Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Awareness campaigns can prevent all cases of mental health issues in society. [SEP] Text: Now is the time for policy makers, researchers, and the private sector to partner in preparation for the near future. is a useful model to draw from [10]. Created in 1985 by the US Commission (FCC), Lifeline is a nationwide program designed to help eligible low-income individuals obtain home phone and landline services so they can pursue employment, reach help in case of emergency, and access social services and health care. In 2005, recognizing the broad shift toward mobile technology and mobile-cellular infrastructure, the FCC expanded the program to include mobile phones and data plans. The FCC provides a base level of federal support, but individual states are responsible for regional implementation, including engagement of commercial mobile phone carriers. Given the high rates of disability and poverty among people with severe mental illness, many are eligible to benefit from Lifeline and research has shown that a large proportion does in fact use this program to obtain a mobile phone and data plan [2]. In the singular area of mobile phone use, the gap between people with severe mental illness and the general population in the is vanishing. Strategic multi-partner programs will be able to grant access to mHealth for mental health programs to those who will not be able to afford them—arguably, the people who need them the most. Mobile technology manufacturing costs are dropping. Soon all mobile phones in the marketplace, including the more inexpensive devices that are made available through subsidy programs, will have “smart” capabilities (ie, Internet connectivity and the capacity to host apps). Programs like Lifeline could be expanded to include mHealth resources that capitalize on “smart” functions, such as secure/encrypted clinical texting programs and mental health monitoring and illness-management apps. Mobile phone hardware and software development companies could be engaged to add mHealth programs as a standard component in the suite of tools that come installed on their mobile phones; thus, in addition to navigation apps, media players, and games, the new Android or iPhone could come with guided relaxation videos, medication reminder systems, and evidence-based self-monitoring and self-management tools. Telecommunication companies could be encouraged to offer mHealth options with their data plans. Operating system updates pushed out by the mobile carrier companies could come with optional mHealth apps for those who elect to download them. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing how collaborative efforts such as the Lifeline program aim to provide services for individuals with severe mental illness, suggesting that while awareness is important, it is not enough on its own to prevent mental health issues. The reference to strategic partnerships and services indicates that proactive measures beyond awareness campaigns are necessary to address mental health effectively.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Some assert that using pathogens for pest control will never affect beneficial insects. [SEP] Text: 13(7):581-583 Caserta R, Teixeira---. 2020. Citrus biotechnology: what has been done to improve disease resistance in such an important crop? and Innovation 3(8):95-109 CGA. 2020. Citrus growers’ association of Southern Africa. Key industry statistics for citrus growers Chao A. 1984. Nonparametric estimation of the number of classes in a population. of Statistics 11(4):265-270 Chesters D, Beckschäfer. 2019. Climatic and vegetational drivers of insect beta diversity at the continental scale. Ecology and Evolution 9(24):13764-13775. 2015. DNA (meta) barcoding of biological invasions: a powerful tool to elucidate invasion processes and help managing aliens. 17(3):905-922 Cristescu ME. 2014. From barcoding single individuals to metabarcoding biological communities: towards an integrative approach to the study of global biodiversity. Trends in Ecology & Evolution 29(10):566-571. 2020. Hidden biodiversity in neotropical streams: DNA barcoding uncovers high endemicity of freshwater macroinvertebrates at small spatial scales. 15(8):e0231683. 2020. The interacting effect of habitat amount, habitat diversity and fragmentation on insect diversity along elevational gradients. Journal of Biogeography 47(11):2377-2391 Efron B. 1992. Bootstrap methods: another look at the jackknife. New York: Springer. . 2019. Assessing changes in arthropod predator-prey interactions through DNA-based gut content analysis-variable environment, stable diet. 28(2):266-280 Elbrecht V, Steinke D. 2018. Scaling up DNA metabarcoding for freshwater macrozoobenthos monitoring. 5:1. 2017. Assessing strengths and weaknesses of DNA metabarcoding-based macroinvertebrate identification for routine stream monitoring. Methods in Ecology and Evolution 8(10):1265-1275. 2019. Declines in insect abundance and diversity: we know enough to act now. and Practice 1(8):e02701 Furlong MJ. 2015. Knowing your enemies: integrating molecular and ecological methods to assess the impact of arthropod predators on crop pests. 22(1):6-19. 2018. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not directly address the claim regarding the use of pathogens for pest control and its impact on beneficial insects. It contains references to various ecological studies, DNA barcoding, and biodiversity assessments, but none of these discuss the relationship or potential effects of using pathogens specifically on beneficial insect populations. Therefore, it is irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Protein is essential for muscle repair and growth. [SEP] Text: With emerging evidence indicating that certain aspects of the initiation pathway are downregulated with aging (Cuthbertson et al. (9) and Mayhew (19)), increased leucine intake is an effective means of targeting specific signal transduction systems (30). The effects of EAA and carbohydrate on skeletal muscle also vary with aging. In young subjects, the addition of carbohydrate to AA substantially increases muscle anabolism. However, the same formula given to the elderly provides no additional benefit above AA alone (31). These data indicate that the insulin response elicited by the carbohydrate bolus does not enhance protein anabolism in older muscle and supports the premise that older individuals are more resistant to the effects of insulin on muscle protein metabolism. This diminished response of skeletal muscle was evident in subjects with no clinical signs of metabolic syndrome or insulin resistance. This study was performed in resting subjects; however, recent evidence indicates that exercise combined with a protein and carbohydrate supplement in elderly men results in an increase in muscle protein synthesis (17). To our knowledge, however, the combined effects of exercise and EAA plus carbohydrate supplementation have not been directly compared between young and older subjects. exercise stimulates both protein synthesis and breakdown; however, protein synthesis is stimulated to a greater degree such that the net protein balance across skeletal muscle (synthesis − breakdown) is improved, though still negative (4). On the contrary, AA administration alone, either by infusion (5) or by oral ingestion (23,28), results in a significant increase in muscle protein synthesis such that the net protein balance becomes positive or anabolic. When resistance exercise is performed in conjunction with AA administration, the response is interactive (5), surpassing the simple additive response of each intervention alone (Figure 1). AA administration in conjunction with exercise results in a large increase in peripheral AA delivery to skeletal muscle (arterial AA concentration × blood flow) (5). The increased blood flow to exercising muscle delivers the higher AA concentrations rapidly to the muscle. It is this extracellular signal, or rapid change in arterial AA concentrations, that serves as the signal for increased synthetic rate (6). Figure 1: Muscle net protein balance during the fasted state, resistance exercise in the fasted state, amino acid (AA) administration, and AA plus resistance exercise. The effects of AA and exercise are interactive, as the combined effect is greater than the additive responses. The timing of EAA ingestion in relation to exercise also dictates the magnitude of response. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by explaining the role of amino acid (AA) administration and its interaction with resistance exercise in stimulating muscle protein synthesis. It emphasizes that exercise, combined with protein intake, leads to a significantly improved net protein balance, indicating that protein is crucial for repairing and increasing muscle mass.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Awareness campaigns can prevent all cases of mental health issues in society. [SEP] Text: In the same manner in which the Program has helped increase access to fundamental opportunities to so many low-income individuals, innovative multi-partner programs have the potential to put mHealth for mental health resources in the hands of millions in the years ahead. Dror Ben-Zeev, PhDFigure 1. Dror Ben-Zeev, PhD, is a faculty member in the Department of Psychiatry at and licensed who specializes in development and evaluation of technology-based approaches in the study, assessment, and treatment of mental illness. Dr. Ben-Zeev serves as the Director of the (mHealth) for Program, a multidisciplinary effort to harness mobile technology (e. g. , texting, smartphone applications, multi-modal sensors) to improve the outcomes and support the recovery of people with psychiatric conditions. Conflicts of InterestThe author has an intervention content licensing agreement with Pear Therapeutics. 2015. URL: [accessed 2016-05-23] [WebCite Cache]Ben-. Mobile technologies among people with serious mental illness: opportunities for future services. Ment Health. Jul 2013;40(4):340-343. [FREE Full text] [CrossRef] [Medline]. Ownership and Endorsement ofmHealth? With Psychosis: A Meta-analysis of Cross-sectional Studies. Schizophr Bull. 2015:sbv132v1-sbsbv132. [CrossRef]. Community attitudes to the appropriation of mobile phones for monitoring and managing depression, anxiety, and stress. J Res. 2010;12(5):e64. [FREE Full text] [CrossRef] [Medline] Patient smartphone ownership and interest in mobile apps to monitor symptoms of mental health conditions: A survey in four geographically distinct psychiatric clinics. . 2014;1(1):e5. [CrossRef]Ainsworth J, Palmier- A comparison of two delivery modalities of a mobile phone-based assessment for serious mental illness: native smartphone application vs text-messaging only implementations. J Res. 2013;15(4):e60. [FREE Full text] [CrossRef] [Medline]Ben-. Feasibility, acceptability, and preliminary efficacy of a smartphone intervention for schizophrenia. Schizophr Bull. Nov 2014;40(6):1244-1253. [FREE Full text] [CrossRef] [Medline]Faurholt-. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by indicating that while there may be advancements in mobile health (mHealth) technologies aimed at improving mental health outcomes, it does not assert that awareness campaigns alone can prevent all mental health issues. Instead, it highlights that effective intervention often requires innovative multi-partner programs and technology-based approaches, suggesting that awareness campaigns alone are insufficient for complete prevention.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Some assert that using pathogens for pest control will never affect beneficial insects. [SEP] Text: Metabarcoding for the parallel identification of several hundred predators and their prey: application to bat species diet analysis. Resources 18(3):474-489 Gibbs J. 2018. DNA barcoding a nightmare taxon: assessing barcode index numbers and barcode gaps for sweat bees. Genome 61(1):21-31. 2015. The hemiptera (insecta) of Canada: constructing a reference library of DNA barcodes. 10(4):e0125635. 2011. Environmental barcoding: a next-generation sequencing approach for biomonitoring applications using river benthos. 6(4):e17497. 2020. DNA metabarcoding for biodiversity monitoring in a national park: screening for invasive and pest species. Resources 20(6):1542-1557 deWaard JR. 2003. Biological identifications through DNA barcodes. Proceedings of the of London. Series B: 270(1512):313-321. 2004. Ten species in one: DNA barcoding reveals cryptic species in the neotropical skipper butterfly Astraptes fulgerator. Proceedings of the of Sciences of the of America 101(41):14812-14817 -deWaard JR. 2016. Counting animal species with DNA barcodes: Canadian insects. of the B: 371(1702):20150333. 2022. Metabarcoding reveals massive species diversity of Diptera in a subtropical ecosystem. Ecology and Evolution 12(1):e8535 Jaccard P. 1912. The distribution of the flora in the alpine zone. 1. 11(2):37-50. 2013. Reliable, verifiable and efficient monitoring of biodiversity via metabarcoding. 16(10):1245-1257. 2016. Extent and divergence of heteroplasmy of the DNA barcoding region in Anapodisma miramae (Orthoptera: Acrididae) : DNA Mapping, Sequencing, and Analysis 27:3405-3414. 2020. The data of the Trap Project, a countrywide inventory of Sweden’s insect fauna. Journal 8:e56286. 2021. traps and soil eDNA reveals seasonal and local arthropod diversity shifts. 11(1):10498. 2019. DNA metabarcoding reveals the broad and flexible diet of a declining aerial insectivore. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is largely irrelevant to the claim as it discusses various studies on DNA barcoding and biodiversity monitoring but does not directly address the assertion regarding pathogens and their effects on beneficial insects. The topics covered in the text do not support or contradict the claim made.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Protein is essential for muscle repair and growth. [SEP] Text: A solution containing 6 g of EAA plus 35 g of sucrose was given to young subjects either immediately before or immediately after resistance exercise. Drink administration immediately prior to exercise resulted in a 160% greater increase in muscle anabolism compared with post-exercise drink administration (29). With post-exercise drink ingestion, the anabolic response was only one-third that achieved when the drink was ingested prior to exercise. The larger response of pre-exercise drink ingestion is due to a 3-fold greater delivery of AA to skeletal muscle. AA delivery with pre-exercise ingestion remained 64% greater than post-exercise ingestion up to 1 hour after the conclusion of exercise (29). These results indicate that the ingestion of AA prior to exercise leads to an increased delivery of AA precursors to skeletal muscle via increased blood flow to the exercising muscle. In turn, the increased delivery signals skeletal muscle to upregulate synthetic mechanisms, resulting in greater AA uptake and muscle protein synthesis. As previously mentioned, the same dose of EAA can be delivered by ingesting approximately 30 g of high-quality protein. However, the ingestion of 30 g of whey entails a larger caloric load, greater digestion time (slower release of AA to the periphery), and increased ureagenesis (Figure 2) as a portion of ingested AA are converted to urea rather than used for protein synthesis. Tipton et al. (27) administered a drink consisting of either 20 g of casein or 20 g of whey protein 1 hour after a bout of leg extension exercise. Although AA delivery was greater with whey protein, each resulted in a similar increase in muscle protein balance and muscle anabolism. Furthermore, each resulted in a similar AA uptake relative to AA ingestion (∼10-15%) (27). EAA administration results in a more efficient AA utilization for protein synthesis when given in conjunction with exercise. When 12 g of EAA was given after resistance exercise, calculations revealed that ∼27% of ingested EAAs were taken up by skeletal muscle for protein synthesis (8). Because protein synthesis involves both essential and nonessential AA, the stimulation of muscle anabolism by EAA is accomplished by using endogenous nonessential AA. Further evidence is provided by the stable urea production after exercise and the decline in alanine concentration and important urea precursors (8) (Figure 3). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the importance of essential amino acids (EAAs) and protein in promoting muscle anabolism, specifically highlighting that EAAs lead to increased amino acid delivery to skeletal muscle, which in turn upregulates synthetic mechanisms necessary for muscle protein synthesis. The text supports the assertion that protein, particularly when consumed in conjunction with resistance exercise, is essential for muscle repair and growth.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Medication is the only effective treatment for mental health conditions. [SEP] Text: AbstractOral atypical antipsychotic (OAAP) medications are the most commonly prescribed treatment for the management of schizophrenia symptoms. This retrospective study, using Medicaid claims data (2016–2020), followed patients for 12 months after initiating OAAP therapy. Study outcomes included OAAP adherence, switching, augmentation, healthcare resource utilization (HRU), and expenditures. All-cause and schizophrenia-related HRU and expenditures were compared between adherent and nonadherent cohorts. Among 13,007 included patients (39. 1 ± 12. 8 years of age, 57. 0% male, 36. 1% Black, 31. 8% White, 9. 7% Hispanic), 25. 7% were adherent to OAAPs (proportion of days covered [PDC] ≥ 0. 8). During the 1-year follow-up period, Black individuals were in possession of an OAAP for an average of 166 days compared to 198 and 202 days for White and Hispanic patients, respectively. Approximately 16% of patients switched OAAP medications and 3. 2% augmented therapy with an OAAP added to their index medication. Nearly 40% of patients were hospitalized during follow-up and 68. 4% had emergency department (ED) visits. A greater proportion of nonadherent patients had all-cause inpatient (41. 7% vs. 34. 1%, p < 0. 001) and ED visits (71. 7% vs. 58. 8%, p < 0. 001) compared to adherent patients. Annual total healthcare expenditures were $21,020 per patient; $3481 higher for adherent versus nonadherent patients. Inpatient expenditures comprised 44. 6% and 30. 6% of total expenditures for nonadherent and adherent patients, respectively. Hospitalized patients’ total expenditures were $23,261 higher compared to those without a hospitalization. Adherence to OAAP medication is suboptimal and associated with increased utilization of costly hospital and ED resources. Efforts to improve therapies and increase medication adherence could improve clinical and economic outcomes among individuals with schizophrenia. Similar content being viewed by others Health resource utilization and cost before versus after initiation of second-generation long-acting injectable antipsychotics among adults with schizophrenia in Alberta, Canada: a retrospective, observational single-arm study 6. 5% prevalence of schizophrenia in correctional facilities (Pilon et al. , 2020). Cloutier et al. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing that adherence to oral atypical antipsychotic medications (OAAP) is suboptimal among patients with schizophrenia and highlights the significant healthcare resource utilization and costs associated with both adherent and nonadherent patients. It indicates that efforts to improve therapies and increase medication adherence could lead to better outcomes, suggesting that there are additional factors at play and not solely medication that can effectuate treatment improvements.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Some assert that using pathogens for pest control will never affect beneficial insects. [SEP] Text: 136(1):169 Moriniere J, Cancian de. 2016. Species identification in Malaise trap samples by DNA barcoding based on NGS technologies and a scoring matrix. 11(5):e0155497. 2012. Syrphid flies suppress lettuce aphids. BioControl 57(6):819-826 Niu J-Z, Hull-Sanders H, Zhang Y-X, Lin J-Z, Dou W, Wang J-J. 2014. Biological control of arthropod pests in citrus orchards in China. 68:15-22. 2019. Prospects and challenges of implementing DNA metabarcoding for high-throughput insect surveillance. GigaScience 8(8):10. 2022. DNA metabarcoding enables high-throughput detection of spotted wing drosophila (Drosophila suzukii) within unsorted trap catches. Frontiers in Ecology and Evolution 10:327 Prosser SW, de. 2016. DNA barcodes from century-old type specimens using next-generation sequencing. Resources 16(2):487-497 R Core Team. 2023. R: a language and environment for statistical computing. R Foundation for. 2013. A DNA-based registry for all animal species: the barcode index number (BIN) system. 8(7):e66213 Ren J-M, Ashfaq M, Hu X-. 2017. Barcode index numbers expedite quarantine inspections and aid the interception of nonindigenous mealybugs (Pseudococcidae) 20(2):449-460 öndahl. 2022. Airborne environmental DNA metabarcoding for the monitoring of terrestrial insects—a proof of concept from the field. Environmental DNA 4(4):790-807. 2019. From feces to data: a metabarcoding method for analyzing consumed and available prey in a bird-insect food web. Ecology and Evolution 9(1):631-639 Shannon C. 1948. A mathematical theory of communication. Journal 27(3):379-423 and 623–656 Smaili MC, Boutaleb-Joutei A, Blenzar A. 2020. Beneficial insect community of Moroccan citrus groves: assessment of their potential to enhance biocontrol services. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not directly address the claim regarding the use of pathogens for pest control and its impact on beneficial insects. Instead, it focuses on various studies related to insect identification and biological control in agriculture without discussing the potential effects on beneficial insect populations.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Protein is essential for muscle repair and growth. [SEP] Text: Thus taken together, the utilization of AA for protein synthesis is approximately twice as efficient, on a gram per gram basis, with EAA versus intact protein (Figure 4). Figure 2: Urea production with ingestion of 15, 30, and 45 g of whey protein. There is a significant increase in post-drink urea production with the 30- and 45-g doses (*p < 0. 05). Figure 3: Urea production and arterial alanine concentration after resistance exercise plus 12 g EAA. (a) The combination of EAA and resistance exercise does not increase urea production. (b) Arterial concentration of the urea precursor alanine actually decreases, indicating the utilization of the nonessential amino acids (AAs) to support increased protein synthesis. Adapted from Borsheim et al. (8). Figure 4: Amino acid (AA) uptake into skeletal muscle after exercise and 12 g essential amino acid (EAA) and 20 g of casein (CS) or whey (WP) protein. These data indicate that a greater amount of AAs are taken up per gram ingested with EAA versus the intact proteins, given that the EAA content of the proteins is approximately 9 to 10 g. Until recently, the compelling data with EAA administration have been somewhat esoteric, given that such a supplement was not commercially available. However, based on this compilation of data, a recent proprietary formula of EAA in free and peptide form is available under the brand name BeneVia (authors' disclosure: AAF and RRW have financial interests in this product). A total of 9. 5 g of AA, including 7 g of EAA and with a high proportion of leucine, is present in each 6 oz serving. Thus, based on the compilation of data, drinking two 6 oz servings prior to exercise should provide for maximal stimulation of muscle anabolism. advantage of EAA administration appears to be their ability to maintain skeletal muscle mass and function during periods of compulsory inactivity, similar to that experienced during post-surgical hospitalization or rehabilitation. We have demonstrated the efficacy of EAA supplementation on muscle mass and function during inactivity. An important finding of these studies has been that the acute response of muscle protein anabolism to EAA intake is translatable and sustainable over time in the catabolic condition of bed rest. Paddon-Jones et al. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text supports the claim by discussing the importance of essential amino acids (EAAs) for protein synthesis, particularly in the context of muscle repair and growth. It highlights that 'the acute response of muscle protein anabolism to EAA intake is translatable and sustainable over time in the catabolic condition of bed rest,' underscoring the role of protein (in the form of EAAs) in maintaining and stimulating muscle growth and repair processes.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Medication is the only effective treatment for mental health conditions. [SEP] Text: (2016) estimated the US economic burden of schizophrenia in 2013 to be $155. 7 billion, with direct healthcare costs of $37. 7 billion (24. 2% of total). Kadakia et al. (2022b) updated this estimate ($US2019) reporting an economic burden of $343. 2 billion with direct healthcare costs of $62. 3 billion (18. 2% of total). Medication costs increased 19. 2% over this 6-year period, while inpatient and outpatient medical costs increased by 80. 9% and 58. 8%, respectively. The majority of non-institutionalized adults with schizophrenia in the US are insured through government healthcare programs, with 70% reporting Medicaid coverage based on 2014–2020 (MEPS) data (~ 35% with only Medicaid coverage and not dually eligible for Medicaid and Medicare) (Geissler et al. , 2023). Only 4% reported no insurance and 43% and 19% reported Medicare and commercial insurance, respectively. Including patients eligible and not eligible for Medicare coverage, Pilon et al. (2021) estimated the prevalence of schizophrenia in Medicaid programs at 2. 3–4. 0%. They also reported a conservative estimate of $14,000 in higher annual healthcare costs for patients with schizophrenia compared to beneficiaries without the illness. Interest in treatment patterns, health outcomes, and costs in Medicaid patients with schizophrenia is high given that Medicaid programs provide healthcare coverage for a significant portion of this population. Antipsychotic (AP) drugs are the first-line medication treatment for patients with schizophrenia to manage symptoms and reduce the risk of relapse. Medication nonadherence, however, is notably high in this population, with up to two-thirds of patients reported to be at least partially nonadherent to their AP medication (Kaplan et al. , 2013). Long-acting injectable (LAI) APs, utilized by 13% of state Medicaid schizophrenia patients in 2018 (Patel et al. , 2022), have demonstrated improved medication adherence (Greene et al. , 2018; Kaplan et al. , 2013). However, the mainstay of treatment for patients with schizophrenia is oral APs, specifically the newer generation (atypical) APs. Atypical APs are associated with less extrapyramidal symptoms (EPS) compared to first-generation (typical) AP medications (Divac et al. , 2014). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by stating that while antipsychotic medications are indeed the first-line treatment for schizophrenia, it also highlights the issue of medication nonadherence, with up to two-thirds of patients reported as partially nonadherent. This indicates that there are pathways and possible treatment patterns beyond just medication that could be effective, especially considering the significant portion of the population insured through Medicaid who may not fully adhere to their prescribed AP medications.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Some assert that using pathogens for pest control will never affect beneficial insects. [SEP] Text: of Control 30(1):1 -Beaudin V, Derbyshire R, Fernandez--’-deWaard JR. 2015. Biodiversity inventories in high gear: DNA barcoding facilitates a rapid biotic survey of a temperate nature reserve. Journal 3:e6313 Tukey J. 1958. Bias and confidence in not quite large samples. of 29:614. 2020. 2022. A metabarcoding tool to detect predation of the honeybee Apis mellifera and other wild insects by the invasive Vespa velutina. Journal of 95(2):997-1007. 2019. Species delimitation in the presence of strong incomplete lineage sorting and hybridization: lessons from ophioderma (Ophiuroidea: Echinodermata) and Evolution 131:138-148 Wharton RA. 1993. Bionomics of the braconidae. of Entomology 38(1):121-143 Wolda H. 1988. Insect seasonality: why? of Ecology and Systematics 19(1):1-18. 2022. Field investigation- and dietary metabarcoding-based screening of arthropods that prey on primary tea pests. Ecology and Evolution 12(7):e9060 Young RG, Milian-Garcia Y, Yu J, Bullas-Appleton E, Hanner RH. 2021. Biosurveillance for invasive insect pest species using an environmental DNA metabarcoding approach and a high salt trap collection fluid. Ecology and Evolution 11(4):1558-1569. 2012. Biodiversity soup: metabarcoding of arthropods for rapid biodiversity assessment and biomonitoring. Methods in Ecology and Evolution 3(4):613-623. 2022. DNA metabarcoding unravels unknown diversity and distribution patterns of tropical freshwater invertebrates. 67(8):1411-1427 a question Learn more about Q&A a link Alert Loading. . . Just enter your email Tools & info history See citing 4. 6MB) Save to in download will start in a moment. . . Cancel × Report a problem Common use cases Typos, corrections needed, missing information, abuse, etc Our promise PeerJ promises to address all issues as quickly and professionally as possible. We thank you in advance for your patience and understanding. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim regarding the use of pathogens for pest control and its potential impacts on beneficial insects. Instead, it contains various references to scientific studies and publications without discussing the relationship between pathogens and beneficial insects.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Protein is essential for muscle repair and growth. [SEP] Text: (22) provided 3 daily drinks of 15 g EAA plus 30 g sucrose for 28 days to subjects undergoing strict bed rest. A second group consumed a placebo drink throughout the same period. The addition of carbohydrate may appear beneficial, as the addition of carbohydrate to EAA enhances muscle anabolism in young subjects (31). However, because bed rest is known to induce insulin resistance in skeletal muscle in as little as 7 days (25), the addition of carbohydrate most likely had no additional effect on protein metabolism, although it did serve to improve drink palatability. While the placebo group lost a substantial amount of muscle mass and strength, the EAA group was able to maintain muscle mass and reduce the loss of muscle strength. This was due to the fact that the stimulation of muscle protein synthesis by EAA was unchanged after 28 days of inactivity (22). Furthermore, when net muscle protein synthesis in response to EAA on the first day of bed rest was extrapolated over 28 days, the predicted gain (or ameliorated loss) of muscle was similar to the measured lean mass by dual energy x-ray absorptiometry. Although muscle strength decreased in both groups, as expected given the absence of muscular activity, the decrease in the EAA group was one-half that of the placebo group (22). The amelioration of strength loss was due to the preservation of single fiber peak force in type I fibers and peak power in type II fibers (12). It appears that the maintenance of muscle protein turnover results in the production of more functional myofibrils, which in turn preserves muscle function. These data are consistent with Balagopal et al. (3) who demonstrated a relationship between myofibrillar protein synthesis and muscle strength. The impact of EAA on muscle during inactivity may be due amelioration of impaired signaling. Whereas declines in anabolic signaling due to inactivity are not readily apparent (13,18), inactive muscle seems to be resistant to stimulation by AA. Muscle protein synthesis in inactive muscle does not respond to mixed AA (13). Furthermore, intracellular signaling in response to EAA is impaired in elderly muscle, resulting in a reduced response of muscle protein synthesis (9,16). However, EAA with a higher proportion of leucine overcomes this deficiency (9,16,24). Results from studies in old rat muscle are consistent with this interpretation (10,11). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by emphasizing the importance of essential amino acids (EAA) in maintaining muscle mass and strength during periods of inactivity. It states that the EAA group 'was able to maintain muscle mass and reduce the loss of muscle strength', indicating that protein directly impacts muscle preservation. The text also discusses how EAA contributes to muscle protein synthesis, which is crucial for muscle repair and growth, particularly noting the 'stimulation of muscle protein synthesis by EAA was unchanged after 28 days of inactivity.' Additionally, it supports the claim through references to the relationship between myofibrillar protein synthesis and muscle strength, reinforcing that protein is necessary for muscle function and recovery.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Medication is the only effective treatment for mental health conditions. [SEP] Text: Nevertheless, adverse drug effects, including EPS, along with medication-related complications (e. g. , weight gain, type 2 diabetes, sexual dysfunction, reduced bone mineral density) are frequent causes of atypical AP discontinuation (Fabrazzo et al. , 2022). Approximately half of Medicaid patients diagnosed with schizophrenia (49%) do not take AP medication (Patel et al. , 2022). Given the debilitating and costly nature of schizophrenia and the prevalence of patients with schizophrenia in Medicaid programs, it is important to routinely assess current trends in treatment patterns, healthcare resource utilization (HRU), and costs associated with this severe mental illness. This study focuses on Medicaid patients diagnosed with schizophrenia who are newly prescribed oral atypical APs (OAAPs) and do not switch to LAI APs within the first year of therapy. The primary objective was to assess OAAP adherence and compare HRU and direct medical expenditures between adherent and nonadherent OAAP patients. MethodsWe used de-identified Medicaid administrative healthcare claims data representing a blinded multi-state sample of 344,751 patients with evidence of a schizophrenia diagnosis (of Disease, (ICD-10): F20. xx) between January 1, 2016 and December 31, 2020. The data included claims from medical and pharmacy files and enrollment information was also utilized. Both fee-for-service and managed care delivery designs were represented in the data. The index date was defined as the first prescription for an OAAP medication between July 1, 2016 and December 31, 2019 (the earliest and latest possible index dates, respectively). All patients meeting the inclusion criteria were followed for 12 months post-index. An incident user design was selected in order to establish a standardized observation period for all patients that begins at OAAP initiation. Baseline variables were derived from the 6-month pre-index period. This study was deemed exempt by of Texas at Review Board. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by highlighting that many patients with schizophrenia, specifically 49% of Medicaid patients diagnosed with the condition, do not take antipsychotic (AP) medication. Additionally, it discusses various adverse effects associated with medication, leading to discontinuation, thus indicating that medication is not the sole or exclusively effective treatment for mental health conditions.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: It's argued that biological control agents are always effective regardless of context. [SEP] Text: Black women are treated as though we are a box of chocolates presented to individual white women for their eating pleasure, so they can decide for themselves and others which pieces are most tasty (hooks 80). Introduction bell hooks equates African-American women with chocolates, which are picked out and selected for someone else’s pleasure. In her writing about white women who have historically dominated the feminist movement, hooks challenges the ways that people conceptualise the “self” and “other”. She uses a feminist lens to question widespread assumptions about the place of Black women in American society. hooks’s work has been applied to the Australian context by Bronwyn Fredericks, to explore the ways that Aboriginal women and men are perceived and “selected” by the broader Australian society. In this paper, we extend previous work about the metaphor of chocolate to discuss the themes underpinning an art exhibition—Hot Chocolate—which was curated by Troy-. Baylis and Wyld are who are based in Adelaide and whose academic and creative work is centred within South Australia. The exhibition was launched on 14 November 2012 as part of Adelaide’s Festival 2012 (CroftWarcon and Fredericks). It was curated in Adelaide’s SASA Gallery (which is associated with the School of Art, Architecture and Design at the University of South Australia). This paper focuses on the development of and the work produced by Aboriginal artists contained within it, and it includes a conversation about the work of Pamela CroftWarcon. Moreover, it discusses these works produced by the artists and links them back to the issues of identity and race, and how some Aboriginal people are selected like chocolates over and above others. In this, we are interested in exploring some of the issues around politics, desire, skin, and the fetishisation of race and bodies. of work will focus on how are positioned as “chocolates” and how people of colour are viewed by the wider society, and about whether people have a pliable “soft centre” or a brittle “hard centre. ” It uses hooks’s work as a point of reference to the power of the metaphor of chocolate in considering questions about who is “tasty. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim about biological control agents. It discusses bell hooks' metaphor of Black women as chocolates and explores themes of identity, race, and perception in society, but does not mention biological control agents or their effectiveness in any context.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Protein is essential for muscle repair and growth. [SEP] Text: In the rat model, signaling deficits after exercise are ameliorated with leucine supplementation, which in turn leads to a restoration of muscle protein synthetic rates (2). Although this concept has yet to be systematically investigated, these data suggest that EAA may be an important consideration during periods of immobilization or muscular inactivity. summary, muscle anabolism and/or muscle protein turnover can be facilitated by the proper dose, delivery, and timing of AA ingestion. Free-form AAs configured to mimic the profile of skeletal muscle AA composition afford the greatest stimulation of muscle protein anabolism. In relation to exercise, there is an interactive effect with AA on muscle protein synthesis. This effect is greatest when formulas are given prior to exercise. Finally, older individuals respond differently than their younger counterparts and require a revised AA profile for optimal response. 1. and Jefferson LS. Orally administered leucine stimulates protein synthesis in skeletal muscle of postabsorptive rats in association with increased eIF4F formation. J Nutr 130: 139-145, 2000. | PubMed | CrossRef 2. and Layman DK. Leucine supplementation enhances skeletal muscle recovery in rats following exercise. J Nutr 129: 1102-1106, 1999. | PubMed | CrossRef 3. Balagopal P, Ljungqvist O, and Nair S. Skeletal muscle myosin heavy-chain synthesis rate in healthy humans. Metab 272: E45-E50, 1997. | PubMed | CrossRef 4. and Wolfe RR. Increased rates of muscle protein turnover and amino acid transport following resistance exercise in humans. Metab 268: E514-E520, 1995. | PubMed | CrossRef 5. and Wolfe RR. An abundant supply of amino acids enhances the metabolic effect of exercise on muscle protein. Physiol 273: E122-E129, 1997. | PubMed | CrossRef 6. and Rennie MJ. Human muscle protein synthesis is modulated by extracellular, not intramuscular amino acid availability: A dose-response study. J Physiol 552: 315-324, 2003. | PubMed | CrossRef 7. and Rennie MJ. Latency and duration of stimulation of human muscle protein synthesis during continuous infusion of amino acids. J Physiol 532: 575-579, 2001. | PubMed | CrossRef 8. and Wolfe RR. Essential amino acids and muscle protein recovery from resistance exercise. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the importance of amino acids (AAs), particularly leucine, in muscle protein synthesis and recovery. It mentions that signaling deficits after exercise can be improved with leucine supplementation, which restores muscle protein synthesis rates, indicating that proteins are critical for muscle repair and growth. Additionally, the text highlights that the proper dosing and timing of amino acids significantly affect muscle anabolism, further supporting the claim.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Medication is the only effective treatment for mental health conditions. [SEP] Text: Compared to adherent patients, a greater proportion of those who were nonadherent to OAAPs had schizophrenia-related inpatient (24. 7% vs. 19. 3%, p < 0. 001) and ED visits (20. 2% vs. 16. 0%, p < 0. 001), and nonadherent patients had fewer outpatient visits (8. 1 vs. 14. 2, p < 0. 001). Table 4 Healthcare resource use and expenditures by adherence statusaFull size tableMean 12-month total healthcare expenditures per patient after OAAP initiation were $21,020 (sd = $51,828) overall; $3481 higher for adherent patients compared to their nonadherent counterparts (p < 0. 001). Schizophrenia-related expenditures were $1712 higher for adherent patients (p < 0. 001). Inpatient and ED expenditures accounted for half of total expenditures for nonadherent patients (44. 6% and 6. 0%, respectively) and a third of all expenditures for adherent patients (30. 6% and 4. 0%, respectively) (Fig. 1). However, outpatient visit and prescription expenditures accounted for a larger part of total expenditures for adherent patients (outpatient visits: 35. 9% vs. 30. 4%; prescriptions: 29. 5% vs. 19. 0%). As expected, expenditures for OAAP medications were higher (+ $1509) for adherent patients compared to those who were not adherent during the year following OAAP initiation. Regardless of adherence status, total expenditures were $23,261 higher on average for patients with at least one hospitalization compared to those who were not hospitalized ($33,464 vs. $10,203, respectively). Comparing patients with and without ED visits, total expenditures were higher for those with ED visits by an average of $11,789 ($23,186 vs. $11,397, respectively). Fig. 1Expenditure proportions for patients adherent and nonadherent to oral atypical antipsychotic medicationsFull size imageDiscussionThis analysis of OAAP treatment patterns serves as an updated examination of utilization and expenditure outcomes for Medicaid patients with schizophrenia who initiated oral AP treatment between 2016 and 2020. Although we focused on patients who did not switch to an LAI product during the first year of OAAP therapy, we found that 20. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the differences in healthcare resource use and expenditures between adherent and nonadherent patients with schizophrenia. It highlights that adherence to medication (OAAPs) affects healthcare outcomes significantly, suggesting that there are implications for treatment beyond just medication adherence. The analysis shows that while medication plays an important role, the overall context of treatment patterns also involves healthcare expenditures and hospitalization, indicating that effective treatment may require more than medication alone.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: It's argued that biological control agents are always effective regardless of context. [SEP] Text: ” In the Australian context, some Aboriginal people are deemed to be more “tasty” than others, in terms of what they say, write, and do (or what they avoid saying, writing, or doing). That is, they are seen as being sweeter chocolates and nicer chocolates than others. We understand that some people find it offensive to align bodies and races of people with chocolate. women we do not support the use of the term ‘chocolate’ or use it when we are referring to other Aboriginal people. However, we both know of other Aboriginal people who use the metaphor of chocolate to talk about themselves, and it is a metaphor that other people of colour throughout the world similarly might use or find offensive. Historically, chocolate and skin colour have been linked, and some people now see these connections as something that reminds them of a colonial and imperial past (Gill). people are chosen ahead of others, perhaps because of their “complementary sweetness,” like an after-dinner mint that will do what the government and decision makers want them to do. They might be the ones who are offered key jobs and positions on government boards, decision-making committees, or advisory groups, or given priority of access to the media outlets (Fredericks). Through these people, the government can say, “Aboriginal people agree with us” or “this Aboriginal person agrees with us. ” Aileen Moreton-Robinson is important to draw upon here in terms of her research focused on white possession (2005). Her work explains how, at times, non-Indigenous Anglo-Australians may act in their own interests to further invest in their white possession rather than exercise power and control to make changes. In these situations, they may select Aboriginal people who are more likely to agree with them, ether knowingly or in ignorance. This recycles the colonial power gained through colonisation and maintains the difference between those with privilege and those without. Moreover, Aboriginal people are further objectified and reproduced within this context. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim about biological control agents, as it discusses social and cultural dynamics related to Aboriginal people in Australia, including issues of representation and colonial power rather than any aspect of biological control or its effectiveness in various contexts.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Protein is essential for muscle repair and growth. [SEP] Text: Metab 283: E648-E657, 2002. | PubMed | CrossRef 9. and Rennie MJ. Anabolic signaling deficits underlie amino acid resistance of wasting, aging muscle. 19: 422-424, 2005. | PubMed 10. and Grizard J. Stimulation of in vitro rat muscle protein synthesis by leucine decreases with age. J Nutr 130: 2630-2635, 2000. | PubMed | CrossRef 11. and Grizard J. Postprandial stimulation of muscle protein synthesis in old rats can be restored by a leucine-supplemented meal. J Nutr 132: 95-100, 2002. | PubMed | CrossRef 12. -Jones D, Wolfe RR, and Ferrando AA. The deleterious effects of bed rest on human skeletal muscle fibers are exacerbated by hypercortisolemia and ameliorated by dietary supplementation. Physiol 293: C313-C320, 2007. | PubMed | CrossRef 13. and Rennie MJ. Immobilization induces anabolic resistance in human myofibrillar protein synthesis with low and high dose amino acid infusion. J Physiol 586(pt 24): 6049-6061, 2008. | Text | PubMed | CrossRef 14. Hegsted DM. Assessment of nitrogen requirements. 31: 1669-1677, 1978. | PubMed | CrossRef 15. -Moore M, Aarsland A, and Wolfe RR. Aging is associated with diminished accretion of muscle proteins after the ingestion of a small bolus of essential amino acids. 82: 1065-1073, 2005. | PubMed | CrossRef 16. -Moore M, Aarsland A, and Wolfe RR. A high proportion of leucine is required for optimal stimulation of the rate of muscle protein synthesis by essential amino acids in the elderly. Metab 291: E381-E387, 2006. | PubMed | CrossRef 17. and van Loon LJ. Co-ingestion of leucine with protein does not further augment post-exercise muscle protein synthesis rates in elderly men. Nutr 99: 571-580, 2008. | PubMed | CrossRef 18. and Rennie MJ. Age-related differences in dose response of muscle protein synthesis to resistance exercise in young and old men. J Physiol 587(pt 1): 211-217, 2008. | CrossRef 19. . [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text supports the claim by referencing a series of studies that relate to protein synthesis and its importance in muscle repair and growth, particularly highlighting the effects of amino acids and leucine on muscle protein synthesis in aging and immobilized conditions.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Medication is the only effective treatment for mental health conditions. [SEP] Text: 7% of otherwise eligible patients (meeting all but the final inclusion criterion) had at least one LAI AP claim later in the follow-up period—an increase from Marcus et al. ’s and Patel et al. ’s findings of 9% and 13%, respectively (derived from 2010 to 2013 and 2018 multi-state Medicaid claims data, respectively), evidencing this increasing trend (Marcus et al. , 2015; Patel et al. , 2022). The majority of those who currently take AP medications, however, use an oral dosage form. As demonstrated in other AP adherence studies (Lieberman et al. , 2005; Marcus et al. , 2015; Shah et al. , 2018), our sample of Medicaid patients with schizophrenia exhibited significantly suboptimal medication adherence. Overall, patients were in possession of their index OAAP for approximately 5 months out of the year, and this was only extended by a month when considering utilization of all OAAPs. of (CATIE) randomized clinical trial showed discontinuation at 3. 5 months, 4. 6 months, 4. 8 months, and 9. 2 months for patients starting on ziprasidone, quetiapine, risperidone, and olanzapine, respectively (Lieberman et al. , 2005). In the current study, approximately 20% of patients were adherent to their index medication (PDC ≥ 0. 8) and 26% were adherent when considering all OAAP medications for which they had claims. Similarly, Manjelievskaia et al. and Pilon et al. found a 22. 3% and 28. 1% OAAP adherence rate, respectively, in their studies of Medicaid patients with schizophrenia (Manjelievskaia et al. , 2018; Pilon et al. , 2017b). These low proportions of adherent patients bolster concerns regarding schizophrenia patients’ ability to remain on therapy over time. We agree with Fabrazzo and colleagues on the “need for new treatments with improved tolerability and efficacy” (Fabrazzo et al. , 2022). Unacceptably, the AP adherence disparity between Black and non-Black patients reported 20 years ago remains today (Herbeck et al. , 2004; Mark et al. , 2003). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the challenges of medication adherence among patients with schizophrenia, indicating that many do not consistently take their prescribed medications. It states that 'approximately 20% of patients were adherent to their index medication,' suggesting that adherence issues may limit the effectiveness of medication alone. Additionally, the text emphasizes a need for new treatments with better tolerability and efficacy, implying that medication may not be the sole effective treatment for mental health conditions.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: It's argued that biological control agents are always effective regardless of context. [SEP] Text: The flip side of this is that some Aboriginal people are deemed to be the “hard centres” (who are not pliable about certain issues), the “less tasty” chocolates (who do not quite take the path that others expect), or the “brittle” types that stick in your teeth and make you question whether you made the right choice (who perhaps challenge others and question the status quo). people may not be offered the same access to power, despite their qualifications and experience, or the depth of their on-the-ground, community support. They may be seen as stirrers, radicals, or trouble makers. These perceptions are relevant to many current issues in Australia, including notions of Aboriginality. Of course, some people do not think about the chocolate they choose. They just take one from the box and see what comes out. Perhaps they get surprised, perhaps they are disappointed, and perhaps their perceptions about chocolates are reinforced by their choice. In 2011, Cadbury was forced to apologise to after the supermodel claimed that an advertisement was racist in comparing her to a chocolate bar (Sweney). Cadbury was established in 1824 by in Birmingham, England. It is now a large international corporation, which sells chocolate throughout the world. The advertisement for Cadbury’s Bliss range of chocolate bars used the strapline, “Move over Naomi, there's a new diva in town” (Moss). Campbell (quoted in Moss) said she was “shocked” by the ad, which was intended as a tongue-in-cheek play on Campbell's reputation for diva-style tantrums and behaviour. “It's upsetting to be described as chocolate, not just for me but for all black women and black people,” she said. “I do not find any humour in this. It is insulting and hurtful” (quoted in Moss). This is in opposition to the Aboriginal artists in the exhibition who, although as individuals might find it insulting and hurtful, are using the chocolate reference to push the boundaries and challenge the audience’s perceptions. We agree that the metaphor of chocolate can take us to the edge of acceptable discussion. But we also believe that being at the edge of acceptability allows us to explore issues that are uncomfortable. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim regarding biological control agents or their effectiveness in any context. Instead, it discusses perceptions of Aboriginal people and an advertisement controversy involving Cadbury chocolate, which are unrelated to the topic of biological control agents.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Protein is essential for muscle repair and growth. [SEP] Text: Translational signaling responses preceding resistance training-mediated myofiber hypertrophy in young and old humans. J 107: 1655-1662, 2009. | PubMed | CrossRef 20. Paddon-Jones D, Sheffield-and Ferrando AA. Exogenous amino acids stimulate human muscle anabolism without interfering with the response to mixed meal ingestion. Metab 288: E761-E767, 2005. | PubMed | CrossRef 21. Paddon-Jones D, Sheffield-and Wolfe RR. Differential stimulation of muscle protein synthesis in elderly humans following isocaloric ingestion of amino acids or whey protein. 41: 215-219, 2006. | Text | PubMed | CrossRef 22. Paddon-Jones D, Sheffield-and Ferrando AA. Essential amino acid and carbohydrate supplementation ameliorates muscle protein loss in humans during 28 days bedrest. J Metab 89: 4351-4358, 2004. | Text | PubMed | CrossRef 23. Paddon-Jones D, Sheffield-and Wolfe RR. Amino acid ingestion improves muscle protein synthesis in the young and elderly. Metab 286: E321-E328, 2004. | PubMed | CrossRef 24. and Dardevet D. Leucine supplementation improves muscle protein synthesis in elderly men independently of hyperaminoacidaemia. J Physiol 575: 305-315, 2006. | Text | PubMed | CrossRef 25. and Wolfe RR. Bed-rest-induced insulin resistance occurs primarily in muscle. Metabolism 37: 802-806, 1988. | PubMed | CrossRef 26. and Paddon-Jones D. Aging does not impair the anabolic response to a protein-rich meal. 86: 451-456, 2007. | PubMed | CrossRef 27. and Wolfe RR. Ingestion of casein and whey proteins result in muscle anabolism after resistance exercise. 36: 2073-2081, 2004. | Text | PubMed | CrossRef 28. and Wolfe RR. Nonessential amino acids are not necessary to stimulate net muscle xprotein synthesis in healthy volunteers. J 10: 89-95, 1999. | PubMed | CrossRef 29. -and Wolfe RR. Timing of amino acid-carbohydrate ingestion alters anabolic response of muscle to resistance exercise. Metab 281: E197-E206, 2001. | PubMed | CrossRef 30. Vary TC and Lynch CJ. Nutrient signaling components controlling protein synthesis in striated muscle. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text provides a variety of studies that support the claim regarding protein's essential role in muscle repair and growth. It mentions that various forms of protein and amino acids, including exogenous amino acids, stimulate muscle anabolism and enhance muscle protein synthesis, particularly in both young and elderly individuals. Additionally, the studies cited suggest that protein supplementation can ameliorate muscle protein loss and improve the anabolic response after resistance training, directly correlating with the claim.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Medication is the only effective treatment for mental health conditions. [SEP] Text: Effective medication adherence interventions are warranted, as well as programs that examine the broader non-medical drivers of health context contributing to medication nonadherence (Wilder et al. , 2021). Our findings indicate that 39. 8% and 68. 4% of patients had at least one all-cause inpatient or ED visit, respectively, with higher rates reported for nonadherent vs. adherent patients. Our results are similar to those of other studies that included OAAP cohorts of Medicaid patients with schizophrenia using claims data and a 12-month follow-up period (33. 9–58. 2% for inpatient visits; 56. 5–65. 8% for ED visits) (Manjelievskaia et al. , 2018; Pilon et al. , 2017a, 2017b). Our schizophrenia-related inpatient and ED rates (not reported in the above cited studies) were 23. 3% and 19. 1%, respectively. These may be conservative estimates as a schizophrenia diagnosis was required on the claim for the designation. Patients with schizophrenia often have multiple unique mental health diagnoses appearing in claims data, as we also observed in our study (Manjelievskaia et al. , 2018). Our results found the 12-month all-cause average direct medical spend after OAAP initiation to be $21,020 per patient, within the range of recent estimates of $16,000–$32,000 reported by others (Jiang & Ni, 2015; Kadakia et al. , 2022a, 2022b; Pesa et al. , 2017; Pilon et al. , 2017b). Hospital and ED utilization and expenditures (all-cause and schizophrenia-related) were slightly higher for the nonadherent group—well-established associations with medication nonadherence in this population (Offord et al. , 2013). Lack of medication adherence that leads to relapse and hospitalization puts additional strain on the nation’s healthcare system which currently has a shortage of psychiatric beds (Association, 2022). Adherent patients’ hospital and ED expenditures, however, were not negligible and the reasons for these visits should be studied further. Adherent patients had higher utilization and expenditures for outpatient services and prescriptions, resulting in modestly higher total expenditures (+ $3500) compared to their nonadherent counterparts. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by emphasizing that medication adherence alone does not account for the overall health of patients with mental health conditions. It discusses the importance of examining broader non-medical factors that affect health outcomes, indicating that effective treatment may require more than just medication. The mention of patients having multiple unique mental health diagnoses and the finding that adherent patients still had significant utilization of hospital and outpatient services suggests that medication is not the sole effective treatment, as other therapies and strategies may also be necessary.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: It's argued that biological control agents are always effective regardless of context. [SEP] Text: We are interested in using the metaphor of chocolate to explore the ways that non-Indigenous people view Aboriginal Australians, and especially, discussions around the politics of identity, desire, skin, and the fetishisation of race and bodies. Developing the exhibition connected chocolate (the food) and (the band) with chocolate-coloured people. It was developed by Troy-, who invited nine artists to participate in the exhibition. The invited artists were: Troy-+ and (CroftWarcon and Fredericks). The exhibition was built around questions of what hot chocolate is and what it means to individuals. For some people, hot chocolate is a desirable, tasty drink. For others, hot chocolate brings back memories of music from the British pop band popular during the 1970s and early 1980s. For people with “chocolate-coloured skin”, chocolate can be linked to a range of questions about desirability, place, and power. Hot Chocolate, the band, was based in Britain, and was an inter-racial group of British-born musicians and immigrants from Jamaica, the Bahamas, Trinidad and Grenada. The title and ethnic diversity of the group and some of their song lyrics connected with themes for curatorial exploration in the exhibition. For example: I believe in miracles. Where you from, you sexy thing? … Where did you come from baby? . . . Touch me. Kiss me darling… — Thing (1975). It started with a kiss. I didn’t know it would come to this… — Kiss (1983). When you can't take anymore, when you feel your life is over, put down your tablets and pick up your pen and I'll put you together again… — I’ll (1978). All nine artists agreed to use lyrics by to chart their journeys in creating artworks for the exhibition. They all started with the lyrics from Kiss (1983) to explore ways to be tellers of their own love stories, juxtaposed with the possibility of not being chosen or not being memorable. Their early work explored themes of identity and desirability. As the artists collaborated they made many 1. Nestle’s “Winning Post” Chocolate Box. Photograph by Pamela CroftWarcon 2012. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses an art exhibition related to identity and race, using chocolate as a metaphor. It does not provide any information or evidence about biological control agents or their effectiveness in any context.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Protein is essential for muscle repair and growth. [SEP] Text: AbstractEccentric exercise results in prolonged muscle damage that may lead to muscle dysfunction. Although inflammation is essential to recover from muscle damage, excessive inflammation may also induce secondary damage, and should thus be suppressed. In this study, we investigated the effect of leucine-enriched essential amino acids on muscle inflammation and recovery after eccentric contraction. These amino acids are known to stimulate muscle protein synthesis via mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR), which, is also considered to alleviate inflammation. Five sets of 10 eccentric contractions were induced by electrical stimulation in the tibialis anterior muscle of male SpragueDawley rats (8–9 weeks old) under anesthesia. Animals received a 1 g/kg dose of a mixture containing 40 % leucine and 60 % other essential amino acids or distilled water once a day throughout the experiment. Muscle dysfunction was assessed based on isometric dorsiflexion torque, while inflammation was evaluated by histochemistry. Gene expression of inflammatory cytokines and myogenic regulatory factors was also measured. We found that leucine-enriched essential amino acids restored full muscle function within 14 days, at which point rats treated with distilled water had not fully recovered. Indeed, muscle function was stronger 3 days after eccentric contraction in rats treated with amino acids than in those treated with distilled water. The amino acid mix also alleviated expression of interleukin-6 and impeded infiltration of inflammatory cells into muscle, but did not suppress expression of myogenic regulatory factors. These results suggest that leucine-enriched amino acids accelerate recovery from muscle damage by preventing excessive inflammation. Similar content being viewed by others Leucine-enriched essential amino acids attenuate muscle soreness and improve muscle protein synthesis after eccentric contractions in rats 4. For instance, IL-6 regulates myoblast proliferation and differentiation via MyoD and myogenin (Serrano et al. 2008), and controls macrophage migration during muscle regeneration (Zhang et al. 2013). Therefore, to improve muscle repair, it is important to suppress the pro-inflammatory effects of IL-6 without inhibiting regenerative activity. Leucine has well known to stimulate the mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR), also known as the potent stimulator of protein synthesis (Crozier et al. 2005). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by explaining that leucine-enriched essential amino acids, which are a source of protein, accelerate recovery from muscle damage and stimulate muscle protein synthesis via the mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR). This indicates the role of protein in muscle recovery and supports the assertion that protein is essential for muscle repair and growth.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Medication is the only effective treatment for mental health conditions. [SEP] Text: Jiang and Ni (2015) found similar results when comparing adherent and nonadherent patients taking OAAPs (total costs were $4000 more for adherent patients). We hypothesize that those who consistently take their medications are more likely to be adherent with other aspects of their care, including seeing their providers and receiving outpatient services on a consistent basis. This is an area ripe for future study. Regardless of adherence status, patients with hospitalizations and/or ED visits had higher mean all-cause expenditures (by ~ $23,000 and ~ $12,000, respectively) than those without these visits, presumably indicating that schizophrenia relapse was avoided. LimitationsThe primary strengths of this study include the recency of data, the large sample size, and the use of claims data from multiple US states. Drug exposures can be reliably identified using pharmacy claims (Lau et al. , 1997). However, when using these data to assess medication adherence, the idea that patients begin taking their medication on the day of dispensing and follow the prescribing directions is an assumption. We have more certainty that a patient received a medication, but cannot verify consumption. Also, PDC is a proxy for adherence and the 80% adherence threshold, while often used in AP adherence research, has not been validated. We did not account for OAAP dose, which could impact results. We could not determine duration of illness as the date of first schizophrenia diagnosis was not available. We were unable to identify miscoded data fields and had no information on healthcare services outside of the Medicaid program. We recommend caution in the generalization of our results to the entire US Medicaid population as we were blinded to the number and identity of the states included in our dataset. There was no access to Medicaid program policies (e. g. , prior authorization, formularies) which may impact outcomes. It is worth noting that schizophrenia studies utilizing Medicaid claims data often encounter very large attrition rates as inclusion criteria are applied (Kadakia et al. , 2022a; Manjelievskaia et al. , 2018; Pilon et al. , 2017a, 2017b). Our study was no different as our sample dropped 57. 0% (N = 196,508) from a starting point of nearly 345,000 patients with a schizophrenia diagnosis between 2016 and 2020 to including only those with OAAP claims during the index identification period (N = 148,243) (588. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing various factors related to medication adherence and treatment but does not assert that medication is the sole effective treatment for mental health conditions. It highlights the importance of additional factors, such as seeing healthcare providers and receiving outpatient services, indicating that effective treatment may involve more than just medication adherence. Furthermore, it points out limitations in understanding the overall effectiveness of medication, emphasizing the complexity of treatment for mental health conditions.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: It's argued that biological control agents are always effective regardless of context. [SEP] Text: PC: I bought some chocolate jelly babies, chocolates and a plastic chocolate tray – the kind that are normally inserted into a chocolate box to hold the chocolates, or that you use to mould chocolates. I put chocolates in the bottom of the tray, and put chocolate jelly babies on the top. placed them into casting resin. I had a whole tray of little chocolate people standing up in the tray that fitted into the “Winning Post” box (see Figures 2 and 3). Figure 2. by Pamela CroftWarcon, 2012. Photograph by 2012. Figure 3. by Pamela CroftWarcon, 2012. Photograph by Pamela CroftWarcon 2012. PC: The chocolate jelly babies in the artwork depict Aboriginal people, who are symbolised as “dark delicacies”. The “centres” of the people are unknown and waiting to be picked: maybe they are sweet; maybe they are soft centres; maybe they are hard centres. The people are presented so that others can decide who is “tasty”─maybe politicians or government officers, or maybe “individual white women for their eating pleasure” (hooks) (see Figures 4 and 5). Figure 4. by Pamela CroftWarcon, 2012. Photograph by Pamela CroftWarcon 2012. Figure 5. by Pamela CroftWarcon, 2012. Photograph by Pamela CroftWarcon 2012. BF: What do you hope the viewers gained from your works in the exhibition? PC: I want viewers to think about the power relationship between Indigenous and non-Indigenous Australians. I want people to listen with their ears, heart, mind, and body, and accept the challenges and changes that Indigenous people identify as being necessary. Icould have put names on the chocolates to symbolise which Aboriginal people tend to be selected ahead of others, but that would have made it too easy, and maybe too provocative. I didn’t want to place the issue with Aboriginal people, because it is mostly non-Indigenous people who do the “picking”, and who hope they get a “soft centre” rather than a “peanut brittle. ” I acknowledge that some Aboriginal people also doing the picking, but it is not within the same context. BF: How do you respond to claims that some people might find the work offensive? [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim regarding the effectiveness of biological control agents. Instead, it discusses an artistic perspective on the representation of Aboriginal people in art and the dynamics between Indigenous and non-Indigenous Australians. Therefore, this text is irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Protein is essential for muscle repair and growth. [SEP] Text: Indeed, recent reports demonstrated that mTOR is a key pathway in inflammation-dependent muscle regeneration, and that mTOR overexpression attenuates inflammation in cardiomyocytes, and prevents cardiac dysfunction (Song et al. 2010). Also, the potent mTOR inhibitor rapamycin impairs muscle regeneration after injury (Ge et al. 2009). Accordingly, some reports have shown that administration of amino acids (Nosaka et al. 2006), particularly leucine (Kirby et al. 2012) or branched-chain amino acids (BCAAs) (Jackman et al. 2010), suppresses delayed-onset muscle soreness and blood creatine kinase activity, which are typical symptoms of muscle damage. However, due to some limitations of the parameters measured (Clarkson and Newham 1995), the impact of amino acids on recovery from muscle damage was not definitively established. Indeed, the most reliable markers of muscle damage are histology and muscle function (Paulsen et al. 2012). However, repeated biopsies may also elicit increased inflammation in muscle (Malm 2001). Also, a small muscle biopsy might not be sufficiently representative of the whole muscle (Beaton et al. 2002). Thus, it is necessary to analyze the whole muscle to understand the recovery process. In neonatal pigs (Escobar et al. 2005) and humans (Borgenvik et al. 2012), administration of leucine or a mixture of BCAAs elicits a decrease in plasma concentrations of other essential amino acids. However, essential amino acids other than leucine are also required to sustain leucine-induced synthesis of muscle protein (Kobayashi et al. 2006). Indeed, leucine-enriched essential amino acids can stimulate muscle protein synthesis via mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) (Drummond and Rasmussen 2008). Therefore, we hypothesized that leucine-enriched amino acids may enhance muscle repair by modulating inflammation. Thus, we investigated the effects of leucine-enriched essential amino acids on muscle damage, inflammatory response, and expression of myogenic factors after eccentric contractions in rats. Materials and methodsAnimalsMale SpragueDawley rats 8–9 weeks old (Laboratories Japan, Inc. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing how leucine-enriched essential amino acids can stimulate muscle protein synthesis via the mTOR pathway, highlighting the importance of protein, particularly specific amino acids, for muscle repair and regeneration. It states that 'leucine-enriched essential amino acids can stimulate muscle protein synthesis' which directly supports the idea that protein is essential for muscle repair and growth.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: All mental health disorders are caused solely by a lack of resilience. [SEP] Text: Close navigation menu in Comorbidity of Mental and Edited by N. Sartorius; N. for other works by this author on: PubMed 10. 1159/isbn. 978-3-318-02604-7 Status: Available ISBN electronic: 978-3-318-02604-7 ISBN print: 978-3-318-02603-0 Subject Area: and Gerontology Oncology Psychiatry and Psychology Book Series: in Publication date: 2014 This publication presents evidence about the magnitude and severe consequences of comorbidity of mental and physical illnesses from a personal and societal perspective. Leading experts address the huge burden of co-morbidity to the affected individual as well as the public health aspects, the costs to society and interaction with factors stemming from the context of socioeconomic developments. The authors discuss the clinical challenge of managing cardiovascular illnesses, cancer, infectious diseases and other physical illness when they occur with a range of mental and behavioral disorders, including substance abuse, eating disorders and anxiety. Also covered are the organization of health services, the training of different categories of health personnel and the multidisciplinary engagement necessary to prevent and manage comorbidity effectively. The book is essential reading for general practitioners, internists, public health specialists, psychiatrists, cardiologists, oncologists, medical educationalists and other health care professionals. ‹ › 10. 1159/000365941 Published: 2014 Subject Area: and Gerontology Oncology Psychiatry and Psychology Book Series: in Split-2014. "the Costs: Impact of Comorbidity", Comorbidity of Mental and Physical Disorders, N. Sartorius, R. I. G. Holt, M. citation file: Ris (Zotero) toolbar search search input Search input auto suggest filter your search © 2015 S. Karger AG, Basel2014License DisclaimerThis 4. 0 (CC BY-NC-ND). Usage and distribution for commercial purposes as well as any distribution of modified material requires written permission. Drug Dosage: The authors and the publisher have exerted every effort to ensure that drug selection and dosage set forth in this text are in accord with current recommendations and practice at the time of publication. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by addressing the complexity of mental health disorders, noting that they often co-occur with physical illnesses and are influenced by a variety of factors such as socioeconomic developments and treatment challenges. This indicates that mental health disorders cannot be attributed solely to a lack of resilience, as there are multiple interacting variables that contribute to their manifestation.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: It's argued that biological control agents are always effective regardless of context. [SEP] Text: PC: I believe that we can all tag something as offensive and it seems to be an easy way out. What really matters is to reflect on the concepts behind an artist’s work and consider whether we should make changes to our own ways of thinking and doing. I know some people will think that I have gone too far, but I’m interested in whether it has made them think about the issues. I think that I am often perceived as a “hard-centred chocolate”. Some people see me as “trouble,” “problematic,” and “too hard,” because I question, challenge, and don’t let the dominant white culture just simply ride over me or others. I am actually quite proud of being thought of as a hard-centred chocolate, because I want to make people stop and think. And, where necessary, I want to encourage people to change the ways they react to and construct “self” and “other. ” exhibition included representations that were desirable and “tasty”: a celebration of declaring the self as “hot chocolate. ” Through the connections with the food chocolate and the band Hot Chocolate, the exhibition sought to raise questions about the human experience of art and the artist as a memorable, tasty, and chosen commodity. For the artists, the exhibition enabled the juxtaposition of being a tasty individual chocolate against the concern of being part of a “box” but not being selected from the collection or not being memorable enough. It also sought to challenge people’s thinking about Aboriginal identity, by encouraging visitors to ask questions about how Aboriginal people are represented, how they are chosen to participate in politics and decision making, and whether some Aboriginal people are seen as being more “soft” or more “acceptable” than others. Through the metaphor of chocolate, the exhibition provided both a tasty delight and a conceptual challenge. It delivered an eclectic assortment and delivered the message that we are always tasty, regardless of what anyone thinks of us. It links back to the work of bell hooks, who aligned women with chocolates, which are picked out and selected for someone else’s pleasure. We know that are sometimes conceptualised and selected in the same way. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses artistic expression and perceptions of identity, with no mention of biological control agents or their effectiveness. It reflects on deep personal and cultural contexts rather than the efficacy of biological control agents in ecological or agricultural settings.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Protein is essential for muscle repair and growth. [SEP] Text: There was no significant difference at all time points among sedentary rats treated orally with water (Sed), and rats that underwent eccentric contractions and were treated orally with water (EC-Con) or leucine-enriched essential amino acids (EC-AminoL40)Full size image Muscle functionMaximum isometric dorsiflexion torque gradually increased over 14 days in Sed rats (Fig. 3) as a result of muscle growth. Maximum isometric dorsiflexion torque significantly decreased immediately after eccentric contraction (Post-EC) relative to sedentary rats (p < 0. 001), but gradually increased over the next 14 days. Indeed, there were significant differences throughout the experiment between sedentary rats and rats that underwent eccentric contraction. Notably, rats that received leucine-enriched essential amino acids (EC-AminoL40) gained within 14 days the same level of isometric dorsiflexion torque as in Sed rats, while rats dosed with distilled water (EC-Con) presented lower isometric dorsiflexion torque than Sed rats, indicating incomplete recovery. Also, rats treated with amino acids regained stronger muscle function within 3 days relative to rats treated with distilled water (p < 0. 05). Fig. 3Time course of maximum isometric dorsiflexion torque. Maximum isometric dorsiflexion torque was measured before (Pre-EC, n = 24–25), immediately after (Post-EC, n = 24–25), as well as 1, 3, 7 (n = 10–11), and 14 days (n = 5–6) after eccentric contraction. Data are mean ± SEM. * and #, p < 0. 05; ***, p < 0. 001Full size image Histochemical featuresInspection of sections stained with hematoxylin and eosin did not show morphological changes in muscle fibers or presence of inflammatory cells in sedentary rats (Fig. 4a). In contrast, damaged muscle fibers were observed 1, 3, and 7 days after eccentric contraction (Fig. 4b–g). In rats treated with distilled water, damage due to eccentric contraction peaked at 41 % of the total area of the tibialis anterior muscle within 3 days (Fig. 4h). Notably, the number of damaged muscle fibers was significantly lower in rats treated with leucine-enriched amino acids than in animals treated with distilled water (p < 0. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by indicating that rats treated with leucine-enriched essential amino acids experienced improved muscle function recovery following eccentric contractions, demonstrating that the presence of these amino acids (which are derived from proteins) significantly aided in regaining strength and function of muscle fibers. This aligns with the idea that protein, or its components like amino acids, are vital for muscle repair and growth.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: All mental health disorders are caused solely by a lack of resilience. [SEP] Text: Two reviews, one with 27 [11] and the other with 41 largely US-set studies [12], looked at the impact on healthcare resource utilisation of comorbid diabetes and depression. Both reviews consistently showed increased healthcare resource use to manage diabetes in people with depression. For example, in one study of more than 400,000 adults with diabetes in the USA, the costs of depression increased mean annual healthcare costs from USD 11,000 to 19,000 [13], while in Australia, health service use by people with comorbid diabetes and depression was 49% higher compared to those with diabetes alone [14]. In another US study, the healthcare costs of managing diabetes over a 6-month period were found to be between 50 and 75% higher in people with major depression than in people with diabetes alone [15]. Furthermore, this study observed a significant difference in the costs of managing one or more complications of diabetes in people with major depression compared to those with sub-clinical thresholds of depression. Other studies also point to higher costs of managing complications. In the USA, the costs of managing complications of diabetes, such as diabetic neuropathy, in people with comorbid depression have also been shown to be significantly greater than in those without depression [16]. Another US study looked at the healthcare costs of more than 14,000 people with depression, congestive heart failure, or both [17]. People who also had depression had significantly higher total annual healthcare costs than those without: USD 20,046 versus 11,956. Costs increased with the severity of comorbidity, but mental healthcare costs accounted for less than 1% of total healthcare costs. Outside of the USA, significantly increased costs to healthcare systems have also been observed when comorbidity involved depression. English data from more than 86,000 patients in the were used to assess whether comorbidity increases the costs of managing patients in primary care [18]. The study found that 20% of all patients had more than one chronic health problem and that all instances of comorbidity increased the costs of primary healthcare compared to the costs of managing these conditions separately. Depression was found to be the most important cost-increasing condition, significantly increasing costs in adult patients of all ages when comorbid with a wide range of conditions. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by highlighting the significant healthcare costs associated with comorbid depression and other chronic conditions, indicating that mental health disorders are linked to various factors and circumstances rather than being solely caused by a lack of resilience. The evidence suggests comorbidity with conditions like diabetes increases healthcare costs, implying that depression's impact is multifaceted and not limited to resilience.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: It's argued that biological control agents are always effective regardless of context. [SEP] Text: We have explored this conceptualisation and seek to challenge the imaginations of others around the issues of politics, desire, skin, and fetishisation of race and bodies. 2003. CroftWarcon, Pamela and Bronwyn Fredericks. With a KISS. Hot Chocolate. Exhibition catalogue. Adelaide: SASA Gallery, 24 Oct. -29 Nov. 2012. Fredericks, Bronwyn. “Getting a Job: Aboriginal Women’s Issues and Experiences in the Health Sector. ” of Studies 2. 1 (2009): 24-35. Gill, Rosalind. Gender and the Media. Malden, MA: Polity, 2007. hooks, bell. Teaching to as the Practice of Freedom. London: Routledge, 1994. Moreton-Robinson, Aileen. “Built: Britishness and White Possession. ” 1, (2005): 21-29. 1 Feb. 2014. ‹ Moss, Hilary. “Naomi Campbell: “Insulting & Hurtful”. Post 31 May (2011). 16 Dec. 2013. ‹ Sweney, Mark. “to Over ‘Racist’ Ad. ” 3 Jun. (2011). 16 Dec. 2013. ‹ is an woman from South-(Ipswich/Brisbane). She is a Professor and the Pro Vice-Chancellor (Indigenous Engagement), BMA Chair in and President of at University, Australia. Bronwyn is a member of the ARC funded Research and () and holds a PhD, M. Educ. , M. EducStudies, BEduc. , Dip. T (Secondary). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it does not address the effectiveness of biological control agents in any context. Instead, it discusses various academic works and individuals unrelated to biological control or its efficacy.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Protein is essential for muscle repair and growth. [SEP] Text: 001, Fig. 4h). Fig. 4Histochemical analysis of the tibialis anterior muscle before and after eccentric contraction. Hematoxylin and eosin staining of transverse sections of the muscle in a sedentary animals (Sed), and from b–d rats that underwent eccentric contraction and received water (EC-Con) or e–g leucine-enriched essential amino acids (EC-AminoL40). Tissues were collected b, e 1 day, c, f 3 days, and d, g 7 days after eccentric contraction. Images are representative sections from 4–5 rats killed at a given time point, with magnification ×40. Scale bars 100 μm. h Muscle damage 1, 3, and 7 days after eccentric contraction, as assessed by point counting, and expressed as percentage of muscle fibers infiltrated with inflammatory cells (arrows) in each sampling grid. Data are mean ± SEM (n = 4–6). ##, p < 0. 001Full size image Gene expressionExpression of all genes tested did not change immediately after eccentric contraction (Fig. 5). However, IL-6 expression significantly increased 1 day after eccentric contraction in rats treated with distilled water (p < 0. 001 vs. sedentary rats). Subsequently, IL-6 levels returned to baseline within 3–7 days (Fig. 5a). Leucine-rich essential amino acids significantly suppressed IL-6 expression 1 day after eccentric contraction (p < 0. 001). Expression of IL-1β, myogenin, and MyoD increased within 3 days after eccentric contraction, but to levels comparable between rats treated with distilled water and those treated with leucine-enriched amino acids (Fig. 5b–d). Fig. 5Time course of gene expression in muscle tissue. The tibialis anterior muscle was obtained at various time points from sedentary rats (Sed), and from rats that underwent eccentric contraction and treated with distilled water (EC-Con) or leucine-enriched essential amino acids (EC-AminoL40). Samples were analyzed by real-time PCR to quantify mRNA transcripts of IL-6 (a), IL-1β (b), myogenin (c), and MyoD (d). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text discusses the effects of leucine-enriched essential amino acids on muscle tissue after eccentric contraction, indicating that these amino acids, which are proteins, can significantly suppress inflammatory markers and affect gene expression related to muscle repair. This supports the claim that protein is essential for muscle repair and growth by implying that specific amino acids contribute positively to muscle recovery after damage.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: All mental health disorders are caused solely by a lack of resilience. [SEP] Text: For instance, the costs of managing comorbid depression and asthma or diabetes were greater for patients of all ages, whilst depression and comorbid cancer were associated with significantly higher costs in people aged 40-59 years. Depression and comorbid obesity, heart failure or epilepsy were associated with significantly higher primary care costs in patients aged over 60 years. Increases in cost ranged from GBP 269 for people aged 40-59 years with depression and cancer to GBP 2,817 in people with comorbid depression and obesity aged 40-59 years. In younger adults, mean additional costs related to asthma and comorbid depression were GBP 1,257, while comorbid diabetes and depression increased costs by GBP 2,133 in people aged over 60 years. Other examples of additional costs from around the world can be identified. In Singapore, adults attending a specialist diabetes centre over a 1-year period who also had depression had a 30% chance of hospitalisation compared to 10% in the diabetes-alone group. They were four times more likely to be hospitalised for non-psychiatric conditions and three times more likely to be hospitalised for complications of diabetes [19]. In Hungary, a survey of more than 12,000 people looking at their use of health services over a 12-month period found that those with comorbid diabetes and depression had a 2. 6 times greater risk of a lengthy period of hospitalisation and had almost double the risk of multiple hospital admissions compared to people with diabetes alone [20]. Another study looked at the impacts of physical comorbidity on healthcare costs for 65,000 people receiving primary care in Spain in 2004. Individuals with a depressive disorder had a significantly greater number of comorbid conditions or risk factors, including obesity, dyslipidaemia and smoking per year compared to other primary care service users (7. 4 conditions vs. 4. 3). Overall the annual costs of care were EUR 1,084 and 684 per patient in the comorbid and control populations, respectively [21]. In the UK, the economic impacts of smoking in people with mental disorders have been estimated to cost primary and secondary care service providers GBP 720 million per annum in treating smoking-related disease. The study also estimated that about a third of all cigarettes smoked in England are smoked by people with a mental disorder. This could mean that there are 2. 6 million avoidable hospital admissions, 3. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by detailing various comorbidities and their associated costs related to mental health disorders, such as depression, and physical health issues like asthma and diabetes. This evidence suggests that mental health disorders can be influenced by multiple factors beyond just resilience, including physical health conditions, as shown through the data on hospitalisation rates and healthcare costs.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: It's argued that biological control agents are always effective regardless of context. [SEP] Text: 95 Price excludes VAT (USA) Available as PDF Read on any device Instant download Own it forever Buy 189. 00 Price excludes VAT (USA) Available as EPUB and PDF Read on any device Instant download Own it forever Buy e249. 99 Price excludes VAT (USA) Compact, lightweight edition Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days Free shipping worldwide - see info 249. 99 Price excludes VAT (USA) Durable hardcover edition Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days Free shipping worldwide - see info calculation will be finalised at checkout Purchases are for personal use only Institutional subscriptions 4. J Phytopathol 156:236–2422. J Protect 115:199–207CAS 2. 117:403–4151. Publishers, Dordrecht, pp 432–43910. 107/s11104-008-9568-6 Rabea EI, El-(2003) Chitosan as antimicrobial agent: applications and modes of action. Biomacromolecules 4:1457–14658. 1: Induction of Resistance to by Acibenzolar-S-Methyl (ASM) and DL-3-(BABA) (Hassan and Buchenauer 2008)8. 1. 1 A. Application of Inducers of i. Prepare solutions of BABA at a concentration of 1. 0 mg/ml and ASM at a concentration of 0. 1 mg/ml; spray BABA at 4 days before inoculation (dbi) or ASM at 2 dbi separately or spray the inducers simultaneously and spray the control plants with sterile distilled water. ii. Inoculate the apple seedlings treated with inducers/control with a suspension of the pathogen (1 × 108 CFU/ml). iii. Spray the apple seedlings with BABA and ASM at different days, as determined to select the time interval for optimal expression of acquired resistance. 8. 1. 2 B. Evaluation of i. Inoculate the plants using sterilized scissors dipped in bacterial suspension for 20 s and cut the leaf tips (about 1. 5 cm from the tip of two young leaves beneath the two apical ones) of apple seedlings; place the inoculated seedlings in dew chamber at 100 % RH and 24 ± 2 °C for 24 h and transfer the plants to the greenhouse. ii. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim regarding the effectiveness of biological control agents in different contexts. Instead, it provides information that appears to relate to the purchasing and application methods of agricultural products, including germicides and plant treatments. Since it does not engage with the argument presented in the claim, the response is marked as irrelevant.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Protein is essential for muscle repair and growth. [SEP] Text: Also, further studies using our model are also required to investigate acute changes in the inflammatory response due to administration of leucine-enriched amino acids, especially in light of a previous study, in which administration after endurance exercise transiently activated a pro-inflammatory network centered on IL-1β within 30 min, although inflammatory and myogenic activity decreased by 240 min (Rowlands et al. 2016). Alleviation of excessive inflammation is traditionally believed to enhance muscle repair (Urso and Sawka 2013). Thus, the apparent ability of leucine-enriched amino acids to mitigate muscle damage likely depends on its ability to attenuate excessive inflammation due to IL-6, which is expressed in inflammatory and skeletal muscle cells (Paulsen et al. 2012), and believed to amplify the inflammatory response by inducing monocyte differentiation into macrophages and to increase the oxidative burst (Kaplanski et al. 2003). We note that IL-6 may also be involved in degrading muscle proteins during pathologic muscle wasting (Strassmann et al. 1992; Tsujinaka et al. 1995). However, IL-6 is also essential for muscle regeneration (Zhang et al. 2013), because, it regulates myoblast proliferation and differentiation (Serrano et al. 2008). Thus, whether anti-inflammatory agents should be taken to enhance recovery from exercise remains an open question (Urso and Sawka 2013). Accordingly, we found that leucine-enriched essential amino acids also alleviated muscle dysfunction, which is correlated with the extent of muscle damage (McCully and Faulkner 1986; Mori et al. 2014). Notably, these amino acids restored full muscle function 14 days after eccentric contraction without an observable increase in muscle mass, in line with previous results demonstrating that leucine accelerated connective tissue repair and functional recovery after cryolesion muscle damage (Pereira et al. 2014b), and also reduced macrophage infiltration into muscle tissue (Pereira et al. 2014a). One possibility is that leucine-enriched amino acids help prevent inflammation-induced fibrosis (Abdelmagid et al. 2012), which may interfere with tissue repair and functional recovery (Stauber 2004). Nevertheless, further studies are warranted to investigate whether these amino acids should be used to minimize muscle fibrosis after exercise. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the role of leucine-enriched amino acids in alleviating muscle damage and enhancing recovery. It indicates that such amino acids help regulate muscle regeneration by modulating inflammatory and myogenic activity, which is crucial for muscle repair. The text asserts that IL-6, while part of the inflammatory response, is essential for muscle regeneration, supporting the broader idea that proteins and amino acids play significant roles in muscle repair and growth.