Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: All agriculture can become pesticide-free without affecting food supply. [SEP] Text: The study found that membership in agricultural cooperatives or clubs, perceptions of biodiversity losses, perceived ease of use, years of experience, and perceived difference in selling price were all positively associated with the adoption of eco-friendly methods, while risk perceptions and the number of paddy plots negatively affected the adoption. Based on these results, we make some recommendations for policy makers to promote the adoption of eco-friendly rice production practices. Competing interestsThe authors declare no competing interest. 1. IntroductionDelta (VMD) produces most of Vietnam’s rice, contributing significantly to the food security of the nation. According to the Office of Vietnam (GSO), the region produced more than 25 million tons of rice in 2015, more than 50% of the nation’s total volume (GSO, Citation2015). The region also contributes to more than 90% of Vietnam’s total annual rice export volume. However, this productivity has come with challenges that threaten the region’s environment and agricultural sustainability because of the inappropriate application of agrochemicals (Bosma, Nhan, Udo, & Kaymak, Citation2012; Dung & Dung, Citation1999; Heong, Escalada, & Mai, Citation1994; Heong & Hardy, Citation2009; Tu, Yabe, Trang, & Khai, Citation2015). The “Green Revolution” of the 1960s and 1970s prompted Vietnam, along with other Asian countries, to introduce agrochemicals into rice paddy fields (Bag, Citation2000; Barker, Herdt, & Rose, Citation1985; & Kajisa, Citation2006). While this has had positive effects on yield, these chemicals are also the source of environmental pollution (Farvar, Thomas, Boksenbaum, & Soule, Citation1971; Xuan, Citation1975; Xuan & Matsui, Citation1998). There are also severe human health and environmental consequences from exposure to high levels of the chemicals (Dasgupta, Meisner, Wheeler, Xuyen, & Lam, Citation2007; Dung & Dung, Citation1999; Phung, Connell, Miller, Rutherford, & Chu, Citation2012; Stadlinger, Berg, Van den Brink, Tam, & Gunnarsson, Citation2016). Several previous studies have provided evidence that Vietnamese rice farmers overuse pesticide and fertilizer inputs (Dung & Dung, Citation1999; Heong et al. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by highlighting that the introduction of agrochemicals during the 'Green Revolution' in Vietnam led to increased yield but also caused substantial environmental pollution and health issues. It indicates that while eco-friendly methods are being considered and recommended, the historical reliance on agrochemicals has created challenges for agricultural sustainability. This suggests that moving towards pesticide-free agriculture may not be straightforward and could potentially impact food supply if not managed properly.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Bioengineered yeast can produce biofuels from sugars. [SEP] Text: lipolytica genome in single copy as described previously [49, 51]. The overexpression cassettes were used for the transformation by the lithium acetate method [52]. Transformants were selected on or YNB depending on their genotype. Then genomic DNA from yeast transformants was prepared as described elsewhere [53]. Positive transformants were checked by PCR. Removal of the selection marker was carried out by the LoxP-Cre system widely used in Yarrowia [54]. Restriction enzymes were obtained from OZYME (Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines, France). PCR amplifications were performed in an Eppendorf 2720 thermal cycler with GoTaq DNA polymerases (Promega). PCR fragments were purified with QIKit (Qiagen, Hilden, Germany). All the reactions were performed using the manufacturer instructions. Protein visualization and enzymatic activitySupernatant of 6 days culture in YNB were concentrated 10× using Amicon Ultra-0. 5 10 K centrifugal filters device (Millipore, Ireland). The concentrated supernatant was loaded into a 10 % SDS-PAGE gel to see the expression and secretion of the heterologous proteins. The molecular weight marker Mark12™ unstained was used as standard (Novex). Starch-containing plate of YPD was used to determine α-amylase activity. After 3 days of either growing cells or incubating with 5 μl drop from culture supernatant at 28 °C, the plate was stained with iodine vapor. The clear zones around the colonies or the supernatant drops determined the presence of α-amylase activity. Growth curves and DCWTo determine DCW in flask experiment, 2 mL of the culture was washed and lyophilized in a pre-weighted tube. The differences in weight correspond to the mg of cells found in 2 mL of culture. Growth tests were performed in 100 µL cultures in 96-well plates, with constant shaking, in the presence of 1 % soluble starch as the carbon source. Precultures were grown on minimal medium plates, as for the growth tests. Growth was monitored by measuring the optical density (OD600 nm) at different intervals, with a microtiter plate reader (Biotek, Colmar, France). For each strain and set of conditions, we used two biological replicates. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not directly address the claim that bioengineered yeast can produce biofuels from sugars. Instead, it discusses various methodologies related to yeast transformation, protein visualization, and growth tests, without mentioning biofuels or sugars. Therefore, it is irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Vaccines help in preventing the spread of infectious diseases. [SEP] Text: Oral cholera vaccines stimulate the local mucosal immunity of the gut, and thus prevent the multiplication and colonization of the infective agent. As cholera is transmitted through the faecal‐oral route, oral vaccines might be more effective than injectable vaccines that need to generate systemic immunity. Oral vaccines are convenient to administer, with higher compliance; at the same time, they reduce the risk of blood‐borne transmission of infection (Holmgren 2005). Oral killed cholera vaccines (e. g. Dukoral, Shanchol, Euvichol/Euvichol‐Plus) induce local immunity. They stimulate the IgA antibody response by their action in the gastrointestinal tract. These antibacterial antibodies intercept the bacterial attachment in the intestinal wall. Thus, the colonization of V cholerae O1 and O139 is hindered, providing protection against the disease. Why it is important to do this review The globally recommended and WHO‐prequalified oral cholera vaccines are Dukoral, Shanchol, and Euvichol/Euvichol‐Plus (WHO 2022). A trial for another killed whole‐cell vaccine has recently been conducted (Chowdhury 2021). Many countries have provided a licence for oral vaccines that are mostly used by travellers (Hill 2006). A recent systematic review explored the effectiveness of oral cholera vaccines, including both Shanchol and ORC‐Vax (Vabiotech; Vietnam), as a reactive measure in cholera outbreaks (Schwerdtle 2018). Another systematic review estimated the efficacy and effectiveness of the oral killed cholera vaccine for protection against cholera (Bi 2017). Oral cholera vaccines are important in the prevention of cholera in endemic regions, during outbreaks of cholera where the incidence of the disease is very high. This is an update of the previous Cochrane review, Vaccines for preventing cholera, first published in 1998 and updated in 2001 (Graves 2001). The topic of cholera vaccines was updated and split into injected (Graves 2010), and oral vaccines (Sinclair 2011). In 2011, the review of oral vaccines considered seven large efficacy trials, four small artificial challenge studies, and 29 safety trials; it included both killed vaccines and live attenuated vaccines. In this update of Sinclair 2011, we considered only the killed cholera vaccines, because the live vaccines do not have WHO prequalification. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by explaining how oral cholera vaccines stimulate local mucosal immunity and prevent the multiplication of cholera bacteria, thus effectively preventing the spread of cholera, which is an infectious disease. The text details the mechanism by which these vaccines work and their importance in endemic regions and during outbreaks, clearly supporting the statement that vaccines are crucial in preventing infectious diseases.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: All agriculture can become pesticide-free without affecting food supply. [SEP] Text: , Citation1994; Heong & Hardy, Citation2009; Meisner, Citation2005; Tu et al. , Citation2015). The imported volume of nitrogen, potassium, and phosphate fertilizers in 1960 was 130,750 metric tons; this reached 372,183 metric tons in 1973 and 4,675,000 metric tons in 2013, an annual growth rate of 7% for the period 1960–2013 (Barker et al. , Citation1985; Xuan, Citation1975). The imported volume of pesticide also increased significantly from 294 tons in 1965 to 3,238 tons in 1973 to 162 million tons in 2015, an annual increase of nearly 30% (Turner, Aoike, & Tauji, Citation1973; Xuan, Citation1975). In contrast, the average rice yield increased from 1. 9 tons/ha in 1965 to 5. 7 tons/ha in 2013, an annual growth rate of only 2. 3%, which includes a large increase after the implementation of doi moi (economic reform) policies in the 1990s (Hai & Talbot, Citation2014; Justin et al. , Citation2016; Minot & Goletti, Citation2000). The growth rate of agrochemical usage has far exceeded the improvement of rice productivity in the same period. To manage overuse of agrochemicals and the consequential detrimental impacts, the Vietnamese government has implemented several environmentally friendly (hereafter, “eco”) technological and farming programs. These have included integrated pest management (IPM), “,” “3 Reductions, 3 Gains,” ecological engineering, “Practices” certification (), “small farmers, large field” production, and other campaigns. Farmers have also been encouraged to conserve traditional floating rice cultivation, which uses no pesticides and only small amounts of fertilizer. All of these rice farming approaches have the common purposes of reducing the use of agro-chemicals, protecting both the environment and public health, and conserving biodiversity in the paddy fields. However, farmers’ acceptance of eco rice production has been limited in the VMD, even though these farming methods constitute important components of a comprehensive sustainable agriculture program (Demont & Rutsaert, Citation2017). For example, seven years after the introduction of VietGAP methods, the total verified area of rice production using those methods was only about 840 hectares out of the 7. 5 million hectares that produce rice in the VMD. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by providing data that shows while there are initiatives (like eco technology and integrated pest management) aimed at reducing agrochemical use in Vietnamese rice farming, the overall acceptance and implementation of pesticide-free practices have been limited. The text states that farmers have struggled to adopt these methods significantly, indicating a challenge in becoming pesticide-free while maintaining productivity.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Bioengineered yeast can produce biofuels from sugars. [SEP] Text: Sugars and citric acid determinationSugar and citric acid measurement were identified and quantified by HPLC (UltiMate 3000, Dionex-Scientific, UK) using an Aminex HPX87H column coupled to UV (210 nm) and RI detectors. The column was eluted with 0. 01 N H2SO4 at room temperature and a flow rate of 0. 6 mL min−1. Identification and quantification were achieved via comparisons to standards. Before being subject to HPLC analysis, samples were filtered on 0. 45-μm pore-size membranes. The quantification of remaining starch was calculated by determining the glucose units present in 200 μL of the media after treated with 1 mL of 2 M HCl and complete hydrolysis was accomplished by heating the mixture in a boiling water bath for 30 min. After neutralization of the hydrolysate with 1 mL of 2 M NaOH, the reducing sugars released from the starch were determined by HPLC. Lipid quantificationLipids from aliquots of 10–20 mg of cells were converted into their methyl esters with freeze-dried cells according to Browse et al. [55] and used for gas chromatography (GC) analysis. GC analysis of FA methyl esters was performed with a Varian 3900 instrument equipped with a flame ionization detector and a Varian FactorFour vf-23 ms column, where the bleed specification at 260 °C is 3 pA (30 m, 0. 25 mm, 0. 25 μm). FA was identified by comparison to commercial FA methyl ester standards (FAME32; Supelco) and quantified by the internal standard method, involving the addition of 50 μg of commercial C17:0 (Sigma). Microscopic analysisImages were acquired using a Imager M2 microscope (Zeiss, Le Pecq, France) with a 100× objective and Zeiss filters 45 and 46 for fluorescent microscopy. Axiovision 4. 8 software (Zeiss, Le Pecq, France) was used for image acquisition. Lipid bodies visualization was performed by addition of BodiPy® (2. 5 mg/mL in ethanol; Invitrogen) to the cell suspension (A 600 of 5) and after incubation for 10 min at room temperature. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim directly and focuses on the methodologies for measuring sugars, citric acid, lipids, and microscopic analysis of cells, which does not provide evidence or support for the assertion that bioengineered yeast can produce biofuels from sugars.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Vaccines help in preventing the spread of infectious diseases. [SEP] Text: We also considered only currently available WHO‐prequalified killed cholera vaccines (Dukoral, Shanchol, and Euvichol/Euvichol‐Plus). assess the effectiveness and safety of the available Organization (WHO)‐prequalified oral killed cholera vaccines among children and adults. for considering studies for this review Types of studies Individually randomized controlled trials (RCTs) and cluster‐RCTs. Types of participants All adults and children without any manifestation of active cholera infection. Types of interventions killed cholera vaccines (whole‐cell plus recombinant vaccine (WC‐rBS) ‐ Dukoral, bivalent whole‐cell vaccine (BivWC) ‐ Shanchol, Euvichol/Euvichol‐Plus). or another vaccine. Types of outcome measures Primary outcomes Cases of cholera: cases were defined by stool culture‐confirmed cases of Vibrio cholerae (V cholerae). The number of cases in a specific intervention/control group was considered the numerator; the number of study participants in that intervention/control group was the denominator. Secondary outcomes Cases of severe dehydrating cholera: the number of participants with severe dehydrating cholera. According to the WHO, lethargy or unconsciousness, inability to drink or poor drinking, reduced urine output, cool and moist extremities, low blood pressure, and a rapid and feeble pulse are the signs of severe dehydration. Serious adverse events (SAE) leading to hospital admission or death: the number of SAEs. An SAE is defined as an adverse event (AE) meeting one of the following five conditions: Death during the period of protocol‐defined surveillance Life‐threatening event (defined as a study participant at immediate risk of death at the time of the event) An event requiring hospitalization, or which prolongs the existing hospitalization during the period of protocol‐defined surveillance. In the case of diarrhoea, an SAE is one that requires admission to an inpatient ward for more than 24 hours. Congenital anomaly or birth defect, or malignancy A persistent or significant disability/incapacity Other AEs: the number of AEs. An AE is defined as any untoward medical event (e. g. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim as it discusses the effectiveness of WHO-prequalified killed cholera vaccines and their role in preventing cases of cholera among adults and children. By focusing on the evaluation of cholera vaccines and their outcomes, the text supports the notion that vaccines are key in controlling infectious diseases.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: All agriculture can become pesticide-free without affecting food supply. [SEP] Text: In addition, out of 1,663 organizations (clubs and cooperatives) for farmers who satisfied VietGAP requirements, only 22 (1. 3%) were rice farmers. In 1974, the total area of floating rice was about 0. 5 million ha, in which province made up about 50% (250,000 ha) (Xuan & Matsui, Citation1998). By 2015, acreage devoted to floating rice production in decreased to only 50 ha, as farmers made the transition to high-yielding rice varieties. Thus, even with government efforts to promote eco-friendly cultivation practices, farmers have resisted the conversion. Rice is one of the staple products consumed daily in Vietnam and many other countries. As economic conditions improve, Vietnamese consumers are likely to choose healthier food options (Mishra & Ray, Citation2009; Truong, Yap, & Ineson, Citation2012; Vuong, Gallegos, & Ramsey, Citation2015). Rice export is also a key component of the country’s broader economic development strategy (Ha, Nguyen, Kompas, Che, & Trinh, Citation2015). Thus, demand for “safe” rice products will require an increase in current production, yet farmers seem reluctant to embrace these methods of production. Within this context, the purpose of the present research is to investigate the factors that lead farmers to adopt eco-friendly rice production methods. 1. 2. Literature review: Factors in farmer adoption of new technologiesPrevious studies have examined a variety of factors related to the adoption of new technologies. The most well recognized factors that influence technology acceptance are the perceived ease of use and perceived benefits or economic value (Davis, Citation1989). This basic technology acceptance model is considered robust, such that it may be applied across contexts and may thus include context-specific variables. Research that has examined decision-making within the specific context of agriculture has analyzed the roles of farmers’ attitudes, evaluations, and perceptions (Mwangi & Kariuki, Citation2015; Tey et al. , Citation2014a). Attitudes toward risk may shape farmers’ participation in new programs (Barreiro-Hurlé, Espinosa-Goded, & Dupraz, Citation2010). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by describing the reluctance of farmers to adopt eco-friendly cultivation practices despite government efforts. It specifically notes that demand for ‘safe’ rice products will require an increase in production, yet farmers seem resistant to these methods. This indicates that achieving a pesticide-free agriculture may not be feasible without impacting food supply, as seen in the example of rice production in Vietnam.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Bioengineered yeast can produce biofuels from sugars. [SEP] Text: Electronic microscopy was performed as INRA-AgroParisTech platform Microscopie et Imagerie des Micro-organismes, Animaux et Aliments (MIMA2, Massy, France). The samples were critical point dehydrated (K850, Elexience, France) using carbon dioxide as the transition fluid and coated with gold–palladium (272 Ǻ of thickness) in an automatic sputter (Polaron SC7640, Elexience, France). High-magnification imaging of the Bacillus subtilis biofilms was performed at an operating voltage of 2 kV under an S-4500 (Hitachi, Japan) at the MIMA2 platform. Prediction of biodiesel propertiesMathematical equations and predictive models were used to theoretically determine all the physicochemical fuel-related parameters of the biodiesel obtained by transmethylation of Y. lipolytica engineered strains grown in industrial starch. The equations and models used have been previously described in detail by Ledesma-Amaro et al. [56] based on previous theoretical and empirical studies [46, 57–59]. AbbreviationsTA: triacylglycerol GA: glucoamylase α: α-amylase DCW: dry cell weight SEM: scanning electron microscope 8. doi:10. 1038/nature11478. 4. doi:10. 1002/ejlt. 201400181. 88. doi:10. 1007/s00253-012-4248-0. 6. doi:10. 1016/j. cbpa. 2006. 02. 035. 5. doi:10. 1128/AEM. 71. 10. 6443-6445. 2005. Aydemir E, Demirci S, Doğan. Genetic modifications of Saccharomyces cerevisiae for ethanol production from starch fermentation: a review. J Bioprocess Biotech. 2014;4(180). doi:10. 4172/2155-9821. 1000180. van Dijck PW, Wyss M. Yarrowia lipolytica: safety assessment of an oleaginous yeast with a great industrial potential. Microbiol. 2014;40(3):187–206. doi:10. 3109/1040841X. 2013. 770386. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim about bioengineered yeast producing biofuels from sugars. Instead, it discusses technical methods and conditions for conducting electronic microscopy and modeling biodiesel properties related to Y. lipolytica without explicitly confirming the production of biofuels from sugars. Therefore, it is irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Vaccines help in preventing the spread of infectious diseases. [SEP] Text: random sequence generation, we judged four trials at low risk of bias (Bhattacharya 2013; Qadri 2015; Qadri 2016; Sanchez 1994). Taylor 2000 reported insufficient information regarding random sequence generation. We judged three trials at low risk of bias for concealment of the allocation sequence (Bhattacharya 2013; Qadri 2016; Taylor 2000). The other two trials reported insufficient information to allow us to make a judgement. judged four trials at low risk for performance bias. Sanchez 1994 reported insufficient information to enable us to make a judgement. We judged one trial at low risk of detection bias (Bhattacharya 2013), however, the remaining trials were unclear. Incomplete outcome data We judged all included trials at low risk of bias, as they reported sufficient information. Selective reporting All trials reported on pre‐planned outcomes, and therefore, we considered them at low risk of bias. Other potential sources of bias We judged all the trials as unclear risk of bias, as we did not have information regarding any other potential bias. Effects of interventions See: Summary of findings 1 WC‐rBS vaccine (Dukoral): two doses ± booster dose versus placebo; Summary of findings 2 BivWC vaccine (Shanchol): two doses versus placebo; Summary of findings 3 BivWC vaccine (Shanchol): single dose versus placebo Effectiveness and safety of WC‐rBS vaccine (Dukoral) We identified two trials on the effectiveness and safety of the WC‐rBS vaccine, Dukoral. Taylor 2000 evaluated the effectiveness of two doses of Dukoral and a booster dose compared to placebo. Sanchez 1994 evaluated the effectiveness of two doses of Dukoral compared to placebo. There were differences between the age groups, population (one trial was on military volunteers), follow‐up duration (Sanchez 1994 followed up for five months; Taylor 2000 followed up for two years), and the number of vaccine doses (one trial used two doses of vaccine, and the other used two doses plus a booster dose). Primary outcome Cases of cholera Dukoral reduced cases of cholera better than a placebo at two years, with a vaccine effectiveness (VE) of 61% (RR 0. 39, 95% CI 0. 31 to 0. 51; 1 trial, 14,997 participants; Analysis 1. 1). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by providing evidence that the WC-rBS vaccine (Dukoral) effectively reduces cases of cholera compared to a placebo, highlighting its vaccine effectiveness of 61% over a two-year period. This aligns with the assertion that vaccines prevent the spread of infectious diseases.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: All agriculture can become pesticide-free without affecting food supply. [SEP] Text: As discussed earlier, the intention of each of these all rice farming approaches is to decrease or forgo the use of agro-chemicals. Fifty-nine farmers produced rice using conventional methods. These were considered non-adopters who did not apply any of the above-mentioned eco friendly practices. Because a small number of farmers in the use eco rice methods, the observations represented nearly the entire population of eco methods farming for each of the geographic target locations. The process of conducting interviews with the eco rice farmers is as follows. First, we contacted with extension workers at provincial level to discuss and select the districts that had the largest number of eco rice farmers. Second, we worked with extension workers at district levels to get the list of eco rice farmers. Based on the list, we conducted face-to-face interviews with all eco rice farmers. The most important criterion for selecting non-adopting/conventional farmers was geographic proximity to adopters/eco rice farmers. We assumed, based on local knowledge, that non-adopters were well aware of eco practices but they had refused these practices. This selection also ensured homogeneity in terms of natural conditions (soil, water, rain, etc. ) as well as cultural characteristics for both adopters and non-adopters. Thus, survey responses from conventional (non-adopting) rice farmers were gathered as a convenience sample, but represented each target location. The data were collected in April 2016 in the districts of and in province and district of city. These two study areas are the major rice zones in the VMD, with the former producing more than 4 million tons and the latter supplying 1. 3 million tons in 2016 (see Figure 2 for more details of the study sites). Figure 2. Location of the study sites in the VMD. Display full sizeAs mentioned, the dependent variable (adoption) was coded as follows: 0 = conventional rice; 1 = single eco practice; and 2 = combined eco practices. In terms of environmental and economic values, the utility derived from the alternative 1 will be better than that of the alternative 0 and that of the alternative 2 will be the greatest. The classification for each alternative is that if those who were cultivating conventional rice (without any eco practices) are indexed as 0, those who were applying one eco practice (large-field, floating rice or ecologically engineered rice, etc. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the challenges related to adopting eco-friendly farming practices. It mentions that the conventional rice farmers, some of whom were aware of eco practices, chose not to adopt them, implying that there are barriers to moving to pesticide-free agriculture. Furthermore, it indicates that the majority of rice production is still reliant on conventional methods, suggesting that transitioning entirely to pesticide-free agriculture may not be feasible without impacting food supply, especially given the reliance on conventional practices for significant rice production.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Bioengineered yeast can produce biofuels from sugars. [SEP] Text: 10. doi:10. 1016/j. foodchem. 2013. 11. 117. 87. doi:10. 1016/j. plipres. 2009. 08. 005. 3131. doi:10. 1038/ncomms4131. 9. doi:10. 1016/j. ymben. 2012. 08. 007. 113. doi:10. 1002/1097-0061(20010130)18:2<97:AID-YEA652>3. 0. CO;2-U. 2015. doi:10. 1007/s00253-015-6624-z. 44. doi:10. 1038/nature02579. 35. doi:10. 1186/1752-0509-6-35. 1535. doi:10. 1371/journal. pone. 0051535. 7966. doi:10. 1371/journal. pone. 0027966. 3188. doi:10. 1371/journal. pone. 0123188. 25. doi:10. 1002/pmic. 200900161. 2015. doi:10. 1016/j. ymben. 2015. 02. 007. 89. doi:10. 1128/AEM. 01412-08. 91. doi:10. 1016/j. ymben. 2011. 05. 002. 37. doi:10. 1007/s00253-011-3506-x. 2015. doi:10. 1016/j. ymben. 2015. 02. 005. 148. doi:10. 1186/s13068-014-0148-0. 39. doi:10. 1007/s00253-014-6314-2. 81. 701. doi:10. 1186/1471-2164-13-701. 83. doi:10. 1002/(SICI)1097-0061(1998100)14:14<1267:AID-YEA327>3. 0. CO;2-2. 19. doi:10. 1007/s00253-010-2803-0. 68. doi:10. 1007/s00253-012-4001-8. 9. doi:10. 1271/bbb. 70825. 8. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not provide any information related to the claim about bioengineered yeast producing biofuels from sugars. It consists solely of citations to various studies and does not discuss the content of those studies or their relevance to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Vaccines help in preventing the spread of infectious diseases. [SEP] Text: The pooled analysis showed that two doses ± booster of Dukoral reduced cases of cholera better than a placebo at five months and two years, with a VE of 76% (RR 0. 24, 95% CI 0. 08 to 0. 65; 2 trials, 16,423 participants; Analysis 1. 2). However, Analysis 1. 2 demonstrated high heterogeneity (96%). Secondary outcomes Cases of severe dehydrating cholera These two trials did not specifically report the cases of severe dehydrating cholera. Serious adverse events (SAE) Taylor 2000 reported that there were no serious adverse events. Sanchez 1994 did not specifically report serious adverse events. Other adverse events Taylor 2000 reported there were 0. 2% of participants in both the vaccine and placebo groups with adverse events. The most common symptom was diarrhoea. Sanchez 1994 reported that the rate of non‐cholera diarrhoea was similar in the vaccine group and the placebo group. Effectiveness and safety of two doses of BivWC vaccine (Shanchol) We identified two trials that evaluated the effectiveness of two doses of BivWC (Shanchol) vaccine compared to placebo (Bhattacharya 2013; Qadri 2015). Primary outcome Cases of cholera Two doses of Shanchol reduced cases of cholera better than a placebo at one year, with a VE of 37% (RR 0. 63, 95% CI 0. 47 to 0. 85; 2 trials, 241,631 participants; Analysis 2. 1). Two doses of Shanchol reduced cases of cholera better than a placebo at two years, with a VE of 64% (RR 0. 36, 95% CI 0. 16 to 0. 81; 2 trials, 168,540 participants; Analysis 2. 2). Two doses of Shanchol reduced cases of cholera better than a placebo at five years, with a VE of 80% (RR 0. 20, 95% CI 0. 15 to 0. 26; 1 trial, 54,519 participants; Analysis 2. 3). Secondary outcomes Cases of severe dehydrating cholera These two trials did not specifically report the cases of severe dehydrating cholera. Serious adverse events (SAE) One trial reported that the number of participants with one or more SAEs after the first dose was 13 in the vaccine group and 11 in the placebo group. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by presenting evidence that specific vaccines, such as Dukoral and BivWC (Shanchol), have shown effectiveness in reducing cases of cholera compared to a placebo. The text states that Dukoral reduced cases of cholera with a vaccine efficacy (VE) of 76% and that BivWC reduced cholera cases with efficacy levels ranging from 37% to 80% over different timeframes. This supports the notion that vaccines assist in preventing the spread of infectious diseases.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: All agriculture can become pesticide-free without affecting food supply. [SEP] Text: As shown in Table 3, the implementation of a single eco method consumed the least of the three environmentally detrimental inputs (fertilizer, pesticide and fuel) among all rice farming approaches. The average fertilizer cost for single eco practice was significantly lower than that for any of the combined eco practices. In terms of consumption of environmentally detrimental inputs, these results suggest that the single eco practice was more environmentally friendly. At the same time, the selling price of rice produced by the average single eco method farm was significantly higher than that produced through the other options. One explanation for this outcome is that nearly all floating rice farmers, and the majority of VietGAP and GlobalGAP farmers, had contracts with distribution companies, which then offer a higher selling price. It is also likely that companies and consumers may have recognized floating rice as a more environmentally friendly product (almost no use of agro-chemicals), and were willing to pay a higher price. The selling price of combined eco practices was not significantly different from that for conventional rice production methods. Table 3. Cost-Benefit analysis of different rice farming approachesDisplay TableWith respect to output level, the single eco method farmers had the lowest yield per hectare, significantly lower than that of conventional rice but insignificantly different from combined eco practices. Agro-chemical usage was positively related to production output, and single eco method farmers consume the least of the agro chemicals. Table 3 also shows that the net benefit, benefit-cost ratio (BCR) and benefit-revenue ratio (BRR) from the use of a single eco rice method was significantly higher than those same indices for the other concerned rice farming approaches; the single eco method resulted in the lowest cost but the highest selling price. One of the most important determinants of the adoption and continued use of environmentally friendly rice production methods, especially in developing countries, is economic achievement, that is, whether the practices allow the farmer a profit. Thus, based on this cost-benefit analysis, the use of the single eco rice method showed the highest economic potential among the rice production farming approaches. This result suggests that the single eco practice is a feasible alternative for farmers in the study sites. The next section presents the analysis of factors that affect the farmer’s adoption decisions for rice production. 3. 2. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by stating that single eco method farmers had the lowest yield per hectare, significantly lower than that of conventional rice. This indicates that moving towards pesticide-free methods, in this case, did affect the food supply negatively in terms of yield, suggesting such a transition may not be entirely feasible without compromising food output.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Bioengineered yeast can produce biofuels from sugars. [SEP] Text: doi:10. 1016/j. renene. 2008. 09. 002. 45. doi:10. 1016/j. jbiotec. 2014. 08. 011. 3. 2. 1. 3) is the major starch-degrading enzyme secreted by the phytopathogenic fungus Colletotrichum gloeosporioides. J Gen Microbiol. 1991;137:2463–8. 1003. doi:10. 1007/s12010-009-8579-y. 6. doi:10. 1016/j. enzmictec. 2011. 01. 002. 15. doi:10. 1007/s00253-010-2487-5. 40. doi:10. 1128/AEM. 70. 8. 5037-5040. 2004. 50. doi:10. 1042/BST0301047. 99. doi:10. 1016/j. ymben. 2014. 09. 008. 95. doi:10. 1016/j. bbalip. 2013. 07. 001. 48. Berlin: Springer; 2010 (ISBN: 978-3-540-77584-3 2010). -. Increased electron donor and electron acceptor characters enhance the adhesion between oil droplets and cells of Yarrowia lipolytica as evaluated by a new cytometric assay. J Chem. 2003;51(10):3007–11. doi:10. 1021/jf020901m. 93. doi:10. 1038/nbt. 2683. 8. doi:10. 1016/j. biortech. 2008. 06. 039. 2015. doi:10. 1016/j. bbalip. 2015. 04. 004. 1. Berlin: Springer; 1996. 88. 9. 9. CAS 502. doi:10. 1016/j. mimet. 2007. 06. 008. 44. 53. CAS 37. 5. 91. doi:10. 1002/bit. 25245. 9. doi:10. 1016/j. plipres. 2012. 05. 001. 71. doi:10. 1186/1475-2859-11-71. 33. doi:10. 1007/s11746-006-5033-y. 0003. R. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim about bioengineered yeast producing biofuels from sugars. Instead, it contains a series of DOIs and references that seem to pertain to various unrelated studies and publications, lacking any specific relevance to the claim being analyzed.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Vaccines help in preventing the spread of infectious diseases. [SEP] Text: It also reported that the number of participants with one or more SAEs after the second dose was 11 in the vaccine group and 16 in the placebo group (Bhattacharya 2013). Other adverse events One trial reported that the number of adverse plus severe adverse events were similar in the Shanchol group (n = 51) and the control group (n = 48) after the first dose. After the second dose, the number of adverse and severe adverse events was 27 in the Shanchol group, and 33 in the control group (Bhattacharya 2013; Table 1). Open in table viewerTable 1. Adverse events for all participants within 14 days after first and second dose of BivWC vaccine (Shanchol) Bhattacharya 2013 BivWC (Shanchol) events No. recipients Adverse events No. recipients Adverse events (AE)/severe adverse events (SAE) after the 1st dose 51 31,932 48 34,968 AE/SAE after the 2nd dose 27 31,932 33 34,968 Number of participants with one or more AE/SAE after the 1st dose 33 31,932 36 34,968 Number of participants with one or more SAE after the 1st dose 13 31,932 11 34,968 Number of participants with one or more AE/SAE after the 2nd dose 16 31,932 20 34,968 Number of participants with one or more SAE after the 2nd dose 11 31,932 16 34,968 AE: adverse events; No: number; SAE: severe adverse events Effectiveness and safety of a single dose of BivWC vaccine (Shanchol) We identified one trial that explored the effectiveness of a single dose of BivWC (Shanchol) compared to placebo (Qadri 2016). Primary outcome Cases of cholera A single dose of Shanchol reduced cases of cholera better than a placebo at six months, with a VE of 40% (RR 0. 60, 95% CI 0. 47 to 0. 77; 1 trial, 204,700 participants; Analysis 2. 4) and at 2 years with a VE of 39% (RR 0. 61, 95% CI 0. 53 to 0. 70; 1 trial, 204,700 participants; Analysis 2. 6). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the effectiveness of the BivWC (Shanchol) vaccine in reducing cases of cholera. It reports a vaccine effectiveness (VE) of 40% at six months and 39% at two years, indicating that the vaccine contributes to preventing the spread of infectious diseases, specifically cholera, as evidenced by the reduced cases compared to the placebo.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: All agriculture can become pesticide-free without affecting food supply. [SEP] Text: Factors affecting the adoption decisions for eco-friendly rice methodsThe results of the generalized ordered logit model are presented in Table 4 and identify the factors affecting the adoption of eco rice. As mentioned, the ordered logit regression requires a test of the parallel-lines assumption. test showed that the assumptions of the parallel-line model was violated, since Pvalue>χcritical2=0. 001. Thus, we used the alternative generalized ordered logit model. Table 4. Generalized ordered logit model results considering adoption of eco riceDisplay TableThe estimated results shown in Table 4 include two panels for conventional rice and single eco practice. The former panel contrasts conventional rice (Y0=0) with single eco practice Y1=1 and combined eco practices (Y2=2) while the latter panel contrasts conventional rice (Y0=0) and single eco practice (Y1=1) with combined eco practices (Y2=2). Note that for each dichotomization, the higher valued group is recoded as 1, while the lower numbered group was is recoded as 0 (Williams, Citation2016). This distinction is important for interpretation of the unconstrained variables’ coefficients, which differ between panels. The likelihood ratio value is 12. 78, which is smaller than χ(10,0. 01)2=23. 21, suggesting that we accept the null hypothesis or the restricted model as appropriate. test produced χ2=58. 03, which is greater than χ(10,0. 01)2=23. 21, indicating that the model fit is acceptable for prediction. Two of the variables in Table 4, PRICE and USE, are relaxed for the parallel-lines assumption in the generalized ordered logit model. The interpretation of the relationships between the dependent variables and these unconstrained variables are not straightforward as compared to the other constrained variables that have the same coefficients between panels. the perceived difference in selling prices had a positive, significant relationship in the first panel but a negative relationship in the second panel, indicating that farmers were likely to adopt conventional rice and single eco practice rather than combined eco practices. This may be because more labor and other inputs are required for combined eco practices, although market prices are not significantly different between the two outputs. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not directly address the claim regarding whether all agriculture can become pesticide-free without affecting food supply. Instead, it discusses factors affecting the adoption of eco-friendly rice methods and provides information about statistical models used to analyze such adoption. It mentions aspects like prices and labor associated with different farming practices, but it does not explicitly support, contrast, or provide relevance to the claim being assessed.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Bioengineered yeast can produce biofuels from sugars. [SEP] Text: cellulovorans DSM 3052 were purchased from von Mikroorganismen und Zellkulturen (DSMZ). Clostridium acetobutylicum ATCC 824 was purchased from (ATCC), while A. niger strain nl-1 was from University (Nanjing). Synthetic genes of cdt-1, gh1-1, cbh2 (codon-optimized, shown in Additional file 1), and Enhancer were provided by Inovogen (Beijing). Detailed descriptions of plasmids and sequences of primers are given in Additional file 1: Tables S1–S4. Media and culture conditions Escherichia coli strains were grown in Luria-Bertani (LB) medium (1 % tryptone, 0. 5 % yeast extract, 1 % NaCl) supplemented with either 100 μg/mL ampicillin or 50 μg/mL kanamycin, and were induced with 1 mM isopropyl-β-d-thiogalactopyranoside (IPTG) at 25 °C. EBY100 transformants were selected and maintained on minimal dextrose plates [0. 67 % yeast nitrogen base (YNB) with ammonium sulfate and without amino acids, 2 % glucose, 1. 5 % agar, appropriate supplements of Leu and Trp], and were induced in 10 mM CaCl2 supplied synthetic complete (SC) minimal medium (0. 67 % YNB, 2 % galactose, appropriate amino acids) with an initial A600 nm of 1 at 20 °C for 48 h. Cultivation of the yeasts expressing cellodextrin pathway was carried out in 96-well plate at 30 °C in SC minimal medium supplied with 2 % glucose, 1 % cellobiose, 0. 5 % cellotriose, or 0. 5 % cellotetrose. Cell density was periodically measured using (Thermo Scientific). Confocal laser scanning microscopy and flow cytometry analysis Saccharomyces cerevisiae EBY100 transformants were cultured in SC minimal medium with 2 % glucose as the carbon source for 48 h at 25 °C. Cells were washed three times with phosphate-buffered saline (PBS, pH 7. 4), and the photographs were taken with a confocal laser scanning microscope (2). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text provided discusses the cultivation and experimental procedures related to various strains of yeast and bacteria but does not directly support or refute the claim about bioengineered yeast producing biofuels from sugars. It details the media and conditions for culturing these organisms without indicating any outcomes related to biofuel production.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Vaccines help in preventing the spread of infectious diseases. [SEP] Text: Secondary outcomes Cases of severe dehydrating cholera A single dose of BivWC vaccine (Shanchol) reduces cases of severe dehydrating cholera better than a placebo at six months with a VE of 63% (RR 0. 37, 95% CI 0. 28 to 0. 50; 1 trial, 204,700 participants; Analysis 2. 5), and at two years, with a VE of 50% (RR 0. 50, 95% CI 0. 42 to 0. 60; 1 trial, 204,700 participants; Analysis 2. 7). Serious adverse events (SAE) This trial did not specifically report serious adverse events. Other adverse events Qadri 2016 reported adverse events after a single dose of Shanchol (Table 2). Within 14 days of vaccination, active surveillance noted 45 adverse events in the Shanchol group and 47 in the control group. Within 28 days of vaccination, active surveillance noted 33 adverse events in the Shanchol group and 30 in the control group. Open in table viewerTable 2. Adverse events for all participants after a single dose BivWC vaccine (Shanchol) Qadri 2016 BivWC (Shanchol) events No. recipients Adverse events No. recipients Adverse events within 14 days (active surveillance) 45 2987 47 3034 Adverse events within 28 days (active surveillance) 33 2848 30 2892 Adverse events within 28 days (passive surveillance) 121 102,954 125 102,357 of main results We included five randomized controlled trials (RCTs; reported in 12 records) in our synthesis that explored the effects of oral killed cholera vaccines compared with a control group (placebo) among children and adults. Two doses of whole‐cell plus recombinant vaccine (WC‐rBS; Dukoral), with or without a booster dose, reduced cases of cholera at five months and at two years, in both a general population (2 to 65 years), and an adult male population (17 to 65 years; vaccine effectiveness (VE) 76%; high‐certainty evidence; 2 trials; summary of findings Table 1). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim as it discusses the effectiveness of the BivWC vaccine (Shanchol) in reducing cases of severe dehydrating cholera, providing a vaccine efficacy (VE) of 63% at six months and 50% at two years. This indicates that the vaccine helps prevent the spread of cholera, an infectious disease, thereby supporting the claim.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: All agriculture can become pesticide-free without affecting food supply. [SEP] Text: Predicted probabilities by the adoption decisionsDisplay TableThe probability of a farmer’s adoption of a single eco practice was the highest at 78. 4% as compared to 18. 95% for conventional rice and only 2. 65% for combined eco practices. This suggests that the single eco practice was preferred among those farmers in the sample. We also found that the farmers who did not observe biodiversity losses were more likely to adopt conventional rice production (35. 47%) than those who perceived biodiversity losses (16. 35%). With respect to the adoption of single eco practice, the probability of farmers who witnessed biodiversity losses was higher (i. e. 80. 5% > 63. 39) that of those who did not. This result suggests that one means by which to stimulate the adoption of eco practice would be to improve farmers’ awareness and understanding of the benefits of biodiversity. Additionally, the results offer that those farmers who participated in organizations were more likely to adopt single eco practice (83. 63%) than those who did not (62. 32%). As mentioned earlier, this is an indication that participation in agricultural cooperatives and clubs facilitate shared information and practice. The perceived ease of use (USE) was also significant in predicting the probability of adopting single eco practice. When farmers perceived the technology to be easier to implement by one additional unit, the probability of selecting single eco practice increases about 8%. Farmers with more paddy plots were less likely to adopt single eco methods. Again, multiple plots are more difficult to manage and require more capital and human resources. When farmers had one more plot, the probability of adopting single eco practice declined about 6%. One further finding of the generalized ordinal logit analysis is that conventional rice farmers may share characteristics of eco friendly rice farmers. That is, the analysis provides an estimation of membership in a specific rice cultivation category, and those conventional rice farmers who are similar to eco rice farmers represent a target group for transition to eco-friendly methods. These values (probabilities) are important for policy implications to encourage and maintain farmers’ adoption. The predicted probabilities are illustrated in Figure 3. Figure 3. Observed and predicted adoption of eco-friendly rice. Note: The numbers in rectangles indicate number of farmers Display full size indicates correct predictions and Display full size indicates incorrect predictions The calculations in rectangles are based on the highest probabilities among categories. Source: Own estimates from the collected data in 2016, n = 202. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by providing evidence that highlights the complexities involved in adopting eco-friendly practices among farmers. It discusses factors such as the perceived ease of use of eco practices, the influence of biodiversity losses on farmers' adoption decisions, and the challenges posed by managing multiple paddy plots. These details suggest that transitioning to eco-friendly methods may require careful consideration and may not be straightforward, indicating that there could be challenges in achieving pesticide-free agriculture without impacting food supply.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Bioengineered yeast can produce biofuels from sugars. [SEP] Text: 0) supplied with 1 % carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) and 10 mM CaCl2. Viscosity reduction at 30 °C was measured periodically using an ubbelohde viscometer. The yeast cells with bifunctional minicellulosomes (A600 nm = 50) were suspended in the same buffer containing 1 % CMC and 10 mM CaCl2, and kept at 30 °C for 20 h. The reducing sugars released were quantified by 3, 5-dinitrosalicylic acid (DNS) assay. FermentationTo screen the preferred combination of endoglucanase and exoglucanase, the pre-induced yeast cells were washed twice with PBS, then concentrated to A600 nm = 20 in SC minimal medium supplied with 10 mM CaCl2 and 1 % or Avicel. The fermentation was conducted anaerobically in rubber-stoppered glass serum bottle at 30 °C for 4 days. The yeast transformants without pre-induction were used for cellulose-galactose co-fermentation. An appropriate amount (0–25 g/L) of galactose was mixed with 1 % cellulose as the carbon source, and the growth temperature was lowered to 25 °C. Galactose was measured using D-galactose rapid kit (Megazyme), while cell density and ethanol were determined via a spectrophotometer (EU-2600, ONLAB) and gas chromatograph (GC-14C, Shimadzu), respectively. ResultsFunctional construction of cellodextrin utilization pathwayWe employed cdt-1 from N. crassa for cellodextrins uptake. It was co-expressed with different β-glucosidases (Ccel_2454 from C. cellulolyticum, bgla from C. cellulovorans, and gh1-1 from N. crassa) to construct cellodextrin pathway in S. cerevisiae EBY100. As shown in Fig. 2a and b, the EBY100 strains expressing either gfp-fused gh1-1 or gfp-fused cdt-1 were brightly fluorescent under a confocal laser scanning microscope. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses the methodology for measuring viscosity and sugar quantification in a laboratory setting without providing any direct evidence or discussion about bioengineered yeast producing biofuels from sugars. It details the experimental setup and conditions but does not address the claim itself.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Vaccines help in preventing the spread of infectious diseases. [SEP] Text: Two doses of bivalent whole‐cell vaccine (BivWC; Shanchol) reduced cases of cholera at one year (2 trials; VE 37%, high‐certainty evidence), at two years (2 trials; VE 64%, moderate‐certainty evidence), and at five years (1 trial; VE 80%, high‐certainty evidence; summary of findings Table 2). A single‐dose of Shanchol reduced cases of cholera at six months (VE 40%, high‐certainty evidence), and at two years (VE 39%, high‐certainty evidence; 1 trial; summary of findings Table 3). Generally, oral killed cholera vaccines were found to be safe. The adverse events were similar in both the Dukoral vaccine group and the placebo group. There was no difference in adverse events between the Shanchol vaccine and the control groups within 14 days of a dose, in either the two‐dose or single‐dose regimen. Overall completeness and applicability of evidence The included 1. 1 Comparison 1: WC‐rBS vaccine (Dukoral) versus placebo, Outcome 1: Cases of cholera (2 doses + booster dose; 2‐year follow‐up; per‐protocol analysis) Using systematic reviews (free)Navigate to figure in ReviewPrint figureOpen in new tab Figures and Tables - Analysis 1. 2 Comparison 1: WC‐rBS vaccine (Dukoral) versus placebo, Outcome 2: Cases of cholera (2 doses ± booster dose; 5‐month and 2‐year follow‐up; per‐protocol analysis) Using systematic reviews (free)Navigate to figure in ReviewPrint figureOpen in new tab Figures and Tables - Analysis 2. 1 Comparison 2: BivWC vaccine (Shanchol) versus placebo, Outcome 1: Cases of cholera (2 doses; 1‐year follow‐up; per‐protocol analysis) Using systematic reviews (free)Navigate to figure in ReviewPrint figureOpen in new tab Figures and Tables - Analysis 2. 2 Comparison 2: BivWC vaccine (Shanchol) versus placebo, Outcome 2: Cases of cholera (2 doses; 2‐year follow‐up; per‐protocol analysis) Using systematic reviews (free)Navigate to figure in ReviewPrint figureOpen in new tab Figures and Tables - Analysis 2. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by providing evidence that two doses of the bivalent whole-cell vaccine (Shanchol) reduced cholera cases at significant intervals, demonstrating the vaccine's effectiveness in disease prevention. The reported vaccine effectiveness (VE) of 64% at two years and 80% at five years aligns with the claim that vaccines help prevent the spread of infectious diseases.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: All agriculture can become pesticide-free without affecting food supply. [SEP] Text: In addition, policy makers should focus on mitigating risks from production stage (technical aspects and adverse climatic impacts) to market (differentiation in selling price of eco rice versus conventional rice). Further research may address more specific questions as to how farmer-oriented organizations influence technology adoption decisions. The study results also identify farmers with larger farms, but fewer plots, as the most feasible group to adopt eco practices. However, farmers with more paddy plots were less likely to adopt eco practices. To promote eco practices in a new area, farmers with larger farm size but fewer plots are a good target group for demonstrations and training in the application of these techniques. With respect to characteristics of individual farmers, again the results from the study provide some useful guidance. Farmers’ perceptions of biodiversity losses were an important influence of adoption decisions. This is a vital starting point for collaborative policy that encourages technological innovations in environmentally friendly production methods. Perceptions about the ease of use of the technology positively influenced adoption, suggesting that farmers preferred eco practices. The perceived differences in selling prices suggest that farmers were likely to adopt conventional rice and single eco practice rather than combined eco practices. Farmers who perceived higher risk were unlikely to adopt eco practices Farmer experience was positively associated with the adoption. All of these indicate a need for education, but also persuasive efforts to overcome the negative perceptions. Additionally, when the characteristics of individual farmers were used as independent variables to predict rice production method in the logit analysis, a large proportion of farmers who use conventional methods shared similar characteristics with eco rice farmers. This indicates a favorable group to encourage the conversion to eco friendly methods. Policy makers may provide financial or other incentives to facilitate the transition. Based on the cost-benefit analysis, the single eco practice had the highest economic achievement when compared to the conventional rice and the combined eco practices, suggesting that the single eco practice is the most feasible to introduce to farmers in the study sites. The eco friendly practices identified here can reduce the costs while also increasing the prices that farmers receive. Additionally, finding and/or establishing a good market that allows for the differentiation between selling prices for eco rice and conventional rice is essential. To promote the adoption of eco practices, policy makers should create an incentive mechanism to encourage farmers to join farmer organizations. In addition, policy makers should focus on informing farmers about mitigating risks such as adverse climatic impacts, polluted water, and other environmental threats. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the challenges faced by farmers in adopting eco practices, which implies that a complete transition to pesticide-free agriculture without impacting food supply may not be feasible. It highlights the necessity for incentives and education for farmers, notes that perceptions of risk can deter the adoption of eco practices, and suggests that conventional methods are still preferred by many farmers. This indicates that the transition to entirely eco-friendly practices could adversely affect the food supply given the current realities of farmer preferences and capabilities.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Bioengineered yeast can produce biofuels from sugars. [SEP] Text: The difference in GFP distribution indicated the successful localization of GH1-1 and CDT-1 in yeast cytoplasm and cell membrane, respectively. Also, Fig. 2a and b show that although GFP was detected in some cells, the rest of the population did not have GFP. The cell-to-cell heterogeneity in gene expression probably arose from fluctuations in the global gene expression machinery of the cell, which has been termed “extrinsic noise”, “global noise”, or “gene expression capacity” [28]. All three yeast transformants expressing both cellodextrin transporter and β-glucosidase were able to grow with cellobiose as the sole carbon source (Fig. 2c). They showed similar growth rates in 2 % glucose fermentation (cell density [A600 nm] reached ~1. 45 from 0. 15 after 30 h), but exhibited different growth kinetics on cellodextrins (Additional file 1: Figure S2). Among them, the strain EBY100 (cdt-1, gh1-1) expressing GH1-1 and CDT-1 had the highest specific growth rates and reached A600 nm of 1. 34, 1. 21, and 1. 54 from 0. 15 in ~50 h with 1 % cellobiose, 0. 5 % cellotriose, and 0. 5 % cellotetrose as the sole carbon source, respectively. Fig. 2Functionality of the cellodextrin pathway in yeast. Confocal images of the EBY100 strains expressing gfp-fused gh1-1 (a), and gfp-fused cdt-1 (b). c Growth of the engineered EBY100 strains on the plate containing 1 % cellobiose as the sole carbon source. A Gly-Ser (GS) linker was introduced between GFP and GH1-1 or CDT-1 in (a) and (b). The control was transformed with pRS425. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text primarily discusses the localization of specific proteins in yeast and their impact on growth when using various carbon sources but does not provide any information related to the production of biofuels from sugars. Terms like 'cellodextrin transporter' and 'β-glucosidase' are mentioned, which relate to yeast growth but do not directly address the claim concerning biofuels.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Vaccines help in preventing the spread of infectious diseases. [SEP] Text: 65) 16,423 (2 RCTs) ⊕⊕⊕⊕ doses ± booster of WC‐rBS vaccine (Dukoral) reduces cases of cholera better than a placebo at 2 years; VE 76% grades of evidence High certainty: we are very confident that the true effect lies close to that of the estimate of the effectModerate certainty: we are moderately confident in the effect estimate; the true effect is likely to be close to the estimate of the effect, but there is a possibility that it is substantially differentLow certainty: our confidence in the effect estimate is limited; the true effect may be substantially different from the estimate of the effectVery low certainty: we have very little confidence in the effect estimate; the true effect is likely to be substantially different from the estimate of the effect The meta‐analyses were based on per‐protocol data. For vaccine effectiveness, review authors converted the overall RR to vaccine effectiveness using the formula: % vaccine effectiveness = (1 ‐ RR) x 100%. * Follow‐up in one study in a general population of children and adults was 2 years; in the other study with adult males, it was 5 months. CI: confidence interval; RR: risk ratio; VE: vaccine effectiveness Figures and Tables - Summary of findings 1. WC‐rBS vaccine (Dukoral): two doses ± booster dose versus placebo Navigate to table in of findings 2. BivWC vaccine (Shanchol): two doses versus placebo Patient or population: healthy children and adults; high risk population Setting: hospital‐based and community‐based trials, in regions with endemic cholera and seasonal epidemic peaks in Bangladesh and India; 2006 to 2014 Intervention: BivWC (Shanchol) vaccine: two dosesComparison: placebo: two doses effectiveness, RR (95% CI) No of participants Certainty of the evidence (GRADE) of cholera (follow‐up: 5 years) 0. 20 (0. 15 to 0. 26) 54,519 (1 RCT) ⊕⊕⊕⊕ doses of BivWC vaccine (Shanchol) reduces cases of cholera better than a placebo at 5 years; VE 80%. Cases of cholera (follow‐up: 2 years) 0. 36 (0. 16 to 0. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by presenting evidence that vaccines, such as the BivWC vaccine (Shanchol) and the WC‐rBS vaccine (Dukoral), are effective in reducing cases of cholera compared to a placebo. Specifically, it states that the vaccines resulted in a vaccine effectiveness (VE) of 76% and 80%, which supports the idea that vaccines play a significant role in preventing the spread of infectious diseases such as cholera.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: All agriculture can become pesticide-free without affecting food supply. [SEP] Text: The remainder of the section is organized as follows: demographic frequency, TOE factor frequency, ANOVA of TOE variables and demographic variables, and correlation. 4. 1 Demographic data frequency: 4. 1. 1 2022. According to the results, 14% of related 2022. These results indicate that research output increased overall during the period under consideration. 4. 1. 2 2022. The results show that 20% of published 2022. 4. 1. 3 2022. The results show that surveys accounted for 39% of all 2022. 4. 1. 4 2022. According to the results, quantitative research was the most used research method at 45%, followed by qualitative research at 49%, and mixed-methods research at 6% of published 2022. According to the results, quantitative research studies were the most used research method when researching factors influencing AI adoption in the food supply chain between 2012 and 2022. 4. 1. 5 2022. (TAM), Diffusion of (DOI), Technology-Organisation-(TOE), of Acceptance and Use of Technology (UTAUT), (CF), and are among the frameworks (DT). According to the results, 42% of the 2. 2 Frequency results of technology-organisational-environmental factors This section presents the results from technology, organizational, and environmental factors affecting AI adoption in the food supply chain. 2. 2. 1 Frequency of The study looked at five technological factors that affect AI adoption in the food supply chain: complexity, perceived usefulness, compatibility, security, and cost. Based on 50 peer-reviewed published 2. 2. 2 Frequency of Organisational Factors: The research looked at six organizational factors that influence AI adoption in the food supply chain: firm size, management support, organizational readiness, resource capacity, technical skills, and strategic objectives. Figure 7 illustrates the results of organizational factors from 2022. According to the results, 74% of 2. 2. 3 Frequency of Environmental Factors: Vendor capabilities, regulation/IT policy, competition, market structure, government pressure, and support/maintenance were all measured as environmental factors affecting AI adoption in the food supply chain. Figure 8 illustrates the frequency of environmental factors based on peer-reviewed 2022. According to the results, support/maintenance received 82% of the peer-reviewed 5. Discussion and ConclusionsThe study conducted a systematic literature review on factors affecting the adoption of AI in food systems, focusing on 2022. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses the adoption of AI in food supply chains and the factors influencing it, without addressing the potential for agriculture to be pesticide-free or its impact on food supply. There is no mention of pesticides or agricultural practices that could corroborate or contrast the claim.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Bioengineered yeast can produce biofuels from sugars. [SEP] Text: CDT-1 and β-glucosidases in (c) did not have GFP tagFull size image Facilitation of protein assembly on yeast by secretionIn this work, the N-terminals of endoglucanase, exoglucanase and miniscaffoldin I* were fused with a yeast secretion signal (α-factor) to extracellularly accomplish the minicellulosome assembly, because our earlier study [10] has suggested that direct display of the intracellularly-assembled minicellulosome may be difficult due to its large molecular mass. However, the hypothesis of using enzyme or scaffoldin secretion can facilitate cellulosome assembly on the yeast surface has never been confirmed. Here, the EBY100 displaying miniscaffoldin II and co-expressing docCipA-fused gfp (C-terminus) was thus used to investigate the impact of N-terminal α-factor on surface assembly of GFP complex. Dockerin docCipA (type II) was able to specifically bind to the type II cohesin domains (CohII) on miniscaffoldin II. To determine the amount of the surface-displayed GFP, a camelid-derived nanobody (Enhancer) [26, 27] produced in Escherichia coli BL21 (DE3) was applied (Additional file 1: Figure S3a). It has been reported that binding of Enhancer can facilitate improved proton extraction from the chromophore hydroxyl by His148GFP, thereby stabilizing the phenolate anion of the chromophore and enhancing the fluorescence intensity of GFP [26]. Here, binding of Enhancer to GFP led to an additional fluorescence increase of ~1. 84-fold (Fig. S3b), thus the GFP distribution could be calculated according to Eqs. (1) and (2). Here, enhancement coefficient (α) was ~2. 84. As shown in Fig. 3a, when the repeat number of CohII was less than six, the fluorescence intensity on the yeast surface increased linearly with increasing the length of miniscaffoldin II, and a raised display level of GFP usually resulted in a decrease of fluorescence inside yeast cells (Fig. 3b). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim directly; it discusses the assembly of proteins in yeast and fluorescence studies. There is no mention of bioengineered yeast producing biofuels, which makes this text irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Vaccines help in preventing the spread of infectious diseases. [SEP] Text: 81) 168,540 (2 RCTs) ⊕⊕⊕⊝ doses of BivWC vaccine (Shanchol) reduces cases of cholera better than a placebo at 2 years; VE 64%. Cases of cholera (follow‐up: 1 year) 0. 63 (0. 47 to 0. 85) 241,631 (2 RCTs) ⊕⊕⊕⊕ doses of BivWC vaccine (Shanchol) reduces cases of cholera better than a placebo at 1 year; VE 37%. grades of evidence High certainty: we are very confident that the true effect lies close to that of the estimate of the effectModerate certainty: we are moderately confident in the effect estimate; the true effect is likely to be close to the estimate of the effect, but there is a possibility that it is substantially differentLow certainty: our confidence in the effect estimate is limited; the true effect may be substantially different from the estimate of the effectVery low certainty: we have very little confidence in the effect estimate; the true effect is likely to be substantially different from the estimate of the effect aDowngraded by one level for the inconsistency of results (unexplained heterogeneity of results). However, the uncertainty was because of the differences in the magnitude of the effect estimate. The meta‐analyses were based on per‐protocol data. For vaccine effectiveness, we converted the overall RR to vaccine effectiveness using the formula: % vaccine effectiveness = (1 ‐ RR) x 100%. Cluster‐adjusted analysis used ICC 0. 005. CI: confidence interval; RR: risk ratio; VE: vaccine effectiveness Figures and Tables - Summary of findings 2. BivWC vaccine (Shanchol): two doses versus placebo Navigate to table in of findings 3. BivWC vaccine (Shanchol): single dose versus placebo Patient or population: healthy children and adults, male and female; high risk population Setting: hospital and community; in regions with endemic cholera and seasonal epidemic peaks; Bangladesh; 2014 to 2016 Intervention : BivWC vaccine (Shanchol): single doseComparison: placebo: single dose Outcomes* Relative effectiveness, RR (95% CI) No of participants Certainty of the evidence (GRADE) of cholera (follow‐up: 2 years) 0. 61 (0. 53 to 0. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text supports the claim by providing evidence that the BivWC vaccine (Shanchol) reduces cases of cholera better than a placebo, indicating its effectiveness in preventing infectious diseases. The details about relative effectiveness, notably the vaccine effectiveness (VE) of 64% at 2 years and 37% at 1 year, substantiate the claim that vaccines play a significant role in preventing the spread of infectious diseases.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: All agriculture can become pesticide-free without affecting food supply. [SEP] Text: Extension contact is related to access to formal training and informal (contact with agricultural and experts) on onion production and marketing for producer farmers. The positive and significant relationship indicates that extension contact had improved onion farming household ability to acquire new technology and capacity of production, which in turn improves productivity and thereby increase marketable supply of onion. Furthermore, the coefficient shows that onion producers who received extension services on onion production had more probability to supply 5. 4 quintals of onion than those who didn’t receive extension services, other variables are held constant. This suggests that access to extension service avails information regarding technology which improves production that affects the marketable surplus. This is also in agreement with the previous study conducted by Mussama (Citation2006) found that access to extension service on red pepper and teff (eragrostis tef), respectively, affected marketable supply of each of the commodities significantly and positively. Moreover, Hailu (Citation2017) found the positive relationship between the number of extension contact and the onion market choice in Ejere district Oromia regional states of Ethiopia. He noted that the extension contact enables the farmer to improve production methods hence leading to more output which in turn more likely to sell onion in the market. However, our finding is opposite to the findings by Melese et al. (Citation2018) in Fogera district, Amahara regional states of Ethiopia. They found that the contact to extension agent could lead a 5% reduction of onion farmer market participation. They indicated that the farmers those who have access to the extension service do not appropriately apply the techniques and advice suggested by the extension agents such as the method of applying fertilizer, herbicides and pesticide, these have abilities to kill and destroy the onion bulb during the production stage if not used appropriately. The other important thing related to extension service in Ethiopia is that agricultural extension implementation modality differs in one regional state to the other (Leta, Kelboro, Stellmacher, & Hornidge, Citation2017). Hence, our result may be due to a better agricultural extension delivery system in Tigray regional state relative to some other regional states that have reported a negative relation with the market supply in Ethiopia. 4. Conclusion and recommendations4. 1. ConclusionMarketing of onions was done on an individual basis and farmers in a particular location faced usually small number of buyers for their product. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing how extension services, which include advice on using herbicides and pesticides, can significantly impact farmers' ability to produce and market onions. Specifically, it mentions that improper use of pesticides can lead to destruction of crops, indicating that some agricultural practices currently rely on pesticides and that transitioning all agriculture to pesticide-free practices could negatively affect food supply, as suggested by the findings of Melese et al. (Citation2018).


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Bioengineered yeast can produce biofuels from sugars. [SEP] Text: The data suggested that the N-terminal α-factor was able to facilitate the formation of GFP complex on the displayed miniscaffoldin II with a fluorescence increase of >30 %. Therefore, α-factor was also fused to miniscaffoldin I*, and endo- and exo-glucanases for minicellulosome assembly. Fig. 3Surface assembly of GFP with or without N-terminal α-factor on the EBY100 displaying miniscaffoldin II. Fluorescence on the yeast surface (a), and in the cytoplasm (b). Assembly with α-factor (solid line with filled square), and without α-factor (dash line with open square). gfp was fused to docCipA at its C-terminus, and a GS linker was introduced between themFull size image Functional assembly of two-scaffoldin-derived bifunctional minicellulosomeEight endoglucanase genes were cloned from C. cellulolyticum and C. cellulovorans (Additional file 1: Figure S4a). These enzymes were surface assembled with miniscaffoldin I* and miniscaffoldin II (CohII = 2), respectively. Their native C-terminal dockerin domains (type I) were able to specifically bind to the cohesin domains (type I) on miniscaffoldin I*, thus unifunctional minicellulosomes could be formed after galactose induction. The decrease in the viscosity of a CMC solution was measured to evaluate the activities of the endoglucanase-associated yeasts (A600 nm = 20). Figure 4a shows that EngY exhibited the highest hydrolysis ability towards CMC, resulting in a >80 % reduction in viscosity after 15 h. While celCCA, celCCC, celCCD, and celM also caused a sharp decrease in viscosity (>80 % after 65 h), followed by celCCG and EngB (<50 % after 65 h), EngE-associated EBY100 did not show any endoglucanase activity. Fig. 4Screening of cellulases and determination of the enzyme assembly efficiency. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim regarding bioengineered yeast producing biofuels from sugars. It primarily discusses the assembly and activity of endoglucanase enzymes associated with yeast, detailing the interactions and effects on viscosity, without addressing biofuel production or the utilization of sugars.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Vaccines help in preventing the spread of infectious diseases. [SEP] Text: 70) 204,700 (1 RCT) ⊕⊕⊕⊕ single dose of BivWC vaccine (Shanchol) reduces cases of cholera better than a placebo at 2 years; VE 39%. Cases of severe dehydrating cholera (follow‐up: 2 years) 0. 50 (0. 42 to 0. 60) 204,700 (1 RCT) ⊕⊕⊕⊕ single dose of BivWC vaccine (Shanchol) reduces cases of severe dehydrating cholera better than a placebo at 2 years; VE 50%. Cases of cholera (follow‐up: 6 months) 0. 60 (0. 47 to 0. 77) 204,700 (1 RCT) ⊕⊕⊕⊕ single dose of BivWC vaccine (Shanchol) reduces cases of cholera better than a placebo at 6 months; VE 40%. Cases of severe dehydrating cholera (follow‐up: 6 months) 0. 37 (0. 28 to 0. 50) 204,700 (1 RCT) ⊕⊕⊕⊕ single dose of BivWC vaccine (Shanchol) reduces cases of severe dehydrating cholera better than a placebo at 6 months; 63%. grades of evidence High certainty: we are very confident that the true effect lies close to that of the estimate of the effectModerate certainty: we are moderately confident in the effect estimate; the true effect is likely to be close to the estimate of the effect, but there is a possibility that it is substantially differentLow certainty: our confidence in the effect estimate is limited; the true effect may be substantially different from the estimate of the effectVery low certainty: we have very little confidence in the effect estimate; the true effect is likely to be substantially different from the estimate of the effect The meta‐analyses were based on per‐protocol data. For vaccine effectiveness, we converted the overall RR to vaccine effectiveness using the formula: % vaccine effectiveness = (1 ‐ RR) x 100%. CI: confidence interval; RR: risk ratio; VE: vaccine effectiveness Figures and Tables - Summary of findings 3. BivWC vaccine (Shanchol): single dose versus placebo Navigate to table in 1. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by providing evidence that the BivWC vaccine (Shanchol) reduces cases of cholera, which is an infectious disease, significantly better than a placebo. It includes specific data indicating vaccine effectiveness at reducing both general cholera cases and severe dehydrating cholera cases, thus supporting the assertion that vaccines play a role in preventing the spread of infectious diseases.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Every crop can be grown sustainably in any environment. [SEP] Text: & & & & &Aa : español español& & caption full caption right caption left caption center &A expert &A expert 1 Slide 2 Slides 3 Slides 4 Slides 5 Slides 6 Slides 7 full width center : and veganism aren’t the only options for diners who are concerned about environmental sustainability. Diets with a small amount of meat can actually have a smaller environmental footprint — in the long run, at least. Food & much meat can we eat — sustainably? Scientists find that a small amount of animal products could have a place in our diets without wreaking environmental havoc. But it’s far less than what we consume today, and only if farmed in just the right way. Holmes 08. 18. 2022 sound science and smart storiesHelp us make scientific knowledge accessible to allDonate today Lea en español As governments drag their feet in responding to climate change, many concerned people are looking for actions they can take as individuals — and eating less meat is an obvious place to start. Livestock today account for about 14. 5 percent of global greenhouse gas emissions, more than all the world’s cars and trucks combined. & sustainable are fake meats? Food & hens, happy world the fat: The US and health Those numbers are daunting already, but the situation could grow worse: Our appetite for meat is increasing. Nations forecasts that the world will be eating 14 percent more of it by 2030, especially as middle-income countries get wealthier. That means more demand for pasture and feed crops, more deforestation and more climate problems. For people alarmed about climate change, giving up meat altogether can seem like the only option. But is it? A growing body of research suggests that the world could, in fact, raise a modest amount of beef, pork, chicken and other meat, so that anyone who wants could eat a modest portion of meat a few times a week — and do so sustainably. Indeed, it turns out that a world with some animal agriculture in it likely would have a smaller environmental footprint than an entirely vegan world. The catch is that hitting the environmental sweet spot would require big changes in the way we raise livestock — and, for most of us in the wealthy West, a diet with considerably less meat than we eat today. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by indicating that while some animal agriculture can be conducted sustainably, it requires significant changes in practices and that different environments have different sustainability potentials. It stresses that the current demand for crops for livestock could lead to deforestation and climate problems, implying that not every crop can be grown sustainably in every environment without negative consequences.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Bioengineered yeast can produce biofuels from sugars. [SEP] Text: Comparison of endoglucanases (a), exo-glucanases (b), and enzyme combinations (c) in various engineered yeast strains. d Analysis of the enzyme assembly efficiency by FACS with double-antibody staining. Control in (b) lacks both endoglucanase and exoglucanase. Label of X-axis in (d) indicates the fusion position of His-tag () in three different EBY100 (CohII = 1, cdt-1, gh1-1, engy, cbhb). His-ScaII, His-EngY and His-cbhB mean the His-tag-fused miniscaffoldin II (= 1, C-terminus), His-tag-fused EngY (N-terminus), and His-tag-fused cbhB (N-terminus)Full size image Then, exoglucanase genes were cloned from C. cellulolyticum, C. acetobutylicum, C. cellulovorans, Aspergillus niger, and Trichoderma reesei (Additional file 1: Figure S4b). They were co-expressed with engy, miniscaffoldin I* and miniscaffoldin II (CohII = 2), respectively, to construct bifunctional minicellulosomes on EBY100. Because of the species-specific interactions between dockerins and cohesins, the C-terminus of CA_C0911, exgs, cbhb, and cbh2 were replaced or fused with dockerin docA from celcca, while the native type I dockerin domains of celcce and celccf were kept (Additional file 1: Figure S4b). To evaluate the exoglucanase activity, CMC digestion was carried out by galactose-induced EBY100 transformants with A600 nm = 50. As indicated by the reducing sugars released after 20 h (Fig. 4b), celCCE, CA_C0911, and cbhB, with EngY, were obviously better in cellulose degradation, followed by and celCCF. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim directly regarding bioengineered yeast's ability to produce biofuels from sugars. Instead, it focuses on the analysis of different enzyme activities and the construction of minicellulosomes in engineered yeast strains, which does not confirm or deny the claim about biofuels.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Vaccines help in preventing the spread of infectious diseases. [SEP] Text: 24 [0. 08, 0. 65] Figures and Tables - Comparison 1. WC‐rBS vaccine (Dukoral) versus placebo Navigate to table in 2. BivWC vaccine (Shanchol) versus placebo Outcome or subgroup title No. of studies No. of participants Statistical method Effect size 2. 1 Cases of cholera (2 doses; 1‐year follow‐up; per‐protocol analysis) Show forest plot 2 241631 (IV, Random, 95% CI) 0. 63 [0. 47, 0. 85] 2. 2 Cases of cholera (2 doses; 2‐year follow‐up; per‐protocol analysis) Show forest plot 2 168540 (IV, Random, 95% CI) 0. 36 [0. 16, 0. 81] 2. 3 Cases of cholera (2 doses; 5‐year follow‐up; per‐protocol analysis) Show forest plot 1 54519 (IV, Random, 95% CI) 0. 20 [0. 15, 0. 26] 2. 4 Cases of cholera (1 dose; 6‐month follow‐up; per‐protocol analysis) Show forest plot 1 204700 (IV, Random, 95% CI) 0. 60 [0. 47, 0. 77] 2. 5 Cases of severe dehydrating cholera (1 dose; 6‐month follow‐up; per‐protocol analysis) Show forest plot 1 204700 (IV, Random, 95% CI) 0. 37 [0. 28, 0. 50] 2. 6 Cases of cholera (1 dose; 2‐year follow‐up; per‐protocol analysis) Show forest plot 1 204700 (IV, Random, 95% CI) 0. 61 [0. 53, 0. 70] 2. 7 Cases of severe dehydrating cholera (1 dose; 2‐year follow‐up; per‐protocol analysis) Show forest plot 1 204700 (IV, Random, 95% CI) 0. 50 [0. 42, 0. 60] Figures and Tables - Comparison 2. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by presenting data on the effectiveness of vaccines, specifically mentioning the statistical outcomes related to cholera cases. The forest plots and effect sizes indicate that vaccines are effective in reducing the number of cholera cases, supporting the idea that vaccines play a significant role in preventing the spread of infectious diseases.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Every crop can be grown sustainably in any environment. [SEP] Text: “The future that sounds sustainable to me is one where we have livestock, but it’s a very different scale,” says Blackstone, a food systems sustainability researcher at in Boston. “I think the livestock industry’s going to have to look different. ”Feeding animals to feed ourselves One big reason for meat’s outsized environmental impact is that it’s more efficient for people to eat plants directly than to feed them to livestock. Chickens need almost 2 pounds of feed to produce each pound of weight gain, pigs need 3 to 5 pounds, and cattle need 6 to 10 — and a lot of that weight gain is bones, skin and guts, not meat. As a result, about 40 percent of the world’s arable land is now used to grow animal feed, with all the attendant environmental costs related to factors such as deforestation, water use, fertilizer runoff, pesticides and fossil fuel use. But it’s not inevitable that livestock compete with people for crops. Ruminants — that is, grazing animals with multiple stomachs, like cattle, sheep and goats — can digest the cellulose in grass, straw and other fibrous plant material that humans can’t eat, converting it into animal protein that we can. And two-thirds of the world’s agricultural lands are grazing lands, many of which are too steep, arid or marginal to be suitable for crops. “That land cannot be used for any other food-growing purpose other than the use of ruminant livestock,” says Frank Mitloehner, an animal scientist at the University of California, Davis. Grazing animals such as cattle, sheep and the goats shown here can digest fibrous plants with the help of their gut microbes. This converts forage that people can’t eat into meat that they can, and thus increases the total food available for a growing world population. : course, those grazing lands could revert to natural forest or grassland vegetation, taking up atmospheric carbon in the process. This carbon-capturing regrowth could be a major contributor to global climate-mitigation strategies aimed at net-zero greenhouse gas emissions, researchers say. But that’s not necessarily incompatible with moderate levels of grazing. For example, some research suggests that replacing croplands with well-managed grazing lands in the southeastern US captures far more carbon from the atmosphere. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by emphasizing the limitations of certain environments for sustainable crop production. It explains that not all agricultural land is suitable for growing crops, particularly in steep, arid, or marginal lands better suited for grazing livestock, which cannot be used for any other food-growing purpose. The reference to the efficiency of livestock in converting inedible plant material into protein further supports the argument that not every crop can be grown sustainably in every environment.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Bioengineered yeast can produce biofuels from sugars. [SEP] Text: Effects of galactose, inoculum density and miniscaffoldin lengthTo investigate the effects of galactose on cell growth and display efficiency of miniscaffoldin II (CohII = 4) on the EBY100 (cdt-1, gh1-1, engy, cbhb) co-expressing the cellodextrin pathway (cdt-1, gh1-1) and bifunctional minicellulosome (engy, cbhb), cells were cultured in the galactose/cellobiose mixture at various ratios. The inoculum density of EBY100 transformants was adjusted to A600 nm = 0. 1, and FACS was applied for the detection of miniscaffoldin II (Additional file 1: Fig. S5b). As shown in Fig. 5a, the highest fluorescence intensity of 4200 was obtained with 5 g/L galactose and 20 g/L cellobiose, while the highest cell density (A600 nm = ~1. 9 after 2 days) was obtained with 20 g/L galactose and 5 g/L cellobiose. Interestingly, although hydrolytic cleavage of cellodextrins through β-glucosidase could not provide the yeast with more ATP nor increase cell yield [], the mixture of galactose and cellobiose exhibited a synergistic effect on cell growth. Similar results have also been reported in the co-fermentation of cellobiose 29and xylose [23]. Since strong transcription usually caused declines in protein display efficiency [30], increasing the galactose concentration to 25 g/L decreased the fluorescence intensity to 2200, although the yeast grew much better with galactose than cellobiose. Fig. 5Optimization of minicellulosome assembly and cellulosic ethanol production. a Effects of galactose concentration on miniscaffoldin II display and cell growth. The EBY100 co-expressing bifunctional minicellulosome (CohII = 4, engy, cbhb) and cellodextrin pathway (cdt-1, gh1-1) was employed. The His-tag-fused to the C-terminus of miniscaffoldin II was double-antibody stained. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text discusses the effects of galactose and cellobiose on the growth of a specific strain of yeast (EBY100) and the display efficiency of miniscaffoldin II but does not directly address the claim regarding bioengineered yeast's ability to produce biofuels from sugars. Therefore, the text is deemed irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Vaccines help in preventing the spread of infectious diseases. [SEP] Text: Selection criteria Randomized and quasi‐randomized controlled trials (RCTs) comparing typhoid fever vaccines with other typhoid fever vaccines or with an inactive agent (placebo or vaccine for a different disease) in adults and children. Human challenge studies were not eligible. Data collection and analysis Two review authors independently applied inclusion criteria and extracted data, and assessed the certainty of the evidence using the GRADE approach. We computed vaccine efficacy per year of follow‐up and cumulative three‐year efficacy, stratifying for vaccine type and dose. The outcome addressed was typhoid fever, defined as isolation of Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi in blood. We calculated risk ratios (RRs) and efficacy (1 − RR as a percentage) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs). Main results In total, 18 RCTs contributed to the quantitative analysis in this review: 13 evaluated efficacy (Ty21a: 5 trials; Vi polysaccharide: 6 trials; Vi‐rEPA: 1 trial; Vi‐TT: 1 trial), and 9 reported on adverse events. All trials but one took place in typhoid‐endemic countries. There was no information on vaccination in adults aged over 55 years of age, pregnant women, or travellers. Only one trial included data on children under two years of age. Ty21a vaccine (oral vaccine, three doses) A three‐dose schedule of Ty21a vaccine probably prevents around half of typhoid cases during the first three years after vaccination (cumulative efficacy 2. 5 to 3 years: 50%, 95% CI 35% to 61%, 4 trials, 235,239 participants, moderate‐certainty evidence). These data include patients aged 3 to 44 years. Compared with placebo, this vaccine probably does not cause more vomiting, diarrhoea, nausea or abdominal pain (2 trials, 2066 participants; moderate‐certainty evidence), headache, or rash (1 trial, 1190 participants; moderate‐certainty evidence); however, fever (2 trials, 2066 participants; moderate‐certainty evidence) is probably more common following vaccination. Vi polysaccharide vaccine (injection, one dose) A single dose of Vi polysaccharide vaccine prevents around two‐thirds of typhoid cases in the first year after vaccination (year 1: 69%, 95% CI 63% to 74%; 3 trials, 99,979 participants; high‐certainty evidence). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by providing evidence that the Ty21a vaccine probably prevents around half of typhoid cases during the first three years after vaccination and that the Vi polysaccharide vaccine prevents around two-thirds of typhoid cases in the first year after vaccination. This indicates that vaccines can effectively reduce the spread of typhoid fever, which is an infectious disease.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Every crop can be grown sustainably in any environment. [SEP] Text: Livestock can also use crop wastes such as the bran and germ left over when wheat is milled to white flour, or the soy meal left over after pressing the beans for oil. That’s a big reason why 20 percent of the US dairy herd is in California’s Central Valley, where cows feed partly on wastes from fruits, nuts and other specialty crops, Mitloehner says. Even pigs and chickens, which can’t digest cellulose, could be fed on other wastes such as fallen fruit, discarded food scraps and insects, which most people wouldn’t eat. The upshot is that a world entirely without meat would require about one-third more cropland — and therefore, more energy-intensive fertilizer, pesticides and tractor fuel — to feed everyone, says Hannah van Zanten, a sustainable food systems researcher at in the Netherlands. But only if we’re talking about meat raised the right way, in the right amounts. A man stands in a barn piled high with “distiller’s grain” — the residue left after corn is fermented to produce ethanol. Industrial processors of crops would have few useful ways to dispose of their waste without livestock to which they could feed the excess. : also bring other benefits. Meat provides balanced protein and other nutrients such as iron and vitamin B12 that are more difficult to get from a vegan diet, especially for poorer people who can’t always afford a variety of fresh vegetables and other nutritious foods, says Matin Qaim, an agricultural economist at the University of Bonn, Germany, who coauthored a look at the sustainability of meat consumption in the 2022 of Resource Economics. Livestock, he notes, are the main source of wealth for many otherwise poor people in traditional pastoral cultures. And on small, mixed farms, animals that graze widely and then deposit their manure in the farmyard can help to concentrate nutrients for use as fertilizer in the family’s garden. Moreover, many of the world’s natural grasslands have evolved in the presence of grazers, which play a key role in ecosystem function. Where those native grazers no longer dominate — think of the vanished bison from the American prairies, for example — domestic livestock can fill the same role. “Grasslands are disturbance-dependent,” says Sasha Gennet, who heads the sustainable grazing lands program for the Nature Conservancy. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts with the claim by discussing various limitations and considerations regarding sustainable livestock farming and crop use. It points out that certain environments and agricultural practices are more suitable for specific crops and livestock, highlighting that sustainability is intertwined with environmental context rather than the notion that every crop can be universally grown sustainably.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Bioengineered yeast can produce biofuels from sugars. [SEP] Text: 09 g/L (~10. 9 %) was from PASC (Fig. 6b). PASC was mostly consumed during the period from 40 to 80 h, and ~25 % (2. 5 g/L) was degraded. Apparently, PASC (amorphous cellulose) was more difficult to be degraded and used by the engineered yeasts than CMC (soluble cellulose). Nevertheless, the specific ethanol productivity from PASC still reached ~56. 37 mg cellulosic ethanol/g cell·h, which was only ~10 % lower than that with CMC. However, co-fermentation of Avicel and galactose with the yeast EBY100 (cdt-1, gh1-1, celccd, cbhb) did not show any significant cellulosic ethanol production (data not shown). Fig. 6Kinetics of co-fermentation of galactose and CMC or PASC. a CMC-galactose mixture and cell-displayed minicellulosome (CohII = 4, engy, cbhb, cdt-1, gh1-1). b PASC-galactose mixture and cell-displayed minicellulosome (CohII = 4, celcca and CA_C0911, cdt-1, gh1-1). c CMC-galactose mixture and cell-free minicellulosome (docCipA was removed, CohII = 4, engy, cbhb, cdt-1, gh1-1). The cell inoculum density was A600 nm = 0. 10. Galactose (solid line with open square), total ethanol (solid line with filled square), cellulose (solid line), and cellulosic ethanol (dash line). d Growth kinetics of the fermentations shown in (a) (solid line with filled star), and (c) (dash line with open triangle)Full size image To check if surface attachment of minicellulosomes on yeast cells would enhance cellulose utilization because of the enzyme-cell proximity effect [31], we removed the C-terminal docCipA from miniscaffoldin I* so that the produced minicellulosomes could not bind to miniscaffoldin II. As shown in Fig. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it primarily discusses the degradation of PASC by yeast and the accompanying ethanol productivity, without clearly stating that bioengineered yeast produces biofuels from sugars. It details specific experiments and results but does not confirm the capacity for bioengineered yeast to convert sugars into biofuels.