Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Socioeconomic status can impact access to education and healthcare. [SEP] Text: When categorising ethnicity in the present study only those describing themselves as of white ethnic background had a significantly higher odds ratio for receiving an offer of a place compared with applicants from other ethnic groups. Consequently we categorised those reporting their ethnicity as non-white as disadvantaged. The “low” academic attainment category was created by identifying those with a standardised tariff score below the mean (that is, <0). The median UCAS tariff in this low attainment group was 320 points, equivalent to between grades ABB and AAB at A level—that is, just below the entry requirement for most UK medical schools (the median tariff for the group as a whole was around 350 points). We defined a low UKCAT score as having a z score of 0 or below—that is, equal to or less than the mean for the peer group. We derived these latter two binary dummy variables to simplify interpretation of the univariate analysis results. We created a continuous metric of academic performance that included Irish and Scottish qualifications as well as A levels. This was done by expressing the examination results as a percentage of the theoretical maximum tariff scores that could be obtained. Standardised z scores were then derived within peer groups for each nationality; we compared all those taking Scottish “higher” qualifications against each other. In creating this metric we included only the first three highest grades, excluding general studies (or best of five or six in the case of Scottish highers and Irish leaving certificate, respectively) as this is the approach typically used by medical schools. Where examinations had been resat, we retained the grade at first sitting only. We also excluded data from candidates who did not have the minimum number of advanced qualifications required (for example, fewer than five Scottish higher passes). database records reported socioeconomic status using a simplified version of the socioeconomic classification system used by the for Statistics. 25 As in previous research on widening participation we classified those who gave themselves a socioeconomic classification rating of four or more as being from a non-professional background. We classified those learning English after the age of 2 years as having English as a second language. Data analysisFor the data relating to medical school offers, we carried out univariate analyses to estimate the unadjusted (raw) odds ratios for being offered a place after an application to a medical school, given that an applicant was either in or not in a particular sociodemographic category. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the classification of applicants based on socioeconomic status and its connection to access to medical school offers. It mentions that applicants from non-professional backgrounds have been categorized as disadvantaged, indicating that socioeconomic status could influence educational opportunities in higher education.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: All patients respond equally well to regenerative therapies. [SEP] Text: In particular, the data are only produced at the stations locations, meaning that it is less effective in areas with a lower station density (such as northern Norway/Finland). "Thank you for this comment - there are different ways of thinking of downscaling, and the revised paper will explain these different positions, as the passage to a finer grid is not the only correct one. It’s also beneficial with an increased awareness about what we mean by downscaling, and there are many examples of the use of downscaling in the scientific literature, some which are in line with our definition. We interpret all station data as a quantification of local small-scale conditions and there are some cases where global climate model simulations have been downscaled to a single point. "Moreover, the details of the methodology are very condensed and not comprehensible for a reader that is not already familiar with it. The method is summarized very shortly in section 2. 2, and mostly referred to through 10. 5065/D6HD7T1R < We used this technique as provided and the gridding aspect was not the main focus of our paper as our main thrust of our work is the downscaling of precipitation statistics for the locations with rain gauge data. Any spatial non-stationarity will be captured by different modes of the PCA - it’s essentially a machine learning method that adapts to the information hidden in the data. "For instance, section 2. 2 mentions the use of EOFs for the large-scale data and PCA for the station data. It is not clear why a different analysis was done for each data type. "Thanks for this comment, and this will be clarified in the revised paper. We reserve the term EOF for regularly gridded data as most cases in literature, using area-based weights for the grid boxes. PCA on the other hand is reserved for irregular groups of coordinates typical for stations and does not involve area weighting. Hence, PCA tends to give more weight to regions with dense networks of measurements. "The validation of the results is mostly done visually, with a few assessment metrics given along the text in section 2. 3. I would expect results of the cross-validation to be given as detailed tables. "Good point. We will include tables of cross-validation results in the revised paper, in the 91. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by suggesting that the effectiveness of the data produced is location-specific, indicating that responses can vary in different areas due to factors like station density. It highlights differences in methodologies for different data types and implies that outcomes could vary based on local conditions, which challenges the notion that all patients respond equally to regenerative therapies.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Nosema ceranae is a parasite that affects honeybee health. [SEP] Text: 39, df between groups = 2, df within groups = 11, P = 0. 69, Older bees- ANOVA; F = 0. 15, df between groups = 1, df within groups = 8, P = 0. 71). Dead bees were not included in the data set. Each young bee that survived for 14 days was euthanized in a −80°C freezer, before dissecting its midgut to determine if it was positive or negative for N. ceranae spores. Bees not dissected immediately were stored in a −20°C freezer. In both the 2-and 1-Screen Test, older bees were installed in the adjacent cage from day 1 to 4 at an approximate 2∶1 ratio (older bees: young bees; mortality altered the final ratios, as shown in Table 1). The older bees were fed ad libitum with a 50% sucrose solution (w/w) feeder. Only older bees that survived the full 4 days were included in the data set. Midgut dissection occurred post −80°C euthanasia. After the older bees were removed, the cage that held them was left attached to the cage holding the young bees, to minimize handling time and control for airborne exposure between the two cages. Download: PPTPowerPoint slidePNGlarger imageTIFForiginal imageTable 1. Summary of results from the cage trials. the 1-treatment, the food was removed from the young bees from day 2–4 (three days total). This forced them to receive food from the older bees. The young bees were observed to receive food via trophallaxis from the older bees, and in both the 1-Screen and 2-Screen treatments, both the older bees and the young bees were often found congregating on the screen. Mortality in the young bees while they did not have access to food was no different than during the rest of the treatment period (data not shown). bees (Apis mellifera L. ) were taken from four colonies in the Wageningen research apiary. In the 2-and 1-treatments, the older infected bees and the young bees in adjacent cages came from the same colony. Young bees. Recently emerged bees (easily recognized by their ‘fuzzy’ and ‘wet’ appearance) were taken directly from combs using a plastic tube aspirator. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it primarily discusses the methodology of an experiment involving young and older bees and does not provide information regarding Nosema ceranae as a parasite or its effects on honeybee health.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Socioeconomic status can impact access to education and healthcare. [SEP] Text: A similar pattern was observed for the raw odds of obtaining an unconditional offer, with the association between applicant age and sex weaker than for the other variables. No significant association was observed with applicant age once only unconditional offers were considered. The intraclass correlations were then smaller in magnitude, reflecting weaker candidate level effects. The intraclass correlations for medical schools using UKCAT as a factor were, on average, significantly larger than for the other medical school groups (P<0. 001), reflecting the increased predictive power of individual compared with group or unmodelled effects. A plausible reason for this may be a greater emphasis, for example, on A level performance when providing an offer, as some medical schools may insist on the original conditions of an offer being met, whereas other may allow a certain latitude, especially if the number of applicants accepting offers falls short of expectation. Table 3 Odds of an application resulting in a conditional offer of a place according to widening participation sociodemographic group and type of medical school’s use of UK clinical aptitude test (UKCAT)View this table:View popupView inlineTable 4 Unadjusted (raw) odds of an application resulting in an unconditional offer of a place according to widening participation sociodemographic group and use of UKCAT by medical schoolView this table:View popupView inlineMultilevel multiple logistic regression: applicationsTables 5⇓ and 6⇓ show, respectively, the results for the separate multilevel multiple logistic regressions for the probability of conditional and unconditional offers. The results in table 5 depict three varying models for the prediction of a conditional offer. For those applications relating to medical schools using UKCAT as borderline, six independent and statistically significant predictor variables existed, including sex, socioeconomic status, ethnicity, type of school attended, and academic attainment, with academic achievement being most strongly predictive of an offer. score was a relatively weak independent predictor in applications relating to this group of medical schools in that the odds of receiving a conditional offer were only increased by roughly 20% for every standard deviation of standardised score above the mean that was scored (odds ratio 1. 23, 95% confidence interval 1. 11 to 1. 37). The model for applications to medical schools that used UKCAT in borderline cases had three statistically significant interaction terms; age and academic attainment, sex and school type attended, and UKCAT score and English as a second language. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by indicating that socioeconomic status is one of the statistically significant predictor variables affecting the likelihood of receiving an offer from medical schools. It states, 'six independent and statistically significant predictor variables existed, including sex, socioeconomic status, ethnicity, type of school attended, and academic attainment,' thereby demonstrating that socioeconomic status plays a role in access to educational opportunities.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: All patients respond equally well to regenerative therapies. [SEP] Text: 5194/egusphere-2024-1463-RC3 CC1: 'Reply on RC3', Rasmus Benestad, 18 Jul 2024 We are grateful for the comments from the third reviewer which we find constructive and useful, and hope that we have managed to revise our paper to meet any critical feedback. More detailed account is provided below. Our response is in bold font and we repeat the comments in italics. "The first major concern about the paper is the presentation of the methodology. While the methodology itself is straightforward, its presentation is not clear. Large parts of the methodological description point to previous publications from the lead author, instead of actually describing the method, making it very hard to follow. The use of R-code 10. 1088/1748-9326/ab2bb2 and open access) and involved 1875 rain gauge records from nad Europe with more than 50 years of valid data over the period 1961–2018. "An assessment of the performance of the exponential distribution, as well as the skill of the parametric form of the IDF curve needs to be presented in the main manuscript for the entire study domain. "Such assessments have already been carried out and published in papers cited in our paper (e. g. DOI:10. 1088/1748-9326/abd4ab and DOI:10. 1088/1748-9326/abd4ab), and the revised paper will explain this more carefully. While the performance of the exponential distribution has been tested for both Europe (including the Nordics) and North America, the expression for estimating IDF curves have only been calibrated and evaluated against Norwegian sub-daily data (e. g Parding et al, DOI:10. 5194/hess-27-3719-2023). The revised version will explain this point more carefully, but we don’t think it’s necessary to repeat this assessment in the present paper. "I am not particularly confident that the structure of the supporting information is helpful for understanding the study. I would strongly encourage the authors to separate the code development/application part in a technical reference from the remaining of the supporting material. "This is a good idea, and we will reorganise the content in a revised version, using appendices for information cited in the paper, but still provide the output of the R-markdown for those who’d be interested to repeat our study. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses methodology, feedback from reviewers, and assessments related to data analysis in a scientific context without mentioning regenerative therapies, patient responses, or any related topics. Therefore, it does not corroborate or contrast the claim.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Nosema ceranae is a parasite that affects honeybee health. [SEP] Text: The room could be illuminated with white or red light. In the treatment, the cages were kept separate. In the 2-treatment, cages were arranged in pairs with their screens facing each other. Cardboard spacers kept the two screens at a fixed distance throughout the experiment (0. 6 cm for the April 19 trials, 1. 0 cm for the May 11 trials). These distances are longer than a honey bee’s proboscis (∼2 mm); so bees could not share food between the cages. The cages were taped together to prevent movement. In the 1-treatment, the two cages were placed in direct contact with the 4 cm-holes facing each other, and only one screen between the two cages. Bees could share food through the screen. All cages were discarded after use. For cage diagrams, see Figure 1. PCR Detection Real-Time PCR was used to confirm spore species identity. Spore suspensions were tested for both N. apis and N. ceranae, using primers from Bourgeois et al. [18]. All microsporidia samples were positive for N. ceranae and negative for N. apis. For a more detailed description of the PCR methods, please see Methods S1. Data were analyzed using statistical software R v2. 10. 1 (Foundation for Statistical Computing). The dependent variable, Young, was subjected to a square root transformation to provide variances suitable for statistical analysis using an ANOVA. To compare the three treatments, a Tukey HSD Test was performed. ResultsTable 1 summarizes the results of all 14 trials. There was a higher mean percentage of infected young bees in the 1-trials (40. 8±31. 1%) than in the and the 2-trials (2. 8±5. 6% and 3. 4±3. 1%, respectively). The distributions of the percent infected young bees for the three treatments are shown in Figure 2. There are significant differences in percent infected young bees among the three treatments (ANOVA; F = 9. 70, df between groups = 2, df within groups = 11, P = 0. 0037). The percent infected young bees is significantly higher for the 1-treatment relative to the 2-and to the (Tukey HSD; P = 0. 0097 and 0. 0065, respectively). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim because it primarily details a study's methodology and results regarding the infection rates of young bees in different treatments, without specifically addressing the health impact of Nosema ceranae on honeybees or discussing its status as a parasite.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Socioeconomic status can impact access to education and healthcare. [SEP] Text: 16 Secondly, the interaction between socioeconomic status and English as a second language was significant and suggested that those from a lower socioeconomic background who were not native English speakers were relatively disadvantaged compared with candidates who did not belong to this subgroup. Table 5 Results of multilevel multiple logistic regression analyses with outcome variable a conditional offer of a place at medical schoolView this table:View popupView inlineTable 6 Results of multilevel multiple logistic regression analyses with outcome variable an unconditional offer of a place at medical school View this table:View popupView inlineThe results in table 6 depict the three models for the prediction of an unconditional offer, according to category of medical school. The results were broadly similar to those in table 5, according to the probability of conditional place offers. Medical school that used UKCAT scores in borderline cases and as a factor had six independent and statistically significant principal predictor variables: sex, socioeconomic status, ethnicity, type of school attended, UKCAT score, and academic attainment. For medical schools using UKCAT as a threshold, the only sociodemographic variables that were independent and significant predictors of an offer were UKCAT score and academic attainment. In addition there was a trend of borderline statistical significance for older candidates to more likely receive an unconditional offer than those under 20 at application (odds ratio 1. 53, 95% confidence interval 0. 99 to 2. 38, P=0. 06). This observation is unsurprising as many older candidates have already obtained the required qualifications for entry (although specific graduate entry courses were excluded from the analysis). Each model also included between two and four statistically significant interaction terms. In addition to the interaction terms that were significant in the results outlined in table 5 the model for medical schools using UKCAT as a factor relating to the probability of an unconditional model also showed a significant interaction between ethnicity and English as a second language (2. 10, 1. 09 to 4. 05, P=0. 03). This implied that those who reported their ethnicity as non-white and were not native English speakers were relatively less disadvantaged compared with white non-native English speakers when obtaining an unconditional offer. This interaction term seemed to be the consequence of a small number of white non-native English speaking candidates, relatively few of whom obtained unconditional offers. Tables 7⇓ and 8⇓ present the results of the combined multilevel multiple logistic regression. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing how socioeconomic status is a statistically significant predictor of receiving offers from medical schools. It specifically mentions that those from a lower socioeconomic background face disadvantages in educational opportunities, particularly in acquiring medical school placements, which directly aligns with the assertion that socioeconomic status impacts access to education and healthcare.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: All patients respond equally well to regenerative therapies. [SEP] Text: The reference multimedia journal in interventional cardiology Create an account Sign in team Contact us Current issue Current issue Number 20 (Oct 21, 2024) Recent issues Number 19 (Oct 7, 2024) Number 18 (Sep 16, 2024) Number 17 (Sep 2, 2024) Just accepted and scaffolds Left main and multivessel disease Bifurcation lesions CTO Other coronary interventions valvular disease TAVI Mitral valve replacement and repair Tricuspid Pulmonary valve Other valvular and structural interventions heart failure Acute heart failure Chronic heart failure the knee AAA Iliac Femoral peripheral interventions hypertension Renal artery angioplasty Renal denervation Other hypertension stroke Carotid stenting LAA closure Ischaemic stroke Other stroke interventions -& permissions Reprint E-print Author centre DOI: 10. 4244/EIJV8I4A65 Not all drug-eluting balloons are equally good for patients, not all patients are equally suitable for drug-eluting balloons Salvatore Cassese, MD; Adnan Kastrati*, ät, Munich, Germany share print download PDF download media download 1. Drug-eluting stents (DES) have become the mainstay of current revascularisation practice since they dramatically reduced the need for re-intervention as compared with bare metal stents (BMS)2. The superiority of DES over BMS has been demonstrated in various lesion settings,3 such as de novo atherosclerotic disease of native and graft vessels4 and in-stent restenosis (ISR) after BMS5 or DES implantation6. The platform, polymer and antirestenotic drug are the most common components of DES. Although the stent platform has been shown to have an important impact on the BMS performance7,8, its specific role as a component of DES has not been investigated. Findings from several studies support a relevant role of the other two DES components, the drug carrier and the antiproliferative drug3,9. There is sufficient evidence to show that drugs of the “limus” family are safer and more effective than paclitaxel3. Drug-eluting balloons (DEB) have emerged as a new PCI option10. Main DEB components are vehicles for drug-elution (carriers/excipients) and the antiproliferative drugs. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by stating that 'not all patients are equally suitable for drug-eluting balloons,' which implies that responses to therapies may vary among patients. This suggests that factors influence individual responses, thereby challenging the notion that all patients respond equally well.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Nosema ceranae is a parasite that affects honeybee health. [SEP] Text: , Little, CM. , Burgher MacLellan, KL. , Rogers, REL. (2010). The microsporidian Nosema ceranae, the antibiotic Fumagilin B, and western honey bee (Apis mellifera) colony strength. Apidologie 42 (1): 15 22. 205. Image 4. 0/ This work is licensed under Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4. 0 International. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not provide any information regarding the health effects of Nosema ceranae on honeybees. It merely cites a study without discussing the implications of the parasite on bee health, making it irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Socioeconomic status can impact access to education and healthcare. [SEP] Text: For example, interaction terms suggested that an applicant from a state school (in this case excluding grammar schools) was less likely to receive a conditional offer from a medical school that used UKCAT scores in borderline cases compared with one using threshold scores (0. 74, 0. 60 to 0. 90, P=0. 004) but were more likely to receive such an offer than from a medical school that used UKCAT as a factor (1. 47, 1. 21 to 1. 80, P<0. 001). Nevertheless this finding was consistent with the results from the separate models for the prediction of conditional offer provision (table 5) in that medical schools using UKCAT as a factor in the admissions process showed a relatively high degree of disadvantage for state school students (0. 52, 0. 45 to 0. 60, P<0. 001) even after controlling for the effects of other, potentially confounding, variables and interactions. Medical schools that used UKCAT as a threshold were also less likely to provide a conditional offer to an older applicant compared with the other two categories of medical school. Table 7 Results of multilevel multiple logistic regression analyses with outcome variable as conditional or unconditional offer of a place to study medicine. Values are odds ratios (95% confidence intervals) unless stated otherwiseView this table:View popupView inlineTable 8 Results of multilevel multiple logistic regression analyses with outcome variable conditional or unconditional offer of a place at medical school. Values are odds ratios (95% confidence intervals) unless stated otherwiseView this table:View popupView inlineDescriptive statistics and univariate analysis: medical school entrantsIn total, data related to 4456 medical school entrants to the 22 universities analysed. Table 9⇓ and figure 2⇓ depict the breakdown of the proportion of each medical school intake by widening participation status. Some categories of institutions appeared fairly homogenous in relation to the proportion of candidates of widening participation status taking up places, whereas others were relatively diverse. For example, medical schools using UKCAT as a threshold consistently admitted more than around 55% of their medical students from state schools, whereas more variation was observed in medical schools using UKCAT as a factor in the admissions process (fig 2). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by providing evidence that applicants from state schools face disadvantages in the medical school admissions process. It highlights that medical schools using UKCAT scores in a way that disadvantages state school applicants indicates that socioeconomic status, as represented by the type of school attended, affects access to education in this context. This demonstrates a clear link between socioeconomic factors and educational opportunities.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: All patients respond equally well to regenerative therapies. [SEP] Text: Indeed, it has previously been demonstrated in animal models that antiproliferative drugs could be adequately delivered from balloon surface into the vessel wall only with a matrix compound11. Similarly, Radke et al compared various DEB using different drug-delivery formulations and confirmed that effective excipients are necessary to accomplish successful tissue transfer of the drug from a balloon surface12. Importantly, in vitro and in vivo models showed that during angioplasty with DEB, contact between vascular smooth muscle cells and paclitaxel, a highly lipophilic anti-neoplastic drug, is sufficient to provide long-lasting inhibition of cell proliferation13-15. As a result, paclitaxel became the sole drug used among DEB currently available on the market, with other drugs still under investigation16. It remains to be seen whether refinement of methods of drug delivery from balloons will enable effective use of “limus” drugs for DEB in the hope to repeat the success they have achieved as component of DES. A discrete number of randomised studies evaluated DEB versus plain balloon angioplasty (POBA), DES and BMS in different settings17. The main limitation of these trials was the lack of power to assess clinically relevant endpoints. 1 we summarised risk estimates for DEB regarding target lesion revascularisation (TLR) by performing a meta-analysis of currently available randomised trials. The main results are: 1) In de novo lesions, the combination of DEB with BMS, which makes little sense considering the widespread DES availability, does not reduce the need for re-intervention as compared with BMS alone and increases TLR risk as compared with DES (Figure 1, and B). 2) The size of the two trials18,19 that assessed DEB for lesions in small coronary vessels is limited and does not enable firm conclusions. However, no sign of benefit of DEB versus DES could be observed (Figure 1, Panel C). Randomised trials of BMS versus POBA in small vessels have shown that optimal POBA with provisional stenting is probably as effective over the long term as systematic stenting20. However, considering the fact that the efficacy and strength of current DES technologies is mostly generated when they are placed in lesions of small vessels, it is unlikely to expect a major role for DEB in the treatment of lesions in coronary vessels of small size21. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by suggesting that the efficacy of therapies, such as drug-eluting balloons (DEB), varies among patients based on specific conditions. For instance, it states, 'the main limitation of these trials was the lack of power to assess clinically relevant endpoints,' indicating that the outcomes of regenerative therapies are not universally effective across all patients. Furthermore, it mentions the need for optimal approaches and how DEB does not necessarily reduce the need for re-intervention compared to other therapies, indicating variability in patient response.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Nosema ceranae is a parasite that affects honeybee health. [SEP] Text: Javascript is disabled in your browser. Please enable Javascript to view PeerJ. The first report of the prevalence of Nosema ceranae in reviews of published 2023. Peer reviewers are encouraged (but not required) to provide their names to the authors when submitting their peer review. If they agree to provide their name, then their personal profile page will reflect a public acknowledgment that they performed a review (even if the 2017. The first revision was submitted on November 30th, 2017 and was reviewed by 1 reviewer and the Academic Editor. A further revision was submitted on December 13th, 2017 and was reviewed by the Academic Editor. A further revision was submitted on December 19th, 2017 and was reviewed by the Academic Editor. The 2017. Version 0. 4 (accepted) · Dec 19, 2017 · manuscript is now ready to be published. 0. 4 (PDF) Download author's response letter - submitted Dec 19, 2017 Version 0. 3 · Dec 14, 2017 · could you carefully check your manuscript and resubmit it? I personally found many typos (e. g. Inroduction instead of introduction) and some unclear sentences (e. g. "On the other hand honey bees a valuable economic asset due to the ensemble of their products which are includes honey. . . "). All I'm kindly asking for is a little extra effort, but necessary in order to make your 0. 3 (PDF) Download author's response letter - submitted Dec 13, 2017 Version 0. 2 · Dec 9, 2017 · I think that the manuscript has been considerably improved but needs further minor revisions prior to publication. Reviewer 1 · Dec 8, 2017 Basic reporting In this study, Hristov et al. aimed to analyze the presence of Nosema apis and Nosema ceranae in samples taken from different regions of Bulgaria. The manuscript improved a lot since the last revision. I consider that it should be published now. Experimental design The experimental design is clear now and the required information was provided by the authors. Validity of the findings No comment Additional comments Specific comments: L39-46- Please, provide 0. 2)". PeerJ 0. 2 (PDF) Download author's response letter - submitted Nov 30, 2017 Version 0. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim regarding Nosema ceranae and its impact on honeybee health. It focuses on administrative details related to the submission and peer review process of a manuscript and includes a brief mention of analyzing Nosema apis and Nosema ceranae, but does not provide information supporting or contradicting the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Socioeconomic status can impact access to education and healthcare. [SEP] Text: This is supported by the descriptive statistics observed in table 9 and figure 2 where the relatively large variation between institutions in the same UKCAT usage category for intake of older students could be contrasted with the relative homogeneity within groups for the proportion of male entrants. These findings would suggest that the trend for mature entrants reflects one or more individual universities taking in either large or small proportions of mature students, rather than an effect associated with type of UKCAT usage (table 9). However, not all the trends observed were attenuated after controlling for institutional effects and potential confounding variables; the difference between the odds of an entrant to a medical school using UKCAT in borderline cases compared with one from those using UKCAT as a factor having English as a second language actually increased in significance (P value from 0. 2 to 0. 04) once this more complex modelling was performed. Table 11 Results of multilevel multiple logistic regression analyses for prediction of sex, ethnicity, English as second language status, and age (>21 years at application) of entrants to 22 participating medical schools with complete data available (n=2679) View this table:View popupView inlineTable 12⇓ depicts the results of multilevel multiple logistic regression for the prediction of widening participation status of entrants for school type attended, socioeconomic status, and achieving below average academic attainment (for this cohort of medical school applicants). Several trends that were highly statistically significant on estimation of the raw odds ratio were now absent or of only borderline significance. Notably, the intergroup differences in the probability of an entrant being from a state school (as opposed to independent or grammar school) attenuated to a difference of only borderline significance (odds ratio 1. 60, 95% confidence interval 0. 97 to 2. 62, P=0. 06) for medical schools using UKCAT as a threshold compared with those using UKCAT in borderline cases. In contrast, the faint trends for entrants to medical schools using UKCAT as a factor and as a threshold to be more likely to be from low socioeconomic backgrounds were now of borderline significance (P=0. 05 and P=0. 06, respectively). The relatively high proportions of entrants to medical schools using UKCAT as a factor with below average academic attainment compared with the other categories of medical schools remained statistically significant, even after adjustment for institutional and potential confounding effects. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by presenting data that highlights the influence of socioeconomic status on educational access. It notes significant trends relating to socioeconomic backgrounds and their implications for medical school entrants. For instance, it mentions that the probability of entrants being from low socioeconomic backgrounds was significant in certain contexts, as indicated by 'the faint trends for entrants to medical schools using UKCAT as a factor and as a threshold to be more likely to be from low socioeconomic backgrounds were now of borderline significance (P=0. 05 and P=0. 06, respectively).' This underlines the impact of socioeconomic status on access to educational opportunities in medical schools.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: All patients respond equally well to regenerative therapies. [SEP] Text: 3) With less than 400 patients enrolled in total, randomised trials on the value of DEB for ISR showed that DEB compare favourably with POBA or paclitaxel-eluting stents reducing TLR risk in patients presenting BMS or DES restenosis22-25 (Figure 1, Panel D). In line with this evidence, the current guidelines for myocardial revascularisation of the of Cardiology recommend the use of DEB in cases of restenosis of previously implanted BMS (Class of recommendation: IIa; Level of Evidence B)26. Figure 1. Risk of target lesion revascularisation associated with drug-eluting balloons. Odds ratio (OR) and (95% confidence intervals, CI) are used as summary statistics. DerSimonian and Laird random effects model is used to calculate pooled OR for target lesion revascularisation (TLR). The Breslow-Day chi squared (p<0. 1) and the I2 statistic tested heterogeneity across the studies. The squares and the horizontal lines indicate the OR and the (95% CI); the size of each square is proportional to the statistical weight of a trial in the meta-analysis; diamond indicates the effect estimate derived from meta-analysis, with the centre indicating the point estimate and the left and the right ends of the (95% CI). In case of a three-arm design, the pooled risk estimates have been derived by separate comparison of DEB versus each control arm. The risk of TLR (per protocol defined) was evaluated at the longest follow-up (median 9 months [25th, 75th percentile 6, 12]) within de novo lesions (Panel A-B), de novo lesions in small vessels (Panel C) and in-stent restenosis subgroups (Panel D). Moderate to high heterogeneity was observed. DEB: drug-eluting balloons; BMS: bare-metal stents; DES: drug-eluting stents; POBA: plain-old balloon angioplasty. a bioengineered bare-metal stent used; b provisional bare-metal stenting in the DEB group; c DES restenosis; d BMS restenosis. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by indicating that there is moderate to high heterogeneity observed in the results from the trials, suggesting that not all patients respond equally well to the drug-eluting balloons (DEB) used for treatment. The mention of different patient subgroups and the non-uniform results imply variability in response among patients.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Nosema ceranae is a parasite that affects honeybee health. [SEP] Text: So, for a better understanding, it is important to say directly that these results might explain the differences in the prevalence observed in the different areas since different subspecies of bees are reared in each area. L175-L177- Does the author has analyzed the genetic origin of the bees? If the authors still have the samples which were used for analyzing Nosema, it would be interesting to analyze their genetic origin and prove (or not) the hypothesis that they are proposing. I think that this analysis would contribute to making the 0. 1)". PeerJ · Oct 29, 2017 Basic reporting This manuscript reports on the presence of N. ceranae, an emerging exotic pathogen of the honey bee, in populations of honey bees in Bulgaria. The introduction and background top the study are well laid out, with some interesting 1. Were positive controls employed in PCRS to avoid the issue of false negatives? Duplicate PCRs might help in clarifying this issue if positive controls were not available. 2. Statistical testing needs to be clarified. 3. (line 99, and more a comment for future reference) Do not use EDTA in re-suspension buffer when dissolving DNA as it inhibits PCR (it chelates Mg ions of the PCR buffer). alone. 4. (line 91) Were all 5 bees per colony analysed individually or as a single DNA extract? Validity of the findings In large part, the findings seem clear-cut and robust and sound. 1. (line 91) Why only 5 bees collected per colony when it is standard (Fries et al. 2013) to analyse 30 honey bees per colony? 2. Lines 132-142: Provide results of statistical tests to support statements 3. Lines 178-182 The authors hypothesise that warmer climates may favour N. ceranae over N. apis and vice versa. One paper explicitly exploring this issue is: Natsopoulou et al. (2015) Interspecific competition in honeybee intracellular gut parasites is asymmetric and favours the spread of an emerging infectious disease. Proceedings of the of London B: 282:20141896. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text passes in relation to the claim as it does not directly address or provide evidence for or against the assertion that Nosema ceranae is a parasite affecting honeybee health. Instead, it discusses various methodological concerns regarding the analysis of bees and mentions N. ceranae but does not specifically validate or refute its impact on bee health.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Socioeconomic status can impact access to education and healthcare. [SEP] Text: Table 12 Results of multilevel multiple logistic regression analyses for prediction of school type attended, socioeconomic status, and relatively low academic attainment (less than AAB or equivalent at A level) of entrants to 22 participating medical schools with complete data available (n=2679)View this table:View popupView inlineModelling the prediction of achieving conditions for medical school entryOf 16 435 total applicants, 1189 were initially given 1507 unconditional offers, having already achieved the required academic conditions at the time of application. A further 5368 candidates were initially provided with 7363 conditional offers (an average of 1. 4 offers per successful candidate). Of these individuals, 4470 (83%) eventually obtained an unconditional offer, having obtained sufficient academic qualifications to satisfy the relevant institutions that entry was merited. In most, but not all cases, this would involve achieving the initial A level (or equivalent) grades set as part of the conditions of the provisional offer. To explore the predictors of an application being converted from a conditional to an unconditional offer data were analysed from 3290 applications relating to 2803 candidates holding conditional offers where complete data were available. A multilevel multiple logistic regression model was built up in a stepwise fashion. A random intercept for each candidate was introduced, although it was not possible to model the random effects associated with individual institutions simultaneously. All possible combinations of interactions were explored and those found to be significant and independent predictors of successfully converting a conditional offer to an unconditional one were included in the final model (table 13⇓). The strongest predictor of success was academic attainment (odds ratio 10. 35, 95% confidence interval 8. 01 to 13. 27, P<0. 001), in these cases measured using a standardised UCAS tariff. Indeed, the only other significant and independent predictor was the application being associated with a medical school using UKCAT in borderline cases or a factor in the admissions process (compared with the remaining group). However, a trend of borderline statistical significance was observed for conditional offers associated with candidates of low socioeconomic status to have less probability of being converted to unconditional ones (0. 42, 0. 18 to 0. 99, P=0. 05). Two interactions were also significant. Firstly, an interaction between mature applicant status and academic achievement was observed (0. 11, 0. 07 to 0. 17, P<0. 001). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by indicating a trend of borderline statistical significance showing that candidates of low socioeconomic status have a reduced probability of converting conditional offers to unconditional ones in medical school admissions. This suggests that socioeconomic status is a factor influencing access to education, particularly in medical training contexts.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: All patients respond equally well to regenerative therapies. [SEP] Text: Trial Acronyms: DEB-AMI: Drug-eluting Balloon in Infarction; : Drug-eluting Balloon in Bifurcations Trial; : Prospective, Evaluating a Paclitaxel-in with EPC Stents for Disease; : DEversus in the Treatment of Artery Disease; : in of Diabetic Patients; BELLO: Optimization; : Paclitaxel-coated balloon versus drug-eluting stent during PCI of small coronary vessels; – ISR I (II) Treatment of in-by : Treatment of DES-In-With SeQuent® : The Paclitaxel-Eluting PTCA-in Disease to Treat In-Stent Restenoses. The most significant, still unresolved issue with DEB is the limited number of patients enrolled in the randomised trials with this technology. Interventional cardiologists are also eagerly waiting for the answer to two additional questions regarding DEB: are there differences in performance between currently available DEB and what are the reasons for the striking failure of DEB plus BMS considering the enormous success of their combination in the form of DES? Two studies published in the current issue of EuroIntervention contribute to the clarification of these two questions. Bondesson and colleagues retrospectively compared two paclitaxel-eluting balloons in patients undergoing PCI and included in the Swedish coronary and angioplasty register (SCAAR/Swedeheart)27. Of a total of 1,136 patients, 919 patients were treated with a balloon eluting 3 μg/mm2 of paclitaxel from a layer of hydrophilic contrast media as excipient (Sequent Please, B. Braun AG, Melsungen, Germany), and 217 patients were treated with a balloon eluting 2 μg/mm2 of paclitaxel directly from its surface without the use of an excipient (Elutax, GmbH. , Aachen, Germany). DEB with hydrophilic carrier were associated with a lower risk of restenosis (adjusted hazard ratio 0. 39 [95% confidence intervals 0. 24-0. 65]) at an average follow-up of ~11 months. This advantage was observed for both de novo and restenotic lesions. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by indicating that there are differences in treatment outcomes among patients. It specifically mentions that one type of drug-eluting balloon (DEB) was associated with a lower risk of restenosis compared to another, suggesting that not all patients respond equally to regenerative therapies, as outcomes vary based on the treatment method used.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Nosema ceranae is a parasite that affects honeybee health. [SEP] Text: Additional comments Suggested changes to the text (where relevant, by line number): Abstract and elsewhere: Do not write about ‘Bulgarian honey bees’ as though they are different in some meaningful way from those in surrounding countries; rather, use ‘honey bees in Bulgaria’. 29-30 highest rate of invasion → highest prevalence 43 Give a date for the Empire 48 Delete ‘etc’ 49 various specific → numerous 53-4 Two main species of Nosema have been identified “in honey bees” (text in “” is needed) 66 replace ‘, but’ with a semicolon 69 invasion → infection 80 spreading → distribution 92 at entrance’ → at the entrance 94 add ‘a’ before ‘single bee’ 119 add ‘a’ before ‘Little Genius’ 122 add ‘a’ before ‘2%’ 141 have demonstrated a higher level of invasion → had a higher prevalence of N. ceranae 145-7 Information should be transferred to the Introduction 165 infection → prevalence Cite this review as Paxton RJ (2018) #2 of "The first report of the prevalence of Nosema ceranae in Bulgaria (v0. 1)". PeerJ Ansari · Nov 12, 2017 Basic reporting i recommended this 1. some latest 2017. Geographical distribution and molecular detection of Nosema ceranae from indigenous honey bees of Saudi Arabia. of Biological Sciences. , Issue 5, July 2017, Pages 983-991" 2. it will be more appropriate if author can add microscopic studies of nosema spores in the text 3. discussion should be elaborated in context to the prevalence of nosema in the adjacent countries of this review as Ansari MJ (2018) #3 of "The first report of the prevalence of Nosema ceranae in Bulgaria (v0. 1)". PeerJ Submission (PDF) - submitted Oct 10, 2017 All text and materials provided via this peer-review history page are made available under a Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim about Nosema ceranae being a parasite that affects honeybee health. Instead, it focuses on editorial suggestions and revisions related to a scientific review, without providing any specific information or evidence regarding the health impacts of Nosema ceranae on honeybees.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Socioeconomic status can impact access to education and healthcare. [SEP] Text: This is interpreted as increased A level achievement being relatively less of an advantage to those applying to holding conditional offers and over 20 years old, compared with younger applicants. In practice many mature candidates will be applying on the basis of a university degree, either achieved or pending, rather than A level achievement, and therefore this finding is readily understood in this context. Perhaps a less anticipated interaction was that observed for low socioeconomic status and non-white ethnicity (8. 56, 1. 81 to 40. 43, P=0. 007). This implied that those applicants holding conditional offers from low socioeconomic backgrounds were more likely to convert them to unconditional ones if they were of non-white than of white ethnicity. Table 13 Results of multilevel multiple logistic regression analysis for the prediction of achievement of grades or degree required for a conditional offer to be converted to an unconditional offer. Data from 3290 applications relating to 2803 candidates holding conditional offers where complete data were available were analysedView this table:View popupView inlineMissing data analysisThose applications with no data on socioeconomic background of the candidate (n=12 562) were significantly less likely to result in an offer (0. 81, 0. 76 to 0. 85, P<0. 001). Candidates with missing socioeconomic status (n=4605) were significantly more likely (P<00. 01) to be male (1. 13, 1. 05 to 1. 21), have attended a private or grammar school (1. 13, 1. 05 to 1. 21), be over 21 years at application (1. 33, 1. 23 to 1. 44), be of non-white ethnicity (1. 73, 1. 62 to 1. 86), speak English as a second language (1. 39, 1. 28 to 1. 51), and have below average academic attainment (1. 27, 1. 17 to 1. 39) and UKCAT score when compared with those with socioeconomic background reported. Likewise, those applications with no attainment data on A levels, higher, or Irish leaving certificate (n=11 949) were significantly less likely to result in an offer (0. 58, 0. 54 to 0. 61, P<0. 001). Candidates with missing or non-standard advanced qualification data (n=4917) were significantly more likely (P<0. 01) to have missing data on socioeconomic status (1. 26, 0. 17 to 1. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing how low socioeconomic status influences applicants' likelihood of receiving offers in education. It provides specific data indicating that candidates from low socioeconomic backgrounds, particularly those of non-white ethnicity, are affected differently compared to their peers, suggesting a direct link between socioeconomic status and educational opportunities. The mention of significant differences in the outcomes for candidates with missing socioeconomic status further supports that socioeconomic factors play a critical role in access to education.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: All patients respond equally well to regenerative therapies. [SEP] Text: Interestingly, most of failures in patients treated with DEB without excipient occurred <6 months after index procedure, suggesting poor drug retention in the vessel wall. As a closing remark, the authors suggest the lack of a “class-effect” for DEB and the urgent need for head-to-head, randomised comparisons of different DEB platforms. These findings provide additional support to the statement included in the European guidelines on myocardial revascularisation that “one cannot assume a class effect for all drug-eluting balloons”26. In the second study, Fischer and colleagues present the data from a subgroup of 55 patients who performed intravascular ultrasounds (IVUS) at nine-month follow up in the DEversus in the Treatment of () trial28. The original trial randomly assigned 637 patients to receive DEB-BMS (Coroflex DEBlue, B. Braun AG, Melsungen Germany) versus sirolimus-eluting stents () for de novo lesions. Current findings show that despite the similar stent expansion (symmetric expansion index 0. 90±0. 02 versus 0. 89±0. 04 for DEB-BMS versus SES, respectively, p value not significant) and strut apposition between DEB-BMS and SES, risk of restenosis was higher in the DEB-BMS group, as shown in the primary trial29. The main objective of this IVUS sub-study was, however, to assess whether a possible “geographical mismatch” (BMS deployment in segment of the vessel not pre-treated with DEB) underlies the lower antirestenotic efficacy of DEB-BMS. The authors excluded this as the failure mechanism of the DEB-BMS strategy. However, they only did an indirect assessment of “geographical mismatch” based on the lack of excess neointima at the stent margins in the DEB-BMS group. A more precise assessment would have required acute intravascular imaging during the index procedure and probably more sensitive imaging technology such as optical coherence tomography30. As a matter of fact, previous randomised trials failed to definitely address the merits and pitfalls associated with the concurrent use of DEB and BMS in de novo lesions, whilst the utility of DEB in case of ISR has been better scientifically proven. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by indicating that patients do not respond equally well to DEB (drug-eluting balloons) therapy, as evidenced by the statement that 'the lack of a “class-effect” for DEB' implies variability in patient response. Additionally, the text discusses that the risk of restenosis was higher in the DEB-BMS group, showing that outcomes can differ significantly among patients. This information indicates that responses to regenerative therapies like DEB are not uniform across all patients.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Nosema ceranae is a parasite that affects honeybee health. [SEP] Text: Skip to main content Explore journals Get published About BMC My account Search all BMC 1. Total DNA was extracted from the samples following the method described by Martín-Hernández et al. [29] and the total DNA from each of the 30 samples was considered an “isolate”. Reactions (PCRs) were performed to amplify 5 different fragments from randomly selected coding regions of N. ceranae with the following criteria: each was supposed to be single-copy loci, of at least 990 bp in order to obtain long amplicons ranging from 873 to 1280 bp, and should not include microsatellites (the GenBank 0. 5 μL of the template DNA solution, 0. 4 μM of each nucleotide, 10 pmol of each primer, 1. 5 U of (Invitrogen, cat. no. 11509-015), its 10x buffer, 25 nmol MgCl2, 12 μg of BSA (Roche Diagnostic, cat. no. 10711454001) and sterilized distilled water to a final volume of 25 μL. PCRs were performed on an Epand a thermocycler following the program: 94 °C for 2 min; 40 cycles of 94 °C for 30 s, the primer-specific annealing temperature for 30 s, 68 °C for 60 s (for products under 1000 bp) or for 90 s (for products over 1000 bp); and a final elongation step at 68 °C for 7 min. The five different primer pairs, their sequences, the PCR product sizes and the correspondent annealing temperatures are also shown in Table 2. The PCR products were kept at 4 °C and 5 μL of each were ran in standard 2 % Agarose gel (Invitrogen E-GEL 2 % Agarose GP, cat. no. G8008-02) and visualized by staining. PCR products were purified using (cat. no. 28104) before sequencing in both directions at the Unidad de Biología Molecular (Universidad de Alcalá) using the same PCR primers (Table 2). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses a PCR method for amplifying genetic material from N. ceranae without providing any information about its impact on honeybee health or confirming its nature as a parasite.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Socioeconomic status can impact access to education and healthcare. [SEP] Text: 36), be female (1. 10, 1. 03 to 1. 18), have attended a state school (3. 65, 3. 36 to 3. 96), be over 21 years at application (45. 28, 40. 61 to 50. 49), be of non-white ethnicity (1. 42, 1. 32 to 1. 52), speak English as a second language (2. 15, 1. 99 to 2. 33), and have a below average UKCAT score when compared with those with socioeconomic background reported (1. 86, 1. 74 to 1. 99). Thus, according to missing data theory, the missing socioeconomic status and advanced qualification data seemed to be not missing completely at random—that is, the value of the missing variable and the probability that it is missing is unrelated to observed variables. The results of the sensitivity analyses using multiple imputed data generally indicated that the missing values for advance qualification as socioeconomic status were missing at random. On average the odds ratio recovered from the analyses of the imputed data only varied by around 5-10% compared with those obtained for the non-imputed data. The only exception to this was the findings for the prediction of conditional offers using imputed advanced qualification values. These results differed by a slightly larger degree, with, on average, odds ratio differing by an average of 12%. A fuller report of these results is available from the lead author’s website (www. dur. ac. uk/p. a. tiffin/fps). DiscussionThe main findings of this study at least partially supported our original hypothesis; the results suggest that important differences exist, both in terms of the probability of an offer and that of finally taking up a place at medical school according to certain sociodemographic characteristics of the candidates and how the medical school applied to used the UKCAT. In terms of offers, the negative effect of being a member of a widening participation group seemed to be mitigated by the admissions processes utilised by medical schools using the UKCAT score as a threshold for interview or offer decisions. Indeed, only academic achievement and UKCAT score were significant and independent predictors of either a conditional or an unconditional offer at this category of medical school (tables 5 and 6). The findings from these separate models were largely supported by the interactions observed in the combined analyses (tables 7 and 8). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by indicating that significant differences exist in the probability of receiving offers to medical schools based on specific sociodemographic characteristics, which include socioeconomic status. It suggests that medical school admissions processes might be influenced by such factors, thereby impacting access to education in the field.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: All patients respond equally well to regenerative therapies. [SEP] Text: The limited number of patients enrolled in these trials did not allow identifying whether the failure of DEB-BMS was due to a strategy of “balloon first” or “stent first” angioplasty, or to stent implantation per se10,14. At a mechanistic level it may be argued that the time-limited antirestenotic effect of DEB cannot be sufficient to antagonise the chronic proliferative stimulus generated by BMS18. Moreover, whether the presence of BMS may act as a barrier that prevents the transfer of the drug into the vessel wall still remains a matter of some debate31. As DEB technology rapidly evolves, possible ameliorations are largely desirable16. The use of new antiproliferative drugs, as well as the adoption of new excipients that enhance drug transfer and retention in the vessel wall, need further investigation. Similarly it warrants further study whether other endovascular treatment approaches, such as cutting balloons, might act in synergism with DEB by augmenting drug penetration at the PCI site. Finally, new imaging technologies may better meet our need for a more comprehensive analysis of DEB interactions with the vessel wall. Most importantly we need trials that assess the role of DEB in a well-defined patient population with a sufficiently large sample size. A total of 18 trials have been registered at the clinicaltrial. gov database; some of these are expected to be presented or published in the next few months including: – the of Paclitaxel-eluting Balloon -Stent versus for Drug-eluting Stent Restenosis- 3, NCT00987324; – the Restenosis Intra-stent of Drug-eluting Stents: Paclitaxel-eluting Balloon versus Everolimus-eluting Stent - 01239940; and – the Treatment of by Paclitaxel-Paclitaxel-- 1000, NCT01166711. They will certainly contribute with valuable information in establishing the real role of DEB as a PCI option. Conflict of interest statement The authors have no conflicts of interest to declare. 1. Garg S, Serruys PW. Coronary stents: current status. J Cardiol. 2010;56:S1-42. 2. ömig de é üni P. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the variability in patient response to different treatment strategies and the limitations of current studies in establishing the efficacy of DEB (Drug-Eluting Balloon) therapy. It highlights that the number and selection of patients in trials have not allowed for a definitive conclusion on the effectiveness of these therapies, indicating that not all patients may respond equally well.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Nosema ceranae is a parasite that affects honeybee health. [SEP] Text: Table 1 Isolates of Nosema ceranae with their correspondent geographical origin, year of sampling and biological sourceFull size table Table 2 Primers and PCR dataFull size table In order to ensure that the variability found in the PCR products actually corresponds to distinct genomic DNA templates, the amplification products of 3 variable X639 fragments were selected (SpTF, Sp402 and Sp1103) and cloned into the Escherichia coli plasmid pCR2. 1-TOPO® with the ® Kit (Invitrogen, cat no. K4500-01). The plasmid DNA was extracted from randomly selected clones and purified using the (Qiagen, cat no. 27106), and it was digested (1 μg) with EcoRI (Biolabs, R0101S) and separated by 1 % agarose gel electrophoresis to check the correct size of the insert. A total of 38 clones were obtained (14, 6 and 18, respectively) and they were sequenced independently as described above. Additionally, the absence of recombination during the PCR amplification was tested as described elsewhere [30]. Briefly, two clones that differ by 6 bp were mixed, amplified with polymerase, and the products were sequenced using M13 commercial primers. All the sequences obtained matched one of the two templates and no recombinants were detected. All sequencing chromatograms were carefully revised visually, with the double-peaks noted as single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and identified with the code for the degenerate base positions (wobble positions IUB Code). The sequences obtained were aligned using the algorithm [31], and analyzed and translated into protein sequences with 7. 0. 5. 2 [32]. For a clearer study of the polymorphisms, common conserved areas were removed manually from the general alignments. The allele population frequencies pi for a given variable site i was calculated assuming that double peak isolates are heterozygous and that those with a “clean” peak in the chromatogram are homozygous. The diversity for a site i with j alleles were estimated by Di = 1– Σpij 2, and heterozygosis as the number of isolates with a double peak at the site i divided by the total number of isolates. Mean diversities were compared with standard t-student tests. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not provide any information directly related to Nosema ceranae being a parasite or its effects on honeybee health. It focuses on technical processes related to genetic analysis and sequencing, which are unrelated to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Socioeconomic status can impact access to education and healthcare. [SEP] Text: Medical schools using the UKCAT score as a factor in the admissions process could largely be seen as an intermediate category, with some exceptions. For instance such medical schools were less likely than those that used UKCAT as a threshold to provide a conditional offer to a candidate from a state school or a low socioeconomic background (table 8) but were also more likely to provide a conditional offer to an individual with below average academic achievement (table 7). Heavier use of UKCAT therefore seemed to promote widening access as intended, at least to a degree, in terms of offers. Although it is important that universities act as fairly as possible when providing offers, ultimately it is the characteristics of the candidates finally taking up places at universities that will determine the demographics of the UK medical workforce. When analysing the raw proportions of under-represented groups it appeared that many of the trends observed in the offer data were translated into final uptake of placement. However, after controlling for individual institutional effects and the potential confounding of other sociodemographic variables the picture shifted somewhat. After these adjustments the clearest remaining differences were that entrants to medical schools that used the UKCAT weakly (in borderline cases) were less likely to be male than for the other two categories of medical school but were more likely to have English as a second language than those taking up places in medical schools that used UKCAT as a factor (table 11). Several potentially important trends, albeit of borderline statistical significance, were also observed in that those medical school using the UKCAT as a threshold score were more likely to admit students from state or non-grammar schools and from low socioeconomic backgrounds than were medical schools that used UKCAT in borderline cases (table 12). This latter trend for entrants of low socioeconomic status was also observed for medical schools using UKCAT as a factor compared with those using it in borderline cases. A trend of borderline statistical significance was also observed for applicants from low socioeconomic backgrounds holding conditional offers to be less likely to achieve the grades necessary for entry, although this effect might apply less to those of non-white ethnicity. This in turn might weaken the impact of UKCAT use on the final proportion of entrants from low socioeconomic backgrounds. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by presenting evidence that socioeconomic background affects access to medical education. It discusses how medical schools that use the UKCAT score as a factor in admissions are more likely to offer places to candidates from low socioeconomic backgrounds, while also indicating that those from these backgrounds might face additional challenges in achieving the necessary grades for entry. Thus, the text supports the idea that socioeconomic status influences access to educational opportunities.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: All patients respond equally well to regenerative therapies. [SEP] Text: For over 20 years, the cell-based therapy industry has successfully manufactured products and cured patients Citation[1,2]. Given the billions of dollars spent and many more requested, the common questions that we are all asked by governments, funding agencies and investment organizations are: ‘how many units have been manufactured? ‘ and ‘how many patients have been treated? ‘. The challenge for us today is that mere arm waving is simply no longer acceptable. If we want their hard cash then we need to supply hard numbers. With the help of the leading providers of cell-based therapies and acknowledged experts we have collated the essential baseline data in order to robustly answer these two important questions. Regenerative medicine replaces or regenerates human cells, tissue or organs, to restore or establish normal function Citation[3], therefore by definition, regenerative medicine is an opportunity for all the major therapeutic approaches including medical devices, small molecules, complex biological molecules as well as cell-based therapies Citation[4]. However, there is no doubt that within regenerative medicine, the exciting paradigm shift is cell-based therapies. This is the step-change platform technology that is enabling the fourth pillar of healthcare – a sustainable new sector based on living cells as therapies Citation[4]. Presently there are a great many misconceptions regarding the genuine achievements to date by our fledgling sector. The spectrum of stakeholder opinions ranges from near total inability to deliver a commercial product to estimates of annual sales in the billion dollar range Citation[5,6]. The public believe we can either cure everything or nothing, the press is totally in the dark, politicians are confused and unregulated stem cell tourism is threatening legitimate business. The reason for this total chaos is a combination of the historical lack of an industry voice Citation[7,8] combined with market reports that ‘conveniently‘ interchange stem cell-based therapies with the all-encompassing term ‘regenerative medicine‘. Highly successful products such as the billion dollar per year recombinant human bone morphogenic protein (e. g. , ®, Medtronic) are a very valid part of regenerative medicine and while having mechanisms of action that involve cells in vivo, they are not cell-based therapies but are products of conventional pharma and biotech. We need to urgently correct these misconceptions by providing our supporters and critics alike with unequivocal baseline data for cell-based therapies. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by indicating that within regenerative medicine, particularly in cell-based therapies, there are misconceptions about their achievements and public beliefs that oversimplify their effectiveness. It highlights the variability in stakeholder opinions on the capabilities of regenerative therapies, suggesting that not all patients respond equally well. Additionally, the mention of a range of views from total inability to commercialize to high sales estimates further emphasizes that responses to therapies are not uniform.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Nosema ceranae is a parasite that affects honeybee health. [SEP] Text: The rates of synonymous (Ks) and non-synonymous substitutions (Ka) were calculated with the DNAsp 5. 10 program [33], and sequence logo graphical representations were created with Weblogo 2. 8. 2 [34]. ResultsThe five markers analyzed in the 30 N. ceranae isolates revealed sequences that were mostly identical to their corresponding GenBank 639. Compared to the reference sequence, the X580 marker showed 7 additional nucleotide differences, as well as a 3 bp indel; however, all of our sequences were identical so those differences were omitted from the analysis and they were not included in Fig. 1. The complete alignments can be seen at the GenBank 754. Table 3 Polymorphism data for each markerFull size table Table 4 Polymorphism data per siteFull size table Geographical genotype distributionHalf of the N. ceranae isolates in this study were obtained from six different European countries and the other half were Australian isolates (Table 1). Thus, the number of different genotypes found for each sequence was evaluated, as was the corresponding mean diversity and heterozygosity (Table 3). There were no apparent differences when the Australian isolates from A. cerana were compared to A. mellifera, suggesting free transmission of the microsporidian from one host to the other. Accordingly, these two types of isolates were pooled together for further comparisons. isolates were compared to those from Australia, the diversity per site was also similar (Table 3), although more dissimilar genotypes were detected in the latter (the mean numbers of genotypes were 2. 8 and 6. 6, respectively: t = 3. 62, d. f. = 8, p < 0. 01). Identical genotypes were often found among European samples, not only for a specific marker but also, when considering the five markers. For instance, the genotype 5-11-3-5-3 was obtained from an isolate from Switzerland, another from Slovakia and a third from Spain (Fig. 1), whereas no pair of isolates from Australia shared the same genotype. For most of the marker sites analyzed, the European populations were dominated by heterozygotes while the different genotypes are more balanced in Australia (Fig. 3). Fig. 3Sequence logo showing the genotype diversity for each polymorphic site. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not provide any information regarding Nosema ceranae as a parasite that affects honeybee health. Instead, it focuses on the genetic analysis and polymorphism data of the N. ceranae isolates, without discussing its effects on honeybees or their health.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Socioeconomic status can impact access to education and healthcare. [SEP] Text: Comparison with previous findings and possible interpretationsAfter controlling for factors such as UKCAT and academic performance we estimated that non-white applicants were still around 40% less likely to receive a conditional offer from a medical school using UKCAT in borderline cases than a candidate reporting their ethnicity as white (table 5); an almost identical finding to that reported by a study of ethnic minority applicants to medical school in 1990. 27 A subsequent study from candidates for admission from 1996 and 1997 also reported a relative disadvantage for applicants from ethnic minority groups, although the authors noted variation between individual medical schools unrelated to the overall number of non-white applicants to each institution. The present results from the separate models were largely echoed by the pooled analysis, which directly compared the three types of medical school. Some authors have cited such findings as evidence of institutional discrimination. 28 Although UCAS does not pass on information of ethnicity to universities it may be apparent from a candidate’s name or subsequently at interview. Evidence of racial discrimination has been uncovered previously within a medical school setting and as such cannot be entirely ruled out, deserving further exploration. 29 It has been previously highlighted that racism is defined as an attitude, and thus studies, such as the present one, that simply examine the probabilities of an offer to an applicant are unable to provide direct evidence of this. 30 Moreover, there may be more innocent, unmodelled effects that may explain some of these observations. For example, it may be that candidates from certain under-represented groups are less likely to have a relative in the medical profession and therefore find it more difficult to gain relevant work experience that would bolster their application and improve their performance at interview. One possibility is that universities using the UKCAT as a threshold may place less emphasis on personal statements or the interview in deciding on offers and mitigating against this effect during the offer process (tables 7 and 8). Owing to the nature of the structure of offer data, individual institutional effects could not be controlled for at the same time as within candidate effects. However, whether these observations are associated with a group effect or individual universities they deserve further exploration. The relative over-representation of women entering medical school is a sensitive and contentious issue. The proportion of women entering medical school in the has steadily risen; in the most general practitioners are forecast to be women by 2013 and most of all doctors by 2017. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the disadvantaged position of non-white applicants compared to their white counterparts in medical school admissions, suggesting that factors linked to socioeconomic status, such as representation and support systems, impact access to education. It indicates that candidates from certain under-represented groups may face significant challenges, including lack of family connections in the medical field, which are tied to socioeconomic factors.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: All patients respond equally well to regenerative therapies. [SEP] Text: We have articulated on many occasions that whilst cell therapies are just one of the four modalities for regenerative medicine, the converse is also true, regenerative medicine is just one medical indication for the cells as therapies industry (‘Regen‘) Citation[4,101]. Since this journal is exclusively focused on regenerative medicine, we have therefore endeavored to assemble accurate baseline data for the cell-based therapies that are the most relevant to regenerative medicine: permanent cell replacement therapies, transient cell therapies and tissue engineering. In order to establish a totally unambiguous baseline upon which to subsequently build and therefore to provide a dynamic tally of genuine progress in the regenerative medicine cell therapy sector, we have exclusively chosen to use data from products that have been successful when subjected to the stringent process of regulation including US FDA (and EMA equivalent) regulatory approval via Application (PMA), Application (BLA) and Exemption (HDE). A suggested term for this category is ‘cellular therapeutics‘ [. Comm. ]. Whilst we fully appreciate that this rigid cutoff will underestimate the total scale of regenerative medicine cell-based therapies it does, however, provide a totally hype-free, robust baseline upon which to add other cell-based therapies with proven safety and efficacy. Since the majority of the companies are privately owned, the data have either been very kindly provided by the companies themselves or from estimates from leading authorities Citation[6], and can be found in Table 1. Wherever possible we have attempted to cross-check data with other reputable sources including papers authored by the late Lysaght () Citation[2,5,6,9–13,102]. Table 1 contains only data that we believe all would unanimously agree should be included since all have regulatory approval – FDA (and/or EMA equivalent) and/or HDE. The list may be short but it immutably provides ample evidence of our genuine successes to date. There are, however, two more categories that need very careful consideration. The first is cell-based regenerative medicine treatments that are not subject to FDA (and/or EMA equivalent) regulatory authorization via either PMA or BLA. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by implying that patient responses to regenerative therapies are variable. It discusses various modalities for regenerative medicine and emphasizes that the data used for assessment excludes treatments lacking regulatory approval, suggesting a nuanced understanding of how different patients might respond based on regulatory and safety factors.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Nosema ceranae is a parasite that affects honeybee health. [SEP] Text: 14), evidence of a purifying selection (that is, most non-synonymous mutations are deleterious and disappear). Similar results were obtained for nine other coding sequences in N. ceranae [23]. By contrast, all the polymorphisms detected in the other two markers, X580 and X802, led to changes in the corresponding polypeptide, strongly suggestive of directional selection and a possible adaptive role for these polymorphisms. Genotyping of the different N. ceranae isolates systematically produced ambiguous results as two alternative nucleotides exist at a number of points, which is not a technical artefact. First, indeterminate forms exist for very specific nucleotides. For a given point where a genotype shows a double peak – say, A and G – some other genotypes exhibit a clean A, and other a clean G. Secondly, the cloning and subsequent analysis of different clones demonstrated that the double peaks actually corresponded to alternative DNA templates in a given isolate. Thus, the genotyping of N. ceranae has to be directed so as not to obtain a single haplotype corresponding to a specific pure strain but rather, to a whole-isolate genotype that may be of mixed heterozygosity. This heterogeneity can be explained by two different but not exclusive phenomena: (1) a given honey bee is infected by two or more strains of N. ceranae and therefore, the isolate includes genetically different clones; and (2) a given strain of the microsporidian has more than one different genome and thus, it might be heterozygous for a number of markers. Evidence for recombinationRecombination per se is not absolute proof of sex, because clonality does not mean the total absence of it. As recombination is too rare to break the prevalent clonal population pattern [39], a good signal of an asexual reproduction model is a strong linkage disequilibrium (LD) together with a clear phylogenetic signal. By contrast, recombination, high levels of heterozygosis and sustained diversity provide strong evidence of sexual reproduction. Despite the extensive heterozygosity in the genotypes in the isolates, our results provide consistent evidence that different haplotypes can be formed after recombination between two other haplotypes. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text provided does not directly address the claim about Nosema ceranae being a parasite that impacts honeybee health. Instead, it discusses the genetic diversity and genotyping complexities of different N. ceranae isolates, and the implications of heterozygosity and recombination. Therefore, it is not relevant to the assertion regarding the parasite's effect on honeybee health.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Socioeconomic status can impact access to education and healthcare. [SEP] Text: This suggests that it was the way the test scores were being used, rather than absolute sex differences, that underlay this finding. Universities with the weakest use of the UKCAT (in borderline cases) were most likely to admit entrants with relatively low school attainment. This observation is not easily interpreted, although several possible explanations exist. Firstly, these medical schools sometimes used the UKCAT as a rescue mechanism, interviewing or making offers to candidates who would not normally be considered, for example, owing to low predicted academic attainment. Therefore the use of the UKCAT in this way may compensate for relatively low A level performance in some cases. However, data held by the UKCAT consortium suggest that, in practice, this mechanism is invoked relatively rarely and therefore is unlikely to fully account for this observation. A second explanation may be that the intention to use the UKCAT in a rescue manner may be a marker of an institutional attitude towards not prioritising academic achievement over other candidate attributes. Thus, in this case the manner in which UKCAT was used would be acting as an instrumental variable. Such institutions may be more likely to set lower academic conditions for entry or show latitude to candidates who eventually did not quite achieve these required grades. Lastly, it may be pure coincidence that, on average, the medical schools that used the UKCAT in this manner happened to have had slightly lower entry requirements compared with other medical schools in 2009. Several mediators could potentially explain the disparities observed between data relating to offers and those concerning medical school entrants. Firstly, applicants holding more than one unconditional offer could choose which, if any, of the universities to enter, and this is not something that medical school can influence. Secondly, a minority of applicants holding conditional offers may fail to achieve the examination results required for admission. Indeed, those from a low socioeconomic background may be over-represented in this category (table 13). Thirdly, it was not possible to control for the individual (random) effects associated with specific medical schools applied to while adjusting for the dependency of observations nested within each candidate. Therefore it is possible that some effects that appear associated with how UKCAT is used were, at least, partly attributable to the behaviour of individual universities. For example, to draw a comparison with the entrant data, not all medical schools using UKCAT as a threshold admitted a higher than average proportion of students from low socioeconomic backgrounds (fig 2). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing how socioeconomic background affects medical school admissions and may lead to disparities in access to education. It explicitly mentions that 'those from a low socioeconomic background may be over-represented in this category,' indicating a direct correlation between socioeconomic status and access to education.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: All patients respond equally well to regenerative therapies. [SEP] Text: For this group perhaps ‘regenerative medicine tissues‘ might be a good classification term – ‘tissues‘ being defined as cellular or decellularized materials whose medical utility is inherent and thus do not require substantial ex vivo manipulation to make them medically useful [Suggestion by. Comm. ]. A good example is OsteoCel® Plus by NuVasive, which is regulated as a Human Cells, Tissues and Tissue-(HCT/P), as defined in the 21 Code of Part 1271 Citation[103]. According to this regulation, is restricted to homologous use for the repair, replacement or reconstruction of musculoskeletal defects. This route allows rapid access to the product by surgeons and their patients. The other important category is cell-based therapies that are provided routinely on a humanitarian basis (but not under an HDE), or via compassionate-use (rapid access) programs that allow a clinician to provide treatment for a given patient while the therapy is still under development. This issue of contains an 2. All the above ‘cellular therapeutics‘ and ‘regenerative medicine tissues‘ are produced either under good manufacturing practice (GMP) and/or good tissue practice (GTP). We estimate from the cumulative numbers of units manufactured and patients treated in Tables 1 & 2, as well as from discussions with senior industry experts, that the current value of the regenerative medicine cell therapy market is presently in the order of $100–200 million per annum. The largest contribution by far is from Apligraf® (Organogenesis). It is therefore highly interesting to note a comment from and President of Organogenesis that, “In the USA, on average, once every 2 minutes Monday to Friday a patient is treated with Apligraf. ” [Pers. Comm. ]. Since its inception, has provided high-quality clinical translation and commercial reports, reviews and analysis Citation[15–19]. Building quantitatively on this mainly qualitative foundation we plan to regularly update the baseline data for the regenerative medicine cell therapy field and therefore provide a ‘gold standard‘ reference point for all the stakeholders as well as the public. We would therefore very much welcome comments, suggestions and appropriate data in order to keep this tally robust, up to date and most of all relevant. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by implying variability in patient responses to regenerative therapies, particularly by discussing the differences in therapeutic categories and the anecdotal evidence of treatment frequency, such as ‘In the USA, on average, once every 2 minutes Monday to Friday a patient is treated with Apligraf.’ This suggests that patients might not respond equally well given the context of diverse treatment approaches and regulatory frameworks mentioned.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Nosema ceranae is a parasite that affects honeybee health. [SEP] Text: Group 1 (blue) and Group 2 (turquoise) consisted of 36 and 319 genes, respectively and showed co-expression within each group. The remaining genes were clustered in a third (grey) group. Out of 17 miRNAs, 5 showed a significant correlation with group 1 (blue) and 2 miRNAs showed a significant correlation with group 2 (turquoise). No significant correlation was detected between miRNAs and group 3 (grey) (Fig. 1, Additional file 2). Figure 1Associations between miRNAs and target genes at expression levels. By co-expression analysis, 371 target genes of 17 miRNAs were clustered into three groups. 36 target genes showed co-expression and were clustered into group 1 (blue). Another 319 target genes showed co-expression and were clustered into group 2 (turquoise). The remaining 16 target gene did not show co-expression were clustered into group 3 (grey). If the target prediction is true, the miRNAs should be correlated with target genes at the expression levels. We then quantified the correlation between the each of miRNAs with three groups of target genes. Each row corresponds to a co-expressed gene group and each column corresponds to a miRNA. Each cell contains the corresponding correlation and p-value. The table is color – coded by correlation according to the color legend on the right side. Full size image(GO) enrichment analysis was performed for the 371 expressed target genes to identify biologically significant terms. The top five ranked GO terms were iron binding (GO: 0043167), signaling (GO: 0023052), nucleus (GO: 0005634), DNA binding (GO: 0003677) and transmembrane transportation (GO: 0022857). Expressed target genes were also screened against the of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) database, from which nine biological pathways were identified. Out of these nine pathways, seven were metabolism related, including purine metabolism, pyrimidine metabolism, oxidative phosphorylation, amino sugar and nucleotide sugar metabolism (Table 2). 27 of the expressed target genes are predicted to encode enzymes involved in the nine KEGG pathways of which, 26 were clustered within group 2. Furthermore, 11 out of the 27 predicted enzymes were significantly correlated with ame-miR-2b expression (χ2 = 39. 11, df = 1, p < 0. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim about Nosema ceranae. It discusses gene co-expression and microRNAs without mentioning honeybees, parasites, or any information related to Nosema ceranae's impact on bee health.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Socioeconomic status can impact access to education and healthcare. [SEP] Text: Such variability was also present in the offer data to some extent (see standard deviations, table 1). These differences are likely to be due to variations in admissions policies aside from UKCAT usage. The effects would have been unmasked once an adjustment for university level effects was possible in the data on entrants. Strengths and limitations of the studyThis is the first study to report in detail on the impact of the UKCAT on medical school selection. Missing data were sparse except for two predictor variables: socioeconomic background and school qualifications. Therefore some caution must be exercised when drawing conclusions about the role of these predictors. However, the findings from the sensitivity analysis using multiple imputation suggested that the data were largely missing at random and thus should not affect the conclusions drawn from the multilevel multiple logistic regression models predicting offers. The case of missing advanced qualification data in relation to the prediction of conditional offers could be considered something of an exception to this; when these missing data were imputed the findings showed a relatively greater degree of variation compared with the results for the non-imputed data. Although graduate and other widening access courses make up a small fraction of overall UK medical school intake, these findings are unlikely to generalise to this population of applicants, who were excluded from the analysis. Concerning the analysis of offers; it was not possible to control for the random effects associated with specific universities applied to while also adjusting for the dependency of observations nested within each candidate. This was because of the offer data structure being hierarchical but not nested—that is, more than one candidate could apply to more than one university. These effects would be particularly pronounced if, for example, a particular medical school had a strong policy of recruiting students from one or more widening participation categories. However, the intraclass correlation values observed in the entrant data, where university effects could be explored, were relatively low (range 0. 22 to <0. 001) suggesting that most, if not all, of these within medical school effects were relatively trivial once the association with education and demographic variables were controlled for, although caution must be exercised in extending this assumption from the entrant to the offer data. One of the most striking findings was how small the absolute numbers of applicants and entrants to medical school were from low socioeconomic backgrounds; only around 5. 5% of applicants and 4. 5% of entrants reported being from socioeconomic class 4 or lower socioeconomic background (although this may be mildly underestimated owing to missing data). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by highlighting the low percentage of medical school applicants and entrants from low socioeconomic backgrounds, with only around 5.5% of applicants and 4.5% of entrants reporting low socioeconomic status. This suggests that socioeconomic status plays a significant role in access to medical education.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: All patients respond equally well to regenerative therapies. [SEP] Text: Today, with a minimum baseline of 675,000 therapeutic units manufactured and 323,000 patients treated, we are undoubtedly a credible new sector of advanced healthcare that is proud to stand up and be counted. Table 1. Regenerative medicine cell-based therapies with US FDA (and/or EMA equivalent) regulatory approval via Application (PMA), Application (BLA) and/or Exemption (HDE)†. 2. Examples of cell-based regenerative medicine treatments that are not subject to US FDA (and/or EMA equivalent) regulatory approval via Application (PMA) or Application (BLA)† and cell-based products/services that are routinely provided on a humanitarian basis (but not under an Exemption [HDE]) or via compassionate use (rapid access) programs. would like to thank the following for either directly providing their company‘s data (when possible) and/or advice, suggestions and comments: Gil Beyen, TiGenix; Christopher Bravery, Consulting on Advanced Biologicals; Julie Daniels, UCL/Hospital; William Dolphin, Avita Medical; David Haddow, Altrika; Paul Kemp, Intercytex; Tyler Lipschultz, NuVasive; Luca, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia; Geoff MacKay, Organogenesis; Jonathan Mansbridge, Tecellact; Nick Medcalf, Smith & Nephew; Randal Mills, Osiris Therapeutics; Gary du Moulin, Genzyme; Graziella Pellegrini, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia; David Smith, Lonza Walkersville; Alex Speechley, Altrika; Dean Tozer, Advanced BioHealing; Darin Weber, Group. C Mason and E Manzotti are both on the Set (BRITS) project funded by the Board under their Program:. Financial & competing interests disclosure The authors have no relevant affiliations or financial involvement with any organization or entity with a financial interest in or financial conflict with the subject matter or materials discussed in the manuscript. This includes employment, consultancies, honoraria, stock ownership or options, expert testimony, grants or patents received or pending, or royalties. No writing assistance was utilized in the production of this manuscript. 2009. Tissue Eng. Part A16(3) 767–768 (2010). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by implying that regenerative therapies fall into various categories with differing regulatory status and potential outcomes, indicating that responses to these therapies may vary due to the complexity of the treatments and their approval status. The mention of a significant number of patients treated (323,000) coupled with the focus on both FDA and EMA regulatory processes suggests that outcomes may not be uniform for all patients.