Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Vaccination programs have significantly reduced the global incidence of diseases like measles and polio. [SEP] Text: In Nepal, we also observed that a substantial number of evaluated RI process measures were at high levels before the start of the SIA with very little room for improvement. After the SIA, most of these measures did not significantly improve but did remain at high levels. In retrospect, such results may not be surprising, because RI coverage levels for DTP3 and measles in Nepal (including the Central Region) have been near 90% since 2011, indicating a fairly robust RI system [23]. In a country with high RI coverage, there may be limited potential to demonstrate improvement in RI process measures. In this case, the goal would be to use the SIA to maintain high RI performance by ensuring that providers understand the applicability of information received during SIA training, checking and repairing cold-chain equipment, and managing potential disruption to RI sessions from the SIA. We did find that 20% of providers reported disruption to RI service delivery during the SIA, despite instructions during the SIA trainings to continue scheduling all routine vaccination sessions during the SIA period. Interruption of routine services during SIAs has been reported by several other studies, and solutions may require scheduling additional RI sessions immediately after the SIA to provide any missed vaccinations. A few studies have quantitatively examined the effect of campaigns on routine vaccination coverage. These studies have largely reported negative or inconclusive effects of the campaigns on routine vaccination coverage, including studies of national polio immunization days in the and measles SIAs in [9, 10, 24]. A recently completed study from Cameroon assessing the effect of any type of health campaign on routine delivery of health services, including vaccinations, indicated significant negative effects, particularly where the frequency and intensity of campaigns is higher [12]. One often-mentioned difference between measles SIAs and polio campaigns is the need for a provider skilled in delivering an injectable vaccine during the measles SIA compared with the polio campaign where, depending on country practices, the orally delivered vaccine may be administered by a broader cadre of workers [7]. The skilled providers are often the ones who also manage and deliver routine vaccinations, so disruptions in staffing may be more common with a measles SIA. During our post-SIA debriefings with national immunization program staff, we documented multiple lessons learned, which were later incorporated into global guidelines [15, 25]. During SIA planning, program staff expressed concern about focusing on RI system strengthening for fear of diluting SIA quality. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by highlighting that despite high routine immunization coverage levels for DTP3 and measles in Nepal, there were reports of negative or inconclusive effects of vaccination campaigns on routine vaccination coverage. This indicates that while vaccination programs may have high coverage, they may not significantly contribute to reducing the incidence of diseases like measles and polio, particularly during supplementary immunization activities (SIAs) that may disrupt routine services.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Horizontal gene transfer allows bacteria to acquire new traits. [SEP] Text: " There is a lot of bioinformatic analysis, but the phrase "comprehensive analysis" would suggest that more things were measured and quantified, and the word comprehensive would suggest that within-genus transfers were also identified and considered. Some specific questions that should be answered if possible are: – Was there a single definition of an inferred transfer event? Is being in a cluster necessary and sufficient for that inference? Should other definitions be considered? – Is the inferred amount of HGT between genera high or low or intermediate? Compared to what prior estimates? – How does the amount of HGT between genera compare to the amount inferred within a genus (perhaps normalized for opportunities to see this)? – What proportion of inferred events have a plausible path of epidemiologic links? – What is the impact of the 5kb identity requirement – do you get radically different answers with 3 or 10 as cut-offs? – What descriptions can be given in quantitative terms of the different patterns of what was conserved within a cluster between C1 and C2, C3? What about all the other clusters? – What proportion of the inferred events involve mechanisms of horizontal transfer consistent with what we already know (e. g. plasmid transfer, ICE, etc), and which are unexplained by those? – How do the inferred rates of evolution from the inferred transfer events compare with what we know? The Tn7 comment is tantalizing but is one example – a comprehensive analysis would consider the overall patterns. – What was the extent of movement of MDR determinants together among inferred events? Perhaps not all of these can be answered, but to ignore them seems unfortunate in a paper with such a grand title. I don't want to dictate the publication strategy for what will undoubtedly be a series of papers, but a paper in eLife that is called a "Comprehensive Analysis" should not, for example, consider only transfer between genera. We appreciate this feedback and agree that the title of our original submission was perhaps misleading. We have modified the title to more accurately reflect what we have actually done in this study. We have added a definition of inferred transfer events and have incorporated a discussion of how little is currently known about plasmid transfer rates in vivo in the Results section. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim regarding horizontal gene transfer (HGT) and its role in allowing bacteria to acquire new traits. Instead, it focuses on the complexities and considerations in assessing HGT, such as definitions of inferred transfer events and the need for a comprehensive analysis. Despite mentioning aspects relevant to HGT, it does not confirm or deny the claim made.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: HIV treatment can reduce viral load to undetectable levels. [SEP] Text: : 2161-1165 Epidemiology: -in-for Manuscript 10. 4172/2161-1165. 1000e114 Load in the CNS Reservoir an for Curing HIV Infection? Dave* and Dianne LangfordCenter for Neurovirology, Department of 3500 19140, USA *Corresponding Author: Dave, Center for Neurovirology, Department of 3500 19140, USA, Tel: (215) 707-3150;, Fax: (215) 707-4888, Email: rsdave@temple. edu Received: 20-Dec-2013 Accepted Date: 20-Dec-2013 Published Date: 28-Dec-2013 DOI: 10. 4172/2161-1165. 1000e114 reservoirs present a formidable challenge in our search for a cure of human immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) infection. It is widely known tthat combined antiretroviral medications do not access the central nervous system (CNS) at optimal levels. Recent experience with hematopoietic stem cell transplant technology highlight both the need to purge the CNS reservoir from latent HIV-infected macrophages and microglia, and the requirement for utilizing homozygous CCR5Δ32 allele in successfully curing HIV infection and progression to acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS). These developments bring into focus the need to study additional alleles that affect disease progression, neurocognitive status, and potential viral egress from the CNS. : HIV; CNS; Reservoir; Latency; Viral-reactivation; cART; An important benchmark in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection management is the elimination of virus from the infected individual. However, complete viral clearance is not achieved through any of the currently available treatment options [1-3]. Nonetheless, combined antiretroviral therapy (cART) provides a “functional cure” and decreases viral loads to below detection in blood plasma in many patients. [4]. Unfortunately, HIV persists in reservoir sites such as resting T-cells in lymph nodes and microglia/macrophages in the central nervous system (CNS). Potential reactivation of latent virus from these reservoir sites prevents achieving a “sterilizing cure” [3,5,6]. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by stating that combined antiretroviral therapy (cART) 'decreases viral loads to below detection in blood plasma in many patients.' This directly supports the assertion that HIV treatment can effectively reduce viral load to undetectable levels in treated individuals.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Vaccination programs have significantly reduced the global incidence of diseases like measles and polio. [SEP] Text: Fear was a prominent theme in the implementation of polio programs. Fear was associated with rumors, suspicions, and past experiences with other diseases, rendering parents reluctant to take up polio programs. Coincidentally, fear also facilitated program implementation as fear of illness due to polio increased vaccination uptake. Under this theme, nine studies mentioned a total of five barriers, and one study highlighted fear as a facilitator. One study stated that the presence of rumors discouraged families in Ethiopia from having their children vaccinated due to fears of inducing sterility and/or disability [14]. This same study, along with six others, highlighted suspicions of immunization side effects as a barrier to implementation [14–20]. Suspicions included actual and perceived side effects, ulterior motives of the government, and infertility. For instance, one study described that in India, “most [participants] said that there was resistance among the population in some areas due to the fear that OPV [oral polio vaccine] causes infertility” (p. 5) [17]. Moreover, one study highlighted the fear that families had regarding the vaccination being experimental [21]. Lastly, one study identified fear of vaccines due to past Ebola experiences as a deterrent to polio vaccine uptake [22]. Attributing fears related to past Ebola experiences in the region, participants in Liberia “recounted how immunization teams had worn personal protective equipment and that this caused communities to be afraid” (p. 86) [22] of polio immunization. Related to the beliefs of individuals, one study highlighted fear of contracting the disease as a facilitator to polio immunization uptake. The authors of one study in Nigeria stated that participants felt that “their fear of disease overshadowed the perceived risks of vaccination” (p. 3324) [15]. Community trust. Community trust in organizations and governments was also a key theme in the implementation of polio programs. Distrust stemming from political and social exclusion hindered programs’ credibility in certain communities. On the other hand, trust served as a facilitator in program uptake in certain settings where trust in government services was high. Under this theme, two studies identified three barriers. One study stated this theme as a facilitator to polio immunization acceptance. One study explicitly identified government distrust as a barrier to intervention acceptance in India [18]. The respondents of this study “were more likely to blame the government and polio workers” when discussing reasons for avoiding vaccination (p. 14) [18]. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by highlighting various barriers to vaccination uptake related to fear and distrust. It discusses how fear associated with polio vaccination programs, particularly fears of side effects and experimental treatments, deterred people from participating in vaccination programs. For example, it mentions that in Ethiopia, 'fear of inducing sterility' discouraged families from vaccinating their children. These factors suggest that while vaccination is intended to reduce disease incidence, various social barriers can impede the effectiveness of vaccination programs, thereby indirectly contesting the claim of significant reductions in disease incidence.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Horizontal gene transfer allows bacteria to acquire new traits. [SEP] Text: To address these comments more generally, we have deposited all of the Illumina sequence data, as well as the hybrid assembled genomes we generated, into relevant NCBI databases (see Supplementary files 1 and 3). In making the sequence data from our study publicly available, anyone who wishes to will be able to conduct their own analyses (using whatever parameters they choose) on this dataset. Nonetheless, we have repeated our cluster analysis using 3kb and 10kb cut-offs and have added the resulting shared sequence clusters as an additional figure (Figure 1—figure supplement 1). To address the reviewer’s comments about cluster contents and possible mechanisms of transfer, we have added a table describing the gene content of each cluster to the revised manuscript (Supplementary file 2). As we state in the Discussion, we plan to further investigate within-genus transfer in future work. With all of our sequence data publicly available, however, other researchers are free to query this dataset in whatever way(s) they might like. 2) Authors state the epidemiology of MGEs in clinical settings requires detailed individual level data, but actually provide nearly no epidemiological data in the current manuscript. I would have expected a table at a minimum outlining the demographics and clinical characteristics of the patients included (N=2173). It would also be helpful to know more about the demographics and clinical characteristics of the patients whose isolates share sequences by cluster (N-192). For example, looking at Figure 1B, I note there are 13 clusters containing Stenotrophomonas – 12 of which are clustered only with Pseudomonas. This would suggest to me that these may be patients with Cystic Fibrosis, as both pathogens are commonly found in the CF lung, but it would be helpful to know this information to better assess the clinical relevance of this work. The is an excellent point. We have now included a table that summarizes relevant demographic and clinical information from the patients in the study (Table 1). 3) Authors did long read sequencing on a subset of "representative isolates from the largest clusters" – what do authors mean by “representative” here? Do they just mean they chose a random sample from within each cluster? Please explain. We selected isolates for long-read sequencing by considering the length of the shared sequence (i. e. the isolate with the longest sequence was selected), as well as culture date (i. e. selecting the earliest isolate). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim related to horizontal gene transfer or its role in allowing bacteria to acquire new traits. Instead, it discusses data deposition, cluster analysis, and demographic information of study patients, which is unrelated to the concept of horizontal gene transfer.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: HIV treatment can reduce viral load to undetectable levels. [SEP] Text: : Neurosyphilis is a bacterial infection of the brain and the spinal cord, caused by Treponema pallidum. Its nonspecific clinical presentation includes cognitive impairment and motor and/or sensory function compromise. Neurosyphilis infections in patients with HIV have increased over the past few years and many cases of neurosyphilis manifest in patients with HIV who have low CD4 T-cell counts and high viral loads (VL). However, there is extremely limited acknowledgement in the literature about neurosyphilis presentations in patients with HIV who have normal CD4 counts. : We present a neurosyphilis and HIV coinfection in a patient with a normal CD4 count and an undetectable VL. A 69-year-old woman with a medical history of HIV was on a prescribed antiretroviral treatment regimen. She presented in the in an unresponsive state, although this had been preceded by a period of rapidly progressive cognitive decline. Her brain computed tomography scan without contrast was unremarkable. Laboratory test results were within normal limits, except for a positive result for the microhemagglutination assay for Treponema pallidum antibodies and rapid plasma regain (RPR) test, which was highly suggestive of neurosyphilis as a presumed diagnosis. She showed remarkable clinical improvement after the initiation of conventional treatment for neurosyphilis, which is a 14-day regimen of intravenous penicillin G. : Given the broad neurological manifestations of neurosyphilis and its increasing incidence in patients with HIV, it is important to consider neurosyphilis in the differential diagnosis after ruling out other causes of encephalopathy, especially in patients with an undetectable VL and a normal CD4 count. Keywords: CD4 is an infection of the central nervous system, caused by Treponema pallidum. Regardless of the HIV infection status, untreated syphilis can develop into different stages (primary, secondary, latent, and tertiary syphilis). Tertiary syphilis is a result of untreated or misdiagnosed latent syphilis. Tertiary syphilis presents within 30 years from the onset of the primary infection and slowly manifests as neurosyphilis, which is further divided into early and late syphilis. The cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), meningeal layers, and intracranial vessels are affected in the early stages of neurosyphilis. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by describing a patient with HIV who is on an antiretroviral treatment regimen that resulted in an undetectable viral load (VL). This supports the claim that HIV treatment can reduce viral load to undetectable levels, highlighting the effectiveness of antiretroviral therapy in managing HIV infection.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Vaccination programs have significantly reduced the global incidence of diseases like measles and polio. [SEP] Text: In addition, one study mentioned the resistance of participants living in Pakistan due to the lack of basic health facilities in their communities [20]. This lack of infrastructure was a primary cause of mistrust, and, consequently, resistance to OPV. Moreover, this study also discussed refusal of intervention uptake as a means of protest against the government in order to address their political and economic problems. One study described increased trust in government health services and thus acceptance of vaccination when improvements were made to these services across seven countries (and Angola) [23]. A frontline worker from this study stated that “one manifestation of this trust [in government health services] was acceptance of vaccination” (p. 15) [23]. Infrastructure. Infrastructure was another theme identified in the implementation of polio programs. General infrastructural issues impeded effective implementation and limited efforts to reach vulnerable populations. Conversely, in the presence of good infrastructure and resource mobilization, the implementation of polio programs was deemed successful. Under this theme, nine studies mentioned a total of five barriers, and three studies mentioned a total of three facilitators. One study highlighted that in Nigeria, the general lack of basic necessities, including drug availability in hospitals and water service, is a barrier to future immunization uptake [15]. Eight studies highlighted available resources as a challenge to the effective implementation of polio programs [14, 17, 18, 21, 23–26]. The lack of access to healthcare was mentioned by one study in Niger, where the majority of respondents noted inaccessibility as impeding routine immunizations and acute flaccid paralysis surveillance [24]. Two additional studies highlighted financial, organizational, operational, logistical, and quality barriers to the delivery of immunization services across several countries, including and Angola [14, 23]. The study conducted in Ethiopia listed “shortage of vaccine and supplies, non-functionality of refrigerators, lack of training, cancellation of immunization sessions, and unavailability of health posts to deliver the services” (p. 33) as possible reasons for low immunization [14]. Moreover, the unavailability of eligible children was considered a barrier by four studies across Pakistan, Afghanistan, and India [17, 19, 25, 27]. Children were frequently missed during polio vaccination visits and were not followed up with at a later time. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing various barriers to the effective implementation of vaccination programs, particularly for polio. It highlights issues such as lack of infrastructure, mistrust due to inadequate health facilities, and accessibility barriers that impede immunization efforts. The mention of these challenges suggests that the effectiveness of vaccination programs is significantly hindered, rather than indicating a reduction in disease incidence.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Horizontal gene transfer allows bacteria to acquire new traits. [SEP] Text: We have included this information in the revised manuscript Results section. 4) Much of the interpretive material is confusing or questionable. – The sentence “Taken together, these results indicate that while many of the sequences we identified were shared between related bacterial genera, our approach also identified sequences that were identical in the genomes of distantly related pathogens. ” took about four reads before I decided it simply meant there was a lot of sharing among close genera, and some sharing among more distant genera. A more parallel structure to the sentence could clarify (if that is indeed what it means). A reference to Figure 2 could also help. We apologize for the confusion. This sentence has been removed from the revised manuscript. – Discussion section: "generate biased interpretations of the driving forces": I don't see any interpretation of the driving forces behind HGT (or as I imagine driving forces, behind the success of lineages which have undergone HGT, such as transmissibility or antimicrobial selection pressure or the like) in this paper, and moreover, biased interpretations can be biased only relative to some defined estimand. This seems like unduly vague language, and maybe should be replaced with "incomplete accounts of the extent of HGT" or something similar. We agree and have modified this sentence accordingly. – Discussion paragraph three is somewhat peculiar. It seems to rest on the premise that if an element moves to a new host, it will be selected to change its sequence to adapt to that host, but then undermines that premise with hypotheses 2 and 3. This may be just a matter of wording, but it seems confusing. Maybe sequences are adapted to generic functions (e. g. neutralizing a drug) rather than to the bacterial host. At a minimum the wording should be changed; better would be, instead of giving one example of each, to try to classify the clusters based on these explanations. Again, this is part of the distance between "comprehensive analysis" and the more descriptive tone of the paper. We thank the reviewer for this helpful feedback. The three possible causes that we listed are hypotheses that might help explain our observations, and for which we have some (very limited) evidence in our dataset. We chose to offer some speculation regarding what we feel is the strongest example supporting each hypothesis; formally testing each one, especially in a dataset of this size, would require significant additional work that we feel would be better suited to future studies. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses feedback on a manuscript and does not provide any direct information regarding horizontal gene transfer (HGT) or its role in bacteria acquiring new traits. It mainly focuses on clarifications and revisions related to the interpretation of the data presented in the manuscript.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: HIV treatment can reduce viral load to undetectable levels. [SEP] Text: She was clinically stable after completion of the treatment for neurosyphilis and was discharged to the nursing home. She remained clinically stable for over a year, and recently died from COVID-19 complications. Informed consent was obtained from her family for the publication of this case report. incidence of syphilis has declined since the introduction of penicillin. In early the 2000s the US rate of reported cases of diagnosed primary and secondary syphilis was 2. 1 cases/100 000 people, which was the lowest rate since reporting began in 1941. Since then, the reported cases of syphilis in the US have increased almost every year in African Americans, Hispanics, and men who have sexual intercourse with men [3,4]. In developed countries, the increasing number of new cases are due to the occurrence of syphilis in patients with HIV. Neurosyphilis causes diverse clinical manifestations, including mood disorders, psychotic behaviors, emotional instability with the loss of social awareness, poor judgement, and different forms of memory deficits [1]. Our patient’s mental status began a progressive decline over a 1-month period; however, her medical history and clinical presentation were not suggestive of primary or secondary syphilis. She was treated for HIV with emtricitabine, dolutegravir, and tenofovir alafenamide, and her recent CD4 count was above 350 cells/mL with an undetectable HIV VL. This was in addition to a medical history of controlled schizophrenia with tardive dyskinesia treated with benztropine, risperi-done, and valproic acid. Primary dementia was ruled out as she had a rapid decline in mental function from the baseline of being independent in activities of daily living. The brain CT and EEG suggested that her altered mentation was not likely to be secondary to a space-occupying lesion, seizures, cerebral edema, other forms of oncotic cerebral damage, or acute ischemic changes. The results of the initial and repeated routine blood tests, hepatitis panel, and UDS test were unremarkable and not suggestive of metabolic or infectious encephalopathy. In the literature, many case reports discuss patients with HIV who have early syphilis and are at increased risk for neurologic complications that range from mild cognitive impairment to psychosis and worsened altered mental status [1]. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by stating that the patient was treated for HIV with specific medications (emtricitabine, dolutegravir, and tenofovir alafenamide) and indicates that her recent CD4 count was above 350 cells/mL with an undetectable HIV VL (viral load). This supports the claim that effective HIV treatment can reduce the viral load to undetectable levels.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Vaccination programs have significantly reduced the global incidence of diseases like measles and polio. [SEP] Text: In a 2017 study in Pakistan, “38 percent of children were not vaccinated with OPV,” and the most frequent reason given was “the unavailability of children at home during polio vaccinator visits” (p. 29) [19]. Lack of general infrastructure, including access to hard-to-reach flood plains, weak health infrastructures, and insufficient financing for strategy implementation, impeded effective polio implementation in one study [26]. Furthermore, three studies listed the availability of resources as a facilitator in some settings [25, 28, 29]. First, one study highlighted a good social mobilization system in Afghanistan, where mobilizers visited over “90 percent of targeted, low-performing communities in the South” (p. 170) prior to the program’s implementation [25]. In addition, the finding and mapping of marginalized populations across seven countries in and sub-facilitated the targeting of children who may have been missed during polio visits in one study [28]. Lastly, one study in Uganda highlighted increased accessibility to immunization due to close Days (NID) posts as facilitating individuals’ participation in routine immunization campaigns, citing “NID posts very near and within a short walking distance” from their homes (p. 367) [29]. Beliefs about the intervention. The most prominent theme discovered in the implementation of polio programs surrounded beliefs related to the intervention. Negative beliefs about the polio vaccine emerged from cultural beliefs, religious conceptions, and inadequate awareness of the vaccine’s purpose and effectiveness. However, increased knowledge and positive beliefs about the vaccine’s efficacy against disease facilitated program implementation in other settings. Under this theme, 11 barriers from 15 studies, and four facilitators from seven studies were identified. Anti-immunization debates were thought to negatively contribute to the community’s trust in the vaccine. For instance, anti-immunization debates challenged the immunization program in India [30]. The authors of this study highlight that frequent debates challenging immunization programs “began to influence the community’s trust in the vaccines” (p. 7). When considering the presence of particular beliefs about the intervention, 14 studies mentioned a total of nine barriers. An additional seven studies listed a total of four facilitators. Propaganda and mistrust against vaccines and their efficacy were mentioned by two studies as the reasons for parental vaccine refusal in India [17, 31]. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim as it highlights significant barriers to effective vaccination programs, specifically in the context of polio. It outlines various factors, such as inadequate infrastructure, cultural beliefs, and anti-immunization debates, that hinder vaccination efforts. For instance, it mentions that '38 percent of children were not vaccinated with OPV' and that negative beliefs about the vaccine have 'began to influence the community’s trust in the vaccines.' These points suggest that the effectiveness of vaccination programs is undermined by these challenges, thereby challenging the assertion that such programs have significantly reduced disease incidence.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Horizontal gene transfer allows bacteria to acquire new traits. [SEP] Text: We have nonetheless modified this section of the manuscript accordingly. – "both plasmids…from the same patient were nearly identical to one another, suggesting that they were indeed transferred shortly before the bacteria were isolated" – over what timescale might we expect difference to occur in plasmids and of what magnitude? This is an important point to consider. Unfortunately, careful estimates of mutation rates among mobile elements are currently lacking. We have revised this section of the manuscript accordingly. – "underscores how quickly MGEs can move" – this makes no sense. MGEs move by for example conjugation which has been measured in the lab as taking minutes. The literal movement is of course fast. I think finding evidence of transfer that is close together in space and time is unremarkable; finding persistence over time is more remarkable. This is a fair point and we have modified this sentence accordingly. – Some of the other conclusions seem a bit unsupported by the analyses that are conducted – e. g. "the fact we only observed plasmids in closely related bacterial lineages suggests that they are well-adapted to these lineages, and if they were transmitted to other STs they were likely lost due to instability and/or fitness costs". I would think this could easily be affected by sampling strategy used, with only invasive samples of select species. This is also a fair point, and we have removed this sentence from the revised manuscript. – Figure 1D and E just show the proportion of clusters with X gene type or Y AME gene, respectively, but underlying cluster sizes range from 2-52 – shared across all samples. Is there a way authors can standardize by cluster size, as I am not sure a cluster of 2 should have the same weight as a cluster of 52 in these analyses? We agree that cluster size might affect how we interpret the contents of each cluster. We now include a table that summarizes the number of isolates and genetic contents of each cluster (Supplementary file 2), which will allow readers to access this information directly. – Authors required a minimum of 5Kb and 100% identity on nucmer and state these cut-offs were arbitrary (Discussion) – did authors examine any other cut-offs and how do their findings change if these are adjusted? [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it focuses on the authors’ revisions to a manuscript concerning plasmid transfer and various methodological considerations, but it does not explicitly discuss horizontal gene transfer or its role in bacteria acquiring new traits.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: HIV treatment can reduce viral load to undetectable levels. [SEP] Text: To determine the prevalence and associated factors with chronic kidney disease (CKD) in a cohort of HIV-positive individuals with undetectable viral load on HAART. March, 2009 to September 2009, 213 individuals between 18-70 years, period on HAART ≥12 months, viral load < 50 copies/mm3, and CD4 ≥ 200 cells/mm3, were consecutively enrolled at the outpatient clinic of Hospital de Clínicas, Porto Alegre, Brazil. Exclusion criteria were obesity, malnourishment, amputee, paraplegic, previous history of renal disease, pregnancy and hepatic insufficiency. Renal function was determined by estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) assessed by the modification of diet in renal disease. CKD was defined as an eGFR less or equal than 60 ml/min/1. 73 m2, for a period of at least 3 months. Poisson regression was used to determine factors associated with CKD. Results CKD was diagnosed in 8. 4% of the population, and after adjustment, the risk factors were hypertension (RR = 3. 88, 95%CI, 1. 84 - 8. 16), time on HAART (RR = 1. 15, 95%CI,1. 03–1. 27) and tenofovir exposure (RR = 2. 25, 95%CI, 1. 04–4. 95). Higher weight (RR =0. 88 95%CI, 0. 82–0. 96) was associated to normal function. Conclusions CKD was a common finding in this cohort of patients and was related to hypertension, time on HAART and tenofovir exposure. We suggest a more frequent monitoring of renal function, especially for those with risk factors to early identify renal impairment. Citation: (2011) Prevalence and Associated to Disease in HIV-on HAART and Load in Brazil. 6(10): e26042. Kallas, University of Sao Paulo, BrazilReceived: June 28, 2011; Accepted: September 16, 2011; Published: October 12, 2011Copyright: © 2011 Menezes et al. This is an open-access 4. 7% to 7. 6% according to several studies [5]–[8]. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text provides evidence that HIV-positive individuals on HAART (Highly Active Antiretroviral Therapy) achieved an undetectable viral load, as noted with 'viral load < 50 copies/mm3'. This supports the claim that HIV treatment can reduce viral load to undetectable levels.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Vaccination programs have significantly reduced the global incidence of diseases like measles and polio. [SEP] Text: An additional study identified the importance of cultural beliefs in the decision to reject the vaccine in Niger [24]. Categorized under knowledge and beliefs about the intervention, seven studies mentioned refusal of polio program uptake due to a lack of information, ignorance, and illiteracy across Pakistan, Nigeria, India, and the of America [15–17, 19, 21, 27, 32]. For instance, in Nigeria, the majority of refusal respondents mentioned “drinking of clean water as a way to avoid polio virus, [while] others identified [that] ways to protect against polio included proper care and belief in God” (p. 3326) [15]. The belief that vaccination was unnecessary was cited as an indicator of refusal and thus a barrier to intervention uptake across four studies [15, 21, 23, 25]. Moreover, a study in India identified vaccine-resistant areas in a particular district as a barrier [30]. Safety and religious misconceptions regarding the vaccine were mentioned by two studies, which included witchcraft accusations and Westernized medicines that threaten religious credentials [19, 23]. In Pakistan, the misconception that “the vaccine is not ‘halal’ or [that it is] impermissible in the Islamic Law” (p. 27) [19] was a major reason for vaccine refusal. The perception of age, particularly being “too old,” and lax or disinterested parents were deemed as reasons by participants in one study to avoid polio vaccination in the of America [33]. Additionally, the reliance on religious leaders that oppose OPV uptake fueled skepticism and resistance in one study in Pakistan [20]. Lastly, one study mentioned mothers avoiding OPV by running away with their children as a barrier to polio campaigns in India [17]. Parents’ moral obligation to vaccinate their children and their belief that they cannot be deviant was mentioned by one study as a facilitator to polio intervention use in India [31]. Additionally, four studies across the of America, Uganda, India, and Pakistan highlighted the belief in the vaccine’s ability to protect against polio as a facilitator [20, 21, 29, 30]. Participants of one study in Uganda said that “the major aim [of the vaccine] was to ‘weaken’ the disease and/or ‘strengthen’ the children’s capability in fighting diseases” (p. 367) [29]. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing various cultural beliefs and misconceptions that lead to vaccine refusal, specifically relating to polio vaccination. It describes barriers to vaccine acceptance in countries like Nigeria, Pakistan, and India, where beliefs such as the ineffectiveness of the vaccine, safety concerns, and religious objections have hindered vaccination efforts. This indicates that despite vaccination programs being available, significant segments of the population refuse to participate, thus potentially affecting the overall success of these programs in reducing disease incidence.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Horizontal gene transfer allows bacteria to acquire new traits. [SEP] Text: DNA was extracted using 100/G (Qiagen, USA) or (MoBio, USA). Illumina library preparation and sequencing were performed at by the facility. Pacbio library preparation and sequencing were performed by the University of. De novo hybrid assembly was performed using SPAdes (v3. 5. 0) (Bankevich et al. , 2012). Genomes were annotated using the Review (IMG/ER) annotation pipeline (Markowitz et al. , 2012). In addition, we also sequenced eight additional rind isolates of Brachybacterium (strains 341. 9, 738. 10, 862. 8, 876. 9, 900. 8, 908. 11, 947. 1, 962. 10) and Brevibacterium (strains 341. 13, 738. 8, 862. 7, 876. 7, 900. 6, 908. 7, 947. 7, 962. 8) and three additional isolates of Glutamicibacter (strains BW77, 78, 80) from different cheeses in a broad geographic distribution. For these isolates, we prepared draft genomes using Illumina short-read sequencing and assembled with CLC genomics workbench. The annotated genomes used can be found on Zenodo (Bonham et al. , 2016) Phylogenetic trees Request a detailed protocol 16S sequences were retrieved from the sequenced genomes and aligned using the structure-based aligner, Infernal v1. 1rc4 (Nawrocki and Eddy, 2013), as implemented in the Project release 11 (Cole et al. , 2009). The alignment was imported into Geneious v9 (Biomatters, LTD), and a tree was calculated using the maximum likelihood method PHYML (GTR model)(Guindon et al. , 2003). The tree was rooted using Thermus thermophilus. The tree was then uploaded to of Life (iTOLv3) (Letunic and Bork, 2016) to enable mapping of HGT data (connections and group abundance profiles). RNa detailed protocol Four replicate transcriptomes from two treatments were sequenced: (1) G. arilaitensis alone and (2) G. arilaitensis + Penicillium. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it primarily discusses DNA extraction methods, sequencing processes, and phylogenetic analysis, without mentioning horizontal gene transfer or how bacteria acquire new traits.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: HIV treatment can reduce viral load to undetectable levels. [SEP] Text: Risks that have already been associated include the “traditional” factors related to ageing, diabetes mellitus (DM) and hypertension [5], [6]. Besides that, other features such as the virus itself and some of the antiretrovirals (ARVs) currently used, such as indinavir (IDV) and tenofovir (TDF) have already been linked with nephrotoxicity in these individuals [5], [7], [8]. The first stage of renal impairment is silent and only detectable through laboratory analysis [9]. Although the most used biomarker for renal dysfunction diagnosis, the measurement of serum creatinine has limitations, such as the relatively low sensitivity, which underestimates the underlying renal status, and therefore, its values could be in the “normal range”, even after the loss of 50–60% of the glomerular filtration rate (GFR) [9], [10]. Although not clearly validated to HIV-infected individuals, equations adjusting for muscle mass, age, weight, ethnicity and sex, provide a more sensitive estimation of the true renal function, and have been used in general population (eGFR)[11], [12]. Currently, the most common formulas to estimate the GFR are Modification of Diet in formula (MDRD) [13], [14], Cockcroft-Galt (CG) [14], [15] and Collaboration (CKD-epi) [16]. The objectives of our study were to describe the prevalence of CKD and to determine the risk factors associated to the development of renal disease in a cohort of HIV infected individuals on HAART, undetectable viral load, and not severely immunosupressed (CD4 count > 200 cells/mm3), which would better resemble the general population, in Brazil. Materials and Two hundred fifty five patients attended in the HIV/AIDS outpatient clinic at Hospital de Clínicas, Porto Alegre, Brazil, were consecutively enrolled from March, 2009 through September, 2009. To be included, patients needed to be on HAART and undetectable viral load (<50 copies/ml) for a period equal or greater than 12 months, CD4 counts higher than 200 cells/mm3 and age between 18 and 70 years. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by stating that patients included in the study were on HAART (Highly Active Antiretroviral Therapy) and had an undetectable viral load (less than 50 copies/ml) for a period equal to or greater than 12 months. This directly supports the claim that HIV treatment can reduce viral load to undetectable levels.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Eating only organic foods guarantees a toxin-free diet. [SEP] Text: People today experience “modern malnutrition”, which is caused by modern diet habits such as high intakes of sugar, fat, fast food, and soda [8, 11, 48,49,50]. This type of diet is typically found in solitary eating. If people continue to eat alone, they will have potential risks of developing obesity and metabolic syndromes [11, 45]. The new social phenomena of an increase in one-person households creates public isolation, which can affect public health [14], but at the same time, we need to acknowledge that we have been ignoring the potential risk that another party could have. We were able to infer that, along with changes in our daily lifestyle, products that supplement diet balance for people who live alone may be beneficial. However, people who live together, mostly with family [25] consider their meals better than others even when they eat alone. Similar to that idea, people who are in a higher social stratum are considered more able to maintain their health by themselves. As we discovered from our analyses, poor meal quality does not appear only among the socially disadvantaged or those who live alone. The results indicate that we should promote nutritional health awareness to the lower socioeconomic class yet we should discriminate to improve diet quality for the entire population as the result of subgroup analysis shown. ConclusionsThis study provides evidence to promote interventions to improve the quality of the diet of the public. adults are experiencing low diet quality when they eat alone. The number of people who eat alone is increasing along with the changes of lifestyle. Also, the people who were considered as upper socio-economic status, such as who have high income, education level and white collar occupation status, are also experiencing issues in diet quality. Our study is highly recommended to policy-makers to utilize it as evidence to develop and improve social welfare services for the general population. AbbreviationsBMI: Body mass index GLM: Generalized linear model : Health and : Mean adequacy ratio NAR: The nutrient adequacy ratio RDA: Recommended dietary allowance 71. p. 1–41. 8. 71. New York: York; 2013. p. 89–100. 9. Korea Statistics; 2017. Accessed 7 Apr 2017. . Social relationships and healthful dietary behaviour: evidence from over-50s in the EPIC cohort, UK. Med. 2014;100:167–75. Seoul: Nutrition Society; 2015. 91. 10. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing modern malnutrition due to dietary habits, indicating that issues like obesity and poor diet quality can occur regardless of the organic nature of foods consumed. It emphasizes that even those in higher socio-economic statuses face diet quality issues, suggesting that simply eating organic does not ensure a toxin-free or healthy diet.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Horizontal gene transfer allows bacteria to acquire new traits. [SEP] Text: We used a strain of Penicillium solitum that was isolated from a natural rind cheese and was used for experiments in Wolfe et al. (2014). For each experimental unit, approximately 80,000 CFUs of Glutimicibacter arilaitensis were spread across the surface of a 100 mm Petri dish containing 20 mL of cheese curd agar (10% freeze-dried fresh cheese, 3% NaCl, 1. 7% agar, 0. 5% xanthan gum) (Wolfe et al. , 2014). For the + Penicillium treatment, approximately 100,000 CFUs were co-inoculated onto the plates with the Glutimicibacter. Plates were incubated in a bin with moist paper towel (>90% relative humidity) at 24°C for 5 days. Rind biofilms were then harvested by scraping the cheese curd surface and stored in RNA(Qiagen) to stabilize mRNA frozen at −80°C. RNA was extracted using a standard phenol-chloroform protocol used for many different fungal and bacterial species, which has been adopted from transcriptomics work in gut microbiomes (see [David et al. , 2014]). This protocol uses a standard bead-beating step in a lysis buffer to release cell contents from biofilms stored in RNAProtect. DNA was removed from the samples using a -free kit (Life Technologies), and 5S tRNA and large rRNA was depleted using MEGAClear (Life Technologies) and RiboZero (Illumina) kits, respectively. To remove both fungal and bacterial large rRNA, we used an equal mixture of Ribo-and Bacteria rRNA Removal Solution. To confirm that the samples were free of DNA contaminants, a PCR of the 16S rRNA gene was performed with standard primers (27 f and 1492 r). Overall quantity and quality of the RNA preps were confirmed by Nanodrop and Agilent 2100 Bioanalyzer using the RNA 6000 Nano kit. RNA-seq libraries were constructed from purified mRNA using the for Illumina (Biolabs) where each library received a unique six base pair barcode for demultiplexing after the sequencing run. Each library was run on an Agilent 2100 chip to confirm that primer dimers and adapter dimers were not present in the sample and to determine the size of the library. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it details an experimental protocol involving the use of Penicillium solitum and Glutimicibacter arilaitensis, focusing on RNA extraction and sequencing, without mentioning horizontal gene transfer or the acquisition of new traits by bacteria.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: HIV treatment can reduce viral load to undetectable levels. [SEP] Text: In plasma, median values of p24-antigen were 148 pg/ml (IQR 105–152). Download: PPTPowerPoint slidePNGlarger imageTIFForiginal imageTable 1. Plasma viral load and p24-antigen in plasma and erythrocytes from individuals with detectable plasma viral load in at least one sample during the year prior to the study. addition, we found pVL<10,000 copies/ml in 32 out of the 71 patients evaluated and pVL≥10,000 copies/ml in the remaining 39. No p24-antigen in plasma was detected in any of the 32 individuals with pVL<10,000 copies/ml, while Ag-E was detected in 22 out of these 32 individuals. Indeed, four out of these 22 individuals presented pVL<50 copies/ml, and three out of these four exhibited Ag-E levels above 110 pg p24-antigen/ml. Eleven out of the 39 individuals with pVL≥10,000 copies/ml presented both Ag-E and Ag-P, whereas two showed absence of Ag-E and presence of Ag-P and 18 showed presence of Ag-E without detectable Ag-P. Finally, p24-antigen was not detected at all in the remaining eight individuals (Table 1). To note, eight out of the 13 cases where Ag-P was detectable showed higher levels of Ag-P than of Ag-E (Table 1). It is important to highlight that p24-antigen was never detected in the supernatant of the last wash of purified erythrocytes (see Methods section), showing that Ag-E determination was not affected by Ag-P. With the aim to elucidate the relationship between pVL and the presence of Ag-E and Ag-P, the 71 individuals studied were assigned to four groups according to their pVL at the moment of the study: 1) <1,000 copies/ml (n = 20), 2) 1,000–9,999 copies/ml (n = 12), 3) 10,000–49,999 copies/ml (n = 21), 4) ≥50,000 copies/ml (n = 18), and the percentage of individuals with p24-antigen detection in plasma and in erythrocytes was evaluated (Figure 1). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by demonstrating specific findings related to viral load (pVL) among individuals undergoing HIV treatment. It mentions that 32 out of 71 patients evaluated had pVL less than 10,000 copies/ml, and among those, four individuals had pVL under 50 copies/ml, indicating that their viral load was undetectable. This provides evidence that HIV treatment can effectively reduce viral load to undetectable levels, supporting the claim.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Eating only organic foods guarantees a toxin-free diet. [SEP] Text: This is because even if an “obesity prevention” product were very effective, anyone forced to eat it only would grow sick of the taste after a few days and prefer to starve to death than eat nothing but that product for the rest of their lives. Unlike with medicine, people grow tired of the taste of food over time. Even now, Korean bureaucrats continue to include “preventing something” as part of indexes for evaluating projects, despite the fact that this is based on a false understanding of foods. This is a foolish policy. Developing foods that can satisfy the diverse cultural, biological, and lifestyle needs of consumers is the key to global success in the future, but bureaucrats seem hell-bent on promoting the development of monotonous foods rooted in an outdated industrial era mindset. food industry will struggle to develop unless this changes. It is regrettable that this line of thinking still underpins many government projects. The government needs to rapidly abandon its corporate-oriented food policy and replace it with one that caters to the public. Because consumers make hundreds of choices about foods every year, choice is the key for both lifestyle and life itself. It needs to be recognized that Korea’s current approach to product development and production is undermining growth in the food industry. Life style science and Technology for the PublicAs discussed earlier, the food industry is an integral part of our lives. Accordingly, even if every other industry developed by humanity falls by the wayside, the food industry will remain as long as humans still exist on earth. Although ordinary people are the end consumers of smart-phones and cars, these industries are not considered part of life science. This is because once a person has decided between buying an Apple or Samsung phones, it has very little impact on their life thereafter. The same applies to choosing between different brands of cars. On the other hand, decisions about food need to be made every day, and the foods a person chooses to eat will influence their taste, health, life, and even happiness. This is why the food industry is one of the life style sciences [8], and why this industry should be approached from the perspective of life style science technology that can enrich people’s lives and make them happier and healthier, instead of industrial technology with a focus on production. Such an approach focuses on foods that are tastier and healthier and help people to live happy and healthy lives. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the inadequacies and misconceptions underlying food policies. It emphasizes that focusing solely on one type of food, such as organic, neglects the diversity and personal choice of consumers, indicating that a varied diet is essential for satisfaction and health. It suggests that the notion of a guaranteed toxin-free diet from organic foods is overly simplistic and does not account for individual dietary needs or preferences.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Horizontal gene transfer allows bacteria to acquire new traits. [SEP] Text: Scripts to import and store genome information and blast results and to analyze results are available on github (Bonham, 2016; A copy is archived at Genomic average nucleotide identity (ANI) was calculated using the ‘ani. rb’ script from the enveomics collection (commit ‘e8faed01ff848222afb5820595cccc4e50c89992’) with default settings (Rodriguez-R and Konstantinidis, 2016). a detailed protocol Shotgun metagenomic data from (Wolfe et al. , 2014) and (Kastman et al. , 2016) were assembled with CLC 8. 0. Representative sequences for or were compared with assembled metagenomes by BLAST. Hits with >97% similarity were considered to be positive hits for target regions. Accession numbers Request a detailed protocol Newly sequenced genomes were registered with NCBI with the bioproject 387187. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses the availability of scripts for genome analysis, protocols for metagenomic data processing, and details about genome registration, but does not mention horizontal gene transfer or its role in bacteria acquiring new traits.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: HIV treatment can reduce viral load to undetectable levels. [SEP] Text: p24-antigen associated to erythrocytes was detected in HIV-positive individuals with undetectable plasma viral load for one year After demonstrating the presence of p24-antigen in purified erythrocytes from HIV-positive individuals, it was important to note that we found this Ag-E in patients with pVL<1,000 copies/ml at the moment of the study. Therefore, we wondered whether Ag-E might also be detected in individuals with undetectable pVL for one year prior to the study. To this end, we used 41 samples from HIV-positive individuals with undetectable pVL in three determinations for 12 months before the study. Eight out of the 41 individuals showed detectable pVL (median: 112 copies/ml; IQR 77–403) at the moment of the study and all of them presented Ag-E (median: 25 pg p24-antigen/ml; IQR 20–76) (Table 2). In contrast, 33 out of the 41 individuals presented undetectable pVL at the moment of the study, and five out of these 33 showed Ag-E (median: 38 pg p24-antigen/ml; IQR 31–97). When analyzing both groups, a significant positive relationship between detectable pVL and the presence of Ag-E was found (p<0. 00001) (Table 2). p24-antigen was not detected in plasma of any sample or in the supernatant of the last wash of each sample of purified erythrocytes from the 41 individuals. Download: PPTPowerPoint slidePNGlarger imageTIFForiginal imageTable 2. p24-antigen associated to erythrocytes in individuals with consecutive undetectable plasma viral load for one year. results show that Ag-E was present in individuals with undetectable pVL for one year. Furthermore, pVL detection at the moment of the study is related to the presence of Ag-E, suggesting that Ag-E determination could be a possible indicator for viral expression. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing HIV-positive individuals who maintained an undetectable plasma viral load (pVL) for one year. It highlights that out of 41 individuals with undetectable pVL, many did not have the p24-antigen, which usually indicates viral activity. The significant positive relationship found between detectable pVL and the presence of Ag-E supports the assertion that effective HIV treatment can lead to a sustained undetectable viral load.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Eating only organic foods guarantees a toxin-free diet. [SEP] Text: However, the result of the study should be interpreted cautiously condifring the limitations of the study such as the cross-sectional design of the study, which limits the ability to determine cause-and-effect relationships. Moreover, other factors such as anxiety and depression may also play a predictive role in EDs risk [48], which we were limited in considering in the relationship between EDs and adherence to a GFD. In this study, we did not use serum markers such as tTG-IgA to measure compliance with GFD, although the previous study have shown that CDAT is highly correlated with antibody levels [24]. In addition, we did not assess other barriers such as physical and economic access to gluten-free products and the psychological status of participants. Nonetheless, we believe that our findings increase the understanding of EDs and body image disturbances in patients with CD. They also highlight the importance of adhering to GFD in reducing their prevalence. ConclusionThe study found that 43. 5% of people with celiac disease (CD) also have eating disorders (EDs). Moreover, 65. 9% of CD patients suffer from body image dissatisfaction, and 41. 1% experience body image distortion. On the other hand, following a gluten-free diet (GFD) was found to have a negative association with the development of EDs. Therefore, it is recommended that CD patients receive psychological interventions, such as cognitive or self-management therapies, to address the high prevalence of EDs and body image dissatisfaction. Also, nutritionists should be aware of the potential psychological barriers that may hinder adherence to a GFD. However, the study has certain limitations, and more longitudinal studies are needed to confirm these findings. These studies should also take into account other potential factors, such as economic status, anxiety, and depression, to gain a more comprehensive understanding of the relationship between CD, EDs, and body image issues. Data availability The data are available from the corresponding author upon request. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing various limitations of a study related to dietary adherence and its association with health issues. It suggests that several factors, such as psychological barriers and access to food, impact health outcomes rather than simply emphasizing organic food as a guaranteed solution for a toxin-free diet.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Horizontal gene transfer allows bacteria to acquire new traits. [SEP] Text: Biosample accession numbers for individual genomes are shown in Supplementary file 1a, and are as follows: Brevibacterium linens 341_13: SAMN07141149, Brevibacterium linens 738_8: SAMN07141150, Brevibacterium linens 862_7: SAMN07141151, Brevibacterium linens 876_7: SAMN07141152, Brevibacterium linens 900_6: SAMN07141153, Brevibacterium linens 908_7: SAMN07141154, Brevibacterium linens 947_7: SAMN07141155, Brevibacterium linens 962_8: SAMN07141156, Brachybacterium alimentarium 341_9: SAMN07141157, Brachybacterium alimentarium 738_10: SAMN07141158, Brachybacterium alimentarium 862_8: SAMN07141159, Brachybacterium alimentarium 876_9: SAMN07141160, Brachybacterium alimentarium 900_8: SAMN07141161, Brachybacterium alimentarium 908_11: SAMN07141162, Brachybacterium alimentarium 947_11: SAMN07141163, Brachybacterium alimentarium 962_10: SAMN07141164, Glutamicibacter sp. BW77: SAMN07141165, Glutamicibacter sp. BW78: SAMN07141166, Glutamicibacter sp. BW80: SAMN07141167, Microbacterium sp. JB110: SAMN07141168, Halomonas sp JB37: SAMN07141169, Brevibacterium linens JB5: SAMN07141170, Psychrobacter sp. JB193: SAMN07141171, Brachybacterium sp. JB7: SAMN07141172, Sphingobacterium sp. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text provides a list of biosample accession numbers for various bacterial genomes without discussing horizontal gene transfer or the acquisition of new traits. Therefore, it is irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: HIV treatment can reduce viral load to undetectable levels. [SEP] Text: Open in figure viewer Figure 1 Routine viral load testing algorithm. Abbreviations: ART: antiretroviral therapy. In routine care, current WHO guidelines recommend that VL testing be done at six and 12 months after initiation of ART and repeated every 12 months thereafter. If the VL is detectable at any time (1000 copies/mL or greater), it is recommended that a patient undergoes intensive adherence support and repeat VL testing three to six months later. If the VL is still detectable and non‐adherence can be ruled out, a clinician may then decide to change to second‐line therapy (WHO 2013; WHO 2016). In this review, we will focus on the accuracy of a single POC VL test done at one time point (for example, at six or 12 months after ART initiation). We believe that this evidence may be extrapolated to provide evidence that may guide the use of the test at other time points. Alternative test(s) tests include non‐nucleic acid tests (non‐molecular tests) that detect HIV viral enzymes (reverse transcriptase) and HIV viral proteins (p24 antigen); markers that can be correlated to. These tests indirectly reflect VL concentration and are currently not commonly used (2015). Alternative methods for monitoring response to ART include immunological monitoring through CD4 testing and clinical monitoring through WHO clinical staging. For example, in adults, a persistent CD4 count less than 100 cells/mm3 or a new or recurrent clinical condition indicative of WHO clinical stage 4 after six months of treatment is regarded as treatment failure. However, these methods are less sensitive and specific than VL testing and are not recommended as the first‐line approach for monitoring response to ART (Rutherford 2014). This may lead to delayed detection of treatment failure or lead to unnecessary therapy switches. In addition, the WHO revised its guidelines in 2013 to recommend that all HIV‐positive people be started on ART regardless of CD4 count and clinical status (WHO 2013). In this regard, using these criteria to monitor response to therapy will not be an accurate measure of treatment failure. Nonetheless, these alternative tests may still be used in areas that do not have access to VL testing (WHO 2013). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text supports the claim by discussing the role of viral load (VL) testing in monitoring the effectiveness of antiretroviral therapy (ART). It mentions that if VL is detectable, recommendations include adherence support and possibly changing therapies. Although it does not explicitly state that ART can reduce VL to undetectable levels, it reinforces the idea that VL testing is central to assessing treatment response and emphasizes the importance of ART in managing HIV.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Eating only organic foods guarantees a toxin-free diet. [SEP] Text: Skip to main content Explore journals Get published About BMC My account Search all BMC 2020. In addition, the global market for spices and herbs will grow at a considerable speed during the forecast period between 2020 and 2026 [14]. Over the years, the global spice trade showed a significant and differentiated product development. With production industrialization, the industry of spices became more consolidated. Moreover, thanks to the development of Information and (ICT) and Business (BToB) activities, the demand and supply of spices increased rapidly within importing and exporting countries; this contributed to enhance the whole trade of spices and make the spice market more and more competitive. Nevertheless, according to literature [15] there are around 40-50 spices of global economic and culinary importance and many lesser known spices used in traditional cooking that have little or no international trade value. Herbs and spices help to vary dishes and to emphasize the national particularities of ethnic cuisines (e. g. , turmeric in Indian cuisine; basil, garlic, and oregano in Italian and Greek cuisines; wasabi in Japanese cuisine; and paprika powder in Hungarian cuisine). At the same time, spices enrich food with important nutrients for the body, and in some cases, they are used to lengthen the time storage of food [16]. Additionally, spices are very valuable for the cosmetic industry and are used for medical solutions or as dietary supplements. In fact, spices are used for their high antioxidant activity [17] in different forms, like essential oils, aqueous or methanolic extracts, resins, whole, and oleoresins in food. In fact, spices have a large number of bioactive compounds such as flavonoids, phenolic compounds, sulfur-based compounds, tannins, alkaloids, and vitamins [18, 19]. Furthermore, today some spices are classified as superfoods, although there is not a standard definition of these special foods, and generally, they are considered a sub-category of “functional foods. ” Principally, superfoods have a high nutritional content with benefic properties to which the concept of quality is linked, which is absent in functional synthetic foods [20]. Superfoods have a vegetable origin, and thanks to the particular intrinsic characteristics, they give the human body a large amount of vitamins, minerals, essential and non-essential amino acids, fatty acids, and useful phytochemicals [21]. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim regarding organic foods and toxin-free diets as it discusses the global spice market, the nutritional value of spices, and their various applications without mentioning organic foods or toxins. It does not provide any information that either supports or contrasts the claim.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Horizontal gene transfer allows bacteria to acquire new traits. [SEP] Text: JB170: SAMN07141173, Vibrio casei JB196: SAMN07141174, Arthrobacter sp. JB182: SAMN07141175, Corynebacterium sp. JB4: SAMN07141176, Pseudoalteromonas sp. JB197: SAMN07141177. Add a comment + Open annotations. The current annotation count on this page is being calculated. Data availability The following data sets were generated (2016) Datasets associated with Bonham et al. Publicly available at Zenodo ( (2017) Datasets associated with Bonham et al. Publicly available at the (accession no: PRJNA387187). The following previously published data sets were used (2014) shotgun metagenomic data from cheese rinds used in Figure 4 Publicly available at MG-RAST (accession no: 4524487. 3). (2014) shotgun metagenomic data from cheese rinds used in Figure 4 Publicly available at MG-RAST (accession no: 4524500. 3). (2014) shotgun metagenomic data from cheese rinds used in Figure 4 Publicly available at MG-RAST (accession no: 4524498. 3). (2014) shotgun metagenomic data from cheese rinds used in Figure 4 Publicly available at MG-RAST (accession no: 4524496. 3). (2014) shotgun metagenomic data from cheese rinds used in Figure 4 Publicly available at MG-RAST (accession no: 4524502. 3). (2014) shotgun metagenomic data from cheese rinds used in Figure 4 Publicly available at MG-RAST (accession no: 4524495. 3). (2014) shotgun metagenomic data from cheese rinds used in Figure 4 Publicly available at MG-RAST (accession no: 4524488. 3). (2014) shotgun metagenomic data from cheese rinds used in Figure 4 Publicly available at MG-RAST (accession no: 4524490. 3). (2014) shotgun metagenomic data from cheese rinds used in Figure 4 Publicly available at MG-RAST (accession no: 4524499. 3). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text provides a list of various bacterial strains and references datasets but does not mention horizontal gene transfer or its role in bacteria acquiring new traits. Thus, it is irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: HIV treatment can reduce viral load to undetectable levels. [SEP] Text: 2014, the on HIV/AIDS () declared the 90‐90‐90 target; it aimed to have at least 90% of HIV‐positive people diagnosed, at least 90% of those diagnosed receiving ART, and at least 90% of those receiving ART having suppressed viral replication by 2020 (WHO 2016). POC VL tests being developed to detect and treatment failure in HIV‐positive people on ART in resource‐limited settings will be instrumental in checking if the third target will be met effectively. If these POC VL tests have a high level of accuracy, they can replace or complement laboratory‐based testing platforms because they are quicker to use and may minimize delays in initiating therapy or changing therapy in cases of treatment failure (2014; 2015). A high sensitivity is required because false‐negative results will lead to a delay in detecting treatment failure or adherence concerns related to treatment. This will ultimately lead to progression to AIDS and mortality. A high specificity is also required because false‐positive results will lead to unnecessary switching to costly second‐line therapy. A test with an optimal combination of sensitivity and specificity is thus needed. estimate the diagnostic accuracy of point‐of‐care tests to detect high viral load levels in HIV‐positive people on ART. Secondary objectives To investigate sources of heterogeneity in test accuracy estimates including age (children versus adults), test type (commercially available versus in‐house assays), sample type (whole blood versus plasma), test threshold (1000 copies/mL or greater versus other thresholds), location of testing (true‐POCs versus near‐POCs), geographical location (sub‐versus other regions), and methodological quality (high versus low risk of bias). for considering studies for this review Types of studies We will include any primary study that compares the results of the index test to that of a reference standard (cross‐sectional, prospective, and retrospective study designs or diagnostic accuracy studies performed within randomized trials), and those that provide sufficient data to create the 2 × 2 table to calculate sensitivity, specificity, and negative and positive predictive values. We will exclude ecological studies and diagnostic case‐control studies in which the test performance was compared in participants with the target condition versus healthy controls, as specificity will be overestimated (Macaskill 2010). We will exclude studies without a reference standard, case reports and case‐series studies, animal or laboratory studies, reviews, discussion papers, non‐research letters, commentaries, or editorials. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the 90‐90‐90 target set by the WHO, which includes the goal of having at least 90% of those receiving antiretroviral therapy (ART) achieving suppressed viral replication. This indicates that effective treatment can result in reduced viral load, supporting the idea that HIV treatment can lead to undetectable levels.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Drinking alkaline water has scientifically proven benefits for cancer prevention. [SEP] Text: Abstract Background: Standard therapy are saying that cancer recurrence prevention is difficult. Shelton L. N. reported that cancer cell is grown up in the presence of both glucose and glutamine. So, dietary energy restriction (DER) is useful tool of recurrence prevention. As the second item, I have exploited herbal medicine (Sun Advance) which inhibit the hallmarks of carcinogenesis. have employed detoxifying therapy. As the 4th method, high dose of vitamin C therapy which promotes the increasing of hydro-peroxide in cancer cell. I applied these 4 combinations of intervention method on the high risk of postoperative cancer patients. Method: Among 500 post-operative patients, I have selected 131 candidates who were classified into tumor stage IV and tumor stage V. Among them, 104 members are intervened, and 27 patients are classified into control group. Results: In control group, 55% have tendency to aggravating change. Among intervened 104 members, 7. 7% are not prevented. Keywords dietary energy restriction (DER), herbal medicine (Sun Advance), high dose of vitamin C, detoxifying therapy, recurrence prevention program said that there is no correct barometer for cancer prevention and recurrence prevention. So as to solve this problem, we have reported tumor marker combination assay (TMCA) in Cancer (1994) [1]. By utilizing TMCA, I have classified cancer risk assessment into 5 tumor stages among 500 postoperative cancer patients and I have selected 131 high risk group, who are classified into TSIV and TSV. I have intervened by 4 methods against high risk groups. Shelton LN et al. [2-4] reported that VM-M3 cancer cell is grown up in the presence of both glucose and glutamine. So, wise dietary energy restriction (DER) has induced from this knowledge as the nutritional counter measure for cancer prevention [5-8]. Youngman LD reported that the combination of carcinogen and high protein diet highly promote the carcinogenesis. As the second item, I have exploited herbal medicine (Sun Advance) [9-10] which inhibit selectively mitochondrial oxygen respiration on cancer cell and which inhibit its hallmarks of carcinogenesis of culture cell. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by detailing various methods of cancer prevention and recurrence control, such as dietary energy restriction, herbal medicine, and high-dose vitamin C therapy. It does not mention alkaline water at all, suggesting that the claim about its proven benefits lacks supportive evidence from the provided information.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Horizontal gene transfer allows bacteria to acquire new traits. [SEP] Text: (2014) shotgun metagenomic data from cheese rinds used in Figure 4 Publicly available at MG-RAST (accession no: 4524497. 3). (2014) shotgun metagenomic data from cheese rinds used in Figure 4 Publicly available at MG-RAST (accession no: 4524491. 3). (2014) shotgun metagenomic data from cheese rinds used in Figure 4 Publicly available at MG-RAST (accession no: 4524493. 3). (2014) shotgun metagenomic data from cheese rinds used in Figure 4 Publicly available at MG-RAST (accession no: 4524501. 3). (2014) shotgun metagenomic data from cheese rinds used in Figure 4 Publicly available at MG-RAST (accession no: 4524482. 3). (2014) shotgun metagenomic data from cheese rinds used in Figure 4 Publicly available at MG-RAST (accession no: 4524489. 3). (2014) shotgun metagenomic data from cheese rinds used in Figure 4 Publicly available at MG-RAST (accession no: 4524483. 3). (2014) shotgun metagenomic data from cheese rinds used in Figure 4 Publicly available at MG-RAST (accession no: 4524505. 3). (2014) shotgun metagenomic data from cheese rinds used in Figure 4 Publicly available at MG-RAST (accession no: 4524494. 3). (2014) shotgun metagenomic data from cheese rinds used in Figure 4 Publicly available at MG-RAST (accession no: 4524486. 3). (2014) shotgun metagenomic data from cheese rinds used in Figure 4 Publicly available at MG-RAST (accession no: 4524504. 3). (2014) shotgun metagenomic data from cheese rinds used in Figure 4 Publicly available at MG-RAST (accession no: 4524485. 3). (2014) shotgun metagenomic data from cheese rinds used in Figure 4 Publicly available at MG-RAST (accession no: 4524484. 3). 1101. PubMed 143. 477. PubMed 124. PubMed 386. PubMed 589. PubMed 421. PubMed 875. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim about horizontal gene transfer and bacteria acquiring new traits. It consists primarily of references to shotgun metagenomic data from cheese rinds without discussing any mechanisms or implications regarding horizontal gene transfer.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: HIV treatment can reduce viral load to undetectable levels. [SEP] Text: Skip to main content Skip to main navigation menu Skip to site footer the 10. 3396/ijic. v19. 20588 Keywords: human immunodeficiency virus, knowledge, antiretroviral therapy, viral load, sustained virologic response, transmission, Background: Knowledge of ‘Undetectable HIV viral load (VL) is Untransmittable’ (U=U) motivates optimal adherence to antiretroviral therapy (ART). Objective: This study assessed factors associated with knowledge about U=U among Zambian people living with HIV on ART. Design: The study used questionnaires and in-depth interviews (IDIs) concurrently between December 2018 and January 2019. Three high volume health facilities, Chilenje, Chipata, and Kalingalinga, were selected. A single proportion of 63. 4% of HIV VL suppression (VLS) in was used to calculate a sample size of 362 respondents. Probability proportional to size procedure was used to apportion the sample to the study sites while a simple random technique was employed in selecting respondents aged 18–59 years and on ART for over 9 months. Stata 14 was used to run descriptive and chi-square statistical analyses. Fifty-five respondents were drawn from 362 respondents for IDIs. The selection was based on varied VL levels. Interviews were audio-recorded, transcribed and analysed thematically, and the findings merged in the discussion. Results: Approximately, 34. 5% of the 362 respondents (n = 125) had knowledge about U=U. The VLS status was significantly associated with U=U knowledge (P = 0. 01). Discussion: Diverse information sources, symbiotic understanding of VL, and treatment-as-prevention benefits were enablers of acquiring more knowledge about U=U, while inadequate health discussion about VL and congestion and waiting time were barriers. Conclusions: The findings suggest that increased information sharing on the implication of suppressed VL being able to prevent HIV transmission could motivate people living with HIV to adhere to ART, thus sustaining VLS. data is not yet available. 10. doi: 10. 7448/IAS. 20. 1. 21803 Assefa Y, Gilks CF. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the association between knowledge of 'Undetectable HIV viral load (VL) is Untransmittable' (U=U) and adherence to antiretroviral therapy (ART). It indicates that sustained virologic response (VLS) is linked with knowledge about U=U, which implies that ART can help achieve undetectable viral loads and thus affect HIV transmission.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Drinking alkaline water has scientifically proven benefits for cancer prevention. [SEP] Text: have employed detoxifying therapy which is utilized in old type of Japanese therapy as CAM, which is mainly composed of (Apparatus: WA: 57B (686) Yamato (KK, Ehime prefecture, Japan) of exercise and sweeping of intestinal canal which eliminate immunosuppressive substances from bloods and elevate immune activity utilizing detoxifying medicine. As the fourth method, high dose of vitamin C therapy will inhibit angiogenesis of cancer tissue and promote increasing of hydro-peroxide in cancer cell [11-12]. Materials and Methods Post-operative cancer patients are as follows. Gastric cancer: 20, colon cancer:28, liver cancer: 3, breast cancer: 27, lung cancer: 17, prostate: 11, sarcoma: 2, kidney cancer: 2, ovarium cancer: 3, esophageal cancer: 3, uterine cancer 14, skin cancer: 1, Among them, 104 candidates were contributed to as an intervened group. Others: 27 patients are served to be as a control group. Detoxifying and immune-therapy is composed of intestinal sweeping by detoxifying medicine and Nishi type exercise utilizing apparatus (Apparatus: WA: 57B (686) Yamato (KK, Ehime prefecture, Japan). As for cancer recurrence prevention, 4 types of intervened method are prepared and applied to 104 candidates: DER, high dose of vitamin C (20g), Herbal medicine (Sun Advance, Chiba city, Japan) and detoxification therapy are applied step by step. As to herbal medicine, SA 1. 6g was prescribed daily. As for control group (herbal medicine 5g as Kudzu Decoction) prescription was applied as placebo. TMCA examination was carried out in everyone month and checked their risk assessment? Detoxifying therapy is composed of Nishi type [Apparatus : WA: 57B(686) Yamato(KK, Ehime prefecture? Japan)] of exercise for 20 minutes and detoxifying therapy medicine for 6 hours which is sweeping of intestinal canal which eliminate detoxifying medicine [intake of the mixture of citric acid (12g), lactulose ( Kowa, Tokyo) (24g), magnesium hydroxide(30g) and 50 ml of water], total body massage, hot and cold water dipping each time for 1 minute alternatively, 7 time repeating) stimulation for autonomic nervous system and sauna bathing at 39? [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing various detoxifying therapies and treatments aimed at cancer prevention, but does not mention alkaline water or provide evidence that it has scientifically proven benefits for this purpose. Instead, it focuses on other methods such as high-dose vitamin C therapy and herbal medicine, indicating that the text does not support the assertion regarding alkaline water.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Horizontal gene transfer allows bacteria to acquire new traits. [SEP] Text: Accordingly, the vast majority of self-mobilizable MGEs—89% of the prophages and 90% of ICEs—were identified in hotspots (set 3 and Supplementary Fig. 7). On the other hand, only around 9% of the hotspots encoded ICEs or integrative mobilizable elements (IMEs), and only 23% encoded prophages (Fig. 5). Integrons were even rarer (present in 1% of the hotspots). Non-self-transferable MGEs lack conjugation or virion structural genes, but usually encode integrases. The vast majority of integrases was identified in hotspots, but less than half (45%) of the hotspots encoded an integrase and only 29% encoded tRNA or tmRNA genes (Fig. 5). Hence, although most self-mobilizable MGEs are in hotspots, most hotspots lack them (Supplementary Fig. 8). Fig. 5Genetic mobility of hotspots. We represent the percentage of hotspots containing the different genetic elements (top) and the percentage of spots containing such elements that are hotspots (bottom). Note that hotspots are only 1. 2% of all the spots. The analysis includes MGEs (prophages, integrons), mobility-associated proteins (MAPs) (), and tRNA/tmRNA, rRNA. Also, shown in colored bins are the observed/expected (log10O/E) number of hotspots that contain the abovementioned elements, when the null model was computed from the distribution of coldspots containing the same type of elements. Expected values were obtained by multiplying the number of hotspots by the fraction of spots containing each type of elementFull size imageInsertion sequences (ISs) encoding DDE recombinases (transposases) are frequent within MGEs, and we found them in many hotspots (56%). The integration of these elements has low-sequence specificity, which explains why hotspots accounted for a small fraction of the locations with ISs (19%), unlike what we observed for self-mobilizable MGEs and integrases. Altogether, half of the hotspots lacked evidence for the presence of MGEs and 27% lacked any of the mobility-associated proteins (MAPs, integrases and transposases) that we searched for. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is not directly relevant to the claim about horizontal gene transfer and bacteria acquiring new traits. It discusses the distribution and characteristics of mobile genetic elements (MGEs) but does not explicitly address horizontal gene transfer or its role in the acquisition of new traits by bacteria.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: HIV treatment can reduce viral load to undetectable levels. [SEP] Text: 0114 Understanding the time needed to link to care and start ART in seven HPTN 071 (PopART) study communities in Zambia and South Africa. AIDS Behav. 20189; 23(4): 929–46071(0123456789). doi: 10. 1007/s10461-018-2335-7 Orne- Addressing social issues in a universal HIV test and treat intervention trial (ANRS 12249 TasP) in South Africa: methods for appraisal. BMC Public Health. Published online 2015; 15: 209. doi: 10. 1186/s12889-015-1344-y Undetectable equals untransmittable (U = U): aAwareness and associations with health outcomes among people living with HIV in 25 countries. Infect. 2021; 97(1): 18–26. doi: 10. 1136/sextrans-2020-054551 Kim H-. The effect of partner HIV status on motivation to take antiretroviral and isoniazid preventive therapies: a conjoint analysis. AIDS Care. 2018; 30(10): 1298–1305. doi: 10. 1080/09540121. 2018. 1455958. Decreases in community viral load are accompanied by reductions in new HIV infections in San Francisco. PLoS One. 2010; 5(6): e11068. doi: 10. 1371/journal. pone. 0011068 Belief in treatment as prevention and its relationship to HIV status and behavioral risk. J Defic Syndr. 2018; 77(1): 8–16. doi: 10. 1097/QAI. 0000000000001557. HIV viral load and transmissibility of HIV infection: undetectable equals untransmittable. JAMA. 2019; 321(5): 451–452. doi: 10. 1001/jama. 2018. 21167 Hayes R. HPTN 071 demonstrates community-wide HIV prevention strategy can reduce new infections. In: Conference on Retroviruses and (CROI); 2019. Available from: doi: [cited 15 December 2019]. How ‘place’ matters for addressing the HIV epidemic: evidence from the HPTN 071 (PopART) cluster-randomised controlled trial in Zambia and South Africa. Trials. 2021; 22(1): 1–13. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the concept of 'undetectable equals untransmittable (U = U)', which suggests that effective HIV treatment can lead to viral suppression to undetectable levels. This is further supported by references to studies that explore the relationship between community viral load and new HIV infections, indicating that reductions in viral load correspond to lower transmission rates.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Drinking alkaline water has scientifically proven benefits for cancer prevention. [SEP] Text: 5% Thirdly, among them, I have randomly selected one post-operative colon cancer patient (72 yrs. ) and followed for 12 years. In this patient, I have intervened by 2 methods: herbal medicine (Sun Advance) and detoxifying treatment therapy. When risk assessment by TMCA become higher risk, detoxifying therapy (in another name is Refreshment therapy) or mix-intervention of herbal medicine (Sun Advance) and detoxifying therapy (Figure 2) were applied. This patient could be prevented his cancer recurrence by these intervened methods for 12 years. Figure 2. Post -operative colon cancer patient (72 years old) was followed up by the combination intervention of herbal medicine and detoxifying treatment. Among the postoperative cancer patients (131), we have carried out intervention treatment by 4 methods which promote natural healing power against higher risk group. We have succeeded in cancer recurrence prevention program in 93%. cancer tissue will develop just look like fetus development, we should carry out suitable cancer recurrence prevention program by means which solve cancer nutritional control, solve lowering immune activity, inhibit cancer angiogenesis and solve mitochondria respiratory dysfunction because neoplasm is appeared by immunological decreasing disease. Before clinical neoplasm will be appeared, complementary and alternatively medicine or holistic medicine would be effective for cancer recurrence prevention. In this paper I have failed cancer recurrence prevention in 7. 7%. But as to this 7. 7%, I have applied immune-thermo-chemotherapy (ITC) [13] on those who have not succeeded in cancer recurrence prevention program after consent. Utilizing ITC, I have succeeded in cancer recurrence prevention in 99 %( not published). In ordinal standard western medicine, 60~70% of cancer patients would be recurred up to now. So, my reported recurrence prevention programs are good intervention which are depended upon the activation of natural healing power different from chemotherapy and radiotherapy. We should change the treatment not cancer attacking invasive treatment but contributed to promote natural healing power. Most of cancer sacrifices are derived from cancer recurrence in 60~70%. If our cancer recurrence prevention program is applied to the postoperative patients with high risk, cancer patients will be secured. is no funding in this paper. am grateful to my co-worker: Hayashida Shgeru. Conflict of interest No confliction. 1953. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing alternative interventions for cancer recurrence prevention, specifically through herbal medicine and detoxifying treatments. It does not support the idea that alkaline water has proven benefits for cancer prevention, instead emphasizing a combination of holistic therapies and natural healing as effective measures against cancer recurrence.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Horizontal gene transfer allows bacteria to acquire new traits. [SEP] Text: These results confirm that hotspots concentrate most MGEs and integrases, but not the majority of ISs. They also show that regions with high concentration of HTgenes often lack recognizable MGEs, suggesting that other mechanisms are implicated in their genesis and turnover. The chromosomal context of hotspotsWe then searched to identify the preferential genetic contexts of hotspots, since they might illuminate constraints associated with the chromosomal organization of HGT. We analyzed whether the distribution of hotspots was random relative to the function of the neighboring core genes. Interestingly, these core genes showed an overrepresentation of several functions, notably replication, recombination/repair, and transcription (Fig. 4a). In contrast, cell cycle control genes were underrepresented. Hence, hotspots are preferentially associated with specific functions of neighboring core genes. We then tested whether hotspots were randomly distributed in genomes. Since replication drives much of the large-scale organization of bacterial genomes8, we analyzed the position of hotspots relative to the distance to the origin of replication along the replichore. These results showed that the frequency of hotspots including prophages, as previously shown in E. coli13, increases linearly along the ori-> ter replication axis (Fig. 6a). Interestingly, this does not seem to be the case for ICEs and IMEs, nor for the very large category of hotspots that lack and prophages. Fig. 6Chromosomal context of hotspots. a Number of hotspots containing prophages, ICEs/IMEs, and none of the above along the origin–terminus axis of replication. Linear regression and the confidence limits (shaded area) for the expected value (mean) were indicated for each category. The number of hotspots including prophages increases linearly with the distance to the origin of replication (Spearman’s ρ = 0. 87, P < 10−3), but this is not the case for the other two categories (both P > 0. 05). b Heatmap of odds ratios of co-localizations in hotspots of MGEs, mobility-associated proteins (MAPs) and RNAs. ***P < 10−3; **P < 10−2; *P < 0. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not directly address or provide information about horizontal gene transfer (HGT) or its role in bacteria acquiring new traits. Instead, it focuses on analyzing genetic contexts, hotspots of mobile genetic elements (MGEs), and distribution patterns without explicitly linking these to the mechanism of horizontal gene transfer. Therefore, it is considered irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: The WHO monitors and supports global public health initiatives. [SEP] Text: From a of Digital Covid-19 Fidelia Cascini1*Causio1Giovanna Failla2Andriy Melnyk1Valeria Puleo1Luca Regazzi1Walter Ricciardi1,3 1Section of Hygiene and Public Health, Department of Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Roma, Italy 2Department of Public Health, University of Verona, Verona, Italy 3mobility is one of the highest priorities of the current globalized society after being greatly hampered by the Covid-19 pandemic. Worldwide, much effort has been put into revitalizing non-essential travel (e. g. , for tourism), while also preserving safety. In fact, an increasing number of national and international initiatives have been launched to facilitate a mutual recognition of Covid-19 status certificates amongst countries1. Countries have been invited by the Organization (WHO) to adopt an omni-comprehensive risk-based approach. This is based on lifting public health measures, such as testing and/or quarantine requirements, and requires travelers to be fully vaccinated with WHO-approved vaccines, have documented proof of past infection, or to have been tested negative to WHO-approved rRT-PCR tests or antigen detection rapid diagnostic tests (Ag-RDTs)2. However, the rapid increase of Covid-19 certificates worldwide is showing differences in the governance of issuing and validation processes and has raised challenges such as the reliability of the certificates and trustworthiness of certifying bodies or authorities, the data protection guarantees, and the interoperability prospects. 2021, the WHO has been promoting the use of the of Vaccination and Prophylaxis (ICVP) to record the SARS-CoV-2 vaccination proof. It proposed a solution to leverage public key infrastructures (i. e. , the same used for credit card transactions) to establish a cryptographically supported trust framework for Covid-19 certificates. This would be used between member states, with the WHO in the role of trust broker3. However, different Digital Covid-19 Certificates (DCC) are currently available worldwide, possibly affecting international mobility for safe people. Digital Covid-19 31, 2021, the proposed to update the on the coordination of free movement limitations in the (EU). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by detailing how the WHO has been involved in global health initiatives, particularly in response to the Covid-19 pandemic. It mentions that the WHO has invited countries to adopt a risk-based approach and has proposed the use of the International Certificate of Vaccination and Prophylaxis (ICVP) to monitor vaccination proof. This highlights the WHO's active role in facilitating public health measures and promoting cooperation among member states, thereby supporting the claim.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Drinking alkaline water has scientifically proven benefits for cancer prevention. [SEP] Text: Log in or to journalnew issue alertsGet alerts Enter your Email address: Subscribe to e2002. | DOI: 10. 1097/01. EEM. 0000334240. 85179. 07 of thousands of individuals have undergone and continue to undergo chelation therapy for a variety of reasons, despite the lack of credible evidence of the effectiveness of this modality. Clinics all over the country hawk the so-called benefits of chelation therapy for such diverse afflictions as elevated cholesterol, diabetes, stroke, coronary heart disease, osteoporosis, and arthritis. For this final column of the series examining chelation therapy, I went to the web site of a prominent chelation therapy clinic, and investigated the assertions they make and the appeal these have for patients. The site I visited claimed that “chelation therapy is a safe and effective IV procedure that improves circulation, reversing the symptoms of serious cardiovascular disorders such as arteriosclerosis, angina, and hypertension. ” They also state that “chelation therapy provides relief from many other ailments that stem from decreased circulation. ” Specifically, they list elevated cholesterol, diabetes, stroke, coronary heart disease, osteoporosis, and arthritis as a partial compendium of the conditions that can be helped through chelation therapy. The web site I visited indicated that chelation was first used in the 1940s to remove lead and other metals from the body, and that following administration of chelation therapy, “doctors found that patients experienced vast improvement in stamina and that blood pressure and cholesterol levels were lowered. ” They further said these patients “had fewer episodes of angina; even their diabetic symptoms were reduced. ” They summarize by stating that “in general, there was a marked improvement in all problems related to poor circulation. ” One web site touts chelation therapy to reverse the symptoms of serious arteriosclerosis, angina, and hypertension The defining principle of the chelationist is stated on the web site as follows: “The condition of the circulatory system also affects how fast and how well we age. If the arteries are kept supple and prevented from hardening and narrowing, we slow down aging. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing chelation therapy, which lacks credible evidence for its effectiveness in treating various ailments, thus suggesting skepticism toward claims of health benefits associated with alternative therapies. It does not provide any support for the benefits of alkaline water regarding cancer prevention, instead discussing the dubious nature of assertions made by chelation therapy clinics.