Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Some claim that life on Earth could have originated from extraterrestrial sources. [SEP] Text: This was done because our scheme is designed in a way that snowfall does not affect the characteristics of the main layer, while the characteristics of the top layer are calculated as a weighted average (based on the snow water equivalent) between the snow within the top layer and the snow that falls within any given timestep. The latter is possible because the top layer is necessarily so thin that the entire snow contained within the layer has an effect on the layer’s optical properties. Finally, it should be noted that we prescribe the ice albedo and, as a consequence, we neglect certain processes which lower the ice albedo in the ablation regions. Most importantly, we do not consider the effect of melt ponds and lakes on the albedo, as the meltwater flux in is immediately removed from the surface. With seasonal meltwater fluxes of several hundred mm, the resulting puddles, ponds and lakes would substantially darken the surface before draining from the ice cover. This would have increased the amount of absorbed radiation, raising surface temperatures, which in turn promotes the extension and formation of ponds. The presence of standing water would have also lowered the impact of fresh snow on the surface albedo, weakening the snowfall-albedo feedback. Furthermore, an accumulation of salt could have lowered the freezing point, which would have lead to the formation of surface-water bodies at sub-zero temperatures. However, simulating the mechanisms that lead to standing water at the surface of a snowball Earth is beyond the capabilities of most large-scale models and we are only aware of one attempt, by Wu et al. 53, to explicitly account for the formation of melt ponds. Here, one major problem is the uncertainty with respect to the drainage of these ponds, which could happen extremely fast once connected flow pathways have formed. Another problem is the estimation of the spatial extent of inundated areas, which strongly depends on the small (subgrid) scale orography. Wu et al. deal with the respective uncertainties, by assuming that there is no drainage of meltwater (even though they limit the maximum pond depth) and by determining the area of melt ponds purely based on a subgrid scale distribution of the surface temperatures. Here, the assumption is that, even below the melting point, random temperature fluctuations can trigger melt, while negative deviations do not cause an immediate refreezing of liquid water. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses the characteristics of snow layers, optical properties, ice albedo, and the behavior of melt ponds on Earth, without mentioning life, extraterrestrial sources, or the origins of life on Earth.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Deforestation is a leading cause of biodiversity loss in tropical rainforests. # factual [SEP] Text: The results indicate that government, the private sector and rural communities are responsible for the alarming rate of tropical deforestation hinging on forest policy and forest management failures (e. g. forest nationalization and subsequent approval of logging concessions in hitherto intact government forest reserves), establishment of government agricultural plantations on government forest reserve lands, construction of highways and rural feeder roads, pursuit of solid minerals mining activities, non-commitment to afforestation or reforestation activities, and the ubiquitous practice of slash and burn agriculture in all rural communities in Nigeria. Forest landscape fragmentation and decrease of land under forest cover (due to a myriad of unsustainable human land use practices), implies serious impacts on flora and fauna species depletion and extinctions in the region. (2002) and Alonso (2004) agree that wherever there is decrease in land under forest cover, the concomitant effect is biodiversity loss or negative change in species evenness and richness. Similarly, Lord & Norton (1990) are in support that agricultural land clearing activities culminate in biological species extermination and scarcity. Stephanie Flasse, one of the DFID consultants (GIS specialist) involved in the second phase of a DFID-assisted Project (1999-2002), commented in the DFID final project report (prepared in 2003), that State forests (under current rate of deforestation) will be exhausted by 2033. This has serious implications on the region’s biodiversity and the sustainability or survival of endemic primate species like the Gorilla (Gorilla gorilla diehli), Chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes), Drills (Mandrillus leucophaeus, and other assorted monkey species. It is important that the remaining tropical rainforest in Nigeria (the Rainforest) be protected in view of its global biodiversity hotspot status and ecological importance. Agbogidi (2011) and Sale et al. (2008) comment that unsustainable human land use activities and the disappearance of many ecologically valued tree species across Nigeria is a well known phenomenon. There is however an urgent need for all stakeholders to reverse this culture and trend. It is instructive to note Edet et al. (2015: p. 491) that “if forests are indiscriminately depleted, the various global uses and roles associated with them (economically and ecologically) would be lost. ” Such loss has huge implications on the quest for global sustainable development and the ecological sustainability of planet Earth itself. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by detailing the alarming rate of tropical deforestation and its direct consequences on biodiversity loss. It states that 'wherever there is a decrease in land under forest cover, the concomitant effect is biodiversity loss or negative change in species evenness and richness.' Furthermore, it cites specific practices and policies that contribute to deforestation, demonstrating a clear link between deforestation activities and the depletion and extinction of flora and fauna species. This emphasizes the claim that deforestation is a key factor in the loss of biodiversity in tropical rainforests.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Smart cities can completely eliminate traffic and pollution issues. [SEP] Text: Under the combined effect of innovation effect and structural effect, smart city construction will improve urban green total factor productivity (GTFP) (Jiang et al. , 2021; Wang et al. , 2022), and exhibit a stronger effect in high-level cities with human capital and finance. Therefore, some policy makers and scholars believe that the construction of smart cities will be a new opportunity to break the "curse loop" of pollution under the traditional urban development model, and further examine the environmental benefits of smart cities from the perspectives of ecological environment quality (Zhen et al. , 2021), urban ecological efficiency (et al. , 2020) and indirect household carbon emissions (Wu, 2022). In summary, innovation effect, structural effect, and environmental effect of smart cities have been discussed deeply in the relevant literatures. However, in the context of the current decline in the quality of China's atmospheric environment and the frequent occurrence of haze weather, few documents have directly investigated the impact mechanism of smart city construction on haze pollution. Therefore, this paper takes the China's smart city pilot as an entry point and selects the difference-in-difference model (DID) to assess the effect of smart city construction on the culprit of city haze pollution—PM2. 5, the main marginal contribution is reflected in the following three aspects: (1) Under the background of green development reshaping the global industrial system, the data of Chinese cities are elected to measure the emission reduction effect of smart city pilot on haze pollution with the specific mechanism, which is conducive to further improving and expanding the relevant achievements and research perspectives in the field of "pollution reduction and emission reduction". It has practical implications for achieving city haze governance and sustainable, green and high-quality development in economy. Additionally, it can also provide valuable experience for the vast number of developing countries at the same time. (2) While existing researches have focused on the innovation effects of smart cities, the multi-subject collaboration in the process of R&D and innovation is neglected when measuring innovation capacity. In fact, the construction of smart cities involves all aspects of urban economy, industry, education, healthcare, and transportation, where the related innovation activities cannot be separated from the joint participation and interaction of multiple innovative subjects, such as government, enterprises, universities, and institutions. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by highlighting that while smart cities may contribute to improving urban ecological efficiency and reducing pollution, there are still gaps in direct investigation of their impact on haze pollution, specifically citing that few documents have examined the mechanism of smart city construction on haze pollution. This suggests that smart cities do not fully eliminate pollution issues, as there is ongoing concern about air quality and haze, especially in regions like China.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Some claim that life on Earth could have originated from extraterrestrial sources. [SEP] Text: This, allows melt ponds to persist at sub-zero temperatures, covering up to 80% of the grid cell before temperatures reach the melting point. These assumptions are no less extreme than neglecting melt ponds altogether, but risk an overestimation of the respective impact on the deglaciation process. For the present study, we decided not to include the above effects of melt ponds for the following reason. The formation of surface-water bodies provides a positive feedback that necessarily raises the likelihood of deglaciation—once melting is triggered—and the uncertainty involved in the respective parametrizations only increases the risk of overestimating the potential for exiting the icehouse state. Thus, the most robust estimation of the deglaciation potential is obtained by neglecting all of the above processes. Another shortcoming of our model is that we only account for the accumulation of dust within the snowpack, but not at the snow-ice-interface. Whenever the snowpack is completely melted, the dust is assumed to be washed away completely. However, when snow and ice melt in reality, a given fraction of the dust is not washed away with the runoff and drained from the surface, but may remain behind, e. g. , within cryoconite holes2,33. It is exceedingly difficult to estimate the fraction of dust that would remain behind after the melting period and how long the cryoconite holes could last before they also drain, as this is determined by a variety of factors that we do not account for in the model. To counteract the absence of these effects in the model, we prescribe a comparatively low surface albedo, i. e. , 0. 53, that best represents sea ice, even though the near-surface ice would most likely have consisted of brighter meteoric ice33,35,65. Here, it can be argued, that sea ice, especially when partly covered in dust, would have had an even lower albedo. Similar arguments can be made about our minimum snow albedo of ~0. 5935. In fact, we performed explorative simulations, in which we set these parameters to the lower end of the plausible range. This decreased the simulated deglaciation thresholds, but did not change the outcome that deglaciation would have been triggered in the extra—rather than in the tropics. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim, as it discusses the formation of melt ponds and their impact on deglaciation without mentioning extraterrestrial sources or the origin of life on Earth.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Deforestation is a leading cause of biodiversity loss in tropical rainforests. # factual [SEP] Text: Through the of Environment, the Government of State applied and got approval in 2009 for Nigeria’s participation in the (Reduction of emissions from deforestation and forest degradation) programme, with the rainforest as pilot site. The tenure of the governor of State that spearheaded the programme came to an end in 2015. The new governor that took over on May 29th 2015, was however not impressed with the fact that money from forest carbon (carbon credits), as envisaged in the above programme, had not started accruing to State since 2009 when the programme was launched. Without openly telling the world that he was pulling State out of the programme, the new governor decided to introduce a super highway project in the state, which was designed in 2016 to pass through the core area of the rainforest. The project will thus open up the biodiversity rich, intact and Nigeria’s last remaining rainforest for exploitation. NGOs, forest communities, and the international community have all protested in different ways against the proposed superhighway project. The government of State should do the needful by re-routing the superhighway project to leave the rainforest and biodiversity hotspot areas alone. 5. Conclusion and has lost over 90% of her pristine rainforest with an annual deforestation rate of 3. 5% or 400,000 hectares per annum. River Rainforest, a biodiversity hotspot and Nigeria’s last remaining area of pristine rainforest is also experiencing severe threats through various human deforestation mechanisms. These mechanisms comprise colonial forest policy failures, poor public forest management practices, unsustainable/illegal logging activities, establishment of government agricultural plantations, slash and burn agricultural practices in local communities, population explosion/influx of migrants to forest areas, establishment of new rural settlements, construction of highways/feeder rural roads, opening of logging roads, quarrying/mining activities, common property regime/open access to forest resources, and unrestricted hunting of wild animals and other extractive activities. As a consequence, several flora and fauna species have become seriously endangered, and some extinct. Nigeria’s deforestation thus has local, national, regional and global ecological implications if current trends are not reversed. To reverse the above deforestation trend, the following measures should be taken: 1) Change in forest policy―from current centralization/government monopoly of forest management to decentralized/community-based forest and other natural resources management. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by outlining how deforestation in Nigeria is leading to significant biodiversity loss. It mentions that 'several flora and fauna species have become seriously endangered, and some extinct' as a consequence of deforestation mechanisms, which supports the assertion that deforestation causes biodiversity loss in tropical rainforests.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Smart cities can completely eliminate traffic and pollution issues. [SEP] Text: Therefore, this paper takes the cooperation patents of enterprises, universities and research institutions as the starting point, and further searches for the number of joint patent applications of enterprises-universities, enterprises-institutions, universities-institutions, enterprises-universities-institutions in each city respectively, to depict the innovation effect of smart city more accurately from the perspective of innovation and synergy. (3) Fully considering the current situation of the differences between cities in terms of geographical location, city level, talent concentration level and intelligence level, the basic conditions needed for the construction of smart cities in the process of promoting city haze governance and green development are further identified. Such identification is conducive for local governments to maximize the development opportunities of smart city pilot, accelerate the construction of "digital China", and realize the beautiful vision of the high-level goal of ecological civilization development. 2. Policy background and theoretical mechanism 2. 1Policy background With the acceleration of urbanization and the incessant improvement of living standards, people have put forward higher requirements for urban services, living environment, public transport, and social life. Smart city construction is assumed to be an important measure to solve urban development problems by realizing efficient allocation of resources and harmonious development of cities through artificial intelligence and cloud computing. In 2009, (IBM) proposed the concept of smart city for the first time. 2009, Dubuque of the USA built the first smart city in partnership with IBM. This successful case has attracted the attention of all countries in the world. Many countries or regions have begun to take the construction of smart cities as the main means to solve the urban disease and improve the competitiveness of cities. With the rapid development of new digital technology and modern communication technology, the number of smart cities under construction in the world has exceeded 1000 by 2020, and it is expected to maintain the trend of rapid growth in the future. In the wave of smart city construction around the world, the Chinese government promulgated “for the Administration of City Pilot” in 2012 and identified the first batch of pilot cities, followed by the announcement of the second and third batches of pilot cities in the following two years. By 2015, more than 85% of China's cities have begun to build smart cities. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by explaining that while smart city construction is seen as an important measure to tackle urban development problems, it emphasizes the need for consideration of various factors affecting cities, such as geographical location, city level, and talent concentration. It highlights that smart cities aim to improve resource allocation and the urban environment but does not claim they can completely eliminate issues like traffic and pollution. Instead, it presents a more nuanced understanding of smart city initiatives as part of a larger strategy rather than a complete solution.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Some claim that life on Earth could have originated from extraterrestrial sources. [SEP] Text: Nonetheless, for the study, we only used simulations with higher albedo values to ensure that our findings are valid for a broader range of assumptions—that is not only for albedo values at the lower end of the plausible range. This complex approach to determine the albedo was only required for the second set of simulations (“Thawing the snowball”) and for the first set (“Dependency of ablation rates on albedo and CO2”) we simply included the option to prescribe a fixed albedo value for the snow cover, as well as for the underlying ice. This allowed us to set the overall surface albedo independent of the simulated snow dynamics. SimulationsIn all simulations, the model was run using a temporal resolution of 450 s and a vertical resolution of 47 atmospheric model levels and 5 vertical sub-surface layers. The horizontal resolution of the simulations was T31 (3. 75° × 3. 75°), which corresponds to a grid-spacing of ~415 km in tropical latitudes. To facilitate the comparability of our results, the setup of our simulations is very similar to that of previous studies, in that we removed the orography and reduced the solar constant to 94% of its present-day value28. Note that otherwise the orbital parameters were prescribed using present-day values. For the first set of experiments, we initiated the model with an pCO2 of 0. 4 mbar and an ice-covered but snow-free surface. During the 10-year spin-up period, in which we gradually reduced the orography, the state of the atmosphere, (sub-)surface temperatures and precipitation rates adapted very quickly to the prescribed surface albedo and a complete snow cover was established (note that in the first set of simulations the snow cover has no effect on the surface albedo). After the spin-up period, we ran the model for a 100-year-period during which we gradually increased the pCO2 to 400 mbar. For the second set of experiments, we started our simulations from the states that were simulated at the end of the spin-up period for a prescribed surface albedo of 0. 66. Here, we removed the snow cover and ran the simulations for a 20-year period with a constant pCO2 of 0. 4 mbar, an ice albedo of 0. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses the methodological details of simulations concerning albedo values, atmospheric conditions, and model parameters without any reference to the origins of life on Earth or extraterrestrial influences.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Deforestation is a leading cause of biodiversity loss in tropical rainforests. # factual [SEP] Text: 2) Ban further logging activities in the remaining rainforest and pursue aggressive reforestation programs in degraded forest reserves. 3) (Reduction of emissions from deforestation and forest degradation) programme in Nigeria, introduced in 2009, with State/rainforest as pilot site, should be effectively implemented. 4) Ensure effective management and proper funding of National Parks, especially in view of its global biodiversity hotspot status and region of species endemism. 5) In-situ conservation initiatives such as captive breeding and re-introduction of extinct or critically endangered fauna species into the wild. 6) Promote agroforestry initiatives and poverty alleviation programs in buffer zone communities of National Park. 7) Impose hunting restrictions on the hunting of wild animals in the state. 8) Introduce programs to control population explosion (e. g. family planning and birth control) in local communities. While the above recommendations may not provide all the answers, it is hoped that careful and aggressive implementation will go a long way in charting a new course for effective forest management and biodiversity conservation in State (Nigeria). Conflicts of authors declare no conflicts of interest regarding the publication of this paper. Conflicts of authors declare no conflicts of interest. 149. [2] Alonso, D. (2004). Nature of Ecological Interactions: Communities, Metapopulations, and Epidemies. Ph. D. Thesis, Barcelona: of Catalonia. [3] Besong, J. B. (1997). for Securing the Future of African Rainforests. Rainforests and the Conservation of Biodiversity—Proceedings of the Limbe Conference. Limbe: Garden. [4] Bisong, F. E. (1994). Farming Systems, in the Rainforest of Nigeria. No. 8 Prepared by the Project (ODA Assisted). Calabar: Headquarters. [5] Brandler, J. L. (1993). Out of Nigeria: Witness to a Giant’s Toils. London: Press. [6] Bromley, D. W. (1992). The Commons, Common Property, and Environmental Policy. (2nd ed. , 10. 1007/BF00324686 [7] Burley, J. (1997). Foreword. Rainforests and the Conservation of Biodiversity—Proceedings of the Limbe Conference. Limbe: Garden. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing solutions for forest management and biodiversity conservation, which implies that deforestation is a significant concern. Recommendations like banning logging and implementing reforestation and effective management of National Parks suggest that the authors recognize the risks posed by deforestation to biodiversity, thus supporting the claim.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Smart cities can completely eliminate traffic and pollution issues. [SEP] Text: As the largest developing country, China has clearly identified "digitalization" and "greening" as the key direction of its future development, laying emphasis on the construction of digital infrastructure such as high-speed broadband and 5G communication, making a solemn commitment to the world to achieve " carbon neutrality and emission peak ". It is foreseeable that the construction of smart cities will have a profound impact on all aspects of China's economic development, along with the promotion of China's economic revolution and upgrading, and with the transformation of old and new kinetic energy. 2. 1 Theoretical mechanism and research hypothesis 2. 1. 1 The direct impact of smart city pilot on haze pollution As an important application to realize pollution conservation and emission reduction, smart city construction is seen as the vital solution to urban environmental problems, and is also the fundamental way to achieve green and sustainable development. Firstly, smart city construction can promote the "smart" transition of traditional labor-intensive industries, improve the utilization efficiency of resources, and speed up the transformation of economic development model. Combining new renewable energy and next generation of pollution reduction and emission reduction technologies, the pressure of pollution treatment at the source will be alleviated (Benzerrouk et al. , 2021), and simultaneously the source control of haze pollution will be promoted. Secondly, smart city construction can create a convenient and efficient "smart" urban development model. Relying on the advantages of accurate analysis and rapid matching of big data, it will effectively release the traffic congestion in large cities (Jiang et al. , 2021), and create a modern transportation system with smart and green travel. Finally, in the process of promoting smart city construction, it is undoubtful to attract a large number of high-end and professional talents. While improving intelligence and technical support for urban development, high-quality talents will guide the majority of residents to accept the green and low-carbon lifestyle through example demonstration effect (Chu et al. , 2021), which constantly optimizes the urban environmental governance pattern and imperceptibly improves residents' environmental awareness (Li, 2022). Herein, we propose hypothesis H1a: smart city construction can effectively improve urban haze pollution. Considering the vast territory of China, there are significant differences between different regions (cities) in fields such as economic development base, resource distribution, cultural heritage, and construction of environmental protection facilities. Therefore, it is necessary to further investigate the heterogeneity of the smart city pilot on haze governance in different regions. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by acknowledging that while smart city construction aims to alleviate traffic congestion and improve urban environmental problems, it emphasizes that these are challenges rather than guarantees of complete elimination. It indicates that smart cities promote efficiency and improvements but does not establish that they can wholly solve pollution or traffic issues. The complexity of urban issues and regional differences further implies these challenges cannot be entirely eradicated.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Some claim that life on Earth could have originated from extraterrestrial sources. [SEP] Text: There is a general quest to reveal which properties of molecules or their supramolecular structures have been decisive for the emergence of life. In this contribution we hypothesize that the core features of cellular life, i. e. growth, self-replication and evolution, could have emerged on the basis of properties of vesicles. Vesicles are macroscopic objects in which their aqueous interior is separated from their aqueous environment by a thin flexible membrane. They can form spontaneously with their membranes made of amphiphilic molecules such as surfactants, lipids or polymers (Walde 2006). The possible role of lipids in the origin of life has been indicated by their primordial availability (Deamer 1997). Vesicles were instrumental for the transition from inanimate to living matter at least by supplying the necessary compartmentalization. However, their role could have been much more important: it was demonstrated that they can grow and self-reproduce (Berclaz et al. 2001); they exhibit compositional inheritance as their splitting may produce offspring with identical composition (Segré et al. 2001); it is possible to ascribe to self-reproducing vesicles the principle of natural selection based on the condition for vesicle self-reproduction that interrelates a vesicle’s intrinsic physical parameters and the parameters that also depend on the properties of their environment (Božič and Svetina 2004, 2007). The notion about involving the selectivity principle suggests that vesicles have the capacity to evolve. Vesicle evolution could have operated on the basis of the selection between vesicle populations that could have existed in a given prebiotic environment and differed with respect to the physical and chemical characteristics of their vesicles. A possible method to study the relative importance of different vesicle properties in the establishment of the corresponding vesicle populations is to develop models of vesicle self-reproduction based on the existing knowledge of vesicle behaviour. In our theoretical models proposed previously (Božič and Svetina 2004, 2007) the conditions for vesicle self-reproduction were obtained from the requirement that a growing vesicle, while doubling its size, must also prepare itself for division. This it does by changing its shape from a sphere into a budded shape that is composed of two spheres connected by a narrow neck. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text discusses the emergence of life from properties of vesicles and does not address or support the idea that life on Earth could have originated from extraterrestrial sources. Therefore, it is irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Ocean acidification results from excess CO₂, impacting coral and shellfish populations. # factual [SEP] Text: interactions between predators and prey constitute a key component of the ecology and evolution of marine systems, and animal behavior can affect the outcome of predator–prey interactions. It has been recently demonstrated that CO2-induced ocean acidification can alter the behavior of marine organisms and potentially alter predator–prey dynamics. This study combines both quantitative (meta-analysis) and qualitative approaches to review the effects of ocean acidification on behavioral prey defenses in marine invertebrates. A systematic literature search identified 34 studies that experimentally assessed behavioral defenses under elevated pCO2 spanning three phyla: crustaceans, echinoderms, and molluscs. A meta-analysis suggested that exposure to elevated seawater pCO2 can negatively affect behavioral defenses in bivalve molluscs and malacostracan crustaceans. By contrast, defenses of cephalopod molluscs seem to be positively impacted by elevated pCO2, whereas gastropods and echinoids appear unaffected. A qualitative assessment of studies on combined effects of ocean acidification and warming revealed that combined effects typically differ from ocean acidification–only effects. Based on a qualitative assessment of three studies to date, neurological interference of GABAA receptors under elevated pCO2 may play a major role in ocean acidification effects on prey defense behaviors; however, more research is needed, and other mechanistic underpinnings are also important to consider. Ultimately, the results of this study suggest that behavioral prey defenses in some shellfish taxa may be vulnerable to ocean acidification, that the effects of ocean acidification are often different under warming scenarios than under present-day temperature scenarios, and that GABAA interference may be an important mechanism underpinning behavioral responses of shellfish prey under ocean acidification. Despite the importance of shellfish behavioral defenses in the ecology and evolution of marine biological communities, however, research to date has only scraped the surface in understanding ocean acidification effects. Increased research efforts on the effects of multiple stressors, acclimation and adaptation, environmental variability, and complex situational and ecological contexts are needed. Studies of fish behavioral defenses under ocean acidification can help streamline hypotheses and experimental approaches, particularly given the similar effects of elevated pCO2 on GABAA function. between predators and their prey constitute an integral part of the ecology and evolution of marine organisms, as well as the structure and function of biological communities. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the effects of elevated pCO2, which is directly related to ocean acidification. It outlines how CO2-induced ocean acidification can negatively affect behavioral defenses in shellfish, specifically bivalves and malacostracan crustaceans. Additionally, it notes that behavioral responses of shellfish under ocean acidification are important for understanding their vulnerability, thus supporting the idea that ocean acidification impacts shellfish populations.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Smart cities can completely eliminate traffic and pollution issues. [SEP] Text: Firstly, from the perspective of geographical location, relying on the advantages of natural conditions, geographical environment, and transportation, the eastern cities of China are significantly ahead of the central and western regions in the high-end manufacturing, digital infrastructure, production technologies and equipment. As a result, following the release of the smart city pilot policy, the relatively developed eastern cities have further advanced their digital economy and high-end service industries by virtue of their advantages, actively building a green industrial system and effectively promoting haze governance. However, due to their lagging development level, the central and western cities are relatively inferior in attracting the inflow of factors and optimizing the allocation of resources, which may affect the haze suppression effect brought by the smart city pilot policy to a certain extent. Herein, we propose hypothesis H1b: there is regional heterogeneity in the impact of smart city construction on haze pollution, and the inhibition effect on eastern cities is stronger. Secondly, from the perspective of city level, the large and medium-sized cities led by Beijing, Shanghai, and Guangzhou are usually the core of national or regional economic development strategies. Compared with ordinary cities, large cities not only have obvious advantages in many fields such as economic strength, infrastructure, and institutional environment, but also have changed their development goals from pursuing economic growth to achieving high-quality and sustainable economic development. For example, as the political and cultural center of China, Beijing pays more attention to the development of digital information industry and high-end service industries. Some manufacturing enterprises with relatively low resource and environmental efficiency have transferred to the surrounding Hebei Province. Therefore, smart city construction can produce stronger pollution governance effects in large and medium-sized cities. Herein, we propose hypothesis H1c: the construction of smart cities has heterogeneity in different levels of cities, among which the inhibition of haze pollution in large and medium-sized cities is stronger. Thirdly, human capital is the decisive factor in urban development. As a concept for the future development of cities, smart cities put forward higher requirements for high-end, professional, and refined talents. Specifically, the essence of smart city construction is using the new generation of information technology to realize the transformation of urban operation mode. It involves not only the construction of information infrastructure such as 5G communication and network broadband, but also the design of urban service systems such as smart transportation and e-government platform. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing regional differences in the effectiveness of smart city initiatives on pollution management, suggesting that while smart cities can improve urban governance and potentially reduce pollution, they cannot completely eliminate issues related to haze and traffic pollution due to varying levels of development and infrastructure in different cities. It highlights that the central and western regions in China may not achieve such improvements due to their lagging development, indicating that the complete elimination of these issues is unlikely.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Some claim that life on Earth could have originated from extraterrestrial sources. [SEP] Text: By breaking this neck a vesicle with a laterally homogeneous membrane divides into two spherical daughter vesicles that have the same composition. In the simplest case, the prototype model of vesicle self-reproduction (Božič and Svetina 2004), vesicle growth was assumed to occur due to constant incorporation of new molecules into its membrane causing an exponential increase of its area. Vesicle volume was passively changing due to the flow of water through the membrane dragged by the transmembrane pressure difference. The analysis showed that at the time of the doubling of membrane area and vesicle volume a vesicle can attain the budded twin shape (the shape involving two equal connected spheres) if the condition that relates model parameters assumes a certain fixed value. At smaller values than this a growing vesicle would attain shapes (Peterlin et al. 2009) which cannot lead to its self-reproduction, whereas at higher values the budded shapes obtained would be composed of two unequal spheres. Analogous behavior was predicted also with a generalization of the prototype model that included a membrane permeable solute (Božič and Svetina 2007). The cited models of vesicle self-reproduction identified the requirement for relationships between parameters of the system that balance the growth of the membrane, the increasing of the vesicle volume and the concomitant transformation of the vesicle shape. The nature of these relationships can be particularly well elucidated by the analysis of the prototype model because its four parameters (membrane spontaneous curvature, membrane bending constant, membrane hydraulic permeability and membrane doubling time) symbolize four different aspects of the self-reproducing process. Membrane spontaneous curvature (Helfrich 1973) is a membrane structural property measuring membrane asymmetry which drives the membrane into a definitely curved conformation. It is therefore the determinant of the size of the self-reproducing vesicle. It is also one of the two determinants of vesicle shapes that correspond to the minimum of the membrane bending energy. More strictly, the shape determining parameter is the dimensionless reduced spontaneous curvature, which is proportional to the product of the membrane spontaneous curvature and the square root of its area (Deuling and Helfrich 1976). Because of the growth of the membrane area the reduced spontaneous curvature during the self-reproduction process is constantly increasing. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text discusses models of vesicle self-reproduction and their parameters related to membrane dynamics and shapes. It does not address the claim regarding the origin of life on Earth from extraterrestrial sources or provide any evidence or opinions related to that claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Ocean acidification results from excess CO₂, impacting coral and shellfish populations. # factual [SEP] Text: 2013) and the burrowing behavior of the softshell clam Mya arenaria (Clements et al. 2017). Similarly, hypoxia has been documented to reduce the burrowing capacity of the infaunal clam Macoma balthica (Tallqvist 2001). Consequently, behavioral prey defenses (along with a swath of other behaviors) are vulnerable to a changing marine environment (Wong & Candolin 2015), and behavioral alterations brought about by environmental change in the global ocean have the potential to influence entire marine ecosystems (Nagelkerken & Munday 2016). One marine global change stressor that has received much attention over the past 15 y is ocean acidification—the alteration of seawater carbonate chemistry resulting from the absorption of excess atmospheric CO2 by the oceans (Doney et al. 2009, Hoegh-Guldberg et al. 2014). Research investigating the impacts of ocean acidification on marine life has primarily focused on calcifying marine organisms, in large part because of the anticipated vulnerability of the calcification process to changes in seawater pH (Orr et al. 2005, Ries et al. 2009, Kroeker et al. 2010, 2013). Recent evidence, however, suggests that ocean acidification can also have drastic effects on the behavior of marine organisms (see reviews by Briffa et al. 2012, Clements & Hunt 2015). Thus, although the vulnerability of morphological defenses such as shell has been relatively well studied, less is known of the impacts of ocean acidification on shellfish behavioral defenses (see Fig. 2 in Kroeker et al. 2014). In this 0. 66, P < 0. 001; Fig. 1), but not exposure time (r = –0. 11, P = 0. 377) or sample size (r = 0. 16, P = 0. 219); therefore, pCO2 offset, but not exposure time or sample size, was included in the AIC models as a continuous predictor variable. Predictor variables were not significantly correlated (r < 0. 36 for all pairwise correlations) with the exception of phylum and class (r = 0. 93); therefore, models including both phylum and class as predictor variables were excluded from AIC selection. A “null” model (i. e. , model with no fixed predictor variables and only a random factor of measurement nested within study) was also included in AIC selection. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by explaining that ocean acidification is caused by the absorption of excess atmospheric CO2 by the oceans, which alters seawater carbonate chemistry. It also discusses the anticipated vulnerability of calcifying marine organisms, directly linking ocean acidification to the impact on marine life, including that of shellfish and coral, which aligns with the claim.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Smart cities can completely eliminate traffic and pollution issues. [SEP] Text: The above-mentioned cannot be separated from the participation of high-end and professional talents, and the laborer with lower education level is difficult to master new digital technology in a short time. Therefore, the smart city pilot can better promote haze governance in cities with higher talent agglomeration level. Herein, we propose hypothesis H1d: in cities with high talent agglomeration, smart city construction will have a stronger inhibition effect on haze pollution. Finally, smart cities can collect and monitor the key information of urban planning, design, construction, management, and operation timely through the Internet of Things technology. It can also use cloud computing and supercomputers to analyze and integrate the above big data resources, to realize the precise and efficient allocation of urban resources, and ultimately create an intelligent urban governance and operation mode. This shows that the deep interconnection and intelligent application of smart cities cannot be separated from the popularization, penetration, and diffusion of new generation information technologies such as the Internet of Things and cloud computing in cities. Therefore, only when the city's information infrastructure is relatively well built and the level of intelligence reaches a certain level, can it supply a practical guarantee for the construction of smart cities to reduce the haze pollution. Herein, we propose hypothesis H1e: in cities with a higher level of intelligence, smart city construction can have a stronger inhibiting effect on haze pollution. 2. 1. 2 The indirect impact of smart city pilot on haze pollution (1) Technological innovation Although related researches have demonstrated the innovative effect of smart city construction, the impact on traditional innovation models is neglected. This section will respectively examine the indirect impact of smart city construction on reducing haze pollution from three perspectives: building a multi-subject collaborative innovation model, strengthening regional cooperation and innovation, and improving green innovation capacity. Firstly, technological innovation activities are not the simple addition of innovative subjects or the random accumulation of innovative resources, but requires the joint action of various innovative subjects and relevant elements. In general, innovation can be seen as intellectual achievements obtained through information exchange, so its generation depends to the frequency of communication among innovative subjects such as industry, university, and institution (Marjolein et al. , 2001). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the limitations and challenges faced by smart cities, specifically stating that the effectiveness of smart city initiatives in reducing haze pollution is contingent on factors such as the level of talent agglomeration and the state of the city's information infrastructure. It emphasizes that smart cities can only have a stronger inhibiting effect on haze pollution when intelligence and technological infrastructure are sufficiently developed, suggesting that complete elimination of pollution issues is unlikely.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Some claim that life on Earth could have originated from extraterrestrial sources. [SEP] Text: Consequently the rate of growth of membrane area must be related to the change of the reduced spontaneous curvature from its value for the initial sphere to its value of the final budded shape. The remaining two parameters of the model, membrane bending constant and hydraulic permeability, influence vesicle shape by affecting the reduced vesicle volume defined as the ratio between vesicle volume and the maximum vesicle volume at a given membrane area, which is the second shape defining parameter. The values of membrane bending constant and hydraulic permeability must be such that the doubling time defined by the rate of the growth of the membrane area is matched also with the time needed for the doubling of the vesicle volume. In the prototype model both of the described requirements are united into a single relationship between the four model parameters. In the model with the included solute the simple relationship between model parameters is replaced by a set of two equations. The analyses described strongly indicated that vesicle self-reproduction is an evolutionary process which includes the elements of the Darwinian selection. However, full acceptance of this idea requires further experimental and theoretical verification. In the following we shall state some related open problems and indicate some possible ways to resolve them. Although vesicle shape behaviour is an emergent property of membranous systems and thus does not depend essentially on the type of amphiphilic molecules that have constituted different primordial membranes, it is still of interest to ask what kind of molecules could have been responsible for the generation of their spontaneous curvature. Membrane spontaneous curvature can be expressed in terms of the intrinsic shapes of membrane constituting lipids as well as of molecules which are intercalated into the membrane or bound to its surface (Kovačič et al. 2010). A possible origin of membrane spontaneous curvature is the asymmetric binding of dissolved molecules to the two leaflets of a bilayer membrane. These molecules could have been small peptides that bound only to the outer layer of the bilayer membranes. Such a prebiotic situation is appealing because it could have led to the development of the membrane catalyzed metabolic processes, and then potentially also to the formation of pore forming peptides and eventually to curvature forming proteins (McMahon and Gallop 2005). Another still unresolved vesicle problem concerns the mechanism of breaking the neck that connects the two spherical parts of the budded shape. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim about the origins of life on Earth from extraterrestrial sources. It discusses the self-reproduction of vesicles, membrane dynamics, and prebiotic conditions without mentioning extraterrestrial influences or origins of life.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Ocean acidification results from excess CO₂, impacting coral and shellfish populations. [SEP] Text: Studies on bivalves, gastropods, and echinoids spanned across the larval, juvenile, and adult life stages of these organisms, whereas studies on juvenile cephalopods were absent, and studies on malacostracan crustaceans have been restricted to adults (Fig. 2B). A total of 19 studies assessed the effect of ocean acidification on the behavioral defenses of adult prey, whereas five and six studies tested such effects in juveniles and larvae, respectively (see Fig. 1B for life stage percentages for each taxonomic class). Importantly, only 15% of the studies (n = 5 of 34) included predator cues in their experiments testing for effects of ocean acidification on prey defense behaviors. Thus, most behaviors, although relevant to prey defense, were measured in the absence of predator cues. Seven studies reported strictly negative (i. e. , all experiments finding a significant negative effect of ocean acidification) functional effects of ocean acidification on behavioral prey defenses (n = 5 bivalve + 2 gastropod studies), whereas four studies reported strictly positive effects (n = 2 cephalopod + 2 gastropod studies) (Fig. 2B). Null responses to ocean acidification were observed in 15 studies; n = 6 gastropod + 6 echinoderm + 3 malacostracan studies) (Fig. 2B). Six studies on molluscan taxa reported mixed responses to ocean acidification (n = 2 bivalve + 1 cephalopod + 3 gastropod studies) (Fig. 2B). A META--Analysis ResultsEffects of ocean acidification on shellfish behavioral defenses were predominantly driven by pCO2 offset, taxa, and life stage. When all pCO2 conditions were considered, AIC model selection revealed the model including pCO2 offset + class + life stage as the “best” model (Table 2). This model explained 59% (R2 = 0. 59) of the variance in individual effect sizes. A second model including pCO2 offset + life stage could not be excluded (delta AIC = 1. 75) and explained 58% (R2 = 0. 58). When only near-future pCO2 anomalies where considered, a number of candidate models (i. e. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by detailing various studies that assess the effects of ocean acidification, indicating that pCO2 (partial pressure of CO₂) significantly affects the behavioral defenses of shellfish like bivalves and gastropods, thus confirming the relationship between excess CO₂ and its impact on marine life. It explicitly mentions the negative effects of ocean acidification on behavioral prey defenses, which aligns with the claim regarding the detrimental impacts on shellfish populations.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Smart cities can completely eliminate traffic and pollution issues. [SEP] Text: On the one hand, in the process of smart city construction, the various information sharing platforms and industrial innovation bases will significantly reduce the cost of acquiring knowledge and information for innovative subjects, facilitating the joint participation of different subjects in innovative activities, effectively increasing the enthusiasm and vitality of innovative subjects such as enterprises, universities and institutions, ultimately generating sustainable innovation and development momentum. On the other hand, with the improvement of "new infrastructure" such as 5G and artificial intelligence, it will help all kinds of innovative subjects to select appropriate partners and investigate the professional capabilities of the target more precisely, which will virtually strengthen the cooperation between enterprises and research departments, and ultimately stimulate the enthusiasm of multiple innovative subjects to participate in joint R&D and collaborative innovation. It has been well demonstrated that technological innovation can effectively improve environmental pollution, compared to the traditional innovative model of "each subject working alone". The industry-university-institution collaboratively innovative model can avoid the duplication of research and development, save innovation costs, and exert their respective advantages. In general, collaborative innovation can better contribute to regional haze governance by strengthening joint research and development of core technologies in areas related to energy conservation and consumption reduction. Herein, we propose hypothesis H2a: smart city construction can indirectly improve urban haze pollution by enhancing the collaborative innovation capacity of industry, university, and institution. Secondly, with the advent of the digital economy, innovative activities will show a stronger openness. As an important application scenario of digital economy, smart cities have obvious characteristics of intelligence and digitalization. The rapid development of artificial intelligence will break the time and space constraints faced by traditional innovative activities and provide practical possibilities for cooperative innovative activities between different regions (cities). As there are significant differences in the innovation base and R&D capabilities of different cities, it is inevitable to consider the adaptability of each other when selecting partners. Smart city construction can help regions find the best partners and deal with the potential risks in the process of cooperative innovation through big data analysis, effectively enhancing the intensity of cooperation and innovation among different regions. With the increase of cross-regional cooperation and innovation, regions with relatively strong innovation capacity can accelerate the marketization process of R&D achievements through the spillover effect of technology. Meanwhile, regions with relatively weak innovation foundation can absorb the latest research results of developed regions in basic research and fill their own gaps in the process of cooperative innovation more conveniently and timely (Gomber et al. , 2018). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by stating that while smart city construction can enhance collaborative innovation and potentially improve environmental pollution, it does not assert that these cities can completely eliminate such issues. Instead, it notes that smart city initiatives can help reduce urban haze pollution through enhanced cooperation and innovation, suggesting a complex relationship where smart cities can improve conditions but not completely eradicate problems.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Some claim that life on Earth could have originated from extraterrestrial sources. [SEP] Text: It is possible for this process to occur spontaneously due to specific composition of the vesicle membrane (Sakuma and Imai 2011). However, for most membranes the spontaneous breaking of the neck is not expected and it is thus plausible to assume that the primordial causes for breaking the neck were the external, possibly cyclic mechanical agitations. The important aspect of the process of vesicle self-reproduction concerns the mechanism responsible for the increase of vesicle volume due to the water inflow. Water can be dragged into the vesicle due to the osmotic imbalance caused by the transmembrane transport of solutes as well as by the pressure difference between the vesicle outside and inside. The analysis of the model of vesicle self-reproduction that included a solute (Božič and Svetina 2007) indicated that the water influx must be a combination of both these causes. Membranes with the corresponding permeability behaviour have not yet been constructed. In early vesicle evolution the selection between vesicle populations most probably operated on the basis of their rates of the growth. As a consequence, an initially polydisperse vesicle population must have gradually become monodisperse, with the winning vesicles being those of the shortest generation time. The generation time could have decreased due to the increase of the growth rates. In order for the relationships between the system parameters to keep the prescribed fixed value, the decrease of the generation time could have only happened by increasing the value of some other system parameter, e. g. membrane hydraulic permeability. For such an evolutionary process to proceed, it must have started with vesicles with relatively long generation times. Also, for vesicles to exhibit the growth process, the system had to be far from equilibrium. It can thus be deduced that the primordial vesicle membranes had to be formed from molecules with as low CVCs (critical vesicle concentrations) as possible (Svetina 2012). At the level of vesicle populations it will have to be still found which properties of vesicular systems are essential for the establishment of conditions that allow for their constant exponential growth. Vesicles can be formed after the solution concentration of their constituents reaches their CVC. After that the total vesicle mass would be increasing proportionally to the rate of formation of vesicle constituents. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim directly, which pertains to the potential extraterrestrial origins of life on Earth. Instead, it discusses the process of vesicle self-reproduction and the conditions under which vesicles might grow, which lacks any reference to extraterrestrial influences or origins.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Ocean acidification results from excess CO₂, impacting coral and shellfish populations. # factual [SEP] Text: Values in parentheses indicate the number of observations used to derive the mean effect size for each life stage. Asterisks denote significant responses (i. e. , when 95% CI does not overlap with 0). Negative and positive values correspond to negative and positive functional effects, respectively. Life stage was also a fixed factor that consistently appeared in the best models based on AIC model selection. Effect size analysis revealed that juvenile mean effect sizes were significantly lower than zero when all and only near-future pCO2 conditions were considered; larval and adult effect sizes were not significantly different from zero. Previous meta-analyses also highlight the importance of life stage (e. g. , Kroeker et al. 2010, 2013, Harvey et al. 2013); however, those previous studies typically report that earlier life stages (i. e. , larvae and juveniles) are more susceptible to ocean acidification than later life stages. By contrast, the meta-analysis detected no significant effect on larvae. Although this may suggest that larvae are robust to ocean acidification behaviorally, it is important to note that the number of studies on larvae was low (n = 6) and the nonsignificant effect size may simply reflect a lack of ability to detect an effect. Although negative effect sizes under elevated pCO2 in this study were largely driven by pCO2 values exceeding near-future (i. e. , year 2100) projections, such drastic changes in pCO2 are not uncommon in nearshore coastal and estuarine waters where many of the species assessed herein reside. Diel and seasonal variation in coastal pCO2 conditions can often far exceed near-future projections (Provoost et al. 2010, Duarte et al. 2013, Waldbusser & Salisbury 2014, Wallace et al. 2014). Furthermore, given that ocean acidification studies typically acclimate animals under control and elevated pCO2 conditions for relatively short periods of time (compared with the large timescales across multiple organismal generations in which true ocean acidification will occur; McElhaney 2017), the effect sizes herein are mostly applicable to acute exposures to elevated pCO2 characteristic of nearshore systems. The analysis thus suggests that shellfish behavioral defenses in nearshore coastal systems may already be affected by acute increases in seawater pCO2. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing how elevated pCO2 conditions, which contribute to ocean acidification, have significant effects on marine organisms, particularly shellfish. It states that negative effect sizes under elevated pCO2 indicate that behavioral defenses of shellfish may already be adversely affected by these increasing pCO2 levels, supporting the claim that ocean acidification impacts marine life.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Smart cities can completely eliminate traffic and pollution issues. [SEP] Text: It will be improved for the enhancement of the intensity of cross-regional cooperation innovation and the improvement of the joint governance mechanism of haze, and the overall national capacity for haze governance. Herein, we propose hypothesis H2b: smart city construction can indirectly improve city haze pollution through cooperation innovation. Finally, as the joint point of "innovation promotion" and "green development", green innovation is an important way to break the dilemma of city environmental pollution (Nasir et al. , 2021). With the extensive application of relevant innovative achievements in production and life, it will effectively improve the popularity of clean energy and optimize the efficiency of traditional energy. In addition, it can also reduce the pollutant emissions in the process of production, R&D, and consumer consumption, and promote regional haze control from the source. As the smart city pilot has clear requirements for the construction of infrastructure and application systems in the applicant cities, equipping the smart cities with a more complete infrastructure foundation, more abundant development resources, and stronger green concept than ordinary cities. With the transformation of the traditional performance assessment system, the central government has put forward new requirements for local governments in green innovation and green development. For the purpose of improving local green innovation capacity and obtaining promotion opportunities, local officials will formulate corresponding policy tools to promote the flow of capital, talent, information, and other production factors to emerging industries with higher marginal returns, and provide impetus for green innovation and development of cities. The construction of smart cities has accelerated the application of modern information technology in various fields of city governance. Government departments can conduct more intelligent supervision on local pollution sources and environmental tolerance. The popularization of the Internet and the construction of e-government platforms have also greatly broadened the channels for the public to discover or disclose corporative pollution, which will force high-polluting enterprises to sprout a stronger willingness for green innovation. In the long run, the extensive application of information technology in production and life can help relevant subjects to accurately grasp the green product information on the market and the green consumption p2. 1. 2 The spatial spillover effect of smart city construction on haze pollution Haze pollution is not merely a local environmental problem. To a large extent, haze pollution will be influenced by atmospheric circulation, pollution leakage, traffic flow and other factors, showing conspicuous spatial correlation. Therefore, the study of haze governance cannot be limited to a particular region, but the spatial spillover effects from a comprehensive perspective should also be examined. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by highlighting that while smart city construction may improve pollution management through innovations and better governance, it does not suggest that these measures will completely eliminate pollution or traffic issues. The text states that haze pollution is influenced by various factors and requires a comprehensive perspective for governance, indicating that complete elimination of such issues is unlikely.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Some claim that life on Earth could have originated from extraterrestrial sources. [SEP] Text: For exponential growth the formation of new constituents of vesicle membranes should be proportional to the total amount of these membranes. This could have been realized if vesicles by themselves became involved in the formation of relevant membrane constituents. It is not impossible for this to happen because vesicles might also possess the capacity to increase their complexity, for example by acquiring in addition to the function of self-reproduction some other cell-like functions such as surface enhanced catalysis (Svetina 2007). In this respect it can be pointed out that in the process of vesicle complexification an important role might have been played by their ability to fuse. Fusion of vesicles carrying different extra acquired functions could have produced a new vesicle inheriting characteristics of both parent vesicles. In conclusion, vesicles involve properties that allow for the Darwinian evolution. Thus it is not impossible for cells to have evolved from a simple vesicular physico-chemical system to the complex contemporary entities in a single evolutionary route. However, the complete scenario of how vesicle properties have been utilized in the course of the development of the cellular life is still to be worked out. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses the formation and complexification of vesicles without mentioning extraterrestrial sources. It focuses on vesicle properties and Darwinian evolution rather than addressing the possibility of life originating from sources outside Earth.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Ocean acidification results from excess CO₂, impacting coral and shellfish populations. # factual [SEP] Text: Given that the magnitude and temporal duration of pCO2 extremes are expected to increase under ocean acidification (Kwiatkowski & Orr 2018, Pacella et al. 2018), the results herein suggest that shellfish behavioral defenses for some taxa are likely vulnerable to pCO2 variability under current conditions and near-future ocean acidification, particularly when pCO2 conditions are elevated for periods of weeks to months. Interpretive CautionIt is important to note for this section that this meta-analysis is based on a relatively small number of studies. Given the high degree of heterogeneity observed (i. e. , Q-statistics; Table 3), the small number of studies makes definitive conclusions regarding effects difficult. Consequently, the null effects reported here may represent “true” null effects or may be a symptom of low sample sizes (i. e. , an inability to detect an effect). Thus, the meta-analysis herein provides a quantitative synthesis of studies to date, and definitive conclusions regarding effects await further research. assessing the combined effects of ocean acidification and warming on shellfish prey defense behaviors were less common than acidification-only studies (n = 7 acidification–warming studies; 21% of all studies), with one reporting on a bivalve, five reporting on gastropods, and one on a malacostracan crustacean (Table 4). A meta-analysis of acidification–warming effects on behavioral prey defenses was not conducted, given the low number of available studies, and thus acidification–warming studies are described qualitatively. All acidification–warming studies used temperature increases consistent with near-future predictions (2°C–5°C), with the exception of Zhang et al. (2014), who used a temperature increase of 14°C (Table 4). In the single study on bivalves, increased seawater temperature reversed the effect of sediment acidification on the burrowing behavior of juvenile Mya arenaria (Clements et al. 2017), whereas the single study on a malacostracan crustacean reported no effect of ocean acidification or warming on the self-righting response of adult Hyas araneus (Zittier et al. 2013). In gastropods, effects of ocean acidification and warming varied within and across species. For juvenile Concholepas concolepas, there was no effect of ocean acidification or warming on behavioral lateralization (i. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the vulnerability of shellfish behavioral defenses to pCO2 variability under conditions of ocean acidification. It also indicates that ocean acidification and warming studies have been included, suggesting a significant interaction between these factors, which aligns with the claim that ocean acidification impacts marine life due to excess CO₂.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Smart cities can completely eliminate traffic and pollution issues. [SEP] Text: 862 0. 65 0. 517 5. 880 5. 852 0. 76 0. 446 FIN 2. 699 1. 732 22. 89*** 0. 000 2. 699 2. 625 1. 10 0. 273 PGDP 10. 902 10. 125 25. 92*** 0. 000 10. 902 10. 902 0. 01 0. 992 STR 0. 900 0. 855 12. 46*** 0. 000 0. 900 0. 890 0. 62 0. 538 LR 991. 34*** 2. 55 Mean-Bias 51. 5 3. 4 Med-Bias 44. 3 3. 5 Notes: ***, **and * are significance levels at 1%, 5% and 10%. 4. 2 Baseline regression According to the regression results of model (2), the smart city pilot policy reduced the haze concentration of the cities in the treated group by 0. 508 units, indicating that the implementation of the policy helps to reduce regional haze pollution, improve local environmental quality, and promote city haze governance. The regression results of control variables also meet expectations. Among them, human capital has significantly suppressed the concentration of haze, which fully confirmed that high-end talents are the foundation of national and regional development, and the inexhaustible driving force to achieve pollution reduction and sustainable development. City size can also suppress the concentration of haze. From the actual situation in China, most of the larger cities are developed cities with relatively high economic foundation and innovation level, and the main task of such cities has changed from promoting economic growth to realizing regional ecological protection and high-quality development. The upgrading of industrial structure can also suppress the concentration of haze. Smart city construction relies on the new generation of information technology industries, such as the Internet of Things, big data, and cloud computing, etc. The development of these industries will drive the development of emerging industries and the upgrading of industrial structure, where the above industries will achieve pollution reduction by virtue of their high value-added and low-pollution industrial characteristics. The GOV item is positive, indicating that excessive government intervention may not only fail to control haze concentration, but also exacerbate the pollution level. Table 3 The result of baseline regression regression Eliminate the impact of "carbon emission trading pilot" (1) (2) (3) (4) SMART -2. 860*** (-8. 46) -0. 508** (-2. 28) -2. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing how the implementation of smart city policies leads to a reduction in haze pollution, specifically stating that it reduces the concentration of haze pollution by 0.508 units. However, while it indicates improvements in environmental quality and pollution reduction, it does not support the notion that smart cities can completely eliminate traffic and pollution issues. Instead, it suggests that smart city construction relies on various advanced technologies and that certain factors like human capital influence pollution levels, implying that complete elimination of such issues is not feasible.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Some claim that life on Earth could have originated from extraterrestrial sources. [SEP] Text: in through your institution Notices of the SocietyThis issueRAS and search term Issue 3, November 2024 (In Progress) Issue 2, October 2024 Browse all More content homepage 10. 1093/mnras/stac1807 Published: 05 July 2022 10. 1093/mnras/stac1807 Select format. ris (Mendeley, Papers, Zotero). enw (EndNote). bibtex (BibTex). txt (Medlars, RefWorks) Download citation of the SocietyThis issueRAS and search term of the SocietyThis issueRAS and search term famous ‘Wow’ signal detected in 1977 remains arguably the most compelling SETI signal ever found. The original data require that the signal turned on/off over the span of ∼3 min (time difference between the dual antennae), yet persisted for 72 s (duration of a single beam sweep). Combined with the substantial and negative follow-up efforts, these observations limit the allowed range of signal repeat schedules, to the extent that one might question the credibility of the signal itself. Previous work has largely excluded the hypothesis of a strictly periodic repeating source, for periods shorter than 40 h. However, a non-periodic, stochastic repeater remains largely unexplored. Here, we employ a likelihood emulator using the observing logs to infer the probable signal properties under this hypothesis. We find that the maximum a-posteriori solution has a likelihood of 32. 3 per cent, highly compatible with the data, with a broad 2σ credible interval of signal duration 72 s<T < 77 min and mean repeat rate 0. 043 d−1 < λ < 59. 8 d−1. We extend our analysis to include 192 h of subsequent observations from META, Hobart, and ATA, which drops the peak likelihood to 1. 78 per cent, and thus in tension with the available data at the 2. 4σ level. Accordingly, the Wow signal cannot be excluded as a stochastic repeater with available data, and we estimate that 62 d of accumulated additional observations would be necessary to surpass 3σ confidence. extraterrestrial intelligence, methods: statistical 1 1977, the Observatory recorded a strong (30σ), narrowband (<10 kHz) signal near the 21 cm hydrogen line (Kraus 1979). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not directly address or provide information relevant to the claim regarding the origin of life on Earth from extraterrestrial sources. Instead, it discusses the 'Wow' signal detected in 1977, details about signal detection, and statistical methods, which are not related to the claim about life's origins.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Ocean acidification results from excess CO₂, impacting coral and shellfish populations. # factual [SEP] Text: e. , right–left turning preference), movement time, or self-righting response (i. e. , recovery in orientation after displacement); however, ocean acidification and warming acted synergistically, causing a net negative effect on decision time, whereas warming antagonistically reversed the effect of ocean acidification on route-finding ability (Manríquez et al. 2016, Domenici et al. 2017). Under 500 and 900 μatm increases in pCO2, warming increased swimming speed in Nassarius festivus, whereas ocean acidification had no effect (Zhang et al. 2014). By contrast, ocean acidification significantly reduced the swimming speed of Nassarius conoidalis, and although warming did not impact the ocean acidification effect under the 500 μatm increase in pCO2, warming partially alleviated the effect of ocean acidification under an 894 μatm pCO2 increase (Zhang et al. 2014). Warming was also reported to reverse the ocean acidification effect on speed in adult Nucella lapillus (Quierós et al. 2014). For two Antarctic gastropods, warming did not influence the negative effect of ocean acidification on the escape speed of Nacella concinna but reversed the effect of ocean acidification on the escape speed and self-righting response in Margarella antarctica (Schram et al. 2014). TABLE 4. Summary of experimental studies assessing the combined effects of elevated pCO2 and temperature on the behavioral prey defenses. Although the low number of studies precludes any confident conclusions regarding the combined effects of ocean acidification and warming on shellfish behavioral defenses, it is clear that multiple stressor effects most often differ from single stressor impacts. Of the total number of species (n = 8) in the seven studies highlighted earlier, 75% (n = 6) exhibited different responses when both ocean acidification and warming were considered in combination when compared with ocean acidification considered alone; the combined effects were variable (Table 4). It is thus clear that the effect of ocean acidification on shellfish behavioral defenses can be influenced by seawater temperature and that future ocean warming is likely to influence the impact of ocean acidification on this behavioral response. studies have suggested a potential biological mechanism underpinning behavioral sensitivity to elevated pCO2: GABAA neurotransmitter interference (see Tresguerres & Hamilton 2017 for review). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the effects of ocean acidification due to increased pCO2 on various marine species, highlighting how ocean acidification impacts the swimming speeds and behavioral responses of shellfish. It notes that while ocean acidification has significant negative impacts, such as reduced swimming speed in species like Nassarius conoidalis, the text also clarifies that these effects can be modified by warming, confirming the complex interaction between elevated CO2 levels and the resulting environmental stress on marine life.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Smart cities can completely eliminate traffic and pollution issues. [SEP] Text: 457, which fully proves that the smart city pilot still significantly suppresses city haze concentration after eliminating the effect of the "carbon emission trading pilot". Comparing model (2) and model (4), we can see that the direction and significance of the control variables are basically the same except for the differences in coefficients, which fully proves the accuracy and effectiveness of the model setting, and verifies hypothesis 1. 4. 3 Robustness test The previous section has already tested the robustness of the baseline regression by excluding the "carbon emission trading pilot", and this section will further test the robustness by means of counterfactual tests and excluding municipalities directly under the central government, as follows. (1) Counterfactual test In order to further judge whether the smart city pilot can suppress city haze concentration, this section assumes that the smart city pilot is ahead of schedule by 1 year and 2 years respectively. According to the regression results in the first and second columns of Table 4, the results of Smart items are not significant, indicating that the results of baseline regression are reliable. That is, the decline of urban haze concentration is indeed caused by the implementation of smart city pilot. (2) Exclude municipalities. Considering that there are significant differences in the level of development among cities in China, the economic volume of four municipalities (Beijing, Tianjin, Shanghai, and Chongqing) is much larger than that of other cities. Therefore, the above four cities were excluded and the impact of smart city pilot on urban haze concentration was tested again. The coefficient of the SMART term is -0. 380 and the significance is consistent with the result of previous regression, which fully demonstrates the validity and stability of the model in this paper. (3) Lagging the explained variable by one period Considering that there may be a certain inertial association with the haze pollution, that is, the haze pollution in the previous year may be transmitted to the current year under the influence of the smart city pilot policy. Therefore, the haze concentration of the previous year is put into the regression model as an explanatory variable. It can be seen from the fourth column of Table 4, after the inclusion of the lagged term of the explanatory variable, the smart city construction still significantly suppressed the urban haze concentration, proving the robustness of the baseline regression. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the limitations of the smart city pilot in fully addressing urban haze concentration. It notes that while the smart city pilot has been shown to significantly suppress haze, the results indicate that this implementation does not eliminate the issues entirely, as further tests suggest ongoing concerns. This implies that the claim of complete elimination of traffic and pollution issues is not supported by the evidence presented in the text.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Some claim that life on Earth could have originated from extraterrestrial sources. [SEP] Text: Regarding the latter possibility, Wow was detected in channel 2 of 50 by (Kraus 1979), each with a 10 kHz band. Given that the signal appears/disappears over a 3 min interval, a drift rate of 20 kHz/3 min ≃ 100 Hz s (i. e. ∼100 nHz) could conceivably explain this. 2 We note that this would be considered at the upper fringes of plausibility for a genuine SETI signal (Sheikh et al. 2019); for example the Earth’s fractional drift rate from orbital and rotational motion is three orders of magnitude smaller. Further, subsequent observations by Gray & Ellingsen (2002) used a band five times wider than that of (500 kHz) spanning six 14-h continuous blocks, yet reported no Wow-like repetition. A non-continuous signal is more interesting and might be expected from an economics perspective, as suggested by Benford, Benford & Benford (2008). A strictly periodic repeater might be expected if the source behaved akin to a lighthouse, perhaps as a continuous source rotating across the sky or programmed to emit only periodically in our direction. Gray & Ellingsen (2002) and Harp et al. (2020) excluded strictly periodic repeaters with periods below 40 h and longer time-scales become increasingly improbable to fortuitously allow the Wow signal being detected in the first place. To date, there has been no investigation of a non-periodic, stochastic repeater though. A stochastic repeater could be attractive from the perspective of avoiding sampling holes. For example, signals that repeat once per 24 h both risk evading our observing cadence as well being immediately suspicious as spurious even if recorded. An intermittent signal could also manifest due to scintillation within the interstellar medium, in particular for sources >100 parsecs away (Cordes, Lazio & Sagan 1997). The underlying cause of the intermittency is not of principal interest here, rather we consider that such intermittency is feasible and the compatibility of existing observations with such a scenario has not been extensively studied for Wow. In this work, we investigate this possibility by evaluating the plausibility of said hypothesis and the corresponding required signal properties. (2021) presents a framework for such an analysis, that work is only valid when the data are homogenous, regular and no substantial changes to the observing instruments nor strategy are implemented. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim regarding the origins of life on Earth or any extraterrestrial sources. Instead, it discusses the characteristics and reliability of the Wow signal in the context of the Search for Extraterrestrial Intelligence (SETI) without making any reference to the possibility of life originating from extraterrestrial sources.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Ocean acidification results from excess CO₂, impacting coral and shellfish populations. # factual [SEP] Text: Walsh (2018) also tested this hypothesis on burrowing behavior for the adult snail Tritia obsoleta; however, the burrowing behavior of this species was unaffected by sediment acidification. Furthermore, although the direct effect of GABAA neuroreceptor interference was not directly tested on a specific behavior(s), Moya et al. (2016) reported that genes related to GABAA neuroreceptor structure and function in the pteropods Heliconoides inflatus were upregulated under elevated pCO2 (along with other genes associated with the nervous system). These results suggest that GABAA interference under elevated pCO2 may be an important driver in the behavioral responses of marine shellfish. Further investigation into the universality of this biological mechanism for altered behavior in shellfish and other invertebrates under ocean acidification is thus warranted. It is important to note, however, that altered GABAA functioning is not the only biological mechanism that can drive ocean acidification effects on prey defense behaviors (and other behaviors) in shellfish. For example, morphological and other physiological effects of elevated pCO2 have the potential to affect performance and activity behaviors related to prey defense such as locomotion (Watson et al. 2017) and self-righting ability (Manríquez et al. 2013). Ultimately, although GABAA interference appears to play a substantial role in ocean acidification effects on shellfish behavioral defenses, further research on this and other mechanisms are needed. some information pertaining to the interactive effects of ocean acidification and warming on shellfish behavioral defenses was gleaned, the combined effects of ocean acidification and other global change stressors are understudied. Of the 34 studies identified here, only one assessed the effects of ocean acidification in the context of a stressor other than temperature: Zhang et al. (2014) assessed the combined effects of pCO2, temperature, and salinity on the swimming performance of two gastropods, Nassarius festivus and Nassarius conoidalis. Therein, it was reported that elevated pCO2 reduced swimming speed in N. conoidalis (but not in N. festivus) and that higher temperature and higher salinity increased the swimming speed for both species. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the biochemical effects of elevated pCO2 (which is a direct result of excess CO₂) on marine shellfish and their behaviors. It describes how the GABAA neuroreceptor interference and other physiological effects under elevated pCO2 can significantly impact shellfish, thus affirming the claim's assertion that ocean acidification affects shellfish populations.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Smart cities can completely eliminate traffic and pollution issues. [SEP] Text: Table 4 The result of robustness test advanced by 1 year Policy advanced by 2 years Excluding four municipalities Lagging the explained variable by one period SMART -0. 328 (-1. 48) -0. 066 (-0. 30) -0. 380* (-1. 70) -0. 338* (-1. 68) L. PM2. 5 -0. 489*** (-35. 80) -R2 0. 9360 0. 9360 0. 9366 0. 9505 Obs 5112 5112 5038 4828 Notes: t statistics in (), ***, **and * are significance levels at 1%, 5% and 10%. 4. 4 Endogeneity test In order to avoid the bias caused by endogeneity, the historical data of fixed-line telephones in 1984 was selected as the instrumental variable. Firstly, the construction of smart cities is to build information technology infrastructure and processing platform. Therefore, the cities with high level of informatization are more likely to become smart city pilot because China takes the level of informatization as an important reference for evaluating the pilot. The cities' historical telecommunications infrastructure will affect the application of new digital technology and information from the perspective of development concept and technical basis. That is, cities with a higher number of traditional fixed telephone installations are more likely to possess a higher level of information, and more likely to become pilot. Secondly, with the advancement of new digital communication and 5G, the impact of traditional communication such as fixed telephone on current economic activities is increasingly diminishing, which meets requirement of exclusivity as an instrumental variable. Thirdly, considering that the section data cannot directly realize regression, the historical number of landline telephones in 1984 was used to construct an interaction term with the time trend variable by referring to the method of Nunn and Qian (Nunn and Qian, 2014). It can be seen from the results in Table 5, after considering the potential endogeneity, smart cities still show a significant inhibitory effect on the concentration of city haze in China, which is consistent with the results obtained from the baseline regression. In addition, the Wald F-statistic is 16. 8671 (greater than 10), rejecting the original hypothesis of weak instrumental variables, and indicating that the instrumental variable is reasonable and effective. Table 5 The result of endogeneity test first stage The second stage 2. 5 SMART - -12. 629** (-2. 21) Tele 0. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by highlighting that while smart cities have a significant inhibitory effect on the concentration of city haze in China, it does not imply a complete elimination of traffic and pollution issues. The text provides data through the endogeneity test that shows smart cities still exert influence on pollution levels, indicating that while improvements may arise, complete eradication of these issues is not suggested.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Some claim that life on Earth could have originated from extraterrestrial sources. [SEP] Text: 2 Model for the observations The observations are modelled using the observing logs of the Wow field from itself. 1985, co-author visited OSU where the logs were reviewed and noted. Print outs were pulled from the OSU archives by Marc Abel, who located runs from 122 d spanning 1977 August to 1984 March. Data near the Wow locale were examined for each day, with the locale defined as near RA 19 17 in 1977, and RA 19 22 and 19 25 subsequently, since a horn squint correction had presumably been applied by 1978. Excluding observations more than 20’ north or south of the Wow declination, or days with bad data (e. g. clock off, printer failure, and power failure), we find 90 useful visits. These dates are used to define a set of representative observations in our simulation, with the first observation occurring at tobs, 1 = 0. 5 d, and subsequent observations offset in time from this reference point according to their observation date. Each observation in fact a pair of measurements, since the horns are physically separated and thus a sky source passes over each. Accordingly, we define the first of these two occurring at a mid-time of tobs, l (for the lth observation) and the next occurring at tobs, l + Δt, where Δt = 172. 37 s represents the temporal offset. Each of the pair of observations is modelled as lasting for 72 s. For a ‘detection’ to occur, we define that a signal must be throughout the entire duration of this 72-s window. We thus cycle through each observation (90 × 2 in total) and query whether any of the generated signals lead to a detection. After cycling through all observations, we tally up the total number of detections. Illustrative examples of both Wow-like and non Wow-like signals are depicted in Fig. 1. Figure 1. (a) An annotated example of a Wow-like signal detection. The observational window is shown in blue, and the signal in red. Here, the signal is fully detected but only in one of the windows, not the other, just like Wow. (b) Examples of non-detections, either because of too many (top) or too few (bottom) signal overlaps with the observing windows. Open in new tabDownload slide 2. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it provides detailed information about observational methodologies and data analysis related to the Wow signal without addressing the origins of life on Earth or extraterrestrial influences. It lacks any discussion or evidence regarding life or its possible extraterrestrial origins.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Ocean acidification results from excess CO₂, impacting coral and shellfish populations. # factual [SEP] Text: Impacts of ocean acidification on survival, growth, and swimming behaviours differ between larval urchins and brittlestars. ICES J. Mar. Sci. 73:951–961. 22. Chan, K. Y. K. , D. Grünbaum & M. J. ODonnell. 2011. Effects of ocean-acidification-induced morphological changes on larval swimming and feeding. J. Exp. Biol. 214:3857–3867. 23. Chan, K. Y. K. , E. García & S. Dupont. 2015. Acidification reduced growth rate but not swimming speed of larval sea urchins. Sci. Rep. 5:9764. 24. & M. C. O. Ferrari. 2014. Impaired learning of predators and lower prey survival under elevated CO2: a consequence of neurotransmitter interference. Glob. Chang. Biol. 20:515–522. 25. & G. E. Nilsson. 2014. Ocean acidification slows retinal function in a dameselfish through interference with GABAA receptors. J. Exp. Biol. 217:323–326. 26. Clements, J. C. & H. L. Hunt. 2014. Influence of sediment acidification and water flow on sediment acceptance and dispersal of juvenile soft-shell clams (Mya arenaria L. ). J. Exp. Mar. Biol. Ecol. 453:62–69. 27. Clements, J. C. & H. L. Hunt. 2015. Marine animal behaviour in a high CO2 world. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 536:259–279. 28. Clements, J. C. & H. L. Hunt. 2017. Effects of CO2-driven sediment acidification on infaunal marine bivalves: a synthesis. Mar. Pollut. Bull. 117:6–16. 29. Clements, J. C. , K. D. Woodard & H. L. Hunt. 2016. Porewater acidification alters the burrowing behavior and post-settlement dispersal of juvenile soft-shell clams (Mya arenaria). J. Exp. Mar. Biol. Ecol. 477:103–111. 30. Clements, J. C. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing various studies that link ocean acidification to species such as larval sea urchins and soft-shell clams, indicating the impact of elevated CO₂ levels on their growth, survival, and behaviour. The mention of 'effects of CO2-driven sediment acidification' and its consequences on marine bivalves reinforces the idea that ocean acidification resulting from excess CO₂ affects marine life.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Smart cities can completely eliminate traffic and pollution issues. [SEP] Text: 001*** (4. 86) - -F statistics 23. 6051*** - Notes: t statistics in (), ***, **and * are significance levels at 1%, 5% and 10%. 4. 5 Placebo test In order to further test whether the city haze is affected by other unobservable factors, this section conducts a placebo test on the baseline model. The smart city pilot cities and the years of policy were randomly selected from the sample to construct a virtual treated group, while the remaining cities were regressed as the control group to complete one placebo test. The above process was repeated 500 times, and the kernel density distribution is shown in Graph 1. The absolute values of the estimated coefficients (t-value) of most samples were within 2, indicating that the smart city pilot did not have a significant effect on the city haze concentration in the above 500 random sampling experiments, which effectively verifying the accuracy of the results in this paper. Graph 1 Placebo test 4. 6 Heterogeneity analysis Although the smart city pilot can promote haze governance in general, will the policy show different effects due to geographical location, city level, talent agglomeration and intelligence level? In order to verify this conjecture, this section firstly divides the cities into eastern cities and their exclusivity according to the region in which they are located. It can be seen from the results in Table 6, the coefficients of SMART items in model (5)-(6) are respectively − 0. 711 and − 0. 448, which indicates that the smart city pilot has a stronger inhibitory effect on the PM2. 5 in eastern cities, effectively verifying hypothesis 2a. Secondly, to verify the impact of the smart city pilot on different levels of cities in China, the research samples were divided into 35 large and medium-sized cities and the remaining. From the regression results of model (7)-(8), the smart city pilot will respectively drive down the haze concentration by 1. 329 and 0. 407 units in large and medium-sized cities and the remaining in the treatment group, which fully demonstrates that the smart city pilot has a stronger inhibitory effect on the PM2. 5 in large and medium-sized cities, and effectively validates hypothesis 2b. Thirdly, a country or region (city) cannot achieve energy saving and sustainable development without the support of high-end talents. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by indicating that while smart city pilots can promote haze governance and reduce PM2.5 concentrations, they do not have a significant effect on city haze concentration overall. The results suggest that smart city initiatives can't completely eliminate pollution issues, as they only demonstrate varying degrees of effect in different geographical areas and city types.