Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Social mobility varies based on economic and policy factors. [SEP] Text: 또한 향후 신용카드 채무 관련 정책들이 보다 다양한 가구특성을 반영하고 계층별로 차별화된 접근을 시도해야 함을 시사한다. Using data collected in the 2010 Survey of Household Finance, this study conducted tobit regression analyses of the determinants of household credit card debt, focusing on socio-economic and demographic factors. The major findings are as follows: First, around 6. 6% of the total households have credit card debts. Secondly, having any amount of credit card debts, the equivalenced credit card debt accedes 789 million won in the lowest, 458 million won in the second, 227 million won in the middle, 252 million in the fourth and 364 million won in the highest income quintile; moreover, if the credit card debts are taken into consideration, households around 34. % from the second, 28. 3% from the middle, 34. 5% from the fourth and 22. 0% from the highest income quintile fall down into lower income groups respectively. Thirdly, the level of credit card debt is influenced by the age(-), education level of the household head(-), the number of households(+), divorce(+), temporary or daily employee(+), self-employee(+), employees as an insurance agent, designated driver for hire or home delivery man(+), monthly rent(+), financial saving levels(-), and the level of credit card interest; however, many of these effect on credit card debts varies across income levels of household. Based on these findings, this study suggests that the credit card debt is not only the determinant of poverty among the poor or low income household but also the determinant of class collapse among middle class or above. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing how various economic factors, specifically credit card debt and household characteristics, influence social mobility and class standing. It indicates that economic status can shift due to the differential impacts of policy and economic conditions on different income quintiles, showing direct links between economic factors and social mobility.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Every injury can be healed instantly with regenerative medicine. [SEP] Text: Stem cells translational medicine 1177187-(2012) Human adult dental pulp stem cells enhance poststroke functional recovery through non-neural replacement mechanisms. Stem cells translational medicine 1:177-187. 35. 2006Dental pulp stem cells. 41999113(2006) Dental pulp stem cells. 419:99-113. 36. 2012Cryopreserved dental pulp tissues of exfoliated deciduous teeth is a feasible stem cell resource for regenerative medicine. PLoS One 7:e51777. (2012) Cryopreserved dental pulp tissues of exfoliated deciduous teeth is a feasible stem cell resource for regenerative medicine. PLoS One 7:e51777. 37. 1999Signaling from Rho to the actin cytoskeleton through protein kinases ROCK and LIM-kinase. Science 285895898(1999) Signaling from Rho to the actin cytoskeleton through protein kinases ROCK and LIM-kinase. Science 285:895-898. 38. . WRobeyP. GShiS2003SHED: stem cells from human exfoliated deciduous teeth. 10058075812(2003) SHED: stem cells from human exfoliated deciduous teeth. 100:5807-5812. 39. MonnierP. PSierraASchwabJ. MHenke-fahleSMuellerB. K2003The Rho/ROCK pathway mediates neurite growth-inhibitory activity associated with the chondroitin sulfate proteoglycans of the CNS glial scar. Neurosci 22319330-Fahle S, Mueller BK (2003) The Rho/ROCK pathway mediates neurite growth-inhibitory activity associated with the chondroitin sulfate proteoglycans of the CNS glial scar. Neurosci 22:319-330. 40. MosserD. MEdwardsJ. P2008Exploring the full spectrum of macrophage activation. Immunol 8958969(2008) Exploring the full spectrum of macrophage activation. Immunol 8:958-969. 41. (2012Transplantation of the of after Injury. J Neurotrauma. (2012) Transplantation of the of after Injury. J Neurotrauma. 42. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing various aspects of regenerative medicine and stem cells, but does not support the notion of instant healing. It implies that while regenerative medicine has potential benefits for recovery and healing, the complexities involved in signaling pathways and the role of various stem cells suggest that healing may not be instantaneous.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Neurolinguistic programming explores the connection between language and thought. [SEP] Text: The salesperson should be energetic, enthusiastic, persistent, proactive, self-confident, and devoted to his work. Selling means a certain way of life for the salesman. Furthermore, he should be independent, internally motivated, friendly, honest, hardworking, disciplined, enthusiastic, and should be able to build relationships with customers (Kotler, 2007). Sales teams are also an important aspect of successful sales. Sales teams are a part of the marketing mix, which are very effective in achieving marketing goals and implementing marketing activities, such as finding and contacting new customers, sales, service, and gathering information. The high costs of sales teams require an effective sales management process. The company must proceed very carefully when choosing traders. When dealing with a customer, the marketer should be driven by a broader concept of relationship marketing. The relationship between the seller and the customer should be built on value and trust (Kotler, 2007). Regardless of the title, sales team members in modern organizations play a key role in the marketing mix. Sellers represent the only direct contact with the customer. Sales teams deal with wholesalers and retailers, seek support and help traders to sell products appropriately. The profession of trader requires professional knowledge and communication skills. A professional trader can keep his boundaries while respecting the customer’s boundaries in a way that he understands the customer’s requirements and wishes related to the product and his needs. Building trust is a part of quality services. Empathy, product knowledge, and a trustworthy approach while the entire sales process are essential components of a professional trader (Sedláková, 2004). Bělohlávek (2009) claims that every trader should have a personal vision. It is an active idea of the future state hence achieved results, position, or way of life. This vision guides him on his life path, helps him make decisions, and gives him the energy to work. Traders with a clear vision achieve significantly better results, whether at work or in personal life. According to Bedrnová and Nový (1998), the effective use of psychological knowledge enables the consolidation and creation of long-term business relationships so that both parties achieve the desired success. It is consequential to have knowledge about the personality of the trader, but also about the business activity itself and its process. It requires good interaction, communication, and also the application of psychological knowledge during the sale. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses the characteristics and requirements of successful salespeople and their relationship with customers but does not mention neurolinguistic programming or its exploration of the connection between language and thought.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Social mobility varies based on economic and policy factors. [SEP] Text: 셋째, 신용카드 채무에 영향을 미치는 가구특성 요인은 가구주의 연령(-), 교육수준(-), 가구규모(+), 이혼(+), 임시･일용직종(+), 자영업종(+), 보험･대리･택배업종(+), 월세거주(+), 금융저축(-), 신용카드 이자상환비율(+)이었으며, 이들 중 일부의 영향력은 계층별로 상이했다. 결론적으로, 이러한 분석결과는 신용카드 채무가 저소득층의 빈곤유발 그리고 중산층 이상의 계층하락 요인임을 알려준다. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing how household characteristics such as age, education level, and employment type influence credit card debt, which in turn reflects economic factors that contribute to social mobility disparities. It explicitly states that these influences vary among different socioeconomic classes, supporting the idea that social mobility is affected by economic and policy factors.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Every injury can be healed instantly with regenerative medicine. [SEP] Text: LShiodaSProckopD. J2008Stem/progenitor cells from bone marrow decrease neuronal death in global ischemia by modulation of inflammatory/immune responses. 1051463814643(2008) Stem/progenitor cells from bone marrow decrease neuronal death in global ischemia by modulation of inflammatory/immune responses. 105:14638-14643. 49. 2006Conditional ablation of Stat3 or Socs3 discloses a dual role for reactive astrocytes after spinal cord injury. 12829834(2006) Conditional ablation of Stat3 or Socs3 discloses a dual role for reactive astrocytes after spinal cord injury. 12:829-834. 50. PopovichP. GLongbrakeE. E2008Can the immune system be harnessed to repair the CNS? Neurosci 9481493(2008) Can the immune system be harnessed to repair the CNS? Neurosci 9:481-493. 51. -hirsch2008Two faces of chondroitin sulfate proteoglycan in spinal cord repair: a role in microglia/macrophage activation. PLoS Med 5:e171. -(2008) Two faces of chondroitin sulfate proteoglycan in spinal cord repair: a role in microglia/macrophage activation. PLoS Med 5:e171. 52. 2009The bright side of the glial scar in CNS repair. Neurosci 10235241(2009) The bright side of the glial scar in CNS repair. Neurosci 10:235-241. 53. RowlandJ. (2008Current status of acute spinal cord injury pathophysiology and emerging therapies: promise on the horizon. 25:E2. (2008) Current status of acute spinal cord injury pathophysiology and emerging therapies: promise on the horizon. 25:E2. 54. 2012Human dental pulp-derived stem cells promote locomotor recovery after complete transection of the rat spinal cord by multiple neuro-regenerative mechanisms. of clinical investigation 1228090(2012) Human dental pulp-derived stem cells promote locomotor recovery after complete transection of the rat spinal cord by multiple neuro-regenerative mechanisms. of clinical investigation 122:80-90. 55. 2008Neurosphere generation from dental pulp of adult rat incisor. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by detailing various research studies focused on the role of stem/progenitor cells and other mechanisms in promoting recovery in cases of spinal cord injury. It implies that while regenerative medicine shows promise, it does not provide instant healing for every injury, as evidenced by the complex processes of neuronal death modulation and immune response, which take time and are not instantaneous solutions.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Neurolinguistic programming explores the connection between language and thought. [SEP] Text: In today’s modern age, using psychological knowledge and methods helps traders to resolve conflicts in the work environment. It is confirmed that in order to achieve the required work success, it is significant to get to know the person as such and his mental health. Quality employees form the basis of a successful company. Psychological knowledge and procedures are used by companies not only in the sale of products but also in the selection of the right employees (Szarková, 2007). According to Armstrong (1999), a businessman who wants to manage a company successfully should have quality personality traits which include regulating behavior and emotions, the ability to solve problems and take responsibility for them, making the right decisions in critical situations, finding the best solution, assertiveness, effort to promote the organization and its products and insist on professional opinion. For a trader to be successful, he must use various interpersonal skills in his work. According to Bedrnová and Nový (1998), one of the qualities that helps traders succeed is extraversion. It is characterized by openness, sociability, interest in communication with people, adaptability, and networking. Compared to introverts, who are more focused on privacy and timid in making contacts, extroverts have a better chance of finding a job in this business. Ambition, perseverance, and responsibility are also essential. Openness and fairness help to build trust between the trader and another party in the business. 170 2023 ISBN (PDF) 9783631897874 ISBN (ePUB) 9783631897881 ISBN (Softcover) 9783631897867 DOI 10. 3726/b20600 Publication date 2023 (June) 2023. 170 pp. , 2 fig. col. , 4 fig. b/w, 12 tables. Biographical notes Róbert Štefko (Author) Zuzana Birknerová (Author) Róbert Štefko works as a dean of the Faculty of Management and Business of the University of Presov in Presov. Within the area of business economics and management, the author focuses on the research of marketing of intangible products, economics, and marketing management of organizations providing services and on related areas of the field. Zuzana Birknerová works as the Head of the Department of at the Faculty of Management and Business of the University of Presov in Presov. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses the role of psychological knowledge and methods in resolving conflicts in the workplace and the traits necessary for traders to succeed. It does not mention neurolinguistic programming, language, or thought, thus failing to relate to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Social mobility varies based on economic and policy factors. [SEP] Text: 또한 향후 신용카드 채무 관련 정책들이 보다 다양한 가구특성을 반영하고 계층별로 차별화된 접근을 시도해야 함을 시사한다. KW - 신용카드 채무, 가계금융조사, 가구균등화지수, 토빗회귀분석 DO - 10. 15855/swp. 2012. 39. 1. 227 UR - ER - 장동호 (2012). 가계 신용카드 채무의 결정요인 분석: 가구특성을 중심으로. 사회복지정책, 39(1), 227 - 255. 장동호. 2012, “가계 신용카드 채무의 결정요인 분석: 가구특성을 중심으로”, vol. 39, no. 1, 255. Available from: doi:10. 15855/swp. 2012. 39. 1. 227 장동호. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text discusses the need for credit card debt policies to reflect diverse household characteristics and implement differentiated approaches across social classes. This suggests an awareness of how economic factors and policy can influence social mobility.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Every injury can be healed instantly with regenerative medicine. [SEP] Text: Neurosci 27538548(2008) Neurosphere generation from dental pulp of adult rat incisor. Neurosci 27:538-548. 56. SchwabJ. MBrechtelKMuellerC. AFailliVKapsH. PTuliS. KSchluesenerH. J2006Experimental strategies to promote spinal cord regeneration--an integrative perspective. 7891116(2006) Experimental strategies to promote spinal cord regeneration--an integrative perspective. 78:91-116. 57. 2009Infiltrating blood-derived macrophages are vital cells playing an anti-inflammatory role in recovery from spinal cord injury in mice. PLoS Med 6:e1000113. (2009) Infiltrating blood-derived macrophages are vital cells playing an anti-inflammatory role in recovery from spinal cord injury in mice. PLoS Med 6:e1000113. 58. 2011The glial scar-monocyte interplay: a pivotal resolution phase in spinal cord repair. PLoS One 6:e27969. (2011) The glial scar-monocyte interplay: a pivotal resolution phase in spinal cord repair. PLoS One 6:e27969. 59. SilverJMillerJ. H2004Regeneration beyond the glial scar. Neurosci 5146156Silver J, Miller JH (2004) Regeneration beyond the glial scar. Neurosci 5:146-156. 60. SingerN. GCaplanA. I2011Mesenchymal stem cells: mechanisms of inflammation. Pathol 6457478(2011) Mesenchymal stem cells: mechanisms of inflammation. Pathol 6:457-478. 61. StirlingD. . TMcbrideC. BSteevesJ. DRamerM. STetzlaffW2004Minocycline treatment reduces delayed oligodendrocyte death, attenuates axonal dieback, and improves functional outcome after spinal cord injury. J Neurosci 2421822190(2004) Minocycline treatment reduces delayed oligodendrocyte death, attenuates axonal dieback, and improves functional outcome after spinal cord injury. J Neurosci 24:2182-2190. 62. -esfahaniM. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing various experimental strategies and studies related to spinal cord injury recovery. References to studies such as the one on infiltrating blood-derived macrophages (2009) and the glial scar-monocyte interplay (2011) suggest that while regenerative medicine may contribute to recovery, it does not imply that every injury can be healed instantly, indicating a more complex and gradual healing process.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Rhizobacteria enhance plant growth by fixing atmospheric nitrogen. [SEP] Text: Optical density was measured carefully to maintain the uniform population of bacteria in the broth at the time of inoculation. 2. 5. Characterization of isolates Root colonization was done by the method of Davis and Whitbread, (1989). For this, inoculated seeds were sown in glass jars containing sterilized sand, and the jars were kept in a growth chamber (18 °C, 70 % relative humidity, 16 hours daylight). After 7 days of germination, the roots were cut off, dipped in phosphate buffer, and were shaken vigorously to remove the bacteria. After 2 days of incubation at 28 °C the number of colonies (CFU/cm) was calculated. For the determination of phosphorus solubilizing activity Research Institute’s Phosphate growth medium (NBRIP) was used. Rhizobacterial strains were cultured and a loop full of each culture was placed on the plates (five per plate) and incubated at 28 °C for a week. A clearing zone around the colonies after a week was calculated as a positive for phosphate solubilization The formula of Premono et al. , (1996) was used for the determination of phosphate solubilizing index (PSI) of these rhizobacterial isolates. PSI = Colony diameter + Halozone diameter Colony diameter The ACC-deaminase activity was determined by the modified method of Honma and Shimomura, (1978) which measures the amount of α-ketobutyrate when the enzyme ACC-deaminase cleaves ACC. The auxin produced by rhizobacteria as indole acetic acid (IAA) in the presence and absence of L-tryptophan (L-TRP) was essayed by the method of Sarwar et al. , (1992). Some pertinent characteristics of the rhizobacterial isolates are shown in Table 1. Table 1. Characterization of rhizobacterial strains -ve = Absent, +ve = Present 2. 6. Determination of plant physical parameters The fresh and dry weight of the shoots and roots were determined with the help of an analytical balance. For dry weight plants were oven dried at 70 °C. 2. 7. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim about rhizobacteria enhancing plant growth specifically through fixing atmospheric nitrogen. Instead, it describes various methods for characterizing rhizobacterial strains and mentions parameters like root colonization, phosphate solubilization, and auxin production but does not indicate any direct evidence of nitrogen fixation related to plant growth.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Urbanization trends influence resource distribution and infrastructure. [SEP] Text: Полученные результаты показывают значительное влияние исторических, экономических и социальных факторов на развитие урбанизации в Сибири, а также ключевую роль крупных нефтяных компаний в этом процессе. Выводы подчеркивают необходимость внедрения устойчивых технологий и комплексных подходов для обеспечения экологической безопасности и социального равенства в регионе. purpose of the study is to study the stages of urbanization of Siberia from the moment of its integration into the to modern neoliberal changes. The study applies historical-geographical analysis and theoretical approaches of Lefebvre, Brenner and Schmid. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the significant impact of historical, economic, and social factors on urbanization in Siberia, which implies that urbanization trends can affect resource distribution and infrastructure. The mention of the role of major oil companies further suggests that economic interests are intertwined with urban development and resource management.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Every injury can be healed instantly with regenerative medicine. [SEP] Text: HBaharvandH2012Transplantation of undifferentiated and induced human exfoliated deciduous teeth-derived stem cells promote functional recovery of rat spinal cord contusion injury model. Dev 2117941802-Esfahani MH, (2012) Transplantation of undifferentiated and induced human exfoliated deciduous teeth-derived stem cells promote functional recovery of rat spinal cord contusion injury model. Dev 21:1794-1802. 63. 2006Tumor necrosis factor-alpha induces neurotoxicity via glutamate release from hemichannels of activated microglia in an autocrine manner. J 2812136221368(2006) Tumor necrosis factor-alpha induces neurotoxicity via glutamate release from hemichannels of activated microglia in an autocrine manner. J 281:21362-21368. 64. TengY. DChoiHOnarioR. CZhuSDesiletsF. CLanSWoodardE. JSnyderE. YEichlerM. EFriedlanderR. M2004Minocycline inhibits contusion-triggered mitochondrial cytochrome c release and mitigates functional deficits after spinal cord injury. 10130713076(2004) Minocycline inhibits contusion-triggered mitochondrial cytochrome c release and mitigates functional deficits after spinal cord injury. 101:3071-3076. 65. 2010Stem cells from human-exfoliated deciduous teeth can differentiate into dopaminergic neuron-like cells. Dev 1913751383(2010) Stem cells from human-exfoliated deciduous teeth can differentiate into dopaminergic neuron-like cells. Dev 19:1375-1383. 66. 20042X7receptor inhibition improves recovery after spinal cord injury. 10:821-827. (2004) P2X7 receptor inhibition improves recovery after spinal cord injury. 10:821-827. 67. WintonM. JDubreuilC. 2002Characterization of new cell permeable C3-like proteins that inactivate Rho and stimulate neurite outgrowth on inhibitory substrates. J 2773282032829(2002) Characterization of new cell permeable C3-like proteins that inactivate Rho and stimulate neurite outgrowth on inhibitory substrates. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing specific studies related to spinal cord injury and the potential functional recovery offered by various treatments, including stem cell transplantation and other interventions. It suggests that while regenerative medicine has potential for healing, the reference to studies indicates that healing may not be instantaneous or universally applicable to every injury.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Rhizobacteria enhance plant growth by fixing atmospheric nitrogen. [SEP] Text: Determination of chlorophyll and carotenoids The method of Arnon, (1949) was used for the determination of chlorophyll and carotenoid contents in the acetone extract (80% v/v) at 663, 645 and 480 nm for chlorophyll a, b and carotenoid, respectively. 2. 8. Macro and micronutrients in plant The H2SO4 titration method was used for the plant nitrogen (N) determination (Van-Schouwengerg and Walinge, 1973). For the measurement of the plant phosphorous (P) the method of Buresh et al. , (1982) was followed. The plant potassium (K) was determined by using the dry ashing method (Chapman and Pratt, 1961). The micronutrients i. e. Ca+2, Mg+2, Mn+2, Zn+2, Cu+2 and Fe+3 were determined by atomic absorption spectroscopy after dry ashing (Chapman and Pratt, 1961). 2. 9. Plant enzymes activity For enzymes activity analyses plant samples were prepared by homogenizing 0. 5 g of frozen leaf material in 3 ml of cold solution containing 50 ×10-3 M Na phosphate buffer (pH 7. 8), 1×10-3 M Ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid and 2% (w/v) Polyvinylpolypyrrolidone. The homogenate was centrifuged at 0 °C for 40 minutes at 13000 g. The glutathione S-transferase (GST) was essayed by the method of Habig et al. , (1974). The method of Nakano and Azada, (1987) was used for the spectrophotometric determination of peroxidase (POX) activity. Whereas, the spectrophotometric determination of catalase (Cata) activity was done by the method of Cakmak and Horst, (1991). 2. 10. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim about rhizobacteria and their role in fixing atmospheric nitrogen to enhance plant growth. Instead, it focuses on methods for determining chlorophyll, carotenoids, and various nutrients in plants, which are unrelated to the specific role of rhizobacteria in nitrogen fixation. Thus, the text is irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Urbanization trends influence resource distribution and infrastructure. [SEP] Text: The results obtained show the significant influence of historical, economic and social factors on the development of urbanization in Siberia, as well as the key role of large oil companies in this process. The findings highlight the need to implement sustainable technologies and integrated approaches to ensure environmental safety and social equality in the region. Ключевые слова: урбанизация Сибири, исторические этапы, экономическое развитие, экологические проблемы, социальное неравенство, устойчивое развитие. Keywords: urbanization of Siberia, historical stages, economic development, environmental problems, climatic climate, sustainable development. Введение Урбанизация Сибири представляет собой многослойный и динамичный процесс, претерпевший значительные изменения на протяжении различных исторических периодов. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the significant influence of historical, economic, and social factors on urbanization in Siberia. It implies that urbanization trends affect resource distribution and infrastructure development in the region, highlighting the key role of large oil companies and the need for sustainable technologies and integrated approaches.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Every injury can be healed instantly with regenerative medicine. [SEP] Text: Keywords:: for trialsCIRMembryonic stem cellsfirst-in-human clinical trialspluripotent stem cells In 2004, California voters approved Proposition 71 [Citation1], the which authorized US$3 billion to fund stem cell research. Proponents had advocated for the measure to have the resources to speed the delivery of stem cell treatments and cures to patients with unmet medical needs, especially to fund embryonic stem cell research, which was not receiving sufficient federal funding. Institute for (CIRM) was established to administer the funds. CIRM has used the bond funds to make grants and loans to researchers, institutions and companies in California for basic research, training programs, the development of infrastructure and the support of clinical trials. This funding has launched California into the top ranks of stem cell science. CIRM currently has some 300 active stem cell programs in its portfolio and CIRM’s funded researchers have published over 3000 100. 5 million invested in 2018 alone [Citation4], as CIRM sought to accelerate the testing of candidate stem cell therapies in advance of returning to the voters in 2020 for a US$5 billion renewal of funding. The investment in the clinical trials necessary for the US FDA’s authorization to market the therapy reflects CIRM’s realization that testing cell-based therapies is far more complex than chemically based small molecule drugs and that the high costs associated with the trials are beyond the resources of the academic medical centers and small biopharmaceutical companies engaging in stem cell research [Citation4]. Moreover, the complexity of testing candidate stem cell-based biologics increases the uncertainties and risks inherent in early clinical trials, especially since most of these therapies are first-in-human clinical trials. 2011, CIRM funded its first clinical trial, which was also the first-in-human testing of a therapy developed from human embryonic stem cells. Some 7. 5 years later, in December 2018, CIRM’s Board approved funding for its 50th clinical trial [Citation5]. This 1. for first 50 clinical trial grants. might be expected, the majority of these 50 clinical trials are early phase trials, primarily trials designed to evaluate tolerability and safety and not to assess efficacy as later stage trials do. Of the 50 CIRM supported trials, 36 are either or Phase I/II, which are trials that can integrate the planning and transition from to Phase II. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the complexities and challenges associated with regenerative medicine, particularly in stem cell research. It highlights that the early phase clinical trials funded by CIRM primarily evaluate safety and tolerability, rather than asserting that injuries can be healed instantly. Additionally, it mentions the high costs and inherent uncertainties in conducting these trials, indicating that the process is not immediate or guaranteed.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Rhizobacteria enhance plant growth by fixing atmospheric nitrogen. [SEP] Text: Comparison of method for measuring the colonization of root system by fluorescent pseudomonads. Plant Soil. 116, 239-246. Dworken, M. , Foster, J. 1958. Experiment with some microorganisms which utilize ethane and hydrogen. J. Bacteriol. 75, 92-601. Etesami, H. , Hosseini, M. , Alikhani, HA. 2014. In planta selection of plant growth promoting endophytic bacteria for rice (Oryza sative L. ). J. Soil Sci. Plant Nut. 14, 491-503. database of World Agriculture. 2006. Food and of the Statistics Division. database of World Agriculture. 2009. Food and of the Statistics Division. Glick, B. R. 2012. Plant Growth-Promoting Bacteria: Mechanisms and Applications. Corporation, Scientifica. 1974. Glutathion S-Transferases, the first enzymatic step in mercapturic acid formation. The J. Biol. Chem. 249, 7130-7139. Hassan, W. , Chen, W. , Huang, Q. , Mohamed, I. 2013a. Microcalorimetric evaluation of soil microbiological properties under plant residues and dogmatic water gradients in Red soil. Soil Sci. Plant Nut. 59, 858-870. Hassan, W. , Akmal, M. , Muhammad, I. , Younas, M. , Zahaid, K. R. , Ali, F. 2013b. Response of soil microbial biomass and enzymes activity to cadmium (Cd) toxicity under different soil textures and incubation times. Aust. J. Crop Sci. 7, 674-680. Hassan, W. , Chen, W. , Cai, P. , Huang, Q. 2013c. Oxidative enzymes, the ultimate regulator: implications for factors affecting their efficiency. J. Environ. Qual. 42, 1779-1790. Hassan, W. 2013d. C and N mineralization and dissolved organic matter potentials of two contrasting plant residues: effects of residue type, moisture and temperature. Acta Agr. Scand. B-S P. 63, 642-652. Hassan, W. , David, J. 2014. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not provide any information relevant to the claim regarding rhizobacteria's ability to enhance plant growth through nitrogen fixation. Instead, it lists various studies without directly addressing the role of rhizobacteria in nitrogen fixation or plant growth promotion.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Urbanization trends influence resource distribution and infrastructure. [SEP] Text: С момента интеграции в Российскую империю, через советскую индустриализацию, до современных неолиберальных изменений, каждый этап оставил свой след на урбанистическом ландшафте региона [3]. Современные урбанизационные процессы характеризуются как положительными аспектами, такими как экономический рост и развитие инфраструктуры, так и негативными, включая экологические проблемы и социальное неравенство. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing modern urbanization processes and their effects, highlighting both positive aspects such as economic growth and infrastructure development, and negative aspects that reflect on social inequality and ecological issues, thus underlining how urbanization trends directly impact resource distribution and infrastructure.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Every injury can be healed instantly with regenerative medicine. [SEP] Text: Most of the CIRM-supported trials are designed to enroll small numbers of participants, ranging from 6 to 18 patients, but there are a few trials with as many as 57, 112 or even 156 patients targeted. A few of CIRM’s supported trials have progressed to Phase II and four have begun Phase III recruiting. These latter trials are the BrainTherapeutics (NY, USA) trial for amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, (CA, USA) trial for kidney disease and one of Humacyte’s (NC, USA) two candidate therapies for kidney failure. III trials have been closed. (NJ, USA) terminated testing during a Phase III trial for an experimental therapy for melanoma skin cancer, ostensibly for business reasons. Also, Immuno(CA, USA) suspended its Phase III trial of a therapeutic for glioblastoma brain cancer, reportedly for lack of financial reasons. III trials have to enroll a greater number of patients than earlier phases, they are much more expensive. Many investigational products flounder at this stage, sometimes described as the ‘valley of death’, because of the financial expense and because of the difficulty of enrolling a sufficient number of patients. Even if CIRM receives a second round of funding by the voters, it will lack the resources to fully underwrite Phase III of the clinical trials it has previously supported and will need a partnership from other funders. CIRM has invested in stem cell work conducted both by academic institutions and small biotechnology companies in California. Although 91% of all CIRM’s funding to date has been allocated to academic institutions [Citation7], a substantial number of the CIRM-supported clinical trials are being conducted by small biotechnology companies. CIRM has made grants or loans to 16 such companies to conduct stem cell clinical trials and six of these companies have received CIRM support to conduct two clinical trials. Although the campaign for Proposition 71 stressed the need to have public funding to develop therapeutics from human embryonic stem cells, only five of the clinical trials CIRM has supported to date have tested candidate therapies derived from human embryonic stem cells. None of the CIRM supported clinical trials are as yet evaluating candidate therapies developed from human induced pluripotent stem cells which were first developed after the referendum. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by detailing the complexities and limitations involved in regenerative medicine trials. It mentions that CIRM-supported trials have small participant numbers, financial difficulties, and varying progress levels, indicating that healing injuries is not instantaneous and involves considerable challenges.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Rhizobacteria enhance plant growth by fixing atmospheric nitrogen. [SEP] Text: Plant growth-promoting bacteria confer resistance in tomato plants to salt stress. Plant Physiol. Biochem. 42, 565-572. Mia, M. A. B. , Shamsuddin, Z. H. , Wahab, Z. , Marziah, M. 2010. Effect of plant growth promoting rhizobacterial (PGPR) inoculation on growth and nitrogen incorporation of tissue-cultured Musa plantlets under nitrogen-free hydroponics condition. Aus. J. Crop Sci. 4, 85-90. . , Arshad, M. , Shahzad, S. M. 2006. Variation in growth and ion uptake of maize due to inoculation with plant growth promoting rhizobacteria under salt stress. Soil Environ. 25, 78-84. Nakano, Y. , Azada, K. 1987. Purification of ascorbate peroxidase in spinach chloroplasts: its inactivation in ascorbate depleted medium and reactivation by monodehydroascorbate radical. Physiol. 28, 131-140. Premono, H. . 1996. Effect of phosphate-solubilizing Pseudomonas putida on the growth of maize and its survival in the rhizosphere. Indonesian J. Crop Sci. 11, 13-23. Sarwar, M. , Arshad, M. , Martins, D. A. , Frankenberger, Jr. 1992. Tryptophan-dependent biosynthesis of auxins in soil. Plant Soil. 147, 207-215. Schalchli, H. , Pardo, F. , Hormazábal, E. , Palma, R. , Guerrero, J. , Bensch, E. 2012. Antifungal activity of wheat root exudate extracts on Gaeumannomyces graminis var. Tritici growth. J. Soil Sci. Plant Nut. 12, 329-337. Shaharoona, B. , Arshad, M. , Zahir, Z. A. , Mahmood, M. H. 2003. 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate (ACC) enrichment: An effective approach to screen plant growth promoting rhizobacteria for maize. Pak. J. Agri. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is largely irrelevant to the claim as it discusses various studies on plant growth-promoting bacteria and their effects on plant resistance to stress and growth under specific conditions, but does not mention anything about these bacteria fixing atmospheric nitrogen. Therefore, it does not support or contradict the claim. Instead, it provides a different focus that does not relate directly to nitrogen fixation and its impact on plant growth.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Urbanization trends influence resource distribution and infrastructure. [SEP] Text: Основные задачи исследования включают: - Изучение исторических этапов урбанизации региона; - Анализ влияния крупных компаний, таких как "Роснефть" и "ЛУКОЙЛ", на урбанизационные процессы; - Рассмотрение современных архитектурных проектов и их роли в урбанизации; - Оценка экологических и социальных последствий урбанизации; - Разработка рекомендаций по внедрению устойчивых технологий и комплексного подхода для обеспечения сбалансированного р [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the influence of urbanization on various factors, including social and ecological consequences, which implies a relationship between urbanization trends and resource distribution and infrastructure. The mention of developing recommendations for sustainable technologies indicates a focus on the integration of urbanization with resource management.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Every injury can be healed instantly with regenerative medicine. [SEP] Text: The first clinical trial CIRM funded in 2011 was Geron Corporation’s trial to assess 1, a human embryonic stem cell-derived candidate therapy for treatment of severe spinal cord injuries. However, after five patients were injected, apparently without any suffering serious adverse effects or evidence of immune rejection of 1 even after the withdrawal of the immunosuppresive drug, Geron halted the trial. In a statement, the company claimed its decision was motivated by capital scarcity and uncertain economic conditions and not the lack of promise of stem cell therapies. Geron’s then recently appointed Officer, who apparently had a different set of priorities than his predecessor, indicated that the company had decided to focus on its novel cancer therapies which were further along in development [Citation8]. Geron eventually sold its stem cell research and intellectual property to (CA, USA), another small California-based biotechnology company. Asterias has also received funding from CIRM, for its Phase I/IIa trial with an expanded number of patients and approval from the US FDA for testing on more types of spinal cord injuries. Asterias has now treated 25 patients with no serious side effects and some encouraging results [Citation5]. Another CIRM grant for a human embryonic stem cell derived therapy went to researchers at the University of for a trial with a therapeutic being tested for age-related dry macular degeneration, a popular target for pluripotent stem cell researchers. Two other awards were given to Viacyte, Inc. (CA, USA) for its two trials of therapeutics for Type 1 diabetes. Viacyte is currently testing a human embryonic stem cell derived therapeutic to replace lost beta cells in persons with diabetes. The therapeutic is being administered by inserting it in a small pouch that is transplanted under the patient’s skin to protect it from the immune system. It might be asked why CIRM, which was ostensibly established to promote embryonic stem cell research, has supported so few clinical trials with pluripotent stem cells. My informal discussions with staff of CIRM in June 2018 affirmed that CIRM has been open, even enthusiastic, to funding research and clinical trials with therapies developed from human embryonic stem cells when given the opportunity to do so. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by providing multiple instances where regenerative medicine, specifically stem cell therapies, has faced challenges and limitations. For example, it mentions that the Geron Corporation halted its trial for severe spinal cord injuries not due to the lack of promise of stem cell therapies, but rather due to capital scarcity and economic conditions. Furthermore, it notes that while Asterias has treated 25 patients with encouraging results, there is nothing to suggest instantaneous healing for every injury. This evidence suggests that regenerative medicine has not yet reached the capability of instant healing for all injuries.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Rhizobacteria enhance plant growth by fixing atmospheric nitrogen. [SEP] Text: 5%) were able to grow normally on the DF medium supplemented with 3 m moL L− 1 of ACC after 36–48 h incubation at 30 ± 2 °C. Subsequently, the color of bacteria appeared dark in the DF medium with ACC. On the basis of the above results, 10 of the isolates were selected for further quantitative tests and found varying levels of ACC deaminase amongst them (Table 2). The highest activity was found in the CY5 (75. 63 ± 3. 35) with CA8 registering the lowest level (16. 47 ± 0. 42), and all these selected strains showed the amplification approximately 755 bp of acdS gene (Additional file 1: Fig. S1). Table 2 In vitro screening of the bacterial isolates for IAA production, ARA, and ACC deaminase activityFull size tableMolecular characterization of bacterial isolatesIn the present study, the 16S and rpoB rRNA gene amplification was done. The amplified fragment was used for 16S rRNA gene partial sequencing and basic local alignment search tool (BLAST) analysis for judging the sequence similarity with the national center for biotechnology information (NCBI) GenBank database. The results displayed that all the isolates belonged to the Bacillus genus (Table 3). Based on the similarity value ≥97% score, we separated the Bacillus into 13 different species including 3 belongs to B. species, 1 to B. licheniformis, 3 to B. pumilus, 2 to B. safensis, 1 to Firmicutes bacterium, 1 to B. luciferensis, 1 to Paenibacillus lautus, 2 to B. cereus, 2 to B. subtilis, 3 to B. thuringiensis, 1 to B. megaterium, 1 to B. aryabhattai, and 1 to B. mycoides. In addition, we found that some isolates belonged to the same species, as determined by the 16S rRNA gene sequences. Another primer set of rpoB gene was also used for the amplification of partial sequences of the genes. As shown in Table 3, the rpoB gene sequence homology analysis failed to discriminate against the isolates CoA10, AY6, and CY11. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not directly address the claim regarding rhizobacteria enhancing plant growth through nitrogen fixation. Instead, it discusses the growth of various bacterial isolates in culture and their molecular characterization, without mentioning the role of rhizobacteria in nitrogen fixation or any associated effects on plant growth.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Urbanization trends influence resource distribution and infrastructure. [SEP] Text: Советская урбанизация также включала значительные инвестиции в жилищное строительство, развитие социальной инфраструктуры, такой как школы, больницы и культурные учреждения. Постсоветский Период и Неолиберализм. С распадом Советского Союза и переходом к рыночной экономике начался новый этап урбанизации. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing how Soviet urbanization involved significant investments in housing and the development of social infrastructure like schools and hospitals. This indicates a direct influence of urbanization trends on resource distribution and infrastructure development.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Every injury can be healed instantly with regenerative medicine. [SEP] Text: Given its resources, CIRM has been able to fund all promising proposals submitted for consideration, and apparently the overwhelming majority of these proposals have been for candidate therapeutics developed from adult stem cells, many of them for cancer therapies. So, the simplest explanation is that CIRM was not given the option of funding additional pluripotent stem cell clinical trials. 71 instructs CIRM to make maximum use of resources by giving priority to the stem cell research with the greatest potential for therapies and cures [Citation1]. In the 15 years since Proposition 71 was adopted, there have been promising developments in cancer treatments, gene editing, immunotherapy and gene therapy that were not anticipated in 2004. Many of the 45 other clinical trials receiving CIRM’s support incorporate these innovations. As well as using adult stem cells of various types from patients and donors, some of which have been genetically modified, CIRM funded clinical trials also involve antibodies, chimeric antigen receptors (CAR-T therapeutics), a type of cancer immunotherapy, proteins, zinc finger nucleases, an artificial restriction enzyme engineering to target-specific DNA sequences, monoclonal antibodies and drugs designed to either enhance or suppress the activity of cells. To provide some examples of innovative therapies being evaluated in CIRM supported clinical trials, the University of (CA, USA) has a clinical trial using hematopoietic stem cells from the mother’s blood marrow to treat babies in the womb with alpha thalassemia major, a blood disorder that is almost always fatal. BrainTherapeutics (CA, USA) is beginning a Phase III trial using mesenchymal stem cells taken from patients’ own bone marrow and modified in the laboratory to boost production of neurotropic factors to support and protect neurons in patients with ALS. of California in is testing the antibody cirmtuzumab to disable a protein and thereby slow the growth of leukemia and make it more vulnerable to anti-cancer drugs. (CA, USA) is recruiting patients for a B-cell cancers leukemia trial with CAR-T cell therapy that works by isolating patient’s own T-immune cells and then genetically engineering them to recognize a protein on the surface of cancer cells and thereby trigger their destruction. Capricor, Inc. (CA, USA) has completed a Phase II trial for patients with heart disease associated with Duchenne muscular dystrophy using donor cells derived from the heart. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by detailing the complexities and limitations of regenerative medicine. It discusses various funded clinical trials, primarily focused on cancer therapies and other significant medical conditions, indicating that while there are promising developments, there is no implication or evidence that every injury can be healed instantly. Instead, it highlights specific therapies, their contexts, and the detailed processes involved, suggesting that healing is neither universal nor instantaneous.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Rhizobacteria enhance plant growth by fixing atmospheric nitrogen. [SEP] Text: Characterization of genomic fingerprintingA genomic fingerprint was examined by A1R-based repetitive extragenic palindromic (BOX) and enterobacterial repetitive intergenic consensus (ERIC) PCR using the purified DNA of selected isolates from the sugarcane rhizosphere. Many polymorphic bands were observed approximately ranging between 100 bp and about 5 kb. The genomic DNA fingerprints generated from all the isolates were clearly distinguished from each other. High-quality fingerprint profiles were visualized on agarose gels with each primer set (Fig. 3). The BOX and ERIC-PCR fingerprints results were very complicated with several polymorphic bands with different intensity. A total of 174 bands ranging from 50 bp to 5 kb were generated from all the 22 selected Bacillus strains through. The isolate B9 and B14 showed the maximum 11 bands, after this B1, B4, and B7 showed a similar number of bands (10), while a minimum of 4 bands was detected in B2, and B4 isolates (Fig. 3a; Additional file 3: Fig. S3). For ERIC-PCR the faint bands were frequently observed and approximately 50 bp to 5 kb of 146 bands were identified. The maximum number of bands was observed in three strains i. e. , B1, B2, and B9 (10), whereas the minimum bands were found in B13 (3) (Fig. 3c; Additional file 3: Fig. S4). Fig. 3Genotypic fingerprinting of the screened bacterial isolates from the sugarcane rhizosphere obtained by using genomic DNA. Banding patterns for BOX and ERIC-PCR are shown in a and c. White space represents the joining of two gels. The dendrogram (b and d) was obtained from the similarity coefficient and clustering was done by using the UPGMA algorithm with the NTSYS software program. Strain Codes: B1. CoY3, B2. CoY7, B3. CoY8, B4. CoA1, B5. CoA10, B6. AY6, B7. AY7, B8. AY8, B9. AN8, B10. AN11, B11. AN12, B12. BN5, B13. CY5, B14. CY9, B15. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses genomic fingerprinting and genetic analysis of bacterial isolates from the sugarcane rhizosphere without mentioning rhizobacteria's role in fixing atmospheric nitrogen or their effect on plant growth.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Urbanization trends influence resource distribution and infrastructure. [SEP] Text: Одновременно возникают проблемы, связанные с неравномерным распределением богатства и ухудшением социальной инфраструктуры. Современные архитектурные проекты в Сибири играют ключевую роль в урбанизационных процессах. Новые жилые комплексы, коммерческие здания и инфраструктурные проекты способствуют формированию нового облика городов [8]. Важно отметить применение устойчивых технологий и инновационных решений в строительстве. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by highlighting issues related to uneven wealth distribution and the deterioration of social infrastructure amidst urbanization. It points out that modern architectural projects in Siberia play a critical role in urbanization processes and that new residential complexes and infrastructure projects are essential for shaping cities. This directly relates to the influence of urbanization on resource distribution and infrastructure.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Every injury can be healed instantly with regenerative medicine. [SEP] Text: of Hope (CA, USA) is recruiting patients for a trial in which zinc finger nucleases modified autologous hematopoietic stem progenitor cells along with escalating doses of busalfan will be applied to patients with HIV/AIDS. Angiocrine Bioscience, Inc. (CA, USA), CIRM’s 50th clinical trial award, plans to test genetically engineered cells derived from cord blood to see if it can help alleviate or accelerate recovery from the toxic side effects of chemotherapy in people undergoing treatment for lymphoma and other aggressive cancers of the blood and lymph systems. ReflectionsWhat does the profile of CIRM’s first 50 clinical trials reveal about progress in the stem cell field? The profile of CIRM supported clinical trials indicates that the pluripotent stem cell field has developed more slowly than was anticipated by many supporters of Proposition 71 in 2004 who assumed that human embryonic stem cell research would quickly lead to the discovery of new therapies. Unfortunately, the publicity surrounding the pluripotent stem cells has often exaggerated positive claims and minimized the difficulties of translating pluripotent stem cells into therapies. The slow progress of gene therapy development should have provided a caution. Between 1989 and 2015, 2335 gene therapy clinical trials were completed, ongoing or being initiated worldwide, but it was not until 2012 that the first-gene therapy was approved in the EU and 2017 that the FDA approved a gene therapy for use in the USA [Citation9,Citation10]. Human embryonic stem cells were first derived in 1998 and human induced pluripotent stem cells initially discovered in 2007. The first clinical trial with human embryonic stem cells began in 2009. Therefore, the small number of pluripotent-based candidate therapies available in California is not surprising. However, this is likely to change in the near future. The good news is that progress in bringing pluripotent stem cell-based therapeutics into clinical trials is being made both in California and elsewhere. A 2018 analysis of recent trends of clinical trials based on human pluripotent stem cells documented 29 such trials with therapeutics derived from human embryonic stem cells taking place in France, China, Brazil, Israel, Brazil, the UK, Canada, Korea and the USA. It also identified three clinical trials based on human induced pluripotent stem cells that were being conducted in Japan, Australia and the UK [Citation11]. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by highlighting the slow progress of stem cell research and therapies. It mentions that despite the early expectations around pluripotent stem cells, the development of effective therapies has taken much longer than anticipated, with significant challenges in translating findings into clinical applications. This indicates that not every injury can be healed instantly, supporting the notion that while regenerative medicine holds promise, its implementation is not yet universally effective.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Rhizobacteria enhance plant growth by fixing atmospheric nitrogen. [SEP] Text: CY10, B16. CY11, B17. CA1, B18. CA6, B19. CA8, B20. CN13, B21. CN14 and B22. N1. M, molecular size marker from 100 bp–5 kb (Takara)Full size imageBOX-PCR fingerprints showed more genotypic diversity for all selected Bacillus spp. as compared to ERIC fingerprints, and a dendrogram was created of fingerprint bands to generate their relatedness (Fig. 3). The data were examined by Jaccard similarity coefficients and the neighbor-joining method based on UPGMA. Two major clusters, one comprising two isolates and the other comprising twenty isolates were found in dendrogram created through fingerprints (Fig. 3b). These eighteen isolates were further divided into two sub-groups, one contained 6 isolates and the other had fourteen isolates. In the ERIC-PCR, all the twenty-two isolates showed two major clusters, containing one and twenty-one isolates, respectively. The twenty-one isolates were divided into two sub-groups, which contained 3 and 17 isolates, and all were grouped into different clusters (Fig. 3d). Biolog phenotypic profiling of CY5 and CA1The substrate utilization patterns for the selected strains (CY5 and CA1) were established for metabolic potential with numerous groupings such as carbon (C), and nitrogen (N) sources, tolerance of osmotic stress and metabolic activity over a wide range of pH (3. 5–10). The physiological, biochemical, and chemical sensitivity of the isolates was performed by the Biolog system based on substrate use. The results showed that the strain CA1 utilized more carbon sources as compared to CY5 i. e. sugars (74. 07%), carboxylic acids (66. 67%), hexose acids (88. 89%), and amino acids (100. 00%), and the highest chemical sensitivity (86. 97%) (Additional file 4: Table S1). Along with, reducing sugar, sodium chloride, amino acid, lactic acid, and hexose-PO4 were used. In both tested strains, 79 (82. 29%) of CA1 and 61 (63. 54%) of CY5 compounds were utilized (Fig. 4). Fig. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The provided text does not relate to the claim regarding rhizobacteria enhancing plant growth through nitrogen fixation. Instead, it discusses the genotypic diversity of Bacillus spp., substrate utilization patterns, and metabolic profiling of specific strains. There is no mention of nitrogen fixation or its effect on plant growth.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Urbanization trends influence resource distribution and infrastructure. [SEP] Text: Примером может служить бизнес-центр "Кристалл" в Новосибирске, который является одним из крупнейших в регионе и предоставляет современные офисные помещения и инфраструктуру для бизнеса. - Инфраструктурные проекты: Строительство новых дорог, мостов и транспортных развязок улучшает связь между городами и регионами, способствуя более эффективному развитию. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by highlighting the development of infrastructure projects, such as new roads, bridges, and transport interchanges, which improve connections between cities and regions. This indicates a direct influence of urbanization trends on infrastructure and resource distribution.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Every injury can be healed instantly with regenerative medicine. [SEP] Text: Equal numbers of control and PTEN-OE hPSCs were aggregated to form embryoid bodies of similar size and morphology (Fig. 1F and Additional file 1: Figure S1A, B). These embryoid bodies were cultured in neural differentiation medium and embedded in Matrigel droplets to form forebrain organoids. We observed that the growth of PTEN-OE organoids was slower compared to controls, and PTEN-OE organoids were significantly smaller at 5–6 weeks (Fig. 1E, F). PTEN overexpression in embryoid bodies and organoids was confirmed using quantitative RT-PCR (Additional file 1: Figure S1C). To investigate whether the reduced organoid growth was linked to altered cellular proliferation, we next performed immuno-staining for Ki67. Within the ventricular zone where neural precursors reside, fewer Ki67-positive cells were observed in 3-week-old PTEN-OE organoids compared to their isogenic controls (Fig. 1G, H). This reduction coincided with decreased neural precursor markers (SOX2, TBR2) as measured by quantitative RT-PCR in 3-week-old organoids (Fig. 1I). Because reduced neural precursor proliferation may lead to cell cycle exit and differentiation, we next examined the level of neuronal markers DCX and CTIP2 (Fig. 1J–L). At 3 weeks, PTEN-OE organoids expressed increased levels of DCX and CTIP2 transcripts (Fig. 1J). Immuno-staining further confirmed that while few DCX- and CTIP2-positive neurons were present in control organoids, they were more abundant in PTEN-OE organoids (Fig. 1K, L). Therefore, our data indicates that increased dosage of PTEN reduces neural precursor proliferation, promotes premature neuronal differentiation, and results in the formation of significantly smaller brain organoids, mimicking the microcephalic condition seen in patients with 10q23. 31 microduplication. Fig. 1PTEN-OE brain organoids model human microcephaly. A Immuno-staining of control and PTEN-OE hPSCs for markers of pluripotency (OCT4). Presence of GFP indicates overexpression of PTEN-GFP fusion protein. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by detailing a study on the growth of PTEN-OE organoids which indicates that increased dosage of PTEN reduces neural precursor proliferation and leads to smaller brain organoids. The mention of slower growth, reduced cellular proliferation, and the formation of significantly smaller organoids suggests that injuries or conditions, such as microcephaly, cannot be healed instantly but rather may require more complex developmental processes.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Rhizobacteria enhance plant growth by fixing atmospheric nitrogen. [SEP] Text: 4Pattern of phenotypic profiles in CY5 and CA1 isolates in the presence of different carbon substrate utilization using -Array™ plates size imageDifferent nitrogen sources support the growth of CY5 and CA1, indicating that these isolates metabolize compounds such as ammonia, nitrite, nitrate, urea, biuret, l-alanine, glycine, hydroxylamine methylamine, ethylamine, ethanolamine, adenine, cytosine, thymine, uracil, and uric acid, and they might tolerate nearly 95 different forms of nitrogen and some related chemicals even at high concentrations. The tolerance levels of isolates CY5 and CA1 to different concentrations of NaCl (1–10%), potassium chloride (3–6%), sodium sulfate (2–5%), ethylene glycol (5–20%), sodium formate (1–6%), urea (2–7%), sodium lactate (1–12%), sodium phosphate pH 7 (20–200 mM), sodium benzoate pH 5. 2 (20–200 mM), ammonium sulfate pH 8 (10–100 mM), sodium nitrate (10–100 mM) and sodium nitrite (10–100 mM) were high. In the case of metabolic activity, both isolates could grow in the pH range from 3. 5 to 10. The diversity measures can be used to evaluate the diversity of resources used by micro-organisms indicating their tolerance to a wide range of environments. The diversity parameters defined on the basis of data obtained through Biolog analysis are presented in Table 4. Table 4 Substrate richness diversity parameters calculated for nitrogen, osmolytes and pH through Biolog for selected strains CY5 (Bacillus megaterium) and CA1 (Bacillus mycoides)Full size tableA PCA was performed by using PM3B, PM9, and PM10 for a qualitative analysis of the metabolic diversity of both isolates based on the PC score values obtained. Based on the relationships between different substrates, metabolites and strain utilization, the grouping was performed for each individual component. And, for these studies, a separate evaluation was performed for nitrogen source, osmolytes, and pH. The results obtained from nitrogen source (Fig. 5) clarified the metabolic variability of 53. 52 and 46. 48% according to the first and second PC values, respectively. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text discusses the metabolic profiles and tolerance of specific bacterial isolates (CY5 and CA1) in relation to various nitrogen sources but does not directly address or provide evidence for the claim that rhizobacteria enhance plant growth by fixing atmospheric nitrogen. The focus is on the ability of these isolates to utilize different nitrogen compounds rather than their ability to fix atmospheric nitrogen, which is the core aspect of the claim.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Using a VPN always guarantees complete online anonymity. [SEP] Text: 구독 기관 조회하기 레이어 닫기 DBpia 밖의 서지정보를 인용하고 싶다면? 크롬 익스텐션으로 외부 서지정보를 내서재에 담아보세요! 크롬 익스텐션 살펴보기 레이어 닫기 국내 연구자를 위한 한국형 서지관리 서비스 DBpia에서 국내 연구자를 위한 서지관리 프로그램 싸이티지(Citeasy)를 오픈했어요. 워드는 물론, 한글까지 인용 정보를 관리할 수 있어요. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim about VPNs and online anonymity as it discusses a citation management service and related tools without mentioning VPNs or anonymity. Therefore, it does not corroborate or contrast the claim.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Every injury can be healed instantly with regenerative medicine. [SEP] Text: Chronic alcohol ingestion delays skeletal muscle regeneration following injury access Published: 01 October 2013 Chronic alcohol ingestion delays skeletal muscle regeneration following injury Dekeyser1, Clary2 & Otis3 Research 1. 2% barium chloride (BaCl2) solution into the tibialis anterior (TA) muscle to initiate degeneration and regeneration processes. Body weights and voluntary wheel running distances were recorded during the course of recovery. Muscles were harvested at 2, 7 or 14 days post-injection and assessed for markers of inflammation and oxidant stress, fiber cross-sectional areas, levels of growth and fibrotic factors, and fibrosis. ResultsBody weights of injured, alcohol-fed mice were reduced during the first week of recovery. These mice also ran significantly shorter distances over the two weeks following injury compared to uninjured, alcoholics. Injured TA muscles from alcohol-fed mice had increased TNFα and IL6 gene levels compared to controls 2 days after injury. Total protein oxidant stress and alterations to glutathione homeostasis were also evident at 7 and 14 days after injury. Ciliary neurotrophic factor (CNTF) induction was delayed in injured muscles from alcohol-fed mice which may explain, in part, why fiber cross-sectional area failed to normalize 14 days following injury. Gene levels of TGFβ1 were induced early following injury before normalizing in muscle from alcohol-fed mice compared to controls. However, TGFβ1 protein content was consistently elevated in injured muscle regardless of diet. Fibrosis was increased in injured, muscle from alcohol-fed mice at 7 and 14 days of recovery compared to injured controls. ConclusionsChronic alcohol ingestion appears to delay the normal regenerative response following significant skeletal muscle injury. This is evidenced by reduced cross-sectional areas of regenerated fibers, increased fibrosis, and altered temporal expression of well-described growth and fibrotic factors. BackgroundSevere insults to skeletal muscle such as blunt force contusions, lacerations, or eccentric contraction overloading may produce extensive injuries that disrupt normal fiber and fascicle architecture while causing temporary weakness [1, 2]. Injured skeletal muscle undergoes several overlapping and well-described phases of healing that include inflammation, necrosis and degeneration, satellite cell activation and proliferation and subsequent regeneration, and scar tissue activation with resultant fibrosis [2–4]. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by detailing how chronic alcohol ingestion delays skeletal muscle regeneration following injury. It mentions that the regenerative response is affected by various factors, including increased fibrosis and altered gene expression, indicating that healing is not instant but follows a complex process that can be hindered by factors such as substance abuse.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Rhizobacteria enhance plant growth by fixing atmospheric nitrogen. [SEP] Text: All the data points are the means ± SE (n = 3)Full size imageGenes expression analysis of and GLUThe differential gene expression of catalase (CAT), phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL), superoxide dismutase (SOD), chitinase (CHI) and glucanase (GLU) in leaf tissues at different stages of sugarcane growth was studied by qRT-PCR (Fig. 8). The data showed a significant change in the expression level of all selected five genes in both sugarcane varieties after CA1 and CY5 inoculation. The expression level of CAT increased significantly and equally in both GT11 and GXB9 on days 30 and 60 after planting. The activity of CAT in GT11 increased gradually until day 60, whereas a similar trend was observed in CA1-inoculated GXB9 until day 30 following planting (Fig. 8a). The PAL expression level showed a significant increase in GT11 on day 60, whereas in GXB9 the increase was observed only on day 30. There was no significant change in the level of PAL expression in GT11 at 30 days and GXB9 at 60 days (Fig. 8b). SOD expression was gradually increased up to 60 days in GT11 for both CY5 and CA1 inoculated strains, whereas, decreased from 30 to 60 days in GXB9 for both inoculated strains (Fig. 8c). Fig. 8qRT-PCR analysis of differentially expressed genes in leaf tissue of sugarcane varieties GT11 and GXB9 during selected nitrogen-fixing strains inoculation. (A) Catalase (SuCAT), (B) Phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (SuPAL), (C) Superoxide dismutase (SuSOD), (D) Chitinase (ScCHI), and (E) Glucanase (ScGluD1). Data were normalized to the GAPDH expression level. All data points are the mean ± SE (n = 3)Full size imageThe expression of CHI in GT11 was increased throughout 60 days after planting, while its activity increased for the first 30 days in GXB9 (Fig. 8d). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses the expression levels of various genes in sugarcane without mentioning rhizobacteria or their role in fixing atmospheric nitrogen to enhance plant growth.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Social media platforms delete all personal data upon account deletion. [SEP] Text: When you clicked delete, the name of the file was removed from the directory. If you took the photograph with an Apple iPhone using the built-in camera app, the digital photograph was stored in the phone’s nonvolatile flash memory in part of the file system used by Apple’s Photos app. At the same time, the phone started uploading the photo to Apple’s iCloud. When you clicked delete, the Photos app moved the photo to a special album called ‘recently deleted’ on both the phone and in iCloud. After 30 days, the photo will be removed from the ‘recently deleted’ album, and the actual files will be deleted from both the phone and from Apple’s servers. ‘Remnant data’ are data that remain after there has been a deletion attempt (see the Glossary). In the two examples above, the first deletion attempt results in remnant data, while the second does not. Here’s why:Most digital cameras use SD cards formatted using the Microsoft file allocation table (FAT) file system. As its name implies, FAT stores a table on the media that has the name of every file and where it is stored. It also labels every block on the card as to whether it is in a file or free to use. When a file is deleted, the file’s blocks are marked as ‘free,’ available for reuse, but they are not overwritten until new images are stored. Using special file recovery or digital forensics tools, it is possible to recover the digital images from the SD card if the individual blocks have not yet been overwritten. Apple’s iPhone uses Apple’s proprietary System (APFS). This file system encrypts every user file on the iPhone with a file-specific encryption key. APFS uses hardware built into the iPhone so that data blocks written to the flash memory are automatically encrypted, while data blocks read back are automatically decrypted. This happens without any impact on the user’s experience. When the file is deleted, the key is erased. Without the key, it is impossible to recover the unencrypted contents of the file. This process is called ‘cryptographic erasure’ or ‘crypto shredding. ’ Many cloud providers use a similar process for securely erasing data from the cloud. 1. 4. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by explaining the data deletion process on devices, particularly in the context of the Apple iPhone and iCloud. It describes how deleting a file, such as a photograph, initially moves it to a 'recently deleted' album and that actual deletion only occurs after 30 days. Furthermore, it discusses the concept of remnant data and file recovery, indicating that not all data is immediately deleted. Thus, the process described does not corroborate the claim that all personal data is deleted upon account deletion; rather, it suggests a more complex deletion process where data may still remain retrievable for a period of time.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Every injury can be healed instantly with regenerative medicine. [SEP] Text: In general, this recovery process is painful and the associated swelling may limit the range of motion near the site of injury. Fortunately, full recovery is often achievable in otherwise healthy individuals [1]. In contrast, recent evidence has suggested that pre-existing metabolic conditions such as diabetes mellitus or selenoprotein deficiency may not only affect basal skeletal muscle health, but also the capability of skeletal muscle to regenerate adequately from trauma [5, 6]. We and others have shown that underlying chronic alcohol abuse may produce a wide range of skeletal muscle defects including type II muscle atrophy, oxidant stress, and anabolic resistance [7–11]; however the ability of alcoholic skeletal muscle to regenerate following injury has not been investigated. This issue is clinically relevant as alcoholics may be at increased risk for muscle injuries due in part to peripheral neuropathies and sensory impairments, increased risky behaviors that may include motor vehicle accidents or inter- and intra-personal violence, or to muscle atrophy with concomitant reductions to strength and reduced ability to safely stabilize the body during a fall [12, 13]. Further, understanding the pathophysiological response of muscle from alcohol-fed mice to injury is necessary to develop effective treatments to improve regeneration. For example, research has shown that de novo protein synthesis and accretion play central roles in the repair process [2]. However, muscle from alcohol-fed mice is more resistant to common anabolic stimulation due in large part to altered IGF-1 signaling, impaired protein translation, and nutrient deficiencies[8, 14–16], which may confound the ability of injured muscle from alcohol-fed mice to sufficiently synthesize proteins during repair. In parallel, alcoholic skeletal muscle is marked by elevated oxidant stress, glutathione depletion, elevated levels of catabolic factors, and increased apoptosis [7, 8, 17, 18] which may further impede the regeneration process. The notion of altered regeneration in muscle from alcohol-fed mice is supported by data from cell culture models of myogenesis. For example, culturing skeletal muscle cells in physiological levels of ethanol reduced their cellular proliferation and subsequently delayed their differentiation [19, 20]. Further, protein synthesis is decreased in human muscle cells grown in ethanol-containing media. These cells also have reduced capacity to minimize proteolysis following direct IGF-1 or insulin stimulation [21]. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the complexity of the recovery process from injuries and the factors that may impede healing, such as alcohol consumption and pre-existing metabolic conditions. It highlights that recovery can be painful and that limitations exist based on individual health status, suggesting that instant healing is not achievable for every injury.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Rhizobacteria enhance plant growth by fixing atmospheric nitrogen. [SEP] Text: DNA extraction and partial sequencing of 16S rRNA and rpoB genesA pure culture of bacteria was grown in Luria-Bertani broth for 24–36 h on a rotary incubator maintained at 32 ± 2 °C and 150 rpm. DNA was extracted from 1. 5 mL of pure culture using a DNA isolation kit (-China) according to the manufacturer’s instructions. The quantity and integrity of the extracted DNA were determined by electrophoresis (0. 8%) and by spectrophotometry, using Nanophotometer (Pearl, Implen-3780). To amplify the 16S rRNA and rpoB gene, primer pairs PA-F and PH-R for the 16S rRNA gene [96 and rpoB-F and rpoB-R for rpoB gene [94] were used (Table 5). The polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was performed for16S rRNA gene with a heated lid included in the initial denaturation at 95 °C for 5 min, 30 cycles of denaturation at 95 °C for 1 min, annealing at 55 °C for 1 min, extension at 72 °C for 1 min and rpoB gene 95 °C for 3 min, 35 cycles at 95 °C for 20 s, 55 °C for 30 s, and 72 °C for 1. 5 min extension and final extension for both genes at 72 °C for 5 min. All amplified products were purified by PCR purification kit (BioFlux) and sequenced (Sangon Biotech, Shanghai, China). Table 5 PCR primers used for species identification, molecular characterization, and gene expressionFull size tablePhylogenetic analysisTo verify the identities of the bacterial isolates and determine their evolutionary relationships, the 16S rRNA and rpoB gene sequences with essential reference sequences were sourced from the database. The multiple sequences were aligned by ClustalW [100] and the BlastN search program was performed to compare the sequences. The 16S rRNA and rpoB genes were subjected to phylogenetic analysis using molecular evolutionary genetics analysis (MEGA) software (version 7. 0) [101], and the unweighted pair group method with arithmetic mean (UPGMA) in a Kimura two-parameter model [102]. The bootstrap analysis was carried out by the Felsenstein method using 1000 pseudoreplication [103]. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it focuses on molecular methods for DNA extraction, sequencing, and phylogenetic analysis of bacterial isolates, without mentioning the role of rhizobacteria in enhancing plant growth or their nitrogen-fixing capabilities.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Data from wearable devices is protected under strict health data privacy laws. [SEP] Text: Existing literature lacks positive data protection law considerations, despite suggestions for workable solutions. Incorporating digital biomarkers into psychiatric research creates a complex ecosystem, and GDPR legal requirements for controllers, processors, and joint controllers are discussed in the literature. The GDPR presents new challenges in the rapidly developing areas of wearable technology and the Internet of Things (IoT). Footnote 12 An individual's location, biometric information, and health data can be collected by wearable technologies like smartwatches and fitness trackers. The same is true of the personal information collected by IoT devices like smart home gadgets, automobiles, and appliances. Footnote 13 According to the GDPR, organisations that collect this type of personal information have a greater responsibility to protect and responsibly handle it. Gaining permission before collecting and using a person's personal information is a major hurdle for wearable tech and IoT devices. According to the GDPR, an individual's consent for the processing of their personal data must be obtained in a transparent and understandable manner. This necessitates transparency on the part of organisations regarding the data they collect and why, as well as the provision of opt-out mechanisms for individuals whose data is being collected or processed. Footnote 14 The bottom line is that businesses producing wearable tech or Internet of Things gadgets must ensure GDPR compliance. Companies have a responsibility to inform their customers about how they handle their personal information, gain their informed consent before collecting and using that information, and implement security measures to prevent unauthorised access to or loss of that information. Moreover, people should be able to view and change their own information. Footnote 15 Overall, despite the fact that wearable technology has many benefits, it is crucial to address its drawbacks and legal ramifications in order to protect user data and privacy. Footnote 16 Coming back to the discussion on biomarkers, the use of digital biomarkers in research will inevitably lead to the collection and dissemination of copious amounts of sensitive individual information. Union's GDPR governs this type of data usage. The foundational principles for adhering to the GDPR are laid out in 5. This states that it is essential, first and foremost, that all data processing is done in a lawful, fair, and open fashion. Secondly, data must also be “collected for specified, explicit, and legitimate purposes, and not further processed in a way that is incompatible with those purposes” (the so-called purpose limitation principle). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing GDPR legal requirements for the collection and processing of personal data from wearable devices. It states that organizations must ensure compliance with GDPR, which entails gaining permission and providing transparency regarding the handling of personal information. This indicates that data from wearable technologies is indeed under strict health data privacy laws, as described by GDPR provisions.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Every injury can be healed instantly with regenerative medicine. [SEP] Text: Based on these whole animal and cell culture data, we hypothesized that muscle from alcohol-fed mice may be primed for delayed or incomplete regeneration following significant injury. In this report, we analyzed the influence 18 weeks of chronic alcohol ingestion had on mouse skeletal muscle regeneration following barium chloride (BaCl2)-induced tibialis anterior injury. Because chronic alcohol abuse is an addiction and likely to persist following trauma, we chose to analyze the regenerative response in the presence of continued alcohol consumption over the subsequent 14 days of recovery. Results and discussionResultsBody weight and voluntary wheel running activityTo indirectly assess the severity of muscle injury, we recorded changes to body weight and quantified daily and total, 14-day voluntary wheel running activity in control and alcohol-fed mice. Pre-injury body weights were similar in control-fed or alcohol-fed mice suggesting that caloric intake did not differ between groups (Table 1). Likewise, there was no effect of muscle injury on body weight in control-fed mice suggesting that muscle injury did not affect normal feeding or drinking patterns. In contrast, body weights of injured, alcohol-fed mice were significantly decreased up to 7 days post-injury compared to uninjured alcohol-fed mice. However, injured alcohol-fed mice returned to their pre-injury body weight after 14 days of recovery. Table 1 Changes to body weight of alcoholic and control mice following muscle injury Full size table In addition, we hypothesized that the influence of chronic alcohol ingestion and severity of skeletal muscle injury may affect voluntary wheel running activity. Accordingly, we next measured the daily and total, 14-day distances that control-fed or alcohol-fed mice ran (Figure 1A and B, respectively). Despite an initial delay in voluntary running activity, muscle injury did not affect total 14-day distance in control-fed mice. In the absence of injury, alcohol-fed mice voluntarily ran ~53% of the distance accrued by control-fed mice. However, when alcohol-fed mice were injured their total 14-day distance sharply decreased compared to their uninjured counterparts. Figure 1 Chronic alcohol ingestion and muscle injury decreased voluntary running distances. Injured or uninjured alcoholic and control mice were provided access to a voluntary running wheel. Voluntary activity was measured by (A) daily and (B) total distance accrued over 14 days. Alcohol-fed mice voluntarily ran ~53% of the distance covered by control-fed mice. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the delayed and incomplete regeneration of muscle in alcohol-fed mice following injury. It indicates that the regenerative response is affected by factors such as chronic alcohol consumption, suggesting that healing is not instant and may take time, as evidenced by the observation that injured alcohol-fed mice returned to their pre-injury body weight only after 14 days of recovery.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Rhizobacteria enhance plant growth by fixing atmospheric nitrogen. [SEP] Text: Amplification, cloning, and sequencing of the nifH geneUsing total DNA as a template, the nifH gene was amplified by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) using primers PolF and PolR ([97]; Table 5). The PCR was performed as described earlier [7]. The PCR product was gel extracted, purified and cloned (pMD® 18-TVector) following the manufacturer’s (TaKaRa, Japan) instructions. The recombinant colonies grown on Luria-Bertani agar plates containing 50 μg mL− 1 ampicillin were identified by colony PCR. The cloned PCR products were sequenced (Sangon Biotech, Shanghai, China) to establish the nifH gene identity. Genetic characterization of isolates by BOX and ERIC-PCRTo determine the genetic diversity of selected isolates, total DNA isolated were fingerprinted by BOX-PCR and ERIC-PCR [29] using the primers and the conditions listed in Table 5, and Additional file 7 (Table S4), respectively. The amplified bands were separated by gel electrophoresis (1. 5% agarose) and the gels were imaged by the gel documentation system. Phenotype microarray assaysAmong all the screened isolates CY5 and CA1 were the most potent N-fixing strains on the basis of PGPs as well as nitrogenase activity. Thus, both were selected for further experiments. Phenotype microarray was conducted using Biolog microplates, a tetrazolium-based growth assay developed by (Biolog, Inc. , Hayward, CA). The potential strains CY5 and CA1 were assayed on microplates 3B, PM9 and PM10, testing for different substrates such as several carbon and nitrogen sources, and tolerance to different osmotic and pH stresses [104]. The inoculum of microplates was prepared as described [7]. All the microplates were incubated for 72 h at 30 ± 2 °C for tetrazolium color development. After incubation, the readings were obtained using an automated (R) Micro-according to the manufacturer’s instructions. The microbial growth was evaluated using optical density measurements at 590 nm after 72 h incubation. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim regarding the enhancement of plant growth by rhizobacteria through nitrogen fixation. Instead, it details the procedures for amplifying and characterizing the nifH gene and isolating the strains, but does not explicitly connect these findings to plant growth or the role of these rhizobacteria in enhancing it.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Data from wearable devices is protected under strict health data privacy laws. [SEP] Text: Companies must consider data localisation when designing products and store personal information in secure locations, such as cloud providers with robust protocols, or in the same country as the user. Footnote 26 Fitness tracking device manufacturers must ensure encryption of personal information during transmission and storage, transparent data processing procedures, and user access to control. They should create devices from a data localisation perspective, ensuring secure and private processing and storage. By considering data localisation, encryption, and transparency, businesses can protect user privacy and ensure a secure and user-friendly experience. The following are a few of the more important clauses that relate to wearable health devices:Footnote 27 • Consent. The GDPR requires organisations to obtain an individual's authorisation before collecting and processing their personal data. To collect health data from consumers, companies developing and operating wearable health devices will need to obtain consent from those consumers. (7. main cause of privacy leaks is a lack of knowledge and adherence to best privacy practices and policies. Companies may not be transparent about their data collection and processing practices, and individuals may not be aware of the protections afforded by the GDPR. However, many wearable health devices and fitness apps rely on external service providers for data storage, processing and analytics, making it difficult to monitor and regulate data sharing. Companies have contracts in place to ensure these providers comply with the GDPR. Footnote 35 Misplacing a wearable device or indiscriminately disclosing login credentials can lead to a privacy breach. Companies can help reduce the likelihood of these mistakes by providing training and information, but it is difficult to completely eliminate them. Inconsistent enforcement across the EU may lead to compliance gaps, so some businesses may opt to ignore the GDPR altogether. Footnote 36 Wearable health devices and fitness apps are rapidly developing, with new features and functionalities being released frequently. When adding new functionality, it can be difficult to test for and verify that it complies with the GDPR, especially if the functionality collects and processes personal data in ways that were not previously possible. Footnote 37 The GDPR provides a thorough framework, but there are still openings that can be exploited to invade an individual's privacy. Increased awareness and education, improved data sharing agreements with third-party service providers, user training and guidance, consistent enforcement, and ongoing efforts to keep up with rapidly evolving technology are all necessary to address these gaps. Footnote 38 This paper has presented some background research on security and privacy related to wearable technologies. Overall, authentication problems are a significant threat. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing various measures such as 'data localisation,' 'encryption of personal information,' and the requirement for 'consent under the GDPR' that companies must follow to ensure the protection of health data. It outlines how these laws necessitate obtaining user consent and environment-specific data handling practices to safeguard privacy, indicating that wearable device manufacturers are obliged to comply with strict health data privacy laws.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Every injury can be healed instantly with regenerative medicine. [SEP] Text: In control mice, daily running distances were temporarily reduced following injury (up to day 5 in A); however, total distances in 14 days were similar. In contrast, injured alcohol-fed mice ran significantly less over 14 days compared to uninjured alcoholics. Significance was accepted at p ≤ 0. 05. *, compared to control-fed, injured group. #, compared to EtOH-fed, uninjured group. Full size image Markers of inflammation and oxidant stressNext, we determined the co-morbid effect of chronic alcohol ingestion and skeletal muscle injury on inflammatory cytokine gene profiles. Two days following injury, TA muscles from control-fed mice had significantly elevated levels of IL1β, TNFα, and IL6 (Figure 2A-C, respectively). Consistent with our previous results [8], alcohol ingestion drove skeletal muscle expression of IL6 – an effect that was further increased following injury (Figure 2C). Likewise, gene expression levels of TNFα were significantly increased in alcoholic TA muscles two days following injury compared to uninjured muscles (Figure 2B). Figure 2 Injured muscle has a more pronounced inflammatory cytokine response in alcohol-fed mice. Real time PCR analyses of 3 inflammatory cytokines were performed in tibialis anterior (TA) muscles 2 days after BaCl2-induced injury in mice provided alcohol in their drinking water for approximately 16 weeks. Injured TA muscles from control-fed mice had increased gene levels of (A) IL1β, (B) TNFα, and (C) IL6. Likewise, this pattern of increased expression persisted in injured muscles from EtOH-fed mice. Of the three, common inflammatory cytokines associated with early repair processes, gene levels of TNFα were higher in injured muscle from alcohol-fed mice compared to injured controls. Data are represented as means ± range of potential values based on the 2-∆∆C T method [7, 8, 22, 25, 48] and expressed as fold changes relative to uninjured controls. Significance was accepted at p ≤ 0. 05. *, compared to control-fed, uninjured group. #, compared to EtOH-fed, uninjured group, $ compared to control-fed, injured group. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the impact of injury on running distances in mice and the inflammatory response that follows a skeletal muscle injury. It indicates that there are significant biological processes at play, including elevated levels of inflammatory cytokines such as IL1β, TNFα, and IL6, which suggest that healing is not instantaneous. The mention of the co-morbid effects of alcohol ingestion on injury recovery implies that healing takes time and is influenced by various factors, thus refuting the notion of instant healing through regenerative medicine.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Rhizobacteria enhance plant growth by fixing atmospheric nitrogen. [SEP] Text: Genetic transformation of strains with green fluorescent proteinPlasmid transformationThe pPROBE-pTetr-TT plasmid containing the green fluorescent protein (GFP) gene and tetracycline resistance gene (provided by Laboratory of Conservation and Utilization, Guangxi University, Nanning, China) was transferred to Bacillus strains (CY5 and CA1) by biparental mating using Escherichia coli strain TG1 as the donor and DH5α/pRK2013 as the helper [105]. Transformants were selected using kanamycin (100 μg mL− 1) and ampicillin (100 μg mL− 1) resistance and green fluorescence. Colonization of sugarcane plantlets by GFP-tagged pPROBE-pTetr-TT CY5 and CA1 bacteriaPlantlets of micro-propagated cultivated sugarcane variety GT11 were obtained from Institute, of Agriculture Sciences, Nanning, China, and plantlets were inoculated with Bacillus strains and GFPp-TT tagged Bacillus strains according to Oliveira et al. [105]. Five different plantlets were shifted in a glass container comprising 50 mL of liquid MS medium [106]. After two-three days, plantlets were shifted in bacterial suspension approximately 2. 0 × 105 mL− 1 cell count in autoclaved bottles and plantlets without bacterial suspension were used as a control, following the growth chamber condition of Li et al. [7]. Confocal laser scanning microscopyAfter 96 h of bacterial inoculation, inoculated and un-inoculated sugarcane plantlets were removed from the culture vessel and washed two to three times with autoclaved distilled water. The root, stem, and leaf were cut into small parts (50 to 150 μm) and then mounted them on the bridge slide with 10% (v/v) glycerol. All plant sections were detected with a CLSM (Leica DMI 6000, Leica Microsystems, Mannheim, Germany). Evaluation of isolates in the greenhouse experimentThe experiment was conducted in a greenhouse with two sugarcane verities GT11 and GXB9, at Guangxi University, Nanning, Guangxi, China. The plantlets of these varieties were provided by Institute, of Agricultural Sciences, Nanning, China. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim regarding rhizobacteria and their role in enhancing plant growth specifically through nitrogen fixation. Instead, it describes the genetic transformation of Bacillus strains and the methodology for testing their effects on sugarcane plantlets, which is unrelated to the claim's focus on nitrogen fixation.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Data from wearable devices is protected under strict health data privacy laws. [SEP] Text: Therefore, additional research into authentication will be done in the future, and a better authentication system will be introduced. Footnote 39 8. conclusion, wearable technology and fitness tracking programmes are governed by the GDPR and are required to follow its guidelines for safeguarding the personal data of users. This includes obtaining express consent before processing sensitive personal data, being transparent about the sharing of personal information with third-party service providers, and putting in place the necessary organisational and technical safeguards to protect personal information from loss or unauthorised access. Footnote 40 The increasing prevalence of sophisticated dangers makes it impossible to predict when a threat will strike. The adoption of common applications and systems will drive attackers in the future decade. Privacy violations are primarily caused by a lack of knowledge about and adherence to appropriate safeguards. To address this, businesses should be more transparent about customer data collection and usage, and regulatory bodies can conduct public awareness campaigns to inform people about their rights and GDPR safeguards. Third-party service providers play a crucial role in the storage and processing of personal data in wearable health devices; therefore, improved data sharing agreements are necessary. A company can ensure its adherence to the GDPR by establishing comprehensive data-sharing agreements with its service providers. Auditing and monitoring for GDPR compliance may also be included in such agreements. Footnote 41 Companies should educate users on safe wearable health device practices, such as strong passwords, avoiding public Wi-Fi, and two-factor authentication. User-friendly interfaces help manage data and privacy. GDPR enforces consistency across the EU, and breaches are reported to regulators. Periodic audits and data assessments ensure adherence to GDPR standards. Overcoming challenges requires awareness, education, robust agreements, training, strict enforcement, and continuous adaptation. 36. 2020. 2 2 Metcalf, D. , Milliard, S. T. , Gomez, M. , & Schwartz, M. (2016). Wearables and the internet of things for health: Wearable, interconnected devices promise more efficient and comprehensive health care. IEEE pulse, 7(5), 35-39CrossRef4. 0. for industry 4. 0 (10. 1007/s10916-017-0854-9 7 7 and (2018) “Security and Privacy in the of Things: A Review”, Secureity and Communication Networks, Hindawi. 8 8 Tu, Jiaobing, and Wei Gao. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim as it mentions that 'wearable technology and fitness tracking programs are governed by the GDPR' which protects personal data by requiring 'express consent before processing sensitive personal data' and ensuring 'organizational and technical safeguards to protect personal information from loss or unauthorized access.' This indicates that there are strict laws in place to protect health data from wearable devices.