Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Horizontal gene transfer allows bacteria to acquire new traits. [SEP] Text: Gunakan strategi bertaruh yang bijak, seperti meningkatkan taruhan hanya saat feeling baik atau pada saat mendapatkan jackpot kecil. Terakhir, manfaatkan bonus dan promosi yang ditawarkan oleh situs slot pulsa. Banyak situs menyediakan bonus deposit yang bisa dimanfaatkan untuk menambah modal bermain. Dengan memanfaatkan kesempatan ini, pemain dapat mendapatkan lebih banyak peluang untuk bermain dan mengejar kemenangan. Pastikan untuk selalu membaca syarat dan ketentuan yang berlaku agar tidak terjebak dalam masalah. Untuk memulai petualangan Anda di dunia slot pulsa Tri, langkah pertama adalah mencari situs slot pulsa yang terpercaya. Pastikan untuk memilih platform yang memiliki lisensi resmi dan ulasan positif dari pengguna. Ini akan membantu Anda merasa lebih aman saat melakukan deposit dan bermain. Saat memilih situs, perhatikan juga opsi slot deposit pulsa Tri yang ditawarkan, serta bonus atau promosi yang bisa dimanfaatkan. Setelah menemukan situs yang tepat, selanjutnya adalah melakukan registrasi dan membuat akun. Proses ini umumnya cukup mudah dan cepat. Setelah akun Anda aktif, Anda dapat melakukan deposit menggunakan pulsa Tri. Pastikan untuk memeriksa pilihan pembayaran yang tersedia dan ketentuan minimal deposit agar tidak terdapat masalah saat memulai permainan. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses strategies for betting in online slot games rather than any scientific concepts related to horizontal gene transfer or bacteria acquiring new traits.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Phishing attacks often target sensitive personal and financial information. [SEP] Text: Journal of > Vol. 6 No. 3, July 2015 Attacks and (). DOI: 10. 4236/jis. 2015. 63021 9,444 Downloads 13,411 Views 212. doi: 10. 4236/jis. 2015. 63021. 1. phishing is an emerging threat in today’s connected world. In a mobile phishing attack, an attacker usually sends an SMS message containing links to phishing web pages or applications which, if visited, ask for credential information [1]. Attacks can also be initiated via email messages loaded in the browser of mobile devices. A report finds that the number of mobile phishing attacks has been increasing over the last few years for various mobile device platforms [2]. For example, the number of unique phishing attempts blocked by Phone 8 devices doubled from February to June 2013, and the volume of phishing attempts and online phishing websites doubled in the first half of 2013. Compared with traditional desktop software users, mobile application users are more vulnerable to phishing attacks (at least three times [3] ). Experts agree on some of the common, well-known reasons for this vulnerability: 1) Within a small devise, it is rather difficult for a user to check whether a page is legitimate, as is confirming the actual pointed hyperlinks, as URLs are not often displayed within mobile browsers. 2) Mobile users are less aware of security options to stop or prevent phishing attacks. 3) Most legitimate mobile applications require users to enter their credentials with very simple user interfaces, making the job of an attacker rather easy to come up with fake apps or plain websites mimicking legitimate user interfaces. 4) Surveys find that 40% of mobile application users enter passwords into their phones at least once. The information provided by victims is harvested by attackers within the first 60 minutes. A phishing campaign typically takes at least one hour to be identified by IT security administrators before it can take down the phishing site (this is described as the “golden hour”) [4]. Phishing attacks target commonly popular financial organizations. A survey found that 71% of phishing attacks were related to spoofed financial organizations, compared with 67% in 2012. Phishing attacks on organizations in the sector accounted for 22% of phishing attacks in 2013 [5]. The scope of phishing attacks is vast, and the consequences can be severe. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by stating that phishing attacks specifically target 'commonly popular financial organizations' and notes that a survey found that '71% of phishing attacks were related to spoofed financial organizations.' This indicates that phishing attacks are indeed focused on sensitive financial information, thereby supporting the claim.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Bilingualism has been linked to delayed onset of Alzheimer’s disease in some studies. [SEP] Text: The opposite trend was seen in AD patients, although it was not significant. This finding is problematic for the “biological definition” of AD [31]. The pattern of results indicates that disease progression rather than chronological age is the driving factor for disease development. Interestingly, there was no significant association between YECO and chronological age in the present cohort of patients. This finding may be pondered upon in light of recent research results from a very large cohort of individuals varying in cognitive status from normal aging to dementia as well as in age from 20 to 100 years [45]. Validation of the time scaleThe estimated clinical onset of adAD has been validated against the observed onset of disease in adAD patients and in the parents of adAD patients, with marked concordance [21, 44]. In this study, the time scale was quantitatively validated in relation to CSF and PET biomarker levels, i. e. , a type of construct validity. The YECO time scale was significantly associated with CSF total-tau levels, PET PiB beta-amyloid levels, and FDG metabolism, in contrast to chronological age which had no significant association with the biomarkers. This pattern of results demonstrated that the YECO time scale is a biologically valid measure; in addition, it remained more valid than chronological age when all patients (MCI and sAD) were included. The same pattern was observed when patients were subdivided according to PET amyloid status (positive or negative). Interestingly, the association between CSF p-tau levels [34] and PET PiB abnormality was not significant, while the association between CSF p-tau levels and normal PET PiB was significant. The reason for this unexpected finding is not known. To speculate, the sample of patients may have been biased regarding CSF p-tau, as there were some missing data for the sample (n = 25, 27%) [36]. An alternative validation was performed by using the ATN framework. The outcome partly replicated the quantitative validation in that the time scale (YECO) was significantly associated with PET PiB amyloid (A in the ATN framework), CSF total-tau, and metabolism (N in the ATN framework), and that there was no significant association with CSF p-tau (T in the ATN framework). This finding was unexpected, see the previous paragraph. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim as it discusses findings that relate to Alzheimer's disease (AD) progression but does not support any benefits of bilingualism in delaying onset. It focuses on biological aspects of AD, such as age and biomarkers, rather than any cognitive advantages provided by bilingualism, contradicting the notion that bilingualism is beneficial for delaying Alzheimer's symptoms.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Horizontal gene transfer allows bacteria to acquire new traits. [SEP] Text: Banyak situs juga menawarkan slot pulsa gacor yang bisa meningkatkan peluang Anda untuk menang. Setelah semua siap, mulailah menjelajahi berbagai jenis permainan slot yang ditawarkan. Cobalah beberapa game slot yang berbeda untuk menemukan mana yang paling cocok dengan gaya bermain Anda. Jangan lupa untuk memanfaatkan fitur-fitur yang ada di dalam permainan seperti bonus putaran gratis atau jackpot yang bisa memberikan keuntungan ekstra. Selalu ingat untuk bermain dengan bertanggung jawab dan nikmati setiap momen dalam permainan ini. untuk Dalam memilih situs untuk bermain slot pulsa, penting untuk memastikan bahwa situs yang dipilih adalah terpercaya. Situs yang baik akan menyediakan informasi yang jelas mengenai sistem permainan, proses deposit, dan kebijakan keamanan. Pastikan juga situs tersebut memiliki lisensi resmi dan ulasan positif dari pemain lain. Ini dapat membantu Anda merasa lebih aman saat bermain menggunakan slot pulsa Indosat atau Tri. Selain itu, situs terpercaya biasanya menawarkan berbagai pilihan permainan slot yang menarik, termasuk slot pulsa gacor. Anda bisa menemukan berbagai tema dan jenis permainan yang sesuai dengan preferensi Anda. Pastikan untuk memeriksa bonus dan promosi yang ditawarkan, karena situs yang baik sering kali memberikan tawaran menarik untuk menarik pemain baru dan menjaga pemain lama. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim regarding horizontal gene transfer in bacteria. It primarily discusses online slot gaming, including tips for playing games and considerations for choosing a trustworthy gaming site, without any connection to genetic transfer in bacteria.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Phishing attacks often target sensitive personal and financial information. [SEP] Text: On the other hand, there is limited knowledge among users on how to avoid phishing attacks. Symantec’s shows that 44% of adults are unaware that security solutions exist for mobile devices. This clearly shows not only the lack of awareness, but also the danger posed by mobile application phishing attacks [5]. A phishing (or fraudulent) mobile application potentially can grab victim’s account information and data stored on mobile devices [6]. Recently, Google pulled 50 applications from its app store in response to concerns that they may be malicious. All the apps were uploaded by the same developer and claimed to offer access to bank accounts from a wide variety of institutions such as J. P. and ING Group. As Google’s relies on its community to flag fraudulent applications, the likelihood of being vulnerable to mobile phishing attacks via fraudulent Android application is more likely than in Apple applications [6]. Given that it is important to be aware of various avenues of mobile phishing attacks and mitigation approaches for Android applications. In this paper, we describe various types of mobile phishing attacks. We also discuss some mitigation approaches and best practices to avoid phishing attacks and future research directions. The work is intended to bring more awareness among mobile application users. The paper is organized as follows. Section 2 discusses various techniques for phishing attacks. 3, some mitigation approaches are discussed. Finally, Section 4 draws the conclusions and discusses future work. 2. 2. 1. of URdevices and smart phones mostly have a small screen. Those small screens make it harder to see the full URLs when users click to the links. Also, the companies keep their mobile web sites simple to be able to use the small screen more efficiently. Moreover, some of them cannot even put their own logo due to limited screen size. Therefore, many users are not aware when they are not at official web sites while browsing on the Internet. When a fake site URL and a legitimate site URL are compared, the differences in URL can be hidden due to small size of the screen and URL bar. Figure 1 shows a sample of fake PayPal page (left1) and its URL address compared to the legitimate one (right2) [7]. While legitimate address has secure protocol, HTTPS, the fake site does not. In addition, the fake page has some additional text which may not be visible at all to users at some browsers. Besides the URL address, the fake-site does not display the original PayPal logo. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by highlighting that phishing attacks can target sensitive information, specifically mentioning that mobile phishing applications can grab victims' account information and data stored on mobile devices. Furthermore, it discusses how users may be vulnerable to phishing due to limited awareness and the challenges of recognizing fraudulent sites, which underscores the threat to sensitive personal and financial information.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Self-directed learning can foster creativity and problem-solving in children more effectively than traditional methods. [SEP] Text: Correction 9 May 2024: Manuaba IBAP, -No Y, Wu CC (2024) Correction: The effectiveness of problem based learning in improving critical thinking, problem-solving and self-directed learning in first-year medical students: A meta-analysis. 19(5): e0303724. View correction adaptation process for first-year medical students is an important problem because it significantly affects educational activities. The previous study showed that 63% of students had difficulties adapting to the learning process in their first year at medical school. Therefore, students need the most suitable learning style to support the educational process, such as Problem-based learning (PBL). This method can improve critical thinking skills, problem-solving and self-directed learning. Although PBL has been adopted in medical education, the effectiveness of PBL in first-year medical students is still not yet clear. The purpose of this meta-analysis is to verify whether the PBL approach has a positive effect in improving knowledge, problem-solving and self-directed learning in first-year medical students compared with the conventional method. searched PubMed, ScienceDirect, Cochrane, and 2021. Search terms included problem-based learning, effectiveness, effectivity, and medical student. We excluded studies with the final-year medical student populations. All analyses in our study were carried out using version 5. 3 (). eligible studies (622 patients) were included. The pooled analysis demonstrated no significant difference between PBL with conventional learning method in critical thinking/knowledge assessment (p = 0. 29), problem-solving aspect (p = 0. 47), and self-directed learning aspect (p = 0. 34). present study concluded that the PBL approach in first-year medical students appeared to be ineffective in improving critical thinking/knowledge, problem-solving, and self-directed compared with the conventional teaching method. Citation: Manuaba IBAP, -No Y, Wu C-C (2022) The effectiveness of problem based learning in improving critical thinking, problem-solving and self-directed learning in first-year medical students: A meta-analysis. 17(11): e0277339. Huijuan Cao, of : July 14, 2021; Accepted: October 25, 2022; Published: November 22, 2022Copyright: © 2022 Manuaba et al. This is an open access 10. 07±3. 49 versus 5. 97±2. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by presenting a study that indicates problem-based learning (PBL), a form of self-directed learning, does not significantly improve critical thinking, problem-solving, or self-directed learning skills in first-year medical students when compared to conventional methods. The conclusion of the study states, 'the PBL approach in first-year medical students appeared to be ineffective in improving critical thinking/knowledge, problem-solving, and self-directed compared with the conventional teaching method.' This suggests that self-directed learning through PBL may not be as effective as the claim suggests.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Horizontal gene transfer allows bacteria to acquire new traits. [SEP] Text: Terakhir, pastikan situs yang Anda pilih menyediakan layanan pelanggan yang responsif dan ramah. Ini sangat penting jika Anda mengalami masalah atau memiliki pertanyaan seputar permainan atau transaksi dengan slot deposit pulsa. Dengan langkah-langkah ini, Anda bisa menikmati pengalaman bermain yang lebih aman dan menyenangkan di situs slot pulsa yang terpercaya. 28/08/2024 by admin1989 to the lottery is a form of gambling in which people purchase tickets and have the chance to win a prize. The prizes can range from cash to goods. The odds of winning the lottery can vary greatly depending on the price of a ticket, the amount of tickets sold, and how many numbers are drawn. There are several different ways to play the lottery, including online and in-person. The prize money can also vary from one lottery to the next. In the United States, state-run lotteries are common and generate billions of dollars each year in proceeds for public services such as education, road construction, and emergency response. Some states also use lottery funds to promote tourism and encourage local businesses. But there are also critics of the games, who say that they erode the value of hard-earned dollars, and create generational cycles of debt and dependence on handouts. The concept of drawing lots to determine ownership of property goes back a long way. Testament instructs Moses to divide the land of Israel by lot, and a record from the in the 15th century refers to “the casting of lots. ” Although the modern lottery has only been around since the 19th century, it is still very popular. It is estimated that the average American spends more than $600 on lottery tickets each year. Despite this, the chances of winning are very small. In fact, the average American has a one in a million chance of becoming a millionaire through a single lottery ticket. Some people have a love of the game for its simple, clean fun. Others are more interested in the potential for great wealth. Some people even feel that they have a “meritocratic” belief that they are “worth” a big jackpot. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not contain any information related to horizontal gene transfer or bacteria acquiring new traits. It discusses topics related to lotteries and gambling, which is completely unrelated to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Phishing attacks often target sensitive personal and financial information. [SEP] Text: In addition, they pull the attention to the other images to trick the users. 2. 2. Accessibility to Another channel to reach to the end users is via application stores, called application phishing. Android 09Droid phishing application is one good example that was intended to gather users’ banking credentials [8]. It has been reported that the 09Droid phishing application was uploaded to potential victims through the Android market app store, where most of the other apps are legitimate. Figure 2 shows a snapshot of a set of fake mobile Figure 1. Fake paypal web page and URL (left) vs. real paypal web page and URL (right). Figure 2. Screenshot of 09Droid banking applications with price information uploaded to market. banking applications uploaded in Android marketplace (the picture taken from a mobile device) with pricing information. Note that the targeted companies are mostly from North America, and the pricing was in GBP, leaving the prospective customers in the dark. It is unknown what the application performed behind the scene. However, it opens a login web page. It is likely that the application’s goal was to steal user credentials. Banking apps that were developed by 09Droid have been pulled from Android market ever since. The targeted companies include Sun Trust, Chase, Wachovia, Bank of America, and [8]. Phishing attacks are applicable for Apple app that runs on iPad and may have larger screen size. implemented a fake ito show how phishing works on an iOS iPad. First, a phishing email is sent to users informing them they need to install a “mandatory” SpamArrest page and enter university credentials (see Figure 3 for an example of email) [9]. Once the user follows the instruction, believing that it is legitimate, the application sets a new user profile. iOS allows applications to create unsigned and unverified profiles (as shown in Figure 4). Then, a user enters the password of the device if it has been set earlier. The last step is to delete the original iTunes app, and install the new fake one (see Figure 5). At this point, the fake iTunes app can be used to steal login credentials to the iTunes store easily. 2. 3. popular phishing method is using SMS messages; this method is called “smishing” [10]. It works the Figure 3. Screenshot of a phishing email targeting university employees. Figure 4. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text supports the claim by detailing specific examples of phishing attacks targeting sensitive personal and financial information, such as mentioning the 09Droid phishing application that aimed to gather users’ banking credentials and other phishing methods like 'smishing' that can also lead to credential theft. The description of how phishing schemes operate clearly indicates the intention to steal sensitive data.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Self-directed learning can foster creativity and problem-solving in children more effectively than traditional methods. [SEP] Text: We discovered no statistical difference between PBL and conventional learning methods in each group even though the test for each subgroup analysis’s overall effect from the forest plot graph (diamond) is more inclined to the PBL (Fig 3). Problem-solving. We found two studies that discussed the problem-solving aspect between PBL and conventional learning methods. Both studies had good heterogeneity (I2 = 86% (considerable heterogeneity). The overall results were analyzed by using random effects. It is more toward the conventional teaching for enhancing problem-solving skills, but it was not statistically significant (Fig 4). Download: PPTPowerPoint slidePNGlarger imageTIFForiginal imageFig 4. Evaluation of problem-solving aspect of conventional teaching vs. PBL. Self-directed learning. Self-directed learning was evaluated by using a fixed-effect model. The heterogeneity by using the I2 parameter has shown no heterogeneity (0% = might be unimportant)—the overall effect was more inclined toward the conventional method for enhancing self-directed learning. However, there was no statistical difference (p = 0. 34) (Fig 5). Download: PPTPowerPoint slidePNGlarger imageTIFForiginal imageFig 5. Self-directed learning evaluation in conventional teaching vs. PBL. DiscussionLearning is a learning method developed to be used as a solution to conventional learning methods that have been used in various disciplines, one of which is health science. Learning is a learning method that emphasizes the active participation of students in solving and solving a given problem, both in group and individual settings, so that it can improve students’ skills in analyzing and solving problems [5, 6]. Various studies have been conducted regarding the effectiveness of PBL to be applied in the teaching and learning process [13, 16, 18]. Several factors may influence the implementation of PBL, such as the number of years of study from students, the material taught, and the field of knowledge pursued by students. According to the critical thinking/ knowledge aspect, we found no significant difference between the conventional learning method group and the PBL group (p = 0. 29). This finding likely resulted from the lack of association between PBL in enhancing critical thinking/knowledge in the majority of the study. Three studies showed insignificant results from six studies analyzed, and only Tripathi’s (2015) [18] has a linear result with our hypothesis. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by providing evidence that there is no statistical difference between Problem-Based Learning (PBL) and conventional learning methods in enhancing problem-solving skills or self-directed learning. It states that the conventional method was more inclined toward enhancing these skills, although not statistically significant, indicating that traditional methods may be equally effective if not more so in these areas.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Horizontal gene transfer allows bacteria to acquire new traits. [SEP] Text: Whatever the motivation, there are several important things to know about the lottery before playing. There are two major messages that lottery marketers try to communicate: that the games are harmless and that they are fun. But these messages mask the underlying regressive nature of lottery gambling, which is based on the notion that people are going to gamble anyway, so governments might as well capture some of it. Another important aspect of the lottery is that it is a form of compelled gambling. Unlike private-sector casinos, which can set their own terms of business, state-sponsored lotteries must sell tickets to all citizens. Moreover, the prizes can be very high, which increases the likelihood of addiction. A third message that lottery marketers try to convey is that the government needs money and lotteries are an effective means of raising it. While there are some legitimate reasons for states to seek revenue, it is important that they do so in a responsible way. This means ensuring that they are not enticing people to gamble more than they should, and ensuring that they do not spend more than they can afford to lose. To do this, they must be transparent about the prizes and how they are awarded. 26/08/2024 by admin1989 of is a casino game that may seem intimidating for beginners, but it’s actually one of the easiest games to play and maintains a low house edge. It is also the game of choice for high rollers, and was even featured in the movie Gatsby. The game is played with six, seven, or eight standard decks of 52 cards. Players place bets on either the banker or player hand, with the goal being to correctly predict which of these two hands will win or tie. The value of a hand is based on the sum of its cards, but only the rightmost digit is taken into account. A 9 is the highest hand value, while a 7 and a 6 are worth six points each. The ace is always worth one point. The game can be a bit confusing for beginners, but it is easy to learn the rules and strategy. A baccarat table is about the size of a craps table and is staffed by three casino employees: two dealers taking bets from players, and a croupier who directs the game. The dealer and croupier take turns being the “banker” and handling the cards. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim about horizontal gene transfer, as it discusses lottery gambling and a casino game instead of any biological processes or mechanisms related to bacteria acquiring new traits.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Phishing attacks often target sensitive personal and financial information. [SEP] Text: Screenshot of iOS allowing unsigned and unverified profile. same way as phishing, but instead of an email, a victim receives a text message that asks for banking credentials or to claim a prize. Once the user receives the smishing message from a phone number, it is recommended to inform the cell phone carrier. If the number presents as 5000, it means it has been sent from an email instead of a cell phone. Figure 6 shows a snapshot of a smishing attack where a spoofed link is provided as part of SMS with an alluring message to a potential victim (winning a lottery). Figure 5. Original iTunes app removed and fake iTunes app installed. Figure 6. Screenshot of smishing. 2. 4. Wi-Fi and Vishing Wi-Fi phishing occurs when a user connects to the Internet via Wi-Fi hotspots. Evil twin is an example where attackers set up a Wi-Fi to eavesdrop on wireless communications where there is a legitimate Wi-Fi hotspot, such as at a Starbucks [12]. Vishing, voice mail phishing, is a phishing attack on mobile devices into Bluetooth phishing or Voice over IP phishing to reach users’ identification or financial information [11]. Other vishing schemes may play a message about a local or regional bank in the area by recording the greeting message of a real bank. Scammers attempt to greet victims and lure them into providing credentials for online banking [12]. 3. 3. 1. Common phishing detection systems for mobile devices include content-based filtering, blacklisting, and whitelisting [11]. We discuss them below briefly. We also show the extent to which they can be applied to detect smishing, vishing, and Wi-Fi attacks. Filtering: In this technique, content is examined for suspected URLs and matches the context of the URLs [13] - [16]. The approach supplements traditional spam filtering techniques. Content-Based filtering can be performed based on a set of rules or based on identifying statistical differences between benign and suspected phishing contents. It can effectively detect smishing, vishing, and Wi-Fi phishing attacks. Blacklisting: In this approach, based on human verification, a set of websites is explicitly listed as known phishing URLs [17]. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by describing various forms of phishing attacks, including smishing and vishing, which specifically target sensitive personal and financial information. It explains that smishing involves receiving text messages that solicit banking credentials, while vishing includes voice phishing schemes that aim to extract sensitive identification or financial information from victims.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Self-directed learning can foster creativity and problem-solving in children more effectively than traditional methods. [SEP] Text: Accordingly, Choi et al. stated that their insignificant (p = 0. 7) finding was due to a short amount of time of the intervention to produce any meaningful effects [17]. Therefore, intervention duration might not be an absolute factor of PBL effectiveness, as found by Tripathi [18]. Likewise, this study also had the shortest intervention duration but still found significant results. Moreover, research conducted by Li et al. related to critical thinking showed a significant difference between the experimental and control groups (p < 0. 001) [20]. Then, Tseng et al. , also reported a significant difference in critical thinking scores between the experimental and control groups, where the experimental group had a higher score (p < 0. 0001) [21]. The research sample characteristics can also affect the PBL results. In this meta-analysis, we analyzed the medical students’ data in their first year. First-year students often experience obstacles in adapting to lecture methods that are different from high school teaching methods [1]. This problem is influenced by various factors, one of which is the difference in lecture methods in each institution. Adaptation to new environments and habits is also a challenge for medical students in the first year. Adaptation to learning methods is a process of response in terms of mental and individual behavior to a demand from the individual or a formal task related to academic work. Therefore, students familiar with the teacher-centered method tend to face difficulty applying the student-centered with PBL method in higher education. They also tend to experience challenges in accepting the study materials, which impact the teaching and learning process in the first semester of lectures for medical students [22]. Those factors explained above could also affect problem-solving and self-directed learning. Other aspects besides critical thinking/knowledge of the PBL are problem-solving and self-directed learning. We found that PBL is not superior to conventional learning in enhancing problem-solving (p = 0. 47). It might be due to the limited studies that assessed this issue and included in this study. The problem-solving aspect was only analyzed in two studies, and they have different results. Choi et al. [17] had a higher total sample, and the study also had a higher weight analysis (56. 9%) compared to Lohman et al. [13]. Therefore the results will tend to follow Choi et al. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by stating that PBL (problem-based learning) is not superior to conventional learning in enhancing problem-solving, with a reported p-value of 0.47. This suggests that self-directed learning methods, such as PBL, do not necessarily lead to better problem-solving outcomes compared to traditional methods, which undermines the assertion that self-directed learning is more effective in fostering these skills.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Horizontal gene transfer allows bacteria to acquire new traits. [SEP] Text: During the dealing, each hand is dealt with two cards to the player and banker, while another two cards are dealt to the third party (if any). The first hand to reach nine wins, and the remaining two hands are compared to see which has the highest value. The banker hand is the preferred bet, as it has a lower house edge than the player side. While the game’s basic rules are straightforward, there are many other details that make baccarat unique. The game’s specific terminology, customs, and formalities all contribute to its distinctive culture and offer a deeper playing experience that goes beyond the basic rules. Having an understanding of these elements can help players make more informed decisions and improve their chances of winning. There are many baccarat betting strategies that can be used to maximize winnings, but it’s important to remember that the game is still a negative expectation game. Even if you could clock the roulette wheel and know exactly where the ball is going to land, you would still lose money in the long run because all casinos have a house edge. Therefore, it’s best to stick to the basics of baccarat betting and avoid the more complex strategies. In addition to knowing the basic rules, it’s a good idea for players to be aware of the number of decks being used when they play online. Different sites use different decks, and this can change the odds of winning. Also, avoiding the Tie bet is essential, as this wager has a high house edge of over 4%. Players should also be sure to claim available casino bonuses when they play baccarat, as this can increase their winnings. While baccarat is an exciting casino game, it’s important to have a budget and know how much you can afford to spend on each round. 26/08/2024 by admin1989 How to Into the Trap of slots are digital versions of traditional slot machines that can be played on desktop computers, laptops, and mobile devices. They are popular among players of all ages due to their simplicity, variety of themes, and potential for big wins. They also offer a faster pace of play than many other casino games, and are accessible at any time of the day. However, they are not without their drawbacks. While online slots can be fun and entertaining, they can also be addictive. In this 100. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text discusses the game of baccarat and does not relate to the claim about horizontal gene transfer in bacteria. Therefore, it is irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Phishing attacks often target sensitive personal and financial information. [SEP] Text: This approach leads to very low false positive rates and is currently supported by various browsers that communicate with trusted servers to obtain a list of blacklisted URLs. Though this approach can possibly identify suspected websites, it may not be able to detect smishing, vishing, and Wi-Fi phishing attacks. Whitelisting: In this method, users specify websites they trust and access frequently so that other websites are examined for suspected phishing attacks. The approach can be applied to detect smishing where a set of legitimate numbers can be provided to stop receiving unwanted SMS containing fake web addresses [15]. 3. 2. Although it is hard to detect fake mobile applications, there are several methods to reduce phishing attacks on mobile devices. a) Using official apps: Users should only download official apps from the app stores. b) User training: User training is very important to prevent users clicking unknown links. c) Safer browsers: Browsers with security features installed (such as Chrome mobile) eliminates malware and phishing sites to protect users. d) Bookmarks: Bookmarks eliminate typos when typing URLs. Since it is hard to see the URL bar completely, bookmarking is a good solution to eliminate landing on unwanted pages. e) More controls by app stores: Vendors should take more steps before letting developers uploading their apps for the public. f) Security solutions: Just as security companies have anti-virus programs for desktops, now many also have mobile security solutions. Those programs eliminate malicious activity on mobile devices. An example is app [18] for Android device available in Google play store. 4. devices have small screens, so users are not able to see the whole URLs and are very likely to click on the links without enough forethought of possible phishing attacks. Moreover, users download and install applications without realizing that installed applications may not be a copy of legitimate official applications, a problem which overwhelmingly targets financial institutions. This paper provides an overview of various types of mobile phishing attacks. We also discuss some mitigation approaches and their limitations. We suggest some best practices. Our approach would enable users to be more careful when downloading apps and running on their devices to avoid fake interfaces designed by phishers. There is a broad scope of further research to be done to develop novel mitigation approaches, especially considering the variation of devices and accessibility of application market. NOTES 1 2 Conflicts of authors declare no conflicts of interest. 164. html [2] Ashford, W. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing various types of mobile phishing attacks, explicitly noting that these attacks 'overwhelmingly target financial institutions.' This indicates that phishing is focused on sensitive financial information, thus supporting the claim.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Self-directed learning can foster creativity and problem-solving in children more effectively than traditional methods. [SEP] Text: (insignificant finding) [17], besides several aspects as explained above. Similar results with problem-solving aspect, PBL also failed to show any superiority in increasing self-directed learning compared to the conventional learning method. Two studies in this aspect had shown insignificant results, such as Lohman et al. (2002) [13] and Choi et al. , [17]. However, different findings were reported Hayashi et al. (2013) [16]. According to the baseline characteristic of the study, Hayashi’s study had a longer duration of intervention than Lohman et al. (2002) [13] and Choi’s [17] studies. Thus, it might impact the results because the study subjects were exposed to the intervention much longer, so the desired effect was seen [16]. The PBL learning system that focuses on increasing the active participation of students is expected to be able to improve those aspects compared to using the conventional approach. Research by Tseng et al. , 2011 involving 120 nursing students (51 in the experimental group, 69 in the control group) showed a significant difference in self-directed learning scores, where the experimental group had a higher mean value than the control group (p < 0. 0001) [21]. Three aspects of PBL were evaluated in this meta-analysis, and none were significant. Unfortunately, the specific aspect that might impact the result did not mention or explained in each study in detail. The problem-based learning method has been used widely, and to the best of our knowledge, further investigation about this learning method is needed. The strength of this study was that our meta-analysis evaluated the specific outcome of PBL such as critical thinking/knowledge assessment, problem-solving, and self-directed learning. Several studies discuss the PBL effect on general learning outcomes and specific backgrounds [9, 14, 18, 19, 23]. Our meta-analysis not only provided pre-test and post-test scores in each group, but we also explained the outcome in each study. Furthermore, we noted that high levels of heterogeneity across studies were found in this meta-analysis. Factors that may cause heterogeneity include the sample from different countries with different backgrounds. Second, the instrument used to evaluate the PBL progression in each study was different. Third, the duration of intervention was also varied, bringing different outcomes. All of these factors may contribute to our meta-analysis heterogeneity. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text demonstrates a contrast with the claim by stating that 'PBL also failed to show any superiority in increasing self-directed learning compared to the conventional learning method.' This suggests that self-directed learning methods, specifically problem-based learning (PBL), do not significantly outpace traditional methods in this context.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Horizontal gene transfer allows bacteria to acquire new traits. [SEP] Text: 000 yang dipertaruhkan, mesin tersebut akan mengembalikan 95. 000 kepada pemain. Ini menunjukkan bahwa semakin tinggi persentase RTP, semakin baik peluang pemain untuk mendapatkan kembali sebagian dari taruhan mereka. Untuk menghitung RTP slot secara manual, pemain perlu mengetahui jumlah total taruhan dan berapa banyak uang yang telah dikembalikan. bertaruh 100 dan mendapatkan kembali 95, maka RTP slot adalah 95 persen. Meski angka ini adalah estimasi, tetap saja penting untuk memperhitungkan karena membantu pemain dalam membuat keputusan yang lebih baik mengenai mesin mana yang akan dimainkan. Ini juga berfungsi sebagai indikasi tentang seberapa baik performa slot dalam jangka waktu panjang. Selain itu, penting untuk diingat bahwa RTP tidak menjamin kemenangan dalam sesi permainan tertentu. Ini lebih berfungsi sebagai alat untuk memperkirakan potensi pengembalian dalam waktu yang lebih lama. Oleh karena itu, saat mencari slot gacor hari ini, carilah mesin dengan RTP yang lebih tinggi untuk meningkatkan peluang menang Anda. Mengetahui cara menghitung RTP slot dapat membantu Anda menjadi pemain yang lebih strategis dan cerdas saat bermain. Memilih slot gacor adalah langkah penting untuk meningkatkan peluang meraih kemenangan. Pertama-tama, perhatikan RTP atau Return to Player dari setiap mesin slot. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim about horizontal gene transfer in bacteria. It discusses Return to Player (RTP) percentages in slot machines, which has no connection to genetic processes or bacterial traits.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Satellites provide data for weather forecasting and environmental monitoring. [SEP] Text: , 2003: Present-day satellite technology for hurricane research: A closer look at formation and intensification. Hurricane! Coping with Disaster, R. Simpson, Ed. , Amer. Geophys. Union, 249–891. )| falseSearch 1532. Spencer, R. , and BraswellW. D. , 2001: Atlantic tropical cyclone monitoring with AMSU-A: Estimation of maximum sustained wind speeds. Mon. Wea. Rev. , 129, 1518–1532. )| falseSearch 186. Velden, C. , OlanderT. , and ZehrR. , 1998: Development of an objective scheme to estimate tropical cyclone intensity from digital geostationary satellite infrared imagery. Wea. Forecasting, 13, 172–186. )| falseSearch 4. 1. [Available online at C. , HerndonD. C. , KossinJ. , HawkinsJ. , and DeMariaM. , 2006a: Consensus estimates of tropical cyclone intensity using integrated multispectral (IR and MW) satellite observations. Preprints, 27th Conf. on Hurricanes and. Meteor. Soc. , P4. 1. [Available online at falseSearch 1210. Velden, C. , and Coauthors, 2006b: tropical cyclone intensity estimation technique: A satellite-based method that has endured for over 30 years. Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc. , 87, 1195–1210. )| falseSearch 1. (a) Brightness temperature image of an ideal vortex. (b) Gradient vectors of the central section in (a). (c) Distribution of deviation angles for the ideal vortex in (a). (d) Hurricane Rita, 1415 UTC 21 Sep 2005 (intensity: 130 kt and 932 hPa). (e) Distribution of deviation angles in (d), with variance = 593 deg2. View in gallery Fig. 2. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the use of satellite technology in various studies for monitoring Atlantic tropical cyclones and estimating their intensity. This indicates that satellites play a crucial role in weather forecasting and environmental monitoring, supporting the claim.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Self-directed learning can foster creativity and problem-solving in children more effectively than traditional methods. [SEP] Text: Subgroup analysis has been conducted to minimize the heterogeneity. This method can only reduce the heterogeneity in terms of the critical thinking/acknowledgment aspect, especially when the duration of intervention was more than six months and when the learning method was compared in the Western country sub-group. Meanwhile, no effect was found in terms of heterogeneity when duration of intervention was less than six months, and the learning method was conducted in the Asian countries sub-group. It might be due to several factors that have been pointed out above. Unfortunately, we cannot run subgroup analyses due to limited studies discussing this topic. Additionally, we believe that further primary study is needed to evaluate the effectiveness of PBL. A multicenter approach is suggested as the most appropriate method to identify the cumulative effect and the difference between geographic areas or races. Moreover, researchers can also compare between educational centers as well as the impact of culture and technological progress of the local area in the implementation of PBL due to the rarity of the study regarding these topics. Psychological aspects also need to be discussed because medical students in the first year may still have the learning method from high school, potentially affecting the PBL. ConclusionIn conclusion, according to our analysis, PBL is not superior to conventional learning in improving critical thinking/knowledge, problem-solving and self-directed learning in first-year medical students. In addition, our meta-analysis had several limitations, such as only evaluating the learning outcomes in the first year, and no studies were found with multiyear approach. We could not equate the instruments used in PBL and did not evaluate specifically based on the study program. We also could not assess the socio-demography that might contribute to their learning process, particularly their social culture. Therefore, a multicenter approach is suggested as the most appropriate method to identify the cumulative effect and the difference between geographic areas or races. Supporting informationS1 File. 1. Ocheretnyuk A. , Lysenko D, Palamarchuk OV. The problem of adaptation of first-year medical students to the educational process. Univ. 2018;22(3):543–7. View 2. . Why do students struggle in their first year of medical school? A qualitative study of student voices. BMC Med Educ. 2022;22(1):100. pmid:35172820 View 3. Rahayu M, Arianti R. :. J dan Profesi. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by stating that problem-based learning (PBL) is not superior to conventional learning in improving critical thinking, problem-solving, and self-directed learning in first-year medical students, suggesting that traditional methods may not hinder the development of these skills.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Horizontal gene transfer allows bacteria to acquire new traits. [SEP] Text: Mesin dengan persentase RTP yang tinggi cenderung memberikan kembali lebih banyak dana kepada pemain dalam jangka panjang. Sebaiknya pilih slot yang memiliki RTP di atas 95 persen untuk memaksimalkan potensi kemenangan. Informasi RTP biasanya dapat ditemukan di situs resmi kasino atau pada deskripsi permainan. Selanjutnya, amati jenis slot yang ditawarkan. Ada banyak variasi, mulai dari slot klasik hingga video slot dengan berbagai tema dan fitur. Cari tahu slot mana yang sedang populer dan banyak dimainkan. Slot gacor hari ini sering kali terkait dengan tren di kalangan pemain, jadi ikuti forum atau grup diskusi untuk mendapatkan rekomendasi dari pemain lain yang telah mencobanya. Terakhir, jangan lupakan fitur bonus dan free spins yang ditawarkan. Slot dengan banyak bonus dapat memberikan peluang tambahan untuk mendapatkan kemenangan tanpa harus mempertaruhkan lebih banyak uang. Manfaatkan semua promosi yang ditawarkan oleh kasino, termasuk bonus sambutan dan penawaran harian, untuk meningkatkan pengalaman bermain dan peluang menang di slot gacor hari ini. meraih kemenangan saat bermain slot gacor hari ini, penting untuk memahami dan memanfaatkan informasi tentang RTP slot. RTP atau Return to Player merupakan persentase yang menunjukkan berapa banyak dari total taruhan yang akan dibayarkan kembali kepada pemain dalam jangka waktu tertentu. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses slot machines, RTP percentages, and casino strategies, without any mention of horizontal gene transfer or bacteria.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Satellites provide data for weather forecasting and environmental monitoring. [SEP] Text: Box 210081, of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721-0081. E-mail: mpineros@ece. arizona. edu AbstractThis paper describes results from a near-real-time objective technique for estimating the intensity of tropical cyclones from satellite infrared imagery in the Ocean basin. The technique quantifies the level of organization or axisymmetry of the infrared cloud signature of a tropical cyclone as an indirect measurement of its maximum wind speed. The final maximum wind speed calculated by the technique is an independent estimate of tropical cyclone intensity. Seventy-eight tropical cyclones from the 2004–09 seasons are used both to train and to test independently the intensity estimation technique. Two independent tests are performed to test the ability of the technique to estimate tropical cyclone intensity accurately. The best results from these tests have a root-mean-square intensity error of between 13 and 15 kt (where 1 kt ≈ 0. 5 m s−1) for the two test sets. Corresponding author address: Miguel F. Piñeros, PAS Bldg. , Rm. 542, P. O. Box 210081, of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721-0081. E-mail: mpineros@ece. arizona. edu Keywords: Tropical cyclones; Remote sensing; Satellite observations; Infrared radiation; Hurricanes1. IntroductionTropical cyclones (TC) form over the warm waters of the tropical oceans where direct measurements of their intensity (among other factors) are scarce (Gray 1979; McBride 1995). In general, the primary sources of observations for these intense vortical weather systems are from satelliteborne instruments (e. g. , Ritchie et al. 2003; Velden et al. 2006b). Although these instruments provide many observations, including winds at various levels of the atmosphere and temperature and humidity soundings, among others, none of these include direct measurements of the maximum wind speed or minimum sea level pressure intensity of a tropical cyclone. Because of the lack of direct in situ measurements of tropical cyclone intensity, several techniques have been developed to estimate the intensity based on indirect factors. The most-used technique in operation to estimate the intensity of tropical cyclones was developed by V. Dvorak in the 1970s during the early years of satellites (Dvorak 1975). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by stating that the primary sources of observations for tropical cyclones are from satellite-borne instruments, which provide vital data including winds at various atmospheric levels and temperature and humidity soundings. This supports the assertion that satellites are instrumental in weather forecasting and environmental monitoring.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Self-directed learning can foster creativity and problem-solving in children more effectively than traditional methods. [SEP] Text: 2002;4(2):73–84. View 4. Hernández-. First year medical students’ learning style p7. View 5. . The effect of problem-based learning in nursing education: A meta-analysis. Sci Educ. 2013;18(5):1103–20. pmid:23283571 View 6. Effectiveness of problem-based learning in Chinese pharmacy education: A meta-analysis Approaches to teaching and learning. BMC Med Educ. 2016;16(1). View 7. . Comparison of problem based learning with traditional teaching as perceived by the students of College. J. 2010;35(2):238–41. View 8. . A randomized pilot study of the use of concept maps to enhance problem-based learning among first-year medical students. Med Teach. 2013;35(9). pmid:23617466 View 9. Comparison of problem-based learning and traditional teaching methods in medical psychology education in China: A systematic review and meta-analysis. PLoS One. 2020 Dec;15(12):e0243897. pmid:33315939 View 10. Azer SA. Learning surface anatomy: Which learning approach is effective in an integrated PBL curriculum. Med Teach. 2011;33(1):78–80. pmid:21182390 View 11. . Comparing the long-term retention of a physiology course for medical students with the traditional and problem-based learning. Sci Educ. 2013;18(1):91–7. pmid:22361894 View 12. . Preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses: the statement. PLoS Med. 2009 Jul;6(7):e1000097. pmid:19621072 View 13. Lohman MC, Finkelstein M. to foster problem-solving skill. 2002;121–7. 14. . A comparison of the effects of problem-based learning and lecturing on the development of students’ critical thinking. Med Educ. 2006;40(6):547–54. pmid:16700770 View 15. Sangestani G, Khatiban M. of problem-based learning and lecture-based learning in midwifery. YNEDT. 2013;33(8):791–5. View 16. . [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text discusses various studies related to problem-based learning and traditional teaching methods, but it doesn't provide any direct evidence or argument specifically supporting or contrasting the claim regarding self-directed learning's impact on creativity and problem-solving in children. As such, the text is irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Horizontal gene transfer allows bacteria to acquire new traits. [SEP] Text: Dengan memilih permainan yang memiliki RTP tinggi, peluang Anda untuk menang juga semakin besar. Selalu periksa RTP slot sebelum mulai bermain. Selain memperhatikan RTP, Anda juga perlu mengetahui slot gacor hari ini yang sedang populer. Permainan slot yang telah menunjukkan pembayaran yang baik dalam waktu dekat lebih mungkin memberikan hasil positif. Cobalah untuk mencari tahu forum atau grup pemain slot yang membahas tentang permainan terbaru dan rekomendasi slot yang sedang gacor. Informasi ini bisa sangat berharga dalam menentukan pilihan permainan Anda. Terakhir, atur anggaran bermain Anda dengan bijak. Tentukan seberapa besar modal yang ingin Anda pertaruhkan dan patuhi batas tersebut. Jangan terjebak dalam emosi atau keinginan untuk mengembalikan kerugian. Dengan mengikuti tips ini, Anda meningkatkan peluang untuk mendapatkan pengalaman bermain slot yang menyenangkan dan menguntungkan. Kesimpulan dan dunia permainan slot online, pemahaman mengenai RTP slot sangatlah penting untuk meningkatkan peluang kemenangan. RTP, atau Return to Player, merupakan persentase yang menunjukkan potensi kembali dari taruhan yang Anda tempatkan. Semakin tinggi nilai RTP, semakin besar peluang Anda untuk meraih keuntungan dalam jangka panjang. Oleh karena itu, mengetahui RTP slot gacor adalah langkah awal yang harus Anda ambil sebelum bermain. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses strategies for playing slot games and the importance of RTP (Return to Player) percentages, without mentioning horizontal gene transfer or any related biological concepts.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Satellites provide data for weather forecasting and environmental monitoring. [SEP] Text: In this technique, an analyst classifies the cloud scene types in visible and infrared satellite imagery and applies a set of rules to calculate the intensity estimate. The original Dvorak technique is subjective, is time intensive, and relies on the expertise of the analyst, but it is still used as the primary intensity forecasting tool in many tropical cyclone forecasting centers around the world (e. g. , Velden et al. 1998, 2006b; Knaff et al. 2010). Velden et al. (1998) introduced the difference of temperature between 1) the warmest pixel temperature near the eye of the tropical cyclone and 2) the coldest of the warmest pixel temperatures found on concentric rings around the center. This modification is known as the objective Dvorak technique, and, although the intensity is objectively calculated, the location of the eye of the tropical cyclone must still be determined by an expert or by using external sources. Olander and Velden (2007) developed the advanced Dvorak technique (ADT), which introduces new procedures in making an intensity estimate from satellite-based imagery rather than simulating the original Dvorak technique. One of the most important improvements of the ADT consists of the introduction of regression equations to estimate the tropical cyclone intensity. Kossin et al. (2007) recently described a new satellite-based technique in which the radius of maximum wind, the critical wind radii, and the two-dimensional surface wind field are estimated from infrared (IR) imagery. This technique uses 12-h mean IR imagery and best-track position data to estimate the two-dimensional wind fields, which are compared with aircraft wind profiles. In addition to visible and infrared imagery, techniques for estimating the intensity of a tropical cyclone have also been developed on the basis of measurements from the (AMSU; Spencer and Braswell 2001; Demuth et al. 2004). Some of these techniques have been combined to enhance the TC intensity estimation (e. g. , Velden et al. 2006a). A different approach for characterizing the dynamics of tropical cyclones was described in Piñeros et al. (2008). In that study, a method to quantify the axisymmetry of a tropical cyclone from remote-sensing data was introduced. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing various techniques that utilize satellite imagery for weather forecasting, specifically the analysis and intensity estimation of tropical cyclones. It mentions that methods such as the Dvorak technique and the advanced Dvorak technique (ADT) rely on satellite-based data to estimate tropical cyclone intensity, thus highlighting the role of satellites in weather forecasting.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Self-directed learning can foster creativity and problem-solving in children more effectively than traditional methods. [SEP] Text: The need to efficiently transfer skills is one which bleeds over into technology education because a knowledge base is a prerequisite to devel- oping problem solving ability. However, ef- ficiency should not be allowed to overshadow effectiveness; they should be balanced. When teaching design, a strategy must be developed which not only tolerates but rewards alterna- tive solutions. This type of problem solving should involve a divergent as opposed to a convergent thinking process (Hatch, 1988). Students who are encouraged to take control of their own learning will be much more likely to develop a broad rather than nar- rowly focused approach to problem solving. The idea that students can help teach them- selves (Villalon, 1982) is appropriate for teaching design. The temptation is present to simply teach divergent thinking the way one might teach multiplication tables. The problem with this approach lies in the critical role creativity plays in the type of divergent thinking which is required to come up with truly unique solutions to problems. Can one teach creativity? Can an educational system so steeped in convergent thought encourage or even tolerate divergent thinking? A discovery method of learning can be utilized in the teaching of design. When students are faced with the need to know cer- tain information, they will seek out that in- formation. This requires them to work their way down Bloom's Taxonomy of Learning, per- haps even jumping around a bit filling in the gaps as they find need. For example, suppose a student wants to assess the impact of a coal gasification. First, the student must satisfy him or herself that they understand what coal gassification is (knowledge and comprehension). Second, the student should begin to ask questions like: how is coal con- verted to a gas, why is this process desira- ble, what type of pollution can be eliminated by coal gassification, and will new problems be created? In this second step the student breaks the problem down into managable chunks (analysis). Finally, the student brings the answers to all the smaller questions together in order to answer the question: considering both the positive and negative aspects of coal gassification, what should be done with this technology (synthesis and evaluation). This method casts the teacher as guide and facilitator. The student becomes an investi- gator (Sellwood, 1989). The following illus- trates a design brief in which the student uses this investigative approach. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text supports the claim by illustrating how self-directed learning encourages students to take control of their own education and fosters creativity. It emphasizes the importance of teaching strategies that reward alternative solutions and promotes divergent thinking, which is crucial for creativity. The mention of students working through Bloom's Taxonomy and breaking down problems into manageable chunks indicates a learning approach that aligns with self-directed learning, in contrast to traditional teaching methods that may prioritize convergent thinking.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Horizontal gene transfer allows bacteria to acquire new traits. [SEP] Text: Slot gacor hari ini memberikan kesempatan yang menarik untuk mendapatkan hasil maksimal dari permainan Anda. rtp slot gacor hari ini Dengan memanfaatkan informasi terbaru mengenai RTP slot gacor hari ini, Anda bisa memilih mesin slot yang menawarkan peluang terbaik. Selalu periksa tabel RTP dan cari tahu mana mesin yang sedang dalam masa gacor untuk mengoptimalkan pengalaman bermain Anda. Jangan ragu untuk mencoba berbagai jenis slot untuk menemukan mana yang paling cocok dengan gaya permainan Anda. Kami merekomendasikan untuk terus mengikuti update mengenai RTP slot dan slot gacor hari ini. Selain itu, kelola bankroll Anda dengan bijak dan tetapkan batas taruhan yang sesuai. Ingatlah bahwa meski RTP dan slot gacor dapat meningkatkan peluang Anda, permainan tetaplah bersifat hiburan. Nikmati prosesnya dan jangan terburu-buru dalam mencari kemenangan. 24/08/2024 by admin1989 of is a game of chance, where players bet on one or more numbers based on a table map. A small ball is spun on a wheel with red and black pockets, as well as one or two green ones (depending on the version of the game played). When the ball hits a number that is bet upon by the player, he or she wins. table carries a placard that describes the minimum and maximum bets allowed. This helps players to choose the best roulette tables for their budget. Ideally, players should set a maximum betting amount before entering the casino and stick to this amount. This will prevent them from overspending and also ensure that they play for longer periods of time. Before the game begins, players must purchase coloured chips from the dealer. They may choose to designate a dollar value or any denomination between $1 and $100. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses topics related to gaming, specifically slot machines and roulette, with no mention of bacteria or horizontal gene transfer.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Satellites provide data for weather forecasting and environmental monitoring. [SEP] Text: Using 30-min-resolution geostationary infrared imagery, the gradient of the brightness temperatures was calculated, and the departure of that gradient from a perfectly axisymmetric hurricane was determined. A single value that quantified that departure from asymmetry was calculated, and a time series was built and correlated with the best-track intensity estimates from the Center (NHC). The technique proved to be quite successful because the organization of the clouds about the vortex, including the cirrus shield, is directly tied to the kinematic organization of the vortex, including the organization of the eyewall, rainbands, and tangential winds. In this paper, an improvement of the tropical cyclone intensity estimation technique described in Piñeros et al. (2008) is presented. In the next section, a brief review of the method is presented and the improvement of the technique is introduced. Results are shown in section 3. Conclusions are discussed in section 4. 2. MethodThe study incorporates the 2004–09 Ocean hurricane seasons (Franklin et al. 2006; Beven et al. 2008; Franklin and Brown 2008; Brennan et al. 2009; Brown et al. 2010). The data used in this study are longwave (10. 7 μm) IR satellite imagery from the Environmental Satellite-12 (GOES-12). The data are available at ~4-km spatial resolution, but we found previously that reducing the resolution does not particularly influence the results but does decrease the computational time considerably. These images are cropped to cover an area from 4° to 34°N and from 105° to 28°W over the northern Atlantic basin and are resampled to a spatial resolution of 10 km per pixel. Although the period of interest is from 2004 to 2009, tropical cyclones that had the majority of their trajectory outside the footprint of the cropped satellite image were excluded from the study. This included (2005) and Beryl (2006), Chantal (2007), Ten (2008), and Grace (2009). As a result, a total of 15 147 half-hourly images from 2004 to 2009 were analyzed, covering the life cycle of 36 tropical storms and 42 hurricanes. All samples that were located over land (center passed over continents and large islands) were removed from the database for consistency. Observations show that tropical cyclones that make landfall rapidly decay at a rate that is inconsistent for overocean tropical cyclones. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by detailing the use of infrared satellite imagery for analyzing tropical cyclone intensity and organization, which directly relates to weather forecasting. Specifically, the use of data from the Environmental Satellite-12 (GOES-12) supports the notion that satellites are integral in collecting data necessary for weather predictions.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Self-directed learning can foster creativity and problem-solving in children more effectively than traditional methods. [SEP] Text: Equally important is that students appreciate that the solution to one problem often creates other problems and/or other benefits. Design has long been an important part of industrial arts. However, design must be integrated in all aspects of technology edu- cation. Students will be much more likely to appreciate the important role technology plays in their lives if they have been pro- vided with the opportunity to become design- ers and solve technological problems. Unfortunately, problem solving and de- sign are sometimes thought to be synonymous. When designs are produced, some troubleshoot- ing will generally occur, unless the proto- type works perfectly the first time. This approach, if it is the only experience with troubleshooting, neglects the fact that most people's experience with technology involves trying to solve problems created by technolo- gies which they did not design themselves. Students should also be given the experience of locating and correcting problems in exist- ing technological systems. Many of the problems involved with tech- nology go well beyond conceptualizing, creat- ing and maintaining technological systems. They involve the fact that technological sol- utions almost always create some impacts which are undesirable and sometimes unfore- seen. It is not enough to simply recognize that these problems exist, or even to discuss them in detail. A systematic method of iden- tifying and dealing with these impacts must be developed. The increasingly powerful technologies of the future will almost un- doubtedly create extremely dangerous impacts on society unless these technologies are carefully controlled. The way for this con- trol to occur in a democratic society is to prepare the majority of the electorate to make wise choices about technology. This re- quires that today's students demand consider- ation of the impacts of technology when they become adults. In order to prepare the type of techno- logically literate citizenry necessary to control technology, three things must occur. First, people must view technology as the way in which we change our environment to meet our needs. Second, it must be understood that when technological solutions are imple- mented new problems are created. Finally, identifying these impacts, both before and after a solution is identified, and balanc- ing these impacts against the original goals of the technology must become a way of life. ---------------- Joseph McCade is Assistant Professor, Depart- ment of Industry & Technology, Millersville University, Millersville, Pennsylvania. 13. Barnes, J. L. (1989). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by focusing on the traditional educational approach, specifically emphasizing the importance of design and problem-solving in technology education. It discusses how technological problems arise from previously implemented solutions and stresses the need for systematic methods to address these issues. This perspective suggests that problem-solving and design should be integrated within the curriculum, leaning towards a traditional educational framework rather than supporting the more autonomous, self-directed learning methods claimed to foster creativity.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Horizontal gene transfer allows bacteria to acquire new traits. [SEP] Text: The dealer will then give the player a chip with that value. Unlike regular casino chips, these are used exclusively for Roulette and have no other use. The dealer will also ask the player what colour he or she would like to be assigned, and a marker will then be placed on the bet area. Once the bets are in place, the dealer will clear the table of the previous round and then spin the wheel. The winning number is then determined and the dealer will clear the table, paying out any winning wagers. There are many different types of roulette bets, and some have higher odds than others. The most popular bet is the straight-up bet, which pays 35 to 1 if the ball lands on a number. Players can also make a bet on a row or column of numbers, which has lower payouts but still offers decent odds of hitting. Several strategies have been developed that claim to increase the odds of winning, although most experts agree that the game is ultimately a game of luck. Some of these strategies include the Martingale system, which involves increasing your bets after each loss to recover past losses and earn a modest profit. Another strategy is the D’Alembert system, which is suited for players with a substantial bankroll and seeks to strike a balance between profits and losses over time. The odds of hitting a certain number on the Roulette table are calculated by determining how many chips it costs to place a bet on that number. For example, a bet on the number 1 will cost 17 chips to complete and will pay 235 chips if it wins. This is a much more economical bet than placing a bet on each individual number, which will cost more but offer a greater probability of hitting. While this strategy is not foolproof, it can help you maximize your winnings and minimize your losses. 23/08/2024 by admin1989 Jelajahi Kemenangan: dan Hari Ini! Dalam dunia permainan daring, slot gacor menjadi salah satu topik yang paling menarik perhatian para penggemar judi online. Dengan berbagai pilihan permainan yang tersedia, pemain kini semakin mudah menemukan situs slot gacor yang menawarkan peluang kemenangan yang lebih besar. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text provides a detailed description of the rules and strategies involved in playing Roulette at a casino but does not address the claim regarding horizontal gene transfer in bacteria. Therefore, it is irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Satellites provide data for weather forecasting and environmental monitoring. [SEP] Text: , 2007: The advanced Dvorak technique: Continued development of an objective scheme to estimate tropical cyclone intensity using geostationary infrared satellite imagery. Wea. Forecasting, 22, 287–298. )| falseSearch 3580. Piñeros, M. F. , RitchieE. A. , and TyoJ. S. , 2008: Objective measures of tropical cyclone structure and intensity change from remotely sensed infrared image data. IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens. , 46, 3574–3580. )| falseSearch 830. Piñeros, M. F. , RitchieE. A. , and TyoJ. S. , 2010: Detecting tropical cyclone genesis from remotely-sensed infrared image data. IEEE Geosci. Remote Sens. Lett. , 7, 826–830. )| falseSearch 891. Ritchie, E. A. , SimpsonJ. , LiuT. , HalversonJ. , VeldenC. , BrueskeK. , and PierceH. , 2003: Present-day satellite technology for hurricane research: A closer look at formation and intensification. Hurricane! Coping with Disaster, R. Simpson, Ed. , Amer. Geophys. Union, 249–891. )| falseSearch 1532. Spencer, R. , and BraswellW. D. , 2001: Atlantic tropical cyclone monitoring with AMSU-A: Estimation of maximum sustained wind speeds. Mon. Wea. Rev. , 129, 1518–1532. )| falseSearch 186. Velden, C. , OlanderT. , and ZehrR. , 1998: Development of an objective scheme to estimate tropical cyclone intensity from digital geostationary satellite infrared imagery. Wea. Forecasting, 13, 172–186. )| falseSearch 4. 1. [Available online at C. , HerndonD. C. , KossinJ. , HawkinsJ. , and DeMariaM. , 2006a: Consensus estimates of tropical cyclone intensity using integrated multispectral (IR and MW) satellite observations. Preprints, 27th Conf. on Hurricanes and. Meteor. Soc. , P4. 1. [Available online at falseSearch 1210. Velden, C. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim as it discusses the use of geostationary infrared satellite imagery and remotely-sensed infrared image data in estimating tropical cyclone intensity and structure. These applications are crucial for weather forecasting related to tropical cyclones, which directly supports the assertion that satellites provide valuable data for weather forecasting and environmental monitoring.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: IQ scores are the best predictor of academic success across all fields. [SEP] Text: IQ Levels: stands for “intelligence quotient”—a composite score of various tests meant to measure human intelligence. A person’s IQ score is meant to represent their general intellectual faculties and the higher the score, the more generally intelligent a person is considered to be. Historically, the raw median score on intelligence assessment tests has been defined as an IQ score of 100, meaning that, by definition, about 2/3rds of the population has an IQ score that falls between IQ 85-IQ 115. An IQ score of 130+ is considered genius-level while an IQ below 70 is generally identified with having some intellectual or cognitive disability. “The high IQ has become the American equivalent of the Legion of Honor, positive proof of a child’s intellectual aristocracy… It has become more important to be a smart kid than a good kid or even a healthy kid. “– Sam LevensonDefining IntelligenceUnlike properties like mass or electric charge, “intelligence” is a very abstract construct, which makes devising tests to measure it difficult and sometimes inconclusive. Common knowledge may see a person’s IQ score as measuring a single factor of a person’s psychology; perhaps similar to how in various tabletop RPGs like Dungeons & Dragons a character might have a single intelligence stat. In some ways, this conception is correct. Most intelligence researchers would agree that for each person, there is a general factor of intelligence that underlies most if of their cognitive abilities. However, researchers also realize that intelligence is multi-faceted and that there exist domain-specific intelligence that may differ from one’s general intelligence factor. These domain-specific and narrower faculties are also important for assessing a person’s intelligence levels. In addition, researchers realize that there are a whole host of psychological characteristics other than intelligence, such as creativity, personality, and moral character, that are equally important for human functioning and happiness. In fact, most intelligence researchers now see ascribe to a view that sees intelligence as comprising a 3-tiered hierarchy of cognitive abilities. At the top of the hierarchal pyramid is the single intelligence factor g; the most general factor of intelligence that explains the correlations between abilities at the lower levels of the pyramid. The middle level is composed of broader, more general abilities such as general memory, learning, and auditory/visual perception. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the limitations of IQ scores as predictors of intelligence and academic success. It emphasizes that intelligence is multi-faceted and includes domain-specific abilities, as well as other psychological characteristics like creativity and personality, which are relevant for human functioning and happiness. This suggests that while IQ may correlate with some types of cognitive abilities, it does not encompass all the factors that contribute to academic success.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Horizontal gene transfer allows bacteria to acquire new traits. [SEP] Text: Semakin banyak yang berminat untuk mencoba peruntungannya di slot online, membuat permainan ini semakin populer di kalangan masyarakat. Artikel ini akan membahas tentang slot gacor hari ini, memberikan panduan lengkap untuk membantu Anda menemukan link slot gacor terbaik dan situs slot gacor terpercaya. Kami akan mengupas tuntas strategi serta tips untuk meningkatkan peluang menang dalam bermain slot online. Dengan informasi yang tepat, Anda bisa lebih yakin dalam memilih tempat bermain dan meraih kemenangan yang Anda idamkan. Selamat menjelajahi dan semoga beruntung! Slot Gacor? Slot gacor merupakan istilah yang merujuk pada mesin slot online yang dianggap memiliki tingkat kemenangan yang tinggi. Banyak pemain percaya bahwa mesin slot tertentu lebih sering memberikan kemenangan dibandingkan yang lain. Hal ini sering kali membuat pemain mencari informasi tentang slot gacor hari ini agar bisa memaksimalkan peluang mereka dalam bermain. Permainan slot online telah menjadi salah satu bentuk hiburan yang populer di kalangan masyarakat. Dengan berbagai tema dan fitur menarik, banyak orang menikmati pengalaman bermain sambil berharap meraih jackpot. Dalam dunia slot, menemukan link slot gacor menjadi incaran para pemain agar bisa akses ke mesin-mesin yang menguntungkan. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim about horizontal gene transfer and bacteria. It discusses online slot games and strategies, which do not relate to genetic processes in bacteria.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Satellites provide data for weather forecasting and environmental monitoring. [SEP] Text: , and Coauthors, 2006b: tropical cyclone intensity estimation technique: A satellite-based method that has endured for over 30 years. Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc. , 87, 1195–1210. )| falseSearch 1. xml The link was not copied. Your current browser may not support copying via this button. Link copied successfullyCopy link Share on facebook Share on linkedin Share on twitter Weather and Abstract1. Introduction2. Method3. Results4. Discussiona. DAV time seriesb. Intraseasonal and interannual variabilityc. Physical reasons for the overall robustness of the methodd. Rapid intensificatione. Real-time implementation5. Conclusions 2005. Mon. Wea. Rev. , 136, 1109–1173. Beven, J. L. , and Coauthors, 2008: Atlantic hurricane season of 2005. Mon. Wea. Rev. , 136, 1109–1173. )| falseSearch 2007. Mon. Wea. Rev. , 137, 4061–4088. . , and KimberlainT. B. , 2009: Atlantic hurricane season of 2007. Mon. Wea. Rev. , 137, 4061–4088. )| falseSearch 2008. Mon. Wea. Rev. , 138, 1975–2001. and BlakeE. S. , 2010: Atlantic hurricane season of 2008. Mon. Wea. Rev. , 138, 1975–2001. )| falseSearch 425. Demirci, O. , TyoJ. S. , and RitchieE. A. , 2007: Spatial and spatiotemporal projection pursuit techniques to predict the extratropical transition of tropical cyclones. IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens. , 45, 418–425. )| falseSearch 296. Demuth, J. L. , DeMariaM. , KnaffJ. A. , and Vonder HaarT. H. , 2004: Evaluation of tropical cyclone intensity and size estimation algorithms. J. Appl. Meteor. , 43, 282–296. )| falseSearch 430. Dvorak, V. F. , 1975: Tropical cyclone intensity analysis and forecasting from satellite imagery. Mon. Wea. Rev. , 103, 420–430. )| falseSearch 2006. Mon. Wea. Rev. , 136, 1174–1200. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing methods used for tropical cyclone intensity estimation that relies on satellite data and mentions the effectiveness of satellite imagery for analyzing and forecasting tropical cyclones. This indicates that satellites are essential for both weather forecasting and environmental monitoring.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: IQ scores are the best predictor of academic success across all fields. [SEP] Text: The bottom tier is composed of more narrow cognitive faculties that fall under the general categories of the middle level, such as spelling ability, or individual word recognition. IQ Tests/ScoresThe term “IQ” was first coined by German psychologist in 1912, but humans have always been interested in the project of differentiating people based on levels of intelligence. Unfortunately, the first systematic treatments of the concept of intelligence were almost always motivated by a desire to establish racist narratives about the intellectual superiority of the white race. European philosophers and naturalists in the 18th- 19th century believed that different races had “inherently” different levels of intelligence, with white people occupying the top spot in the racial hierarchy and black people and positioned at the lowest rungs. So, a large part of the development of IQ tests over time has subsequently been focused on creating more fair and unbiased tests. “Intelligence is a way of acting. If you act intelligently you are smart, regardless of your IQ. ” — Brian TracyThe first homogenous and standardized tests meant to measure intelligence were produced in the early 20th century including the Stanford-Scales, developed by American psychologist Lewis Terman, which became the most used test in the U. S. for decades. Intelligence tests were also widely administered in the U. S. military during WWI to sort candidates for officer training. Almost 2 million individuals were screened, making it the first usage of intelligence tests on a large-scale. IQ tests became popular in society as a means of educational placement, assessing intellectual disability, and employment screening. In addition, researchers indicate that over the 20th century, the raw IQ scores of the population have been increasing at a rate of about 3 points per decade, a phenomenon known as the Flynn effect. IQ Tests TodayCurrently, the most popularly used I. Q, test in the for adults over 16 is the (WAIS), originally published in 1955 and updated to its fourth edition in 2008. According to its creator David Wechsler, the test is meant to measure an individual’s intelligence where “intelligence” is defined as “… the global capacity of a person to act purposefully, to think rationally, and to deal effectively with his environment. ”(Wechsler 1939, p. 23). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the historical context and motivations behind IQ tests, including their development as a tool often influenced by racist narratives rather than purely objective measures of academic potential. Additionally, it emphasizes that intelligence cannot be solely defined by IQ scores, stating, "Intelligence is a way of acting. If you act intelligently you are smart, regardless of your IQ," which suggests that there are many other factors influencing academic success beyond IQ scores.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Horizontal gene transfer allows bacteria to acquire new traits. [SEP] Text: Keberhasilan dalam permainan slot gacor tidak hanya bergantung pada keberuntungan semata, tetapi juga pada pemilihan situs slot gacor yang tepercaya. Dengan memilih situs yang menawarkan slot gacor, pemain dapat meningkatkan peluang mereka untuk mendapatkan kemenangan yang diinginkan dan mengalami permainan yang lebih memuaskan. situs slot gacor terpercaya adalah langkah penting untuk meraih pengalaman bermain yang optimal. Pertama-tama, pastikan situs tersebut memiliki lisensi resmi dari otoritas perjudian. Lisensi ini menunjukkan bahwa situs tersebut beroperasi secara legal dan mengikuti standar regulasi yang ketat. Anda bisa mencarinya di bagian bawah halaman situs, di mana informasi lisensi biasanya dicantumkan. Selanjutnya, periksa ulasan dan testimoni dari pemain lain. Ulasan yang positif dapat memberikan gambaran mengenai reputasi situs tersebut. Anda juga bisa bergabung dalam forum atau grup media sosial yang membahas slot online untuk mendapatkan rekomendasi dari pemain berpengalaman. Pastikan untuk menghindari situs dengan banyak keluhan terkait pembayaran atau pelayanan pelanggan yang buruk. Terakhir, perhatikan berbagai pilihan permainan dan bonus yang ditawarkan. Situs slot gacor terbaik biasanya memiliki koleksi permainan yang luas dan menarik, serta menawarkan bonus yang menguntungkan bagi pemain baru dan pemain setia. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim regarding horizontal gene transfer in bacteria, as it discusses strategies for choosing trustworthy online slot sites and improving chances in slot games. There is no mention or connection to genetic processes or bacteria.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Satellites provide data for weather forecasting and environmental monitoring. [SEP] Text: Franklin, J. L. , and BrownD. P. , 2008: Atlantic hurricane season of 2006. Mon. Wea. Rev. , 136, 1174–1200. )| falseSearch 2004. Mon. Wea. Rev. , 134, 981–1025. and BlakeE. S. , 2006: Atlantic hurricane season of 2004. Mon. Wea. Rev. , 134, 981–1025. )| falseSearch 218. Gray, W. M. , 1979: Hurricanes: Their formation, structure and likely role in the tropical circulation. Meteorology over Tropical Oceans, D. B. Shaw, Ed. , Society, 155–218. )| falseSearch 1379. . , GallinaG. M. , and Beven J. L. II, 2010: An evaluation of Dvorak technique–based tropical cyclone intensity estimates. Wea. Forecasting, 25, 1362–1379. )| falseSearch 101. and HawkinsJ. D. , 2007: Estimating hurricane wind structure in the absence of aircraft reconnaissance. Wea. Forecasting, 22, 89–101. )| falseSearch 105. McBride, J. , 1995: Tropical cyclone formation. A of Tropical Cyclones, R. Elsberry, Ed. , WMO (Tech. Rep. TCP-38), 63–105. )| falseSearch 298. Olander, T. L. , and VeldenC. S. , 2007: The advanced Dvorak technique: Continued development of an objective scheme to estimate tropical cyclone intensity using geostationary infrared satellite imagery. Wea. Forecasting, 22, 287–298. )| falseSearch 3580. Piñeros, M. F. , RitchieE. A. , and TyoJ. S. , 2008: Objective measures of tropical cyclone structure and intensity change from remotely sensed infrared image data. IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens. , 46, 3574–3580. )| falseSearch 830. Piñeros, M. F. , RitchieE. A. , and TyoJ. S. , 2010: Detecting tropical cyclone genesis from remotely-sensed infrared image data. IEEE Geosci. Remote Sens. Lett. , 7, 826–830. )| falseSearch 891. Ritchie, E. A. , SimpsonJ. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing various techniques and studies that utilize remotely sensed infrared image data from satellites for estimating tropical cyclone intensity and structure. Specifically, it mentions the development of advanced techniques based on satellite imagery that are crucial for weather forecasting.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: IQ scores are the best predictor of academic success across all fields. [SEP] Text: Primary to the conceptual foundations of the test is that intelligence is composed of a number of distinct but inter-dependent capacities that can each be individually measured and assessed. The WAIS-IV consists of 10 main tests and 5 additional subtests. From these 15 assessments are derived 4 index scores that correspond to 4 main categories: verbal comprehension, perceptual reasoning, working memory, and processing speed. These 4 index scores are then compiled to get a single numerical score, corresponding to a person’s IQ score. The test also gives the taker a percentile score, representing the percentage of test-takers who scored similarly. Verbal ComprehensionQuestions in the verbal comprehension section include judging similarities between the meaning of words, identifying the definition and proper usage of vocabulary, and testing one’s levels of general knowledge. These assessments are meant to measure one’s verbal reasoning skills, language development and use, information retrieval from long-term memory, and intellectual curiosity. Perceptual ReasoningThe perceptual reasoning index is meant to measure one’s ability to derive knowledge from visual and perceptual information. Questions in the perceptual reasoning test one’s ability to visualize objects in three dimensions and geometric reasoning skills. They are also meant to measure one’s capacity to recognize patterns and organization. Working MemoryThe working memory index is focused on identifying one’s ability to hold representation in immediate memory and perform mental manipulations on that representation. In other words, one can see working memory as analogous to RAM in a computer; the ability of a person to perform a number of cognitive manipulations at once. This section includes a person’s general arithmetic skills and the ability to recall information from short-term memory. Processing SpeedThe processing speed index primarily indicates how quickly a person responds to and integrates information into their behavior. As the name would imply, a measure of processing speed can be seen as analogous to the power of a computer processor. Essentially, this index measure how fast a person’s mind works. Questions in this section involve identifying visual stimuli quickly and recording one’s ability to identify and compare symbols. Scores/Ranges“Perspective is worth 80 IQ points. ” — Alan KayAs with most IQ tests, the WAIS-IV defines an average median score of IQ 100. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by outlining the multiple distinct measures that contribute to a person's overall IQ score without specifically establishing a direct correlation between IQ scores and academic success in various fields. It describes the dimensions measured by IQ tests, such as verbal comprehension, perceptual reasoning, working memory, and processing speed, indicating that intelligence is composed of inter-dependent capacities. This suggests that while IQ scores may provide some insight, they do not necessarily serve as the 'best predictor' of academic success across all fields.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Horizontal gene transfer allows bacteria to acquire new traits. [SEP] Text: Bandingkan beberapa situs dan pilih yang menawarkan fasilitas dan promosi terbaik, sehingga Anda dapat meningkatkan peluang menang saat bermain slot online. permainan slot gacor tidak hanya bergantung pada keberuntungan. situs slot gacor Penting untuk memahami mekanisme permainan dan memilih mesin slot yang tepat. Cari tahu payout sebesar apa yang ditawarkan oleh mesin. Mesin dengan RTP (return to player) tinggi cenderung memberikan peluang menang lebih baik dalam jangka panjang. Selain itu, perhatikan jenis permainan slot yang Anda pilih, karena beberapa menawarkan fitur bonus yang dapat meningkatkan kemenangan Anda. Mengatur budget adalah strategi penting lainnya. Jangan pernah bermain dengan uang yang tidak mampu Anda rugikan. Tentukan batas kerugian dan kemenangan sebelum mulai bermain. Hal ini akan membantu Anda tetap tenang dan menghindari keputusan impulsif yang bisa merugikan. mencapai batas kemenangan yang diinginkan, pertimbangkan untuk berhenti bermain sejenak dan menikmati hasil Anda. Terakhir, manfaatkan bonus dan promosi yang ditawarkan oleh situs slot gacor. Banyak situs memberikan bonus sambutan, putaran gratis, atau cashback yang bisa meningkatkan modal bermain Anda. Dengan memanfaatkan kesempatan ini, Anda bisa mendapatkan lebih banyak permainan tanpa harus mengeluarkan lebih banyak uang. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim about horizontal gene transfer in bacteria as it discusses strategies for playing online slot games, which does not relate to genetic mechanisms or microbiological processes.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Satellites provide data for weather forecasting and environmental monitoring. [SEP] Text: , LiuT. , HalversonJ. , VeldenC. , BrueskeK. , and PierceH. , 2003: Present-day satellite technology for hurricane research: A closer look at formation and intensification. Hurricane! Coping with Disaster, R. Simpson, Ed. , Amer. Geophys. Union, 249–891. )| falseSearch 1532. Spencer, R. , and BraswellW. D. , 2001: Atlantic tropical cyclone monitoring with AMSU-A: Estimation of maximum sustained wind speeds. Mon. Wea. Rev. , 129, 1518–1532. )| falseSearch 186. Velden, C. , OlanderT. , and ZehrR. , 1998: Development of an objective scheme to estimate tropical cyclone intensity from digital geostationary satellite infrared imagery. Wea. Forecasting, 13, 172–186. )| falseSearch 4. 1. [Available online at C. , HerndonD. C. , KossinJ. , HawkinsJ. , and DeMariaM. , 2006a: Consensus estimates of tropical cyclone intensity using integrated multispectral (IR and MW) satellite observations. Preprints, 27th Conf. on Hurricanes and. Meteor. Soc. , P4. 1. [Available online at falseSearch 1210. Velden, C. , and Coauthors, 2006b: tropical cyclone intensity estimation technique: A satellite-based method that has endured for over 30 years. Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc. , 87, 1195–1210. )| falseSearch 1. (a) Brightness temperature image of an ideal vortex. (b) Gradient vectors of the central section in (a). (c) Distribution of deviation angles for the ideal vortex in (a). (d) Hurricane Rita, 1415 UTC 21 Sep 2005 (intensity: 130 kt and 932 hPa). (e) Distribution of deviation angles in (d), with variance = 593 deg2. View in gallery Fig. 2. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text supports the claim by referencing various studies and techniques that utilize satellite technology for monitoring tropical cyclones and their intensities. Specifically, it discusses satellite observations (like infrared and microwave) that are essential for estimating tropical cyclone intensity, indicating the role of satellites in weather forecasting and environmental monitoring.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: IQ scores are the best predictor of academic success across all fields. [SEP] Text: Any score between 90-109 is considered average intelligence, with a score of 90-105 falling within the 25th-73rd percentile range of test-takers. A genius-level score on the WAIS is 130+, with only 2 percent of test-takers receiving such a score. The WAIS-IV has been found to be a very reliable psychometric evaluation and its measured IQ levels are found to correlate with a number of social variables, such as income, education level, and reported life satisfaction. IQ scores have even been shown to correlate with certain aspects of physical health. Of course, this does not mean that IQ is the only variable that determines the quality of one’s life, but it is important in many respects. Also, the reported benefits of a high IQ show diminishing return, indicating that after a certain point, more IQ does not help much in regards to general life quality. It is also important to realize that IQ tests only measure some parts of a person’s psychology. They are not meant to provide an exhaustive account of a person’s abilities or competencies. Some researchers propose that things such as social awareness, empathy, physical attunement, and life experience constitute distinct intelligence that the WAIS-IV does not measure and that the WAIS-IV should be updated to reflect these categories. Despite these criticisms, IQ tests are generally viewed in the psychological community as reliable criteria for judging an individual’s intelligence. ← Previous postNext post →: Our Attention? ? Adolescent Self-? [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by explaining that while IQ scores are correlated with various social variables and may predict certain aspects of life quality, they are not the sole determinants of success. It emphasizes that IQ tests measure only specific cognitive abilities and do not account for other important factors such as social awareness, empathy, and life experience. This suggests that IQ scores alone cannot be considered the best predictor of academic success across all fields.