate information, conduct their own trials and participate in formal and informal training events. As mentioned, switching from conventional to organic farming is more than substituting synthetic materials to organic allowed materials. Organic farming is a holistic system that relies on sound practices focused on preventative strategies. Since there are often few organic remedies available to organic producers for certain problems, prevention is the key element in organic production. 329 - 334 (6 Pages) USD34. 99 Add to cart The transition from conventional to organic farming requires numerous changes. One of the biggest changes is in the mindset of the farmer. Conventional approaches often involve the use of quick-fix remedies that, unfortunately, rarely address the cause of the problem. Transitioning farmers generally spend too much time worrying about replacing synthetic input with allowable organic product instead of considering management practices based on preventative strategies. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by emphasizing the importance of traditional farming methods, particularly organic agriculture. It highlights the miseries brought by the green revolution due to overexploitation of natural resources and promotes the integration of traditional wisdom with modern scientific knowledge, indicating that sustainable practices are essential. This suggests that rather than eliminating traditional methods, there is a greater need to adopt them for ecological sustainability and food security.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Action potentials are generated by the movement of sodium and potassium ions across the neuron membrane. [SEP] Text: Data were acquired using a Digidata 1440 digitizer (Axon Instruments) and pClamp data acquisition software (Axon Instruments, version 10. 5). For GM identification, one of two electrodes was impaled into the soma and spiking activity was matched with GM spike units on the dgn. GM identity was verified with positive and negative current injections (Figure 1D). Following unambiguous identification, the GM soma was impaled with a second electrode containing dilute alexa488 dye (2 mM 488-hyrazide sodium salt (ThermoFisher Scientific, catalog no. A-10436, dissolved in internal solution)). The GM neuron was iontophoretically dye-filled with negative current pulses (−4 nA, 500 ms at 0. 5 Hz) for 15–25 min. For two-electrode current clamp, the electrode containing alexa488 was typically used for recording and amplified with a 0. 1xHS headstage. The electrode used for cell identification was used for current injection and amplified with a 1xHS headstage. Resting membrane potential and input resistance were monitored throughout the experiment to ensure the integrity of the preparation (neurons with input resistances <5 MΩ were discarded). In TTX, the mean input resistance, as measured at the somata and in the linear range of the current-voltage curve, was 9. 9 ± 2. 9 MΩ across preparations (Table 2). Input resistances did not change significantly before and after addition of TTX to the bath (data not shown). Reversal potentials for the glutamate response were determined by evoking at least three responses at >6 membrane potentials spanning −110 mV to −40 mV. In three preparations, an offset in the membrane voltage recording occurred during the dye-fill. This offset remained unchanged for the remainder of the experiment. This offset was corrected post-hoc during analysis of the recordings. Focal glutamate uncaging Request a detailed protocol For photo-uncaging experiments, preparations were superfused with a multi-channel Ecoline re-circulating pump (Ismatec/Harvard Apparatus, catalog no. PY2 72–6432) to maintain a stable bath volume and superfusion rate. 250 µM MNI-caged-L-glutamate (dissolved in saline; Tocris Bioscience, catalog no. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it primarily discusses experimental methods and setup for neurophysiological recordings, without addressing the generation of action potentials or the specific role of sodium and potassium ions. The focus is on techniques such as dye-filling and recording conditions rather than the ionic mechanisms involved in action potential generation.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Globalization has increased interconnectedness in trade and labor markets. [SEP] Text: Third, removing or weakening the minimum wage legislations, many countries have decreased the income security of the employed. As a result, low-wage employment became the norm leading to “a substitution of women for men”. Fourth, increasing emphasis on trade liberalization and export-led industrialization has had implications for women's labor force participation especially in less-developed countries. As mentioned above, Standing emphasizes the search of firms for much lower labor costs giving priority to the type of workers who are ready or willing to be employed with low wages: In industrialized and industrializing countries, firms have turned to forms of labor offering the prospect of minimizing fixed non-wage costs. As a result, they have turned increasingly to casual labor, contract labor, outsourcing, home-working and other forms of subcontracting. As part of this flexibilization, there has been an “informalization” of employment across the world. Although the dichotomy of “formal” and “informal” sectors has always been misleading, a growing proportion of jobs possess what may be called informal characteristics, i. e. , without regular wages, benefits, employment protection, and so on. Such forms of employment have been compatible with characteristics presumed to be associated with women workers - irregular labor force participation, willingness to work for low wages, static jobs requiring no accumulation of technical skills and status, etc. The informalization could thus be expected to be a major factor stimulating the growth of female employment across the world. (Standing, 1999: 585) 16Fifth, Standing stresses the changing skill and job structures due to the recently introduced production techniques around the world. He remarks two trends concerning the changes in skill and job structures, first being the decline in the share of jobs that require “craft skills learned through apprenticeship or prolonged on-the-job learning” and second being the “skill polarization”. Since it has been conventional to perceive crafts as the field of men, the step-down of them together with the modified character of skill are expected to have affected the gender division of labor. Skill polarization refers to the requirement that a minority of workers dominate specialist skills while a majority “possess minor training, typically imparted through modules of employable skill, in which docility, application, rote learning and related capacities figure prominently” (Standing, 1999: 585). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not directly address the claim regarding globalization and its impact on interconnectedness in trade and labor markets. Instead, it focuses on the implications of legislative changes on low-wage employment, informal labor practices, and skill structures, which may relate to issues surrounding labor globalization but does not explicitly corroborate or contrast with the claim.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Genetic engineering will eliminate the need for traditional farming methods. [SEP] Text: Here are a few steps new entrants should follow when making the transition to organic farming: 20. 1. Understand the Basics of and the organic production systems are knowledge based, new entrants and transitional producers must become familiar with sound and sustainable agricultural practices. Transitional producers should be prepared to read appropriate information, conduct their own trials and participate in formal and informal training events. As mentioned, switching from conventional to organic farming is more than substituting synthetic materials to organic allowed materials. Organic farming is a holistic system that relies on sound practices focused on preventative strategies. Since there are often few organic remedies available to organic producers for certain problems, prevention is the key element in organic production. 21 in 1. How are crop diseases managed on organic farms? Soil-borne diseases are managedby improving organic matter and biological activity. Cultural, biological, and physical methods such as rotation, sanitation, pruning, and selection of disease resistant varieties are all part of organic disease management. Some natural substances, such as clays, and a few synthetic fungicides such as copper sulfate are permitted by when used in conjunction with the farm plan and used according to the restrictions found on the National List. 2. What are the requirements for converting to organic dairy production? 2 from conventional sources must be maintained under organic management for 12 months prior to sale of any products as organic. Replacement animals may be added to the herd after a similar 12-month conversion period. If an entire, distinct herd is converted, a one-time allowance is granted to permit feeding of up to 20% non-organic feed for the first 9 months, followed by 100% organic feed for three months. If this type of conversion is made, all replacement animals must be managed organically from the last third of gestation. in 1. How are crop diseases managed on organic farms? Soil-borne diseases are managedby improving organic matter and biological activity. Cultural, biological, and physical methods such as rotation, sanitation, pruning, and selection of disease resistant varieties are all part of organic disease management. Some natural substances, such as clays, and a few synthetic fungicides such as copper sulfate are permitted by when used in conjunction with the farm plan and used according to the restrictions found on the National List. 2. What are the requirements for converting to organic dairy production? 2 from conventional sources must be maintained under organic management for 12 months prior to sale of any products as organic. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the process and requirements of organic farming, which emphasizes traditional methods focused on sustainable agricultural practices. It highlights the importance of knowledge in organic production systems and mentions the management of crop diseases through cultural, biological, and physical methods, which do not align with the idea that genetic engineering can replace traditional farming methods.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Action potentials are generated by the movement of sodium and potassium ions across the neuron membrane. [SEP] Text: 1490) was bath applied. 10−7 M teterodotoxin (TTX) was also superfused to minimize spike-driven synaptic activity. Alexa488-filled GM neurons were visualized with a custom-built epifluorescence microscope (Figure 10) equipped with a 40x water-immersion UV fluorescence objective (40XW) and a 470 nm LED (Thor Labs, M470L2). The emitted fluorescence was imaged with a monochrome CCD camera (Scientifica, SciCam). Focal photo-activation of MNI-glutamate was achieved with a small ultraviolet (UV) spot (~10 µm in diameter; Figure 4—figure supplement 1) projected through this same 40x objective lens. By situating the custom microscope on a micromanipulator (Sutter MPC-200), this UV spot could be lased at different positions on the GM neuronal structure. Three-dimensional coordinates for each photo-uncaging site were tabulated during the experiment. Glutamate responses were evoked with 30 mW (as measured at the back aperture of the objective), 1 ms UV pulses with inter-pulse periods no less than 30 s to minimize photo-damage and desensitization (Figure 4—figure supplement 1). To achieve this small UV spot, the UV laser beam (DPSS Lasers, model no. 35-07–100, 0. 96 W, 100 kHz repetition rate) was coupled to a 50 µm diameter fiber optic cable (Thor Labs, M50L02S-A) with a UV lens (Thor Labs) and collimated with a 50 mm focal length plano-convex lens (Thor Labs, LA4148-UV). This collimated UV beam was delivered into the 40x objective lens to produce a focused spot of UV light on the preparation. A neutral density filter wheel was situated in the beam path for manipulation of the beam intensity (Thor Labs, NDM2). To ensure consistent beam intensities across experiments, the intensity was monitored in real-time using a photodiode (Thor Labs, PDA25K) previously calibrated with a power meter (Thor Labs, S302C). For precise temporal control of UV stimuli, a shutter (Thor Labs, SH1) was situated in the beam path. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses experimental methods and procedures involving UV laser stimulation and imaging techniques used for studying neurons, but it does not mention the generation of action potentials or the role of sodium and potassium ions in this process.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Globalization has increased interconnectedness in trade and labor markets. [SEP] Text: Figure VI: by Region (Men, age 15-64)(jpeg, 92k) Source: Derived by the author from : by Region (Women, age 15-64)(jpeg, 92k) Source: Derived by the author from 26Most of the world’s employed population (43,3%) works in the services sector, while 33,5% is employed in agriculture and 23,2% works in the industrial sector in the year 2008. The region that is highly engaged in agriculture is Sub-Saharan Africa. Developed economies and the are relatively more engaged in services sectors. There is a noticeable shift from agriculture to other sectors around the world as a whole and in each individual region beginning from 1998 to the year 2008. This shift seems to be captured mostly by the services sectors. The shift from agriculture to industry and services is most striking in between 1998 and 2008. In the the shift was mainly from agriculture to services (see Table IV). Table IV: World and of Employment by Sector(jpeg, 204k) Source: *2008 preliminary estimates. 27It is worth noting that EPZ employment was found to increase by 217,27% in the between 2002 and 2006, while the increase was 91,18% in Asia, 157,77% in Eastern and and 104,10% in Sub-(ILO, 2007). This may be an indicator of the shift from agriculture to other sectors in those regions as well. 2 For further comments on these figures, see Dejardin (2008). 28If we go through the gender decomposition of employment in different sectors, we observe that nearly 40% of the wage employment in non-agricultural sector in the world is composed of women workers. The female shares of the non-agricultural sector in developed and developing countries such as of (Europe and Asia), are both higher and on an increasing trend since 1990, compared to less-developed regions. Female shares rose even in Western Asia, Southern Asia, Sub-and Oceania between 1990 and 2006 (see Figures VIII and IX). Dejardin (2008) explains these trends with the increased demand for woman workers in export industries. The expansion of women’s paid employment is most observable in developing countries, but it has been observed even in countries which are known for the traditionally low rates of female labor force participation (e. g. Bangladesh). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by providing evidence of a notable shift in employment sectors worldwide, particularly from agriculture to services and industry, indicative of increasing interconnectedness in labor markets facilitated by globalization. The mention of increased employment in Export Processing Zones (EPZ) and the rising share of women in non-agricultural wage employment further supports the assertion that globalization has enhanced trade and labor interactions on a global scale.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Genetic engineering can extend human life indefinitely without health risks. [SEP] Text: Regulating genetic engineering guided by human dignity, not genetic essentialism Published online by Press: 09 December 2021 [Opens in a new window] Show author details Benjamin Gregg* Affiliation: University of Texas at Austin; * Correspondence: Benjamin Gregg, University of Texas at Austin, Texas, USA; Lund University, Lund, Sweden. Email: bgregg@austin. utexas. edu 0. 18 mb) View PDF [Opens in a new window] Save to to Save to How might a liberal democratic community best regulate human genetic engineering? Relevant debates widely deploy the usually undefined term “human dignity. ” Its indeterminacy in meaning and use renders it useless as a guiding principle. In this 10. 1017/pls. 2021. 29 [Opens in a new window] This is an 4. 0/), which permits unrestricted re-use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. Copyright © The Author(s), 2021. Published by Press on behalf of the Association for Politics and the We humans have bodies in a biological sense. By contrast, we are our bodies in the cultural sense of how, in a normative sense, we collectively regard our own bodies and the bodies of others. The biological is given; the cultural, socially constructed. With the rapidly increasing capacity to manipulate future bodies genetically, toward influencing some traits of future bodies, the distinction between nature and culture weakens but hardly vanishes. To be sure, the sphere of human nature has always shared a porous boundary with human culture. Consider several examples of how humans construct culture. Disease, pathology, and medicine have more to do with nature than culture but are not culture-free. Another example: “human nature” with respect to what is “normal,” what is “illness,” what is “harm,” and what constitutes a physical disease or cognitive illness involves both natural and cultural elements. A third example: notions of human freedom, equality, and rights have mostly to do with culture—but they are not nature-free. My concern is with genetically based congenital diseases. Here, too, nature and culture are porous vis-à-vis one another. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the complexities surrounding genetic engineering and human nature, specifically that the manipulation of biological traits introduces both natural and cultural elements that cannot ensure an indefinite extension of human life without health risks. It emphasizes that the concepts of health, disease, and normality intertwine with cultural constructions, thereby hinting at potential health risks involved in genetic engineering.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Action potentials are generated by the movement of sodium and potassium ions across the neuron membrane. [SEP] Text: Both the laser Q-Switch and shutter were triggered by a set of coupled model 2100 isolated pulse stimulators (A-M Systems). The effective photo-uncaging radius in the x-y plane (15 µm) was determined by photo-uncaging at peripheral, distal neurites and moving away at 5 µm increments in the x-y plane (Figure 4—figure supplement 1) in a number of neuron types: pyloric dilater (PD), lateral pyloric (LP), and GM neurons. Figure 10 Download asset Open asset Microscope schematic showing laser (purple), fluorescence excitation (blue), and fluorescence emission (green) paths. A 1 Watt 355 nm laser (1) is focused by a plano-convex lens (2) and coupled to a 50-micron fiber optic cable (3) situated on an x-y translating fiber adaptor (4). The UV beam is collimated with a plano-convex lens situated in a z-translator (5). The beam intensity can be manually adjusted with a neutral density filter wheel (6) and passes through a 40x UV water immersion objective (7) onto the STNS preparation (8). The UV beam intensity is measured in real-time with a calibrated photo-diode (9) measuring a signal proportional to the power administered to the preparation. A 470 nm blue LED (10) is collimated by a plano-convex lens (11) and passes through a 466/40 nm band-pass filter (12) and field diaphragm (13). This light is re-directed by a 495 nm dichroic beamsplitter (14) and passes through a tube lens (15) and 405 nm low-pass dichroic beamsplitter (16). This is directed through the same 40x objective (7) and excites the alexa488 dye-filled preparation. This fluorescence passes through the 405 nm low-pass dichroic beamsplitter (16), tube lens (15), and 495 nm dichroic beamsplitter (14) and is subsequently captured by the CCD array of a firewire monochrome camera (Scientifica). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses the technical setup for a laser and fluorescence experiment in a neuron preparation, without mentioning the generation of action potentials or the role of sodium and potassium ions in this process.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Globalization has increased interconnectedness in trade and labor markets. [SEP] Text: The figures below demonstrate female shares of wage employment in non-agricultural sectors across regions and selected Asian countries respectively. There have been noticeable increases in women’s share of total employment in manufacturing, especially in since 1995 and in Thailand and Singapore since 2000. The lowest ratio across years between 1980 and 2005 was around 20% in the selected Asian countries. 2 Figure VIII: Female % share of wage employment in non-agricultural sector, by regional group of countries, 1990-200(jpeg, 100k) Source: Dejardin (2008: 5), derived from : Women’s share of total employment in manufacturing – selected Asian countries, 1980-2005(jpeg, 80k) Source: Dejardin (2008 : 5), derived from 29Primo (2003), Carr and Chen (2002) and Dejardin (2008) address the changing structure of jobs with globalization and argue that exports are becoming more information-based, requiring more skills and specialization such as software development and investment analysis. While these jobs are promising for women and men who have accomplished modest levels of education, and offer higher pay opportunities, most women remain with traditional occupations, such as export manufacturing. The authors convey the idea that these developments help to replicate the gender division of labor. Consistent with this, women are stuck in conventional jobs in banking, telecommunications and insurance sectors, and “in the low-skilled end of the hierarchy: simple, single-tasked jobs such as data-entry, invoicing, payroll administration and routine accounting; and call centre work” (Dejardin, 2008: 6). This kind of low-skilled jobs are mostly intense in the Caribbean, China, India, Malaysia and the Philippines employing women in a majority. For example, in Jamaica, women construct 100% of the data entry workers in “digiports” and in India, similarly, most of the data entry jobs in banking, airlines and insurance firms are occupied by women (Mitter, 2003). On the contrary, in countries such as Brazil, India and Malaysia, women were introduced and welcomed into more skilled jobs like software programming and computer analysis. However, it is noted that many of these women come from more privileged or more advantageous backgrounds and they are less in numbers. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing how globalization has led to changes in employment patterns, particularly for women in non-agricultural sectors. It mentions that 'exports are becoming more information-based, requiring more skills and specialization,' indicating an evolution in labor markets due to globalization. Furthermore, the text highlights the rise in women's share of wage employment in manufacturing and skilled jobs as a result of these global changes, showing an increased interconnectedness in both trade and labor markets.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Genetic engineering can extend human life indefinitely without health risks. [SEP] Text: Medical practice works with a naturalistic conception of disease, defined as a pathology whereby a particular bodily system departs from “natural functioning,” with adverse consequences for the individual. Even this naturalistic conception has a cultural element: the evaluation of a particular, natural, biological process as harmful. Disease so understood is neither wholly empirical nor wholly normative (whereby I understand all social and moral norms to be social constructs). To the extent that abnormal functioning can be identified by science, it is something objective. To the extent that humans frame the abnormal as adverse—resulting, for example, in the individual’s diminished well-being—the term disease has a normative, hence intersubjective, component, even as the phenomenon itself is objective. In other words, a biological abnormality may have consequences for the individual’s life that human communities define in value-laden ways (e. g. , as something “bad” for the person). At an extreme, if humans understand a particular biological process to be harmful to its carrier, the process may then be understood to be dysfunctional (much in the way that human communities classify some flora as “weeds” and some animals as “vermin”). What humans regard as the negative quality of biological processes, and call “disease,” is in fact a quality identified by human values, not natural scientific observation. Here, human interests (value judgments) frame natural phenomena in cultural ways. The framing of a particular corporal condition as diseased is the normative framing of an empirical phenomenon. For example, aging is a normal feature of organic life. That most elderly persons, but not most young persons, are frail, is hardly a disease. By contrast, Hutchinson-Gilford progeria syndrome is a disease: an incurable, randomly occurring genetic mutation that leads to a bizarrely rapid rate of senescence (such as slow growth and hair loss), beginning in the first year or two of a child’s life and usually leading to death by age 17. Thus, the claim that an abnormal functioning is not in the individual’s best interest, that it degrades their potential well-being, that a particular bodily process is harming them in a particular way, is normative, not natural. Such a claim does not require a notion of “human nature” but is in fact often accompanied by some such notion. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by emphasizing that the understanding of disease and biological processes is framed by human cultural values rather than solely empirical scientific observation. It points out that aging is a normal biological process, suggesting that it is not a disease and implicitly questioning the validity of the claim that human life can be extended indefinitely through genetic engineering without health risks. Furthermore, it highlights the idea that framing biological conditions as harmful depends on normative judgments rather than objective evaluations, which implies that the assertion of indefinite life extension might not align with the natural understanding of biological functioning and potential risks associated with such interventions.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Action potentials are generated by the movement of sodium and potassium ions across the neuron membrane. [SEP] Text: Dye-fill amplification and immunohistochemistry Request a detailed protocol Following photo-uncaging experiments, GM neurons were secondarily dye-filled with 2% CH dipotassium salt (LY; Sigma, catalog no. L0144) in filtered water using a low-resistance electrode (10–15 MΩ). LY was injected for 20–50 min with negative current pulses (−6 to −8 nA, 500 ms at 0. 5 Hz). Once fine neurites of the cell could be visualized with a fluorescent stereomicroscope (Leica MF165 F), a preliminary image was acquired at 11. 5x magnification with an attached monochrome digital camera (Leica DFC365 FC). LY-filled preparations were fixed for 40 min at 21°C or overnight at 4°C in 2% paraformaldehyde in phosphate-buffered saline (PBS; 440 mM NaCl, 11 mM KCl, 10 mM Na2HPO4, 2 mM KH2PO4, pH 7. 4). Preparations were washed with 0. 1 M PBS-T ((0. 1–0. 3%% Triton X-100 in PBS) and stored in PBS for 0–3 days prior to immunohistochemistry. The LY signal was amplified by 16 hr incubation with a polyclonal rabbit anti-LY antibody (1:500; Molecular Probes). After washing 5 × 15 min in PBS-T at room temperature, preparations were incubated in a secondary Alexa Fluor-488-conjugated goat-anti-rabbit antibody (1:500; Molecular Probes) for 1. 5 hr at room temperature. Preparations were washed 5 × 15 min in PBS at room temperature before mounting on pre-cleaned slides (25 × 75 × 1 mm, superfrost, VWR) in Vectashield (Vector Laboratories, Burlingame, CA), with 9 mm diameter, 0. 12 mm depth silicone seal spacers () under #1. 5 coverslips (Fisher Scientific). Mounting in Vectashield with a spacer was sufficient to maintain the 3-dimensional structure of the neuron and ganglion (as in Goeritz et al. , 2013). Confocal imaging and 3D reconstructions Request a detailed protocol Confocal stacks of the LY-filled neurons were acquired with a SP2 Fluorescence (LAS AF) software. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it focuses on protocols related to dye-fill amplification and immunohistochemistry in neurons, without discussing the generation of action potentials or the role of sodium and potassium ions in that process.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Small businesses are crucial to local economies and job creation. [SEP] Text: Letters > Vol. 13 No. 6, December 2023 Entrepreneurship, Job Creation, in Low-() Deodat E. of Accounting and. DOI: 10. 4236/tel. 2023. 136089 248 Downloads 1,572 Views 1598. doi: 10. 4236/tel. 2023. 136089. 1. Introduction Low-income countries are generally poor because of low productivity and over-dependency on the primary sector where value addition is at the ebb. This low productivity culminates in low real per capita income, low consumption of essential life-sustaining commodities, low savings, and low capital formation. Invariably, this situation lends credence to the popularly known “vicious cycle of poverty hypothesis” which underlies the perpetuation of underdevelopment of these economies of which Sub-Saharan Africa, Latin America, the Caribbean and South-have dominated since human civilisation. The irony of the issue is that these features of low-income countries have been prevalent in spite of the abundant human and natural resources available to these economies. As far back as 1776, identified the significant roles markets can play in the economic growth and development process of nations through job creation, higher incomes, and increased access to basic human needs. Over the past two centuries, evidence has shown the remarkable ability of capitalist-oriented economies to spontaneously increase living standards dramatically from subsistence survival on the margin to the affluence of modern lifestyles. Thus, economies that have a limited scope of market freedom have generally been underdeveloped systematically. To a very large extent, this has justified the significance of the famous expression “the invincible hand” Smith spoke about in 1776 ( Smith, 1776 ). As the world economy is now driven by market processes and entrepreneurial activities than ever before in human history, policymakers and development experts have, by default behaviour, reached an unmistakable consensus that the role of entrepreneurship in job creation, income generation, and poverty reduction can no longer be downplayed. The relevant empirical evidence is not farfetched. Countries with vibrant private sector participation and a large capitalist class such as the of America, the and those from the Nordic and Scandinavian regions are more developed than those from and the Caribbean, Sub-Saharan Africa, and South-East Asia, which have relatively small capitalist class and hence poor entrepreneurial performance. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by emphasizing the crucial role of entrepreneurship in job creation, income generation, and economic development. It notes a consensus among policymakers and development experts that entrepreneurship significantly contributes to job creation and poverty reduction, which directly supports the notion that small businesses are vital for local economies.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Genetic engineering can extend human life indefinitely without health risks. [SEP] Text: Any notion of human nature can only be a culturally particular conception, such as the “genetic essentialism” that I analyze in later pages as a particular notion of human dignity. I examine nature/culture porosity with respect to human genetics. The technical capacity to manipulate the human genome renders all the more porous the dichotomous quality of being human, that is, being an evolved organism with a capacity to socially construct aspects of its environment as well as itself. The back-and-forth flow between human biology and cultural norms increases as the physical object of genetic alterations intersects with cultural constructions of the normative acceptability of such alterations. At that intersection, a question poses itself: how might human genetic engineering best be regulated? The question is vexed. On the one hand, some forms of genetic manipulation may eliminate, in human embryos or fetuses, some genes that cause some diseases. On the other, the idea of rendering species biology fungible to human design is an abiding source of unease. -Cas9, one of the most powerful genome-editing technologies, possibly even a “magic bullet for generating customized gene and cell therapies, more targeted treatments” and maybe even for “direct editing out of disease-causing genes in human embryos” (Jasanoff et al. , Reference Jasanoff, Hurlbut and Saha2015, p. 28). It modifies an organism’s genetic code by editing the order of DNA sequences, “adding, deleting, or altering genetic material at a particular location in its genome” (Charo, Reference Charo2018, p. 344). Political communities in coming years will face the challenges of responding to questions raised by and other forms of genetic manipulation. They will confront difficult moral, legal, and political questions: Could genetic manipulation emancipate humanity from genetic disease—or might genetically modified persons be robbed of individual autonomy and personal freedom by the modifiers and thus rendered captives of others’ p1. The human genome invested with an inherent moral status Human biology and cultural norms sometimes intersect in the politics of health even as the respective spheres of health and politics pursue distinctly different objectives. (a) Health norms seek a path from illness to health whereas (b) political norms offer ways to evaluate that path in terms of socially constructed norms. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the complexities and potential ethical issues surrounding genetic engineering. It emphasizes that while genetic manipulation could eliminate some diseases, it raises significant moral, legal, and political questions. The author mentions the unease surrounding the idea of altering human biology for design, suggesting that the implications of such alterations could limit individual autonomy. This suggests that genetic engineering may not extend human life indefinitely without health risks or ethical concerns.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Action potentials are generated by the movement of sodium and potassium ions across the neuron membrane. [SEP] Text: Image stacks were acquired with a 20x dry objective (20x) at 1024 × 1024 resolution in 0. 5 µm steps. Image stacks were visualized in both FIJI (ImageJ) software and 3D image visualization and annotation software (developed by teams at the of Technology, employed by the Institute for Medical Research, and freely distributed at: software was used to manually trace and generate skeletons of the GM neuronal structures in three dimensions (Supplementary file 1-Hoc files; as in Otopalik et al. , 2017). It is important to note that the resolution used here allowed us to reconstruct many neurons, but resulted in smaller total cable lengths and branch point numbers than reported in Otopalik et al. (2017), where neuronal dye-fills were imaged at 60x magnification. This higher magnification would have precluded completion of the reconstructions and photo-uncaging experiments reported here. Morphological analysis Request a detailed protocol Following 3D skeleton generation, morphological analyses were completed across all GM neurons (n = 14), using a suite of custom analysis scripts written in Python using the iPython command line (freely available at: and respectively) by AS. For each skeleton, branch points, lengths, and orders were measured in reference to the soma and used to generate dendrogram representations with normalized path lengths. Branch, or path, lengths were measured as the most direct neurite path from the soma to each branch tip. Tortuosities were calculated for each path length, as the ratio of the path length over the Euclidean distance from soma to branch tip. Axon locations were identified as the last branch points without terminating branch tips. Photo-uncaging positions were re-located on preliminary fluorescence images of the Lucifer yellow dye-fill (as situated during experiment, at 11. 5x magnification) using a custom alignment script written in (Mathworks, version 2015b) by AO, and then manually re-located in the 3D skeleton using (Supplementary file 2-Hoc files). The branch order, path length, and diameter were determined for each photo-uncaging site, based on the confocal image stack. All quantitative morphology analysis scripts are freely available at the GitHub website ( Electrophysiology analysis Request a detailed protocol Recordings acquired using Clampex software (pby Molecular Devices, version 10. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim about action potentials and the movement of sodium and potassium ions across the neuron membrane. Instead, it focuses on the methodology for imaging neuronal structures and conducting morphological analyses, which is unrelated to the physiological processes involved in action potentials.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Small businesses are crucial to local economies and job creation. [SEP] Text: Quite clearly, the outcome of an entrepreneurial activity should, as expected, have straightforward policy implications for job creation, income empowerment, and poverty reduction efforts of a low-income economy. For instance, in today’s world, the formulation of an economic policy aimed at job creation, sustainable income generation and poverty alleviation, which does not recognise and incorporate entrepreneurship, is most likely to fail. Indeed, such an economic policy may, in itself, be an instrument for retarding economic progress and prosperity. Given the foregoing, this paper generally seeks to provide an insight into the concept of entrepreneurship and examine the channels through which entrepreneurship can lead to job creation, income empowerment, and poverty reduction in a typical low-income economy. In particular, the paper attempts to theoretically formulate a model for job creation, income empowerment, and poverty reduction for low-income countries from the pursuit of strategic economic policies on the development of entrepreneurship. The next section of the paper discusses the conceptual framework and the theoretical underpinnings of entrepreneurship, job creation, income empowerment, and poverty reduction. This section also highlights the broad essential role of entrepreneurship in the economic growth and development process. 3, the empirical literature is reviewed alongside some stylised facts. Section 4 discusses the analytical foundation and methodology. Section 5 presents and discusses the results. 6, the paper concludes with some policy prescriptions. 2. It is not too surprising that in many societies today, poverty abounds and, indeed, has been pervasive amidst abundant economic resources. This is because the concepts of entrepreneurship and poverty have been particularly difficult to define and, widely misunderstood by many, including institutions responsible for policymaking and implementation. 2. 1. Definition of the context of this study, entrepreneurship is defined as the identification of business opportunities and the mobilisation of the requisite economic resources to initiate a new business or revitalise an existing business, under the conditions of risks and uncertainties, for the purpose of making profits under private ownership. In simple terms, entrepreneurship is the unique profit-driven productive ideas and pragmatic efforts that make the combination of scarce resources possible under private ownership. An entrepreneurial activity is a skilful profit-oriented and self-involving undertaking aimed at creating value through modernisation of production processes or the identification and exploitation of new markets, products, or services. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing how entrepreneurship plays a significant role in job creation, income empowerment, and poverty reduction. It emphasizes that policies aimed at economic growth must recognize entrepreneurship to be effective, stating that without such recognition, these policies may fail and hinder economic progress. This underlines the importance of small businesses, which are often started through entrepreneurial efforts, in fostering local economies.