Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Composting food waste has no environmental impact. [SEP] Text: Hernández-Gómez A, Calderón A, Medina C, Sanchez-Torres V, Oviedo-Ocaña E R. Implementation of strategies to optimize the co-composting of green waste and food waste in developing countries. A case study: Colombia. Pollut Res. 2020;1–7. ’. Feedstock mixture composition as key factor for C/P ratio and phosphorus availability in composts: role of biodegradation potential, biochar amendment and calcium content. Valorization. 2017;8:2553–67. . Co-composting of green waste and food waste at low C/N ratio. Waste Manag. 2010;30:602–09. . Sustainable recycling of municipal solid waste in developing countries. Waste Manag. 2009;29:915–23. . Chemical and physical properties of pruning waste compost and their seasonal variability. Bioresour Technol. 2006; 97: 2071–76. . Compost quality attributes, measurements, and variability. In: editors. in Systems. Boca Raton: Lewis Publishers; 2001. p. 95–120. Effects of inoculation with Phanerochaete chrysosporium at various time points on enzyme activities during agricultural waste composting. Bioresour Technol. 2010;101:222–27. Dulac N. The organic waste flow in integrated sustainable waste management. In: Scheinberg A, editor. Tools for Decision-Makers-Experiences from the (1995–2001). Nieuwehaven: WASTE; 2001. . A standardized Dewar test for evaluation of compost self-heating. BioCycle 1995;36:1–16. . Phytotoxicity indices of organic residues during composting. Vegetal 2007;7:28–37 [in Spanish]. . Norma Técnica Colombiana NTC 5167. Productos para la industria agrícola. Productos orgánicos usados como abonos o fertilizantes y enmiendas de suelo. Bogotá: de Normas Técnicas y Certificación; 2004. . Methods for Dietary Fiber, Fiber, and in Relation to Animal Nutrition. J Dairy Sci. 1991;74:3583–97. . Technologies. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text discusses various studies and reports related to the co-composting of food waste and green waste, focusing on the optimization strategies, chemical properties, and effects of composting processes. This implies that there are significant considerations regarding the management and impact of composting food waste, which counters the claim that composting has no environmental impact.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Proteins can fold into their functional forms due to specific sequences of amino acids. [SEP] Text: 1ECD_D4ICDrec and HprtD4ECD_D1IC(activated allele)this paperNA5‘--3’Sequence-based reagentDll1D1N-E3_D4ki Forthis paperNA5‘--3’Sequence-based reagentDll1D1N-E3_D4ki Revthis paperNA5‘--3’Sequence-based reagentDll1D1N-E3_D4ki Forthis paperNA5‘--3’Sequence-based reagentDll1D1N-E3_D4ki Revthis paperNA5‘--3’Sequence-based reagent Y-Chromosome ForotherNA5‘--3’Sequence-based reagentY-Chromosome RevotherNA5‘--3’Sequence-based reagentmNotch1 ForotherNA5‘--3’Sequence-based reagentmNotch1 RevotherNA5‘--3’Sequence-based reagenthNOTCH1 ForPMID: 22002304; DOI: 10. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not provide any relevant information or context regarding protein folding or the role of amino acid sequences. Instead, it appears to be a collection of sequences and reagents without a clear connection to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Coral reefs are affected by ocean acidification and warming. [SEP] Text: Decreased external pH also reduced coelomic fluid pH significantly in Paracentrotus lividus after a 19-d exposure (Catarino et al. 2012). All of the above studies were conducted under distinctly higher pCO2 increase than in the present study. This and the fact that our experiment also constitutes a longer term exposure (77 d) may explain why no significant decrease in pH of the coelomic fluid was observed in Echinometra sp. A. Miles et al. (2007) described increases in magnesium in the coelomic fluid under increased pCO2 and interpreted this finding as indication for Mg calcite dissolution. Also calcium concentrations in the coelomic fluid can increase with increased pCO2 (Spicer et al. 2011). Magnesium and calcium in the coelomic fluid of Paracentrotus lividus also did not change with external pH, but were altered by temperature (Catarino et al. 2012). In our study, both magnesium and calcium showed no significant differences between treatments, but values of both elements were significantly lower than in the surrounding sea water. This is an indicator that calcification still occurs under mild ocean acidification as mimicked in our experiments. The fact that urchins in all treatments still achieved positive growth supports this interpretation. Sodium and potassium in S. droebachiensis remained unaffected by increased pCO2 (Spicer et al. 2011), but no comparison was given to the external medium. In the present study, sodium was not affected by treatment, but was also lower than in the aquarium water. It is unclear what caused the apparently erratic pattern in potassium values in the coelomic fluid, with values similar to the external medium in two treatments, and more variation and slightly elevated values in the remaining two (28/7. 9 and 31/8. 1). In summary, we detected evidence that interactive effects of likely near-future conditions of elevated SST and elevated pCO2/reduced pH will change the metabolism and have significant negative effects on growth of Echinometra sp A. However, effects were subtle, and ultimately most animals were still able to calcify and grow under those conditions. Densities of adult coral reef echinoids including Echinometra spp. can be equally high or above those of control areas at sites with elevated pCO2 (Fabricius et al. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the effects of elevated pCO2 and temperature on marine organisms, specifically mentioning that the interactive effects of likely near-future conditions of elevated sea surface temperature (SST) and elevated pCO2/reduced pH are expected to change metabolism and negatively affect growth of Echinometra sp A. This aligns with the claim about the impact of ocean acidification and warming on coral reefs.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Composting food waste has no environmental impact. [SEP] Text: Singapore: Journal of Composting and Organics Recycling; 2005. . Maturation of green waste compost as affected by inoculation with the white-rot fungi Trametes versicolor and Phanerochaete chrysosporium. Environ Technol. 2017;38:872–79. Haug RT. The practical handbook of compost engineering. Boca Raton: CRC Press; 1993. Böhm R. Pathogenic Agents. In: Diaz LF, de Bertoli M, Bidlingmaier W, editors. and Technology. The Netherlans: Series; 2007. . Effect of microbial inoculation on physicochemical properties and bacterial community structure of citrus peel composting. Bioresour Technol. 2019;291:121843. Zhang L, Sun X. Addition of seaweed and bentonite accelerates the two-stage composting of green waste. Bioresour Technol. 2017;243:154–62. Sundberg C, Smårs S, Jönsson H. Low pH as an inhibiting factor in the transition from mesophilic to thermophilic phase in composting. Bioresour Technol. 2004;95:145–50. de. The biology of composting: A review. Res. 1983;1:157–76. Zhang L, Sun X. Effects of earthworm casts and zeolite on the two-stage composting of green waste. Waste Manag. 2015;39:119–29. . A review of the use of composted municipal solid waste in agriculture. Environ. 2008;123:1–14. Tiquia SM. Reduction of compost phytotoxicity during the process of decomposition. Chemosphere. 2010;79:506–12. . Biodegradable municipal waste composts: analysis and application to agriculture. Trust & Defra; 2005. Seed germination test for toxicity evaluation of compost: Its roles, problems and prospects. Waste Manag. 2018;71:109–14. Effect of inoculating white-rot fungus during different phases on the compost maturity of agricultural wastes. Process Biochem. 2009;44(4):396–400. Tiquia S. Microbiological parameters as indicators of compost maturity. J Appl Microbiol. 2005;99:816–828. . [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by presenting a variety of studies and reviews that discuss the biological processes and impacts of composting, particularly highlighting the role of microbial inoculation and various organic materials in enhancing compost's effectiveness. This suggests that composting has significant ecological implications, contradicting the claim that it has no environmental impact.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Proteins can fold into their functional forms due to specific sequences of amino acids. [SEP] Text: 1038/onc. 2011. 467NA5‘--3’Sequence-based reagenthNOTCH1 RevPMID: 22002304; DOI: 10. 1038/onc. 2011. 467NA5‘--3’Sequence-based reagenthNOTCH2 Forthis paperNA5‘--3’ Sequence-based reagenthNOTCH2 Revthis paperNA5‘--3’Sequence-based reagenthNOTCH3 ForPMID: 16327489; PMCID: PMC1409885NA5‘--3’Sequence-based reagenthNOTCH3 RevPMID: 16327489; PMCID: PMC1409885NA5‘--3’Sequence-based reagenth: 22002304; DOI: 10. 1038/onc. 2011. 467NA5‘--3’Sequence-based reagenth: 22002304; DOI: 10. 1038/onc. 2011. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it does not discuss protein folding or the role of amino acid sequences in that process. Instead, it appears to be a citation or reference format related to specific sequences, without providing any information relevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Coral reefs are affected by ocean acidification and warming. [SEP] Text: IntroductionCoral reef ecosystem degradation due to climate change impacts can alter reef community structure, potentially causing phase shifts toward macroalgal-dominated reefs (Graham et al. 2015). As a result, coral cover continues to decline in most reef ecosystems worldwide, resulting from the combination of local and global disturbances (Sully et al. 2022). Local disturbances on coral reefs include point source pollution, sedimentation, eutrophication, extreme weather events (Fabricius et al. 2008), and predator outbreaks (Ban et al. 2014). Global stressors include warming seawater temperatures due to elevated atmospheric CO2 that ultimately lead to higher disease prevalence and weakened coral immunity responses, as well as causing global bleaching events (Ban et al. 2014). However, the potential for local and global stressors to interact is particularly alarming due to the likelihood that compounding effects could exacerbate the deterioration of coral reef structural integrity (Tebbett et al. 2023). Evidence shows decadal scale recovery stimulated through coral larval recruitment is possible (Gilmour et al. 2013). However, repeated disturbances across a short temporal scale impede recovery trajectories (Hughes et al. 2018). Fleshy macroalgae, in particular, outcompete slower-growing corals for resources (e. g. , nutrients, light, and space) by rapid colonization of bare substrata post-disturbance events (McManus and Polsenberg 2004). Elevated pCO2 from anthropogenic sources are generally associated with increased growth rates in fleshy macroalgal species (Johnson et al. 2014). Algae tend to benefit from increased CO2 and associated OA conditions, while flexible HCO3− users are less affected by fluctuations in chemical conditions (Ho et al. 2020). From a larger ecological perspective, understanding of the effects of OA on reefs that have shifted to dominance by macroalgae is still limited. Specifically, there is a need to explore how species interactions might influence coral growth rates, which could be altered by the presence of fleshy macroalgae. Some evidence indicates that photosynthesizing organisms have the ability to buffer against impacts of OA by elevating localized pH in the microenvironment (Bergstrom et al. 2019; Doo et al. 2020). However, relatively little is known about the impacts of coral–macroalgal interactions on coral growth under projected OA. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the various impacts of climate change on coral reefs, specifically emphasizing ocean acidification (OA) and warming. It mentions that elevated CO2 leads to global warming and increased acidification, which negatively affects coral immunity and leads to bleaching events. Moreover, the interaction between local and global stressors, including warming seawater temperatures, further exacerbates the decline of coral cover in reef ecosystems.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Composting food waste has no environmental impact. [SEP] Text: The influence of municipal solid waste compost on yield, soil phosphorus availability and uptake by two vegetable crops grown in a Pugwash sandy loam soil in Nova Scotia. Environ. 2005;106:57–67. Nutrient transformations during composting of pig manure with bentonite. Bioresour Technol. 2012;121:362–68. . Coal fly ash and lime addition enhances the rate and efficiency of decomposition of food waste during composting. Bioresour Technol. 2009;100:3324–31. . LCA Report: of Management in Arhus Kommune. Copenhagen: of Denmark; 2009. . Co-Waste, Plant Residues, and Rock Phosphate: and Evaluation of Compost Maturity. Anal. 2018;49:751–62. Impact of fly ash and phosphatic rock on metal stabilization and bioavailability during sewage sludge vermicomposting. Bioresour Technol. 2013;136:281–87. . Composting of selected organic wastes from peri-urban areas of Harare, Zimbabwe. . 2013;2:14. . Co-composting of vegetable wastes and carton: Effect of carton composition and parameter variations. Bioresour Technol. 2017;227:171–78. . Changes in microbial biomass and P fractions in biogenic household waste compost amended with inorganic P fertilizers. Bioresour Technol. 2009;100:303–09. . Response of fed dung composted with rock phosphate on yield and phosphorus and nitrogen uptake of maize crop. Biotechnol. 2011;10:12595–601. Billah M, Bano A. Role of plant growth promoting rhizobacteria in modulating the efficiency of poultry litter composting with rock phosphate and its effect on growth and yield of wheat. Res. 2015;33:63–72. :PostedVersion 1posted You are reading this latest preprint versionlets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. As a division of Company, we’re committed to making research communication faster, fairer, and more useful. We do this by developing innovative software and high quality services for the global research community. Our growing team is made up of researchers and industry professionals working together to solve the most critical problems facing scientific publishing. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by detailing various studies and reports that indicate significant impacts of composting food waste on agricultural productivity and soil health. For example, it references nutrient transformations during composting and the effects on yield and nutrient uptake in crops, directly implying a beneficial environmental impact rather than no impact.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Proteins can fold into their functional forms due to specific sequences of amino acids. [SEP] Text: 467NA5‘--3’Sequence-based reagentForward primer - correct integration into Hprt locusotherNA5’--3’Sequence-based reagentReverse primer - correct integration into Hprt locusotherNA5’--3’Sequence-based reagentForward primer - correct integration into Dll1 locusotherNA5‘--3’Sequence-based reagentReverse primer - correct integration into Dll1 locusotherNA5‘--3’Sequence-based reagentguideA-Forthis work, according to reagentguideB-Revthis work, according to DNA reagentUncx-probe (plasmid)DOI 10. 1007/ s004270050120Recombinant DNA reagentpLexM (plasmid)DOI 10. 1074/ jbc. M113. 454850Recombinant DNA reagentCas9 D10A nickase (plasmid)DOI 10. 1126/ science. 1231143Addgene #42335Recombinant DNA reagentDll1 5' SB probePMID: 26801181; PMCID: PMC4788113; DOI: 10. 1534/genetics. 115. 1845155’ probe: a 316 bp BamHI/AvaII fragment 3. 8 kb upstream of Dll1 exon 1 Recombinant DNA reagentDll1 3' SB probePMID: 26801181; PMCID: PMC4788113; DOI: 10. 1534/genetics. 115. 1845153’ probe: a 528 bp PCR fragment in Dll1 intron five obtained with primersalgorithmImageJ; :SCR_003070algorithm:SCR_002798Software, algorithm1000RRID:SCR_014215 Additional files Supplementary file 1 Relative cell surface expression levels of the ligand proteins used co-culture studies. Levels of one representative clone for each ligand protein were determined by cell surface biotinylation and quantitative analysis of Western blots after immunoprecipitation. Values for DLL1 and DLL4 see Figure 4—source data 3. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it primarily discusses reagents and probes used in experiments rather than providing any information about protein folding or the role of amino acid sequences in that process.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Coral reefs are affected by ocean acidification and warming. [SEP] Text: Sea presents a unique opportunity to understand future global change impacts on reefs as daily sea surface temperatures can exceed 31 °C in the Central region and 33 °C in the South during the summer (Chaidez et al. 2017). In addition to disturbance events due to climate change and industry (e. g. , Carvalho et al. 2019), extreme temperatures also cause disturbances such as coral bleaching which occur in the region (Eladawy et al. 2022). These disturbances can lead to a decline in coral cover and an increase in macroalgal cover, resulting in more coral–macroalgal interactions. Increased competition and greater potential for macroalgal phase shifts are potential outcomes as OA intensifies. Therefore, we exposed common reef-building Acropora spp. from the Sea to varying densities of Sargassum spp. and two pCO2 (475 and 1050 µatm) treatments. We simulated macroalgal-dominated reefs and future OA conditions, respectively, to quantify the potential physiological impact of macroalgae on coral calcification rates in the near future. Results from this study offer insight into how varying densities of macroalgae may interact with projected global climate change stressors (i. e. , OA) to modulate calcification rates of common reef-building corals. MethodsColony collection and treatments2022, fragments (3–5 cm) of Acropora spp. (composed of species millepora, hemprichii) were collected from in (22. 296863°N, 38. 964912°E). A maximum of 10 nubbins were collected from each coral colony, with colonies at a minimum of 10 m apart to ensure different genotypes (Baums et al. 2006). Sargassum sp. (cf. vulgare; herein referred to as Sargassum) were collected from the (22. 343043°N, 39. 084190°E) three weeks prior to the start of the experiment. Nubbins were glued (Glue) onto 5 × 5 cm white acrylic tiles and acclimated for 70 days in ambient (hereafter defined as the present day ocean conditions; i. e. , no CO2 enhancement) flow-through conditions prior to the experiment. This experiment was conducted in the indoor temperature-controlled SeaLabs aquaria space. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing how ocean acidification (OA) and warming are projected to influence coral reefs. It mentions that as OA intensifies, it can lead to increased competition between corals and macroalgae, along with declining coral cover and increasing macroalgal cover due to disturbances caused by climate change factors. Hence, the text provides evidence of how these environmental pressures affect coral reefs, aligning with the claim.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Food waste reduction alone can solve global hunger issues. [SEP] Text: Loading metrics : Solve the : Solve the x Published: November 25, 2008 235. November 25, 2008Copyright: © 2008. This is an open-access 2. 2 million deaths in children under five years annually [2]. Those malnourished children who do survive are at heightened risk of long-term health, educational, and economic impairment [3]. Hunger is now arguably “the gravest single threat to the world's public health” [1]. There was therefore a tremendous sense of urgency among participants of the recent two-day international meeting in City on preventing and treating childhood malnutrition, organized by Columbia University's Institute of and the humanitarian organization Médecins sans Frontières (MSF). Christophe Fournier, President of MSF's International Council, called childhood malnutrition an “invisible crisis” and asked: “Why are we witnessing countless deaths from a preventable cause? ” There is no simple answer. 's framework on the determinants of nutritional status includes a complicated array of interconnected “basic determinants”—ecological, economic, and sociopolitical [4]. These basic determinants in turn give rise to three specific “underlying determinants”: the quality of health care services, caregiver resources such as maternal knowledge about child care, and food security (defined as secure access for all people at all times to sufficient quality and quantity of food in order to lead a healthy and active life [5]). An important challenge in preventing malnutrition is determining which of these three basic determinants should be the priority target. This is a highly contentious issue within the child nutrition community, and there does not seem to be a consensus. Some nutrition experts and health agencies, for example, believe that the focus should be on boosting caregiver resources—particularly educating mothers to feed their children the right foods [6,7]. Bank argues that most serious malnutrition is caused by bad sanitation and disease, leading to diarrhea, especially among young children, and that “women's status and women's education play big parts in improving nutrition” [7]. The child hunger crisis includes a knowledge crisis. In contrast, the meeting focused on only one of the three determinants—food insecurity, particularly in crisis regions where many humanitarian agencies work. Several speakers at the meeting argued that the world's poor lack access to food and that improving health services or educating mothers alone will not be enough to address the malnutrition crisis. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the complexity of hunger and malnutrition, stating that a focus solely on food insecurity (which food waste reduction would pertain to) is insufficient. It mentions that addressing malnutrition requires a multifaceted approach that includes improving health services and education, indicating that food waste reduction cannot address the multitude of underlying issues contributing to global hunger.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: X-ray crystallography can be used to determine the 3D structures of proteins. [SEP] Text: disordered regions make up a large part of the proteome, but the sequence-to-function relationship in these regions is poorly understood, in part because the primary amino acid sequences of these regions are poorly conserved in alignments. Here we use an evolutionary approach to detect molecular features that are preserved in the amino acid sequences of orthologous intrinsically disordered regions. We find that most disordered regions contain multiple molecular features that are preserved, and we define these as ‘evolutionary signatures’ of disordered regions. We demonstrate that intrinsically disordered regions with similar evolutionary signatures can rescue function in vivo, and that groups of intrinsically disordered regions with similar evolutionary signatures are strongly enriched for functional annotations and phenotypes. We propose that evolutionary signatures can be used to predict function for many disordered regions from their amino acid sequences. disordered protein regions are associated with a large array of functions (reviewed in Forman-Kay and Mittag, 2013), including cell signaling (Iakoucheva et al. , 2004; Tompa, 2014; Wright and Dyson, 2015), mediation of protein-protein interactions (Borgia et al. , 2018; Tang et al. , 2012; Tompa et al. , 2015), and the formation of membraneless organelles through phase separation (Banani et al. , 2017; Franzmann et al. , 2018; Nott et al. , 2015; Patel et al. , 2015; Riback et al. , 2017). These regions are widespread in eukaryotic proteomes (Peng et al. , 2013; Ward et al. , 2004), but do not fold into stable secondary or tertiary structures, and do not typically perform enzymatic functions (Uversky, 2011). Although intrinsically disordered regions can readily be identified based on their primary amino acid sequence (Dosztányi et al. , 2005; Uversky, 2002), it remains a challenge to associate these regions with specific biological and biochemical functions based on their amino acid sequences, limiting systematic functional analysis. In stark contrast, for folded regions, protein function can often be predicted with high specificity based on the presence of conserved protein domains (El-Gebali et al. , 2019) or enzymatic active sites (Ondrechen et al. , 2001). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses disordered protein regions and their functional annotations without mentioning X-ray crystallography or its application in determining the 3D structures of proteins.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Coral reefs are affected by ocean acidification and warming. [SEP] Text: In the elevated CO2 sump, an Aquacontroller system was used to control the remaining nine tanks (three NA, three LA, three HA treatments) by a solenoid that supplied pure CO2 gas to the sump. In this high CO2 treatment, the treatment was targeted at ~ 0. 3 pH units below the ambient (7. 70 pH target) sump, correspondent to a target pCO2 level of ~ 1000 µatm which is a value predicted to occur under the RCP 8. 5 “business-as-usual” scenario. Seawater pH, salinity, temperature, and dissolved oxygen were measured every day using a calibrated probe (Table S1). Total alkalinity samples were collected ~ 2 times a week and the accuracy/precision was evaluated using certified reference materials (CRMs; Batch #172 from A. Dickson Laboratory). Calcification measurementsThe effects of algal density on coral calcification were determined by changes in buoyant weight over the 34-day experiment. The change in buoyant weight, which represents changes in skeletal weight, was then converted to dry mass of CaCO3 using the density of aragonite (2. 93 g cm−3), and the density of seawater (1989). Surface area inferenceSurface area of all coral nubbins was determined by applying a constant generated from a subset of 20 acroporid corals that were buoyant weighed. Surface area was calculated by structure-from-motion and planar photographs (minimum 100 photographs per nubbin), following established methods outlined in (Lange and Perry 2020). Photographs were aligned in Agisoft Metashape, and a mesh was generated. Surface area of corals was then calculated with CloudCompare using generated mesh. Nubbin dry weight was modeled as a function of the calculated surface area (Fig. S1). A scaling factor was generated from the linear model and then applied to the entire data set to extrapolate surface area from dry weights (see Online Resource). Statistical analysisThe effects of pCO2 and algal density on calcification rates of Acropora spp. were analyzed with a blocked two-way ANOVA design. Assumptions for ANOVA were tested and met for homogeneity of variance through the Bartlett test and visual inspection of residual plots for normality. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by describing an experimental setup where ocean conditions, specifically elevated CO2 levels leading to lower pH values, were manipulated to study their effects on coral calcification rates. The mention of controlling the pH to target levels associated with predictions for future ocean conditions explicitly ties into the claim regarding the impacts of ocean acidification on coral reefs.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Food waste reduction alone can solve global hunger issues. [SEP] Text: A study by Save the Children UK, for example, conducted in Bangladesh, Myanmar, Ethiopia, and Tanzania, found that between 15% (in Ethiopia) and 79% (in Bangladesh) of households were simply too poor to adequately feed their children a healthy diet [5]. A systematic review by Dewey and Adu-Afarwuah found that educating mothers alone has little effect on childhood growth, morbidity, or development in regions where household food insecurity is prevalent, unless mothers also have access to nutrient-rich foods [8]. The meeting did not discuss or examine long-term solutions to food insecurity. Such solutions would include an array of policies to stimulate local agricultural and economic development (particularly the economic and social empowerment of women, the primary caregivers in most households) so that communities become food-secure in a sustainable and independent way. Instead, the meeting explored how the international community can urgently deliver more food aid, of better quality, to prevent and treat malnutrition in the highest-burden areas. Such an emergency measure is clearly needed to bring down death rates as quickly as possible—but it is not a sufficient long-term approach to the global malnutrition crisis. In examining the role of food aid in preventing malnutrition, the meeting's focus was on improving access to nutrient-rich complementary (weaning) foods from the ages of six months to two years, a critical window for child growth. Standard cereal-based food aid, used in many maternal and child health programs, usually consists of corn or wheat soy blends, which are mixed with water and served as a gruel [9]. Are these vegan fortified blends adequate for preventing malnutrition? This is another contentious issue. Few studies have evaluated the effect of feeding these blends to children at risk of malnutrition, and their efficacy in large-scale nutrition programs is not well established [10–12]. One concern about these blends is that they contain “anti-nutrients” that may interfere with nutrient absorption and dietary fibers that can affect appetite [9]. Another concern, which MSF is heavily publicizing, is whether the lack of animal-source foods in these blends is contributing to nutritional deficiencies and growth retardation. To support this view, MSF points to a 1994 study showing nutritional deficiencies and growth retardation in Dutch children aged four to 18 months who had been fed a macrobiotic vegan diet [13]. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by emphasizing that addressing food waste alone is not sufficient to solve global hunger problems. It highlights that many households in regions like Ethiopia and Bangladesh struggle with food insecurity due to poverty, necessitating a broader array of policies to tackle the root causes of hunger. Furthermore, it points out that educational efforts without access to nutrient-rich foods have little effect on childhood growth, indicating that simply reducing food waste does not address the underlying issues of malnutrition and food insecurity.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: X-ray crystallography can be used to determine the 3D structures of proteins. [SEP] Text: Analogous methods to assign function to intrinsically disordered regions based on evolutionary conservation (or other sequence properties) are of continuing research interest (reviewed in van der Lee et al. , 2014). We and others (Davey et al. , 2012; et al. , 2012) have shown that short segments of evolutionary conservation in otherwise rapidly evolving disordered regions point to key functional residues, often important for posttranslational modifications, or other transient protein interactions (Tompa et al. , 2014). However, these conserved segments make up a small fraction of disordered regions (5%), and the vast majority of disordered amino acids show little evidence for evolutionary constraint in alignments of primary amino acid sequences (Colak et al. , 2013). It is currently unclear how intrinsically disordered regions persist at high frequency in the proteome, given these apparently low levels of evolutionary constraint (Afanasyeva et al. , 2018; Brown et al. , 2010; Colak et al. , 2013; de la Chaux et al. , 2007; Khan et al. , 2015; Light et al. , 2013; Tóth-Petróczy and Tawfik, 2013). One hypothesis for the preponderance of disordered regions despite high amino acid sequence divergence, is that the ‘molecular features’ of disordered regions that are important for function (such as length [Schlessinger et al. , 2011], complexity [Alberti et al. , 2009; Halfmann, 2016; Kato et al. , 2012; Molliex et al. , 2015], amino acid composition [Moesa et al. , 2012], and net charge [Mao et al. , 2010; Strickfaden et al. , 2007; Zarin et al. , 2017]) do not lead to detectable similarity in primary amino acid sequence alignments. Indeed, recently, evidence that such molecular features can be under evolutionary constraint has been reported for some proteins (Daughdrill et al. , 2007; Lemas et al. , 2016; Zarin et al. , 2017). For example, we showed that signaling function of a disordered region in the Saccharomyces cerevisiae protein Ste50 appears to depend on its net charge, and we found evidence that this molecular feature is under evolutionary constraint, despite no detectable sequence similarity in alignments (Zarin et al. , 2017). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses methods and features related to intrinsically disordered protein regions and their evolutionary conservation, without mentioning X-ray crystallography or its applications in determining protein structures. Consequently, it does not provide any supporting or contradicting information regarding the claim about X-ray crystallography.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Coral reefs are affected by ocean acidification and warming. [SEP] Text: As such, macroalgae with CCMs are not expected to benefit as much from increased CO2 compared to those lacking CCMs (Kübler et al. 1999). The macroalgae used in this study are likely adapted to large natural fluxes in physicochemical conditions and presumably experienced optimal growth conditions in the tanks (continuous growth and no degradation of macroalgae was observed); thus, the addition of CO2 was not beneficial to growth rates. Additionally, corals in both high and low algal density treatments exhibited similar decreases in calcification, and these results could be because the chosen algal densities were not substantially different. Sea is characterized both by naturally high salinity (> 40. 0 ppt) and high variation in temperatures, and the conditions at the collection site may fluctuate by several degrees each day (Safaie et al. 2018). These regions of naturally elevated seawater temperatures are also potential locations for coral–algal phase shifts (turf and macroalgal) to occur due to increased bleaching events (McManus and Polsenberg 2004). Although the presence of macroalgae decreased coral calcification in our experiment regardless of algal density (Fong and Todd 2021), future research could provide valuable insights on these interactions by investigating potential tipping points where coral health is adversely affected by the proximity to macroalgae. This is particularly crucial as further ecological processes such as reduced herbivory can also contribute to macroalgal dominance (Bozec et al. 2019). As coral reef ecosystems are facing escalating threats associated with climate change, the ecological trajectories (e. g. , cover) of foundation species in degraded reefs is crucial to understand. In our study, potential compensatory mechanisms (e. g. , Leung et al. 2017) of Sargassum buffering of coral calcification rates in elevated pCO2 were not observed. Our results emphasize the need for a more holistic approach to understanding tipping points that encompasses biodiverse coral communities, and how changes in species interactions may be modulated in future multi-stressor environments. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the negative impacts on coral calcification due to macroalgae dominance, which is linked to climate change effects such as ocean warming and acidification. It mentions that coral reef ecosystems are facing escalating threats associated with climate change, emphasizing the need to understand how these factors affect coral health and ecosystem dynamics.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Food waste reduction alone can solve global hunger issues. [SEP] Text: But several child nutrition experts that we spoke to say that this Dutch study may not be applicable to the use of corn or wheat soy blends in child feeding programs—unlike macrobiotic diets, these food blends are fortified. Nevertheless, one of the key take-home messages from the Columbia meeting was that food supplements for complementary feeding should not only be energy dense, nutrient rich, and free of anti-nutrients, but they should also contain animal-source foods such as milk. MSF has recently adopted a policy of including at least some animal-source food in its nutrition programs. “We would not provide our own children only cereal porridge, why do we accept a double standard in food aid? ” said Tido von Schoen-Angerer, of MSF's Access to Campaign. MSF is now promoting a complementary food supplement that it believes has the right composition: ready-to-use supplementary food. This supplement is typically a peanut-based paste enriched with milk solids, vitamins, and nutrients—it has a long shelf life and, unlike cereal-based food aid, it does not need to be mixed with water [14]. The idea of using such ready-to-use supplements for preventing malnutrition comes from the success of ready-to-use therapeutic food in the community-based treatment of severe acute malnutrition, which is the most life-threatening of all types of malnutrition. Based on solid clinical trial evidence, this treatment approach has now been endorsed by the Organization, the and the UN Committee on Nutrition [15]. Could a ready-to-use supplement also prevent malnutrition in high-burden areas (the 25–30 countries where the vast majority of children under three years old are at risk)? Donor-supported food programs are not enough as a long-term strategy. Although the idea remains highly controversial, there is support for it from preliminary efficacy trials. For example, Patel and colleagues compared standard food aid (corn soy blend) with ready-to-use food as complementary feeding regimens in children at risk of malnutrition from seven centers in rural Malawi [16]. Children who received ready-to-use food had greater rates of weight gain than children who received corn soy blend. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by emphasizing that addressing malnutrition and hunger goes beyond simply reducing food waste. It discusses the need for nutrient-rich food supplements and highlights that donor-supported food programs alone are insufficient for long-term solutions to malnutrition, stating that 'Donor-supported food programs are not enough as a long-term strategy.' Consequently, it suggests that a multifaceted approach that includes proper nutritional strategies is necessary to tackle global hunger, which undermines the claim that food waste reduction alone can solve these issues.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: X-ray crystallography can be used to determine the 3D structures of proteins. [SEP] Text: Here we sought to test whether evolutionary preservation of molecular features is a general property of highly diverged intrinsically disordered protein regions. To do so, we obtained a set of 82 sequence features reported in the literature to be important for disordered region function (Supplementary file 1 - Table S1). We computed these for S. cerevisiae intrinsically disordered regions and their orthologs, and compared them to simulations of molecular evolution where conserved segments (if any) are retained, but where there is no selection to retain molecular features (et al. , 2014; et al. , 2012). Deviations from the simulations indicate that the highly diverged intrinsically disordered regions are preserving molecular features during evolution through natural selection (Zarin et al. , 2017). We find that many intrinsically disordered regions show evidence for selection on multiple molecular features, which we refer to as an ‘evolutionary signature’. Remarkably, we show that intrinsically disordered regions with similar evolutionary signatures appear to rescue function, while regions with very different signatures cannot, strongly supporting the idea that the preserved molecular features are important for disordered region function. By clustering intrinsically disordered regions based on these evolutionary signatures, we obtain (to our knowledge) the first global view of the functional landscape of these enigmatic protein regions. We recover patterns of molecular features known to be associated with intrinsically disordered region functions such as subcellular organization and targeting signals. We also identify new patterns of molecular features not previously associated with functions of disordered regions such as DNA repair and ribosome biogenesis. Finally, we show that similarity of evolutionary signatures can generate hypotheses about the function of completely disordered proteins. Taken together, our results indicate that evolutionary constraint on molecular features in disordered regions is so widespread that sequence-based prediction of their functions should be possible based on molecular features. Results Proteome-wide evolutionary analysis reveals evolutionarily constrained sequence features are widespread in highly diverged intrinsically disordered regions We identified more than 5000 intrinsically disordered regions (IDRs) in the S. cerevisiae proteome and quantified their evolutionary divergence (see Materials and methods). As expected, we found that the IDRs evolve more rapidly than the regions that were not identified as disordered (Figure 1—figure supplement 1). We also confirmed that the vast majority of these IDRs are distinct from Pfam domains (Figure 1—figure supplement 2). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text discusses evolutionary preservation and the functional analysis of intrinsically disordered protein regions but does not mention X-ray crystallography or its application in determining 3D structures of proteins. Therefore, it does not support, contradict, or relate to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Coral reefs are affected by ocean acidification and warming. [SEP] Text: IntroductionCoral reefs are amongst the most diverse ecosystems and support the livelihoods of millions of people (Cinner 2014). Rising atmospheric CO2 is increasing the temperatures and decreasing the pH of most surface seawaters (IPCC 2014). Understanding how these changes affect the accretion of aragonite skeletons by the tropical corals that underpin reef structures is key to predicting the future of coral reefs. Coral calcification is usually reduced at lower seawater pH (Erez et al. 2011), but massive Porites spp. corals, important reef-building species in the Indo-Pacific (Veron 1993), appear to be relatively resilient to ocean acidification (Fabricius et al. 2011; Crook et al. 2012). In culture studies, the calcification and linear extension rates of this genus can be reduced at high seawater pCO2 (Cole et al. 2016), but this suppression can be mitigated by increases in seawater temperature below the temperature stress threshold (Anthony et al. 2008; Edmunds 2012; Cole et al. 2018). The response of calcification to temperature change is seawater pCO2 dependent (Anthony et al. 2008; Cole et al. 2018; Edmunds 2012). The precipitation rate of synthetic (inorganic) aragonites is positively correlated with temperature (Burton and Walter 1987). However, the coral calcification increase observed by Cole et al. (2018) at high pCO2 is much higher than that predicted from synthetic aragonites, while at low pCO2, the change in coral calcification rate is lower than that predicted from synthetic aragonites. Understanding how temperature and seawater pCO2 interact to drive these changes in coral calcification is a goal of the current study. The coral skeleton forms from calcifying media (ECM) which may be contained between the basal layer of the coral tissue, the calicoblastic epithelia, and the underlying coral skeleton (Allemand et al. 2011) or contained within vesicles in the coral tissue (Mass et al. 2017). This calcification media is semi-isolated from ambient seawater, and both the pH and dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC) of the media are significantly higher than in local seawater (Sevilgen et al. 2019), facilitating precipitation of the aragonite skeleton. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing how rising atmospheric CO2 is leading to increased temperatures and decreased pH in seawater, thus affecting coral calcification. It specifically notes that 'coral calcification is usually reduced at lower seawater pH' and that temperature and seawater pCO2 interact to drive changes in coral calcification. Therefore, the changes in seawater pH and temperature mentioned in the text directly relate to the impact of ocean acidification and warming on coral reefs.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Food waste reduction alone can solve global hunger issues. [SEP] Text: In another trial [17], 313 Ghanaian infants were randomized to one of three complementary food supplements from the age of six to 12 months: (1) a ready-to-use food called Nutributter (a peanut-based spread that includes milk powder); (2) a multiple micronutrient powder called Sprinkles (the efficacy of this powder in controlling childhood anemia has been previously presented in PLoS Medicine [18]); and (3) a crushable multiple micronutrient tablet called Nutritabs. group had greater length and weight gains than did the other two supplementation groups. But skeptics say that there is not yet enough scientific evidence to support scaling up of ready-to-use supplementary food as a preventive intervention. Enserink recently reported in his news feature in Science: “The issue has pitted those who want to see solid evidence before embarking on a major aid program against those—impatient with talk about P-values, cost-effectiveness, and sustainability—who want to act now” [14]. Steve Collins, one of the founders of Valid International, which works to improve the delivery of humanitarian assistance, said at the meeting that in the malnutrition crisis we face “a problem, an opportunity, and a threat. ” The problem is that malnutrition is the world's greatest cause of underdevelopment and poverty, its scale is huge, and it is inextricably linked with other global problems including the HIV pandemic, global warming, and the food and population crises. The opportunity is that the G8 has begun talking about nutrition [19], and community-based treatment of severe acute malnutrition with ready-to-use therapeutic food has created a “positive vibe” in the nutrition community [15]. But the threat is that there is a lack of clarity in discussions about childhood malnutrition, its prevention, and its treatment. This lack of clarity was on show at the meeting—in discussions about ready-to-use foods, for example, it was hard to tell whether speakers were talking about their role in prevention or in treatment, and it was hard to know which stage of malnutrition was being discussed. Different diets, said Collins, will be needed for different types of malnutrition, and a variety of food products need to be developed for targeted food assistance. With all these products there will be questions about their efficacy, delivery, cost, and sustainability. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by highlighting that addressing malnutrition requires diverse nutritional strategies and products, and it indicates that food waste reduction alone is insufficient. For example, it states that different diets are needed for various types of malnutrition, emphasizing the complexity of global hunger issues and the multifaceted approach needed to combat it. The discussions about ready-to-use foods and the varying role of food products illustrate the necessity for targeted food assistance rather than relying solely on reducing food waste.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: X-ray crystallography can be used to determine the 3D structures of proteins. [SEP] Text: These results are consistent with previous reports (Brown et al. , 2010; Colak et al. , 2013; de la Chaux et al. , 2007; Khan et al. , 2015; Light et al. , 2013; Tóth-Petróczy and Tawfik, 2013) that the primary amino acid sequence alignments of IDRs show high levels of divergence and it is not possible to annotate IDR functions using standard homology-based approaches. To test for selection on molecular features in these IDRs, we applied a method that we recently used to show evidence of selection on an IDR in the S. cerevisiae Ste50 protein (Zarin et al. , 2017). We obtained 82 molecular features that have been reported or hypothesized to be important for IDR function (Supplementary file 1 - Table S1) and tested whether these molecular features are under selection in the S. cerevisiae IDRs (see Materials and methods for details). Briefly, we compare the distribution of a given molecular feature in a set of orthologous IDRs to a null expectation, which is formed by simulating the evolution of each IDR. When the mean or variance of the molecular feature across the orthologous IDRs deviates from the distribution of means or variances in our null expectation, we predict that this feature is under selection, and thus could be important for the function of the IDR in question. For example, in the Ste50 IDR, as reported previously (Zarin et al. , 2017), we found that the variance of the net charge with phosphorylation of the IDR falls outside of our null expectation, while the mean falls within our null expectation (Figure 1A). Figure 1 with 2 supplements see all Download asset Open asset Proteome-wide evolutionary analysis reveals evolutionarily constrained sequence features are widespread in highly diverged intrinsically disordered regions. (A) Left: Mean versus log variance of the ‘net charge with phosphorylation’ molecular feature for the real Ste50 IDR (a. a. 152–250) ortholog set and simulated Ste50 orthologous IDR sets (N = 1000). Right: Example simulated Ste50 orthologous IDR sets (no. 663 and no. 56 out of 1000) and the real Ste50 IDR and its orthologs, colored according to percent identity in the primary amino acid sequence. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim about X-ray crystallography. It discusses the evolutionary analysis of intrinsically disordered regions (IDRs) in proteins and does not mention or provide any information regarding the use of X-ray crystallography in determining the 3D structures of proteins.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Coral reefs are affected by ocean acidification and warming. [SEP] Text: The three predominant forms of dissolved inorganic carbon in seawater are CO2, bicarbonate (HCO3−) and carbonate (CO32−). Increasing seawater pH shifts the DIC equilibrium to reduce the proportion of CO2 and increase the proportion of CO32−. CO2 can readily diffuse across cell membranes so the pH increase facilitates the invasion of CO2 into the calcification site and acts as a DIC concentration mechanism (Erez 1978). This allows the [DIC], [HCO3−] and [CO32−] to increase above that of seawater providing the DIC required to build the skeleton (Allison et al. 2014). Here, we use skeletal δ11B to estimate the pH of the calcification media (pHECM) in a series of corals cultured over a range of seawater pCO2 (180, 260, 400 and 750 µatm) and at 25 and 28 °C (Cole et al. 2018). These pCO2 conditions reflect conditions in the Maximum, the pre-industrial (Gattuso and Lavigne 2009), the present day and a future scenario. B speciation in seawater is controlled by ambient pH, and there is a large B isotope fractionation between the predominate dissolved species with borate, B(OH)4−, depleted in 11B compared to boric acid, B(OH)3 (Kakihana et al. 1977). Assuming that B(OH)4− is predominantly incorporated into the lattice during aragonite precipitation (Sen et al. 1994; Noireaux et al. 2015; Balan et al. 2016), skeletal δ11B reflects pHECM. Reports of B(OH)3 in tropical (Klochko et al. 2009) and deep water corals (Rollion-Bard et al. 2011) may reflect a change in B coordination (from tetrahedral B4 to trigonal B3) after aragonite precipitation (Klochko et al. 2009; Noireaux et al. 2015; Balan et al. 2016) or the incorporation of B3 in coral centres of calcification (Rollion-Bard et al. 2011). In this study, we avoid the analysis of centres of calcification and we assume that coral skeletal boron is derived from dissolved B(OH)4−. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the effects of seawater pCO2 levels on coral calcification, indicating that changes in carbon species and pH due to ocean acidification directly influence coral biology. Specifically, it mentions that the skeletal δ11B can estimate the pH of the environment in which corals calcify, thus relating the chemical changes in the ocean to the health and functioning of coral reefs under conditions of acidification and warming.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Food waste reduction alone can solve global hunger issues. [SEP] Text: The unfortunate reality is that the child hunger crisis includes a knowledge crisis—we still have scientific gaps, for example, in our understanding of what would be the perfect complementary food supplement for food aid. “It is sobering to realize,” wrote Lutter and Dewey, “that far more is known about formulating optimal foods for domestic livestock than about complementary feeding of young children” [20]. And while developing better quality complementary food supplements clearly has an important role to play in addressing the malnutrition crisis and saving lives now, particularly in emergency situations, donor-supported food programs are not enough as a long-term strategy. Other proven malnutrition interventions must also be scaled up. For example, the Hunger and Undernutrition Initiative, a global partnership started by and the Programme, is calling for the global scale-up of a range of “practical measures” [21]. These include health, hygiene, and nutrition education and promotion, micronutrient supplementation, household water treatment, hand washing, deworming, and “situation-specific household food security interventions” [21]. National and international development strategies and policies, together with political will and financing, are also required [22]. It will cost about $US8 billion a year to assist 100 million families to protect their children from hunger and malnutrition [21]—and yet current donor spending on programs to reduce undernutrition is only about $US250–$US300 million annually [23]. We commend the humanitarian aid agencies such as MSF and for, as one child health expert told us, “shaking up the ossified systems of international food aid. ” Food aid alone, however, as Lautze and colleagues have noted, “cannot be sufficient for combating the multi-faceted nature of the current [malnutrition] emergency” [24]. The reactive approach to dealing with malnutrition, although appropriate in responding to humanitarian crises, risks creating long-term dependency on medicalized food aid. Addressing the role of food aid in long-term efforts will require answering some difficult questions, including which basic determinants of malnutrition should be the major focus and who should coordinate the global response to the malnutrition crisis. The dialogue must therefore extend beyond the immediate context of food delivery to the broader sociopolitical sphere, including the role of humanitarian agencies and nongovernmental organizations themselves. We will explore many of these concerns in an upcoming commissioned series in PLoS Medicine. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by asserting that reducing food waste alone cannot solve the complexity of hunger issues. It emphasizes that the hunger crisis also involves a knowledge crisis and the need for comprehensive interventions, such as better food supplements, health education, and policy changes. It states that food aid is not sufficient and calls for a multifaceted approach that goes beyond just reducing food waste.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: X-ray crystallography can be used to determine the 3D structures of proteins. [SEP] Text: (B) Percentage of IDRs that are significantly deviating from simulations in mean, log variance, or both mean and log variance of each molecular feature. (C) Frequency [1 + log(frequency)] of number of significant molecular features per IDR for the real IDRs (yellow) versus the random expectation (blue) obtained from a set of simulated IDRs. We applied this analysis to 5149 IDRs (see Materials and methods) and computed the percentage of IDRs where the evolution of each molecular feature fell beyond our null expectation (empirical p<0. 01, Figure 1B). We find that charge properties such as net charge and acidic residue content are most likely to deviate from our null expectation (more than 50% of IDRs) (Figure 1B). This is in contrast to non-conserved motif density, which deviates from our null expectation in 21. 6% of IDRs at most (for CDK phosphorylation consensus sites). Other molecular features that frequently deviate from our null expectation are sequence complexity (43. 0%), asparagine residue content (43. 3%), and physicochemical features such as isoelectric point (53. 9%). We also found that the mean of each molecular feature deviates from our null expectation more often than the variance (Figure 1B). These results suggest that there are many more molecular features that are under selection in IDRs than is currently appreciated (Daughdrill et al. , 2007; Lemas et al. , 2016; Zarin et al. , 2017). Next, we quantified the number of molecular features that are significant per IDR, assigning significance to a molecular feature if either the mean, variance, or both mean and variance of the molecular feature deviated from our null expectation (empirical p<0. 01, Figure 1C). Surprisingly, many IDRs have many significant molecular features, with a median of 15 significant molecular features per IDR (compared to one significant feature expected by chance; see Materials and methods). Although many of our features are correlated (see Discussion), these results suggest that the deviation from our expectations of molecular feature evolution is not due to a few outlier IDRs, but rather that most IDRs tend to have multiple molecular features that are under selection. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim about X-ray crystallography determining the 3D structures of proteins. It discusses the analysis of intrinsically disordered regions (IDRs) and various molecular features that deviate from null expectations, but it does not mention X-ray crystallography or its application in structural biology.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Coral reefs are affected by ocean acidification and warming. [SEP] Text: After import, corals were maintained at ambient seawater pCO2 conditions for 2 months, kept under varying CO2 for 1 month, while the seawater pCO2 was gradually adjusted to the treatment conditions and then acclimated at the final treatment pCO2 for 4 months at 28 °C. Colonies were then stained with S and cultured for a 5-week experimental period during which calcification, respiration and net and gross photosynthesis were measured on 3 or 4 occasions (Cole et al. 2018). At the end of this time, a small segment of each colony (including tissue and skeleton) was removed by rock saw and preserved for future analysis. This reduced the surface areas of each colony by ~ 25%. Seawater temperatures were then reduced to 25 °C over a period of 4 weeks and then acclimated at this temperature for another month during which time the sawn edges of the coral colonies were overgrown by coral tissue. Finally, corals were restained with S, physiological rates were measured over a 5-week period as before, and the corals were then sacrificed. Further details on the coral culturing methods are provided in the supplementary information. It is likely that the import procedures and sawing of colonies resulted in some stress to the corals at the start of this study, but it is unlikely that this impacts the data presented here. Corals were cultured for a total of 11 months during this experiment, displayed no evidence of bleaching and maintained photosynthesis, respiration and calcification rates comparable to those of massive Porites spp. in the field (see supplementary information). Seawater characterisationThe physical characteristics of the culture seawater are detailed in Cole et al. (2018) and are summarised in Table 1. Dissolved nutrients were measured in filtered samples from each reservoir using a flow cell spectrophotometer (Lachat 8000) at the of Marine Science, the UK. [NO3− + NO2−] and [PO4−] fell to low levels (0. 04 and 0. 00 µM, respectively) in the first week of the 5-week experimental period in the 400 μatm pCO2 treatment at 28 °C (Table 1) and the polyps of these corals appeared retracted. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by detailing an experimental setup in which corals were maintained under varying pCO2 conditions, simulating ocean acidification, and at elevated temperatures, thus directly addressing the impact of both acidification and warming on coral physiology. The mention of measuring physiological rates such as calcification, respiration, and photosynthesis under controlled conditions supports the claim that coral reefs are indeed affected by these environmental changes.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Food waste reduction alone can solve global hunger issues. [SEP] Text: Communities & à Čeština Deutsch Español Français Gàidhlig Italiano Latviešu Polski Português Português do (lat) Türkçe Tiếng Việt Қазақ বাংলা हिंदी Ελληνικά Српски Yкраї́нська Log InNote: CGIAR users should log in with their username and password. For example, if your email is j. smith@cgiar. org, you would use jsmith here. Log in New user? Click here to register. Have you forgotten your password? research centersInstitute (IFPRI)2015 Global hunger index: Armed conflict and the challenge of hunger 2015 Global hunger index: Armed conflict and the challenge of hungerFiles(8. 68 MB, pdf)(French) (10. 29 MB, pdf)(German) (6. 59 MB, pdf)(Italian) (10. 19 MB, pdf)(Korean) (21. 74 MB, pdf)Show moreAuthors von Grebmer, Klaus Bernstein, Jill de 2015-10Date OnlineLanguageen; fr; de; it; koitem page ShareCitationvon Grebmer, Klaus; Bernstein, Jill; de Waal, Alex; Prasai, Nilam; Yin, Sandra; Yohannes, Yisehac. 2015. 2015 Global hunger index: Armed conflict and the challenge of hunger. Bonn, Germany; Washington, D. C. and Dublin, Ireland: Welthungerhilfe; Institute (IFPRI) and Concern Worldwide. Permanent link to cite or share this item link to download this itemDOI developing world has made progress in reducing hunger since 2000. The 2015 Index (GHI) shows that the level of hunger in developing countries as a group has fallen by 27 percent. Yet the state of hunger in the world remains serious. This marks the tenth year that IFPRI has assessed global hunger using this multidimensional measure. This report’s GHI scores are based on a new, improved formula that replaces the child underweight indicator of previous years with child stunting and child wasting. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by indicating that while there have been advancements in reducing hunger levels in developing countries, significant challenges remain, and thus, reducing food waste alone may not be sufficient to address the serious state of hunger in the world. It highlights that despite a 27 percent reduction in hunger since 2000, the issue persists, implying that a multifaceted approach is necessary rather than relying solely on food waste reduction.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: X-ray crystallography can be used to determine the 3D structures of proteins. [SEP] Text: Intrinsically disordered regions with similar molecular features can perform similar functions despite negligible similarity of primary amino acid sequences The analysis above indicates that highly diverged IDRs typically contain multiple molecular features that are under selection. To summarize the set of preserved molecular features in each IDR, we computed Z-scores comparing either the observed mean or variance of each molecular feature in the orthologous IDRs to our simulations (see Materials and methods). We call these summaries of evolution of molecular features (vectors of Z-scores) ‘evolutionary signatures’. If the features are important for function, IDRs with similar evolutionary signatures are predicted to perform (or at least be capable of performing) similar molecular functions. To test this hypothesis, we replaced the endogenous Ste50 IDR with several IDRs from functionally unrelated proteins: Pex5, a peroxisomal signal receptor (Erdmann and Blobel, 1996), Stp4, a predicted transcription factor (Abdel-Sater et al. , 2004), and Rad26, a DNA-dependent ATPase involved in Repair (Gregory and Sweder, 2001; Guzder et al. , 1996) (Figure 2A). Ste50 is an adaptor protein in the Glycerol (HOG) and mating pathways (Hao et al. , 2008; Jansen et al. , 2001; Tatebayashi et al. , 2007; Truckses et al. , 2006; Yamamoto et al. , 2010) whose IDR is important for basal mating pathway activity (as measured by expression of a reporter driven by the Fus1 promoter) (Hao et al. , 2008; Zarin et al. , 2017). The IDRs that we used to replace the Ste50 IDR all have negligible similarity when their primary amino acid sequences are aligned, but vary in the similarity of their evolutionary signatures (to the Ste50 IDR, Figure 2A). We found that the basal mating reporter expression in each strain corresponded to how similar the evolutionary signature of the replacing IDR was to that of the Ste50 IDR (all mutants significantly different from wildtype and each other, Wilcoxon test p<0. 05, Figure 2B). To further assay mating pathway activity, we exposed the wildtype and chimaeric strains with IDRs from Pex5, Stp4 and Rad26 to mating pheromone. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text provided discusses the functional analysis of intrinsically disordered regions (IDRs) in proteins, as well as the evolutionary signatures of these regions. However, it does not mention X-ray crystallography or its role in determining the 3D structures of proteins. Therefore, it is irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Coral reefs are affected by ocean acidification and warming. [SEP] Text: 61‰ (Foster et al. 2010). B evaporates in the water phase during seawater evaporation (Gast and Thompson 1959) to form aquarium seasalt and is replaced by the addition of boric acid by the manufacturer. Other seawater parameters (total alkalinity, [Ca2+], [Mg2+]) were comparable to natural seawater (Table 1). All corals increased the pHECM above that of seawater at both temperatures (Table 1, Fig. 1). Significant variations in pHECM occur both between the same coral genotype in different seawater pCO2 treatments and between different coral genotypes within the same seawater pCO2 treatment (one-way 2). pHECM is significantly higher in all coral genotypes at seawater pCO2 180 µatm compared to 750 µatm at both 25 and 28 °C (with the exception of G4 at 25 °C, Table 2). Mean pHECM is significantly lower at 28 °C compared to 25 °C in corals cultured at 180 µatm (paired 2 tailed t test of all 4 coral genotypes, p = 0. 00053) but not in the same coral genotypes cultured at the two temperatures at 750 µatm (p = 0. 65). Minor changes in pHsw occur between 25 and 28 °C within some pCO2 treatments (Table 1). To account for this, we also tested if the proton concentration gradient between the seawater and the ECM (i. e. [H+]sw-[H+]ECM) varied between corals. Mean [H+]sw-[H+]ECM of all four coral genotypes is significantly lower at 28 °C compared to 25 °C in corals cultured at 180 µatm (paired 2 tailed t test, p = 0. 028) but again differences are not significant in the same coral genotypes cultured at 750 µatm (p = 0. 63). Fig. 1a pHECM (pH extracellular calcification media, total scale) and b the [H+] concentration gradient between seawater and the ECM in all corals. Error bars are calculated from 95% confidence limits of skeletal δ11B analyses at 25 and 28 °C. Genotype numbering (G4-G7) follows that used in Cole et al. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing how variations in seawater pCO2 (which is directly related to ocean acidification) affect coral genotypes in terms of their extracellular calcification media (pHECM) at different temperatures. It highlights that coral pHECM changes significantly between different pCO2 treatments and temperatures, emphasizing the effects of ocean conditions on coral responses. For instance, corals exhibit lower pHECM at higher pCO2 levels, which indicates the impact of acidification on coral health.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Food waste reduction alone can solve global hunger issues. [SEP] Text: This change reflects the latest thinking on the most suitable indicators for child undernutrition, one of three dimensions of hunger reflected in the GHI formula. Across regions and countries, GHI scores vary considerably. Regionally, the highest GHI scores, and therefore the highest hunger levels, are still found in Africa south of the Sahara and South Asia. Despite achieving the largest absolute improvements since 2000, these two regions still suffer from serious levels of hunger. Levels of hunger are alarming or serious in 52 countries. Most of the eight countries with alarming GHI scores are in Africa south of the Sahara. While no countries are classified in the extremely alarming category this year, this high level of hunger could still exist. Due to insufficient data, 2015 GHI scores could not be calculated for places that recently suffered from high levels of hunger, including Burundi, Comoros, of the Congo, Eritrea, Somalia, South Sudan, and Sudan. Translations: von Grebmer, Klaus; Bernstein, Jill; de Waal, Alex; Prasai, Nilam; Yin, Sandra; Yohannes, Yisehac. 2015. 2015 Indice de la faim dans le monde: Conflict armés et le défi de la faim. Bonn, Germany; Washington, D. C. and Dublin, Ireland: Welthungerhilfe; Institute (IFPRI) and Concern Worldwide. L’Indice de la faim dans le monde 2015 (GHI) montre que le niveau de la faim dans les pays en développement pris dans leur ensemble s’améliore depuis l’an 2000, affichant une baisse de 27%. Cependant, l’état de la faim dans le monde demeure malgré tout « grave ». Pour l’IFPRI, cette année marque le dixième anniversaire de son travail d’analyse multidimensionnelle de la faim dans le monde. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by highlighting that despite improvements in the Global Hunger Index (GHI) scores, serious levels of hunger persist, particularly in regions like Africa south of the Sahara and South Asia. It indicates that food waste reduction alone is insufficient to address the multifaceted nature of hunger, as significant hunger levels remain in many countries even with overall improvements.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: X-ray crystallography can be used to determine the 3D structures of proteins. [SEP] Text: We found that the two chimaeric strains that were more similar in their evolutionary signatures to the wildtype (Pex5 and Stp4) began the process of ‘shmooing’, or responding to pheromone, whereas the strain that had the IDR with the most different evolutionary signature (Rad 26) could not shmoo (Figure 2C; full micrographs in Figure 2—figure supplement 1). Although it is challenging to quantitate similarity between evolutionary signatures comprised of correlated features (see Discussion), our ability to use these signatures to predict which IDRs can rescue signaling function suggests that they may be associated with IDR function. Figure 2 with 1 supplement see all Download asset Open asset Intrinsically disordered regions with similar evolutionary signatures can rescue wildtype phenotypes, while those with different evolutionary signatures cannot. (A) Multiple sequence alignment of Ste50 IDR (a. a. 152–250), Pex5 IDR (a. a. 77–161), Stp4 (a. a. 144–256), and Rad26 IDR (a. a. 163–239) shows negligible similarity when their primary amino acid sequences are aligned, while evolutionary signatures show that the Pex5 and Stp4 IDRs are more similar to the Ste50 IDR than the Rad26 IDR. While the Ste50 IDR has five consensus phosphorylation sites that are implicated in its function (Hao et al. , 2008; Yamamoto et al. , 2010; Zarin et al. , 2017), the Pex5 IDR and Rad26 IDR have none, and the Stp4 IDR has 4. IDRs are presented in order of increasing Euclidian distance between their evolutionary signatures, though we do not recommend using this measure to quantitate similarity between evolutionary signatures independently (see Discussion). The Ste50 IDR is located between the Motif (SAM) and (RA) domains in the Ste50 protein. (B) Boxplots show distribution of values corresponding to basal Fus1pr-GFP activity in an S. cerevisiae strain with the wildtype Ste50 IDR compared to strains with the Pex5, Stp4, or Rad26 IDR swapped to replace the Ste50 IDR in the genome. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim regarding the use of X-ray crystallography for determining protein structures. Instead, it discusses evolutionary signatures and intrinsic disordered regions (IDRs) in various strains, which does not address the specific technique of X-ray crystallography or its role in analyzing protein structures.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Coral reefs are affected by ocean acidification and warming. [SEP] Text: (2018). Hatched bars indicate results at 28ºC, and unhatched bars are 25ºCFull size imageTable 2 Summary of significant differences (p ≤ 0. 05, one-way ANOVA followed by Tukey’s pairwise comparisons) in calcification fluid pH between individuals of the same coral genotype in different seawater pCO2 treatments and between individuals of different genotypes within the same seawater pCO2 treatmentFull size tableWe plot coral calcification rate as a function of the [H+]sw-[H+]ECM gradient between the calcifying media and the surrounding seawater (Fig. 2). Calcification rate and the [H+] gradient are significantly correlated at 25 °C in genotypes G3 and G6, but all other relationships are not significant (Table 3). This partly reflects the small numbers in the regression analysis (n = 3 or 4), but it is noteworthy that calcification rate and the [H+] gradient are inversely related in all corals at 25 °C but demonstrate much more mixed behaviour at 28 °C. Fig. 2Calcification rates as a function of the [H+]sw-[H+]ECM gradient at 25 °C and 28 °C. The two significant correlations (p ≤ 0. 05) are indicated by solid lines. Error bars indicate 95% confidence limits in pHECM and 1σ of calcification measurements. Genotype numbering (G4-G7) follows that used in Cole et al. (2018)Full size imageTable 3 Coefficients of determination (r2) between [H +]sw-[H +]ECM and coral calcification rates at each temperature for each coral genotype. Full size tableOnly one reservoir was used for each pCO2 treatment, and to estimate variations between replicate reservoirs, we compare the results from this study to those of a previous study using the same aquarium system and culturing corals at 180, 400 and 750 µatm seawater pCO2 at 25 °C (Allison et al. 2018). We observe no significant difference in the pHECM between groups of corals cultured under the same conditions in both studies (t test, p > 0. 05) indicating that variations between replicate reservoirs are insignificant. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text discusses how coral calcification rates are influenced by the pH gradient between the calcifying media and the surrounding seawater, indicating that calcification varies with seawater pCO2 treatments. This suggests that ocean acidification (which affects pH levels) plays a significant role in coral health, thereby corroborating the claim that coral reefs are affected by ocean acidification. Moreover, it mentions temperature impact on coral calcification, supporting the part of the claim regarding warming effects as the rates change significantly between 25°C and 28°C.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Food waste reduction alone can solve global hunger issues. [SEP] Text: I punteggi di GHI di questo rapporto si basano su una nuova formula, rivista, che sostituisce l’indicatore “insufficienza di peso infantile” degli anni scorsi con il deperimento e il ritardo della crescita infantili. Questo cambiamento riflette gli ultimi sviluppi teorici sugli indicatori più idonei della sottonutrizione infantile, una delle tre dimensioni della fame espresse dalla formula del GHI. I punteggi di GHI variano notevolmente da regione a regione, e da Paese a Paese. A livello regionale, i punteggi di GHI più alti, e quindi i livelli più alti di malnutrizione, si registrano nell’Africa a sud del Sahara e in Asia meridionale. Nonostante abbiano ottenuto i più ampi miglioramenti in termini assoluti rispetto al 2000, queste due regioni presentano ancora livelli di fame grave. von Grebmer, Klaus; Bernstein, Jill; de Waal, Alex; Prasai, Nilam; Yin, Sandra; Yohannes, Yisehac. 2015. 2015 Global hunger index: Armed conflict and the challenge of hunger [in Korean]. Bonn, Germany; Washington, D. C. and Dublin, Ireland: Welthungerhilfe; Institute (IFPRI) and Concern Worldwide. 2000년부터 개발도상국들의 기아 상황은 진전을 이루고 있습니다. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the complexity of hunger issues reflected in the Global Hunger Index (GHI). It emphasizes that regions such as sub-Saharan Africa and South Asia still experience severe hunger despite improvements since 2000. This indicates that factors beyond food waste, like malnutrition and regional disparities, must be considered to address hunger, thereby undermining the notion that food waste reduction alone can solve the issues.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: X-ray crystallography can be used to determine the 3D structures of proteins. [SEP] Text: Boxplot boxes represent the 25th-75th percentile of the data, the black line represents the median, and whiskers represent 1. 5*the interquartile range. Outliers fall outside the 1. 5*interquartile range, and are represented by unfilled circles. Distribution of GFP activity is based on quantification of GFP intensity in single cells pooled from four colonies (which we define as biological replicates) for each strain; sample sizes for each distribution are as follows: WT n = 588 cells, Pex5 IDR n = 196 cells, Stp4 IDR n = 228 cells, Rad26 IDR n = 271 cells. (C) Brightfield micrographs showing each strain from part B following exposure to pheromone. Shmooing cells are those which have elongated cell shape, representing mating projections. Proteome-wide view of evolutionary signatures in disordered regions reveals association with function To test the association of function with evolutionary signatures in highly diverged IDRs, we clustered and visualized the evolutionary signatures for 4646 IDRs in the proteome (see Materials and methods) (Figure 3). Remarkably, the evolutionary signatures reveal a global view of disordered region function. The IDRs fall into at least 23 clusters based on similarity of their evolutionary signatures (groups A through W, Figure 3) that are significantly associated with specific biological functions (enriched for (GO) term, phenotype, and/or literature annotations, Rate [FDR]=5%, Benjamini-Hochberg corrected) (Table 1; full table of enrichments in supplementary data; clustered IDRs and evolutionary signatures in supplementary data). Given that this level of specificity of biological information has not been previously associated with sequence properties of highly diverged IDRs, we performed a series of controls, ensuring that our clusters are not based on sequence similarity between IDRs, that our annotation enrichment results are not due to a mis-specification of the null hypothesis, and to confirm that these annotation enrichment results cannot be obtained simply based on amino acid frequencies of IDRs (Supplementary file 1 - Table S2; see Materials and methods). Figure 3 Download asset Open asset Clustering evolutionary signatures shows that IDRs in the proteome share evolutionary signatures, and that these clusters of IDRs are associated with specific biological functions. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses aspects of data representation and analysis of evolutionary signatures in intrinsically disordered regions (IDRs) of proteins, without mentioning X-ray crystallography or its application in determining 3D structures of proteins.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Coral reefs are affected by ocean acidification and warming. [SEP] Text: DiscussionIncreasing seawater temperature from 25 to 28 °C significantly reduced pHECM (and the H+ gradient between the calcification media and the ambient seawater) at 180 µatm but had no significant effect at 750 µatm. Coral calcification rates did not change significantly between 25 and 28 °C in the 180 µatm treatment but increased significantly at high seawater pCO2 (Cole et al. 2018). Previous studies linking temperature and pHECM generate mixed reports. Temperature had little effect on pHECM of Acropora spp. cultured at ambient and high pCO2 (Reynaud et al. 2004; Dissard et al. 2012). pHECM showed little change in massive Porites spp cultured in an outdoor flume system in response to a 3 °C seasonal seawater temperature change at ambient pCO2 and a small reduction (in pHECM) during the cooler months at high pCO2 (Comeau et al. 2019). In contrast, a broad inverse correlation was reported between temperature and pHECM in modern field corals (i. e. growing at atmospheric pCO2) from varying localities in (Ross et al. 2019). These discrepancies could reflect the role of other influences on pHECM. Increasing seawater pCO2 reduced pHECM more in the dark than the light in some coral species (Venn et al. 2019) and seasonal variations in light availability in the flume experiments may affect pHECM estimates which combine skeleton deposited during both the day and night (Comeau et al. 2019). The corals in this study were maintained at a constant light regime throughout the study, so this factor is not responsible for changes in pHECM here. Aragonite precipitation rates are influenced by fluid saturation state (a measure of the relative concentrations of the ions utilised in precipitation), temperature and the presence of biomolecules (Burton and Walter 1987; Kellock et al. 2020). We consider the influences of these factors in the two sections below. The effects of Ω and temperature on aragonite precipitationThe aragonite saturation state (Ω) is defined as a function of the [Ca2+] and [CO32−] of seawater although HCO3− may also be involved in CaCO3 precipitation (Wolthers et al. 2012). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing how increasing seawater temperature and pCO2 (which relates to ocean acidification) affect coral calcification rates and pHECM (the H+ gradient). Specifically, it mentions that increasing seawater pCO2 correlates with reduced pHECM and that temperature influences on coral health can vary with pCO2 levels. Overall, the text indicates a relationship between temperature and ocean acidification and their impacts on coral reefs, thus supporting the claim.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Food waste reduction alone can solve global hunger issues. [SEP] Text: 2015년 개발도상국들의 GHI는 2000년 대비 27퍼센트가 하락한 것으로 나타났습니다. 그럼에도 불구하고 기아는 여전히 전 세계에 심각한 채로 남아있습니다. 올해는 IFPRI가 다면적인 수치를 활용하여 세계 기아를 평가한 지 10년째 되는 해입니다. 본 보고서의 GHI 지수는 전년도의 어린이 저체중 척도를 어린이 성장부진과 소아쇠약으로 대체하는 개선된 공식을 기반으로 합니다. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by highlighting that despite a 27 percent decrease in the Global Hunger Index (GHI) in developing countries since 2000, hunger remains a serious issue globally. This indicates that simply reducing food waste is insufficient to resolve the complex problem of global hunger.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: X-ray crystallography can be used to determine the 3D structures of proteins. [SEP] Text: A-W show clusters significantly enriched for annotations (see Table 1; full table of enrichments in supplementary data). Cluster names represent summary of enriched annotations. Figure 3—source data 1 Clustered IDR data and mapping between IDRs and Cluster ID assigned in Figure 3. Download elife-46883-fig3-data1-v4. tar. gz Table 1 Top five enriched GO term annotations and top three enriched phenotype annotations for each cluster (in order of decreasing corrected p-values). Full table of >1000 significant GO term, phenotype, and literature enrichments in supplementary data. IDAnnotations (Positive proteins in cluster/Total proteins in cluster)<=Anucleus (201/295), rRNA processing (40/295), ribosome biogenesis (39/295), nucleolus (50/295), maturation of SSU-rRNA from tricistronic rRNA transcript (SSU-rRNA, 5. 8S r-rRNA) (14/295), inviable (110/295), RNA accumulation decreased (46/295), RNA accumulation increased (39/295)1. 46e-03Bamino acid transmembrane transport (8/140), amino acid transmembrane transporter activity (8/140), transmembrane transport (21/140), amino acid transport (9/140)1. 11e-02Cnucleolus (42/159), rRNA processing (27/159), ribosome biogenesis (26/159), nucleus (107/159), preribosome, large subunit precursor (13/159), RNA accumulation increased (28/159), inviable (60/159), RNA accumulation decreased (27/159)4. 88e-03Dnucleus (72/86), DNA repair (20/86), cellular response to DNA damage stimulus (18/86), DNA binding (28/86), damaged DNA binding (7/86), mutation frequency increased (14/86), chromosome plasmid maintenance decreased (29/86), cell cycle progression in S phase increased duration (4/86)4. 21e-02Emotor activity (4/89), ATP binding (25/89), ASTRA complex (3/89)4. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text provided is irrelevant to the claim about X-ray crystallography determining the 3D structures of proteins. It discusses clusters enriched for various biological annotations and provides data on proteins in relation to specific biological functions, but does not mention X-ray crystallography or the determination of protein structures at all.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Coral reefs are affected by ocean acidification and warming. [SEP] Text: [Ca2+]ECM is similar (Al-Horani et al. 2003) or slightly increased (Sevilgen et al. 2019) above that of ambient seawater so variations in ECM Ω are predominantly influenced by both the pH and the DIC concentration of the media which combine to control [CO32−]. Two methods have been proposed to predict the [CO32−] or Ω. Combined measurements of the B/Ca and δ11B of the coral aragonite may yield ECM [CO32−] assuming that B(OH)4− competes with either CO32− or HCO3− for substitution into CO32− sites in the aragonite lattice (Allison et al. 2014). Alternatively, the full width half maxima (FWHM) of the v1 peak in the aragonite Raman spectrum has been postulated as an indicator of seawater/ECM saturation state (et al. 2017). Both of these approaches offer promise but we believe that neither of them has yet been constrained accurately enough to be applied to biogenic carbonates. For both approaches, the relationships between the proxy and the seawater saturation state or [CO32−] have been developed from a series of inorganic aragonite precipitation experiments (Holcomb et al. 2016). The Ca2+ consumed during precipitation of the aragonite in these experiments was not replaced and seawater [Ca2+] varied significantly within each precipitation (by ~ × 3). This resulted in large changes in fluid saturation state within each precipitation and is likely to have significantly affected both aragonite B/Ca (as observed in calcite, Gabitov et al. 2014) and the Raman spectra (et al. 2017). This undermines the effective use of these proxies to reconstruct ECM [CO32−] and Ω. We also note that the inclusion of organic molecules in CaCO3 influences the FWHM of the v1 peak (Ihli et al. 2019). There are large variations in the biomolecule compositions of coral skeletons (Coronado et al. 2019; Kellock et al. 2020), and this will complicate any interpretation of ECM Ω from Raman spectra. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text discusses the influence of pH and DIC concentration on the carbonate chemistry of the environment (ECM) of corals, specifically addressing variations in carbonate saturation state ([CO32−] or Ω). These factors are directly related to ocean acidification and warming, as they impact the physiological and ecological status of coral reefs. By indicating how the saturation state and carbonate ions are controlled by changes in ocean chemistry, the text corroborates the claim about the effects of ocean acidification and warming on coral reefs.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Food waste reduction alone can solve global hunger issues. [SEP] Text: Communities & à Čeština Deutsch Español Français Gàidhlig Italiano Latviešu Polski Português Português do (lat) Türkçe Tiếng Việt Қазақ বাংলা हिंदी Ελληνικά Српски Yкраї́нська Log InNote: CGIAR users should log in with their username and password. For example, if your email is j. smith@cgiar. org, you would use jsmith here. Log in New user? Click here to register. Have you forgotten your password? research centersInstitute (IFPRI)2014 Global hunger index: The challenge of hidden hunger 2014 Global hunger index: The challenge of hidden hungerFiles(3. 23 MB, pdf)(3. 65 MB, pdf)(4. 61 MB, pdf)(5. 74 MB, pdf)(4. 58 MB, pdf)Show moreAuthors von 2014-10-13Date OnlineLanguageen; fr; it; de; all rights reserveditem page ShareCitationK. von Grebmer, A. Saltzman, E. Birol, D. Wiesmann, N. Prasai, S. Yin, Y. Yohannes, P. Menon, J. Thompson, A. Sonntag. 2014. 2014 Index: of Hidden Hunger. Bonn, Washington, D. C. , and Dublin: and Concern Worldwide. Permanent link to cite or share this item link to download this itemDOI one more year before the 2015 deadline for achieving the Goals, the 2014 Index report offers a multifaceted overview of global hunger that brings new insights to the global debate on where to focus efforts in the fight against hunger and malnutrition. The state of hunger in developing countries as a group has improved since 1990, falling by 39 percent, according to the 2014 GHI. Despite progress made, the level of hunger in the world is still “serious,” with 805 million people continuing to go hungry, according to estimates by the Food and of the United Nations. 2014. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contradicts the claim by highlighting that despite the improvements in global hunger since 1990, approximately 805 million people still go hungry. This indicates that food waste reduction alone is insufficient to address the overall problem of hunger, which remains a 'serious' issue globally.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: X-ray crystallography can be used to determine the 3D structures of proteins. [SEP] Text: 23e-02F90S preribosome (11/73), rRNA processing (14/73), ribosome biogenesis (14/73), endonucleolytic cleavage in ITS1 to separate SSU-rRNA from 5. 8S rRNA and LSU-rRNA from tricistronic rRNA transcript (SSU-rRNA, 5. 8S r-rRNA) (6/73), nucleolus (15/73)2. 49e-02Gnuclear pore nuclear basket (4/35), nucleocytoplasmic transporter activity (4/35)4. 54e-02Hnucleic acid binding (16/66), translational initiation (7/66), cytoplasmic stress granule (9/66), mRNA binding (13/66), translation initiation factor activity (6/66)3. 60e-03Iregulation of transcription, DNA-templated (23/52), transcription, DNA-templated (22/52), positive regulation of transcription from RNA polymerase II promoter (12/52)6. 58e-03JRNA polymerase II transcription factor activity, sequence-specific DNA binding (10/52), positive regulation of transcription from RNA polymerase II promoter (14/52), regulation of transcription, DNA-templated (21/52), RNA polymerase II core promoter proximal region sequence-specific DNA binding (9/52), transcription, DNA-templated (19/52)1. 22e-02Ktrehalose biosynthetic process (2/19), Golgi to endosome transport (3/19), ubiquitin binding (4/19)3. 81e-02Lsequence-specific DNA binding (21/70), RNA polymerase II core promoter proximal region sequence-specific DNA binding (13/70), DNA binding (27/70), positive regulation of transcription from RNA polymerase II promoter (17/70), regulation of transcription, DNA-templated (27/70)6. 75e-05Mstructural constituent of nuclear pore (8/54), protein targeting to nuclear inner membrane (5/54), nuclear pore central transport channel (6/54), mRNA transport (9/54), nuclear pore (8/54)5. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text appears to discuss various biological processes and components related to ribosome biogenesis, transcription, and nuclear transport. It does not mention X-ray crystallography or its application in determining the 3D structures of proteins, making it irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Coral reefs are affected by ocean acidification and warming. [SEP] Text: To explore the potential relationship between temperature and coral calcification rate, we use synthetic aragonite precipitation rates observed at 5, 25 and 37 °C (Burton and Walter 1987) to calculate the precipitation rates of inorganic aragonite as a function of temperature and Ω (Fig. 3a,b). We overlay the observed coral calcification rates (Cole et al. 2018) onto this graph assuming that the corals cultured at 400 µatm and 25 °C have a mean ΩECM = 12 (equivalent to that calculated from pH and [CO32−] measured by microsensors in Stylophora pistillata cultured at 400 µatm and 25 °C (Sevilgen et al. 2019) an arbitrary precipitation rate equivalent to that observed at this Ω and 25 °C in inorganic aragonites, i. e. 2. 1 µmol m−2 h−1 (Burton and Walter 1987). We scale linearly all other coral precipitation rates to this value and overlay them onto the graph to estimate ΩECM (Fig. 3b). The effects of increasing temperature on coral calcification rate are consistent with decreases in ΩECM at low seawater pCO2 and an increase in ΩECM at high seawater pCO2. Although inferred ΩECM may decline at higher temperatures in the 180 and 260 µatm treatments, the impact of temperature on aragonite precipitation is sufficient to offset this reduction. In contrast, at high seawater pCO2, the inferred ΩECM increases in tandem with temperature enabling the coral to accelerate calcification to a much greater extent than observed at low seawater pCO2. Increasing temperature marginally shifts the DIC equilibrium to favour the speciation of CO32− at constant pH and DIC (Mehrbach et al. 1973) and marginally increases Ω at constant pH and [CO32−]. However, the relatively large variations in ΩECM suggested by this inorganic aragonite exercise are consistent with a decrease in [DIC]ECM at low seawater pCO2 and an increase in [DIC]ECM at high seawater pCO2. Fig. 3Temperature effects on precipitation rates in corals and inorganic aragonites. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the relationship between increasing temperature and the calcification rate of corals, as it outlines the impact of temperature on aragonite precipitation rates and coral calcification in relation to seawater pCO2 levels. It highlights that increasing temperature affects the coral's ability to calcify in different environments, which directly relates to the broader effects of ocean warming and acidification on coral reefs.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Food waste reduction alone can solve global hunger issues. [SEP] Text: Welthunger-Index 2014: Herausforderung verborgener Hunger. Bonn, Washington, D. C. , und Dublin: Welthungerhilfe, für Ernährungs- und Entwicklungspolitik und Concern Worldwide. bevor die Frist zur Erreichung der Millenniums-Entwicklungsziele im Jahr 2015 abläuft, bietet der Welthunger-Index (WHI) einen facettenreichen Überblick über die Verbreitung des Hungers und trägt neue Erkenntnisse darüber in die weltweite Debatte, wie Hunger und Mangelernährung verringert werden können. Betrachtet man die Entwicklungsländer als Gruppe, so hat sich die Hungersituation dort seit 1990 verbessert. Dem WHI 2014 zufolge ist seitdem ein Rückgang um 39 Prozent zu verzeichnen. Trotz dieser Fortschritte ist der Hunger in der Welt weiterhin als „ernst“ einzustufen: Nach Schätzungen der Ernährungs- und Landwirtschaftsorganisation der (Food and Agriculture Organization, FAO) hungern weltweit immer noch 805 Millionen Menschen. K. von Grebmer, A. Saltzman, E. Birol, D. Wiesmann, N. Prasai, S. Yin, Y. Yohannes, P. Menon, J. Thompson, A. Sonntag. 2014. della Fame 2014: la sfida della fame nascosta. Bonn, Washington, DC, e Dublino: e Concern Worldwide. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the complexity of hunger issues, emphasizing that despite a reduction in hunger levels, the global hunger situation remains serious with approximately 805 million people still suffering from hunger. This indicates that food waste reduction alone is insufficient to solve global hunger problems, and more comprehensive measures are needed.