Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Eco-tourism has zero impact on the environment. [SEP] Text: Eco-evolutionary dynamics in the Baltic Sea: Distribution and impact of threespine stickleback phenotypes in a changing environment Eriksson group - Marine EcologyMaan group - EcologyFontaine lab - Ecological and Research output: Thesis › Thesis fully internal (DIV) 232 Downloads (Pure) Projects (2) restoration of degraded habitats is a complicated process which needs to consider all ecological drivers of ecosystem structure including evolution. Ongoing evolution can change a population’s traits, and therefore functional role, which can modify ecosystem structure. Understanding eco-evolutionary dynamics, when ecological and evolutionary processes act simultaneously to constantly influence one another, is of vital importance when maintaining or restoring habitats based on ecosystem structure. In this thesis, I aimed to provide novel insights into the eco-evolutionary dynamics of the threespine stickleback (Gasterosteus aculeatus) in coastal habitats. A better understanding of the role that stickleback play in these habitats was needed as the population has seen rapid expansion and diversification following changes to trophic structure of offshore and inshore habitats. In this thesis I provide evidence of habitat and dietary differentiation of stickleback plate phenotypes. Utilizing data collected from 32 shallow bays along the central Swedish coast, I show that overall stickleback abundance and relative abundance of incompletely-pated stickleback increases with increasing topographical openness of bays and decreases with increasing piscivorous fish abundance. I also present data that suggests a change in trophic structure of coastal bays characterized by an increase in stickleback abundance and decrease in juvenile predatory fish abundance. I also demonstrate that stickleback communities of different plate phenotype composition have different effects on lower trophic level resources due to dietary differentiation and present evidence that through dietary differentiation and different responses to warming, different plate phenotype compositions may differentially affect ecosystem structure. Original languageEnglishQualificationDoctor of PhilosophyAwarding InstitutionUniversity of GroningenSupervisors/-supervisorMaan, Martine, Co-supervisorAward date3-Dec-2021Place of Publication[Groningen]PublisherUniversity of GroningenDOstatusPublished - 2021 Access to Document 10. 33612/diss. 192995846Complete thesisFinal publisher's version, 3. 41 MBPropositionsFinal publisher's version, 61. 9 KB Handle. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the eco-evolutionary dynamics of ecosystems and highlighting that changes in biodiversity, such as the dietary differentiation of stickleback based on their population traits, can have significant effects on ecosystem structure. This implies that eco-tourism, which can affect species' populations and ecological interactions, is likely to have some level of impact on the environment.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Symbiotic relationships between microbes and plants can improve nutrient uptake. [SEP] Text: 15) and expressed with linear or quadratic regressions: (a) y = –1. 82 x2 + 21. 6 × –56. 6; (b) y = –1. 15 x2 + 12. 4 x – 30. 7; (c) y = –0. 0919 x2 + 1. 18 x – 3. 15; (d) y = –0. 0553 x2 + 0. 587 x – 1. 41; (e) y = –1. 10 x2 + 11. 7 x – 23. 2. values are shown in each chart. View raw image Fig. 2. Responses of leaf nutrient concentrations of spinach plants to nutrient solution pH 4. 0, 4. 5, 5. 0, or 5. 5 (Expt. 1). Responses significant by analysis of variance (P < 0. 15) were expressed with linear or quadratic regressions: (a) y = –19. 3 x2 + 193 x – 424; (b) y = –5. 35 x2 + 56. 1 x – 132; (c) y = –19. 2 x2 + 198 x – 431; (d) NS; (e) y = 3. 28 x – 9. 11; (f) y = –0. 272 x2 + 3. 02 x – 6. 67; (g) NS; (h) y = 0. 926 x – 2. 109; (i) y = 18. 5 x – 9. 34; (j) y = 22. 1 x – 48. 1; (k) NS; (l) y = –94. 3 x2 + 1013 x – 2481; (m) y = –277 x + 1692. values (ns = nonsignificant at P < 0. 05) are shown in each chart. View raw image Fig. 2. Responses of leaf nutrient concentrations of spinach plants to nutrient solution pH 4. 0, 4. 5, 5. 0, or 5. 5 (Expt. 1). Responses significant by analysis of variance (P < 0. 15) were expressed with linear or quadratic regressions: (a) y = –19. 3 x2 + 193 x – 424; (b) y = –5. 35 x2 + 56. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim regarding symbiotic relationships between microbes and plants and their role in improving nutrient uptake. Instead, it seems to provide information about nutrient concentrations in spinach plants at various nutrient solution pH levels, along with statistical analyses. Therefore, it is irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Mindfulness in education will universally improve academic scores. [SEP] Text: Therefore, research is necessary to further examine not only how mindfulness and motivation differ in ways that produce academic benefits (the unique mechanisms of mindfulness and motivation), but also how these variables combine to produce academic benefits (the joint mechanisms of mindfulness and motivation). Fifth, we had to rely on self-reported measures, which are subject to response bias; researchers should use more objective measures, such as laboratory task performance and physiological measures, in the future. Finally, this study did not cover all possible outcome variables. To provide more evidence for the incremental validity of mindfulness, it is necessary to investigate other variables than those examined in this study. ConclusionsWe found that trait mindfulness predicted academic affect, cognition, and behavior after controlling for achievement motivation factors. The findings support the incremental validity of trait mindfulness and demonstrate the academic benefits of the being mode inherent in mindfulness. The findings also suggest that cultivating mindfulness (especially, the acting-with-awareness facet) in students might help improve their academic outcomes. Our findings have both theoretical and practical importance, which encourages future empirical studies and educational interventions. Availability of data and materials The datasets generated and analyzed during the current study are not publicly available due to ongoing analyses but are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request. AbbreviationsSDT: Self-determination theory FFMQ: : Self-for -JV: Japanese-translated version of the : Self-1983. p. 643–91. Wigfield A, Eccles JS, editors. Development of achievement motivation. San Diego, CA: Academic Press; 2002. 2018. 1992. p. 77–114. 81. PubMed 40. 2012. 2017. p. 85–115. 71. 2008. p. 405–16. Dweck CS, Master A. Self-theories motivate self-regulated learning. In: editors. Associates; 2008. p. 31–51. Burnette JL, O’. Mind-sets matter: a meta-analytic review of implicit theories and self-regulation. Psychol Bull. 2013;139(3):655–701. PubMed 2006. p. 307–26. Senko C. Achievement goal theory. In: editors. Handbook of motivation at school. 2nd ed. London: Routledge; 2016. 62. 2017. p. 43–60. 40. 2016. p. 91–103. . [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by indicating that cultivating mindfulness, particularly the acting-with-awareness facet, in students may help improve their academic outcomes. It mentions that trait mindfulness predicted academic affect, cognition, and behavior, and emphasizes the need for further investigation into the academic benefits of mindfulness, supporting the idea that there is a positive relationship between mindfulness and academic performance.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Eco-tourism has zero impact on the environment. [SEP] Text: Research output: Thesis › Thesis fully internal (DIV) TY - BOOKT1 - Eco-evolutionary dynamics in the Baltic SeaT2 - Distribution and impact of threespine stickleback phenotypes in a changing environmentAU - Yanos, CaseyPY - 2021Y1 - 2021N2 - The restoration of degraded habitats is a complicated process which needs to consider all ecological drivers of ecosystem structure including evolution. Ongoing evolution can change a population’s traits, and therefore functional role, which can modify ecosystem structure. Understanding eco-evolutionary dynamics, when ecological and evolutionary processes act simultaneously to constantly influence one another, is of vital importance when maintaining or restoring habitats based on ecosystem structure. In this thesis, I aimed to provide novel insights into the eco-evolutionary dynamics of the threespine stickleback (Gasterosteus aculeatus) in coastal habitats. A better understanding of the role that stickleback play in these habitats was needed as the population has seen rapid expansion and diversification following changes to trophic structure of offshore and inshore habitats. In this thesis I provide evidence of habitat and dietary differentiation of stickleback plate phenotypes. Utilizing data collected from 32 shallow bays along the central Swedish coast, I show that overall stickleback abundance and relative abundance of incompletely-pated stickleback increases with increasing topographical openness of bays and decreases with increasing piscivorous fish abundance. I also present data that suggests a change in trophic structure of coastal bays characterized by an increase in stickleback abundance and decrease in juvenile predatory fish abundance. I also demonstrate that stickleback communities of different plate phenotype composition have different effects on lower trophic level resources due to dietary differentiation and present evidence that through dietary differentiation and different responses to warming, different plate phenotype compositions may differentially affect ecosystem structure. AB - The restoration of degraded habitats is a complicated process which needs to consider all ecological drivers of ecosystem structure including evolution. Ongoing evolution can change a population’s traits, and therefore functional role, which can modify ecosystem structure. Understanding eco-evolutionary dynamics, when ecological and evolutionary processes act simultaneously to constantly influence one another, is of vital importance when maintaining or restoring habitats based on ecosystem structure. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the impact of ecological and evolutionary dynamics on ecosystem structures. It highlights that restoration of degraded habitats is complex, indicating that changes in population traits and functional roles can modify ecosystem structure, hence suggesting eco-tourism can have effects contrary to the idea that it has 'zero impact.'


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Certain claims suggest that advanced algorithms might predict emotions based on brain scans. [SEP] Text: Editorial Views| August 2017 that Cause Attention-deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder? Daryl. , M. D. ; Daryl. , M. D. From the Department of General Medicine, Royal Children’s Hospital, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia (D. E. ); Melbourne Children’s (A. J. D. ), (D. E. ), Melbourne, Victoria, Australia; Department of Paediatrics, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia (D. E. ); Department of Anesthesiology, Pharmacology, and Intensive Care, of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland (L. V. ); Department of Basic Neuroscience, University of School, Geneva, Switzerland (L. V. ); and Department of Anaesthesia and Pain Management, Royal Children’s Hospital, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia (A. J. D. ). Search for other works by this author on: PubMed 227. Accepted for publication April 27, 2017. Address correspondence to Dr. Davidson: andrew. davidson@rch. org. au 2017, Vol. 127, 209–211. Commentary: Association between Exposure of to and Learning and in a Population-based Split-10. 1097/ALN. 0000000000001736 Download citation file: Ris (Zotero) toolbar search Menu toolbar search search input Search input auto suggest filter your search “…given our understanding of the causes of [attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder], and the extent of and nature of injury seen with anesthesia exposure, the added risk is likely to be very small…” View largeDownload slideImage: S. Suresh, Ann and Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago. View largeDownload slideImage: S. Suresh, Ann and Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago. Close modal THE impact of anesthesia on the developing brain continues to be hotly debated. In this issue, Hu et al. ,1 from the Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, report an association between childhood exposure to multiple anesthetics and increased risk of learning disability and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). The study uses a well-established birth cohort and is similar to two studies published previously by the same group. 2,3 The earlier studies were criticized for including children who were anesthetized in an era that relied on somewhat outdated drugs and monitoring. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim regarding advanced algorithms predicting emotions from brain scans. Instead, it discusses the implications of anesthesia on the developing brain and an association with learning disabilities and ADHD, which is unrelated to the idea of emotion prediction algorithms.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Mindfulness in education will universally improve academic scores. [SEP] Text: 080) with an error variance of 8. 27 for Behavioural dimension and 169. 08 for resilience. dimension of school engagement also predicted resilience by. 77, Boot 95% CI (. 061, 1. 599) with an error variance of 11. 60 for Emotional sub-dimension and 169. 08 for resilience. Finally, the cognitive sub-dimension predicted resilience by. 72, Boot 95% CI (. 179, 2. 517) with an error variance of 23. 20 for Cognitive and 169. 08 for resilience. The path analysis, further shows that the three dimensions of school engagement jointly explained 5% of the variance in the endogenous variable. Even though the percentage of impact appears to be smaller, the three aspects of school engagement have a role to play in participants’ resilience. The current study’s findings are corroborated by a study by Romano et al. (Citation2021). Among a convenience sample of 205 Italian high school students, it was found that academic engagement predicted students’ academic resilience. Practical implicationsIt is essential to recognize that resilient students maintain high levels of achievement, motivation, and performance, even in the face of stress and challenges that could otherwise hinder their academic progress or lead to dropout. Self-regulated learning plays a crucial role in fostering academic resilience (Jowkar et al. , Citation2014). Additionally, being mindful of their learning environment and receiving support from significant figures such as teachers are key factors in promoting resilience (Rojas, Citation2015). Academic engagement is also a critical element, helping students navigate stressful academic events and enhance their resilience (Ahmed et al. , Citation2018; Versteeg & Kappe, Citation2021). To practically foster these qualities, educational institutions can implement the following strategies: Encourage students to set specific, measurable, and realistic academic goals. This fosters ownership of their learning journey and helps them stay focused even in challenging situations. Introduce mindfulness practices within the curriculum that help students become more aware of their thoughts, emotions, and reactions to stress. Techniques such as meditation, journaling, or reflective sessions can help them manage stress and remain resilient. Create structured peer learning groups or mentorship programs that allow students to engage with and support one another. This helps them feel connected, receive guidance from their peers or mentors, and build resilience through collaborative problem-solving. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by suggesting that implementing mindfulness practices within the curriculum can help students become more aware of their thoughts, emotions, and reactions to stress, which supports their academic resilience. It emphasizes that these practices can assist students in managing stress, ultimately fostering better academic engagement and potentially improving academic scores. Additionally, references to the role of self-regulated learning, goal-setting, and support systems all align with the idea that mindfulness can positively influence educational outcomes.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Eco-tourism can completely replace conventional tourism worldwide. [SEP] Text: The majority of ecotourism-related terms emerged from English-speaking media [2]: natural tourism, rural tourism, wilderness tourism, alternative tourism, environmental tourism, anthropological tourism, low impact tourism, travel with Mother Nature, adventure travel, jungle tourism, cultural tourism, ecotravel, green tourism, science tourism, soft adventure tourism, bio tourism, ethnic tourism, appropriate tourism, sustainable tourism, ecotripping, socially responsible tourism, ecoventures, nature vacations, wilderness tourism, and ethical travel. As a whole, they are related to responsible, respectful and honest tourism. It’s educational because it offers information before, during and after the trip. It’s interactive because it entails life experiences involving real contact and participation. It’s democratic because the benefits it creates are equally distributed; it encourages the participation of rural communities and supports resource conservation. The growth of ecotourism began in the eighties, notably because of the economic benefits of natural tourism. What is characteristic of ecotourism is that it is a tool for sustainable development [3] and it’s categorised as an activity that mixes the excitement of travelling with caring for the environment. Its main goals are sustainability, preservation and participation of the local community. With the modern tourist’s demands and new trends, ecotourism is moving on to its next stage and is asserting itself as eco-cultural tourism. It binds searching for contact with nature with valuing cultural authenticity, environmental sustainability, new experiences and a higher number of trips with a shorter stay in each place. That is to say, it’s created a symbiosis between natural tourism and cultural tourism, supported by sustainability and limitations on use, by small-scale activities and a high-quality tourism experience. Eco-cultural tourism is a new form of tourism where the main goal is not to generate wealth, expropriate land and exploit resources of inhabitants and countries in order to benefit big companies. It’s established itself within a new concept of tourism, both in socioeconomic terms and as a practical activity, that combines the conservation of natural and cultural sites with economic and recreational benefits through sustainable development, and improves the conditions of the recipient communities. The main motivation is observation, appreciation and contemplation as an experience within the natural and cultural environment. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by explaining that ecotourism operates within its own framework and goals, such as sustainability and cultural appreciation, rather than outright replacement of conventional tourism. It discusses the characteristics of ecotourism, including its focus on community participation, conservation, and educational experiences, indicating that it complements rather than entirely replaces conventional tourism as both have distinct roles and impacts on the tourism landscape.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Certain claims suggest that advanced algorithms might predict emotions based on brain scans. [SEP] Text: The study reported in this issue included children anesthetized with more contemporary agents and monitoring. The results are almost identical to the previous studies. All find an association between exposure to anesthesia in early childhood and subsequent diagnosis of learning disability and/or ADHD, and the associations were stronger with multiple exposures compared with single exposures. When determining whether an association is causal, several factors are important. First can the findings be replicated in different populations? There are now several cohort studies that have examined the association between anesthesia and a range of neurodevelopmental outcomes. 4 The results are mixed. Some large, population-based cohort studies have found evidence for weak association between exposure to anesthesia in early childhood and slightly poorer performance in school grades or tests of school readiness in preschoolers. Others have not found this association. Similarly, some cohort studies have found evidence for an association between exposure to anesthesia in early childhood and deficits in psychometric tests of memory and cognition, whereas some other cohort studies and one trial have not found any evidence for such an association. The second consideration in interpreting these findings is the issue of confounding variables. As the authors point out, the association may be entirely due to confounding. In other words, children who have anesthesia may have underlying medical, neurologic, or developmental problems that increase their risk of ADHD, and thus an association may be found between anesthesia and ADHD, although the anesthetic itself does not cause the ADHD. The authors try to reduce confounding by using propensity matching, but this technique cannot completely remove the possibility of confounding. et al. 1 adjusted for sex, birth weight, gestational age, mother’s education, and socioeconomic status, they did not adjust for the key confounder of underlying condition. Sicker children get anesthetics, and sicker children have more developmental issues. Other perioperative factors apart from any direct anesthetic toxicity may also confound the results. The ability of the group to replicate their findings may reinforce the evidence that having anesthesia is associated with ADHD, but it does not necessarily reduce the chance that the association is due to confounding. The same confounding factors may still be present. It is, however, important to note that the association remains, although there is presumably better perioperative care and monitoring in the more recent cohort. This may be seen as some evidence that the association between anesthesia and ADHD is not due to factors that relate to monitoring or other aspects of perioperative care that have improved over the last decade. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses the association between exposure to anesthesia in early childhood and neurodevelopmental outcomes such as ADHD, without any reference to advanced algorithms or predicting emotions based on brain scans.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Asteroids contain valuable metals that could support space mining industries in the future. [SEP] Text: -19 PreprintsProtocolsVideosJournalsTools & a 10. 21203/rs. 3. rs-3170502/v1This work is licensed under a CC BY 4. 0 LicenseStatus:Published08 Oct, 2023Read the published version in →Version 1posted 9You are reading this latest preprint versionAbstractExtra-terrestrial mining is vital for access to strategic metals for space exploration and to feed an increasing terrestrial need for metals in sustainable energy generation and storage. This study demonstrates for the first time the catalytic dissolution of metals from meteorite proxies of metal-rich asteroids using a deep eutectic solvent (DES). DESs are of particular interest for extra-terrestrial mining as they can be designed to have relatively low vapour pressures and could potentially be made from waste products created in extra-terrestrial settlements. Three types of meteorites were investigated: 2 chondrites (H3, H5) and one iron (IAB-MG) meteorite. Chondrites samples were composed of silicates (olivine, pyroxene) with metallic phases occurring as native metal alloys and sulphides. Metallic Fe-Ni and troilite (FeS) are the most abundant metal-bearing phases in all three samples, particularly in the iron-rich meteorite. The samples were subjected to chemical micro-etching experiments with iodine and iron(III) chloride as oxidising agents in a DES formed from the mixture of choline chloride (ChCl) and ethylene glycol (EG). Micro-etching experiments demonstrated that Fe-Ni phases are effectively leached out in this system, while other mineral phases remain unreactive. Earth and environmental sciences/Solid earth sciences/GeochemistryEarth and environmental sciences/Solid earth sciences/MineralogyPhysical sciences/Engineering/Chemical engineeringPhysical sciences/Chemistry/CatalysisPhysical sciences/Chemistry/Chemical engineeringPhysical sciences/Chemistry/Materials chemistryPhysical sciences/Chemistry/Green chemistryPhysical sciences/Chemistry/Green chemistry/Ionic liquidsFiguresFigure 1Figure 2Figure 3Figure 4Figure 5Figure 6Figure 7Figure 81 IntroductionExtra-terrestrial settlements require local sources of raw materials, and key to these, are the ability to extract metals from local sources. The efficient utilisation of local materials and resource recovery from space could reduce the mass, cost and environmental constraints imposed on space missions1–3. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by stating that 'extra-terrestrial mining is vital for access to strategic metals for space exploration' and highlighting the results of experiments demonstrating the catalytic dissolution of metals from meteorite proxies, indicating that these meteorites (from metal-rich asteroids) contain valuable metals that could potentially be extracted and utilized for future space industries.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Eco-tourism can completely replace conventional tourism worldwide. [SEP] Text: Table 1 shows the characteristics of eco-cultural tourism from its inception, together with the synergy of the resolution that emphasises poverty eradication and environmental protection through ecotourism. It’s a small-scale and fundamentally emotional form of tourism that promotes sociocultural and traditional values and environmental awareness, and offers benefits both to rural and urban areas. It requires a platform and type of tourism planning that encourages local sustainable development, involving all tourism sectors. It’s currently unique due to how it responds to problems related to climate change and imbalances in economic globalisation that have led to dead end conventional and/or traditional tourism. Projects offer a new path for tourism. Birth of ecotourism: It’s born together with the synergy of the resolution (2012) that emphasises poverty eradication and environmental protection through ecotourism [1]. It’s small-scale tourism, with small businesses, with a specific and limited quality production and it’s fundamentally based on experiencesIt encourages: Sociocultural and traditional values; environmental awareness; respect for the biosphere, local cultures and traditions; brings benefits to rural and urban communities; economic potential for public and private companies, as well as a high-quality tourism experienceIt requires: A platform and local sustainable development involving all tourism sectors (touristic planning, carrying capacity); socioeconomic and environmental balance. It currently responds to: problems related to climate change and imbalances in economic globalisation through Projects supported by government policiesTable 1. Characteristics of eco-cultural tourism. Source: own compilation. Once eco-cultural tourism has been contextualised and treated together with its goals, a with alternative tourism and the development of is incorporated. In addition to this, a comparative methodology will be used to analyse global and local tourism in countries from Asia, Europe and South America. This will be guided by the following hypothesis: eco-cultural tourism requires local sustainable planning, endorsed by all tourism agents, and led by the load capacity and economic and environmental balance (green economies and ideologies). In this way, eco-cultural tourism will respond to the problems of poverty and climate change through Tourism Projects, directed by government policies and administrations. Advertisement 2. Planning alternative tourism and tourism development projectsPlanning for alternative tourism and creating Projects in eco-cultural tourism is carried out in unique spaces that, generally, have received little impact from conventional and/or traditional tourism. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the nature and characteristics of eco-cultural tourism and highlighting that it is a small-scale form of tourism that cannot completely replace conventional tourism globally. It emphasizes the necessity of local sustainable planning and the limitations of eco-cultural tourism in addressing all aspects faced by conventional tourism, thus indicating that ecotourism serves more as an alternative rather than a complete replacement.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Certain claims suggest that advanced algorithms might predict emotions based on brain scans. [SEP] Text: The third element in determining the likelihood of a causal relationship is biologic plausibility. To fully interpret the 2. 1-fold increased burden of copy number variants compared with control subjects. These genetic differences contribute to cumulative vulnerability (traits), and some research groups are developing polygenic risk scores to estimate overall pathogenic load for ADHD and other developmental disorders. Individuals with a similar risk burden (e. g. , full biologic siblings) may present with other developmental or mental health disorders, such as intellectual disability, autism spectrum disorder, or mood disorders, a concept in developmental psychopathology known as “multifinality. ” This phenomenon suggests that these disorders share common defects in molecular mechanisms and cellular processes, such as aberrations in neural communication and synaptic plasticity. 7 Environmental factors that may contribute to the risk of ADHD include exposure to embryopathic neurotoxins, such as alcohol, or childhood neurotoxins, such as lead, severe early life psychosocial deprivation, harsh and coercive parenting, and in some cases dietary sensitivities. 8 Again, these risks are not specific to ADHD; rather, the exposures contribute to the general risk of developmental pathology across clinical syndromes. The executive cognitive functions (e. g. , working memory, task planning, sustained attention, and inhibitory control) are phylogenetically the most recently evolved human capacities, and therefore particularly vulnerable to loss after central nervous system insult. Thus, learning and behavioral difficulties are not uncommonly seen as sequelae of major cerebral insults, such as hypoxic–ischemic injury, severe encephalitic illnesses (e. g. , postencephalitic behavior disorder in the Spanish flu pandemic of the 1920s), traumatic brain injury, uncontrolled raised intracranial pressure, or central nervous system irradiation. In summary, cerebral injury caused by a toxin or similar insult can increase the risk of developing ADHD and learning disability in some genetically susceptible children. However, due to the multifactorial nature of the condition, the impact is likely to be very small at a population level. It is, however, still unknown whether the toxicity seen with anesthesia in animal models is sufficient to have this effect, particularly if the exposure is relatively brief. Another approach to examining biologic plausibility is to consider whether the neurobiologic differences reported in ADHD are consistent with the preclinical data seen with anesthesia exposure. ADHD is thought to result from dysregulated modulation of neural plasticity. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim regarding advanced algorithms predicting emotions from brain scans. Instead, it focuses on the relationships between genetic factors, environmental risks, and the development of disorders like ADHD. There is no mention of advanced algorithms or emotional prediction, making the text irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Asteroids contain valuable metals that could support space mining industries in the future. [SEP] Text: The lunar regolith has large amounts of oxygen, silicon and metals4,5, while near-Earth asteroids and comets can contain substantial amounts of metals, oxygen, hydrogen, carbon and, in some cases, also nitrogen. In fact, some of the largest known metal-rich asteroids are located in the middle and outer part of the asteroid belt, between the orbits of Jupiter and Mars, at 2. 7–3. 0 au from the sun (4. 0 × 108 – 4. 5 × 108 km). These solar bodies have been considered as the parental bodies of iron meteorites, enstatite chondrites, stony-iron, and metal rich carbonaceous chondrites6–8. asteroids (NEAs) can contain valuable platinum group metals (PGMs), as well as iron, nickel and cobalt in concentrations greater than on Earth9,10. For instance, the spectral signature of asteroids 1986 DA and 2016 ED85 are quite similar to asteroid 16 Psyche11, the largest metal-rich body in the solar system (radius of ca. 113 km). Both NEAs have surfaces with 85% metal (mostly iron, cobalt and nickel) and 15% of silicate material12. These metals, if recovered, could provide a ‘local’ source of materials essential for establishing a human settlement in space or on other terrestrial bodies. PGMs, for example, can be used as catalysts to enhance oxygen and hydrogen production, whereas iron, cobalt and nickel can be used as raw materials for infrastructure. Asteroids can also have a significant concentration of selenium and tellurium13,14, which can be used as raw materials for the construction of solar panels, fuel cells, thermoelectric generators, energy storage and/or organic synthesis15–18. Over the last 60 years, different process technologies have been conceptualised and demonstrated for oxygen and hydrogen production from lunar regolith and Martian soil1,4,19–25. Even though, the extraction of rare earth elements from basal rocks using microorganisms in different gravity regimes has recently been demonstrated on the Station26, the recovery of metals has been treated solely as a by-product rather than a target resource. The Fray-Farthing-Chen (FFC) Cambridge process considers the solid-state electrochemical reduction of metal oxides to metals in molten salt (e. g. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the presence of substantial amounts of valuable metals in near-Earth asteroids, including platinum group metals, iron, nickel, and cobalt, which are present in concentrations greater than those found on Earth. It explains that these metals could provide essential materials for establishing human settlements in space and could be utilized in various applications such as catalysts and infrastructure raw materials. This aligns well with the claim regarding the potential of asteroids to support space mining industries.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Eco-tourism can completely replace conventional tourism worldwide. [SEP] Text: They are concrete, different or special spaces that are distinguishable from others. They are easier to design, manage and carry out [4]. The tourism development projects are based on planning models that involve the participation of all agents: representatives, politicians, businessmen and women, neighbourhood associations, indigenous communities, environmental groups, etc. The entire population of the natural and cultural area is involved in economic and social sustainable development and can obtain income, employment, and material and cultural wellbeing. Therefore, all agents organise their own tourism model based on the available resources, the existing heritage and the characteristics of the inhabiting communities. Table 2 shows a Planning and Model for Eco-cultural Tourism comprising three phases, that can be applied to natural, cultural and urban areas, and that includes the following types of tourism: interior tourism, ecotourism, cultural tourism, rural tourism, natural tourism, domestic tourism, national tourism, experiential tourism, adventure tourism, agrotourism and green tourism. The first phase known as the of the whole area, is derived from a comprehensive study that seeks to obtain specific data (indicators, surveys, interviews) and carry out an analysis and report in accordance with the Factors or Resources, Attractors and model (FAS) [5]. This tool allows you to order and classify the main elements that make up a tourism destination. It’s divided into factors or resources, attractors (tourism products) and support systems. Natural, cultural and urban areasPlanning, sustainable development and the promotion of nature and cultural heritageOriginal natural, cultural and urban area1st Phase: preliminary studyData (indicators, surveys, interviews), analysis and report according to the Organisation (UNWTO) FAS model. Natural, cultural and urban area to be planned2nd phase: planning and carrying out the tourism projectSpecifying and planning goals according to the model: Strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, threats (SWOT)Developing the based on sustainable development and the load capacityNatural, cultural and urban area consolidated3rd phase: implementing and evaluating the tourism projectImplementing and managing the (Tourism and Entertainment Policies)Table 2. Planning and sustainable development model for eco-cultural tourism. Source: own compilation. The factors or resources are the baseline conditions of the original area and are made up of natural and cultural heritage, and of human capital resources. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by emphasizing that tourism development projects are participatory and tailored to utilize a variety of tourism types, including eco-tourism, cultural tourism, and others. This suggests that eco-tourism cannot completely replace conventional tourism, as it operates within a broader framework that includes multiple types of tourism aimed at sustainability and local community involvement.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Certain claims suggest that advanced algorithms might predict emotions based on brain scans. [SEP] Text: Structural magnetic resonance imaging studies consistently show reductions in cortical thickness, total cerebral volume, and volume of a number of subcortical structures. 9 Additionally, diffusion tensor imaging reveal reduced white matter connectivity between the frontal cortex and other brain structures. 10 Human resting state functional magnetic resonance imaging investigations revealed altered connectivity patterns in multiple neuronal systems in ADHD patients compared with control subjects. 10 How do these findings compare with the morphologic changes seen in animal models after exposure to anesthetics? There is strong experimental evidence that early life anesthesia exposure can lastingly impair synaptogenesis and neural network formation11 and some limited morphologic data showing lasting brain structural anomalies in children exposed to anesthesia/surgery. 12 In summary, there are some similarities in the morphologic changes. The study by Hu et al. 1 provides some impetus for additional preclinical studies to determine whether the preclinical changes seen with anesthesia are indeed consistent with changes that we would expect to see with ADHD. Suggesting that anesthesia might cause ADHD or a learning disability is a big step, which may generate substantial public concern. From what we know of the causes of ADHD, it is biologically plausible that anesthetic exposure may contribute to ADHD. However, given our understanding of the causes of ADHD and the extent of and nature of injury seen with anesthesia exposure, the added risk is likely to be very small, possibly far smaller than the likely impact of the confounding factors seen in the study by Hu et al. 1 Numerous other environmental factors have been suggested to possibly cause ADHD (e. g. , food additives, adverse parenting practices, and electronic media exposure). The evidence for most of them is weak; the evidence that anesthesia causes ADHD also remains weak. The authors are not supported by, nor maintain any financial interest in, any commercial activity that may be associated with the topic of this 1. : Association between exposure of young children to procedures requiring general anesthesia and learning and behavioral outcomes in a population-based birth cohort. Anesthesiology 2017; 127:227–402. : Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder after early exposure to procedures requiring general anesthesia. Proc 2012; 87:120–93. : Early exposure to anesthesia and learning disabilities in a population-based birth cohort. Anesthesiology 2009; 110:796–8044. Vutskits L, Davidson A: Update on developmental anesthesia neurotoxicity. Anaesthesiol 2017; 30: 337–425. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address any claims related to advanced algorithms predicting emotions from brain scans. Instead, it discusses structural changes in the brain related to anesthesia exposure and ADHD. Therefore, the text is irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Asteroids contain valuable metals that could support space mining industries in the future. [SEP] Text: In order to meet the energy challenges for in-situ resource utilisation (ISRU) deployment2, electrochemical methodologies driven by solar photovoltaic energy conversion represents the most promising methodology for minerals and metals processing. Electrochemical methods have already been demonstrated as an alternative methodology for solubilising metal oxides in non-aqueous ionic solvents such as deep eutectic solvents (DESs)36. DESs have been widely studied in different applications, but mostly in metal processing and electrodeposition37. They have the great advantage of being easy to prepare by combining a Lewis base and acid. They also have low toxicity, are not flammable, and can have low vapour pressures38,39, capable of enduring the hard vacuum of space while remaining in the liquid phase. The most commonly investigated systems have been quaternary ammonium salts with hydrogen bond donors (HBD) such as urea, ethylene glycol and glycerol40. The utilisation of inorganic chloride salts-based DESs have also been investigated41–44, which opens the opportunity to synthesise novel DESs by utilising in space materials. The presence of calcium, aluminium, iron, and zinc, for instance, have already been reported in regolith4,25,45, whereas the presence of halogen gas (chlorine, bromide) have been reported in the atmosphere of some planets like Mars and Venus46. Urea and glycerol could also be produced in space from waste and therefore, be considered as potential HBDs47–51. This work aims to investigate the proof-of-concept of a methodology for extracting metals from meteorite proxies of asteroids using non-aqueous deep eutectic solvents (DESs). Two type of chondrites meteorites (NWA 13876 and NWA 7160) and one iron-rich meteorite (Campo del Cielo) were investigated. The occurrence of minerals and metal phases was investigated by automated SEM-EDX analysis. The samples were subjected to chemical micro-etching experiments with iodine and iron(III) chloride as oxidising agents in a DES formed from the mixture of choline chloride (ChCl) and ethylene glycol (EG). Etching depth and dissolution rates were determined by analysing the 3D topography of the samples before and after etching. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing methods for extracting metals from meteorite proxies of asteroids using non-aqueous deep eutectic solvents (DESs). It mentions the aim to investigate the extraction of metals from meteorites, which supports the notion that asteroids contain valuable metals that could be utilized for space mining. The presence of essential minerals and metals in meteorites, as well as the potential use of techniques like automated SEM-EDX analysis and chemical micro-etching, further emphasizes the feasibility of extracting these resources from asteroids.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Eco-tourism can completely replace conventional tourism worldwide. [SEP] Text: They study secondary data from the World Bank’s website with structural equation models, concluding that the use of renewable energy will improve environmental sustainability and the creation of a better national image. The promotion of sustainable economic growth should be based on adequate planning that formulates policies in line with sustainability. Indeed, environmental policies and sustainable development have been the priority axes in literature reviews and existing theoretical models relating green logistics and the economy to environmental sustainability and general social factors. This has been pointed out by in their research. Measuring the impact of renewable energy, public health expenditure, logistics, and environmental performance on sustainable economic growth [12]. In this case, future research trends will have to be redirected to the micro-level, which means local and precise levels. Within the same context, the relationship between tourism and globalisation in environmental degradation is investigated in China [13], where a quantum distributed delay model is used. They show that economic growth stimulates environmental degradation and suggest a comprehensive policy framework that could achieve Goal No. 7 (Affordable and clean energy), No. 8 (Decent work and economic growth) and No. 13 (Climate Action). Reorientation of policies to ensure sustainable development appears to be diffuse in the existing literature, if not entirely absent. The transportation and accommodation associated with tourism has an impact on carbon emissions and is an issue that must be addressed by reducing environmental degradation, promoting renewable energy, boosting tourism, and creating employment opportunities in both the public and private sectors. Technologies should not replace all manual labour. From this point, a new perspective towards ecotourism, with all its variants, is opened, and serves as a general platform for the proper running of these policies. Alongside this, the quantum auto-regressive distributed delay model (QARDL) [14] is being studied in Malaysia, in order to analyse the impact of economic growth, tourism, transport and globalisation on carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions. The results of this study suggest that ecotourism is beneficial for economic growth in underdeveloped areas, in favour of protection and development. The long-term vision is that governments should encourage the development of low-carbon ecotourism and achieve green development of both tourism and the economy. All in all, the aim is to promote green consumption through policies and the ethical consideration between the local communities, the relevant agencies and the tourists. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by highlighting that while ecotourism has beneficial aspects, it acknowledges that the transportation and accommodation associated with tourism significantly impact carbon emissions and environmental degradation. It emphasizes the need for a comprehensive policy framework that balances economic growth and environmental sustainability rather than suggesting that ecotourism can overshadow conventional tourism entirely.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Certain claims suggest that advanced algorithms might predict emotions based on brain scans. [SEP] Text: We first quantify this similarity with a “brain score” (M)25,26. We then evaluate how brain scores systematically vary with – and thus predict – semantic comprehension, as individually assessed by a questionnaire at the end of each story. Finally, by decomposing and manipulating GPT-2’s processes, we identify (1) the brain regions, (2) the levels of representations (phonological, lexical, compositional), and (3) the attentional gating that specifically relates to this prediction. The alignment identified between behavior, brain activations and the representations of GPT-2 suggest that comprehension relies on a specific computational hierarchy, whereby the auditory cortices integrate information over short time windows, and the fronto-parietal areas combine supra-lexical information over long time windows. Figure 1Brain scores and their correlation with comprehension. (A) 101 subjects listen to narratives (70 min of unique audio stimulus in total) while their brain signal is recorded using functional MRI. At the end of each story, a questionnaire is submitted to each subject to assess their understanding, and the answers are summarized into a comprehension score specific to each (narrative, subject) pair (grey box). In parallel (blue box on the left), we measure the mapping between the subject’s brain activations and the activations of GPT-2, a deep network trained to predict a word given its past context, both elicited by the same narrative. To this end, a linear spatio-temporal model (\(f \circ g\)) is fitted to predict the brain activity of one voxel Y, given GPT-2 activations X as input. The degree of mapping, called “brain score” is defined for each voxel as the Pearson correlation between predicted and actual brain activity on held-out data (blue equation, cf. Methods). Finally, we test the correlation between the comprehension scores of the subjects and their corresponding brain scores using Pearson’s correlation (red equation). A positive correlation means that the representations shared across the brain and GPT-2 are key for the subjects to understand a narrative. (B) Brain scores (fMRI predictability) of the activations of the eighth layer of GPT-2. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not directly support or refute the claim. It describes the methodology of correlating brain scores with semantic comprehension using functional MRI and GPT-2's processes but does not address advanced algorithms predicting emotions from brain scans specifically.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Asteroids contain valuable metals that could support space mining industries in the future. [SEP] Text: 2 Results and discussion 2. 1 Meteorite characterisation Multiple metallic phases were identified in high resolution reflected light images from samples NWA 13876 and NWA 7160 (Figs. 1a and b). Iron-nickel (bright white-light grey) and iron sulphides (dull yellows) dominate with minor iron-oxides (dark grey) also being observed. The sample shows a greater proportion of iron-nickel phases relative to iron sulphide. In sample NWA 13876 (Fig. 1a) metallic phases occur as highly irregular, slightly elongated, space filling masses distributed throughout the silicate mineral matrix. In some places the metallic phases are observed wrapping around the chondrules. Sample NWA 7160 (Fig. 1b) contains a similar range of metallic minerals though has a higher proportion of iron sulphide phases and smaller average crystal size. Metallic phases are observed forming halos around the chondrules and in places within the chondrules forming sub-millimetres exsolution lamella. del Cielo sample was composed predominantly of a single Fe-Ni phase, with minor variations in colour indicating slight compositional variation (Fig. 1c). Figure 2 shows the SEM-EDX images of mineral phases detected in meteorites NWA 13876 and NWA 7160. The corresponding mineral and element distribution can be found as Supplementary in Figures S3 and S4. The data for sample NWA 13876 (Fig. 2a) shows the silicate matrix is composed predominantly of olivine ((Mg,Fe)2SiO4, 66 wt. %), forming the chondrule structures, and orthopyroxene ((Mg,Fe,Ca)(Mg,Fe,Al)(Si,Al)2O6, 10 wt. %) with minor plagioclase (NaAlSi3O8 – CaAl2Si2O8, < 1 wt. %). Metallic phases account for a total 23 wt. % of the sample. Major metallic phases are Fe-Ni alloy (Fe: 94 wt. %, Ni: 6 wt%) constituting 15 wt. % of the sample, Troilite (Fe(1−x)S with x = 0 to 0. 2, Fe: 66 wt. %, S: 34 wt. %) constituting 5 wt. % of the sample, Kamacite (Fe00. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by detailing the metallic composition of meteorite samples, specifically identifying significant amounts of iron-nickel and other metallic phases. This provides evidence supporting the notion that asteroids contain valuable metals, such as the Fe-Ni alloys mentioned, which could be relevant for future space mining industries.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Eco-tourism can completely replace conventional tourism worldwide. [SEP] Text: Such a mechanism will ensure responsibility in the behaviours towards the natural environment of the tourist destinations of the country. Finally, the last Asian country listed in Table 3, Thailand [15], analyses all the elements mentioned in the previous research, adding the negative influence of high crime levels on tourism. It concludes the only solution to protect the tourism industry involves clean energy promotion by the government, and the application of biofuel use in the transport sectors to improve environmental sustainability. Spain represents one of the developed economies in Europe with the most remarkable natural and cultural heritage. Destinations are consolidated and there are tourist policies in most established destinations, together with promotion for recovery and not extinction. One of the most significant activities corresponds to wilderness tourism, which usually begins to thrive after all stages of general tourism development, in an effort to satisfy a desire for outdoor recreation and appreciation of nature in large areas. It is related to development and sustainable tourism, so it refers to natural habitats and its biodiversity. In this context, natural parks, conservation areas, ecotourism, agricultural tourism, the rural environment and the involvement of the communities in the area of implementation are incredibly important [25]. This is why three consolidated projects have been chosen, projects of three national parks in Spain out of fifteen that are today included in the list [26]. Figure 1 presents a panoramic view of Park (Huesca, Spain) [16]. In the visitor’s guide, there is a map showing the location of the park in the north of the peninsula, located in the heart of the Pyrenees in the autonomous community of Aragon. A media guide (with pictures of the landscapes) can also be found. In the fact sheet of the informative brochure, there are useful addresses and recommendations for visiting and appreciating this park. The sheet also highlights that the place has been designated as a Site, by and that it has also been awarded the by the Council of Europe. There is accurate information about cultural aspects (customs and traditions), flora, fauna, and information about relevant visitor centres and information points. National Park, there is a plan for the recovery of bearded vultures and for the tracking of the chamois. It’s working towards improving the quality of visits, reducing the impact created of vehicles and permitting access to the park at any time during the fixed opening times. This has been known as the Plan in the since 1998. Figure 1. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the importance of various forms of tourism, including wilderness tourism and sustainable tourism, suggesting that while eco-tourism is significant, it is part of a broader tourism landscape that cannot fully supplant conventional tourism. It highlights the complexities of the tourism industry, including the necessity for clean energy promotion and the effects of crime on tourism, indicating that conventional tourism continues to play a key role.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Certain claims suggest that advanced algorithms might predict emotions based on brain scans. [SEP] Text: While brain activity correlated across subjects in the primary and secondary auditory areas even when the input was heavily scrambled (and thus poorly comprehensible), the bilateral infero-frontal and temporo-parietal cortex only correlated across subjects when sentences and/or paragraphs were not scrambled (and thus comprehensible). Broderick et al. used a similar design to investigate electro-encephalography (EEG) responses to variably scrambled versions of the same story46, as well as the EEG responses to speech played in reverse and in noise47. Consistently with our results, they showed that the mapping between word embeddings’ and the EEG activity varies with comprehension as manipulated by these various protocols. Our results thus complement these findings by showing (1) the brain regions where GPT-2’s predictions vary with subject’s comprehension, and (2) what type of representations these features relate to: comprehension appears here to depend on a hierarchy of neural representations, whereby the first areas of the language network deploys shallow and short-span-attention processes, while the fronto–parietal network relies on compositional and long-span-attention processes. Finally, previous analyses have investigated the role of attention in the brain5,48,49. We complement these studies by (1) showing that very-long term attention affects brain scores (even above 1,000 words), (2) identifying the brain regions that are sensitive to long vs. short attention spans, and(3) investigating the interactions between attention span, the ability to generate brain-like representations, and one behavioral metric: comprehension. Interestingly, some regions, like the angular and supramarginal gyri, present a modest brain score and nevertheless strongly predict comprehension. How can one interpret such dissociation? We propose that deep neural networks encode a variety of features, ranging from low- to high-level representations. While some of these features may relate to general language processing (e. g. short-range information about words), others may specifically relate to and thus predict comprehension (e. g. long-range dependencies). In this view, the regions that are best predicted by GPT-2’s representations (e. g. Heschel’s gyrus) need not be identical to those that best predict comprehension (e. g. Angular gyrus). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not directly address the claim about advanced algorithms predicting emotions from brain scans. Instead, it discusses the correlation of brain activity with language comprehension and different types of neural representations, but it does not mention advanced algorithms or emotion prediction.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Asteroids contain valuable metals that could support space mining industries in the future. [SEP] Text: The etch depth was measured using the level of the substrate (insoluble phase) as a reference height. As it can be seen in Fig. 8, iodine allows a more efficient dissolution of metals than FeCl3. The average dissolution rate of the iron-rich metal phases in the presence of iodine (ca. 0. 17 µm min ̶ 1) was almost twice the dissolution rate obtained with FeCl3 (0. 09 µm min ̶ 1). This confirmed that iodine is capable of providing stronger oxidising conditions than FeCl3 to dissolved iron-rich metal phases. This would be expected given the difference in redox potential between these two oxidising agents. This clearly demonstrates that metal rich phases can be selectively dissolved from meteorites. Given that metal recovery from these types of liquids has been extensively demonstrated68,74,75, it indicates that if a DES can be synthesised from extraterrestrial sources or bio-produced waste, sustainable metal recovery using just solar power could be possible under extreme conditions. 3 ConclusionsIn this study, both iron(III) chloride and iodine were used as oxidising agents for solubilising metals from three meteorite proxies of NEAs in ChCl: 2EG deep eutectic solvent. Automated SEM-EDX analysis confirmed the chemical association of nickel with iron-rich metal phases in the original samples (before chemical etching), whose average concentration was above 10 wt. %. The mineralogical matrix in the chondrite samples was mostly composed of silicate materials, whereas the Campo del Cielo sample was constituted mostly of an iron-nickel solid solution. Some other interesting technological metals such as ruthenium, rhodium, bismuth, rhenium and selenium, were also identified as traces. Optical profilometry was used to study the etching depth and dissolution rates in the different samples. Iron-rich mineral phases containing nickel within their lattice structure were preferentially etched in all samples with both oxidising agents. Other metallic mineral phases, such as troilite, did not dissolve and may have rapidly passivated. In all cases, the silicate groundmass showed no indication of etching. Etching with iodine was faster and is considered a more effective oxidising agent than iron(III) chloride for extracting target phases from meteoritic material. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the recovery of metal-rich phases from meteorites, which are considered near-Earth asteroids (NEAs). It mentions the efficient dissolution of metals and the identification of valuable metals such as nickel, ruthenium, rhodium, bismuth, rhenium, and selenium from these extraterrestrial materials. This indicates the potential for metal recovery from asteroids, supporting the idea that they could provide valuable resources for future space mining industries.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Eco-tourism can completely replace conventional tourism worldwide. [SEP] Text: The park management team also organises activities for students, with the purpose of teaching them about nature and culture and to introduce them to the park’s flora and fauna, cultural and historical values, agricultural activities, restoration of native crops, fishery, scientific activities and environmental volunteering. In the media guide, wonderful pictures of natural landscapes are shown, with unique volcanoes that make this a valuable and a high-quality tourist visit. Projects with proposals are another kind of case report, classified as intermediate level, so that in the future the eco-tourism destinations can become consolidated projects. The continental salt pans in Andalusia, Spain [19] have tourist and educational potential as they are a specific type of wetland, inland salt pans. They are an industrial heritage site in danger of extinction, and could be reused as a tourist, cultural and educational destination. They could also help revive the economy of this area located in the heart of Andalusia, which has a promising range of architectural heritage, landscapes and nature, although it’s now practically abandoned. The proposal formulated in this research will contribute to the preservation of this land heritage and help spread knowledge through the protection of the cultural, educational and tourist product. There is still a need for institutional support, for professionals that can implement the plan and for the opinion of people living in the area. Some matters need to be discussed, such as, what the tourist-educational tours will consist of, a survey on the economic, environmental and social impact during the development of the plan, if there is territorial and inter-administrative cooperation, and what limitations need to put in place so as to avoid causing irreversible damage to the area. Finally, the Research to propose projects for a tourism product is the last case in Europe (Spain), and deals with cultural landscapes (target images) as a tourism product. Spain [20, 21]. The opportunities that the landscapes offer, especially the cultural landscapes, are likely to become a tourism product by means of sustainable planning and management. It applies to visitors and tourists that are mainly interested in historical towns and want to extend their stay in these destinations. The landscape is an integrated whole which presents the geographical facts on the earth’s surface and includes physical features and elements created by humans, where the natural and cultural dimension can jointly be observed [27]. The panoramic and urban settings together make up the cultural landscapes. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by illustrating that eco-tourism, while valuable and beneficial for education and cultural preservation, requires substantial institutional support and local community involvement to be successful. It highlights the need for cooperation and specific planning to develop eco-tourism projects, indicating that these ventures cannot universally replace conventional tourism without these critical elements being addressed.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Certain claims suggest that advanced algorithms might predict emotions based on brain scans. [SEP] Text: Our ablation studies fit this hypothesis: the auditory cortices are marked by high brain scores but low comprehension scores (Fig. 1G) and indeed appear to encode short-range and shallow representations – i. e. features that presumably only indirectly relate to the comprehension of a narrative (Fig. 2). By contrast, the angular gyrus demonstrates a high comprehension score (Fig. 1G) and indeed appears to encode long-range dependencies and deep representations – i. e. features that presumably relate to the latent structures of narratives, and from which comprehension should depend (Fig. 2). Overall, the present study suggests that GPT-2 retrieves information that relates to human comprehension, thus strengthening previous works that study the similarities between deep language models and the brain4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11,12. For instance, several studies showed that deep nets’ encoding accuracy correlated with the level of semantic and syntactic information of their activations11, as well as their ability to predict a word from context6,7. We complement these results and show that the encoding accuracy of GPT-2 correlates with the level of understanding of the subjects, as assessed with comprehension questionnaires. Interestingly, our analysis also highlights that shortening the attention span of the lower layers would make them more brain-like. Thus, these results contribute to revealing remaining functional differences between brains and language models, and could thus help guide the development of modern algorithms5,50. The relationship between GPT-2’s representations and human comprehension remains to be qualified, however. First, we restrict the challenging and composite notion of semantic comprehension to an empirical definition: i. e. the extent to which subjects understand a narrative, as assessed by a questionnaire presented at the end of each story. We acknowledge that comprehension spans a very diverse set of conditions, ranging from scientific writing to newspapers, which are not presently tested. Second, our results remain solely based on correlations. Supplementary analyses suggest that GPT-2’s brain scores may be partially explained by – but not reduced to – attentional processes (H). Yet, the factors that causally influence comprehension, such as attention, prior knowledge, working memory capacity, and language complexity are not controlled here and should thus be explicitly examined and manipulated in future work. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not directly address the claim about advanced algorithms predicting emotions based on brain scans. Instead, it discusses the relationship between the encoding accuracy of the GPT-2 model and human comprehension, focusing on how different brain areas relate to understanding narratives. Thus, the text is irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Asteroids contain valuable metals that could support space mining industries in the future. [SEP] Text: 4 Future perspectivesCurrent process technologies for metal recovery and separation rely heavily on water and high-energy consumption for operation. Although the presence of water ice at both the north and south lunar poles has already been confirmed76, it will not be available for its direct use and will be an expensive commodity, as it will be used mostly as a source of oxygen and hydrogen. On the other hand, the deployment of energy-efficient methods will be crucial for the processing of materials in low-energy and ambient temperature conditions77,78. Thus, chemical oxidation using DESs has a great potential for metal recovery and separation from NEAs. DESs such as the eutectic system ChCl: 2EG meets some of the criteria for its potential use in space, being a largely anhydrous solvent and having a low vapour pressure. In addition, due to the relatively high chloride concentration (ca. 5 mol dm ̶ 3) and the absence of oxygen gas in space, the formation of less reactive oxide/hydroxide is circumvented. Eventually, metals could be extracted in situ from their solid matrix(es) injecting leach solutions through injector pipes – of the type used in oil exploitation – and suction from another battery of harvesting pipes, geometrically arranged to stimulate the passage of solutions through the interior of the asteroid, forcing its dissolution. Thus, pregnant leach solutions (PLS) containing the valuable metal can be retrieved at the surface. Metals can be recovered from the PLS by electrowinning. It has already been demonstrated that DESs can allow the development of closed-loop flow sheets by, for instance, integrating the metallurgical unit operations of leaching and electrowinning55,66. Thus, dissolved metals can be selectively deposited at the cathode by adjusting the electrode potential. Although the methodology may require an artificial pressurised atmosphere to operate, energy requirements are relatively low as the process operates at temperatures lower than 100°C. While in the long-term the utilisation of asteroids as mineral and metal resources is a key step in human space exploration, further investigation is required to make this a viable economic activity. The technology hereby proposed, though in a nascent stage, is very promising with DESs possessing many favourable physical and chemical characteristics and, as was demonstrated here, can selectively extract target value phases from proxy-asteroid material. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the potential for extracting valuable metals from asteroids using chemical processes. It highlights methods for metal recovery and emphasizes that asteroids could serve as mineral and metal resources for human space exploration, indicating that with further development, these processes could become economically viable for space mining.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Eco-tourism can completely replace conventional tourism worldwide. [SEP] Text: This specifically refers to historical towns, where the cultural tourists come and combine the feeling of the trip during their stay with the contemplative experience of the historic heritage. The protection of landscapes and heritage values led to the introduction of landscape conservation in urbanism and spatial planning during the 80s and 90s, and encouraged the valuing of landscapes as an enriching element by means of tourism [28]. Cultural landscapes are, in short, the result of people’s interaction with the natural environment over time, the result of which is a territory perceived and valued for its cultural qualities, which express a process and the support of a community’s identity. It represents a dynamic, complex reality which is difficult to manage [29]. Research on the perception and assessment of the cultural landscape as a tourism product [20] examines the perception of cultural landscapes and target images in a representative sample (500) of tourists from all of the autonomous communities in Spain. Its goal is to learn, among other aspects, the cultural tourist’s interests, and their activities during their visits to historical towns. The context in which this research takes place is marked by a rediscovery of historical towns as tourist destinations, based on the experience of the visit and the short duration of the stay. The ten most visited monumental cities or historical places by tourists surveyed were the following: órdoba, Santiago de Compostela, Salamanca, Segovia and Valencia. With regards to the interests of the cultural tourist during the visit (Table 4), visiting panoramic viewpoints of the town is highlighted in first place (4. 29), second, visiting monuments and seeing museums (4. 20) and, in third place, taking guided tours around the different viewpoints of the town, from outside and inside (4. 01). In the end, the activities that generate most satisfaction for the cultural tourist during the visit can be classified into the five activities set out below: the views of the whole town and its interiors (4. 45), visiting monuments (4. 38), interacting with people from the town (4. 21), viewing natural landscapes (4. 04), and the atmosphere of the streets and public squares (4. 01). Interests of the cultural tourist during the visit to the historical townsX¯Mode-Visit panoramic viewpoint of the town. 4. 295-Visit monuments and see museums. 4. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by detailing the importance and popularity of cultural tourism, particularly in historical towns, which highlights that while eco-tourism may be an enriching form of tourism, it cannot completely replace conventional tourism that focuses on cultural experiences, historical heritage, and urban landscapes. The emphasis on activities such as visiting monuments, museums, and local interactions indicates that different types of tourism coexist and cater to varying interests, suggesting that eco-tourism alone cannot fulfill all tourist demands globally.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Certain claims suggest that advanced algorithms might predict emotions based on brain scans. [SEP] Text: This limit is expected: several studies demonstrate that current deep language models fail to capture several aspects critical to comprehension16,19: they (i) often fail to generalize beyond the training distribution56, (ii) do not perfectly capture deep syntactic structures14,52 and (iii) remain relatively poor at summarizing texts, generating stories and answering questions20,21,22. Furthermore, GPT-2 is only trained with textual data and does not situate objects in a grounded environment that would capture their real-world interactions18,57. These limits may be temporary, however: the latest models appear to be more robust to out-of-distribution sampling58 and trained on multimodal data59,60. Together, these elements suggest that modern language algorithms like GPT-2 offer a promising basis to unravel the brain and computational signatures of comprehension. Vice versa, by highlighting the similarities and remaining differences between deep language models and the brain, our study reinforces the mutual relevance of neuroscience and AI. Materials and methodsOur analyses rely on the “Narratives” dataset61, composed of the brain signals, recorded using fMRI, of 345 subjects listening to 27 narratives. The dataset is publicly available and the methods were performed in accordance with relevant guidelines and regulations. Narratives and comprehension scoreAmong the 27 stories of the dataset, we selected the seven stories for which subjects were asked to answer a comprehension questionnaire at the end, and for which the answers varied across subjects (more than ten different comprehension scores across subjects), resulting in 70 min of audio stimuli in total, from four to 19 minutes per story (Fig. 3). Questionnaires were either multiple-choice, fill-in-the blank, or open questions (answered with free text) rated by humans61. Here, we used the comprehension score computed in the original dataset which was either a proportion of correct answers or the sum of the human ratings, scaled between 0 and 161. It summarizes the comprehension of one subject for one narrative (specific to each (narrative, subject) pair). Figure 3For each of the seven narratives: number of subjects (n), distribution of comprehension scores across subjects and length of the narrative. Full size imageBrain activationsThe brain activations of the 101 subjects who listened to the seven selected narratives were recorded using fMRI. As suggested in the original paper61, pairs of (subject, narrative) were excluded because of noisy recordings, resulting in 237 pairs in total. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim regarding advanced algorithms predicting emotions based on brain scans. Instead, it discusses the limitations of deep language models in understanding comprehension and the relevance of neuroscience to AI. While it mentions brain signals and fMRI data, it does not support or contradict the specific claim about emotion prediction.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Asteroids contain valuable metals that could support space mining industries in the future. [SEP] Text: Moving forward, this will require an integrated understanding of how asteroids have been formed, what minerals host potentially useful metals, and what electrochemical methodologies can be implemented for metal recovery. 5 Material and methodsThe DES was prepared from 1 mol eq of ChCl (Acros Organics, 99%) and 2 mol eq of ethylene glycol (EG, Fisher, 98%). The solvent was prepared by stirring the components at 50 ˚C until a colourless homogeneous liquid was formed. FeCl3 (Sigma Aldrich, 97%) and iodine (Fisher Scientific, > 95%) were used as oxidising agents. Meteoritic materials used in this study were obtained from Msg-Meteorites and consist of two stony meteorites and one iron meteorite (see Figure S1 in the Supplementary material). Stony meteorites consist of a 0. 5 cm thick, approximately 6 cm square section of meteorite NWA 13876 and 5 cm long piece of meteorite NWA 7160. Both NWA meteorites belong to the high-iron (H) chemical group of ordinary chondrites. These are distinguished by their high siderophile element content, relatively small chondrules (~ 0. 3 mm), and oxygen isotope compositions that are closer to the terrestrial fractionation line than those of other chondrites. The NWA 13876 is classified as type 5, as these types of meteorites have been metamorphosed at conditions that were sufficient enough to homogenise olivine and pyroxene, convert all low-calcium pyroxene to orthopyroxene, cause the growth of various secondary minerals, and blur chondrule outlines. The NWA 7160 meteorite is classified as type 3, which is typically characterised by abundant chondrules, low degrees of aqueous alteration, and the presence of non-stoichiometric mineral phases. The iron meteorite consists of a piece of irregularly shaped material from the Campo del Cielo meteorite. Campo del Cielo is classified as an IAB-MG type, consisting of Fe-Ni alloy that crystallised from a melt. All samples were documented and photographed before visually selecting potential target areas for further study. In each case an approximately 2. 5 cm2 section was cut from the interior of the main sample, so as not to alter the sample material from the fusion crust, and embedded in epoxy resin. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by describing the focus on identifying useful minerals and recovering metals from asteroids, indicating that there are indeed valuable metals present in meteoritic materials. Specifically, it mentions studies conducted on meteorites with high siderophile element content, which are indicative of potentially valuable metals, thereby supporting the idea that asteroids could be sources of resources for future space mining industries.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Eco-tourism can completely replace conventional tourism worldwide. [SEP] Text: The circuit would require planning that fosters social, economic and cultural integration, and that enhances integrating, progressive, unifying and sustainable tourism. For this plan to be implemented joint work is necessary. It is recommended that local and regional governments opt for innovative tourism projects, placing value on the archaeological resources they have. The eco-cultural tourism project with proposals is based in Catamarca, Argentina [23], It is also included in the strategy for sustainable development, in which many environmental, sociocultural and economic criteria converge with quality, continuity and balance. Here, eco-cultural tourism is trying to establish itself, together with the opportunities offered by local economies, for example, adventure travel, agricultural tourism, observation of flora and fauna, birdwatching, scientific tourism, potholing and cultural tourism. It should be noted that the negative and destructive effects resulting from the massive and uncontrolled use of cultural goods and the surrounding landscapes cannot be ignored or minimised. Long-term political decisions making is key. Ultimately, the tourism project evaluates the archaeological historic heritage and its rehabilitation, local craftsmen, market studies, technical-economic evaluation, financial studies and the environmental impact evaluation. The Chalalán Project, Bolivia [24] falls under responsible tourism in a natural area, and belongs to a poor area within the tourist market, where the indigenous community interferes to avoid, among other things, the disappearance of their community. It is located in the valley of the Tuichi river along the banks of the Chalalán lagoon, and consists of the creation of a series of rustic huts around it. The indigenous community of San José de Uchupiamonas is in a complicated situation, specifically because of its involvement in safeguarding its identity and its culture. In order to avoid its disappearance, they use an alternative economy to enable economic viability and attract visitor flows so as to reactivate the tourist destination at different levels and improve living conditions. They make use of solar energy through panels, and the use of batteries for flashlights and fossil fuels is kept to a minimum. They offer programmes to learn to experience the tropical forest, bird watching, canoe rides, swimming, bathing in the lagoon, observation of the flora and fauna, vegetarian cooking, conference rooms, etc. It’s experience tourism that is based on authenticity, community development and economic activity, all performed in harmony with a tourist activity directed towards the local community, whose main purpose is survival. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the necessity of planning for sustainable tourism that integrates economic, social, and cultural factors. It emphasizes that eco-cultural tourism, while beneficial, requires joint work and political decisions and mentions the issues related to uncontrolled tourism practices, suggesting that eco-tourism might not completely replace conventional tourism but rather coexist with it. The reference to various tourism models, such as adventure travel and agricultural tourism, implies a diversity in tourism forms needed to address local and global challenges.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Certain claims suggest that advanced algorithms might predict emotions based on brain scans. [SEP] Text: All seven studies used a repetition time (TR) of 1. 5 seconds. As stated in the orginal paper61, the “Merlin”, “Sherlock”, “Slumlord” and “Reach for the Stars” datasets were collected on a 3T Skyra (Erlangen, Germany) with a 20-channel phased-array head coil using the following acquisition parameters. “Functional BOLD images were acquired in an interleaved fashion using gradient-echo echo-planar imaging (EPI) with an in-plane acceleration factor of 2 using. The full acquisition details are summarized here for simplicity: TR/TE = 1500/28 ms, flip angle = 64 degrees, bandwidth = 1445 Hz/Px, in-plane resolution = 3x3mm, slice thickness \(= 4\) mm, matrix size = \(64\times 64\), FoV = \(192\times 192\) mm, 27 axial slices with roughly full brain coverage and no gap, anterior–posterior phase encoding, prescan normalization, fat suppression. At the beginning of each run, three dummy scans were acquired and discarded by the scanner to allow for signal stabilization. The “(PNI)” (pieman-pni) “Running from the Bronx”(bronx), “I Were Black” (black) and “”(forgot) datasets were collected on the same 3T Prisma with a 64-channel head coil using different acquisition parameters. Functional images were acquired in an interleaved fashion using gradient-echo EPI with a multiband acceleration factor of 3 using blipped and no in-plane acceleration: TR/TE 1500/31 ms, flip angle = 67 degrees, bandwidth = 2480 Hz/Px, in-plane resolution = \(2. 5\times 2. 5\) mm, slice thickness 2. 5 mm, matrix size = \(96\times 96\), FoV = \(240 \times 240\) mm, 48 axial slices with full brain coverage and no gap, anterior–posterior phase encoding, prescan normalization, fat suppression, three dummy scans. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text provides detailed technical specifications and parameters related to brain scan data acquisition but does not mention advanced algorithms or their potential to predict emotions based on such scans. Thus, it is irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: AI algorithms are used in diagnostics to analyze medical imaging more quickly. [SEP] Text: Revolutionizing breast ultrasound diagnostics with EfficientNet-B7 and access Published: 02 September 2024 Revolutionizing breast ultrasound diagnostics with EfficientNet-B7 and Explainable AI M. Latha1, P. Santhosh Kumar1, R. Roopa Chandrika2, T. R. Mahesh3, V. Vinoth Kumar4 & …Suresh Guluwadi5 Show authors BMC 99. 14%, significantly outperforming existing CNN-based approaches in breast ultrasound image classification. The incorporation of XAI techniques enhances our understanding of the model’s decision-making process, thereby increasing its reliability and facilitating clinical adoption. This comprehensive framework offers a robust and interpretable tool for the early detection and diagnosis of breast cancer, advancing the capabilities of automated diagnostic systems and supporting clinical decision-making processes. reports IntroductionBreast cancer remains a leading cause of cancer-related deaths among women globally, despite advancements in medical technology and screening techniques. Early and accurate detection is paramount for improving prognosis and treatment outcomes. Among various imaging modalities, breast ultrasound imaging is widely recognized for its non-invasive nature, real-time imaging capabilities, and safety, particularly for repetitive use without the risks associated with ionizing radiation. Ultrasound imaging is especially useful for differentiating between solid and cystic lesions and is often employed as an adjunct to mammography, especially in cases of dense breast tissues where mammography’s sensitivity is reduced. Breast cancer continues to be prevalent among women worldwide, prompting the need for advancements in diagnostic imaging techniques. Traditional imaging classification systems, primarily based on conventional CNN architectures like VGG, ResNet, and DenseNet, have shown promise but are limited by issues such as class imbalance and the subtlety of textural variations in ultrasound images. These challenges can lead to decreased diagnostic accuracy, especially for critical minority classes such as malignant tumors [1]. In response to these limitations, our study introduces the EfficientNet-B7 model, which is an advanced CNN architecture designed to optimize computing efficiency and accuracy through a balanced scaling of depth, width, and resolution of the network. Moreover, the integration of Explainable AI (XAI) techniques like Gradient-weighted Mapping (Grad-CAM) marks a significant enhancement in how models transparency is handled. XAI techniques allow clinicians and researchers to visualize which features in the ultrasound images influence the model’s predictions. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the use of the EfficientNet-B7 model, which is an advanced CNN architecture designed for optimizing computing efficiency and accuracy in breast ultrasound imaging. It acknowledges the efficiency improvements in medical diagnostics, particularly in early detection and diagnosis of breast cancer through advanced AI algorithms.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Eco-tourism can completely replace conventional tourism worldwide. [SEP] Text: Advertisement 4. ConclusionsEco-cultural tourism is aimed at meeting the needs and problems that traditional and/or conventional tourism has set aside during its development phase and economic success. It is a central core piece around which alternative forms of tourism will develop, and acts as a counterweight in the resolution of the imbalances and inequalities created. It’s returning to the original form of tourism, a beginning ex novo but with the acquired experience and knowledge and the tracks left in the natural and urban cultural areas. In reality, it is the antithesis of mass tourism in the globalisation era and the digitalised world, which aims to preserve, protect and restore damaged or even irreversible areas, as well as to maintain the few spaces still untouched by humans and experience the impulses that have always motivated people on their journeys throughout history. The first steps of eco-cultural tourism are found in the ecotourism which was born out of the in 2012 to eradicate poverty—with the participation of the locals—, protect the environment and incorporate sustainable development. The 80s showed remarkable economic benefits in areas such as natural tourism, and comes together at different points with sustainable tourism and community tourism. Dangi and Jamal [30] carefully examined the chronology of sustainable community tourism, which resulted in the existence of integration approaches at a local-global level with community development. They also determined that good governance, guided by clearly defined ethical principles and justice, closed the local-global gap and guided the development and management of tourism. These new improvements, along with the demands of the modern tourist, have led to ecotourism consolidating itself as eco-cultural tourism, which promotes sociocultural and traditional values, environmental awareness, and benefits to rural and urban communities. Additionally, it opens up possibilities to develop economies at various levels for public and private enterprises, and offers the enjoyment of a unique high-quality experience. The responses given to climate change issues and the imbalances from economic globalisation are made possible through the planning of local sustainable development, comprising all tourism sectors involved in the creation of a Tourism Project, an and the Evaluation of the structured project. The methodology used in the study of eco-cultural tourism, uses the global and local levels of tourist destinations located in countries with emerging economies (Asia: China, Malaysia, Thailand), developed countries (Europe: Spain) and developing nations (South America: Peru, Argentina, Bolivia). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing how eco-cultural tourism serves as an alternative to conventional tourism rather than a complete replacement. It emphasizes the resolution of issues created by traditional tourism, while also noting that eco-cultural tourism aims to preserve and restore areas impacted by mass tourism. Moreover, it suggests that eco-cultural tourism evolved from ecotourism, which was established to address poverty and environmental concerns rather than completely displacing conventional tourism.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Certain claims suggest that advanced algorithms might predict emotions based on brain scans. [SEP] Text: This approach mitigates the localization of the effect and the statistical correction for multiple comparisons. SignificanceSignificance was either assessed by using either (i) a second-level Wilcoxon test (two-sided) across subject-narrative pairs, testing whether the mapping (one value per pair) was significantly different from zero (Fig. 1B), or (ii) by using the first-level Pearson p-value provided by SciPy28 (Fig. 1D–G). In Fig. 1B, E, F, p-values were corrected for multiple comparison (2 \(\times\) 142 ROIs) using Rate (Benjamin/Hochberg)66. Data availibility dataset61 is publicly available on the OpenNeuro ( and Datalad platforms ( 1810. 04805 [cs], (2019). Yang, Z. , Dai, Z. , Yang, Y. , Carbonell, J. , Salakhutdinov, R. R. , & Le, Q. V. XLNet: Pretraining for Language Understanding. arXiv:1906. 08237 [cs], (2020). Caucheteux, C. , Gramfort, A. , & King, J. R. Model-based analysis of brain activity reveals the hierarchy of language in 305 subjects. 2021-Conference on in Processing, (2021a). Toneva, M. & Wehbe, L. Interpreting and improving natural-language processing (in machines) with natural language-processing (in the brain). arXiv:1905. 11833 [cs, q-bio], (2019). Schrimpf, M. et al. The neural architecture of language: Integrative modeling converges on predictive processing. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 118(45), e2105646118. (2021). 10. (2022). 1348. PMLR, (2021b). Hale, J. , Campanelli, L. , Li, J. , Bhattasali, S. , Pallier, C. & Brennan, J. Neuro-computational models of language processing. Annu. Rev. Linguist. , (2021). Anderson, A. J. et al. Deep artificial neural networks reveal a distributed cortical network encoding propositional sentence-level meaning. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim concerning the capability of advanced algorithms to predict emotions from brain scans. Instead, it discusses statistical methods and analyses related to brain activity in various contexts, which are not directly tied to the emotional prediction based on algorithms.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: AI algorithms are used in diagnostics to analyze medical imaging more quickly. [SEP] Text: This transparency is crucial for clinical acceptance, as it provides a deeper understanding of the model’s decision-making process, ensuring that these decisions are based on relevant clinical features rather than artifacts or biases in the data [2]. By incorporating these advanced methodologies, our study not only aims to enhance the accuracy of breast ultrasound classification but also strives to make these AI-driven tools more interpretable and trustworthy for clinical use. T\\ Fig. 1 shows Sample segmented images from the (BUSI) showing examples of benign, malignant, and normal categories with their corresponding masks. Fig. 1Sample images from datasetFull size imageDiagnosing breast cancer through ultrasound involves analyzing lesion characteristics such as shape, margins, and echogenicity. However, the subjective nature of this analysis can lead to variability, highlighting the need for automated classification systems to improve consistency and accuracy. Networks (CNNs) like VGG, ResNet, and DenseNet have been successful in image classification but face challenges with the noise and variability in ultrasound images, as well as class imbalance, where malignant cases are often underrepresented [3]. To address these issues, our study uses advanced data augmentation techniques (e. g. , ) to enhance dataset diversity and improve model generalization. We propose using EfficientNet, a state-of-the-art CNN known for its efficiency and scalability, which balances depth, width, and resolution, achieving high performance with fewer parameters. Fine-tuning EfficientNet-B7 on the BUSI dataset helps it learn specific features from breast ultrasound images, improving its ability to distinguish between benign, malignant, and normal cases. We also incorporate Explainable AI (XAI) methods like saliency maps and attention mechanisms to make the model’s predictions more transparent, helping clinicians validate and trust AI-driven diagnostics, which is crucial for reliable and interpretable medical tools [4, 5]. MotivationThe motivation behind this research stems from the critical need for accurate and reliable diagnostic tools in the early detection of breast cancer. Breast cancer is a major health concern, and timely diagnosis significantly improves the chances of successful treatment and survival. However, the variability and noise inherent in ultrasound images pose challenges for traditional classification methods, leading to the potential for misdiagnosis or delayed diagnosis. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the use of AI-driven tools, specifically mentioning the application of advanced methodologies for breast ultrasound classification that enhance accuracy and the interpretability of AI prediction models. It highlights the role of CNN architectures like EfficientNet in analyzing ultrasound images to improve diagnostic consistency and accuracy, which aligns with the assertion that AI algorithms assist in medical imaging diagnostics.