Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Scientists use cell reprogramming to turn adult cells into pluripotent stem cells. [SEP] Text: Initial steps in stem cell reprogramming involves the recruitment of histone deacetylase by activity of the PRC2 complex, which causes local deacetylation of chromatin and subsequent methylation of K27 of histone H3. This H3K27 methylation then recruits the Bmi-1 complex to the site, which leads to the monoubiquitination of Lys119 histone H2A, and in turn suppresses gene expression [36]. The coordinative action of these two complexes plays an important role in the regulation and maintenance of gene expression during development and contributes to the epigenetic memory of stem cells [37, 38]. Figure 1. Chromatin remodeling factors of the TrxG, PRC1/2 and BAF complexes work together to regulate stem cell status. In pluripotent stem cells, genes necessary for lineage-specific regulation consist of ‘bivalent’ chromatin domains that contain repressed H3K27me3 marks, as well as active H3K4me3 marks. These genes are then ‘primed’ for rapid induction of expression upon receiving differentiation cues. Proteins of the TrxG family tri-methylate H3K4 leading to active chromatin marks. PRC2 activity leads to repressive tri-methylation of H3K27 and subsequent recruitment of PRC1 to the nucleosome region. Upon recruitment, PRC1 transfers a mono-ubiquitin residue to histone 2A (H2AK119). Together, the binding of PRC1 and the ubiquitylation of H2AK119ub silences gene expression. BAF complexes directly unwind nucleosomal DNA by using ATP and helicase-like subunits. Together, these complexes coexist and/or work hierarchically to regulate pluripotency and bivalency in stem cells. Polycomb repressive complexes have been shown associated with many developmental regulator regions in ESCs, and many of the PcG repressed targets of ESCs are also ‘bivalent’ [30, 39]. For instance, PRC2 target genes have been shown to be preferentially turned on during ESC differentiation and that the pluripotent stem cell regulating genes Oct4, Sox2, and Nanog co-occupy a significant subset of these genes. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the roles of various complexes such as PRC2 and TrxG in the regulation of genes necessary for maintaining pluripotency in stem cells. It describes the processes of gene expression regulation during development which are critical in the context of cell reprogramming, implying how these mechanisms can facilitate the transition of adult cells into pluripotent stem cells.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: All hospitals will adopt AI-driven tools within the next few years. [SEP] Text: Understanding the control properties of these systems is critical not only for the study of evolutionary developmental biology [4]–[8], but also for comprehending and intervening in various disease states, including cancer [9]–[11], and for the construction of novel synthetic biologicals in bioengineering contexts [12]–[16]. Thus, much work has gone into mathematical modeling and computational inference of both protein pathways and gene regulatory network models [17]–[20], which has resulted in the development of large collections of publicly-available models such as the Biomodels database [21], [22]. Yet, despite the wealth of available models, scientists still largely lack an effective understanding of the range of possible behaviors that these models can exhibit under different initial conditions and environmental stimuli, and are in search of systematic methods to reveal and optimize those behaviors via external interventions. The full extent of the computational and control properties of such networks are not yet well-understood; while dynamical systems theory has been extensively used to characterize their behavior [23], [24], it is not known what other sets of tools might reveal and exploit interesting properties of this ubiquitous biological substrate. The field of diverse intelligence (also known as basal cognition) has suggested that strong functional symmetries between pathway networks and neural networks could imply the existence of learning and other kinds of behavior in this unconventional substrate [25]–[29]. Specifically, it has been hypothesized that gene regulatory networks (GRNs) and other molecular networks could be endowed with surprising navigation competencies allowing them to robustly reach diverse homeostatic or allostatic states despite a wide range of perturbations [30]–[33], and that exploiting these innate competencies could provide a promising roadmap for the design of interventions in regenerative medicine and bioengineering contexts [34], [35]. However, significant challenges remain in practice for the exploration and behavior-shaping of these innate competencies, which presents a barrier to the use of these ideas in regenerative medicine and bioengineering. Because of the non-linearity and redundancy in pathway dynamics, passive exploration strategies such as random screening are likely to either fail in uncovering the full range of potential behaviors or require time and energy beyond the available resources. Here, we formalize and investigate a view of gene regulatory networks as agents navigating a problem space. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses the control properties of biological systems, mathematical modeling, and gene regulatory networks. There is no mention of hospitals, AI-driven tools, or any related developments that could support or contrast the claim.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: The human microbiome influences health and disease through various mechanisms. [SEP] Text: Bacterial taxa responding to phosphorus stress and pathogen inoculation in rhizosphere. (A) Cladogram displaying bacterial zOTUs negatively correlated to phosphorus stress pooled at the genus level in the rhizosphere (Spearman correlation, P < 0. 05, each genus with at least 6 or more zOTUs). (B) Cladogram displaying bacterial zOTUs positively correlated to phosphorus stress pooled at the genus level in the rhizosphere (Spearman correlation, P < 0. 05, each genus with at least 6 or more zOTUs). The red and black triangles represent microbial taxa enriched or decreased by pathogen inoculation in the –P, UP, or AP groups using the (P < 0. 05). The “nelogp” denotes the negative log-transformed P-value of the Spearman correlations between the microbial taxa and phosphorus stress. “RA” stands for relative abundance. The classification (g: genus and phylum) is labelled behind the cladogram. Fig. S7. Fungal taxa responding to phosphorus stress and pathogen inoculation in rhizosphere. (A) Cladogram displaying fungal zOTUs negatively correlated to phosphorus stress pooled at the genus level in the rhizosphere (Spearman correlation, P < 0. 05, each phylum with at least 6 or more zOTUs). (B) Cladogram displaying fungal zOTUs positively correlated to phosphorus stress pooled at the genus level in the rhizosphere (Spearman correlation, P < 0. 05, each phylum with at least 6 or more zOTUs). The red and black triangles represent microbial taxa enriched or decreased by pathogen inoculation in the –P, UP, or AP groups using the (P < 0. 05). The “nelogp” denotes the negative log-transformed P-value of the Spearman correlations between the microbial taxa and phosphorus stress. “RA” stands for relative abundance. The classification (c: class, o: order, f: family, g: genus and phylum) is labelled behind the cladogram. Fig. S8. Phylogenetic relationship and morphology of the isolated key bacteria Y14 and Y35. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text discusses bacterial and fungal taxa in the rhizosphere in relation to phosphorus stress and pathogen inoculation, but it does not address the human microbiome or its influence on health and disease. Therefore, it is irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Scientists use cell reprogramming to turn adult cells into pluripotent stem cells. [SEP] Text: In addition to PcG complexes, core members of the TrxG and BAF chromatin remodeling complexes have also been shown to contribute to the bivalent mark in stem cells by acting in concert to establish and preserve H3K4me3 [48, 49]. Another core member, WD repeat domain 5 (Wdr5) of the TrxG complex, has also been associated with the undifferentiated state and shown to regulate self-renewal in mouse ESCs [50]. This study went further to show that Wdr5 expression can promote efficient derivation of pluripotent iPS cells. Along with PcG and TrxG complexes, other chromatin remodeling complexes have been shown to have crucial roles in maintaining pluripotency. For instance, it has been shown that ESCs contain a unique BAF complex, which distinguishes them from differentiated cell types. This ESC complex consists of BAF60a, BAF155 and BRG subunits in the absence of BAF60c, BAF170 or BRM [48, 51]. Components of this complex also appear in RNAi screens for pluripotent genes [52, 53]. In mouse ESCs, it was also shown that BRG removal causes decreased self-renewal and aberrant differentiation, whereas BRG withdrawal from differentiated cells had very little effect [51]. Additionally, the pluripotency regulator genes Oct4, Sox2 and Nanog, have been shown to be targeted by components of the ESC-specific BAF complex [48, 51, 54-56] as well as facilitate IPS cell reprogramming [33]. Advertisement 3. Epigenetic control in primordial germ cells and pluripotent embryonic germ cellsPrimordial germ cells (PGCs) are the progenitors of sperm and egg. In humans, these cells first appear around the fifth week after conception and in mouse, during embryonic day (E) 5. At this time, PGCs emerge from differentiated epiblast cells which have already begun to undergo major epigenetic changes including DNA methylation and X inactivation [57]. Thus, epigenetic regulation or reprogramming must occur in PGCs in order to achieve an undifferentiated totipotent-like state [57, 58]. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing how Wdr5 expression can promote the efficient derivation of pluripotent iPS cells, indicating that cell reprogramming is utilized to create pluripotent stem cells. Additionally, it mentions that components of the ESC-specific BAF complex facilitate IPS cell reprogramming, further supporting the idea that cell reprogramming is a method to convert cells into pluripotent types.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Space tourism faces challenges related to safety, cost, and environmental impact. [SEP] Text: (2013), the global car industry stands to lose $100 billion in earnings as a result of this. DiscussionResearch shows that consumers are more likely to have a favorable impression of a business and to buy its products if the firm has an active CSR strategy. Putting off fulfilling social obligations may be seen as an avoidant or passive reaction to such obligations. Or, firms can be forced to behave ethically as a result of public pressure. Delaying a company’s operational CSR time will lead consumers to assume that the company’s original objective of demonstrating social responsibility is incompatible with the actions taken, as stated. Corporate social responsibility (CSR) effectiveness may muddy the waters when a company is under fire from the public. According to Umair and Dilanchiev (2022), this is the “CSR moment,” which is characterized by an optimistic view of corporations’ social responsibilities. At certain points in time, businesses may take part in social responsibility initiatives. However, there has been no investigation on whether or not customers are more or less likely to buy prepaid products depending on whether a firm engages in CSR activities. Prepaid purchases are made before the usage of services and commodities, and prepaid payments are removed after consumers have utilized their purchases. Pre-purchase has been found to boost a company’s profit when the worth of the assets to be acquired is unclear. Customers assess the product throughout the sales time. If the quote is lower than the commodity’s price, they will not buy it. However, if they are unclear about the manufacturer’s future value, they may pre-purchase it. Prepaid approaches have been shown to increase profits for enterprises, particularly in times of market volatility and uncertainty (Taghizadeh-Hesary et al. 2021). One of the first studies to evaluate the impact of corporate social responsibility (CSR) initiatives found that customers were both motivated and efficient (Zhang et al. 2020). As it has been shown that CSR initiatives have an impact on how customers feel about a company, it stands to reason that when they are implemented, it might also affect the results (for example, prepaid purchase intentions). It may happen. -19 consumers had a greater awareness of the seriousness of the outbreak than later (post-epidemic) consumers (Haleemunnissa et al. 2021). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses corporate social responsibility, consumer behavior, and business profitability, with no reference to space tourism, safety, costs, or environmental impact. Thus, it does not provide any supporting or contrasting information regarding the challenges faced by the space tourism industry.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: The human microbiome influences health and disease through various mechanisms. [SEP] Text: Phylogenetic tree depicting the relationships between Y14 and Y35, isolated from rhizosphere soil, and key identified Chryseobacterium zOTUs. Images display the morphology of Y14 and Y35 after culturing for 3 or 14 days. The tree was generated using MEGA 11. Fig. S9. Phylogenetic relationship and morphology of the isolated key bacteria Y33. Phylogenetic tree depicting the relationships between Y33, isolated from rhizosphere soil, and key identified Dyadobactor zOTUs. Images display the morphology of Y33 after culturing for 3 or 14 days. The tree was generated using MEGA 11. Fig. S10. Phylogenetic relationship and morphology of the isolated key bacteria R16. Phylogenetic tree depicting the relationships between R16, isolated from rhizosphere soil, and key identified Paenibacillus zOTUs. Images display the morphology of R16 after culturing for 3 or 14 days. The tree was generated using MEGA 11. Fig. S11. Phylogenetic relationship and morphology of the 8 Chryseobacterium isolates. Phylogenetic tree depicting the relationships between the 8 Chryseobacterium isolates from rhizosphere soil. Images display the morphology of these isolates. The tree was generated using MEGA 11. Fig. S12. Relative abundances of the zOTUs that are most related to the isolated key bacteria. The zOTU1472 was most related to the isolated Chryseobacterium Y14; The zOTU13507 was most related to the isolated Chryseobacterium Y35; The zOTU11626 was most related to the isolated Paenibacillus R16; The zOTU13652 was most related to the isolated Dyadobacter Y33. Fig. S13. The influence of root exudate L-tryptophan on the inhibitory capability of key isolated microbial taxa against the pathogen. Line graph displaying the fluorescence intensity of pathogen affected by the key bacteria and L-tryptophan. Additional line graph plotting the OD600 of key bacteria influenced by L-Tryptophan. RS denotes Ralstonia solanacearum. OD600 is the absorbance at a wavelength of 600 nm. Fig. S14. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text provides a detailed description of phylogenetic relationships and morphological observations of certain bacterial isolates from rhizosphere soil. However, it does not address the human microbiome or any mechanisms through which it might influence health and disease, making it irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Scientists use cell reprogramming to turn adult cells into pluripotent stem cells. [SEP] Text: X activation and demethylation in PGCs is similar to that seen in the process of generating ESCs and reprogramming somatic cells into pluripotent iPS cells [59]. Together, these epigenetic changes in germ cell development is to prevent the transmission of aberrant epigenetic modifications to the next generation and to promote epigenetic equivalency in the germ line of male and female embryos, which is necessary for proper imprinting. This is the only time in which homologous chromosomes are epigenetically indistinguishable and in PGCs occurs primarily in the developing embryonic gonad [60, 61]. Key initiators of PGC induction in the epiblast include the Blimp1 (B-lymphocyte-induced maturation protein 1), also known as PR domain zinc finger protein 1 (Prdm1), Prdm14 and protein arginine methyltransferase 5 (Prmt5). These factors have been shown to initiate epigenetic reprogramming and induce repression of the somatic program during germ cell specification [62-64], and in a similar fashion to facilitate somatic cell reprogramming in iPS cells and in epiblast stem cell generation [65, 66]. Their effects occur through both direct and indirect targets. For instance, it is known that BLIMP1 associates with the arginine methyltransferase PRMT5 to reduce expression of Hox-family genes and other somatic genes in PGCs via H2A/H4 R3 methylation [67]. In addition to pluripotent associated genes, early germ-cell development and imprinted genes also undergo demethylation during this time. These include well-established postmigratory germ cell genes Mvh (also known as Ddx4), Sycp3 (synaptonemal complex protein 3) and Dazl (deleted in azoospermia-like). These genes are demethylated in germ cells and repressed in somatic cells. This demethylation occurs during the migration of PGCs into the gonad at CpG islands of their promoters as well as at differentially methylated regions (DMRs) of imprinted genes [68, 69]. Whether DNA methylation in PGCs is erased by an active or a passive mechanism is currently unclear. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing mechanisms of epigenetic reprogramming in various contexts, specifically highlighting the similarities in processes involved in generating embryonic stem cells (ESCs) and reprogramming somatic cells into induced pluripotent stem cells (iPS cells). It mentions that 'these factors have been shown to initiate epigenetic reprogramming and induce repression of the somatic program,' which aligns with the described use of cell reprogramming to achieve pluripotency.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: The high cost of space tourism limits its accessibility to wealthy individuals. [SEP] Text: Thanks to this approach, information could be sent back to the RASA framework indicating whether the patient is present. to Issue 1 Figure 6 illustrates the solution proposed by our research team using an eye-tracker. The system activates the microphone, analyzes the patient’s response, and verifies the presence of the patient’s eye-tracking signal. According to this information, a better-adjusted intent for Terabot’s utterance is chosen. Fig. 6Proposed solution to Issue 1: the vertical gray arrows indicate that an utterance has been selected for Terabot’s speech. The vertical green arrow shows that the eye-tracking signal can give additional feedback to the RASA framework. Based on this, the utterances chosen for the following action of Terabot might be appropriately changedFull size imageWe evaluate four hypothetical situations: (1) Speech signal and eye-tracking signal provided: The patient answers, and the microphone receives the patient’s speech. In that case, providing feedback to the RASA by the eye-tracker signal would provide actual information that the patient is currently present in front of Terabot’s interface. That would indicate that the patient actively participates in the discussion. It is noteworthy that maintaining 100% eye data signal (eye contact) is unnecessary, as such a large number is also uncommon in human-to-human conversations. A smaller amount of data retrieved from the eye-tracker is sufficient to classify whether the patient is present. If the patient gazes at Terabot occasionally while thinking or talking, the dialogue system might receive enough data for confirmation. On the other hand, when the waiting time for the patient’s response takes too long, then initiation of another special utterance (acknowledging the patient) might be activated, e. g. , utterance Long_no_gaze: “What are you thinking about? repeat the question? ” (2) Only speech signal provided: The patient answers, so the microphone receives the patient’s speech, but there is no signal from the eye-tracker. In this situation, another additional utterance could activated that can inquire about the patient’s condition, e. g. , utterance Why_no_gaze: “Is something wrong? Why don’t you look at me at all? [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses a system for interacting with patients via eye-tracking and speech analysis in a health care context. It does not mention space tourism or its costs, nor does it address issues of accessibility related to wealth. Therefore, it neither supports nor contrasts the claim.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: The human microbiome influences health and disease through various mechanisms. [SEP] Text: The influence of root exudate O-phosphorylethanolamine on the inhibitory capability of key isolated microbial taxa against the pathogen. Line graph displaying the fluorescence intensity of pathogen affected by the key bacteria and O-phosphorylethanolamine. Additional line graph plotting the OD600 of key bacteria influenced by O-phosphorylethanolamine. RS denotes Ralstonia solanacearum. OD600 is the absorbance at a wavelength of 600 nm. Fig. S15. The influence of root exudate acetoxyacetic acid on the inhibitory capability of key isolated microbial taxa against the pathogen. Line graph displaying the fluorescence intensity of pathogen affected by the key bacteria and acetoxyacetic acid. Additional line graph plotting the OD600 of key bacteria influenced by acetoxyacetic acid. RS denotes Ralstonia solanacearum. OD600 is the absorbance at a wavelength of 600 nm. Fig. S16. The influence of root exudate methoxyindoleacetic acid on the inhibitory capability of key isolated microbial taxa against the pathogen. Line graph displaying the fluorescence intensity of pathogen affected by the key bacteria and methoxyindoleacetic acid. Additional line graph plotting the OD600 of key bacteria influenced by methoxyindoleacetic acid. RS denotes Ralstonia solanacearum. OD600 is the absorbance at a wavelength of 600 nm. Fig. S17. The influence of root exudate phenylpyruvic acid on the inhibitory capability of key isolated microbial taxa against the pathogen. Line graph displaying the fluorescence intensity of pathogen affected by the key bacteria and phenylpyruvic acid. Additional line graph plotting the OD600 of key bacteria influenced by phenylpyruvic acid. RS denotes Ralstonia solanacearum. OD600 is the absorbance at a wavelength of 600 nm. Fig. S18. The influence of root exudate xanthosine on the inhibitory capability of key isolated microbial taxa against the pathogen. Line graph displaying the fluorescence intensity of pathogen affected by the key bacteria and xanthosine. Additional line graph plotting the OD600 of key bacteria influenced by xanthosine. RS denotes Ralstonia solanacearum. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it focuses specifically on the influence of roots exudates on microbial taxa and their inhibitory capabilities against a pathogen, without addressing the human microbiome or its impact on health and disease. There is no mention of how microbial taxa or root exudates relate to the human microbiome in terms of health outcomes.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Scientists use cell reprogramming to turn adult cells into pluripotent stem cells. [SEP] Text: However, two DNA deaminases, activation-induced cytidine deaminase (AID) and apolipoprotein B mRNA editing enzyme, catalytic polypeptide 1 (1) may demonstrate a key role in this process. While both enzymes have been shown in vitro to deaminate 5-methylcytosine in DNA in mouse PGCs, deficiencies in AID expression has also shown that it is essential for erasure of DNA methylation [70]. Both, Aid and Apobec1 are located in a cluster of genes which comprise Stella, Growth differentiation factor 3 (GDF3) and Nanog. Stella, Gdf3 and Nanog are all expressed in pluripotent tissues as well as in germ cells. [71]. is a known constituent of germ cell development, Gdf3 and Nanog have important roles in conferring stem-cell identity on ES cells. It has also been suggested that in vivo targeting in the zygote of AID to the methylated DMR of the imprinted gene H19 results in efficient and substantial demethylation of this region [72]. Together these findings suggest an important role of AID in facilitating demethylation and reprogramming the pluripotent state. Similar to 1 and TET2 may also play a facilitative role in PGC demethylation as both TET enzymes are expressed in mouse PGCs during imprint erasure, concurrent with 5hmC enrichment [73]. Another important epigenetic process required for germ cell development and cellular reprogramming to the pluripotent state involves the X chromosome. In female adult cells, one of the two X chromosomes is inactivated to compensate for the differences in gene expression between sexes. For this purpose, X chromosome inactivation is initiated in early embryos by noncoding X-inactive specific transcript (Xist) RNA followed by chromatin modifications on the inactive X chromosome which leads to stable gene repression in somatic cells. Likewise, reactivation of the X chromosome is required for the totipotency of the female blastocyst and germ cell development. Reactivation of the X chromosome also occurs to establish pluripotency in iPS cells. During development, epigenetic reprogramming or re-activation of the inactive X-chromosome commences in PGCs during their migration through the hindgut along their route to the developing gonads where imprint erasure is completed [74]. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the role of certain enzymes and processes in cellular reprogramming and the establishment of pluripotency. It mentions that AID and other factors are involved in demethylation and reprogramming to a pluripotent state, which supports the idea that scientists utilize these mechanisms to convert adult cells into pluripotent stem cells.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: The high cost of space tourism limits its accessibility to wealthy individuals. [SEP] Text: Regarding the level of interpretation of the work, these guidelines state that a AD that is too objective and focussed on the location of the visual elements hinders understanding, while one that is more evaluative and interpretative is more attractive to the visitor and helps to maintain their attention, as it reflects the process of contemplation of the work and helps to build a sense of it, for example through elements such as colour. In the publication, there is a comparison between two ADs. These two versions were presented to a group of visually impaired people to gauge their impressions. The first version focuses on form, without interpreting it. If we analyse the tools they use to describe the shapes, we realise that they rely heavily on the elements that have already been described, i. e. , some elements are understood in comparison with others, which is a kind of comparison or analogy at a figurative level. The second version includes a higher interpretative level. The first version was much more difficult to understand for the group, who also thought it was the longer of the two descriptions, although it is almost half as short. We can relate this idea to the abstraction of the work, which requires common elements in order to be understood. In addition, the second description was considered more immersive, providing more visual information about the work. The use of colours and qualifying words, such as adjectives, was considered helpful in creating a mental image and thinking about the meaning of the work. They also felt that, after listening to it, they had something positive to talk about. As for the analogies used, although we also found comparisons with elements already described, the most striking for our research and, according to the results obtained, for the users were those that compare, as recommended by Snyder in the guidelines of the of the Blind (Snyder, 2010), common and everyday elements with parts of the visual work, which transfer the experience of the work to the users’ life experience. 1. 2 Guidelines in SpainIn Spain, there are specific guidelines (AENOR, 2005) for the preparation of AD guides, which are set out below for comparison with those in the Anglo-Saxon context. They should contain the following: Instructions for handling the electronic device. Safety information (emergency exits), warning of places, or situations that may constitute a physical risk. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses guidelines for audio descriptions (AD) and their effectiveness for visually impaired people. It does not address the topic of space tourism or its costs, thereby not providing any support or contrast to the claim.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: The human microbiome influences health and disease through various mechanisms. [SEP] Text: OD600 is the absorbance at a wavelength of 600 nm. Fig. S19. The influence of root exudate mangiferin on the inhibitory capability of key isolated microbial taxa against the pathogen. Line graph displaying the fluorescence intensity of pathogen affected by the key bacteria and mangiferin. Additional line graph plotting the OD600 of key bacteria influenced by mangiferin. RS denotes Ralstonia solanacearum. OD600 is the absorbance at a wavelength of 600 nm. 40168_2024_1906_MOESM2_ESM. xlsx2: Table S1. Design of fertilization and pathogen inoculation in all treatments. Table S2. Primer sets in quantitative PCR experiment. Table S3. Primer sets in amplicon sequencing. Table S4. Soil nutrient properties during the pot experiment. Table S5. Identified bacteria isolates in rhizosphere (Similarty > = 97%). Table S6. Detailed information of individual bacterial zOTUs in Fig. 3. Table S7. Detailed information about pathogen-related genes in plant root. Table S8. Detailed information about phosphorus starvation genes in plant root. Table S9. Detailed information about key metabolites. Table S10. Significance test of co-culture experiment (referring to Fig. 5B). Table S11. Significance test of culture experiment (L-Tryptophan of 2 mmol L−1 on Y14). Table S12. Significance test of co-culture experiment (L-Tryptophan of 0. 4 mmol L-1 on R16). Table S13. Significance test of co-culture experiment (L-Tryptophan of 2 mmol L-1 on R16). Table S14. Significance test of co-culture experiment (L-Tryptophan of 10 mmol L-1 on R16). Table S15. Significance test of co-culture experiment (L-Tryptophan of 2 mmol L-1 on Y14). Table S16. Significance test of co-culture experiment (Acetoxyacetic acid of 0. 4 mmol L-1 on Y14). Table S17. Significance test of co-culture experiment (Methoxyindoleacetic acid of 0. 4 mmol L-1 on Y14). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim regarding the human microbiome's influence on health and disease. It mainly presents experimental details, such as absorbance measurements and various significance tests, without discussing the microbiome or its mechanisms of influence.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Scientists use cell reprogramming to turn adult cells into pluripotent stem cells. [SEP] Text: In mouse PGCs, decreased Xist expression, and the displacement of PcG repressor proteins EED and SUZ12, results in the loss of the inactive X associated histone modification, H3K27me3 [74]. In humans, PcG proteins YY1, EZH2, and EED have also been found in the ovarian follicles, oocytes and preimplantation embryos. YY1 and EZH2 transcripts were additionally detected in human metaphase II oocytes suggesting they may be play a similar role in human germ cell reprogramming [75]. In vitro, PGCs cultured under specific conditions can also demonstrate epigenetic reprogramming with pluripotent cell-like characteristics. In these cases, PGCs form pluripotent stem cell colonies called embryonic germ cells (EGCs) which have notable similarities in their epigenomes [58, 76-82], and like have been shown to induce epigenetic reprogramming of somatic nucleus in hybrid cells [60]. Advertisement 4. MicroRNAs and stem cellsMicroRNAs (miRNAs) are a family of non-protein coding RNAs with transcripts of ~20–25 nucleotides that play essential roles in regulating gene expression (see [83-85]. A subset of miRNAs have been shown to be preferentially expressed in undifferentiated stem cells and for some, have been shown to play essential roles in pluripotency, proliferation, and modulation of expression patterns that are related to differentiation [86-89]. The promoter regions of these miRNAs are often occupied by the pluripotency transcription factors, including Oct4, Sox2, and Nanog [90]. In addition, during ESC differentiation, proteins modulated by miRNAs [91] have also been shown to be modulated by PcG proteins [92]. For instance, Marson et al. showed that approximately one quarter of the Oct4/Sox2/Nanog/Tcf3-occupied miRNAs belonged to a set of repressed miRNA genes bound by Suz12 in murine ES cells [90]. Here, the PRC2 complex protein SUZ12 was bound to a subset of inactive miRNAs controlling differentiation in mouse ESCs [90]. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the processes involved in germ cell reprogramming and the formation of pluripotent stem cell colonies called embryonic germ cells (EGCs). It mentions that these pluripotent cell-like characteristics result from epigenetic reprogramming in specific conditions, supporting the idea that scientists use such methodologies to convert cells into pluripotent stem cells.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Everyone will have a chance to live on Mars within the next decade. [SEP] Text: They show that inputs such as drugs or vaccines, as important as they are to improving health, are not enough. Political commitment, capacity-building, human resources, education and communication, local adaptation and community involvement are critical. They also signal that strengthening and increased financing of underlying health systems and social services is key to ensuring a large-scale and more sustainable response. Six important characteristics of programmes that have succeeded to control diseases of poverty are identified: 1. political commitment at the highest level is key to achieving results and sustaining programmes; 2. successful disease and mortality prevention has often involved new ways of working, e. g. entering into partnerships with the private sector, nongovernmental organisations, and UN agencies; 3. innovation, born out of a pragmatic approach to achieving results, has made all the difference in some countries; 4. promoting the home as the first hospital helps reduces child deaths. In particular, the training and education of mothers has been a key to success; 5. widespread availability of supplies, medicines and other low-cost tools at community-level is essential; and 6. measuring results is key to planning control measures. The report is broken down into five sections: 1. Tuberculosis (TB). Almost 2 million people die from TB every year – 98 per cent of them in developing countries but anti-TB medicines are 95 per cent effective in curing TB and cost as little as US$10 for a six-month course of treatment. The report cites the example of Peru, where high-level political commitment has produced one of the most successful TB control programmes in the world. On current trends, the number of new TB cases could be halved every ten years. Diagnosis and treatment are provided free of charge and low-income families receive food packages to encourage compliance with treatment. In general, elements of successful TB control include government commitment to sustained TB control, detection of TB cases through sputum smear microscopy among symptomatic people, regular and uninterrupted supply of high-quality anti-TB drugs, six to eight months of regularly-supervised treatment and reporting systems to monitor treatment progress and programme performance 2. Malaria. Malaria kills over 1 million people per year, mostly in Africa, most of them children. Women are especially vulnerable to malaria during pregnancy, when the disease can lead to life-threatening anaemia, miscarriages and the birth of premature, low birth-weight babies. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim regarding living on Mars. It discusses health systems and disease control without any mention of Mars or the possibility of humans living there. Therefore, it does not support or contrast the claim.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Soil microbes can enhance plant health by competing with pathogens. [SEP] Text: 2015;119(6):683-93. Biodiversity and biotechnological applications of psychrotrophic microbes isolated from regions. EC Microbiol. 2017;1:48-54. Endophytic bacterial diversity in rice (Oryza sativa L. ) roots estimated by 16S rDNA sequence analysis. Microb Ecol. 2008;55(3):415-24 Promoting Bacteria: Biodiversity and for Sustainable Agriculture. Microbiol. 2017;5(5):1-16. Hot springs of Indian Himalayas: Potential sources of microbial diversity and thermostable hydrolytic enzymes. 3 Biotech. 2017;7(2):1-11 Archaea endowed with plant growth promoting attributes. EC Microbiol. 2017;8(6):294-98 Paul D, Nair S. Stress adaptations in a plant growth promoting rhizobacterium (PGPR) with increasing salinity in the coastal agricultural soils. J Basic Microbiol. 2008;48(5):378-84. Haloarchaea endowed with phosphorus solubilization attribute implicated in phosphorus cycle. Sci Rep. 2015;5:12293. Cold active hydrolytic enzymes production by psychrotrophic Bacilli isolated from three sub-glacial lakes of NW Indian Himalayas. J Basic Microbiol. 2016;56:294-307 quality draft genome sequence of a plant growth promoting and Enzymes producing psychrotrophic Arthrobacter agilis strain L77. Sci. 2016;11(1):54. Extreme cold environments: A suitable niche for selection of novel psychrotrophic microbes for biotechnological applications. Microbiol. 2017;2(2):1-4. Cold-Important Microorganisms. In: Maheshwari D. (eds) Bacteria. Heidelberg, Berlin, Heidelberg. 2010;273-96 Lim J-H, Kim S-D. Induction of Resistance by Multi-licheniformis K11 in Pepper. J. 2013;29(2):201-8. from Cyanobacteria: Source for Products of Pharmaceutical Importance. In: (eds) Foods and Nutraceuticals. & Sons, USA. 2017;21-37. Beneficial microbiomes: Biodiversity and potential biotechnological applications for sustainable agriculture and human health. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the specific claim regarding the role of soil microbes in enhancing plant health by competing with pathogens. Instead, it discusses various studies and findings related to microbial diversity, biotechnological applications, and plant growth-promoting attributes without directly linking these aspects to the competition between soil microbes and plant pathogens.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Scientists use cell reprogramming to turn adult cells into pluripotent stem cells. [SEP] Text: During this process in pluripotent stem cells, active genes exhibit diminishing suppressive chromatin marks, an increase in H3K4me3, gain of H3K36me3 within coding sequences of DNA, and contain that carries high Ser5 phosphorylation and low levels of Ser2 phosphorylation near promoter and within coding regions. Moreover, inactive genes show loss of active chromatin marks while retaining repressive ones, and in some cases gaining CpG methylation (mCpG). Specific differences occur in the chromatin states between pluripotent stem cells, progenitor cells and more differentiated cell types which include active, repressed and poised states of chromatin. Several lines of evidence suggest that priming in the poised state enables genes to respond rapidly when differentiation cues are presented [30]. For example, during neural induction, several hundred genes including those required to maintain stem cell-ness become de novo mCG and therefore transcriptionally silenced. Furthermore, the observation was made that neural precursors that are derived from ESCs acquired more mCG than terminal neurons, suggesting that the transition from pluripotent to lineage-committed cells is associated with these changes [17, 21, 101, 102]. Polycomb group proteins also appear to play a unique role in defining the progenitor or adult stem cell state. It has been shown that the PRC1 complex protein Bmi-1 activates multiple pathways that are important for regulating the stem cell-like state. For example, it has been shown that Bmi-1 is potentially upregulated via the pluripotent stem cell marker SALL4 signaling and has been shown to regulate stem cell self-renewal by repressing Hox genes, as well as INK4a locus genes, p16INK4a and p19ARF. BMI1 has also been shown to facilitate stem cell-like features in adult stem cells such as increased telomerase activity, transcriptional factor GATA3, and NF-kB pathways. These pathways are associated with the prevention of senescence, differentiation and apoptosis, while promoting immortalization and proliferation (for review see [103]). Advertisement 6. Epigenetic dysregulation in cancer stem cellsCancer stem/initiating cells (CSC) have been defined as a subset of cancer cells that have clonal ability or self-renewal and are resilient against cancer therapies [104, 105]. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing various aspects of stem cell biology, particularly focusing on the characteristics and regulatory mechanisms of pluripotent stem cells and their relationship to other cell types. It mentions how genes become transcriptionally silenced during the transition from pluripotent cells to more differentiated cell types, which aligns with the concept of cell reprogramming. The mention of pathways that influence stem cell self-renewal and the roles of proteins such as Bmi-1 supports the underlying principles of how scientists manipulate adult cells to achieve a pluripotent state.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Space tourism companies can operate without government regulation. [SEP] Text: and government agencies propose nuclear reactors for space 28 May 2021 The technologies could help the US monitor the region between Earth and the Moon. DOI: Content License::1945-0699 Topics: Politics & Policy Credit: DARPA/2018 at the Security Site, scientists finished tests of the first new US nuclear reactor design in about 40 years. That new device wasn’t a typical reactor. Called Kilopower, it was meant not for use on Earth but for use in space. For a total of 28 hours, the reactor core sustained a controlled chain reaction involving uranium-235. That fission generated approximately 3 to 4 kilowatts of thermal energy, which flowed through heat pipes and into an electricity-producing Stirling engine. Someday, such a system could power and propel spacecraft or keep the lights on in lunar or Martian habitats. That sort of nuclear electricity source would be a major advance; no one has launched a fission reactor since 1965. A series of federal policy declarations has helped revive research on those devices, and the possibility has caught the eye of the US (USSF). Eric Felt, space vehicles director at the (which supports both the air and space forces), spoke to on behalf of the space force’s interests. The branch, he says, is monitoring developments in space-based nuclear reactors but not yet funding them. The recently established branch has no immediate plans to use off-Earth nuclear reactors and hasn’t determined if or how space fission fits into its portfolio. Felt says both the technological and policy barriers have shrunk; the obstacle that remains is to find a goal that needs nuclear fission. One place where nuclear technology could fit is cislunar space—the expanse between Earth and the Moon. The region is set to grow more populated in the coming decades. “When there was nothing up there, we were not as concerned about it,” says Felt. But as new satellites, spacecraft, and space debris occupy the region, the space force wants to keep track of it all, deter and respond to threats, and deal with emergencies that may arise, such as astronaut rescue scenarios. “For example, if the SpaceX Starship propulsion were to fail during a return journey from the Moon to the Earth, and Japanese billionaire needed to be rescued, the USSF would use whatever capabilities we have to assist,” Felt says. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by emphasizing the involvement of government agencies, such as the US Space Force, in monitoring and regulating developments in space, including potential nuclear technology applications. This suggests that space operations, including those pertaining to space tourism, are subject to government oversight and policies, contradicting the claim that such companies can operate without regulation.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Soil microbes can enhance plant health by competing with pathogens. [SEP] Text: Can soil microbes improve agricultural sustainability? Published: August 15, 2023 Synthetic fertilisers are currently necessary for producing enough food for the global population to survive, but they are known to contribute to greenhouse gas levels, contaminate water sources and increase soil acidity. in the US, Boyer is a biochemist working to find a more environmentally friendly solution. — a fertiliser containing living microorganisms that naturally supports nitrogen fixation Biological nitrogen fixation (BNF) — the natural process of plants converting atmospheric nitrogen into ammonia Diazotrophs — bacteria and microorganisms that convert nitrogen gas to ammonia Intracellular — located or occurring within a cell Legume — a plant that has its seeds in a pod, such as a pea or bean NifA — a protein that activates the expression of nitrogenase NifL — a protein that inhibits the activity of NifA Nitrogenase — an enzyme of various nitrogen-fixing bacteria that catalyses nitrogen fixation Symbiosis — any type of interaction between two different organisms that benefits them both Nitrogen gas makes up 78% of the Earth’s atmosphere and is crucial for life on our planet. It is found in soil, plants, water and air, is a key building block for DNA and proteins, creates chlorophyll to help plants with photosynthesis, and helps turn the plants we grow into food we can eat. However, even though there is plenty of nitrogen gas available, it is not in a form that plants can make use of right away. Instead, it needs to be converted into nitrates, nitrites and ammonia, through a process that scientists call nitrogen fixation. This is just one part of the nitrogen cycle, which allows nitrogen to move from the atmosphere to the soil and back again. (Nate) Boyer is focused on the role nitrogen plays in agriculture. “Nitrogen is commonly a limiting nutrient in crop growth,” says Nate. This means that there is often not enough fixed nitrogen to allow crops to grow as much as they otherwise could. In the early 1990s, two German scientists, found a way to convert nitrogen in the air to ammonia and so create nitrogen fertiliser that would help plants to grow. With a current world population of over 8 billion, many farmers now rely on those fertilisers to help increase crop yields so that we have enough food to eat. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text discusses the role of nitrogen fixation in agriculture and the impact of synthetic fertilizers on environmental sustainability but does not address the enhancement of plant health by soil microbes or their competition with pathogens. Therefore, it is irrelevant to the claim about soil microbes.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Scientists use cell reprogramming to turn adult cells into pluripotent stem cells. [SEP] Text: In this case, EZH2 was shown to target a pro-differentiation tumor suppressor gene, retinoic acid receptor β2 (RARβ2) [120], which is reduced or lost in many human malignancies. Advertisement 7. ConclusionThe pluripotent stem cells have a chromatin that is hyperdynamic, with a preponderance of modified histones and chromatin remodelers that ensures low-level transcription and tight regulation. Losing pluripotency is accompanied with a more compact, repressive, chromatin structure, which leads to cellular differentiation. Chromatin architecture is regulated at multiple levels in conjunction with known pluripotent genes to constitute an interwoven pluripotency network. Although there are many gaps in our knowledge of how epigenetic modifications regulate the pluripotent state, it is known that PcG repressor proteins prevent the precocious expression of lineage-restricted gene expression in pluripotent stem cells and germ cells by contributing to a unique ‘primed’ bivalent state of the chromatin. Future studies will provide mechanistic insights into the signaling cues required to maintain this state and inhibit differentiation while iPS cells and adult stem cells provide a renewed opportunity to study the role of chromatin architecture for controlling the pluripotent state. This will include understanding the mechanisms that interplay between pluripotent transcription factors, epigenetic regulators, and miRNAs to balance self-renewal and differentiation, properties which regulate reprogramming and carcinogenesis. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by explaining that iPS cells (induced pluripotent stem cells) and adult stem cells are areas of future study which could provide insights into reprogramming mechanisms. It discusses the relationship between chromatin architecture and the pluripotent state, highlighting the complexity of reprogramming adult cells into pluripotent stem cells.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Space tourism companies can operate without government regulation. [SEP] Text: “Nuclear thermal propulsion produces higher specific impulse—aka ‘gas mileage’—than chemical propulsion,” says Greiner. “That allows nuclear thermal propulsion to do large maneuvers quicker than chemical propulsion. ” Felt has met with the DRACO team and agreed to consider partnering with DARPA to transition the technology to the space force once it’s mature. The caveat—as with the Kilopower project—is that the space force must first find a “killer app” for it, says Felt. “Maybe ‘raison d’être’ would be more accurate,” he adds. Political considerations Should that application be found in the cislunar domain or elsewhere, recent policy developments will smooth its trajectory. In 2019 the Trump administration published Presidential Memorandum–20, which governs the launch of space nuclear systems. It states that nuclear power doesn’t have to be essential to a mission in order to be greenlighted. “You don’t have to go get special presidential approval and prove there’s no other way to do it,” says Felt. “kind of joke with the team, ‘Just because somebody’s going to let you do it doesn’t mean you should. ’ ” The 2019 launch memorandum was followed in 2020 by a space policy directive laying out a national strategy for space nuclear power and propulsion and in January 2021 by an executive order promoting small modular reactors for space. DARPA plans to take DRACO for a first flight in 2025. The SpaceNukes engineers have their own launch ambitions but are also helping with DARPA’s program. Poston is drawing up reference designs for DRACO, and McClure is developing launch safety protocols. Nuclear reactors in space are not without hazards. Accidents involving nuclear reactors could put Earthlings at more risk than with conventional spacecraft. And any technology involving uranium could stir international objections, especially if it uses highly enriched uranium (HEU), as Kilopower does. “The problem with HEU is it’s weapons-grade material,” says McClure. “There’s always the concern that, if we lost it on launch, some bad person would recover it and do nefarious things. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing various government policies and regulations regarding nuclear propulsion systems for space missions. It highlights that approvals and considerations from government entities like the Space Force and DARPA are essential for projects involving nuclear technology in space. This suggests that operational frameworks and regulations from government agencies are necessary for the advancement of space technologies, indicating that space tourism companies would also be subject to governmental oversight and cannot operate entirely without regulation.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Soil microbes can enhance plant health by competing with pathogens. [SEP] Text: These fertilisers are a huge part of farming processes – in fact, it is estimated that 48% of the world’s population is fed by the increase in yield that has resulted from synthetic nitrogen fertilisers. This means that, in 2015, 3. 5 billion people would have died, or would not have been born in the first place, if it were not for the invention of synthetic nitrogen fertilisers. So, what is wrong with synthetic nitrogen fertilisers? Unfortunately, synthetic nitrogen fertilisers cause nearly as many issues as they solve. Firstly, the process of creating these fertilisers is an extremely energy intensive one, which requires nitrogen gas to react with hydrogen under high temperatures and pressures. “This process is reliant upon fossil fuels, consuming more than 1% of our global energy supply annually, while contributing to greenhouse gas emissions,” says Nate. As well as this, unused nitrogen fertilisers can leak into the environment, upsetting the normal balance of the nitrogen cycle and having negative consequences. “With synthetic fertilisers, most of the nitrogen is applied early in the growing season, and more than half of applied nitrogen fertilisers are washed away or evaporate before they can be used by crops,” says Nate. “This contaminates local water supplies with fertiliser run-off and emits nitrous oxide, a greenhouse gas 300 times more potent than carbon dioxide. ” Fertiliser running off into nearby water sources has led to the creation of ‘dead-zones’ – areas where little to no aquatic life can survive. On top of all this, using synthetic nitrogen fertilisers over a long period of time can also limit future crops from growing on the same land, as nitrogen fertilisers make the soil too acidic. Is there another solution? Nate is looking for ways to increase the input of biological nitrogen fixation (BNF) to help mitigate these issues. BNF is a natural process where microbes known as diazotrophs use the enzyme nitrogenase to convert nitrogen gas to ammonia themselves. “BNF shifts the heavy lifting to diazotrophs that live directly on crop roots, supplying nitrogen when and where crops need it throughout the growing season,” says Nate. However, BNF is complex and only a select few organisms are capable of surviving on atmospheric nitrogen. As with the production of nitrogen fertilisers, BNF is a very high energy process. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text provides an extensive discussion about synthetic nitrogen fertilizers, their negative impacts, and introduces biological nitrogen fixation (BNF) as a potential solution. Although BNF involves microbes that can enhance soil health, the primary focus of the text is on fertilizers and issues related to their use, and it does not directly address the claim about soil microbes enhancing plant health through competition with pathogens.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Scientists use cell reprogramming to turn adult cells into pluripotent stem cells. [SEP] Text: 2008 Jul 1;14(13):4085-95. 109. Decreased expression of the human stem cell marker, Rex-1 (zfp-42), in renal cell carcinoma. Carcinogenesis. 2006 Mar;27(3):499-507. 110. Ben- An embryonic stem cell-like gene expression signature in poorly differentiated aggressive human tumors. Nat Genet. 2008 May;40(5):499-507. 111. Induction of pluripotent stem cells from adult human fibroblasts by defined factors. Cell. 2007 Nov 30;131(5):861-72. 112. Yu J, Vodyanik M, Smuga-Otto K, Antosiewicz- Induced pluripotent stem cell lines derived from human somatic cells. Science. 2007;318(5858):1917. 113. In vitro reprogramming of fibroblasts into a pluripotent ES-cell-like state. Nature. 2007 Jul 19;448(7151):318-24. 114. . Module map of stem cell genes guides creation of epithelial cancer stem cells. Cell. 2008 Apr 10;2(4):333-44. 115. Cancer-with Reprogramming to Stem Cells. Cancer Research. 2010;70(19):7662. 116. Butyrate greatly enhances derivation of human induced pluripotent stem cells by promoting epigenetic remodeling and the expression of pluripotency-associated genes. Stem Cells. 2010 Apr;28(4):713-20. 117. -Sinha C, Sanda MG, et al. The polycomb group protein EZH2 is involved in progression of prostate cancer. Nature. 2002 Oct 10;419(6907):624-9. 118. de group gene Ezh2 prevents hematopoietic stem cell exhaustion. Blood. 2006 Mar 1;107(5):2170-9. 119. . Suz12 is essential for mouse development and for EZH2 histone methyltransferase activity. Embo J. 2004 Oct 13;23(20):4061-71. 120. . Genome-wide mapping of Polycomb target genes unravels their roles in cell fate transitions. Genes Dev. 2006 May 1;20(9):1123-36. 121. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by providing evidence of studies that involve the induction of pluripotent stem cells from adult human fibroblasts and reprogramming of fibroblasts into a pluripotent ES-cell-like state. Specifically, it refers to the achievement of creating induced pluripotent stem cells from somatic cells, which directly supports the claim regarding the use of cell reprogramming in this context.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Space tourism companies can operate without government regulation. [SEP] Text: The sex of each fly was determined by eye, and females that had been stored either alone, or with no males were collected. In a head-to-head comparison of typical manual virgin-collecting (picking at the beginning and end of the work day from five vials) versus MAPLE virgin-collecting, virgin females were procured at a rate of 1. 5/min (including the time needed to bring vials from the incubator, anesthetization, etc. ) and 4. 9/min using MAPLE (including the time to set up the pupa vial, load the dispenser, manually sex and sort the flies, etc. ) (Figure 4B). In the future, we anticipate MAPLE will be able to sex flies without human intervention using the high-resolution imaging module, further decreasing manual work required. MAPLE reveals persistent fly social interaction networks and their sensory basis Lastly, we set out to see if MAPLE could conduct experiments that would be difficult using traditional manual methods. Specifically, we set out to measure social interaction networks (SINs; Schneider et al. , 2012; Pasquaretta et al. , 2016) between pairs of flies, and then determine if measures of pair-wise affiliation are preserved on the timescale of days (Figure 5). It is known from group behavioral experiments that individuals spend more time interacting with specific other individuals (Simon et al. , 2012), and such interaction-based SINs remain stable over tens of minutes in fruit flies (Schneider et al. , 2012). In other species, such as the forked fungus beetle Bolitotherus cornutus, these dyadic interactions are stable for days (Formica et al. , 2017). Because it is challenging to perfectly maintain individual identity through experiments in which multiple individuals are in the same compartment and subsequently retrieved, stored and retested, it is unknown if dyad-specific affiliative measures are stable over longer periods of time in flies. To assess this we devised a new high-throughput assay to measure affiliative behavior between pairs of flies (Figure 5A,B). This consisted of a 9 × 9 array of adjacent, approximately semi-circular arenas separated by an interchangeable barrier. MAPLE can load individual flies into each arena-half using a multi-position loading port (Video 11). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses the collection and analysis of fruit fly behavior using a method called MAPLE. It does not mention space tourism, government regulation, or any related topics that could support or contrast the claim.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Soil microbes can enhance plant health by competing with pathogens. [SEP] Text: “Nitrogenase is quickly destroyed in the presence of oxygen,” says Nate. “Therefore, diazotrophs need to maintain tight control of nitrogenase expression and activity in response to the presence of intracellular oxygen in addition to cellular energy and nitrogen conditions. ” Currently, BNF in agriculture is mostly limited to legumes, as these crops have developed a close symbiotic relationship with diazotrophs, and BNF is done by diazotrophs that the legumes house in their roots. “Diazotrophs infiltrate the roots of a legume and stimulate the formation of root nodules that create an oxygen barrier to provide a suitable environment for BNF,” says Nate. This allows BNF to take place in an area without oxygen, preventing the nitrogenase from being destroyed. BNF is beneficial for both the legume and the diazotrophs. “The legume provides carbon fixed through photosynthesis to the diazotrophs in exchange for some of the nitrogen fixed by the diazotrophs,” explains Nate. What about plants that are not legumes? “Some free-living diazotrophs have been demonstrated to supply nitrogen to non-legume plants,” says Nate. Free-living diazotrophs are microbes capable of supporting BNF without needing the help of another organism, such as the roots of a legume. Nate hopes to find out as much about these diazotrophs as possible so that he can develop a sustainable, environmentally friendly solution to supply nitrogen to crop plants while minimising the negative impacts of synthetic fertilisers. “Using synthetic biology to increase BNF activity in these free-living diazotrophs has the potential to generate enhanced biofertilisers that are compatible with a wide variety of crop plants,” Nate explains. What happens inside free-living diazotrophs? In some of these free-living diazotrophs, nitrogenase gene expression is controlled by the interaction of two proteins, NifL and NifA (‘Nif’ stands for nitrogen fixation). Download the 10. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not directly address the claim regarding soil microbes enhancing plant health by competing with pathogens. Instead, it discusses diazotrophs and their role in nitrogen fixation, particularly in relation to legumes and free-living diazotrophs. While it touches on beneficial interactions between microbes and plants, it does not mention competition with pathogens specifically, leading to a conclusion that it is irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: All patients respond equally well to regenerative therapies. [SEP] Text: 5194/egusphere-2024-1463-RC3 CC1: 'Reply on RC3', Rasmus Benestad, 18 Jul 2024 We are grateful for the comments from the third reviewer which we find constructive and useful, and hope that we have managed to revise our paper to meet any critical feedback. More detailed account is provided below. Our response is in bold font and we repeat the comments in italics. "The first major concern about the paper is the presentation of the methodology. While the methodology itself is straightforward, its presentation is not clear. Large parts of the methodological description point to previous publications from the lead author, instead of actually describing the method, making it very hard to follow. The use of R-code 10. 1088/1748-9326/ab2bb2 and open access) and involved 1875 rain gauge records from nad Europe with more than 50 years of valid data over the period 1961–2018. "An assessment of the performance of the exponential distribution, as well as the skill of the parametric form of the IDF curve needs to be presented in the main manuscript for the entire study domain. "Such assessments have already been carried out and published in papers cited in our paper (e. g. DOI:10. 1088/1748-9326/abd4ab and DOI:10. 1088/1748-9326/abd4ab), and the revised paper will explain this more carefully. While the performance of the exponential distribution has been tested for both Europe (including the Nordics) and North America, the expression for estimating IDF curves have only been calibrated and evaluated against Norwegian sub-daily data (e. g Parding et al, DOI:10. 5194/hess-27-3719-2023). The revised version will explain this point more carefully, but we don’t think it’s necessary to repeat this assessment in the present paper. "I am not particularly confident that the structure of the supporting information is helpful for understanding the study. I would strongly encourage the authors to separate the code development/application part in a technical reference from the remaining of the supporting material. "This is a good idea, and we will reorganise the content in a revised version, using appendices for information cited in the paper, but still provide the output of the R-markdown for those who’d be interested to repeat our study. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses methodology, feedback from reviewers, and assessments related to data analysis in a scientific context without mentioning regenerative therapies, patient responses, or any related topics. Therefore, it does not corroborate or contrast the claim.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Electric vehicles produce zero tailpipe emissions, reducing air pollution. [SEP] Text: Despite this drive for change, it is evident that finding a replacement for diesel buses is not simple. In addition to the low cost, simplicity, reliability and maturity of the technology, diesels also offer excellent characteristics to meet the required power demands and operational needs of city buses. It can be seen from Figure 1, the diesel engine that is a type of internal combustion engine (ICE) provides high output powers and uses energy dense fuel making them ideal for both the range and operating times expected of city buses and also for meeting the high transient power requirements during acceleration. Figure 1. Comparison of various technologies for the power and energy densities (based on Ref. [10]). In order to address the environmental concerns posed by diesel buses, a number of technologies are being investigated and implemented. The most widespread of these are diesel-hybrid buses, which make use of an on-board energy storage system to effectively recycle captured kinetic energy obtained through regenerative braking. Although hybrid buses are capable of significantly reducing fuel consumption, they are still reliant on diesel as the primary fuel source and hence do not address the fundamental problems associated with emission that come from using diesel as a fuel. As such, there has in recent years been an increased focus on the development of zero emissions buses, with two main competing technologies. These are battery electric buses and hydrogen fuel cell (FC), both of which exhibit zero operating emissions, hence eliminates the environmental and health issues associated with diesel buses [11]. Such technology solutions are less mature and result in significant changes to the propulsion system. Although these technologies have been deployed in operational bus fleets, there remain a number of barriers to widespread deployment. London has one of the most comprehensive and busiest public transport networks in the world, operated by Transport for London (TfL). There are over 9000 buses in operation [12], which are estimated to account for 21% of the CO2 emissions in London [7], 63% of NOx and 52% of PM10 particulate emissions [13]. It is reported that the TfL bus fleet carries 6 million passengers each working day, which the number of bus passenger journeys grew by 64% between 2000 and 2013 and is continuing to increase [14]. (GLA) has introduced a number of strategies in an attempt to reduce emissions from buses, part of which is the London hybrid bus project which aims to replace the conventional bus fleet with diesel hybrid buses [7, 15]. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the challenges associated with diesel buses and their reliance on diesel fuel, which leads to emissions. It highlights that while there is a focus on zero-emission technologies like battery electric buses and hydrogen fuel cells, diesel-hybrid buses still depend on diesel fuel and do not tackle the emission issues inherently tied to diesel. Thus, it implies that the reality of replacing diesel buses is complex and that diesel options still contribute to pollution despite efforts to implement cleaner technologies.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Soil microbes can enhance plant health by competing with pathogens. [SEP] Text: 33424/415 Link to the activity sheet 0 +1 Pinterest 0 LinkedIn 0 performing an experiment in an anoxic chamber at the Source, a high-intensity X-ray source that he uses to investigate the structure of NifL (© Richard Gillian) Corn seedlings from a greenhouse biofertiliser growth trial Nate performed while working at (© Nate Boyer) Nate presenting his research at a scientific symposium (© Matt Peck) Nate presenting his first poster at the international Conference as an undergraduate researcher in Braun’s lab at the University of Missouri (© Nate Boyer) Nate preparing samples for analysis (© Jeremy Boutin) Nate analysing experimental data (© Jeremy Boutin) When fixed nitrogen and oxygen levels are low, conditions are suitable for BNF and the NifA protein is active. “NifA activates the expression of nitrogenase and other genes related to BNF,” explains Nate. In contrast, NifL inhibits the activity of NifA and therefore limits nitrogenase, too. “In response to conditions unsuitable for nitrogen fixation, the NifL protein changes shape, allowing NifL to bind to NifA, preventing the expression of genes related to BNF like an ‘off-switch’,” says Nate. Nate’s biggest finding during this research project has been understanding the structure of NifL, as it is difficult to determine the structure of a protein that changes shape! However, now that Nate and his team understand the structure, they have lots more work to do. “We can now explore how the structure of NifL changes in response to signals of cellular oxygen, energy and fixed nitrogen, and how this ultimately affects interaction with NifA,” says Nate. What does this mean for crops? Nate’s research on NifL and NifA interactions shines a light on how diazotrophs control BNF and nitrogenase gene expression. Nate’s work lays the foundations for creating engineered biofertilisers that can be used on a wide variety of different crops, and which farmers can use in conjunction with synthetic nitrogen fertilisers. “The long-term impact of this work will be to increase agricultural sustainability,” explains Nate. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim directly, as it primarily discusses the research on the NifL and NifA proteins related to nitrogen fixation in plants and the potential for engineered biofertilisers. While it hints at agricultural sustainability, it does not mention soil microbes or their role in competing with pathogens, making the connection to the claim irrelevant.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: IoT security protocols help prevent unauthorized access to connected devices. [SEP] Text: -19 PreprintsProtocolsVideosJournalsTools & a 10. 21203/rs. 3. rs-2895144/v1This work is licensed under a CC BY 4. 0 LicenseStatus:PostedVersion 1posted You are reading this older preprint versionRead the latest preprint version →Show more versionsEditorial NoteThe full text of this preprint has been withdrawn by the authors since they no longer stand by the findings/conclusions of this work. Therefore, the authors do not wish this work to be cited as a reference. Questions should be directed to the corresponding author. Editorial notes are used to provide important context regarding the topic of a preprint or to alert readers to potential issues concerning that preprint or a downstream publication associated with it. For more information on editorial notes, see our Editorial Policies. AbstractAs technology advances, so will the risk, as new types of vulnerabilities emerge with each new release of software. Such is the case with IoT devices and new upcoming technologies such as 5G, which will soon take over the world as each user may have two or three devices monitoring their health and safety. Allowing vulnerabilities in such devices can be dangerous and lead to fatal accidents. It is not possible to find a solution for every vulnerability, nor is it possible to continuously monitor the condition of a device. So why not let machines monitor and analyze such flaws? We can determine whether a device or its network is compromised by employing machine learning techniques. These techniques can perform device verification at high speeds while also taking action against unauthorized devices. We used parameters like a node's battery power consumption, what data it collects, how much power the CPU consumes, how many packets are exchanged and received, and so on to determine whether the node is authorized or not. This model is limited to a single type of IoT device; to add multiple devices, the model must be trained separately for each one. The method is based on the idea that if a device has unusual power consumption and packet exchange parameters, it will identify those devices as unauthorized. We were able to achieve an accuracy of over 97 percent for identifying authorized while training this model, which means that in this model we basically check whether the device is authorized by calculating a threshold value for that device. If the threshold is less than the maximum allowable threshold, the device is authorized; otherwise, it is not. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the implementation of machine learning techniques to verify device authorization and identify unauthorized access in IoT devices. It describes how parameters related to device operation, such as power consumption and packet exchanges, are monitored to determine if a device is authorized, thereby supporting the idea that IoT security protocols are effective in preventing unauthorized access.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Electric vehicles produce zero tailpipe emissions, reducing air pollution. [SEP] Text: In contrast to these benefits, the hybridisation of the drive system has a number of drawbacks. These predominately amount to the additional capital cost, where a diesel hybrid typically costs £300,000, this is £110,000 more than a conventional diesel bus and constitutes an increase of about 50% [23]. The additional complexity of both the drive system and its control results in additional maintenance time and cost, where a diesel hybrid typically requires 50% more maintenance time than a conventional diesel bus [22]. 2. 2. Case study 1: TFL Initially a trial consisting of eight diesel hybrid buses was carried out in 2007 and was found to have very high (96%) customer support [24]. After analysing the trial, the official deployment of diesel hybrid buses began in central London. The number of diesel hybrid buses has steadily increased, where in 2015, more than 1200 diesel hybrid buses were in operation in London, as can be seen in Figure 4, and exceed the target of 1700 in 2016 [12]. This consists of old buses redesigned for hybrid operation and new designs such as the new Routemaster. Figure 4. Total number and percentage of the TfL bus fleet of diesel-hybrid buses in operation. Data from Ref. [12]. The impact of the deployment of the low emission bus fleets has already begun to have an impact on emissions in London, as shown in Figure 5. In the last few years, emissions of NOx and CO2 have begun to drop due to the introduction of diesel hybrid buses into the TfL fleet and the retrofitting of selective catalytic reduction measures into the existing fleet. The level of PM100 emissions dropped considerably due to the introduction of PM filters in the early 2000s. It is expected that these will continue to drop as further deployment of diesel hybrid and zero emissions vehicles continues. Figure 5. Expected reduction in CO2 and NOx emissions from the TFL bus fleet with the deployment of diesel/electric hybrid buses [1, 15, 25]. The performance of the diesel hybrid bus fleet in London is very variable, as might be expected due to differing models and routes. It was claimed that the average bus achieved a fuel economy of 32. 9 l/100 km in London [9]. The reported fuel economy of diesel hybrid buses operating in London is presented in Table 1. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing diesel hybrid buses, which are not zero-emission vehicles. It mentions that while there are reductions in emissions like NOx and CO2 due to the hybridization and deployment of certain technologies, it does not support the assertion that electric vehicles produce zero tailpipe emissions. The content focuses on the operational characteristics and drawbacks of diesel hybrids rather than supporting the notion that electric vehicles reduce air pollution due to having zero tailpipe emissions.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Soil microbes can enhance plant health by competing with pathogens. [SEP] Text: Hopefully, with more research like Nate’s, scientists will find ways for farmers to have high enough crop yields to feed the global population, while minimising the environmental impact. BoyerInstitute of of research: Sciences, project: Investigating nitrogenase expression in diazotrophs with the aim of improving crop yields in an environmentally friendly way Funder: US Department of Agriculture (USDA) This work is supported by Agricultural and Initiative grant no. 2021-67034-35148 from the of Food and Agriculture. The content is solely the responsibility of the authors and does not necessarily represent the official views of the funding agencies. About biochemistry Biochemists study chemical processes and structures in animals, plants and microorganisms (such as bacteria and viruses). As well as working in medical, dental and veterinary areas, biochemical scientists can work in food science, pharmacology and agriculture. They might study anything from how an organism gets energy from food to how insecticides affect plants, to how diseases are passed down through genetics. “Biochemical research provides the opportunity to solve complex puzzles in a collaborative setting on a daily basis,” says Nate. What research opportunities will be open to the next generation of biochemists? “The amazing thing about research is that it’s a self-perpetuating system,” says Nate. “Our scientific understanding builds on the work of those who came before us, and the answer to any well-thought research question should allow scientists to ask more interesting questions. So, there are countless opportunities for the next generation of biochemists! ” What does a typical day look like for Nate? “One thing that I really enjoy about research is how variable a ‘typical’ day can be,” says Nate. “I may be in the lab performing experiments, on the computer analysing data or performing computational experiments, presenting my findings, or reading to stay up to date with rapidly evolving cutting-edge techniques. Some experiments require highly specific, expensive equipment, so I often travel to other labs to collaborate with scientists from different backgrounds, which I’ve always enjoyed. ” Pathway from school to biochemistry • If you are interested in becoming a biochemist, take classes in biology, chemistry, physics and mathematics at high school and post-16. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim directly. It discusses research in biochemistry and various aspects of agricultural science, but it does not specifically mention soil microbes or their role in enhancing plant health or competing with pathogens.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: IoT security protocols help prevent unauthorized access to connected devices. [SEP] Text: 1Figure 2Figure 3Figure 4I IntroductionIoT has begun to gain popularity in a variety of fields as a result of emerging technologies such as 5G. As a result, many things in our lives have become possible, such as automated temperature control, automated watering systems, and so on. IoT-connected devices will soon take over the majority of control in our daily lives, from turning on and off lights to controlling the background music in your home. This means that IoT-enabled devices can collect data on users' daily habits, such as when they wake up, leave the house, and return, etc. If this information is compromised, the consequences can be disastrous. To avoid such scenarios, we must strengthen the security of our IoT devices and protect them from cyber-attacks. The current study focuses on how IoT devices will pose a threat to large organizations and how they are dependent on the company's and its employees' behavior. Devices such as smart cameras, smart lights, and smart instruments, among others, can control the entire environment of a business. These features can make an employee's or manager's life easier by making it easier for them to keep track of tasks, lighting and air conditioning in their offices, and so on. This will soon become a daily requirement where you interact with such IoT devices on a daily basis. This also implies that the security of such companies is based on the security of IoT devices, as data from IoT devices can be used by rival organizations for their benefit, such as making the meeting room uncomfortable for the clients and resulting in the deal being closed, or taking control of a smart TV in a conference room with an inbuilt camera and remotely recording the confidential information or capturing documents or discussions using the security camera, etc. The next issue is related to employees, where the employee can connect their smart devices that are connected to their home network to the enterprise network, which basically means that if the employee's home network is compromised, it may end up compromising the enterprise network via that smart device, as IoT devices are based on trust, so if a specific trusted node is compromised, it can cause some serious issues. These types of concerns can be avoided while also being unavoidable, as we live in an era where devices are remotely connected to each other via the internet. To avoid such situations, we must improve the security of our smart devices, the security of our IoT networks, and intrusion detection in such networks. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the need to strengthen the security of IoT devices to prevent cyber-attacks and unauthorized access. It emphasizes that improving the security of smart devices and IoT networks is crucial to avoid severe consequences when information is compromised. The text clearly indicates that enhancing security measures is necessary to protect IoT devices and the connected networks, supporting the claim that security protocols can help prevent unauthorized access.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Electric vehicles produce zero tailpipe emissions, reducing air pollution. [SEP] Text: It appears, however, that the current recharging times for overnight e-buses presents a problem since it is likely that a significant number of recharging points and a massive recharging power would be needed to recharge the batteries of a large fleet in time for the next day’s service. This could potentially be an issue for the electrical grid infrastructure if the number of buses grows significantly, while this would not be a problem for FC buses because of their short refuelling time. Fuel availability: All three battery electric bus technologies use electricity to recharge their batteries. This electricity could be central managed and distributed locally through the local electricity grids; however, widespread electric bus deployment could significantly stress this infrastructure. FC buses will likely require the development of a comprehensive distribution network for hydrogen, although on-site hydrogen production has been demonstrated. Additionally, hydrogen fuel storage would also create additional cost. Clean source: Real zero emissions bus technology needs to be clean throughout the manufacturing process, fuel production and bus operation. Currently, battery electric and FC bus technologies can achieve zero operating emission but the lifetime emissions are much harder to quantify. It is hard to forecast how the emissions from new technology manufacturing will change, but the fuel production method can be roughly estimated. In the UK, the GHG emissions for electrical energy were 0. 44932 kgCO2/kWh in 2014 [92]. This is likely to change as the UK’s energy mix changes, where in 2015, 24. 6% of electricity was generated from renewable energy sources [93]. Similarly, for FC buses, the source of hydrogen is critical in determining the overall emissions. Currently, about 96% of hydrogen is derived from fossil fuels [94] which results in 13. 7 kgCO2/kgH2 [95]. Despite this, investigations into the use of renewable energy for hydrogen production through the process of electrolysis have been carried out offering potential for a low carbon source of hydrogen. Currently, electricity for battery electric buses is a cleaner fuel than hydrogen for FC buses. Cost: Both electric and FC buses have higher capital costs than a conventional diesel bus; however, FC buses are currently far more expensive than electric buses. The capital cost of electric buses is somewhat dependant on the type of operation expected, where overnight buses will have higher costs than opportunity and trolley buses due to the increased battery capacity. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing that while battery electric buses (e-buses) can achieve zero operating emissions, the overall emissions throughout the manufacturing, fuel production, and lifecycle may not be zero. It highlights that the emissions associated with the electricity used for charging e-buses can be significant, particularly given that in 2014, greenhouse gas emissions for electrical energy in the UK were around 0.44932 kgCO2/kWh. This suggests that the claim of zero tailpipe emissions does not account for the emissions produced during electricity generation.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Soil microbes can enhance plant health by competing with pathogens. [SEP] Text: • “There are many great educational resources on YouTube that can help you get a basic understanding of biochemistry,” says Nate. “I watched a lot of videos throughout my education. As you get started, it can feel like learning a new language, and sometimes it can feel overwhelming. If you keep striving to understand the concepts, fluency will come with time. ” Have a look at Khan Academy’s explanation of the nitrogen cycle. • Study for a bachelor’s degree in biochemistry or a related field such as biology, molecular biology or biomedical engineering. However, Nate recommends choosing the classes that inspire you. “Personally, I’ve found that my degree in philosophy, focused on advanced logic and philosophy of science, has been indispensable to designing effective experimental strategies,” says Nate. “Research takes all kinds, so my best advice would be to follow your passion and keep an eye open for where your expertise fits in. ” • Try to gain laboratory experience whenever you can, such as through a summer placement at a university or an internship at a pharmaceutical company. To work in research, you will need to complete a master’s degree and a PhD after your bachelor’s degree. • “Taking any computer science classes will position you well to make use of machine learning and other computational tools that are revolutionising the field of biochemistry,” says Nate. • If you are a high schooler in the US and come from a community, have a look at University’s ‘College Leaders’ (EXCEL) programme, which allows students to conduct their own mini biochemical project. Explore careers in biochemistry • has some great information on the field of biochemistry, as well as information on the differences between working in academia, industry, government or for a non-profit organisation. • The US Bureau of has a useful page on what being a biochemist involves, as well as a list of similar occupations. • According to Payscale. com, the average annual salary for a biochemist in the US is around $70,000. Who or what inspired you to become a scientist? I’ve always wanted to be a scientist. was 5 years old, my parents got my older brother a chemistry set for Christmas, and, even though I was well below the age recommendation, I was far more excited about this gift than he was. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is largely irrelevant to the claim as it focuses on educational resources, career advice in biochemistry, and personal experiences related to learning and career paths in science. There is no mention of soil microbes, plant health, or pathogen competition, which makes the text unrelated to the subject of the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: IoT security protocols help prevent unauthorized access to connected devices. [SEP] Text: The remainder of project is structured as follows: Section 2 of the Research papers we studied and method they have used for detection intruding devices, Section 3 of Information gained about method and usage in a table, Section 4 or the method we used for detection of unauthorized devices, Section 5 Implementations of Model and how we proceeded, Section 6 of the outputs obtained from the model, Section 7 Conclusion, Section 8 Future Work. II Literature ReviewA. Yahyaoui, T. Abdellatif and R. Attia, "Hierarchical anomaly based intrusion detection and localization in IoT," 2019 15th Communications & Conference (IWCMC), 2019, 10. 1109/IWCMC. 2019. 8766574. In this paper, a hierarchical network architecture is used to monitor a WSN deployed in a hostile environment for event detection purposes. This is done to protect WSNs from common threats such as eavesdropping and DoS attacks. These nodes are generally not tamper resistant, and if tampered with by an attacker, it can affect the roles it performs, thereby affecting the entire network. WSNs typically rely on neighboring nodes to forward data, but due to malicious data flow, packets can be dropped. Hierarchical anomaly detection and localization (HADL) can detect IP intrusions as well as WSN routing intrusions. employs deep learning techniques to protect the network from IP intrusion; these IDS components can be requested at any time by the base station. The training phase of these models takes place on cloud servers. Instead of running the SVM on all nodes, this system only runs it on nodes with a high probability of anomaly in a top-down fashion. Every node has a deactivated SVM function that is activated when an attack is detected. The model is trained by collecting data from a system that has not been attacked. Cluster heads carry out the training phase, and the base station carries the data from all cluster heads, which is the data from the entire network; this training phase is established on a regular basis, according to a time window. When a packet arrives at the base station, the SVM determines whether it is normal or abnormal based on the most recent model version. If an abnormal packet is detected, the trust score for each cluster is computed in order to locate the suspected clusters in the network. This model is capable of detecting anomalies at a rate of more than 95%. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing a hierarchical anomaly-based intrusion detection method that helps monitor and protect wireless sensor networks (WSNs) from unauthorized access and threats such as eavesdropping and denial-of-service (DoS) attacks. The various techniques mentioned, such as the use of deep learning for intrusion detection and localization, directly contribute to enhancing the security of IoT devices by detecting IP intrusions and preventing unauthorized access.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: EV batteries last indefinitely without needing replacement. [SEP] Text: Review 10. 20935/AcadEng7355Special IssueRecovery of from Primary and ReceivedJune 15, 2024AcceptedSeptember 12, 2024PublishedOctober 10, 2024Academic editorsProf. Mohamed M. this 2024. T. , & Burat, F. (2024). The recent developments in EV batteries and REEs recovery processes from spent NiMH batteries, 1(4). Tülin, and Fırat Burat. “Developments in EV Batteries and REProcesses from Spent NiMH Batteries” 1, no. 4 (2024). doi:10. 20935/AcadEng7355. VancouverUlucan T, Burat F. The recent developments in EV batteries and REEs recovery processes from spent NiMH batteries. 2024;1(4). T. and Burat, F. (2024) “The recent developments in EV batteries and REEs recovery processes from spent NiMH batteries. ” Academia Engineering, 1(4). doi: 10. 20935/AcadEng7355. Publication dates & DOIReceivedJune 15, 2024AcceptedSeptember 12, 2024PublishedOctober 10, 2024DOI Related 4. 0/ vehicles (EVs) are becoming more popular than internal combustion engines for reasons such as ease of use, durability, efficiency, and speed. Electric motors aim to improve the efficiency of energy storage systems and be more environmentally friendly. Due to the growing population, the number of vehicles in use is also increasing, leading to higher carbon dioxide (CO2) and hydrocarbon emissions. This demand has positively affected the battery market in the EV industry. Battery electric vehicles (BEVs), hybrid electric vehicles (HEVs), and plug-in hybrid electric vehicles (PHEVs), along with lead-acid batteries, nickel–metal hydride (NiMH) batteries, and lithium-ion batteries, are frequently preferred in the EV industry. NiMH batteries contain approximately 35–50% nickel (Ni), 5–20% rare earth elements (REEs), and 10% iron (Fe) by weight. Considering the supply and demand gap for REEs, often called “vitamins of modern industry”, the recovery of REEs from waste NiMH batteries, which contain high amounts of these elements, becomes important. In this review 1. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the recovery processes from spent nickel-metal hydride (NiMH) batteries, indicating that EV batteries do not last indefinitely and that there is a need for recovery processes, suggesting these batteries will require replacement after their lifespan.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Soil microbes can enhance plant health by competing with pathogens. [SEP] Text: So, my parents spent a lot of time supervising me while I mixed the colourful chemicals, and ever since then, I’ve wanted to be a researcher. Coming from a small, rural town, I didn’t really have any examples of scientists growing up, but I was fortunate to have the support of family, friends and mentors who have all encouraged me to find what I want to do and pursue it. It wasn’t until the summer after my second year at the University of Missouri that I had the opportunity to participate in research. Assuredly, I am in this position today because of the mentorship of Baker and Braun, who both believed in me and provided me with the opportunity to chase my curiosity. What experiences have shaped your career path? My biggest eureka moment, so far, was probably looking at the model of the NifL protein structure I created. To build the model, I had to bring together knowledge from 30 years of scientific literature and integrate this with newer bioinformatic techniques. It was like putting together a 5,000-piece jigsaw puzzle! The whole process took several months, but when everything fell into place, it revealed a picture that showed us so much more than we thought we knew at the time. What has been the worst advice you have been given? “Drop philosophy – you’ll never use it. ” “Give the problem time – it’ll figure itself out. ” What attributes have made you successful as a scientist? Curiosity and persistence. I’ve always been curious about biology and what makes organisms functional and adaptable, and it’s this curiosity that pulled me in initially. Research can be slow and difficult though, and success requires persistence and hard work. What are your proudest career achievements so far? My proudest achievement is independently securing funding for my graduate research by applying for and being awarded the US Department of - Doctoral fellowship. Nate’s top tips 1. Believe in yourself and don’t be afraid to fail. graduated high school, I honestly didn’t think I was capable of understanding chemistry, and the fear of failure associated with this delayed me from pursuing a position in research. You’re capable of more than you think you are. 2. Follow your passion. Success requires hard work, but if you follow your passion, the work will be fun along the way. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses the author's personal journey in becoming a researcher, the challenges faced, and the importance of mentorship, without providing any information related to soil microbes or their impact on plant health.