Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Empathy is linked to mirror neurons in the brain, helping us understand others’ emotions. # factual [SEP] Text: We also struggle to grasp what understanding actually means, and what a successful version of empathy looks like. We often fail to understand what is good for others, meaning empathic decisions might not lead us to morally sound conclusions. And barriers to fully understanding someone are always going to exist. “It is a common feature of empathy that we cannot ever fully succeed in empathising, because we cannot ever be the other person,” says Thomas. A common topic in philosophical discussions of empathy is whether we can empathise with people who have completely different backgrounds to us. Some theorists argue that to understand someone requires shared knowledge or experience with them, however Thomas sees limitations in this argument. “We can at least partly overcome different backgrounds,” he says. “If we can accept there is always going to be a boundary to other minds, then cultural differences do not pose an insurmountable hurdle to successful understanding. ” With this viewpoint, he highlights the importance of successful understanding, rather than full understanding, when interacting with others. empathy is a skill, how we can improve our success at using it? suggests, our capacity to empathise is not fixed or limited by personal or social identities. “Empathic skill can be improved by self-knowledge and imagination,” he says. “If you know your weaknesses and biases, and can distance yourself from them, you have a good chance of improving your empathic abilities. ” Thomas believes an important requirement for empathy is to focus on the other person and not on yourself. “When we empathise, another person is the target of our efforts,” he explains. “So we mustn’t ask ‘How would I feel in such a situation? ’ but ‘How does this person feel? ’” Successful empathy is the ability to, as much as possible, understand the other person. And while it can be difficult to understand those with completely different life experiences, this is not a barrier to showing empathy. If we all developed our skills of empathy and used them to increase our interpersonal understanding, the world would likely be a much kinder and more compassionate place. of : : Investigating the relationship between empathy and interpersonal understanding : Arts and of : : Investigating the relationship between empathy and interpersonal understanding : Arts and is the study of knowledge, the mind, ethics and our very existence. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the complexities and limitations of empathy, emphasizing that understanding others is inherently challenging. It quotes Thomas saying, 'we cannot ever fully succeed in empathising,' indicating that the process of empathy is more nuanced than merely being linked to mirror neurons. Instead of straightforward links, the text highlights barriers to empathy such as different backgrounds and personal biases.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Olfactory receptors may operate through quantum effects. [SEP] Text: 5% agar mixed with 1mL India ink. They were allowed to acclimate for 1 min, and then a video was recorded for 30 seconds using a Moticam3 digital camera (Motic) and Plus 2. 0 software. The video was analyzed by the MTrack2 plug-in (from in ImageJ. The path was recorded; scores were quantified as the length traveled per minute as previously described91. As the locomotion speed of DAN-c1 homozygous was slow, DAN-c1 × WT was used as the control group. Learning assays with thermogeneticsIn learning assays with thermogenetics, 25 to 50 third-instar larvae (92–96 h after egg laying) were trained on a 2. 5% agar plate (100mm petri dish) covered with 2 mL of 1 M SUC or 0. 1% QUI. DW was used as a control. An odorant PA was placed on a small piece of filter inside the lid. Training plates were put in a water bath either under 22°C or 34°C. After 30 minutes, larvae were rinsed and transferred to the testing plate. After 5 min, the response index (R. I. ) was calculated. Learning assays with optogeneticsIn learning assays with optogenetics, egg laying plates with 1mM ATR (all-trans retinal, Sigma, Cat. No. R2500) were used. All-trans retinal (ATR) is a necessary light-isomerizable chromophore for ChR2, which is not synthesized by Drosophila. 92,93 Around 50 third-instar larvae were trained in a 35mm petri dish with 2 mL of either 1 M SUC or 0. 1% QH solutions. DW was used as a control. During training, an odorant was placed on a small piece of filter inside the lid. To activate channelrhodopsin2, a LED (07040 PB000-D, wavelength 470 nm) with a power supply (power supply Model GPS-1830D) was used. The intensity of the blue light was 25 mW, measured by a laser power meter (Sanwa, LP1). After being trained for 30 minutes, larvae were rinsed and transferred to the middle line of a 2. 5% agar plate in 100 mm test plate. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim regarding olfactory receptors and their potential operation through quantum effects. The content focuses on experimental methodologies involving Drosophila larvae training and responses to odorants, without any mention of quantum effects related to olfactory receptors.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Malnutrition remains a major issue in many low-income countries. [SEP] Text: The association of parental education with childhood undernutrition in low- and middle-income countries: comparing the role of paternal and maternal education.  Epidemiol. 2017;46(1):312-323. PubMed6. Karlsson O, J-W, Subramanian SV. Weakening association of parental education: analysis of child health outcomes in 43 low- and middle-income countries.  Epidemiol. 2019;48(1):83-97. doi:10. 1093/ije/dyy158 PubMed7. Hong SA. Prevalence and regional variations of coexistence of child stunting and maternal overweight or obesity in Myanmar.  Nutr. 2021;24(8):2248-2258. doi:10. 1017/S136898002000186X PubMed8. Seferidi P, Hone T, Duran AC, Bernabe-Ortiz A, Millett C. Global inequalities in the double burden of malnutrition and associations with globalisation: a multilevel analysis of Demographic and from 55 low-income and middle-income countries, 1992-2018.  Health. 2022;10(4):e482-e490. doi:10. 1016/S2214-109X(21)00594-5 PubMed9. Anik AI, Rahman MM, Rahman MM, Tareque MI, Khan MN, Alam MM. Double burden of malnutrition at household level: a comparative study among Bangladesh, Nepal, Pakistan, and Myanmar.  PLoS One. 2019;14(8):e0221274. doi:10. 1371/journal. pone. 0221274 PubMed10. Biswas T, Townsend N, Magalhaes RJS, Hasan M, Mamun A. Patterns and determinants of the double burden of malnutrition at the household level in South and Southeast Asia.  Clin Nutr. 2021;75(2):385-391. doi:10. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text provides multiple studies that address various aspects of malnutrition in low- and middle-income countries. It highlights significant issues such as childhood undernutrition, double burden of malnutrition, and regional variations, which all affirm the claim that malnutrition is a major issue. The references to studies conducted on child health outcomes and malnutrition in specific countries further substantiate this claim.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Social isolation is associated with a higher risk of depression and anxiety. [SEP] Text: Five of students who were imposed to a curfew, died during the outbreak. While the older people who live with family members were forced to stay at home, who can guarantee that other family members who can go out will not bring COVID-19 to home? Although this research depicts that there is an association between depression and curfew, it should be bared in mind that this is a limited and narrow study that represents only student population of University of Antalya Campus. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing a specific study that suggests an association between curfew-induced social isolation and depression among students. It highlights the limitations of the study, stating that it only represents a narrow and specific population, implying caution in generalizing the findings to broader populations. This raises questions about the strength of the claim regarding social isolation and its wider effects on depression and anxiety.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Olfactory receptors may operate through quantum effects. [SEP] Text: A small piece of filter paper with pentyl acetate was placed on one side of the plate, while distilled water on the other side. Then the number of larvae in the two semicircular areas were counted and the R. I. was calculated after 5 min. Quantification of D2R knockdownQuantification of the fluorescent intensity of D2R knockdown was performed as follows. TH signals were used to define dopaminergic neurons, and the mean fluorescent intensity of GFP in each neuron was calculated with subtraction of the background. The mean intensity of DM1 was divided by that of pPAM, and the value in the knockdown group was subsequently normalized with the control group. Statistical AnalysisInformation for statistical analysis is provided in figure legends. Author contributionsQi. C. : Conceptualization, Methodology, Formal analysis, Investigation, Writing – Original Draft, Visualization, Qian. C. : Writing – Review & Editing, Steijvers. E. : Writing – Review & Editing Colvin. R. : Writing – Review & Editing Lee. D. : Conceptualization, Writing – Review & Editing, Supervision, Funding acquisitionAcknowledgementsThis work was partially supported by an NIH grant (AG065925) and an Grant from of Science & Technology (Institute), Seoul, Korea. CQ was a recipient of the SEA and GSR awards from Ohio University. We thank Dr. J Hirsh (University of Virginia), Dr. M. Wu (University), Dr. M. Zlatic and Dr. C. Eschbach (), Dr. M. Gallio (Northwestern University), Dr. A. Kopin (Tufts-Medical Center), Dr. S. Tanda (Ohio University), Dr. B. Condron (University of Virginia), Dr. T. Kitamoto (University of Iowa) for their kind gift strains. Declaration of InterestThe authors declare no competing interests. Supplemental informationFigure S1. GFP expression patterns in the larval CNS by GAL4 driver strains used in this study. (a-n) Representative pictures show the patterns of distinct GAL4 driver strains crossed with a UAS-GFP strain. (o) A representative picture shows the pattern of MB247-LexA driver (MB247-LexA::VP16) crossed with a LexAop-RFP strain (LexAop-rCD2::RFP). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim regarding olfactory receptors and quantum effects. It focuses on experimental methods related to neuronal analysis, D2R knockdown quantification, and author contributions without mentioning olfactory receptors or any quantum mechanics aspects.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Malnutrition remains a major issue in many low-income countries. [SEP] Text:  Nutrire. 2021;46(2):11. doi:10. 1186/s41110-021-00140-w 17. Sekiyama M, Jiang HW, Gunawan B, et al. Double burden of malnutrition in rural West Java: household-level analysis for father-child and mother-child pairs and the association with dietary intake.  Nutrients. 2015;7(10):8376-8391. doi:10. 3390/nu7105399 PubMed18. US Agency for International Development. The DHS program: available datasets. 14, 2022. Z, Kapoor M, Kim R, Subramanian SV. Association of maternal history of neonatal death with subsequent neonatal death across 56 low- and middle-income countries.  Sci Rep. 2021;11(1):19919. doi:10. 1038/s41598-021-97481-3 PubMed20. Doak CM, Adair LS, Bentley M, Monteiro C, Popkin BM. The dual burden household and the nutrition transition paradox.  Obes (Lond). 2005;29(1):129-136. doi:10. 1038/sj. ijo. 0802824 PubMed21. Organization. : Methods and Development. 2006. 14, 2022. S, Harttgen K, Subramanyam MA, Finlay J, Klasen S, Subramanian SV. Association between economic growth and early childhood undernutrition: evidence from 121 Demographic and from 36 low-income and middle-income countries.  Health. 2014;2(4):e225-e234. doi:10. 1016/S2214-109X(14)70025-7 PubMed23. World Bank. Bank country classifications by income level: 2020-2021. 2020. 14, 2022. M, Kim R, Vollmer S, Subramanian SV. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing various studies and reports that indicate the prevalence and impact of malnutrition, particularly in low and middle-income countries. References to the dual burden of malnutrition and associations with dietary intake highlight the ongoing challenges related to nutrition in these regions.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Cryptocurrencies are volatile and can experience rapid value changes. # factual [SEP] Text: On the other hand, since Bitcoin is a decentralized technology, it was warmly adopted by anarchist organizations worldwide [1, 2, 3], but for similar reasons, it was attacked by many others [4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9]. Some attacked the Bitcoin from the fear of shaking the current centers of powers, but most attacked it out of ignorance. Strangely enough, even in the libertarian community, which in general embraced the new currency, there are some that used allegedly Austrian economics arguments to debunk the foundation of the Bitcoin economy [10, 11, 12, 13, 14]. In general, we encounter two strategies to attack Bitcoin: (1) presenting multiple minor or even clearly erroneous arguments. Consequently, the arguments keep reappearing, despite the fact that they are constantly refuted. And (2) using fundamental economic laws to allegedly demonstrate that Bitcoin does not possess the essential properties of money. The object of the 2. a Ponzi scheme? The most common criticism against Bitcoin is that Bitcoin is actually a Ponzi scheme [7, 10]. Clearly, there is no resemblance between the two. A Ponzi scheme is a fraudulent investment operation. The investors are made to believe that they gain from the investment operation, while in fact, the money comes from new investment, that is, a Ponzi scheme is a pyramid fraud. While some cryptocurrencies or tokens do seem to be a Ponzi scheme, Bitcoin is definitely not. Everything about Bitcoin: its algorithm, its network, and its development projects are completely transparent. The network, the mining process, and the entire project are all decentralized. There are no managers, no organizers, and no control. Therefore, there could be no fraud. Bitcoin does not even have a pyramid structure. An investor in Bitcoin can make a profit by selling it at a higher price, just like in any other trade. Unlike pyramid structures, the owner of Bitcoins does not have to convince multiple people to invest in order to make a profit. It is true that in both cases, the first investors gain more than the last ones, and that their profit rises with the number of traders. However, by the law of demand, it is clear that the price rises with the increase in demand, that is, the price increases with the number of buyers. This is valid for any commodity, and Bitcoin is no exception. This is definitely not a pyramid structure’s fingerprint. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing Bitcoin in detail and emphasizing that it is not a Ponzi scheme and does not exhibit properties associated with rapid value changes in the same way as pyramids or fraudulent investments. It argues that the increase in Bitcoin price is driven by demand, similar to any other commodity, suggesting a structured and potentially stable economic behavior rather than volatility.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Olfactory receptors may operate through quantum effects. [SEP] Text: Blue channel represents neuropils marked by nc82 antibody. Driver strains in (a-j) were used in Figure 1d-m. Driver strains in (k-m) are strains used in supplementary Figure S3. 201Y-Gal4 (N) is the driver strain used in Figure 6. Scale bar: 200 µm. Figure S2. Controls for GRASP experiments. (a-c) signals were not observed in control groups. The first column shows the mouse anti-GFP staining (green) for GRASP signals, the second column shows MB lobes by RFP (red), and the third column shows the rabbit anti-GFP staining (blue) which only recognizes the spGFP1-10. (a) (mouse antibody, green) and spGFP1-10 (rabbit antibody, blue) can be recognized in the lower peduncle (LP) compartment (white arrows), in a larval brain expressing spGFP1-10 under TH-Gal4 and spGFP11 under MB247-LexA. Some strong spGFP1-10 signals outside of MB are also colocalized with GRASP signals (yellow arrowheads). (b) GRASP signals are hardly observed in a larval brain only expressing spGFP1-10 under TH-Gal4 (no MB247-LexA in this brain), while anti-spGFP1-10 signals are still strong (magenta arrows). (c) nor spGFP1-10 can be recognized in a larval brain only expressing spGFP11 under MB247-LexA (cyan arrowheads). Scale bars: 20 µm. (d) A Schematic diagram shows the mechanism of GRASP. Modified from Macpherson et. al. 89. Figure S3. D2R-GAL4 strains support the expression pattern of D2R. (a-b) Control staining for D2R-tagged GFP in Figure 3. The green channel represents GFP signals whereas magenta represents neuropils marked by nc82 antibody. GFP staining in WT (a). Secondary antibody only staining for the D2R-tagged GFP strain (b). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim regarding olfactory receptors and quantum effects. It provides detailed descriptions of various experiments and techniques related to immunostaining and GRASP (GFP Reconstitution Across Synaptic Partners) without mentioning olfactory receptors or any quantum mechanics aspect.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Malnutrition remains a major issue in many low-income countries. [SEP] Text: Assessment of undernutrition among children in 55 low-and middle-income countries using dietary and anthropometric measures. . 2021;4(8):e2120627. doi:10. 1001/jamanetworkopen. 2021. 20627PubMed25. Kruk ME, Gage AD, Joseph NT, Danaei G, García-Saisó S, Salomon JA. Mortality due to low-quality health systems in the universal health coverage era: a systematic analysis of amenable deaths in 137 countries.  Lancet. 2018;392(10160):2203-2212. doi:10. 1016/S0140-6736(18)31668-4 PubMed26. Muthuri SK, Onywera VO, Tremblay MS, et al;. Relationships between parental education and overweight with childhood overweight and physical activity in 9–11 year old children: results from a 12-country study.  PLoS One. 2016;11(8):e0147746. doi:10. 1371/journal. pone. 0147746 PubMed27. Fitzsimons E, Pongiglione B. The impact of maternal employment on children’s weight: evidence from the UK.  SSM Popul Health. 2018;7:100333. doi:10. 1016/j. ssmph. 2018. 100333 PubMed28. Barlow P. The effect of schooling on women’s overweight and obesity: a natural experiment in Nigeria.  Demography. 2021;58(2):685-710. doi:10. 1215/00703370-8990202 PubMed29. Popkin BM, Adair LS, Ng SW. Global nutrition transition and the pandemic of obesity in developing countries.  Nutr Rev. 2012;70(1):3-21. doi:10. 1111/j. 1753-4887. 2011. 00456. x PubMed30. Swami V. Cultural influences on body size ideals. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by referencing various studies that assess undernutrition among children in low-and middle-income countries. The mention of 'undernutrition' highlights a significant aspect of malnutrition, thus supporting the idea that malnutrition remains an issue in these regions.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Cryptocurrencies are volatile and can experience rapid value changes. # factual [SEP] Text: Clearly, if the government backs its currency by forbidding the usage of other currencies (in its geographical territory), then it enforces a certain minimum value for the currency. However, not all governments can or do that. In most countries, the population can make economic transactions with many currencies. Most governments back their currencies by enforcing tax payment with them. Similarly, the governments pay their employees with the national currency. However, these conducts are equivalent to the presence of a rich man in a market, who declares that any economic transaction with him can take place only with a certain currency. As richer this man is, the higher will be the value of this currency. Clearly, a government is equivalent to a very rich man, but the differences are quantitative rather than qualitative ones. One of the most instructive examples in this regard is the Swiss dinars in northern Iraq during the gulf war [25]. This is a very interesting example, which vividly illustrates the fact that paper money can be used as a medium of exchange, despite the fact that it is backed neither by any commodity nor by any government. 13. Dependence on the current monetary system An argument against Bitcoin, which was very common in its early years, is that Bitcoin is not a real medium of exchange because most traders, which accept Bitcoin, convert them to fiat currency almost immediately after the transaction. Nowadays, this argument is heard less since many sellers prefer Bitcoin over fiat money. They prefer spending their fiat money and receive and keep their cryptos. Moreover, nowadays many employees are paid in cryptocurrency. However, it is important to stress that whether the users of Bitcoin prefer to make an additional transaction after selling a product, that is, to convert the crypto to fiat, is irrelevant to the validity of Bitcoin as a medium of exchange. First, there is no praxeological difference between the exchange of Bitcoin with fiat and the exchange of Bitcoin with other goods. If a seller prefers to convert Bitcoin into fiat currencies, it only means that he had decided to use Bitcoin as a medium of exchange to purchase the fiat currencies. Moreover, one should not ignore the fact that the main reason that sellers prefer to convert their cryptos back into fiat is due to government regulations (mainly taxation) and has nothing to do with the fundamental monetary properties of Bitcoin. 14. Bitcoin and economic calculations economists used the volatility problem and the last argument to claim that Bitcoin cannot be used for economic calculations. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the volatility of Bitcoin and argues that this volatility is used by economists to assert that Bitcoin cannot be used for economic calculations. It highlights that the main reason traders prefer converting Bitcoin to fiat currency is due to government regulations, indicating that the fluctuations in value are significant enough to impact its use as a currency, contrary to the claim that cryptocurrencies are stable.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Olfactory receptors may operate through quantum effects. [SEP] Text: (c-e) D2R-GAL4 strains support the expression of D2R in some DANs. The green channel represents GFP signals, red represents mCherry signals under D2R-GAL4 drivers, and blue marks DANs with TH antibodies. R72C08 labels three DM1 neurons (c). R72C04 labels one DM1 (d) and two DL2b neurons (e). (f-h) D2R-GAL4 strains support the expression of D2R in mushroom body neurons. The green channel represents GFP signals, and red represents mCherry signals under D2R-GAL4 drivers. R72D03 marks some MBNs in mushroom body (f). R72C08 labels some MBNs in axons (g), dendrites and soma (h). (i) D2R is absent in the core of mushroom body lobes, from a transection view of the lower peduncle. Scale bars: 200 µm (a and b); 20 µm (c-e, g-i), 50 µm (f). Figure S4. D2Rs in DAN-d1 and DAN-g1 are not necessary for aversive learning. (a-b) Dendrites and axons of DAN-d1 (a) and g1 (b) are labeled by DenMark (red) and sytGFP (green), correspondingly. (c-d) D2Rs are expressed in DAN-d1 (c) and DAN-g1 (d). The expression pattern of D2R is shown with tagged--g1 and d1 are marked by mCherry, and DANs are labeled by TH-antibody (blue). (e) Knockdown D2R in neither in DAN-g1 nor DAN-d1 impairs aversive learning. Data are shown as mean ± SEM. Two-way multiple comparisons test, **p < 0. 01, ***p < 0. 001, ****p < 0. 0001. numbers, see Table S3. (f) The gene structure of D2R, the insertion site of GFP, and the D2R-microRNA targeting sequence are shown in a schematic diagram. Modified from Xie and Ho61. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address or provide any information regarding the claim about olfactory receptors and quantum effects. It discusses the expression of D2R in specific neurons and their implications for aversive learning but does not mention olfactory receptors or any related quantum effects.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Malnutrition remains a major issue in many low-income countries. [SEP] Text: Children’s Fund. Maternal nutrition: prevention of malnutrition in women before and during pregnancy and while breastfeeding. 2021. 11, 2022. JC, Sawaya AL, Wibaek R, et al. The double burden of malnutrition: aetiological pathways and consequences for health.  Lancet. 2020;395(10217):75-88. doi:10. 1016/S0140-6736(19)32472-9 PubMed40. Victora CG, Christian P, Vidaletti LP, Gatica-Domínguez G, Menon P, Black RE. Revisiting maternal and child undernutrition in low-income and middle-income countries: variable progress towards an unfinished agenda.  Lancet. 2021;397(10282):1388-1399. doi:10. 1016/S0140-6736(21)00394-9 PubMed41. Özaltin E, Hill K, Subramanian SV. Association of maternal stature with offspring mortality, underweight, and stunting in low- to middle-income countries.  JAMA. 2010;303(15):1507-1516. doi:10. 1001/jama. 2010. 450 PubMed42. Hawkes C, Demaio AR, Branca F. Double-duty actions for ending malnutrition within a decade.  Health. 2017;5(8):e745-e746. doi:10. 1016/S2214-109X(17)30204-8 PubMed43. Carrillo-Larco RM, Miranda JJ, Bernabé-Ortiz A. Impact of food assistance programs on obesity in mothers and children: a prospective cohort study in Peru.  Public Health. 2016;106(7):1301-1307. doi:10. 2105/AJPH. 2016. 303191 PubMed44. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing various studies and articles that address maternal and child undernutrition in low-income and middle-income countries, indicating a sustained focus on addressing malnutrition. For example, the reference to 'Revisiting maternal and child undernutrition in low-income and middle-income countries: variable progress towards an unfinished agenda' suggests that malnutrition remains a critical issue within these demographics.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Cryptocurrencies are volatile and can experience rapid value changes. # factual [SEP] Text: Available from: 16. von Mises L. Human Action: A Treatise on Economics. Scholar’s ed. Auburn, AL: Ludwig von Mises Institute; 1940/1998. Available from: 17. N. Man, Economy, and State, with Power and Market. Auburn, AL: Mises Institute; 1970. Available from: 18. Herbener JM. Time-of Interest. Auburn, Alabama: CreatePublishing Platform; 2011 19. Hayek F. “The ‘Paradox‘ of Saving”. in the Zeitschrift für Nationalökonomie, Bd. I, Heft III, 1929, Under the Title “Gibt es einen Widersinn des Sparens? . is the Work of Mr. and Dr. and was in Economica, May, 1931 20. . Good versus bad deflation: Lessons from the gold standard era. NBER (Bureau of Economic Research) No. 10329; February, 2004. Available from: 21. Lewis N. Let's Resolve the ‘Deflation’ Fallacy. Forbes, Economics & Finance. May 21, 2015. Available from: 22. Karsten J, West DM. Venezuela’s “Petro” Undermines other Cryptocurrencies–and International Sanctions. Brookings. March 9, 2018. Available from: 23. Hosia H, Perry N. This is the to Adopt a Cryptocurrency as its Official Currency. Time. March 5, 2018. Available from: 24. Althauser J. the First ‘Crypto-Country’ in the World. Cointelegraph. October 13, 2017. Available from: 25. Economic policy and prospects in Iraq. of Economic Perspectives. 2004;18(3):47-70 26. Granot E. Ricardo's law of comparative advantage and the Law of Association: A subjective analysis. In: Economics and Development. Rijeka, Croatia: Intech; 2017. 27. Kinsella S. Property. Auburn, AL: Mises Institute; 2008 28. Sampathkumar M. Bitcoin should be ‘Outlawed’, says Nobel Prize-Economist. Independent. November 30, 2017. Available from: 29. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim regarding cryptocurrencies' volatility. It consists mostly of bibliographic references and does not provide any information or context that supports, contrasts, or discusses the claim about cryptocurrencies experiencing rapid value changes.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Olfactory receptors may operate through quantum effects. [SEP] Text: Scale bars: 50 µm (a and b), 20 µm (c and d). Figure S5. Knockdown D2R in DAN-c1 with a RNAi strain also impairs aversive learning. (a) Knockdown of D2R with D2R-miR in DAN-c1 impairs larval aversive learning when using propionic acid as the odorant. (b) Knockdown of D2R in DAN-c1 with a RNAi strain also impairs larval aversive learning when using pentyl acetate as the odorant, while knockdown of D2R in either DAN-d1 or g1 does not affect learning. (c) Knockdown of D2R with D2R-miR in DANs under TH-GAL4 impairs larval aversive learning when using pentyl acetate as the odorant. Data are shown as mean ± SEM. Two-way multiple comparisons test, *p < 0. 01, **p < 0. 01, ***p < 0. 001, ****p < 0. 0001. numbers, see Table S3. Figure S6. Naïve sensory and motor functions of Drosophila larvae. (a-e) The naïve sensory and motor functions in larvae related to D2R-miR experiments. (a) No significant difference exists between strains in naïve olfactory tests toward pentyl acetate (PA). (b) No significant difference exists between strains in naïve olfactory tests toward propionic acid (ProA). (c) No significant difference exists between strains in naïve gustatory tests toward quinine (QUI). (d) No significant difference exists between strains in naïve gustatory tests toward sucrose (SUC). (e) No significant difference is found between strains and WT, except DAN-c1. So, larvae from DAN-c1 × WT are used for all behavioral assays (refer to i). (f-i) The naïve sensory and motor functions in larvae related to RNAi experiments. (f) No significant difference exists between strains and WT. (g) No significant difference exists between strains in naïve gustatory tests toward QUI. (h) No significant difference exists between strains in naïve gustatory tests toward SUC. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim regarding olfactory receptors and their potential operation through quantum effects. Instead, it focuses on various experiments related to Drosophila larvae and their learning capabilities in response to odors and other stimuli. As such, there is no relevant information provided that supports or contradicts the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Malnutrition remains a major issue in many low-income countries. [SEP] Text: Prevalence and trends in the childhood dual burden of malnutrition in low- and middle-income countries, 1990–2012 Published online by Press: 24 February 2016 andauthor details Emma Tzioumis* Affiliation: Department of Nutrition, of Health, University of at Chapel Hill, 137 E. Franklin Street, Room 6312, Chapel Hill, NC 27516, : Department of Nutrition, of Health, University of at Chapel Hill, 137 E. Franklin Street, Room 6312, Chapel Hill, NC 27516, : Department of Nutrition, of Health, University of at Chapel Hill, 137 E. Franklin Street, Room 6312, Chapel Hill, NC 27516, : Department of Nutrition, of Health, University of at Chapel Hill, 137 E. Franklin Street, Room 6312, Chapel Hill, NC 27516, USA * *Corresponding author: Email tzioumis@unc. edu 2012. SubjectsChildren <5 years. ResultsOverall malnutrition prevalence decreased in children <5 years, driven by stunting decreases. Stunting rates decreased in 78 % of countries, wasting rates decreased in 58 % of countries and overweight rates increased in 36 % of countries. Rates of change differed for children </≥2 years, with children <2 years experiencing decreases in stunting in fewer countries yet increases in overweight in more countries. Countries with nearly equal prevalences of stunting and overweight in children <5 years increased from 2000 to the final year. Within a country, 0·3–10·9 % of children <5 years were stunted and overweight, and 0·6–37·8 % of stunted children <5 years were overweight. ConclusionsThe dual burden exists in children <5 years on both country and individual levels, indicating a shift is needed in policies and programmes to address both sides of malnutrition. Children <2 years should be identified as a high-risk demographic. Keywords ChildrenDeveloping countriesNutritional statusDual burden Issue 8 June 2016 10. 1017/S1368980016000276 [Opens in a new window] © 2016 Childhood nutritional diseases are a significant global problem, but the distribution of under- and overnutrition is changing, especially in low- and middle-income countries (LMIC). The various forms of undernutrition (e. g. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the prevalence of malnutrition in low- and middle-income countries, highlighting the dual burden of malnutrition among children under five years old. It specifically mentions that while overall malnutrition prevalence may have decreased in some areas, the existence of both undernutrition (stunting) and overnutrition (overweight) signifies that malnutrition continues to be a significant issue requiring attention in these demographics and regions.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Every plant has medicinal properties that are safe for human use. # questionable [SEP] Text: Таубэ Полный текст: PDF (Rus) | HTML | XML |сгенерировать QR код Статья Об авторе Содержание Перейти к: Аннотация Согласно данным ряда исследований, лекарственные растения и лекарственные препараты (ЛП) на их основе могут быть использованы в качестве ингибиторов различных вирусных инфекций, включая вирус SARS-CoV-2, на разных стадиях их проявления и развития. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by indicating that medicinal plants and their derived drugs can be effective against certain viral infections, such as SARS-CoV-2, but it does not suggest that every plant is safe or has medicinal properties, thereby questioning the absolute nature of the claim.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Olfactory receptors may operate through quantum effects. [SEP] Text: (i) There is a significant difference between strains in larval locomotion speed, and there is significant difference between DAN-d1, DAN-d1 × RNAi and WT, but these differences do not affect the learning ability of larvae. Data are shown as mean ± SEM. One-way multiple comparisons test. numbers, see Table S3. Figure S7. Over-excitation of DANs during learning impairs larval aversive learning. Third instar larvae with ChR2 expression in most DANs (TH-Gal4) were used. Activation of DANs during training impairs larval aversive learning (a), while keeps appetitive learning intact (c). No learning behaviors are observed in the control distilled water (DW) groups (b). Data are shown as mean ± SEM. Two-way multiple comparisons test, ***p < 0. 001. numbers, see Table S4. Supplementary TablesTable S1. Other strains used in this study. Table S2. N numbers of learning assays with thermogenetics. Table S3. N numbers of DD2R knockdown experiments. Table S4. N numbers of learning assays with optogenetics10. 1016/j. cell. 2014. 03. 0012Neve K. A. Seamans J. K. Trantham-Davidson H. 2004Dopamine receptor signalingJ 24:165–205 J. H2013Dopamine signaling in reward-related behaviorsCircuits 7 C. Nash S. R. Robinson S. W. Jaber M. Caron M. G1998Dopamine receptors: from structure to function78:189–225 A. Dunnett S. B2007Dopamine neuron systems in the brain: an update30:194–202 M. V. Antzoulatos E. G. Miller E. K2014Prefrontal dopamine in associative learning and memoryNeuroscience 282:217–229 M2014The ventral tegmentum and dopamine: A new wave of diversityNeuroscience 282:243–247 R. Benarroch E. E2014Dopamine receptor signaling in the forebrain: recent insights and clinical implicationsNeurology 83:758–767 J. M. Gainetdinov R. R2011The physiology, signaling, and pharmacology of dopamine receptors63:182–217 M. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text provided does not relate to the claim regarding olfactory receptors and quantum effects. It discusses various aspects of larval locomotion, learning, and dopamine receptor signaling without mentioning olfactory receptors or any quantum mechanics involved.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Malnutrition remains a major issue in many low-income countries. [SEP] Text: stunting, wasting, micronutrient deficiencies) in children <5 years of age continue to pose a substantial public health concern( Reference Black, Victora and Walker 1 Reference Black, Allen and Bhutta 2 ), with an estimated 171 million children <5 years stunted worldwide in 2010( Reference de Onis, Blössner and Borghi 3 ). As the nutrition transition progresses diets become simultaneously more energy-dense yet nutrient-poor, while lifestyles become more sedentary, leading to overnutrition( 4 ). In 2010, globally, 43 million children <5 years were overweight or obese, with an additional 93 million children at risk of overweight( Reference Onis, de, Blössner and Borghi 5 ). Despite sustained economic development in many countries, substantial economic disparities remain within LMIC and nutritional insufficiencies continue even while obesity prevalence is increasing, resulting in a ‘dual burden’ of malnutrition on the population level( Reference Doak, Adair and Bentley 6 – and Haddad 8 ). The dual burden presents a unique and complex public health challenge. Tracking of population-level anthropometric trends has focused primarily on children <5 years of age. WHO and commonly report anthropometric indicators for this age group and children <5 years are targeted in the Goals( 9 10 ). However, the first 2 years of life have emerged as a critical developmental period, as recognized by the creation of the 1,000 Days initiative( 11 ). A child’s linear growth potential is largely determined by this age; thus much of the developmental origins of adult health and human capital work uses linear growth status at 2 years to predict future growth and health( Reference Black, Allen and Bhutta 2 and Adair 12 – Reference Victora, Adair and Fall 14 ). Studies in high-income countries have also documented the role of early development of overweight and obesity in the first 2 years of life, since early weight status predicts later weight status and chronic disease risk( Reference Singh, Mulder and Twisk 15 ). Recent evidence from a collaboration of five birth cohorts in LMIC also suggests that faster relative weight gain before 2 years is associated with increased risk of overweight in young adults( Reference Adair, Fall and Osmond 16 ). However, the extent of the dual burden in this younger age group has not been estimated. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by detailing the prevalence of various forms of malnutrition, such as stunting, wasting, and micronutrient deficiencies in children under five, and highlights that these issues continue to pose significant public health concerns in low-income countries. It mentions that despite economic development, nutritional insufficiencies persist, leading to a 'dual burden' of malnutrition, which reinforces the significance of malnutrition as a major issue.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Every plant has medicinal properties that are safe for human use. # questionable [SEP] Text: В ряде стран разработаны официальные рекомендации по самостоятельной и вспомогательной терапии COVID-19 лекарственными растениями и ЛП на их основе. Однако в сочетании с ЛП, разработанными для лечения COVID-19, могут возникать различные взаимодействия, в том числе неблагоприятные. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by indicating that there can be various interactions, including adverse ones, between medicinal plants and officially developed drugs for treating COVID-19. This suggests that not all plants are safe for human use.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Olfactory receptors may operate through quantum effects. [SEP] Text: O. et al. 2019Dopamine: Functions, Signaling, and Association with Neurological DiseasesNeurobiol 39:31–59 S2010Dopamine reveals neural circuit mechanisms of fly memory33:457–464 J. Krause W. C. Davis R. L2008Olfactory memory traces in DrosophilaRes 169:293–304 H. J. Tong C. Tsuda H2010100 years of Drosophila research and its impact on vertebrate neuroscience: a history lesson for the futureNeurosci 11:514–522 S. Seto E. S2014Dopamine dynamics and signaling in Drosophila: an overview of genes, drugs and behavioral paradigms63:107–119 M2003Mushroom body memoir: from maps to modelsNeurosci 4:266–275 R. L. 2004Olfactory learningNeuron :31–48 K. Furukubo-Tokunaga K2005Induction of cAMP response element-binding protein-dependent medium-term memory by appetitive gustatory reinforcement in Drosophila larvaeJ Neurosci 25:7905–7913 K. Furukubo-Tokunaga K2009Distinctive neuronal networks and biochemical pathways for appetitive and aversive memory in Drosophila larvaeJ Neurosci 29:852–862 A. et al. 2016of and Memory in 12 W. G. Harris W. A. Benzer S1974Conditioned behavior in Drosophila melanogaster71:708–712 B. L. Bonini N. Dawson D. R. Quinn W. G1983Reward learning in normal and mutant 80:1482–1486 G. Davis R. L2001Molecular biology and anatomy of Drosophila olfactory associative learningBioessays 23:571–581 W. G. Dudai Y1976Memory phases in DrosophilaNature 262:576–577 S. Armstrong J. D. Kitamoto T. Kaiser K. Quinn W. G2000The amnesiac gene product is expressed in two neurons in the Drosophila brain that are critical for memoryCell 103:805–813 Y. Jan Y. N. Byers D. Quinn W. G. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim regarding olfactory receptors and their possible operation through quantum effects. Instead, it lists various studies and topics related to dopamine, memory, and Drosophila research, which do not directly relate to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Malnutrition remains a major issue in many low-income countries. [SEP] Text: The transition from exclusive breast-feeding to family foods is typically complete around 2 years of age, and appropriate nutrition interventions will differ for children aged <2 years and ≥2 years. Therefore, age-specific information is critical when targeting children for nutritional interventions to reduce stunting and, at the same time, prevent overweight and obesity. Direct comparisons of population-level trends in under- and overnutrition in children are scarce, outdated and imprecise. The most recent comprehensive assessment was in 2000, which compared overweight and wasting in children <5 years( and Blössner 17 ). However, more than half of the countries only had one survey, precluding the authors from establishing time trends, and the data came from WHO which vary in quality and representativeness. Since 2000, few explicit comparisons of global trends in child nutrition status have been published. Studies using similar data sources have been published on global trends in stunting( Reference de Onis, Blössner and Borghi 3 ) and overweight( Reference Onis, de, Blössner and Borghi 5 ), separately. The 2013 series included a section on childhood anthropometrics( Reference Black, Victora and Walker 1 ). However, time trends were aggregated by region, and the country-level data were from a combination of sources and often more than 10 years old. Others have reported on the dual burden in various countries in Latin America, Africa, the and Asia, but these studies do not use nationally representative data, which limits generalizability and prevents direct comparisons with other countries( Reference Jinabhai, Taylor and Sullivan 18 – Reference Kimani-Murage, Kahn and Pettifor 25 ). To our knowledge, there are no comparisons of population-level studies of the dual burden in children (<5 years) or that distinguish between children aged <2 years and ≥2 years. The current paper documents contemporary trends in the population-level prevalence of stunting, wasting and overweight in children <5 years in LMIC, and separately reports these trends for children aged <2 years and ≥2 years. We also provide estimates of country-level and individual-level (concurrent stunting and overweight in the same child) dual burden in children <5 years. Demographic and (DHS), which are rigorously collected and standardized, provide the necessary data to directly calculate and compare trends across countries and time. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the prevalence of malnutrition issues, including stunting and wasting, particularly in low- and middle-income countries (LMIC). It highlights the lack of comprehensive and recent data on child nutrition status and supports the understanding that malnutrition is a significant issue, especially considering the dual burden of stunting and overweight. The emphasis on the need for age-specific nutritional interventions further underscores the complexity and ongoing relevance of malnutrition in these regions.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Every plant has medicinal properties that are safe for human use. # questionable [SEP] Text: Использовалась открытая информация о подтверждённых межлекарственных взаимодействиях на сайте международной базы данных Результаты и обсуждение. Выявлены результаты возможных взаимодействий со следующими лекарственными растениями: Зверобой, Наперстянка, Барвинок, Безвременник, Хинное дерево, Строфант, Спорынья, Перец, Лимон, Кофе, Чай, дерево Йохимбе, Чеснок, Примула вечерняя, Мак опийный, Раувольфия змеиная. Заключение. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by listing various medicinal plants and mentioning their potential interactions, implying that not all plants are safe and can have adverse effects or interactions with other medications.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Olfactory receptors may operate through quantum effects. [SEP] Text: Benzer S1976dunce, a mutant of Drosophila deficient in learning73:1684–1688 R. L. Dauwalder B1991dunce locus: learning and memory genes in the fly7:224–229 J. R. Skoulakis E. M. Han K. A. Kalderon D. Davis R. L1998Tripartite mushroom body architecture revealed by antigenic markers5:38–5128Saumweber T. et al. 2018Functional architecture of reward learning in mushroom body extrinsic neurons of larval Drosophila9 R. F2001Drosophila as a focus in olfactory research: mapping of olfactory sensilla by fine structure, odor specificity, odorant receptor expression, and central connectivityTech 55:284–296 A. et al. 2005Glomerular maps without cellular redundancy at successive levels of the Drosophila larval olfactory circuit15:982–992 A. M. Wang J. W. Axel R2002Spatial representation of the glomerular map in the Drosophila protocerebrumCell 109:229–241 T. Lee A. Luo L1999Development of the Drosophila mushroom bodies: sequential generation of three distinct types of neurons from a neuroblastDevelopment 126:4065–4076 Z. Davis R. L2009Eight different types of dopaminergic neurons innervate the Drosophila mushroom body neuropil: anatomical and physiological heterogeneityCircuits 3 J. Pandey R. Wasser M. Udolph G2011Orthodenticle is necessary for survival of a cluster of clonally related dopaminergic neurons in the Drosophila larval and adult brain6 C. et al. 2006Light-induced activation of distinct modulatory neurons triggers appetitive or aversive learning in Drosophila larvae16:1741–1747 K. S. Demchyshyn L. L. McConkey F. Forte M. A. Niznik H. B1995A primordial dopamine D1-like adenylyl cyclase-linked receptor from Drosophila melanogaster displaying poor affinity for benzazepinesFEBS Lett 362:131–138 K. A. Millar N. S. Grotewiel M. S. Davis R. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text presents a collection of references and studies related to Drosophila and its olfactory research without addressing the specific claim about olfactory receptors operating through quantum effects. Therefore, it passes as it does not provide relevant information to support or contrast the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Malnutrition remains a major issue in many low-income countries. [SEP] Text: 1 Cumulative country-level prevalence of stunting (), wasting () and overweight () at three time points (year closest to 1990, year closest to 2000 and final year) among children <5 years from thirty-six low- and middle-income countries, 1990–2012 Table 1 Overall absolute and annualized changes in stunting, wasting and overweight from first survey to final survey among children <5 years from thirty-six low- and middle-income countries, grouped by income status Annualized changes in prevalence Table 1 shows the absolute and annualized changes in country-level prevalence of stunting, wasting and overweight for all children <5 years, grouped according to income group (low v. middle income). Overall, the majority of countries decreased stunting prevalence, with annual changes in prevalence ranging from −0·13 %/year (Mozambique, Cote D’Ivoire) to −1·29 %/year (Bangladesh). Stunting increased in six countries, five of which were in Africa. Wasting declined in just over half the countries. The magnitudes of annual wasting changes were similar to those of stunting (−0·10 %/year in Rwanda and Uganda to −1·03 %/year in Mali). Wasting was stable in eleven countries. Overweight increased in 36 % of countries, with annual increases in these countries ranging from 0·12 %/year (Niger) to 0·74 %/year (Benin). Overweight did not change appreciably in nineteen countries. On average, stunting decreased more in middle-income countries while wasting decreased more in low-income countries. Absolute overweight prevalence increased more in middle-income countries (low income, 0·66 %; middle income, 0·98 %), but overweight increased slightly more quickly in low-income countries (low income, 0·07 %/year; middle income, 0·04 %/year). Time trends before and after the millennium Figure 2 displays the annualized changes in country-level prevalence of stunting and overweight for all children <5 years, before and after 2000 (listed in descending order of stunting change before 2000 to visually characterize trends in countries of different stunting rates). Inconsistent country-level trends were observed before and after the millennium. Most countries experienced decreases in stunting during both time intervals, and only in Benin did stunting increase both before and after 2000. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the prevalence of malnutrition indicators such as stunting and wasting among children in low- and middle-income countries. The mention of stunting decreasing in many countries and the data on wasting highlight ongoing issues of malnutrition, particularly in low-income countries. The observed inconsistencies in nutritional trends, especially the increases in stunting in some African countries, underscore that malnutrition is indeed a significant concern in these regions.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Every plant has medicinal properties that are safe for human use. # questionable [SEP] Text: Рассмотрены ЛП, применяемые для лечения COVID-19, разных анатомо-терапевтических групп, выявлены возможные изменения их терапевтической эффективности при одновременном приёме с лекарственными растениями или биологически активными веществами растительного происхождения, содержащимися в продуктах питания и пищевых добавках. Показано, что не все взаимодействия могут быть нежелательными. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by indicating that there are variations in therapeutic effectiveness of plants when taken with other medicines, implying that not all plants are safe and effective for human use.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Olfactory receptors may operate through quantum effects. [SEP] Text: L1996DAMB, a novel dopamine receptor expressed specifically in Drosophila mushroom bodiesNeuron 16:1127–1135 M. G. et al. 2002A Drosophila dopamine 2-like receptor: Molecular characterization and identification of multiple alternatively spliced variants99:14554–14559 D. P. et al. 2005Rapid, nongenomic responses to ecdysteroids and catecholamines mediated by a novel Drosophila G-protein-coupled receptorJ Neurosci 25:6145–6155 Y. C. Lee H. G. Seong C. S. Han K. A2003Expression of a D1 dopamine receptor dDA1/DmDOP1 in the central nervous system of Drosophila melanogasterPatterns 3:237–245 M. Pauls D. Han K. A. Stocker R. F. Thum A. S2009The role of dopamine in Drosophila larval classical olfactory conditioningPLoS One 4 Y. C. Lee H. G. Han K. A2007D1 dopamine receptor dDA1 is required in the mushroom body neurons for aversive and appetitive learning in DrosophilaJ Neurosci 27:7640–7647 S. Schwarzel M2016of a Type 2 Supports Anesthesia-Resistant MemoryJ Neurosci 36:7936–7945 M. et al. 2019Suppression of GABAergic neurons through D2-like receptor secures efficient conditioning in Drosophila aversive olfactory learning116:5118–5125 I. Kurshan P. T. McBride E. Jackson F. R. Kopin A. S2007Locomotor activity is regulated by D2-like receptors in Drosophila: an anatomic and functional analysis67:378–393 K. et al. 2017The complete connectome of a learning and memory centre in an insect brainNature 548:175–182 N. K. Tanimoto H. Ito K2008Neuronal assemblies of the Drosophila mushroom bodyJ 508:711–755 T. Kraft K. F. Technau G. M. Urbach R2012Origin of Drosophila mushroom body neuroblasts and generation of divergent embryonic lineagesDevelopment 139:2510–2522 M. et al. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim regarding olfactory receptors and quantum effects. Instead, it discusses various studies related to dopamine receptors and their roles in Drosophila's neural pathways and learning behaviors, which are unrelated to the claim about olfactory receptors.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Malnutrition remains a major issue in many low-income countries. [SEP] Text: Overweight increased in children <2 years in two-thirds of countries, but increased in children ≥2 years in only approximately half of countries. With respect to income group, stunting in children <2 years decreased more in middle-income countries, whereas it decreased more in low-income countries for children ≥2 years. Wasting decreased more in low- than middle-income countries for both age groups. Greater increases in overweight were observed in low-income countries for children <2 years, but not for children ≥2 years, where overweight increased in middle-income countries but decreased in low-income countries. Table 2 Age-specific absolute and annualized changes in stunting, wasting and overweight from first survey to final survey among children <2 years and children ≥2 years from thirty-six low- and middle-income countries, grouped by income group Age-specific time trends before and after the millennium Figure 3(a) and 3(b) show the annualized changes for country-level stunting and overweight before and after 2000 for children <2 years and ≥2 years. Countries are listed in descending order by annual changes in stunting before 2000. Both before and after 2000, stunting rates decreased for children ≥2 years in more countries than for children <2 years (before 2000, stunting rate decreased in 61 % and 86 % of countries for children <2 years and children ≥2 years, respectively; after 2000, stunting rate decreased in 75 % and 83 % of countries for children <2 years and ≥2 years, respectively). Both before and after 2000, overweight rates increased in children <2 years in more countries than for children ≥2 years (before 2000, overweight rate increased in children <2 years in 64 % of countries and in children ≥2 years in 46 % of countries; after 2000, overweight rate increased in 64 % and 53 % of countries for children <2 years and ≥2 years, respectively). Fig. 3 Age-specific annualized change in prevalence of stunting and overweight before and after the millennium (, before 2000; after 2000) among children <2 years (a) and children ≥2 years (b) from thirty-six low- and middle-income countries, 1990–2012 Dual burden Figure 4 shows countries ranked by their ratio of country-level stunting to overweight prevalence at the millennium and at the most recent survey. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing various forms of malnutrition, such as stunting and wasting, particularly in low-income countries. It highlights the variations in malnutrition rates among different age groups and notes that stunting rates decreased more in middle-income countries compared to low-income countries. This indicates that malnutrition, including concerns of stunting and wasting, is still prevalent in low-income settings, supporting the claim that malnutrition remains a major issue in these areas.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Every plant has medicinal properties that are safe for human use. # questionable [SEP] Text: Выявлены интересные взаимодействия: зверобой продырявленный и ЛП на его основе способны вызвать индукцию CYP3A и снижение терапевтического эффекта при совместном применении с ЛП: лопинавиром, ремдесивиром, умифеновиром, нирматрелвиром; кардиотоксический эффект интерферона может быть снижен за счёт применения лекарственного растительного сырья, содержащего сердечные гликозиды; сочетание приёма феруловой кислоты с пэгинтерфероном альфа-2а повышает риск и тяжес [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing specific interactions between St. John's wort and certain medications, indicating that its use can lead to a decrease in therapeutic effects. This suggests that not all plants are safe for human use, especially in combination with pharmaceuticals.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Olfactory receptors may operate through quantum effects. [SEP] Text: 2002Embryonic and larval development of the Drosophila mushroom bodies: concentric layer subdivisions and the role of fasciclin IIDevelopment 129:409–419 A. et al. 2016in Larval Drosophila26:661–669 F. et al. 2003Targeted gene expression in Drosophila dopaminergic cells using regulatory sequences from tyrosine hydroxylaseJ Neurobiol 54:618–627 G. U. Cervantes-Sandoval I. Davis R. L2010Olfactory learning in DrosophilaPhysiology (Bethesda 25:338–346 S2013Reinforcement signalling in Drosophila; dopamine does it all after allNeurobiol 23:324–329 Y. Rubin G. M2016Dopaminergic neurons write and update memories with cell-type-specific rulesElife 5 M. et al. 2003Dopamine and octopamine differentiate between aversive and appetitive olfactory memories in DrosophilaJ Neurosci 23:10495–10502 Y. et al. 2012Three dopamine pathways induce aversive odor memories with different stabilityPLoS Genet 8 P. Worden K. Aso Y. Rubin G. M. Keene A. C2015A dopamine-modulated neural circuit regulating aversive taste memory in Drosophila25:1535–1541 C. et al. 2012A subset of dopamine neurons signals reward for odour memory in DrosophilaNature 488:512–516 C. J. et al. 2012Layered reward signalling through octopamine and dopamine in DrosophilaNature 492:433–437 N. et al. 2015Distinct dopamine neurons mediate reward signals for short- and long-term memories112:578–583 T. et al. 2018A for in Drosophila23:652–665 Y. et al. 2010Specific dopaminergic neurons for the formation of labile aversive memory20:1445–1451 C. Lee D2014Pre- and of Dopamine D2 Receptor DD2R in Associative LearningBiology (Basel 3:831–845 K. Hwang R. Y. Tracey W. D. 2012Optogenetic manipulation of neural circuits and behavior in Drosophila larvae7:1470–1478 E. S. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it provides a list of references and findings related to dopamine signaling and memory in Drosophila, without addressing olfactory receptors or quantum effects. There is no information linking the content of the text to the idea that olfactory receptors may function via quantum effects.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Malnutrition remains a major issue in many low-income countries. [SEP] Text: Stunting has been the focus of many international efforts and programmes and as a result has declined but remains high, especially in sub-and South-East Asia. Unfortunately, declines in stunting are occurring alongside increases in overweight among young children in many settings. Consequently, the dual burden is becoming a reality in an increasing number of countries, particularly middle-income countries. Globally, stunting decreased by similar magnitude before 2000 and after 2000 in children <5 years. Average annual change in stunting prevalence before 2000 was −0·37 %/year and annual change after the millennium was slightly more pronounced (−0·41 %/year). Reductions in wasting occurred before 2000 (average annual change of −0·39 %/year), but plateaued after the millennium (−0·06 %/year). Overweight increased similarly before and after 2000, with average annual changes of 0·10 %/year and 0·08 %/year, respectively. The stunting trends indicate steady, but not accelerating progress, whereas wasting flatlined after 2000. The trends reported here are similar to findings from country-specific analyses in LMIC( de Mola, Quispe and Valle 33 – Reference Das, Chisti and Malek 35 ) and in recent global assessments of preschool children( Reference de Onis, Blössner and Borghi 3 Reference Onis, de, Blössner and Borghi 5 Reference Stevens, Finucane and Paciorek 36 ). Variability across countries may reflect differences in breast-feeding practices, the time of introduction to and quality of complementary foods, urban v. rural environment and family wealth( de Mola, Quispe and Valle 33 Reference Urke, Bull and Mittelmark 37 – Reference Matijasevich, Santos and Menezes 39 ). Given the widespread focus on the Goals and global investment in reducing childhood undernutrition, this is disappointing. The combination of increases in overweight with a decelerating reduction in stunting and wasting paints an even more worrisome picture, and is slowly gaining attention( Reference Monyeki, Awotidebe and Strydom 40 and Rivera 41 ). These opposing individual trends mirror the results of our estimation of the dual burden, with more countries manifesting the dual burden over time. A key contribution of our work is the exploration of trends before and after age 2 years, which have not been investigated previously. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the issue of stunting, which remains high in many low-income and middle-income countries, particularly in sub-and South-East Asia. It mentions international efforts to reduce stunting, but highlights that despite some declines, the rates remain high, indicating that malnutrition persists as a significant concern. Furthermore, the text notes that while reductions in stunting have stagnated, there has been an increase in overweight children, illustrating the complexities of malnutrition in these regions.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Every plant has medicinal properties that are safe for human use. # questionable [SEP] Text: Аспекты безопасного применения лекарственных препаратов на основе лекарственного растительного сырья при COVID-19. Реальная клиническая практика: данные и доказательства. 2022;2(1):28-35. For citation: Taube A. A. Aspects of the safe use of medicinal products based on medicinal plant materials in COVID-19. Real-& Evidence. 2022;2(1):28-35. (In Russ. ) Введение За время пандемии COVID-19 были изучены и одобрены лекарственные препараты (ЛП), а также разработаны клинические рекомендации для терапии COVID-19. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the safety and approval of medicinal products based on plant materials specifically in the context of COVID-19. It implies that while some medicinal uses of plant materials are studied and approved, it does not assert that every plant is safe or has medicinal properties, thereby questioning the absolute assertion in the claim.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Olfactory receptors may operate through quantum effects. [SEP] Text: Zhang F. Bamberg E. Nagel G. Deisseroth K2005Millisecond-timescale, genetically targeted optical control of neural activity8:1263–1268 P. Felsenberg J. Waddell S2018Do the right thing: neural network mechanisms of memory formation, expression and update in DrosophilaNeurobiol 49:51–58 D. Waddell S2015Olfactory learning skews mushroom body output pathways to steer behavioral choice in DrosophilaNeurobiol 35:178–184 R. L2005Olfactory memory formation in Drosophila: from molecular to systems neuroscienceNeurosci 28:275–302 Y. et al. 2014The neuronal architecture of the mushroom body provides a logic for associative learningElife 3 G. S. Marin E. C. Watts R. J. Luo L2002Development of neuronal connectivity in Drosophila antennal lobes and mushroom bodiesNeurobiol 12:80–86 M. Borst A. Wagner S. Byers D1985Drosophila mushroom body mutants are deficient in olfactory learningJ Neurogenet 2:1–30 Belle J. S. Heisenberg M1994Associative odor learning in Drosophila abolished by chemical ablation of mushroom bodiesScience 263:692–695 R. L2011Traces of Drosophila memoryNeuron 70:8–19 J. et al. 2011Mushroom body efferent neurons responsible for aversive olfactory memory retrieval in Drosophila14:903–910 D. et al. 2015Activity of defined mushroom body output neurons underlies learned olfactory behavior in DrosophilaNeuron 86:417–427 T. Fischer M. Schulz R. Heisenberg M2000Localization of a short-term memory in DrosophilaScience 288:672–675 S. M. Davis R. L2009Dynamics of learning-related cAMP signaling and stimulus integration in the Drosophila olfactory pathwayNeuron 64:510–521 L. R. et al. 1992learning and memory gene rutabaga encodes a Ca2+/Calmodulin-responsive adenylyl cyclaseCell 68:479–489 T. Louis T. Jindachomthong K. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text provided is a list of citations regarding various studies on olfactory learning and memory in Drosophila, but it does not directly address the claim regarding quantum effects in olfactory receptors. Therefore, it is irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Malnutrition remains a major issue in many low-income countries. [SEP] Text: A child’s second birthday has been identified as a critical milestone in physical and cognitive development; therefore gaining awareness of the trends in this age group is important( Reference Barker, Bergmann and Ogra 42 ). In our study, we showed differences between children <2 years and ≥2 years, with children <2 years in a worse situation regarding both under- and overnutrition. Stunting decreased more in children ≥2 years than in children <2 years both before and after 2000. Stunting continued to increase in children <2 years in one-third of countries after 2000, whereas few increases were seen after 2000 in children ≥2 years. Overweight rates increased in both age groups, but the rates increased in more countries for children <2 years than ≥2 years before and after 2000. Additionally, the magnitude of changes was more extreme in children <2 years compared with those ≥2 years. Given how critical the window from birth to age 2 years is for future growth and development, it is concerning that children in this age group have poorer indicators than older children. The limited recovery from stunting after 2 years has led to prioritization of efforts to reduce stunting in children <2 years( Reference Lundeen, Stein and Adair 43 Reference Shrimpton, Victora and de Onis 44 ). Overweight/obesity in this age group also deserves attention, because although overweight tends to persist and becomes more prevalent towards adolescence and adulthood, rapid growth and weight gain in infancy have been identified as risk factors for subsequent overweight in childhood( Reference Okihiro, Davis and White 45 – Reference Taveras, Rifas-Shiman and Belfort 49 ) and adult body composition( Reference Slining, Herring and Popkin 13 and Victora 50 – Reference McCormick, Sarpong and Jordan 52 ). Since this is a cumulative problem, it is important to identify at-risk children as early as possible to avoid initializing the chain of events. Additionally, interventions that target only undernutrition, especially those that promote ‘catch-up’ growth, may unintentionally contribute to overweight/obesity( and Barros 53 ). This has been documented in a supplementary feeding programme in Chile that led to increased childhood overweight and in the Oportunidades conditional cash transfer in Mexico which increased adult overweight, obesity and blood pressure( Reference Fernald, Gertler and Hou 54 and Kain 55 ). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by highlighting significant issues related to malnutrition in children under two years of age, indicating that stunting continues to increase in this age group in one-third of countries after 2000, which reflects ongoing malnutrition challenges. It emphasizes that children <2 years are in a worse situation regarding both under- and overnutrition, underlining the critical nature of addressing malnutrition issues in low-income countries.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Every plant has medicinal properties that are safe for human use. # questionable [SEP] Text: Имеющиеся на сегодняшний день данные по эффективности и безопасности ЛП, применяемых для профилактики и лечения COVID-19, остаются противоречивыми. Кроме того, способность вируса SARS-CoV-2 к мутациям может привести к снижению эффективности уже существующих ЛП. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by stating that the available data on the effectiveness and safety of medicinal plants (ЛП) for prevention and treatment of COVID-19 remains controversial, suggesting that not all plants are necessarily safe or effective.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Olfactory receptors may operate through quantum effects. [SEP] Text: AbstractThe intricate relationship between the dopaminergic system and olfactory associative learning in Drosophila has been an intense scientific inquiry. Leveraging the formidable genetic tools, we conducted a screening of 57 dopaminergic drivers, leading to the discovery of DAN-c1 driver, uniquely targeting the single dopaminergic neuron (DAN) in each brain hemisphere. While the involvement of excitatory D1-like receptors is well-established, the role of D2-like receptors (D2Rs) remains underexplored. Our investigation reveals the expression of D2Rs in both DANs and the mushroom body (MB) of third instar larval brains. Silencing D2Rs in DAN-c1 via microRNA disrupts aversive learning, further supported by optogenetic activation of DAN-c1 during training, affirming the inhibitory role of D2R autoreceptor. Intriguingly, D2R knockdown in the MB impairs both appetitive and aversive learning. These findings elucidate the distinct contributions of D2Rs in diverse brain structures, providing novel insights into the molecular mechanisms governing associative learning in Drosophila larvae. eLife assessment This study presents a valuable finding on the role of dopamine receptor D2R in dopaminergic neurons DAN-c1 and mushroom body neurons (Y201-GAL4 pattern) on aversive and appetitive conditioning. The evidence supporting the claims of the authors is solid and promotes the investigation using fly larvae, which have interesting advantages in the time required for obtaining experimental animals and the use of optogenetics. The work will be of interest to researchers studying neuronal control of behaviour and learning and memory in general. of findingsvaluable: Findings that have theoretical or practical implications for a subfieldlandmarkfundamentalimportantvaluableusefulStrength of evidencesolid: Methods, data and analyses broadly support the claims with only minor weaknessesexceptionalcompellingconvincingsolidincompleteinadequateDuring the peer-review process the editor and reviewers write an eLife assessment that summarises the significance of the findings reported in the 1. On the cellular and physiological level, learning and memory is achieved by neuroplastic changes in circuits, including neuronal excitability and synaptic plasticity. Usually distinct types of neurotransmitters, such as dopamine, modulate these changes. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not reference olfactory receptors or quantum effects in relation to them. Instead, it discusses the role of dopaminergic receptors in aversive and appetitive learning in Drosophila, focusing on dopamine receptor D2R without any mention of quantum mechanics or olfactory processes.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Malnutrition remains a major issue in many low-income countries. [SEP] Text: Targeting children <2 years in both stunting and overweight interventions provides an opportunity for renewed progress to be made in improving childhood nutrition in a climate where improvements have plateaued. The country-level dual burden ratios for children <5 years presented here indicate that although stunting prevalence is still higher than overweight in many countries, the difference between the two forms of malnutrition is getting smaller, as demonstrated by the maximum ratio in 2000 (99·85) and the most recent year (46·31). Not only is the decreasing maximum indicative of a move towards the dual burden over time, but the entire range of ratios is shifted closer to 1, indicating that this is happening across the distribution of countries. These ratios must be interpreted in the context of the overall prevalence. Given a normal distribution of Z-scores in a population, we expect 2·5 % of children to have Z-scores of −2 and 2·5 % to have Z-scores of +2, producing a ratio of 1. However, the stunting prevalence is much greater than 2·5 % for all countries in our study and therefore higher than what would be expected for a normally distributed population. For example, the countries with ratios closest to 1 have stunting prevalence in 2000 of >10 % and overweight prevalence of >5 %. Armenia and Egypt have high rates of both stunting and overweight in both years, whereas Jordan and the have more moderate rates. Therefore, in these countries we feel confident in our interpretation of the ratio as an indicator of the dual burden and not as an artifact of the normal distribution. We show that the dual burden of under- and overnutrition also occurs on the individual level. Substantial proportions of children in a country were concurrently stunted and overweight, and stunted children were also overweight, more so in middle- than low-income countries. This occurred alongside the already large numbers of the population who are either stunted or overweight. These instances of individual-level dual burden are particularly troublesome, and similar results have recently been reported among young children in a number of LMIC( Reference Freire, Silva-Jaramillo and Ramírez-Luzuriaga 56 – Reference Ramirez-Zea, Kroker-Lobos and Close-Fernandez 58 ). One explanation is that poor early nutrition (i. e. stunting) may alter physiology to preferentially accumulate fat mass v. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing issues of malnutrition, specifically stunting and overweight among children in low- and middle-income countries (LMIC). It highlights the dual burden of malnutrition, with significant prevalence of stunting that exceeds expected levels in a normally distributed population, indicating that malnutrition is indeed prevalent in these areas. The mention of specific countries and the interpretation of the stunting prevalence reinforce the idea that malnutrition is a major issue in low-income countries.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Every plant has medicinal properties that are safe for human use. # questionable [SEP] Text: Согласно данным ряда исследований, лекарственные растения и ЛП на их основе могут быть использованы в качестве ингибиторов различных вирусных инфекций, включая вирус SARS-CoV-2, на разных стадиях их проявления и развития [1],[2],[3]. В Китае в апреле 2020 г. [4] было официально одобрено применение лекарственных растительных препаратов традиционной китайской медицины при COVID-19 в комбинированной терапии с другими ЛП. Shi et al. в 2020 г. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the use of medicinal plants—including those used in traditional Chinese medicine—specifically in contexts where their safety and efficacy are under scrutiny, particularly concerning their use against viral infections like SARS-CoV-2. This implies that not every plant may be safe or effective for human use, challenging the blanket statement made in the claim.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Olfactory receptors may operate through quantum effects. [SEP] Text: Dopamine (DA) plays an important role in many mammalian brain functions, including motor functions, motivation, reinforcement, addiction, and learning and memory2–4. Dopaminergic neurons (DAN) are mainly located in the mesencephalon: DANs in the substantia nigra (SN) are responsible for motor functions, while those in the ventral tegmental area (VTA) are important in reward, addiction, learning and memory3,5. Dopamine achieves its functions via two families of G protein-coupled receptors (GPCR): excitatory D1-like and inhibitory D2-like receptors4. All D1-like receptors are located post-synaptically; in contrast, D2-like receptors both function post-synaptically and play an important presynaptic role, regulating dopamine release through negative feedback4. All these receptors are important in mammalian associative learning6,7. D1-like receptors elevate intracellular cAMP by activating adenylyl cyclase (AC) via Gαs, while D2-like receptors repress cAMP by inhibiting AC via Gαi/o. cAMP activates protein kinase A (PKA), leading to the phosphorylation of DARPP-32 (dopamine and cyclic AMP-regulated phosphoprotein, 32kDa), ion channels, and CREB (cAMP response element-binding protein). In addition, dopamine receptors also activate the PLC-and CaMKII pathways2–4,8–10. Although mammalian studies reveal mechanisms more relevant to human beings, the complexity of the nervous system impedes our understanding about the basic or more universal principles of learning and memory applicable generally to all nervous systems11. With a simple central nervous system (CNS) and powerful genetic tools, the fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster has become a popular model organism in learning and memory research12,13. With conserved genes in dopamine metabolism and signaling14, as well as fundamental similarities in the olfactory circuitry compared to mammals15,16, Drosophila can perform olfactory associative learning in both larvae17–19 and adults20–24. Olfactory associative learning is a type of classical conditioning in which flies are trained under positive or negative reinforcement paired with an odorant. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text discusses dopamine's role in various brain functions and the mechanisms of dopaminergic receptors in mammals, as well as the olfactory learning in fruit flies. However, it does not mention olfactory receptors' functioning through quantum effects, thus making it irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Malnutrition remains a major issue in many low-income countries. [SEP] Text: lean mass( Reference Martins, Hoffman and Fernandes 59 Reference Long, George and Uthlaut 60 ). Poor early nutrition fosters a ‘thrifty phenotype’ with increased efficiency of fat storage( 61 ), and in utero results in small abdominal viscera and low muscle mass but high levels of adiposity( Reference Yajnik, Fall and Coyaji 62 Reference Muthayya, Dwarkanath and Thomas 63 ). Stunted children have a greater accumulation of fat mass and a lower lean mass gain when compared with their non-stunted counterparts, and are more likely to deposit fat centrally when entering puberty( Reference Martins, Hoffman and Fernandes 59 Reference Hoffman, Martins and Roberts 64 ). These results may be explained by lower rates of fat oxidation in the stunted children v. non-stunted children, or alterations in cortisol metabolism, which may occur in utero or early childhood( Reference Hoffman, Sawaya and Verreschi 65 ). Stunted children have also exhibited abnormal appetite control and increased energy intake per unit body weight( Reference Martins, Hoffman and Fernandes 59 Reference Hoffman, Roberts and Verreschi 66 ). Therefore, stunted children lack sufficient nutrients for optimal linear growth, but if they overconsume energy relative to their needs they may preferentially store it as fat. The interventions and approaches needed to identify and optimize the health and nutrition for these distinct segments of the population may be very different. The present study is not without limitations. First, the selected countries are not globally representative since certain regions are over-represented (Africa) while others are under-represented (Asia). This limits the generalizability of our findings but was a trade-off with our inclusion criteria which ensured we were able to assess trends over time. Our data represent almost three-quarters of a million children from many of the world’s regions. Second, in a few countries, the age range differed slightly depending on how each country carried out its DHS (i. e. only children <3 years were measured in twelve of 131 country-years, only children <4 years were measured in two of 131 country-years). This could give the impression of lower rates in these country-years, as anthropometric deficits tend to accumulate over time. Third, the data were cross-sectional so we cannot make statements about age-specific trends within the same children. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing malnutrition in the context of stunted children's growth and nutritional deficiencies. It highlights how poor early nutrition can lead to a thrifty phenotype with detrimental effects on lean mass and fat storage, indicating a significant issue of malnutrition. The emphasis on specific nutritional lacks, growth challenges, and the impact of socio-economic factors relates directly to the broader issue of malnutrition in low-income countries.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Every plant has medicinal properties that are safe for human use. # questionable [SEP] Text: было показано, что несколько составных формул китайской медицины (такие как отвар Qingfei Paidu, гранулы Jingyin и капсулы Lianhua Qingwen) способны облегчать умеренные и лёгкие симптомы у некоторых пациентов с COVID-19 [4]. В большинстве случаев ЛП китайской традиционной медицины часто назначают пациентам с COVID-19 одновременно с другими противовирусными лекарственными средствами (такими как ремдесивир и лопинавир) [4]. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing specific herbal formulations in traditional Chinese medicine that are used to alleviate symptoms of COVID-19, implying that not all plants are safe and effective for human use without consideration of specific applications and context. This highlights that while some plants may have medicinal properties, their safety and efficacy can vary significantly.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Olfactory receptors may operate through quantum effects. [SEP] Text: Different from the naïve reaction to the odorant, flies approach the odorant after being trained with rewards (e. g. , sucrose; appetitive)21, but avoid the odorant when trained with punishments (e. g. , electric shock, bitter taste chemicals; aversive)20. Several genes related to the cAMP-PKA signaling pathway, including dunce (dnc)25 and rutabaga (rut)21, are expressed in the mushroom body (the center for Drosophila learning and memory)26,27. Mutations of these genes lead to learning deficiencies, indicating their roles in olfactory learning21,25. Drosophila larvae offer several advantages for studying olfactory learning compared to adults. Notably, compared to neural circuits underlying olfactory learning, their simpler neural circuitry28, characterized by fewer olfactory receptor neurons (ORNs)29,30, projection neurons (PNs) 31, mushroom body neurons (MBNs)32, and dopaminergic neurons (DANs)33,34, facilitates the elucidation of underlying mechanisms. Additionally, larvae exhibit simpler behavioral patterns, facilitating experimental manipulations and observations. Furthermore, their translucent cuticles enable convenient application of techniques such as optogenetics35, further enhancing the experimental versatility of larval studies. Like in mammalian brains, dopamine achieves its functions via four dopamine receptors in flies, two D1-like receptors dDA136 (or Dop1R1) and DAMB37 (or Dop1R2), one D2-like receptor D2R38 (or Dop2R), and one non-canonical receptor DopEcR14,39. dDA1 is mainly found in the mushroom body40,41 and is necessary for appetitive and aversive olfactory learning in larvae and adults41,42. D2R in the mushroom body is necessary for anesthesia-resistant memory43. In addition, D2R in GABAergic anterior paired lateral (APL) neurons is known to secure aversive conditioning in adult flies44. Although D2R expression has been reported in the ventral nerve cord45, neither its expression in larval brains, nor its functions in larval olfactory learning have been investigated. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not provide any information related to quantum effects in olfactory receptors. Instead, it discusses the mechanisms of olfactory learning in Drosophila larvae, focusing on genetic and neural circuitry factors that contribute to their response to odorants. This makes it irrelevant to the claim regarding quantum effects.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Malnutrition remains a major issue in many low-income countries. [SEP] Text: Despite these limitations, we believe our results are a valid attempt at quantifying trends in childhood malnutrition and estimating the dual burden. Our results provide a baseline for continued surveillance of global trends. Recent studies in adults document global shifts in anthropometrics, with many reporting that overweight now exceeds underweight( and Slining 67 – Reference Jones-Smith, Gordon-Larsen and Siddiqi 69 ). Although we show that overweight continues to increase and previous reductions in stunting and wasting have slowed, levels of overweight have not yet surpassed those of stunting or wasting in children <5 years. This offers a glimmer of hope that the shift observed in adults is not as severe in young children. We must not be complacent, however, as the dual burden ratio indicates that there are countries with equivalent levels of stunting and overweight and the number is increasing. These ratios are likely driven by decreases in stunting, but even in the countries where stunting is still high (e. g. sub-Saharan Africa) we note increases in overweight. We need to be careful of unintentionally increasing overweight when interventions target undernutrition only( Reference Fernald, Gertler and Hou 54 and Kain 55 ). Childhood undernutrition is decreasing, largely reflecting reductions in stunting. However, these reductions are not consistent across the globe and they are slowing down. Improvements in wasting have stalled, as well. Conversely, overweight continues to increase, which is of great concern. In concert, these individual indicator trends produce a dual burden of malnutrition, both within a population and within the child. Children <2 years should be identified as a high-risk demographic and be screened for early intervention. The global nutrition community must continue to engage governments and international agencies to increase efforts to reduce stunting, while simultaneously avoiding overweight. Acknowledgements Acknowledgements: The authors thank Bardsley and Monath for programming support and Swasey for graphics support. Financial support: This research was supported by an educational grant from Wyeth Nutrition. It also received general support from the Center (R24 HD050924). and the Center had no role in the design, analysis or writing of this 10. 1017/S1368980016000276 1. (2013) Maternal and child undernutrition and overweight in low-income and middle-income countries. Lancet 382, 427–451. CrossRef2. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing trends in childhood malnutrition and noting that while childhood undernutrition, reflected by stunting, is decreasing, it is not consistent globally and improvements have stalled. It highlights the dual burden of malnutrition, pointing out that even in areas with high stunting, those levels are being accompanied by increases in overweight. This indicates persisting malnutrition issues, especially in low-income and middle-income countries.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Every plant has medicinal properties that are safe for human use. # questionable [SEP] Text: Предположительно [16], умифеновир эффективен на начальных этапах заболевания, за счёт предотвращения прикрепления вируса и ингибирования высвобождения вирусных частиц из внутриклеточного пространства. На сегодняшний день умифеновир одобрен в России для лечения COVID-19. В то же время более ранние клинические испытания показали противоречивые результаты в отношении его эффективности [16]. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing umifenovir, which is claimed to be effective in early stages of disease and approved for COVID-19 treatment in Russia. However, it notes that earlier clinical trials showed contradictory results regarding its effectiveness, suggesting that not all medicinal properties are safe or effective as initially assumed.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Olfactory receptors may operate through quantum effects. [SEP] Text: By using a GFP-tagged D2R strain, we detected the expression pattern of D2R in the third- instar larval brain, specifically in dopaminergic and mushroom body neurons. Knockdown of D2Rs in DAN-c1 impaired aversive learning, while knockdown of D2R in mushroom body neurons led to deficits in both aversive and appetitive learning. These results revealed that D2Rs in distinct brain structures mediate different learning tasks. The newly discovered roles of D2R in the larval brain provides new insights into the mechanisms underlying larval associative learning. ResultsDistinct dopaminergic neurons innervate different compartments of the mushroom bodyThe connectome of larval learning has been investigated in both first- and third-instar larvae28,46. The mushroom body works as the learning center in Drosophila, which is composed by αβ, α’β’, and γ neurons in adult brains47. In larvae, axons from γ neurons bifurcate and form the vertical and medial lobes, as αβ and α’β’ neurons are not mature33,48,49. These lobes are divided into 11 compartments (refer to Figure 1) based on the coverage of neurites from both mushroom body extrinsic neurons (MBEN) and mushroom body output neurons (MBON)28. Around 21 dopaminergic neurons are found in each brain hemisphere, and categorized into 4 clusters: DM1 (dorsomedial), pPAM (primary protocerebral anterior medial, or DM2)50, DL1 (dorsolateral), and DL234. DL1 neurons project to the vertical lobe41, while pPAM neurons innervate the medial lobe50 (refer to Figure 1a-c). Figure 1. Identification of driver strains for single dopaminergic neurons in the Drosophila larval brain. (a) A schematic diagram shows the dopaminergic neuron (DAN) clusters and the mushroom body (MB) in the third-instar larval brain. (b) & (c) Schematic diagrams show the innervation patterns from distinct DANs to different compartments in the MB. All 11 MB compartments are shown, note that there is no synapse formed from dopaminergic neurons to the calyx and intermediate peduncle (IP). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses the expression and function of D2 receptors in the larval brain and their roles in learning behaviors in Drosophila, without mentioning olfactory receptors or quantum effects. Therefore, it does not support or rebut the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Malnutrition remains a major issue in many low-income countries. [SEP] Text: (2008) Maternal and child undernutrition: global and regional exposures and health consequences. Lancet 371, 243–260. CrossRef3. de Onis, M, Blössner, M & Borghi, E (2012) Prevalence and trends of stunting among pre-school children, 1990–2020. Nutr 15, 142–148. 4. Popkin, BM (1994) The nutrition transition in low-income countries: an emerging crisis. 52, 285–298. 5. Onis, M de, Blössner, M & Borghi, E (2010) Global prevalence and trends of overweight and obesity among preschool children. 92, 1257–1264. 6. (2005) The dual burden household and the nutrition transition paradox. Obes (Lond) 29, 129–136. 7. Shrimpton, R & Rokx, C (2012) Burden of Malnutrition: A Review of Global Evidence. Health, Nutrition and Population (HNP) Discussion Paper. Washington, DC: World Bank. 8. Gillespie, SR & Haddad, LJ (2003) Burden of Malnutrition in Asia: Causes, Consequences, and Solutions. New Delhi: Limited. 9. Organization (1995) Physical Status: and Interpretation of Anthropometry. Report of a WHO Expert Committee. no. 854. Geneva: WHO. 10. Department of Economic and (2000) Underweight prevalence among preschool children. the Progress of Populations, 31. New York: Population Division. 11. 1,000 Days (2010) 1,000 Days. (accessed September 2012). 12. Mendez, MA & Adair, LS (1999) Severity and timing of stunting in the first two years of life affect performance on cognitive tests in late childhood. J Nutr 129, 1555–1562. CrossRef13. (2013) Infant BMI trajectories are associated with young adult body composition. J 4, 56–68. 14. (2008) Maternal and child undernutrition: consequences for adult health and human capital. Lancet 371, 340–357. 15. (2008) Tracking of childhood overweight into adulthood: a systematic review of the literature. 9, 474–488. 16. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text provides references and studies that indicate widespread malnutrition issues, particularly maternal and child undernutrition, in low-income settings. For example, the Lancet article discusses global and regional health consequences of undernutrition in children, emphasizing the ongoing burden in these countries. Thus, it corroborates the claim that malnutrition remains a significant problem.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Every plant has medicinal properties that are safe for human use. # questionable [SEP] Text: Кроме того, лекарственные травы также применяются при лечении других заболеваний или поступают в организм в составе биологически активных добавок к пище и травяных чаёв. Одновременное использование растительных лекарственных средств с терапевтическими средствами может вызвать клинически значимые взаимодействия или нежелательные реакции, поэтому необходимо оценить потенциальные риски при лечении COVID-19. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by highlighting that the use of herbal medicines can lead to clinically significant interactions or adverse reactions, indicating that not all plants with medicinal properties are safe for human use.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Olfactory receptors may operate through quantum effects. [SEP] Text: DANs in DL1 (b) and in pPAM (c). (d-m) Drivers covering DANs in the DL1 cluster (d-h). Drivers covering DANs in the pPAM cluster (i-m). The first column shows drivers covering distinct dopaminergic neurons. Neurons under the drivers are labeled by GFP, the mushroom body (MB) is labeled by RFP, and dopaminergic neurons (DANs) are marked by tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) antibody. The second column (d’-m’) shows the GRASP signals from DANs under the driver to the corresponding compartments in the MB. The green channel represents the GRASP signals, and RFP marks the morphology of the MB. In the first column, white arrows mark the DANs under the driver strains. Yellow arrows in (d) show the pPAM neurons not labelled by TH-GAL4 driver strain. The yellow arrowhead in (k) showed the DL1 neuron not innervating the MB. Scale bars: 50 µm for the first column, and 20 µm for the second column. Abbreviations: DL, dorsolateral; DM, dorsomedial; IP, intermediate peduncle; IT intermediate toe; IVL, intermediate vertical lobe; LA, lateral 1. In this study, we wanted to functionally identify individual DANs that mediate larval olfactory learning. The first step was to search for DAN-specific driver strains that mark single dopaminergic neurons, which subsequently can be used to target genetic manipulations of corresponding neurons. A total of 56 driver strains identifying dopaminergic neurons were screened in this study (Table 1). These strains were chosen based on previous studies, either identifying a single dopaminergic neuron in larvae, or identifying only several in adult brains and indicating the potential of identifying single DAN in larvae. TH-GAL4, a traditional dopaminergic neuronal driver51, identifies all dopaminergic neurons except those in pPAM (Figure 1d, Figure S1a). Split-GFP reconstitution across synaptic partners (GRASP) technique was used to investigate the “direct” synaptic connections from DANs to the mushroom body (MB), in which portions of GFP were specifically expressed in corresponding neurons (Figure S2d). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim regarding the operation of olfactory receptors through quantum effects. Instead, it discusses the identification of dopaminergic neurons and their connections in larval olfactory learning, which is unrelated to the claim about quantum effects.