Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Every genetic trait can be modified without affecting other genes. [SEP] Text: To investigate whether the correlation between minor allele frequency and eQTL effect size could be a result of winner's curse effects, we extracted the results from our simulations in which the causal variant was masked and the true effect size was fixed at a small value (beta = 0. 75). We then calculated the correlation between the estimated effect size (β) from these simulations against minor allele frequency, for detected eQTL only. Estimation of genetic contributions to gene expression Request a detailed protocol We used the Bayesian sparse linear mixed model (BSLMM) approach implemented in the GEMMA software package (Zhou and Stephens, 2012) to estimate the genetic contribution to gene expression variation. Specifically, for each gene, we fit the following model: y=μ+xcisβcis+xtransβtrans+ε, βcis,i∼πN(0, σa2)+(1−π)δ0, βtrans,i∼N(0, σb2), where y is the n by 1 vector of gene expression levels for n individuals; μ is the intercept; xcis is an n by pcis matrix of genotypes for pcis cis-SNPs and βcis are the corresponding effect sizes; xtrans is an n by ptrans matrix of genotypes for ptrans trans-SNPs and βtrans are the corresponding effect sizes; and ε is an n by 1 vector of i. i. d. residual errors. We used different priors for cis-acting effects and trans-acting effects to capture different properties for the two components. Specifically, the spike-slab prior on the cis effects βcis captures our prior belief that only a small proportion of local SNPs has cis effects and these effects are relatively large. The normal prior on the trans effects captures our prior knowledge that trans-acting SNPs tend to be relatively difficult to find and have relatively small effects. In addition, because pcis is small and ptrans approximately equals p, the number of total SNPs, we used p instead of ptrans to facilitate computation (i. e. , ptrans was based on all genotyped sites used in our analyses, n = 64,432). Results are qualitatively similar if ptrans is calculated based on sites that must act in trans (i. e. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the complexities involved in modeling gene effects, particularly through the use of both cis and trans-acting genetic variants. It implies that the genetic contributions to gene expression are not independently modifiable, as the model considers interactions between different genetic variants (cis and trans). This suggests that modifying one trait may indeed have implications for other genes, contradicting the claim that every genetic trait can be modified without affecting others.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: The suprachiasmatic nucleus is the master regulator of circadian rhythms. [SEP] Text: Using equation (10), we find how far ahead in time is the shell activity with respect to the core activity in the dependence on the frequency of the endogenous cycles in the shell, ωd, and the coupling Kυd:td(p)=tυ(p)−T2πarcsin(ω¯d−ωFKυd). (13)As discussed in the preceding paragraph, ψd leads ψυ for positive Kυd, since τd<T and therefore ω¯d−ωF>0. From equation (12), it then follows that with increasing time, the core must peak after the shell, that is, tυ(p)>td(p) (see Figure 2b). At that time, the peak of the core activity is locked to the peak of the external cue. This result agrees with the experimental observation that peak Per2 expression in the shell precedes peak Per2 expression in the core by 2. 4±0. 9h (Taylor et al. , 2017). Figure 2. Results of numerical simulations of equations (4)-(7) with the parameters in Table 1. (a) Times tυ(p) (red circles) and td(p) (navy squares) at which the real part of complex order parameters zυ and zd peak in the core and shell, respectively, and the core-shell difference between peak times tυ(p)−td(p) (green diamonds) in the entrained state, as a function of the external light-dark period T. (b) Time dependence of the real part of the order parameter in the core (Re(zυ), red line) and shell (Re(zd), navy line) for light-dark cycles with period T=24h. The peak time in the shell precedes the peak time in the core by 2. 3h. Viewed together, the results presented in this section show that the core-shell organization of the SCN enables the shell to anticipate events by advancing its phase relative to the phase of the core and the external cue while entrained to a symmetric LD cycle of period T. This lead is determined by the core-shell phase difference. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text describes the dynamics of core and shell activities in relation to circadian rhythms but does not directly address or affirm that the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) is the master regulator of these rhythms. Instead, it focuses on the relationship of phase differences in various activities without confirming the overarching claim about the SCN's regulatory role.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Geothermal energy is reliable and operates independently of weather conditions. [SEP] Text: At ≥ 2000 m depth, temperatures can exceed 100–120 °C, and provide favorable conditions for developing medium-enthalpy geothermal systems and CHP plants. In addition, EGS projects could be developed in deeply buried granitoid rocks with high in situ temperatures (≥ 200 °C), extensional regimes, and low levels of natural seismicity. A call to support drilling of geothermal wells for heating reducing geological risks of the first reinjection wells (at 1000–2500 m depth) was launched in 2023. The total budget is approximately US$18 million (Toth and Nádor 2023). No new geothermal power projects are planned, but some 20 MW are expected by 2028. However, “for the Hungarian geothermal industry to progress, it needs a well-considered energy policy together with a framework of supportive legal and financial conditions” (Toth and Nádor 2023). IcelandIceland is a geothermal country per excellence giving that 65% of its primary energy supply and 30% of its electric demand (Fig. 2) are provided by geothermal energy (Rágnarsson et al. 2023). Just one small binary ORC plant of 0. 3 MW has been commissioned in the country since WGC2020+1, and so the installed capacity is 755. 3 MW, although the oldest power plant in Iceland, originally commissioned in 1969 in Bjarnarflag, was replaced by a new backpressure unit in 2019. The electricity generation in 2022 was lower, with a total of 5788. 4 (Ragnarsson et al. 2023) (Table 2). This island state has a huge geothermal potential, due to its location on a hot spot on the Mid-Atlantic Ridge, the boundary between the and Eurasian plates (see Fig. 4), which are moving apart at a rate of ~ 2 cm/year and that is why the geological and tectonic processes in the country are quicker than in other parts, and more easily observed. Between 20 and 30 volcanic eruptions occur every century on average, and approximately 4. 5 km3 of magma equivalent is erupted every century on average. The Mid-outcrops along 400 km on the island, making it possible to observe on land a variety of tectonic and volcanic processes that only occur at the bottom of the sea in the rest of the oceanic ridge (Ragnarsson et al. 2023). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text supports the claim by providing information about the geothermal potential and established use of geothermal energy, particularly in Iceland, which indicates that geothermal energy is a viable and consistent energy source. The mention of high temperatures at significant depths and the ongoing developments in geothermal systems suggest that this energy source is not influenced by weather conditions.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Every genetic trait can be modified without affecting other genes. [SEP] Text: For each gene, we fit the following model: y=μ+xβ+u+ε, u∼MVN(0, σu2K), ε∼MVN(0, σe2I), where x is the n by 1 vector of values for the demographic or environmental predictor of interest and β is its coefficient. The n by 1 vector of u is a random effects term with K = XXT/p controlling for additive genetic effects. We calculated the PVE estimate as var(xβ)/var(y), where var denotes the sample variance. Add a comment + Open annotations. The current annotation count on this page is being calculated. Data availability The following data sets were generated (2015) Architecture of Levels in 63788. Publically available at the ( The following previously published data sets were used (2010) Understanding mechanisms underlying human gene expression variation with RNA sequencing ID GSE19480. Publically available at the ( 1073. 1465. 154. 501. 840. 1261. 79. 109. 1249. 1209. 24. 189. 0271. 1028. 348. 223. 3035. 305. 2040. 456. 0583. 2158. 548. 498. 142. 428. 343. 227. 461. 245. 680. 537. 1634. 150. 1144. 243. 790. 1320. 185. 1328. 725. 743. 132. 116. 1786. 511. 1760. 4379. 237. 1303. 373. 4721. 1105. 0888. 610. 772. 1236. 651. 121. 674. 1317. 144. 0345. 1234. 3104. 1361. 224. 536. 1990. 69. 40. 2011. 391. 0214. 854. 1435. 216. 437. 3264. 824. 615. 2. 0). experimentation: Samples and data used in this study were collected from wild baboons living in the Amboseli ecosystem of southern Kenya. All behavioral, environmental, and demographic data are gathered as part of noninvasive observational monitoring of known individuals within the study population. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim about modifying genetic traits and their effects on other genes. It focuses on the statistical model used for genetic analysis, specifying how data was collected and processed. There is no indication that it supports or contrasts with the idea that every genetic trait can be modified independently.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: The suprachiasmatic nucleus is the master regulator of circadian rhythms. [SEP] Text: This section studies dissociation from the point of view of an observer in the laboratory frame. To this end, it is assumed that the observer measures the observable Re(zυ(d))=ρυ(d)cos(ωFt+ψυ(d)) or the corresponding distribution of frequency components Sυ(d)(ω) (spectral density), as a proxy for SCN activity under varying LD period T. Here, the core (shell) synchronization index ρυ(d) and phase ψυ(d) are determined by numerical solution of equations (4)-(7), using the parameters in Table 1. The main results concerning independent components of the spectral density Sυ(d)(ω) are presented in Figure 3. Figure 3. Results of numerical simulations of equations (4)-(7) with the parameters in Table 1. (a) of independent SCN activity components under external light-dark cycles of varying period T (in hours). The component at the field period T is indicated in red open circles within the entrainment range and in gray circles outside the entrainment range. Red stars indicate the period of SCN activity at a second (dissociated) rhythm Tsr. Black crosses are experimental data reported by Campuzano et al. (1998). The dashed horizontal line is the period of SCN oscillations τDD=24. 84h under dark-dark conditions (cue strength F=0), calculated from the mean value of equations (5) and (7) in the synchronized state. (b) Intensity of light-dark (F, hollow markers) and second rhythm (sr, solid makers) components of SCN activity, in the core (υ, circles) and shell (d, squares). Vertical lines indicate the lower and upper bounds of the entrainment range, LLE=23. 26h and ULE=25. 28h, respectively. For comparison, the mean free-running periods of the shell and the core are τd=23. 3h and τυ=25. 1h, respectively. (c) Dependence of the entrainment range (gray horizontal bars) on the difference between the free-running periods of core and shell, τυ−τd. Here, τυ is fixed as τυ=25. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text discusses the synchronization and activity components of the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) under varying light-dark conditions and does not provide direct support or contradiction to the claim that the SCN is the master regulator of circadian rhythms. Therefore, it is deemed irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Geothermal energy is reliable and operates independently of weather conditions. [SEP] Text: There are numerous active volcanoes and hot springs in the country, as well as frequent earthquakes. The main volcanic zone, composed of more than 200 volcanoes, crosses the island from NE to SW; at least 30 of those volcanoes have erupted since the country was settled approximately 1150 years ago. As expected, there are numerous geothermal systems related to the volcanoes, whose fluids vary in composition from freshwater to saline and from warm to supercritical in temperature. At least 25 high-temperature areas have been identified within the volcanic zones with ≥ 200 °C at ≤ 1000 m depths, and some high-temperature fields are known (and more are expected) in ocean ridges southwest and north of Iceland. Moreover, there are ~ 250 separate low-temperature areas (≤ 150 °C at ≤ 1000 m depth) in the country, mostly located in the flanks of active volcanic zones, and over 600 hot spring areas with temperatures ≥ 20 °C have been located (Ragnarsson et al. 2023). Considering the mentioned tectonic and geological characteristics of Iceland, it is no surprise that the country started to use its vast geothermal resources for power generation in the late sixties, when the first power plant was commissioned at Bjarnarflag in 1969, as mentioned above. It was a single-flash, backpressure unit of 3. 2 MW in capacity, followed in 1978 by the smaller Unit 1 of 1 MW in Svarstengi and by the larger Unit 1 in Krafla with 30 MW, both still in operation. Currently, there are 35 individual geothermal power units in Iceland, distributed into eight geothermal fields, and fed by approximately 200 production wells that produce 5332 m3/hour of steam. Most of the power plants are of the single or double-flash type, with inlet temperatures varying from 122 to 210 °C and admission pressures from 1. 25 to 18 barg. The binary ORC plants are located at Svarstengi, Flúdir, and Reykholt, and work at lower temperatures and pressures, and there is one plant using dry steam in the Svarstengi field. There are also two backpressure units. The main features of the power units are presented in Table 9. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by providing extensive information about Iceland's geothermal systems and their operation. It describes the numerous geothermal power plants in operation, such as the single-flash and binary ORC plants, which utilize geothermal resources effectively for power generation, indicating reliability in production. The mention of geothermal energy generation starting in the late sixties and the established individual geothermal units supports the assertion that geothermal energy operates independently of weather conditions, as it relies on geological features rather than atmospheric ones.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Every genetic trait can be modified without affecting other genes. [SEP] Text: Student demographic information is included in Table 1. Download: PPTPowerPoint slidePNGlarger imageTIFForiginal imageTable 1. Student demographic information. Engagement: begin this unit by building on two concepts we have already covered in the course: 1) identifying autosomal inheritance patterns and 2) analyzing pedigrees. Specifically, students analyze a human pedigree on the inheritance of deafness (shaded individuals) to review these concepts (Figure 1A). Human deafness is a good example for introducing students to multi-gene traits because mutations in at least 57 genes cause deafness that is not associated with any other symptoms ( I ask the class to tell me about the inheritance pattern for the pedigree in Figure 1A. Students are quick to volunteer that this pedigree is more consistent with an autosomal recessive inheritance pattern. I then ask students to tell me about the inheritance pattern in the Figure 1B pedigree. Students again say that the pedigree is more consistent with an autosomal recessive inheritance pattern. Download: PPTPowerPoint slidePNGlarger imageTIFForiginal imageFigure 1. Human pedigrees used to introduce the concept of complementation. One family where several members are deaf is shown in (A), a second family where several members are deaf is shown in (B). I tell students that a deaf person from the family in Figure 1A has a child with a deaf person from the family in Figure 1B, and that child can hear. This result is surprising because if we were considering a simple Mendelian inheritance pattern, two people who are deaf because of autosomal recessive mutations would have a 100% chance of having a deaf child. I then ask the class: “how can you explain the child from the mating between the two pedigrees? ” Students often suggest that the sperm or egg that created the child had a spontaneous mutation that made a mutant allele normal (a possibility, but not very likely) or that the child has the genetic mutations but for some environmental reason, s/he is not deaf (another possibility, so I respond by saying let us assume all individuals with the mutation are deaf). Sometimes a student will suggest that the parents have mutations in two different genes. I now introduce students to the terms “complementation” and “non-complementation” using the slides in Figure 2. I state that an example of complementation occurs when two deaf parents produce hearing children. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by illustrating that human deafness is caused by mutations in at least 57 different genes. The discussion of pedigree analysis and complementation indicates that the inheritance of a complex trait like deafness involves multiple genes and suggests that modifications affecting one trait can influence other genetic outcomes, particularly when parents have mutations in different genes.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: The suprachiasmatic nucleus is the master regulator of circadian rhythms. [SEP] Text: 1h (black dots) and τd (blue dots) varies. Abbreviation: LLE = lower limit of entrainment;SCN = suprachiasmatic nucleus; ULE = upper limit of entrainment. First, Figure 3a shows that a second rhythm (sr) with period Tsr emerges outside the entrainment range. Above the upper bound (ULE=25. 28h), Tsr is smaller than T and decreases with increasing T. Below the lower bound (LLE=23. 26h), Tsr is larger than T and increases with decreasing T. These results are in qualitative agreement with experimental observations in rats (Campuzano et al. , 1998; Usui et al. , 2000). For instance, Usui et al. (2000) studied recurring drinking behavior in rats exposed to LD cycles with period T and report the emergence of a second recurring peak in drinking activity with period Tsr=25h at T=ULE=28. 5h (see Figure 3 by Usui et al. , 2000), and Tsr=23. 5h at T=LLE=23h (see Figure 4 by Usui et al. , 2000). The authors also report that Tsr increases with decreasing T below LLE and decreases with increasing T above ULE, all in agreement with the numerical results of Figure 3a. Another study reports a similar trend in motor activity in rats under shortening LD cycles (Campuzano et al. , 1998), as shown in Figure 3a (see black crosses). In this figure, we compared our results on the period of the second (dissociated) rhythm with the experimental data from Campuzano et al. (1998). Despite the clear separation between calculated and experimental curves, the trend is generally the same, and the relative difference between the numerical result and experiment is only 4%. Figure 4. Period τ of independent activity components in the core as a function of parameter B under constant light conditions (from numerical simulations of equations (4)-(7) with the parameters in Table 1). The period τLL of the free-running component is indicated by circles, and the period TLL(sr) of a second (dissociated) component is indicated by navy stars. corresponds to the nocturnal mouse (see Table 1 for parameters) and positive B to a fictitious diurnal counterpart. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not directly address the claim about the suprachiasmatic nucleus being the master regulator of circadian rhythms. Instead, it focuses on the variations in rhythms outside of the entrainment range, describing the relationship between two different rhythms and specific studies conducted on rats. This makes the text irrelevant to the specific claim regarding the suprachiasmatic nucleus.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Geothermal energy is reliable and operates independently of weather conditions. [SEP] Text: 63The volcanic–tectonic frame of Indonesia results in a huge geothermal potential, estimated at 23,357 MW, the largest in the world, which is located between the eastern end of the Belt and the western side of the Circum-Pacific ring. It is composed of 5849 MW of so-called speculative resources, 3376 MW of hypothetical resources, 9251 MW of possible reserves, 1763 MW of probable reserves and 3117 MW of proven reserves. This potential is distributed into 356 locations identified on seven islands (and Kalimantan) by geological and geochemical surveys, as well as geophysical surveys conducted at 45 of those locations. All the prospects are hydrothermal, and most of them are expected to have high-temperature geothermal systems. Sumatra has the largest geothermal potential, with 9. 5 GW, or 40. 5% of the total. The second largest potential is located in Java (7. 9 GW), followed by Sulawesi (3. 0 GW). The rest come from Bali-(1. 6 GW), and Maluku (1. 1 GW) and a very small amount comes from Papua (75 MW) and Kalimantan (175 MW) (Darma et al. 2023; Susmanto et al. 2023). The geothermal roadmap considers expanding the current geothermal capacity by 1234 MW for 2030 in (55 MW), (134 MW), Ulubelu (10 MW), (145 MW), (150 MW), Pangalengan (65 MW), Patuha (165 MW), Salak (70 MW), Kamojang (30 MW), Dieng (295 MW), Lahendong-Tompaso (35 MW), Ulumbu (40 MW), Mataloko (20 MW), and Sokoria (25 MW) (Darma et al. 2023). More immediate projects include new power plants planned by Energi in Dieng (10 MW), as well as other power plants to be installed by PGE in Lumut Balai, Energi in Jaboi (5 MW and 10 MW) and Medco in (31 MW) (Susmanto et al. 2023). Regarding incentives, the Indonesian government has made sure the geothermal electricity tariff is economically viable for developers and affordable to the public. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by detailing Indonesia's significant geothermal potential and ongoing development of geothermal projects. It emphasizes that geothermal energy is abundant, with 23,357 MW of total potential, and mentions that all prospects are hydrothermal and mostly expected to have high-temperature systems, which suggests reliability. Additionally, the government's commitment to economically viable tariffs supports the assertion that geothermal energy is a stable energy source that operates independently of varying weather conditions.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Every genetic trait can be modified without affecting other genes. [SEP] Text: These results suggest that the parents have mutations in genes. I represent the two genes using the letters A and B (Figure 2A). contrast complementation with non-complementation (Figure 2B). Here, two deaf parents produce all deaf children. This result suggests that parents have recessive mutations in the SAME gene, represented by the letter B. Download: PPTPowerPoint slidePNGlarger imageTIFForiginal imageFigure 2. A slide introducing students to the terms complementation and non-complementation in the context of the human deafness example. Inquiry: in to Blind CavefishTo apply the concept of complementation, students study eye development in the Mexican blind cavefish. These blind cavefish populations, which evolved independently from sighted surface fish at different times, are found in caves throughout northeastern Mexico (reviewed in [1],[2]). The explanation for the evolution of blindness remains in dispute [3]. When students want to know more about hypotheses for why cavefish lost their sight, I encourage them to read more in several review 3. Clicker question to determine whether students can apply what they learned about complementation to an example of blind cavefish. (A) The text of the question with the correct answer in bold. (B) Student responses both before and after peer discussion (n = 103 students). Clarification: Constructing a Complementation TableNext, I introduce students to the complementation table. Complementation tables track the outcomes of mating fish from different strains, and they are useful in determining whether the mutations are in the same gene or different genes (Figure 4). On the outside of the table you put a unique identifier for each fish strain collected from the different caves (for example strain #1, strain #2, etc. ) and inside the table you write either a + or a −. A + means that complementation occurred (the genes are different), and a − indicates that complementation did not occur (the genes are the same). To confirm that students are following, I ask them the clicker question in Figure 4. Even before peer discussion, 94% of the class answered that mating two strains with the result that all the offspring are blind indicates that the mutations must be in the same gene. Download: PPTPowerPoint slidePNGlarger imageTIFForiginal imageFigure 4. Clicker question to introduce the notation used in a complementation table. Interpreting Results: a Trait? [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by explaining the concept of complementation and how it relates to mutations in genes. It specifically mentions that when deaf parents have deaf children, it suggests that mutations are in the same gene. The complementation table further supports this by indicating that a '+' means genes are different and a '-' means genes are the same. This implies that modifying one genetic trait (similarly affecting the deafness trait) is linked to the same gene rather than being independent from other genes.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: The suprachiasmatic nucleus is the master regulator of circadian rhythms. [SEP] Text: The second rhythm appears at Bc≃−0. 24 in the nocturnal case and Bc≃3. 23 in the diurnal case. Second, as shown in Figure 3b, the entrainment range is characterized by a single frequency component of intensity IF(υ)=IF(d) in the core and shell. This component corresponds to an entrained rhythm with period T between LLE=23. 26h (lower bound) and ULE=25. 28h (upper bound), as shown in Figure 3a. Third, analysis of the intensity of core and shell components reveals distinct contributions to the second rhythm above ULE and below LLE, as shown in Figure 3b. Below LLE, core and shell contributions to the second rhythm at period Tsr increase, while contributions to the rhythm at period T decrease. However, when the LD period TF is lengthened above ULE, the core’s contribution is almost exclusively to the component at the LD period (near constant IF(υ) and vanishingly small Isr(υ)), in qualitative agreement with experimental observations made by Schwartz et al. (2009). This difference is related to the coexistence of dynamically and topologically distinct states in the core and shell at T>ULE (these states were discussed in Yoon et al. (2021)). The core is on average locked to the LD cue, while the shell is drifting at the second rhythm. Below LLE, both the core and shell drift at the second rhythm. In this particular case (set of model parameters), the emergence of distinct states in the SCN is a consequence of distinct types of bifurcations in equations (4)-(7) at LLE and ULE. The bifurcation at LLE is characterized by the emergence of a second rhythm with period Tsr∼∼T, as shown in Figure 3a. The bifurcation at ULE, however, is characterized by a large drop in Tsr relative to T=ULE. These characteristic features of distinct bifurcations are also consistent with the experimental data discussed in the previous paragraph. For example, the data reported by Usui et al. (2000) show that LLE−Tsr=0. 5h, whereas Tsr−ULE=3. 5h for rats. For comparison, our model predicts LLE−Tsr=0. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not directly address the claim regarding the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) as the master regulator of circadian rhythms. Instead, it discusses various aspects of rhythmic behavior and bifurcations in model parameters related to rhythmic components, but it does not specifically mention the SCN's regulatory role or provide evidence supporting or opposing that the SCN is a master regulator.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Geothermal energy is reliable and operates independently of weather conditions. [SEP] Text: Most of the power units in operation are of the single-flash, condensing type, with 27 units and 748. 7 MW of combined capacity, and the rest are binary ORC units with 10 units and 200. 0 MW of combined capacity, and a few power units of back-pressure type using screw expander technology of ~ 11 MW each. All of them are integrated into the electric grid, except for two, one of binary ORC type and another of back-pressure type, whose electricity is consumed by the Company, Inc. , to cover the electric demand of its famed flower greenhouses and their employees, in a distributed generation for self-supply (data taken from Omenda et al. 2023). Electricity generation of geothermal origin in Kenya in 2022 was 5590 GWh (Low-2023), almost 6. 7% more than that generated in 2019. It is worth mentioning that the geothermal generation for Kenya reported in WGC2020+1 was expected to be 9930 GWh in 2020, with an installed capacity expected to be 1193 MW (Huttrer 2020). Both were overestimated even for 2022, with the actual figures for 2019 now reported in Table 2. On the other hand, geothermal generation in 2022 represented 45. 3% of the total electricity generated in the country, which was 12,310 GWh (OWD 2023), as illustrated in Fig. 2. This makes Kenya the country with the highest share of geothermal energy to supply the national electric demand. For 2023 the performance of geothermal power plants can be better in Kenya, because during the first quarter the (KPLC) announced that the geothermal generation was 1506 GWh, which is an increase of 47% compared to the 1st quarter of 2022 when 1025 GWh were produced in the country (TGE 2023a). The KPLC had to increase the dispatch of geothermal plants, due to the drop in power generation from hydropower sources, attributed to water level problems because of prolonged drought. Hydropower output was reduced from 807. 7 GWh to 424. 1 GWh for the first quarter from 2022 to 2023. This is a good and practical example of the reliability of geothermal power plants as baseload sources. The main features of the power units are presented in Table 13. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by highlighting that geothermal power plants are reliable sources of energy, particularly when other sources, like hydropower, are affected by weather conditions such as drought. It mentions that during a drought, geothermal generation increased as hydropower output was reduced, demonstrating geothermal energy's reliability as a baseload source for electricity generation.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Every genetic trait can be modified without affecting other genes. [SEP] Text: Geneticists can use complementation tables to determine the minimum number of genes influencing a trait. This number can be obtained by combining the mutations that do not complement and making sure all strains are accounted for. In the example in Figure 4, there are a minimum of two genes controlling eye development in these fish. Strains #1 and #2 have a mutation in one gene and strain #3 has a mutation in a second gene. Next, I expand the table in Figure 4 to five different strains and have students determine how many genes produce sight (Figure 5A). Here, strains #1 and #2 have a mutation in one gene, strains #3 and #5 have a mutation in another gene, and strain #4 complements the other strains. The results suggest that at least three genes are working to produce sight. Before peer discussion only 60% of the students answer this question correctly, but this number increases to 84% after peer discussion (Figure 5B). Download: PPTPowerPoint slidePNGlarger imageTIFForiginal imageFigure 5. Clicker question to determine whether students can interpret the results of several complementation tests. (A) The text of the question with the correct answer in bold. (B) Student responses both before and after peer discussion (n = 103 students). Exploring: the Limits of Complementation Testing? use another clicker question to have students consider a new blind fish strain, strain #6. Strain #6 is mated to a sighted surface fish and all the offspring fish are blind (Figure 6). The question asks: can the strain #6 fish be used for complementation testing? The answer is no, because the strain #6 fish has a dominant version of a gene involved in eyesight. Anytime a fish from strain #6 is mated to any blind fish, the offspring will be blind. Therefore, geneticists cannot accurately score complementation versus non-complementation using a fish that has a dominant mutation. Before talking with peers, only 54% of the students say the strain #6 fish cannot be used for complementation testing, but after peer discussion, this number increases to 77%. As with the previous questions, discussion with peers improves student performance. Download: PPTPowerPoint slidePNGlarger imageTIFForiginal imageFigure 6. Clicker question about the limits of complementation testing. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the complexities of genetic traits and their influences. It introduces the concept of complementation testing, explaining that multiple genes can control a single trait, such as sight in the fish examples provided. It specifically points out that strain #6 has a dominant mutation affecting eyesight, indicating that modifications to this genetic trait do affect other genes, as the offspring will be blind regardless of the other genes present. The implication is that modifying one trait can have ramifications for others, directly contesting the claim.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: The suprachiasmatic nucleus is the master regulator of circadian rhythms. [SEP] Text: 2h and Tsr−ULE=1. 7h for the model parameters in Table 1. To identify the type of bifurcation, we also carried out the stability analysis of fixed points of equations (4)-(7). This analysis revealed that the dissociation at ULE=25. 28h is caused by the super Hopf bifurcation, while the saddle-node bifurcation occurs at LLE=23. 26h. The results presented in this section are in good qualitative agreement with experimental observations of dissociation in the SCN. In the core-shell model of equations (4)-(7), the emergence of a dissociated rhythm takes place when entrainment is disrupted. The dynamical features and bifurcation mechanisms of disrupted states in the core and shell describe key aspects of dissociation, namely, the inverse dependence of the dissociated period on the LD period. Notably, the upper and lower bounds of the entrainment range are very close to the mean free-running period of the core τυ=25. 1h and shell τd=23. 3h for the model parameters in Table 1:τd∼∼LLE<T<ULE∼∼τυ. (14)To determine the dependence of the entrainment range on the endogenous core and shell rhythms, we performed additional numerical calculations of equations (4)-(7) and analyzed the dependence of the entrainment range on the difference between the free-running periods, τυ−τd, at fixed τυ and increasing τd. The results of these numerical calculations are presented in Figure 3c and show that decreasing the difference τυ−τd increases the entrainment range. Simultaneously, equation (13) shows that the difference between peaks in the core and shell, tυ(p)−td(p) (anticipation), decreases with increasing τd (i. e. , decreasing ωd). Therefore, one can have a broad entrainment range but weak anticipation, and vice versa. DD ConditionsThis section studies the behavior of the core and shell under DD conditions and how core-shell intercouplings Kυd and Kdυ are related to τDD across the whole SCN. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim regarding the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) as the master regulator of circadian rhythms. While it discusses various dynamics, bifurcation mechanisms, and models related to rhythms in the SCN, it does not address the primary role of the SCN as the master regulator, nor does it provide supportive information or evidence regarding this claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Geothermal energy is reliable and operates independently of weather conditions. [SEP] Text: Table 13 Number, type, capacity, and generation of geothermal power units in Kenya in 2022 (generation) and 2023 (installed capacity)Full size tableThe main geothermal power parameters for Kenya in 2022 are as follows:- Geothermal fields in operation:3- Production wells:212 (estimated from 299 total wells)- Capacity (MW)972. 5- Generation (GWh)5590- Capacity factor (%)65. 6%- Average production per well (MWh):3. 0Although there are three geothermal fields in operation in the country by beginning of 2024, 34 of the 40 power plants are in the Olkaria field, where 99% of the whole geothermal–electric generation of Kenya is produced. The other unit is a pilot binary ORC installed in the Eburro field and generated ~ 15 GWh in 2022. The new units in the Menengai geothermal field were commissioned at the end of 2023, and are operated by the independent producer (IPP) Ltd. (SMGPL). There are other units under development in Menegai, such as a couple of single flash units of 35 MW each, the first of which is under construction by Co. , and planned to be commissioned in 2025, with the second planned for 2027. These new projects have been granted to another private company Globelec. There are also more units planned in Olkaria to be installed between 2025 and 2027, with a combined capacity of ~ 451 MW (Omenda et al. 2023). In addition, drilling activities were resumed in a fourth geothermal field, Akiira, also within the Rift Valley, after long negotiations between the company and local communities concerned about probable environmental impacts, that in the past had blocked access (2021). If all happens as planned, Kenya would reach 1180 MW by WGC2026, which will still be below the 1193 MW expectation for 2020. The government of Kenya has laid a blueprint for the rapid development of geothermal resources, targeting installed generation of 5,000 MW by the year 2030. The additional capacity of ~ 4,000 MW will come from expansions of Olkaria and Eburru geothermal fields by the governmental company KenGen (Generation Company) and IPPs, and additional installations at Menengai by Company (GDC, which is fully owned by the government). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by providing detailed information about geothermal power generation in Kenya, highlighting that it has established capacity and significant output (5590 GWh) from geothermal sources. The continued development and expansion plans indicate that geothermal energy infrastructure is robust and capable of steady generation independent of external weather conditions.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Every genetic trait can be modified without affecting other genes. [SEP] Text: Download: PPTPowerPoint slidePNGlarger imageTIFForiginal imageFigure 7. Easy complementation homework question. Download: PPTPowerPoint slidePNGlarger imageTIFForiginal imageFigure 8. Medium complementation homework question. Download: PPTPowerPoint slidePNGlarger imageTIFForiginal imageFigure 9. Difficult complementation homework question. The correct answer is marked in bold font. Download: PPTPowerPoint slidePNGlarger imageTIFForiginal imageFigure 10. Exam question on complementation. The correct answer is marked in bold font. Download: PPTPowerPoint slidePNGlarger imageTIFForiginal imageFigure 11. GCA question on complementation. The correct answer is marked in bold font. ConclusionThe activity described here helps students learn how one trait, such as deafness or blindness, can be affected by mutations in more than one gene and how geneticists can determine the minimum number of genes involved. Students also learn why strains with dominant mutations cannot be used for complementation testing. The clicker question results consistently indicate that students learn about complementation by talking over questions with their peers and there is evidence that this learning serves them well on exams and a genetics concept assessment (see Box 4). IRB to evaluate student clicker, exam, and pretest and posttest responses (exempt status, Protocol No. 39014) was granted by the Board, University of Washington. Supporting InformationS1. 1. Niven J. E (2008) Evolution: convergent eye losses in fishy circumstances. 18: R27–R29. View 2. (2004) Cavefish. 14: R943. View 3. (2010) Genes, modules and the evolution of cave fish. Heredity 105: 413–422. View 4. Meyers P. Z (2007) How the cavefish lost its eyes. . COM. Available: 5. (2008) Restoring sight in blind cavefish. 18: R23–R24. View 6. (2008) Blind cavefish can produce sighted offspring. News. Available: Accessed 9 January 2012. 7. Board on (2011) A framework of K-12 science education: practices, crosscutting concepts, and core ideas. Washington (D. C. ): Press. 8. (1997) Peer instruction: a user's manual. (NJ): Prentice Hall. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by explaining that one trait, such as deafness or blindness, can be affected by mutations in more than one gene. This indicates that modifying one genetic trait may impact other genes, thereby disproving the assertion that every trait can be modified independently.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: The suprachiasmatic nucleus is the master regulator of circadian rhythms. [SEP] Text: Since τDD, τυ, and τd can be measured experimentally under DD conditions, the aim is to identify any experimentally testable relationships that reveal information about the value and sign of intercouplings Kυd and Kdυ. The free-running frequency ωDD=2π/τDD of the synchronized SCN under DD conditions can be obtained self-consistently from the stationary state of equations (4)-(7), by setting F=0 and replacing ωF→ωDD, from which it follows thatωDD=a(a+b)ω¯υ+b(a+b)ω¯d,(15)wherea=ρυ2Kυd(1+ρd2),(16)b=ρd2Kdυ(1+ρυ2). (17)The synchronized SCN is characterized by core and shell synchronization indices ρυ and ρd. To find τDD, we solve numerically equations (4)-(7) at DD conditions with parameters in Table 1. Then we apply the Fourier analysis to the time dependence of real parts, Re[zυ(d)(t)]=ρυ(d)cos(ψυ(d)), of the order parameters (equation (3)) of the core and shell. It gives the frequency of steady oscillations at DD conditions. Motivated by the experimental observation in Taylor et al. (2017), we assume that τυ>τd (see Table 1). In the case for positive intercouplings Kυd and Kdυ, the core-shell model of equations (4)-(7) predicts that ω¯υ<ωDD<ω¯d. Equivalently, the period τDD=2π/ωDD must be in the rangeτd<τDD<τυ. (18)Using the parameters in Table 1, equation (15) tells us that τDD=24. 8h, in good agreement with experimental observations in rats by Campuzano et al. (1998), who reported τDD=24. 5h. Under DD conditions, the analytical result of equation (18) predicts that τDD is bounded between τυ and τd. This is valid for positive inter- and intracouplings. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim about the suprachiasmatic nucleus being the master regulator of circadian rhythms. It mainly discusses experimental measurement and relationships under dark conditions (DD) using equations and parameters, without explicitly linking to the role of the suprachiasmatic nucleus in circadian rhythms.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Geothermal energy is reliable and operates independently of weather conditions. [SEP] Text: Another old flash plants still in operation, are a low-pressure turbine of 30 MW manufactured by Mitsubishi and commissioned in 1982 in Cerro Prieto, and a 50-MW power plant fabricated by and commissioned in in 1988. More recent flash plants are 5, 20, 25 and 50 MW in gross capacity, manufactured by the French and Japanese companies Alstom, Mitsubishi, and Fuji Electric, operating in all the fields. All backpressure units are of 5 MW, fabricated by Mitsubishi, Toshiba and Aco-Genova-Ansaldo-Makrotek in different years; many of them are currently only as backup for the larger units, the oldest of which is a unit operating in since 1982 (data taken from Gutiérrez-Negrín et al. 2023). While the installed capacity is almost the same as that 3 years ago, electric generation presented a decrease of 16% in the period, descending from 5375 to 4511. 5 GWh in 2021. The reason seems to be that two power units were out of operation in 2021: unit 1 of III, with 110 MWe of nameplate capacity, and unit 17 of Los Azufres, with 53. 4 MWe of nameplate capacity (50 MW net) (Gutiérrez Negrín et al. 2023). Net geothermal electric generation represented barely 1. 3% of the total electric generation in the country in 2021, which was 323,527 GWh, but it is important to highlight the share of geothermal generation in a couple of isolated electric grids in Mexico. One of them is the electric grid (SIBC: de Baja California), where the power plants deliver their generation. The electricity produced in this system in 2021 was 11,869. 1 GWh, out of which 2363. 4 GWh was delivered by the geothermal units of Cerro Prieto, representing 19. 9% of the total generation. Therefore, a fifth of the electricity used in this isolated system, which includes large urban centers such as Tijuana and Mexicali, was produced by geothermal energy—excluding self-supply, co-generation and some imports from California, USA. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the reliability of geothermal energy or its dependence on weather conditions. It provides details on specific geothermal power plants and their operational capacity, as well as the contribution of geothermal energy to electric generation in isolated grids in Mexico. However, it does not explicitly corroborate or contrast the claim in question.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Every genetic trait can be modified without affecting other genes. [SEP] Text: Figures AbstractRecent research suggests that genetic interactions involving more than two loci may influence a number of complex traits. How these ‘higher-order’ interactions arise at the genetic and molecular levels remains an open question. To provide insights into this problem, we dissected a colony morphology phenotype that segregates in a yeast cross and results from synthetic higher-order interactions. Using backcrossing and selective sequencing of progeny, we found five loci that collectively produce the trait. We fine-mapped these loci to 22 genes in total and identified a single gene at each locus that caused loss of the phenotype when deleted. Complementation tests or allele replacements provided support for functional variation in these genes, and revealed that pre-existing genetic variants and a spontaneous mutation interact to cause the trait. The causal genes have diverse functions in endocytosis (END3), oxidative stress response (TRR1), RAS-cAMP signalling (IRA2), and transcriptional regulation of multicellular growth (FLO8 and MSS11), and for the most part have not previously been shown to exhibit functional relationships. Further efforts uncovered two additional loci that together can complement the non-causal allele of END3, suggesting that multiple genotypes in the cross can specify the same phenotype. Our work sheds light on the complex genetic and molecular architecture of higher-order interactions, and raises questions about the broader contribution of such interactions to heritable trait variation. Although it is well known that interactions among genetic variants contribute to many complex traits, the forms of these interactions have not been fully characterized. Most work on this problem to date has focused on relatively simple cases involving two or three loci. However, higher-order interactions involving larger numbers of loci can also occur, and may have significant effects on the relationship between genotype and phenotype. In this paper, we dissect a colony morphology trait that segregates in a cross of two yeast strains and is caused by genetic interactions among five or more loci. Our work demonstrates that higher-order interactions can have major phenotypic effects, and provides novel insights into the genetic and molecular basis of these interactions. Citation: (2014) or Contribute to a in Yeast. PLoS Genet 10(5): e1004324. Justin C. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the complexity of genetic interactions, specifically highlighting that 'higher-order interactions involving more than two loci may influence a number of complex traits.' It explains that multiple loci can contribute to the same phenotype, indicating that modifying one genetic trait can indeed affect others, which contradicts the claim that every genetic trait can be modified independently.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: The suprachiasmatic nucleus is the master regulator of circadian rhythms. [SEP] Text: However, in the case of negative couplings, τDD is no longer bound between τυ and τd. In the particular case when Kdυ<0 (and Kυd≥0), equation (15) becomesωDD=ω¯υ−|b|(ω¯d−ω¯υ)(a−|b|)(19)from which it follows that τDD>τυ for ω¯υ<ω¯d (τυ>τd), under the additional assumption that |Kdυ|<Kυd as suggested by experimental observations (Varadarajan et al. , 2018) for wild-type (WT) mice. Equation (19) also shows that strong asymmetry in intercoupling strength can cause the rhythm in the shell to become increasingly similar to the core, since τDD∼∼τυ when |Kdυ|≪Kυd. Conversely, if Kdυ is instead positive and Kυd negative, it can be shown that the rhythm in the core becomes increasingly similar to the shell for |Kdυ|≪Kυd. This follows from re-writing equation (19) for Kυd<0 (and Kdυ≥0) based on the same experimental observations (τυ>τd and Kdυ<|Kυd|), for which τDD<τd. The results of equations (18) and (19) show that experimental measurements of τDD, τυ, and τd can indicate whether Kdυ is positive or negative. The relative strength of intercouplings Kυd and Kdυ can also be estimated when the intracouplings Kυυ and Kdd are large by comparison. Under these conditions, ρυ≈ρd≈1, so that equation (15) takes the formωDD=Kυd(Kυd+Kdυ)ω¯υ+Kdυ(Kυd+Kdυ)ω¯d. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses mathematical equations and experimental observations related to coupling strengths and rhythms in biological systems, without directly addressing or mentioning the suprachiasmatic nucleus or its role in circadian rhythms.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Geothermal energy is reliable and operates independently of weather conditions. [SEP] Text: The other isolated electric grid is Mulegé (SIM: Mulegé), in the middle of the peninsula, which is a small electric network independent of the national grid, with an electric demand of 150 GWh in 2021; power units in the geothermal field of Vírgenes, with only 10 MW of installed capacity, generated 36. 8 GWh, i. e. , 24. 5% of the electrical demand. Both seem to be good examples where geothermal energy plays a determinant role in supplying the electrical demand (Gutiérrez-Negrín et al. 2023). The main features of the power units are presented in Table 14. Table 14 Number, type, capacity, and generation of geothermal power units in Mexico in 2021Full size tableThe main geothermal power parameters for Mexico in 2021 are as follows:- Geothermal fields in operation:5- Production wells:225 (243 total wells)- Capacity (MW)1001. 9- Generation (GWh)4511. 5- Capacity factor (%)51. 4%- Average production per well (MWh):2. 3All the fields are of hydrothermal type, two phase, liquid-dominated and high enthalpy, except for two ( fields), which are vapor-dominated. In Mexico, geothermal power development has been carried out by the federal government, through the federal utility Comisión Federal de Electricidad (CFE). Thus, four of the five geothermal fields currently in operation, including the power plants, are own and handled by the CFE. Only one field, called Domo de San Pedro, is owned by a private company. However, there is a geothermal energy law, according to which 24 exploration permits have been issued as of December 2021. Approximately 11 of those permits were granted to private companies, in one of which is a geothermal power project of 25 MW that is under development (Gutiérrez-Negrín et al. 2023). Mexico’s potential for conventional geothermal resources of hydrothermal type and temperature ≥ 150 °C, is estimated at ~ 2500 MW, and the EGS potential, following the protocol endorsed by the IGA (Beardsmore et al. 2010), is approximately 2300 GW, enough to install ~ 47 GW (Gutiérrez-Negrín et al. 2023). New Zealandis the most developed geothermal country located on the Australian plate (Fig. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the role of geothermal energy in supplying the electrical demand independently in the Mulegé grid. It states that geothermal power units contributed significantly (24.5%) to the electrical demand, highlighting their reliability as a consistent energy source. Additionally, it mentions the geothermal fields' operation and the capacity and generation of geothermal power units, which further supports the claim that geothermal energy operates independently of weather conditions.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Every genetic trait can be modified without affecting other genes. [SEP] Text: Fay, School of Medicine, of AmericaReceived: November 15, 2013; Accepted: March 6, 2014; Published: May 1, 2014Copyright: © 2014 Taylor, Ehrenreich. This is an open-access 12. 5% and 21. 2% among recombinant haploid progeny obtained by backcrossing a rough segregant to BY and 3S, respectively (Tables S1 and S2; Methods). The higher frequency of rough segregants in backcrosses is expected if alleles from both parents contribute to the trait, as fewer causative alleles should segregate in the backcrosses than in the original cross. Further supporting the argument that our observations of rough morphology were due to chromosomal loci instead of transient factors, we found no evidence for chromosome-scale aneuploidies or phenotypic switching in the backcrossed segregant (Figure S1; Methods). Download: PPTPowerPoint slidePNGlarger imageTIFForiginal imageFigure 1. Colony morphologies of parents and cross progeny on rich medium containing ethanol. 3S (A) and BY (B) each form smooth colonies. When these two strains are crossed, most offspring also form smooth colonies, but a small fraction form rough colonies. An example smooth segregant is shown in C and an example rough segregant is shown in D. identify loci that contribute to rough morphology, we generated thousands of random spores from the aforementioned backcrosses and used low-coverage whole genome sequencing to selectively genotype individuals that showed the phenotype (Methods). We obtained 92 and 88 rough segregants from the BY and 3S backcrosses, respectively. Using these data, we detected five genomic loci that were strongly enriched among these individuals but not among control segregants (Figure S2): three on Chromosomes IV, V, and XV inherited from 3S (Figure 2A), and two on Chromosomes XIII and XIV inherited from BY (Figure 2B). All of these loci, except the one on Chromosome XIV, were fixed among individuals with rough morphology. Download: PPTPowerPoint slidePNGlarger imageTIFForiginal imageFigure 2. Genetic dissection of the five-way interaction. Genome-wide allele frequency plots are shown for mapping populations from backcrosses to BY (A) and 3S (B). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by providing evidence that traits are influenced by multiple genetic loci. For instance, it discusses how different alleles from both parents contribute to morphological traits in progeny and that the research identified specific genomic loci associated with the rough morphology observed, indicating that genetic modifications can have interconnected effects rather than being independent.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: The suprachiasmatic nucleus is the master regulator of circadian rhythms. [SEP] Text: (20)This equation can be rearranged to yield the relative intercoupling strengthKυdKdυ=τDD/τd−11−τDD/τυ,(21)which can therefore be determined from experimental values of τDD, τυ, and τd. A lower bound on the total intercoupling |Kυd+Kdυ| can be established with reference to the phase difference ψd−ψυ under DD conditions. From equation (9) under LD conditions, the replacement ωF→ωDD yieldssin(ψd−ψυ)=2ρd(ω¯d−ωDD)ρυKυd(1+ρd2)=2ρυρd(ω¯d−ω¯υ)(a+b). (22)First, this shows that ψd leads ψυ under DD conditions, as experimental observations indicate that τυ>τd (ω¯υ<ω¯d) and Kdυ<Kυd (Taylor et al. , 2017; Varadarajan et al. , 2018), assuming positive intercoupling. In this case, peak activity in the shell precedes peak activity in the core, similar to LD conditions (see equation (12)). However, if either Kυd or Kdυ becomes negative, their relative strength can cause the core to lead the shell under DD conditions, that is, if Kυd≫Kdυ or Kdυ≫Kυd. For the same to take place under LD conditions, Kυd must simply be negative. Second, when the intracouplings are sufficiently larger than the intercouplings, ρυ≈ρd≈1, so that a∼∼2Kυd and b∼∼2Kdυ; equation (22) then becomessin(ψd−ψυ)≈ω¯d−ω¯υKυd+Kdυ. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim regarding the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) being the master regulator of circadian rhythms. Instead, it focuses on mathematical equations related to phase differences and coupling strengths under different conditions, which are not relevant to the function or role of the SCN in regulating circadian rhythms.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Geothermal energy is reliable and operates independently of weather conditions. [SEP] Text: Table 15 Number, type, capacity, and generation of geothermal power units in in 2021Full size tableThe main geothermal power parameters for in 2021 are as follows:- Geothermal fields in operation:8- Production wells:220 (estimated)- Capacity (MW)1054. 8- Generation (GWh)7820. 1- Capacity factor (%)84. 6%- Average production per well (MWh):4. 1NicaraguaData about current installed capacity and generation were gathered from Gutiérrez-Negrín (2022), Energy Inc. (Polaris 2023), and a very informative video prepared by ENEL (de Electricidad) and published on February 2023 (ENEL 2023). This country is located on the western border of the Caribbean plate, just where the Cocos plate is subducting along the trench (Fig. 4), and is also a country with a long tradition of harnessing geothermal energy for power generation, considering that the first power plant was installed 40 years ago (1983) in the geothermal field of Momotombo. It was a single-flash condensing unit of 35 MW in capacity that is still operating. The installed capacity reported in WGC2020+1 was 155 MW, with a generation of 492 GWh. Now, the capacity has grown to 165. 2 MW (Table 2), with the commissioning of the newest unit in the San Jacinto-Tizate geothermal field, which is a binary ORC unit of 10. 4 MW net in capacity, that started to operate in December 2022, according to a news release by Energy Inc. , the parenting company of the operator of the field (Nicaragua) (Polaris 2023). There are two geothermal fields in operation in the country, Momotombo and San Jacinto-Tizate. The first one has 78 MW of installed capacity composed of two single-flash units of 35 MW each, and two binary ORC units of 4 MW each; the running capacity is approximately 24. 5 MW. The other field has 87. 4 MW composed of two condensing, single flash units of 38. 5 MW gross each (36 MW net), and the new binary ORC power unit, of 10. 4 MW net. Geothermal electric generation in 2022 was 780 GWh, which means an important increase of 58. 5% compared with 2018–2019 (Table 2). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text supports the claim by providing detailed statistics and information about the capacity and generation of geothermal power in Nicaragua. It emphasizes the reliability of geothermal energy by showcasing that there are operational geothermal fields and that geothermal energy has been harnessed for power generation over many years, with continuous production capacity (e.g., capacity factor of 84.6% and an increase in generation by 58.5% compared to 2018–2019). This indicates that geothermal energy functions effectively without weather dependencies.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Every genetic trait can be modified without affecting other genes. [SEP] Text: Enriched loci are outlined in orange (causal allele from 3S parent), blue (causal allele from BY parent), or grey (allele is a selectable marker engineered into BY). Genes within the Chromosome IV (C), V (D), XV (E), XIII (F), and XIV (G) loci are shown. Grey boxes delimit regions of the loci that were subsequently excluded from consideration based on fine-mapping experiments. All non-essential genes within these windows were deleted in a multi-locus introgression strain that showed rough morphology. Genes that caused loss of the phenotype when deleted are colored red. attempted to determine causal genes underlying each of the five loci. Our initial resolution of the loci was between 4 and 14 genes (Figure 2C–G; Table S3; Methods). To decrease the number of candidate genes, we performed targeted genotyping on 19 additional backcross segregants, as well as 8 multi-locus introgression strains that had been subjected to 6 rounds of backcrossing with selection for the rough phenotype (Figure S3; Methods). This additional stage of genetic mapping refined the loci to between 2 and 9 genes per locus, and 22 genes in total (Figure 2C–G; Table S4, S5, S6). We deleted each of the 20 remaining non-essential candidate genes from one of the multi-locus introgression strains (Methods). Across these deletions, a single gene at each locus showed an effect on the phenotype: TRR1 (Chromosome IV), FLO8 (Chromosome V), MSS11 (Chromosome XIII), END3 (Chromosome XIV), and IRA2 (Chromosome XV) (Figure 2C–G). Because the two remaining candidate genes—AVO1 and TOP2—were essential, we examined them using an alternative strategy that suggested they do not contribute to the observed colony morphology variation (Text S1). We used complementation tests to determine whether the five identified genes possess functional variation (Methods). Each haploid deletion strain was mated to three rough and three smooth haploid backcross progeny (Methods). These matings were designed to produce diploids that were homozygous for the required alleles at four of the causal loci and hemizygous for the fifth causal locus. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by detailing a genetic study that demonstrates deletions of non-essential genes can have significant effects on phenotype. Specifically, it lists multiple genes whose deletion affected morphology, indicating interrelatedness among genes rather than independent modification of each trait as suggested by the claim.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: The suprachiasmatic nucleus is the master regulator of circadian rhythms. [SEP] Text: (23)Thus, the total intercoupling must be larger than or equal to the difference between the mean natural frequencies of the shell and core, in absolute value:|Kυd+Kdυ|≥|ω¯d−ω¯υ|,(24)since |sin(ψd−ψυ)|≤1. The results of this section show that the sign, relative strength, and the minimum total intercoupling can be determined from the free-running periods of the core (τυ), shell (τd), and the SCN as a whole (τDD), which can be measured experimentally under DD conditions. Moreover, the results show that, if all other parameters remain the same, changes in the relative strength and sign of the intercouplings can cause the core to lead the shell even when τυ>τd, and cause the synchronized rhythm of the core to approximate the endogenous (free-running) rhythm of the shell or vice versa. Below the minimum total intercoupling |Kυd+Kdυ|=|ω¯d−ω¯υ|, the SCN is no longer able to synchronize. LL ConditionsThis section studies the SCN under constant light or LL conditions for diurnal and nocturnal animals. Within our approach, LL conditions can be seen as the limit when LD cycles become so slow that they are effectively constant from the point of view of individual oscillators in the core. In turn, this motivates the replacement of the periodic forcing term in equation (2) with a constant B:Fsin(ωFt+ϕ−θi(υ))→B. (25)In our reduced Kuramoto model, parameter B is phenomenological. It can be positive or negative. We assume that the magnitude |B| characterizes light intensity and chooses the sign of B to satisfy Aschoff’s first rule. From this, it follows that B is negative for nocturnal animals and positive for diurnal animals, as will be proven below. This choice of parameter B allows us to describe the basic properties of the SCN under LL conditions, in nocturnal and diurnal animals. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not directly address the claim regarding the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) being the master regulator of circadian rhythms. Instead, it discusses the mathematical modeling of intercoupling and synchronization mechanisms that involve the SCN under various light conditions. It includes technical information about the parameters influencing rhythms but does not confirm or deny the SCN's regulatory role, making it irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Geothermal energy is reliable and operates independently of weather conditions. [SEP] Text: Power plants in the Jacinto-Tizate field generated 452. 15 GWh, with no contribution from the newest unit, at a capacity factor of 66. 9%, providing ~ 12% of the national electric supply in Nicaragua (Polaris 2023). Generation in the power plants of Momotombo was 212. 9 GWh, or 31% of the installed capacity. Even with the low performance of the Momotombo plants, the geothermal electric generation in Nicaragua contributed 16. 8% of the total, and 29. 7% of the clean energy generation in 2021 (see Fig. 2). The main features of the power units are presented in Table 16. Table 16 Number, type, capacity, and generation of geothermal power units in Nicaragua in 2022Full size tableThe main geothermal power parameters for Nicaragua in 2021 are as follows:- Geothermal fields in operation:2- Production wells:20- Capacity (MW)165. 4- Generation (GWh)780. 0- Capacity factor (%)53. 8%- Average production per well (MWh):4. 5Nicaragua is traversed by a volcanic chain parallel to the Pacific coast and to the trench, composed of several active volcanoes. This explains the high geothermal power potential of Nicaragua, which has been estimated to be between 1200 and 1750 MW, the highest in the subregion, including geothermal areas such as El Hoyo-Monte Galán, Managua-Chiltepe and Casita-San Cristóbal (Gutiérrez-Negrín, 2022). Papua–New GuineaThis insular country occupies the eastern portion of the second largest island in the world, island, located immediately north of Australia, which shares with Indonesia. Together with other islands such as Salomon, Fiji, New Caledonia, and Vanuatu, it is part of Melanesia. From a tectonic viewpoint, the island is located at the Australian plate, on its northern border where the Pacific plate is being subducted (Fig. 4). In addition to half of the main island, Papua-(PNG) comprises several islands such as New Britain, New Ireland, and Bougainville, as well as small groups of islands (for instance Lihir) located ~ 700 km northeast of the main island and ~ 900 km from the capital, Port Moresby. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by providing details about the geothermal power generation in Nicaragua, including statistics on capacity factors and contributions to the national electric supply. The indication that geothermal plants maintained generation levels with specific performance metrics supports the notion of reliability and consistency, suggesting that geothermal energy operates largely independently of variable weather conditions, unlike solar or wind power.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Every genetic trait can be modified without affecting other genes. [SEP] Text: For END3, FLO8, MSS11, and TRR1, the experiments provided support that the parental alleles differ in their effects. All matings of deletion strains to smooth backcross progeny produced smooth hemizygotes. Further, either two (in the cases of FLO8 and MSS11) or three (in the cases of TRR1 and END3) of the matings of deletion strains to rough backcross progeny produced rough hemizygotes (Figure 3A). However, for IRA2, the two possible hemizygotes showed no phenotypic difference, with both exhibiting smooth morphology (Figure 3A). IRA2 has been reported to show haploinsufficiency in growth rate experiments [20], and this haploinsufficiency may also explain some of our reciprocal hemizygosity results for this gene. Download: PPTPowerPoint slidePNGlarger imageTIFForiginal imageFigure 3. Evidence for functional variation at identified genes. In A, we show representative results from genetic engineering experiments in a multi-locus introgression strain. Haploid deletion strains are shown in the top row, while the second and third rows contain diploid hemizygotes. For each gene and allele, we constructed multiple hemizygotes, with representative phenotypes shown in the figure. The terms ‘causal’ and ‘non-causal’ refer to which allele was detected in our initial genetic mapping experiment. In B, we used genetic engineering in a smooth backcross segregant with the genotype END3BY FLO83S IRA2BY MSS11BY TRR13S to confirm the involvement of IRA2 in rough colony morphology. The segregant subjected to transformations is shown on the left, followed by representative knock-ins of IRA2BY, IRA23S, and IRA23S-Δ2933. The allele replacements have a kanMX tail, which was used to select for integration into the chromosome. provide stronger support for IRA2's role in the trait, we performed allele replacements of IRA2 in a smooth backcross segregant that carried the non-causal allele of IRA2, as well as the causal alleles of END3, FLO8, MSS11, and TRR1 (Methods). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by detailing the complexities of genetic interactions where modifying specific genes can result in varied phenotypic outcomes. For instance, it describes how the deletion strains of certain genes produce differing effects based on the genetic background, indicating that modifications can impact multiple genes and their interactions. The example of IRA2, where both hemizygotes show no phenotypic difference, suggests that not all traits can be modified independently without influencing others.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: The suprachiasmatic nucleus is the master regulator of circadian rhythms. [SEP] Text: As one can see in equation (2), introducing parameter B renormalizes the endogenous free-running frequencies of core oscillatorsωi(υ)⇒ωi(υ)+B,(26)from which it follows that the renormalized mean frequency of the core isω¯υ*=ω¯υ+B,(27)and, equivalently, the renormalized mean period of oscillations isτυ*=2πω¯υ*=τυ1+Bτυ2π,(28)where τυ is the endogenous mean free-running period of isolated core oscillators. This shows that under LL conditions, the positive parameter B>0 (diurnal animals) forces core oscillators to run faster than under DD conditions (ω¯υ*>ω¯υ). Conversely, if parameter B is negative, −2ω¯υ<B<0, (nocturnal animals), then the constant light cue forces core oscillators to run slower than under DD conditions (ω¯υ*<ω¯υ). The free-running period of isolated shell oscillators, on the other hand, remains unaffected (τd*=τd), since it is not directly exposed to the light cue. It would be interesting to check experimentally this effect of LL conditions on isolated clock cells in the core. To determine τLL in our core-shell model, we must account for the intercoupling between the core and shell. The dynamics of the core-shell system under LL conditions are described by the same equations (4)-(7) as DD conditions (F=0), by renormalizing the mean period as in equation (28). This means that we can use the equations derived for DD conditions by making the simple replacements τυ→τυ* and τDD→τLL. From equation (20) in particular, it then follows that the frequency ωLL of the steady circadian rhythm isωLL=a(a+b)ω¯υ*+b(a+b)ω¯d=a(a+b)(ω¯υ+B)+b(a+b)ω¯d. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text discusses mathematical equations related to core oscillators and their behavior under different light conditions, but does not mention the suprachiasmatic nucleus or its regulatory role in circadian rhythms. Therefore, it is irrelevant to the specific claim about the suprachiasmatic nucleus.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Geothermal energy is reliable and operates independently of weather conditions. [SEP] Text: Dry steam plants generated 16% of the electricity of geothermal origin in the world with an average capacity factor of 61. 4% (Fig. 10), and the average generation of a plant of 48. 4 MW was also the highest of all types, with 260. 4 GWh. Backpressure power plants have the lowest investment cost of all types since they discharge to the atmosphere and do not require condensers and cooling towers. They are also the fastest plants to be installed, are usually placed at a short distance from the production well, can tolerate more NCG content, and can be moved to other locations in a relatively short time and at low costs. However, they are the most inefficient plants, generating the lowest electric output using the same amount of steam, due to the lack of a condenser (and cooling tower). Backpressure plants are an excellent choice in greenfield geothermal projects to accelerate the start of income and simultaneously to test the behavior of the reservoir under actual conditions of exploitation. That is why there are only 23 plants of this type operating in the world (3% of the total, Fig. 9), with an average capacity of 5. 6 MW, which generated 128 GWh (0. 1% of the total) at the lowest capacity factor (~ 11%) Table 25, Figs. 9 and 10). Combined plants are grouped into Other type, which are usually the combination of one large flash plant and one or two smaller binary plants using the residual steam or brine, but in this case the category also includes a couple of tiny binary plants of Kalina cycle of 0. 5 and 0. 2 MW in capacity operating in Germany and Japan, respectively. There are 55 combined power plants in operation, whose installed capacity is less than 4% of the total, but they have the highest capacity factor (75%) (Table 25, Figs. 9 and 10). The number of production wells operating in the 198 geothermal fields in the world is estimated to be 3700, 22. 2% of which are in the US, 14. 1% in Indonesia, and 11. 5% in the Philippines (Fig. 11), three countries that concentrate almost half (47. 7%) of the total—as expected, since they have 50. 6% of the installed capacity in the world (Table 24). In fact, ten countries, all with ≥ 200 production wells in operation, have 92. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text discusses various types of geothermal power plants, including their capacities and efficiency factors. It highlights the average capacity factors of different plants, which supports the reliability aspect of geothermal energy. For instance, combined plants have a capacity factor of 75%, indicating consistent production, while mentioning that geothermal energy can be rapidly deployed with lower investment costs compared to other types, which implies independence from fluctuating weather conditions.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Every genetic trait can be modified without affecting other genes. [SEP] Text: While transformations with the IRA23S allele had no phenotypic effect, we found that transformations with the IRA2 allele from the rough segregant that had been backcrossed resulted in a change from smooth to rough morphology (Figure 3B). Sequencing of IRA2 from 3S and the rough segregant revealed a single difference between the two alleles: a frameshift mutation that truncates the protein by 117 amino acids (hereafter referred to as IRA23S-Δ2933; Text S2). IRA2 is known to be hypermutable and spontaneous mutations in this gene have been shown to influence a variety of multicellular growth phenotypes [19], [21]. However, our results demonstrate that the effects of spontaneous mutations in IRA2 can depend on an individual's genotype at a number of additional genes. We also checked for IRA23S-Δ2933 in the four other rough individuals that we found in our original BY×3S mapping population. Three of these rough segregants possessed the frameshift mutation, suggesting that IRA23S-Δ2933 probably arose during the outgrowth of the BY/3S diploid prior to its sporulation. Previous work by other groups identified functional polymorphisms in END3 and FLO8 that also segregate in our cross [22], [23]. BY has a premature stop mutation in FLO8 that prevents it from undergoing many forms of multicellular growth [22]. As for END3, a missense polymorphism in this gene contributes to variability in high temperature growth in a cross of the clinical isolate YJM789 and S288c, the progenitor of BY [23]. Of relevance to our study, this variant in END3 has effects that are strongly dependent on genetic background [24]. With respect to TRR1, the [25] and our own sequencing data indicate that the BY and 3S alleles of this gene differ by a single nucleotide, which is a synonymous SNP in the 52nd codon of the gene: BY has an ATC codon and 3S has an ATT codon. Although both of these codons are recognized by the same isoleucine tRNA, the ATT codon is preferred by a nearly two-to-one ratio throughout the yeast genome, suggesting that the SNP might have an effect on translational efficiency. Only lab-derived S. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the complexity of genetic modifications and their effects on other genes. It shows that mutations in the IRA2 allele can influence morphology and that the phenotypic effects depend on the individual's genotype, indicating that modifying one gene can have repercussions due to interactions with other genes. Furthermore, results suggest that the effects of spontaneous mutations in IRA2 are contingent upon the genetic background, implying that not all genetic traits can be modified independently.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: The suprachiasmatic nucleus is the master regulator of circadian rhythms. [SEP] Text: (29)Based on experimental observations of different animal species, Aschoff’s first rule predicts that τLL<τDD in diurnal animals and τLL>τDD in nocturnal animals, where τDD and τLL are the free-running circadian periods under DD and LL conditions, respectively (Aschoff, 1965, 1979; Pittendrigh and Daan, 1976a; Carpenter and Grossberg, 1984). Within our model, by comparison with equation (20), it follows that ωLL−ωDD=aBω¯υ/(a+b), which satisfies Aschoff’s first rule when a/(a+b)>0 (refer to the discussion on the sign and strength of the intercouplings in the section on DD conditions). Assuming that B is positive for diurnal animals yields τLL<τDD (ωLL>ωDD). Conversely, negative B yields τLL>τDD (ωLL<ωDD) in nocturnal animals. Moreover, Aschoff’s first rule also states that the effects of LL conditions are intensity-dependent (Aschoff, 1965; Pittendrigh and Daan, 1976a; Carpenter and Grossberg, 1984). The free-running period of circadian activity rhythms usually decreases with increasing light intensity: the brighter the constant light, the faster the animal’s clock runs. In nocturnal animals, the converse is usually observed: the free-running period of the rhythm increases with increasing light intensity. Within the model of equation (25) and equations (4)-(7), the parameter |B| characterizes the intensity of the optic cue. For diurnal animals (B>0), increasing |B| decreases τLL (increases ωLL), whereas for nocturnal animals (B<0), increasing |B| increases τLL (decreases ωLL), in agreement with Aschoff’s first rule. Next, this section explores the possibility of dissociation under increasing light intensity. To this end, the spectral analysis of the section on dissociation under LD conditions was repeated after numerically solving the model of equation (25) and equations (4)-(7), using the parameters in Table 1. These parameters were determined in reference to experimental observations of mice, which are nocturnal (B<0). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses Aschoff's first rule and experimental observations related to circadian rhythms in diurnal and nocturnal animals without mentioning the suprachiasmatic nucleus or its role in regulating circadian rhythms.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Geothermal energy is reliable and operates independently of weather conditions. [SEP] Text: 12(Taken and slightly modified from IEA (2023))IEA projections for 2023–2027 of geothermal installed capacity (in GW) in the main case (light blue) and accelerated case (dark blue) scenarios (left), and geothermal generation (in TWh) in the main scenario (right)Full size imageBased on the data shown in Table 1, the projection for 2027 could be even lower: applying the same growth rate that occurred in the last 3 years, the global geothermal installed capacity in 2027 would be 18. 16 GW and electric generation would be 114. 4 GWh (see Fig. 12). However, there are conditions for things to be different in the following years. For instance, in June 2023 the IEA convened its on and released its signed by 45 countries. The IEA stated that to keep the goal of limiting global warming to 1. 5 °C, a full range of clean energy technologies it will be necessary, and that its Roadmap to Emissions shows that two of those technologies are critically important: energy efficiency and renewable sources. Moving the world onto a path toward net zero emissions by 2050, means doubling the annual rate of global energy efficiency progress, and tripling the total amount of renewable power capacity worldwide by the end of this decade. The current global energy efficiency today is 2. 2%, and it will need to be 4% in 2030, while the current (2022) renewable capacity of 3610 GW must grow to more than 10,000 GW (see Fig. 13). Fig. 13(Taken from IEA (2023)Projections of the IEA about what is to be done to keep reachable the goal of limiting global warming at 1. 5 °CFull size imageIn that context, it is worth highlight that geothermal electric generation is currently the only renewable baseload source, being able to generate 24–7 around the year, regardless of any daily or seasonal variation. Therefore, 100 MW of a new geothermal power plant, operating at a conservative capacity factor of 90%, can generate the same electricity of an onshore wind power installation of 280 MW at an annual capacity factor of 32%, or of a PV solar farm of 320 MW at an annual capacity factor of 28%. Therefore, if all the current renewable capacity were geothermal, renewable generation would have tripled in 2022, and the world would be on its path toward net zero emissions by 2050. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by stating that 'geothermal electric generation is currently the only renewable baseload source, being able to generate 24–7 around the year, regardless of any daily or seasonal variation.' This indicates that geothermal energy is indeed reliable and functions independently of external weather conditions, supporting the claim.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Every genetic trait can be modified without affecting other genes. [SEP] Text: cerevisiae strains carry the ATC allele that confers smooth morphology, while all other sequenced S. cerevisiae and S. paradoxus strains harbor the ATT allele that is likely involved in rough morphology. Work to determine the functional variant(s) in MSS11, which possesses a number of coding and noncoding polymorphisms that could have effects, is ongoing (Table S7). The causal genes encode proteins with diverse cellular functions: End3 plays a role in clathrin-mediated endocytosis [26], [27], Flo8 and Mss11 are transcription factors that regulate cell-cell adhesion and multicellular phenotypes in S. cerevisiae [28], [29], Ira2 is a negative regulator of the RAS-cAMP pathway [30], and Trr1 is an enzyme involved in oxidative stress response [31], [32]. Flo8 and Mss11 physically interact [33], and IRA2 and MSS11 show a genetic interaction when both are knocked out [34]. To our knowledge, none of the other pairs of identified genes have been reported to interact at the biochemical, genetic, physical, or regulatory levels. To assess whether Flo8 and Mss11 might directly regulate the expression of the other genes, we examined existing data from calling card analyses, a technique that identifies genomic sites bound by transcription factors [16]. These results indicated that Flo8 and Mss11 are unlikely to bind the promoters of END3, IRA2, and TRR1, although admittedly the study involved a different strain than our cross parents. After identifying causal genes at the five loci, we analyzed the effects of these genes in more detail by genotyping them in a panel of phenotyped segregants from dissected backcross tetrads (Methods). Every individual with rough morphology possessed the 3S allele of FLO8 and TRR1, the BY allele of MSS11, and IRA23S-Δ2933 (Figures 4A–B and S4A–B; Tables S8 and S9). Although most individuals with rough morphology carried END3BY, a small fraction of individuals with END33S also showed the trait (Figures 4B and S4C; Table S9), indicating that alleles at additional loci complement END33S. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by detailing the interactions between various genes and their traits. It indicates that modifying certain traits (such as morphology in different S. cerevisiae strains) involves specific alleles and gene interactions that impact other genes. The mention of genetic interactions, as well as the assessment of how certain alleles affect traits, implies that modifications to one genetic trait can influence others, thereby countering the claim.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: The suprachiasmatic nucleus is the master regulator of circadian rhythms. [SEP] Text: The case B>0 in Figure 4 describes a “fictitious diurnal mouse”. We use the notion “fictitious diurnal mouse” to outline that parameter B is positive for diurnal animals, although the remaining model parameters (Table 1) used throughout this 0. 24, for which τLL=25. 2h, whereas in the diurnal case, |Bc|≃3. 23, for which τLL=21. 7h. These results are in qualitative agreement with the experimental observation of rhythm dissociation at constant dim illumination of approximately 4. 5 lux in rats for which τLL=25. 15h following 3 months of exposure (Albers et al. , 1981). Unfortunately, due to a lack of detailed experimental data, we are unable to present a detailed numerical comparison as a function of illumination. However, we expect that the dependence of dissociated rhythm period, TLL(sr), on light intensity |B| for diurnal and nocturnal animals can be checked experimentally. In addition, Figure 4 shows that with increasing the light intensity, |B|, the period of the dissociated rhythm decreases a little in the nocturnal case but slightly increases in the diurnal case. Unlike the free-running period τLL, the dissociated rhythm TLL(sr) does not obey Aschoff’s first rule. Finally, the model of equation (25) and equations (4)-(7) predicts that the light intensity, |B|, can also alter the core-shell phase difference under LL conditions compared with DD conditions. Under LL conditions, the phase difference ψd−ψυ can be determined fromsin(ψd−ψυ)=2ρd(ω¯d−ωLL)ρυKυd(1+ρd2)=2ρυρυ(ω¯d−ω¯υ−B)(a+b),(30)which follows from the replacement ωυ→ωυ* in equation (22). For diurnal animals (B>0), increasing the light intensity decreases the core-shell phase difference in animals where τd<τυ and both intercouplings are positive. In nocturnal animals, increasing the light intensity increases the core-shell phase difference. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is largely focused on a model for rhythm dissociation in diurnal and nocturnal animals under varying light conditions. It discusses parameters related to rhythmic patterns and light intensity, but does not mention the suprachiasmatic nucleus or its role as the master regulator of circadian rhythms, making it irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Geothermal energy is reliable and operates independently of weather conditions. [SEP] Text: Temperatures of about 36°C to 42°C at the top and base of the Buntsandstein aquifer, respectively, were calculated in the southern part of the Alzette valley where the Buntsandstein reaches a maximum depth of about 850 m (top) and 1,100 m (base) below surface. Just to the south of the city of Luxembourg, in the northern part of the upper Alzette valley, where the top and base are located in about 600 and 850 m depth, respectively, inferred temperatures amount to about 27°C to 33°C. As a result, the warmest part of the Buntsandstein aquifer coincides with the region where it lies below the Liassic cover, more specifically the part of the SE-beneath the upper Alzette valley. The warm zone extends further to the south below the Dogger limestone plateau in the southernmost part of Luxembourg and the northernmost part of Lorraine (Figure 11). In consideration of the local elevation of the upper Alzette valley, the water table of the Buntsandstein aquifer is probably located 40 to 50 m below terrain level. The key information to the selected reservoirs is presented in Table 3. Geothermal heat for district heating is of particular interest in the highly populated southwestern part of Luxembourg and the capital of Luxembourg (Figure 11), making up 60% of the total population in 2014 (canton of Esch: 161,000; canton of Luxembourg: 167,000; 2014). However, since the temperatures are <60°C in the Buntsandstein aquifer, heat pumps have to be used to allow space and district heating (Bujakowski and Barbacki 2004; Líndal 1973). In the warmest and most permeable zones in the southeastern part of the TLE, minimum k f values of 5 × 10–5 m s–1 are attained for successful exploitation of hydrothermal reservoirs according to Stober et al. (2009). In Mondorf, hydraulic conductivities measured (Leichtle 1980) are 10 to 50 times lower, but the corresponding average transmissibility with an about 240-m-thick Buntsandstein amounts to 24 Dm. According to et al. (2012), transmissibilities >30 Dm are an excellent property of natural aquifers for geothermal energy use. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it focuses on the geological characteristics and temperature data of the Buntsandstein aquifer in Luxembourg with respect to geothermal energy potential. While it discusses aspects of geothermal energy, it does not address the reliability of geothermal energy or its operation independent of weather conditions, therefore it does not corroborate or contrast with the claim.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Every genetic trait can be modified without affecting other genes. [SEP] Text: Download: PPTPowerPoint slidePNGlarger imageTIFForiginal imageFigure 4. Segregation analysis of causal genes and identification of loci that complement END33S. Spores from dissected tetrads were phenotyped and then genotyped at END3, FLO8, IRA2, MSS11, and TRR1. Results from the BY and 3S backcrosses are in A and B, respectively. In C, we show genotyping results for candidate loci on and XV in a population of END33S segregants from a second-generation backcross. Lastly, in D, we show the different genotypes in the BY×3S cross that specify rough morphology. In A–D, blue and orange denote BY and 3S alleles, respectively, while grey in D indicates that either allele can occur. All rough individuals incorporated into this figure possessed IRA23S-Δ2933. The mutant allele is denoted in D by the label ‘mut’. Rough and smooth morphology are specified in A–C by black and light grey, respectively. more deeply investigated the genetic basis of rough morphology among individuals with END33S. First, we used a gene knockout strategy to check whether END33S is necessary for these individuals to exhibit rough morphology (Methods). end33SΔ strains were smooth (Figure S5), suggesting that the alternate genetic architecture for rough morphology requires END33S. Second, we tried to identify loci that complement END33S. Four rough END33S progeny were present in our sequenced mapping population from the 3S backcross. Among these segregants, we detected 11 previously unidentified genomic regions where individuals shared the same genotype (Figure S6; Table S10; Methods). We were able to reduce this set to four candidate loci on and XV by genotyping additional backcross progeny (Table S11; Methods). To determine which of the four loci have causal roles in rough morphology, we mated a relevant backcross segregant to 3S and analyzed a panel of 51 second-generation backcross progeny (Table S12; Methods). The BY alleles at the Chromosome VII and XV loci were fixed among the 39 individuals with rough morphology, while the other two loci showed no evidence of playing a role in the trait (Figure 4C; Table S12). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by indicating that specific genetic traits, such as rough morphology, are dependent on the presence of the END33S gene, suggesting that modification of traits can affect other genes. It details results from segregation analysis that illustrate how certain alleles contribute to the expression of specific phenotypes, implying that changes in one aspect of the genetic architecture can have repercussions on related traits.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: The suprachiasmatic nucleus is the master regulator of circadian rhythms. [SEP] Text: In both cases, sufficiently large light intensity, |B|, will invert the core-shell phase relationship, causing the core to lead the shell. Under these conditions, the shell cannot provide a reference phase for anticipation in peripheral clocks. DiscussionIn this work, we studied how the core-shell organization controls the behavior of the SCN, the entrainment of the core and shell to the environmental cue, the mechanism of disruption of the synchronized state, and the impact of different light conditions on dynamics of the SCN. For this purpose, we used a core-shell model of the SCN based on reduced dynamical equations for the forced Kuramoto model. Our approach is based on the observation that clock cells in the SCN are self-sustained, nearly sinusoidal oscillators with a stable limit cycle. The first benefit of our model is that it only has 9 biologically meaningful parameters, instead of thousands of parameters for an equally large number of neurons. Second, the proposed dynamical equations for core and shell rhythms describe known SCN activity under 3 lighting conditions (LD, DD, and LL), including the anticipation and the dissociation of the circadian rhythms in the dependence on the period of external optic cue and light intensity. Third, the model can be calibrated for diurnal and nocturnal mammals. In this 24. 8h, obtained for the model parameters calibrated for mice, agrees with Campuzano et al. (1998), who reported τDD=24. 5h for rats. From a biological point of view, the ability to retain circadian activity in constant darkness ensures minimum disruption of circadian activity. However, this ability is also dependent on the relative strength of core-shell communication, parametrized by intercouplings Kυd and Kdυ. As discussed in the section on DD conditions, a large asymmetry in the strength of the intercouplings, which parametrize core-shell communication, is expected to shift the free-running period under constant darkness closer to the endogenous rhythm of the core (Kυd≫Kdυ) or the shell (Kdυ≫Kυd). The period of an external cue (LD cycles) as the control parameter can be easily adjusted in laboratory conditions as in many experimental investigations. Here, we demonstrated appearance of dissociation when the period of the LD cycle is larger (or smaller) than a critical value. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text discusses the behavior of the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) and its core-shell organization in response to light conditions but does not explicitly support or refute the claim of the SCN as the master regulator of circadian rhythms. The focus is on the dynamics of the SCN under different light conditions and the modeling of core and shell rhythms, making it irrelevant to the claim.