Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Processed foods are generally higher in added sugars and preservatives. [SEP] Text: Food items were sorted into mutually exclusive food subgroups within: (i) unprocessed or minimally processed foods (eleven subgroups: e. g. fresh meat, roots and tubers, cereals, vegetables, legumes, fruits); (ii) processed culinary ingredients (four subgroups: e. g. plant oils, table sugar, animal fats); (iii) processed foods (five subgroups: e. g. unpackaged fresh bread, cheese, ham and salted meat, vegetables and fruits preserved in brine or sugar syrup); and (iv) ultra-processed foods (seventeen subgroups: e. g. carbonated soft drinks, sweet or savoury snacks, confectionery, industrial desserts, reconstituted meat products, shelf-stable or frozen meals, industrial packaged bread)( Reference Monteiro, Cannon and Levy 2 ). Details are displayed in Table 1. Table 1 Distribution of total energy intake and energy intake from added sugars according to NOVA food group, and mean content of added sugars of each food group, in the diet of the Chilean population aged 2 years or above (2010)Footnote * To convert to kJ, multiply kcal value by 4·184. * 2010, n 4920. † Other unprocessed or minimally processed foods: chilli pepper, garlic, basil, cinnamon, cumin, curry, merken, chamomile, oregano, plain water, coffee, tea, mate, noodles and powdered milk. ‡ Other processed culinary ingredients: table salt, honey and vinegar. § Other processed foods: chilli paste, wine and beer. ║ Other ultra-processed foods: dehydrated soup, artificial sweeteners and distilled liqueurs. Assessing total energy and added sugars intakes Energy and total sugars contents of reported food items were calculated using the US Table (for Release 28)( 27 ). For each reported food item, a USDA food code was assigned, taking into account the nutritional information in the Composition Table( Reference Jury, Urteaga and Taibo 28 ) and in the Panels obtained from Chilean packaged foods (80–120 % agreement in macronutrient and energy contents was required in order to assign a food code). Data on added sugars per food code were obtained by merging the USDA database on added sugars (2009–2010)( 22 ). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by categorizing food items into groups that include processed and ultra-processed foods, which likely contain higher levels of added sugars and preservatives as implied by their classification. The reference to the calculation of energy and added sugars content indicates an examination of these attributes within processed food categories, thereby supporting the claim that these food types generally have higher added sugars.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Urban agriculture is universally cheaper than traditional farming. [SEP] Text: First, the most common impediments to urban agriculture are summarized as six general concerns, intentionally phrased – in a very Kaufman-esque maneuver – to represent a “devil’s advocate” position against the practice: entrepreneurial urban agriculture projects cannot be sited on vacant city lots because these parcels are too contaminated entrepreneurial urban agriculture projects located in crime-ridden areas are undermined by considerable vandalism entrepreneurial urban agriculture projects are not economically viable as profit generators, not as operations seeking only to cover expenses, thus they are not worth initiating or supporting entrepreneurial urban agriculture projects are run by people who, although energetic and committed, lack the necessary management and business skills to make such ventures successful entrepreneurial urban agriculture practitioners operate too independently, and fail to work together to promote the potential and overall value of city farming entrepreneurial urban agriculture projects represent a temporary land use, lasting only until “real” revenue-producing development occurs Each of these six are then addressed in detail, using projects in the three case study cities to counter the concern through a best practice approach. The second stage of advocacy shifts from urban agriculture itself, and is directed at the separate cohorts who determine whether there will be entrepreneurial urban agriculture in the future. Suggested actions are first offered to existing proponents to bolster their advocacy, then to key cohorts seen as gatekeepers to the creation of more urban farms: government officials (primarily local, but also federal and state), national and local foundations, and CDCs. This clarity of thought and thoroughness of argument represent Kaufman’s biggest influence on the final form of Cities, and is arguably the key to its continued viability after two decades. A theoretical foundation in rational planning can be read between the lines. But by understanding the pragmatic concerns of its audience, Cities became at its core an outline for action. 6 Outcomes of the StudyCities was well-received upon its release. It became one of the more popular titles among the Lincoln Institute’s series of working papers aimed at policy makers, academics and students, and was later expanded into a 1999. It did not, for example, envision the growth of rooftop farms (such as in City), nor today’s high-volume, high-tech, highly-capitalized indoor vegetable production operations that typically occupy older industrial buildings. (One early example of the latter, in Buffalo, was profiled in Cities but ended operations in that city soon after. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by outlining several significant concerns regarding the economic viability of urban agriculture. It states that urban agriculture projects are not economically viable as profit generators and that they often do not cover their expenses, indicating that urban agriculture may not be cheaper than traditional farming. Additionally, the mention of the lack of necessary management skills among urban agriculture practitioners suggests potential inefficiencies that could lead to higher costs.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Shift work can negatively impact metabolic health. [SEP] Text: Epidemiol 2017; 186:532–540. | 12. Moore-Ede M, Davis W. and Disadvantages of 12-hour Shifts: A Balanced Perspective. 2016; Stoneham, MA: Circadian, 1–19. 13. Circadian I. Staffing Levels: A Key to in 24/7 Operations. 2016; Stoneham, MA: Circadian, Inc, 1–8. 14. US spending on personal health care and public health, 1996–2013. JAMA 2016; 316:2627–2646. | 15. Soni A, Mitchell E. Expenditures for Conditions among 18 and Older in the U. S. Population, 2013. 2013; Rockville, MD: Agency for and Quality, Available at: 8, 2020. 16. ’. Shift work and long work hours and their association with chronic health conditions: a systematic review of systematic reviews with meta-analyses. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0231037. | 17. . for Adjustment. to the Financing Administration. 2000; Waltham, MA: Research, Inc. , 1–293. 18. Risk adjustment of Medicare capitation payments using the CMS-HCC model. 2004; 25:119–141. | 19. Short-term medical costs of a VHA health information exchange: a -compliant 2481. | 20. Principal inpatient diagnostic cost group model for Medicare risk adjustment. 2000; 21:93–118. | 21. Using diagnoses to describe populations and predict costs. 2000; 21:7–28. | 22. U. S. Bureau of Labor Statistics. Statistics from the Survey. U. S. Department of Labor. Available at: 28, 2020. Published 2020. | 23. U. S. Bureau of Labor Statistics. Annual total separations rates by industry and region, not seasonally adjusted. U. S. Department of Labor. Available at: 28, 2020. Published 2019. | 24. . A qualitative exploration of shift work and employee well-being in the US manufacturing environment. J Med 2020; 62:303–306. | 25. Barnes-Farrell JL, Davies-Schrils K, McGonagle A, et al. What aspects of shiftwork influence off-shift well-being of healthcare workers? 2008; 39:589–596. | 26. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not provide any direct statements or evidence regarding the impact of shift work on metabolic health. Instead, it lists a series of references and topics that might relate to health care spending and chronic health conditions in general, without specifically addressing metabolic health or the effects of shift work.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Processed foods are generally higher in added sugars and preservatives. [SEP] Text: food items not found in the USDA database, added sugars were calculated using the algorithm proposed by the nutrient profile model launched by the Health Organization( 29 ). Data analysis First, we described the contribution of each of the NOVA groups and subgroups to total energy intake and to total added sugars intake for the overall sample. Thereafter, we analysed the average energy contribution of ultra-processed foods according to sociodemographic variables, namely sex, age group (2–19, 20–49, 50–46, ≥65 years), geographic region (North, Center, South, South (Austral) and Metropolitan), urban or rural setting, family income (1, 2, 3–5, ≥6 minimum wages) and years of schooling of the head of the family (≤8, 9–11, ≥12 years), using unadjusted and adjusted Gaussian regression analyses. For ordinal sociodemographic variables (age group, family income, years of schooling), tests of linear trend were performed. For categorical variables (sex, geographic region, urban or rural) and ordinal variables with no statistically significant linear trend, Wald tests were used to identify significant differences between categories. Gaussian regression analyses were also used to estimate the association between the dietary contribution of ultra-processed foods and the dietary content of added sugars (both as proportions of total energy intake). The dietary share of ultra-processed foods was transformed using restricted cubic spline functions with knots at 5th, 27·5th, 50th, 72·5th and 95th percentiles, to allow for non-linearity (the Wald test was used to assess non-linearity). We used Poisson regression models to analyse the proportion of individuals consuming more than 5 % and more than 10 % of total energy from added sugars( 14 Reference Mann, Cummings and Englyst 30 ) across quintiles of the dietary share of ultra-processed foods. We also repeated these analyses stratifying by age group. Regression models evaluating the association between ultra-processed foods and added sugars were adjusted for sociodemographic variables associated with dietary intake of ultra-processed foods. Tests of linear trend were performed to evaluate the effect of quintiles as a single continuous variable. The ENCA sample weights were used in all analyses( 25 ). series linearization variance approximation procedure was used for variance estimation in all analyses, in order to account for the complex sample design and the sample weights. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by analyzing the association between ultra-processed foods and the dietary content of added sugars. It discusses how the contribution of ultra-processed foods to total energy intake is evaluated alongside added sugars intake, indicating a direct relationship that supports the claim regarding processed foods being higher in added sugars.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Urban agriculture is universally cheaper than traditional farming. [SEP] Text: KeywordsCommunity gardensUrban farmsCity policyUrban agriculture support systemsPublic goodCommunity developmentEconomic development “Community gardens are the highest and best use of land in the city,” says (2016) director of NeighborSpace, Chicago’s community land trust for community gardens. In the logic of real estate economics and urban redevelopment, he is wrong. But for cities that prioritize other values and impacts, there may be no higher and better use. Arguably no other urban land use enables people of all ages and backgrounds to reap such a broad range of social, health, educational, and other benefits (Draper and Freedman 2010; Lovell 2010). For these reasons and others, some cities treat agriculture as a public good, permanent public space accessible to all. Yet many municipalities in the United States, and some urban agriculture support organizations, value farming and community gardening more for their contributions to redevelopment, with narrower, shorter-term aims. Many cities are reluctant to grant long-term land tenure, viewing agriculture as an interim use waiting for “higher and better” land uses that generate tax revenue, jobs, and private investment. Some cities organize their agricultural sectors centrally around access to vacant land, pitting growers against developers. Some cities prioritize economic and redevelopment outcomes from farms and gardens, including enterprise growth, land reclamation and property value increases (Vitiello and Wolf-Powers 2014). Most big U. S. cities encourage a mix of community gardens and farms, valuing urban agriculture’s various demonstrated and potential impacts, sometimes in tension with one another. Parks, health or other agencies enacting social and environmental policy commonly treat urban agriculture as a public good, prioritizing non-market benefits. Economic development and redevelopment agencies more often view it as an interim use and enterprise development opportunity. Planning departments vary in embracing these different visions and values (Hodgson et al. 2011; Vitiello and Wolf-Powers 2014). Urban agriculture support systems in U. S. cities likewise differ substantially. Some cities’ urban agriculture support functions are based more in the public sector, others more in the nonprofit sector. Cities’ core institutions supporting community gardens and farms vary in their missions, scope of work, and the durability and funding streams of municipal and nonprofit programs (Lawson 2005; Lawson and McNally 1999; Vitiello and Nairn 2009). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing various economic perspectives on urban agriculture. It indicates that while some cities treat agriculture as a public good with broader benefits, others view it as an interim use aimed at generating tax revenue and private investment. This suggests that urban agriculture may not be universally cheaper as its financial viability is often tied to local policies and economic outcomes, implying that the cost comparison with traditional farming is complex and not necessarily in favor of urban agriculture.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Shift work can negatively impact metabolic health. [SEP] Text: Footnote 16 Footnote 24 Footnote 26 A need for studies with a more detailed assessment of shift work (e. g. type of shifts worked and cumulative number of years in shift work jobs) has been identified. Footnote 28 This population-based study of over 1500 men in northeastern Ontario, Canada, improves upon previous work in several ways. Specifically, it uses a detailed assessment of shift work including jobs across multiple industries with both rotating and permanent shift patterns to evaluate the relationship between shift work history and obesity among men. sample We conducted an analysis of data provided by controls who had previously participated in a prostate cancer case-control study. The original study was conducted in northeastern Ontario from 1995 to 1999Footnote 29 Footnote 30 and examined associations of occupational and other factors with prostate cancer risk. Study controls were men aged 45 to 84 years, with no history of prostate cancer, randomly selected from residential telephone listings in northeastern Ontario. Footnote 29 Footnote 30 Controls were asked to complete a mailed questionnaire, which collected information concerning a number of personal characteristics, and served as the data source for this analysis. As previously described, the response rate for controls in this study was 47. 5%,Footnote 29 with a total of 1622 men available for this analysis. Ethics approval for the original study was provided by the Board and approval for this new analysis was provided by the and the Board. Shift work assessment An occupational history was included in the study questionnaire. The men were asked to report all of the jobs they had held over their lifetime. Participants reported the age at which they started and ended each job, in order to calculate duration of employment for each job. Men also reported the type of work schedule (i. e. day-only, evening/night shifts, rotating shifts or other) for each job listed to characterize the history of their shift work. Shift work was characterized as ever having worked in evening/night, rotating or other types of shift work individually (“ever shift workers”). We estimated lifetime duration of rotating shift work by adding the number of years spent in rotating shifts across all jobs, with duration of work in part-time jobs divided in half. Obesity assessment Obesity was assessed using body mass index (BMI; kg/m2), with participants asked to self-report their height and weight five years prior to completion of the questionnaire, as well as their height in their early thirties and weight in their early thirties and fifties. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it primarily provides a description of a study methodology focused on assessing shift work and obesity among men. It does not address or support the claim regarding the negative impact of shift work on metabolic health directly.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Processed foods are generally higher in added sugars and preservatives. [SEP] Text: Data were analysed using the statistical software package Stata version 14. of total energy intake by food group The mean per capita daily energy intake among Chileans aged 2 years or above was 7611 kJ (1819 kcal). One-third (33·8 %) of the total energy intake came from unprocessed or minimally processed foods and 11·0 % came from processed culinary ingredients. The remaining energy was nearly equally distributed between processed foods (26·6 %) and ultra-processed foods (28·6 %; Table 1). Within unprocessed or minimally processed foods, meat was the leading contributor (7·3 % of total energy), followed by roots and tubers, cereals, vegetables, legumes and fruits (each subgroup contributing more than 2 % of total energy intake). Among processed culinary ingredients, plant oils (6·1 %) and table sugar (4·0 %) were the most consumed; while within processed foods, fresh bread provided the largest contribution to total energy intake (22·0 %). Among ultra-processed foods energy came from a diverse range of products (seventeen subgroups), led by carbonated soft drinks; cakes, cookies and pies; sauces, dressings and gravies; reconstituted meats; ‘milk’-based drinks; ‘fruit’ drinks/sweetened ‘waters’; and salty snacks, each one contributing more than 2·0 % of total energy. Distribution of energy intake from added sugars by food groups The mean per capita daily intake of energy from added sugars was 1017 kJ (243·0 kcal) or 13·2 % of total energy intake (Table 1). The group of ultra-processed foods contributed more than half of total added sugars consumption (58·6 %) mainly through soft drinks (24·1 %), fruit and water drinks (8·8 %) and cakes, cookies and pies (7·3 %). Processed culinary ingredients contributed 33·6 % of the total added sugars intake, mainly through table sugar consumed as part of home-made drinks, desserts or other preparations. A further 7·5 % of total added sugars came from processed foods, mainly from fresh bread (6·3 %). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by providing evidence that highlights the significant contribution of processed and ultra-processed foods to total added sugars consumption. It states that ultra-processed foods contributed more than half of total added sugars consumption (58.6%), primarily from sources such as soft drinks and cakes, indicating that processed foods are indeed higher in added sugars. Furthermore, it notes that processed culinary ingredients contributed 33.6% to the total added sugars intake, which supports the idea that processed foods are generally high in added sugars.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Urban agriculture is universally cheaper than traditional farming. [SEP] Text: Public and nonprofit systems for accessing a plot in a community garden were fragmented, unclear, often informal, which meant that many older gardeners were not replaced. We heard more than once, “to get a plot, you have to know someone who knows someone…” Staff at the even lost the institutional memory that the agency was tasked with administering annual agreements with gardeners on scores of city-owned lots (Vitiello and Nairn 2009). The third reason, compounding the first two, was Mayor Street’s signature project, the Initiative (NTI). Launched in 2000, it sought to demolish vacant buildings, “clean and green” vacant lots, and assemble land for development. PHS scaled up its vacant land management, but not with farms and gardens. Rather, PHS and its partners planted and mowed grass ringed by trees and wood fences on thousands of properties. This stabilized many lots, and subsequent research found cleaned and greened lots had significant effects on safety and health (Branas et al. 2012; South et al. 2018). But this “cleaning and greening” also destroyed community gardens, especially on city-owned and tax-delinquent lots in North Philadelphia. We encountered about a dozen people on different blocks who told us something to the effect that, “a man came from the city one day, said we couldn’t garden here anymore, and” soon after, “a bulldozer came and cleared the garden. ” Most of these sites, where usually smaller gardens were displaced in the early and mid-2000s, remained vacant in 2008. Displacing gardeners, we observed, “was made easier by the fact that most community gardens are listed on city property databases… as ‘vacant land’” (Vitiello and Nairn 2009, p. 37). Notwithstanding the benefits of vacant land management, these gardens and their gardeners had impacted health and safety in similar ways. They had taken care of land, getting people outdoors, growing relationships and trust, arguably in more impactful ways than fencing and mowing the same lots. These changes helped produce clearly inequitable patterns and trends. Most of the gardens that disappeared between 1996 and 2008 were in poorer sections of North, West, and South Philadelphia, rowhouse neighborhoods where African American, Puerto Rican, and residents were aging. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by illustrating the negative impacts that urban agriculture can face, such as the displacement of community gardens due to city initiatives. The mention of community gardens being cleared for 'cleaning and greening' initiatives suggests that urban agriculture is not necessarily cheaper or more accessible, especially given the bureaucratic challenges many gardeners face in securing plots. Moreover, it highlights inequitable patterns where these gardens were prevalent in poorer neighborhoods, indicating that urban agriculture can be undermined rather than supported, thus fails to directly support the claim.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Shift work can negatively impact metabolic health. [SEP] Text: BMI five years prior to study participation was estimated, as these data were originally collected for a prostate cancer case-control study,Footnote 29 in which BMI prior to cancer development among case-patients was of interest to researchers. In order to ensure data from controls was comparable to case-patients, we also assessed BMI five years prior to study participation for all controls and the controls were used in the current analysis. As such, BMIs for the time frame five years prior to study participation were used to characterize obesity in this study. Men with a BMI of less than 25 were categorized as normal weight; a BMI of 25 to less than 30 was characterized as overweight and a BMI greater than or equal to 30 as obese. Footnote 31 To reduce missing BMI data, if height five years prior to the study was missing, height in early thirties was used, if available. For men whose weight five years prior to the study was missing, weight in early fifties was used for men aged 50 to 59. (Men of other age groups whose weight was missing were excluded as there was no acceptable substitute. Men had to be at least 45 years of age to enrol in the study, and as such their weight in their early thirties was not an acceptable substitute for weight five years prior to the study. ) This alternative BMI calculation was used for a total of 51 (11%) normal weight individuals, 104 (12%) overweight individuals and 34 (14%) obese participants. Sixty-one men were missing height or weight information and could not have their BMI classified. Assessment of potential confounders Potential confounders of the shift work–obesity relationship were age, marital status, socioeconomic status, physical activity, total energy intake (diet) and smoking status. Footnote 28 We used education and family income to capture aspects of socioeconomic status. We used general activity and occupational activity variables to characterize physical activity. For general physical activity, men reported the number of times per month they engaged in at least 20 minutes of both strenuous and moderate-intensity physical activity during four lifetime periods (teens, thirties, fifties, and five years before the study). Participants reported strenuous and moderate-intensity physical activity in separate questions, with examples of each type of activity provided. We created a physical activity index by summing the number of times men reported engaging in moderate- and vigorous-intensity activities across each of the four lifetime periods. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim because it focuses on the methodology of assessing BMI and potential confounders in a study rather than discussing the impacts of shift work or metabolic health. There is no mention of shift work or its effects on metabolic health in the provided text.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Processed foods are generally higher in added sugars and preservatives. [SEP] Text: Intake of ultra-processed foods according to sociodemographic variables As shown in Table 2, individuals who were younger, living in urban areas, residing in the metropolitan region and with a higher income presented a significantly higher intake of ultra-processed foods, in both unadjusted and adjusted models. A significant inverse linear trend was observed between age and ultra-processed food consumption, while a significant positive linear trend was observed between family income and consumption of ultra-processed foods. Even though an increased intake of ultra-processed foods was observed among females and heads of families with higher schooling, differences were not statistically significant. Table 2 Dietary share of ultra-processed foods according to sociodemographic variables in the diet of the Chilean population aged 2 years or above (2010)Footnote * a,bMean values within the residential area (a, b) or geographic region (c–e) column with unlike superscript letters were significantly different (P<0·05). * 2010, n 4920. † Performed with a multiple linear regression model, averaging or otherwise integrating over the covariates (remaining variables in the table). ‡ P≤0·001 for linear trend. Crude and adjusted associations between dietary share of ultra-processed foods and added sugars intake In unadjusted restricted cubic spline Gaussian regression analysis, a direct linear association was found between the dietary share of ultra-processed foods and the dietary content of added sugars (coefficient for linear term=0·22; 95 % CI 0·08, 0·34; Wald test for linear term, P=0·001; Wald test for all non-linear terms, P=0·07; Fig. 1). The linear association remained fairly unchanged after adjusting for several potential sociodemographic confounders: age, urban or rural setting, geographic region and family income (coefficient for linear term=0·20; 95 % CI 0·07, 0·34). Thus, a 5 percentage point increase in the dietary share of ultra-processed foods determined a 1 percentage point increase in the dietary content of added sugars. As shown in Table 3, the dietary content of added sugars increased significantly from 7·7 % in the lowest quintile of the energy contribution of ultra-processed foods to 19·7 % in the highest quintile. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by presenting evidence of a direct linear association between the intake of ultra-processed foods and added sugars. It states that a 5 percentage point increase in the dietary share of ultra-processed foods results in a 1 percentage point increase in the dietary content of added sugars, thus supporting the idea that processed foods tend to have higher added sugars.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Urban agriculture is universally cheaper than traditional farming. [SEP] Text: Most of these neighborhoods would gentrify in the subsequent decade, as developers built on these and other gardens that lacked protection from displacement. The NGA land trust owned 26 gardens in 2008, most in already gentrified areas where affluent white gardeners had purchased the land and transferred it to NGA. This, we wrote, “helped reinforce the pattern of gardens in low-wealth neighborhoods disappearing while those in middle class neighborhoods more often survived” (Vitiello and Nairn 2009, p. 37). Still, the longevity of hundreds of gardens in the city represented an important finding. Scores of community gardens had persisted for two or three decades or more. This led us to conclude, “our findings… contradict one major assumption made by many city agencies and philanthropists, namely that community gardens are simply a ‘temporary land use’” (Vitiello and Nairn 2009, p. 43). But casting urban agriculture as an interim use was increasingly a winning strategy with politicians and redevelopment professionals. PHS responded to the limits and opportunities of city and philanthropic funding under and his successor with new rationales for agriculture. Since the 1970s, PHS had presented its community gardening programs as bringing together residents of blighted neighborhoods to “take back” and beautify their neighborhoods. But by the late 2000s, its case for emphasized contributions to property values and redevelopment. Economists’ finding that vacant land management, gardens, and other greening helped raise adjacent property values supported this new narrative (Voicu and Been 2006; Wachter and Wong 2008). This was a key part of a larger paradigm shift in the values underlying urban agriculture in the U. S. , raising expectations of real estate and economic development payoffs, a vision promoted also by SPIN farming and other advocates (Hunold et al. 2017, Institute for Innovations in 2007, Vitiello and Nairn 2009). At the same time, nationally and locally, urban agriculture policy, funders, and advocates increasingly cast urban farming and gardening as helping to solve food insecurity (Delind 2014). PHS came to promote largely as a program for community gardens donating produce to food cupboards (Meenar and Hoover 2012; Vitiello and Nairn 2009). This fit the older narrative of urban agriculture as a response to temporary social crises. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the complexities of urban agriculture, including how community gardens can raise adjacent property values, which suggests that urban agriculture may not be universally cheaper due to increased property values and the economic dynamics involved. It highlights a shift towards viewing urban gardens as part of real estate development rather than as a standalone cheaper alternative to traditional farming.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Shift work can negatively impact metabolic health. [SEP] Text: Directed acyclic graphs (DAGs) are causal diagrams that illustrate the direction of relationships between variables of interest and other unknown confounders. They have been suggested as an alternative to traditional epidemiological methods of confounder identificationFootnote 37 as they explicitly display and facilitate the causal-inference process. Footnote 38 Specifically, in contrast to statistically driven methods of model building, DAGs focus on the theoretical causal relationships between variables when identifying potential confounders. Footnote 37 They are used in epidemiology to identify a confounder set (minimally sufficient set) that will control for potential confounding between an exposure and an outcome, given the hypothesized causal relationships. Footnote 37 We used DAGitty softwareFootnote 39 Footnote * to create a DAG and identify a minimally sufficient adjustment set for the association between shift work and overweight and obesity. The DAG is shown in Figure 1; we identified a minimally sufficient adjustment set that included age and socioeconomic status, the latter as determined by education and family income, and adjusted all multivariate models for these variables. We conducted all analyses using SAS, Version 9. 2 (SAS Institute Inc. , ). Figure 1 - Directed acyclic graph for the association between shift work and obesity using DAGittyFigure 1 - Footnote a Abbreviation: SES, socioeconomic status. Figure 1 - Footnote a DAGitty39: software for drawing and analyzing causal diagrams; www. dagitty. net. Return to Figure 1 - Footnote a referrer Figure 1 - Figure 1 presents the directed acyclic graph illustrating the direction of relationships between shift work and variables linked to obesity. The authors identified a minimally sufficient adjustment set that included age and socioeconomic status, the latter as determined by education and family income, and adjusted all multivariate models for these variables. proportion of men with a history of ever having been employed in any type of shift work (“ever shift workers”) who had a post-secondary or post-graduate education was lower than among those who had never been employed in any type of shift work (“never shift workers”). Similarly, a greater proportion of “ever” than “never” shift workers were also in the bottom two family income categories; were current or former smokers; and had been employed in occupations that involved moderate or strenuous physical activity during three or four lifetime periods (Table 1). Table 1. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text provides a detailed explanation of directed acyclic graphs (DAGs) in the context of epidemiology and how they can be used to identify confounders related to shift work and obesity. However, it does not directly address or provide evidence regarding the claim that shift work negatively impacts metabolic health. Therefore, it is considered irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Processed foods are generally higher in added sugars and preservatives. [SEP] Text: After adjusting for potential sociodemographic confounders, individuals in the highest quintile of dietary share of ultra-processed foods had 50 % greater probability of exceeding the 5 % added sugars cut-off compared with those individuals in the lowest quintile (adjusted prevalence ratio=1·5; 95 % CI 1·4, 1·6). Similarly, those individuals in the highest quintile of dietary share of ultra-processed foods were three times more likely to exceed the 10 % cut-off compared with those individuals in the lowest quintile (adjusted prevalence ratio=2·9; 95 % CI 2·4, 3·4; Table 3). Fig. 1 Association between the dietary share of ultra-processed foods and the dietary content of added sugars in the diet of the Chilean population aged 2 years or above (2010)* determined by unadjusted restricted cubic spline Gaussian regression analysis (, predicted value; 95 % CI). *2010, n 4920 Table 3 Indicators of the dietary content of added sugars according to the dietary contribution of ultra-processed foods in the diet of the Chilean population aged 2 years or above (2010)Footnote * PR, prevalence ratio; PRadj, adjusted prevalence ratio. * 2010 (n 4920). † Cut-offs recommended for total energy intake from added sugars by WHO( 14 ). ‡ PR estimated using Poisson regression. § PR adjusted for age group (2–19, 20–49, 50–64, ≥65 years), residential area (urban and rural), geographic region (North, Center, South, South (Austral) and Metropolitan) and family income (1, 2, 3–5, ≥6 minimum wages). ║ P≤0·001 for linear trend. Similar associations between the dietary contribution of ultra-processed foods and the dietary content of added sugars were seen in all age groups, being more pronounced among children and adolescents (see online supplementary material, 1 to 3). For instance, children and adolescents in the highest quintile of ultra-processed food consumption were four times more likely to exceed the 10 % added sugars cut-off than those in the lowest quintile (adjusted prevalence ratio=3·9; 95 % CI 2·7, 5·9). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by providing statistical evidence that individuals with a high consumption of ultra-processed foods have a significantly greater likelihood of exceeding the recommended cut-offs for added sugars. Specifically, it states that those in the highest quintile of ultra-processed food share had a 50% higher probability of exceeding the 5% added sugars cut-off, and were three times more likely to exceed the 10% cut-off compared to those in the lowest quintile. These findings support the assertion that processed foods typically contain higher levels of added sugars.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Urban agriculture is universally cheaper than traditional farming. [SEP] Text: Vertical farming is people friendly. Some hazards that can be avoided in vertical farming are accidents while operating heavy farming equipment and exposure to harmful chemicals. Advertisement 6. Disadvantages of vertical farming Apart from so many advantages, there are many critics of the vertical farming described by the scientists. They claimed that there are a number of problems in vertical farming. The challenges to vertical farming may be summarized as follows [13]:Start-up costs are high in order to purchase land in central business districts. The number of crops grown is sometimes less than rural farming. Production volumes are also not as large as conventional farming and scaling-up may add cost and complexity. Raising investment capitals and training a skilled workforce are also challenges in vertical farming. Advertisement 7. World-wide implementation of urban agriculture/vertical farming Scientists explored the motivations for urban gardening in Germany by screening 657 urban gardening project websites and characterized the types of gardeners, cultivation methods, and consumer behavior. The study also highlighted the “terrabioponic smart-garden system” where the plants grow in natural soil and in organic nutrient solution, which may facilitate social transition toward bio economy [16]. Also scientists from the reported that vertical farming system has increased the yield of lettuce per unit area as compared to traditional horizontal hydroponics [17]. Agriculture and food production activities in the cities of Mexico can contribute in reducing carbon footprint by creating green environment and better land use [18]. Case study 1: The world’s largest indoor vertical farm, AeroFarms, is located in Newark, New Jersey, which grows more than 2 million pounds of greens per year without sunlight, soil or pesticides. Instead of using a huge quantity of water to grow plants, AeroFarms system sprays nutrient-rich mist to the plants. Seeds are sown, germinated, and grown on reusable sheets of cloth and are stretched out over trays stacked vertically. LED lights are used instead of the sun, and the exposure is controlled depending upon the maturity of the plant [12]. Case study 2: founded Farm. One in the year 2016 in order to grow rare and hard-to-find produce to the chefs and restaurants in the middle of City. The first farm was set up at the Institute of (ICE) in downtown Manhattan, and the second farm is in Tribeca. It uses hydroponics and LED lights and aims to grow rare produce every year. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing several disadvantages and challenges of vertical farming, which is a form of urban agriculture. It specifically mentions that 'start-up costs are high in order to purchase land in central business districts' and that 'production volumes are also not as large as conventional farming,' indicating that urban agriculture may not be cheaper. These points suggest economic challenges that counter the idea of urban agriculture being universally cheaper than traditional farming.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Shift work can negatively impact metabolic health. [SEP] Text: Characteristics of study population by obesity and shift work status, northeastern Ontario, 1995–1998 (n = 1561)Table 1 - Footnote a Obesity statusTable 1 - Footnote b Shift work history Normal (n = 457) Overweight (n = 855) Obese (n = 249) Never shift workers (n = 543) Ever shift workersTable 1 - Footnote c (n = 1079) n/Mean %/SD n/Mean %/SD n/Mean %/SD n/Mean %/SD n/Mean %/SD Age 69. 6 7. 4 68. 7 7. 1 67. 1 6. 9 67. 9 7. 8 68. 6 7. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text provides statistics on the characteristics of a study population concerning obesity and shift work status but does not provide direct evidence or argument relating to the claim that shift work negatively impacts metabolic health. Therefore, it is irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Processed foods are generally higher in added sugars and preservatives. [SEP] Text: The same prevalence ratios were 2·7 (95 % CI 2·2, 3·3) among adults and 2·3 (95 % CI 1·8, 3·0) among the elderly. the Chilean diet, ultra-processed foods provided 28·6 % of total energy intake and contributed more than half of total added sugars intake. A strong association was found between the consumption of these products and the dietary content of added sugars. After adjusting for several potential sociodemographic confounders, a 5 percentage point increase in the dietary share of ultra-processed foods determined a 1 percentage point increase in the dietary content of added sugars. The association between ultra-processed food consumption and the dietary content of added sugars was present in every age group, being more pronounced among children and adolescents. The estimated dietary share of ultra-processed foods in Chile in 2010 was similar to that found in Mexico in 2012 (29·8 % of total energy intake; JA Marron, T Sánchez, ML et al. , unpublished results), lower than those found in national surveys of industrialized countries such as the USA (57·9 %)( Reference Martínez Steele, Baraldi and Louzada 21 ) and Canada (47·7 %)( Reference Moubarac, Batal and Louzada 3 ), but greater than in Brazil (21·5 %)( Reference Louzada, Martins and Canella 4 ). A higher share of ultra-processed foods in Chile (52·8 % of total energy) was estimated for 2006–2007 by Crovetto et al. ( Reference Crovetto, Uauy and Martins 23 ). Two differences may explain this discrepancy relative to our study: the origin of their estimate was based on household food purchasing data and the fact that all bread was classified as ultra-processed. As in our study, recent evidence from the USA showed that a 5 percentage point increase in the dietary share of ultra-processed foods determined a 1 percentage point increase in the dietary content of added sugars( Reference Martínez Steele, Baraldi and Louzada 21 ). The US data also showed that the mean percentage of total energy intake from added sugars rose from 7·5 % in the lowest to 19·5 % in the highest quintiles of dietary share of ultra-processed foods( Reference Martínez Steele, Baraldi and Louzada 21 ). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by providing evidence that ultra-processed foods contribute significantly to total added sugars intake. It mentions that 'a strong association was found between the consumption of these products and the dietary content of added sugars,' highlighting the direct correlation between ultra-processed food consumption and higher added sugar content in diets.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Urban agriculture is universally cheaper than traditional farming. [SEP] Text: In the urban areas of Tripura, to help the youth for income generation, a prototype model on “vertical farming system” was developed. The area of the structure was about 630 sq. ft. with two floors and two galleries. The ground floor contained two cages (50 sq. ft. each) at both corners that accommodated 100 layer chicks. The central space (140 sq. ft) housed 200 bird broiler/layer chicks per batch. Eight goats were kept on the first floor (140 sq. ft. ) area. There were also 12 rabbits kept in hanging cages (4 sq. ft. each). Proper drainage facility was provided to collect wastes with storage facility where it was decomposed and used for manuring the pots. tanks were constructed above the rabbit cages which were the source of nutrient to the goat as well as the birds. Ten benches (30 cm each) were kept on both sides of the structure which contained 160 pots for growing small fodder, vegetables, and spices. A water tank of 400 L capacity was also provided on top of the structure for storing water for animals and poultry and also providing irrigation to each pot through drip irrigation system [22]. Ideafarms is an Indian design-in-tech company which produces vertical farm products, and the produce is of high quality and organic and the supply is huge. A Bengaluru-based start-up company named Greenopia is selling kits with self-watering pots, enriched soil, and better quality seeds. A Mumbai-based start-up firm U-is using hydroponic gardening technique to build vertical farm for an individual apartment or for a supermarket [20]. Vertical farming is definitely a solution to critical problems in Indian farming like lack of supply of farm produce, overuse of pesticides and fertilizers, and even unemployment. But there are some challenges: The initial huge cost of infrastructure for implementing vertical farming in India is difficult. Vertical farming in India has to face other challenges like public awareness, technical knowledge, and high cost of managing and maintaining the vertical farm systems [20]. Advertisement 9. farming, both vertical farming or farming on vacant open spaces, can be a favorable way for ensuring food security in India and around the world in the future. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by outlining that while vertical farming in urban areas may address problems such as supply shortages and unemployment, it comes with significant challenges, particularly the 'initial huge cost of infrastructure' needed for implementation. This suggests that urban agriculture, specifically vertical farming, is not necessarily cheaper than traditional farming, as high initial costs are a notable barrier.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Shift work can negatively impact metabolic health. [SEP] Text: 4 Marital statusTable 1 - Footnote d Single 12 3% 15 2% 6 2% 15 3% 22 2% Married/common-law 384 84% 724 85% 211 85% 449 83% 915 85% Divorced/separated/widowed 60 13% 115 13% 31 12% 79 15% 139 13% or less 141 31% 286 34% 87 35% 148 27% 382 35% High school 200 44% 405 48% 121 49% 224 41% 523 48% Post-secondary 86 19% 134 16% 38 15% 131 24% 142 13% Post-graduate 27 6% 25 3% 3 1% 31 6% 28 3% Family income < $20 000 59 13% 96 11% 24 10% 55 10% 130 12% $20 000–$39 999 147 32% 278 33% 81 33% 155 29% 362 34% $40 000–$59 999 126 28% 250 30% 68 27% 144 27% 311 29% $60 000–$79 999 45 10% 90 11% 26 10% 71 13% 102 9% $80 000–$99 999 15 3% 27 3% 11 4% 29 5% 26 2% ≥ $100 000 14 3% 27 3% 11 4% 29 5% 30 3% Smoking status Never smoker 117 26% 197 23% 54 23% 152 28% 239 22% Former smoker 258 56% 532 62% 158 63% 316 58% 659 61% Current smoker 80 18% 117 14% 34 14% 68 12% 169 16% IndexTable 1 - Footnote e < 56 113 25% 177 21% 63 25% 150 28% 235 22% 56–89 100 22% 226 26% 70 28% 130 24% 283 26% 90–121 117 26% 232 27% 52 21% 129 24% 280 26% ≥ 122 127 28% 220 26% 64 26% 134 25% 281 26% Overall occupational activityTable 1 - Footnote f Category 4 38 8% 79 9% 19 8% 54 10% 84 8% Category 3 158 35% 344 40% 100 40% 162 30% 448 42% Category 2 84 19% 179 21% 58 23% 87 16% 253 23% Category 1 59 13% 90 11% 30 12% 59 11% 125 12% None 118 26% 163 19% 42 17% 181 33% 169 16% Total [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text provides demographic data and does not address metabolic health or the impact of shift work. Therefore, it is irrelevant to the claim that shift work can negatively impact metabolic health.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Processed foods are generally higher in added sugars and preservatives. [SEP] Text: Similar results to our own were obtained by two studies quantifying free sugars. In Brazil( Reference Louzada, Martins and Canella 4 ), the mean percentage of total energy intake from free sugars increased from 10·9 % in the lowest to 20·2 % in the highest quintiles of dietary share of ultra-processed foods; while in Canada( Reference Moubarac, Batal and Louzada 3 ), free sugars increased from 7·7 to 19·4 % across these quintiles. Our study showed that the content of added sugars in the Chilean diet (a total of 81·2 and 57·0 % of all individuals exceeded the 5 and 10 % WHO cut-offs, respectively) was closely associated with the consumption of ultra-processed food. Indeed, individuals with the highest consumption of ultra-processed foods (>47·5 % of energy intake) were three times more likely to exceed the 10 % cut-off compared with those having the lowest consumption (<9·3 % of energy intake). Even though ultra-processed food consumption was lower in Chile than in the USA for all quintiles, this prevalence ratio was exactly the same in both countries. Considering the evidence relating consumption of added sugars to risk of chronic diseases( 14 – Reference Kell, Cardel and 19 ) and the current high prevalence of chronic disease-related risk factors in the Chilean population( Reference Araya, Padilla and Garmendia 31 32 ), these results have important implications for the public health agenda. This is especially true if we consider the rapid increase in the consumption of selected ultra-processed foods according to annual national food and drink sales data collected between 1999 and 2013( 8 ) and according to household food expenditure data collected in the Santiago metropolitan area between 1986 and 2007( and Uauy 33 ). Furthermore, our results support the regulations recently implemented by the to improve dietary quality, especially those targeting children and adolescents( Reference Corvalán, Reyes and Garmendia 24 34 ). According to our study, almost 70 % of individuals in the lowest quintile of dietary share of ultra-processed foods met the <10 % cut-off for added sugars, even when the intake of table sugar as culinary ingredient in the Chilean population was comparatively high (33·5 % of total added sugars intake v. 8·7 % in the US population). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by providing evidence that ultra-processed foods are associated with higher intakes of added sugars. It states that individuals with higher consumption of ultra-processed foods are more likely to exceed WHO cut-offs for added sugars, highlighting a clear link between processed food consumption and increased added sugar intake.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Rooftop gardens alone can cool entire cities during heat waves. [SEP] Text: Primarily, it’s the conversion of natural landscapes to urban infrastructure: materials like asphalt, brick and concrete that tend to absorb more solar radiation than a grassy or a forested area. But in addition, this conversion makes urban areas and cities a lot less able to absorb rainwater. As a result, you get more runoff and less of the nice cooling effect from evapotranspiration, which is when grasses and trees move water from the ground into the air. Then there’s the way people live in cities. They drive cars. They have air conditioners, which cool interior spaces by sucking out the heat and dumping it into the air outside. They build apartments and houses and offices that are incredibly dense, providing little room for green space and air circulation. All of this increases the heat. And of course, this has all been happening as climate change has shifted the baseline background temperature an average of 1. 1 degrees Celsius above pre-industrial levels, which makes our urban heat islands feel that much hotter. Watch the replay of this event held on October 26, 2022. How does the effect vary from one neighborhood to the next? It depends on a lot of things, including how built-up an area is, and how much tree cover and green space it has. But there are still many gaps in our understanding. For example, many cities measure temperature from just one monitoring station, which is often located at the airport. But most people live in downtown areas or in suburbs far away from the airport. So whether you’re a decision-maker or an individual, there are going to be questions you can’t answer with that one number. I have young kids, for example — is it safe to take them outside to play? This is why a lot of my work has been focused on getting better granular data. In a study last summer, for example, we partnered with the town of and the Museum of Life and Science in Durham, North Carolina, to send citizen scientists out with handheld temperature and humidity sensors on an incredibly hot day in late August. The official weather station for said that temperatures were something like 93 degrees Fahrenheit (34 degrees Celsius). But in some parts of downtown, our volunteers were measuring temperatures as high as 108 degrees Fahrenheit (42 degrees Celsius). This is consistent with other studies, including ours, showing that heat disparities exist within cities throughout the US. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing various factors contributing to urban heat increases, emphasizing that it is not solely the presence of rooftop gardens that affects city temperatures. Instead, it highlights issues like the conversion of natural landscapes to urban infrastructure, increased impervious surfaces, and human activities, all of which contribute to the urban heat island effect. The text suggests that cooling strategies are more complex and that rooftop gardens alone are insufficient to cool entire cities without addressing the broader impacts of urbanization and climate change.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Shift work can negatively impact metabolic health. [SEP] Text:  energy consumption (kJ/wk)—continuous 53 941 17 357 54 356 19 111 57 966 20 659 54 427 18 617 55 030 19 195 Total energy consumption (kJ/wk)—categorical ≤ 44 706 138 30% 243 28% 56 22% 144 27% 306 28% 44 707–54 784 101 22% 209 24% 68 27% 129 24% 262 24% 54 785–66 330 93 20% 193 23% 50 20% 102 19% 138 22% ≥ 66 331 96 21% 152 18% 59 24% 106 20% 209 19% Unknown 29 6% 58 7% 16 6% 62 11% 64 6% Abbreviations: kJ/wk, kilojoules per week; SD, standard deviation. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it provides data on energy consumption in kilojoules without addressing the effects of shift work on metabolic health. There is no mention or implication of shift work or its impact on health in the provided information.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Processed foods are generally higher in added sugars and preservatives. [SEP] Text: This suggests that in Chile, promoting diets based on unprocessed or minimal processed foods, complemented with small amounts of processed culinary ingredients and processed foods (e. g. fresh bread), as recommended by recently launched food-based dietary guidelines in Brazil( 35 ) and Uruguay( 36 ), would help achieve the WHO added sugars recommendations( 14 ) and the FAO advice for food security( 37 ). Despite the cultural differences, this is also true in countries such as the USA where more than 70 % of individuals in the lowest quintile of dietary share of ultra-processed foods met the <10 % cut-off for added sugars( Reference Martínez Steele, Baraldi and Louzada 21 ). The present study is not without limitations. Even though dietary data obtained by 24 h recalls are imperfect, electronic surveys and the multiple-pass method were used to prevent the interviewer from forgetting items frequently omitted by interviewees( 26 ). In addition, although information indicative of food processing such as place of meals or product brands was collected, these data were missing for some food items and thus may have led to errors in food classification. does not have an updated Table( Reference Jury, Urteaga and Taibo 28 ), the intakes of energy and total sugars were calculated using information from the US Table (for Release 28)( 27 ). For foods lacking information on added sugars, the algorithm proposed in the nutrient profile model launched by the Health Organization( 29 ) was used. Therefore, the consumption of ultra-processed foods or added sugars could be slightly under- or overestimated. Evidence suggests that some people may under-report consumption of foods with caloric sweetenersReference Bingham, Luben and Welch (38 – Reference Pryer, Vrijheid and Nichols 40 ). If so, this bias may lead to underestimation of the overall intake of added sugars or the dietary contribution of ultra-processed foods, but may less likely affect the association between these variables. The present study has several strengths. It is based on a large, nationally representative sample of the Chilean population with data on individual consumption rather than on market or household purchases, which do not account for the fraction of wasted food. It is also the first study to examine the contribution of ultra-processed foods to total energy and added sugars intakes in the Chilean diet, providing updated and relevant results for informing the public health agenda. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text supports the claim by discussing the consumption of ultra-processed foods and their contribution to total energy and added sugars intakes in the Chilean diet. It mentions that diets based on unprocessed or minimally processed foods can help meet added sugars recommendations, which implies that processed foods are likely associated with a higher intake of added sugars, thus corroborating the claim.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Rooftop gardens alone can cool entire cities during heat waves. [SEP] Text: We also need to encourage the use of energy-efficient technologies like heat pumps, which are essentially air conditioners modified to work in both directions. The modern ones can be somewhat more efficient than old-line central air systems at pumping heat out of your building in the summer, and much more efficient than a standard furnace or electric heater at pumping heat in to warm the place in the winter. & cities can fight climate change cities in the face of extreme heat smart windows save energy Then we need to replace the hydrofluorocarbon refrigerants that most air conditioners and heat pumps use. The most common ones have around 1,000 to 3,000 times the potency of carbon dioxide as a greenhouse gas. And in the meantime, we need to do anything we can to make cities cooler. How do we manage that? There are some things that individuals can do. Personal transport is a big one. The internal combustion engine generates a lot of heat, whether it’s cars in developed countries or the motor scooters that a lot of people ride in the and developing countries. So taking public transit, or using electric vehicles, electric bikes or bicycles can help. Or, if you have the opportunity to build your own house, you could use materials that are not as heat-absorbing. I’m thinking about the house in Greer, South Carolina, where I grew up: It was brick, and just incredibly hot to live in in the summer. There are lots of alternatives that would be cooler and lower your energy bills, including natural building materials like wood or bamboo. Another recent example was in our current house, where we ended up choosing to cover an addition to our roof with a type of TPO (thermoplastic polyolefin) that reflected heat better than the standard roofing material. But there are limits to individual action. If you live in an apartment building, you can’t just decide to go up and plant a green roof or paint your rooftop white to make it more reflective, because somebody else owns that building. The same goes for planting trees, which can cool your neighborhood by providing shade and transpiration: Most public parks and street corridors are owned and controlled by the city. So overall, tackling urban heat needs to be a government-led effort, simply because governments have the jurisdiction and can impose mandates on a much larger scale. I think about one example in City about 13 years ago. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by emphasizing that cooling entire cities during heat waves cannot be solely achieved through rooftop gardens. It suggests a multi-faceted approach that includes energy-efficient technologies, individual actions, and government-led efforts to address urban heat, implying that rooftop gardens are insufficient on their own.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Shift work can negatively impact metabolic health. [SEP] Text: Table 1 - Footnote a Data source: -. Medical history, sexual, and maturational factors and prostate cancer risk. Ann Epidemiol. 2004;14(9):655-62. Return to Table 1 - Footnote a referrer Table 1 - Footnote b n = 61 individuals were missing BMI information. Return to Table 1 - Footnote b referrer Table 1 - Footnote c Workers who have ever participated in any type (evening/night, rotating and other) of shift work. Return to Table 1 - Footnote c referrer Table 1 - Footnote d Three participants (1 normal weight, 1 overweight, 1 obese; all 3 non-shift workers) missing marital status. Return to Table 1 - Footnote d referrer Table 1 - Footnote e Total number of hours that men reported engaging in moderate- or vigorous-intensity physical activity during four lifetime periods (teens, thirties, fifties and 5 years prior to the study). Return to Table 1 - Footnote e referrer Table 1 - Footnote f Intensity of occupational activity reported in four time periods (respondents’ twenties, thirties and fifties, and 5 years prior to the study). Those reporting any moderate or strenuous occupational activity were classified in four categories: Category 1 = moderate/strenuous activity in 1 time period, Category 2 = moderate/strenuous activity in 2 time periods, Category 3 = moderate/strenuous activity in 3 time periods, Category 4 = moderate/strenuous activity in 4 time periods. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it primarily consists of footnotes and data related to prostate cancer risk, medical history, and physical activity, without addressing the effects of shift work on metabolic health.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Processed foods are generally higher in added sugars and preservatives. [SEP] Text: These may also serve as baseline results to measure the impact of a set of regulations being implemented by the aimed at improving diets( Reference Corvalán, Reyes and Garmendia 24 34 ). have documented that ultra-processed foods represent close to one-third of total energy intake and contribute more than half of total added sugars in the Chilean diet. Developing strategies to limit and decrease the consumption of ultra-processed foods is a potentially effective way to achieve WHO dietary recommendations on added sugars and to promote eating in accordance with food-based dietary guidance in Chile, especially for young children and adolescents. Acknowledgements Acknowledgements: The authors thank the Ministry of Health of Chile for supplying the database (Dietary Survey, 2010) and the for its support in obtaining information from Panels from packaged foods in 2015. Financial support: The analyses were supported by the Fundaçâo de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (). G. C. is a beneficiary of a from (grant number 2016/13522-3). had no role in the design, analysis or writing of this 10. 1017/S1368980017001161 1. Monteiro, CA, Moubarac, J-C, Cannon, G et al. (2013) Ultra-processed products are becoming dominant in the global food system. 14, 21–28. 2. (2016) NOVA. The star shines bright. 7, 1–3, 28–38. 3. Moubarac, J- (2017) Consumption of ultra-processed foods predicts diet quality in Canada. Appetite 108, 512–520. CrossRef4. (2015) Ultra-processed foods and the nutritional dietary profile in Brazil. Publica 49, 38. 5. Louzada, ML da (2015) Impact of ultra-processed foods on micronutrient content in the Brazilian diet. Publica 49, 45. 6. Martínez (2017) The share of ultra-processed foods and the overall nutritional quality of diets in the US: evidence from a nationally representative cross-sectional study. Metr 15, 6. 7. (2014) Ultra-processed food products and obesity in Brazilian households (2008–2009). PLoS One 9, e92752. 8. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text supports the claim by indicating that 'ultra-processed foods represent close to one-third of total energy intake and contribute more than half of total added sugars in the Chilean diet.' This evidence suggests a correlation between ultra-processed foods and higher added sugars, which aligns with the claim that processed foods generally contain more added sugars.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Rooftop gardens alone can cool entire cities during heat waves. [SEP] Text: AbstractPopulation exposure to high temperatures poses health risks and increases mortality. ‘Cool roofs’ (high-albedo roofs) and rooftop photovoltaics (RPV) may reduce temperatures in urban areas. Here, using advanced urban climate modeling, we model impacts of these measures on air temperature and heat-related mortality in London during the record-breaking hot summer of 2018. We estimate changes in mean near-surface air temperature of −0. 3 °C in the RPV scenario and −0. 8 °C in the cool roof scenario. We find that the heat-related mortality in this period (estimated 655–920) could have been reduced by 96 (12%) by RPV, or 249 (32%) by cool roofs, in scenarios where all roofs have these measures. Monetized using value of statistical life, we estimate benefits for RPV and cool roofs of £237 M and £615 M, respectively. We estimate that up to 20 TWh of electrical energy would be generated in the full RPV scenario. We show that, for conditions such as in London June–August 2018, RPV or cool roofs may reduce near-surface air temperatures and associated heat-related mortality, with cool roofs having a larger effect. Similar content being viewed by others Building energy savings by green roofs and cool roofs in current and future climates 2. The summer (June, July and August) of 2018 was the hottest on record in England (highest average temperature), but the UK Met Office’s climate projections suggest that a summer with an average temperature as high as this might occur in more than half of years by mid-century under a high-emissions scenario1. The built environment of urban areas alters the energy balance of the land surface, leading to cities having their own climate, distinct from nearby rural areas3,4. Typically, this leads to higher air temperatures in urban areas, especially at night, known as the urban heat island effect3. This is of interest because 83% of the UK population lives in urban areas ( last accessed 11 March 2024) and is therefore exposed to higher temperatures, which worsens summer thermal comfort and may increase heat-related mortality5. It also points to the possibility of reducing exposure to excessive heat through changes to the urban environment. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by explaining that while cool roofs and rooftop photovoltaics can reduce urban temperatures, the specific results indicate that their impact is limited, with a reduction of just −0.8 °C from cool roofs, which suggests that rooftop gardens alone are not sufficient to cool entire cities during heat waves. The mention of urban climate modeling and the effects of cool roofs and RPV indicates that additional measures are necessary for significant cooling.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Shift work can negatively impact metabolic health. [SEP] Text: Return to Table 1 - Footnote f referrer When comparing across the categories of obesity status, a greater proportion of normal weight individuals reported having obtained a post-secondary or post-graduate education (25%) compared to overweight (19%) or obese (16%) men. Furthermore, a greater proportion of men in the overweight or obese categories reported having held jobs involving moderate or strenuous physical activity in three or four lifetime periods (overweight, 49%; obese, 48%) compared to normal weight individuals (43%). Conversely, while the proportion of men in the top two quartiles of recreational activity was similar for normal (54%) and overweight (53%) men, the proportion was slightly lower among individuals who were obese (47%). There were no major differences in total energy consumption, with 41% of individuals in the normal and overweight groups in the top two consumption quartiles compared to 44% of men in the obese group (Table 1). The frequencies of different shift types across ten categories of work environment are shown in Table 2. Evening/night work was the least commonly reported shift schedule; restaurant/hotel work was reported by the highest proportion (11%) of men for this shift type. Rotating shift patterns were more common; for this shift type, mine (63%), factory/plant floor (49%), and laboratory work (26%) had the highest proportion of rotating shifts. Other shift schedules were most common in restaurant/hotel (37%) or vehicle work (22%). Table 2. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it mainly discusses education levels, job types, and the distribution of shift work among different weight categories without addressing the impact of shift work on metabolic health.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: All fats, regardless of type, contribute equally to weight gain. [SEP] Text: Correction 18 Sep 2007: (2007) Correction: All ß Equally to and Maintenance. PLOS Biology 5(9): e240. View correction Figures AbstractIn healthy adult mice, the β cell population is not maintained by stem cells but instead by the replication of differentiated β cells. It is not known, however, whether all β cells contribute equally to growth and maintenance, as it may be that some cells replicate while others do not. Understanding precisely which cells are responsible for β cell replication will inform attempts to expand β cells in vitro, a potential source for cell replacement therapy to treat diabetes. Two experiments were performed to address this issue. First, the level of fluorescence generated by a pulse of histone 2B–green fluorescent protein (H2BGFP) expression was followed over time to determine how this marker is diluted with cell division; a uniform loss of label across the entire β cell population was observed. Second, clonal analysis of dividing β cells was completed; all clones were of comparable size. These results support the conclusion that the β cell pool is homogeneous with respect to replicative capacity and suggest that all β cells are candidates for in vitro expansion. Given similar observations in the hepatocyte population, we speculate that for tissues lacking an adult stem cell, they are replenished equally by replication of all differentiated cells. The β cells of the pancreas are responsible for insulin production and their destruction results in type I diabetes. β cell maintenance, growth, and regenerative repair is thought to occur predominately, if not exclusively, through the replication of existing β cells, not via an adult stem cell. It was previously unknown, however, whether all β cells divide at the same rate, or if multiple subpopulations of β cells exist, some highly replicative and others very slowly dividing, possibly postmitotic. We performed two types of experiments to determine whether all β cells are alike: label-retaining analysis and clonal analysis. Our results indicate that all β cells contribute equally to islet growth and maintenance. Citation: (2007) All β Equally to and Maintenance. PLoS Biol 5(7): e163. Editor: Margaret A. Goodell, of Medicine, of AmericaReceived: January 26, 2007; Accepted: April 16, 2007; Published: May 29, 2007Copyright: © 2007 Brennand et al. This is an open-access 1. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by asserting that 'all β cells contribute equally to islet growth and maintenance.' This finding parallels the claim's assertion about fat types, indicating that the text supports the idea of uniform contribution to biological processes, although the subject matter differs (β cells versus fats). However, it should be noted that the claim pertains to a different biological context.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Rooftop gardens alone can cool entire cities during heat waves. [SEP] Text: Increasing the albedo of urban surfaces reduces absorption of solar radiation and, therefore, the temperature of those surfaces; applying high-albedo materials to roofs can reduce heat flux into buildings, thereby passively reducing indoor temperature and cooling demand6. This can also reduce the amount of solar radiation converted into sensible heat flux and, therefore, the outdoor air temperature7. Typical urban neighborhood albedo (that is, the albedo of an urban area as a whole, rather than single facets such as roofs or walls4 is often estimated at around 0. 2, and cool roofs are usually modeled with a range of albedo from 0. 5 to 0. 9, with the resultant change in neighborhood albedo depending on the plan-area fraction of roof surface. Previous urban climate modeling studies have found that a 0. 1 increase in neighborhood albedo leads to a 0. 2–0. 6 °C decrease in near-surface air temperature in clear-sky afternoon conditions7. In a modeling study of the region of the UK, Macintyre and Heaviside8 found that cool roofs may reduce daytime average 2 m outdoor air temperatures by 0. 5 °C, and by applying exposure–response functions (ERFs) derived from epidemiological studies, they estimated that this could have reduced heat-related deaths in June, July and August of 2006 by 6–12%. Rooftop photovoltaics (RPV) can provide renewable energy without taking up additional land. Urban roof space is limited, so choices must be made between roof types, solar photovoltaics (PV) and cool roofs, as well as rooftop vegetation and building services such as air conditioning units, all of which entail consideration of construction, installation and maintenance costs. This could be seen as a trade-off between climate adaptation and emissions mitigation, but comparison of the relative benefits may point toward what mix is most appropriate. RPV often has a lower albedo than typical roof surfaces, but a proportion of absorbed radiation is converted to electrical energy and therefore not emitted as sensible heat. Previous studies into the urban climate effects of RPV have found a mix of cooling effects and heating effects depending in part on whether they were compared with high- or low-albedo surfaces, on whether nighttime or daytime temperatures were compared, and on climatic conditions9. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by explaining that while urban surfaces can be modified to reduce heat absorption through increased albedo, rooftop gardens are only one aspect among many alternatives, including cool roofs and rooftop photovoltaics. The text indicates that urban climate effects depend on various factors like albedo and specific conditions, which implies that rooftop gardens alone may not be sufficient to cool entire cities.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Shift work can negatively impact metabolic health. [SEP] Text: 2011;68(5):327-31. Return to footnote27 28 van van der Beek AJ. The effects of shift work on body weight change - a systematic review of longitudinal studies. Health. 2011;37(4):263-75. Return to footnote28 29 -. Medical history, sexual, and maturational factors and prostate cancer risk. Ann Epidemiol. 2004;14(9):655-62. Return to footnote29 30 -Kortsak A. Prostate cancer risk and diet, recreational physical activity and cigarette smoking. Can. 2007;27(4):145-53. Return to footnote30 31 Organization. Obesity: preventing and managing the global epidemic. Report of a WHO Consultation, Geneva, 3-5 Jun 1997. Geneva; 1998. 252 p. Return to footnote31 32 Hosmer D, Lemeshow S. Special topics. In: Applied logistic regression. 2nd ed. Toronto (ON): & Sons Inc; 2000. p. 260-352. Return to footnote32 33 Rotating night shifts and risk of breast cancer in women participating in the nurses’ health study. J Inst. 2001;93(20):1563-8. Return to footnote33 34 Lie J-ærheim K. Night work and breast cancer risk among Norwegian nurses: assessment by different exposure metrics. Epidemiol. 2011;173(11):1272-9. Return to footnote34 35 Hansen J, Lassen CF. Nested case-control study of night shift work and breast cancer risk among women in the Danish military. Med. 2012;69(8):551-6. doi: 10. 1136/oemed-2011-100240. Return to footnote35 36 Increased risk of breast cancer associated with long-term shift work in Canada. Med. 2013;70(12):831-8. Return to footnote36 37. Causal diagrams for epidemiologic research. Epidemiology. 1999;10(1):37-48. Return to footnote37 38 Szklo M, Nieto FJ. Epidemiology beyond the basics. 3rd ed. Burlington (MA): Jones & Bartlett Learning; 2014. p. 162-163. Return to footnote38 39 Textor J, Hardt J, Knüppel S. DAGitty: a graphical tool for analyzing causal diagrams. Epidemiology. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not directly address the claim regarding the impact of shift work on metabolic health. Instead, it lists various studies and reports related to cancer risk and obesity but lacks specific evidence or information relating to metabolic health. Therefore, it is irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Skipping breakfast is always detrimental to metabolism. [SEP] Text: This encompasses elevated risks of hypertension,[39,42] diabetes,[43,44] obesity,[45,46] elevated low-density lipoprotein cholesterol,[47,48] dysregulated lipid levels[49] and metabolic syndrome. [50–52] Collectively, these conditions are well-recognized risk factors for MI. Furthermore, breakfast skipping has been linked to an increase in inflammatory markers, such as C-reactive protein,[53] which play a significant role in atherosclerosis and MI. [54,55] This inflammatory response could be a critical pathway through which breakfast skipping exerts its deleterious cardiovascular effects. Additionally, behaviors linked to breakfast skipping, such as smoking and reduced physical activity, could further heighten MI risk. [56,57] While more research is needed to fully understand the underlying mechanisms, our results suggest that encouraging a regular breakfast routine could be a straightforward and effective measure to reduce MI risk. Our study utilized a two-sample MR analysis with data from large GWAS cohorts, involving nearly 190,000 participants, ensuring robust statistical power. The genetic methodology adopted in our study enhances the strength of causal inference, effectively reducing the influence of confounding variables that are typically encountered in observational research. Notwithstanding its strengths, the study has several limitations. First, for the exposure GWAS data, the significance threshold was adjusted to a P-value of 1 × 10−5 due to the limited number of SNPs achieving genome-wide significance at the standard P < 5 × 10−8 threshold. While this may have increased the likelihood of false positives, it facilitated a more comprehensive analysis of the relationship between breakfast skipping and MI. Second, the predominance of European individuals in the exposed population constrains the applicability of the results to other racial groups. 5. MR study revealed a significant causal link between breakfast skipping and an increased risk of MI. The data strongly suggest that breakfast skipping contributes to a higher likelihood of heart attacks. This underscores the potential of regular breakfast consumption as a preventive strategy against MI. 65. | Text | PubMed | CrossRef | 53. | PubMed | 9. | 17. | PubMed | 13. | Text | PubMed | CrossRef | 9. | Text | PubMed | CrossRef | 1540. | 103. | PubMed | CrossRef | 85. | PubMed | CrossRef | 2016. . 2019;16:1853. | 32. | PubMed | CrossRef | 407. | Text | PubMed | 80. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text supports the claim by outlining various negative health consequences associated with skipping breakfast, including elevated risks of hypertension, diabetes, and metabolic syndrome. It specifically mentions that breakfast skipping is linked to an increase in inflammatory markers and a higher likelihood of heart attacks, suggesting that it adversely affects cardiovascular health and, by extension, metabolism. Furthermore, it implies that maintaining a regular breakfast routine could mitigate these risks, thereby reinforcing the idea that skipping breakfast is indeed detrimental.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Rooftop gardens alone can cool entire cities during heat waves. [SEP] Text: Some studies have been criticized for not modeling heat exchange between the bottom side of the panel and the roof; assuming unrealistically high conversion efficiency; or neglecting the effect of temperature on conversion efficiency9. These effects are modeled realistically in the present study. Previous studies have not estimated the impact on heat-related mortality of outdoor air temperature changes resulting from widespread RPV (for example, refs. 9,10,11). Urban climate models enable the estimation of thermal effects of roofing technologies at the city scale: detailed models of the energy balance of the urban environment are coupled with an atmospheric model, which enables analysis beyond the effect on single buildings and in a more physically consistent way than the bulk scheme used in some regional- to global-scale climate models12. Some urban climate modeling studies have relied on single-layer urban canopy parameterization13 (‘urban canopy’ refers to the layer of air below the mean height of buildings in an urban area), which does not incorporate simulation of detailed urban structure in three dimensions; this is important because heat transport between roofs and the urban canyon means that changes to the energy balance at the roof level are not equivalent to changes within the urban canopy. While simpler urban parameterizations can perform well in simulating urban boundary-layer air temperatures, more complex, three-dimensional (3D) models of the urban environment are necessary to simulate the effects of changes to specific elements of the urban environment such as roof albedo and RPV12,13,14,15. Our preliminary work in Brousse et al. 16 indicated that cool roofs and RPV both have potential for reducing air temperatures in London, with a larger effect from cool roofs. Monetary valuation is used to present mortality impacts in economic terms17. In the field of heat and health, this method has been used previously to evaluate interventions such as heat-health action plans18,19. In the present study, we use value of life years (£79,000 per life year) and value of statistical life (£2. 5 million per life) set out in UK Government guidance20,21. In this context, the health benefits of temperature reduction could be seen as a beneficial externality of solar and cool roof adoption. We use urban climate modeling to estimate the effect that cool roofs and RPV could have had on urban-canopy air temperature in London during the extremely hot summer of 2018 (Fig. 1). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts with the claim by highlighting that while cool roofs and rooftop photovoltaic (RPV) systems have potential for reducing air temperatures, urban climate modeling shows that their effects cannot be assumed to cool entire cities independently. The text emphasizes the necessity of using detailed urban climate models to accurately estimate thermal effects at the city scale, and notes that changes in energy balance at the roof level do not equate to similar changes within the urban canopy. This indicates that rooftop gardens alone may not be sufficient to cool entire cities during heat waves without considering broader urban climate dynamics.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Shift work can negatively impact metabolic health. [SEP] Text: 2011;22(5):745. Return to footnote39 40. Chronodisruption and cancer. Naturwissenschaften. 2008;95(5):367-82. Return to footnote40 41 A meta-analysis on dose-response relationship between night shift work and the risk of breast cancer. Ann Oncol. 2013;24(11):2724-32. Return to footnote41 42. Rotating shift work and risk of prostate cancer. Epidemiology. 2007;18(1):182-3. Return to footnote42 43 Parent M-É, El-Zein M, Rousseau M-C, Pintos J, Siemiatycki J. Night work and the risk of cancer among men. Epidemiol. 2012;176(9):751-9. Return to footnote43 44 Papantoniou K, Castaño-Vinyals G, Espinosa A, et al. Night shift work, chronotype and prostate cancer risk in the MCC-Spain case-control study. Cancer. 2015;137(5):1147-57. Return to footnote44 45. Obesity and shift work: chronobiological aspects. Rev. 2010;23(1):155-68. Return to footnote45 46 Light intensity exposure, sleep duration, physical activity, and biomarkers of melatonin among rotating shift nurses. Chronobiol Int. 2009;26(7):1443-61. Return to footnote46 47. The influence of light at night exposure on melatonin levels among Canadian rotating shift nurses. Biomarkers Prev. 2011;20(11):2404-12. Return to footnote47 48 Considerations of circadian impact for defining “shift work” in cancer studies:. Med. 2011;68(2):154-62. Return to footnote48 49. Prevalence of obesity among U. S. workers and associations with occupational factors. Prev Med. 2014;46(3):237-48. Return to footnote49 50. Estimates of obesity based on self-report versus direct measures. Health Rep. 2008;19(2):61-76. Return to footnote50 51 Statistics Canada. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text lists various studies and articles related to shift work and its potential health impacts, primarily focused on cancer risk, obesity, and light exposure. However, it does not explicitly address the claim regarding the negative impact of shift work on metabolic health. Therefore, it is considered irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Skipping breakfast is always detrimental to metabolism. [SEP] Text: Table 3 Weighted prevalence of abnormal metabolic outcome by breakfast consumptionFull size tableThe association between metabolic abnormalities and irregular breakfast consumption after adjusting for age, education, household income, smoking status, alcohol drinking status, and physical activity is presented in Table 4. Negative binomial regression analysis revealed that an irregular breakfast group had a higher risk of increased number of metabolic abnormalities in the younger working men population than regular breakfast group (odds ratio, 1. 15; 95% confidence interval, 1. 03–1. 27). There was no significant association between the number of metabolic abnormalities and irregular breakfast consumption in middle-aged female workers after adjustment. Table 4 Association between the number of metabolic abnormalities and irregular breakfast consumption, using negative binomial regressionFull size tableDiscussionWe conducted this study to understand the association between regular breakfast intake and metabolic outcomes by sex, work status, and age group stratification. The breakfast consumption pattern was consistent with previous studies. Of the total participants, 56. 4% consumed breakfast regularly. Similar patterns was observed in a previous Korean study using 2017 data, 57. 9% [21]. The results of this study showed that irregular breakfast intake (< 5 times per week) was closely linked to higher risk of increasing number of abnormal metabolic outcomes, especially in young men in the working population than regular breakfast intake. These results are consistent with a previous study that used the data and showed that breakfast consumption patterns were associated with a risk of metabolic outcomes [22]. Furthermore, our results corresponds with that of a review 37. 92%. This trend is in progress, accelerating the risk of metabolic outcomes among young adults. The risk is accentuated in the working population of young men, and further studies are required to clarify the association between specific working conditions (working hours or shift work), breakfast habituation, and the risk of metabolic outcomes. ConclusionOur study showed that breakfast skipping is associated with abnormal metabolic outcomes in the Korean male population, especially in young workers, and provided novel ideas to explain the mechanism through which breakfast skipping affects metabolic outcomes. Availability of data and materials data are publicly available. ( : Health and : Body mass index LDL-C: Low-density lipoprotein cholesterol HDL-C: High-density lipoprotein cholesterol TG: Triglyceride BMR: Basal metabolic rate 92. 1573. 43. 12. 72. 53. 88. 43. 9. 51. 82. PubMed Pub302. 92. 4. 2006. Nutr. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing how breakfast skipping is associated with abnormal metabolic outcomes, particularly among young men in the working population. It mentions that 'irregular breakfast intake (< 5 times per week) was closely linked to higher risk of increasing number of abnormal metabolic outcomes,' indicating a negative impact on metabolism due to skipping breakfast.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Rooftop gardens alone can cool entire cities during heat waves. [SEP] Text: To contextualize the impact of these interventions, we estimate how many deaths attributable to heat could be avoided, based on the results of an ecological time-series analysis of temperature and mortality22. We further apply value of statistical life methods to convert mortality impacts into monetary values, to enable comparisons of the costs of these interventions with their benefits. Fig. 1: Illustration of the analysis process. Four scenarios are modeled in an urban climate model (-BEM), including heat mitigation scenarios. Modeled temperature data from these simulations are then post-processed by bias adjusting to PWS data. A temperature–mortality relationship is applied to estimate mortality differences between the scenarios and, therefore, the heat-related mortality avoidable through the use of the heat-mitigation strategies. Full size imageResultsModeled urban air temperatureWe compared outputs from four runs of the urban climate model (Methods). The ‘baseline’ scenario is intended to represent the actual urban environment during the study period, while three other alternative scenarios have modifications to the landscape or buildings: (1) all buildings having full coverage with RPV panels, (2) all buildings having full coverage with high-albedo roofs (‘cool roofs’) and (3) a ‘nonurban’ scenario in which all urban land cover is replaced by natural (that is, vegetated) land cover. The nonurban scenario is intended to contrast with the baseline scenario to illustrate how urban land cover affects the local climate, while the RPV and cool roof scenarios are intended to explore the physical limits of plausible interventions against excessive urban temperatures. A key output of the urban climate model is the near-surface air temperature within the urban canopy, that is, the temperature of the air 2 m above the street. Population-weighted mean temperatures were calculated as the spatial mean of temperature weighted by census population. Figure 2 shows the time series of modeled population-weighted daily mean urban-canopy air temperature (Tm) in each of the scenarios. Descriptive statistics for each of the temperature series used in this analysis are given in 1. Mean differences from the baseline scenario in population-weighted mean urban-canopy temperature were −0. 3 °C in the RPV scenario, −0. 8 °C in the cool roof scenario and −1. 9 °C in the nonurban scenario. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by providing a detailed analysis of various heat-mitigation strategies, including high-albedo roofs and vegetated land cover. It mentions temperature reductions achieved by different scenarios but does not support the assertion that rooftop gardens alone are sufficient to cool entire cities. In fact, the modeled temperature data indicates that other strategies, such as nonurban land cover, are more effective at lowering temperatures than rooftop gardens alone.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Shift work can negatively impact metabolic health. [SEP] Text: 2007;33(5):321-323 pdf | Issue date: 31 Oct 2007 Does shift work cause cancer? by Pukkala E, Härmä M It is well-known that several work-related factors, for example, asbestos, benzene, nickel, wood dust or passive smoking in restaurants, can cause cancer. In Europe, 3. 2 million new cases and 1. 7 million deaths from cancer were reported in 2006 (1). Breast cancer has become the most common cancer diagnosed overall, with 430 000 new cases in 2006 (13. 5% of all cancer cases). Traditional work-related risk factors are estimated to cause about 4% of malignant neoplasms among Nordic men but less than 1% among Nordic women (2). While knowledge on the traditional risk factors for cancer has increased and many of these factors have successfully been eliminated from modern workplaces in developed countries, new environmental and individual risk factors for cancer have stepped forward. Shift work and work stress, the prevalent exposures of the “24-hour society”, are among some of the “new” exposures now being intensively researched. Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) is currently working on the evaluation of shift work as a possible carcinogenic risk to humans. The importance of “new” individual risk factors for cancer, alcohol intake, obesity, and the lack of physical activity that are sometimes linked to an occupational behavior model have also been acknowledged. The potential significance of shift work, work stress, and unhealthy living habits are not related to their high carcinogenic nature but, instead, to their extremely high prevalence. For example, if physical inactivity were estimated to increase the risk of breast cancer by 10% (3), about 3% of all cancers among women in Finland would be due to physical inactivity—a higher number of cases than those caused by all of the traditional occupational cancer risk factors combined. Does shift work cause cancer? Before it can be decided that an environmental or occupational factor is carcinogenic, reliable and unbiased human evidence is needed to show a dose–response relationship between the studied exposure and the specific disease. In addition, it would make the interpretation easier if there were facts about a specific mechanism explaining the possible epidemiologic association. The pineal gland is known to be the key organ in the regulation of the circadian clock. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text primarily discusses the relationship between shift work and cancer, focusing on carcinogenic risks and traditional risk factors for cancer. While shift work is mentioned in the context of new exposures being researched, there is no direct evidence or mention of its impact on metabolic health. Therefore, the text is irrelevant to the claim regarding metabolic health.