Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Processed foods are generally higher in added sugars and preservatives. [SEP] Text: Rev 2014;27:330–345. . Dietary total sugar intake of Koreans: based on the Health and Survey (), 2008–2011. J 2014;47:268–276. . Ultra-processed foods and excessive free sugar intake in the UK: a nationally representative cross-sectional study. BMJ Open 2019;9:e027546 PubMed CrossRef Martínez. Ultra-processed foods and added sugars in the US diet: evidence from a nationally representative cross-sectional study. BMJ Open 2016;6:e009892 da án C, Uauy R. Ultra-processed foods and added sugars in the Chilean diet (2010). Nutr 2018;21:125–133. . Ultra-processed food consumption drives excessive free sugar intake among all age groups in Australia. Nutr 2020;59:2783–2792. . Added sugars and ultra-processed foods in Spanish households (1990–2010). 2018;72:1404–1412. -Steele E, et al. Ultra-processed foods: what they are and how to identify them. Nutr 2019;22:936–941. . Association between ultra-processed food consumption and dietary intake and diet quality in Korean adults. J Diet. 2021 Forthcoming. . The USDA automated multiple-pass method accurately estimates group total energy and nutrient intake. J Nutr 2006;136:2594–2599. . Data resource profile: the Health and Survey (). Epidemiol 2014;43:69–77. PubMed Crossof Health and Welfare, for and Prevention. Guidelines for Nutrition Survey: Health and Survey 6th (2013–2015). Cheongju: for and Prevention; 2015. for and Prevention. 2016–2018 Guidebook for Using the Data from Health and Survey. Cheongju: for and Prevention; 2020. . The daily dietary sugar intake in Korea, 2018. 2020;13:359–363. . The UN Decade of Nutrition, the NOVA food classification and the trouble with ultra-processing. Nutr 2018;21:5–17. . Sources of added sugars intake among the U. S. population: analysis by selected sociodemographic factors using the Survey 2011–18. 2021;8:687643 ómez ía - Total and added sugar intake: assessment in eight Countries. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by referencing various studies that highlight the association between ultra-processed foods and high levels of added sugars. It specifically mentions multiple research findings from different countries, including the US, UK, and Australia, which demonstrate that consumption of ultra-processed foods drives excessive free sugar intake. This supports the assertion that processed foods typically contain higher levels of added sugars.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Online education is always more effective than traditional education. [SEP] Text: Comparing the KRTF method with the traditional teaching method, the students who used KRTF were significantly different from students who used the traditional method, as seen in the kinematic variables, such as stability measures. Thanks to the results obtained, the aim of this study was achieved and the hypothesis was confirmed. While to the best of the authors’ knowledge this is the first study to use real-time feedback in the teaching-learning of peripheral joint mobilizations, the results obtained were consistent with previous studies that used real-time feedback with high-speed and low amplitude techniques on the spine. Both study groups achieved improved kinematic parameters of mobilizations (Tables 1 and 2), however G2 (KRTF) achieved significantly greater improvements in the kinematic parameters for the two mobilizations (significant increase in displacement and velocity, and a significant reduction in the mobilizations’ runtime) than G1 (traditional method) (Fig. 3). Also in the kinematic parameters’ modification of the peripheral joint mobilization, there was an increased stability of the execution in all outcome variables (Fig. 4). Consistency of measuresThe consistency obtained in both groups in the measurements recorded during pre-intervention mobilizations reached levels between poor and moderate (Fig. 4) [20]. However, after the intervention, the consistency of measures in both groups changed considerably. Thus, for G1 (traditional method), the consistency of measures improved slightly, ranging from moderate to good. On the other hand, consistency values observed in G2 (KRTF) were excellent [20], due to all kinematic variables reaching values of Cronbach’s alpha (95 % CI) greater than 0. 901 (total mobilization time) and 0. 899 (time to reach maximum displacement) during ankle plantar flexion and ankle dorsiflexion, respectively. A previous study showed consistency levels comparable to those demonstrated by two therapists with over 7 years’ experience in manual therapy [16], with inter-class correlation values between 0. 808 and 0. 928, although these values were achieved by manipulation of the cervical spine. Measures of consistency are very important because they are evidence that, in the same situation, the therapist is able to always provide the same answer, one of the principal characteristics that distinguish expert manual therapists [4]. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by presenting findings from a study comparing the KRTF method (which suggests an online or modern approach) with traditional teaching methods. The results indicate that while improvements were noted for both teaching methods, the KRTF method (which is likely aligned with online learning) achieved significantly greater improvements in kinematic parameters compared to the traditional method. This suggests that online education, represented by KRTF in the study, may not always be superior to traditional education, as both methods had varying degrees of effectiveness.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Shift work can negatively impact metabolic health. [SEP] Text: In this study, the reliability estimates for the autonomy (. 44) and control (. 47) subscales were inadequate (< 0. 6) and therefore omitted. Cronbach’s alpha ranged from 0. 62 to 0. 74 for the remaining climate factors, similar to previous research [12, 19]. The reliability estimates were as follows: involvement (. 69), co-worker cohesion (. 63), supervisor support (. 74), task orientation (. 65), work pressure (. 62), clarity (. 68), innovation (. 73) and physical comfort (. 72). Health(GHQ-28) [20, 21] assessed the general wellbeing of participants. The GHQ-28 consists of 28 items that are positively (n = 7) or negatively (n = 21) worded. The GHQ-28 produced a total score representing overall psychopathology, and four subscale totals (somatic complaints, anxiety and insomnia, social dysfunction and depression). A total score of above 13 was considered to be “acutely distressed” [22]. Cronbach’s alpha-estimated reliability of the GHQ ranged from 0. 80 to 0. 92 for the present study, consistent with prior research [12, 23]. The studied applied several statistical analyses which included logistic regression, and Roy–Bargmann stepdown analysis. ResultsData screeningPreliminary data screening revealed missing values distributed randomly across the items and participants; Little’s MCAR χ2 = 1922. 161, p > 0. 05. Expectation maximisation was used to replace missing values. Scale totals were constructed from item level responses and were subsequently screened for violations of normality and evidence of outliers. All variables exhibited acceptable levels of skew and kurtosis [24]. Univariate outliers (> ±3. 29 standard deviations from the mean) were identified for the social dysfunction subscales of the GHQ. These scores were within the possible range of scores and had negligible effects on parameter estimates when comparing analyses with and without the cases; therefore, the decision was made to retain these cases without transformation. An examination of Mahalanobis distance revealed no multivariate outliers (p < 0. 001). Health outcomes by shift typeThe results show that shift types differed in their mean scores on each of the health outcomes and organisational climate (see Table 1). On average, day shift staff exhibited a lower score on two of the five indices of health: social dysfunction and depression. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim directly or provide relevant information regarding the impact of shift work on metabolic health. Instead, it focuses on the reliability of various scales measuring health and well-being, particularly related to the GHQ-28, and describes findings related to social dysfunction and depression among different shift types. While it mentions health outcomes in relation to shift work, it does not explicitly support or contradict the claim about metabolic health.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Processed foods are generally higher in added sugars and preservatives. [SEP] Text: in via InstitutionLog in via Openin using your username and password For personal accounts OR managers of institutional accounts Username * Password * Forgot your log in details? Register a new account? Forgot your user name or password? for this keyword Advanced search Latest content authors by collection Search for this keyword Advanced search Main menu Latest content authors by collection Log in in via InstitutionLog in via Openin using your username and password For personal accounts OR managers of institutional accounts Username * Password * Forgot your log in details? Register a new account? Forgot your user name or password? BMJ are here, Issue 3 Ultra-processed foods and added sugars in the US diet: evidence from a nationally representative cross-sectional study Email alerts 2010. evaluated 9317 participants aged 1+ years with at least one 24 h dietary recall. Main outcome measures Average dietary content of added sugars and proportion of individuals consuming more than 10% of total energy from added sugars. Data analysis Gaussian and Poisson regressions estimated the association between consumption of ultra-processed foods and intake of added sugars. All models incorporated survey sample weights and adjusted for age, sex, race/ethnicity, family income and educational attainment. Results Ultra-processed foods comprised 57. 9% of energy intake, and contributed 89. 7% of the energy intake from added sugars. The content of added sugars in ultra-processed foods (21. 1% of calories) was eightfold higher than in processed foods (2. 4%) and fivefold higher than in unprocessed or minimally processed foods and processed culinary ingredients grouped together (3. 7%). Both in unadjusted and adjusted models, each increase of 5 percentage points in proportional energy intake from ultra-processed foods increased the proportional energy intake from added sugars by 1 percentage point. Consumption of added sugars increased linearly across quintiles of ultra-processed food consumption: from 7. 5% of total energy in the lowest quintile to 19. 5% in the highest. A total of 82. 1% of Americans in the highest quintile exceeded the recommended limit of 10% energy from added sugars, compared with 26. 4% in the lowest. the consumption of ultra-processed foods could be an effective way of reducing the excessive intake of added sugars in the USA. ultra-processedadded sugarsdietary intakeis an 4. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text supports the claim by providing data that shows ultra-processed foods contribute significantly more to added sugar intake compared to processed and unprocessed foods. It indicates that ultra-processed foods comprised 57.9% of energy intake and contributed 89.7% of the energy intake from added sugars, confirming that processed foods generally contain higher levels of added sugars.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Online classes require no time management or self-discipline skills. [SEP] Text: Take language assessment easy: the mediator impacts of self-assessment, test-taking skills in predicting student evaluation apprehension, foreign language learning self-esteem, and language achievement in online classes access Published: 04 July 2023 Take language assessment easy: the mediator impacts of self-assessment, test-taking skills in predicting student evaluation apprehension, foreign language learning self-esteem, and language achievement in online classes : orcid. org/0000-0001-9921-476X1,2, : orcid. org/0000-0002-5703-256X3, : orcid. org/0000-0002-4400-23104 & …Barana Belton5 Show authors in Asia 0. 844 to 0. 874. The participants’ levels of evaluation apprehension were measured using the (SEAS). Jaheidzadeh and Ghanizadeh (2021) designed and verified this scale. Twenty statements are included in SEA, each with a 5-point Likert scale ranging from 1 (“definitely disagree”) to 5 (“definitely agree”): reading commotion, presentation in the classroom, and participation in classroom discussions/question and answer exchanges. The SA levels of students were evaluated by Judge et al. (2003) utilizing the Core of Self‑assessments Questionnaire (CSAQ). A Likert scale from 1 to 5 is used for each of the 12 questions, with 1 indicating strong disagreement and 5 indicating strong agreement. On this scale, students obtained grades ranging from 12 to 60. A high score on this scale indicates that the respondent has a positive opinion of themselves. The findings of this study indicate that the CSEQ is reliable, with a coefficient of reliability of 0. 878, which meets the necessary requirements for use in practice. Using the Learning Self-esteem Scale (FLLSE), the researchers analyzed the level of confidence among university-level EFL students. Using a 5-point Likert scale (from 1 (strongly disagree) to 5 (strongly agree)), Rubio (2007) created this measure. Twenty-five measures make up FLLSE’s four dimensions, which are (1) language capability, (2) real in-class language utilization, (3) in-class correlations, and (4) attitude toward/behavior in the class of foreign language. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing various assessment tools and scales used to evaluate self-esteem and self-assessment skills, which implies that online students need to engage in self-management and self-discipline. The mention of evaluation apprehension and the reliance on self-assessment tools suggest that students must actively manage their time and self-regulate their learning in online environments.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Shift work can negatively impact metabolic health. [SEP] Text: In comparison, rotating shift workers exhibited the highest levels of psychological distress (as indicated by the GHQ total score), levels of anxiety and somatic symptoms. Moreover, night shift workers exhibited the highest scores relating to social dysfunction. However, the different shift types (rotating, night and day) revealed no significant differences for health outcomes subscales (p > 0. 05). The within-group variability on each of the health indices were similar for each of the shift types. Table 1 Mean scores (SD) for health outcome and organisational climate by shift typeFull size tableThirty eight percent of day and night shift staff were classified as “acutely distressed”. In comparison, 47% of rotating shift respondents were classified as “acutely distressed”. Logistic regression using distress status (acute vs. not acute) as the dependent variable (DV) and dichotomised shift work variables (day vs. night, day vs. rotating) as independent variables (IV) failed to demonstrate significant odds ratios (B = 0. 143, p > 0. 05, odds ratio = 2. 32). Organisational climate profile across shift typesOrganisational climate factors varied across shift type (see Table 1). Rotating staff exhibited the most positive perceptions of their work environment, reporting the highest levels of job involvement, co-worker cohesion, task orientation, and role clarity (Table 1). The within-group variability in levels of role clarity was shown to differ significantly among shift types (F(2,105) = 4. 22, p < 0. 05). and Roy–Bargmann stepdown analysis examined whether organisational climates differed across shift types. Given that the current study is a replication of a previous study [12] a similar order of priority was allocated to the DVs. The climate factors that were assigned the highest priority included coworker cohesion, job involvement, task orientation and innovation. These factors were followed by supervisor support, work pressure, role clarity and physical comfort, as studies have shown inconsistencies in whether they exhibit cross shift differences [12]. The results from this analysis are provided in Table 2. Table 2 The univariate effects exhibited by each organisational climate factorFull size tableThe multivariate effect for shift type was significant (Roy’s largest root = 0. 20, F(8, 99) = 2. 52, p = 0. 02). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is largely focused on psychological distress and the organisational climate factors across different shift types, stating that 'there were no significant differences for health outcomes subscales' and discussing various perceptions of work environments. Therefore, it does not address or provide evidence related to the claim about the impact of shift work on metabolic health.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Processed foods are generally higher in added sugars and preservatives. [SEP] Text: 23–25 This classification includes four groups: ‘unprocessed or minimally processed foods’ (such as fresh, dry or frozen fruits or vegetables, grains, legumes, meat, fish and milk); ‘processed culinary ingredients’ (including table sugar, oils, fats, salt, and other substances extracted from foods or from nature, and used in kitchens to make culinary preparations); ‘processed foods’ (foods manufactured with the addition of salt or sugar or other substances of culinary use to unprocessed or minimally processed foods, such as canned food and simple breads and cheese) and ‘ultra-processed foods’ (formulations of several ingredients which, besides salt, sugar, oils and fats, include food substances not used in culinary preparations, in particular, flavours, colours, sweeteners, emulsifiers and other additives used to imitate sensorial qualities of unprocessed or minimally processed foods and their culinary preparations or to disguise undesirable qualities of the final product). A detailed definition of each food group and examples of food items classified in each group are shown in online supplementary table S1. The rationale underlying the classification is described elsewhere. 26–29For all food items (Food Codes) judged to be a handmade recipe, the classification was applied to the underlying ingredients (Codes -SR Codes-) obtained from the Department of Agriculture (USDA) Food and for (FNDDS) 5. 0. 30 Refer to online supplementary material (OSM) for further details. Assessing energy and added sugar contentsFor this study, we used energy values as provided by. For handmade recipes, we calculated the underlying ingredient (SR Code) energy values using variables from both FNDDS 5. 030 and for Standard Reference, Release 24 (SR24). 31 Refer to OSM for further details. Data on added sugars per and per SR Code were obtained by merging the (FPED) 2009–2010 and the Database (FPID) 2009–2010. 32 Added sugars are defined in these databases as “sugars that are added to foods as an ingredient during preparation, processing, or at the table. Added sugars do not include naturally occurring sugars (eg, lactose in milk, fructose in fruits). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by explaining the classification of processed foods, which includes ‘processed foods’ that are made with the addition of salt or sugar, as well as ‘ultra-processed foods’ that contain several additional ingredients such as added sugars and preservatives. This aligns with the claim that processed foods have higher levels of added sugars and preservatives.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Online classes require no time management or self-discipline skills. [SEP] Text: In addition, Jöreskog (1990) recommends setting the cutoff value for the and CFI at a value of 0. 90 or higher. The influence of SA and TTS on SEA, S-E, and LA was validated by standardized estimates and t-values, which are shown in Figs. 2 and 3, respectively. The SA had a beneficial influence on SEA (β = 0. 92, t = 22. 28), FLLS-E (β = 0. 94, t = 25. 37), and LA (β = 0. 89, t = 20. 65). There was also a statistically significant positive impact that TTS had on SEA (β = 0. 59, t = 10. 21), S-E (β = 0. 72, t = 15. 63), and LA (β = 0. 81, t = 18. 54). Fig. 2A symbolic representation of the values of the path coefficients (model 1)Full size imageFig. 3 T values for path coefficient significance (model 1)Full size image4 summarizes, the chi-square/df ratio (2. 742), the RMSEA (0. 065), GFI (0. 924), NFI (0. 963), and CFI (0. 952) reached the acceptable fit thresholds. Table 4 Model fit indices (model 1)Full size tableFigures 4 and 5 show the route coefficient values for the correlations between SA, TTS (subfactors), SEA, S-E, and LA as calculated by model 2. It is possible to make conclusions about SA and SEA (β = 0. 92, t = 22. 41), FLLS-E (β = 0. 94, t = 25. 66), and LA (β = 0. 89, t = 20. 77). It was determined that the following factors are related to SEA and TTS (subfactors): before test (β = 0. 63, t = 11. 25), time management (β = 0. 58, t = 9. 74), during test (β = 0. 60, t = 10. 54), and after test (β = 0. 55, t = 8. 32). Furthermore, S-E was shown to be connected to before test (β = 0. 74, t = 16. 32), time management (β = 0. 69, t = 12. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses statistical analyses and model fit indices related to academic research, mentioning factors such as time management in the context of data analysis rather than the requirements of online classes. It does not provide any information either corroborating or contrasting with the claim.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Shift work can negatively impact metabolic health. [SEP] Text: Perceived level of cohesion was found to vary by shift type (F(2, 105) = 3. 31, p = 0. 041, η 2 = 0. 06). Post hoc comparisons revealed that this univariate effect was attributable to differences between night (M = 50. 77) and rotating (M = 57. 60) shift staff. Levels of physical comfort differed significantly according to shift type (F(2, 96) = 3. 16, p = 0. 047, η 2 = 0. 06). The night staff (M = 50. 08) reported higher levels of physical comfort than did rotating staff (M = 43. 55). Organisational climate and health outcomesIndividual regressions were conducted to evaluate the relative contributions of organisational climate factors for predicting the overall and four indices of psychopathology-somatic complaints, anxiety and insomnia, depression, social dysfunction (Table 3). Table 3 Regression results for health indicesFull size tableOverall, organisational climate factors made a significant contribution to the prediction of social dysfunction (ΔR2 = 0. 18, p = 0. 008), depression (ΔR2 = 0. 17, p = 0. 018), and GHQ total score (ΔR2 = 0. 17, p = 0. 009). Supervisor support made a significant unique contribution in predicting somatic complaints (B = − 0. 06, p = 0. 03), social dysfunction (B = − 0. 04, p = 0. 047), and GHQ total score (B = − 0. 16, p = 0. 04). The degree of task orientation was a significant unique predictor of social dysfunction (B = − 0. 04, p = 0. 047). None of the individual organisational climate factors predicted differences in levels of depression or anxiety and insomnia. DiscussionThe current study compared the organisational climate and health outcomes of nurses across different shift types. Shift-related differences in nurse health outcomesThe results revealed that scores on each of the health indices varied across shift types. Contrary to H1, the proportion of night and day staff classified as “acutely distressed” was the same. There were no statistical differences between shift groups for GHQ scores. This finding may be due in part to inadequate power from the small sample size of night staff. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text discusses various metrics related to organizational climate and health outcomes among nurses on different shift types. It notes differences in physical comfort and some psychopathology indices, but does not directly address the claim regarding the negative impact of shift work on metabolic health. Given this, the text is deemed irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Processed foods are generally higher in added sugars and preservatives. [SEP] Text: Examples of added sugars include brown sugar, cane sugar, confectioners’ sugar, granulated sugar, dextrose, white sugar, corn syrup and corn syrup solids, molasses, honey, and all types of syrups such as maple syrup, table syrups, and pancake syrup. ”32 These two databases express the content of added sugars in teaspoons per 100 g. Teaspoons were converted into grams using the factor 4. 2 g/teaspoon and into kcal using the factor 3. 87 kcal/g. Data analysisWe utilised all available day 1 dietary data for each participant. Food items were sorted into mutually exclusive food subgroups within unprocessed or minimally processed foods (n=11), processed culinary ingredients (n=4), processed foods (n=4) and ultra-processed foods (n=18), as shown in table 1. First, we evaluated the contributions of each of the NOVA food groups and subgroups to total energy and to the energy from added sugars. Next, we calculated the average content of added sugars in the overall US diet and in fractions of this diet composed by each of the NOVA food groups and subgroups. We also calculated the dietary content of added sugars in the group of unprocessed or minimally processed foods combined with the group of processed culinary ingredients, as foods belonging to these two groups are usually combined together in culinary preparations and therefore consumed together. View this table:View inline View popup Table 1 Distribution of the total energy intake and of the energy intake from added sugars according to food groups, and the mean content of added sugars of each food groupWe used Gaussian regression to estimate the association between the dietary contribution of ultra-processed foods and the dietary content of added sugars, each expressed as proportions of total energy. This association was also explored after adjusting for the proportion of added sugars in non-ultra-processed energy intake. The dietary contribution of ultra-processed foods was transformed using restricted cubic spline functions to allow for non-linearity. The average content of added sugars in the overall diet was compared across quintiles of the dietary contribution of ultra-processed foods. Poisson regression was used to assess whether the percentage of diets with more than 10% or 20% of total energy from added sugars increased across quintiles. This increase was also evaluated across demographic subgroups in stratified analysis. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text provides an analysis of dietary data that evaluates the contributions of various food groups, including ultra-processed foods, to total energy and energy from added sugars. It indicates that a study was conducted to explore the association between ultra-processed foods and added sugars, supporting the claim that processed foods generally contain higher amounts of added sugars.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Online classes require no time management or self-discipline skills. [SEP] Text: 87), during test (β = 0. 71, t = 14. 48), and after test (β = 0. 66, t = 11. 43). A similar pattern emerges when looking at the LA and TTS subfactors: before test (β = 0. 82, t = 19. 85), time management (β = 0. 80, t = 19. 13), during test (β = 0. 85, t = 20. 06), and after test (β = 0. 77, t = 16. 98). Fig. 4A symbolic representation of the values of the path coefficients (model 2)Full size imageFig. 5 T values for path coefficient significance (model 2)Full size imageThe second model’s fit indices are also included in Table 5. (0. 069) and chi-square (2. 985) ratios indicate a satisfactory match. In addition, the CFI (0. 923), NFI (0. 949), and GFI (0. 935) were all within reasonable ranges. Table 5 Model fit indicesFull size tableDiscussionThe purpose of this study was to probe into the effects that establishing and practicing and S-E on AE and LA while participating in online courses at academic institutions may have. In order to accomplish this objective, a qualitative study inquiry was carried out with EFL students who were enrolled in language schools in Turkey and were making use of online learning opportunities. According to the findings, students who participate in SA and TTS have greater levels of SEA and S-E and also have better exam scores. These results demonstrated the significant role that online courses and evaluation play in enhancing students’ emotional well-being and their desire to continue their education. The next part of this 28. L. F. (2015). Justifying the use of language assessments: Linking test performance with consequences. JLTA Journal, 18, 3–22. 29. (in press). R. , & Mentis, M. (2013). Self-assessment as a process for inclusion. of Inclusive Education, 17(8), 854–867. 68. S. F. , Hussain, M. , Kumar, T. , Goodarzi, A. , & Assefa, Y. (2022). The core of self-assessment and academic stress among EFL learners: The mediating role of coping styles. in Asia, 12, 21. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by highlighting the importance of self-assessment and time management in online courses. It states that students who participate in structured activities (self-assessment and time tracking strategies) demonstrate greater self-efficacy and academic performance, implying that online learning does indeed require time management and self-discipline for success.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Shift work can negatively impact metabolic health. [SEP] Text: The results suggest that supervisor support could mitigate negative health outcomes, such as somatic complaints including migraines, fever, and generally feeling run down. The finding aligns with previous studies [28], where social support (both co-worker and supervisor) was found to be preventative for somatic symptoms such as headaches and gastric problems. What remains unclear is how supervisor support has the ability to prevent somatic symptoms in employees. The potential role of stress as a mediator or moderator of this relationship could be explored in future studies. Social dysfunction was minimised by supervisor support. One indicator of supervisor support was whether participants felt they were able to be open with their supervisor about issues such as asking for a pay rise and discussing personal problems. It may be that the openness of the supervisor-employee relationship influences social functioning. Task orientation emerged as an additional organisational climate factor that significantly predicted lower social dysfunction. One explanation is that the more focused nurses are at work, the more efficient they are in completing the tasks as part of their role, and the less impact there will be on their social functioning. They are likely to be able to leave on time and have less work-to-family spillover. In contrast to previous findings by et al. [12], work pressure, involvement, and co-worker cohesion did not significantly predict any of the health indices. As the results of this study vary from those of von Treuer et al. [12] which suggests that the results from the earlier study cannot be considered generalisable, though findings may also reflect changes over time. Nevertheless, the findings of this study highlight the importance of an effective supervisor-employee relationship and uncovered significant gaps in current understanding about the impact of shift work on employee and organisational outcomes. LimitationsThe current study was a correlational study which prevents the ability to draw causal inferences about the relationship between organisational climate and health outcomes. The major limitation was small sample size, subsequent low power, and a potential type two error. Nurses are renowned for being an over surveyed population and this may also provide some insight into our response rate due to overexposure or ‘survey fatigue’. Furthermore, specific situational stressors may also impact findings. For example, one of the healthcare centres involved in the study was undergoing organisational accreditation during the recruitment phase of the study. Although some previous findings were replicated, a claim of generalization to Australian nurses more broadly would need to be tested. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not directly address the claim about shift work impacting metabolic health. Instead, it focuses on the relationship between supervisor support and various health outcomes, including somatic complaints and social dysfunction. While it acknowledges that there are gaps in understanding the impact of shift work on employee health, it does not provide evidence that confirms or denies the claim regarding the negative impacts of shift work on metabolic health specifically.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Processed foods are generally higher in added sugars and preservatives. [SEP] Text: Meat, fruit and milk provided the most calories among unprocessed or minimally processed foods; ham and cheese, the most calories among processed foods; and table sugar and plant oils, the most calories among processed culinary ingredients. Distribution of energy intake from added sugars by food groupsThe average US daily intake of added sugars was 292. 2 kcal (table 1). Notably, almost 90% of this (89. 7%) came from ultra-processed foods. The main sources of added sugars among ultra-processed foods were: soft drinks (17. 1% of US intake of added sugars); fruit drinks (13. 9%); milk-based drinks (4. 6%); cakes, cookies and pies (11. 2%); breads (7. 6%); desserts (7. 3%); sweet snacks (7. 1%); breakfast cereals (6. 4%); and ice creams and ice pops (5. 9%). In contrast, only 8. 7% of the added sugars in the US diet came from processed culinary ingredients (table sugar consumed as part of dishes or drinks prepared from scratch by consumers or a cook), and only 1. 6% from processed foods. The average content of added sugars in ultra-processed foods (21. 1% of calories) was eightfold higher than in processed foods (2. 4%) and fivefold higher than in unprocessed or minimally processed foods and processed culinary ingredients grouped together (3. 7%) (table 1). Association between consumption of ultra-processed foods and added sugar intakeIn unadjusted restricted cubic splines Gaussian regression analysis, a strong linear association was identified between the dietary contribution (percentage of calories) of ultra-processed foods and the dietary content (percentage of calories) in added sugars (coefficient for linear term=0. 20, 95% CI 0. 17 to 0. 23) (figure 1). Download figure Open in new tab Download powerpoint Figure 1 The dietary content in added sugars regressed on the dietary contribution of ultra-processed foods evaluated by restricted cubic splines. US population aged 1+ years ( Survey 2009–2010) (N=9317). The values shown on the x-axis correspond to the 5th, 27. 5th, 50th, 72. 5th, and 95th centiles for percentage of total energy from ultra-processed foods (knots). Coefficient for linear term=0. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by presenting that ultra-processed foods contribute significantly to added sugar intake, indicating that processed foods are indeed higher in added sugars. Specifically, it states that almost 90% of added sugars in the US diet came from ultra-processed foods, which are a category of processed foods, supporting the notion that processed foods typically contain higher levels of added sugars compared to unprocessed or minimally processed foods.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Community gardens contribute to food security in urban areas. [SEP] Text: This way the government not only hopes to limit public spending, but also wishes to increase social bonding and the self-organisational capacity of society. Community gardens fit the rhetoric around the participatory society, as they are examples of organised residents taking responsibility for their living environment. Moreover, the literature suggests that gardens are physical interventions that may decrease isolation by acting as meeting places. However, both the extent to which community gardens enhance social cohesion and under what conditions they may do so are unclear, especially as gardens come in various designs, shapes and sizes. The popularity of community gardens also seems to be related to an overall increasing societal interest in food, and can be discussed in relation to Networks. AFNs are food systems that are different in some way from the mainstream, and are seen as a reaction to consumer concerns about the conventional food system. They are often considered to be dictated by political motivations and injected with a ‘deeper morality’. The category ‘AFN’ is however a heterogeneous category, as is the conventional food system; neither can be easily defined. The degree to which community gardens can be seen as AFNs is therefore unclear. While they do improve the availability of local food and operate outside of the market economy, we do not know how much and how often people eat from their gardens, nor do we know to what extent they are involved in the gardens in order to provide an alternative to the industrial food system. Hence, there is a lack of knowledge about the sense in which community gardens are alternative alternatives. Research questions The overall research question of this thesis is: What is the significance of community gardening in terms of its intention to promote social cohesion as well as its representation as an alternative food system? This broad question is instructed by the following sub-questions: Why do people get involved in community gardens? What are their motivations? How, to what extent, and under which conditions does community gardening promote the development of social relations between participants? How do participants value these social effects? To what extent do the diets of community garden participants originate from the gardens in which they are involved? What is the importance of food in community gardens? What is the importance of growing or getting access to alternative food for participants of community gardens? important theoretical lens in this research is the theory of practice. Practices are defined as concrete human activity and include things, bodily doings and sayings. By performing practices people not only draw upon but also feed into structure. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by highlighting ambiguity regarding the effectiveness of community gardens in improving food security. While it states that community gardens 'do improve the availability of local food,' it also questions the extent to which people actually consume food from these gardens and how involved they are in gardening. The text mentions a lack of knowledge on the contribution of community gardens as an alternative food source.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Shift work can negatively impact metabolic health. [SEP] Text: ; of mPer1, mPer2, and mPer3 in the SCN Circadian Clock. Neuron. 2001, 30 (2) 525-536. DOI: 10. 1016/S0896-6273(01)00302-6 Wickwire, E. M. ; Geiger-Brown, J. ; Scharf, S. M. ; Drake, C. L. ; Sleep Disorder: Clinical and Organizational Perspectives. Chest. 2017, 151 (5) 1156-1172. DOI: 10. 1016/j. chest. 2016. 12. 007. Boivin, D. B. ; Boudreau, P. Impacts of shift work on sleep and circadian rhythms. Pathologie Biologie. 2014, 62 (5) 292-301. DOI: 10. 1016/j. patbio. 2014. 08. 001 Mohd Azmi, N. A. S. ; Juliana, N. ; Azmani, S. ; Mohd Effendy, N. ; Abu, I. F. ; Teng, N. I. ; Das, S. Cortisol on on Cardiovascular System. . 2021, 18 (2) 676. DOI: 10. 3390/ijerph18020676 Boivin, D. B. ; Tremblay, G. M. ; James, F. O. Working on atypical schedules. Sleep Medicine. 2007, 8 (6) 578-589. DOI: 10. 1016/j. sleep. 2007. 03. 015. Boivin, D. B. ; Boudreau, P. ; Tremblay, G. M. Phototherapy and orange-tinted goggles for night-shift adaptation of police officers on patrol. Chronobiol Int. 2012, 29 (5) 629-640. DOI: 10. 3109/07420528. 2012. 675252 Black, N. ; D'Souza, A. ; Wang, Y. ; Piggins, H. ; Dobrzynski, H. ; Morris, G. ; Boyett, M. R. Circadian rhythm of cardiac electrophysiology, arrhythmogenesis, and the underlying mechanisms. Heart Rhythm. 2019, 16 (2) 298-307. DOI: 10. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text provided is a list of references and does not explicitly address the claim regarding the negative impact of shift work on metabolic health. It includes various studies and articles related to subjects such as circadian rhythms and sleep disorders but does not provide any direct evidence or discussion about metabolic health specifically.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Processed foods are generally higher in added sugars and preservatives. [SEP] Text: 20 (95% CI 0. 17 to 0. 23). There was little evidence of non-linearity in the restricted cubic spline model (Wald test for linear term p<0. 0001; Wald test for all non-linear terms p=0. 27). There was little evidence of non-linearity in the restricted cubic spline model (Wald test for linear term p<0. 0001; Wald test for all non-linear terms p=0. 27). The strength of the association remained fairly the same after adjusting for age, sex, race/ethnicity, family income, educational attainment and proportion of added sugars in non-ultra-processed energy intake (coefficient for linear term=0. 19, 95% CI 0. 17 to 0. 22). Overall, each increase in 5 percentage points of energy in consumption of ultra-processed foods was associated with 1 higher percentage point of energy in the consumption of added sugars. Across quintiles of energy-adjusted ultra-processed food consumption, the intake of added sugars increased substantially and monotonically from 7. 5% of total calories in the lowest quintile to 19. 5% in the highest quintile. Across the same quintiles, the proportion of individuals consuming more than 10% of total energy from added sugars (59. 6% in the total population) increased from 26. 4% to 82. 1%, respectively. An even more pronounced increase was seen in the proportion of individuals consuming more than 20% of their total energy from added sugars: from 4. 7% in the lowest quintile to 41. 2% in the highest quintile (table 2). Similar increases were seen in stratified analysis by major demographic subgroups (see online supplementary table S2). The magnitude and the statistical significance of the association between the dietary contribution of ultra-processed foods and the dietary content in added sugars did not change with adjustment for sex, age, race/ethnicity, family income and educational attainment. View this table:View inline View popup Table 2 Indicators of the dietary content in added sugars according to the dietary contribution of ultra-processed foodsDiscussionIn this analysis of nationally representative data, we confirmed the excessive consumption of added sugars in the USA. 1011 We also provide new evidence that ultra-processed foods represent more than half of all calories in the US diet, and contribute nearly 90% of all added sugars. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by providing evidence that ultra-processed foods contribute significantly to the intake of added sugars in the diet. It states that each increase in ultra-processed food consumption is associated with a higher percentage of energy from added sugars, highlighting that the intake of added sugars increases substantially with higher consumption of these foods. Specifically, it mentions that the intake of added sugars rose from 7.5% in the lowest quintile of ultra-processed food consumption to 19.5% in the highest quintile, supporting the claim that processed foods generally have higher amounts of added sugars.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Community gardens contribute to food security in urban areas. [SEP] Text: , Reference Nelson, Shih, Balick and Lampe2007) and respiratory paralysis occur after ingestion of A. cynapium (Schade and Jockusch, and Jockusch2018), cardiac arrhythmias (Nelson et al. , Reference Nelson, Shih, Balick and Lampe2007) and cardiac arrest result from the consumption of C. majalis and the intake of Ilex spec. fruits leads to cardiac arrhythmias and paralysis (Schade and Jockusch, and Jockusch2018). Daphne mezereum is poisonous even when touched and can cause central nervous system damage and circulatory collapse after tachycardia when ingested. In addition, mezerein, a secondary metabolite in D. mezereum, induces a long-term carcinogenic effect (Lochstampfer, Reference Lochstampfer2018). Figure 1. Lily of the Valley (Convallaria majalis) in flower (a) with red fruit (b). Also visible are the leaves, which are very similar to those of edible wild garlic (Allium ursinum) (c). Red berries of Daphne (Daphne mezereum) (d) and holly tree (Ilex spec. ) (e) can easily be mistaken for edible berries. Images are taken from the website pixabay ( The mildly to moderately poisonous plants consisted of 25 purely ornamental plants, 12 food plants that are edible either at very low doses or after appropriate preparation, and 11 taxa that can serve as both food and ornamental plants. Risks may arise from the bulbs of decorative plants such as daffodil (Narcissus pseudonarcissus) or iris (Iris sibirica) as they can be confused with the edible onion Allium cepa. Another common mistake can be the misidentification of crocus Ixieae spec. as wild garlic A. ursinum, which were not present in the community gardens studied here, but are common and widespread in urban green spaces such as parks. In addition, a variety of plant taxa produce capsules or pods that look similar to edible legume beans (e. g. , Phaseolus vulgaris). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim about community gardens and food security. Instead, it discusses the poisoning risks of various plants and the misidentification of edible versus non-edible plants, without providing any supporting or contrasting information regarding the role of community gardens in enhancing food security.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Shift work can negatively impact metabolic health. [SEP] Text: 1016/j. hrthm. 2018. 08. 026. Cruz-Topete, D. ; Oakley, R. H. ; Cidlowski, J. A. and the Aging Heart. Frontiers in Endocrinology. 2020, (11) 1664-2392. DOI: 10. 3389/fendo. 2020. 00347 Takeda, N. ; Maemura, K. . J. Cardiol. 2011, 57 (3), 249−256. DOI: 10. 1016/j. jjcc. 2011. 02. 00. Zhang, J. ; Chatham, J. C. ; Young, M. E. of Cardiac Physiology: Keep the Heart Beating. Physiol. 2020, 10 (82) 79-101. DOI: 10. 1146/annurev-physiol-020518-114349 Chellappa, S. L. ; Vujovic, N. ; Williams, J. S. ; Scheer, F. A. J. L. Impact of on and Disease. Metab. 2019, 30 (10), 767-779. DOI: 10. 1016/j. tem. 2019. 07. 008 Fujino, Y. ; Iso, H. ; Tamakoshi, A. ; Inaba, Y. ; Koizumi, A. ; Kubo, T. ; Yoshimura, T. Group. A prospective cohort study of shift work and risk of ischemic heart disease in Japanese male workers. Epidemiol. 2006, 164 (2), 128-35. DOI: 10. 1093/aje/kwj185 Vaughn, B. V. ; Rotolo, S. ; Roth, H. Circadian rhythm and sleep influences on digestive physiology and disorders. ChronoPhysiology and Therapy. 2014, 67-77. DOI: 10. 2147/CPT. S44806 Taleb, Z. ; Karpowicz, Phillip. Circadian regulation of digestive and metabolic tissues. Am. J. Physiol. Cell Physiol. 2022, 323 (2). DOI: 10. 1152/ajpcell. 00166. 2022 Stephan, F. K. ; Swann, J. M. ; Sisk, C. L. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not directly address the claim regarding the impact of shift work on metabolic health. Instead, it lists various studies and their respective details without making a conclusive statement or providing evidence that supports or contradicts the claim. As such, the relevance of this text to the claim is minimal.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Processed foods are generally higher in added sugars and preservatives. [SEP] Text: Added sugars represented 1 of every 5 calories in the average ultra-processed food (21. 1%), far higher than the content of added sugars in processed foods (2. 4%) and in unprocessed or minimally processed foods, and processed culinary ingredients grouped together (3. 7%). A strong linear relationship was found between the dietary contribution of ultra-processed foods and the dietary content of added sugars. Moreover, the risk of exceeding the recommended upper limit of 10% energy from added sugars was far higher when ultra-processed food consumption was high, and risk differences were even more pronounced for exceeding a limit of 20% energy. Notably, only those Americans in the lowest quintile of ultra-processed food consumption met the recommended limit of <10% energy from added sugars. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study to assess the consumption of ultra-processed foods and establish its relationship with excessive added sugar intake in the USA. The high consumption of added sugars in the USA is most likely contributing to excess obesity, type 2 diabetes, dyslipidaemia, hypertension and coronary heart disease. 13–5 Consequently, most dietary guidelines now recommend limiting added sugar consumption. However, such guidelines are not always clear on how to put this recommendation into practice. Our study suggests that in the USA, limiting the consumption of ultra-processed foods may be a highly effective way to decrease added sugars. A reduction in ultra-processed foods should also increase the intake of more healthful, minimally processed foods such as milk, fruits and nuts, and freshly prepared dishes based on whole grains and vegetables, which would produce additional health benefits beyond the reduction in added sugar. Consistent with this approach, in Brazil, where the consumption of added sugars is as high as in the USA,33 the new dietary guidelines launched in 2014 emphasise the importance of not replacing unprocessed or minimally processed foods and freshly prepared dishes by ultra-processed foods. 34Few studies have assessed the impact of levels of food processing on the nutrient profile of the US diet. One analysis using data from 2003–200835 used a food classification system36 including ‘Mixtures of combined Ingredients’ and ‘Ready-to-eat’, which are mostly ultra-processed foods, and together contributed to about half of the total energy intake and three-quarters of energy intake from added sugars. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by detailing that added sugars constitute a significant portion of calories in ultra-processed foods (21.1%), which is substantially higher than in processed foods (2.4%). This indicates that processed foods can vary in sugar content, with ultra-processed foods having particularly high added sugars. Furthermore, the text demonstrates a strong linear relationship between the consumption of ultra-processed foods and the intake of added sugars, reinforcing the idea that processed foods often have higher levels of added sugars.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Community gardens contribute to food security in urban areas. [SEP] Text: Agricultura urbana agroecológica na perspectiva da promoção da saúde. Saúde Soc. 2015;24(2):730-43. 20 Enqvist J, Tengo M, Bodin Õ. Citizen networks in the Garden City: Protecting urban ecosystems in rapid urbanization. Plan. 2014;130:24-35. 21. Cultivo de hortaliças no sistema orgânico. Rev Ceres. 2014;61Supl:829-37. 22 Freire M, Ramos IJ. Solo agrícola e agricultura em espaço urbano: dinâmicas. O exemplo de Évora. GOT. 2014 [citado 2017 set 30];(6):113-34. Disponível em: » 23 Hunter AJ, Luck G. Defining and measuring the social-ecological quality of urban greenspace: A semi-systematic review. Urban Ecosyst. 2015;18(4):1139-63. Publication in this collection12 Sept 2019 Date of issue2019 History Received24 Jan 2019 Reviewed14 June 2019 Accepted18 July 2019 This is an 2018. 2 Types of crops found in community gardens: fruits (A), leafy vegetables (B), non-leafy vegetables (C). Salvador (BA), Brazil, 2017-2018. 1 Characteristics of five community gardens. Salvador (BA), Brazil, 2017-2018. 2 Socioeconomic characteristics of horticulturists in urban community gardens. Salvador (BA), Brazil, 2017-2018. ×1 Areas (neighborhoods) visited with the indication of urban gardens. Salvador (BA), Brazil, 2017-2018. ×2 Types of crops found in community gardens: fruits (A), leafy vegetables (B), non-leafy vegetables (C). Salvador (BA), Brazil, 2017-2018. ×1 Characteristics of five community gardens. Salvador (BA), Brazil, 2017-2018. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not provide any clear evidence or arguments supporting or contrasting the claim about community gardens and food security. Instead, it lists various studies and characteristics of community gardens without explicitly discussing their role in contributing to food security in urban areas.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Shift work can negatively impact metabolic health. [SEP] Text: Anticipation of 24-hr feeding schedules in rats with lesions of the suprachiasmatic nucleus. Behavioral and Neural Biology. 1979, 25 (3), 346-363. DOI: 10. 1016/S0163-1047(79)90415-1 Fustin, J. M. ; Doi, M. ; Yamada, H. ; Komatsu, R. ; Shimba, S. ; Okamura, H. Rhythmic nucleotide synthesis in the liver: temporal segregation of metabolites. Cell Rep. 2012, 1 (4), 341-349. DOI: 10. 1016/j. celrep. 2012. 03. 001 Neufeld-Cohen, A. ; Robles, M. S. ; Aviram, R. ; Manella, G. ; Adamovich, Y. ; Ladeuix, B. ; Nir, D. ; Rousso-Noori, L. ; Kuperman, Y. ; Golik, M. ; Mann, M. ; Asher, G. Circadian control of oscillations in mitochondrial rate-limiting enzymes and nutrient utilization by proteins. PNAS. 2016, 113 (12), 1673-1682. DOI: 10. 1073/pnas. 1519650113 Jacobi, D. ; Liu, S. ; Burkewitz, K. ; Kory, N. ; Knudsen, N. H. ; Alexander, R. K. ; Unluturk, U. ; Li, X. ; Kong, X. ; Hyde, A. L. ; Gangl, M. R. ; Mair, W. B. ; Lee, C. H. Hepatic Bmal1 Fitness. Cell Metab. 2015, 22 (4), 709-720. DOI: 10. 1016/j. cmet. 2015. 08. 006 Pan, X. ; Bradfield, C. A. ; Hussain, M. M. Global and hepatocyte-specific ablation of Bmal1 induces hyperlipidaemia and enhances atherosclerosis. Nat. Commun. 2016, 7 (1). DOI: 10. 1038/ncomms130. Rudic, R. D. ; McNamara, P. ; Curtis, A. M. ; Boston, R. C. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text provided is a list of citations and titles from various scientific articles that do not directly address the claim regarding shift work and its impact on metabolic health. Since the content lacks specific details or findings related to shift work and metabolic health, it is deemed irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Processed foods are generally higher in added sugars and preservatives. [SEP] Text: Another study evaluated household barcoded purchasing data from 2000 to 2012 using a classification system guided by the one used in our study. 37 In 2012, the mean per capita purchase of ‘highly processed foods’, a category similar to ultra-processed foods, corresponded to 61. 0% of all calories and had higher adjusted median total sugar content than ‘less processed foods’. This report did not evaluate added sugars nor the contribution of processed foods to sugar intake. It also did not capture non-barcoded items such as unpackaged fresh fruit, vegetables and meat, or highly processed foods such as ready-to-eat store-prepared items. An investigation in Canada, using 2001 household purchasing data, found that ultra-processed foods are high in free sugars and that only households in the lowest quintile of ultra-processed food purchasing might have met the recommended limit of <10% energy from free sugars (9. 2%). 38 Being based on household purchasing data, these two prior studies and others based on the NOVA classification system2339–42 could not evaluate the fraction of wasted food nor purchases at restaurants, which represent a substantial proportion of US calories. Our findings build on and considerably extend these prior reports by evaluating food processing and added sugar intake using contemporary, nationally representative dietary intake data in the USA. Our study has several strengths. We studied a large, nationally representative sample of the US population, increasing generalisability. Use of data on added sugars, rather than total sugars or sugar-sweetened beverages, corresponds to the relevant area of prioritisation of recent national and international guidelines. Our investigation was based on individual consumption data, rather than market disappearance or household purchasing data which cannot account for differences between amounts purchased and amounts actually consumed. Potential limitations should be considered. As with most population measures, dietary data obtained by 24 h recalls are imperfect. However, the standardised methods and approach of minimise potential error and bias, particularly for assessing population averages as focused on in the present study. Previous studies suggest that people with obesity may under-report consumption of foods with caloric sweeteners43 such as desserts and sweet baked goods. 4445 If so, these biases may lead to an underestimation of the dietary contribution of ultra-processed foods and the overall intake of added sugars, but should have much less effect on the association between these. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by stating that ultra-processed foods are high in free sugars, supporting the notion that processed foods tend to have higher sugar content. It also highlights findings regarding 'highly processed foods' having higher median total sugar content compared to 'less processed foods.' Additionally, it discusses how the study focuses on individual consumption of added sugars from processed foods, reinforcing the claim that processed foods are rich in added sugars.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Community gardens contribute to food security in urban areas. [SEP] Text: AbstractIn the face of a dire food security challenge in South Africa, high food price spikes in 2008 revitalised a governmental emphasis on the value of urban agricultural responses, especially at the local and household level. Limited empirical evidence casts doubt on this as a suitable response. This paper fills that gap to some extent and confirms a modest impact of an urban agriculture-based programme implemented by the former of Agriculture, Conservation, and Environment, which established community gardens for the poorest of the poor. Prior reviews finding modest impacts elsewhere have lead to a polarised academic literature, criticism of urban agriculture as a response to food insecurity and development at large contrasts widespread advocacy. In this paper, a new insight is gleaned by opening up the implementation of ‘black box’ to reconfigure the polarised debate thus far. In one sense, the findings reiterate the potential but ambiguous and modest benefits of urban agriculture as a response to the complex food-insecurity problem due to government systems and processes. The implementation of community-based programmes, if pursued further, requires far greater institutional integration and contextual backing, especially considering a more sophisticated understanding of urban food systems. For example, the blurring between income-based and subsistence rationales within programme and policy provisions frustrate the overall success of community gardening, with implementation processes failing to achieve either. Gardens therefore fail to find a niche within wider systems of production, marketing and availability, or as safety nets and social protection. In another sense, the discussion suggests a more critical review of the continuing (misplaced) discursive biases of urban agriculture within policy and practice. This means that although there is more to be researched in terms of the ‘practice of urban agriculture’ and its implementation in specific contexts, we cannot forego critical evaluation of (discursive) policy dynamics, their institutional effects and their manifest praxis. This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access. Access this 34. 9910 units per month Download 39. 95 Price excludes VAT (USA) Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout. Instant access to the full 2009. Although the most urbanized of the provinces in South Africa, the new department has taken a far more rural perspective than its predecessor the GDACE, although from annual reports appears to have maintained the same programmes while adding on some new ones. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the ambiguous and modest benefits of urban agriculture, including community gardens. It highlights that although there is potential for community gardens to assist with food security, the evidence presented indicates limitations and critiques regarding their effectiveness as a suitable response to food insecurity. The text argues that community gardening has struggled to find a role within broader systems of production and protection, suggesting that implementation processes have generally failed to achieve their goals.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Shift work can negatively impact metabolic health. [SEP] Text: ; Panda, S. ; Hogenesch, J. B. ; 1 and CLOCK, two essential components of the circadian clock, are involved in glucose homeostasis. PLoS Biol. 2004, 2 (11), 377. DOI: 10. 1371/journal. pbio. 0020377 Kim, C. W. ; Yun, K. E. ; Jung, H. S. ; Chang, Y. ; Choi, E. S. ; Kwon, M. J. ; Lee, E. H. ; Woo, E. J. ; Kim, N. H. ; Shin, H. ; Ryu, S. Sleep duration and quality in relation to non-alcoholic fatty liver disease in middle-aged workers and their spouses. J Hepatol. 2013, 59 (2), 351-357. DOI: 10. 1016/j. jhep. 2013. 03. 035 Lin, Y. M. ; Chang, J. H. ; Yeh, K. T. ; Yang, M. Y. ; Liu, T. C. ; Lin, S. F. ; Su, W. W. ; Chang, J. G. Disturbance of circadian gene expression in hepatocellular carcinoma. Mol Carcinog. 2008, 47 (12), 925-933. DOI: 10. 1002/mc. 20446 Stevenson, N. R. ; Ferrigni, F. ; Parnicky, K. ; Day, S. ; Fierstein, J. S. Effect of changes in feeding schedule on the diurnal rhythms and daily activity levels of intestinal brush border enzymes and transport systems. Acta. 1975, 406 (1), 131-145. DOI: 10. 1016/0005-2736(75)90048-6. PMID: 240440. Qiu, J. M. ; Roberts, S. A. ; Potten, C. S. Cell migration in the small and large bowel shows a strong circadian rhythm. Biol. 1994, 3 (4), 137-148. PMID: 7550605. Schernhammer, E. S. ; Laden, F. ; Speizer, F. E. ; Willett, W. C. ; Hunter, D. J. ; Kawachi, I. ; Fuchs, C. S. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim regarding shift work's impact on metabolic health specifically. It mainly discusses the role of circadian clocks and gene expression in various health contexts without linking them to shift work or providing evidence on its negative effects on metabolic health.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Processed foods are generally higher in added sugars and preservatives. [SEP] Text: collects some information indicative of food processing (ie, place of meals, product brands), these data are not consistently determined for all food items, which could lead to modest overestimation or underestimation of the consumption of ultra-processed foods. In conclusion, we found that ultra-processed foods contribute almost 60% of calories and 90% of added sugars consumed in the USA. in the lowest quintile of ultra-processed food consumption met the recommended guidelines for intake of added sugars. Decreasing the consumption of ultra-processed foods could be an effective way of reducing the excessive intake of added sugars in the USA. 2015. ↵NHS Health Choices. Eight tips for healthy eating. (accessed Aug 2015). ↵ Position Statement, August 2014. (accessed Aug 2015). ↵ Committee of the Council on Nutrition, Physical Activity, and Metabolism and the Council on Epidemiology and Prevention. Dietary sugars intake and cardiovascular health: a scientific statement from the Association. Circulation 2009;120:1011–20. doi:10. 1161/. 109. 192627OpenUrlAbstract/↵of the 2015 Advisory Committee. Department of Agriculture and US Department of health and human services. Dietary guidelines for Americans, 2010. 7th edn, Washington DC: 2010. ↵ Intake of added sugars and selected nutrients in the United States, Survey () 2003–2006. Nutr 2010;50:228–58. doi:10. 1080/10408391003626223of Science↵Bowman SA. Diets of individuals based on energy intakes from added sugars. 1999;12:31–8. OpenUrl↵Murphy S, Johnson R. The scientific basis of recent US guidance on sugars intake. 2003;78:827S–33S. OpenUrlAbstract/↵ Consumption of added sugars is decreasing in the United States. 2011;94:726–34. doi:10. 3945/ajcn. 111. 018366OpenUrlAbstract/↵ Added sugar intake and cardiovascular diseases mortality among US adults. 2014;174:516–24. doi:10. 1001/jamainternmed. 2013. 13563↵Department of Agriculture. Service. Sugar and Tables. (accessed Aug 2015). ↵ Survey (accessed Aug 2015). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by stating that ultra-processed foods contribute almost 60% of calories and 90% of added sugars consumed in the USA. This indicates a significant link between processed foods and higher levels of added sugars, supporting the assertion that processed foods are generally higher in added sugars.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Community gardens contribute to food security in urban areas. [SEP] Text: (2006) reminds us, there is a complex relationship between the components of food security, being food self-reliant does not automatically equate with food-self sufficiency. Cities, for example, are likely then always to rely, at least in part on rural areas producing staple food crops. Farmers are also exposed to the inherent risks of agriculture, such as pests, environmental factors and socio-political changes such as land transfers/loss (Maxwell 1995). There is no precedence for the HFIAS being used as a back-casting tool. It was only used to provide some idea of the changing perceptions of the beneficiaries; the core focus was on their current food security status. It is revealing that there is no discernable improvement to food security noted by the responses by gardeners. One would hope for a clear indication that things had improved, even if not rigorously testable. If this was the gardeners’ only income, it would need to be above the food poverty line or the cost of a nutritionally adequate subsistence diet for a household (Rose and Charlton 2002) or at least sufficient to make up for any deficit in food not catered for from the garden. With an average of four people per project, this is unlikely to be sufficient money. (2007, p. 39) report provides a conservative estimate of financial losses based on beneficiary attrition alone. If R4000 is spent per beneficiary there was an average loss of R 80 545. 50project. This should not be considered a criticism of their study as dietary diversity was not their core focus. It is also only used in the to get an understanding of the dietary diversity, not provide evidence for a causal link between gardens and dietary diversity. It should be acknowledged that there are potential issues of preference at play here that could mean people forego the more nutritious food to purchase the preferred foods. The subsistence-versus-market basis of this argument should not be construed as a preference or importance of one over the other. Market-based approaches may in fact do little to help the poorest of the poor. Support structures put in place to assist entrepreneurs are likely to be captured by those with the skills to do so. The point is not that the poor should be neglected, but that there needs to be different approaches to help different categories of people effectively. The above has also directed attention towards specific management constraints around the community gardens projects. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by highlighting the complexities of food security and stating that there is no discernible improvement to food security noted by the responses from gardeners. It mentions that simply being food self-reliant does not guarantee food self-sufficiency and implies that urban areas, such as those with community gardens, may still depend on rural areas for staple foods. Moreover, the text discusses potential financial inadequacies of community gardens in improving food security, suggesting that being involved in such projects does not automatically lead to better food security outcomes.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Shift work can negatively impact metabolic health. [SEP] Text: ; Colditz, G. A. Night-shift work and risk of colorectal cancer in the nurses' health study. J Inst. 2003, 95 (11), 825-8. DOI: 10. 1093/jnci/95. 11. 825 Pérez, S. ; Murias, L. ; Fernández-Plaza, C. ; Díaz, I. ; González, C. ; Otero, J. ; Díaz, E. Evidence for clock genes circadian rhythms in human full-term placenta. Reprod Med. 2015, 61 (6), 360-366. DOI: 10. 3109/19396368. 2015. 1069420 Rahman, S. A. ; Grant, L. K. ;Gooley, J. J. ; Rajaratnam, S. M. W. ; Czeisler, C. A. ; Lockley, S. W. Regulation of Hormones. J Metab. 2019, 104 (12), 6049-6059. DOI: 10. 1210/jc. 2019-00803 Alvarez, J. D. ; Chen, D. ; Storer, E. ; Sehgal, A. Non-cyclic and developmental stage-specific expression of circadian clock proteins during murine spermatogenesis. Biol Reprod. 2003, 69 (1), 81-91. DOI: 10. 1095/biolreprod. 102. 011833 Mahoney, M. M. Shift work, jet lag, and female reproduction. Endocrinol. 2010, 2010. DOI: 10. 1155/2010/813764 Endo, A. ; Toshiaki, Watanabe. Effects of Non‐24‐on in Mice. Gamete Research. 1989, 22 (4), 435–441. DOI:10. 1002/mrd. 1120220409 Bittman, E. L. Timing in the Testis. J Biol Rhythms. 2016, 31 (1), 12-36. DOI: 10. 1177/0748730415618297 Peruquetti, R. L. ; De Mateo, S. ; Sassone-Corsi, P. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text provided lists various studies and their respective focuses on topics related to health, hormones, and circadian rhythms. However, it does not directly address the claim regarding the negative impact of shift work on metabolic health, nor does it provide evidence or data supporting or contradicting the claim. Therefore, the text is deemed irrelevant (pass) to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Processed foods are generally higher in added sugars and preservatives. [SEP] Text: Ultra-processed foods and added sugars in the Chilean diet (2010) Published online by Press: 19 June 2017 da án andShow author details Affiliation: Department of Nutrition, School of Public Health, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, for in Health and Nutrition, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Reyes* Affiliation: Institute of Nutrition and (INTA), University of Chile, El Líbano 5524, Macul, Santiago, Laura da Affiliation: Department of Nutrition, School of Public Health, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, for in Health and Nutrition, University of São Paulo, São : Department of Nutrition, School of Public Health, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, for in Health and Nutrition, University of São Paulo, São : Department of Nutrition, School of Public Health, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, for in Health and Nutrition, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Corvalán Affiliation: Institute of Nutrition and (INTA), University of Chile, El Líbano 5524, : Institute of Nutrition and (INTA), University of Chile, El Líbano 5524, Macul, Santiago, of Nutrition and Intervention Research, Faculty of Epidemiology and Population Health, of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK * *Corresponding author: Email mreyes@inta. uchile. cl 0. 35 mb) View PDF [Opens in a new window] Save to to Save to & Permissions [Opens in a new window] Abstract ObjectiveTo assess the consumption of ultra-processed foods and analyse its association with the content of added sugars in the Chilean diet. DesignCross-sectional study of national dietary data obtained through 24 h recalls and classified into food groups according to the extent and purpose of food processing (NOVA classification). SettingChile. SubjectsA probabilistic sample of 4920 individuals (aged 2 years or above) studied in 2010 by a national dietary survey (de Consumo Alimentario). ResultsUltra-processed foods represented 28·6 (se 0·5) % of total energy intake and 58·6 (se 0·9) % of added sugars intake. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by highlighting that ultra-processed foods constitute a significant portion of total energy intake (28.6%) and an even higher percentage (58.6%) of added sugars intake in the Chilean diet. This supports the assertion that processed foods are often associated with higher levels of added sugars.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Urban farms can fully replace rural farms for food supply. [SEP] Text: Nutrient use and recycling in urban, peri-urban and rural farms in &output: Thesis › internal (1) population growth is rapidly increasing in developing countries, and fueling urban food demand. As a consequence, urban and peri-urban agriculture (UPA) is becoming important, providing food and jobs. Ethiopia is among the rapidly developing countries and the second most populous country in Africa after Nigeria. The diversity and performance of UPA in Ethiopia is not well-known, especially the use and recycling of nutrients in livestock manures and household wastes in UPA and rural farms are unknown. The aim of this thesis is to increase the insights on the diversity and the performances of UPA farms, with focus on the use and recycling of nutrients in urban livestock manures and wastes, for closing the urban rural nutrient loops. A combination of farm surveys in three cities (Addis Ababa, Adama, and Jimma), nutrient budgeting, simulation modeling and field experiments were used to examine the current situation and to explore various scenarios for 2050. Three main scenarios were explored: (1) Increased urbanization, (2) Intensification of UPA and (3) Technological changes. Six UPA farm types were distinguished: commercial livestock, commercial vegetable, subsistence field crop, and combinations of these three, through principal component analysis. Most of the farms were mixed farms, with variable proportions of nutrient resources allocated to livestock. Livestock farms had relatively high farm income and high N, P and K surpluses, while subsistence field crop farms had low farm income and deficits of N, P and K on the input-output balances. There was little or no exchange of manures and wastes between livestock farms and crop farms in the urban areas, and also no transfer of manures and wastes from the urban areas to the rural areas. UPA farms had on average positive N, P and K balances while farms in the rural areas had negative N and K balances, but positive P balances (through the use of subsidized NP fertilizers). Estimates suggest that 0. 5-2. 6 Gg N, 0. 2-0. 8 and 0. 9-3. 7 could have been collected in manures and household wastes in year-1 in 2015, and recycled in crop farms, which would have saved 75-300 million on synthetic fertilizers. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by suggesting that urban and peri-urban agriculture (UPA) is becoming significant for food and job provision, but it also illustrates the deficiencies of UPA compared to rural farms. It states there is 'little or no exchange of manures and wastes between livestock farms and crop farms in the urban areas' and highlights the nutrient imbalances in both types of farms. This indicates that urban farms cannot fully compensate for the food supply needs met by rural farms, especially given the reliance on synthetic fertilizers in rural areas and the nutrient recycling potential mentioned.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Shift work can negatively impact metabolic health. [SEP] Text: Circadian proteins CLOCK and BMAL1 in the chromatoid body, a RNA processing granule of male germ cells. PLoS One. 2012, 7 (8), DOI: 10. 1371/journal. pone. 0042695 Leproult, R. : Van Cauter, E. Effect of 1 week of sleep restriction on testosterone levels in young healthy men. JAMA. 2011, 305 (21), 2173-2174. DOI: 10. 1001/jama. 2011. 710 Clinic, Cleveland. “System: Is, Function & Disorders. ” Cleveland Clinic, 2022, my. clevelandclinic. org/health/body/23273-autonomic-nervous-system. Accessed 21 Feb. 2024. Riganello, F. ; Prada, V. ; Soddu, A. ; di Perri, C. ; Sannita, W. G. and Measures of CNS/Autonomic Interaction. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health. 2019, 16, 2336. DOI:10. 3390/ijerph16132336 Logan, R. W. ; McClung, C. A. Rhythms of Life: across the Lifespan. Neuroscience. 2018, 20 (1), 49–65. DOI: 10. 1038/s41583-018-0088-y Hall, A. L. ; Franche, R. L. ; Koehoorn, M. Assessment in Research: A Study on Nurses. Expo Health. 2018, 62 (2), 182-194. DOI:10. 1093/annweh/wxx103 McNeely, E. ; Mordukhovich, I. ; Staffa, S. ; Tideman, S. ; Gale, S. ; Coull, B. Cancer prevalence among flight attendants compared to the general population. Environ Health. 2018, 17 (1). DOI:10. 1186/s12940-018-0396-8 Leso, V. ; Fontana, L. ; Caturano, A. ; Vetrani, I. ; Fedele, M. ; Iavicoli, I. Impact of Hours on Functions: Needs. . [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim regarding the effects of shift work on metabolic health. Instead, it discusses various studies and their findings on unrelated topics, such as circadian proteins, sleep restriction effects on testosterone, and cancer prevalence among flight attendants without providing any specific information about shift work or its impacts on metabolic health. Thus, it is irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Processed foods are generally higher in added sugars and preservatives. [SEP] Text: The mean percentage of energy from added sugars increased from 7·7 (se 0·3) to 19·7 (se 0·5) % across quintiles of the dietary share of ultra-processed foods. After adjusting for several potential sociodemographic confounders, a 5 percentage point increase in the dietary share of ultra-processed foods determined a 1 percentage point increase in the dietary content of added sugars. Individuals in the highest quintile were three times more likely (OR=2·9; 95 % CI 2·4, 3·4) to exceed the 10 % upper limit for added sugars recommended by the WHO compared with those in the lowest quintile, after adjusting for sociodemographic variables. This association was strongest among individuals aged 2–19 years (OR=3·9; 95 % CI 2·7, 5·9). ConclusionsIn Chile, ultra-processed foods are important contributors to total energy intake and to the consumption of added sugars. Actions aimed at limiting consumption of ultra-processed foods are being implemented as effective ways to achieve WHO dietary recommendations to limit added sugars and processed foods, especially for children and adolescents. Keywords ChileFood processingUltra-processed foodsEnergy intakeAdded sugars 1: Foods January 2018 10. 1017/S1368980017001161 [Opens in a new window] © 2017 Ultra-processed foods are rapidly dominating the global food system( Reference Monteiro, Moubarac and Cannon 1 ). These products are formulated and manufactured industrially employing processes and ingredients not commonly used in traditional culinary preparations( Reference Monteiro, Cannon and Levy 2 ). Studies from Canada, Brazil and the USA describe these products as being high in energy density and high in free/added sugars content, with low fibre and micronutrient densities, compared with unprocessed or minimally processed foods (even when the latter are combined with salt, sugar or fat used as culinary ingredients)( Reference Moubarac, Batal and Louzada 3 – Reference Martínez Steele, Popkin and Swinburn 6 ). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by providing evidence that ultra-processed foods are significant contributors to total energy intake and added sugars consumption. It states that the mean percentage of energy from added sugars increased with a higher dietary share of ultra-processed foods, highlighting the association between these foods and elevated levels of added sugars in the diet. Furthermore, it notes that individuals consuming ultra-processed foods are more likely to exceed the WHO's recommended limit for added sugars, which supports the claim regarding processed foods being higher in these components.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Urban farms can fully replace rural farms for food supply. [SEP] Text: Forecasts indicate that the urban population in Ethiopia will increase by 3 to 5%, and that UPA will also increase between 2015 and 2050. Scenario analyses indicated that livestock manures were the main organic wastes in the urban areas, although only 20-40% of animal source food consumed was produced in UPA, and only 14-19% of protein intake by citizens was animal-based. My scenario analyses suggest three important needs: (i) reducing population growth and urbanization, (ii) improving crop and livestock productivities and (iii) increasing manures and wastes recycling. Original languageEnglishQualificationDoctor of. L. , Co-promotorOcho, F. L. , Co-promotor, External personAward date14 May 2021Place of 9789463957335DOstatusPublished - 14 May 2021 output contributes to the following UN Goals (SDGs) Access to Document 10. 18174/542694 Files and links into the research topics of 'Nutrient use and recycling in urban, peri-urban and rural farms in Ethiopia'. Together they form a unique fingerprint. Agricultural and 100% Agricultural and 88% Agricultural and 22% Agricultural and 22% Agricultural and 22% Agricultural and 22% Agricultural and 11% 11% View full fingerprint Projects 1 per year Soil fertility and nutrient management at regional level in Ethiopia. Tadesse, S. (PI), Oenema, O. (CoI), van Beek, C. (CoI), Tadesse, S. (PhD candidate), Oenema, O. (Promotor) & van Beek, C. (Co-promotor)15/02/13 → 14/05/21Project: PhD 100% 88% 22% 22% 22% Cite this. T. (2021). Nutrient use and recycling in urban, peri-urban and rural farms in Ethiopia. [internal ]. Wageningen University. Tadesse, Solomon Tulu. / Nutrient use and recycling in urban, peri-urban and rural farms in Ethiopia. Wageningen : Wageningen University, 2021. 184 p. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by indicating that urban farms (UPA) in Ethiopia currently provide only a small fraction of the food supply, with only 20-40% of animal source food consumed originating from them, and only 14-19% of protein intake being animal-based. This suggests that urban farms alone cannot fulfill the food supply needs, highlighting the continued importance of rural farms for food production.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Shift work can negatively impact metabolic health. [SEP] Text: 2021, 18 (12), 6540. DOI:10. 3390/ijerph18126540 Alhola, P. ; Polo-Kantola, P. Sleep deprivation: Impact on cognitive performance. Treat. 2007, 3 (5), 553-567. Rouch, I. ; Wild, P. ; Ansiau, D. ; Marquié, J. C. Shiftwork experience, age and cognitive performance. Ergonomics. 2005, 48 (10) 1282-1293. DOI: 10. 1080/00140130500241670. PMID: 16253945. Kazemi, R. ; Haidarimoghadam, R. ; Motamedzadeh, M. ; Golmohamadi, R. ; Soltanian, A. ; Zoghipaydar, M. R. Effects of on Cognitive Performance, Sleep Quality, and Sleepiness among Room Operators. J Circadian Rhythms. 2016, 14 (1) DOI:10. 5334/jcr. 134. PMID: 27103934 Caruso, C. C. ; Negative impacts of shiftwork and long work hours. Rehabil Nurs. 2014, 39 (1), 16-25. DOI:10. 1002/rnj. 107 Boyle, L. N. ; Tippin, J. ; Paul, A. ; Rizzo, M. ; in the a Microsleep. . 2008, 11 (2), 126-136. DOI:10. 1016/j. trf. 2007. 08. 001 Babkoff, H. ; Zukerman, G. ; Fostick, L. ; Ben-Artzi, E. Effect of the diurnal rhythm and 24 h of sleep deprivation on dichotic temporal order judgment. J Sleep Res. 2005, 4 (1), 7-15. DOI:10. 1111/j. 1365-2869. 2004. 00423. x Hastings, M. H. ; Reddy, A. B. ; Maywood, E. S. A clockwork web: circadian timing in brain and periphery, in health and disease. Neurosci. 2003, 4 (8) 649-661. DOI: 10. 1038/nrn1177. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim directly. It lists various studies related to sleep deprivation and cognitive performance without mentioning metabolic health or the effects of shift work on it. Therefore, it is irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Processed foods are generally higher in added sugars and preservatives. [SEP] Text: Cross-sectional and cohort studies have shown significant positive associations between ultra-processed food consumption and obesity( Reference Canella, Levy and Martins 7 – Reference Mendonça, Pimenta and Gea 9 ) and other diet-related non-communicable diseases( Reference Monteiro, Levy and Claro 10 – Reference Mendonça, Lopes and Pimenta 13 ). Several reports have concluded that a high intake of added sugars increases the risk of weight gain( 14 – Reference Vos, Kaar and Welsh 17 ), excess body weight( 16 ), obesity( 16 – 18 ), type 2 diabetes mellitus( 16 18 ), higher serum TAG( Reference Johnson, Appel and Brands 15 – Reference Vos, Kaar and Welsh 17 Reference Kell, Cardel and 19 ), dyslipidaemia( Reference Vos, Kaar and Welsh 17 ), high blood cholesterol( 18 ), higher blood pressure( Reference Johnson, Appel and Brands 15 Reference Vos, Kaar and Welsh 17 – Reference Kell, Cardel and 19 ), hypertension( Reference Kell, Cardel and 16 ), stroke( 16 18 ), CHD( 16 18 ), cancer( 16 ) and dental caries( 14 – 16 18 ). In fact, the WHO guidelines recommend limiting free sugars intake to less than 10 % of total energy intake to prevent excess body weight and dental caries, and to less than 5 % for additional health benefits( 14 ). Free sugars include sugars added to foods by the manufacturer, cook and consumer, plus sugars naturally present in honey, syrups and fruit juices( and Stephen 20 ). A recent report using nationally representative dietary data from the USA (population aged >1 year) showed a strong association between the consumption of ultra-processed foods and the intake of added sugars, suggesting the need to limit consumption of ultra-processed foods as an effective way of reducing excessive intake of added sugars( Reference Martínez Steele, Baraldi and Louzada 21 ). Yet, these estimates are a ‘conservative’ way to assess compliance with WHO dietary goals as added sugars include sugars added to foods or beverages during processing, preparation or at the table, but exclude naturally occurring sugars in fruit juices( 22 ). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by indicating that there is a strong association between the consumption of ultra-processed foods and the intake of added sugars. It highlights that recommendations from the WHO suggest limiting free sugars, which include sugars added during processing, indicating that processed foods tend to have higher amounts of these added sugars. Thus, the text supports the assertion that processed foods are generally higher in added sugars.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Urban farms can fully replace rural farms for food supply. [SEP] Text: There was little or no exchange of manures and wastes between livestock farms and crop farms in the urban areas, and also no transfer of manures and wastes from the urban areas to the rural areas. UPA farms had on average positive N, P and K balances while farms in the rural areas had negative N and K balances, but positive P balances (through the use of subsidized NP fertilizers). Estimates suggest that 0. 5-2. 6 Gg N, 0. 2-0. 8 and 0. 9-3. 7 could have been collected in manures and household wastes in year-1 in 2015, and recycled in crop farms, which would have saved 75-300 million on synthetic fertilizers. Forecasts indicate that the urban population in Ethiopia will increase by 3 to 5%, and that UPA will also increase between 2015 and 2050. Scenario analyses indicated that livestock manures were the main organic wastes in the urban areas, although only 20-40% of animal source food consumed was produced in UPA, and only 14-19% of protein intake by citizens was animal-based. My scenario analyses suggest three important needs: (i) reducing population growth and urbanization, (ii) improving crop and livestock productivities and (iii) increasing manures and wastes recycling. AB - Urban population growth is rapidly increasing in developing countries, and fueling urban food demand. As a consequence, urban and peri-urban agriculture (UPA) is becoming important, providing food and jobs. Ethiopia is among the rapidly developing countries and the second most populous country in Africa after Nigeria. The diversity and performance of UPA in Ethiopia is not well-known, especially the use and recycling of nutrients in livestock manures and household wastes in UPA and rural farms are unknown. The aim of this thesis is to increase the insights on the diversity and the performances of UPA farms, with focus on the use and recycling of nutrients in urban livestock manures and wastes, for closing the urban rural nutrient loops. A combination of farm surveys in three cities (Addis Ababa, Adama, and Jimma), nutrient budgeting, simulation modeling and field experiments were used to examine the current situation and to explore various scenarios for 2050. Three main scenarios were explored: (1) Increased urbanization, (2) Intensification of UPA and (3) Technological changes. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the limitations of urban farms (UPA) compared to rural farms. It points out that while UPA is important for food and jobs, it only produced 20-40% of animal source food consumed and 14-19% of citizens' protein intake, indicating that UPA cannot fully satisfy the food supply needs. Furthermore, it highlights the issue of nutrient recycling between urban and rural areas, and the necessity for increased productivity and recycling, suggesting that urban farms alone cannot fully replace rural farms.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Shift work can negatively impact metabolic health. [SEP] Text: 4–313,095. 3) 23. 1 (12. 3–32. 1) 66,782. 1 (35,559. 3–92,801. 1) 33. 3 (–507–199. 4) 96,270. 3 (-146,573. 7–576,465. 4) 6. 8 (–102–40. 2) 19,658. 8 (–29,488. 2–116,218. 2) Depression 64. 9 (–19–119. 2) 131,811. 9 (–38,589–242,095. 2) 20. 3 (–6. 2–37. 4) 41,229. 3 (–12,592. 2–75,959. 4) 24. 1 (5. 7–39. 6) 48947. 1 (11576. 7–80427. 6) 5. 7 (1. 2–9. 4) 11576. 7 (2437. 2–19091. 4) Hypertension 31. 2 (–75. 5–136. 9) 52,572 (–127,217. 5–230,676. 5) 11. 2 (–30. 1–47. 7) 18,872 (–50,718. 5–80,374. 5) Disease 18 (12. 3–23. 7) 67,932 (46,420. 2–89,443. 8) 5 (3. 4–6. 5) 18,870 (12,831. 6–24,531) 9. 7 (8. 4–34. 8) 36607. 8 (31701. 6–131335. 2) 1. 8 (1. 5–6. 2) 6793. 2 (5661–23398. 8) 0 (0–0. 1) 0 (0–736. 9) 0 (–0. 1–0. 1) 0 (-736. 9–736. 9) 1. 3 (0. 8–1. 8) 3420. 3 (2104. 8–4735. 8) 173. 5 0. 8–283) 501,588. 5 (2312. 8–818,153) Miscarriage 0. 1 (0–0. 2) 308. 4 (0–616. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim regarding the impact of shift work on metabolic health. Instead, it appears to present numerical data related to depression, hypertension, and miscarriage without making any clear connection to metabolic health or the effects of shift work.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Processed foods are generally higher in added sugars and preservatives. [SEP] Text: In Chile, a study based on data collected by a national household food budget survey undertaken in 2006–2007 showed that ultra-processed foods and free sugars represented 52·8 and 16·1 % of total purchased energy, respectively, but no analyses of the association between these two variables were performed( Reference Crovetto, Uauy and Martins 23 ). Information on the intake of ultra-processed foods and added sugars and on the association between these two variables is particularly relevant in Chile, given the large-scale food policies being implemented in this country such as an increase in taxation of sugar-sweetened beverages and the law regulating food labelling and advertising( Reference Corvalán, Reyes and Garmendia 24 ). To address this gap, we used intake data from the most recent national dietary survey undertaken in Chile to assess the consumption of ultra-processed foods and to analyse its association with the dietary content of added sugars. source and sampling The data were obtained from the Survey (de ) performed between November 2010 and January 2011. The survey used probability sampling by clusters, with stratification and multiple lottery stages, allowing it to represent the Chilean population aged 2 years or above in urban and rural areas of every geographic region: North, Center, South, South (Austral) and Metropolitan. The survey response rate was 85·5 % for a total of 5753 individuals excluding pregnant women and individuals who showed signs of altered mental status. A final sample of 4920 individuals was studied( 25 ). Dietary intake All individuals were eligible for one 24 h dietary recall interview, conducted using the US Department of Agriculture (USDA) Automated Multiple-Pass Method( 26 ). For children under 12 years of age, an adult caregiver responded the interview. Adolescents aged between 13 and 18 years answered in the presence of the caregiver. Individuals provided information on quantities (using home measurements) and preparation methods of each consumed food item, assisted by a photographic ‘atlas’ of typical Chilean foods and recipes specifically designed for this survey. Each home measurement was converted to grams or millilitres using a standardized conversion table. All reported values (n 150 156) were double checked and inconsistencies were verified by telephone, resulting in no missing values( 25 ). Food classification according to processing Every reported food item was classified according to the extent and purpose of food processing, following the NOVA procedure( Reference Monteiro, Cannon and Levy 2 ). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by referencing a study in Chile that indicates ultra-processed foods, which are a category of processed foods, represent significant proportions of total purchased energy and also discusses the relevance of added sugars in the context of dietary intake. The mention of 'ultra-processed foods' in relation to dietary content of added sugars supports the assertion that processed foods are likely higher in these elements.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Hydroponic systems require no maintenance or technical knowledge. [SEP] Text: Therefore, PoS algorithms are not usable without a cryptocurrency with real economic value. Some authors have proposed combining multiple mining algorithms. Proof of Contribution (Xue et al. , 2018) is an example of such an approach, which combines PoW and PoS. Modifications to the longest chain rule have also been explored. IOTA (Popov, 2018) utilizes a directed acyclic graph (DAG) instead of a linear sequence of blocks to represent the ledger. 2. 0 Consensus (Müller et al. , 2022) employs the heaviest DAG rule and a stake- or reputation-based weight function to reach an agreement. Liu et al. (2016) introduces XPaxos, the first Tolerance (XFT) consensus algorithm. XFT algorithms offer stronger consistency and availability guarantees than CFT algorithms. Moreover, XFT algorithms provide stronger availability guarantees than BFT algorithms. However, XFT algorithms are applicable only when Byzantine nodes are not coordinated. Hybrid consensus algorithms, where existing BFT protocols are combined to offer different compromises between efficiency and decentralization, have been explored in many studies (Pass & Shi, 2017; Wu, Song & Wang, 2020; Xu et al. , 2019; Zhou, Hua & Jin, 2020; Abuidris et al. , 2021; Liu, Tan & Zhuo, 2022). However, none of these proposals specifically focuses on a consensus algorithm that dynamically and automatically switches between CFT and BFT protocols. This study addresses that gap by describing the general idea and providing possible applications. Table 1 provides a summary of the literature. Table 1: Contextualization of this study within the existing literature. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses various consensus algorithms in cryptocurrency and does not mention hydroponics or their maintenance requirements. It does not provide any information that would support, contrast, or relate to the claim about hydroponic systems.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Shift work can negatively impact metabolic health. [SEP] Text: 8) 0. 2 (0. 1–0. 2) 616. 8 (308. 4–616. 8) Obesity 97. 3 (44. 6–151. 9) 281294. 3 (128938. 6–439142. 9) 36. 9 (17. 8–54. 8) 106,677. 9 (51,459. 8–158,426. 8) 30 (–2. 2–53. 6) 125190 (–9180. 6–223672. 8) 0. 1 (0–0. 2) 308. 4 (0–616. 8) 0. 3 (0–0. 6) 925. 2 (0–1850. 4) 0. 1 (0. 1–0. 2) 308. 4 (308. 4–616. 8) 0. 5 (0. 3–0. 7) 1542 (925. 2–2158. 8) 0. 6 (0–1. 2) 4421. 4 (0–8842. 8) 0. 3 (0–0. 6) 2210. 7 (0–4421. 4) 0. 1 (–0. 3–0. 4) 736. 9 (–2210. 7–2947. 6) 0. 1 (–0. 3–0. 4) 736. 9 (–2210. 7–2947. 6) Small for 0 (0–0. 2) 0 (0–282. 8) –3. 4 (–44. 1–19. 4) –25054. 6 (–324972. 9–142958. 6) –1. 5 (–18–7. 6) –11,053. 5 (–132,642–56,004. 4) Stroke 0. 4 (0. 1–0. 7) 1552. 4 (388. 1–2716. 7) 0 (0–0. 1) 0 (0–388. 1) 2. 2 (0. 9–3. 4) 8538. 2 (3492. 9–13195. 4) 0. 2 (0. 1–0. 4) 776. 2 (388. 1–1552. 4) $1,394,365 $300,297 CI, Confidence interval. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text provides a series of numerical values and confidence intervals that appear to relate to health metrics, but it lacks any context or clear statements about the impact of shift work on metabolic health. Therefore, it does not directly support or contradict the claim and is considered irrelevant.