Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Crop rotation can enhance soil fertility and prevent pests. [SEP] Text: 2009; Stavi et al. 2012; Aziz et al. 2013; Karlen et al. 2013). Soil characteristics and functions can be quantified in long-term agricultural experiments to assess the influence of different management practices such as tillage systems and crop rotations (Doran and Parkin 1994; Karlen et al. 2008) on overall soil health. There remains a large knowledge gap on the quantifiable effects of agricultural best management practices on the soil health parameters due to the biological complexity and lack of knowledge on their numerous interactions and roles in the soil (Arias et al. 2005). Long-term trials may serve as important tools to evaluate the impact of various management practices on crop productivity, soil quality and environmental sustainability. In long-term trials, the effect of no-till (NT) compared to conventional tillage (CT) systems in increasing SOC at the soil surface has been well documented (see West and Post 2002; Carter 2005; Kay and VandenBygaart 2002; Angers and Eriksen-Hamel 2008). However, few long-term studies have examined deeper depths to evaluate carbon storage and fewer still have considered total N. Gál et al. (2007) determined the need to evaluate deeper soil depths (i. e. , 100 cm) to accurately assess the impact of management practices on C and N storage. Moreover, most of the knowledge on SOC in eastern Canada is from continuous corn (C-C) monoculture or soybean-corn (S-C) rotation; knowledge of the impact of winter wheat in the rotation and particularly continuous soybeans (S-S) on soil quality is lacking in eastern Canada. Thus there is a need to evaluate soil quality via SOC, total N or an integrative assessment such as the CSHA in long-term tillage and crop rotation studies. A strong understanding of the effect of agricultural practices on soil quality is crucial to direct management practices that prevent soil and ecosystem degradation. Two long-term studies were established at Ridgetown in 1991 and 1995. The one established in 1991 compared the effect of tillage systems [NT, CT, chisel plough tillage (chisel-T)] in a S-C rotation and the 1995-initiated study compared two tillage systems (NT and CT) in five crop rotations. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the influence of management practices, such as crop rotations, on soil health and quality. It specifically indicates the need to evaluate the impacts of different crop rotations on soil quality parameters, which is essential for enhancing soil fertility and preventing degradation. Long-term trials mentioned in the text aim to assess the effect of various practices on crop productivity, soil quality, and environmental sustainability, which supports the claim.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Mindfulness programs require no training or structured guidance. [SEP] Text: Each person seemed to have a slightly different experience, and they connected differently to the three meditation techniques. Most participants appreciated the simple breathing technique and felt it helped them connect to their bodies. The physical tensing and relaxing technique received mixed reactions, though few participants mentioned it. The visualization technique was mostly out of reach for the younger group, while the older group connected to the ball of light in their bodies and the room but could not follow it further than that. Beyond the participants’ words, the feeling in the room after the guided meditation was much calmer and more grounded for both groups. Several of the participants had been withdrawn early on, and they seemed more connected socially after the meditation and made more eye contact. for the FutureFocus group members had many ideas for how to design future meditation programs for trans youth. They seemed to enjoy being part of the creative visioning process and gave their ideas freely. Their feedback was to include sensory stimulation, movement, and conversations along with the meditation teachings. Many participants stated it would be important for the environment to be relaxing, reassuring, and pressure-free, where they would not feel bad about not being able to keep their bodies and minds completely still. The younger group wanted the teachings in an app format so they could meditate from home or before bed or wherever they were, and that they were not interested in an in-person group. One participant explained, “if I had this on audio, then I would use it, just only when I feel like I need it. ” Another in the younger group added, “I usually have a lot of trouble falling asleep, cause my mind’s so busy. And I’m about ready to fall asleep right now after meditating like that. guess if I were to meditate it would be at night before I’m supposed to go to bed. ” The older group was excited about both an in-person class and an app, with their enthusiastic feedback envisioning many details of both platforms. For the in-person class, they wanted a multi-week class, “something that kind of builds off of itself to where we can feel confident in the end with whatever meditation looks like for the individual. ” Other specific ideas included essential oils, arts activities, guided group meditations, general quiet time, walks, conversations, dim lighting, and a comfortable “hippie den” environment. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by detailing the varied experiences and preferences of participants in meditation techniques, indicating a need for structured guidance. Specifically, the feedback from the older group requesting 'a multi-week class' suggests that training is important for building confidence in meditation practices, which opposes the notion that mindfulness programs require no such structure.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Circadian rhythms are regulated by light-sensitive proteins. [SEP] Text: [PubMed] Lee, S; Walker, CL; Karten, B; Kuny, SL; Tennese, AA; O'Neill, MA; Wevrick, REssential role for the Prader-Willi syndrome protein necdin in axonal outgrowth Genet 14: 627–637, DOI: [PubMed] Maeda, Y; Suzuki, T; Pan, X; Chen, G; Pan, S; Bartman, T; 2 is required for the activity of hypoxia-inducible factor and vasculogenesis J 283: 16084–16092, DOI: [PubMed] Wang, X; Tang, J; Xing, L; Shi, G; Ruan, H; Gu, X; Liu, Z; Wu, X; Gao, X; Xu, YInteraction of MAGED1 with nuclear receptors affects circadian clock function EMBO J 29: 1389–1400, DOI: [PubMed] Kume, K; Zylka, MJ; Sriram, S; Shearman, LP; Weaver, DR; Jin, X; Maywood, ES; Hastings, MH; 1 and mCRY2 are essential components of the negative limb of the circadian clock feedback loop Cell 98: 193–205, DOI: [PubMed] Kondratov, RV; Chernov, MV; Kondratova, AA; Gorbacheva, VY; Gudkov, AV; 1-dependent circadian oscillation of nuclear CLOCK: posttranslational events induced by dimerization of transcriptional activators of the mammalian clock system 17: 1921–1932, DOI: [PubMed] Kwon, I; Lee, J; Chang, SH; Jung, NC; Lee, BJ; Son, GH; Kim, K; 1 shuttling controls transactivation and degradation of the CLOCK/BMAL1 heterodimer Biol 26: 7318–7330, DOI: [PubMed] Yoo, SH; Ko, CH; Lowrey, PL; Buhr, ED; Song, EJ; Chang, S; Yoo, OJ; Yamazaki, S; Lee, C; Takahashi, JSA noncanonical E-box enhancer drives mouse Period2 circadian oscillations in vivo 102: 2608–26 [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text discusses various proteins and their interactions with circadian rhythms but does not specifically address the claim about light-sensitive proteins regulating circadian rhythms. Therefore, it is deemed irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Crop rotation can enhance soil fertility and prevent pests. [SEP] Text: The objectives of this paper were to assess the impact of tillage system and crop rotation on soil quality using the CSHA in the 0- to 15-cm depth and SOC and total N in the 0- to 120-cm depth using the two trials at Ridgetown. This is the first report of the long-term impact of tillage systems and crop rotations on soil quality from the trials established at Ridgetown. and TreatmentsA field trial was established during 1991, and another during 1995, at the University of (lat. 42°26′N, long. 81°53′W) on an Gleysol, Brookston clay loam soil. These trials will be referred to as the “1991 tillage trial” and the “1995 tillage-rotation trial”. In the 1991 tillage trial, three tillage treatments were arranged in a randomized complete block design with six replicates in a S-C rotation as described by McGonigle et al. (1999). Tillage treatments were: (1) NT that had no soil disturbance except for two coulters and a trash whipper per row on the planter, (2) CT with fall moldboard plough tillage followed by two or three passes with a cultivator in the spring for seedbed preparation and (3) chisel-T of fall chisel plough tillage with similar spring cultivation as CT. The 1995 tillage and rotation trial was a split plot design with four replications. Crop rotation was the main plot factor, which included C-C, S-S, S-C, soybean-winter wheat (S–W), and soybean–winter wheat–corn (S–W–C) and the split-plot was NT and CT tillage systems. Rotations were repeated in the experiment so that all crops within the rotation were represented in every year. In both trials, top-yielding crop cultivars were planted and the same crop cultivar was never planted for more than 2 successive years. Since 2008, soybean cultivars tolerant to cyst nematode were planted with Rhizobium inoculant applied to soybean seeds. It is unlikely that the aforementioned changes in soybean planting influenced soil quality parameters sampled in 2009 at the 0- to 15-cm depth. Tillage systems were established to represent extremes in soil disturbance and intensity. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing a field trial that assessed the impact of crop rotation on soil quality. Specifically, it mentions a rotation system that includes various crops and highlights the methodologies for managing soil parameters. The implications of such crop rotations are aligned with the claim that they can enhance soil fertility, as the trials conducted are aimed at understanding the long-term impact of different cropping and tillage systems on soil quality.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Mindfulness programs require no training or structured guidance. [SEP] Text: One participant describes their interest in the app idea this way: if I were to go to some of these groups, I would want to take something home with me. Some knowledge. So if you were to create something like that [mobile app] it would be easier to get that knowledge. In the comfort of my own space and apply it in my life. For the app, both focus groups thought it should include options of movement like a yoga pose, as well as breath-work and visualizations, so people could pick specific ways to engage that would work best for them. One person also introduced the idea of a surprise option where the app recommended an activity for the user to do. Several participants mentioned that these classes, whether in-person or in an app format, should be led by a transgender teacher. I think it would be awesome if we could bring in someone who is trans themselves, because oftentimes, I’ve taken yoga classes where the yoga teacher is like, “Your body’s a temple, you have to cherish it, your body’s great. ” And that can bring up a lot of triggering stuff … if you’re trans and you’ve experienced dysphoria in any [emphatic] sort of way, that’s personally not what I want to hear. [Multiple agreement] Participants of both focus groups added great ideas for potential future programs. They were honest about which types of interventions they would utilize, with the younger group requesting only a mobile app format. Participants did not want the meditation training limited to a solely spiritual or religious emphasis, exemplified by what they pictured as a silent and completely still environment. Instead, they asked for a mixture of activities that included physical, mental, and spiritual stimulation. It was notable that the participants wanted to engage and learn more after the focus group finished, and the older group was enthusiastically ready for an 8-week course to begin right away. They were disappointed to learn that it would take time to first create the course based on their feedback. Quantitative ResultsThe results of the Wilcoxon signed-rank test revealed a statistically significant reduction in state anxiety following participation in the mediation intervention (z = − 2. 38, p = 0. 017), with a large effect size (r = 0. 53). The mean score of the STAI decreased from pre-intervention (M = 34. 5, SD = 11. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing participants' desires for structured elements in mindfulness programs. They expressed the need for guided instruction, such as wanting classes led by a specific type of teacher and a preference for a mobile app that offers a range of activities including physical, mental, and spiritual components. This implies that contrary to the claim, mindfulness programs benefit from some form of training or structured guidance to appropriately meet participants' needs and preferences.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Circadian rhythms are regulated by light-sensitive proteins. [SEP] Text: 13, DOI: [PubMed] Tamanini, F; Yagita, K; Okamura, H; van der Horst, GTNucleocytoplasmic shuttling of clock proteins 393: 418–435. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text passes in relation to the claim because it does not provide any information about circadian rhythms or the regulation of these rhythms by light-sensitive proteins. Instead, it references a study about nucleocytoplasmic shuttling of clock proteins without directly connecting to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Crop rotation can enhance soil fertility and prevent pests. [SEP] Text: a, b For each soil health parameter, means followed by a different letter indicate significant difference according to a means comparison (P < 0. 05). At Ridgetown, the CSHA soil quality score was affected by crop rotation, as were the following CSHA parameters: aggregate stability percent, penetrometer resistance, potentially mineralizable N, P concentration and Mn index (P < 0. 0001 to 0. 0379; Table 2). The CSHA soil quality score was the highest with S-W, which was statistically higher than C-C, S-S, and S-C rotations but S-W-C was not different from all rotations (Table 2). Thus, based on the CSHA, soil quality was higher with a higher frequency of winter wheat in the rotation, which was also reported by Andrews et al. (2004). Table 2. Table 2. Effect of crop rotation on select soil parameters and Cornell soil health assessment (CSHA) score in 0–15 cm after 14 yr in a long-term experiment initiated in 1995 z z Not available; sample not taken. a–c For each parameter, means followed by a different letter indicate a significant difference according to a means comparison (P < 0. 05). Analogous to CSHA score, aggregate stability was higher with S-W than C-C, S-C, and S-S, but S-W-C was not different than any rotation (Table 2). Likewise, Raimbault and Vyn (1991) observed crop rotation influenced wet aggregate stability. Penetration resistance data differed markedly between rotations (P < 0. 0001; C-C monoculture had the highest resistance compared with those in all crop rotations, while the S-S monoculture had the lowest resistance (Table 2). Differences in penetration resistance among rotations would likely have been more extreme if readings were taken in June instead of November due to expected greater differences among rotations in soil moisture in June as opposed to November. At Ridgetown, there was 136 mm of rainfall in September to November 2009, which corresponds to the period of corn physiological maturity and plant senescence. Thus, one might expect any differences in soil moisture content among treatments to be minimal in November when penetrometer readings were taken. Penetration resistance >2 MPa tends to impede root growth (Reynolds et al. 2002); thus, with a reading of 2. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by providing evidence that crop rotation positively affects soil quality parameters. It specifically mentions that the CSHA soil quality score was improved with certain crop rotations, such as S-W (soil with winter wheat), demonstrating that crop rotation can enhance soil fertility. Additionally, it references significant differences in various soil health parameters with different crop rotations, further supporting the idea that crop rotation is beneficial for soil health and can aid in managing soil fertility.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Mindfulness programs require no training or structured guidance. [SEP] Text: 75) to post-intervention (M = 28. 0, SD = 8. 19). Lower scores signified lower anxiety; therefore, negative change signified decreasing anxiety. DiscussionThe themes identified by these focus groups helped illuminate some of the self-care activities TGDY already engage in. Participants were actively involved in taking care of their well-being and working to relieve stress, manage emotions, and deal with the challenges and trauma they experience. Supporting findings from other research studies, TGDY proactively utilized internal resilience and whatever coping strategies were accessible to them (Budge et al. , 2018). Participants aligned on the continuum of resilience put forward by Singh et al. (2014) as they were already in the process of navigating gender, accessing supportive organizations, connecting with trans-affirming community, and reframing mental health challenges. Participants also voiced an element of not having enough tools to face the challenges of their environments and that they were generally open to meditation and mindfulness activities, if designed specifically for them. Additional trans youth mindfulness programs could further their development of resilience as well as provide additional tools they are seeking. The results of the State-Inventory showed a statistically significant reduction in state anxiety immediately following the group meditation, with a large effect size. This corresponds to existing data with other youth populations that show decrease in anxiety following meditation and mindfulness activities (Zack et al. , 2014; Zoogman et al. , 2015). The large decrease in anxiety confirms the findings from Zoogman et al. (2015) that youth with higher levels of anxiety and depression show greater responses to mindfulness practices. Indeed, our study participants with higher initial levels of anxiety initially showed the greatest decreases after the group meditation (see S1 for the full list of individual participant STAI pre- and post-intervention scores). One interesting aspect of these focus groups was the considerable differences between the younger and older groups. While both groups seemed to enjoy and benefit from the guided meditation we did together, the younger group was resistant to the idea of meditation and to practicing in an in-person group in the future. They said they would likely practice on an app at home on their own, but they would probably not come to an in-person group if we created one. When asked why they came to the focus group, they said it was because they liked the idea of sharing their opinions as experts and being paid to do so, rather than coming for the meditation. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing how participants of the mindfulness programs expressed a need for structured guidance and tools. It states that participants were 'generally open to meditation and mindfulness activities, if designed specifically for them,' which implies that structured programs are preferable rather than untrained or unstructured approaches. Moreover, the mention of guiding meditations points to the importance of training and guidance in successfully implementing mindfulness practices.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Circadian rhythms are regulated by light-sensitive proteins. [SEP] Text: The study was approved and undergoes continuing annual review by the (IRB) and the affiliated IRB of the. It was conducted in accord with the principles expressed in the Declaration of Helsinki. The target ages for young adults were 18–30 years and for older adults were 60–75 years. We sought both older and young-adult participants who were aerobically fit and in good general health, so that they would be capable of undergoing the exercise condition if randomized to that treatment. An inclusion criterion was regular participation in aerobic exercise for ≥20 min/day, ≥3 times/week at an intensity of ≥60% of maximal effort. Many of the volunteers were quite successful competitive endurance athletes (particularly those in the older group). All volunteers underwent medical histories, physical examinations, blood sugar, cholesterol and lipoprotein screening, and physician-supervised monitored exercise to verify the absence of EKG abnormalities. About 1/3 of the initial volunteers were dropped during the screening process for exercise safety considerations (e. g. , high cholesterol or EKG abnormalities during monitored exercise) or because they decided they did not wish to complete the protocol. Also, potential participants were excluded if they took medications thought to influence melatonin or cortisol (e. g. , melatonin, beta blockers, high doses of aspirin, corticosteroids). More older than young participants were recruited, because it was predicted a larger N might be needed for adequate power to detect a PRC in the older age group. Preliminary screening studies included sleep and medical history forms and the (PSQI) [17]. Some of the PSQI results have been reported elsewhere [18]. For 7 days before entering the laboratory, participants wore the Actillume-I wrist actigraph for continuous 24-h recording of activity and illumination exposure. Sleep-wake was inferred by validated algorithms [19,20]. During the same week, participants completed home sleep logs estimating sleep time and quality, and completed a baseline Center for (CESD) [21]. The CESD was repeated both on the first and last days in the laboratory and one week later, to measure any mood effects of the interventions. Participants were asked to abstain from alcohol and caffeine for 2 days before entering the laboratory. Participants first entered the Laboratory at about 09:30 and were assigned to individual studio apartments with sound and light isolation. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim regarding circadian rhythms and light-sensitive proteins. It focuses instead on the study design, participant selection, and methodology used in a research context, without any mention of circadian rhythms, light sensitivity, or proteins.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Crop rotation can enhance soil fertility and prevent pests. [SEP] Text: 2 MPa, corn root growth may have been impeded more in the C-C monoculture compared with other rotations, which were <2 MPa. In contrast to results at Ridgetown, there was no difference in penetration resistance among rotations (C-C, C-C-S-S and C-C-small grain undersown with red clover for 2 yr) at Elora in a 30-yr long-term study on a silt loam soil in the 0–20 cm depth (Munkholm et al. 2013). But, in the 10- to 20-cm depth, Munkholm et al. (2013) observed penetration resistance that was similar to Ridgetown with higher readings in C-C than the other rotations. Although there were no differences in soil concentrations of Zn and Mn or the Zn index (P = 0. 0907 to 0. 4238), the Mn index was higher for C-C than all other rotations except S-C (P = 0. 0013; Table 2). Similarly, at α = 0. 1, Zn index was higher with C-C than S-S (P = 0. 0907; Table 2). Zinc and Mn indices have been developed and driven by pH because the availability of Zn and Mn is dependent on pH. Crop rotation effects for Zn and Mn indices mirrored rotation effects for pH (P = 0. 0782) where pH was lower in C-C compared with S-S (Table 2). and Mn index response to crop rotation can be partially explained by the frequency of corn in the rotation because more N fertilizer was applied to corn, which can have an acidifying effect on the soil. For instance, S-S had no N fertilizer, but C-C had yearly urea ammonium nitrate applications and thereby influenced Zn and Mn indices. The relationship between N fertilization, pH, and micronutrients has been documented (Blevins et al. 1983). Similar to Mn and Zn, crop rotation had an effect on P and potentially mineralizable N (P = 0. 0009 to 0. 0229) but not on K, Ca, or Mg (P = 0. 1168 to 0. 1672; Table 2). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by detailing how crop rotations influence soil properties, specifically mentioning that crop rotation effects for micronutrient indices mirrored rotation effects for pH. This suggests that different crop rotations have a significant impact on soil fertility parameters like pH, Zn, and Mn indices, which can enhance soil fertility. Additionally, it indicates that the frequency of specific crops in rotations affects nutrient management, further supporting the claim regarding the benefits of crop rotation.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Mindfulness programs require no training or structured guidance. [SEP] Text: While this finding is interesting, it is not certain that it would be replicable in the larger population of 14–17 year old TGDY, as this focus group contained only three participants. The older group, on the other hand, said they came to the focus group specifically for the meditation. They wanted an in-person group to start immediately following the focus group and were disappointed when the authors told them we had to first analyze the data and create the training program, which would take months. They were excited about both a mobile app version and an in-person group specifically for trans youth so that they could learn more about meditation. They wanted to learn about chakras and energy, in a safe and affirming space taught by a trans person and designed just for them. One unanticipated outcome was that the participants connected to some parts of the meditation more than others. Everyone unanimously said they connected with the breathing exercise. They said it helped them connect with their bodies and calmed their minds. The other exercises, however, received mixed reactions. The physical tensing and relaxing exercise felt overwhelming to the younger group, while the older group seemed to relax into it, though the older youth did not say anything about it in the discussion. The visualization had varying responses, though almost everyone said they could not connect with the ball of light once it went out of the room. The majority of the younger group said they could not connect with any part of the visualization, and the older group said they felt the love inside their bodies and inside the room, but only one participant liked it when the ball of light left the room to connect the whole world. One possible explanation for this is due to the trauma that trans youth have experienced. For people who have experienced trauma, it can be scary or even distressing to go too deep into meditation too quickly (Brach, 2004; Compson, 2014). Rather, focusing on connection with the body is an approach that offers the most effective benefits of meditation without the potential distress (Compson, 2014). Similar to other literature, focus group participants directly said the guided meditation exercises focused within the body are what they appreciated most and what they would want more of in future programs. Mindfulness training that incorporates connection to the body generally, integrating non-judgmental awareness, could facilitate this request without triggering body dysphoria. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by emphasizing the need for structured guidance in mindfulness programs. The participants expressed a desire for a meditation training program that was carefully analyzed and developed before starting, indicating that they sought a structured environment to learn meditation, pointing out the importance of having trained guidance, especially in a safe and affirming space led by someone relatable to them.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Circadian rhythms are regulated by light-sensitive proteins. [SEP] Text: Structured block randomization was employed so that approximately equal numbers were assigned to each of the 8 bright light stimulus times. Figure 1 The experimental protocols. The experimental protocols are shown with an ordinate of 1 line per day and an abscissa of 24 h from midnight to midnight. Volunteers arrived in the laboratory at 09:30 on day 1. The ultra-short sleep-wake cycle, consisting of 30 min for sleep (black bars) followed by 60 min for wake (shaded bars) began at 10:30 and continued for 4. 7 to 5. 6 days. Three consecutive treatments (3 h bright light, yellow areas) were commenced after 38–54 h of baseline at one of 8 times. Circadian phase was assessed during the final 24 h of baseline preceding the first experimental treatment and for 24 h starting 6 h after the last treatment. Figure 2 The light spectrum of the bright light treatment. The spectral content of the bright light treatment measured at eye level (standing) was averaged for the 3 subject rooms. The abscissa is wavelength in nanometers. Participants continued to wear the Actillume wrist actigraphs throughout their time in the laboratory. Oral temperatures were taken with fast-reacting high-resolution electronic thermometers every 30 minutes. Because of superior circadian goodness of fit, only those oral temperature measurements obtained every 90 min immediately after awakening were used to obtain circadian analyses. Since these latter temperature measurements were each made in bed after 30 min. lying in bed, temperature was measured in a sort of constant routine which would minimize any effects of posture, activity, or meals. We did not think that the advantages of rectal temperature recording would outweigh the inconvenience and risks to participants. During the baseline and again after the final bright 3000 lux light stimulus, every urine voiding was collected. With few exceptions, participants provided a urine specimen each 90 min during lights-on, drinking at least 200 cc every 90 min to maintain steady production. The volume of each urine sample was measured and aliquots (2 ml) were immediately frozen and then soon transferred to -70°C, where the samples were stored for later assays of 6-sulphatoxymelatonin (aMT6s) and urinary free cortisol. Visual-analog 100 mm line ratings were given on 8 scales every 3 h: these scales were. Monk and colleagues have validated similar scales in time-isolation laboratory settings [27]. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not provide any information regarding the regulation of circadian rhythms by light-sensitive proteins. Instead, it describes experimental protocols related to light exposure and physiological measurements without explicitly linking these practices to the claim about the role of light-sensitive proteins in regulating circadian rhythms.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Crop rotation can enhance soil fertility and prevent pests. [SEP] Text: concentration was the highest with C-C, and greater than the S-S, S-W, and S-W-C rotations (Table 2). Considering that the crops were fertilized according to crop requirements and corn crops received more P fertilizer than soybeans or winter wheat, the differences in soil P among rotations can be primarily explained by long-term fertilizer management because the trend in P concentration appears to be related to the frequency of corn in the rotation. Potentially mineralizable N concentration was highest with the S-W rotation, but not different than C-C and S-W-C rotations (Table 2). Potentially mineralizable N concentration was lowest with the S-S and S-C rotations, which were not different compared to all other rotations except the S-W rotation. Although the corn crop received starter fertilizer, it is unlikely that the application in the sample year had a large influence on P concentration or potentially mineralizable N, considering that: (1) sampling was between rows to avoid the band of starter N fertilizer, (2) soil sampling occurred before split N application, and (3) each phase of the rotation was sampled, but there were no differences between crop phases (data not shown) on P concentration or potentially mineralizable N or any other CSHA parameter. For example, potentially mineralizable N in S-C and C-S rotations was 7. 4 and 7. 5 mg kg−1, respectively. Therefore, differences among crop rotations in P concentration and potentially mineralizable N in the 0- to 15-cm depth were likely due to long-term rotational effects rather than a reflection of spring fertilizer application that occurred in April. Nevertheless, observed differences in soil P and N were attributed to fertilizer practices that differed among crop rotations over the long-term. Though it is difficult to draw much conclusion from the bluegrass fencerow data because only one site was sampled, CSHA score and all parameters except nutrients were numerically higher in the adjacent undisturbed bluegrass fencerow compared with the trial area (Table 2). Nutrients tended to be lower in the bluegrass fencerow compared with the crop rotations (Table 2), likely due to the lack of fertilizer applied in the fencerow over the long-term. Drury et al. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing various crop rotations and their long-term effects on soil nutrients such as phosphorus (P) and potentially mineralizable nitrogen (N). It mentions that differences among crop rotations in P and N concentrations can be attributed to long-term rotational effects, which supports the idea that crop rotation enhances soil fertility. Additionally, the text implies that different fertilizers and their application throughout the rotations can influence soil nutrient levels, supporting the claim that crop rotations can enhance soil fertility.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Mindfulness programs require no training or structured guidance. [SEP] Text: The main message the research team received from these focus groups was that TGDY are interested in mindfulness training if it is designed specifically for them. Participants said these programs should include sensory stimulation, movement, conversations, be led by a trans teacher, in a relaxing and pressure-free environment, help them sleep at night, include an app to be able to meditate from home or anywhere, and have options of movement, breath-work, and visualizations so they could pick exactly what they want. Participants explained that it is hard for them to focus and that they understand the idea of meditation to be about sitting still and not thinking, which feels impossible for them. Thus, they would prefer it be called self-care, which is in line with what they already do. They expressed the need for some movement and sensory stimulation, as well as a pressure-free environment that does not make them feel like they are unsuccessful or being judged for having thoughts and being fidgety. Some ideas they gave for how this could work logistically were to include art, discussions, essential oils, yoga postures, a relaxing environment with fairy lights, props like stress balls and foam rollers, and multiple meditative techniques to choose from. The older group also specified that a trans instructor would be important to help them feel comfortable enough to take a risk like meditation. The majority of participants in the older group had experienced yoga or meditation with a cisgender teacher that had brought about body dysphoria, creating a distressing experience for them rather than a calming one. In a cis-normative world that is full of ignorance and discrimination (Budge et al. , 2013; Grant et al. , 2011), creating mindfulness interventions that are specifically affirming of transgender youth is essential to the safety and effectiveness of the space. Most of these suggestions are feasible and could be accomplished within both trans youth centers and general mindfulness centers. At trans youth centers, full mindfulness trainings could be created or adapted with these specifications in mind. Mindfulness-Reduction or Mindfulness-Therapy are two examples of already existing mindfulness programs that could be adapted for this population. Aspects of these focus group suggestions could also be taken to increase mindfulness activities in therapeutic settings that are already in progress, such as incorporating breathing exercises, short guided meditations, or relaxing sensory stimulation into psychotherapy or support groups, for example. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by detailing specific participant preferences for mindfulness training that emphasize the necessity of structured guidance and training. Participants indicated various elements they want included in such programs, such as being led by a trans teacher, incorporating sensory stimulation, and including multiple meditative techniques. This implies that they do not see mindfulness as something that can be engaged with effectively without this kind of guidance and support, thereby rebutting the assertion that mindfulness programs can be effectively executed without training.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Circadian rhythms are regulated by light-sensitive proteins. [SEP] Text: The CESD inventory was repeated near the beginning and towards the end of the laboratory stay. aMT6s The aMT6s assays were performed using Bühlmann 96 well ELISA kits (EK-M6S) purchased from. (Windham, NH). At the usual dilution of 1:200, the analytical sensitivity of the EIA was 0. 35 ng/ml and the functional least detectable dose was 1. 3 ng/ml for coefficients of variation (CVs) <20%. In our laboratory, control urine samples averaging 4–6 ng/ml gave intra- and inter-assay CVs of 4% and 7%, respectively. All samples from an individual participant were run at the same time and wherever possible on the same 96-well plate. Selected samples (especially peak or "circadian night" samples measuring > 38 ng/ml or samples < 1 ng/ml) were assayed repeatedly at either increased (1:800 to 1:3200) or decreased (1:25 to 1:100) dilution when necessary to obtain more accurate estimates or to clarify irregular circadian patterns in excretion rate (ng/hr). From the aMT6s concentration, the urine volume, and the collection times, the aMT6s excretion rate (ng/h) was computed for each collection interval (the interval between one voiding and the next one) and subsequently associated with each 5-min interval within the collection interval. From this time series of 5-min intervals, the circadian analyses were computed (see below). Urinary free cortisol Urine samples were assayed for free cortisol using DSL-2100 RIA kits (Laboratories, Inc. Webster, Texas). Because our 90 min sampling protocol typically yielded somewhat dilute urine, the urine sample volume in the RIA was increased to 75 μl combined with 25 μl of zero calibrator, adjusting the volume of kit standards and controls accordingly (e. g. 25 μl standards plus 75 μl deionized water). A low dose control (mean 1. 3 μg/dL) run in triplicate in 12 assays gave intra- and inter-assay coefficients of variation (CVs) of 6. 8% and 8. 7%, respectively. Samples measuring <0. 16 or >20. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses the methodology of urine sample assays and their analytical parameters, without any mention of circadian rhythms or light-sensitive proteins. Thus, it does not provide support or opposition to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Crop rotation can enhance soil fertility and prevent pests. [SEP] Text: At Elora, Vyn and Raimbault (1993) observed NT C-C had higher penetrometer readings, bulk density and lower proportion of fine aggregates in the seedbed compared with CT C-C system. These differences partially explained observed lower corn yield in a 15-yr Ontario C-C monoculture system in Elora (Vyn and Raimbault 1993) and were likely drivers influencing crop yield at Ridgetown based on CSHA results (Table 1). Soil moisture parameters were not different between NT and CT (P = 0. 0518 to 0. 9027; Table 1), which supports the conclusions in a review by Cannell and Hawes (1994). Similar to Ridgetown, in an Iowa study gravimetric moisture content at field capacity (−10 kPa) was not different between tillage systems (Benjamin 1993). However, Benjamin (1993) indicated higher hydraulic conductivity with NT compared with CT likely due to either a greater continuity of pores, or greater water flow through large pores. Pore size and distribution were not measured at Ridgetown. Overall, the composite CSHA soil quality score was 4. 4% higher in NT compared with the CT production system (P = 0. 0035; Table 1). Thus, the CSHA detected statistically significant improvements in soil quality with 14 yr of NT on a Brookston clay loam soil. Improved soil quality with NT compared with CT was consistent with other research (Idowu et al. 2009). For instance, in two S-C sites in New York, soil quality measured by the CSHA was 12–13% higher in NT compared with CT after 15-yr long-term studies on clay loam and silt loam soils (Idowu et al. 2009). Despite the 4. 4% difference in overall soil health between NT and CT, both systems were ranked as having medium soil quality. Similarly, the S-W rotation was 6. 8 to 8. 1% statistically higher than S-S and C-C monocultures and the S-C rotation. The S-W rotation, however, was ranked as high in soil quality as opposed to medium for the other rotations. One might argue that despite the statistical significance observed, the significance of a 4. 4 to 8. 1% difference in CSHA scores between tillage systems and among crop rotations seems rather small and the implications difficult to assess. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the benefits of different cropping systems, specifically highlighting that the S-W rotation showed statistically significant improvements in soil quality compared to monocultures. The reference to the statistical significance in soil quality with crop rotations supports the notion that crop rotation practices can enhance soil fertility. Additionally, the improvements in soil health metrics from the NT over CT systems align with the claim's focus on increasing soil fertility through agricultural practices.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Mindfulness programs require no training or structured guidance. [SEP] Text: For general mindfulness centers and interventions, adaptations could be formed to create exclusive training for transgender youth that is led by a trans instructor. Additionally, general groups could be modified to exclude elements that explicitly focus on binary gender or body parts where this population may experience dysphoria. Touching or alluding to the chest or genital region without understanding the dysphoria potentially present can increase feelings of self-judgment and anxiety. Also, separating meditators or mindfulness practitioners into groups based on narrow binary genders is a commonly used practice that this population may experience as discrimination. On the other hand, mindfulness training that focuses on non-judgmental awareness of one’s inner experience can buffer minority stress and lead to greater self-compassion and acceptance for this and all populations (Beard et al. , 2017; Salvati & Chiorri, 2021). There are several social justice implications inherent in this research study. The end goal of creating a meditation program designed specifically for transgender youth and young adults may increase positive mental health outcomes of this population. Furthermore, the focus groups themselves may have empowered participants by requesting their feedback as community experts to help with the design and creation of this meditation intervention. TGDY are a marginalized population whose voice is not often listened to; thus, addressing them as authorities and utilizing their expertise can be a liberating endeavor (Watkins & Shulman, 2008). Limitations and Future ResearchThere are several limitations for this study. The coronavirus pandemic and time-limited funding did not allow for additional focus groups that had been planned. The focus groups were completed at a trans youth health center in a large metropolitan city; thus, youth not accessing this center were not able to participate. Results gathered in this study may not apply to TGDY in small towns or to those without access to a trans youth health clinic. This is especially true for younger TGDY, as parental support is required to receive transgender healthcare for those under the age of 18 years. Self-selected convenience sampling was used for this study, potentially including participants with more active engagement in supportive organizational settings and a greater interest in mindfulness. Some TGDY may not be interested in the topic of meditation, focus groups about this topic, or a meditation intervention. The quantitative data in particular is limited in showing any causation due to the low number of participants and lack of a control group. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the necessity of structured mindfulness training tailored for specific populations, such as transgender youth. It highlights that mindfulness interventions can be adapted and require a certain level of training and structured guidance to effectively address the unique challenges faced by this demographic. This indicates that mindfulness programs can and should involve training rather than necessitating a lack of guidance.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Circadian rhythms are regulated by light-sensitive proteins. [SEP] Text: 0 μg/dL when run at 75 μl were reassayed using either 250 μl or 25 μl of sample to obtain more accurate estimates. As with aMT6s, the cortisol concentrations were used to infer cortisol excretion for each 5 min interval. Because the urine integrates the pulsatile secretion of cortisol into blood, fewer urine samples than blood samples are needed to obtain a precise assessment of the phase of the circadian system. However, interim analyses suggested that urinary cortisol was not yielding more reliable circadian information than aMT6s, so cortisol was not assayed for the final third of laboratory studies. Separate analyses were done for the last 24 h of baseline 90-min sleep-wake cycle, before light treatment, and for the comparable final 24 h of follow-up laboratory 90-min cycle (starting 6 h after the end of light treatment to minimize transients). For measures such as urinary aMT6s, urinary cortisol, oral temperature, and actigraphic minute-by-minute scored sleep, the best-fitting 24-h cosine was estimated with a least-squares technique. Then the acrophases (peak of the fitted curve) and mesors (mean of the fitted curve) were obtained as the estimates of the daily mean excretion and circadian timing. Baseline results from some of the first participants in this study, combined with some of the participants who would be assigned to exercise, have been reported previously [18,28]. Each phase response resulting from bright light stimuli was then computed, e. g. , as the acrophase of the baseline minus the acrophase of the follow-up interval. A negative phase shift indicated a delay, e. g. , that the acrophase of the rhythm occurred at a later clock time after the stimulus than during baseline. A positive phase shift would indicate an advance, e. g. , that the acrophase was at an earlier time at follow-up than at baseline. The phase shifts from baseline to follow-up were then related to the time lag between the center time of the 3-h light stimulus and the baseline acrophase of aMT6s (or temperature, cortisol, etc. ) to form the phase-response curves for each variable studied with each phase reference. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text discusses various aspects of measuring circadian rhythms, such as the use of cortisol and other markers, without directly addressing how light-sensitive proteins play a role in the regulation of circadian rhythms. Therefore, it is irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Crop rotation can enhance soil fertility and prevent pests. [SEP] Text: There were no differences in SOC across crop rotations under NT at 0- to 5-cm, 0- to 20-cm, and 0- to 100-cm soil depths; however, crop rotation affected SOC under CT at the 0- to 5-cm (P = 0. 01) and the 0- to 20-cm (P = 0. 08) soil depths (Table 3). Monoculture of either corn or soybean (i. e. , C-C and S-S) under CT tended to produce the lowest SOC compared with other crop rotations, with an average of 12. 8 and 48. 1 Mg ha−1 SOC at the 0- to 5-cm and 0- to 20-cm soil depths, respectively. The S-S monoculture under CT tended to produce the lowest SOC in the surface 5 cm (Table 3), probably because tillage enhanced decomposition and C mineralization in combination with the low amount of crop residue with soybean compared with corn or winter wheat residues. Table 3. Table 3. Impact of tillage systemz and crop rotation on soil organic carbon storage after 11 yr in a long-term experiment initiated in 1995 z z CT, conventional tillage was fall moldboard plough with spring cultivation; NT, no till system had no soil disturbance except at planting. y y Single degree of freedom contrasts between tillage system within a crop rotation. x x Statistical differences across rotation, sliced by tillage. **, *, +, NS Represent statistical significance at P = 0. 01, P=0. 05, P=0. 10, and P>0. 10, respectively. a-cWithin each column, means followed by different letters indicate significant difference according to a protected LSD test (P<0. 05). In contrast to the monoculture of corn or soybean, the S-W crop rotation produced the highest SOC of 21. 5 and 79. 0 Mg ha−1 at equivalent depths of 0–5 and 0–20 cm, respectively (Table 3). The trend for the highest SOC in the S-W crop rotation may be associated with the frequency of winter wheat in the rotation. High SOC with the S-W rotation under the NT or CT systems may be due to more lignin in wheat residues (i. e. , straw), which tends to be more recalcitrant to decomposition. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text supports the claim by providing evidence of how certain crop rotations, like the S-W rotation, resulted in higher soil organic carbon (SOC) levels compared to monocultures, indicating enhanced soil fertility. The reference to the significance of the material remaining from the winter wheat in the rotation—having more lignin leading to higher SOC—corroborates the idea that crop rotation not only improves soil fertility but likely contributes to pest management through healthier soil ecosystems.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Mindfulness programs require no training or structured guidance. [SEP] Text: We included it here to show the trend of decreasing anxiety for these participants, which could potentially be duplicated on a larger scale. Because this is an understudied population, more research is needed to understand the effects of meditation within this group. Future research topics could include deeper dives into the effects of meditation on internalized transphobia, potential benefits of adding mindfulness activities into support groups, and the experience of TGDY within larger, general mindfulness groups. Larger quantitative studies and randomized control trials could more completely examine the effectiveness of meditation on decreasing anxiety, depression, and self-judgment in this population. Additionally, phenomenological qualitative methodologies could be used to better understand TGDY individuals’ direct experience of mindfulness practice as it relates to internalized transphobia, self-acceptance, and general internal experience. Further studies could explore the effects of different types of meditation and mindfulness practices on gender dysphoria. This is a diverse population, so more exploration into intersectional perspectives is also needed. The investigator has begun utilizing the results from this study to better integrate mindfulness and meditation skills within individual and group psychotherapy with TGDY clients. He has also created a one-time meditation and mindfulness event for transmasculine individuals. While no consistent TGDY mindfulness group has yet been established at this location, it would be invaluable both here and at other locales. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the need for structured guidance and training in the context of mindfulness and meditation within a specific population (TGDY). It emphasizes the importance of integrating mindfulness and meditation skills within psychotherapy and mentions the development of events aimed at facilitating mindfulness practices, thus indicating that some level of guidance is necessary.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Circadian rhythms are regulated by light-sensitive proteins. [SEP] Text: Because the PRC bisection test was a new approach, these tests were confirmed by factorial ANOVA, allocating the phase shifts into 6 prospectively-planned 4 h treatment-timing blocks (referenced to the baseline acrophases), and adding age group and gender as additional factors to produce 6 × 2 × 2 analyses. A criterion for significance of p < 0. 05 was selected. No correction for multiple testing seemed appropriate, since most tests were significant, and correction would be problematic with tests which were intercorrelated. total of 50 young adults ages 18–31 years (mean 23) and 56 older adults ages 59–75 years (mean 67) completed the protocol and supplied usable data. The young adults included 31 women and 19 men. The older adults included 28 women and 28 men. Seven additional participants entered the laboratory, but dropped out in the first 2 days before receiving randomized treatment, mostly with headache complaints. These complaints decreased after a room ventilation problem was identified and resolved. One participant quit during bright light treatment because a personal responsibility arose unexpectedly. The studies were done from September, 1999 through March, 2003, both age groups and both genders being studied simultaneously at all times of year. Some characteristics of the participants at baseline are shown in Table 1. Table 1 of Participants (Mean ± SD) -up (questionnaire)7:31 ± 1:245:55 ± 1:18P < 0. 001Actigraphic wake time8:32 ± 2:166:39 ± 1:07P < 0. 001Bedtime (questionnaire)23:48 ± 1:0322:51 ± 1:05P < 0. 001Bedtime (actigraph)00:33 ± 1:3122:41 ± 1:24P < 0. 001Sleep log total sleep time444 ± 65 min406 ± 63 minP = 0. 003Actigraphic total sleep time404 ± 70 min385 ± 68 minNSaMT6s onset23:04 ± 1:4522:16 ± 1:46P = 0. 02aMT6s acrophase3:47 ± 1:373:18 ± 1:58NSaMT6s offset08:22 ± 1:2808:20 ± 2:11NSCortisol acrophase9:59 ± 1:548:29 ± 2:51P = 0. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim regarding the regulation of circadian rhythms by light-sensitive proteins. It discusses a study design involving age groups and treatment timings without any reference to circadian rhythms or light-sensitive proteins, making it irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Crop rotation can enhance soil fertility and prevent pests. [SEP] Text: At Elora, Meyer-Aurich et al. (2006) observed that rotations which included winter wheat (i. e. , S-W-C-C) had higher SOC than C-C or S-S-C-C at the 0- to 20-cm depth, but no differences at 0–30 cm or 0–40 cm on an equivalent mass basis. In contrast, Gál et al. (2007) reported no difference in SOC between C-C and S-C rotations when averaged for NT and CT systems in a 28-yr study in Indiana, which was similar to results at Ridgetown. Likewise, Yang and Kay (2001a) also reported no difference in SOC between C-C and S-S-C-C rotations at Elora, ON. Generally, total N tends with crop rotation mirrored trends in SOC, as reported by others (Franchini et al. 2007; Gál et al. 2007; Fuentes et al. 2009). The tillage system had a much greater influence on N storage on an equivalent mass basis than crop rotation (Table 4). The tillage system effect on total N was not consistent with crop rotation, so the tillage by crop rotation interaction for each soil depth was sliced across tillage, which produced single degree of freedom contrasts (Littell et al. 2006) between NT and CT within each crop rotation (Table 4). was numerically higher under NT in all crop rotations, but most responses were not statistically different in the C-C, S-C, and S-W crop rotations (P = 0. 09 to 0. 23) at any of the equivalent soil depths tested. The greatest tillage response on soil N occurred in the S-S and S-W-C rotations: N content at equivalent soil depths of 0–5 and 0–20 cm was more than double with NT in the S-S monoculture compared to CT, and nearly double in S-W-C rotation (P = 0. 0001 to 0. 006). At all depths evaluated, the S-S monoculture under CT had the lowest total N and was not statistically different than CT C-C monoculture (Table 4). Table 4. Table 4. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by indicating that crop rotation, particularly the inclusion of winter wheat, can lead to higher soil organic carbon (SOC) levels, which is indicative of enhanced soil fertility. The mention of total nitrogen (N) content trends aligning with crop rotation further supports the assertion that crop rotation contributes positively to soil fertility. Additionally, the text emphasizes that the influence of the tillage system on nitrogen storage, although significant, did not negate the benefits of crop rotation on soil health, thereby reinforcing the claim that crop rotation can enhance soil fertility.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Mindfulness programs require no training or structured guidance. [SEP] Text: Use our pre-submission checklist Avoid common mistakes on your manuscript. Over the past decade, the interest in mindfulness among educators and the number of mindfulness-based programs for students and teachers have grown dramatically. Empirical research to examine the effectiveness of such programs has increased exponentially, but it has not kept up with the burgeoning growth of school-based programing. While the research is indeed promising, there is still much to learn about how best to introduce mindful awareness practices (MAPs) to children and adolescents in school settings. A primary concern is whether or not MAPs constitute religious activities that cross the boundary between church and state, especially as delineated by the first amendment to the U. S. Constitution (e. g. , Sedlock v. Baird 2015). The purposes of this commentary are to address this question and to offer recommendations for best practices in public educational settings. Religion (Dictionary. com Unabridged n. d. ) has been defined as “a set of beliefs concerning the cause, nature, and purpose of the universe, especially when considered as the creation of a superhuman agency or agencies, usually involving devotional and ritual observances, and often containing a moral code governing the conduct of human affairs. ” The term “secular,” by definition, means not pertaining to or connected with religion. While law dictates that public schools in the USA not teach religious content, Western educational systems originated in religious contexts, and there are practices in use in our educational settings derived from religious practices. For example, choral reading of prayer is a common practice in religious settings. Choral reading is also used in educational settings; however, the content is secular (e. g. , poetry, dramatic reading). Therefore, it is the content that determines the religious or secular nature of any given practice, not necessarily the practice itself. While MAPs can be found within both Eastern and Western religious traditions, the practice of mindfulness itself is not inherently religious. Secular MAPs do not involve and/or require any belief. Rather, the rationale for such practices in educational settings is based on evidence from cognitive and affective neuroscience and the social and behavioral sciences (Mind and 2012). Research directed towards the reduction in suffering and the promotion of human flourishing has demonstrated the value of MAPs in numerous contexts (Keng et al. 2011). This evidence is critical to the successful application of mindfulness to a variety of secular settings. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the complexity around implementing mindfulness-based programs (MAPs) in educational settings. It emphasizes the need for structured guidance on how to integrate mindfulness practices effectively, mentioning that there is 'still much to learn about how best to introduce MAPs to children and adolescents in school settings.' This indicates that training and structured guidance are necessary for the successful application of mindfulness programs, directly opposing the claim that they require no training or guidance.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Circadian rhythms are regulated by light-sensitive proteins. [SEP] Text: Referencing phase responses in the aMT6s acrophases to the baseline aMT6s acrophases, the overall PRC bisection test for all participants gave a highly significant rejection of the null hypothesis of no PRC. This was also the case for subgroups of all older, all young, all males, and all females. The PRCs of each of these four subgroups were highly significant, had a similar D score estimating the amplitude of the PRC, and similar estimated phases of the inflection point from delays to advances (adjusted for mean shifts). The results for the much smaller age-gender subgroups shown in Table 2 were also rather similar, though the bisection test for older males missed the 0. 05 significance criterion. Using factorial ANOVA to contrast PRC amplitudes derived from the PRC bisection procedure (see [30]), no significant differences in PRC amplitude were found between older and young groups or between female and male groups, nor was the age X gender interaction significant. It appeared that the largest difference in inflection phases was between older and young females, but the 95% confidence limits for inflection phases derived from the PRC bisection test overlapped when comparing the older and young female subgroups. Table 2 and of referenced to acrophaseTIME (mean)DNPaMT6s phase shifts referenced to aMT6s acrophaseAll ages21. 3°4:5636. 9106<0. 0001Young males21. 3°5:2937. 4190. 004Young females45. 3°6:3738. 7310. 007Older males29. 1°5:2328. 8280. 087Older females1. 6°3:4945. 3528<0. 0001cortisol phase shifts referenced to baseline aMT6s acrophaseAll ages4. 5°3:4935. 6730. 0005oral temperature phase shifts referenced to baseline oral temperature acrophaseAll ages159. 6°3:3155. 096<0. 0001lab actigraphic sleep phase shifts referenced to baseline aMT6s acrophaseAll ages10. 7°4:1438. 01020. 03Shifts in aMT6s onset, offset, and duration, with treatment time referenced to aMT6s acrophaseaMT6s onset27. 5°05:2133. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim regarding circadian rhythms and light-sensitive proteins. Instead, it discusses phase response curves (PRCs) and various statistical findings related to acrophases across subgroups, which is unrelated to the regulation of circadian rhythms by light-sensitive proteins.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Crop rotation can enhance soil fertility and prevent pests. [SEP] Text: Impact of tillage systemz and crop rotation on total nitrogen storage after 11 yr in a long-term experiment initiated in 1995 z z CT, conventional tillage was fall moldboard plough with spring cultivation; NT, no till system had no soil disturbance except at planting. y y Single degree of freedom contrasts between tillage system within crop rotation. x x Statistical differences across rotation, sliced by tillage. **, *, +, NS Represent statistical significance at P = 0. 01, P = 0. 05, P = 0. 10, and P = >0. 10, respectively. data expressed on an equivalent mass basis (Table 4) was similar to total N content and concentration (data not shown); higher total N with rotations with winter wheat compared with those rotations without winter wheat. Higher concentrations and quantities of soil N in systems that include winter wheat may be due to high amounts of N through rhizodeposition by the wheat crop. Most studies have reported that between 5 and 20% of total N assimilated by wheat is deposited into the soil as N derived from root deposits [reviewed by Wichern et al. (2008)]. Janzen (1990) reported that 18–33% of the total N yield of wheat plants was deposited in the soil from root exudates, which represents an important contribution to the soil N fertility status. In a recent 2-yr study in Spain, Munoz-Romero et al. (2013) reported a total of 93 kg N ha−1 yr−1 was deposited from wheat roots, or approximately 40% of the total N content assimilated by wheat plants including grain. Although less is known about N deposits from corn and soybean roots, wheat roots may contribute more N due to its dense fibrous root system (Munoz-Romero et al. 2013), which may explain higher N content and concentrations in crop rotations that included wheat at Ridgetown. Tillage SystemsIn the 1991 tillage trial with a S-C rotation, in the equivalent soil mass of 638, 2443, and 10 256 Mg ha−1, which corresponded to 0–5, 0–20 and 0–80 cm depths, SOC was 15 to 18% higher with NT than CT, respectively, and the NT system had 14 to 27% higher total N than CT system (Table 5). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by explaining that higher concentrations and quantities of soil nitrogen (N) are associated with crop rotations that include winter wheat. It highlights that a significant portion of total nitrogen assimilated by wheat is deposited into the soil, thus contributing to soil fertility. The mention of studies indicating that wheat roots, due to their dense fibrous root system, may deposit more nitrogen supports the idea that crop rotation can enhance soil fertility.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Mindfulness programs require no training or structured guidance. [SEP] Text: Individuals adapting MAPs for public educational settings should be familiar with and draw upon this research to design MAPs that are based on this evidence, align with educational aims and objectives, and meet the needs of the school context. Content such as language, artifacts, or beliefs that are associated with practices in religious contexts should not be introduced in public educational settings. When it comes to language and artifacts, the distinctions between the religious and secular may be subtle; however, it is best to error on the side of secularity to avoid misunderstandings. For example, the practice of focusing attention on the sound of a bell or chime is a MAP commonly introduced to younger children. Using a bell from a religious tradition (such as a Tibetan bowl or cymbals used in rituals) may give the impression that the practice has religious significance, when the intention is purely secular. Therefore, it is recommended that educators use bells and/or chimes that are devoid of these associations. Similarly, introducing names, words, or sounds that come from a religious or spiritual tradition (that are associated with spiritual and/or religious belief) as a focus of attention during practice is inappropriate in the secular public school context. Furthermore, when introducing postures from yoga, the use of Sanskrit names and identifying areas of the body associated with spiritual and religious significance (e. g. , chakras) are inappropriate. This does not preclude educators from focusing on areas of the body such as the center of the chest or the center of gravity of the body. Indeed, focusing attention on the chest may be helpful when engaging in practices intended to generate care and/or compassion, and focusing attention on the center of gravity of the body located in the lower part of the abdomen may help children and adolescents learn balance and stability. While each of these areas of the body may have spiritual and/or religious significance in yogic and/or other spiritual and religious traditions, teaching these associations in public schools is inappropriate and unnecessary for engaging in the practices and deriving benefit from them. Finally, it is recommended that instructors take care not to give the impression that MAPs involve the transmission of any sort of spiritual or metaphysical energy. For example, a common practice that has been adapted for use in school settings is “lovingkindness practice,” intended to promote feelings of care and compassion for oneself and others (Kang et al. 2015; Flook et al. 2015). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by indicating that individuals adapting Mindfulness Awareness Practices (MAPs) for public educational settings should be familiar with the research to effectively design programs. It emphasizes the need for guidance when incorporating these practices, particularly avoiding the introduction of religious elements and ensuring practices derive benefit without implying spiritual significance. This indicates that structured guidance is indeed necessary for implementing MAPs effectively.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Circadian rhythms are regulated by light-sensitive proteins. [SEP] Text: 9104<0. 0001aMT6s offset14. 1°04:2822. 5104<0. 02aMT6s duration*29. 1°05:281. 06 h104P < 0. 01 * The bisection test was modified to determine if changes in aMT6s duration were random in phase Whether the treatment time was referenced to the baseline aMT6s acrophase or to the baseline cortisol acrophase, cortisol phase responses were similar to those for aMT6s, but the bisection tests for cortisol were not significant for the younger group with N = 42. scores for oral temperature phase responses were rather high, but the bisection tests were not significant for the older participants, whether treatment timing was referenced to oral temperature baseline phases or to aMT6s baseline phases. Bisection results for actigraphic sleep phase responses resembled those of the other variables, but the tests were not as highly significant, in as much as the circadian amplitude/mesor ratios of actigraphic sleep rhythms were not as high as for the urine variables or oral temperature, and the circadian phase estimates were accordingly less precise. of aMT6s acrophase responses for all participants demonstrated a highly significant time-of-treatment effect (F5,82 = 15. 98, P < 0. 0001), confirming a significant PRC. There were no significant main effects of age group or gender and no interactions of age or gender with the time-of-treatment. However, when examining the phase shifts for the onset of aMT6s, referencing light treatment time to aMT6s onset, the interaction effect of age and time of treatment was almost significant (P = 0. 054), reflecting the earlier inflection among older participants. A similar ANOVA for cortisol phase response showed no significant time-of-treatment effect, whether the time of treatment was referenced to baseline aMT6s or to cortisol acrophases. The time-of-treatment effect in ANOVA for temperature responses referenced to aMT6s was significant at the P = 0. 01 level with no significant age or gender effects or interactions. Referenced to baseline temperature acrophases, this temperature ANOVA was slightly less significant, P = 0. 023. In the sleep phase responses ANOVA, the time-of-treatment effect was barely significant with P < 0. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not directly address or provide any information regarding the regulation of circadian rhythms by light-sensitive proteins. Instead, it discusses statistical analysis of treatment times and phase responses in relation to various biological variables, making it irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Crop rotation can enhance soil fertility and prevent pests. [SEP] Text: The chisel-T treatment was either intermediary to NT and CT or more similar to CT than NT with respect to both SOC and total N (Table 5). Similarly, pooled over crop rotation in the 1995 trial, SOC and total N were also statistically higher with NT than CT (Tables 3 and 4). Thus, in both long-term sites at Ridgetown NT had greater SOC and total N compared to CT. Table 5. Table 5. Impact of tillagez and sample depth on soil organic carbon (SOC) and nitrogen storage on equivalent soil mass basis in two long-term trials initiated in 1991 and 1995 z z CT, conventional tillage was fall moldboard plough with spring cultivation; Chisel was fall chisel plough with spring cultivation; NT, no till system had no soil disturbance except at planting. a–c For each trial within each row and each parameter, means followed by different letters indicate significant difference according to Tukey-Kramer multiple means comparison (P < 0. 05). In contrast to Ridgetown, reports in Ontario from Elora (Deen and Kataki 2003), Delhi (Wanniarachchi et al. 1999), and Woodslee (Yang et al. 2008a) showed no differences in SOC among tillage treatments. Likely, different soil characteristics and experimental duration contributed to the different effect of tillage on SOC at the aforementioned Ontario sites compared with Ridgetown. West and Post (2002) estimated that SOC sequestration rates establish new equilibriums by 15–20 yr when comparing NT and CT practices. Also, Alvarez (2005) concluded that the accumulation of SOC under reduced tillage or NT had an S-shaped time-dependent process and reached a steady state after 25–30 yr. Considering the assessment of SOC at Ridgetown was after 11–15 yr of production, it would be valuable to re-sample after circa 20 yr to determine if SOC and soil quality values were at peak or equilibrium. Regardless, there has been increased evidence of higher SOC with NT than CT in the deeper soil profile (i. e. , below 60-cm depth). For instance, results in Indiana in C-C and S-C rotations showed higher SOC and total N on an equivalent mass basis in NT compared with CT to 100-cm depth (Gál et al. 2007). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by providing evidence of higher soil organic carbon (SOC) and total nitrogen (N) in no-till (NT) systems compared to conventional tillage (CT), suggesting that these practices, which could include crop rotation, can enhance soil fertility. The references in the text to increases in SOC and total N in rotation systems indicate a positive outcome related to soil health, which supports the claim.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Mindfulness programs require no training or structured guidance. [SEP] Text: This practice typically involves focusing attention sequentially on oneself and a series of others who are felt as more or less intimate and generating and extending feelings of goodwill in the form of mentally repeated phrases such as “may you be well, peaceful and happy. ” It is important to clarify that the intention of this practice is not to actually transmit anything to another, but to simply generate positive and caring feelings within oneself for oneself and others. To be clear, the suggestion is not that one should conceal the fact that such associations between practices and religious and spiritual traditions exist. Rather, it is that educators be especially careful to ensure that the nature of the practices they are introducing is indeed completely secular and science based, and to explain clearly that the rationale for such practices is based on science, rather than belief. Furthermore, I am not suggesting that MAPs be presented as devoid of an ethical base. I agree with Greenberg and Mitra’s (2015) exposition of the value of “right mindfulness,” or mindfulness informed by secular ethics. Educators can link practices to the secular ethical framework found in educational settings (e. g. , the golden rule). For example, students learn MAPs that help them manage their anger, which improves their behavior and their relationships with their teacher and peers. A final consideration is how MAPs are integrated into the school day. In many cases, these activities have been added on to the regular school schedule and introduced by individuals from outside the school community who may not understand the importance of secularity and/or how to present secular MAPs. Educators faced with growing demands to cover academic content may perceive mindfulness-based programming as intrusive and burdensome, and parents may wonder why valuable school time is being used for such programing. Depending upon outside providers who may have a limited understanding of education and child development to deliver such programing may be inadvisable and unsustainable. However, educators presenting MAPs to students without adequate preparation may also be problematic. An educator’s misapprehension of the secular ethical basis for MAPs may lead to a misappropriation of these practices aimed towards student compliance and raising test scores, rather than promoting individual and community flourishing. Two promising trends are the proliferation of mindfulness-based professional development programs for teachers (Roeser et al. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by highlighting the necessity of preparation and training for educators who implement mindfulness-based programs (MAPs). It states that presenting MAPs without adequate preparation can lead to a misappropriation of these practices, thereby suggesting that structured guidance and training are indeed essential for effectively integrating mindfulness into educational settings.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Circadian rhythms are regulated by light-sensitive proteins. [SEP] Text: 05, but a time-of-treatment X gender interaction was significant with P = 0. 007, and an age X gender interaction was significant with P = 0. 005, without any interaction of age with time of treatment. There was no time-of-treatment effect on the final aMT6s mesors or circadian amplitudes determined by cosine fits. Phase shifts in aMT6s onsets and offsets were generally similar to those of the acrophases. However, because the aMT6s onsets were more advanced in the older compared to younger participants than were the baseline acrophases, the entire PRC waveform for shifts in the older group was more clearly phase advanced when referenced to onsets in circadian-adjusted time (Fig. 5B). Moreover, because the aMT6s onsets delayed more than the offsets in the phase-delay regions of the PRCs, the post-treatment duration of aMT6s excretion was significantly related to time-of-treatment by the bisection test (P < 0. 01), as shown in Table 2 and Fig. 6B. This effect on duration was confirmed by ANOVA (P < 0. 05). Fig. 6B indicates that light stimuli given near 4 PM or near 8 AM induced a lengthening of the aMT6s duration. In 41 pairings where PRC bisection tests and time-of-treatment ANOVA were both computed, the PRC bisection test yielded more significant P values in 27 cases and ANOVA in 14. The correlation of log-transformed P values for the two methods was r = 0. 83. The mean CESD score increased from 4. 9 at home baseline to 6. 5 on the first day in the laboratory, 7. 6 on the last day in the laboratory, and 6. 1 on one-week follow-up (p < 0. 03, one-way ANOVA), indicating slight increases in depression from baseline. The CESD scores following bright light treatment were not influenced by the timing of the treatment. Examining visual-analog scores at the end of treatment (Day 5 average) with repeated measures the time of day of treatment referenced to aMT6s acrophase produced no significant effects on mood. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not directly address the claim about circadian rhythms being regulated by light-sensitive proteins. It discusses statistical interactions, measures of aMT6s, and treatment effects without mentioning light-sensitive proteins or their role in circadian regulation. Therefore, it is considered irrelevant to the specific claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Crop rotation can enhance soil fertility and prevent pests. [SEP] Text: In a S-W-C rotation, NT had higher SOC than CT in a 19-yr, farm-scale trial in southern Ontario (Yang and Kay 2001b). Correspondingly, a global meta-analysis showed NT had 48 g C m−2 yr−1 greater C than CT (West and Post 2002). Likewise, a recent meta-analysis of Ontario long-term tillage trials, which included both 1991 and 1995 long-term Ridgetown sites showed at all depths evaluated (0–10, 0–20, and 0–45 cm) greater SOC storage with NT than CT systems by 6. 9 g C m−2 yr−1 in the 0- to 45-cm depth (Congreves et al. 2014). Similar to SOC, in both long-term trials at Ridgetown, total N was higher with NT than CT at each depth to at least 60 cm (Table 5). Soil total N at both sites in Ridgetown was consistent with others that showed NT system to have a greater impact on soil N than previous crops (Soon et al. 2001). No-till soils tend to have higher levels of microbial biomass and organic N compared with CT soils (Doran 1987; Soon et al. 2001). Higher total soil N content and concentration with NT compared with CT system was similar with potentially mineralizable N in the 0- to 15-cm depth (Table 1). In both trials, there was no tillage by depth interaction (P = 0. 7233 to 0. 9999) when the data were expressed by concentration, content (data not shown) or on an equivalent mass basis for SOC and total N, which suggests differential stratification of SOC and total N between tillage systems did not occur. The lack of stratification of SOC under long-term NT compared with CT systems was not in agreement with other research [see review by Kay and VandenBygaart (2002)], which observed NT systems had a stratified SOC distribution within the soil profile but did not increase SOC storage beyond the plough layer (Deen and Kataki 2003; Murage et al. 2007; Angers et al. 2008; Yang et al. 2008b; Shi et al. 2011). Differences in sample depths may somewhat explain discrepancies between studies on the impact of tillage systems on SOC (Yang and Kay 2001b). Meta-analysis by VandenBygaart et al. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text provides evidence that supports the claim by showing that no-till (NT) systems, which can be part of crop rotation practices, lead to higher soil organic carbon (SOC) and total nitrogen (N) in the soil compared to conventional tillage (CT) systems. Specifically, it mentions that over 19 years, NT had superior soil health metrics such as greater SOC and N levels, which are critical for enhancing soil fertility. This suggests that practices associated with crop rotation, particularly NT, contribute to improved soil fertility.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Mindfulness programs require no training or structured guidance. [SEP] Text: 2012) and the movement to integrate MAPs into curricular areas such as social and emotional learning and health and physical education (Broderick 2013; Project 2015; Felver et al. 2013; Gueldner and Feuerborn 2015; Jennings et al. 2012). MAPs specifically developed for teachers may not only reduce teacher stress (Harris et al. 2015; Jennings et al. 2011; Jennings et al. 2013; Roeser et al. 2013; Schussler et al. 2015; Taylor et al. 2015) and improve performance (Jennings et al. 2015) but also prepare them with the skills required to present MAPs to students effectively (Jennings 2015; Schonert-Reichl et al. 2015). MAPs may help build the underlying capacities required to develop the social and emotional competencies as outlined by the Collaborative for Academic, Social and (CASEL, n. d. ). Furthermore, MAPs align well with the recently released CDC/approach to health and physical education (Lewallen et al. 2015) and integrating MAPs may bring new interest and energy to this curricular area as well. It is critical to the success of the mindfulness in education movement that MAPs delivered in public educational settings conscientiously avoid any elements that are associated with religious and/or spiritual language, trappings, and belief. As the field grows and develops, educators are finding ways to ensure that MAPs are completely secular, based on the most current evidence and introduced in ways that fit the needs and the context of educational settings. 547. doi:10. 1002/pits. 21695. 51. 78. 10. 1007/s12671-015-0423-6. 10. 1007/s12671-015-0451-2. 48. 390. 1070. 1056. 739. 153. 173. 804. 10. 1007/s12671-015-0422-7 Sedlock v. Baird (2015). 21, 2015, from: www. courts. ca. gov/opinions/documents/D064888. DOC Taylor, C. , Harrison, J. , Haimovitz, K. , Oberle, E. , Thomson, K. , Schonert-Reichl, K. , & Roeser, R. W. (2015). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by indicating that mindfulness programs (MAPs) specifically developed for teachers prepare them with the skills required to effectively present MAPs to students. This implies that some form of training or structured guidance is necessary for successful implementation, thereby directly opposing the claim that these programs require no such support.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Circadian rhythms are regulated by light-sensitive proteins. [SEP] Text: Because that was a retrospective finding based mainly on 3 subjects, and the groups were not studied simultaneously, more study of responsiveness of aging adults to moderate light stimuli is needed. Since we have found that subjects exposed to more light at home are more advanced, decreased light responsiveness would not explain why older adults are more advanced [33]. It should be recognized that these older participants with a mean age of 67 were very healthy and aerobically fit. Their average aerobic capacity was in the top 10% for their age. Selection might have biased against older adults with visual handicaps, although participants did not undergo specific ophthalmologic screening. It remains plausible that an even older age group with substantial cataract or glaucoma might experience decreased light responses, partly because their handicaps might promote bright light avoidance [34]. One might not expect macular degeneration to have much effect on the retinal photic receptors which supply the retino-hypothalamic tract [35], but associated photophobia might limit daylight exposures. These data allowed a contrast of light phase responsiveness between females and males of diverse ages. No significant difference between the phase responses of females and males was observed, though the statistical power was insufficient to detect small gender differences. scores in Table 2 suggested that older females tended to be somewhat more light-responsive than older males, the difference was in the consistency of the PRC responses rather than in their range. It seems unlikely that light phase responsiveness accounts for differences in home circadian phase adjustments between females and males. An unusual feature of our study was the computation of PRCs in multiple dependent variables, using acrophases of multiple variables to reference the timing of bright light treatments. As we had anticipated, aMT6s provided the most reliable marker that produced the most consistent responses, as judged by the PRC amplitudes and statistical significance. The PRCs using oral temperature, urinary free cortisol, and actigraphic sleep as phase markers for the time of light stimulation were consistent with the PRCs using aMT6s for reference. Likewise, the PRCs for temperature, cortisol, and sleep had similar D scores summarizing PRC amplitudes and similar estimated inflections. The temperature, cortisol and sleep PRCs for some subgroups were less statistically significant, probably because of less reliable physiologic measurement, less sinusoidal circadian waveforms, and in some cases, less usable data available. For this reason, this presentation focuses on aMT6s data. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not directly address the claim about the regulation of circadian rhythms by light-sensitive proteins. Instead, it focuses on the findings of a study regarding light responsiveness in older adults and their implications, without explicitly affirming or denying the role of light-sensitive proteins in circadian rhythm regulation.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Crop rotation can enhance soil fertility and prevent pests. [SEP] Text: (2003) suggested no difference in SOC between tillage systems in eastern Canada but interpretation of results may be limited by the relatively shallow sampling depths (generally 30 cm or less). Yang et al. (2008b) suggested that it may not be appropriate to sample to 100 cm because tillage practices might not have been in production long enough to affect deeper depths. Moreover, variability in SOC storage increases with depths, which limits the possibility of observing treatment effects. Although the aforementioned is undoubtedly true, one should not dismiss sampling at deeper depths (i. e. , >60 cm) in order to avoid underestimating C and N storage in long-term tillage and crop rotation studies (Gál et al. 2007; VandenBygaart et al. 2011). Thus, in both trials at Ridgetown that were sampled to 120 cm depth, there was no tillage by depth interaction for SOC and total N on an equivalent mass basis, and tillage effects were consistent among the soil depth increments with higher SOC and total N in NT vs. CT. As with the majority of long-term research, our study did not quantify C and N in crop residues on the soil surface or in the soil. The higher quantity of crop residues on the soil surface between crop species and in NT compared with CT has been well documented but rarely included into estimates of soil C contents. Based on visual observations one would speculate that including crop residues into estimates of SOC and total N would not change the interpretation of results for tillage systems (i. e. , higher SOC and total N with NT compared with CT) and likely lower SOC and total N in S-S compared with other rotations. Future research should include surface and sub-surface crop residues in estimates of SOC and total N, especially within long-term tillage and crop rotation experiments. Other factors such as dissolved organic C transport, root distribution, SOC mineralization and earthworm populations may have contributed to the observed higher SOC in NT than CT at Ridgetown. Similar to other research (Kladivko et al. 1997; VandenBygaart et al. 1998; Reeleder et al. 2006), in the tillage trial at Ridgetown the counts for earthworm middens in NT was 74. 4 middens m−2, which was 48. 3 and 61. 6% higher than in chisel-T and CT systems, respectively (P < 0. 0001). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text supports the claim by discussing the benefits of no-till (NT) practices compared to conventional tillage (CT), which correlates with crop rotation's potential to enhance soil organic carbon (SOC) and total nitrogen (N) storage. The mention of higher SOC and total N in NT systems implies that maintaining crop residues and adopting certain tillage practices can enhance soil fertility. Furthermore, it highlights the importance of considering crop residues in soil fertility assessments, aligning with the notion that crop rotation contributes to soil health and pest management.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Mindfulness programs require no training or structured guidance. [SEP] Text: These findings have several implications for mentor training for college students. First, training for this population should acknowledge their empathy, since this characteristic is both a strength and positively associated with satisfaction among college student mentors. Given the natural ups and downs of mentoring relationships, including relational challenges from mentees (Rhodes, 2002), however, it also may be important that mentor training for college students include a focus on how to remain empathic toward their mentee during these challenges. In addition, given that recent research findings suggest mentor autonomy is negatively associated with mentee satisfaction (Leyton-Armakan, Lawrence, Deutsch, Williams, & Henneberger, 2012), it is important that mentor training for college students focus on the value of collaborative decision-making between mentee and mentor. The second study, Mindfulness and of Mentoring Youth: Implications for Training, builds on these training implications. It examines whether the addition of mindfulness training is an effective way of tailoring mentor training for college students. Given the unique issues that college student mentors face, additional training aimed at stress management may be particularly beneficial for this population. Stress reduction strategies such as mindful awareness practices (MAPs) may help college student mentors feel better able to handle relational challenges and be more likely to remain in the mentoring relationship. Training in MAPs is associated with enhanced relationship satisfaction among couples (Barnes, Brown, Krusemark, Campbell, & Rogge, 2007; Carson, Carson, Gil, & Baucom, 2006; Jones, Welton, Oliver, & Thorbum, 2011) and in parent-child relationships (Coatsworth et al. , 2015). MAPs have also been linked to lower stress among college students (Oman, Shapiro, Thoresen, Plante, & Flinders, 2008). Despite these positive outcomes for relationships and college students, no study to date has examined the potential benefits of mindfulness for college student mentors. The second study sought to address this gap in the literature by examining the following research questions: (a) is the addition of a mindfulness component to college student mentor training associated with mentors’ mentoring satisfaction; (b) does this help them enhance their ability to be empathic in challenging situations; and (c) does this help them shift their inclination for autonomous decision-making and prescriptive mentoring toward a more collaborative, youth-centered approach. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the need for training and structured guidance in the context of mindfulness training for college student mentors. It emphasizes how mentor training should include mindfulness strategies to enhance relationship satisfaction and handle relational challenges. The mention of 'the addition of a mindfulness component to college student mentor training' clearly suggests that mindfulness programs benefit from structured guidance and training, directly opposing the claim that they require no such training.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Circadian rhythms are regulated by light-sensitive proteins. [SEP] Text: Parenthetically, this was our first extensive utilization of the PRC bisection test, which was designed for this study. Although statistical significance as assessed by ANOVAs was well correlated with significance estimated by PRC bisection tests, in almost 2/3 of comparisons, the PRC bisection test result proved more significant, and the bisection test result was more often significant than ANOVA. From a theoretical viewpoint, since melatonin causes much of the circadian variation in core body temperature [36] and is masked little by sleep, melatonin is a logical choice of circadian marker. Since the PRC's for the urinary metabolite of blood melatonin, aMT6s, were more consistently statistically significant than PRC's for oral temperatures or other circadian markers, but not of higher amplitude, it appeared that the acrophases of aMT6s had less measurement error. We found actigraphic sleep very difficult to score in the ultra-short sleep-wake cycle model, and apart from scoring problems, we would expect sleep-wake to be less tightly synchronized to the suprachiasmatic nucleus circadian pacemaker than melatonin or cortisol. To the extent that the sleep-wake circadian rhythms were of marginal amplitude, the 90-min sleep-wake cycle presumably reduced sleep masking of other variables. Cortisol and melatonin might be expected to be tightly locked in phase, since both circadian rhythms are controlled by suprachiasmatic nucleus efferents to the hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus, but for demonstrating a PRC, aMT6s appeared the more convenient and informative marker. In these subjects, we found that sleep-wake at home and cortisol circadian rhythms in the lab baseline were significantly advanced among the older adults (ages 59–75) as compared to the young (ages 18–31), as was the aMT6s onset. In some of the same subjects, Yoon et al. found that the onset of melatonin excretion tended to be advanced along with sleep and cortisol, but the offset of melatonin was less advanced, resulting in a longer duration of estimated melatonin excretion among the older participants [28], as was likewise indicated in Table 2. This was largely consistent with findings of other groups [37 - 39]. Similar contrasts of young and older adults were also found in less healthy elders using the same 90-min-day protocol [29]. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim regarding light-sensitive proteins and their role in regulating circadian rhythms. Instead, it discusses statistical analyses and findings related to circadian rhythms and melatonin without connecting to the role of light-sensitive proteins.