Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Chassis organisms like E. coli are commonly used in synthetic biology applications. [SEP] Text: The SR101 was kept on the cortical surface for 1, 10, 20 or 30 min, depending on the concentration used, all incubation durations were within the range for what is used in the literature (see S1) and carefully washed away using Ringer solution (see Supplementary Fig. S3). Only one SR101 concentration was used in each experiment. In four experiments we pressure ejected the SR101 (1 min pulse, 120–200 mbar; 100 μM SR101) onto the cortical surface under agarose (1. 5%, Sigma) and a glass coverslip. This approach enabled us to image the time course of astrocytic SR101 uptake using 2-photon microscopy (Fig. 1b). To eliminate the possibility that our experimental observations resulted from a contaminated batch of SR101 we used several different SR101 batches over the course of many months, all were bought from Molecular Probes. LFP analysisPower measurementsLFP processing and analysis was performed using (2015a, ). First, any 50 Hz or 60 Hz line noise were removed from the recording using the rmlinesc function, available from the Chronux 2. 0, an open-source, -based, data analysis toolbox available at The de-noised LFP was then down sampled to 1kHz using the resample function in. LFP traces chosen for power spectral analysis was then normalized to the z-score18 by subtracting the mean and dividing by the standard deviation of the LFP during the entire LFP recording. For exploring the frequency-domain dynamics in LFPs we used the mtspectrumc function, a multitaper method implemented in the Chronux 2. 0 toolbox38. For this analysis we used a padding factor of -1, time-bandwidth product of 3 and 5 tapers. For the frequency-domain graphs (Fig. 2c and Supplementary Fig. S1) a moving average and moving standard deviation with a window size of 50 was applied afterwards. Fig. S7 no moving average or moving standard deviation was applied, in order to show the raw frequency-domain dyamics. Fig. S1f the average power (in decibel) was determined for delta (1–4 Hz) and beta (12–30 Hz) LFP bands within period 1 (i. e. baseline) and period 2 (i. e. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim about chassis organisms like E. coli in synthetic biology applications. The provided text discusses experimental methods and analyses involving SR101, LFP recordings, and various analytical techniques without mentioning E. coli or its role in synthetic biology.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Natural remedies are always safer than pharmaceuticals. [SEP] Text: Table 2 Lifetime effect (years) of Polymeal at age 50, stratified by sexView this table:View popupView inline Adverse effects No proved serious adverse effects were reported in any of the papers selected. For garlic, in addition to body odour, some unproved adverse effects were mentioned: flatulence, oesophageal and abdominal pain, allergic reactions, and bleeding. 11 Fish consumed in larger amounts than recommended as part of the Polymeal has been related to raised blood mercury concentrations, especially with large fish such as shark and swordfish. 7 No association between wine consumption at the level included in the Polymeal and increased risk of breast cancer was reported by the authors of the papers included in our analyses. 6 Polymeal is an effective, natural, probably safer, and tastier alternative to the Polypill to reduce cardiovascular disease and increase life expectancy in the general population. The effect was consistent in both men and women at age 50. Adverse effects reported for garlic include malodorous breath and body odour. 13 As garlic is destined for mass treatment, few people will still notice this after a while. No additional adverse effects should be expected from the other ingredients of the Polymeal (in the quantities recommended here) except in people who are allergic to the components. Another advantage of the Polymeal is that its ingredients can be taken combined as a meal or individually at different times of the day. Taking the Polymeal on a daily basis (fish two to four times a week) should be feasible, considering that the ingredients are generally well tolerated and appreciated among the general population. The development and distribution of specific recipes combining the Polymeal ingredients could enhance the compliance of the population. Costs and precautions Although the exact price of the Polymeal is unknown and will be country specific, it could be expected to be similar to or perhaps higher than that of the Polypill. By checking a local supermarket in Rotterdam, the Netherlands, we estimated a total price for the Polymeal of €21. 60 (£15. 20; $28. 10) a week (€3. 50 for the wine, €6. 23 for fruit and vegetables, €2. 80 for almonds, €4. 34 for dark chocolate, €0. 14 for garlic, and €4. 60 for fish). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text supports the claim by describing the Polymeal as an effective, natural, and probably safer alternative to the Polypill for reducing cardiovascular disease. Furthermore, it mentions that no proved serious adverse effects were reported for the Polymeal's ingredients, and most adverse effects for garlic are minor, indicating a generally favorable safety profile of natural remedies.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Telemedicine eliminates the need for in-person visits entirely. [SEP] Text: In our practice, we have found that virtual appointment technology is particularly useful for follow-up appointments to share test results with established patients or for bariatric patients to follow up on their weight loss and keep them on track. On the other hand, new patients and unfavourable test results are often better delivered in person. Putting a hand on a patient shoulder or providing him or her with a Kleenex, for example, are an essential part of the art of medicine and the act of humanism, which is impossible to replicate via telecommunication. The challenges that exists in preventing the wide spread use of telemedicine due to the unfamiliarity of a segment of older patients with these technologies, along with the limitation of the availability of smart phones or access to the internet in some areas, may not be present in the future. The younger generations are well versed in these technologies. In addition, the expansion and the increase speed of the internet and the utilization of AI is going to be a big factor in the wider use of telemedicine and gaining larger presence in the armamentarium of future medical practices. use of telemedicine technology to conduct virtual appointments within a surgical practice saves a significant amount of time for the patient, the physician, and the office staff when compared with in-office visits. However, more research is needed to look at patients’ satisfaction, as well as, the potential clinical consequences of a surgeon foregoing a hands-on physical assessment of new, established, and post-operative patients. The capability of saving the recording of the virtual interview may prove to be beneficial for both the physicians and patients, which requires further evaluation. This is in addition to the utilization of the AI in providing additional value to these visits such as vital signs and cardiac strips. We are currently scratching the surface of telemedicine. The future advances in technology and AI are going to be the drive behind a wider spread in the incorporation of this methodology in the future medical practices. length of time of new, established and post-op patient appointments in the office setting versus virtual setting in a surgical practice. Average amount of time spent by office staff per patient during in-office appointments in a surgical practice and utilization of resources. Types of surgical visits that can be best handled by virtual appointments. The need for incorporating into Virtual Calls. 655. (2019) Telemedicine and telementoring in the surgical specialties: A narrative Surg. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by stating that while telemedicine is beneficial for certain follow-up appointments and established patients, it is not suitable for all situations. Specifically, it mentions that delivering unfavourable test results and assessing new patients are often better done in person, citing the importance of physical presence and human interaction, which cannot be replicated through telecommunication. Additionally, the text emphasizes that significant further research is needed to assess patient satisfaction and clinical consequences when relying solely on telemedicine for a range of patient interactions.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Chassis organisms like E. coli are commonly used in synthetic biology applications. [SEP] Text: SR101-induced LFP activity) for both anaesthetised and awake recordings. The relative change in power density (i. e. period 2 vs period 1, reported in % of baseline) was then determined for both anaesthetised and awake recording. Time-frequency spectrograms were constructed using the multitaper method implemented in the mtspecgramc function in the Chronux 2. 0 toolbox38. For this analysis we used a padding factor of −1, a moving window of 2. 5 s in duration with a slide of 50 ms along the time axis and time-bandwidth product of 3 and 5 tapers. All power measurements are reported in units of decibel (dB) unless otherwise stated. Event detectionFor determining the individual event amplitude and event intervals for the synchronized cortical seizure-like activity (Figs 1d and 2e) we used custom-made procedures in. First a threshold was determined as 4 standard deviations (S. D. ) more negative than the mean LFP during baseline (first 5 min of recording) and synchronized cortical seizure-like events were located using this threshold. Next the amplitude and event interval was determined for all of the events in the recording. Amplitudes and event intervals across experiments were pooled and histograms produced using the histogram function with 40 bins in. We determined the synchronized cortical seizure-like activity onset and cessation relative to topical application of either 100 μM or 250 μM SR101 (Fig. 1e and Supplementary Fig. S2) using custom-made procedures in. For this we determined time-points for the first and last seizure-like event in a recording using a threshold determined as 4 standard deviations more negative than the mean LFP during baseline (first 5 min of recording) and calculated the delta times from the time-point of SR101 application. Correlation between LFP and ENG eventsFor determining the correlation between seizure-like events and ENG compound action potential events (Fig. 1f and Supplementary Fig. S4) we first determined the time-points for all the seizure-like events in a recording and converted the LFP recording into binaries, i. e. 0 if no seizure-like event and 1 if seizure-like event was present, using a threshold determined as 4 S. D. more negative than the mean LFP during baseline (first 5 min of recording). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text provided lacks relevance to the claim regarding chassis organisms like E. coli in synthetic biology applications. Instead, the text discusses methodological details related to recorded neural activity and events, focusing on analysis procedures and power measurements, which does not address the claim at all.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Early childhood education can have long-term benefits on development. [SEP] Text: She puts down the bin and tries to push it to show the children that this is much harder (turn 464). The children attentively watch Fiona’s actions (turn 465), but do not maintain this perspective; thus, further establishing of intersubjectivity is deterred. Engaging themselves in the actual pushing of the bin in combination with Fiona’s comment on how the wheels ease occupational tasks connected with garbage disposal (turn 451), open up for the children to gain initial knowledge related to the dimension of technology as human practice. This is analytically understood to emerge through the actions of the participants, in terms of cultural aspects on work environment regulations. In this excerpt, the preschool teacher directs the children’s focus to the garbage bins outside the preschool, and they engage themselves in pushing the garbage bin, experiencing the function of the wheels and how to tilt the bin to roll it. This is analytically understood as knowledge related to the dimension of the current role of technology in society (DiGironimo, 2011), and of how the wheel can be used in real life circumstances in the participants’ immediate proximity of society. In this way, the analysis of the interaction presented in Excerpt 3 shows how the established intersubjectivity analytically is understood as opening up for the children to learn about initial knowledge related to the functionalities of the wheel and of technology as human practice, alongside knowledge of the implications of this in today’s society. DiscussionIn this study, we explored how technology education is enacted in the interaction between a teacher and children within in situ technology activities in a Swedish preschool. The analysis has shown instances when knowledge related to the five dimensions of the nature of technology is made possible for the children to learn given that intersubjectivity is established in the interaction between the participants. as Enacted in the Interaction in PreschoolThe results show how the teacher introduces, presents, and engages children in planned teacher-led technology activities. The analysed activities illustrate typical didactic situations where the teacher’s receptive pedagogical approach balances between directing children towards the content knowledge in a goal-oriented activity and allowing children space to play and freely explore the artefacts. Theoretically, human technology knowledge is understood as embedded in cultural tools (Säljö, 2009) such as the wheel. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by describing how preschool educational activities involving technology—like learning about the functionalities of the wheel—support children's development. It points out that engaging in these activities allows children to learn practical knowledge about technology and its implications in society, showcasing the positive effects of guided learning in an educational setting.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Telemedicine eliminates the need for in-person visits entirely. [SEP] Text: Login to your account Email or Remote login password? Keep me logged in Create a new account user Can't sign in? Forgot your password? Enter your email address below and we will send you the reset instructions If the address matches an existing account you will receive an email with instructions to reset your password. Username Can't sign in? Forgot your username? Enter your email address below and we will send you your username If the address matches an existing account you will receive an email with instructions to retrieve your username password must have 8 characters or more and contain 3 of the following: a lower case character, an upper case character, a special character or a digit password has been changed Products & Renew 0 Enter topic, phrases, DOI, title, or author& Well--19 Eye on the IRA Medicare & Costs & 2024, Children, Medicare, Pharmaceuticals & 2024, Care, Coverage & 2024, Needs, Pharmaceuticals & 2024, -19 & Featured 10. 1377/forefront. 20210225. 26462 to favorites a primary means of communication, audio-only, telephone calls seem increasingly obsolete to millions of Americans who text with their friends and Zoom with their colleagues. However, the COVID-19 pandemic highlighted the importance of all types of telecommunications. Our recent research among federally qualified health centers (FQHCs) serving two million low-income patients in California demonstrated that audio-only health care visits were instrumental in maintaining access to care during the COVID-19 pandemic. Despite this, coverage for audio-only visits is likely temporary. Many payers including the Centers for Medicare and are likely to stop reimbursing for most audio-only visits in coming months because of cost and quality concerns. This is a mistake. We are at risk of devaluing and prematurely casting off a key telemedicine modality, a move that could mean the difference between a needed doctor visit and no visit at all. Even though many payers did not recognize audio-only visits as a form of telemedicine prior to the COVID-19 pandemic and seldom reimbursed for them, audio-only visits have exploded in the past few months. Once the national emergency was declared, many payers started reimbursing for audio-only and video visits at the same rate as in-person visits to support social distancing. Policy makers recognized that given the digital divide, mandating video visits would leave certain patients behind. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing how audio-only visits, an important facet of telemedicine, were reinstituted during the COVID-19 pandemic to maintain access to care, suggesting that while telemedicine is crucial, it does not eliminate the need for in-person visits. It emphasizes that audio-only visits were instrumental yet clarifies the concerns about their temporary coverage, highlighting that not all patients can access telemedicine effectively without the option of in-person care.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Chassis organisms like E. coli are commonly used in synthetic biology applications. [SEP] Text: Next we screened the ENG recording for the presence of compound action potentials, using a threshold as 4 S. D. from the mean ENG during baseline (first 5 min of recording), in the time windows corresponding to where the binary LFP was 1. If ENG compound action potentials were present in the time window, that window was assigned 1 and if no compound action potentials were present assigned 0. Afterwards, we plotted the cumulative number of seizure-like LFP events versus the cumulative number of ENG compound action potential events at those time points and calculated the linear correlation using a Pearsons’s correlation test (Fig. 1f). StatisticsOur preliminary experiments suggested the existence of very large LFP changes from topical SR101 application. We therefore used the smallest number of mice that is neccesary to compare statistically based on power analysis considering that all mice exposed to 100 μM and 250 μM SR101 for 10 min developed seizure-like activity, which was not observed in any control experiments (see Supplementary Fig. S2). Statistical comparison between relative onsets- and cessation of seizure-like activity between 100 μM and 250 μM SR101 was assessed using a two-sided Welch’s t-test (Fig. 1d). This test was chosen due to the violation of the Student’s t-test assumptions, i. e. equal variances and sample sizes39. Statistical comparision for power spectral density in 1–4 Hz and 12–30 Hz LFP bands during baseline compared to during SR101-induced seizure-like activity was assessed using a paired Student’s t-test. We considered significant tests with P < 0. 05. Exact P-values are reported unless smaller than 0. 0001. For calculating the linear correlation between the cumulative number of seizure-like LFP events versus the cumulative number of ENG compound action potential events we used the Pearsons’s correlation test and reported the R2-value (Fig. 1e). Data is plotted as mean ± S. D. where appropriate. Figures were created with Illustrator CC 19. 2. 1 (Adobe, USA). Additional InformationHow to cite this 10. 1038/srep30433 (2016). 10. 1038/ncomms6422 (2014). 10. 1126/science. aaa7945 (2015). 10. 1038/nn. 4013 (2015). 10. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim regarding the use of chassis organisms like E. coli in synthetic biology. It discusses various experimental methods and statistical analyses related to ENG and LFP events, which are unrelated to synthetic biology or E. coli as a chassis organism.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Early childhood education can have long-term benefits on development. [SEP] Text: This sequence illustrates how the teacher-led structured activity with a clear focus on the technology content emerged through the teacher’s actions. At the same time, the teacher allows for the children’s play initiatives to shape the activity as it unfolds, but without abandoning the focus on the technology content. While supporting Mawson’s (2013) study, where children’s understanding of technological processes appeared to reach a higher level when the activities were clearly organised by the teacher, by emphasising a structured activity and clear focus on the technology content, the results of this study also reveal the significance of simultaneously allowing for and exploiting a play-oriented approach. The results of our study show how the participants’ actions and responses move in and out of the process of negotiating the intersubjectivity of technological knowledge on the wheel. The teacher’s responses, by alternately responding to the children’s communicative actions directed at technology content and ignoring actions focusing on other aspects mediated by the wheel as a cultural tool (Säljö, 2009), contributed to this process. Thus, through well-defined and sensitive orchestration, our results show that it is possible for the teacher to enact an organised goal-oriented activity with a play-oriented approach and simultaneously pursue interaction mediating the technology knowledge of cultural tools. Related to the Dimensions of the Nature of TechnologyWith respect to our second research question, the analysis illustrates how sufficient temporary intersubjectivity of technology is negotiated and recurrently established in the interactions between the participants. Thus, it is possible for children to develop technological knowledge of the wheel as an artefact and of its properties and functionalities, about how the wheel can be part of a creation process used in human practices, and about aspects of the current role of the wheel as technology in society. In other words, the results of this study showed that knowledge related to four of the five dimensions of the nature of technology emerged from the interactions between the participants. As exemplified in Excerpt 1, Fiona repeatedly points out and names the different parts of the wheel, its functionalities, the wheel as an entity and the bicycle to which the wheel belongs, which is directed at the technology content as part of the activity. Thereby, temporary intersubjectivity is established on the knowledge of the wheel as an artefact (DiGironimo, 2011), including knowledge of the parts and functionality of the wheel. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the positive outcomes of teacher-led structured activities in early childhood education, specifically in developing children's technological knowledge and capabilities. It highlights how structured activities combined with play-oriented approaches contribute to children's understanding of technology, thus supporting the notion that early childhood education can be beneficial for long-term development.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Telemedicine eliminates the need for in-person visits entirely. [SEP] Text: However, payment for audio-only visits was not intended to be permanent policy. We argue that reimbursement of audio-only visits should continue for several years after the public health emergency to avoid exacerbating disparities in access to care. 2020, the provided funding to 43 FQHCs and community health centers in California to grow their telemedicine programs and provide data to our evaluation team. Early evidence showed that unlike many organizations in the health care delivery system, health centers were able to maintain patient access to care and keep overall visit volume stable during the first six months of the pandemic. In interviews with our study team in October and November 2020, health center leaders across the 43 health centers attributed this success during the pandemic to several factors, all of which relate in some way to humble audio-only visits. First, many observed that their (typically high) no-show rates were lower than usual across all visit types (audio-only, video, and in-person) after May 2020, allowing clinicians to fill their schedules with billable visits. Offering different care modalities provided additional—often more convenient—options to patients, allowing them to select the modality they wanted and could accommodate. Health centers were even able to convert no-shows into visits by calling and conducting audio-only visits with patients who missed an in-person appointment. Second, health centers conducted individual outreach to patients they had not heard from, often emailing or calling them directly, to highlight the various safe ways to interact with their health care team. Finally, and most importantly, health centers could leverage simple and frictionless audio-only visits to maintain access to care. to August 2020, we found that more primary care visits among health centers in the study occurred via audio-only visits (49 percent) than in-person (48 percent) or via video (3 percent). Audio-only visits comprised more than 90 percent of all telemedicine visits. Reliance on audio-only visits during the pandemic is not surprising given the digital divide. However, what we found particularly interesting was that video visits did not replace audio-only visits as the pandemic progressed, despite signals from payers that video visits were the more sustainable model and with months of additional implementation time. What is preventing greater adoption of video visits among health centers? Interviews again provided insight. First, many low-income patients are not ready for video visits because they lack devices, broadband, or digital literacy. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing how telemedicine, particularly audio-only visits, actually complements in-person visits rather than eliminating them entirely. It explains that while audio-only visits were important in maintaining patient access to care during the pandemic, there remains a significant amount of in-person care. The text points out that health centers were able to convert no-shows into visits by offering audio-only options, indicating that these telemedicine modalities were used alongside in-person visits rather than as a complete replacement.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Chassis organisms like E. coli are commonly used in synthetic biology applications. [SEP] Text: 1016/j. neuron. 2009. 03. 019 (2009). 10. 1073/pnas. 1514209112 (2015). 101. Nat. Methods 11, 1081–1082, doi: 10. 1038/nmeth. 3140 (2014). 10. 1007/s00429-013-0645-0 (2013). 10. 1038/nmeth706 (2004). 10. 1016/j. neuroscience. 2010. 06. 020 (2010). 10. 1016/j. expneurol. 2012. 02. 009 (2013). 10. 3389/fnins. 2015. 00025 (2015). 10. 1111/epi. 12406 (2013). 10. 1152/jn. 01040. 2014 (2015). 10. 1007/s10867-011-9216-x (2011). 10. 1038/nm1277 (2005). 10. 1016/j. expneurol. 2013. 05. 004 (2013). 10. 1152/jn. 90770. 2008 (2009). 10. 1038/nm. 4084 (2016). Haiss, F. et al. Improved in vivo two-photon imaging after blood replacement by perfluorocarbon. J. Physiol. 587, 3153–3158, doi: 10. 1113/jphysiol. 2009. 169474 (2009). 10. 1172/JCI82859 (2016). 10. 1038/jcbfm. 2010. 204 (2011). 10. 1101/pdb. prot068155 (2012). 10. 1038/nm. 3400 (2013). 10. 1111/epi. 12247 (2013). 10. 1016/j. neuron. 2014 (2015). 10. 1016/j. neuron. 2014. 12. 059 (2010). 10. 1523/jneurosci. 4980-07. 2008 (2008). 10. 1073/pnas. 1311967110 (2013). 10. 1016/j. neuron. 2012. 01. 007 (2012). 10. 1038/nprot. 2006. 58 (2006). 10. 1016/0166-2236(90)90135-W (1990). 10. 1002/syn. 890140102 (1993). 10. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim regarding chassis organisms like E. coli and their use in synthetic biology. It consists of a list of DOI citations without providing any information or context related to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Early childhood education can have long-term benefits on development. [SEP] Text: Since the kinds of technological knowledge that are made possible for children to develop understanding of is dependent on teachers’ technological knowledge (e. g. Sundqvist 2020; 2021), how activities are organised and what hands-on materials are offered (e. g. Thorshag & Holmqvist 2019), this highlights the significance of ECE teachers’ awareness and inclusion of the history of technology to support an emerging understanding of the nature of technology. We acknowledge the importance of including the historical aspect of mechanical technology, especially in relation to developing an understanding of how technology has been intertwined with human development throughout our history of which current high technological societies ensues. We have applied DiGironimo’s (2011) model to study how knowledge related to the five dimensions of the nature of technology emerge in the interaction in a preschool setting, highlighting the need to discuss the implications of employing the model that initially was used for older students in a preschool context. The framework has proven valuable for discerning a broad comprehension of the concept of technology, and the results of our study suggest that the model is useful as a framework for a mutual point of reference within both the research field and professionals in ECE. ConclusionRegarding how technology education is enacted, the results from previous research can be categorised into two themes: technology activities organised with either play-oriented or goal-oriented approaches (see also Eliasson et al. , 2022). The results of this study instead point to the possibilities and significance of combining a well-planned and goal-oriented learning activity with an open and permissive approach, giving play orientation space within the activity and being sensitive to the children’s focus of interest as a basis for teaching technology. In this study it is shown how the teacher moves between using children’s play approach and by ignoring it to coordinate a mutual focus on the technology content, thus bringing light to the significant role of the teacher. To enable such a teaching approach, the teacher must be comfortable with teaching basic subject knowledge and be sensitive to the orchestration of the activities. This study contributes with knowledge on how technology education can be incorporated in ECE settings, without losing sight of its essential elements with an equally strong focus on education, play and care. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by highlighting the significant role of early childhood education (ECE) teachers in fostering technological understanding and development in children. It discusses how a well-planned and goal-oriented approach combined with play-oriented activities can aid children's learning. The text emphasizes the importance of teacher sensitivity and the orchestration of activities, indicating that the educational methods used in ECE can lead to developmental benefits.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Telemedicine eliminates the need for in-person visits entirely. [SEP] Text: Yet, even among patients who are able to participate in video visits, many have a preference not to because of cultural or privacy concerns. For example, some patients are not comfortable showing their home environment. Furthermore, health center leaders pointed out that patients with limited data plans may not want or be able to use their data on a video visit. The costs of in-person care are often offset by health centers and health plans that provide or subsidize transportation. Yet, to date, there has not been sufficient attention to addressing video visit costs for patients. Finally, a video visit, like an in-person visit, typically requires multiple steps such as clicking links, downloading mobile apps, troubleshooting connection issues, and waiting in a virtual waiting room. Even when these steps are relatively easy for patients to navigate, automated instructions and communications about them are seldom available in multiple languages. This technology can be challenging for many, especially non-English speakers, compared to audio-only visits that you can passively receive as you go about your day without the need for any instruction. Not all the barriers identified in interviews were at the patient level. Some clinicians opted for audio-only visits in the early months of the pandemic because it was difficult to learn new video platforms and workflows at a time of great uncertainty. Also, video visits often required clinicians to take on additional responsibilities within the visit, diagnosing and treating patients’ technology as well as physical problems. Health center leaders reported numerous challenges with video platforms and equipment (for example, connectivity issues) that disrupted video visits, negatively impacted the user experience, and required additional staff time to address. Furthermore, some health centers used video platforms that were separate from their scheduling systems or electronic medical record, which proved cumbersome. Others implemented multiple video platforms, thereby increasing complexity and training needs. Some health centers reported additional challenges connecting with interpreter services via video. Audio-the ease of audio-only visits and their effectiveness in addressing certain patient needs suggests that reimbursement should continue, there are important concerns to consider. There is widespread concern among policy makers that reimbursing for telephone visits will lead to fraud and abuse and additional (unnecessary) utilization. Payers are also worried that they will end up reimbursing for activities (for example, communication about lab results) that used to occur without payment. Furthermore, many assume that care delivered via audio is lower in quality because clinicians cannot visually assess the patient. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by highlighting that telemedicine, particularly video visits, still faces significant barriers and challenges that can make in-person visits necessary. It points out patient preferences, technology issues, cultural concerns, and the need for additional support—indicating that while telemedicine offers an alternative, it does not fully eliminate the need for in-person visits. The discussion on audio-only visits also suggests that some patients may require or prefer these alternatives, further contrasting with the claim of complete elimination.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Chassis organisms like E. coli are commonly used in synthetic biology applications. [SEP] Text: Maximum growth rates of mutants isolated from both cultures were consistently less than those of the non-mutants suggesting that the mutations were mildly deleterious in both strains, however their effect in each population was different. High rates of emerging genetic variation introduce a level of unpredictability that could ultimately compromise the function of engineered organisms and adversely affect the biotechnology they are embedded in. ResultsGrowth rates (denoted as ‘η’ in the current study), and hence generation times, of both the MG1655 and the MDS42 strains have been previously compared and have been shown to be unequal [24]. We confirmed these findings via batch growth in the minimal glucose-depleted medium that was utilized in all experiments in our study. Doubling times were 38 (1. 1 h−1) min for the MG1655 strain and 53 (0. 79 h−1) min for the MDS42 strain (Additional file 1: Figure S1). Unequal generation times have a bearing on mutation rates thus utilizing a chemostat environment enabled us to fix the growth rate (η) and generation time [26, 30] in both strains, allowing for a direct comparison. In addition, controlling dilution rates and the carbon source (substrate) concentrations can allow for bacterial growth under a constant selective pressure, which in this experiment was hunger and starvation [26,27,28]. Triplicate populations (N = 3) of both strains of E. coli were grown in continuous culture in the chemostats that were fed a substrate of minimal glucose-depleted media. A dilution rate of 0. 1 h−1 ensured that the substrate in the chemostat was depleted and yielded a generation time of 6. 9 h. Previous work with derivatives of the E. coli K12 strain that have not been engineered to remain stable reported that they acquire mutations readily in glucose-limited chemostats [20]. Therefore, it was expected that mutations would accumulate in the triplicate MG1655 chemostats, and hence they were utilized here as controls. Populations of both strains reached a steady state within 20 h, maintaining an average density of 1. 6·108 colony forming units (CFU) per mL for the MG1655 strain and 1. 1·108 CFU*mL−1 for the MDS42 strain, with no significant difference between the two (P = 0. 128; Fig. 1a). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not directly address the claim regarding the use of chassis organisms like E. coli in synthetic biology applications. Instead, it discusses the growth rates and mutation rates of different E. coli strains in a controlled environment, which is more focused on the specifics of bacterial behavior rather than the broader context of their application in synthetic biology.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Extracurricular activities can enhance social and cognitive skills. [SEP] Text: Use of among Teachers and Pupils’ Satisfaction with in size paper includes results of two different research. The first one is considering primary grade teachers opinion about their competencies in Drama education. Drama art at a primary school in Croatia is taught as a part of theatre culture inside the curriculum of the mother tongue and literature and most often as an extracurricular activity. Extracurricular activities are an integral part of the Croatian educational system. Every pupil is free to choose, in addition to the regular school subjects, an extracurricular activity or more of their preference. The aim of the first research was to investigate the frequency, importance and variety of ways in which drama techniques are used in teaching. The analysis are based on the result of empirical research on a sample of 161 early primary grade teachers from 10 schools from Istra and Zagreb counties. It is proven wrong that frequency of using drama techniques in teaching is more frequent among teachers with shorter length in teaching and that frequency of using drama techniques in teaching is not more frequent among teachers with longer experience in drama extracurricular activities. This paper also presents the results of the second research about pupils’ satisfaction with basic aspects of extracurricular activities in the fourth grade of primary school. Extracurricular activities are provided by teachers in schools and partly by trainers or tutors of external courses at music schools, sports clubs etc. The research was done in eight schools in the county of Istria, Croatia. All pupils in this research (N=138) are included in extracurricular activities of some sort. In the paper, all the activities are divided in the following categories: arts, aesthetic education including literature, sports education, technical, ICT education, and others. Results consider only extracurricular activities provided in schools and show that there is a statistically significant difference in satisfaction with extracurricular activities between girls and boys. There is also a difference in satisfaction regarding the choice and type of extracurricular activities. The combining of the results in these two research gives a possibility to question how to strengthen teachers in their abilities to teach drama and perspective to analyse pupils’ satisfaction to improve teaching process. Keywords: Drama education, extracurricular activities, drama techniques, pupils’ satisfaction teachers’ role in satisfying educational goals implies, among other things, positive emotional environment. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim as it discusses the role of extracurricular activities in the Croatian educational system, indicating their importance in enhancing pupils' satisfaction and thereby presumably contributing to their social and cognitive development. Specifically, it mentions that extracurricular activities, which include arts, sports, and technical education, are chosen by pupils and are integral to the educational experience, suggesting that they enrich social interactions and cognitive skills.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Telemedicine eliminates the need for in-person visits entirely. [SEP] Text: However, among the health center leaders we spoke to, audio-only visits were not just easier than video visits; health center leaders credited telephone visits with increasing access to care, reducing wait times, and in certain circumstances, offering care they perceived to be of comparable quality. While it is important to explore the potential downsides of audio-only visits and determine the specific use cases for which they are appropriate, eliminating payment for audio-only visits in the near term will disproportionately impact safety-net settings and patients who are not prepared or equipped for video visits. Telemedicine can serve as a tool to reduce disparities in health care access but limiting reimbursement to video visits may actually increase them. One potential path forward after the public health emergency is to continue to reimburse for audio-only visits for a trial period and specifically in cases where there is a documented barrier to video visits. During this time, policy makers could amass more evidence, as there has been limited research to date on the quality of audio-only visits to inform policy. We may learn that audio-only visits are just as effective as in-person or video visits in particular situations, such as for medication management for a stable patient with ADHD, or for insulin titration for a patient with well-controlled diabetes. Furthermore, policy makers should prioritize efforts to prepare all patients and health centers for video visits by ensuring that everyone—including patients in rural communities—has access to high-speed Internet and devices with affordable data plans. Hands-on assistance navigating video visits is also key. Some health centers we spoke to discussed efforts to train patients on telemedicine platforms when they came in for in-person visits or to provide resources to improve digital literacy. Efforts like this should be expanded. Then, after the vast majority of low-income patients are prepared for video visits, reimbursement for audio-only visits could be eliminated entirely or could be restricted to specific use cases where quality is known to be equivalent to in-person care. Bell said, “The great advantage that the telephone possesses over every other form of electrical apparatus consists of the fact that it requires no skill to operate. ” Perhaps a day will come when audio-only interactions are truly archaic because other technologies will be just as user-friendly. Based on what we have seen during the COVID-19 pandemic, we are not there yet. Authors’ authors would like to acknowledge the for their support of this work. Advertisement 2021. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the ongoing relevance of in-person visits and the specific circumstances under which audio-only visits are effective. It suggests that audio-only visits can provide comparable quality of care in certain situations but emphasizes that in-person visits still have a critical role, particularly where video visits may not be feasible. The statement that audio-only visits could be restricted to cases where quality is known to be equivalent to in-person care further supports the idea that telemedicine does not fully eliminate the need for in-person visits.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Chassis organisms like E. coli are commonly used in synthetic biology applications. [SEP] Text: Fig. 1A description of mean steady-state growth, mutant accumulation, and mutation rate for all chemostat runs: n = 3 per strain. The vertical scale is logarithmic (Log10) and the horizontal scale is in hours, for all three sections of this figure. a The relationship between mean cell density measured as colony forming units per milliliter (CFU/mL) and time measured in hours. Cell density for all runs reached steady state in approximately 20 h and stayed that way till the end of the sampling period. The diamond shape and dotted line represents the mean cell density for the MG1655 strain. The circle and the solid line represent mean cell density for the MDS42 strain. Horizontal error bars represent the standard deviation above and below the mean. b The relationship between the mean of the total number of mutant colony forming units (cycR, rifR) for each chemostat run and time (in hours). The diagonally stripped boxes represent the means for the runs containing the MG1655 strain and the solid grey boxes represent the means for runs containing the MDS42 strain. Standard deviations are not shown, as some were negative values, which cannot be plotted on graphs that utilise a logarithmic scale. Instead the horizontal error bars represent the distance between each mean and the maximum and minimum number of mutant colonies quantified at each time point. c The mean mutation rate (μ) measured as mutations per cell per generation, that was estimated at four time points (24, 168, 336, 504 h) during the experiment. The horizontal axis is scaled to generations, where the generation rate was 0. 14 generations per hour for a growth rate (η) of 0. 1 hr−1. The grey squares represent the MG1655 strains and the open circles represent the MDS42 strains. The horizontal error bars represent the standard deviation above and below the mean mutation rateFull size image Spontaneously occurring mutations are extremely rare and are typically observed when they produce a detectable phenotype, usually observed via a selective screen. Fortuitously in E. coli, spontaneous mutations produce a detectable phenotype change when they occur at either the RNA polymerase subunit (rpoB) locus or the cycloserine A (cycA) locus. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it focuses on the experimental results regarding growth, mutation rates, and strain comparisons within E. coli, without mentioning its application in synthetic biology or its role as a chassis organism.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Extracurricular activities can enhance social and cognitive skills. [SEP] Text: “The most important predictors of students' satisfaction with school are students' feelings that they are treated fairly, that they feel safe and that they believe that teachers are supportive” (Samdal et al. , 1996). Assuming that teacher who feels competent would be a better motivator and supporter was my motive for the first research. “The function of drama teacher is to challenge, arouse interest, make anxious, give confidence, coordinate achievement, and encourage reflection. In any one lesson, he may operate in these varieties of other ways. No more than the maths or history teacher can he abdicate from his responsibility to assist and support his pupils in their learning” (O’Neill, Lambert, Linnell, & Warr-Wood, 1976). In this 1953. when they were officially introduced in our school. Previšić (1985). It is different from country to country how much one invests in the development of extracurricular activities. According to Rajić et al. (2007), from 2003, the USA government invest 3, 6 billion (milliards) dollars in extracurricular projects to improve and allow their children to develop their interest and academically improve status, and their personal and social success. Puževski (1988) uses the term extracurricular activities to indicate “all the forms of activities, work and life that students of a school take part in and which are organized outside regular lessons (student groups, societies, organizations and communities)” (p. 24). These are planned educational endeavours that are realised within the framework of the school, outside regular lessons, and which provide an area of interest and an affirmation of a pupil's personality (Pejić-Papak & Vidulin-Orbanic, 2011). The goal of extracurricular activities is to initiate children to creation, gaining knowledge and competence according to their personal abilities and interest. This point of view was my motive for the second research on students’ satisfaction with extracurricular activities. The satisfaction as a key factor to the openness for learning and evolving. Mlinarević and (2009), has done similar researches in Croatia. About the process of enhancing the quality of extra-curricular activities. That paper presents the reports of 284 students on their satisfaction with extra-curricular activities during the school year 2009/2010. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by highlighting the importance of extracurricular activities in providing opportunities for personal development, social success, and academic improvement. It discusses how extracurricular activities are planned educational endeavors that contribute to gaining knowledge and competence according to students' personal abilities and interests, thus affirming their role in enhancing social and cognitive skills.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: All healthcare providers accept and support telemedicine services. [SEP] Text: Exploring healthcare providers’ perspectives on virtual care delivery: insights into telemedicine services access Published: 02 January 2024 Exploring healthcare providers’ perspectives on virtual care delivery: insights into telemedicine services Israa K. Abdelghany1, Ranim AlMatar1, Asmaa Al-Haqan1, Israa Abdullah1 & …Salah Waheedi1 Show authors 15. 4% of HCPs had previously used telemedicine technology and 39% already knew about it. Additionally, 42. 3% preferred to use telemedicine, and 88. 5% had a moderate to high usefulness score. Telemedicine’s ease of use was perceived positively. Attitude median score was 73 with an IQR of 16 (63–79). Half of the participants intend to use telemedicine. In phase two, twenty-two interviews were conducted resulting in six themes; HCPs’ acceptance of telemedicine, facilitators and motives for telemedicine implementation, skills and training required to conduct telemedicine, barriers limiting the use of telemedicine, strategies to overcome the barriers, and benefits of telemedicine. ConclusionMost of the HCPs favor telemedicine integration into Kuwait’s healthcare system as their perceptions of telemedicine were overall positive, paving the way to develop implementation strategies. reports BackgroundGovernments and health organizations worldwide have been developing services and regulations dedicated to providing the general population with a high-quality healthcare system. This system aims to reduce the burden of disease or injury, disability, and to improve peoples’ overall health status, as well as functioning level. However, booming public expectations, transforming health-related needs, and new aspiring goals are raising the bar for health systems to aim for better health outcomes. For that to be achieved, a high-quality health system is needed to optimize healthcare by the continuous provision of care, thus, improving or maintaining health [1]. One of the ways healthcare can be improved is by implementing different forms of technology [2]. Since we are living in a digital world, where communications, computer sciences, informatics, and medical technologies continue to progress rapidly, one must have heard about the term telehealth or telemedicine. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by presenting insights into healthcare providers' perspectives where only 4% had previously used telemedicine and 39% were aware of it, indicating that not all healthcare providers accept or support telemedicine services. Although the conclusion states that 'most' HCPs favor telemedicine integration, the statistics suggest a lack of consensus. This implies that acceptance and support for telemedicine services among healthcare providers is not universal.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Chassis organisms like E. coli are commonly used in synthetic biology applications. [SEP] Text: Specifically, mutations at the rpoB locus render an organism resistant to the antibiotic Rifampicin (rifR) [31] and mutations at the cycA locus confer resistance to d-cycloserine (cycR) [32]. Therefore antibiotic-containing selector plates can be used to screen for these specific mutants. Although mutations at different loci and/or silent mutations are excluded here, this is a commonly used system with the cycA locus especially being used to estimate background mutation rates in E. coli (see Ref. [32] for example). Indeed the cycA locus was used for the first estimate of background mutation rates in the MDS strains [6]. Here we exploited this system by sampling the continuous culture populations periodically and plating these samples on selector plates to quantify spontaneous mutant accumulation over time. Samples were also plated on non-selector plates for a colony count. RifR and cycR mutants accumulated in both the MG1655 and MDS42 strains, with marked variation between runs (Fig. 1b). Mutation rates (denoted as ‘μ’ in the current study) were estimated using a simple linear mutation accumulation model, that reports the number of mutations per cell per generation and is suitable for chemostats [33] (Table 1; Fig. 1c). Mutation rate estimates (μ) in the MDS42 strain were 1. 4-fold higher than in MG1655 by 24 h, increasing to approximately 20-fold higher by 168 h (7 days) (Table 1). These were then surpassed by the MG1655 strain 504 h into the experiment, where the average estimated mutation rate reached 1. 03·10−3 mutations cell−1 generation−1, which is approximately 30-fold higher than in the MDS42 strain (Table 1; Fig. 1c). Table 1 Estimates of mutation rates (μ) in mutations/cell/generation for the MG1655 and MDS42 strainsFull size table The spontaneous mutation rate in both strains had previously been estimated at the cycA locus via a fluctuation test [6]. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses specific mutations in E. coli that confer antibiotic resistance and details related to mutation rates, without addressing the concept of chassis organisms or their application in synthetic biology. The focus lies on the genetic mutations and experiments rather than the broader context of E. coli as a chassis organism.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Extracurricular activities can enhance social and cognitive skills. [SEP] Text: in three rural and three urban elementary schools. The results show the number and frequency of extra-curricular activities and students’ satisfaction with the choice of extracurricular activities, suggesting new possibilities of organizing extra-curricular activities and reasons for the involvement of students in extracurricular activities. Same authors, Mlinarević and (2011), have done another research about students’ estimates of the possibility of the co-constructing curriculum in extracurricular activities in primary school. In order to incite student’s creativity through extracurricular activities in elementary school. The level of possibility of students’ choices in school options in the curriculum construction and implementation activities and school factors that directly affect the flow and the performance of extracurricular activities has been explored. Methodology and aim of this paper is to establish the relationship between using of drama techniques among teachers and pupils’ satisfaction with extracurricular activities. Assuming that satisfaction among pupils is highly based on teachers’ competence and motivation to teach drama. Even thou the results are more general, not only considering drama, in this paper I try to observe these two educational positions and try to think of better ways to improve teachers’ competence and pupils’ satisfaction in educational process. For both the of the researches, questionnaires were made. The questionnaires consisted of a general section (the years of work in teaching, conducting drama groups as part of extra-curricular activities, and professional training in the field of drama education, or number and type of extracurricular activities attended…). Both questioners contained and multiple-choice questions that were related to the use of different methods in drama teaching and extracurricular work or p50. 7%) and 68 female (49. 3%) From the research problems of this paper, these hypotheses were made: H1 Frequency of using drama techniques in teaching is more frequent among teachers with shorter length in teaching. H2 Frequency of using drama techniques in teaching is more frequent among teachers with longer experience in drama extracurricular activities. Both of them have been proven wrong. H3 There is the difference in satisfaction with extracurricular activities regarding pupils’ gender. H4 There is the difference in satisfaction with extracurricular activities regarding chosen extracurricular activities. Both of them have been proven right. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text supports the claim by discussing how extracurricular activities, specifically through the use of drama techniques, can influence students' satisfaction and engagement in their educational process. It implies that these activities can provide new possibilities for curriculum organization and promote creativity among students, which are crucial components in enhancing social and cognitive skills.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: All healthcare providers accept and support telemedicine services. [SEP] Text: As the name implies, the prefix tele- from Greek telos- means at a distance and health or medicine refers to different kinds of services and outcomes related to healthcare [3]. Throughout the past few decades, the swift development in technology led to a concurrent telemedicine advancement, resulting in a sophisticated targeted service used in homes, hospitals, and other healthcare facilities [2]. According to the Organization (WHO), telemedicine is defined as “the provision of healthcare services at a distance with communication conducted between healthcare providers seeking clinical guidance and support from other healthcare providers (provider-to-provider telemedicine) or conducted between remote healthcare users seeking health services and healthcare providers (client-to-provider telemedicine)’’ [3]. Televisits are healthcare services provided through telemedicine and are defined as medical acts in which doctors communicate with patients remotely and might result in medicine or treatment prescriptions [3, 4]. In our study, we will use the term ‘telemedicine’ and choose ‘televisits’ as the healthcare service under question. The rapidly spreading 2019 (COVID-19) led to devastating consequences on healthcare systems, health workers, and patients, as well as the economy worldwide [5]. The challenge of the consistently growing number of COVID-19 cases and deaths warranted the establishment of an alternative method of care delivery and disease control. The emergence of COVID-19 was a turning point in the journey of telemedicine into practice [6]. During the pandemic, social isolation and extreme lockdown measures were implemented, this resulted in using telemedicine not only to take care of COVID-19 patients, but also in public awareness, research, and teaching [7]. These versatile areas of applications suggest using telemedicine even after the COVID-19 pandemic is over, due to the enhanced HCPs’ perception of such technology [8]. Telemedicine is considered a viable option by patients and healthcare professionals for providing healthcare services. Quality of care and confidentiality, as well as ensured privacy, are prerequisites for patients to accept telemedicine [9]. Moreover, telemedicine use would save time and is cheaper for patients considering the transportation cost, unpaid leaves, and gas prices [4]. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by indicating that while telemedicine has developed and is considered viable by certain patients and healthcare professionals, it also points out prerequisites such as quality of care, confidentiality, and privacy that must be ensured for patients to accept telemedicine. Additionally, it highlights that healthcare providers have differing perceptions, and it suggests that the experience during the COVID-19 pandemic has led to enhanced understanding and acceptance, but does not definitively state that all healthcare providers accept and support telemedicine.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Chassis organisms like E. coli are commonly used in synthetic biology applications. [SEP] Text: Working under the assumption that these were an estimate of a background mutation rate, we compared the rates acquired in our chemostats at the cycA locus only (Table 1), with these previous estimates, and found an approximately eight-fold increase in just 24 h in the MDS42 strain and a two-fold increase in the MG1655 strain (Additional file 1: Figure S2). This fold-difference increased further in both strains in comparison with this background rate estimate. In a chemostat, growth rate is an important measure of fitness. The mean growth rate is held constant by controlling the dilution rate. This means that if any portion of the population gains an advantage it is at the expense of the remainder. So, faster growing mutants will ultimately dominate and slower growers will ultimately wash out of the population. Thus, growth rate was used as an index to phenotypic variation. We reasoned that in a clonal population, a wider distribution of growth rates was indicative of increased phenotypic, and hence, by association, emerging genetic variation. Previously published work [34, 35] has shown that phenotype screening is an effective way of assessing the emergence of genetic diversity in chemostat populations. Therefore, populations of mutants from two chemostat runs—one for each strain—where the mutant fraction increased monotonically over time were chosen for further investigation. Forty-eight cycR mutant colonies were chosen at random from each time point with the exception of the MDS42 mutants sampled at 24 h; a total of 20 colonies was available here. Each mutant was grown individually in batch culture using the same minimal glucose-depleted medium as used in the chemostat experiments. Twenty-four non-mutants from both strains were also grown in the same conditions for comparison. These non-mutant populations were streaked from fresh glycerol stocks and were thus assumed to have no mutations. To check that tradeoffs between growth and yield did not confound our assertion that growth rate is a reasonable measure of fitness, we estimated biomass yield in the batch experiments and showed that the average yield of mutant strains was lower (MG1655) or the same as (MDS42) the non-mutant strains (Additional file 1: Figure S3). The observed growth rate distributions were different between strains (Fig. 2). Of the MDS42 mutants, 83–100% sampled through time were able to grow in isolation in batch. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses mutation rates and phenotypic variation in E. coli strains without mentioning the broader context of synthetic biology applications or the common use of chassis organisms in this field.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Extracurricular activities can enhance social and cognitive skills. [SEP] Text: research shows that drama education has very widespread use in class teaching as particular subject or as a part of teaching method in others subjects in Croatia. It is an integral part of the contemporary educational paradigm that enables teachings through experience, game and holistic approach. Nevertheless, can we expected improvement if teachers consider themselves not competent to teach Drama education? This is something to be considered in relation to other research, because if the teachers are not motivated enough to become competent how can we expect that pupils will be content with extracurricular activities which are the only free subject that they can choose. The results of this research have proven that there is statistically significant difference with extracurricular activities regarding pupils’ gender. Girls are more satisfied with extracurricular activities than boys are. There is also found statistically significant difference in satisfaction with extracurricular activities regarding chosen extracurricular activities. It shows that pupils who chose artistic aesthetic extracurricular activities are more satisfied with their choice than others are. It is also fact that girls choose most the artistic aesthetic activities, so the correlation between two hypotheses is also possible. What does it mean? Is the choice of activities provided in schools more suited for girls? These kinds of insights give us a possibility of rethinking the performance, content and organization of extracurricular activity because its purpose and value are very important for child development. author(s) declare that there is no conflict of interest. 12. January 2015. Kerbel, L. (2012). Swimming in the shallow end. Opportunities for girls in youth drama, focusing on the quantity and quality of roles available to themonline/. 15. January 2015. Krušić, V. (2008). The posibilities of drama. for Drama Education. /online/. 2. September 2012. Martinčević, J. (2010). Extracurricular activities as a factor of education for a leisure time, Life and School, Journal for the Theory and Practice of Education, Ladislav Bognar, Faculty of philosophy Osijek, Faculty of education in Osijek, 24(2) 19- 34. Miliša, Z. (2000). (ur. ) Report. Department of Education Development, Zagreb. Mlinarević, V. , & Brust Nemet, M. (2009). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text supports the claim by discussing how extracurricular activities, particularly in drama education, are integrated into the educational paradigm in Croatia and provide important experiences for child development. It emphasizes the value of extracurricular activities in enhancing satisfaction and potentially contributing to personal growth and skills development among pupils, thus corroborating the idea that these activities can enhance social and cognitive skills.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: All healthcare providers accept and support telemedicine services. [SEP] Text: However, the presence of perceived barriers to telemedicine, for example, the lack of physical examination and problems with the devices used, is linked to low utilization. Moreover, HCPs’ perceptions of this care delivery method are also a crucial factor in adoption. The importance of telemedicine in Kuwait, however, has not yet been properly established. This study aims to evaluate the perceptions of HCPs for healthcare services provided virtually in Kuwait, and to assess their acceptance and intention to implement this service. MethodsStudy design and settingThis study was conducted using an exploratory sequential mixed methods design [10, 11]. The healthcare providers’ perception towards telemedicine was explored using a quantitative online questionnaire (Phase 1). The findings from the questionnaire were further explored by conducting semi-structured interviews with participants who choose to provide their contact details for phase 2. Finally, findings from both phases were interpreted through integration of the quantitative and qualitative data. This study was carried out in Kuwait, which has a population of around 4. 1 million. The healthcare system in Kuwait provides primary, secondary, and tertiary healthcare services in both public (government) and private sectors. -19 healthcare facilities in the governmental and private sector started to provide some services virtually. However, some of these services stopped shortly after health restrictions were removed. Sample size and sampling strategyFor the online questionnaire (Phase 1), sample size was calculated using the Raosoft sample size calculator [12] with chosen 5% as a margin of error, 95% as a confidence interval (CI), and a response distribution of 50%. According to the Bureau in Kuwait (CSB), the 2020 statistical analysis of the Ministry of Health (MOH) workers showed that there are 61,993 healthcare providers (CSB, 2020). “Raosoft. com” stated a minimum sample of 382 is required to have statistically meaningful results. A chain-referral convenient sampling method was used to recruit healthcare providers. For the semi-structured interviews (Phase 2), the participants were recruited through the survey, as well as through snowball sampling. To obtain a range of perspectives, the interviews included healthcare professionals across different roles in the healthcare system, including doctors, pharmacists, nurses, and allied health professionals from several practice sites. Participants could either be working in the public or private sector, or self-employed. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing perceived barriers to telemedicine that affect its utilization, such as the lack of physical examination and device problems. It highlights that healthcare providers' (HCPs') perceptions are crucial in the adoption of telemedicine, suggesting that not all HCPs accept or support this service. Furthermore, the text indicates that the importance of telemedicine in Kuwait has not yet been established, implying that there is uncertainty regarding HCPs' acceptance of such services.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Chassis organisms like E. coli are commonly used in synthetic biology applications. [SEP] Text: The overall mean mutant growth rate for the MDS42 mutants was 1. 2-fold slower than non-mutant growth under the same conditions in batch (Fig. 3). Seven days into the experiment, we observed a wide range of growth rates, which expanded further by day 14 (Fig. 2); a small percentage of mutant growth rates also approached the mean rate of non-mutant growth (Fig. 3). Following this, the distribution of growths for mutants sampled on day 21 had a smaller range and a lower mean (Fig. 2). Fig. 2The distribution of individual growth rates, ascertained via batch culture, for the isolated cycR mutants sampled from intervals starting at 24 h (day 1), and then seven, 14, and 21 days respectively. Forty-eight mutants were isolated from each time point from each strain except for the 24-h interval for MDS42, where only 20 mutants were available. Each mutant was grown individually in batch culture using the same growth medium as used in the chemostat cultures. The percentage of mutants that had a growth rate that was greater than zero is indicated in the top-right corner of each panelFull size image Fig. 3A comparison of mean cycR mutant growth rates of batch monocultures of the MG1655 (stripped bars) and MDS42 strains (grey bars). The two horizontal lines represent the mean growth rate for non-mutant strains of MG1655 (dashed line; 1. 1 hr−1) and MDS42 (dotted-dashed line; 0. 79 hr−1)Full size image In comparison, 4–75% of the MG1655 mutants grew in isolation. For the MG1655 mutants sampled we observed a similar broad range of growths after day 7 (Fig. 2). Here too mean mutant growth rates were much slower than the non-mutant populations (Fig. 3). The rate of decline in the mean and variance of growth rate of mutants in batch was far greater in the MG1655 strain. By day 14 only three of the mutants grew in pure batch culture, which dropped to only two by day 21 (Fig. 2). This was unexpected because the mutant fraction in samples from the chemostat for this particular experimental run was very high (5. 03% by day 21). We questioned whether this observation was the result of individuals in the population with cross-feeding polymorphisms. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not directly address the use of chassis organisms like E. coli in synthetic biology applications. Instead, it focuses on the growth rates of different mutant strains of E. coli under specific experimental conditions. Although it involves E. coli, it lacks information about its application in synthetic biology, making it irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Extracurricular activities can enhance social and cognitive skills. [SEP] Text: Extracurricular Activities: Success and Development of with the Role of Parents, Public and 0 Original scientific paper By leap_bojan on November 30, 2019 × Saibovich, S. A. , 2019. Extracurricular Activities: Success and Development of with the Role of Parents, Public and Home Work. of 6(1), 26. APA Saibovich, S. A. (2019). Extracurricular Activities: Success and Development of with the Role of Parents, Public and Home Work. of 6(1), 21-26. SA. Extracurricular Activities: Success and Development of with the Role of Parents, Public and Home Work. of. 2019 Nov,6(1):21-26. . "Extracurricular Activities: Success and Development of with the Role of Parents, Public and Home Work. " of 6. 1 (2019): 21-26. Chicago Saibovich, Sabirov Alisher. "Extracurricular Activities: Success and Development of with the Role of Parents, Public and Home Work. " of 6, no. 1 (2019): 21-26. × Suggested 10. 18775/ijmsba. 1849-5664-5419. 2014. 61. 1003 URL: in Tashkent, Tashkent, Uzbekistan Abstract: The value of Extracurricular activities (ECA) is underestimated in the field of Higher and of Uzbekistan. Present work is revealing hidden potential of ECA to advance students capacity. Using unique data collected on the basis of in-depth interviews with the administration of the first international university in Uzbekistan with British accreditation, the author tried to expand the scope of preliminary studies of the relationship of extracurricular activities with academic achievement, development of skills and the role of parents in shaping interest in extracurricular activities of students. The results demonstrate: (a) the impact of extracurricular activities on academic performance and skills development; (b) the effectiveness of the parental approach, based on a personal experience; (c) the importance of public and domestic works (unstructured extracurricular activities) in the development of the individual. Keywords: Extracurricular activities, Academic achievement, Leadership, Activities: Success and Development of with the Role of Parents, Public and 1. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by stating that extracurricular activities (ECA) have a significant impact on academic performance and skills development. The abstract highlights the potential of ECA to advance students' capacity, which supports the assertion that these activities enhance cognitive skills, as well as suggesting their role in developing other essential abilities through public and domestic unstructured activities.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: All healthcare providers accept and support telemedicine services. [SEP] Text: Table 1 Sociodemographic characteristics and occupational informationFull size tableIn regard to participants’ familiarity with telemedicine, a minority of respondents (N = 55, 13. 1%) reported never having heard about it, while 65 HCPs (15. 4%) had prior experience using telemedicine technology. Of all participating HCPs, 178 (42. 3%) prefer to use telemedicine, whereas 60 (14. 3%) participants prefer not to use it. The assessment of perceived usefulness resulted in a median score of 26 and an IQR of 6 (22-28). Three hundred and twenty-three respondents (88. 5%) had a moderate to high usefulness score, scored by 172 (46. 5%) and 154 (42%) participants respectively. On the other hand, only 42 (10%) participants had a low usefulness score. More than half of HCPs thought using telemedicine would enable them to accomplish tasks quickly (N = 238, 56. 6%) and help in multiple aspects of patient care (N = 250, 59. 4%). Regarding telemedicine's perceived ease of use, perceptions were overall positive, with almost half of respondents agreeing or strongly agreeing that it is facile to operate, control, and interact through telemedicine. Results showed that 17 (4. 6%) participants had a low ease-of-use score, while 170 (46. 1%) had a moderate score and 181 (49. 2%) had a high score. This section had a median score of 22 and an IQR of 4 (20-24). Most participants believed it is easy to operate (N = 280, 66. 5%) telemedicine and become skillful (N = 240, 57%) using this technology. Six statements exploring HCPs' attitudes toward telemedicine resulted in a median score of 73 and an IQR of 16 (63–79). More than half of the respondents (N = 214, 62. 5%) had a moderate attitude score and 36. 3% (N = 124) had a high score, whereas only 4 (1. 2%) participants scored low. By probing HCPs' intention to use telemedicine, we found only 13 (3. 9%) participants had a low use-intention score, while the remaining scored between moderate (N = 147, 44. 9%) and high (N = 167, 51. 1%). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by presenting data that indicates a significant portion of healthcare providers (HCPs) do not support telemedicine services. Specifically, 14.3% of participants prefer not to use telemedicine, and while a majority perceive it as useful, there remains a notable minority that does not. This highlights the lack of universal acceptance and support among all healthcare providers.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Chassis organisms like E. coli are commonly used in synthetic biology applications. [SEP] Text: Indeed, metabolic stress and fluctuating reactor conditions elicit transcriptional changes in chemostat populations of E coli in a matter of seconds, leading to a new ‘steady state’ that is presumably reached by all cells within these populations [37, 38]. It is reasonable to assume that this has occurred in both the MDS42 and MG1655 chemostat populations in the present study. However, our screen enabled us to select individual mutants from these populations, and their growth rate phenotypes varied, suggesting that we were able to observe additional changes to this phenotype that deviates over and above the new steady state. Although our growth rate distributions (Fig. 2) suggested a high turnover of phenotypes, brought on by an elevated mutation rate, the fitness effect of mutations, and whether they could lead to adaptation were not clear. For the MDS42 mutants the first 14 days saw a wide distribution of slow growth rates, an indicator that mutations were likely to be deleterious, but insufficiently so to see them washed out of the chemostats quickly. Beyond 14 days a smaller range of growth rates was observed, which could be indicative of either a decrease in the accumulation of new mutants, or the possibility that the sustained high mutation rates led to the acquisition of increasingly deleterious phenotypes. This is plausible given that IS elements have been deleted from the MDS42 strains. Previous reports have suggested that the systematic deletion of IS elements hinders the ability of these multiple deletion strains to evolve in that acquired mutations, even with a detrimental effect on growth, are not fatal to the cell [15, 24]. Therefore, even in instances where high mutation rates are sustained, new mutations of varying effects continue to accumulate rapidly in MDS42 populations, which over time could make the population more susceptible to genetic drift or purifying selection events. In contrast, the range and mean of the distribution of mutant growth rates in the MG1655 strain appear to fall after just 7 days in batch monocultures. In addition, by day 14, 94% of mutants would not grow in monocultures and those that did, grew very slowly, an indication of deleterious mutations. Yet surprisingly, mutant accumulation in the chemostats continued to rise over the 21 days. Furthermore, in mixed batch cultures, mutants appeared to thrive, with a growth rate approximately four times faster than when grown individually. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not directly address the claim regarding the use of E. coli as chassis organisms in synthetic biology. Instead, it discusses the transcriptional changes, growth rates, and mutation dynamics of E. coli in chemostat populations, without mentioning its role or commonality in synthetic biology applications.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Extracurricular activities can enhance social and cognitive skills. [SEP] Text: Introduction Extra-curricular activities contribute to academic success, develop skills required in the labor market and demonstrate the uniqueness of WIUT. The organization of meaningful extracurricular activities is a laborious and costly process. However, losses arising from deductions, omissions, poor performance or inappropriate behavior of students are much more expensive than funds spent on out-of-class work. In addition, extracurricular activities are an important indicator determining the attractiveness of an educational institution. Cambridge and Oxford, in addition to academic achievements, became famous Boat race. Webster exposes its own team to the Olympiad. University is also considered as one of the most chess universities in the world. This study was stimulating the search for optimization of extracurricular work at the university. Investigating foreign experience, the research team dwelled on the experience of the (HEAR). This system of accounting for the achievements of extracurricular activities of students unites 100 higher educational institutions of and provides safe access to the information base of the achievements of students in the non-academic sphere. Based on the HEAR system, WIUT implemented its own system: “System”. The recording of achievements in extracurricular work reflects the range of interests of students and is attached to the diploma. The list of achievements demonstrates the skills and level of social activity of the graduate. WIUT was established in 2002, and today it organizes extracurricular activities, taking into account the formation of skills required in the labor market of Uzbekistan. The potential of extracurricular activities is beyond the scope of activities aimed at organizing meaningful leisure for students. The palette of extracurricular activities at the university includes about 40 clubs. Students of WIUT initiate guest lectures, concerts, programs promoting issues of law, international relations and globalization. Annually, during the first month of study, the Students’ Union of the WIUT holds a “Clubs Day” at which students present their own ideas and form lists of club members. The university administration provides comprehensive material and organizational support. Diagram 1 shows clubs and programs organized in the 2017-2018 academic year. 2. 2. 1. between Extracurricular Activities, Scientific literature [1] (in our standards, we quote authors name and the year; (A. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by stating that extracurricular activities contribute to academic success, develop skills required in the labor market, and reflect the social activities of graduates. Additionally, the diverse activities organized by WIUT, including clubs and programs, demonstrate the potential of extracurricular activities in fostering social and cognitive skills.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: All healthcare providers accept and support telemedicine services. [SEP] Text: The providers' use-intention median score was 23 with an IQR of 4 (20-24). Further details are provided in Table 2. Table 2 HCPs' Perception of TelemedicineFull size tableThe effect of attitude towards telemedicine, perceived ease of use, and usefulness on use intention were investigated using Spearman's test. Results showed significant correlations, especially between attitude towards telemedicine and use-intention (r = 0. 495, p < 0. 001). Another factor that influenced use intention and preference was knowledge of telemedicine or previous experience. Further details are provided in Table 3. Table 3 Significant correlations:Full size tablePhase 2Twenty-two interviews involving nine physicians, eight pharmacists, three allied health professionals, and two nurses were conducted. We identified 6 themes expressed by the healthcare providers. These themes were (1) the overall acceptance of telemedicine; (2) Facilitators and motives for telemedicine implementation; (3) Skills and training required to conduct televisits; (4) Barriers limiting the use of telemedicine; (5) Strategies to overcome the barriers; and (6) Benefits of telemedicine. Theme 1: the overall acceptance of telemedicineTelemedicine was accepted by HCPs because it was perceived as an alternative method to face-to-face healthcare services. As stated by one participant, “I was hoping for the service to resume later on because it will save too much and save time on the physicians, nurses, and pharmacists in the polyclinics” (P1, pharmacist). A physician mentioned that the doctor’s specialty may determine their acceptance of telemedicine use in their practice. Another physician said, “But for me as an ENT surgeon… working in ENT for about 14 years. I believe if I were still there and have these e-services, I would never rely on them 100% because I need to see the patient” (P5, physician). Although some HCPs accept televisits, some providers are resistant to change because of the increased workload. Moreover, in our interviews, we assessed the acceptance of video calls for various purposes, such as conducting patient visits, demonstrating a product or a tool, or counseling patients. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by indicating that while some healthcare providers (HCPs) accept telemedicine, there are also notable reservations among others. It mentions that acceptance varies by specialty and that certain providers are resistant to change due to increased workload. Specifically, a physician expressed reluctance to rely completely on e-services, highlighting that personal interaction is often necessary for effective practice. This suggests that not all healthcare providers fully accept or support telemedicine, contradicting the claim.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Chassis organisms like E. coli are commonly used in synthetic biology applications. [SEP] Text: So it appears that for the strain with no genome reductions, MG1655, the mutants that survive in the chemostat are no longer exploiting the same niche as the non-mutants; they do not grow in the original media. Their ability to thrive as a cohort suggests that in these strains, acquired mutations have delivered cross-feeding phenotypes. Cross-feeders metabolise by-products from other individuals in the population [39, 40]. Therefore, in a chemostat, a limited but renewed source of glucose could establish a hierarchy whereby a percentage of the population utilises this glucose, and produces byproducts that could, in turn, feed other members of the population, allowing cross feeders to adapt. Multiple byproducts could open up a multitude of niches, leading to the adaptation of several putative beneficial mutations. This could explain the weak, but present, correlation between mutant accumulation and deviation from steady state in the MG1655 chemostats, which suggests accumulating mutations were causing an increase in cell density. This correlation was absent in the MDS42 reactors. Overall, our study showed that stress increased mutation rates in both reduced and non-reduced E. coli strains. The MDS42 strain has been engineered for stability and was intended for a closed and controlled biotechnological application [6]. Although the current study shows that the elevated mutation rate was the result of metabolic stress that is typical of an open environment, it stands to reason that closed systems would behave similarly when under any stress. Previously documented evidence from lab evolution studies using E. coli show that similar to any other stress, glucose-limitation in a chemostat elicits the general stress response affecting genes such as rpoS, a master regulator of this stress response [27]. This stress-response can also down-regulate the DNA mismatch-repair machinery via mutations in mutS and mutY which ultimately leads to an increase in background mutation rates [21, 22, 26]. Although not specifically assayed in the current study, these mutations are very likely to have occurred in our populations too. Moreover, chromosome replication times have been observed to change in stressed chemostat populations in association with altered expression of genes involved in DNA replication, repair, and recombination [41]. Here too, these genes are triggered by and control a multitude of processes involving DNA integrity and hence could lead to an increase in mutation rates if mis-expressed. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text discusses the behavior of certain E. coli strains in a chemostat environment, focusing on mutation rates and metabolic stress. It does not explicitly mention their use as chassis organisms in synthetic biology applications, thus rendering the content irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Extracurricular activities can enhance social and cognitive skills. [SEP] Text: Sobirov, 2018) for the in-text referencing) describes the positive impact of extracurricular activities on academic performance, leadership development and a healthy lifestyle. Participation of students in extracurricular activities is an indicator of competence of career development in business. Students involved in extracurricular activities demonstrate academic and social achievements, self-esteem and satisfaction with life [2]. Extracurricular activities develop leadership, communication skills and influence further career growth [3], student self-efficiency, and internal motivation [4]. 2. 2. of Parents in Shaping the Interest in Charlie S. Shannon [5] in the 2. 3. of Activities in Not all young people participate in organized (structured) extra-curricular activities. However, even those who participate in such events, spend up to 40 percent of free time to unstructured leisure [6]. Table 1 shows the most popular leisure activities among adults in the as of September 2013 [7]. Structured and unstructured extracurricular activities, differently affect the development of the individual. Structured classes develop the initiative more than unstructured. Important in unstructured activities (leisure) is that the youth, being alone, develops self-control and self-discipline. “Leisure is not just “good”, it is fundamentally important” [8], adolescents become “agents in their own development” [9]. 3. the method of in-depth interviews, the opinions and assumptions of the WIUT staff on the impact of extracurricular work on personal development were studied. The content of semi-structured interviews, with prior approval, was recorded on the recorder. The information is collected through the following semi-structured questions: What are the memories of participating in extracurricular activities? What was the reaction of the parents to the decision to engage in extracurricular activities? How do extracurricular activities affect student achievement and skills development? What needs to be changed in the organization of extracurricular activities? The text of each interview was translated in Word format, to check against an audio record for correctness of information. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by highlighting the positive effects of extracurricular activities on various aspects of student development. It notes that participation in such activities is linked to 'academic and social achievements,' as well as 'self-esteem and satisfaction with life.' Furthermore, it states that extracurricular activities foster 'leadership, communication skills,' which are essential components of social and cognitive skill enhancement.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: All healthcare providers accept and support telemedicine services. [SEP] Text: While video calls can facilitate many aspects of healthcare, in some areas, a complete subjective and objective assessment may not be feasible through video calls. Some interviewees were supportive of its use, while others were not, and some found that it depends on patients’ p2. Furthermore, there are no chief technology officers to assist HCPs in some institutions. The final factor limiting telemedicine acceptance is patient-related issues. According to the providers, patients’ p82. 8% of those with high attitude scores had a high use intention score as well. This was consistent with one study that showed a positive effect of attitude on use intention [13]. The interviews in the present study showed that good communication skills, patience, and sympathy are the components of a trustful relationship between HCPs and patients. In addition to the previous qualities, empathy and emotional support were also mentioned in other studies [21]. In our interviews, we only asked the participants who had already tried telemedicine before if they thought that training was required, and 8 out of 11 said yes. One healthcare professional noted that the MOH system is complicated and requires training before usage; however, those who opposed training emphasized the ease with which platforms may be used. From this finding we can infer the importance of providing education and training in this field to improve providers' opinions and provide a technologically capable working team, thus facilitating telemedicine implementation [20]. Results from interviews revealed that the lack of physical examination was the most mentioned barrier by HCPs as they could not read patients' body language, make eye contact, or complete an objective examination. These findings were similar to current literature that addressed the importance of physical examination and non-verbal communication [21, 22]. Patient-related factors such as their age, hearing, visual, as well as language abilities were found to be barriers to conducting successful televisits [23]. Furthermore, patients’ level of education is critical, as not all of them can use applications or gain access to this type of service. Unlike other studies that showed an effect of age [20] on perceived usefulness and gender on attitude [24], sociodemographic characteristics had no significant effect on the results of this study. Additionally, some patients refuse to appear on camera because they fear being recorded. However, a study conducted in Kuwait looked at patients’ perceptions of virtual healthcare services and found that 24. 3% were concerned about privacy, while 48. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by presenting evidence that acceptance of telemedicine varies among healthcare providers. It mentions that some interviewees were supportive of telemedicine while others were not, indicating a lack of universal acceptance. Furthermore, the text highlights various barriers to telemedicine implementation, including patient-related issues, lack of training, and limitations in physical assessment capabilities, which suggest that not all healthcare providers fully accept or support these services.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Chassis organisms like E. coli are commonly used in synthetic biology applications. [SEP] Text: Given that stress can lead to mutations via so many different genetic pathways, it is reasonable to assume that a stress of any type, even in a closed system could lead to an elevated mutation rate. This study also found that the adaptive effect of mutations was difficult to predict. We observed a different effect in populations from each strain, neither of which would be ideal for a biotechnology. For example, the cross-feeding mutants that emerged in the MG1655 populations could produce unwanted byproducts. Moreover, if embedded in an environmental biotechnology, the adaptations could lead to the engineered microorganisms becoming bio contaminants. In the MDS42 strain, the deletions of IS elements appeared to initially ‘dampen’ the effect of mutations a potential advantage for a biotechnology, provided that the process was completed in a few days. For longer-term applications, or for proposed environmental biotechnologies, further chassis modifications would be required. MethodsBacterial strainsStrains of bacteria used in this study are both derivatives of E. coli K12. The MG1655 (F- lambda- ilvG- rfb-50, rph-1) substrain is the E. coli reference strain (GI: 556503834) and was purchased from the DSMZ culture collection (Braunsweig, Germany). The multiple deletion series (MDS) MDS42 substrain (GI: 471332236) was created by deleting IS elements, cryptic prophages, and degenerate genes from MG1655 and has been described in detail in Posfai et al. [6]. It was purchased from (Wisconsin, USA). Chemostats and culture conditionsStrains were streaked onto fresh LB-agar plates from glycerol stocks and growth overnight at 37 °C. A single colony was then inoculated into a 100 mL culture of freshly prepared minimal M9 media [42] supplemented with 10 mM glucose and 0. 2% casamino acids and grown till it reached an optical density of 0. 1. Eight millilitres of this culture was used to inoculate a 500 mL computer controlled-chemostat (modified miniBio® 500, Applikon Biotechnology, Delft, NL). The continuous culture was maintained at a volume of 350 mL with constant stirring at a dilution rate of 0. 1 hr−1 at a temperature of 37 °C and a pH of 7. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim directly as it focuses on the effects of stress on mutations in bacterial strains, particularly E. coli. While it mentions E. coli as a reference strain and provides detailed information on its strains and culturing conditions, it does not discuss the usage of chassis organisms like E. coli in synthetic biology applications. Therefore, it is considered irrelevant to the claim.