Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Protected areas help preserve biodiversity and endangered species. [SEP] Text: Unfortunately, the current status of these species in terms of presence/absence, measures of abundances, and the identification of potential threats is poorly documented. This is concerning, especially considering that Telmatobius frogs have undergone severe population declines across much of their geographic range (Angulo 2008). Besides the threat of unsustainable harvest, species of Telmatobius are threatened by habitat loss, fragmentation and water pollution from urban, agricultural, and mining expansion, invasive species, climate change, and emerging infectious diseases (Catenazzi and von May 2014; 2021). The purpose of this paper is to assess the conservation value of a PA network for aquatic species in a data-poor region of the developing world. We adapted the approach of Parrish et al. (2003) by measuring threat status and ecological integrity in different PA types and conducted a survey of two frog populations at 46 locations with historic records for one or both Telmatobius species. Our specific research goals were to: (1) identify the current geographical distributions of T. macrostomus and T. brachydactylus; (2) quantify Telmatobius abundances and population trends; and (3) measure potential threats and ecological integrity at sites in different PA types. Our study area offers a unique opportunity to evaluate the effectiveness of PAs for aquatic species conservation in the face of extreme funding deficits, inadequate management, and surrounding resource extraction. This effort to address the conservation impact of PA type for endangered and endemic frogs is the first we know of and aims to provide critical information for biodiversity conservation and PA management. MethodsStudy area and samplingThe Junín National Reserve, of Chacamarca, and of Huayllay were designated as national PAs in 1974. The Junín National Reserve, which includes Lake Junín, a wetland of international importance under the Ramsar convention (site no. 882), is an historically important habitat for Telmatobius macrostomus, covering 530 km2. It was created for biodiversity conservation, and also under the auspices of contributing to the social and economic development of the area through the sustainable use of natural resources. Therefore, local inhabitants are allowed to use the area’s natural resources to sustain their livelihoods, and commercial use is allowed under management plans. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the conservation efforts and research related to protected areas (PAs) aimed at safeguarding endangered species, such as the Telmatobius frogs. It highlights the purpose of the study to assess the conservation value of a PA network for aquatic species, indicating that these areas are intended for biodiversity conservation. Furthermore, the text details the threats faced by species in these regions and the importance of protected areas in mitigating those threats, thereby supporting the claim that PAs are crucial for preserving biodiversity and endangered species.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Skipping breakfast can slow down metabolism permanently. [SEP] Text: [4] In addition, breakfast consumption improves appetite, satiety, diet, and sleep quality. [1] Regular breakfast consumption may also improve student's mental capacity, particularly memory, analysis, and test grades. [5] A study by Ünal et al. reported that regular breakfast habits and a good quality diet positively impact academic attainments and overall health. [6] Another study reported that regular breakfast consumption is associated with high intelligence quotient. [7] Previous evidence indicated that infrequent breakfast consumption is associated with higher body adiposity and abdominal obesity. [8] Skipped breakfast may increase the likelihood of snack intake or the tendency to overeat at lunch and dinner, leading to weight gain. [9] A study by Lovell et al. aimed to examine university students' mental health and health behavior and showed that skipping breakfast was associated with depressive symptoms. The same study revealed a correlation between skipping breakfast and mental illness. [10] Skipping breakfast was associated with lower mental health indicators and poor academic performance. [11] The dietary habit of skipping breakfast is exceptionally high and broadly predominant among university students. [12] Addressing the factors associated with breakfast skipping requires understanding the causes and attitudes of this age group toward breakfast consumption. Thus, the current study aimed to determine the prevalence of breakfast skipping and its associated factors and to assess the attitude toward breakfast consumption among university students. design and sample A cross-sectional study was conducted on both female and male undergraduates of University. The total population of students comprised 386, calculated using the online Raosoft sample size calculator software, with a total population of (55,600) students, a margin of error (5%), and a confidence level of 95%. Data were collected by administering a self-reported online questionnaire so that the outreach could be maximized quickly. Nine nutrition and public health experts evaluated and reviewed the questionnaire for its content validity. The internal reliability of the questionnaire was measured using Cronbach's alpha correlation coefficient. The results showed good internal consistency, stability, and reliability (r = 0. 965). The tool has been shown to be valid and reliable for university students. A pilot study was carried out on 39 university students who were not included to assess the study tools' applicability, clarity, and feasibility. No modifications were needed. As the first step of data collection, students were identified and chosen randomly. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by indicating that skipping breakfast can lead to negative health outcomes, such as increased likelihood of overeating later in the day, which suggests a potential increase in body adiposity. Specifically, the text mentions that 'skipped breakfast may increase the likelihood of snack intake or the tendency to overeat at lunch and dinner, leading to weight gain.' This implies that skipping breakfast does not inherently support the claim that it slows metabolism permanently, but instead shows a complex interaction between breakfast habits and weight management.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Fossil records provide evidence for evolutionary changes. [SEP] Text: AbbreviationsBP: Base pair BS: Bootstrap CTAB: Cetyltrimethylammonium bromide DNA: Deoxyribonucleic acid ESS: Size GC: Guanine and Cytosine GTR: Reversible IR: Inverted repeat ISC: Large single-copy MCMC: : MPT: Most-parsimonious tree PCG: Plastid protein-coding genes PP: Posterior probability rRNA: Ribosomal RNA tRNA: : Small single copy TBR: Bisection-reconnection WCS: Thewoody clade? in Saxifragales 9. 19. 77. 150. 5488. 22. 232. 4. Stuttgart, Germany: Borntraeger Science; 1892. 1959. 1981. 49. 25. 1997. 20. 10. 1111/jipb. 13415. . Discordance between nuclear and chloroplast phylogenies in the heuchera group (Saxifragaceae). Evolution. 1995;49(4):727–42. 50. 1012. 41. 57. 61. Fu D, Endress PK. Cercidiphyllaceae. In: editors. Flora of China. . St. Louis: Science Press, Beijing & Garden; 2001. p. 126. 2008. p. 315–317. Tang M-S, Tsai C-C, Yang Y-P, Sheue C-R, Liu S-H. A multilocus phylogeny of Daphniphyllum (Daphniphyllaceae). Environ. 2022;107:137–52. 1997. 29. 82. 70. 31. 56. 3544. 694. 70. 104. 67. 6. 66. 57. 8. 84. 68. 708. 12. 80. 7183. 74. 8. 70. 26. 66. 30. 2. 70. 412. 66. 63. 71. 14. 98. 983. Magallón S. From fossils to molecules: phylogeny and the core eudicot floral groundplan in Hamamelidoideae (Hamamelidaceae, Saxifragales). Syst Bot. 2007;32(2):317–47. 230. 64. 66. 75. 121. 22. 83. 72. 8. 8. 93. 43. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text provides a list of abbreviations and references to various scientific works without any mention of fossil records or evidence for evolutionary changes. It is thus irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Protected areas help preserve biodiversity and endangered species. [SEP] Text: 2022). Debate over PA size dates back almost a century, when Wright et al. (1933) recognized that PAs in the were too small for wide-ranging species. This scale mismatch continues today (e. g. , Chundawat et al. 2016), and is exemplified by migratory species that depend on the quality and connectivity of disparate habitats. On the other hand, non-migratory species have very different spatial-scale requirements. For range-limited, endangered species, the most urgent conservation action is the establishment of new PAs for target species in good quality habitat. Undoubtedly, the persistence of endangered aquatic species in heavily impacted regions is grim, and although not ideal, smaller PAs are especially important for conserving endemic species (Shafer 1995; von May et al. 2008). Furthermore, smaller PAs have the potential to be managed more intensively, focusing on reducing local-level threats (e. g. , poaching, livestock grazing, and solid waste). It is evident that a key factor for conserving biodiversity is the appropriate design of PAs, however, it is likely that no single design will provide benefits for all, and species-specific responses to protection will occur (Halpern 2003). Therefore, for PAs to succeed in the conservation of individual species, their establishment should be linked with programs designed to provide information on their effectiveness as management tools (Watson et al. 2021), and to direct a posteriori adaptive management actions (Halpern and Warner 2003). While highly and strictly aquatic species require core aquatic habitats, most amphibians have a dual reliance on terrestrial and freshwater ecosystems to complete their life-histories. For T. macrostomus and T. brachydactylus basic ecological information, such as movement or habitat requirements for reproduction, is lacking. Therefore, restricting our attention to amphibian population dynamics and community ecology in freshwater systems alone, as has been the tradition, is guaranteed to lead to incomplete understanding of the basic ecology and management requirements of these and other aquatic species (Lowe 2009). Terrestrial zones around aquatic environments are important for protecting aquatic species and may be more important than previously thought (Semlitsch and Bodie 2003). It is evident that most species are of conservation concern because certain aspects of their life history bring them into conflict with land development (Steen et al. 2012), and Telmatobius frogs of the high Andes are probably no exception. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text supports the claim that protected areas (PAs) help preserve biodiversity and endangered species. It emphasizes that the establishment of new PAs is crucial for range-limited and endangered species in quality habitats and that PAs can play a significant role in conserving endemic species. Additionally, the text discusses the need for appropriate design and management of PAs to effectively protect individual species, indicating that PAs, when properly implemented and connected to effective management programs, are essential for conservation efforts.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Skipping breakfast can slow down metabolism permanently. [SEP] Text: [7,14] This study illustrated and confirmed the hypothesis of the impact of breakfast on intellectual well-being. A statistically significant negative relationship between breakfast skipping and the cumulative GPA of students was observed and those with a greater CGPA do not miss breakfast. This study also showed no statistically significant relationship between breakfast consumption/skipping and the physical activity of the studied students. A previous study found that breakfast consumption was directly linked to higher alertness levels and capability to focus throughout learning, as well as CGPA. [17] However, other studies contradicted these results and reported that being more bodily active significantly influences breakfast consumption. [26,27] Most notably, there was a significant positive relationship between breakfast skipping and the BMI of the studied students. This finding is consistent with a study conducted to assess the effect of breakfast skipping on university students' BMI, which found that those who consume breakfast have a lower BMI than those who skip breakfast. [28] Several earlier studies have found a direct correlation between skipping breakfast and obesity. [21,29,30] Similarly, studies showed that a greater proportion of overweight and obese pupils preferred to skip breakfast or eat it seldom. [31,32] Increased weight among breakfast skippers may be attributed to unhealthy food choices to make up for a missed breakfast. This study revealed that the overall mean of the studied students' attitudes toward breakfast consumption was neutral. Positive attitude toward breakfast was observed among female teenagers in other studies. [33] In the present study, most participants indicated that breakfast consumption is significant for general health, and more than two-thirds reported that it is vital for increasing intellectual functioning. Another study also reported that more than 50% of participants strongly agreed that breakfast is a critical meal in the day, and contradictorily, 45% of male and 51% of female students skip their breakfast. [34] A negative correlation was observed between breakfast skipping and overall attitudes toward breakfast consumption among the students, which means that students with a positive attitude toward breakfast tend to consume it. The main limitation of this study is a self-reported questionnaire for breakfast consumption, which is subject to measurement error. However, the use of a self-reported questionnaire is common to acquire information about breakfast consumption, and its reliability has been verified in highly cited studies. [35,36] current study showed that nearly two-thirds of university students skipped breakfast and their overall breakfast attitudes are neutral. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim as it discusses various studies highlighting the negative correlation between skipping breakfast and different health metrics, such as GPA and BMI, rather than metabolism. It particularly notes that studies have found a relationship between breakfast consumption and overall health benefits, but there is no direct evidence provided in the text that specifically links skipping breakfast to permanently slowing down metabolism.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Adaptive radiation explains species diversification in new environments. [SEP] Text: Skip to main content Explore journals Get published About BMC My account Search all BMC 19. 25 million years ago (Mya). This time represents the average between paleontological and molecular estimates, which place the origin of the crown group radiation, respectively, at 18. 5 and 20 Mya. Fig. 1Phylogenetic relationships within the Liolaemus radiation showing variation in body size (snout-vent length obtained by averaging male and female SVLs) across species (black bars, in mm). Clade colours indicate the eight main groups (or subgenera) within the genusFull size image Analyses of lineage diversificationAnalyses based on the time-calibrated phylogenetic tree were performed to quantify the evolutionary tempo and mode of diversification in Liolaemus, with focus on both lineage and body size diversity. To quantify historical rates of species accumulations (i. e. , tests of the prediction that diversification has slowed down over time following an early burst) we created a lineage through-time (LTT) plot implemented in the R package ‘ape’ [41]. For the LTT curve, we first implemented Pybus & Harvey’s [42] (MCCR) test. This analysis calculates the γ statistic for incompletely sampled phylogenies, by comparing the distribution of inter-node distances between the tree root and its temporal midpoint to the distribution of distances between the temporal midpoint and the tree tips [43]. Negative γ values indicate that inter-node distances between the root and the midpoint are shorter than the distances between the midpoint and the tips, and hence, that most branching events occurred earlier in the evolutionary history of the clade, a pattern consistent with a decline in the rate of species accumulation over time (i. e. , an ‘early burst’ model of diversification). When lineage diversification follows a constant rate process, the branching events are evenly distributed throughout the tree, with γ being normally distributed and with a mean of 0. Given that incomplete taxon sampling in a phylogeny increases type I error rates in diversification analyses, the MCCR test computes corrected γ distributions through simulations of phylogenies to the known clade size (~240 species in Liolaemus) under the null hypothesis of a constant rate pure-birth diversification process. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim regarding adaptive radiation explaining species diversification. Instead, it focuses on a specific analysis of lineage diversification in the Liolaemus, discussing methodology and results without linking these findings to adaptive radiation or new environments.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Protected areas help preserve biodiversity and endangered species. [SEP] Text: In addition to habitat loss, the principal threat to 9 out of every 10 threatened amphibian species (Baillie et al. 2004), poaching is known to be one of the greatest threats to wildlife conservation worldwide (Moore et al. 2018). In fact, the harvesting of wild Telmatobius spp. for human consumption is the predominant threat affecting amphibians in the (Angulo 2008; Aguilar et al. 2010). Furthermore, the live trade of frogs harvested from wild populations facilitates the spread of chytrid fungus Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis, which has had its greatest effects in large-bodied, range-restricted anurans (Scheele et al. 2019), and has been responsible for the collapse of anuran species richness and abundance in Park, (Catenazzi et al. 2010). A recent study by (2021) confirms that chytrid fungus is found in the Junín and that both species have been infected. To reduce poaching-related threats, and consequently the risk of spreading disease through live trade, Moore et al. (2018) suggests increasing the number of anti-poaching patrols to sites where the probability of poaching is high, and/or expanding the number of park ranger posts. However, these recommendations are not cost-effective avenues for PAs with funding limitations. Recently, a regional ordinance (N°331-GRJ/CR) was passed declaring the conservation and protection of both Telmatobius species a priority. Although the ordinance does not restrict the harvesting and sale of these endangered amphibians in local markets, it still marks a significant step towards the ultimate goal of conservation. Unfortunately, due to financial resource constraints, effective legislation in the developing world relies on voluntary compliance (Rowcliffe et al. 2004). Given that poachers will not comply voluntarily, we believe that the protection of these species will depend on community-based environmental education initiatives. Aguilar et al. (2010) considers the importance of local inhabitants in Andean amphibian conservation, and although somewhat controversial, demonstrates how in the absence of resources (e. g. , national herpetologists to carry out long-term monitoring), local inhabitants are the only source of information available. Furthermore, locally-lead projects will eventually facilitate the behavior changes needed to make sustainable, long-term conservation gains. This also highlights the importance of local PAs (versus national PAs), such as private and municipal reserves. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the importance of local protected areas (PAs) in the conservation of endangered amphibians, specifically Telmatobius species. It highlights that local PAs can be effective conservation tools, especially in the context of financial limitations and the necessity for community involvement in environmental education initiatives. The text emphasizes that despite challenges, local PAs play a vital role in promoting sustainable long-term conservation gains, which directly supports the idea that protected areas aid in preserving biodiversity and endangered species.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Skipping breakfast can slow down metabolism permanently. [SEP] Text: This encompasses elevated risks of hypertension,[39,42] diabetes,[43,44] obesity,[45,46] elevated low-density lipoprotein cholesterol,[47,48] dysregulated lipid levels[49] and metabolic syndrome. [50–52] Collectively, these conditions are well-recognized risk factors for MI. Furthermore, breakfast skipping has been linked to an increase in inflammatory markers, such as C-reactive protein,[53] which play a significant role in atherosclerosis and MI. [54,55] This inflammatory response could be a critical pathway through which breakfast skipping exerts its deleterious cardiovascular effects. Additionally, behaviors linked to breakfast skipping, such as smoking and reduced physical activity, could further heighten MI risk. [56,57] While more research is needed to fully understand the underlying mechanisms, our results suggest that encouraging a regular breakfast routine could be a straightforward and effective measure to reduce MI risk. Our study utilized a two-sample MR analysis with data from large GWAS cohorts, involving nearly 190,000 participants, ensuring robust statistical power. The genetic methodology adopted in our study enhances the strength of causal inference, effectively reducing the influence of confounding variables that are typically encountered in observational research. Notwithstanding its strengths, the study has several limitations. First, for the exposure GWAS data, the significance threshold was adjusted to a P-value of 1 × 10−5 due to the limited number of SNPs achieving genome-wide significance at the standard P < 5 × 10−8 threshold. While this may have increased the likelihood of false positives, it facilitated a more comprehensive analysis of the relationship between breakfast skipping and MI. Second, the predominance of European individuals in the exposed population constrains the applicability of the results to other racial groups. 5. MR study revealed a significant causal link between breakfast skipping and an increased risk of MI. The data strongly suggest that breakfast skipping contributes to a higher likelihood of heart attacks. This underscores the potential of regular breakfast consumption as a preventive strategy against MI. 65. | Text | PubMed | CrossRef | 53. | PubMed | 9. | 17. | PubMed | 13. | Text | PubMed | CrossRef | 9. | Text | PubMed | CrossRef | 1540. | 103. | PubMed | CrossRef | 85. | PubMed | CrossRef | 2016. . 2019;16:1853. | 32. | PubMed | CrossRef | 407. | Text | PubMed | 80. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by indicating that skipping breakfast is linked to various health risks, including elevated inflammatory markers and cardiovascular issues, rather than providing evidence that it slows metabolism permanently. It suggests that skipping breakfast may contribute to an increased risk of myocardial infarction (MI) and promotes the idea that regular breakfast consumption could serve as a preventive measure, thus implying negative metabolic effects rather than a permanent slowing of metabolism.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Adaptive radiation explains species diversification in new environments. [SEP] Text: Species are then randomly pruned from the simulated trees to replicate incomplete sampling (109 species are included in our tree; see above). Our analysis is based on 10,000 simulations. The MCCR test was conducted using the ‘laser’ package in R [44]. We then analysed the diversification dynamics that are more likely to have shaped the LTT trend of Liolaemus species accumulation by fitting multiple evolutionary models that rely on different evolutionary processes. We used Etienne et al. ’s [45] maximum-likelihood fitting-model approach to test four alternative hypotheses of diversification. This technique employs a hidden Markov model (HMM) approach to calculate the likelihood of a phylogenetic history under multiple diversity-dependent birth-death models of diversification. These models account for the influence that species other than those included in the phylogeny (i. e. , both extinct species and species missing from the phylogeny) may have on historical rates of diversification (given that speciation rates are a function of existing species at each point in time). Therefore, this approach is comparable to the results produced by the MCCR test above as both techniques consider the potential effects of species missing from the tree [43]. Two of the four fitted models assume constant diversification rates. These are the pure-Birth (or Yule) model, which assumes no extinctions, and the constant rate birth-death model (crBD), which allows extinctions but assumes that the rates of speciation and extinction remain constant through time and across lineages. The other two models, density-dependent logistic (DDL + E) and density-dependent exponential (DDE + E), assume diversity-dependence and thus quantify diversification rates as functions of changes in accumulating diversity over time (while accounting for extinctions, E). While the DDL + E models linear rate changes in diversification, the DDE + E models exponentially declining speciation rates as a function of extant lineage diversity at any point in time. We fitted all four models under two alternative assumptions about the proportion of missing species in the phylogeny. First, we assumed that the Liolaemus clade consists of its currently known 240 species. We then assumed that the genus consists of many more species than those currently reported, and that our phylogeny only accounts for 30 % of the ‘real’ diversity of the lineage. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim regarding adaptive radiation and species diversification in new environments. Instead, it discusses various models of diversification dynamics, including constant and density-dependent rates, and examines phylogenetic trees without explicitly linking these concepts to adaptive radiation. Thus, it is irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Protected areas help preserve biodiversity and endangered species. [SEP] Text: In addition to requiring fewer economic resources, local PAs can have better monitoring practices, better relations with surrounding communities, and can provide better protection for endangered, endemic species than national PAs (von May et al. 2008; Aguilar et al. 2010; Shanee et al. 2017). In conclusion, many PAs are becoming progressively more isolated as surrounding land-use and resource extraction intensifies to meet ever-increasing global demand. Additionally, human activity within PA boundaries is prevalent worldwide. In fact, one-third of protected land is under intense human pressure (Jones et al. 2018) and, therefore, the analogy of PAs as oceanic islands surrounded by inhospitable seas of anthropogenically impacted environments seems even more relevant today (Haila 2002). For PAs to be of more value to aquatic species, we recommend the strict protection and connection of unprotected high-quality habitats to the existing PA network with borders defined by watershed boundaries. For this to happen, freshwater focal areas and critical management zones must first be identified and embedded within catchment management zones (Abell et al. 2007; Esselman and Allan 2010). However, adopting such a protection strategy must be done in a hierarchical framework that builds upon existing high-quality habitats, and that prioritizes poorer habitats for future restoration (Merovich et al. 2013). It is also recommended that more effort is needed to ensure that any socioeconomic objective of a PA is consistent with maintenance or restoration of ecosystem resilience and conservation of aquatic biodiversity (Acreman et al. 2020). Therefore, a community-based approach to PA management such as local PAs could provide strategic management solutions tailored to specific (local-level) threats and needs. This is especially important to meet conservation targets and provide financially feasible solutions for the expansion of PA networks in resource limited regions of the developing world (et al. 2013; Shanee et al. 2017). These results further highlight the need for a more holistic approach to environmental management that approaches conservation and sustainability issues by incorporating life histories, species’ requirements, habitat protection and restoration as unified goals. Availability of data and material The geographical distribution data analysed are not publicly available due sensitive information regarding endangered species locations but are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request. All non-sensitive data are available on figshare: All code used for analyses are available on figshare: 2021. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing how local protected areas (PAs) can better protect endangered and endemic species compared to national PAs. It emphasizes the need for improved management strategies that enhance ecosystem resilience and aquatic biodiversity conservation, further supporting the notion that PAs play a crucial role in preserving biodiversity and protecting endangered species.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Skipping breakfast can slow down metabolism permanently. [SEP] Text: 1%) and BF3 (ES, 1. 6%; JHS, 2. 9%; HS, 6. 7%). In contrast to the previous study [8], the rate of BF4 pupils (who never took breakfast) was low in the current study. This may be partly due to the broad and longstanding campaign for taking breakfast supported by both the Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare, and the Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries in Japan. Although the current cross-sectional design study lacked data on demographic factors and age information, sleepiness (adjusted odds ratio [OR], 1. 25; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1. 09–1. 44; P=0. 001), physical activity (OR, 0. 91; 95% CI, 0. 87–0. 95; P<0. 001), dinner irregularity (OR, 1. 28; 95% CI, 1. 01–1. 62; P= 0. 039), school day screen time (OR, 1. 34; 95% CI, 1. 11–1. 61; P=0. 002), academic performance (OR, 1. 70; 95% CI, 1. 48–1. 96; P<0. 001), after-school activity (OR, 1. 03; 95% CI, 1. 01–1. 04; P<0. 001), and sleep duration before school day (OR, 0. 90; CL, 0. 82–1. 00; P=0. 040) were independently associated with breakfast skippers (Table 1). An association of skipping breakfast and poor academic performance is widely recognized [1], and the present study supported this association. The current finding on the association between skipping breakfast and sleep loss, though only on the night before school days, has also been reported [2], and sleepiness was found to be associated with breakfast skipping. As previously demonstrated [4], an association between skipping breakfast and screen time, although only on school days, has been obtained. Regarding physical activity, similar to the study of Wadolowska et al. [4] but in contrast to the study of Lyerly et al. [3], a lower physical activity score was found to be a significant predictor of an increase in skipping breakfast. Consistent with Hassan et al. [6], the present study failed to demonstrate an association between skipping breakfast and higher BMI. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by showing that while skipping breakfast is associated with various negative outcomes, such as poor academic performance and sleep loss, there is no direct evidence presented that indicates skipping breakfast leads to a permanent slowdown in metabolism. Instead, it highlights associations with other factors, such as physical activity, but ultimately fails to establish a link to metabolic changes.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Adaptive radiation explains species diversification in new environments. [SEP] Text: For both scenarios, we fitted all four models using the R package ‘DDD’ [45]. To evaluate the best-fit model, we employed the Criterion (AIC) approach [46]. We report the bias-corrected version of AIC, referred to as AICc [47, 48]. The goodness of fit of candidate evolutionary models is determined by identifying the lowest AICc scores, and hence, when shown as ΔAICc scores (the difference between the best or lowest AICc, and the AICc of each alternative model), then the best model has ΔAICc = 0 [47, 48]. Body size dataTo evaluate the potential relationship between clade diversification and phenotypic evolution during the radiation of Liolaemus, we investigated the rates and trajectories of body size diversification. We focus on body size as it is the single most important morphological trait that influences the majority of ecological and evolutionary processes via its correlation with most components of organismal form and function [49, 50]. In addition, body size is often considered to be a key morphological indicator of niche in natural populations [49, 51]. Also, in Liolaemus in particular, body size is ideally suited for diversification analyses as existing evidence suggests that its variation is not predictably influenced by geographic/climatic clines [28, 30, 34], it varies with numbers of coexisting species (Pincheira-Donoso, unpublished observation), and other phenotypic traits observed to respond to ecological pressures in other lineages (e. g. , body proportions, [1]) vary in rather unpredictable ways when linked to, for example, habitat characteristics [30, 52, 53]. We used snout-vent length (SVL), the traditional proxy for body size in lizards [54–56]. For the analyses, we collated an extensive body size dataset (Additional file 1) consisting of 6,500+ adult individuals (adulthood was estimated based on body sizes reported in previous studies, [30–32, 34]), representing >85 % of the currently known species diversity within the genus. To obtain SVL for each species, we averaged male and female SVL values, calculated independently using the upper two-thirds of the size range available for each sex in each species [30, 57]. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text discusses methodologies for analyzing body size diversification in the genus Liolaemus but does not provide any information or argument related to adaptive radiation or species diversification in new environments. Thus, it is irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Wildlife corridors support safe migration routes for animals. [SEP] Text: Skip to content Menu AGU. org to by AGU for dropdown menu Space & & & & dropdown menu ’ Highlights Editors’ Eos en Español Eos 简体中文版 to for: ina System to In the wake of a recent report about threats to biodiversity, congressional legislation aims to protect wildlife that faces habitat loss, degradation, and fragmentation. by 20 May 20194 April 2023 Share this:Click to print (Opens in new window)Click to email a link to a friend (Opens in new window)Click to share on Twitter (Opens in new window)Click to share on Facebook (Opens in new window)Click to share on LinkedIn (Opens in new window) Pronghorn antelope, which migrate more than 250 kilometers from winter to summer feeding grounds in the West, would be among many species to benefit from protected wildlife corridors. Credit: iStock. com/Dean_legislation to establish a national system of wildlife corridors in the comes just days after a (UN) report on threats to biodiversity warned that about 1 million species worldwide are threatened with extinction. The legislation, known as the of 2019, would establish the wildlife corridors system to help native animal and plant species—including protected species—that face habitat loss, degradation, fragmentation, or obstructions to connectivity between their habitat areas. The bill, which was introduced in Congress on 16 May, aims to help restore movement by wildlife and “to provide long-term habitat connectivity for native species migration, dispersal, adaptation to climate and other environmental change, and genetic exchange. ” In addition, the bill would establish a wildlife movement grant program on nonfederal land and water to increase wildlands connectivity. It would also include a wildlife corridors stewardship fund to help manage and protect the corridors. “A to Protect Wildlife” The legislation is “a critical step to protect wildlife,” Sen. (D-N. M. ), who introduced the legislation in the Senate, said at a 16 May briefing about the bill. “While we are in the middle of a human-caused sixth mass extinction, scientists are raising the alarm. We are almost out of time to save the planet as we know it. ” This newsletter rocks. Get the most fascinating science news stories of the week in your inbox every Friday. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing legislation aimed at establishing wildlife corridors that would help restore movement for wildlife, thereby supporting safe migration routes. It specifically mentions how 'pronghorn antelope, which migrate more than 250 kilometers... would be among many species to benefit from protected wildlife corridors,' clearly linking the corridors to the facilitation of animal migration.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Skipping breakfast can slow down metabolism permanently. [SEP] Text: We did find that in adults aged 20-29 and 30-39 years, 44. 9% and 22. 5% skipped breakfast, respectively, which was much higher than the 25. 1% breakfast skippers in young American adults there were associated with low nutrient intakes, including calcium and riboflavin [21]. Our study also showed that the Skipping group showed poor daily nutrient intake with a high percentage of energy from fat and a higher risk of obesity and metabolic syndrome when compared with the Rice3+ group, as seen in similar studies that showed detrimental effects of skipping breakfast on cardiometabolic health [22, 23, 24, 25, 26]. However, despite those results, a recent study concluded that there was a lack of evidence for a causal relation between skipping breakfast and obesity, although an association was observed between them [27]. In an experiment of causal relation between breakfast and behaviors related to obesity, Leidy et al. suggested that the type of breakfast is also important, concluding that a high-protein breakfast reduced evening snacking compared with skipping breakfast, whereas a low-protein breakfast did not [28]. Our data agree with the results of other studies that studied the association of diet and disease patterns among Korean populations in which an association between a rice-based diet with a relatively low prevalence of obesity was shown [3, 4, 7]. However, we also found that the diversity of foods at breakfast even in rice-based, traditional breakfast is important to daily nutrient intake levels. Among those eating a rice-based breakfast, the Rice3+ group had higher daily nutrient intakes than other groups-especially in nutrients emphasized for Korea such as calcium and riboflavin-and a lower risk of obesity, abdominal obesity, and metabolic syndrome. Eating a rice-based meal with a few sides may lead to an increased consumption of rice instead of a variety of foods that can result in adverse health outcomes. Kim and colleagues reported that a rice-based, traditional dietary pattern as well as a high-fat, high-sweets, and coffee pattern could positively be associated with an increased risk of obesity in Korean [29]. Another study also reported that an unbalanced Korean diet with little variety was related to higher risk of metabolic syndrome and elevated blood pressure [20]. Another distinguishing result in our study was the positive association between noodles at breakfast and blood pressure. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing various studies that highlight poor nutrient intakes and higher risks associated with skipping breakfast, indicating detrimental effects on health. However, it explicitly mentions a lack of evidence for a 'causal relation' between skipping breakfast and obesity, suggesting that while there is an association, the direct impact on metabolism may not be permanent or direct.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Adaptive radiation explains species diversification in new environments. [SEP] Text: Although maximum SVL has been extensively used as a proxy for size in lizards, it has been shown that the use of extreme values may result in body size overestimations [58]. In contrast, the use of intermediate percentiles between the maximum recorded value and the mean from the entire adult sample provides accurate estimates of asymptotic size [58]. The entire dataset was collected by the same person (DPD) to control for error arising from inter-individual measurements (e. g. , [57]). The species included in our dataset encompass the entire phylogenetic, phenotypic, ecological, and geographic diversity known in Liolaemus [30, 52, 53], and therefore, they provide an adequate sample of the body size diversity in this genus (Fig. 1). Modelling body size evolutionWe investigated the evolutionary dynamics of body size throughout the phylogenetic history of Liolaemus using two quantitative approaches based on our time-calibrated phylogeny. First, we quantified the tempo and mode of body size diversification by fitting four alternative models that describe different evolutionary dynamics: the Brownian-motion model (BM, which describes a random walk of trait evolution along branches in the phylogeny, with increase in trait variance centered around the initial value at the root of the tree, and increasing with the distance from the tree root; [59]), the Ornstein-Uhlenbeck model (OU, which assumes that once traits have adaptively evolved, stabilizing selection pulls the trait values around an adaptive optimum for the trait; [60]), the Early-Burst or “niche-filling” model (EB, which describes exponentially increasing or decreasing rates of evolution over time based on the assumption that niches are saturated by accumulating species within a lineage; [8]), and the Delta model (a time-dependent model of trait evolution, which describes the effects that early versus late evolution in the tree have on the rates of trait evolution; it returns a δ value which indicates whether recent evolution has been fast when δ > 1, or slow when δ < 1; [61]). Comparisons of goodness of fit for these models were performed through the Criterion (AIC) [46]. Selection of the best evolutionary model is based on the same AICc approach described above for model-selection of lineage accumulation. Model implementation and fitting was conducted with the R package ‘geiger’ [62]. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it focuses on methods and models for analyzing body size evolution in the genus Liolaemus, without addressing the concept of adaptive radiation or its role in species diversification in new environments. The discussion centers around quantitative approaches and evolutionary dynamics, lacking any mention of adaptive radiation or environments.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Wildlife corridors support safe migration routes for animals. [SEP] Text: Sign up now “While we are in the middle of a human-caused sixth mass extinction, scientists are raising the alarm. We are almost out of time to save the planet as we know it,” Udall commented, referring to the 6 May UN report by the Intergovernmental Science-on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services. The report, which was compiled by 145 expert authors, states that the rate of global change in nature during the past half century “is unprecedented in human history. ” It also found that the global rate of species extinction “is already at least tens to hundreds of times higher than the average rate over the past 10 million years and is accelerating. ” The report calls for urgent “transformative changes” to reverse the situation and states that direct drivers of change in nature that have the largest global impact are, in order, changes in land and sea use, exploitation of organisms, climate change, pollution, and the invasion of alien species. It warns that the future impacts of climate change on biodiversity and ecosystem functioning are projected to become more pronounced over the coming decades. Speakers at the briefing said that biodiversity is important to protect not only because species have their own purposes in the ecological web but also because they provide substantial benefits to people. “If anyone thinks that biodiversity is not crucial to human existence, think again,” Udall said, noting that at least 40% of the world’s economy is based on biological resources and that the diversity of life provides humanity with food, shelter, medicine, and economic development, among other benefits. Establishing a wildlife corridors system “is something that shouldn’t be about party. It should be about just saving our planet. ” “Living ecosystems support us. America’s wildlife is in great jeopardy,” he said. “We must act now. ” a a wildlife corridors system “is something that shouldn’t be about party. It should be about just saving our planet,” said Rep. (D-Va. ), who introduced companion legislation in the House. “This is an absolutely critical time considering the UN report on accelerated species extinction rate. ” Beyer, who is cochair of the Coalition’s Task Force, said that he and Republican cosponsor Rep. (R-Fla. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by highlighting the significance of establishing wildlife corridors as a critical measure for biodiversity conservation. It emphasizes the urgency of action to address species extinction and supports the idea that wildlife corridors can play a crucial role in protecting America’s wildlife. The mention of a wildlife corridors system as central to saving the planet indicates an acknowledgment of its importance for supporting safe migration routes for animals.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Skipping breakfast can slow down metabolism permanently. [SEP] Text: 5% of adolescents had breakfast skippers [2, 3]. Skipping breakfast is an unresolved problem not only in Korea but also in other countries. Skipping breakfast leads to overeating of snacks or the next meal, and the absorption of excess glucose increases the likelihood of cardiovascular disease and obesity due to increase in fat synthesis in the liver [4]. Smith et al. [5] reported that when breakfast was skipped frequently, there was an increase in snack consumption, meal eating speed, waist circumference, body weight, postprandial blood glucose levels, blood pressure, and cholesterol levels, and risk of metabolic syndrome. Júnior et al. [6] reported an inverse correlation between the frequency of breakfast intake and blood glucose, triglyceride, and low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol levels in sedentary obese adolescents. More than 50 cross-sectional studies have reported consistent positive correlations between breakfast omission and increased risk of obesity in Europe and the United States, and a meta-analysis of 19 cross-sectional studies in Asian populations showed an increased risk of overweight and obesity among breakfast skippers versus breakfast consumers [7]. Diabetes is a serious health problem, and the associated complications lead to the development of chronic diseases in adulthood; therefore, it is important to prevent diabetes in adolescence. Metabolomics has been used in the last decades to understand the relationship between pathophysiological mechanisms and diseases [8, 9], and several studies have been conducted to contribute to the prevention and treatment of diabetes through studies on the relationship between diabetes and metabolites [10, 11, 12]. In particular, aromatic amino acids (phenylalanine, tyrosine, and tryptophan) have been reported to be associated with the risk of future diabetes [11, 13]. Metabolomics in the study of diabetes is an important way to identify and prevent factors affecting diabetes. Although the positive effects of the Korean diet have been reported in several previous studies [14, 15, 16], the preference for the traditional Korean diet pattern that is based on rice has declined among adolescents while the preference for dietary patterns based on noodles, bread, and meat has significantly increased [17]. Several studies have reported that the increase in preference for Western diets and the decrease in Korean diet p2019. A screening test was conducted among 117 healthy boys and girls (12–18 years) who volunteered to participate in the study and provided written informed consent. Among them, 105 met the inclusion criteria. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by highlighting that skipping breakfast is associated with overeating and negative health outcomes such as increased body weight, waist circumference, and postprandial blood glucose levels, which suggests a negative impact on metabolism, but it does not imply a permanent slowdown. It mentions increased risks of obesity and metabolic syndrome due to breakfast omission and presents research findings that correlate skipping breakfast with adverse metabolic indicators.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Adaptive radiation explains species diversification in new environments. [SEP] Text: The plot projecting the Liolaemus phylogeny onto the body size morphospace (against time since the root), based on ancestral node estimations using maximum likelihood [66] is shown in Fig. 3 (see legend for details), and was built using the R package ‘phytools’ [67]. We finally investigated the influence of body size on macroevolutionary lineage diversification in Liolaemus. We employed the phylogenetic likelihood-based approach Speciation and Extinction (QuaSSE) implemented in the R package ‘diversitree’ [68]. This method fits evolutionary models based on the distribution of extant characters (body size) on a phylogeny, under the assumption that diversification follows a birth-death process and that a species can be characterized by its mean value of the measured trait, which affects diversification through its effect on the speciation-extinction rates (where rate of speciation is λ, and the rate of extinction is μ, see [69]). Evolutionary models are fitted by adding a ‘drift’ or ‘directional’ parameter (φ), which describes the deterministic (or directional) component of character evolution. That is, the expected rate of character change over time as a function of selection or other process which determines a directional tendency [68, 70]. Thus, this term does not refer to genetic drift specifically. After adding the drift term, the likelihood functions created by QuaSSE describe diversification by a constant, linear, sigmoidal, or hump-shaped function of log body size [68]. Identification of the best evolutionary model is performed via the AIC approach (see above). ResultsDiversification rates and evolutionary modelsThe results from the MCCR analysis, as shown by the lineage through-time plot (Fig. 2), suggest that lineage accumulation over time in Liolaemus differs from the pattern expected under the null pure-birth model of constant rate diversification (γ = −3. 84), but not significantly so (P = 0. 13). Although the shape of the LTT plot is not consistent with a traditional early-burst curve of diversification, two slight pulses of increased diversification rates followed by declines can be observed (however, both are contained within the 95 % confidence interval). One of these increases occurs approximately between 12–9 Mya, followed by a slight decline ~8-7 Mya. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not specifically address the concept of adaptive radiation or its role in species diversification in new environments. Instead, it focuses on the methodology of analyzing lineage diversification and body size in Liolaemus without making a direct connection to adaptive radiation theory.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Wildlife corridors support safe migration routes for animals. [SEP] Text: ) will be working with the House leadership to get the bill on the House calendar. He also related that Rep. Raúl Grijalva (D-Ariz. ), chair of the on Natural Resources, has indicated that he wants to push this legislation in that committee. Beyer optimistically stated that he expects “scores of Republican votes when it gets to the House floor. ” had signed onto earlier versions of the bill introduced during previous sessions of Congress. “We don’t get a second chance once a species becomes extinct. ” Buchanan, who so far is the sole Republican cosponsoring the new legislation, said in a press release issued by conservation groups supporting the bill that protecting wildlife and promoting biodiversity “are of critical importance” in light of the UN report. “We don’t get a second chance once a species becomes extinct,” he said. At the briefing, Ron Sutherland, chief scientist with the Wildlands Network, a Seattle-based conservation group that supports the legislation, speculated about why concern about biodiversity hasn’t yet caught on as a hotter issue in the same way that climate change has. “One perspective might be that there was a huge push to protect biodiversity for its own sake in the ‘90s, and I think that that push eventually earned the sort of inevitable fatigue on all the champion for it. Climate change became kind of the new cause, and a lot of young folks have joined into that movement,” Sutherland said. “I think we’re remembering the fact that that we depend on the Earth’s biodiversity. Now, pollinators have become such a huge cause lately. think that the pendulum is shifting or at least is broadening again, so that there’s room again to talk about the other environmental challenges that we’re facing. It’s not just climate change. It’s land use change that is causing a huge threat to biodiversity. ” Sutherland noted, “That’s where this bill really could help out here in the United States: by helping repair the landscape to help species to survive and also to respond to climate change. ” Beyer said that his sense as to why the threat to biodiversity hasn’t yet caught on like climate change is because “climate change is so visible” as an immediate threat. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the importance of legislation that aims to protect wildlife and promote biodiversity, which directly relates to the concept of wildlife corridors. The mention of repairing landscapes and helping species to survive, as noted by Ron Sutherland from the Wildlands Network, implies the establishment of safe migration routes that would support animal movement and biodiversity. The overall context emphasizes the critical importance of biodiversity, linking legislative efforts with the need for wildlife corridors.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Skipping breakfast can slow down metabolism permanently. [SEP] Text: [29] conducted a study among 2,216 adolescents and investigated the frequency of breakfast intake and weight change over 5 years; the frequency of breakfast intake showed an inverse correlation with weight change. In this study, body weight, body fat mass, and BMI increased in wheat-based breakfast intake group increased significantly, but there were no significant in the rice-based breakfast intake group. Esmaillzadeh et al. [30] reported in a study related to dietary pattern and metabolic syndrome that BMI and obesity rates were significantly higher as Western diet intake increased. Unfortunately, only the WMG group showed a significant increase in energy intake thereafter compared to before, as a consequence of assessing the nutritional intake of the subjects in this study. This is considered to be due to the high preference for wheat-based meals among adolescents as mentioned above, and the possibility of underestimating and overestimating of the subjects' dietary intake survey in this study [31, 32]. Diabetes mellitus does not occur specifically in adults, but it is accounts for a large proportion of many lifestyle diseases, including in adolescents. The levels of blood glucose, insulin, and HOMA-IR are known to be predictive factors for pre-diabetes or type 2 diabetes in adolescents and adults [33, 34, 35]. In this study, the RMG group had a positive effect on improving fasting insulin and HOMA-IR levels in adolescents who habitually skipped breakfast. Moreover, the mean blood glucose level in overweight and obese adolescents increased in the WMG group compared to the skipping breakfast group. Several previous studies have shown an effect of eating breakfast on improving blood glucose levels in overweight and obese adolescents [6, 36]. In particular, previous studies have found a link between white rice consumption and the development of type 2 diabetes [21, 37], and Kimchi extract was found to have anti-obesity and antidiabetic properties [21, 38, 39, 40]. Moreover, Choi et al. [21] found that the Korean diet lowers blood glucose levels by increasing glucose utilization and improving insulin sensitivity. This was because the Korean diet restored insulin secretion in pancreatic beta cells after islet hypertrophy caused by a high-fat diet [21]. Furthermore, Western-style diets, such as cereals, are primarily highly processed foods that are low in dietary fiber and high in starch [41]. Esmaillzadeh et al. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by presenting findings that suggest skipping breakfast does not necessarily lead to negative metabolic consequences. It mentions that 'the RMG group had a positive effect on improving fasting insulin and HOMA-IR levels in adolescents who habitually skipped breakfast,' indicating that avoiding breakfast may not slow metabolism. Additionally, it discusses the impact of breakfast intake on weight and metabolic factors, implying that skipping breakfast does not have a permanent detrimental effect on metabolism.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Adaptive radiation explains species diversification in new environments. [SEP] Text: A subsequent slight increase occurs ~5-4 Mya followed by a decline in the most recent phase of the clade’s history (Fig. 2). Fig. 2Tempo and mode of macroevolutionary diversification in Liolaemus lizards. The bottom plot shows the lineage through time (LTT) curve of species accumulation over time (solid line) and the 95 % (yellow area) to 50 % (red area) confidence intervals (note the most recent pulse is borderline). The phylogenetic tree in the background shows a maximum-likelihood phylogenetic reconstruction of ancestral body sizes (ln-transformed) along the branches and nodes of the tree, and the interspecific range is shown in the coloured bar with the frequency distribution of SVL of the entire genus. The top plot shows mean subclade disparity through time (DTT) for body size (solid line), compared with the median subclade DTT (calculated based on 10,000 simulations) of phenotypic evolution on the genus phylogeny under a Brownian motion model (dashed line). The grey shaded area represents the 95 % confidence interval of DTT range based on simulations of body size disparityFull size image The maximum-likelihood analyses of lineage diversification based on four candidate models identify the diversity-dependent linear model (DDL + E) as the best description of the estimated pattern of evolutionary diversification of Liolaemus (Table 1). This finding remains supported when the same models are fitted under the assumption that only 30 % of the ‘real’ diversity of the genus is sampled in the phylogeny, and therefore, these observations are unlikely to be an artefact associated with numbers of known and missing species. However, it is important to note that the ΔAICc values between the DDL + E and the Yule models are small – for the scenario based on the actual numbers of species known and sampled, the difference (1. 89, Table 1) is close to the threshold value of 2, which identifies well-supported models. The difference is much smaller (0. 68, Table 1) for the scenario that assumes 30 % of the real diversity, which indicates that both models are qualitatively similar. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is largely focused on the analysis of evolutionary diversification patterns of Liolaemus lizards and does not directly address adaptive radiation or its role in explaining species diversification in new environments. As a result, it is irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Poaching poses a major threat to endangered species like elephants. [SEP] Text: Figures AbstractThe reintroduced red wolf (Canis rufus) population in northeastern declined to 7 known wolves by October 2020, the majority of which is due to poaching (illegal killing), the major component of verified anthropogenic mortality in this and many other carnivore populations. Poaching is still not well understood and is often underestimated, partly as a result of cryptic poaching, when poachers conceal evidence. Cryptic poaching inhibits our understanding of the causes and consequences of anthropogenic mortality, which is important to conservation as it can inform us about future population patterns within changing political and human landscapes. We estimate risk for marked adult red wolves of 5 causes of death (COD: legal, nonhuman, unknown, vehicle and poached) and disappearance, describe variation in COD in relation to hunting season, and compare time to disappearance or death. We include unknown fates in our risk estimates. We found that anthropogenic COD accounted for 0. 78–0. 85 of 508 marked animals, including poaching and cryptic poaching, which we estimated at 0. 51–0. 64. Risk of poaching and disappearance was significantly higher during hunting season. Mean time from collaring until nonhuman COD averaged 376 days longer than time until poached and 642 days longer than time until disappearance. Our estimates of risk differed from prior published estimates, as expected by accounting for unknown fates explicitly. We quantify the effects on risk for three scenarios for unknown fates, which span conservative to most likely COD. Implementing proven practices that prevent poaching or hasten successful reintroduction may reverse the decline to extinction in the wild of this critically endangered population. Our findings add to a growing literature on endangered species protections and enhancing the science used to measure poaching worldwide. Citation: (2021) Estimating poaching risk for the critically endangered wild red wolf (Canis rufus). 16(5): e0244261. Guillaume Souchay, Office Français de la Biodiversité, : December 5, 2020; Accepted: April 23, 2021; Published: May 5, 2021Copyright: © 2021 Agan et al. This is an open access 3. 2 years in the wild with breeding pair duration of only 2 years [10]. This prevents the development of a multigenerational social structure and pack stability, a key factor in preventing hybridization with coyotes [12–16]. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing how poaching, including both direct poaching and cryptic poaching, is a significant cause of mortality in endangered species, specifically the red wolf population. It emphasizes that poaching is a major component of anthropogenic mortality, indicating that it is a serious threat to endangered species generally, aligning with the assertion that poaching endangers wildlife.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Skipping breakfast can slow down metabolism permanently. [SEP] Text: Association between breakfast skipping and metabolic outcomes by sex, age, and work status stratification Download PDF Download eeOpen access Published: 07 January 2021 Association between breakfast skipping and metabolic outcomes by sex, age, and work status stratification Jun Heo1, Won-Jun Choi2, Seunghon Ham2, Seong-Kyu Kang2 & …: orcid. org/0000-0001-6408-76682 Show authors Nutrition & Metabolism 2018. A total of 21,193 (9022 men and 12,171 women) participants were included in the final analysis. The risk of metabolic outcomes linked to breakfast skipping was estimated using the negative binomial regression analysis by sex, work status, and age stratification. ResultsA total of 11,952 (56. 4%) participants consumed breakfast regularly. The prevalence of abnormal metabolic outcomes was higher among those with irregular breakfast consumption habits. Among young male workers, negative binomial regression analysis showed that irregular breakfast eaters had a higher risk of abnormal metabolic outcomes, after adjusting for covariates (odds ratio, 1. 15; 95% confidence interval, 1. 03–1. 27). ConclusionsThe risk of abnormal metabolic outcomes was significant in young men in the working population. Further studies are required to understand the association of specific working conditions (working hours or shift work) with breakfast intake status and the risk of metabolic diseases. IntroductionBreakfast is the most important meal of the day because it helps the human body to start daily metabolism. The human body is regulated by circadian rhythms. Circadian rhythms are influenced by the light–dark cycle, as well as by food uptake, which is the metabolic signal. Inversely, circadian regulation of metabolic genes affects metabolic outcomes in the human body, which signifies that feeding time and the circadian clock are tightly intertwined [1]. Breakfast is important to jumpstart daily metabolism. A randomized clinical trial showed that breakfast skipping adversely affected circadian gene expression and correlated with increased postprandial glycemic response [2]. The irregular consumption of breakfast can induce various health problems. Many studies have reported the association between breakfast skipping and health problems. A large, prospective study conducted in the US on middle-aged and older male health professionals in the US confirmed that eating breakfast was associated with a significantly lower risk of coronary heart disease [3]. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by providing evidence that skipping breakfast is associated with adverse metabolic outcomes, such as increased postprandial glycemic response and higher risk of abnormal metabolic outcomes, particularly among young male workers. It emphasizes the importance of breakfast for jumpstarting daily metabolism and cites findings that irregular consumption of breakfast can lead to health problems, rather than supporting the idea that skipping breakfast permanently slows metabolism.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Adaptive radiation explains species diversification in new environments. [SEP] Text: An alternative model-fitting analysis based on the same four models, but using the package ‘laser’ [44], revealed identical results: the DDL model provides the best approximation to the observed pattern of species accumulation over time (results not shown). Table 1 Rates of species accumulation during Liolaemus diversification history based on multiple evolutionary models. Fitted models are pure-birth (Yule), birth-death (crBD), density-dependent logistic (DDL + E) and density-dependent exponential diversification (DDE + E). Best-fit of models based on (delta) bias-corrected Criteria (AICc)Full size table Tempo and mode of body size evolutionThe analysis of phenotypic DTT reveals that rates of subclade-level diversification in Liolaemus body size are consistently higher (positive) than expected under a Brownian motion model of evolution (MDI = 0. 23; Fig. 2). Therefore, Liolaemus subclades have extensively diversified in body size and converged to occupy overlapping regions of the lineage’s morphospace (Fig. 3). The DTT plot shows an overall tendency for relative disparity in body size to decrease over time, although there are multiple pulses of increases in diversification. There are two slight pulses during the Miocene (both within the 95 % CI calculated from simulations of body size disparity), one between approximately 15. 5-14 Mya, and one between approximately 10. 5-7. 5 Mya. More notably, however, a strong increase is observed during the Pliocene, in which the trend of body size relative disparity exceeds the 95 % DTT range of the simulated data (Fig. 2). Such high positive relative disparity remains through to the Pleistocene, when the model recovers an unusually high relative disparity peak between approximately 0. 6-0. 3 Mya (Fig. 2). Fig. 3Projection of the Liolaemus phylogeny into a morphospace defined by body size (ln-transformed, on y) and time since the clade’s origin (on x, in My elapsed since the root). Ancestral body size states are estimated using likelihood. The degree of uncertainty is indicated by increasing transparency of the plotted blue lines around the point estimates with the entire range showing the 95 % confidence interval. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not directly address the claim regarding adaptive radiation and species diversification in new environments. Instead, it discusses model-fitting analysis, rates of species accumulation, and diversification patterns in the context of Liolaemus, without specifically mentioning adaptive radiation or explaining how it relates to species diversification in new environments.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Poaching poses a major threat to endangered species like elephants. [SEP] Text: Theoretically, wild populations could compensate for anthropogenic mortality through decreases in natural mortality or increases in productivity [17, 18]. However, the strength of compensation in wolf populations is an area of active scientific controversy [19–22]. Also, anthropogenic mortality can be additive or super-additive if a breeder or lactating female is killed, resulting in the death of offspring or through mate turnover in the loss of a breeding male [23]. If there is a large portion of non-breeding adults in the remaining population there is potential for recovery since new breeding pairs could take up residence, however long term compensation for anthropogenic mortality depends on survival of those adults [13, 16, 17, 24]. and USFWS 5-year review both call for removal of threats that have the potential to bring about the extinction of red wolves [25, 26]. Currently, anthropogenic mortality is the leading cause of death for wild red wolves in the endangered NENC population [10]. In the first 25 years of reintroduction, 72% of known mortalities were caused by humans. These included suspected illegal killing, vehicle strikes, and private trapping [2]. Gunshot mortalities alone increased by 275% in the years 2004–2012 compared to 1998–2003 [10, 26] and increased 7. 2 times during deer hunting season when compared to the rest of the year. A higher percentage of collared wolves that go missing are unrecovered during this same time as opposed to outside the hunting season [13]. Human-caused mortalities also accounted for 40. 6% of all breeding pair disbandment, mostly from gunshots [13], and breeder replacement has decreased since the mid-2000’s [13]. Therefore, precise measurement of mortality using the most current and comprehensive data is critical to understand how sources of mortality influence red wolf population dynamics and its legal recovery under the ESA [10, 27]. The major cause of death in red wolves is poaching [2, 10, 13]. Poaching is a major component of mortality in many carnivore populations [27, 28], but it is still not well understood [29], and disrupts management efforts [30]. As a percent of all mortality, poaching accounted for 24–75% for different carnivore species and areas [31, 32]. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by demonstrating that poaching is a significant cause of mortality for various endangered species, specifically highlighted in the context of red wolves. The text states that 'The major cause of death in red wolves is poaching' and notes that poaching accounts for '24–75% for different carnivore species and areas.' This indicates that poaching is a serious threat to endangered species, similar to the claim regarding elephants.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Skipping breakfast can slow down metabolism permanently. [SEP] Text: Some studies found that individuals who skipped breakfast had higher rates of mortality [4], higher serum cholesterol levels [5], and frequent health-compromising behaviors [6], compared with regular breakfast eaters. In addition, other studies have reported that breakfast intake has many beneficial effects such as improved satiety, reduced incidence of food cravings [7] and improved cognitive function and academic performance [8]. Breakfast skipping has a significant impact on body weight and metabolic outcomes. The relationship between breakfast skipping and high body mass index (BMI) values has been widely reported in adolescent populations in Europe [9], [10], and Fiji (girls) [11]. Similar associations were reported in the adult [12], middle-aged adult [13], and elderly [14] populations. Many studies have reported the association between metabolic outcomes and breakfast skipping; however, more evidence is required. The strength of the association between breakfast habituation and metabolic outcomes varies according to age group, sex, and ethnicity. For instance, a cross-sectional study on 5316 American young adults showed that regular breakfast eaters were less likely to have elevated low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) levels, high blood pressure, and reduced serum high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) levels [15]. In contrast, a study on 415 Korean adults confirmed that regular breakfast intake was associated with elevated triglyceride (TG) levels [16]. Thus, studies on the association between breakfast skipping and metabolic syndrome remain conflicting, warranting further studies on this subject. This study was undertaken to (1) identify the relationship between breakfast skipping and metabolic outcomes in the Korean adult population and (2) demonstrate, in detail, the effect of breakfast skipping on metabolic outcomes according to age group, sex, and work status. MethodsData and study participantsWe used data from the Health and Surveys () from 2013 to 2018. which has been conducted every year since 1998 by the for and Prevention (KCDC), is a series of nationally representative, population-based surveys on the health and nutritional status of Korean citizens [17]. database is publicly available on their website ( available in Korean). More than 7000 participants were selected each year by the stratified random sampling method. Data were collected through interviews, blood tests, urine tests, and physical examinations in the examination vehicle. was approved by the and all participants provided written informed consent. The total number of participants in from 2013 to 2018 was 47,217. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by indicating that while there are many studies on the relationship between breakfast skipping and metabolic outcomes, evidence is described as conflicting. It notes that skipping breakfast has been associated with various health impacts, but ultimately requires further investigation, implying that there is no definitive conclusion linking breakfast skipping to permanent metabolic slowdown.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Adaptive radiation explains species diversification in new environments. [SEP] Text: AbbreviationsAIC: Criterion BM: Brownian motion model crBD: constant rate birth-death model DDL + E: density-dependent logistic model DDE + E: density-dependent exponential model DTT: disparity through time EB: Early burst model HMM: hidden Markov model LTT: lineage through-time plot MCCR: : morphological disparity index m: metres My: millions of years Mya: millions of years ago OU: Ornstein-Uhlenbeck model QuaSSE: Speciation and Extinction SVL: snout-vent length 2009. 2000. 39. 96. 2001. p. 583–607. 67. 1953. 96. PubMed 502. 1944. 2003. 4. 104. 373. 45. 203. 7. 9. 7. 46. 7. 203. 71. 11. 9741. 35. 20. 78. 24. 68. 487. 207. 1993. 71. 8942. 102. 93. 57. 82. 57. 2006. 72. 1109. 50. 9. 23. 2002. 808. 1983. Book 2013. Book 12. 31. 20. 34. 26. 42. 2003. p. 356–80. 83. 92. 95. 84. 31. 25. 5. 11. 9. 23. 33. 2011. Book 2003. 2014. p. 567–72. 1997. 1986. 96. 1974. Book 308. 62. 105. 9. 2699. 29. 54. 409. 46. 85. 86. 28. 32. 32. 1997. p. 1–54. 64. 83. 9. 5. 1. Surface analysis showing the three inferred adaptive peaks (‘regimes’) of body size (large circles in blue, green and red), and the distribution of species body sizes clustering around these peaks (small circles). Figure S2. Surface analysis depicting phylogenetic convergences of body size in Liolaemus. The three colours (blue, green and red) represent the body size peaks shown in the S1 above. (DOCX 254 kb)Rights and permissions This is an 4. 0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly credited. waiver ( applies to the data made available in this 10. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text provided is largely a collection of abbreviations, references, and technical descriptions related to models of biological analysis, which do not address or provide insights into the claim about adaptive radiation and its role in species diversification. Thus, it is irrelevant to the claim made.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Poaching poses a major threat to endangered species like elephants. [SEP] Text: The last corrected estimate (conducted with our same method) using data through 2007 [28] was slightly lower than ours at 0. 77, suggesting either that uncertainty in both estimates make the two entirely overlapping despite our inclusion of 11 additional years of data or possibly that there has been a slight increase in anthropogenic mortality since that time. Ultimately, anthropogenic mortality reduces the probability of a self-sustaining population, the goal of the USFWS red wolf recovery plan, and could ultimately cause the extinction of the species in the wild in the absence of intervention [48]. Human CODs also violate the Act prohibitions on take. Many studies show wolves face high levels of anthropogenic mortality [19, 28, 34, 49], however the persistence of some carnivore populations in areas of high human density show human-carnivore coexistence with minimal killing is possible under certain conditions [50, 51]. For example, Carter et al. found that tigers and humans co-existed even at small spatial scales, likely because tigers adjusted their activity to avoid encounters with people [51]. The same was shown for gray wolves in Minnesota [52]. America, Linnel et al. , found that carnivore populations increased after favorable policy was introduced (e. g. , ESA protections), despite increases in human population density [53]. et al. , (2011) assessed how people changed their behavior, adopting non-lethal methods for coexistence through financial incentives [54]. We estimated total poaching at 0. 51–0. 635 of 508 collard, adult red wolves, with cryptic poaching alone accounting for 0. 028–0. 293 (5–46% of total poaching). Our most conservative estimate for the risk of total poaching at 0. 51 is also higher than any previously published risk estimate for red wolves, which ranged from 0. 26 [47] to 0. 44 [28]. Moreover, our less conservative scenarios estimate cryptic poaching at 0. 54 and 0. 63, similar to the Wisconsin estimate of 0. 50 [28] and the Scandinavian estimate of 0. 66 [33]. All three of our red wolf cryptic poaching scenarios lead to very similar total poaching risk, suggesting that regardless of the scenario, wolves in NENC are at higher risk from poaching than any other COD. This supports previous work that suggested poaching might be the cause of decline of this introduced population compared to success in the reintroduced gray wolf population in Yellowstone [10, 55]. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the significant risks posed by poaching to red wolves, indicating that 'poaching might be the cause of decline of this introduced population compared to success in the reintroduced gray wolf population in Yellowstone.' This implies that poaching is indeed a major threat to endangered species, aligning with the claim regarding elephants.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Skipping breakfast can slow down metabolism permanently. [SEP] Text: Table 3 Weighted prevalence of abnormal metabolic outcome by breakfast consumptionFull size tableThe association between metabolic abnormalities and irregular breakfast consumption after adjusting for age, education, household income, smoking status, alcohol drinking status, and physical activity is presented in Table 4. Negative binomial regression analysis revealed that an irregular breakfast group had a higher risk of increased number of metabolic abnormalities in the younger working men population than regular breakfast group (odds ratio, 1. 15; 95% confidence interval, 1. 03–1. 27). There was no significant association between the number of metabolic abnormalities and irregular breakfast consumption in middle-aged female workers after adjustment. Table 4 Association between the number of metabolic abnormalities and irregular breakfast consumption, using negative binomial regressionFull size tableDiscussionWe conducted this study to understand the association between regular breakfast intake and metabolic outcomes by sex, work status, and age group stratification. The breakfast consumption pattern was consistent with previous studies. Of the total participants, 56. 4% consumed breakfast regularly. Similar patterns was observed in a previous Korean study using 2017 data, 57. 9% [21]. The results of this study showed that irregular breakfast intake (< 5 times per week) was closely linked to higher risk of increasing number of abnormal metabolic outcomes, especially in young men in the working population than regular breakfast intake. These results are consistent with a previous study that used the data and showed that breakfast consumption patterns were associated with a risk of metabolic outcomes [22]. Furthermore, our results corresponds with that of a review 37. 92%. This trend is in progress, accelerating the risk of metabolic outcomes among young adults. The risk is accentuated in the working population of young men, and further studies are required to clarify the association between specific working conditions (working hours or shift work), breakfast habituation, and the risk of metabolic outcomes. ConclusionOur study showed that breakfast skipping is associated with abnormal metabolic outcomes in the Korean male population, especially in young workers, and provided novel ideas to explain the mechanism through which breakfast skipping affects metabolic outcomes. Availability of data and materials data are publicly available. ( : Health and : Body mass index LDL-C: Low-density lipoprotein cholesterol HDL-C: High-density lipoprotein cholesterol TG: Triglyceride BMR: Basal metabolic rate 92. 1573. 43. 12. 72. 53. 88. 43. 9. 51. 82. PubMed Pub302. 92. 4. 2006. Nutr. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by indicating that skipping breakfast is associated with abnormal metabolic outcomes, particularly in specific demographics like young male workers. It suggests a relationship between irregular breakfast consumption and increased metabolic abnormalities without establishing a permanent slowing of metabolism. Additionally, it emphasizes the need for further studies to clarify the association rather than concluding a definitive permanent effect.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Adaptive radiation explains species diversification in new environments. [SEP] Text: Skip to main content Explore journals Get published About BMC My account Search all BMC 0. 95. Links are drawn to highlight the topological differences. Colours correspond to species clades (see Table 1) as follows: black: outgroups, turquoise: percula, grey: Amphiprion latezonatus and A. chrysopterus (monospecific lineages), orange: clarkii, blue: akallopisos, rose: Australian, green: ephippium, yellow: polymnus, brown: Indian. A coloured legend, which repeats this information for the major clades, is located at the right of the figure. Full size imageFigure 2Homoplasy excess test. Panel (a) shows the distribution of the bootstrap support for each node which showed a homoplasy excess during the removal analysis. Each boxplot shows the null distribution of bootstrap values for the node and the red dot shows the bootstrap value of the node when the taxon of interest (name on the right) has been removed. Nodes names as given on the left correspond to that of panel (b) which shows the consensus tree of the nuclear phylogeny. There, nodes and taxa which showed up as outliers in the analysis have been coloured in orange. Species used as outgroup are shown in grey. The size of node labels has been altered to facilitate reading. Full size imageHybrid signalWe recover an excess of homoplasy at nine nodes of the clownfish phylogenetic tree (Figure 2). Removing either A. ocellaris from Bali or A. percula from Guinea increases the BS of Node 41 (Figure 2), which suggests genetic exchange between members of the percula clade. We find that the “black” specimen of A. clarkii collected in Bali likely originated from hybridisation between other members of the clarkii group (node 37, Figure 2). We measure further increase of BS at three different nodes (6, 16 and 17, Figure 2) when individuals of A. chrysopterus from either Moorea or the are removed. Moreover, the BS of node 17 increases when A. akindynos is removed, which suggests several hybridisation events between A. chrysopterus and species of the Australian and polymnus groups occurring around the timeframe of node 16 and 17. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses specifics of phylogenetic analysis and hybridization events among clownfish species, without addressing the concept of adaptive radiation or its role in species diversification in new environments.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Poaching poses a major threat to endangered species like elephants. [SEP] Text: acknowledged human caused mortality in their 2007 5-year review [26], was repeatedly warned about the problem of poaching while there was still time, with a population of 45–60 in 2016 [10, 43] and beginning in 2017 were notified of the problem of cryptic poaching being underestimated [28]. Those results were shared with the USFWS in public comments in 2018, an official peer review in 2019 and earlier warnings were repeated when comments on red wolves were solicited. It appears the ESA prohibition on take was not effectively enforced. Our analysis relied on USFWS data for COD and disappearances because we could not verify these independently, which is a limitation of this study. Also, the USFWS has not used GPS collars on red wolves since 2013 and VHF location data includes death locations but not all wolf movements. Considering the recent decline in the population, we recommend using GPS collars whenever possible for more precise data collection with information that includes dates of collaring and last contact because of death or disappearance for all collared animals. Previous survival analyses on wildlife populations have not accounted for certain causes of death and disappearance, nor have they been able to model how individual wolves experience policy over time. While survival analysis can model changes in hazard rates, it does not verify why those changes take place such as possible social reasons for increased or decreased poaching. We recommend a time-to-event survival analysis that includes policy period as an intervention since increased poaching appears to be correlated with policy volatility [58]. There was a dramatic decline in the red wolf population in 2014–2015 and a more in-depth survival analysis may give more insight into this occurrence. Because the large decline in population abundance takes the red wolf to the brink of extinction, the USFWS will need to implement policies that prohibit and prevent killing of red wolves, whether legal or illegal. Killing of red wolves for any reason, other than defense of human life or property, may actually lead to increases in poaching [36, 58]. Rather, programs that reward the presence of wolves can increase their value to local residents. One example of favorable policy related to carnivores was the wolverine program in Sweden, which offered rewards to Sami reindeer herding communities for having reproducing female wolverines on their communal lands [64, 65]. America, success of carnivore populations has been linked to legal protections and enforcement [58, 66]. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by highlighting the issues related to poaching and its impact on wildlife populations. It discusses the decline of the red wolf population and suggests that increased poaching is correlated with policy volatility. The recommendation for policies to prohibit and prevent killing of red wolves also indicates that poaching significantly threatens endangered species, aligning with the claim that poaching poses a major threat to endangered species.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Skipping breakfast can slow down metabolism permanently. [SEP] Text: [8910] Cross-sectional and longitudinal studies have shown that regularly skipping breakfast is associated with greater body mass index (BMI) in all age-groups;[11121314151617] However, the mechanisms that might explain the relation between breakfast consumption and body weight are not yet well understood. [18] However, it remains unclear whether breakfast skipping plays a causal role in overweight or is associated with other factors impacting BMI such as parental involvement in food decisions. [19] Physical activity is a component of energy balance that is particularly important in the pathogenesis of obesity and in its treatment. The components of energy expenditure are resting (basal)-energy expenditure (REE), diet-induced thermo genesis, and physical activity. [20] Preventive or therapeutic strategies to control obesity should target these abnormalities. We could identify no published studies that examine the prevalence of breakfast skipping and its correlation with obesity in central part of India. Therefore, the aims of this study were (1) to examine the prevalence of breakfast skipping and obesity in subjects and (2) too evaluate the hypothesis that breakfast skipping would be cross-sectionally associated with elevated odds for obesity in this sample. retrospective analysis of the patients visited to a metabolic clinic of the city during a 3 month's period was done. A total of 250 patients were visited to the clinic and out of them 186 were eligible to be included. Exclusion criteria included patients on steroids or immunosuppressive drugs on past, patients with any infection, patients who were pregnant, patients with diabetes mellitus and hypothyroidism. A predesigned questionnaire was used for data collection. The questionnaire included information regarding dietary factors and exercise schedule/physical activity. A 24-hour dietary recall method was used to assess the amount of food consumed. Standing height and weight were measured with the subjects in light clothes without shoes and BMI (kg/m2) was calculated. It was derived by dividing weight in kilogram by square of height in meters. [21] The classification of obesity was done on the basis of recommendations by Organization (WHO). [22] Breakfast skipping Definitions of breakfast skipping vary widely across studies and feature differential methodological costs and benefits. These inconsistencies present a challenge when evaluating and comparing studies as it has been shown that whether or not an association exists between breakfast skipping and BMI can potentially depend on how breakfast skipping is defined. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by presenting results from studies that associate breakfast skipping with a higher body mass index (BMI). It also indicates that the mechanisms relating breakfast consumption to body weight are not fully understood and that the effect of breakfast skipping is possibly correlated with other factors affecting BMI, rather than causing a permanent slowdown in metabolism. The text also highlights that skepticism exists around the causal role of breakfast skipping in overweight and suggests that further evaluation is required.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Adaptive radiation explains species diversification in new environments. [SEP] Text: We also find evidence of genetic exchanges between members of the Indian group at nodes 20, 22 and 23 (Figure 2). Finally, we identify gene exchange between the two A. sandaracinos individuals at node 13 and A. pacificus, but the effect on bootstrap values is relatively small. Identification of recent hybrid parental speciesWe infer the phylogenetic trees of mitochondrial (Figure 3) and nuclear (Figure 4) markers for all sampled clownfish species augmented with the additional sequences of the supposed hybrid individuals. The cloning procedure allowed us to separate the two parental BMP4 sequences of each hybrid individual analysed (clones 1 and 2 in Figure 4). As expected, we find that the BMP4 sequences from those hybrid individuals that were cloned do not cluster by individual species but are separated among parental clades (Figure 4). We deduced the maternal origin of the putative hybrids with the mitochondrial phylogenetic tree. We find that both hybrids 2 and 3 inherited their mitochondrial genes from A. akallopisos. The plastid sequence of hybrid 1 is similar to A. perideraion and A. leucokranos, as already proposed [20], derives from A. chrysopterus. Moreover, in the mitochondrial tree, A. leucokranos clusters with A. chrysopterus sampled from the Solomon Islands, the origin of A. leucokranos (Figure 5). The maternal origin of the four hybrid individuals is highly supported in the phylogenetic tree with posterior probabilities of 1 on the respective ancestral nodes (Figure 3). The nuclear tree confirms those results and each individual has one of the cloned sequence that clusters with the same species as in the mitochondrial tree (Figure 4). The position of the other clone provides information on the paternal origin of the hybrids. A. leucokranos clusters with high posterior probability with A. sandaracinos and hybrid 1 and 3 both cluster with A. perideraion. The other hybrid individual (hybrid 3) clusters with any of A. pacificus, A. sandaracinos and A. akallopisos, but low posterior probabilities forbid any definitive conclusion. Nevertheless, we do not find clear evidence of recombination events amongst the cloned sequences, suggesting that we sequenced individuals deriving from recent hybridisation events. Figure 3Mitochondrial phylogeny of hybrid individuals. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text provides detailed information about genetic exchanges and hybridization among clownfish species but does not address or support the claim regarding adaptive radiation and species diversification in new environments. Therefore, it is irrelevant to the claim.