Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Olfactory receptors may operate through quantum effects. [SEP] Text: For the question about the pattern of R76F02AD; R55C10DBD and the expression pattern of D2R in larval body, it is an interesting question. However, our main focus was on the central nervous system and the learning behaviors in fruit fly larvae, we may investigate this question in the future. Weakness #2: A first major weakness is that the main conclusion of the paper, which pertains to associative memory (last sentence of the abstract, and throughout the manuscript), is not justified by their evidence. Why so? Consider the paradigm in Figure 2g, and the data in Figure 2h (22 degrees, the control condition), where the assay and the experimental rationale used throughout the manuscript are introduced. Different groups of larvae are exposed, for 30min, to an odour paired with either i) quinine solution (red bar), ii) distilled water (yellow bar), or iii) sucrose solution (blue bar); in all cases this is followed by a choice test for the odour on one side and a distilled-water blank on the other side of a testing Petri dish. The authors observe that odour preference is low after odour-quinine pairing, intermediate after odour-water pairing and high after odour-sucrose pairing. The differences in odour preference relative to the odour-water case are interpreted as reflecting odour-quinine aversive associations and odour-sucrose appetitive associations, respectively. However, these differences could just as well reflect non-associative effects of the 30-min quinine or sucrose exposure per se (for a classical discussion of such types of issues see Rescorla 1988, Neurosci, or regarding 1988, Behav Genetics, or with some reference to the original paper by Honjo & Furukubo-Tokunaga 2005, J Neurosci that the authors reference, also Gerber & Stocker 2007, Chem Sens). As it stands, therefore, the current 3-group type of comparison does not allow conclusions about associative learning. We adopted this single odor larval learning paradigm from Honjo’s papers1,2. In these works, Honjo et al. first designed and performed this single odor paradigm for larval olfactory associative learning. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text discusses a research focus on the central nervous system and learning behaviors in fruit fly larvae, but it does not mention olfactory receptors or their potential quantum effects. Thus, the text is irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Facial recognition software is becoming common in public security. [SEP] Text: 4 Such details make extrapolating larger conclusions from our limited dataset difficult, though its suitability as a test case for ML and computer vision principles remains sound once its idiosyncratic nature is recognized. Research in facial recognition has confirmed that algorithms still tend to be most inaccurate when assessing faces with darker skin tones, female features, or in the 18-30 year-old range. The 2018 AI project, Gender Shades, found that the error rate for young, darker skinned women in particular was 34% higher than for lighter skinned men in one study. 5 As more and more police departments turn to facial recognition for surveillance, the moral weight of such bias in computer vision should be obvious. The issue of bias in computer vision software is also of acute importance for historians, since historical photographs may have been taken with primitive cameras, may have faded and lost contrast over time, and/or may have been scanned and rescanned many times. All of these factors can exacerbate the biases already inherent in current facial detection and recognition processes. Still, there are several solutions that can promote a more ethical application of computer vision technology. Most importantly, the training data that AI companies have used to develop facial recognition software has traditionally been overwhelmingly dominated by images of White men. 6 Discrepancies in facial recognition by race and gender can therefore be greatly reduced diversifying the training data. Additionally, as camera technologies continue to improve along with artificial intelligence techniques, photographs of darker skinned people should be more easily identified by AI algorithms. Fine tuning pre-trained models that have been shown to be biased can also help. For groups traditionally underrepresented in historical photographic datasets, like women and non-white people, Wang and Russakovsky have found that increasing the proportion of photographs of them when fine-tuning the dataset can improve the model’s performance in recognizing these groups and therefore reduce bias. 7 Finally, overly simplistic classification schemes - researchers often use ‘Caucasian’/’White’, ‘Asian’, ‘African’/’Black’ and ‘Indian’ as the sole racial or ethnic classifiers — should be replaced with more specific categories, which again would require broader, more representative training data. 8 A more complex labeling scheme, however, would also require greater discretion from those doing the labeling, and could itself lead to additional ethical concerns (especially if the annotators are not also diverse). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by stating, 'As more and more police departments turn to facial recognition for surveillance,' which directly indicates that the use of facial recognition software is increasing within public security initiatives.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Conserving one endangered species will automatically protect an ecosystem. [SEP] Text: The need to refine endangered species maps was identified as an important gap by the of Sciences a decade ago, Hartl points out. has been “woefully negligent and delinquent in getting this done,” he says. Going forward, for the hundreds of pesticides already on the market that are not involved in settlement agreements, as well as new active ingredients, the EPA, the Fish and Wildlife Service, and other federal agencies should get together with environmental groups, pesticide companies, and pesticide users to hammer out an agreement on a prioritization scheme, Jordan says. Such a scheme should consider both the extent a pesticide is used in areas where endangered species are found and its toxicity to animals and plants, Jordan says. Older, more toxic pesticides would likely be ranked ahead of newer, safer active ingredients, and thus the prioritization scheme would provide more protection than the EPA’s current emphasis on new active ingredients, he says. And the EPA should use actual pesticide usage data when possible, Jordan adds. The agency’s current policy of using label directions to estimate pesticide exposure to endangered species wildly overstates likely exposure and is not the best available scientific information, he says. for is urging the EPA to systematically evaluate pesticides by class for their potential to harm endangered species. In its latest intent-to-sue notice to the EPA, the group suggests starting with pyrethroids because of their acute toxicity to several endangered species. “Despite pyrethroid pesticides representing one of the most dangerous and harmful groups of pesticides for aquatic wildlife, as well as causing significant harm to other wildlife and plants, the EPA has failed to take a single action to implement any on-the-ground conservation actions to protect any endangered species from these toxic chemicals,” the Center writes in a Jan. 6 letter to EPA administrator Michael Regan. Related: Neonicotinoids likely to adversely impact endangered species Stakeholders are generally encouraged that the EPA is talking to parties on all sides of the issue to chart a path forward. But they remain cautious that this will be the year that the agency comes up with a workable plan to address the risks of pesticides to endangered species. Every administration since George W. Bush has attempted to fix this problem, Aidala says. “Many have tried. All have failed,” he says. Biden administration “is once again trying to roll the boulder back up the hill. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by pointing out the complexities involved in protecting endangered species, particularly through the discussion of pesticide use and its impact on wildlife. It suggests that simply conserving one species does not guarantee the protection of the entire ecosystem, as highlighted by the ongoing failures of the EPA to implement effective conservation measures. The mention of the inadequacies of current policies emphasizes that protecting a single species is not sufficient to address broader ecological issues.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Olfactory receptors may operate through quantum effects. [SEP] Text: To address the reviewer’s question about the potential non-associative effects of the 30-min quinine or sucrose exposure, we would like to defend it primarily based on results from Honjo et al. (2005 and 2009). They applied the odorant to the larvae after training, only the ones had paired training with both odor and unconditioned stimulus (quinine or sucrose) showed learning responses. Larvae exposed 30 min in only odorant or unconditioned stimulus did not show different response to the odor compared to the naïve group1,2. To validate this paradigm induces associative learning responses, they also tested the paradigm from three aspects: (1) The odor responses are associative. Honjo et al. showed only when the odorant paired with unconditioned stimulus would induce corresponding attraction or repulsion of larvae to the odor. Neither odorant alone, unconditioned stimulus alone, nor temporal dissociation of odorant and unconditioned stimulus would induce learning responses. (2) The odor responses are odor specific. When applied a second odorant that was not used for training, larvae only showed learning responses to the unconditioned stimulus paired odor. This result ruled out the explanation of a general olfactory suppression and indicates larvae can discriminate and specifically alter the responses to the odor paired with unconditioned stimulus. Although the two-odor reciprocal training is not used, these results can show the association of unconditioned stimulus and the corresponding paired odor. (3) Well known learning deficit mutants did not show learned responses in this learning paradigm. Honjo et al. tested mutants (e. g. , rut and dnc) showing learning deficits in the adult stage with two odor reciprocal learning paradigm. These mutant larvae also failed to show learning responses tested with the single odor larval learning paradigm. (4) In our study, we used two distinct odorants (pentyl acetate and propionic acid), as well as two D2R knockdown strains (UAS-miR and UAS-RNAi for D2R). We obtained similar results for larvae with D2R knockdown in DAN-c1. In addition, our naïve olfactory, naïve gustatory, and locomotion data ruled out the possibilities that the responses were caused by impaired sensory or motor functions. Comparison with the control group (odor paired with distilled water) ruled out the potential effects if habituation existed. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text discusses associative learning responses in larvae and the results of experiments conducted by Honjo et al. It details how odorants induce responses when paired with unconditioned stimuli and touches on learning deficits in mutants. However, it does not address olfactory receptors or the quantum effects related to their operation. Therefore, the text is irrelevant to the claim regarding olfactory receptors and quantum effects.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Facial recognition software is becoming common in public security. [SEP] Text: Skip to main content Get published My account Search all SpringerOpen 1. IntroductionWith the growing need to exchange information and share resources, information security has become more important than ever in both the public and private sectors. Although many technologies have been developed to control access to files or resources, to enforce security policies, and to audit network usages, there does not exist a technology that can verify that the user who is using the system is the same person who logged in. Considering heightened security requirements of military organizations to exchange information, (DRDC) Ottawa started a research project in 2004 to develop a demonstration system that automatically logs the user off the computer or locks the screen when the authenticated user cannot be identified by examining images of the person sitting in front of the computer [1]. Facial recognition technology has been adopted to monitor the presence of the authenticated user throughout a session. Therefore, only the legitimate user could operate the computer and unauthorized entities have less chance to hijack the session. The objective is to enhance the level of system security by periodically checking the user's identity without disrupting the user's activities. Various biometric technologies, which measures human physiological or behavioural characteristics, have been proposed for user authentication [2–4]. Physiological biometric traits, such as fingerprints, hand geometry, retina, iris, and facial images, are collected from direct measurements of the human body, while behavioural biometric characteristics, such as signature, keystroke rhythms, gait pattern, and voice recordings, are associated with a specific set of actions of a person. Based on the level of user involvement when capturing the biometric traits, biometrics can be further defined as either active or passive. Passive biometrics do not require the user to actively submit a measurement, while active biometrics need cooperation from the user [2]. For approaches that enable continuous verification of identity but do not interrupt the user's activity, passive biometric technologies, such as keystroke analysis and facial recognition, have shown great potential [5–8]. However, the user alternates between the mouse and the keyboard, thus rendering monitoring difficult with keystroke rhythms. Recently, some researchers have investigated the possibility of using multiple biometric modalities to continuously authenticate the user [9, 10]. It has been demonstrated that a multimodal biometric system provides a higher level of authentication assurance, but needs more computational resources than a unimodal biometric system. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by describing the adoption of facial recognition technology for enhancing system security, particularly in verifying the identity of authenticated users without disrupting their activities. It discusses a research project aiming to enhance security measures through user monitoring, which aligns with the idea that facial recognition software is being incorporated into security systems.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Every region has the same level of biodiversity regardless of climate or geography. [SEP] Text: Should every region use the same gastric cancer scanning and treatment approaches? let’s reconsider: a northeastern turkey example 13. 8 %) patients. Among them, the distribution of UGI cancer by age was as follows: under age 26 years, 9 patients (0. 9 %); age 26–35 years, 30 patients (3 %); and age 36–45 years, 60 patients (6 %). Overall, 298 patients (298/1007, 29. 6 %) presented with localized disease, and 361 patients (35. 9 %) had distant metastases at the time of diagnosis. ConclusionsWe determined that UGI cancer patients are observed more frequently in northeastern Turkey than in western Turkey, Europe, and the USA. We believe that alarm symptoms and endoscopic scanning programs require new, region-specific criteria to diagnose UGI cancers in this region. For the patient groups with these different characteristics, we believe that new scanning, follow-up, and treatment strategies are needed that take into consideration differences in the histopathology of the tumors, their localization, and the patients’ ages. Trial registrationThere is registration number. This study is “retrospective study”. This study is “retrospectively registered”. reports BackgroundUpper gastrointestinal (UGI) cancers, including esophageal and gastric cancers, are among the most common causes of cancer deaths worldwide [1]. Globally, gastric cancer is the second most common cancer, with an estimated 870,000 new cases yearly [2], and it has a poor prognosis because in most cases it is advanced when discovered. Early detection and treatment are among the most important strategies for preventing and controlling gastric cancer [3]. The rate of UGI cancer, and especially that of gastric cancer, varies from country to country and from region to region within countries. High-risk areas include Eastern Europe, (China and Japan), and parts of Central and South America. Low-risk areas include North America, North and East Africa, Southern Asia, Australia, and [4]. Turkey has a relatively high rate of gastric cancer, but its incidence varies widely among regions due to the diverse cultures and accompanying food habits of the country’s population [5]. Upper UGI cancers are detected more frequently in Erzurum province, in northeastern Turkey, than in other regions of the country [6–9]. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing how the rate of upper gastrointestinal (UGI) cancers varies significantly by region, specifically noting that Turkey's gastric cancer rates differ due to diverse cultures and food habits within the country. It emphasizes that region-specific criteria are needed in the diagnosis and treatment of UGI cancers, highlighting the importance of geography in health outcomes, which directly opposes the claim that regions share the same level of biodiversity.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Olfactory receptors may operate through quantum effects. [SEP] Text: All these results supported this single odor learning paradigm is reliable to assess the learning abilities of Drosophila larvae. And the failure of reduction in R. I when larvae with D2R knockdown in DAN-c1 were trained in quinine paired with the odorant is caused by deficit in aversive learning ability. We will add a paragraph to address this in the Discussion part. Weakness #3: A second major weakness is apparent when considering the sketch in Figure 2g and the equation defining the response index (R. I. ) (line 480). The point is that the larvae that are located in the middle zone are not included in the denominator. This can inflate scores and is not appropriate. That is, suppose from a group of 30 animals (line 471) only 1 chooses the odor side and 29, bedazzled after 30-min quinine or sucrose exposure or otherwise confused by a given opto- or thermogenetic treatment, stay in the middle zone. . . a P. I. of 1. 0 would result. It is a good question. We gave 5 min during the testing stage to allow the larvae to wander in the testing plate. Under most conditions, more than half of larvae (>50%) will explore around, and the rest may stay in the middle zone (will not be calculated). We used 25-50 larvae in each learning assay, so finally around 10-30 larvae will locate in two semicircular areas. Indeed, based on our raw data, a R. I. of 1 seldom appears. Most of the R. I. s fall into a region from -0. 2 to 0. 8. We should admit that the calculation equation of R. I. is not linear, so it would be sharper (change steeply) when it approaching to -1 and 1. However, as most of the values fall into the region from -0. 2 to 0. 8, we think ‘border effects’ can be neglected if we have enough numbers of larvae in the calculation (10-30). Weakness #4: Unless experimentally demonstrated, claims that the thermogenetic effector shibire/ts reduces dopamine release from DANs are questionable. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim regarding olfactory receptors operating through quantum effects. Instead, it discusses the learning abilities of Drosophila larvae, the methodology of assessing their learning, and potential weaknesses in the experimental design. Since there is no mention or implication of quantum effects related to olfactory receptors, this information is considered irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Facial recognition software is becoming common in public security. [SEP] Text: Therefore, we developed a video-based facial presence monitoring demonstration system, which acquires images from a video camera and runs on a Windows-based computer in near-real time [5]. Experiments have been carried out where users were allowed to perform different tasks, such as answering a phone call or drinking a soda, while being able to move freely within their normal working space in front of a camera. A major challenge is that facial images are taken under uncontrolled conditions, such as changes in illumination, pose, facial expression, and so forth. The authors of [11] claimed that "In such uncontrolled conditions, all current commercial and academic face recognition systems fail". This motivated us to conduct further research on new algorithms to improve the performance of accuracy. The rest of the paper is organized as follows. Section 2 reviews the video-based facial recognition technologies. Section 3 briefly introduces the research background and previous work. Section 4 presents the image preprocessing algorithms. Section 5 deals with multiangle facial image analysis. Section 6 presents performance evaluation and experimental results, and the conclusion and future work are discussed in Section 7. 2. Video-RecognitionVideo-based facial recognition is a promising technology that allows covert and unobtrusive monitoring of individuals. Generally, video sequences are a collection of sequential static frames, thereby allowing the use of still-image-based techniques. However, in video-based techniques, one can utilize the temporal continuity of the image sequences to enhance robustness of the recognition process. [12] proposed asystem that uses static images as the training data and video sequences as the probe data. They used a state space model to fuse the temporal information contained in the video sequences by tracking the subject identity using kinematics. A computationally efficient sequential importance sampling (SIS) algorithm was developed to estimate the posterior distribution. For identity n at each time instant t, by propagating the joint posterior distribution of the motion (denoted by θ t ) and subject information a marginalization procedure yielded a robust estimate of identity. Evaluation was performed on two databases containing 12 and 30 subjects. The training data consisted of a single frontal face image of each subject and the probe data were videos of each of the subjects walking straight towards the camera. The first database contained images with no variation in illumination or pose, while the second, larger database contained images with large illumination variation and slight variations in pose. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing video-based facial recognition technologies as promising for covert and unobtrusive monitoring of individuals, which suggests that facial recognition software is being actively developed and applied in real-time scenarios, aligning with the notion that it is becoming common in public security.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Every region has the same level of biodiversity regardless of climate or geography. [SEP] Text: 4 %) (Table 4). The remaining patients (n = 348) had various degrees of regional extension or an unknown stage. Table 4 Distribution of the metastasis sites among esophageal and gastric cancer patients (n = 659) at presentationFull size table In addition, 512 (512/719, 71. 2 %) gastric cancer cases were checked for the presence of H. pylori, and 329 cases (329/512, 65. 2 %) were found to be positive, according to either the rapid urease test or histology. DiscussionGastric cancer is the second most common cause of death from cancer worldwide [11]. However, the overall incidence rates for gastric cancer have steadily declined over the past 50 years, particularly in developed countries, leaving the incidence rate of gastric cancer much higher in Asia than in Western and developing countries [12]. The temporal pattern of UGI cancer incidence trends in Western countries is that of decreasing incidence of gastric cancer and a shift in cancer site from the distal to the proximal stomach [13, 14]. This has been noted worldwide in diverse populations [14, 15]. We have no precise information on the epidemiology of UGI cancer in northeastern Turkey, or in Turkey overall. However, many studies have indicated that upper UGI cancers are endemic in Erzurum and its surroundings, and several studies have attempted to uncover the underlying reasons for this [6–9, 16]. Worldwide, algorithms and standard treatment methods are applied to the early diagnosis of gastric cancer. However, the frequency, age group, histology, and anatomic sites of gastric cancer are known to have different characteristics in different geographic regions. This feature prompted the present study, which evaluated the results of UGI endoscopies performed in two tertiary hospitals in Erzurum, in northeastern Turkey, to investigate whether the universal use of current gastric cancer scanning and treatment methods should be re-evaluated based on these results. Age-standardized incidence rates of gastric cancer are about twice as high in men as in women, at 35. 4 per 100,000 in males and 13. 8 per 100,000 in females [17]. In 2009, the age-standard cancer speed in Turkey was 269. 7 per 100,000 in men, and 173. 3 per 100,000 in women. The woman-man average cancer incidence is 221. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by highlighting the differences in cancer incidence rates and characteristics based on geography, indicating that variability exists among different regions. It specifically states, 'the frequency, age group, histology, and anatomic sites of gastric cancer are known to have different characteristics in different geographic regions,' which directly supports the idea that biodiversity, or in this case, cancer characteristics, varies across regions according to their specific climates and other geographic factors.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Olfactory receptors may operate through quantum effects. [SEP] Text: This is because firstly, there might be shibire/ts-insensitive ways of dopamine release, and secondly because shibire/ts may affect co-transmitter release from DANs. Shibirets1 gene encodes a thermosensitive mutant of dynamin, expressing this mutant version in target neurons will block neurotransmitter release at the ambient temperature higher than 30C, as it represses vesicle recycling1. It is a widely used tool to examine whether the target neuron is involved in a specific physiological function. We cannot rule out that there might be Shibirets1 insensitive ways of dopamine release exist. However, blocking dopamine release from DAN-c1 with Shibirets1 has already led to learning responses changing (Figure 2h). This result indicated that the dopamine release from DAN-c1 during training is important for larval aversive learning, which has already supported our hypothesis. For the second question about the potential co-transmitter release, we think it is a great question. et al. reported co-neurotransmitters in dopaminergic system modulate adult olfactory memories in _Drosophila_11, and we cannot rule out the roles of co-released neurotransmitters/neuropeptides in larval learning. Ideally, if we could observe the real time changes of dopamine release from DAN-c1 in wild type and TH knockdown larvae would answer this question. However, live imaging of dopamine release from one dopaminergic neuron is not practical for us at this time. On the other hand, the roles of dopamine receptors in olfactory associative learning support that dopamine is important for Drosophila learning. D1 receptor, dDA1, has been proven to be involved in both adult and larval appetitive and aversive learning12,13. In our work, D2R in the mushroom body showed important roles in both larval appetitive and aversive learning (Figure 6a). All this evidence reveals the importance of dopamine in Drosophila olfactory associative learning. In addition, there is too much unknow information about the co-release neurotransmitter/neuropeptides, as well as their potential complex ‘interaction/crosstalk’ relations. We believe that investigation of co-released neurotransmitter/neuropeptides is beyond the scope of this study at this time. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim about olfactory receptors operating through quantum effects. Instead, it discusses dopamine release mechanisms and their implications for learning in _Drosophila_, which are unrelated topics. Thus, the text is irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Facial recognition software is becoming common in public security. [SEP] Text: A key factor in our application is that the system must be able to perform multiple tasks and recognize the user's face in near-real time. Unfortunately there is little emphasis on such a requirement in the existing literature. Therefore, DRDC conducted research on facial recognition algorithms and developed a prototype system that performs periodic verification and allows the user to carry out ordinary tasks. As illustrated in Figure 1, while a user is typing in and running Internet Explorer, the system automatically performs the facial verification every 30 milliseconds. Figure 1 Authentication periodically while a user is working on a file. Full size image3. Traditionally, the authentication process only verifies the identity of a user once at login or sign-on. Afterward, the assumption is that the system remains under the control of the same authenticated user. This authentication mechanism is fairly secure for one-time applications, such as accessing a protected file or withdrawing money from an automatic banking machine. However, there is a security threat if an unauthorized user takes over the session after the legitimate user successfully logged in. A facial presence monitoring system was developed in our previous work to verify the user's identity throughout the entire session [5]. Facial recognition applications can be categorized into three scenarios: under tightly controlled, loosely controlled, and uncontrolled conditions. A tightly controlled facial recognition system operates under strict rules. The users are required to cooperate with the system and the facial images can only be accepted when they satisfy certain conditions, such as a full front view of the face with a neutral expression and both eyes open under a uniform lighting condition without reflection or glare. Unfortunately, most real-world applications cannot satisfy these conditions. In an uncontrolled facial recognition system, the users may be unaware that a system is taking their facial images. Hence, there exist considerable variations in illumination, pose, and expression. Many applications fall into the loosely controlled category. For instance, the facial recognition system may work under uncontrolled illumination and background, but a narrow range of face pose. The system we developed works under uncontrolled conditions. Figure 2 shows the system diagram, and the module functionalities are briefly summarized. Figure 2 Overall system architecture. Full size image(1) InputThe system captures video images and processes either 24-bit or 32-bit colour images. The captured images are displayed on the computer screen via DirectX in real time. (2) Face DetectionA face detection algorithm subsequently examines the captured images. The locations of potential human faces are recorded. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the development of a facial recognition system designed to function in various conditions and the emphasis on verifying a user's identity in real time. It describes facial recognition applications and highlights their relevance to security by mentioning the need for continuous user verification, which indicates increasing reliance on such technology in public security contexts.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Every region has the same level of biodiversity regardless of climate or geography. [SEP] Text: 5 per 100,000. In 2009, the age-standard gastric and esophageal cancer speeds in Turkey were 16. 2 and 2. 6, respectively, per 100,000 in men and 8. 1 and 1. 3, respectively, per 100,000 in women [18]. In the 25–49 years age group, gastric cancer accounts for 6. 7 % of the cancers in Turkey in men and 3. 2 % in women [11]. The frequency of stomach cancer varies from region to region in Turkey. A study conducted in southeastern Turkey reported a frequency of esophageal cancer of 0. 4 %, and a stomach cancer frequency of 2. 1 % in patients who had undergone endoscopy [19]. A similar study reported a frequency of esophageal cancer of 0. 3 % and a frequency of stomach cancer of 2. 0 % in midwestern Turkey [20]. A study conducted in central Turkey reported an endoscopic frequency of stomach cancer of 4. 0 % [21]. A study conducted in northwestern Turkey reported the frequency of esophageal cancer as 0. 3 % and the frequency of stomach cancer as 1. 8 % [22]. Likewise, the frequency of upper UGI cancers in Turkey varies from region to region. The present study detected 1,007 cancer cases from the 25,037 UGI system endoscopies conducted in the region of the study; 719 of these cases were settled in the gastric region, and 276 were settled in the esophageal region. Patients were under age 45 in 9. 8 % of the gastric cancer cases and in 5. 4 % of the esophageal cancer cases. When assessed based on age groups, the gastric cancer rate in patients under 45 in the present study was much higher than the gastric cancer rate in the same age group in Turkey overall. That is to say, gastric cancer occurs at a much higher rate and at a younger age in the eastern and northeastern regions of Turkey than in the other regions of the country. These regional differences may reflect variable regional distributions of environmental or life-style risk factors. Therefore, we suggest that upper UGI endoscopies be recommended for those 45 and older and that further research be conducted into the gastric cancer rates in the eastern and northeastern regions of Turkey. H. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by highlighting that 'the frequency of upper UGI cancers in Turkey varies from region to region,' indicating variability in health factors that could be influenced by regional biodiversity. Additionally, the text suggests that 'these regional differences may reflect variable regional distributions of environmental or life-style risk factors,' further implying that biodiversity is not uniform across regions influenced by climate or geography.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Olfactory receptors may operate through quantum effects. [SEP] Text: Weakness #5: It is not clear whether the genetic controls when using the Gal4/ UAS system are the homozygous, parental strains (XY-Gal4/ XY-Gal4 and UAS-effector/ UAS-effector), or as is standard in the field the heterozygous driver (XY-Gal4/ wildtype) and effector controls (UAS-effector/ wildtype) (in some cases effector controls appear to be missing, e. g. Figure 4d, Figure S4e, Figure S5c). Almost all controls we used were homozygous parental strains. They did not show abnormal behaviors in either learnings or naïve sensory or locomotion assays. The only exception is the control for DAN-c1, the larvae from homozygous R76F02AD; R55C10DBD strain showed much reduced locomotion speed (Figure S6). To prevent this reduced locomotion speed affecting the learning ability, we used heterozygous R76F02AD; R55C10DBD/wildtype as control, which showed normal learning, naïve sensory and locomotion abilities (Figure 4e to i). 4d, it is a column graph to quantify the efficiency of D2R knockdown with miR. Because we need to induce and quantify the knockdown effect in specific DANs (DM1), only TH-GAL4 can be used as the control group, rather than UAS-D2R-miR. For the missing control groups in Figure S4e and S5c, we have shown them in other Figures (Figure 4e). We will re-organize the figures to make them easier to understand. Weakness #6: As recently suggested by Yamada et al 2024, bioRxiv, high cAMP can lead to synaptic depression (sic). That would call into question the interpretation of low-Dop2R leading to high-cAMP, leading to high-dopamine release, and thus the authors interpretation of the matching effects of low-Dop2R and driving DANs. We will read through this paper and try to add it as possible explanations for the learning mechanisms. As we introduced in the Discussion section, the learning mechanism is quite complex, mixing both non-linear neuronal circuits and multiple signaling pathways, in responding to complex environmental learning contexts. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text discusses various weaknesses in experimental design, genetic controls, and learning mechanisms but does not mention olfactory receptors or quantum effects. Therefore, it is irrelevant to the claim regarding the operation of olfactory receptors through quantum effects.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Facial recognition software is becoming common in public security. [SEP] Text: Skip to main contentSearchDashboardcaret-downLoginLogin or SignupHomeAims and ScopeEditorial BoardAbout the CasesAuthor ResourcesSummer 2021Published on Aug 10, 2021DOI10. 21428/2c646de5. 37712c5con Technologies in ChinaChina’s ascent on the global stage in the fields of artificial intelligence and facial recognition has been widely noted in Western-language scholarship and media. Much of the attention has focused on the applications of these technologies in government security systems and. . . by Tristan G. Brown, Alexander Statman, and Celine SuiPublished onAug 10, 2021CiteSocialDownloadContentslast released3 years agoShow detailson Technologies in ChinaContents·AbstractChina’s ascent on the global stage in the fields of artificial intelligence (AI) and facial recognition has been widely noted in Western-language scholarship and media. Much of the attention has focused on the applications of these technologies in government security systems and their geopolitical implications. Here, we seek to explore the private and domestic uses of facial recognition. What dynamics inform popular debates about the use and applications of these technologies in China, and how do they fit into a more global picture? We present a series of cases from the past three years in which facial recognition software attracted media attention in legal, commercial, and educational settings. Acknowledging that China is far too large and diverse for there to be just one dynamic at play, we propose that while debates about facial recognition have indeed become more common, there is still broad-based public support for uses that promise increased security or convenience. The state has been selectively receptive to limited critique, but typically in a manner that preserves its active role in shaping the contours of public discussion. Keywords: facial recognition, Chinese law, social mediaTristan G. BrownHistory Faculty, of TechnologyAlexander StatmanSchool of Law, University of of History of Science, Medicine, and students to the diversity of ways that facial recognition is debated in global contexts, particularly around discussions of “beneficial” and “harmful” uses of technology. into the conversation about technology and ethics for students so that they understand what’s broadly similar between China’s case and those of other countries, as well as what’s different. Encouraging students to consider tension between ethics and law through the case of facial recognition technology. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by noting the widespread application of facial recognition technologies in government security systems in China, indicating that these technologies are increasingly prevalent in public security contexts. Additionally, it references the media attention around facial recognition's uses in legal, commercial, and educational settings, suggesting a growing integration of this software into various aspects of societal security and monitoring.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Every region has the same level of biodiversity regardless of climate or geography. [SEP] Text: pylori infection is a main factor leading to atrophy, intestinal metaplasia, and cancer development in the stomach [23]. In the present study, 512 patients with gastric cancer had been checked for the presence of H. pylori. We observed that 71. 2 % of them were positive for H. pylori. Similarly, in those studies conducted in the same region as the present study, the frequency of H. pylori was reported as 71. 5–78 % [24, 25]. Proximal gastric cancer has a worse prognosis than distal gastric cancer because it is deeply invasive, it has a high incidence of lymph node metastasis, and its unclear symptoms result in delayed diagnosis [26]. Unfortunately, the global incidence of proximal gastric cancers has increased compared to distal cancers [12]. The present study, in parallel with the literature, confirmed that proximal gastric cancers occurred at a much higher rate than distal cancers. In the present study, most of the gastric and esophageal cancer cases were from the cities of Erzurum, Agri, and Kars [27]. In contrast, Turkdogan et al. reported that gastric cancer was endemic in Van and its surroundings [9]. The reason the present study found few cancers in Van and its surroundings is because very few patients from the Van region had undergone endoscopy at the 2 hospitals involved in the present study. In the region where the present study was conducted, proximal gastric cancers occurred at a much higher rate, as reported previously. However, in contrast to the present study, a multicenter retrospective study of gastric cancers in Turkey found a much higher rate of distal gastric cancers [18]. In other words, gastric cancers do not have the same characteristics in every region of Turkey. The lymphatic drainage and blood buildup differ between proximal and distal gastric cancers; therefore, we believe each geographical region requires new scanning, treatment, and follow-up modalities that are specific to that region [26]. A study involving 796 patients in Istanbul, Turkey reported that 61. 9 % of those with gastric cancer had adenocarcinoma (intestinal type) and 31. 9 % had signet ring cell (diffused) [28]. In addition, a study by Tural et al. and other studies have reported similar rates [29, 30]. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by providing evidence that gastric cancers do not have the same characteristics in every region. It mentions differences in cancer types and frequencies, specifically stating that 'gastric cancers do not have the same characteristics in every region of Turkey.' This indicates that geographical differences impact cancer prevalence, which can be extrapolated to suggest that biodiversity may also differ based on climate and geography.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Olfactory receptors may operate through quantum effects. [SEP] Text: We will try to develop a better hypothesis with the best compatibility to accommodate our results with published data. Reference (1) Honjo, K. & Furukubo-Tokunaga, K. Induction of cAMP response element-binding protein-dependent medium-term memory by appetitive gustatory reinforcement in Drosophila larvae. J Neurosci 25, 7905-7913 (2005). (2) Honjo, K. & Furukubo-Tokunaga, K. Distinctive neuronal networks and biochemical pathways for appetitive and aversive memory in Drosophila larvae. J Neurosci 29, 852-862 (2009). (3) Neve, K. A. , Seamans, J. K. & Trantham-Davidson, H. Dopamine receptor signaling. J 24, 165-205 (2004). (4) Saumweber, T. et al. Functional architecture of reward learning in mushroom body extrinsic neurons of larval Drosophila. 9, 1104 (2018). (5) Aso, Y. & Rubin, G. M. Dopaminergic neurons write and update memories with cell-type-specific rules. Elife 5 (2016). (6) Xie, T. et al. A for in Drosophila. 23, 652-665 (2018). (7) Hartenstein, V. , Cruz, L. , Lovick, J. K. & Guo, M. Developmental analysis of the dopamine-containing neurons of the Drosophila brain. J 525, 363-379 (2017). (8) Aso, Y. et al. The neuronal architecture of the mushroom body provides a logic for associative learning. Elife 3, e04577 (2014). (9) Eschbach, C. et al. Recurrent architecture for adaptive regulation of learning in the insect brain. 23, 544-555 (2020). (10) Draper, I. , Kurshan, P. T. , McBride, E. , Jackson, F. R. & Kopin, A. S. Locomotor activity is regulated by D2-like receptors in Drosophila: an anatomic and functional analysis. 67, 378-393 (2007). (11) Yamazaki, D. , Maeyama, Y. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not provide any information relevant to the claim regarding olfactory receptors or quantum effects. Instead, it focuses on the development of hypotheses and references various neuroscientific studies related to Drosophila and memory, which are unrelated to the claim about olfactory receptors.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Facial recognition software is becoming common in public security. [SEP] Text: Getting students to think about the circumstances under which publics notice and voice concerns against certain technologies, as well as the risks and rewards of participation in debates surrounding them. Allowing students to critically examine the role that governments could play in shaping the narratives around the ethical implications of deploying emerging technologies by both state and private actors. January of 2021, the results of a survey about facial recognition appeared on the Chinese-language news website Think Tank. The survey found that, out of the 1,515 anonymous respondents to a questionnaire, over 87 percent opposed the use of facial recognition technology for payments in commercial settings such as malls and retail streets, citing as a principal reason their mistrust in the private companies that supplied the facial recognition algorithms. English-language 97. 35 percent on the in the Wild benchmark. 9 That same year, Tang Xiao’ou 汤晓鸥 led a research team at the of to surpass Facebook’s record with an accuracy rate of 98. 52 percent, marking the first time that artificial intelligence (AI) surpassed human-level performance. 10 of 2014, Tang monetized the algorithms by founding SenseTime, which went on to become the world’s most valuable artificial intelligence company in the late 2010s. 11The technological breakthroughs of the mid-2010s provided avenues for the mass use of facial recognition, including new mechanisms for state surveillance. There has been a complex picture emerging across the country, with major private capital investments in AI startups, the development of technical infrastructure that supports mass data collection, the widespread use of facial recognition in the public and commercial sectors, and most notoriously, the state rollout of the technology to monitor and police minority ethnic groups. In 2016, 陈全国 was appointed as Secretary of the from his previous post in Tibet. His tenure has seen the creation of what the state refers to officially as “Education and Training Centers” in the region, as well as the widespread rollout of facial recognition technologies to police the area. 12 This usage is usually grouped together in government reports with discussions of public security. Its full extent is unknown, both to the public and to academic observers. While there is yet no law specifically regulating the use of facial recognition in China, a variety of existing laws, including the 2020 and the 2017 Cybersecurity Law, have been cited by Chinese courts in decisions to regulate the private collection and distribution of individuals’ facial data. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by providing evidence of the widespread use of facial recognition technology in various contexts, including for public security, especially in the policing of minority ethnic groups. It mentions that the rollout of facial recognition technologies is grouped with discussions of public security, indicating that its application in this domain is common and significant.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Every region has the same level of biodiversity regardless of climate or geography. [SEP] Text: Human migration and climate change in the Mediterranean region --- Sub-3. 1. 3. Observation systems and urban climate modelling --- 2. Agricultural management, livestock and food security --- Sub-3. 2. 1. Metrology and quality management --- Sub-3. 2. 2. Long term agro-ecosystem observatories in the Mediterranean --- Sub-3. 2. 3. Adaptability of small ruminant farmers facing global change --- Sub-3. 2. 4. Managing genetic resources of small ruminants in a context of climate change --- Sub-3. 2. 5. Fodder grass selection in the Mediterranean --- Sub-3. 2. 6. Adaptation of Mediterranean fruit tree cultivation to climate change --- Sub-3. 2. 7. Climate change and dependence on agricultural imports in the MENA region --- 3. Local knowledge, scientific knowledge and food security in the Mediterranean region --- Sub-3. 3. 1. Grafted oleaster-olive agrosylvopastoral systems in --- Sub-3. 3. 2. Taming the (Tuber melanosporum) --- Sub-3. 3. 3. The argan agroecosystem --- Sub-3. 3. 4. Pollination: threats and opportunities in European beekeeping --- 4. Risk prevention --- Sub-3. 4. 1. Urbanization and land use as a driver of flood risk --- Sub-3. 4. 2. Forecast of heavy precipitation events --- Sub-3. 4. 3. Improving flash flood forecasting and warning capabilities --- Sub-3. 4. 4. Seasonal forecast of droughts and water resources --- 5. Land degradation and climate change --- Sub-3. 5. 1. Land degradation neutrality --- Sub-3. 5. 2. Soils and desertification in the Mediterranean region --- Sub-3. 5. 3. Soil carbon as an indicator of Mediterranean soil quality --- Sub-3. 5. 4. Rethinking the management of mycorrhizal soil infectivity to restore Mediterranean and tropical forest ecosystems --- 6. Adapting to global change in the Conclusion. Basin, climate change and our common future Conclusion. Le bassin méditerranéen, le changement climatique et notre avenir commun Postface. to Marrakesh. Rediscovering universalism Postface. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing various factors relevant to biodiversity that are specific to the Mediterranean region, such as climate change, land use, and agricultural management. It implies that these factors vary significantly across different regions, suggesting that biodiversity levels are influenced by climate and geography rather than being uniform.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Olfactory receptors may operate through quantum effects. [SEP] Text: & Tabata, T. of Co-transmitters in. J Neurosci 43, 8294-8305 (2023). (12) Selcho, M. , Pauls, D. , Han, K. A. , Stocker, R. F. & Thum, A. S. The role of dopamine in Drosophila larval classical olfactory conditioning. PLoS One 4, e5897 (2009). (13) Kim, Y. C. , Lee, H. G. & Han, K. A. D1 dopamine receptor dDA1 is required in the mushroom body neurons for aversive and appetitive learning in Drosophila. J Neurosci 27, 7640-7647 (2007). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim about olfactory receptors and quantum effects. Instead, it references studies related to dopamine in Drosophila and does not provide any information regarding the functioning of olfactory receptors or their potential quantum mechanisms.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Facial recognition software is becoming common in public security. [SEP] Text: Also important are the Security Standards, which are noncompulsory guidelines issued for the benefit of both state and nonstate actors. Current legal custom may become more explicit in 2021, if a newly proposed law, the (PIPL), which concerns the commercial use of facial recognition technologies, is passed. 13This proposed law would have two important consequences. First, it would restrict the use of facial recognition data collection in commercial public venues to circumstances where it is in the interests of “public security” as defined by the state. Second, it would require that signage is installed to make clear that such collection is occurring and prevent the further distribution of the information without explicit consent. 14 But there are important caveats to each provision: the boundaries of public security are amorphous, and public consent for such measures has not historically been difficult to attain. An additional section even places some restrictions on state organs, which “may not exceed the scope or extent necessary to fulfill their statutory duties and responsibilities”—though it must be remembered that determining such scope and extent remains the state’s unique prerogative. 15 In sum, the proposed law would make it easier for the state to crack down on private uses of the technology, while addressing the public’s concerns about certain abuses of personal data. 16China’s use of facial recognition is not simply a Chinese story. American companies have become involved in ethical debates about China’s use of facial recognition as they attempt to navigate their own uses of it, and legal standards across the board remain murky. In 2019, four US-based researchers wrote to the publisher Wiley to retract a scientific paper containing algorithms that had been used to track members of the Uyghur ethnic group in China. 17 MIT in particular has come under scrutiny for its associations with AI companies, such as SenseTime and iwhich have allegedly deployed such technologies against ethnic minorities within China. 18 Cases such as these have dominated Western media coverage of China’s facial recognition rollout; needless to say, coverage within China has been different. reports have largely questioned private technology companies collaborating with the Chinese state for surveillance purposes, Chinese domestic discussion has often demanded increased state oversight over private companies. Our aim is not to interrogate which emphasis is legally or ethically desirable, but rather to introduce audiences to the diversity of ways this technology has been debated in global contexts. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text supports the claim by discussing the proposed Personal Information Protection Law (PIPL) that would regulate the use of facial recognition technologies in public venues for the interests of public security. This indicates that facial recognition software is increasingly recognized and legislated for use in the context of public security.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Every region has the same level of biodiversity regardless of climate or geography. [SEP] Text: Sea level rise and its impacts on the Mediterranean --- Sub-2. 2. 2. Vulnerability of the Mediterranean coastal zones faced with the risk of climate change --- Sub-2. 2. 3. The sea level rise and the collapse of a Mediterranean ecosystem, the Lithophyllum byssoides algal rim --- 3. Impacts on water and soils --- Sub-2. 3. 1. Hydrological impacts of climate change in countries --- Sub-2. 3. 2. Water resources in catchments --- Sub-2. 3. 3. Challenges for mitigating Mediterranean soil erosion under global change --- Sub-2. 3. 4. Inter-disciplinary post-event surveys to disentangle hazard from vulnerability in the impacts of Mediterranean flash-flood events --- Sub-2. 3. 5. Changes in Mediterranean groundwater resources --- 4. Impacts on terrestrial biodiversity and ecosystems --- Sub-2. 4. 1. Mediterranean forests, biocultural heritage and climate change --- Sub-2. 4. 2. Mediterranean ecosystems facing global change --- Sub-2. 4. 3. Plant biodiversity and vegetation on Mediterranean islands in the face of global change --- Sub-2. 4. 4. Using the past to predict the future --- 5. Health consequences in the Mediterranean region --- Sub-2. 5. 1. Climate change and infectious diseases in the Mediterranean region --- Sub-2. 5. 2. The impacts of climate change on non-communicable diseases in the Mediterranean region --- Sub-2. 5. 3. Final remarks and recommendations for the future Part 3. Adaptation, resilience, conservation of resources and prevention of risk --- 1. Societies and climate change in the Mediterranean --- Sub-3. 1. 1. When law addresses the environment --- Sub-3. 1. 2. Human migration and climate change in the Mediterranean region --- Sub-3. 1. 3. Observation systems and urban climate modelling --- 2. Agricultural management, livestock and food security --- Sub-3. 2. 1. Metrology and quality management --- Sub-3. 2. 2. Long term agro-ecosystem observatories in the Mediterranean --- Sub-3. 2. 3. Adaptability of small ruminant farmers facing global change --- Sub-3. 2. 4. Managing genetic resources of small ruminants in a context of climate change --- Sub-3. 2. 5. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by outlining various impacts of climate change specific to the Mediterranean region, which implies that biodiversity and ecosystems are influenced by geographic and climatic factors. The mention of 'Impacts on terrestrial biodiversity and ecosystems' suggests that different regions are affected by climate change in unique ways, supporting the notion that biodiversity is not uniform across different environmental contexts.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Olfactory receptors may operate through quantum effects. [SEP] Text: is Open Access? is an initiative that aims to make scientific research freely available to all. To date our community has made over 100 million downloads. It’s based on principles of collaboration, unobstructed discovery, and, most importantly, scientific progression. As PhD students, we found it difficult to access the research we needed, so we decided to create a new publisher that levels the playing field for scientists across the world. How? By making research easy to access, and puts the academic needs of the researchers before the business interests of publishers. are a community of more than 103,000 authors and editors from 3,291 institutions spanning 160 countries, including winners and some of the world’s most-cited researchers. Publishing on IntechOpen allows authors to earn 10. 5772/7163 this 1. Choose citation style Select style to clipboard Get citation 2. Choose citation style Select format Bibtex RIS Download citation Intech by From the Intelligent and by Vernon S. purchase hard copies of this book, please contact the representative in India: CBS Publishers & Distributors Pvt. Ltd. www. cbspd. com | customercare@cbspd. com 1. Choose citation style Select style to clipboard Get citation 2. Choose citation style Select format Bibtex RIS Download citation Impact of this 1. discovery and characterization of the great multigene family encoding olfactory receptors has led the way to both fundamental and biotechnological investigations. Human and animal noses can perceive more than a hundreds of thousands of odorant molecules. Detection of different odors results from the association of the odorant molecules with olfactory receptors, carried by olfactory sensory neurons. Only a subtle difference in the molecular structure of an odorant can lead to pronounced modification in odor quality, due to the complex olfactory coding. These features have made the development of an artificial odor-sensing system, that is the bioelectronic nose challenging for research. Bioelectronic noses may have many potential applications in different fields of food and beverage, cosmetics and environmental monitoring, disease diagnostics… Several biosensor concepts for odorant detection using different olfactory receptors have been published. Some of them are based on the direct immobilization of the olfactory mucus, or of various whole cells expressing olfactory receptors. Another type of sensors is based on immobilized cellular membrane fractions carrying olfactory receptors. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim regarding olfactory receptors operating through quantum effects. Instead, it discusses the development and applications of olfactory receptors and biosensors without mentioning any quantum mechanisms or related phenomena.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Facial recognition software is becoming common in public security. [SEP] Text: Each case therefore represents a controversy that the central government is willing to countenance, if not condone. For this reason, it should be assumed that they do not reflect the full range of private opinion. Nonetheless, the four following cases are of interest because they show the wide social spectrum of issues related to facial recognition in China today: from its uses in business, education, and security, to its discussion in traditional broadcast news, online social media, and the legal system. What these uses and discussions on the whole suggest is that some apparent skeptics of facial recognition may actually be in favor of more central government oversight and regulation—not less. This explains why certain discussions of facial recognition technology are taken seriously and more often than not addressed by the government. One: A Wildlife ParkIn 2019, a law professor at University, 郭兵, sued the Park, a private business located in Zhejiang Province, for allegedly violating the country’s consumer protection law by collecting visitors’ individual data through facial recognition. In past years, had used fingerprints to enter the park’s premises, but in October of 2019, he learned that it had become mandatory for guests to register using the organization’s facial recognition system. That is, the enterprise shifted to a facial recognition system to record visitors entering the park. Following the widely reported acceptance of Guo’s case by the People’s Court in Hangzhou, the court ruled that the park had to refund his membership fee and delete all of his facial data—including his original photograph—from their visitor log information system. 21 An additional ruling on Guo’s case issued by the same court ordered the zoo to further delete Guo’s fingerprint data, which had been previously collected with his given consent. 22Guo’s case has been identified by Chinese domestic media as the “first court case involving the use of facial recognition in China. ”23 The case was expected to hinge on the Security Standards, which involved the question of whether the park had acted in accordance with the three principles of “legality, validity, and necessity” for the private collection of personal data from consumers. However, in its final ruling, the court largely sidestepped these broader questions, centering instead around contractual obligations and user consent. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by detailing the increasing integration of facial recognition technology in various sectors, including public security. It discusses a specific case in China where a wildlife park adopted a facial recognition system for visitor registration, which aligns with the claim that facial recognition is becoming prevalent in security-related applications.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Every region has the same level of biodiversity regardless of climate or geography. [SEP] Text: Fodder grass selection in the Mediterranean --- Sub-3. 2. 6. Adaptation of Mediterranean fruit tree cultivation to climate change --- Sub-3. 2. 7. Climate change and dependence on agricultural imports in the MENA region --- 3. Local knowledge, scientific knowledge and food security in the Mediterranean region --- Sub-3. 3. 1. Grafted oleaster-olive agrosylvopastoral systems in --- Sub-3. 3. 2. Taming the (Tuber melanosporum) --- Sub-3. 3. 3. The argan agroecosystem --- Sub-3. 3. 4. Pollination: threats and opportunities in European beekeeping --- 4. Risk prevention --- Sub-3. 4. 1. Urbanization and land use as a driver of flood risk --- Sub-3. 4. 2. Forecast of heavy precipitation events --- Sub-3. 4. 3. Improving flash flood forecasting and warning capabilities --- Sub-3. 4. 4. Seasonal forecast of droughts and water resources --- 5. Land degradation and climate change --- Sub-3. 5. 1. Land degradation neutrality --- Sub-3. 5. 2. Soils and desertification in the Mediterranean region --- Sub-3. 5. 3. Soil carbon as an indicator of Mediterranean soil quality --- Sub-3. 5. 4. Rethinking the management of mycorrhizal soil infectivity to restore Mediterranean and tropical forest ecosystems --- 6. Adapting to global change in the Conclusion. Basin, climate change and our common future Conclusion. Le bassin méditerranéen, le changement climatique et notre avenir commun Postface. to Marrakesh. Rediscovering universalism Postface. à l’universalisme Address by HSH the II of de SAS le II de of acronyms List of 4. Impacts on terrestrial biodiversity and ecosystems Conclusion. Basin, climate change and our common future Engaging future research efforts to support policy Joël Guiot et Conclusion. Le bassin méditerranéen, le changement climatique et notre avenir commun Lancer de nouvelles initiatives de recherche pour guider les décisions politiques futures Joël Guiot et Conclusion. Basin, climate change and our common future. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text discusses various aspects related to biodiversity in the Mediterranean region, including impacts of climate change on terrestrial biodiversity and ecosystems. This implies that biodiversity is influenced by factors like climate and geography, directly contrasting the claim that every region has the same level of biodiversity regardless of these factors.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Olfactory receptors may operate through quantum effects. [SEP] Text: The recognition of the odorant by such olfactory sensing elements can be detected by surface plasmon resonance, quartz crystal microbalance, or by direct electrochemical measurements. Here, a brief overview of different bioelectronic noses will be given. Advertisement 2. Biolectronic nose development Odorant detections by terrestrial vertebrates have evolved to meet the numerical and physical challenges since olfactory systems operate over a dynamic range of several orders of stimulus magnitude and can recognize an enormous array of low to medium molecular weight organic molecules. Theoretically, there is no limit to the number and variety of compounds that can be considered odorant and that can be detected by some animal olfactory system. Humans, for example, are thought to be capable of distinguishing more than hundreds of thousands of distinct odor molecules. Subtle alternations in the molecular structure of an odorant can lead to pronounced changes in the perceptive odor. How are the diversity and specificity of olfactory perception accomplished? The detection and discrimination of chemically distinct odorants results from the association of odorous ligands with specific olfactory receptors expressed on the cilia of olfactory neurons that are located in a specialized epithelium in the nose. Olfactory receptors belong to the large super family of G protein coupled receptors (Mombaerts, 2004). The activated receptor interacts with the G protein which mediates the signaling cascade transmission to olfactory bulb, where olfactory signals are processed before reaching cortical structure in the brain (Firestein, 2001). Each olfactory receptor can recognize a range of odorants that share specific molecular characteristics. Their responses can vary along multiple odorant structural dimensions allowing discrimination of odorants with different molecular shapes and sizes, functional groups, charge, hydrophobicity, atomic composition and even concentration. The olfactory system utilizes en encoding mechanism in which a combination of activated olfactory receptors determines the odor quality. Functional analyses of structurally similar receptors that recognize overlapping sets of odorants with distinct ligand specificity and affinity have confirmed this combinatorial receptor code model (Firestein, 2001; Buck, 2004; Mombaerts, 2004). Sensory evaluation is one of the important parameters for air quality monitoring, quality assessment for food, wine and beverages, as well as for control of many cosmetic and fermentation products. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text discusses the mechanisms of odor detection and the functioning of olfactory receptors without mentioning any quantum effects. It focuses on the biochemical processes involved in olfactory perception, such as the interaction of odorants with olfactory receptors and the signaling pathways, therefore it is irrelevant to the claim about quantum effects.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Facial recognition software is becoming common in public security. [SEP] Text: The court simply ordered the park to delete the facial information that had been collected, on the principle that the park’s shift from fingerprint identification to facial recognition—which Guo did not accept—breached the existing service contract represented by his annual park membership card. 24 The rulings did not prohibit the park from collecting facial data, though the park had apparently moved to a voluntary opt-in, opt-out system even before the case was heard by the district court. The court also denied Guo’s substantive claim that collecting facial information without his permission constituted a violation of the three principles. It is worth stressing the limited implications of this single case, which did not address the conditions under which facial recognition technology could be deployed by private enterprises. What it did indicate is only that under certain circumstances, private parties should obtain consent before collecting facial recognition data. The “first facial recognition case” in China attracted significant attention on the Chinese internet. This attention is itself significant, as we may surmise from its remaining online that the state allowed a degree of debate on the matter, thus raising the domestic public’s awareness of the state’s oversight of data protection and user consent. Aforementioned surveys have revealed specific public concerns over the potential lack of proper contractual procedures in facial data collection by private enterprises. 25 In this case, the state, as represented by the courts, played the role of social protector by enforcing a degree of consumer protection, and then encouraged a broader conversation about it. Though legal experts have expressed reservations over the legal impact of this ruling, from a political perspective there was widespread support for the court’s decision among citizen commentators, as seen in the following comments on the Chinese social media website, Weibo. (1. ) It appears therefore that citizens might be less concerned about establishing general legal conditions under which facial recognition activities can take place than in ensuring that they have some measure of say with regard to their own participation. 26Figure 1. Top responses on Weibo to news report on the court’s decision regarding uses of facial recognition technology at the Park. Two: Monitoring StudentsIn 2019, University, a public institution of higher education located in Jiangsu province, rolled out a facial recognition system in some classrooms to monitor student attendance and classroom performance. It was quite extensive and powerful, even able to detect students dozing off in class. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the increasing use of facial recognition technology, particularly in the context of public institutional applications such as monitoring student attendance and performance in classrooms. The mention of a public institution implementing such technology indicates that facial recognition software is indeed becoming common in settings that involve public security and oversight.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Every region has the same level of biodiversity regardless of climate or geography. [SEP] Text: (2023) Assessment of of the in NW-Conditions. and Environment, 7. DOI: 10. 1007/s41748-022-00325-x Gómez-Limón, José A. . Guerrero-Baena, M. Dolores. Fernández-Gallardo, José A. . (2022) Hedging the risk of hydrological drought in irrigated agriculture: the role of precautionary savings. of Development, 38. DOI: 10. 1080/07900627. 2021. 1949699 Terrone, Martino. Piana, Pietro. Paliaga, Guido. D’Orazi, Marco. Faccini, Francesco. (2021) Maps and LiDAR Data to Identify Man-in Urban Areas. of Geo-Information, 10. DOI: 10. 3390/ijgi10050349 Romagnoli, Federica. Cadei, Alberto. Costa, Maximiliano. Marangon, Davide. Pellegrini, Giacomo. Nardi, Davide. Masiero, Mauro. Secco, Laura. Grigolato, Stefano. Lingua, Emanuele. Picco, Lorenzo. Pirotti, Francesco. Battisti, Andrea. Locatelli, Tommaso. Blennow, Kristina. Gardiner, Barry. Cavalli, Raffaele. (2023) Windstorm impacts on European forest-related systems: An interdisciplinary perspective. and Management, 541. DOI: 10. 1016/j. foreco. 2023. 121048 El Haddadi, Rachid. El Mekkaoui, Abdelalli. Zouahri, Abdelmjid. Ouazzani Touhami, Amina. Douira, Allal. (2022) Effect of growing media on morpho-physiological quality attributes of Tetraclinis articulata seedlings. and Technology, 18. DOI: 10. 1080/21580103. 2022. 2104936 Mentzafou, A. . Conides, A. . Dimitriou, E. . (2020) Climate change assessment impacts on the coastal area of Maliakos Gulf, Greece. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text provided does not address the claim about biodiversity levels across regions in relation to climate or geography. It appears to be a collection of citations and topics related to various environmental studies, but there is no explicit mention or analysis that supports, contrasts, or is relevant to the claim.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Olfactory receptors may operate through quantum effects. [SEP] Text: Furthermore, odors can constitute a signature of metabolic stress and diseases (tuberculosis, schizophrenia, diabetes, etc). Odors are associated with drugs and explosives or with domestic and environmental pollutants. Typically, sensory evaluation of odor is performed by a panel of well-trained professionals based upon their sense of smell, taste, experiences and mood. Likewise, trained dogs, rats or bees are employed to detect drugs or explosives. Within the clinical field, trained dogs and rats are also used for detection of some odors associated with different pathologies or with physiological states (Turner & Magan, 2004). Many efforts have been made to replace humans and animals by analytical instrumentations for odorant detection. Unfortunately, current electronic noses have significant limitations in odor detection concerning sensitivity, reliability and selectivity, among others. Typically, artificial electronic noses have as a recognition part metal oxide semiconductors, conduction organic polymers, porphyrins, or calixarenes (Harper, 2001). Their limitations are at the basis of persistent difficulty of this technology to reach essential applications in different areas. One possibility to overcome these limitations is replacing the physical and chemical sensitive elements of electronic noses with natural olfactory receptors. This results in bioelectronic noses. Due to the pharmacological profile of olfactory receptors, bioelectronic noses would provide detection and identification of specific odorants at even very tiny or trace amounts, large operational availability and fast and reliable detection. For instance, traditional electronic noses usually have concentration thresholds up to 0. 1 ppb, while animal olfaction displays much lower detection limits down to 10-6 ppb, or even lower. Advertisement 3. Olfactory receptor preparations and their sensor integration Despite intensive efforts to determine the pharmacological profile and odorant specificities of individual olfactory receptors, until now, response specificities to odorants have been examined in detail only for a few receptors. The main reason of such lack of knowledge is that these studies are difficult to be undertaken in the olfactory epithelium since individual sensory neurons mainly express a single type of olfactory receptor out of several hundreds of olfactory receptor genes in the genome (Mombaerts, 2004). Moreover, there are inherent difficulties associated with the expression of olfactory receptors in heterologous cell lines (Lu et al. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses the applications of olfactory receptors in odor detection and current limitations of electronic noses compared to biological olfaction. It does not mention quantum effects or how olfactory receptors might operate through them, focusing instead on practical applications and technological challenges.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Facial recognition software is becoming common in public security. [SEP] Text: Local pushback followed, with student members of the school community and other online commentators expressing skepticism about the proposal. Despite this pushback, the university stayed firm. The spokesperson justified its plans with a vague reference to public security, claiming that the university constituted a public space in which comprehensive surveillance was warranted. 27 In this case, too, the state’s action was limited, though on balance it seems to have sided slightly more with the party using facial recognition technology. of Education in Beijing ultimately responded with the promise to roll out such a plan with caution, and as of the time of writing, the system was still being rolled out. 28Online pushback against the measure revealed that opposition was particularly strong to the use of facial recognition in the classroom setting. These cameras went beyond merely identifying students. They were intended rather as a disciplinary tool to monitor student behaviors, such as class attendance, and emotions, such as levels of attention. Some students equated the presence of advanced surveillance technology in the classrooms to educational prisons. Other commentators questioned the necessity of monitoring university students, who had already demonstrated self-discipline through their years of preparing for China’s rigorous college entrance examination, the Gaokao. Some criticized the idea of prioritizing surveillance technologies over classroom upgrades. None, however, expressed a broad-based critique of facial recognition technologies per se. In fact, the university already had a history of using facial recognition software, which was not only unopposed, but even broadly popular. Starting in 2019, facial recognition systems were installed at the main entrances, dormitories, and libraries for facilitated access and campus security. These measures were received quite positively by students, some of whom were relieved that forgetting their access cards in their dorm rooms was no longer a cause of concern. Pedestrian traffic flows were notably improved. University campuses across China had implemented similar measures, with no apparent problems. The new proposal at University was, however, unique in also installing cameras in some classrooms for use in monitoring student behavior, and this was the specific issue that drove student and online dissatisfaction. 29 (2. )Figure 2. (Top) A post on Weibo regarding use of facial recognition technology at University, in Jiangsu province. (Bottom) Top responses on Weibo to news reports about the uses of facial recognition technology in classrooms. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by detailing the use of facial recognition technology at various educational institutions in China, including its installation at campus entrances, dormitories, and libraries for security purposes. It mentions that the use of these systems has been broadly popular among students, indicating that facial recognition software is common in the context of public security within university settings. Furthermore, it highlights that there are ongoing plans to extend the implementation of such technology, reinforcing the idea that facial recognition is becoming more prevalent in public environments.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Data from social media apps are never sold to third-party companies. # questionable [SEP] Text: Skip to content Science in the online home of on February 3, 2009December 30, 2009 by Cameron NeylonThird party data repositories – can we/should we trust them? This is a case of a comment that got so long (and so late) that it probably merited it’s own post. and Paul (Ling-Fung Tang) note some important caveats in comments on my last post about the idea of the “web native” lab notebook. I probably went a bit strong in that post with the idea of pushing content onto outside specialist services in my effort to try to explain the logic of the lab notebook as a feed. David notes an important point about any third part service (do read the whole comment at the post): Wouldnâ€™t such an approach either: 1) require a lab to make a heavy investment in online infrastructure and support personnel, or 2) rely very heavily on outside service providers for access and retention of oneâ€™s own data? […] Any system that is going to see mass acceptance is going to have to give the user a great deal of control, and also provide complete and redundant levels of back-up of all content. If youâ€™ve got data scattered all over a variety of services, and one goes down or out of business, does that mean having to revise all of those other services when/if the files are recovered? This is a very wide problem that I’ve also seen in the context of the UK web community that supports higher education (see for example Brian Kelly‘s risk assessment for use of third party web services). Is it smart, or even safe, to use third party services? The general question divides into two sections: is the service more or less reliable than you own hard drive or locally provided server capacity (technical reliability, or uptime); and what is the long term reliability of the service remaining viable (business/social model reliability). Flickr probably has higher availability than your local institutional IT services but there is no guarantee that it will still be there tomorrow. This is why data portability is very important. If you can’t get your data out, don’t put it in there in the first place. In the context of my previous post these data services could be local, they could be provided by the local institution, or by a local funder, or they could even be a hard disk in the lab. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts with the claim by discussing concerns regarding the trustworthiness of third-party data services and emphasizes the need for data portability and control over one’s data. It mentions that using third-party services may not be safe and poses questions about the reliability and long-term viability of such services. This suggests that it is indeed questionable whether data could be controlled or kept private when using third-party platforms, indirectly implying that data could be vulnerable to being sold or mismanaged.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Olfactory receptors may operate through quantum effects. [SEP] Text: , 2003; McClintock & Sammeta, 2003), which have enabled the use of recombinant receptors for pharmacological and biophysical studies. In consequence, until now, most bioelectronic noses have been developed for only a few olfactory receptors (rat receptor 17, human OR17-40, C. elegant ODR-10, human 2AG1). These receptors served as models to prove the feasibility of the bioelectronic nose concept since their preferential odorant ligand and working concentration ranges are known. One of the major challenges for achieving the bioelectronic nose are sample preparation and immobilization onto a sensor solid surface. Since they are G protein coupled receptors, olfactory receptors need to stay in their membrane environment to be functional. So, the first bioelectronic nose was based on the direct immobilization of the olfactory cilia, or of various whole cells expressing olfactory receptors. A second type of sensor has been achieved using semi-purified receptor preparations such as membrane fractions carrying them. Such olfactory receptor preparations can be integrated into a sensor either by simple adsorption or by capturing via its specific antibody previously attached to the surface. By the adsorption method, olfactory receptors are bound to the sensor surface indirectly, through the interaction of their surrounding hydrophobic lipids with the substrate. In consequence, the receptor binding site is free and remains accessible for odorants. However, with adsorption, olfactory receptors are immobilized in a random orientation in relation to the sensor surface. In contrast, when the olfactory receptor is poorly expressed in the membrane fraction the second method is more adequate since specific receptor grafting increases receptor surface concentration and ensures its uniform surface orientation. Advertisement 4. Bioelectronic noses based on whole cells expressing olfactory receptors In 1999, Wu immobilized a crude bullfrog cilia preparation onto a piezoelectric electrode which served as a signal transducer. Using this biosensor he was able to detect trace levels of various odorants with concentrations fully correlated with the olfactory threshold values of human noses. Similarly, Liu et al. , (2006) showed that the bionic designed hybrid system composed of olfactory receptor neurones and olfactory bulb neurones cultivated on the surface of a light-addressable potentiometric sensor can be used as a novel bioelectronic nose. Indeed, this device was sensitive to environmental odor changes. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim regarding the operation of olfactory receptors through quantum effects. Instead, it discusses the development and functionality of bioelectronic noses, focusing on the immobilization and use of olfactory receptors without mentioning quantum mechanics or quantum effects, rendering the text irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Facial recognition software is becoming common in public security. [SEP] Text: University’s use of facial recognition both in the classroom and outside it touches on a number of key themes at the forefront of discussions in the country today. It reveals a general acceptance and support for measures that are understood to improve security and facilitate convenience. At the same time, it reveals a degree of suspicion of uses that go beyond these functions. The use of cameras in classrooms potentially introduced the monitoring of students’ individual behaviors, touching a nerve across the student body that continues to be debated online today. Yet, supporters have responded too, defending the use of facial recognition in classrooms as an opportunity to track students’ learning. Ongoing discussion of the proper limits of facial recognition technology thus continues, allowing for diverse voices to express their opinions within a fairly tight set of parameters. Even though freedom of speech is not explicitly mentioned in the Chinese press, much less by the courts, it is not unreasonable to think that it might have had some bearing on community opinion in an academic setting. There is no doubt that its deployment in the classroom could have the effect of changing what professors teach and students are willing to say. Indeed, one of the popular comments on this post did touch on the very sensitive notion of “human rights,” implying that the students’ rights to privacy were being violated by the deployment of the technology. The fact that the comment was not deleted by state censors further suggests a willingness to countenance some particularly harsh critiques within the specific context of an educational setting, where state control is already firm and where investment in the status quo more generally runs high. Lest we give the impression that the collection of student facial data has been unique to China, there have been several instances of the harvesting of big data at American universities as well. As in China, universities—with large numbers of students who reappear again and again in camera shots—are tempting locations to mine facial data and experiment with new technologies. In 2016, released more than two million video frames of footage of students walking on the university campus. Scientists at and the University of Washington have engaged in acts of data mining off-campus and published the information without explicit consent. Though much of this data was deleted in 2019 following national media attention, academic papers have continued to cite data gleaned from the image collections. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the use of facial recognition in both classroom and public security contexts. It highlights a general acceptance and support for facial recognition technology as a measure to improve security, indicating that its deployment is becoming common. Furthermore, it mentions instances of data collection at American universities, which implies that similar trends in the use of facial recognition software are occurring outside of China, thereby endorsing the perspective that this technology is increasingly common in various security applications.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Data from social media apps are never sold to third-party companies. # questionable [SEP] Text: People are free to make those choices and to find the best balance of reliability, cost, and maintenance that suits them. My suspicion is that after a degree of consolidation we will start to see institutions offering local data repositories as well as specialised services on the cloud that can provide more specialised and exciting functionality. Ideally these could all talk to each other so that multiple copies are held in these various services. David says: I would worry about putting something as valuable as my own data into the â€œcloudâ€ […] Iâ€™d rather rely on an internally controlled system and not have to worry about the business model of Flickr or whether Google was going to pull the plug on a tool I regularly use. Perhaps the level to think on is that of a university, or companyâ€“could you set up a system for all labs within an institution thatâ€™s controlled (and heavily backed up) by that institution? Preferably something standardized to allow interaction between institutions. Then again, given the experiences Iâ€™ve had with university IT departments, this might not be such a good approach after all. think encapsulates a lot of the debate. I actually have greater faith in Flickr keeping my pictures safe than my own hard disk. And more faith in both than insitutional repository systems that don’t currently provide good data functionality and that I don’t understand. wouldn’t trust either in isolation. The best situation is to have everything everywhere, using interchange standards to keep copies in different places; specialised services out on the cloud to provide functionality (not every institution will want to provide a visualisation service for XAFS data), IRs providing backup archival and server space for anything that doesn’t fit elsewhere, and ultimately still probably local hard disks for a lot of the short to medium term storage. My view is that the institution has the responsibility of aggregating, making available, and archiving the work if its staff, but I personally see this role as more harvester than service provider. All of which will turn on the question of business models. If the data stores a local, what is the business model for archival? If they are institutional how much faith do you have that the institution won’t close them down. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing concerns about data security and institutional control. The passage highlights skepticism over relying on social media platforms and cloud services, emphasizing a lack of trust in their business models and indicating uncertainty about data safety. This implies that users are aware that their data might not remain private and could potentially be mishandled or sold.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Olfactory receptors may operate through quantum effects. [SEP] Text: Wu (1999), also partially fractioned olfactory receptors from the cilia preparation and coated them separately onto the crystal surface. A quartz crystal microbalance was used for detecting the binding of odorant molecules to the olfactory receptors. This method can be successfully applied for odorant detection, since odorant molecules binding to the receptors coated onto the crystal alters the resonance frequency of the crystal. An array made of six sensors consisting of five different cilia fractions was able to rapidly and stably detect responses to different volatile compounds. However, since olfactory receptors in these fractions were separated by gel filtration chromatography with respect only to their molecular weights it was inevitable that each fraction contained a mixture of various receptors. To apply an olfactory whole-cell biosensor for checking ligand specificity of a particular olfactory receptor, heterologous cells expressing one type of receptor should be employed. For instance, mammalian HEK cells transfected to express rat receptor 17 were coated onto the crystal of a quartz microbalance (Sung et al. , 2006). Their stimulation by one of the receptor 17 preferential ligands, octanal, produced strong and dose-dependent sensor responses. This device did not respond to several other odorant non-ligands. This work suggested that bioelectronic noses can be applied for the quantitative measurements of odorants. Similarly, the same authors heterologously expressed C. elegans olfactory receptor ODR-10 in HEK cells and applied the Resonance (SPR) technique to characterize molecular interactions (Lee et al. , 2006). HEK cells were seeded on the sterilized bare gold sensorchip surface previously treated with poly- lysine to allow their good adherence to the gold substrate. The activation of the transfected cells by the receptor ligand diacetyl induced an increase in the intracellular calcium ions, which subsequently resulted in the SPR signal change. Moreover, the SPR signal increase was proportional to the diacetyl concentration. This cell-based SPR method was proposed to have a potential application in the identification of odorant ligands specific to each olfactory receptor in a real-time manner and without any labeling. Our team has shown the feasibility of a bioelectronic nose based on whole yeast cells expressing human receptor OR-1740 immobilized onto an interdigitated thin film microelectrode (Marrakchi et al. , 2007). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text discusses various experimental methods used to study olfactory receptors, including their binding to odorant molecules and the detection of such interactions using techniques like quartz crystal microbalance and surface plasmon resonance. However, it does not provide any information regarding quantum effects operating within olfactory receptors. Therefore, it is irrelevant to the claim.