Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Geothermal energy is reliable and operates independently of weather conditions. [SEP] Text: Maximum potential for geothermal power in Germany based on engineered geothermal systems access Published: 03 August 2015 Maximum potential for geothermal power in Germany based on engineered geothermal systems Charitra Jain1,2, Christian Vogt1,3 & Christoph Clauser1 35. 3 MW e. When operated at full capacity, these systems collectively may supply 4155 TWh of electric energy in 1 year which would be roughly seven times the electric energy produced in Germany in the year 2011. Thus, our study suggests that major scientific, engineering, and financial efforts are justified for developing the drilling and stimulation technologies required for creating the permeabilities required for successful EGS. Then, EGS will have great potential for contributing towards national power production in a future powered by sustainable, decentralized energy systems. BackgroundGeothermal energy is renewable, environmentally friendly, and ubiquitous. Yet, only a tiny fraction of it is harnessed commercially for space heating or for electricity by conversion at some expense (Clauser 2006). The grade of all geothermal resources depends on the temperature difference between produced and re-injected water, the fluid flow rate and hence, reservoir rock permeability and porosity, and the amount of fluid saturation (Tester et al. 2006). For exploiting high-grade resources, it is desirable to access deeper parts of the Earth’s crust as rock temperature increases with depth. At the same time, decreasing rock permeability and exponentially increasing drilling costs with depth (Heidinger 2010) can render a geothermal installation uneconomical. In the presence of natural steam or hot water reservoirs, electricity can be produced by forcing high-pressure steam or organic vapor to drive the turbines. In their absence and when the reservoirs lack sufficient permeability for effective heat transfer, engineered geothermal systems (EGS) may be employed for electricity production by engineering the reservoir (Clauser 2006). They cogenerate heat and power and can be used for large-scale applications like district heating or base-load power supply with capacity factors above 90 % (Bertani 2009). But the process of heat extraction from the subsurface using EGS needs optimization. In this paper, we study the long-term response of operated EGS reservoirs based on numerical stimulation (Clauser 2003) of an optimized heat extraction process. We systematically vary parameters such as flow rate and well separation in the subsurface and study various EGS configurations and their sustainability. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the reliability of engineered geothermal systems (EGS) in electricity production. It states that EGS can be employed for electricity production by engineering the reservoir and indicates that they can provide large-scale applications like base-load power supply, which aligns with the idea of reliability. Furthermore, it notes that capacity factors for EGS can be above 90%, suggesting consistent performance independent of weather conditions.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Every genetic trait can be modified without affecting other genes. [SEP] Text: Given only individuals that carried BY alleles at both the Chromosome VII and XV loci exhibited rough morphology, it is likely that these loci genetically interact to complement END33S. Our findings indicate that the segregant used for backcrossing carried more than one set of interacting alleles that can specify rough morphology (Figure 4D). Identifying the causal genes and genetic variants underlying the Chromosome VII and XV loci can thus shed light on how these different genotypes produce the same trait. However, our ongoing efforts to clone the causal factors at these loci are limited by the crude resolution of the present data (each locus is presently resolved to >60 kilobases; Table S10). We note that initial gene deletion experiments focused on 18 candidates (Table S13), including LAS17 and YAP1802, whose cognate proteins functionally interact with End3 [35], [36], have been unsuccessful. Moving forward, we plan to determine the genes that underlie the Chromosome VII and XV loci, and characterize their relationship with END3. In summary, we have demonstrated that sets of five or more genetic variants can synthetically interact to produce major phenotypic effects. Alleles involved in these higher-order interactions may either be polymorphisms that segregate in natural populations or spontaneous mutations. Our results also illustrate that rather than functioning in a single biochemical pathway, protein complex, or regulatory circuit, the genes involved in higher-order interactions can play roles in a number of cellular processes. This finding implies that characterizing higher-order interactions using data from screens and annotations focused solely on reference genomes may be a challenge, and highlights how genetic variation can serve as a tool for detecting previously unidentified functional relationships among genes. Further, we have shown that multiple sets of alleles can interact to produce the same phenotypic effect. Additional work is necessary to determine how this latter finding is mediated at the molecular and systems levels. Overall, our study suggests that characterizing the larger-scale contribution of higher-order interactions to phenotypic variation is a necessary step in improving our basic understanding of the genotype-phenotype map. of yeast colony morphology All phenotyping experiments were performed on agar plates containing yeast extract and peptone (YP) with 2% ethanol as the carbon source (YPE). Prior to phenotyping, strains were grown up in liquid YP with 2% dextrose (YPD). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the interaction between multiple genetic loci and how they collectively influence a trait. It states that 'sets of five or more genetic variants can synthetically interact to produce major phenotypic effects', indicating that modifying one trait could impact other genes due to their interactions. This suggests that genetic traits do not operate in isolation without affecting neighboring or interacting genes.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: The suprachiasmatic nucleus is the master regulator of circadian rhythms. [SEP] Text: There are also other important parameters, such as couplings between oscillators and mean free-running periods in the core and shell. Changes of these parameters also may result in the dissociation of circadian rhythms. The impact of abnormal changes of these parameters on the SCN dynamics is an important problem in experimental research. External factors, such as temperature or continuous intake of chemical substances, for example, melatonin or antidepressants, may change these parameters. In particular, the couplings among neurons are mediated by neurotransmitters, such as VIP and GABA, which can be influenced by drugs. The appearance of dissociated rhythms is a common phenomenon in the SCN of mammals. We believe that our results may also be translated to humans being diurnal animals. However, these interesting problems need a detailed literature search and further investigations that go out of the scope of the present 4. The period TLL(sr) of the dissociated rhythm is predicted to increase with light intensity in diurnal animals, but to decrease in nocturnal animals. In addition, the critical light intensity for dissociation was found to be an order of magnitude smaller in the nocturnal case, in agreement with the experimental observation of rhythm dissociation in rats under LL conditions (Albers et al. , 1981). In conclusion, the simplified model presented in this work captures important functional aspects of the SCN and its core-shell organization. Using this model, we extend existing work on dissociation by studying the period and strength of the dissociated rhythm. Numerical results were found to be in good qualitative agreement with experimental observations, in particular regarding the inverse relationship between the period of the LD cycle and the period of the dissociated rhythm. Within the model, the state of the core and shell is characterized by a synchronization index and phase, and determined by parameters which can either be measured experimentally or be inferred from experiments, as discussed in the section on the choice of parameter values. Among these parameters, the core-shell intercouplings and mean free-running periods constrain the core-shell phase difference, which determines the shell’s ability to anticipate the core under different symmetric lighting conditions and intensities. In the particular case of constant lighting conditions, the dependence on light intensity can be modeled explicitly through the introduction of a phenomenological constant, as shown in the corresponding section. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text discusses various parameters related to circadian rhythms and mentions the SCN but does not directly support or rebut the claim that the SCN is the master regulator of circadian rhythms. Instead, it elaborates on the complexities involved in circadian rhythm dynamics and the influence of external factors, suggesting that further investigation into the SCN's function is needed. Therefore, it is irrelevant to the specific claim regarding the SCN's master regulatory role.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Geothermal energy is reliable and operates independently of weather conditions. [SEP] Text: In a scenario where these 13,450 plants exist and are running all year-round at full capacity, they can supply 4155 TWh of electric energy in 1 year. This would be sevenfold the electric energy produced in Germany in the year 2011. Fox et al. (2013) have classified the EGS reservoirs as renewable and capable of producing energy sustainably. Based on their calculations, reservoirs can be recycled post-production as a significant amount of their original thermal energy will recover over time scales which are two-to-four times the production time. Covering a resource base for 500 years (a rather conservative estimate) and an operation time of 31 years, these 13,450 EGS plants can deliver 258 TWh of electric energy. To summarize, EGS has the potential to deliver 42 % of German power production (612 TWh in year 2011) at any given time. Table 5 compares the potential of three optimized EGS layouts. Comparison with other renewablesThe number of possible EGS installations in Germany may sound unrealistic at first, but it is not unreasonable when compared to the existing number of wind turbines and solar PV systems in the country. According to DEWI (DEWI 2012), Germany had 22,297 wind turbines by the end of the year 2011 with an installed capacity of 29. 07 GW e. Considering a power density of 5–8 MW e per km 2 (Sesto and Casale 1998), this corresponds to anywhere between 3635 and 5815 km 2 of land use. Solar power accounted for 12 % of total electric energy delivered by renewables with its 1,090,000 PV installations by the end of the year 2011 (BDEW 2011; BSW 2012). For generating electricity by biomass (solid/liquid fuels, bio/sewage/landfill gas, and biogenic fraction of waste), 20,000 km 2 of agricultural land was used in the same year (BMU 2009). The share of different renewables towards electricity production is compared in Table 6. Table 6 Contribution of renewables towards electricity production (BDEW 2011; BSW 2012; DEWI 2012 Full size table The share of renewable energies towards electricity generation will continue to rise as Germany aims to produce 80 % of its electricity using renewables by the year 2050 (BDEW 2011). As mentioned before, a large number of deep geothermal projects are already under development. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the potential of Enhanced Geothermal Systems (EGS) to provide a significant and sustainable energy supply. The section mentions that EGS can supply a large amount of electric energy consistently, indicating reliability. Additionally, it emphasizes that geothermal energy can recover its thermal energy over time, which further supports the notion that it operates independently of variable weather conditions. The details about the substantial capacity of EGS plants and their contributions to Germany's electricity production serve as evidence for the reliability of geothermal energy.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Every genetic trait can be modified without affecting other genes. [SEP] Text: [41], we employed Models (HMMs) to determine the haplotypes of the segregants based on the sequencing data. We computed the fraction of reads at each SNP that came from BY and used the vector of these fractions in HMMs that were implemented chromosome-by-chromosome in the HMM() package of the R statistical programming environment. Any segregants producing data that showed evidence of contamination, diploidy, or aneuploidy were excluded from genetic mapping and downstream analyses. Four and eight such individuals were left out of the BY and 3S mapping populations, respectively. Genetic mapping Genotypes inferred from the HMM were used in genetic mapping analyses. At each position in the genome, we determined the fraction of individuals that carried the allele from the parent not used in the backcross. We scanned the genome for alleles from the non-backcross parent that were detected in a large fraction of segregants. We report loci where these alleles were at 95% frequency or higher. To determine intervals in which causal genes were located, we identified the smallest region that was bounded by recombination breakpoints among individuals from a backcross that shared the same allele at a peak. Generation and genotyping of dissected tetrads Backcross diploids were sporulated and digested in β-glucuronidase to permit tetrad dissection. Standard microdissection techniques were used to isolate tetrads and separate individual spores. Fine-mapping using multi-locus introgression strains and dissected backcross segregants Haploid multi-locus introgression strains were constructed using six rounds of recurrent backcrossing with phenotypic selection, starting from the same segregant used in our backcross mapping experiment. Eight of these strains were generated, with four made by recurrently backcrossing to 3S and four made by recurrently backcrossing to BY. We also used a subset of individuals from the tetrad dissections that showed rough morphology. To conduct the fine-mapping, we typed these individuals at a number of markers in each interval using PCR and restriction digestion, or Sanger sequencing. Genetic engineering experiments All genes within causal loci were deleted using the CORE cassette, in the same manner described by Storici et al. [42]. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the complexities of genetic mapping and the process of genetic engineering. It mentions that causal genes were deleted which implies that modifying one gene could affect the surrounding genetic context, contrary to the claim that all traits can be modified independently. The process of determining haplotypes and excluding individuals showing contamination or aneuploidy highlights that not all traits can be modified without ramifications.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: The suprachiasmatic nucleus is the master regulator of circadian rhythms. [SEP] Text: This simple modification to the model reproduces Aschoff’s first rule for diurnal and nocturnal animals and reveals rhythm dissociation under increasing light intensity. Moreover, the introduction of the constant opens up the possibility to explore other open problems and experimental conditions in the study of circadian rhythms. Potential applications include asymmetric LD cycles, which are used to mimic seasonal variations in day length (Meijer et al. , 2010; Myung et al. , 2015, and the problem of antiphase rhythm splitting under constant light (Pittendrigh, 1960; Pittendrigh and Daan, 1976b; Ohta et al. , 2005). From a theoretical point of view, another interesting problem is to extend the proposed model with other features of the SCN’s network organization, namely, degree distribution (Gu et al. , 2021), the existence of local groups of neurons that form intermediate structures in the SCN (Yoshikawa et al. , 2021). The results presented in this work strongly suggest that the Kuramoto model captures essential features of synchronization and entrainment in the SCN. Moreover, the reduced model is easily extendible to an arbitrary number of groups, with dynamics described by explicit equations for the group phase and synchronization index. Viewed together, the reduced Kuramoto model presents itself as a useful tool for exploring open problems in the study of circadian rhythms, one that can account for evolving views of the circadian system’s organization, including inter-hemispheric interaction and peripheral clocks (e. g. , in liver, muscle, pancreas, heart, adipose tissue). We believe that our model may be translated to the other animals, both nocturnal and diurnal animals, including humans. 2016. Conflict of Interest StatementThe author(s) have no potential conflicts of interest with respect to the research, authorship, and/or publication of this 191. CrossrefPubMedWeb of Science94. CrossrefPubMedWeb of Science1432. CrossrefPubMedWeb of Science249. CrossrefPubMed176. CrossrefPubMedWeb of Science1082. PubMed3128. CrossrefPubMed42. CrossrefPubMedWeb of Science313. CrossrefPubMedWeb of Science800. CrossrefPubMedWeb of Science801. CrossrefPubMedWeb of Science1275. Crossref280. CrossrefPubMedWeb of Science126. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not explicitly confirm or deny the claim about the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) being the master regulator of circadian rhythms. Instead, it discusses mathematical modeling and synchronization features related to circadian rhythms without providing direct evidence or information specifically about the SCN's role as the master regulator. Consequently, the text is deemed irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Geothermal energy is reliable and operates independently of weather conditions. [SEP] Text: Wind energy is expected to grow both onshore and offshore, especially with the proposed installation of the 25 GW e offshore wind farm in the by the year 2030 (Morkel et al. 2007). According to BSW forecasts, the share of solar PV in German gross power production will rise from 4 % in 2012 to 10 % in 2020 (BSW 2012). Land area under biomass is also projected to climb to 25,000–40,000 km 2 by the year 2020 (BMU 2009), thus doubling its share towards energy supply. Irrespective of the current installed capacity of only 8 MW e geothermal energy offers an attractive option for producing green energy. EGS plants are independent of seasonal variations and are capable of delivering base-load electricity unlike wind and solar power. Compared to biomass which has to compete with food crops for using the land area, EGS plants have a limited surface footprint and they provide much higher power density. ConclusionsHeat extraction from EGS reservoirs is a challenging task owing to limited subsurface knowledge and inaccessibility to rock volume (Pettitt et al. 2011). As the projects extend beyond prior experience, numerical modeling assists in studying the long-term response of EGS reservoirs towards stimulation. We are aware that currently realized flow rates in existing EGS sites (Baria et al. 1999; Breesee 2015) are insufficient to allow for a significant contribution from geothermal energy towards Germany’s energy supply. We also acknowledge that systems such as those which we modeled currently cannot be engineered in the basement rock yet. However, given that the required technological improvements (Bertani 2009; Tester et al. 2006) will become available in time, technically feasible flow rates may be expected to increase in the future. Hence, our results are based on the assumption that flow rates of up to 150 L s −1 will become possible by progress in future drilling and stimulation technology. Induced seismicity inevitably accompanies hydraulic fracturing during the installation and operation of EGS. However, the probability of events of a given magnitude can be estimated (for example, see Shapiro et al. (2007)) and research is ongoing to minimize associated magnitudes by controlling the mode and magnitude of injection flow rates and pressure (Tester et al. 2006; Zang et al. 2013). Moreover, other stimulation methods such as thermal, chemical, or combined approaches are also under development. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by stating that Enhanced Geothermal Systems (EGS) are independent of seasonal variations and capable of delivering base-load electricity, which supports the reliability of geothermal energy compared to wind and solar power that are influenced by weather conditions.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Every genetic trait can be modified without affecting other genes. [SEP] Text: Homology tails matching the 60 bases immediately up- and downstream of each gene were attached to the CORE cassette through PCR and introduced into cells using the method [43]. Selection for G418 resistance was used to screen for integration of the CORE cassette; correct integration was then checked using PCR. All deletions were performed in a haploid multi-locus introgression strain. To perform complementation tests, deletion strains were mated to multiple dissected segregants that carried either the causal or non-causal allele of the deleted gene, as well as the causal alleles at the four other involved genes. The same phenotyping methods described above were employed for these strains. To generate allele replacement strains for IRA2, a smooth segregant with the non-causal allele of IRA2 and the causal alleles at the other four loci was transformed using a modified form of adaptamer mediated allele replacement [44]. Transformations were conducted with two partially overlapping PCR products—a full-length amplicon of IRA2 that was tailed at the 3′ end with the 5′ portion of the kanMX cassette and a copy of the kanMX cassette that was tailed on the 3′ end with part of the intergenic region downstream of IRA2. Knock-ins were identified using selection on G418 and verified by Sanger sequencing. Identification of loci that complement the 3S allele of END3 Sequenced strains from the backcross to 3S were partitioned based on their genotype at END3. We then screened these individuals for sites where they all carried BY alleles. A group of additional rough segregants with END33S that had been obtained during tetrad dissections were genotyped by PCR amplification and restriction digestion of markers across each of the new loci. One of these additional backcross segregants was mated to 3S, and a panel of rough progeny from this second-generation backcross were typed at the remaining candidate loci. Supporting InformationFigure S1. Sequencing coverage for each chromosome of the backcrossed rough segregant. The segregant used in backcrossing was sequenced to ∼4. 39× coverage. We determined the average coverage of nucleotides on each chromosome (grey bars) and across the genome (dotted line). None of the chromosomes exhibited a significant excess or deficit of coverage, suggesting that the strain did not carry any large aneuploidies. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by describing a complex genetic modification process that involves multiple genes. It details methods for integrating the CORE cassette and performing complementation tests that involve interactions between multiple genes, implying that modifying one genetic trait can affect others due to their interactions in the given genetic background. The statement about engaging with causal and non-causal alleles reinforces that there are dependencies and complexities in genetic modifications, opposing the claim that modification can occur in isolation.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: The suprachiasmatic nucleus is the master regulator of circadian rhythms. [SEP] Text: CrossrefPubMedWeb of Science983. CrossrefPubMedWeb of Science43. CrossrefPubMedWeb of Science688. CrossrefPubMed4482. CrossrefPubMed8391. CrossrefPubMed8878. CrossrefPubMed2215. CrossrefPubMed544. CrossrefPubMed2419. CrossrefPubMed9506. CrossrefPubMed469. CrossrefPubMedWeb of Science277. CrossrefPubMedWeb of Science32. CrossrefPubMedWeb of Science7056. CrossrefPubMedWeb of Science860. CrossrefPubMedWeb of Science4811. CrossrefPubMed118. CrossrefPubMedWeb of Science2151. CrossrefPubMedWeb of Science493. CrossrefPubMed971. CrossrefPubMed375. Crossref119. CrossrefPubMed2162. CrossrefPubMedWeb of Science14. CrossrefPubMedWeb of Science3929. CrossrefPubMedWeb of Science3202. CrossrefPubMedWeb of Science88. CrossrefPubMedWeb of Science269. CrossrefPubMedWeb of Science7113. CrossrefPubMed2540. CrossrefPubMedWeb of Science184. 331. CrossrefWeb of Science355. CrossrefWeb of Science331. CrossrefWeb of Science166. CrossrefPubMedWeb of Science9578. CrossrefPubMed232. 7545. CrossrefPubMedWeb of Science47. CrossrefPubMedWeb of Science6607. CrossrefPubMed1156. 18. 2018. 56. CrossrefPubMed577. CrossrefPubMedWeb of Science1412. CrossrefPubMedWeb of Science4313. CrossrefPubMed21. 2021. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not provide any information or context related to the suprachiasmatic nucleus or its role as a regulator of circadian rhythms. It consists primarily of repeated references to PubMed and Web of Science without any clear connections to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Geothermal energy is reliable and operates independently of weather conditions. [SEP] Text: In other words, EGS has the potential to deliver 4155 TWh of electric energy in 1 year which would be sevenfold the German power production for the year 2011. Note that the geothermal potential is not derived from theoretical principles concerning the heat content of the rock, but by simulating the actual extracted heat from an engineered geothermal system, yielding a more realistic estimation of the potential. Considering the rampant utilization of natural resources by humans and the increasing climate change, bold steps need to be taken on a unprecedented scale to avoid an imminent environmental disaster. A nationwide effort is required for restructuring the German energy market while ensuring its cost-effectiveness. Geothermal energy along with all other renewables need to be developed further by making them more efficient while assessing and mitigating their environmental impacts. Expansion of transmission grids is inevitable to connect the proposed wind farms in the to southern industrialized centers by adopting new transmission technologies like high-voltage direct current (HVDC) (BMU 2011). Social acceptance will be of paramount importance and thus awareness needs to be created among the general public about energy-saving measures and the environmental benefits of switching to low-carbon alternative energies. EGS plants provide non-intermittent power, have a minor surface footprint, and cause low-to-zero carbon emissions. To conclude, renewables like geothermal energy including its engineered geothermal systems will play a vital role in building a greener tomorrow. Endnote 1 Production in Landau is stalled until the pending claims regarding the triggering of induced seismicity have been settled. AbbreviationsEGS: engineered geothermal systems; HDR: hot dry rock ORC: organic rankine cycle EEG: Erneuerbare-Energien-Gesetz HVDC: high-voltage direct current 1996. Geothermics 28(4–5): 655–669. 2011. Bundesverband der Energie-und Wasserwirtschaft (BDEW), Berlin. 4. 2015. hot dry rock project. Gordon and Breach, Philadelphia. 1983. Geothermics 28(4–5): 591–601. 572. 2003. Numerical simulation of reactive flow in hot aquifers: and processing. Springer Verlag, Heidelberg-Berlin. 604. . Springer Verlag, Heidelberg-Berlin. 20. 04. 2015). 2008. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by stating that engineered geothermal systems (EGS) provide non-intermittent power, meaning they can deliver a steady output regardless of weather conditions. This indicates that geothermal energy is reliable and does not depend on external weather factors.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Every genetic trait can be modified without affecting other genes. [SEP] Text: END3 was deleted from a segregant that possessed the END33S allele and the alleles that cause rough morphology at TRR1, FLO8, MSS11, AVO1, and the additional loci on chromosomes VII and XV. Figure S6. Allele frequencies among rough individuals with END33S. Allele frequencies of individuals from the initial 3S mapping population that showed rough morphology but lacked the BY allele of END3 are plotted. Additional 3S backcross segregants were obtained, and analyzed as individuals using phenotyping and genotyping at the new loci. The SGA markers used to select MATa haploid segregants are labelled with a grey arrow, while the chromosome XIII locus containing MSS11 is labelled with a green arrow. The 11 novel loci are shown with black and red arrows, with the difference being black loci were sites that remained as candidates after typing of additional segregants that possessed rough morphology and the alternate causal genotype. Table S1. Phenotypes and genotypes of tetrad spores from the backcross to BY. Individuals from 14 dissected tetrads were phenotyped and genotyped at segregating markers within causal loci. Phenotypes are recorded as smooth (s), rough (r) or bumpy subphenotype (b). Genotypes at segregating markers within each locus are denoted as 1 (3S) or 0 (BY). Under the column “Spore #”, the number in the name represents the tetrad, while the letters signify different spores. Table S2. Phenotypes and genotypes of tetrad spores from the backcross to 3S. Individuals from 13 dissected tetrads were phenotyped and genotyped at segregating markers within causal loci. Phenotypes are recorded as smooth (s) or rough (r). Genotypes at segregating markers within each locus are denoted as 1 (BY) or 0 (3S). Under the column “Spore #”, the number in the name represents the tetrad, while the letters signify different spores. 5 individuals possessed BY alleles at MSS11 and END3, yet showed smooth morphology. Further genotyping revealed that bolded individuals lacked the IRA23S-Δ2933 allele. Table S3. Initial bounds of detected loci for the five-way interaction. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by detailing the complexities involved in genetic modification. It discusses the deletion of specific alleles (such as END3) while mentioning how different alleles and loci interact with one another to affect phenotypes like rough morphology, indicating that modifying one trait is likely to affect other genes. The multiple loci involved and their interactions suggest that the modification of genetic traits is not straightforward and can indeed impact other genes.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: The suprachiasmatic nucleus is the master regulator of circadian rhythms. [SEP] Text: situ hybridization and colocalization Mice were anesthetized with xylazine and ketamine and transcardially perfused with PBS, followed by 4% paraformaldehyde in PBS. The brains were removed, post-fixed in 4% paraformaldehyde overnight, and cryoprotected with 20% sucrose in 0. 1 M phosphate buffer (PB, pH 7. 4) for 48 hr. The brains were subsequently frozen in isopentane and 16–20 micrometer coronal sections were cut using a cryostat. Antisense riboprobes containing the 3’ UTR of mouse PKR2 (GenBank accession number AF487279; residues 1147–2211) were generated by T7 RNA polymerase (sense probes were generated with SP6 RNA polymerase). Riboprobes was labeled with digoxigenin-UTP (DIG-UTP) (Roche) and diluted l to 50 in hybridization solution (50% formaldehyde, 10% dextran sulfate, 0. 02% Ficoll, 0. 02% polyvinylpyrolidone, 0. 02% BSA, 500 µg/ml tRNA, 0. 3M NaCl, 10mM Tris, pH 8. 0, 1mM EDTA). For the hybridization, sections were sequentially hydrated in 1x PBS (phosphate buffered saline), 0. 6% H2O2 in 1x PBS for 30 minutes, 1. 2% H2O2 in 1x PBS for 1 hr, and 0. 6% H2O2 in 1x PBS for 30 minutes. Tissue sections were fixed with 4% paraformaldehyde for 15 minutes, followed by three 1x PBS washes. Sections were pretreated with proteinase K (10 µg/ml) and pre-hybridized with the hybridization solution without probe for 1 hr at room temperature. Hybridized with the riboprobe, the sections were incubated at 60°C for 18 hours, followed by RNAase (20 µg/ml) digestion, decreasing salinity washes and a 60 minute high stringency (68°C) wash. Sections were then washed with 1x PBS and 0. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text describes detailed scientific methods used in a study involving mice but does not mention the suprachiasmatic nucleus or its role in regulating circadian rhythms. Therefore, it is irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Wind turbines are a significant threat to migratory bird populations. [SEP] Text: Figures AbstractInformation on when birds and bats die from collisions with wind turbines can help refine efforts to minimize fatalities via curtailment of energy productions and can offer insight into the risk factors associated with collision fatalities. Using data pooled from 114 post-construction monitoring studies conducted at wind facilities across the United States, we described seasonal patterns of fatalities among birds and bats. Bat fatalities peaked in the fall. Silver-haired bat (Lasionycteris noctivagans), a long-distance migrant, and Mexican free-tailed bat (Tadarida brasiliensis) both showed maximum fatality counts later in the year–October and November, respectively–than any other bat species. The other common species in our sample–hoary bat (Aeorestes cinereus), Eastern red bat (Lasiurus borealis), and big brown bat (Eptesicus fuscus)–showed broadly overlapping peaks of fatality counts in August. Fatalities of silver-haired bat showed a smaller spring peak in some ecoregions; no other bat species exhibited this pattern. Seasonal patterns of bird fatalities varied among guilds. Woodland birds, many of which were long-distance migrants, showed two peaks in fatalities corresponding to spring and fall migration. Grassland birds and soaring birds, most of which were resident or short-distance migrants, did not exhibit strong seasonal peaks in fatalities. Species in these guilds tend to inhabit regions with extensive wind-energy development year-round, which may explain the more consistent numbers of fatalities that we observed. Our results highlight the value of pooling data to develop science-based solutions to reduce conflicts between wind-energy development and wildlife but also emphasize the need for more extensive data and standardization of post-construction monitoring to support more robust inferences regarding wind-wildlife interactions and collision risk. Citation: -Gillman S, Allison TD (2023) Seasonal patterns of bird and bat collision fatalities at wind turbines. 18(5): e0284778. : November 9, 2022; Accepted: April 7, 2023; Published: May 10, 2023Copyright: © 2023 Lloyd et al. This is an open access 2021. In addition, we did not include carcasses found outside of a scheduled search because these discoveries did not have any associated measure of effort. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing seasonal patterns of bird fatalities at wind turbines, particularly noting that woodland birds—which include many long-distance migratory species—showed peaks in fatalities during spring and fall migrations. This information suggests that wind turbines indeed pose a threat to migratory bird populations, as their migration patterns coincide with increased collision risks.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Every genetic trait can be modified without affecting other genes. [SEP] Text: A 1 indicates that all genotyped individuals possessed the BY allele at a given marker and 0 indicates the 3S allele. Table S12. Genotyping of rough END33S×3S second-generation backcross segregants. 39 individuals with rough morphology (1–39) and 12 with smooth morphology (c1–c12) were genotyped at segregating markers within four candidate loci. A 1 indicates that all genotyped individuals possessed the 3S allele at a given marker and 0 indicates the BY allele. Table S13. Genes within additional loci tested by deletion. Each of the above genes were tested for involvement in rough morphology by deletion in a rough individual. Text S1. Evaluation of the essential genes AVO1 and TOP2. Text S2. Protein sequences of Ira2BY, Ira23S, and Ira23S -Δ2933. 1. (1996) Introduction to quantitative genetics (4th edition). Harlow, England: Limited. 2. Lynch M, (1998) Genetics and analysis of quantitative traits: Sinauer. 3. Mackay TF (2014) Epistasis and quantitative traits: using model organisms to study gene-gene interactions. Nature reviews Genetics 15: 22–33. View 4. Phillips PC (2008) Epistasis–the essential role of gene interactions in the structure and evolution of genetic systems. Genet 9: 855–867. View 5. (2011) Molecular mechanisms of epistasis within and between genes. 27: 323–331. View 6. (2012) Epistasis dominates the genetic architecture of Drosophila quantitative traits. Proceedings of the of Sciences of the of America 109: 15553–15559. View 7. (2013) A century after Fisher: time for a new paradigm in quantitative genetics. Trends in genetics: TIG 29: 669–76 View 8. (2005) Genetic interactions between polymorphisms that affect gene expression in yeast. Nature 436: 701–703. View 9. (2010) Genotype to phenotype: a complex problem. Science 328: 469. View 10. (2011) Replication and explorations of high-order epistasis using a large advanced intercross line pedigree. PLoS genetics 7: e1002180. View 11. (2013) Finding the sources of missing heritability in a yeast cross. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by highlighting the role of gene interactions and epistasis in genetic traits. It discusses the involvement of multiple genes and focuses on how gene deletions in certain individuals can affect morphology, suggesting that changes in one trait could impact others due to genetic interactions.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: The suprachiasmatic nucleus is the master regulator of circadian rhythms. [SEP] Text: 2% Triton-X100 (PBST) twice, followed by a blocking solution (PBST, 3% BSA, and 5% horse serum) at room temperature for 1 hr. Sections were incubated with an anti-DIG antibody conjugated with horseradish peroxidase (Perkin Elmer) in blocking solution overnight at 4°C and washed with PBST. DIG labeled cells were revealed with the from as described in the instruction manual. Sections were viewed with fluorescence microscopy prior to the immunohistochemistry. Sections were incubated with rabbit anti-TRPV2 antibody (1:1000, Biotechology) for 24 hr at 4°C. After washes with PBST, the sections were incubated with the secondary antibody conjugated with anti-Rabbit-Cy3 (1:500, Jackson ImmunoResearch) for 2 hrs at room temperature. After washes with was added and sections were dried and cover-slipped. Confocal images were capitulated with Bio-Rad MRC 1024 confocal laser microscope. The use of Z-stack imaging was used to demonstrate co-localization. High resolution images were grayscaled and density was quantified using ImageJ 1. 35s (). All procedures have been approved by IACUC committee of UC Irvine. Generation of stable CHO cells line expressing PKR2-apoprotein and TRPV2 Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells stably expressing PKR2 photoprotein aequorin (PKR2-aq) were grown in alpha MEM Earl’s Salts (Invitrogen, Carlsbad, CA), containing 10% fetal bovine serum, 100 µg/ml streptomycin, 100 U/ml penicillin, G418 (100 µg/ml), and Zeocin (100 µg/ml). Human transient receptor cation channel, subtype V, member 2 (TRPV2) cDNA (ATCC) in pIRESpuro was transfected into PKR2-aq using lipofectAMINE manufactures protocol (Invitrogen, Carlsbad, CA). Clones of cells stably expressing PKR2 and TRPV2 were selected under 5µg/ml puromycin in a 5% CO2 incubator at 37°C. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it details a laboratory protocol involving the use of various antibodies and cell lines without any mention of the suprachiasmatic nucleus or its role in regulating circadian rhythms.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Wind turbines are a significant threat to migratory bird populations. [SEP] Text: Carcass discoveries are per 100 searches, center line shows the predicted mean and shaded regions show the 95% confidence intervals. Download: PPTPowerPoint slidePNGlarger imageTIFForiginal imageFig 6. Daily carcass discovery predictions from generalized additive mixed model for bird guilds by Level II ecoregion. Carcass discoveries are per 100 searches and y-axis scale may vary among regions. Center line shows the predicted mean and shaded regions show the 95% confidence intervals. Striped sections indicate periods of sparse data. Only significant results are plotted. DiscussionBased on data collected across the U. S. over 13 years (2009–2021), our findings replicate existing descriptions of temporal patterns of collision fatalities at wind turbines and reveal several new insights. We conclude that most of what is known about seasonal variation in collisions among birds and bats at wind facilities in the U. S. holds true even as sample size increases by an order of magnitude, supporting the use of these patterns in the inductive development of hypotheses concerning collision risk factors. Pooling PCM data in AWWIC proved especially useful in allowing a finer-grained analysis of bird collisions. In particular, we found distinct patterns in the seasonal timing of collision fatalities among bird guilds, which has not been described previously. Seasonal peaks in fatality counts were most evident for birds that we classified into the woodland guild. This group of species, nearly all of which are long-distance migrants between breeding locales in the Nearctic and wintering areas in the Neotropics, showed spring and fall peaks in fatality counts that correspond to the typical timing of spring and autumn migration. Grassland and soaring guilds, which included few long-distance migrants, did not exhibit strong seasonal peaks in carcass discoveries. The importance of migration as a risk factor for birds has been noted previously [6, 7] but the differences that we observed among bird guilds suggests that the association between bird migration and collision fatalities also reflects where wind-energy facilities are constructed and operated. With most facilities in the U. S. situated in open landscapes of the central and western states, long-distance migrants that breed in forested areas will only encounter turbines while moving between breeding and wintering areas. In contrast, many species in the grassland and soaring guilds are present year-round in regions of the U. S. that host significant numbers of wind turbines [19]. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by presenting evidence of seasonal peaks in collision fatalities among long-distance migratory birds at wind turbines. It states that species within the woodland guild, which includes many long-distance migrants, showed significant fatality counts during spring and fall migration periods. This suggests that the operation of wind energy facilities poses a risk to migrating birds when they encounter these structures during their migration between breeding and wintering areas.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Hydropower is a major source of renewable energy in many countries. [SEP] Text: To provide energy security, although indigenous energy generation in the Philippines is quite modest and accounts for 22% from geothermal, 12% from biomass, and 6% from hydropower, it still has to cover a large distance to minimize the dependency on imported oil. As the major instrument for realizing the energy sector’s vision of achieving energy independence, the Department of Energy (DOE) is currently crafting the 2012–2030 Plan (PEP). As embodied in the Act (EPIRA), the economy’s electricity supply industry has been restructured, paving the way for the privatization of the state-owned Corporation (NPC). While oil pricing is deregulated, electricity pricing is a regulated energy commodity. The price for electricity is set by the Commission (ERC). Alongside the implementation of the EPIRA is the unbundling of electricity rates. In view of the Philippines’ wide-ranging geographical situation, to fully connect the entire population to the national grid is a significant hurdle. Servicing the most remote and difficult-to-electrify rural areas will require significant resources; hence, achieving a 100% electrification level over the outlook period remains a challenge for the economy. Among all the other types of renewable energy sources like hydro and wind power there are lots of constraints because of geoclimatic factors, which ultimately leads to further push to geothermal energy as potential source of energy. 2. 5. Solution common for both countries2. 5. 1. Energy mix policySustainable energy policies are likely to succeed if they also contribute toward other societal and economic development objectives in the future. From the standpoint of economic analysis, the optimum quantity of geothermal energy that should be in energy mix is given by intersection of the geothermal supply curve with the avoided social costs of thermal energy. 2. 5. 2. Feed-in TariffShould tariff ceilings be based on estimates of production costs, or on the basis of estimated benefits? A tariff should be rational, and in support of clearly defined objectives. This would ensure that the resources are not developed for their own sake simply because they exist, and because it is generally held to be desirable. The tariff methodology should be transparent (and documented as part of a tariff issuance), with clearly stated assumptions. A tariff should promote economic efficiency. A tariff should be adaptable to changing circumstances. This requires the methodology to have a defined basis and provide for review and updating to a clearly stated timetable. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by providing information that while hydropower is mentioned as one of the renewable energy sources contributing to the energy mix in the Philippines, it states that geothermal energy is being pushed as a potential primary source due to constraints on hydropower caused by geoclimatic factors. Furthermore, hydropower only accounts for 6% of the indigenous energy generation, indicating that it is not a major source of renewable energy in this context.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: The suprachiasmatic nucleus is the master regulator of circadian rhythms. [SEP] Text: Colonies were tested using the LB12 (Berthold) as described [19]. Ca2+ mobilization assay Activation of TRPV2 has been shown to be induced by serum and thus all cellular experiments were pretreated with 6 hours serum-starvation [20]. Cells were serum starved at 37°C in B27 supplemented alpha MEM (Invitrogen, Carlsbad, CA) for 4 hours and in reduced serum OptiMEM I (Invitrogen, Carlsbad, CA) with coelenterazine cp (8µM) for an additional 2 hours. Stable cell lines were then trypsinized, counted, centrifuged, and resuspended in calcium-free HBSS (Hanks’Solution) plus 10m(4-(2-hydroxyethyl)-1-piperazineethanesulfonic acid). The luminescence of both PKR2 and PKR2-aq:TRPV2 stable cell lines was measured with a as follows. After serum starvation, CHO cells were resuspended in Ca2+-free HBSS. Cell analysis occurred in a bioluminescence assay measuring changes in intracellular Ca2+ ([Ca2+]i) concentrations both with application of HBSS or PK2. CHO cells were subjected to PK2 for 10 mins, followed by serum-free defined media. Cells were fixed at 0, 10, 30, 60, 90, and 120 mins and immunostained using extracellular-recognizing TRPV2 antibody. Voltage-clamp electrophysiology in Xenopus oocytes Linearized cDNA-containing vectors for PKR2 and TRPV2 were used to transcribe cRNA using mMessage mMachine reagents (Ambion, Austin, TX). Concentrations of cRNA were determined by spectrophotometric absorbance and by gel electrophoresis. For oocyte isolation, sexually mature female Xenopus laevis were anaesthetized and lobes of ovaries were removed and stored at 16°C and gentamycin (Sigma). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim because it focuses on cellular experiments, calcium mobilization assays, and techniques related to TRPV2 and PKR2 stable cell lines. There is no mention or indication of the suprachiasmatic nucleus or its role in circadian rhythms.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Wind turbines are a significant threat to migratory bird populations. [SEP] Text: As such, species in these guilds may experience relatively consistent exposure to wind turbines and, as a consequence, relatively consistent levels of collision risk among seasons of the year. The hypothesis that exposure to turbines drives interspecific variation in collision fatalities of birds could be tested by examining the relationship between collision fatalities and the amount of time different species spend in the vicinity of operating turbines, for example by combining data on the location of turbines in the U. S. [15], collision fatalities in AWWIC, and intra-annual distribution models generated by eBird (eand Trends products; ebird. org/science/status-and-trends). The sample size for bat fatalities recorded in AWWIC was much larger than that for birds and patterns in collision timing generally matched those reported by previous analyses of smaller data sets [3, 4, 7, 8], with fatalities peaking in late summer and early autumn. As has been observed in other studies (e. g. , [4]), we also found that collision fatalities of silver-haired bats peaked later in the year than for both the other migratory tree bats (hoary bat and Eastern red bat) and the one cave-roosting species in our sample, big brown bat. However, the geographically extensive data in AWWIC allowed us to compare for the first time the timing of fatalities for these more widespread species with Mexican free-tailed bats, carcasses of which appeared in large numbers only in the southernmost regions of our study area. Mexican free-tailed bats exhibited the latest peak in fatality counts, with most carcasses discovered during late October and early November. This fits with previous observations that the intensity of autumn migration in the U. S. peaks for this species during October and November [20, 21]. Mexican free-tailed bats have begun overwintering in larger numbers in Texas, rather than continuing to migrate further south into Mexico, which may further increase the duration of time during which this species is at risk of collisions [22]. Using data from a large geographic area also allowed us to examine how temporal patterns in the number of collisions varied across latitudes, a question that cannot be addressed by site- or region-specific studies. Among the migratory tree bats, species that occurred across multiple ecoregions tended to show earlier fatality peaks in more northerly ecoregions. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing collision risks associated with wind turbines. It highlights the relatively consistent exposure of bird species to these turbines and suggests that collision fatalities could be analyzed in relation to the proximity to operating turbines. The mention of varying collision fatalities among different species, as well as the implications of data analysis from AWWIC, supports the notion that wind turbines pose a threat to migratory bird populations.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Solar panels produce energy consistently, even without sunlight. [SEP] Text: As well, the advent of “green legislation” together with increased green building construction is forcing architects, planners, and builders to consider the environmental impact of buildings they design and construct [4]. Aside from the moderate amount of sunlight required for the health and comfort of occupants, solar radiation is particularly useful as an energy resource [5]. Apart from this, sunlight provides light more efficiently than electric light sources, while producing less heat for the same amount of light. With the development of sustainable design, researchers are attaching much more importance to energy savings related to sun exposure on buildings, an important component of sustainable development. One of the performance analyses done by architects is to predict how buildings are performing in terms of their luminous environment as a result of daylighting [6]. If energy savings from harvesting sunshine on buildings are considered in the building design stage, an optimal energy design can be selected. Demand for solar power has expanded in recent years for domestic and industrial needs. Solar power is produced by collecting sunlight and converting it into electricity, which is normally done by use of large, flat solar panels composed of many individual solar cells. Solar arrays are most often located remotely, although urban sitting is becoming more popular as well. As the cost of solar energy falls, more and more buildings are being outfitted with photovoltaic systems and some even generate more electricity than they use, which structures are called “energy positive,” an impressive feat. In some areas, solar-enabled buildings actually turn a profit from surplus energy, which is sold to local utility companies and fed it onto the grid. In practice, photovoltaic materials (like solar panels) are normally used to replace conventional building materials in parts of the building envelope such as roofs, skylights, and facades. As a principle or ancillary source of electrical power, solar panels are increasingly incorporated into the construction of new buildings, although existing buildings may be retrofitted with similar technology. However, current analysis of solar energy extraction in comparison with the complexity of sunlight models needed for energy calculations clearly reflects the limited use of building information modeling, as well as the lack of effective visualization techniques. Sunlight analysis is performed by hand calculations or by computer simulation tools. In the process of hand calculation, the preparation of initial data can be a very lengthy and laborious, consisting as it does mostly of manual or semimanual translation from architectural model data to simulation data, which often results in numerous coding errors [7]. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by explaining that solar panels produce energy by collecting sunlight and converting it into electricity. It indicates that solar power generation is dependent on sunlight, stating that 'solar power is produced by collecting sunlight'. This directly contradicts the claim that solar panels produce energy 'consistently, even without sunlight', as the generation process relies on the presence of solar radiation.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: The suprachiasmatic nucleus is the master regulator of circadian rhythms. [SEP] Text: After oocytes were plucked and denuded by gentle vortexing with 1mg/ml collagenase (Worthington, Lakewood, NJ), healthy oocytes were injected with PKR2 cRNA or PKR2 and TRPV2 cRNAs. Xenopus laveis oocytes were placed in a 35mm chamber with a bath solution containing 96mM NaCl and 2. 5mM BaCl2. The cells were impaled with two glass electrodes filled with 3M KCl connected to a two-electrode voltage clamp TEV-200 amplifier and oscilloscope. Once impaled, oocytes were incubated in various concentrations of for 5 minutes (Alexis, San Diego, CA) and were followed by PK2. For each experiment, 50nM PK2 was added for 40 seconds. All recordings and images were generated using pClamp 9 (Axon, Union City, CA). Statistical analyses Data were analyzed using Graph5. 0 (San Diego, CA). Two-way or one-way ANOVAs with Bonferroni post-hocs and unpaired t-test were used. Expression of TRPV2 in the SCN and colocalization of TRPV2 with PKR2 in the SCN neurons We screened the expression of all 33 known Trp channels in the mouse SCN [21, 22] by in situ hybridization. The majority of the 33 known Trp channels were not expressed in the SCN, with several of them, including TRPC1, C4 and C5, being lightly expressed in the SCN (Supp. Fig. S1). The only robust expressed TRP channel was TRPV2 (Supp. Fig. S1). In addition to its robust expression in the 2 was also expressed in the several known SCN target areas, such as paraventricular and dorsal medial nuclei of the hypothalamus. As the expression pattern of TRPV2 and PKR2 in the SCN and several known SCN targets is quite similar, we thus investigated whether PKR2 and TRPV2 are co-expressed in the same SCN neuron with combined in situ hybridization and immunostaining. Fig. 1C-F shows that TRPV2 is indeed co-expressed with PKR2 in the SCN neurons. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim regarding the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) as the master regulator of circadian rhythms. Instead, it focuses on experimental procedures involving TRPV2 and PKR2 in SCN neurons, discussing their expression patterns without confirming or denying the role of the SCN in circadian rhythm regulation.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Wind turbines are a significant threat to migratory bird populations. [SEP] Text: Figures AbstractWind energy offers substantial environmental benefits, but wind facilities can negatively impact wildlife, including birds and bats. Researchers and managers have made major efforts to chronicle bird and bat mortality associated with wind facilities, but few studies have examined the patterns and underlying mechanisms of spatial patterns of fatalities at wind facilities. Understanding the horizontal fall distance between a carcass and the nearest turbine pole is important in designing effective search protocols and estimating total mortality. We explored patterns in taxonomic composition and fall distance of bird and bat carcasses at wind facilities in the States using publicly available data and data submitted to the US Fish and under scientific collecting and special purpose utility permits for collection and study of migratory birds. Forty-four wind facilities reported 2,039 bird fatalities spanning 128 species and 22 facilities reported 418 bat fatalities spanning five species. Relative to long-distance migratory birds, short-distance migrants were found farther from turbines. Body mass of birds and bats positively influenced fall distance. Turbine size positively influenced fall distance of birds and bats when analyzed collectively and of birds when analyzed separately from bats. This suggests that as turbines increase in size, a greater search radius will be necessary to detect carcasses. Bird and bat fall distance distributions were notably multimodal, but only birds exhibited a high peak near turbine bases, a novel finding we attribute to collisions with turbine poles in addition to blades. This phenomenon varied across bird species, with potential implications for the accuracy of mortality estimates. Although pole collisions for birds is intuitive, this phenomenon has not been formally recognized. This finding may warrant an updated view of turbines as a collision threat to birds because they are a tall structure, and not strictly as a function of their motion. Citation: (2020) An evaluation of bird and bat mortality at wind turbines in the States. 15(8): e0238034. Vanesa Magar, Centro de y de de de : March 11, 2020; Accepted: August 7, 2020; Published: August 28, 2020This is an open access 1. Cumulative number of bird and bat fatalities reported to the US Fish and between 2008 and 2017 by 44 wind facilities in the Northeastern US. States in gray did not report any fatalities. Exact locations of wind facilities that reported data are withheld due to privacy concerns. Black circles represent all wind facilities in the Northeastern US and size indicates the number of wind turbines in each facility [14]. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the negative impact of wind facilities on wildlife, specifically mentioning bird fatalities associated with wind turbines. It highlights that birds, including migratory species, can suffer collisions with turbine poles and blades, thus supporting the idea that wind turbines pose a threat to these populations. The mention of specific studies assessing bird and bat mortality further reinforces the relationship between wind turbines and their impact on migratory birds.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Solar panels produce energy consistently, even without sunlight. [SEP] Text: The large volume of residential building construction in recent years and the deficit of conventional energy sources justify any initiatives conducive to the construction of self-sustainable residential buildings that are capable of producing their own energy for illumination, HVAC, electrical appliances, etc. [18]. The design of alternative energy devices is a predictable way to develop a wide range of new technologies for a more sustainable future. To achieve energy sustainability, the installation of building-integrated solar panels is a viable option. Solar panels are a type of semiconductor device that converts the energy from sunlight into electric energy. Solar panels do not use chemical reactions to produce electric power, and they have no moving parts. Rooftop and vertical surfaces on buildings are convenient installation position to supply solar energy to meet growing energy demands. Depending on material, solar panels can be classified into different kinds: silicon solar cell, compound solar cells, polymer solar cell, nanocrystal solar cell, organic solar cell, and plastic solar cell. Many of factors play part in determining the practicality of a given solar installation and the selection of solar panels. One major factor is the available sunlight. Considering the sun is what combines with the photovoltaic panels to produce the energy, an area rich in sunlight is highly desirable [19]. Glasnovic and Margeta [19] performed an analysis of photovoltaic pumps versus diesel pumps and concluded that photovoltaic pumps were more efficient than diesel pump. Photovoltaic solar cells are thin silicon disks that convert sunlight into electricity. These disks act as energy sources for a wide variety of uses, such as rooftop panels on buildings. The past decade has seen a remarkable evolution in mainstream silicon solar cell technology, documented by greatly increased production volumes and greatly reduced costs. By using solar panels, electricity costs from outside sources are negated by the electricity produced by the building’s surface installations. Additionally, emissions that are the environmental cost of burning coal to produce electricity are significantly reduced. Although solar energy is renewable, more efficient than fossil fuel and environmentally friendly, it is costly. According to Borenstein [20], the high cost of power from solar panels has been a major deterrent to the technology’s market penetration, while the current direct cost of photovoltaic solar panels is widely acknowledged to be much greater than fossil fuel generation or many other renewable energy sources. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by explaining that solar panels rely on sunlight to generate electricity, stating that 'an area rich in sunlight is highly desirable' and emphasizing that solar panels convert sunlight into electric energy. This indicates that solar panels do not produce energy consistently without sunlight, directly opposing the claim.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: The suprachiasmatic nucleus is the master regulator of circadian rhythms. [SEP] Text: C, Quantification by MCID analysis of PK2 and TrpV2 mRNA. Animals were subjected to constant darkness for 2 days. Each value is the mean of 4–6 animals. Solid squares, PK2; open squares, TrpV2. Scale bar=1 mm. Figure 2 Oscillation of TrpV2 protein expression in SCN of WT and PK2 KO mice. A, Coexpression of TrpV2 protein and PKR2 mRNA in the SCN of WT mouse at CT4. TrpV2 protein expression is reduced in the SCN of WT mouse SCN at CT16 (B). TrpV2 level are similar in the SCN of PK2 KO mouse at CT4 (C), and CT16 (D). Images of left column are of TrpV2 protein (red) alone; images of right column are of TrpV2 protein and PKR2 mRNA (green). E, Graphical representation of TrpV2 protein level in the SCN of WT and PK2 KO mice at CT4 and CT16 ***p<0. 0001. Scale bar=500 µm. Enhanced Ca2+ mobilization in PKR2-TRPV2 co-expressing cells To determine the functional interaction of PKR2 and TRPV2, we next examined Ca2+ mobilization in stable cell lines that co-express PKR2 and TRPV2 (PKR2:TRPV2). As shown in Figure 3A-C, the calcium mobilization signal was significantly increased in PKR2:TRPV2 cells, compared to parental PKR2 cells [19]. The modest mobilization of Ca2+ in the parental PKR2 CHO cell line can be attributed to calcium release from intracellular storage (Fig. 3A and 19). Furthermore, ruthenium red, a TRPV blocker, was shown to dose-dependently inhibit the calcium signaling in PKR2:TRPV2 cells (Fig. 3E-F). This decrease was due to blockade in TRPV2 channel activation, since [Ca2+]i concentrations in the parental PKR2 cells were unaffected (Fig. 3D, F). Figure 3 PK2-induced Ca2+ mobilization of PKR2:TrpV2- expressing CHO cells. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it primarily discusses the expression of TrpV2 protein and its interaction with PKR2 in the context of calcium mobilization in cell lines and does not mention the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) or its role in regulating circadian rhythms.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Wind turbines are a significant threat to migratory bird populations. [SEP] Text: We set the lower limits for these tests at 0 m (carcasses with a distance of 0 m were found directly next to the turbine base) to reflect the non-negative nature of distance values. Although data ranged to 100 m, we set our upper limit for testing to 60 m after observing that the ACR method tended to identify modes at the location of single data points in the far right tail of the fall distance distribution when allowed to search out to 100 m. We considered these far-right modes as reflecting nothing more than the method's computational limitations under sparse data conditions. We ran all other function parameters at default values (see [52] and S1 Code). Following these tests, we used the multimode package’s implementation of Chaudhuri and Marron’s [60] SiZer (SIgnificant ZERo crossings of derivatives) to map the location of significant (α = 0. 05) increases and decreases in density, and thereby gathered a sense of the potential number and location of modes. Based on these impressions, we estimated the location of modes using the Hall and York [61] method within the multimode package, again specifying the lower and upper limits as 0 and 60 m, respectively. and temporal patterns Forty-four wind facilities reported 2,039 bird fatalities spanning 17 orders, 41 families, 128 species, and 22 trophic guilds (for a complete list of reported bird species, see S1 2. Five most frequent families of bird mortality at wind turbines in the Northeastern US. Download: PPTPowerPoint slidePNGlarger imageTIFForiginal imageTable 3. Eight most frequent species of bird mortality at wind turbines in the Northeastern US. percent of all bird fatalities were composed of just eight species: red-eyed vireo, golden-crowned kinglet (Regulus satrapa), magnolia warbler (Setophaga magnolia), black-throated blue warbler (Setophaga caerulescens), ruffed grouse, yellow-rumped warbler (Setophaga coronata), common yellowthroat (Geothlypis trichas), and turkey vulture (Cathartes aura) (Table 3). Over half of all species were reported less than five times. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by providing data on bird fatalities associated with wind turbines, indicating that 'Forty-four wind facilities reported 2,039 bird fatalities spanning 17 orders, 41 families, 128 species, and 22 trophic guilds.' This suggests that wind turbines do pose a risk to bird populations, supporting the idea that they are a significant threat.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Solar panels produce energy consistently, even without sunlight. [SEP] Text: Sunlight simulation is made by input of the Classes (IFC) model into the sunlight analysis program, followed by additional related analysis on occlusion relationship, sunshine duration sheet, isohel map, shadow outlines, etc. Level 3: Solar energy analysis. The main objective of Level 3 is to assess the geometric characteristics under sunlight models in solar energy analysis. This step obtains dimensions of the useful rooftop and vertical surfaces, where photovoltaic solar panels could be installed, from which the solar energy generation potential and the energy costs are calculated for the sample building. 3. 2. Simulation models and settingsThe study case in this paper refers to the located on the of in Nanjing, China. Building is designed to be a 16-storey, technology-rich learning environment, hosting over 1000 classroom seats in-state-of-the-laboratory classrooms, with conference rooms and professors’ offices. The building will be home to undergraduate and graduate students in Department of and all staffs in that department. Surrounded by the newly-built Traffic Building, (Building B) and (Building A3), the sample building is sheltered from the sun in this sunlight simulation and analysis. The sample building’s structure information is listed in Table 1. NameStatusHeight (M)Floor areas (M2)OrientationsUseCivil BuildingProposed61. 8916559. 05South by east4°TeachingBuilding A3Built18. 443747. 08South by east4°Lecture and conferenceTraffic BuildingBuilt54. 6720419. 2South by east 4°AcademicBuilding BBuilt25. 613210. 18South by east 4°TeachingTable 1. Information of civil building, traffic building, building A3 and B. In order to achieve the objective stated above, a schema converter is proposed in this paper to facilitate the information exchange between BIM tools and sunlight modeling tools. In this study, the technology for systematic sustainable design modeling that enabled sunlight simulation and analysis is driven by a Revit platform, which is able to design all of the required processes and components from a 2D building digital drawing to a 3D model. This platform uses an attribute driven modeling engine to simulate overall building design and create the network of building element relationships (inferred by the software and/or set by the user). The relationship network is the basis by which to achieve information exchange and to later generate sunlight analysis results. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the importance of sunlight in solar energy analysis and simulation, stating that the focus is on sunlight models to assess solar energy generation potential. It implies that without sunlight, the photovoltaic solar panels' energy generation potential cannot be reliably calculated or identified, thus contradicting the claim that solar panels produce energy consistently without sunlight.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: The suprachiasmatic nucleus is the master regulator of circadian rhythms. [SEP] Text: A, PKR2 and B, PKR2:TrpV2 CHO cell Ca2+ mobilization in Ca2+ free HBSS. Initial injection at 1 sec of either HBSS and PK2 followed by 3 mM CaCl2 injection at 30 sec. C, Graphical representation of area under the curve (AUC) for calcium peak, ***p<0. 0001. D, PKR2-expressing CHO were unaffected by 3 min pretreatment of increasing doses of ruthenium red (RR), Results are ± SEM from 5–6 separate experiments. E, RR dose-dependently decreased the calcium mobilization inPKR2:TrpV2-expressing CHO cells. F, Calcium mobilization was significantly increased by the expression of TrpV2, which was inhibited by RR. TRPV2 increased membrane current through PKR2 activation in Xenopus oocytes We further used two-electrode voltage clamp electrophysiology to examine the functional interaction of TRPV2 and PKR2 in Xenopus oocytes. In oocytes co-injected with PKR2 and TRPV2 cRNAs or injected with PKR2 alone, exposure to PK2 evoked inward currents (Fig. 4A). Peak currents were about 5-fold higher in PKR2:TRPV2 injected oocytes compared with PKR2 alone (Fig. 4A, graph inset). Onset of currents occurred rapidly within ~5 secs in PKR2:TRPV2 oocytes with an aciculate profile. In contrast, with mean peak current amplitude of 400nA, PKR2-expressing oocytes had a slower PK2-induced onset of ~15 secs and displayed undulatory properties, typical of GPCR electrophysiological profiling [23]. Peaks returned to baseline more slowly in the PKR2-expressing oocytes and often displayed a prolonged oscillatory-IP3 patterning, also indicative of GPCR-driven signaling (Fig. 4A). Figure 4 PK2-evoked current in oocytes that coexpress PKR2:TrpV2. A, PK2 (50 nM)-evoked currents in PKR2- (left) and PKR2:TrpV2-expressing (right) oocytes. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses the effects of PKR2 and TRPV2 on calcium mobilization in various cell types, without any reference to the suprachiasmatic nucleus or its role in regulating circadian rhythms.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Wind turbines are a significant threat to migratory bird populations. [SEP] Text: Thus, in the absence of non-blade caused mortality, a similar distance distribution would be expected for both birds and bats at active wind turbines. Nonetheless, we found that 10% of all bird carcasses were located just 2 m away from the turbine base. Though most fatalities have been presumed to occur upon collision with moving turbine blades [29, 92], birds, especially nocturnal migrants, likely also struggle to detect the presence of turbine poles, whereas bats are assumedly able to avoid static turbine poles using echolocation. It is also likely that some species, based simply on life history, primarily collide with turbine poles and rarely collide with blades themselves [6, 20, 93]. Carcasses of low-flying upland game birds, which are unlikely to ever fly into the rotor zone, have been routinely found during carcass searches [34, 94–97] and Stokke et al. [98] found substantial evidence that willow ptarmigan (Lagopus lagopus) frequently collide with turbine poles in Norway. Further, the distance distribution for willow ptarmigan mirrored ours, showing a high peak directly next to the turbine pole (Fig 3) [98]. However, though our dataset included 75 ruffed grouse and wild turkey, upland gamebirds represented only a minority of the near-turbine carcasses. Small migratory songbirds comprised the majority of carcasses within 2 m of turbine polls, and may collide with poles at relatively high numbers. This has not been previously discussed, despite this group of birds being commonly reported colliding with other stationary structures, such as buildings [84] and communication towers [82, 83]. Our data suggested the phenomenon of turbine pole collisions was variable among taxonomic families of small migratory songbirds. For example, vireos show a pronounced peak in fall distance near turbines, new world sparrows and new world warblers only minor peaks, and kinglets and thrushes none at all (S12–S16 Figs). Because carcasses farther from turbines are less likely to be detected [30], this could lead to inaccurate mortality estimates of different bird groups. For instance, vireos, which showed a strongly right-skewed distance distribution, could be overestimated if this distribution was not incorporated into mortality estimates. We cannot presently explain these discrepancies, but think this matter is worthy of further investigation. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by detailing instances where small migratory songbirds are found to collide with turbine poles, indicating a significant risk posed by wind turbines. It notes that while the majority of bird fatalities at wind turbines are attributed to collisions with moving blades, there is also a substantial danger from static turbine poles, as evidenced by the presence of carcasses located near the turbine base. The text emphasizes that small migratory songbirds, which make up a considerable portion of the fatalities, demonstrate the impact of wind turbines on bird populations.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Solar panels produce energy consistently, even without sunlight. [SEP] Text: The blue figures calculated on the isohel map indicate areas that will receive more than 4 h of sunshine on day, while green figures indicate areas receiving more than 2 h of sunshine and yellow figures indicate areas with more than 1 h of sunshine. Note that the area of red figures that receives less than 1 h of sunshine is mainly the result of shadowing by the building roof. 3. 5. 5. Isohel map of building planeThe isohel maps of building planes, which is similar to the map of building elevation, apply plane partition according to sunshine duration. The isohel lines shown in building plane mode indicate clearly those areas receiving equal amounts of sunshine. Figure 6 above shows division on the basis of sunshine duration of a given building plane. The image shows analysis of sunshine duration on the first floor, in which dark blue represents areas receiving sunshine for more than 4 h, light blue represents more than 3 h of light, green represents more than 2 h, yellow represents more than 1 hour, and red represents less than 1 h of light. Results indicate very little sunshine on the North plane, and the windows no. 33-34 have a sunshine duration of zero, due to occlusion by the (Building T) from the south, which is in accordance with the analysis above. Figure 6. Isohel map of building plane. 3. 5. 6. Area analysisArea analysis (in Figure 7) yields sunshine duration values for different areas within the same plane of a building. Theoretically, analysis of isohel lines is in accordance with area analysis, which facilitates cross-confirmation. The object of sunlight analysis in the image above is the first floor, from which the obtained data represent the length of time that area receives sunshine. The results accord with actual conditions, where N represents sunshine duration greater than or equal to N, but less than N + 0. 5 and N+ represents sunshine duration greater than or equal to N + 0. 5 but less than N + 1. Figure 7. Area analysis map. 3. 5. 7. Shadow outline and shadow range of buildingOcclusion of and by the Civil BuildingFigure 8 clearly shows the shadow size at 11:00 of each building in this study. Three windows of the South side on floors 1-3 of the are shaded by the (Building T), falling it far from the insolation standards on day of 2 h. Figure 8. Shadow outline of civil building. 2. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by detailing the varying amounts of sunshine received in different areas, specifically indicating conditions where areas receive zero sunshine due to shadowing from nearby buildings. This suggests that solar panels would not produce energy in these shaded areas, directly contradicting the notion that they generate energy consistently regardless of sunlight.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: The suprachiasmatic nucleus is the master regulator of circadian rhythms. [SEP] Text: Graph inset displays the significance in peak amplitude, ***p<0. 0001. PKR2 injected, n=15; PKR2:TrpV2 co-injection, n=11. B, Oocytes expressing PKR2:TrpV2 were pretreated with RR (3 min). Graph inset shows the decrease in peak amplitude with increasing doses of RR. **p<0. 01, *p<0. 05; n=20. To verify that the functionality of the TRPV2 channel is under the regulation of PKR2, we further used ruthenium red to block TRPV2 channel activity. In oocytes expressing PKR2:TRPV2, ruthenium red dose-dependently attenuated PK2-evoked currents (Fig. 4B, graph inset). In contrast, ruthenium red did not alter current amplitude in oocytes expressing PKR2 alone. These studies indicated that TRPV2 increases oocyte membrane current through PKR2 activation. PKR2 activation increases TRPV2 expression at the cell surface The molecular mechanism for the functional activation of TRPV2 is still unclear, with one likely possibility being that the TRPV2 channels are constitutively active and their activity is regulated by trafficking to cell surface expression [20, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29]. We thus set out to examine the trafficking properties of TRPV2 in response to the PKR2 activation. In absence of the PKR2 activation, TRPV2 protein is low at the cell surface (Fig. 5A). 30 mins after addition of PK2, TRPV2 was increased at the cellular membrane (Fig. 5B). TRPV2 expression increases more by 60 min, and peaks at about 90 min (Fig. 5C, D). Interestingly, robust expression levels of TRPV2 were observed in the formation of large clusters on the membrane, particularly around peak level (Fig. 5D, H). Confocal images of Z-stack (Supp. Fig. S3) clearly demonstrated the robust trafficking of TRPV2 to the cell surface membrane via the activation of PKR2. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text discusses the interaction between PKR2 and TRPV2 channels, focusing on their expression and function in oocytes, but does not address circadian rhythms or the role of the suprachiasmatic nucleus at all. Therefore, this text is irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Wind turbines are a significant threat to migratory bird populations. [SEP] Text: Monthly timing of fatalities of thrushes (Turdidae) at wind turbines. Data from reports submitted to the US Fish and by 44 wind facilities in the Northeastern US. Sample size given in parentheses. S7 Fig. Monthly timing of fatalities of hawks and eagles (Accipitridae) at wind turbines. Data from reports submitted to the US Fish and by 44 wind facilities in the Northeastern US. Sample size given in parentheses. S8 Fig. Monthly timing of fatalities of new world vultures (Cathartidae) at wind turbines. Data from reports submitted to the US Fish and by 44 wind facilities in the Northeastern US. Sample size given in parentheses. S9 Fig. Monthly timing of fatalities of cuckoos (Cuculidae) at wind turbines. Data from reports submitted to the US Fish and by 44 wind facilities in the Northeastern US. Sample size given in parentheses. S10 Fig. Monthly timing of fatalities of flycatchers (Tyrannidae) at wind turbines. Data from reports submitted to the US Fish and by 44 wind facilities in the Northeastern US. Sample size given in parentheses. S11 Fig. Density plot of distance from turbine of fatalities of new world warblers (Parulidae) at wind turbines. Data from publicly available reports and from reports submitted to the US Fish and by 44 wind facilities in the Northeastern US. Sample size given in parentheses. S12 Fig. Density plot of distance from turbine of fatalities of vireos (Vireonidae) at wind turbines. Data from publicly available reports and from reports submitted to the US Fish and by 44 wind facilities in the Northeastern US. Sample size given in parentheses. S13 Fig. Density plot of distance from turbine of fatalities of kinglets (Regulidae) at wind turbines. Data from publicly available reports and from reports submitted to the US Fish and by 44 wind facilities in the Northeastern US. Sample size given in parentheses. S14 Fig. Density plot of distance from turbine of fatalities of thrushes (Turdidae) at wind turbines. Data from publicly available reports and from reports submitted to the US Fish and by 44 wind facilities in the Northeastern US. Sample size given in parentheses. S15 Fig. Density plot of distance from turbine of fatalities of new world sparrows (Passerellidae) at wind turbines. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text provides detailed data on various bird species, including thrushes, hawks, eagles, vultures, cuckoos, flycatchers, warblers, vireos, kinglets, and sparrows, which indicates that fatalities at wind turbines are being documented. The presence of these reports suggests that wind turbines pose a threat to bird populations, which supports the claim that they are a significant threat to migratory bird populations.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Solar panels produce energy consistently, even without sunlight. [SEP] Text: Shadow range of the Civil BuildingFigure 9 shows shadow range of and its continuous shadow envelope on the ground on day. Figure 9. Shadow range of civil building. 3. 5. 8. Screenshot of sunshine simulationThis research section examines sunshine of the 8:00–16:00 h (in Figure 10). The shadow area is relatively large around 8:00, while most windows on the North side can receive sunshine. The shadow area at 12:00 is much less than any other time of the day, which means that windows receiving sunshine increase and sunshine duration is much longer. 16:00 is the latest time point used for analyzing sunshine duration on the on day, and the shadow is accordingly stretches. According to the three images above, no windows on the nightside can receive sunshine at any time of the day, which is in accordance with the sunshine analysis of windows as shown above. Figure 10. Sunshine simulation at (a) 8:00 A. M. , (b) 12:00 P. M. , and (c) 16:00 P. M. Advertisement 4. Results and discussion4. 1. The assumption of energy calculationIn this study, the analyzed building is treated as one system, where the amount of solar energy gained by any facade of building is the main research target. Related data used to calculate solar energy are generated in the sunlight simulation by BIM modeling, which shows the sunshine duration on facades of a selected building. For solar energy calculation in this study, it is assumed that meets the following conditions:Solar panels can be installed on the rooftop and vertical walls with a sunshine duration more than 5 h. In order to satisfy required cost savings, the solar panels will not be installed on the north-facing vertical wall of the building because of its insufficient sunshine all year around. Every solar panel is made up of the same material, and the absorbed sunlight can be converted into electricity to attain efficiency in stable networks. The energy cost analysis mainly considers the cost of solar panels. The analysis period for energy cost is classified into and Winter Solstice. The duration time is assumed to be the average of each solar term. According to the weather statistics over the last 3 years, the average number of sunny days each year accounted for 55%. The duration of the sunshine period on the facade of the building is considered to be the average length of the period as estimated by sunlight simulation on. The rate paid for electricity is 0. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by explaining how solar energy calculation relies on the sunshine duration of different facades of the building. It states that solar panels are not installed on the north-facing wall due to insufficient sunshine and emphasizes that solar panels depend on sunlight to convert energy. The text indicates that solar panels are only effective when there is adequate sunlight, thus contradicting the claim that they produce energy consistently even without it.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: The suprachiasmatic nucleus is the master regulator of circadian rhythms. [SEP] Text: To further ascertain this trafficking to cell surface expression of TRPV2 was truly due to the activation of PKR2, we pretreated the cells with a selective PKR2 antagonist, PKRA7 [30, 31]. Fig. 5F, H shows that PKRA7 blocked the cell surface expression of TRPV2 induced by PKR2 activation. Taken together, these results indicate that PKR2 activation increases the trafficking of TRPV2 to cell surface. Figure 5 PK2-induced cell surface translocation and large cluster formation of TrpV2 in CHO cells. All cells were serum-starved and subsequently treated with PK2 or PK2 antagonist. Cells were then fixed at indicated time points and immunostained using a rabbit-anti-TrpV2 antibody. A, no PK2 added, B, 30 min, C, 60 min, D, 90 min, E, 120 min. Pretreatment with F, PKR antagonist (PKRA7). Scale bar=40 µm. G, Higher magnification images (63x) of individual CHO cells. Left to right equates to images A-F. H, Percentage of cells showing translocation of TrpV2 in response to PK2. ***p<0. 001, #p<0. 05. S3 Z-stacking confocal imaging of TrpV2 translocation to surface membrane. A, no PK2 treatment. CHO Cells were treated with PK2 for 10 min B, 10 min, C, 30 min, D, 60 min, E, 90 min, F, 120 min. Note the apparent cell surface expression of TrpV2 in response to PK2 treatment. Cell surface expression of TrpV2 was detected by immunostaining with anti-TrpV2 antibody. Scale bar=40 µm. coexpression of PKR2 and TRPV2 in the SCN neurons was demonstrated by combined in situ hybridization and immunostaining (Fig. 1). Further, TRPV2 protein, but not TRPV2 mRNA, was shown to oscillate in the SCN in a PK2-dependent fashion (Fig. 2). Functional studies indicated that the co-expression of TRPV2 enhanced signaling of PKR2 in calcium mobilization or ion current conductance, compared to cells or oocytes that express PKR2 alone (Figs. 3, 4). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim regarding the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) as the master regulator of circadian rhythms. Instead, it focuses on the trafficking and expression of TRPV2 in response to PKR2 activation and describes experimental methods and results related to these proteins, with no mention of circadian rhythms or the function of the SCN.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Wind turbines are a significant threat to migratory bird populations. [SEP] Text: Data from publicly available reports and from reports submitted to the US Fish and by 44 wind facilities in the Northeastern US. Sample size given in parentheses. S16 Fig. Density plot of distance from turbine of fatalities of hawks and eagles (Accipitridae) at wind turbines. Data from publicly available reports and from reports submitted to the US Fish and by 44 wind facilities in the Northeastern US. Sample size given in parentheses. S17 Fig. Density plot of distance from turbine of fatalities of new world vultures (Cathartidae) at wind turbines. Data from publicly available reports and from reports submitted to the US Fish and by 44 wind facilities in the Northeastern US. Sample size given in parentheses. S18 Fig. Density plot of distance from turbine of fatalities of cuckoos (Cuculidae) at wind turbines. Data from publicly available reports and from reports submitted to the US Fish and by 44 wind facilities in the Northeastern US. Sample size given in parentheses. S19 Fig. Density plot of distance from turbine of fatalities of grouse and allies (Phasianidae) at wind turbines. Data from publicly available reports and from reports submitted to the US Fish and by 44 wind facilities in the Northeastern US. Sample size given in parentheses. S20 Fig. Density plot of distance from turbine of fatalities of flycatchers (Tyrannidae) at wind turbines. Data from publicly available reports and from reports submitted to the US Fish and by 44 wind facilities in the Northeastern US. Sample size given in parentheses. S1 Dataset. Data used in modeling fall distance of bird and bat mortality. S2 Dataset. Data used for taxonomic composition and temporal patterns. S1 Table. Variables, number of parameters, delta Quasi-AIC (ΔQAIC), QAIC weights (wi), and log-likelihood (LL) for all-taxa full model set. S2 Table. Variables, number of parameters, delta Quasi-AIC (ΔQAIC), QAIC weights (wi), and log-likelihood (LL) for birds-taxa full model set. S1 Code. R code for data analysis. 1. US Department of Energy. Wind vision: A new era for wind power in the United States. U. S. Department of Energy. Wind Vision: A for in the United States. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by providing data regarding bird fatalities at wind turbines, indicating that various bird species such as hawks, eagles, vultures, cuckoos, grouse, and flycatchers are impacted. The mention of density plots and fatalities at wind facilities suggests a detrimental effect on these bird populations, thus supporting the idea that wind turbines pose a threat to migratory birds.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Solar panels produce energy consistently, even without sunlight. [SEP] Text: 88 RMB per kilowatt-hour. The assumptions mentioned above are made in order to facilitate investigation easy and to make the comparison more realistic. In this study, direct solar radiation was calculated, ground reflected, and diffused radiations are neglected under the assumption that they will be equal for all shapes. Additionally, effects of the other factors, like shading and type of building material, are assumed to be equal for all situations. These assumptions do not change the main results of this study. 4. 2. Energy consumption calculation and cost analysisIn this study, each surface of the building was first analyzed separately, and then all systems were discussed. Surfaces of the building were encoded by using abbreviations (“South,” “East/West”), as seen in Table 5. Instant and hourly solar energy from the surface of a building depend upon some parameters, like the time of day, day of year, effective area of the wall, sunshine duration, etc. According to the BIM model of the described above, the total area and effective area of walls on each floor can be summarized in Table 5. Note that the north-facing surface is not taken into consideration because its sunshine duration is less than 5 h. As well, the sunshine duration of different surfaces in each solar term is shown in Table 6, where the surfaces labeled in italics are the vertical walls with a sunshine duration of less than 5 hours. FloorSurfaceTotal area (m2)Windows area (m2)Effective area (m2)Roof867. 80867. 81South255. 7889. 64166. 14East/west66. 786. 360. 482South219. 2477. 76141. 48East/west57. 245. 6751. 573South219. 2467. 2152. 04East/west57. 244. 253. 044-5South219. 2489. 6129. 64East/west57. 245. 6751. 576-10South219. 2489. 6129. 64East/west57. 245. 6751. 5711-14South219. 2489. 6129. 64East/west57. 245. 6751. 5715South219. 2489. 6129. 64East/west57. 245. 6751. 5716South21664152East/west56. 165. 6750. 49Table 5. The area of the wall. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing various factors that affect solar energy production, specifically mentioning the relevance of sunshine duration. It states that the sunshine duration for different surfaces in a solar system can be less than 5 hours, indicating that solar panels do not produce energy consistently without sunlight. This challenges the idea that solar panels can generate energy reliably in the absence of direct sunlight.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: The suprachiasmatic nucleus is the master regulator of circadian rhythms. [SEP] Text: Morphological studies indicated that the enhancement of PKR2 signaling by TRPV2 is likely via the increased trafficking of TRPV2 to the cell surface (Fig. 5). Taken together, these results indicate that TRPV2 is likely part of the downstream signaling of PK2 in the regulation of circadian rhythms [13, 14, 15]. There exist several models that describe how TRPV2 channel activation occurs [32], with one possibility being that TRPV2 channels are constitutively active and their activity is regulated by trafficking to cell surface expression. It has been previously shown that TRPV2 trafficking to the plasma membrane surface is increased in response to the signaling of growth factor receptors, such as insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I) or other receptor [20, 23, 27, 33]. It has been further shown that PI3 kinase is likely involved in the cell surface expression of TRPV2 induced by IGF1 [20]. In this report, we showed that PKR2 activation by PK2 in CHO cell induced the cell surface trafficking of TRPV2 (Fig. 5). It should be pointed out that PKR2 receptor activation has previously been shown to couple to the activation of PI3 kinase [34], and thus a similar signaling pathway may play the role of controlling TRPV2 trafficking to cell surface. The oscillation of the electric firing rate of the SCN is known to be under the control of the circadian clock, but the exact molecular and cellular mechanism is still largely unknown [3, 4, 7, 8, 9, 35, 36]. Clock-controlled genes may directly encode ion channel [37] or regulate ionic conductance activity in the SCN neurons [35, 36, 38, 39, 40]. PK2, as the product of a clock-controlled gene, has been shown to be one of the signaling mediators for the normal expression of circadian rhythms [10, 13, 14, 41]. With regard to the circadian rythmicity of the firing rate of the SCN neurons, PK2 has been shown to increase the firing rate of rat SCN neurons [15]. Our current results indicate that PK2 signaling increases the trafficking of TRPV2 to the cell surface. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text discusses various signaling mechanisms related to TRPV2 and PK2 in the context of circadian rhythms and the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN), but it does not explicitly support or oppose the claim that the SCN is the master regulator of circadian rhythms. Instead, it provides details on molecular pathways and trafficking mechanisms without addressing the role of the SCN directly as a master regulator, making it irrelevant to the claim.