Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Melatonin production is influenced by light exposure. [SEP] Text: During the week prior to entry into the laboratory, participants kept a regular sleep/wake schedule such that all bed and wake times were within ±30 min of a participant-set target time and 7–9 h apart. Compliance with this schedule was confirmed through examination of self-reported sleep logs and continuous wrist actigraphy (), a useful proxy for determining sleep/wake patterns (Ancoli-Israel et al. , 2003). One divergence from the schedule was permitted – otherwise participants were rescheduled. Habitual bedtime was calculated as the midpoint of the at-home sleep schedule minus four hours. The timing of all laboratory procedures were based off this calculation. For young individuals with a regular sleep/wake schedule and an intermediate chronotype, determination of habitual sleep timing is a useful approximation of the position of the endogenous circadian clock (Duffy et al. , 1998). Participants arrived at the laboratory for the overnight study approximately four hours prior to their target bedtime. Once an accurate sleep schedule was verified, participants were brought to the room in which they would spend the next 14 h. The room is specially designed for the conduct of circadian studies. There are no windows and all lighting is controlled by a panel outside of the room. The walls are painted with a highly reflective titanium-dioxide-based white paint and all of the surfaces are white or covered in white sheets. Upon entry into the room, the lights were dimmed (< 10 lx in any angle of gaze, ILT1700 ). Room lighting was produced with evenly spaced fluorescent lamps (Philips F32 T8, 3500 K) controlled by an electronic ballast. For the next 14 h, participants lay in bed and rested in either a semirecumbent (during periods of wake) or flat (during periods of sleep) position. Saliva samples were collected every 30 min (Salivette, Sarstedt, Newton NC), with 90 mL of water being provided after each saliva sample and removed 10 min prior to the subsequent saliva collection. Collection of saliva under conditions of constant dim light and constant posture is both sufficient and necessary for the accurate collection of unattenuated concentrations of melatonin (Duffy & Dijk, 2002). A Scale (SSS) (Hoddes et al. , 1973) was obtained hourly following a saliva sample collection. The SSS is a Likert-like scale from 1 to 7, with higher numbers indicating greater sleepiness. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text discusses the methodology for a study on sleep/wake schedules and the conditions under which melatonin levels were measured, but it does not provide information regarding the influence of light exposure on melatonin production. Consequently, it is irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Processed foods are generally higher in added sugars and preservatives. [SEP] Text: The dose makes the poison: sugar and obesity in the — a review. Sci 2019;69(3):219–33. ’ Consumption of added sugars from liquid but not solid sources predicts impaired glucose homeostasis and insulin resistance among youth at risk of obesity. J Nutr 2014;144(1):81–6. . Food patterns equivalents database 2015–2016: methodology and user guide. In: 2018. US Department of Agriculture, Beltsville, Maryland. Committee of the Council on Lifestyle and Cardiometabolic Health; Council on Clinical Cardiology; Council on in the Young; Council on Cardiovascular and Stroke Nursing; Council on Epidemiology and Prevention; Council on and Council on Hypertension. Added sugars and cardiovascular disease risk in children: a scientific statement from the Association. Circulation. 2017135(19):e1017-e1034. . Influence of high glycemic index and glycemic load diets on blood pressure during adolescence. Hypertension 2012;59(6):1272–7. Prospective study of dietary carbohydrates, glycemic index, glycemic load, and incidence of type 2 diabetes mellitus in middle-aged Chinese women. Med 2007;167(21):2310–6. Substituting brown rice for white rice to lower diabetes risk: a focus-group study in Chinese adults. J Assoc 2010;110(8):1216–21. . How the measures poverty. US Census Bureau. n. d. 26, 2020. 1, 2020. US Department of and US Department of Health and Human Services, Centers for and Prevention, for Health Statistics. What we eat in 2015–2016. Washington, DC. 1, 2020. Atkinson FS, Foster-Powell K, Brand-Miller JC. International tables of glycemic index and glycemic load values: 2008. 2008;31(12):2281–3. Centers for and Prevention. survey methods and analytic guidelines. 8, 2020. 1, 2020. Group. Children’s cereals: cereals contain far more sugar than experts recommend. 2014; Exposure to child-directed TV advertising and preschoolers’ intake of advertised cereals. 2019;56(2):e35–43. Frantsve-. A systematic review of the association between consumption of sugar-containing beverages and excess weight gain among children under age 12. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing various studies related to sugar consumption, obesity, and dietary patterns, indicating that added sugars, especially in processed foods, have significant health implications. For instance, the mention of 'Children’s cereals: cereals contain far more sugar than experts recommend' supports the idea that processed foods often have higher levels of added sugars.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: All processed foods are inherently unhealthy. [SEP] Text: Except for Na, the prevalence of nutrient intake inadequacies significantly increased with the consumption of ultra-processed foods, even after adjusting for potential sociodemographic confounders (P ≤ 0·001). Thus, compared with individuals in the lowest quintile, individuals in the highest quintile of ultra-processed food consumption were significantly more likely to have diets exceeding the dietary goals for trans fats (six times), energy density (more than three times for solid foods and four times for beverages), free sugars (almost three times), total fats (2·3 times), saturated fats (2·2 times) and Na:K ratio (1·8 times). They were also more likely to have diets that did not reach the dietary goals for fibre density (1·8 times) and K density (1·4 times). Table 4 Prevalence of non-recommended intake levels of nutrients related to non-communicable diseases† in the whole population and across quintiles of the dietary share of ultra-processed foods‡ PR, prevalence ratios estimated using Poisson regression. † See methods for cut-offs used to define inadequate dietary nutrient contents. ‡ Chilean population aged 2 years or over (2010). § Adjusted for age groups, residential area, geographic region and family income. * P < 0·001 for linear trend across quintiles of ultra-processed food consumption. Figure 1 presents estimates for reductions in the prevalence of nutrient inadequacies that would be expected if the consumption of ultra-processed foods in Chile was the one seen among the 20 % lowest consumers of ultra-processed foods (the dietary share of ultra-processed foods among these consumers (n 1095) represented 3·8 % of the total energy intake, ranging from 0 to 9·3 %): in almost three-fourths for trans fats; in almost half for energy density (foods); in around one-third for free sugars, energy density (beverages), saturated fats and total fats; in near 20 % for Na:K ratio and fibre; and in 13 % for K. Fig. 1 Population attributable fraction due to the high consumption of ultra-processed foods (higher than the observed in the first quintile) of inadequate non-communicable disease-related nutrient dietary content. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by providing evidence that the consumption of ultra-processed foods is associated with significant nutrient intake inadequacies. It shows that individuals consuming higher amounts of ultra-processed foods are more likely to have diets that exceed dietary goals for unhealthy components such as trans fats and sugars while failing to meet goals for beneficial nutrients such as fiber. This indicates that while ultra-processed foods may have negative health implications, the blanket statement that all processed foods are inherently unhealthy is overly simplistic.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Melatonin production is influenced by light exposure. [SEP] Text: The blue-depleted white LED has similar coverage, but lacks blue wavelengths and has a major peak at 413 nm (violet) and secondary peaks at 641 nm (red) and 551 nm (green) (Fig. 1). Due to the difference in the lamp output in the blue region of visible light (450–495 nm), at the target of 150 lx, the corresponding α-opic melanopic lux is 77. 0 for the standard white LED and 46. 0 for the blue-depleted white LED (Lucas et al. , 2014), a 40% reduction in the drive on melanopsin. Study 1Following the stable pupil size observed under conditions of darkness, the pupil rapidly constricted to a minimum size in response to both lights (Fig. 2). There was a slight but stable relaxation of the constriction over the next 55 s, remaining throughout the remainder of the light stimulus. At the cessation of the light stimulus, the pupil size re-dilated to approximately 90% of baseline size within approximately 9 s. The pupil remained constricted greater than baseline in darkness for several seconds before returning to full dilation. Baseline (darkness) pupil size was not different within participants (p = 0. 15, repeated measure one-way ANOVA). Visual and statistical inspection of the plots revealed no differences in pupillometric parameters between the higher (100, 140 lx) lighting conditions of the two lamps (Table 1). Responses to 32 lx, however, appeared to be lamp-specific. There was no difference between the lamps in terms of phasic (p = 0. 51, paired t-test) or sustained (p = 0. 42, paired t-test) constriction, nor was there a difference in the constriction speed (p = 0. 36, paired t-test). The re-dilation speed in response to the blue-depleted white light at 32 lx was, however, 58% faster (p < 0. 05, paired t-test) and the PIPR was also reduced by 45% with the blue-depleted white light (p < 0. 05, paired t-test) as compared to the standard white LED (Table 1). Table 1 Pupil responses to lightFull size tableStudy 2The same lamps were used in Study 2 as were used in Study 1 (Fig. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses the effects of different types of LED lighting on pupil response without addressing melatonin production or its influence by light exposure. Although it mentions the difference in light conditions, it does not relate this to melatonin synthesis or regulation.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Processed foods are generally higher in added sugars and preservatives. [SEP] Text: 9 2 Jams, syrups, toppings 11. 4 26. 3 3 Ready-to-eat cereal, higher sugar 11. 2 37. 5 4 Cookies and brownies 10. 8 48. 3 5 Sugars and honey 7. 6 55. 9 6 Tomato-based condiments 6. 3 62. 1 7 Sweetened fruit drinks 6. 3 68. 4 8 Doughnuts, sweet rolls, pastries 3. 5 71. 9 9 Soft drinks 3. 2 75. 1 10 Cakes and pies 2. 8 77. 9 1 Candy not containing chocolate 12. 6 12. 6 2 Sugars and honey 12. 0 24. 6 3 Jams, syrups, toppings 10. 4 35. 0 4 Cookies and brownies 10. 3 45. 3 5 Ready-to-eat cereal, higher sugar 9. 6 54. 9 6 Candy containing chocolate 8. 7 63. 6 7 Ice cream and frozen dairy desserts 4. 0 67. 5 8 Tomato-based condiments 3. 4 70. 9 9 Cakes and pies 2. 9 73. 9 10 Sweetened fruit drinks 2. 3 76. 2 Other, Non-Hispanic 1 Candy not containing chocolate 14. 3 14. 3 2 Ready-to-eat cereal, higher sugar 11. 4 25. 7 3 Jams, syrups, toppings 11. 3 36. 9 4 Candy containing chocolate 8. 0 44. 9 5 Cookies and brownies 7. 6 52. 5 6 Sugars and honey 7. 1 59. 6 7 Cakes and pies 4. 6 64. 2 8 Sweetened fruit drinks 3. 8 68. 0 9 Ice cream and frozen dairy desserts 3. 5 71. 5 10 Tomato-based condiments 3. 3 74. 8 Abbreviation: and Survey. a Survey 2011–2016 (21). b Cumulative percentage is the running total of percentage values. For a given source of sugar, the cumulative percentage represents the combined percentage of added sugars from that source and all sources with a higher ranking. Only the top 10 sources are shown; therefore, cumulative percentages do not add to 100%. TopError processing SSI file In: PDF [485K] RIS [2K] The opinions expressed by authors contributing to this journal do not necessarily reflect the opinions of the U. S. Department of Health and Human Services, the Service, the Centers for and Prevention, or the authors’ affiliated institutions. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text provides a list that explicitly identifies various processed food items that are high in added sugars, such as jams, syrups, cookies, and cakes. This information supports the claim by illustrating that these processed foods contribute to higher sugar intake, thus corroborating the assertion that processed foods contain higher levels of added sugars.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: All processed foods are inherently unhealthy. [SEP] Text: Chilean population aged 2 years or over (2010) results of the current study showed that ultra-processed foods made almost 30 % of the average total energy intake in Chile (in 2010) ranging from 3·8 % in the lowest quintile of ultra-processed food consumption to 60·1 % in the highest quintile. As the dietary contribution of ultra-processed foods increased across quintiles, all the three remaining NOVA food groups and most subgroups within these groups decreased. They also showed the multiple unhealthier features of ultra-processed foods when their content in NCD-promoting nutrients (energy, free sugars, saturated fats, trans fats, total fats and Na) and NCD-protective nutrients (fibre and K) are compared with the same content existing in the three other NOVA food groups (unprocessed or minimally processed foods, processed culinary ingredients and processed foods) taken together. Furthermore, after adjusting for potential sociodemographic confounders, increases in the dietary contribution of ultra-processed foods (quintiles) were shown to be linearly associated with increases in the dietary content of NCD-promoting nutrients (except Na) and decreases in the dietary content of NCD-protecting nutrients. The same trend was observed regarding the generally very high prevalences of dietary nutrient inadequacies between 30 and 80 % for most nutrients. Accordingly, these prevalences would be substantially reduced – in most cases between one-third and three-fourths – in the counterfactual scenario of a lower consumption of ultra-processed foods (first quintile of the dietary contribution of ultra-processed foods). The average dietary share of ultra-processed foods in Chile in 2010 is higher than in other middle-income countries in the regions such as Colombia (15·9 % in 2005)(Reference Khandpur, Cediel and Obando39) and Brazil (20·4 % between 2008 and 2009)(Reference Louzada, Ricardo and Steele10) but still much lower than in high-income countries such as Canada (48·0 % in 2004)(Reference Moubarac, Batal and Louzada12), the UK (56·8 % between 2008 and 2014)(Reference Rauber, da and Steele40) and the USA (57·5 % between 2009 and 2010)(Reference Martínez Steele, Popkin and Swinburn11). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by providing data suggesting that increases in the consumption of ultra-processed foods are associated with a higher intake of NCD-promoting nutrients and lower intake of NCD-protective nutrients. It highlights that these ultra-processed foods contribute significantly to the energy intake of the Chilean population, which raises concerns about their health impacts. However, it does not classify all processed foods as inherently unhealthy, as it does distinguish between ultra-processed foods and other categories of processed foods.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Melatonin production is influenced by light exposure. [SEP] Text: MethodsStudy ParticipantsCase histories, ophthalmological examinations, and a melatonin suppression test were performed in 18 healthy, blind patients, including 15 with at least 1 natural eye present (8 male, 7 female) and 3 bilaterally enucleated male patients (Table 1). The test was performed within a broader research study of circadian rhythms in the blind, including assessment of circadian entrainment using field-based techniques. 19 All but 5 of the participants had confirmed non–24-hour rhythms in urinary 6-sulphatoxymelatonin (aMT6s) (24. 10–24. 79 hours). The other 5 individuals had confirmed 24-hour rhythms in aMT6s (1492, 22CS, 23CM, 2740, 2811). Four of the 18 participants tested were assessed for melatonin suppression on 2 or more occasions (1451, 1492, 22CS, 23CM). Some results have been reported previously in 4 participants (1451, 1492, 22CS, 2811; participant 1451 [with eyes present] was reported as participant no. 9 in Czeisler et al in 1995,14 as 1451 in Klerman et al in 1998,15 and as participant no. 2 in Klerman et al in 200216; participant 1492 was reported as participant no. 5 in Klerman et al in 2002,16 and participant no. 3 in Vandewalle et al in 201326; participant 22CS was reported as the single blind male participant in experiment no. 1 in Zaidi et al in 2007,24 as the single blind male participant in Gooley et al in 2012,25 and as participant no. 2 in Vandewalle et al in 201326; participant 2811 was reported as participant no. 1 in Vandewalle et al in 201326). Only the results from the most recent melatonin suppression assessment are included in this report. No. Sub I. D. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim regarding the influence of light exposure on melatonin production. It discusses a study on blind patients and mentions methods for assessing melatonin suppression without addressing the role of light exposure in melatonin production.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Processed foods are generally higher in added sugars and preservatives. [SEP] Text: v. 16(4); Aug 2022 10. 4162/nrp. 2022. 16. 4. 476 Pract. 2022 Aug;16(4):476-488. English. Published online Dec 23, 2021. ©2022 and the of Original 2021. This is an 4. 0/) which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. Go to:sugars intake worldwide is stable or decreasing, but overall sugars intake remains above the recommended level. Some studies suggest that ultra-processed foods (UPFs) drive excessive sugars intake. However, UPF consumption in Korea and its association with sugars intake have not yet been studied. This study aimed to estimate the contribution of UPF consumption to total sugars intake and to investigate the association between UPF consumption and total sugars intake in Koreans. /from the Health and Survey 2016–2018 were used, and included data on 21,075 participants aged 1+ years completed a 24-h recall. Food items reported in the 24-h recall were classified according to the NOVA system as UPFs, processed foods, processed culinary ingredients, or unprocessed or minimally processed foods. average daily energy intake was 1,996 kcal, and UPFs accounted for 26. 2% of the total energy intake (% TE). The average total sugars intake was 63. 1 g (13. 0% TE), and 44. 9% of total sugars intake came from UPFs. Among the entire population, 15. 8% exceeded the recommended limit for total sugars within 20% TE, and excessive total sugars intake was more prevalent among females (19. 5%) and children (21. 1%). The prevalence of excessive total sugars intake showed a significantly increasing tendency across the quartiles of UPF energy contribution, ranging from 11. 9% in the lowest quartile to 23. 2% in the highest quartile. Even after adjustment for sociodemographic variables, UPF consumption was positively associated with the prevalence of excessive total sugars intake (P for trend < 0. 001). This association was similar in subgroup analyses by sex and age. study suggests that UPF consumption may drive excessive intake of total sugars in the Korean diet. Our findings conclusively establish that restricting UPF consumption may be an efficient way to reduce sugars intake in Korean population. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by highlighting that ultra-processed foods (UPFs) significantly contribute to excessive sugars intake among the Korean population. It states, '44. 9% of total sugars intake came from UPFs' and that 'UPF consumption was positively associated with the prevalence of excessive total sugars intake.' This indicates that processed foods, in this case represented by UPFs, are indeed linked to higher levels of added sugars.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: All processed foods are inherently unhealthy. [SEP] Text: These data, combined with the low dietary share of minimally processed foods (33·8 % compared with 69·5 % from Brazil and 63·3 % from Colombia) and culinary ingredients, suggest that at that time Chile was in an advanced phase of the nutritional transition but not as advanced as many industrialised countries. However, time trends in the sales of ultra-processed foods point to rapid increases in Chile (and other middle-income countries) and slower increases in high-income countries(Reference Monteiro, Moubarac and Cannon3). Sales of ultra-processed foods and drink products in Chile increased 59·8 % between 2000 and 2013 (from 125·5 to 200·6 kg per annum)(Reference Moubarac41), suggesting that the 2010 dietary data may be underestimating the current impact of ultra-processed foods in the Chilean diet. Similar analyses in more updated dietary data are needed; unfortunately, the last version of the ENCA was in 2010 (when national prevalence of overweight and obesity among adults reached 64 %)(42). The negative impact of ultra-processed food consumption on the dietary content of NCD-related nutrients shown in Chile confirms the findings from similar studies conducted in Brazil, Canada, the UK and the USA(Reference Martínez Steele, Popkin and Swinburn11,Reference Khandpur, Cediel and Obando39,Reference Rauber, da and Steele40,Reference Louzada, Martins and Canella43). As in Brazil, the USA and Canada(Reference Martínez Steele, Popkin and Swinburn11,Reference Louzada, Martins and Canella43,Reference Moubarac, Batal and Louzada44) but not in the UK(Reference Rauber, da and Steele14), the dietary content of Na in Chile was not associated with the intake of ultra-processed foods. In Chile, other dietary sources of Na may have relevance. The 24-h recall used for the ENCA specifically asked about salt addition in culinary preparations, but the estimation based on dietary surveys has little correlation with biomarkers measurements(Reference Mercado, Cogswell and Valderrama45). Unfortunately, the ENCA did not include urinary Na assessment. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the impact of ultra-processed food consumption in the Chilean diet. It highlights that while ultra-processed foods are frequently associated with negative health outcomes, the context and nutritional transition of countries like Chile, Brazil, and others need to be considered. The evidence presented suggests that not all processed foods are inherently unhealthy but rather that their health impact can vary according to multiple factors, including dietary context and nutrient composition.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Melatonin production is influenced by light exposure. [SEP] Text: Age, yrs/SexCause of BlindnessAge (yrs) Vision ImpairedAge (yrs) of Anterior ChamberView of Fundusto LightPotentialsMelatonin-Suppression Result122CS56/MRetinitis pigmentosa3535OU: external adnexa clear and healthy, posterior subcapsular cataracts, cornea clear, pale discs, atrophy of RPE throughout fundi; OS: dense diffuse bone spicules, asteroid hyalosis, attenuated vessels, exotropia ∼25–30 prism DYes (OU)Yes (OU)Not detectableNot detectablePositive2281166/FRetinitis pigmentosa2058OU: normal conjunctiva, cornea and anterior chamber, few pigmented cells in vitreous, IOL implant (some posterior opacification), aphakia, waxy pallor to optic nerve, bone-spicule pigmentation throughout retina, maculae showed chorioretinal degeneration and vessels severely attenuated, miotic pupilsYes (OU)Yes (OU)Miotic (OU)Not detectablePositive322J756/FRetinal detachments1021OS: cornea clear with scarring, nonreactive miotic pupil (1 mm), opaque membrane behind pupilOD: exophthalmic, phthisis bulbi, opaque cornea, cataractYes (OS); no (OD)Yes (OS); no (OD)Miotic (OS); pupil not observable (OD)Not testedPositive4149258/MRetinopathy of prematurity<1<1OU: moderate corneal opacities with mature cataracts, corneal cloudingNo (OU)No (OU)Pupils not observableNot testedPositive523CM29/FRetinopathy of prematurity<114OS: phthisical, corneal scarring, band keratopathy, posterior synechiae of iris to anterior capsule, mature cataractOD: prosthesis; enucleated age 14 due to glaucomaBarely (OS); n/a (OD)No (OS); n/a (OD)Pupil not observableNot detectablePositive622A648/MRetinopathy of prematurity<1<1OS: band keratopathy, corneal opacityOD: diffuse corneal opacityNo (OU)No [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim about melatonin production and light exposure. Instead, it provides a detailed medical report on patients with various eye conditions but lacks information on melatonin or its relationship with light.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Processed foods are generally higher in added sugars and preservatives. [SEP] Text: processing; dietary sugars; nutrition surveys; diet surveys Go to: sugars intake has been shown to be detrimental to human health [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]. Dietary Sugars, which refer to monosaccharides and disaccharides, are consumed in the form of sugars naturally present in foods and also those added to foods during food processing by the manufacturer, food preparation by the cook, or at the table by the consumer [6]. There is no evidence that the consumption of natural sugars or foods high in natural sugars (e. g. , milk and fruits) has adverse effects on health, but excessive consumption of added sugars has been reported to increase the risk of obesity, diabetes, cardiovascular diseases, and cancer [2, 3, 4, 5]. Therefore, the Organization strongly recommends reducing the intake of free sugars, including all sugars added to foods plus those naturally present in honey, syrup, and fruit juices, to less than 10% of total energy intake (% TE) [3]. The US recommends that added sugars intake should be reduced to less than 10% TE [7]. In contrast, the Intakes for Koreans suggests that total sugars, including both natural and added sugars, should be within 10–20% TE [8]. Although the terminology used in guidelines varies and the cutoffs are slightly inconsistent, health authorities and governments are currently making efforts to reduce dietary sugars intake. A recent study that reviewed multiple national nutrition surveys showed that, although worldwide dietary sugars intake is decreasing or remains stable, it still remains above recommendation [9]. Although for Koreans the mean intake of total sugars is within the recommended range, the intake exceeds the cutoff in some subgroups (e. g. , children and young adults), highlighting the need for intervention [10]. Ultra-processed foods have been demonstrated to drive excessive sugars intake [11, 12, 13, 14, 15]. These foods are industrial products manufactured from substances extracted from foods or derived from food constituents and synthesized from organic sources, with little or even no whole food [16]. They include sugar-sweetened drinks, snacks and cookies, chocolate, candies, breads and cakes, breakfast cereals, and diverse types of instant foods and ready-to-eat products. These foods are typically high in sugars, fat, and salt, energy density, and low in fiber, protein, minerals, and vitamins [16, 17]. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by stating that ultra-processed foods 'have been demonstrated to drive excessive sugars intake' and that these foods are 'typically high in sugars, fat, and salt.' This indicates a correlation between processed foods and increased levels of added sugars.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: All processed foods are inherently unhealthy. [SEP] Text: regulation is not based on the NOVA classification; however, foods that are under the scope of the regulation overlap greatly with foods under processed and ultra-processed groups defined by NOVA, with the exemption of foods that have no addition of critical nutrients (and therefore are not under the scope of the Chilean regulation), but are ultra-processed based on their content of food additives (e. g. , beverages with no added sugars but using non-nutritive sweeteners). Both policies should impact the influence of ultra-processed food consumption in the nutrient content of the Chilean diet. In turn, the food labelling and marketing regulation, together with other initiatives under discussion such as taxing foods with high content of energy, sugars, Na and saturated fats(Reference Agostini, Corvalán and Cuadrado49) or improving the availability and prices of minimally processed foods, could decrease the dietary share of ultra-processed foods. In concordance with these strategies, our results show that most prevalence of inadequacy of nutrients related to NCD would be substantially reduced in the scenario of lower consumption of ultra-processed foods. Furthermore, our findings support actions to regulating the content of critical nutrients in the food supply such as the voluntary agreements with bread producers to reduce Na/salt content(50) and the law to reduce trans fats in the food products that could explain the low inadequacy intake in the population (3·1 % exceed the upper limit of ≥1 %)(6). They also support the promotion of fruit and vegetable consumption in the Chilean population through the ‘five a day’ programme(Reference Zacarías, Pizarro and Rodríguez51) and the message about reducing table salt in the dietary guidelines(52). In the light of our results, it might be convenient to include in such dietary guidelines recommendations according to the degree of food processing and to take into consideration nutrients, foods, combinations of foods, dishes and meals, and the social and cultural dimensions of eating and dietary patterns in concordance with the proposals of Brazil and Uruguay(53,54). The current study is not without limitations. The 24-h dietary recalls are subject to errors(Reference Shim, Oh and Kim55). To improve the reliability of data obtained by these recalls, the multiple-pass method was used, which improves the report of items frequently omitted by those interviewed(27). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the regulation of processed and ultra-processed foods in terms of their nutrient content and the implications of their consumption on health. Specifically, it suggests that the regulation aims to reduce the negative impact of ultra-processed foods on nutrient adequacy in diets. It highlights that not all processed foods are categorically unhealthy; some policies aim to promote healthier options and decrease the share of unhealthy processed foods through various initiatives, indicating that a nuanced approach is necessary.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Melatonin production is influenced by light exposure. [SEP] Text:  (OU)Pupils not observableNot testedNegative722J253/MRetinopathy of prematurity<1<1OU: band keratopathyOS: leukocoria, total synechia of irisOD: phthisis bulbi, opaque corneaBarely (OS); no (OD)No (OU)Pupils not observableNot testedNegative827A856/FRetinopathy of prematurity<1<1OS: anterior synechiaeOD: mild phthisis bulbi, dense band, keratopathy, corneal neovascularizationNo (OU)No (OU)Pupils not observableNot detectableNegative923BP33/MRetinitis/retinopathy (measles)212OU: phthisis bulbi, dense corneal scarring with vascularization, marked exotropiaOD: cornea irregularly thinned nasallyNo (OU)No (OU)Pupils not observableNot detectableNegative10274043/FRetinopathy (congenital rubella syndrome) and glaucoma (17 yrs)prenatal∼20OU: phthisis bulbi, scarred and opacified cornea, dense cataracts, scleromalacia (sclera diffusely thin)Yes (OU)No (OU)Pupils not observableNot detectableNegative1126Q539/FCongenital glaucoma<17–8OU: phthisis bulbi, cornea diffusely opaque, scarred and slightly vascularized corneaNo (OU)No (OU)Pupils not observableNot detectableNegative12234768/MOptic neuritis (spinal meningitis)27–8OU: phthisis bulbi, corneal surface completely scarredNo (OU)No (OU)Pupils not observableNot testedNegative1327Q243/FOptic neuropathy w/moderate retinopathy33OU: normal conjunctiva, cornea, and anterior chamber; optic nerves completely white; dense macular scarring; scattered retinal scarsOD: 1 small circular zone of posterior subcapsular cataract superior to visual axis, slightly out-of-round pupilYes (OU)Yes (OU)Not detectableNot testedNegative1426Q643/MCause unknown [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text provided contains detailed medical observations and terminologies related to various eye conditions and does not address melatonin production or the influence of light exposure on it. Therefore, the claim is not supported or contradicted by the text, making it irrelevant.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Processed foods are generally higher in added sugars and preservatives. [SEP] Text: There is growing evidence of a significant positive, linear association between ultra-processed food consumption and added or free sugars intake [11, 12, 13, 14, 15], thereby suggesting that reducing ultra-processed food consumption could be an effective way of limiting excessive sugars intake. However, there is no evidence on the ultra-processed food consumption of Koreans and its association with dietary sugars intake. Therefore, this study aimed to estimate the contribution of ultra-processed food consumption to total sugars intake, and to investigate the association between ultra-processed food consumption and total sugars intake in Koreans. Go to: population This study used data from the Health and Survey (), 2016–2018. is a continuous, nationwide, cross-sectional survey that provides diverse information about the health and nutrition status of Koreans aged 1 year or older. consists of health interviews, health examinations, and nutrition surveys. The survey protocols and procedures were approved by the Board (2018-01-03-P-A) of the Control and (KDCA). Written informed consent was obtained from all participants. In the 2016–2018, a total of 31,639 individuals aged 1 year or older were sampled. Among them, 24,269 (76. 6%) participated in at least one of the three component surveys. Of these, 21,271 completed a 24-h dietary recall of the nutrition survey. This study included 21,075 participants for which 24-h dietary recall data was available and were not pregnant or breastfed at the time of the survey. Dietary assessment Dietary intake was assessed via a 24-h recall. A trained dietitian surveyed details of foods and beverages consumed on the recall day using the multi-pass method, similar to the US Department of Agriculture (USDA) Automated Multi-[18]. Individuals provided information on food description, quantity, and preparation method of each food item they consumed both within and outside the home, as well as additional details including time, place, accompanying meals, and so on. All food items were coded and edited. For a dish (i. e. , multi-ingredient food such as Bibimbap), dietary information was disaggregated into individual ingredients by applying the participant’s home recipe for the dish or the standard recipe developed for the [19, 20, 21]. Dietary energy and nutrient intake were calculated by applying the food composition database to food intake data [19, 20, 21]. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by indicating that there is growing evidence of a significant positive association between ultra-processed food consumption and added sugars intake. This suggests that processed foods are indeed higher in added sugars, aligning with the claim being analyzed.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: All processed foods are inherently unhealthy. [SEP] Text: Its results also reinforce the merit of a set of regulations conducted by the Chilean government aimed to improve diet quality and provide baseline information to evaluate these policies(Reference Corvalán, Marcela and Maria Luisa48). the Chile diet, an increased dietary contribution of ultra-processed foods was associated with an unhealthy nutrient content, with high dietary content of NCD-promoting nutrients (i. e. , energy density, free sugars, total fats, saturated fats, trans fats and Na:K ratio) and low content of NCD-protecting nutrients (i. e. , K and dietary fibre). Furthermore, the high prevalence of dietary nutrient inadequacies would be substantially reduced in the counterfactual scenario of a lower consumption of ultra-processed foods (the 20 % lowest consumers of ultra-processed foods – first quintile – represented 3·8 % of the total energy intake ranging from 0 to 9·3 %). This evidence suggests that decreasing the dietary share of ultra-processed foods in Chile is a potentially effective way to achieve recommendations on the intake of NCD-related nutrients and to promote eating in accordance with the international goals for a healthy diet. Acknowledgements Acknowledgements: of Health of Chile supplied the Database (Dietary Survey, 2010). Information from nutrients fact panels obtained from packaged foods in 2015 was supported by the Research Center. Financial support: The analyses were supported by the Fundaçâo de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (grant number 2015/14900-9, G. C. is beneficiary of Postdoctoral fellowship, -Process 2016/13522-3). Conflict of interest: The authors declare no conflict of interest. Authorship: G. C. and C. A. M. designed the research. G. C. and M. R. took care of data management and analyses. G. C. , C. A. M. , M. R. , C. C. , R. B. L. and R. U. interpreted the data. G. C. wrote the first draft of the manuscript. All authors read, edited and approved the final manuscript. Ethics of human subject participation: Not applicable. Supplementary material For supplementary material accompanying this paper visit 17. CrossRef941. CrossRef28. CrossRef27. CrossRef87. CrossRef1. pdf (accessed January 2018). 31. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by providing evidence that increased dietary contribution of ultra-processed foods is associated with unhealthy nutrient content, highlighting a specific link between the consumption of such foods and high levels of NCD-promoting nutrients while being low in NCD-protecting nutrients. Furthermore, it suggests that reducing the consumption of ultra-processed foods could significantly improve dietary quality and help meet international dietary recommendations, implying that not all processed foods are inherently unhealthy.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Melatonin production is influenced by light exposure. [SEP] Text: 1519OU: phthisis bulbi, cornea diffusely scarred and partially vascularized, dense white cataractBarely (OU)No (OU)Pupils not observableNot detectableNegative15280563/MCause unknown; possibly due to inflammation of retina/optic nerves (Beriberi disease)356OU: band keratopathy, cornea completely opaque with pannus across much of central cornea and vascularized at the peripheryOS: abnormal globe contour with slight conical cornea, calcific deposits centrally in corneaOD: phthisis bulbi, retinal detachment (via ultrasound)No (OU)No (OU)Pupils not observableNot detectableNegative16145140/MEnucleation due to atrophia bulbiprenatal7–8OU: retinopathy (congenital rubella syndrome); prosthesis; bilateral enucleation at age 38 due to atrophia bulbiN/AN/AN/AN/ANegative1722K449/MEnucleation due to ocular trauma3333OU: prosthesis; bilateral enucleation at age 33 as a direct consequence of severe bilateral ocular traumaN/AN/AN/AN/ANegative18230653/MEnucleation due to retinoblastoma12OU: prosthesis; bilateral enucleation at age 2 for treatment of retinoblastomaN/AN/AN/AN/ANegativeTable 1Details of 18 for a Light-Suppression ResponseD = diopters; IOL = intraocular lens; LP = light perception; N/A = not available; OD = right eye; OS = left eye; OU = both eyes; RPE = retinal pigment epithelium. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text provided does not address the influence of light exposure on melatonin production. Instead, it discusses various medical conditions related to ocular trauma and diseases affecting the eye, which are irrelevant to the claim regarding melatonin.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Processed foods are generally higher in added sugars and preservatives. [SEP] Text: Ultra-processed foods include sugar-sweetened beverages (SSBs), soft drinks, packaged snacks, confectionaries, and diverse types of instant foods. Sociodemographic variables This study included sex, age, residential area, and income as sociodemographic variables. Sociodemographic variables were categorized as follows: sex (male and female), age (1–18 years, 19–49 years, 50–64 years, and 65 years or older), residential area (urban and rural), and income (lowest: quartile 1–highest: quartile 4). Statistical analysis We estimated dietary energy and total sugars intake for the entire population according to the NOVA food groups and subgroups. Energy intake from each food group was expressed as absolute (kcal/day) and relative intake (% TE). Total sugars intake was expressed as absolute intake (g/day), relative intake (% TE and % of total sugars intake), and the proportion of energy from total sugars among energy intake within each food group (%). We also compared the average intake of energy and total sugars according to the four NOVA food groups by sex and age groups and tested whether the intake differed by sex and age groups. Next, we estimated total sugars intake (% TE) and the prevalence of excessive total sugars intake (≥ 20% TE from total sugars) across quartiles of dietary energy contribution of ultra-processed foods. This cutoff (≥ 20% TE from total sugars) is the upper limit recommended by the Society (KNS) [8]. Crude and adjusted logistic regression analyses were performed to estimate the prevalence ratio (PR) and 95% confidence interval (CI) for the association between quartiles of ultra-processed foods (% TE) and the prevalence of excessive total sugars intake. In the adjusted models, sex, age group, residence area, and income were included as cofounding factors. Linear trends were tested using the median value of ultra-processed food consumption (% TE) for each quartile. We additionally assessed whether the total sugars intake (% TE) increased across quartiles of ultra-processed foods using linear regression analyses. All analyses were stratified by sex and age. For subgroup analyses, sex- and age-specific quartiles of ultra-processed food consumption were used. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text includes information about ultra-processed foods, which typically contain higher levels of sugar-sweetened beverages and snacks. It discusses the estimation of total sugars intake from ultra-processed foods and highlights the prevalence of excessive total sugars intake associated with these food categories. This supports the claim that processed foods are generally higher in added sugars.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: All processed foods are inherently unhealthy. [SEP] Text: Ultra-processed foods: a fit-for-purpose concept for nutrition policy activities to tackle unhealthy and unsustainable diets Published online by Press: 14 December 2022 [Opens in a new window] Show author details Mark Lawrence* Affiliation: Institute for and Nutrition (IPAN), Deakin University, Geelong, Australia email lawrence@deakin. edu. au 0. 14 mb) View PDF [Opens in a new window] Save to to Save to & Permissions [Opens in a new window] nutrition science began approximately 100 years ago in the context of nutrient deficiency diseases. Nutrition research and policy activities were framed mostly within a reductionist paradigm in which foods were analysed as being a collection of their constituent nutrients. Today, nutrition problems extend to all forms of malnutrition as well as environmental sustainability considerations and are associated with food and dietary pattern exposures. In 2009, researchers investigating the nutrition transition in Brazil proposed that industrial food processing was a key determinant of nutrition problems. The NOVA food classification system which is based on the nature, extent and purposes of food processing was developed to operationalise this proposition. The ultra-processed food (UPF) concept within NOVA is receiving much attention in relation to nutrition research and policy activities. This commentary describes the UPF concept as being fit-for-purpose in providing guidance to inform policy activities to tackle unhealthy and unsustainable diets. There is now a substantial body of evidence linking UPF exposure with adverse population and planetary health outcomes. The UPF concept is increasingly being used in the development of food-based dietary guidelines and nutrition policy actions. It challenges many conventional nutrition research and policy activities as well as the political economy of the industrial food system. Inevitably, there are politicised debates associated with UPF and it is apparent a disproportionate number of 10. 1017/S000711452200280X [Opens in a new window] This is an 4. 0/), which permits unrestricted re-use, distribution and reproduction, provided the original 2022. Published by Press on behalf of nutrition policy challenge Modern nutrition science began approximately 100 years ago within the context of nutrient deficiency diseases(Reference Mozaffarian, Rosenberg and Uauy1). A ‘Nutrient Deficiency’ era of nutrition science prevailed over the following decades(Reference Ridgway, Baker and Woods2). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the ultra-processed food (UPF) concept, which suggests that not all processed foods are inherently unhealthy. It mentions that there is a substantial body of evidence linking UPF exposure with adverse health outcomes, implying that the health implications of processed foods can vary significantly rather than being uniformly unhealthy.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Melatonin production is influenced by light exposure. [SEP] Text: Note that 1 participant (23CM, no. 5) has 1 eye enucleated and 3 participants (1451, 22K4, and 2306; no. 16, 17, 18, respectively) are bilaterally enucleated. All other participants (n = 14) have 2 natural eyes present. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses the eye status of participants in a study, without mentioning melatonin production or the influence of light on it.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Processed foods are generally higher in added sugars and preservatives. [SEP] Text: According to the comprehensive action plan for reducing sugars consumption launched by the of Food and (KMFDA) in 2016, sugars intake should be less than 10% TE from processed foods. Thus, we additionally analyzed the association between ultra-processed food consumption and total sugars intake based on the standards recommended by the KMFDA. We calculated the total sugars intake from both processed and ultra-processed foods (% TE) of NOVA food groups and estimated the prevalence of excessive total sugar intake, defined as ≥ 10% TE from total sugars from both processed and ultra-processed foods. Total sugars intake and the prevalence of excessive total sugars intake from processed and ultra-processed foods were presented according to quartiles of energy contribution of ultra-processed foods. Crude and adjusted logistic regression analyses were performed to assess whether the prevalence differed across quartiles of ultra-processed foods. Adjustments were made for sex, age group, residence area, and income. Linear trends were tested using the median of ultra-processed food consumption (% TE) of each quartile. Linear regression analyses were used to assess whether the total sugars intake from processed and ultra-processed foods (% TE) increased across quartiles of ultra-processed foods. Subgroup analyses were performed in a similar manner. Sample weights and survey designs were considered in all analyses. and procedures were used. Data analyses were performed using SAS software (version 9. 4; ), and results were regarded as significant at a P-value < 0. 05. Go to: -weighted proportion of the study population are depicted in Table 1. Table 1 Distribution of study population Click for larger image Click for full table Download as Excel file Dietary intake of total energy and total sugars by food groups The average daily energy intake among Koreans aged 1 year or older was 1,996 kcal, with 26. 2% TE arising from ultra-processed foods (Table 2). The average total sugars intake was 63. 1 g and total sugars accounted for 13. 0% TE. Nearly half of the daily total sugars intake (44. 9%) came from ultra-processed foods. The contribution of total sugars to energy intake in each food group was 9. 4% TE in unprocessed or minimally processed foods, but that within ultra-processed foods was up to 25. 0% TE. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by detailing that total sugars intake from processed and ultra-processed foods was significant, with ultra-processed foods contributing to 44.9% of daily total sugars intake and accounting for 25.0% of energy intake in ultra-processed foods, compared to only 9.4% in minimally processed foods. This indicates that processed foods indeed have a higher total sugars intake, thereby supporting the claim.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: All processed foods are inherently unhealthy. [SEP] Text: The theory proposed that industrial food processing was a core influence on the structure and operation of food systems around the world and consequently a key determinant of dietary patterns and diet-related health outcomes. Critically, to operationalise the theory he introduced the innovative NOVA food classification system which is based on the nature, extent and purposes of food processing. NOVA classifies foods into four groups: group 1 – unprocessed and minimally processed foods; group 2 – processed culinary ingredients; group 3 – processed foods and group 4 – ultra-processed foods (UPF). It is the concept of UPF (Group 4) which has become the most germane component of the NOVA food system in its application to nutrition research and policy activities. UPF are defined as ‘formulations of ingredients, mostly of exclusive industrial use, that result from a series of industrial processes’(Reference Monteiro, Cannon and Levy6). Examples of such products include, margarines, soft drinks, preprepared frozen meals, instant noodles and confectionery. In a letter which the journal had invited me to submit in response to Monteiro’s commentary I supported the proposed theory and briefly mentioned it also had relevance to sustainability considerations in the context of the association between energy use and degree of food processing and packaging(Reference Lawrence7). Monteiro concurred saying ‘this is another reason to avoid ultra-processed foods’(Reference Monteiro8), p. 1968. Since 2009, recognition of the UPF concept’s relevance to sustainable diets has grown substantially(and Rock9,Reference Seferidi, Scrinis and Huybrechts10). As the twenty-first century unfolds, a rapid proliferation in the manufacture and consumption of UPF globally, regionally and nationally is being observed(Reference Baker, Machado and Santos11). Although the volumes and variety of UPF are highest in higher income countries, where it is estimated they now contribute more than half of the population’s dietary energy intake(12), the rate of change in consumption is especially dramatic in highly populated middle-income countries. These findings are linked with the industrialisation of food systems and consistent with the proposition that UPF are a powerful marker of the global nutrition transition(Reference Baker, Machado and Santos11). Evidence supporting the concept There is now a substantial body of evidence linking UPF exposure with adverse population and planetary health outcomes. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by indicating that not all processed foods are inherently unhealthy, particularly through the NOVA food classification system. It specifically discusses ultra-processed foods (UPF) and their negative associations with health outcomes. The text states, 'there is now a substantial body of evidence linking UPF exposure with adverse population and planetary health outcomes,' which implies that only certain categories of processed foods (e.g., UPF) are linked to poor health, contradicting the claim that all processed foods are unhealthy.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Melatonin production is influenced by light exposure. [SEP] Text: Open table in a new tabParticipants were recruited from the community via newspaper, newsletter, and radio advertisements placed through numerous institutions, associations, and groups for visually impaired and blind persons across North America. Each participant provided written informed consent before participating in both the screening procedures and inpatient protocol, and each participant was provided a copy of the text of the research study consent form in Braille, computer text, or audio CD format as requested. Board approval was obtained for all study procedures by the Research Committee. The experiment was performed in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki. Participants were required to be ambulatory, to be taking no prescription medications, and to have no major health, psychologic, or neurologic disorders other than complete blindness and sleep disruption associated with their blindness. 27,28 Participants were healthy based on a comprehensive physical and psychologic examination, blood and urine tests, and electrocardiogram. Urine toxicology (i. e. , for caffeine, nicotine, narcotics) tests confirmed that all participants were drug-free during screening and on admission to the inpatient study. Participants completed the Questionnaire. 29 All were negative for risk of sleep apnea; 2 participants (23BP, 26Q5) met the criteria for narcolepsy risk; 2 (22A6, 26Q5) for sleep disruption associated with psychiatric disorders; and 7 (22J2, 27A8, 23BP, 2347, 27Q2, 26Q5, 2306) for nocturnal myoclonus, interpreted as general sleep interruption. 29 Participants reported no history of working night shifts or long-distance travel across 1 or more time zones in the last 3 years before their screening. Ophthalmologic TestingOn initial screening, participants reported having no conscious light perception. Participants were studied regardless of the cause of blindness (with the exception of cortical blindness), age and rapidity of vision loss, presence or absence of eyes, or self-reported sleep disturbances. An ophthalmologic assessment was performed in all blind participants with eyes before or after the inpatient study. As part of the eye examination, the following descriptions were noted for each eye: history of vision loss, description of appearance of globe/optics, ocular motility, a fundoscopic examination, and pupil reflex to light was examined with a slit lamp with the brightest light of an indirect ophthalmoscope. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not provide any information regarding melatonin production or its relationship with light exposure. Instead, it focuses on the recruitment and assessment of participants in a study related to vision and sleep, particularly amongst blind individuals. This makes the text irrelevant to the claim regarding melatonin production.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Processed foods are generally higher in added sugars and preservatives. [SEP] Text: Table 2 Dietary intake of total energy and total sugars according to NOVA food groups and subgroups Click for larger image Click for full table Download as Excel file Table 3 shows the dietary intake of total energy and total sugars according to the four NOVA food groups by sex and age groups. The consumption of ultra-processed foods (% TE) was higher in males and in the younger population (both P < 0. 001). The absolute intake of total sugars was slightly higher in males, but the relative intake to total energy (% TE) was higher in females (both P < 0. 001). Males consumed nearly half (47. 9%) of daily total sugars from ultra-processed foods, whereas females presented a total sugars intake from ultra-processed foods lower than that of males (41. 9%) and instead consumed more total sugars from unprocessed or minimally processed foods (all P < 0. 001). By age group, both absolute and relative intake of total sugars were higher in the younger population (all P < 0. 001). Table 3 Dietary intake of total energy and total sugars according to NOVA food groups by sex and age groups Click for larger image Click for full table Download as Excel file Association between ultra-processed food consumption and total sugars intake Among the entire population, 15. 8% exceeded the upper limit for total sugars (20% TE) recommended by the KNS (Table 4). Excessive total sugars intake was more prevalent among females (19. 5%) and children (21. 1%). The prevalence of excessive total sugars intake showed a significant increasing tendency across the quartiles of ultra-processed food energy contribution, ranging from 11. 9% in the lowest quartile to 23. 2% in the highest quartile. After adjusting for sociodemographic variables, ultra-processed food consumption was positively associated with the prevalence of excessive total sugars intake (P for trend < 0. 001). The adjusted PR of excessive total sugars intake was 2. 40 (95% CI, 2. 10–2. 75) in the highest quartile of ultra-processed food energy contribution compared with the lowest. Similar associations were observed in all subgroup analyses stratified by sex and age. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by indicating that there is a significant association between ultra-processed food consumption and total sugars intake, with 47.9% of daily total sugars consumed by males coming from ultra-processed foods. It further states that as the contribution of ultra-processed food energy increases, the prevalence of excessive total sugars intake also rises, indicating that processed foods are linked to higher total sugars consumption.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: All processed foods are inherently unhealthy. [SEP] Text: The evidence has been collected from observational, experimental and mechanistic studies conducted in a diversity of countries. A recent systematic review and meta-analysis reported that UPF consumption was associated with increased risk of obesity, all-cause mortality, the metabolic syndrome, depression, cardiometabolic diseases and frailty among many other chronic diseases in adults as well as the metabolic syndrome in adolescents and dyslipidaemia in children(Reference Lane, Davis and Beattie13). Importantly, the observed associations between UPF and these diseases are not just the result of poor nutrient profiles. A randomised controlled trial conducted by Hall and colleagues showed that consuming an ultra-processed diet matched for macro-and micro-nutrient composition with the control diet caused a significant increase in ad libitum energy intake and consequent weight and body fat gain(Reference Hall, Ayuketah and Brychta14). Evidence from mechanistic studies is lending biological plausibility to the observed associations by showing how the novel chemical compositions and/or food matrix structures of UPF might be acting through one or more physiological, immunological, hormonal or neurobiological pathways(and Astrup15,Reference Srour, Kordahi and Bonazzi16). In relation to dietary sustainability metrics, a review which summarised the magnitude and types of environmental impacts resulting from each stage of the UPF supply chain reported three core findings(Reference Anastasiou, Baker and Hadjikakou17): (i) UPF production uses significant finite environmental resources; (ii) UPF are responsible for significant environmental degradation and waste; and (iii) findings (i) and (ii) are all the more egregious from a sustainability perspective when it is considered that UPF are superfluous to basic human needs. There are three characteristics of the body of evidence linking UPF exposure with adverse population and planetary health outcomes which have particular salience for the utility of the concept in guiding the formulation of nutrition policy activities: The risk exposure is a combination of increased dietary intake of UPF and reduced dietary intake of NOVA groups 1 and 3 (displaced by UPF). UPF refers to a heterogeneous group of products in relation to their health and sustainability effects, and it is the overall dietary pattern (amounts and combinations of individual UPF) rather than the intake of individual UPF which is relevant to explaining and predicting health and sustainability outcomes(Reference Osté, Duan and Gomes-Neto18). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by providing evidence that not all processed foods are inherently unhealthy. It highlights that the risks associated with ultra-processed foods (UPF) relate specifically to their consumption patterns and health outcomes, rather than implying that all processed foods are unhealthy. The text cites systematic reviews and studies linking UPF with adverse health outcomes but does not generalize this to all types of processed foods, suggesting that the overall dietary pattern is more crucial than the classification of individual foods.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Melatonin production is influenced by light exposure. [SEP] Text: 75 and 15. 50 hours after scheduled waketime) as the result of CBT minimum calculation error. Participants were seated 1. 5 hours before the initiation of a 6. 5-hour LE and remained seated for 9 hours. During the bright LE, participants remained seated and were instructed to keep their eye-lids open. Participants wore clear U-Vex goggles during the bright LE to block any residual ultraviolet light (U-Vex, Boston, MA). All room contents were covered with white bed sheets. Participants were instructed by the technician to maintain a fixed or free gaze at predetermined, equal intervals during the bright LE (18 minutes fixed, 18 minutes free, 6 minutes fixed, 6 minutes free, 6 minutes fixed, 6 minutes free, repeated hourly). During the fixed gaze intervals, participants were instructed to orient their face forward in the same direction that they were sitting with their chin slightly elevated upward and to refrain from turning their head to the left or to the right or up or down. During the free-gaze interval of the bright LE, participants were allowed to move their heads in any direction. The technician sitting in the room during the LE session was instructed not to discuss light levels with the participant. Lighting ConditionsAmbient room lighting was generated using standard, broad-spectrum ceiling-mounted fluorescent lamps (4100K, Philips Lighting, the Netherlands) controlled with digital ballasts and transmitted through an ultraviolet-stable filter (Lextran 9030 with prismatic lens; ). Daily light intensity readings were taken and recorded by technicians approximately 2 hours after scheduled wake time to verify predetermined light settings in the room for CR (days 3–4, 4–5 or 34–35) and LE (days 5, 6, or 36). A separate light reading was taken at the center of the room with the light meter fixed to a pole 183 cm from the floor pointing at wall of the square room (vertical plane). In addition, a technician sitting in the room during the bright LE measured light intensity levels after (1) every other fixed gaze interval with a light meter attached to a pole 137 cm from the floor pointing toward the wall placed approximately 64 cm in front the participant's face and (2) after each fixed and free gaze interval measured from the participant's forehead toward the approximate direction of the participant's fixed gaze and free gaze. Light intensity levels (lux) were measured with an IL-1400 photometer (). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not directly address melatonin production or its relationship with light exposure. Instead, it details a study's methodology regarding light exposure conditions, participant instructions, and light measurements, without discussing the effects of light on melatonin levels.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Processed foods are generally higher in added sugars and preservatives. [SEP] Text: Table 4 Associations between dietary contribution of UPF and total sugars intake Click for larger image Click for full table Download as Excel file Association between ultra-processed food consumption and total sugars intake from both processed and ultra-processed foods Table 5 shows the association between ultra-processed food consumption and excessive total sugars intake based on the recommendation of the KMFDA. Among the entire population, 22. 1% consumed more than 10% TE from total sugars from both processed and ultra-processed foods. Excessive total sugars intake from both processed and ultra-processed foods was more prevalent in females (21. 3%) and children (37. 3%). Table 5 Associations between dietary contribution of UPF and total sugars intake from PF and UPF Click for larger image Click for full table Download as Excel file The prevalence of excessive total sugar intake from both processed and ultra-processed foods showed a significantly increasing tendency across the quartiles of ultra-processed food energy contribution, ranging from 0. 9% in the lowest quartile to 47. 2% in the highest quartile. After adjusting for sociodemographic variables, ultra-processed food consumption still had a strong positive association with excessive total sugars intake from both processed and ultra-processed foods (P for trend < 0. 001). Go to: study estimated the contribution of ultra-processed food consumption to total sugars intake and assessed whether ultra-processed food consumption is associated with total sugars intake using data from a recent national nutrition survey. In the Korean diet, the mean consumption of total sugars was 13. 0% TE, and nearly half (44. 9%) of total sugars intake came from ultra-processed foods. Among the entire population, 15. 8% consumed more than the recommended limit of 10% TE from total sugars. Ultra-processed food consumption had a significantly positive linear association with total sugars intake as well as excessive intake of total sugars. Such associations were similarly found regardless of sex and age groups. Excessive dietary sugars intake is a worldwide problem, although sugars intake seems to be slightly decreasing or stable in some countries and regions [9]. A previous study using data from the Survey 2011–2018 reported the average added sugars intake of the US population to be 67. 8 g/day, corresponding to 12. 7% TE [24]. The UK 2008–2014 found that 12. 4% of total energy was obtained by consuming free sugars [11]. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by presenting evidence that ultra-processed foods (UPF) are associated with excessive total sugars intake. It cites that a significant percentage of total sugars intake comes from ultra-processed foods, with nearly half (44.9%) of total sugars intake attributed to these foods. This suggests that processed foods typically have a higher contribution to total sugars, supporting the claim about processed foods being higher in added sugars.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: All processed foods are inherently unhealthy. [SEP] Text: Humans have not evolved with the ability to efficiently metabolise the novel chemical compositions and physical structures of many UPF(and Leitzmann4). The utility of ultra-processed foods as a fit-for-purpose concept for nutrition policy activities Nutrition policymakers are increasingly embracing the UPF concept for its fit-for-purpose guidance in formulating nutrition policy activities to tackle unhealthy and unsustainable diets. Recommendations to avoid or reduce UPF consumption have been incorporated into national dietary guidelines published in Brazil, Uruguay, Peru, Ecuador, Israel and Malaysia(Reference Monteiro, Lawrence and Millett19) and in France a target was set to reduce UPF consumption by 20 % between 2018 and 2021(20). Similarly, dietary guidance from the Association recommends avoidance of UPF(Reference Lichtenstein, Appel and Vadiveloo21). In a follow-up to the 2021 Summit, the ‘Workplan of the Coalition of Action for from Systems for Children & All’(22) has recommended avoidance of UPF in its special project on food-based dietary guidelines incorporating sustainability. A special report on UPF published by the UN Food and Agriculture Organization(12) as well as a number of expert commentaries(Reference Monteiro, Lawrence and Millett19,Reference Khandpur, Neri and Monteiro23,Reference Adams, Hofman and Moubarac24) have drawn attention to the need for nutrition policy actions to support the implementation of UPF-related dietary guideline recommendations. Commonly identified policy actions to help reduce the consumption of UPF include front-of-pack labelling information, taxes, media campaigns and marketing restrictions. Conversely, policy actions directed towards amending the decision-making processes which facilitate the entry of UPF into the food supply receive limited attention. For example, reforming the nature and scope of the risk assessment process used in the setting of food standards which relate to the preparation and marketing of UPF. The UPF concept is yet to be formally recognised within the risk assessment activities of the Commission and national food standards agencies. Several researchers are now calling for risk assessment procedures in the setting of food standards associated with UPF to extend from their current focus on food safety to also address broader social, ecological and public health considerations(Reference Lawrence, Pollard and Weeramanthri25,and Parker26). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by highlighting that while there are recommendations to avoid ultra-processed foods (UPF) due to their association with unhealthy diets, this does not inherently categorize all processed foods as unhealthy. The discussion includes various nutritional policies and guidelines aimed at tackling the issues associated with UPF consumption, suggesting a nuanced understanding of processed foods rather than an outright condemnation of all processed food types.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Melatonin production is influenced by light exposure. [SEP] Text: The catheter was connected to a 12-foot small-lumen tube, which could be passed through a porthole to allow blood sampling outside the participant's room during CR and LE. Between samples, a solution of 0. 45% saline with 5000 IU/L of heparin was infused at a rate of 40 to 51 ml/hour depending on the sampling rate to maintain patency. Approximately 1 ml of blood was aliquoted into a 3-ml Vacutainer containing the anticoagulant ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid for each sample taken. Samples were placed on ice for less than 45 minutes before being spun for 10 minutes in a centrifuge at +4°C at 2200 to 2800 revolutions per minute. Plasma was transferred into a 2-ml aliquot tube and frozen at −20°C. All plasma and saliva samples were assayed for melatonin at Pharmasan, Inc (Osceola, WI), using a commercial radioimmunoassay kit () that uses I125-melatonin as a tracer and reported as pg/ml. Sensitivity of detection for plasma melatonin was 0. 7 pg/ml. Assessment of Salivary MelatoninParticipants were asked to fill at least half of a 7-ml plastic sample tube within 5 minutes every 60 minutes during CR and LE for melatonin assay. Salivary melatonin was only analyzed and reported here for 3 participants (nos. 7, 8, and 10), because blood samples could not obtained. For 1 participant (no. 7), saliva samples were obtained every 30 minutes during LE. Samples were placed on ice for less than 45 minutes before being frozen at −20°C. Sensitivity of detection for salivary melatonin was 0. 2 pg/ml. AnalysisMelatonin SuppressionPlasma and salivary melatonin concentrations during the bright LE were compared with melatonin levels at the corresponding clock times 24 hours earlier during dim LE on CR day except in 1 case (27Q2, no. 13), in whom data from 48 hours earlier were used due to a spontaneous phase change before LE that skewed the suppression assessment. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim regarding the influence of light exposure on melatonin production. Instead, it focuses on blood sampling procedures, the assay of melatonin in plasma and saliva, and methodological details related to the study. There is no mention or evidence of the relationship between light exposure and melatonin production, which makes the text irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Processed foods are generally higher in added sugars and preservatives. [SEP] Text: In recent epidemiologic studies of eight countries, the mean total sugars intake was 99. 4 g/day, which accounted for 20. 1% TE, and 65. 9% (65. 5 g/day) came from added sugars, which accounted for 13. 2% TE [25]. Although the total dietary sugar intake of Koreans estimated in our study was not as high as that of other countries, it was not lower than that of the 2008–2011 (12. 8% TE) [10]. In addition, both higher intake of dietary sugars and foods high in sugars among children and adolescents were observed [10, 22]; thus highlighting the need for tightly monitoring sugars intake in these risk populations. To date, the relationship between dietary sugars intake and human health has mainly been investigated at the level of SSBs, which are the main source of dietary sugars [26, 27, 28, 29, 30]. SSBs have poor nutritional profiles, less satiation, and excessive caloric value; thus, they have been targeted for public health intervention [31]. However, recently, various types of highly processed foods have infiltrated into the human diet and are widely consumed [32], which has aroused attention to the overall consumption of ultra-processed foods other than SSBs. Several studies have evaluated the levels of food processing and the excessive consumption of dietary sugars. In the US diet, ultra-processed foods contributed 57. 9% of the total energy and comprised 89. 7% of added sugars. Additionally, consumption of added sugars increased linearly across quintiles of ultra-processed food consumption from 7. 5% TE in the lowest quintile to 19. 5% TE in the highest [12]. Similar associations have been observed in other countries. In the UK, ultra-processed foods accounted for 56. 8% of total energy and 64. 7% of total free sugars, and Australians consumed 42. 0% of total energy and 73. 8% of total free sugars from ultra-processed foods [11, 14]. Statistically significant positive associations were found between quintiles of ultra-processed food consumption and both the mean free sugars intake and the prevalence of excessive free sugars intake among almost all age groups [11, 14]. These tendency was similar in countries with relatively low levels of ultra-processed food consumptions. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by providing statistical evidence on the high levels of added sugars in ultra-processed foods. It states that in the US diet, ultra-processed foods comprised 89.7% of added sugars and were linked to increased sugars intake across different consumption levels. Similar trends were observed in the UK and Australia, indicating that ultra-processed foods significantly contribute to the overall intake of added sugars.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Video lectures allow students to review material at their own pace. [SEP] Text: of (UFMG): Belo Horizonte, Brazil. Doctorate of Philosophy Thesis; 2021. 36. Cardoso-Júnior A, Faria RMD de. Psychometric assessment of the (IMMS) instrument in a remote learning environment. Educ Med. 2021;45. 37. ’Flynn S, et al. Relevance of anatomy to medical education and clinical practice: perspectives of medical students, clinicians, and educators. Educ. 2016;5:338–46. 38. . Measuring medical students’ motivation to learning anatomy by cadaveric dissection. Educ. 2017;10:363–71. 39. . Novel and to in an During a Pandemic. Educ [Internet]. Springer US; 2021;31:1703–13. Available from: 40. . Digital lectures for learning gross anatomy: a study of their efficacy. Med Educ. 2017;29:27–32. 41. -’Keeffe GW. Anatomy education for the YouTube generation. Educ. 2016;9:90–6. 42. Keller JM. Motivational design for learning and performance: The ARCS model approach. Motiv. Des. Learn. Perform. . Springer US; 2010. 43. Student satisfaction and learning outcomes in asynchronous online lecture videos. . 2019;18:1–14. 44. . Gender and motivation. J Sch Psychol. 2006;44:351–73. 45. Bećirović S. The relationship between gender, motivation and achievement in learning english as a foreign language. Contemp Educ. 2017;6:210–20. 46. Hu Y. Motivation, usability and their interrelationships in a self-paced online learning environment [Internet]. University: Blacksburg, VA. Doctorate of Philosophy Dissertation; 2008. Available from: LA - English 47. Ozan O, Ozarslan Y. Video lecture watching behaviors of learners in online courses. . 2016;53:27–41. 48. Cuschieri S, J. Spotlight on the shift to remote anatomical teaching during Covid-19 pandemic: Perspectives and experiences from the University of Malta. Educ. 2020;13:671–9. 49. . Association of COVID-19 pandemic with undergraduate medical students’ perceived stress and coping. Behav Manag. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not directly discuss the ability of video lectures to allow students to review material at their own pace. Instead, it contains citations and references to research and academic works related to education, but does not provide supportive or contrasting evidence regarding the specific claim about video lectures.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Melatonin production is influenced by light exposure. [SEP] Text: The area under the curve (AUC) for melatonin concentrations for CR (CRAUC) and LE (LEAUC) during corresponding clock times relative to the bright LE (to Lights Off) was calculated by summation of the areas between time points using the trapezoidal method. Calculation of AUC began with the first melatonin time point after and last sample before Lights Off. If sampling stop prematurely during CR or LE, the calculation of AUC ended at the corresponding time point during LE or CR, respectively. The magnitude of melatonin suppression was defined as the percent difference (% suppression) between the CRAUC and LEAUC plasma melatonin concentrations during the corresponding clock times of the LE. Participants had to reach a threshold of 33% suppression to be considered a positive responder. Percent suppression was determined by dividing the difference between the CRAUC and LEAUC plasma melatonin levels by CRAUC:%Suppression=CRAUC−×100Melatonin OnsetThe 25% dim light melatonin onset (DLMO 25%) was calculated for melatonin profiles on CR and LE days. The DLMO was defined as the interpolated time point at which plasma melatonin levels exceeded 25% of peak to trough of CR melatonin profile. The amplitude of the melatonin profile during CR was calculated by fitting a 3-harmonic regression model33 to melatonin data during the CR, excluding the first 5 hours and the last 30 minutes of data during CR. An estimate of DLMO 25% was excluded if there was 3 hours of missing data between 2 consecutive data points. ResultsOphthalmologic EvaluationDetails of each participant's neuro-ophthalmologic evaluation are provided in Table 1. The ophthalmologic examination revealed multiple etiologies of blindness, although a definitive cause of blindness could not be obtained in 2 participants (26Q5 and 2805, nos. 14 and 15, respectively), because the participant did not know nor could it be determined during the exam (i. e. , fundus not observable). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it provides a detailed methodological description of how melatonin concentrations were measured (including the calculation of area under the curve and melatonin suppression) without addressing the influence of light exposure on melatonin production. There is no mention or evidence in the text about how light affects melatonin levels, which is central to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Processed foods are generally higher in added sugars and preservatives. [SEP] Text: and Chile, ultra-processed foods accounted for one-third of TE, but individuals in the highest quintile of ultra-processed food consumption were three to four times more likely to exceed the 10% TE upper limit for added sugars [13, 15]. Our results are consistent with these results found in previous studies. To our knowledge, this is the first study to assess the consumption of ultra-processed foods and examine its relationship with total sugars intake in Korea. Although both the levels of ultra-processed food consumption and dietary sugars intake were not as high as those in other countries [9, 11, 12, 13, 15, 24], it seems reasonable that the consumption of these foods drives excessive sugars intake, suggesting that limiting the consumption of ultra-processed foods could be an effective way of reducing dietary sugars intake. Our study had several strengths. We used data from nationwide representative samples of Koreans aged 1 year or older, which increases the generalizability of our findings. We analyzed dietary intake data obtained by the 24-h recall method, which assesses individuals’ actual food consumption over the previous day. Thus, the actual dietary intake of food and nutrients could be assessed, unlike other studies using household expenditure surveys [15, 33]. In our study, all food items reported in the 24-h recall were classified according to the NOVA system. This food classification system has been widely used to categorize foods according to the nature, extent, and purpose of food processing [16, 23]. Moreover, three researchers independently categorized foods according to the concept and guidelines of the NOVA classification system, and discrepancies in classification were resolved through discussion, as described in our previous studies [17]. However, our study also presents several limitations. First, the dietary data we used were data on single-day intake assessed by self-report. Thus, the ultra-processed food consumption and total sugars intake estimated in our study may not reflect individuals’ usual intake [34]. In addition, ultra-processed food consumption and total sugars intake may be underestimated because of the tendency of under-reporting of unhealthy foods [35], although it is unlikely that this may affect the association between ultra-processed food consumption and total sugars intake. Finally, we estimated the dietary intake of total sugars, including both natural and added sugars, rather than added or free sugars, which is commonly considered more important to human health. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text supports the claim by highlighting that individuals consuming ultra-processed foods are significantly more likely to exceed the upper limit for added sugars. It states, "individuals in the highest quintile of ultra-processed food consumption were three to four times more likely to exceed the 10% TE upper limit for added sugars," which indicates that ultra-processed foods are indeed associated with higher levels of added sugars. Furthermore, it suggests that limiting ultra-processed food consumption could help reduce dietary sugars intake, reinforcing the notion that processed foods have a significant amount of added sugars.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Online education is always more effective than traditional education. [SEP] Text: Kinematic real-time feedback is more effective than traditional teaching method in learning ankle joint mobilisation: a randomised controlled trial 8. G2: placed in front of a station where, while they performed the manoeuvre, they received a KRTF on a laptop. Outcome measures: total time of mobilisation, time to reach maximum amplitude, maximum angular displacement in the three axes, maximum and average velocity to reach the maximum angular displacement, average velocity during the mobilisation. ResultsAmong the pre-post intervention measurements, there were significant differences within the two groups for all outcome variables, however, G2 (KRTF) achieved significantly greater improvements in kinematic parameters for the two mobilisations (significant increase in displacement, velocity and significant reduction in the mobilisations runtime) than G1. Ankle plantar flexion: G1′s measurement stability (post-intervention) ranged between 0. 491 and 0. 687, while G2′s measurement stability ranged between 0. 899 and 0. 984. Ankle dorsal flexion mobilisation: G1 the measurement stability (post-intervention) ranged from 0. 543 and 0. 684 while G2 ranged between 0. 899 and 0. 974. ConclusionKRTF was proven to be more effective tool than traditional teaching method in the teaching - learning process of two joint mobilisation techniques. Trial registration NCT02504710. reports BackgroundDuring the process of learning and acquiring motor skills, it is normal that a student makes mistakes [1]. The identification of these errors and their correction is essential in order that the student remains engaged in the training of this ability and a transfer of learning takes place [1, 2]. In the process of the acquisition of skills four different stages, which are interconnected, are generated, namely learning, error detection, error correction and training [2]. The traditional teaching method in which the professor gives a demonstration and the student repeats what he or she observes has some limitations: the identification of errors and subsequent corrections that the student receives depends on the professor-student ratio, and the information received by the student is always subjective [2, 3]. To overcome these limitations, new teaching-learning strategies to acquire new abilities/skills are being developed based on the use of instruments that provide feedback in real time with objective information, according to specific and useful parameters of the ability/skill [4–6]. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by presenting findings that indicate Kinematic Real-Time Feedback (KRTF) is more effective than traditional methods for teaching joint mobilization techniques. Specifically, the results show significant improvements in kinematic parameters when using KRTF compared to traditional teaching methods, highlighting the limitations of traditional instruction, such as the dependency on professor-student ratios and subjective feedback. This suggests that traditional education, in some contexts, may not be as effective as certain online or feedback-based educational methods.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Melatonin production is influenced by light exposure. [SEP] Text: 1979; 174:245-262CrossrefScopus (531)PubMed6. Gooley, J. J. ∙ Lu, J. ∙ Fischer, D. . . . A broad role for melanopsin in nonvisual photoreceptionJ Neurosci. 2003; 23:7093-7106CrossrefPubMed7. Hannibal, J. ∙ Hindersson, P. ∙ Ostergaard, J. . . . Melanopsin is expressed in PACAP-containing retinal ganglion cells of the human retinohypothalamic tractVis Sci. 2004; 45:4202-4209CrossrefScopus (165)PubMed8. Gooley, J. J. ∙ Lu, J. ∙ Chou, T. C. . . . Melanopsin in cells of origin of the retinohypothalamic tractNat Neurosci. 2001; 4:1165CrossrefScopus (475)PubMed9. Berson, D. M. ∙ Dunn, F. A. ∙ Takao, M. Phototransduction by retinal ganglion cells that set the circadian clockScience. 2002; 295:1070-1073CrossrefScopus (2794)PubMed10. Hannibal, J. ∙ Hindersson, P. ∙ Knudsen, S. M. . . . The photopigment melanopsin is exclusively present in pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide-containing retinal ganglion cells of the retinohypothalamic tractJ Neurosci. 2002; 22:RC191CrossrefPubMed11. Hattar, S. ∙ Liao, H. W. ∙ Takao, M. . . . Melanopsin-containing retinal ganglion cells: architecture, projections, and intrinsic photosensitivityScience. 2002; 295:1065-1070CrossrefScopus (2165)PubMed12. Dacey, D. M. ∙ Liao, H. W. ∙ Peterson, B. B. . . . Melanopsin-expressing ganglion cells in primate retina signal colour and irradiance and project to the LGNNature. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not provide direct information regarding the influence of light exposure on melatonin production. Instead, it mainly discusses the role of melanopsin and its expression in various retinal ganglion cells. Therefore, it is considered irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Processed foods are generally higher in added sugars and preservatives. [SEP] Text: Information on the content of added sugars in food is not yet available in Korea, thereby hindering the calculation of their contribution to total intake. Thus, we additionally estimated the intake of total sugars from specific food groups, such as processed and ultra-processed foods, and investigated the association between ultra-processed foods and dietary sugars intake from specific food groups and found strong relationships between them. In conclusion, our findings indicate that the mean total sugars intake of Koreans accounted for 13. 0% of TE, and ultra-processed foods contributed to one-fourth of the total energy and nearly half of the total sugars intake. The mean total sugars intake was below the limited level among all sex and age groups, but higher consumption of ultra-processed food was significantly associated with increased intake of total sugars and increased prevalence of excessive total sugars intake in all groups. This study demonstrates that restricting ultra-processed food consumption may be an efficient way to reduce sugars intake in the Korean diet. Go to: Notes Funding:This research was supported by through the Foundation of Korea (NRF) funded by the Ministry of Education (NRF-2020R1I1A1A01064904). Conflict of Interest:The author declare no potential conflicts of interests. Go to: 1223. -ësse C, Druesne- Total and added sugar intakes, sugar types, and cancer risk: results from the prospective NutriNet-Santé cohort. 2020;112:1267–1279. . Guideline: for Adults and Children. Geneva: Organization; 2015. . of (NutriCoDE). Estimated global, regional, and national disease burdens related to sugar-sweetened beverage consumption in 2010. Circulation 2015;132:639–666. . Dietary sugar and body weight: have we reached a crisis in the epidemic of obesity and diabetes? : health be damned! Pour on the sugar. 2014;37:950–956. PubMed CrossRef Sigman-Grant M, Morita J. Defining and interpreting intakes of sugars. 2003;78:815S–826S. . for Americans, 2020. 8th ed. Washington, D. C. : US Office; 2020. Society, Ministry of Health and Welfare. Intakes for Koreans 2020. Sejong: Ministry of Health and Welfare; 2020. Wittekind A, Walton J. Worldwide trends in dietary sugars intake. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by indicating a strong relationship between ultra-processed foods and total sugars intake. Specifically, it states that ultra-processed foods contributed to nearly half of the total sugars intake, which supports the assertion that these types of food are generally higher in added sugars.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Online education is always more effective than traditional education. [SEP] Text: These new strategies could be used by all health professionals because they allow the student to identify errors in the implementation and to correct them, increasing their competence and autonomy during the learning process [6]. Previous studies have used different tools/instruments to provide real-time feedback, such as instrumented treatment tables [6–13], handheld force transducers [6–14], instrumented manikins [8, 15] and inertial sensors (IS) [5]. IS offer three-dimensional kinematic variables and could provide very good real-time feedback to teach/learn manual skills that have to be performed accurately and swiftly [5, 16–19]. An example of these kinds of skills could be manual therapy techniques on peripheral joints. The aim of this study was to analyse the effect of kinematic real-time feedback (KRTF) when learning two ankle joint mobilization techniques (dorsiflexion and plantar flexion with talus displacement towards anterior and posterior, respectively), comparing the results with those of a traditional teaching method, such as mobilization. The hypothesis is that KRTF promotes greater development in the learning of the two ankle joint mobilization techniques analysed in this study compared with the traditional teaching method. MethodsDesignA double-blind randomized trial compared the effect of KRTF with the traditional teaching method when learning two ankle joint mobilization techniques (dorsiflexion and plantar flexion with displacement of the talus). Data collection of the study was conducted between 15 September 2015 and 30 November 2015 at a Faculty of Health Sciences. ParticipantsThe inclusion criteria to select participants was undergraduate students with no experience in manual therapy. Having some experience in manual therapy, even using different techniques than those chosen in this study, was the only exclusion criterion. A software that generates random numbers was used and students were randomized into two distinct groups, with one group to use the traditional teaching method (G1: control group), and the other to use KRTF (G2: experimental group) (Fig. 1). The participants’ assignment in each group was conducted by a blinded investigator. Fig. 1Design and flow of participants through the trialFull size imageEthical approval statementBefore starting the protocol, participants gave informed consent and were informed that their rights were protected. The study was conducted according to the ethical principles of the (for Subjects) and was approved by he of the University of Malaga. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by analyzing a study that compares the effectiveness of kinematic real-time feedback (KRTF) in teaching specific manual therapy techniques against traditional teaching methods. The hypothesis explicitly states that KRTF promotes greater development in learning compared to the traditional method, indicating that traditional education is not always more effective, thus rejecting the absolute nature of the claim.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Shift work can negatively impact metabolic health. [SEP] Text: Skip to main content Explore journals Get published About BMC My account Search all BMC 12. 19). There were slightly more nursing staff that participated from one health service (n = 56) than the other health service (n = 52). Participants worked fixed day shift (n = 37), fixed night shift (n = 13) and rotating day and evening shift (n = 58). Most of the participants had been working their shift type for 3 years or more (n = 88, 82%) and had been with their organisation for over 3 years (n = 76, 70%). The majority of participants worked in critical care (44%) or surgical (20%) areas and were full time (42%) or part time (58%) employees. The participants were front-line employees (67%), supervisors (22%), managers (9%) or casual staff (2%). Approximately 1500 nurses received the invitation to participate in the study (approximately 7% response rate). However, the actual response rate is hard to determine, due to email inbox technical difficulties and unknown numbers of staff who are on leave or absent for other reasons. ProcedureTwo metropolitan healthcare centres (Site 1, Site 2) agreed to participate and data was collected during 2013. Low risk ethical approval and consent was obtained from both health services; Research and (LR74/1213); (LR114–13) and the (2013–113). Consent from all three committees was received in written form. Participants were instructed through the Statement and the online survey that completion of the survey documented their consent to participate. This form of participant written consent was approved by the ethics committees. Participation was anonymous. Participants were invited to complete the online questionnaire in two ways, either via an email invitation distributed by an independent third party in the organisation or through an advertisement in the organisation’s newsletter. One of the healthcare centres requested a combined approach utilising online and hard copy methods. Therefore 224 hard copy questionnaires with reply-paid envelopes were distributed to the nurse managers on each of the wards. MaterialsOrganisational climate– Real (WES-R) [17] consists of 90 statements requiring a “yes” or “no” response, which measure 10 organisational climate factors: involvement, co-worker cohesion, supervisor support, autonomy, task orientation, work pressure, clarity, control, innovation and physical comfort. The WES-R subscales have demonstrated adequate validity and reliability [18]. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it provides details about a study involving shift work participants, their roles, and the survey methodology, without addressing any impact on metabolic health. It focuses on demographic and procedural aspects rather than effects on health.