Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Bats are blind and rely solely on echolocation to navigate their environment. [SEP] Text: To obtain stimuli that would elicit strong echolocation percepts, we recorded echolocation clicks and echoes from EB and LB outside of the MRI under three scenarios: i) as they sat in an anechoic chamber in front of a concave or flat surface that was placed 40 cm in front of them and 20° to the left or right (for examples of sounds used during the experiment listen to Sound S7 and Sound S8); ii) as they sat in an anechoic chamber in front of a concave surface placed 40 cm in front with either the head held stationary or the head moving (when recordings of the latter were played back to EB and LB, they described a percept of a surface in motion; for examples of sounds used during the experiment listen to Sound S9, Sound S10 and Sound S11); and iii) as they stood outdoors in front of a tree, or a car, or a lamp post. We also created control sounds for the outdoor recordings, which contained the same background sounds and clicks, but no click echoes. Thus, outdoor control sounds were yoked to the outdoor echolocation sounds, but they did not contain the click's echoes (for examples of sounds used during the experiment listen to Sound S12 and Sound S13). Behavioral testing demonstrated that, when presented with the recordings from the anechoic chamber, EB was able to determine the shape, movement and location of surfaces with near perfect accuracy, whereas LB was less accurate at the shape and movement task and in fact performed at chance levels on the localization task (Figure 1F). Finally, when presented with the outdoor echolocation recordings both EB and LB readily distinguished control sounds from echolocation sounds and they identified objects well above chance levels. In addition, both echolocators performed equally well when listening to outdoor recordings of the other person as compared to their own (Figure 1G). Control participants C1 and C2 had trained with the echolocation stimuli of EB and LB prior to testing. Both control participants performed at chance levels for shape and location classification, but well above chance for movement classification (Figure 1F). Upon questioning, both C1 and C2 stated that clicks in ‘moving’ stimuli had a slightly more regular rhythm (compare Sound S9 and Sound S10 to Sound S11). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by demonstrating that bats, specifically the subjects EB and LB, actively utilize echolocation to determine the shape, movement, and location of surfaces with high accuracy, indicating they rely on echolocation effectively. However, it does not support the idea that bats are blind, as it does not mention their vision capabilities, thus leaving room for the possibility that they may also have some sight.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Horizontal gene transfer allows bacteria to acquire new traits. [SEP] Text: Data SGP yang akurat dan terpercaya menjadi referensi utama para pemain togel dalam menganalisis pola angka yang keluar. Dengan adanya prediksi SGP dan sgp prize, para pecinta togel dapat mencoba meramalkan angka-angka yang akan keluar dan berharap untuk memenangkan hadiah yang menggiurkan dari Singapore Pools. Untuk para penggemar togel Singapore, prediksi togel hari ini sangat dinantikan. live draw sgp Dengan memperhatikan data sgp sebelumnya, para pemain dapat melakukan analisis yang mendalam untuk meramalkan angka-angka yang mungkin keluar. Bagi yang ingin memperoleh informasi terbaru seputar pengeluaran sgp, situs togel online merupakan tempat yang tepat. Di situs-situs ini, para pemain dapat menemukan update keluaran sgp terkini beserta prediksi sgp yang terpercaya. Prediksi togel hari ini sangat membantu para pemain dalam menyusun strategi permainan. Dengan informasi yang tepat, diharapkan para pemain dapat meningkatkan peluang untuk meraih sgp prize dan mendapatkan kemenangan. Di tengah maraknya situs togel online, penting bagi para pemain togel untuk memilih situs togel Singapore yang terpercaya. Situs tersebut sebaiknya telah terbukti memberikan pelayanan yang fair serta membayar hadiah kemenangan dengan lancar. Sebuah situs togel yang bisa diandalkan biasanya memiliki reputasi yang baik di kalangan pemain. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses data related to lottery predictions rather than any biological concepts, including horizontal gene transfer in bacteria. There is no mention or relevance to the acquisition of new traits by bacteria.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Black holes are regions where gravity is extremely strong. [SEP] Text: 1 IntroductionGravitational lensing by black holes is one of the most powerful astrophysical tools for investigating the strong-field features of gravity and provide us with information about the distant stars that are too dim to be observed. It can help us detect exotic objects and hence verify alternative theories of gravity. The gravitational lensing theories were developed, among others, by Liebes [1], Refsdal [2], and Bourassa and Kantowski [3]. They have successfully explained the astronomical observations but in the weak field approximation. However, when a lens is a compact object with a photon sphere (such as a black hole), a strong field treatment of gravitational lensing is needed instead because photons passing close to the photon sphere have large deflection angles. Virbhadra and Ellis [4] obtained the lens equation using an asymptotically flat background metric, in the strong-field limit for a Schwarzchild black hole numerically. Apart from the primary and secondary images, they reported two infinite sets of faint relativistic images. An exact lens equation without reference to a background metric was found by Fritelli et al. [5]. Later, Bozza [6] used the strong field limit approximation to obtain analytical expressions for the positions and magnification of the relativistic images and extended his method of lensing for a general class of static and spherically symmetric spacetimes to show that the logarithmic divergence of the deflection angle at photon sphere is a generic feature for such spacetimes. Bozza’s [6] methods was extended to several static, spherically symmetric metrics which includes Reissner–Nordström black holes [7], braneworld black holes [8,9,10,11], charged black hole of heterotic string theory [12]. The strong gravitational field continues to receive significant attention, more recent works include lensing from other black holes [13,14,15,16] and from various modifications of Schwarzschild geometry [17,18,19,20,21,22,23], and more recently in 4D Einstein-Gauss-Bonnet gravity [24,25,26]. The gravitational lensing by a primary photon sphere with unstable circular light orbits and by a secondary photon sphere on a wormhole throat in a black-bounce regular spacetime shows the existence of an antiphoton sphere and the formation of infinite images near it [27]. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing gravitational lensing in the context of black holes, emphasizing the need for a strong field treatment when dealing with compact objects like black holes. It mentions that 'a strong field treatment of gravitational lensing is needed instead because photons passing close to the photon sphere have large deflection angles,' directly implying the extreme gravity present in black holes.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Bats are blind and rely solely on echolocation to navigate their environment. [SEP] Text: However, both C1 and C2 maintained that they had not perceived any kind of movement in those recordings. When C1 and C2 were presented with outdoor recordings they could distinguish echolocation sounds from control sounds, but they were unable to identify objects (Figure 1G). Upon questioning, C1 and C2 reported that echolocation and control stimuli sounded ‘somehow different’, but they could not pinpoint the nature of this difference (compare Sound S12 and Sound S13). Both C1 and C2 said that they had not perceived any objects in the recordings. For more detailed results, including sample sizes, see Table S1 and Table S2. Brain activation Cerebral Cortex. Functional MRI revealed reliable blood-oxygen-level dependent (BOLD) activity in auditory cortex as well as in the calcarine sulcus and surrounding regions of “visual” cortex in EB and LB when they listened to recordings of their echolocation clicks and echoes, as compared to silence (Figure 2, top). EB showed stronger activity in the calcarine cortex than did LB, which could reflect EB's much longer use of echolocation and/or his more reliable performance in passive echolocation tasks. Activity in calcarine cortex was entirely absent in C1 and C2 when they listened to the echolocation recordings of EB and LB, although both control subjects showed robust activity in auditory cortex (Figure 2, bottom). This pattern of results was expected based on previous experiments that have measured brain activation in blind and sighted people in response to auditory stimulation as compared to silence [13]–[15]. Download: PPTPowerPoint slidePNGlarger imageTIFForiginal imageFigure 2. BOLD activity projected on participants reconstructed and partially inflated cortical surface. Concavities and convexities are colored dark and light, respectively. CS-central sulcus, CaS-calcarine sulcus, LS- lateral sulcus, MFS – middle frontal sulcus. Top panel: BOLD activity while EB and LB listened to recordings of their own echolocation sounds that had been made in an anechoic chamber and judged the location (left vs. right), shape (concave vs. flat) or stability (moving vs. stationary) of the sound reflecting surface (see Figure 1F for behavioral results). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by detailing experimental observations that indicate subjects (C1 and C2) did not perceive any objects using echolocation, suggesting limitations in their echolocation capabilities. Furthermore, the mention of brain activation in auditory cortex rather than in both auditory and visual cortices indicates that while echolocation plays a role in navigation, it does not imply that bats are blind or rely solely on echolocation without any other visual inputs.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Horizontal gene transfer allows bacteria to acquire new traits. [SEP] Text: Pengalaman positif para member dalam bertransaksi maupun bermain togel di situs tersebut dapat menjadi indikasi keamanan serta kredibilitas situs tersebut. Selain itu, situs togel yang terpercaya biasanya menyediakan prediksi-prediksi terbaik dan terupdate untuk membantu pemain dalam meraih kemenangan. Dengan menyediakan berbagai informasi berguna dan akurat, situs tersebut dapat meningkatkan kepercayaan pemain terhadap layanan yang diberikan. 07/07/2024 by admin1989 What is Lottery? Lottery is a form of gambling in which numbers are drawn for prizes. Many states run lotteries, and the proceeds from them help to support public works and other charitable projects. In some cases, the proceeds are also used for tax reduction or other purposes. Lottery is a popular pastime for many people, and it can be addictive. People may even lose track of how much money they have won, leading to financial problems and other consequences. However, there are ways to control your lottery spending and avoid losing too much money. Several factors have contributed to the popularity of Lottery, including widening economic inequality and a new materialism that claims that anyone can become rich with sufficient effort or luck. Moreover, anti-tax movements have led politicians to seek out alternatives to raising taxes and to embrace Lottery as a way to get government funds without imposing burdens on the middle class or working class. As a result, the policies and practices of Lottery have evolved over time, often with little or no general oversight by state authorities. Although many of the arguments in favor of Lottery focus on its value as a source of “painless” revenue, there is also a strong psychological component to the appeal of the game. Lottery plays on a fundamental human urge to take risks and hope for the best. People who play the Lottery are often tempted by advertising that dangles the promise of instant riches, and they may feel that they have a small sliver of chance that they might win. The history of the Lottery goes back thousands of years. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim regarding horizontal gene transfer in bacteria. Instead, it discusses the lottery, its regulations, associated risks, and its cultural implications, which do not relate to the genetic processes in bacteria.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Black holes are regions where gravity is extremely strong. [SEP] Text: The gravitational lensing received a boost when Telescope (EHT) [28, 29] unravelled the first-ever image of the supermassive black hole M87*. These results offer testing grounds for gravity theories on offering a compelling probe of the strong gravitational fields. With this motivation, this paper investigates the strong-field gravitational lensing of light by the hairy black holes in Horndeski gravity [30]. As a modification to GR, the simplest extensions are the scalar–tensor theories like Horndeski gravity [31], probably the most general four-dimensional scalar–tensor theory with equations of motion containing up to second-order derivatives of the dynamical fields. Horndeski theory of gravitation is described by the action principle formulated from the metric and a scalar field that leads to field equations with no derivatives beyond second order for the metric and the scalar field, and the theory has the same symmetries as GR, namely, diffeomorphism and local Lorentz invariance. (see e. g. [32, 33]). All the terms present in the action of Horndeski gravity have been shown to be originating from Galileons, i. e. scalar–tensor models having Galilean symmetry in flat spacetime [34]. There are compelling arguments that suggest that certain modifications are required in GR at both very high and very low energy scales. Gravitational collapses are destined to unavoidable singularities, while on cosmological scales, to describe the observed accelerated expansion of the Universe, GR relies on the yet unexplained presence of dark energy [35]. Horndeski theories [36] which have been studied in both the strong gravity on compact objects, such as neutron stars, black holes [37] and in cosmological regimes to describe the accelerated expansion [38]. The space of solutions for Horndeski’s theory of gravity is endowed with hairy black holes [39,40,41,42,43,44], Among the static and spherically symmetric hairy black holes in scalar–tensor theories the simplest case in which solutions admits a hairy profile with a radially dependent scalar field was studied in [41, 45,46,47,48]. The time-dependent hairy black hole solutions within the Horndeski class of theories have also been obtained [49]. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by emphasizing the investigation of strong-field gravitational lensing of light by hairy black holes, which indicates that black holes are indeed associated with strong gravitational fields. The mention of 'strong gravitational fields' in relation to black holes supports the assertion that black holes are regions of extreme gravity.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Bats are blind and rely solely on echolocation to navigate their environment. [SEP] Text: STS-superior temporal sulcus, ITS -inferior temporal sulcus, LOS – lateral occipital sulcus. Top Panel: BOLD activity related to recordings of echolocation sounds conveying movement to EB and LB. Both EB and LB show significant activity in regions adjacent and inferior to the ITS/LOS junction, that are typically involved in motion processing. Bottom Panel: BOLD activity in C1 and C2's brain related to recordings of echolocation sounds that convey movement to EB and LB. Even though C1 and C2 could reliably classify echolocation sounds as ‘moving’ or ‘stationary’, they reported to not perceive any sense of movement. Also shown are areas sensitive to visual motion (area MT+) functionally defined at different significance levels (p<. 05: light green or p<. 05 Bonf. Corrected: dark green). Bar graphs show beta weights (+/− SEM) obtained from a region of interest analysis applied to areas MT+ (contrast: EchoMoving>EchoStationary). Bar color denotes the MT+ used for the ROI analysis (i. e. MT+ defined at p<. 05: light green, or p<. 05; Bonf. Corrected: dark green). In contrast to EB and LB, neither C1 nor C2 show increased BOLD activity in regions adjacent and inferior to the ITS/LOS junction for the contrast between ‘moving’ and ‘stationary’ echolocation stimuli, even at more liberal statistical thresholds (see Figure S4). The statistically more powerful region of interest analysis applied to area MT+ was not significant either, i. e. SEM error bars (and therefore any confidence interval) include zero (see also Table S3). comparison between concave vs. flat conditions, as well as the comparison between tree vs. car vs. pole did not reveal significant differences. It is evident from the behavioural data, that EB and LB certainly perceived these conditions as different; so at some level, there must be a difference in neural activity. It is likely that the temporal and spatial resolution of our paradigm was not able to detect these differences. Cerebellum. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by indicating that the subjects (C1 and C2) could classify echolocation sounds without perceiving movement, suggesting that they possess sensory systems beyond just echolocation. This implies that bats, often thought to be blind and reliant solely on echolocation, may also have visual capabilities that contribute to their navigation.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Horizontal gene transfer allows bacteria to acquire new traits. [SEP] Text: It was a common practice in the ancient world to divide property, slaves, and other resources among a community by drawing lots. In the Old Testament, the Lord instructed Moses to take a census of Israel and distribute land by lot. In the Roman Empire, Lottery was a common entertainment at dinner parties, where hosts would draw lots for gifts such as slaves and valuable 21. This is a good option when the dealer has a weak card showing, such as a two or five. However, it is important to remember that the dealer may also double down, so you must be prepared for this. Another blackjack strategy that will help you win is knowing when to hit and when to stand. It is generally better to hit than to stand, unless you have a good reason for doing otherwise. Hitting is recommended when the dealer has a weak card, such as a three or six. In addition, if the dealer has an ace, it is usually best to hit. A good way to improve your odds of winning at blackjack is to learn how to count cards. This technique requires some prior training and practice, but can make a huge difference in your winnings. Counting cards is done by keeping track of the number of high cards dealt and the number of low cards. Players keep a running total of these numbers and divide it by the number of decks remaining in the shoe to obtain a true count. Some players also use a card-counting system called hi-lo, which is more complex than the running count method. This method is more accurate and takes into account the fact that some cards are dealt to more than one person. Keeping the count also requires the use of a calculator. It is a good idea to practice with a single deck of cards before you try counting in a casino. Counting cards in blackjack is much more difficult than it is in other games, such as poker or roulette, because there are many more cards that can be dealt to a single player. There are several side bets available in blackjack that change the odds of the game and the payout you receive. These bets include insurance, which pays 2-1 if the dealer has an ace up and you have blackjack. This is a great option to consider, but it is essential to remember that you will lose more hands pushing than you would if you simply got paid 1 to 1. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim about horizontal gene transfer in bacteria. Instead, it discusses various topics such as the historical practice of drawing lots for resources, strategies in playing blackjack, and card counting methods, which do not relate to gene transfer or bacteria.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Black holes are regions where gravity is extremely strong. [SEP] Text: In order to illustrate this assertion we shall consider Cygnus X-1, which is the most intensively studied black hole binary system in the Galaxy. A series of recent high-quality papers (Reid et al. 2011; Orosz et al. 2011; Gou et al. 2011) have provided an unprecedented set of accurate measurements of the distance, the black hole mass, spin parameter a, and the orbital inclination of this source. This opens the possibility to constrain modified theories of gravity with rather local precision observations of astrophysical objects in the Galaxy. Cygnus X-1 was discovered at X-rays by Bowyer et al. (1965). Early dynamical studies of the compact object suggested the presence of an accreting black hole (e. g. Bolton 1972). The distance to Cygnus X-1 is currently estimated to be 1. 86-0. 11+0. 12 kpc (Reid et al. 2011). This value was determined via trigonometric parallax using the (VLBA). At this distance, the mass of the black hole is (Orosz et al. 2011) M = 14. 8 M⊙. This is the value adopted in all calculations presented in the previous sections. The source has been observed in both a low-hard state, dominated by the emission of a hot corona (e. g. , Dove et al. 1997; Gierlinski et al. 1997; Poutanen 1998), and a high-soft state, dominated by the accretion disk, which in this state goes all the way down to the last stable orbit. In the low-hard state, where the source spends most of the time, a steady, non-thermal jet is observed (Stirling et al. 2001). The jet is absent in the thermal state. Therefore, in this latter state a clearer X-ray spectrum can be obtained. The accretion rate and the spin parameter of the hole are ~ 0. 472 × 1019 g s-1 and 0. 99, respectively, according to estimates from a Kerr plus black-body disk model (Gou et al. 2011). These GR models yield a spectral energy distribution with a maximum at Emax ~ 1. 6 keV. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing Cygnus X-1, a black hole binary system, and providing detailed measurements and observations that suggest its nature as a black hole. While the text primarily focuses on the characteristics and measurements of Cygnus X-1, the context of black holes inherently involves the concept of extreme gravitational forces, thereby supporting the claim.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Bats are blind and rely solely on echolocation to navigate their environment. [SEP] Text: pole did not reveal significant differences DiscussionHere we show that two blind individuals can use echolocation to determine the shape, motion and location of objects with great accuracy, even when only listening passively to echolocation sounds that were recorded earlier. When these recordings were presented during fMRI scanning, we found that ‘visual’ cortex was strongly activated in one early blind participant (EB) and to a lesser degree in one late blind participant (LB). Most remarkably, the comparison of brain activity during sounds that contained echoes with brain activity during control sounds that did not contain echoes revealed echo related activity in calcarine, but not auditory cortex. The question arises if the activity that we observe in calcarine cortex is truly related to echolocation, or if it is simply due to the fact that EB and LB are blind. Blindness can result in re-organization of many brain areas, including but not limited to visual, auditory and somatosensory cortex and subcortical structures, even though the underlying mechanism and exact nature of the changes are still unclear [13]–[15], [27]–[32]. Based on the existing literature, therefore, it is not surprising to see activity in visual cortex in response to auditory stimuli in EB and LB. However, support for an interpretation of the activation in terms of echolocation, but not blindness per se, is provided by the outdoor scenes experiment, in which we see differential activation in calcarine cortex in EB and LB, but not in auditory cortex when echoes are present (or not) in the outdoor sounds (Figure 3). In this regard our data go beyond ‘classical’ cross-modal results that show co-activation of visual cortex and areas primarily sensitive to the stimulus (i. e. primary auditory or somatosensory cortex). In a related point, we want to emphasize that the differences in the level of activation in the visual areas of EB's and LB's brains could have arisen for a number of reasons. First, there might be differences in cortical development in the two individuals; after all, EB lost his sight much earlier than LB. Second, EB started using echolocation as a small child and has used it longer than LB. A consequence of this might be that EB creates a more vivid representation of the spatial scene from click-echoes. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts with the claim by indicating that blind individuals can use echolocation, but it does not state that they rely solely on it for navigation like bats are suggested to do. The study discussed shows that the visual cortex can still be activated in blind participants, indicating that the brain's processing related to spatial awareness might incorporate other modalities beyond just echolocation. This suggests that the claim's assertion that bats rely solely on echolocation might be oversimplified or not entirely accurate.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Horizontal gene transfer allows bacteria to acquire new traits. [SEP] Text: In the long run, you will earn more money if you never insure or take even money on your blackjack hands. 01/07/2024 by admin1989 How to at Poker is a fun, easy-to-play game that can be thrilling and rewarding. It rewards actual skill unlike slots or the lottery, and it can be played at anytime from the comfort of your own home. But online poker isn’t for everyone, and it takes dedication to master the game. The best way to get better is to play often, but it’s also important to learn how to manage your bankroll and to understand the game’s rules. Many new players are confused about whether they’re supposed to call, fold or raise in different situations. To help with this, many poker sites offer a tool called “pot odds,” which shows how much you stand to win if you call a certain bet. This is a very useful tool for a new player because it allows them to make more accurate decisions in big pots. Another helpful tool is studying your opponents’ tells, which are the non-verbal cues that they give off to let you know what type of hand they have. Some of the most common tells are nervous talking, nail-biting and frequent glances. By watching your opponent, you can quickly determine if they have a strong hand or are bluffing. The most important trait to have when playing poker is a short memory. You’re going to have a lot of bad beats and coolers, but you can’t let them get you down. The key is to focus on improving your own game and remember why you started playing in the first place. Online poker is more volatile than live poker, so it’s more likely that you’ll experience larger swings. This is because you’re dealing with a greater number of hands, so the variance is higher. You can avoid these large swings by playing tight, managing your bankroll and learning the game’s strategies. Another important skill for winning at poker is understanding the math behind it. Without a solid grasp of poker odds and percentages, you’re unable to make the right decisions in a big pot. For example, knowing that your opponent has an 11 to 1 chance of making a straight on the river is a critical piece of information when deciding whether to call or fold. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses strategies and tips for playing online poker, without any mention of bacteria, gene transfer, or related scientific concepts. There is no connection between the content of the text and the claim regarding horizontal gene transfer.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Inflation reduces the purchasing power of money over time. [SEP] Text: Núm. 16 (2021), ARTÍúm. 16 (2021) Ó() () ARTÍ Publicado 2021-05-19 Ortiz Williams+− clave Globalización pobreza segregación poder adquisitivo Resumen Resumen: En esta era globalizada parece ser que la pobreza y la segregación son el signo distintivo de la vida diaria. Podría pensarse que en la era digital y de la información todos los seres humanos del orbe tendríamos acceso a mejores y mayores oportunidades, pero eso no es así debido a que el valor adquisitivo del dinero se ve amenazado por el constante aumento de los precios. La paradoja es que volverse pobre sale caro porque significa tener menos oportunidades para acceder a un mejor nivel de vida. ¿Qué significa el hecho de tener un buen nivel de vida? Simple y llanamente todo aquello que permite satisfacer las necesidades básicas de las personas. ¿Ser pobre se refiere a lo estrictamente monetario? O ¿Hay otras cuestiones que también deben de considerarse como parámetros para medir los niveles de pobreza? ¿No acaso nos empobrecen en nuestra salud con la calidad del aire que respiramos actualmente? ¿La comida chatarra –alimento carente de nutrientes- que nos venden en los OXXO’s –y que proliferan como hongos por todas partes- no nos hacen más vulnerables a ser obesos y por ende más pobres en nuestra salud? Es más, podemos hablar de la pobreza que tenemos con relación al tiempo del que disponemos o en relación con la generación de tecnología. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text supports the claim by stating that the purchasing power of money is threatened by the constant increase in prices. It addresses the impact of inflation on the ability to satisfy basic needs, which is a direct correlation to how inflation reduces purchasing power over time.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Bats are blind and rely solely on echolocation to navigate their environment. [SEP] Text: Third, EB performed better in the passive-listening paradigm than LB even though this difference was reduced for ‘outdoor’ sound recordings. But of course, any combination of all these factors could account for the differences in the activity in visual areas we observed in these two individuals. It would be useful in future neuroimaging studies of echolocation to include sighted people who have been trained to echolocate, or blind people who have a ‘regular’ sensitivity to echoes. With respect to the latter, there is evidence that blind people, even when they do not consciously echolocate, are more sensitive to echoes than sighted people [12], and this might pose a challenge when comparing the brain activation of self-proclaimed echolocators to the brain activation of self-proclaimed non-echolocators who are also blind. In any case, the comparison we draw here (i. e. between blind echolocators and sighted non-echolocators) is insightful, because it highlights the involvement of visual rather than auditory cortex in the processing of echoes. The patterns of activation observed in their brains might shed some light on the possible role that sensory deprivation plays in the recruitment of visual cortex during echolocation in the blind. On the behavioural level, of course, sighted people's echolocation abilities have been repeatedly shown to be inferior to those of blind people (for reviews see [1]–[3]). There are various reasons why this is the case. One possibility is that blind people use echolocation on a daily basis and therefore acquire a higher skill level through practice. Another possibility might be that blind people have better hearing abilities which may also make them better at echolocation, e. g. [33], [34]. Our current data suggest that hearing ability is not a variable, because both EB and LB performed within the normal range on standard hearing and source localization tests (Figure S1; S1). Furthermore, we also saw no obvious differences in activation in auditory cortex between EB and LB or between these two individuals and the control participants (Figure 2, Figure S3). It cannot be ruled out, however, that the tests and comparisons we used are not suitable for detecting the auditory abilities that may underlie superior echolocation performance. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts with the claim by discussing the performance of sighted individuals and their abilities in echolocation compared to blind individuals. It highlights the involvement of the visual cortex in processing echoes, suggesting that visual perception may still play a role, contradicting the notion that bats (and by extension, blind individuals) solely rely on echolocation and are completely blind.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Horizontal gene transfer allows bacteria to acquire new traits. [SEP] Text: The most successful poker players spend just as much time studying the game as they do playing it. They sign up for training sites, network with other professionals and brutally analyze their own play after every session. Those who are willing to work hard will be among the few that succeed at this challenging and rewarding game. 30/06/2024 by admin1989 of races are a form of sports betting in which participants place wagers on the finishing order of horses. This type of racing is popular in the United States, but is also a common form of betting in many other countries. The horses are ridden by jockeys or pulled by sulkies and drivers. There are several types of horse race, including flat races and steeplechases, which feature obstacles that the horses must jump over. Each race has a certain amount of prize money to be awarded to the winners. The sport of horse racing has a long and distinguished history, with archaeological evidence indicating that it was practiced in ancient Greece, Rome, Egypt, Babylon, Syria, and Arabia. It has also been an important part of legend, as in the contest between Odin’s steed Hrungnir and the giant Helga in Norse mythology. In addition to betting on the winning horse, bettors can also place a bet on the horse to come in either first, second or third place. Betting on a horse to win is the riskiest, while placing and show bets offer lower payoffs. Regardless of their popularity, horse races have some serious drawbacks. Horses are subject to intense physical stress and are often injured while training or in a race. Their bodies are not built for the stress, and injuries like fractures, torn ligaments, and severe lacerations are all too common. Many of these horses are then abandoned or sent to slaughter when their career is over. The few horse rescue organizations that exist struggle to find enough veterinary care and funds for the horses that are not adopted. It is common for horses to be euthanized after a fatal injury, as well as in cases of traumatic shock or overtraining. Despite the best efforts of trainers and veterinarians, some horses are simply too old or too injured to recover from the rigors of training and racing. In some cases, the euthanasia is deemed necessary to ensure the safety of other horses in the same stable. The problems with equine welfare in horse racing are both profound and systemic. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses horse racing, poker players, and issues related to equine welfare. There is no mention or discussion of bacteria, horizontal gene transfer, or the acquisition of new traits.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Inflation reduces the purchasing power of money over time. [SEP] Text: Hace veinte años se empezó a utilizar el famoso horario de verano que en nada beneficia a la salud del ser humano además de que disponen de nuestro tiempo. ¿No es el tiempo propiedad de cada ser humano? Y si el tiempo es propiedad de cada ser humano ¿Con qué Derecho nos quitan una hora diaria durante siete meses al año? Muchas son las cuestiones que deben replantearse en torno a los conceptos de la pobreza y no pensar en términos estrictamente monetarios. Por ejemplo, es cierto que ser pobre en salud repercute en tener que utilizar más recursos monetarios en medicinas y médicos para mantener a esta última. Por último, la escasez más peligrosa es aquélla que se traduce en la falta de conocimientos que nos ayuden a generar riqueza para la sociedad y para las personas de manera individual. Abstrac: In this globalized age it seems that poverty and segregation are the distinguishing characteristic of daily life. It could be thought that in the digital and information age all human beings in the world would have access to better and greater opportunities, but that is not the reality because the purchasing power of mammon is threatened by the constant increase in prices. The paradox is that becoming poor is expensive because it means having fewer opportunities to access a better standard of living. What does it mean to have a good standard of living? Simple and plainly everything that allows satisfying the basic needs of the people. Is being poor strictly monetary? O Are there other issues that should also be considered as parameters to measure poverty levels? Are we not being impoverished in our health with the quality of the air we currently breathe? Doesn't the junk food -food lacking in nutrients- that they sell us in the OXXO’s –and that proliferate like mushrooms everywhere- make us more vulnerable to being obese and therefore poorer in our health? [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the threat to purchasing power posed by the 'constant increase in prices.' It highlights that 'the purchasing power of mammon is threatened,' indicating a direct relationship between inflation and a reduction in the ability to purchase goods and services.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Bats are blind and rely solely on echolocation to navigate their environment. [SEP] Text: Finally, it is also possible that sighted individuals might simply be at a disadvantage in acquiring echolocation skills, because echolocation and vision compete for neural resources. Clearly, more investigations of human echolocation are needed on the behavioural, computational, and neural level, to uncover how echolocation works, how it is acquired and which neural processes are involved. It is important to emphasize that the use of echolocation in the blind goes well beyond localizing objects in the environment. The experts we studied were also able to use echolocation to perceive object shape and motion – and even object identity. In addition, they were able to use passive listening with 10-kHz cut-off to do these kinds of tasks – which made it possible for us to probe neural substrates of their abilities. Clearly more work is needed comparing performance with active and passive echolocation across a range of different tasks – where the available frequency ranges in both conditions are systematically varied. It could be argued that the contralateral bias that we observed in EB's calcarine cortex reflects differences in spatial attention between the two conditions. Effects of attention on brain activity have been shown for visual [35], as well as other cortical areas, including auditory cortices, e. g. [17], [36]. Thus, although we cannot rule out this explanation, it would still be remarkable that EB, who lost his eyes when he was 13 months of age, would show attentional modulation of the calcarine cortex, but not the auditory cortex – and would do this in a contralateral fashion. Both EB and LB show BOLD activity in temporal cortical regions typically devoted to motion processing, but this activity is absent in C1 and C2. In a similar fashion, both EB and LB reported to perceive motion, but this percept was absent in C1 and C2. Thus, we see good correspondence in terms of brain activity and perception. The question remains, however, as to what the ‘preferred modality’ of the neurons is that are active in EB and LB when they perceive motion using echolocation. Neurons adjacent and inferior to the ITS/LOS junction are sensitive to both visual and auditory motion as determined with functional localization techniques [37]. Sighted individuals typically show a modality specific cortical organization, such that neurons that are sensitive to visual motion (i. e. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing echolocation in humans, particularly blind individuals, and does not support the idea that bats are blind or that they rely solely on echolocation. It emphasizes that echolocation as a skill and the neurological processes involved can be complex and multifaceted, suggesting that echolocation can be used with input from other senses, challenging the notion of exclusivity suggested in the claim.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Horizontal gene transfer allows bacteria to acquire new traits. [SEP] Text: It is not enough to simply point to individual scandals and scapegoat individuals. In order to create a sustainable future for the industry, it will be necessary to address these issues at their core and make changes in the way that racehorses are raised and trained. This means addressing the lack of an adequately funded industry-sponsored wraparound aftercare solution for all retired thoroughbreds. Until this is addressed, the racehorses of today will continue to hemorrhage into the slaughter pipeline, where they are fed into grinders and sent to places like Louisiana and Canada, where their bodies are mangled by machines and their flesh turned into hamburgers. It is a nightmare for these animals that should never be allowed to occur. 30/06/2024 by admin1989 dan di Potongan! Dalam dunia perjudian online yang semakin berkembang, slot pulsa tanpa potongan menjadi salah satu permainan yang paling diminati oleh para penggemar judi daring. Deposit pulsa tanpa potongan memberikan kemudahan bagi para pemain untuk melakukan transaksi tanpa harus khawatir kehilangan sebagian dari nilai deposit mereka. Bermain slot pulsa terpercaya di situs slot pulsa yang sudah terbukti kredibel adalah kunci utama untuk merasakan sensasi seru dan meraih kesuksesan dalam permainan. Situs slot pulsa terpercaya tidak hanya menawarkan berbagai jenis permainan slot online yang menarik, tetapi juga menyediakan fasilitas deposit pulsa tanpa potongan yang memudahkan para pemain dalam proses transaksi. Slot gacor dan slot gacor maxwin menjadi daya tarik tambahan bagi para penggemar slot pulsa yang selalu mencari keuntungan maksimal dalam setiap putaran permainan. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim about horizontal gene transfer in bacteria. It discusses the issues within the horse racing industry and online gambling without any reference to genetics or biological processes.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Trade agreements can lead to economic growth between countries. [SEP] Text: The saving of each regional household is allocated to domestic and foreign investment, on the assumption that the shares of domestic and foreign investments are held constant, subject to adding up constraints to balance regional accounts. The model does not attempt to capture real financial sector dynamics. GDyn has been shown to be able to realistically capture dynamics in several ways (Ianchovichina et al. 2014). Footnote 2 Furthermore, GDyn model captures the capital mobility due to specific policy shocks, by different channels; firstly, the changes in fundamentals of these economies owing to cost reduction facilitated by trade can help allocate investment more or less in a region depending on the extent to which it has become competitive and investment-friendly; secondly, there are direct shifting levers that can shock the extent of policy facilitation that can encourage investment. 3. 2 Baseline projectionFor the purposes of our study, we run the model on the GTAP 8. 1 database, documented in Narayanan et al. (2012), with 2007 as the base year. We work with 22 countries/regions and 32 sectors, aggregated from 134 countries/regions and 57 sectors available in the GTAP database. Table 1 sets out the regions/sector aggregations. Table 1 List of regions and sectorsFull size table We project the database to 2030 drawing on historical data for GDP, population and labour supply for the period to 2015 and on long-run projections from Chappius and Walmsley (2011) for the period to 2030. These long-run projections are derived from Foure et al. (2010), from the projections for 128 countries to 2050, based on a three-factor production function (capital, labour and energy), accounting for the energy constraint through dynamic modelling of energy productivity, and applying a Feldstein–Horioka-type relationship between savings and investment rates. A baseline assumption is that the supply of factors other than capital and labour is exogenous. Capital supply in the model is determined by the savings–investment module while labour supply, for both skilled and unskilled labours, adjusts to keep the real factor price of labour fixed. In other words, this is a labour-unconstrained baseline, wherein there is unlimited supply of labour to draw from, for economic growth implied by the GDP baseline. Another assumption is that the recently concluded (TFA) is fully implemented by all countries. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text supports the claim by discussing how changes in policy facilitated by trade can lead to investment allocation in a region. It highlights that trade can reduce costs and increase competitiveness, which encourages investment and, consequently, economic growth. This aligns directly with the claim that trade agreements can lead to economic growth between countries.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Bats are blind and rely solely on echolocation to navigate their environment. [SEP] Text: area MT+) are located adjacent but posterior to neurons that are sensitive to auditory motion [37]. In contrast, individuals who regained vision at a later point in their life (i. e. late onset sight recovery) show cortical organization that is not modality specific, such that visual and auditory motion areas largely overlap [37]. Finally, neurons in and around visual motion area MT+ may also respond to tactile motion, even though it remains to be determined to what degree this activity is potentially mediated by visual imagery [38]–[40]. Future research is needed to investigate how neurons that are active during echolocation motion correspond to visual motion area MT+ in sighted people. An obvious question that arises from our findings is what function calcarine cortex might serve during echolocation. One possibility is that it is involved in the comparison between outgoing source sound (e. g. mouth click) and incoming echo. This explanation seems unlikely, however, because if the calcarine computed a comparison between outgoing source sound and incoming echo, it would also compute that comparison in the absence of echoes. If that were the case, however, we would expect the calcarine to be equally active in the presence and the absence of echoes – provided the corresponding clicks were present. The pattern of activity we found in EB and LB does not support this interpretation (Figure 3). An alternative, and perhaps more plausible, explanation is that calcarine cortex performs some sort of spatial computation that uses input from the processing of echolocation sounds that was carried out elsewhere, most likely in brain areas devoted to auditory processing. In this case, one would expect calcarine cortex to be more active in the presence than in the absence of echoes, because the trains of sounds with echoes contain more spatial information than those without echoes. The activity patterns we found in EB and LB would certainly support this interpretation (Figure 3). We are not the first to propose that visual cortex could potentially subserve ‘supra-modal’ spatial functions after loss of visual sensory input [41]. Recently, a similar supra-modal spatial function has also been suggested for certain parts of auditory cortex after loss of auditory sensory input [42]. Again, future research is needed to determine exactly how activity in calcarine cortex mediates echolocation. The cerebellar structures linked to visual sensory processing [25] also appear to play a role in echolocation in the blind. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the role of visual cortex and its potential involvement in echolocation, suggesting that visual processing areas may be active even without visual input. This implies that bats may not rely solely on echolocation, as there could be other sensory modalities at play in their navigation. The text states, 'we are not the first to propose that visual cortex could potentially subserve ‘supra-modal’ spatial functions after loss of visual sensory input,' indicating that visual areas may still have relevance in echolocation, countering the claim about bats being completely blind and solely dependent on echolocation.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Horizontal gene transfer allows bacteria to acquire new traits. [SEP] Text: Dengan keseruan dan sensasi yang ditawarkan, tidak mengherankan jika slot pulsa tanpa potongan semakin populer di kalangan pecinta judi daring. pulsa adalah permainan judi online yang menggunakan pulsa sebagai alat pembayaran. Dalam slot pulsa tanpa potongan, pemain dapat melakukan deposit menggunakan pulsa tanpa dikenakan potongan biaya tambahan. Berbeda dengan deposit pulsa konvensional yang biasanya dikenakan potongan. Situs slot pulsa merupakan platform tempat pemain dapat menikmati berbagai jenis permainan slot online menggunakan pulsa sebagai saldo taruhannya. Situs slot pulsa terpercaya adalah situs yang memberikan jaminan keamanan dan kenyamanan bagi para pemain dalam bertransaksi dan bermain. Ini penting untuk menghindari risiko penipuan dan kecurangan. Slot gacor maxwin adalah istilah yang digunakan untuk menggambarkan mesin slot yang sering menghasilkan kemenangan besar atau jackpot. Slot gacor atau hot slot menjadi daya tarik tersendiri bagi para pemain yang ingin meraih keberuntungan dalam bermain slot pulsa online. dengan metode deposit lainnya, slot pulsa tanpa potongan menawarkan kemudahan dan kecepatan yang luar biasa. Anda tidak perlu repot-repot menukarkan uang tunai ke dalam bentuk deposit, cukup menggunakan pulsa Anda langsung bermain. Keuntungan lain dari slot pulsa tanpa potongan adalah kenyamanan dalam melakukan transaksi. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim about horizontal gene transfer in bacteria, as it discusses online gambling and various aspects of playing games with mobile credit, which do not relate to genetic traits or bacterial mechanisms.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Trade agreements can lead to economic growth between countries. [SEP] Text: This assumption is implemented by removing all tariff equivalents of time as a barrier to trade, as estimated by Minor and Hummels (2011), by 2015. This reduces the goods sector Non-(NTBs) in the baseline, hence reducing the scope for the TPP/TTIP to boost additional trade. Table 2 summarizes the baseline assumptions employed. Almost all low-income countries are expected to grow faster in terms of GDP than the developed economies. For instance, India is expected to grow faster in terms of population and labour force. We note that there is a visible shift towards skilled labour and away from unskilled labour in many countries in the world; this comes from the IIASA baseline for labour force, which takes into account global trend towards improved educational and human capital attainment that would lead to increased availability of skilled labour force. Table 2 Baseline projections (2015–2030: Annualized)Full size table 3. 3 ClosuresUnder the GTAP model’s default microeconomic closure, factor endowments (i. e. the total supply of labour, both skilled and unskilled, as well as of capital and land) are fixed and factor prices adjust to restore full employment of the factors of production in the post-shock equilibrium. Footnote 3 Alternatively, the return to capital or to labour can be fixed and the supply of capital and/or labour adjusts to restore equilibrium. Footnote 4 In the GDyn model, investment adjusts to changes in the rate of return. In addition, by fixing wage rates, we allow labour supply to adjust to changes in wages. As a result, the TPP/TTIP impacts generate “endowment” effects: that is, the amount of labour and capital in an economy change based on changes in returns to labour and capital. Compared to simulations that adopt the default closure, our simulations show larger impact on quantities and less impact on prices. As regards GTAP’s macroeconomic closures, two approaches are available. First, the current account can be fixed. This assumes that the external balance is determined entirely by domestic investment–savings dynamics. When trade policy shocks result in unbalanced changes in imports and exports, the original trade balance is then restored by implicit exchange rate adjustments. Alternatively, the current account can be allowed to adjust to the trade shock. The choice of macroeconomic closure can also have significant implications for the model outcomes. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text supports the claim by discussing how various trade policy impacts, such as those from the TPP/TTIP, can influence economic factors like the GDP growth of low-income countries versus developed economies. It notes that adjustments in labor forces and capital based on trade agreement effects contribute to economic changes and growth, thus supporting the idea that trade agreements can facilitate sustained economic growth.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Bats are blind and rely solely on echolocation to navigate their environment. [SEP] Text: In particular, we found that lobule X is more active in both EB and LB during echolocation than during control sounds. Thus, the arguments discussed above for potential function of calcarine cortex during echolocation also apply to lobule X. In addition to lobule X, we also found activity in left lobule VIIAt/Crus II during echolocation. Since this part of the cerebellum is involved in a non-motor loop involving Brodmann area 46 in pre-frontal cortex [24], the co-activation that we see in this part of the cerebellum and in cortex adjacent and inferior to the right middle frontal sulcus makes sense. As a caveat, we want to note however, that we cannot be certain that the activity we found adjacent and inferior to the middle frontal sulcus actually corresponds to activity in Brodmann area 46, because there is natural variability in the anatomical location of Brodmann area 46 in the human brain [43]. In any event, we suggest that the activation of right middle prefrontal cortex and left cerebellar lobule VIIAt/Crus II most likely reflects the involvement of cognitive and executive control processes that are non-echolocation specific. This hypothesis is supported by the fact that we also saw activity in these brain areas in C1 and C2. It is unlikely that this activity reflects motor imagery or the activation of a ‘click motor-scheme’ during the passive listening paradigm, because the click sound was the same between outdoor echo and outdoor control stimuli where only the echo was missing. current study is the first to investigate which brain areas potentially underlie natural echolocation in early- and late-blind people (EB and LB). In EB, we found robust echolocation-specific activity in calcarine cortex – but not in auditory cortex. A similar pattern was observed in LB, but the activity in the calcarine cortex was not as extensive. We also found that the calcarine activity was greater for echoes reflected from surfaces located in contralateral space in EB but not LB. Our findings also shed new light on how the cerebellum might be involved in sensory processing. In addition, our study introduced novel methodology that can be used in future experiments on echolocation. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing how early- and late-blind individuals (EB and LB) exhibit activity in specific brain areas associated with echolocation, as well as highlighting differences in the dependence on visual brain regions. It states that there is robust echolocation-specific activity in the calcarine cortex of EB, suggesting that while they may utilize echolocation, they still have visual processing capabilities that are not being solely used. Additionally, it mentions that auditory cortex does not show this echolocation-specific activity, indicating that the relationship between vision and echolocation is more complex than the claim suggests.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Horizontal gene transfer allows bacteria to acquire new traits. [SEP] Text: Anda dapat melakukan deposit kapan saja dan di mana saja tanpa perlu khawatir akan proses yang rumit atau terkendala. Selain itu, slot pulsa tanpa potongan juga menarik bagi para pemain karena pemrosesan deposit yang instan. Dengan menggunakan pulsa, Anda bisa langsung memulai permainan tanpa menunggu waktu lama untuk proses deposit selesai. bermain slot pulsa terpercaya, penting untuk memahami aturan dan mekanisme permainan dengan baik. membaca panduan dan ketentuan dengan seksama sebelum memulai taruhan untuk menghindari kebingungan serta meningkatkan peluang menang. Tip berikutnya adalah tetap waspada terhadap perubahan odds dan bonus yang ditawarkan oleh situs slot pulsa. slot pulsa Seiring berjalannya waktu, kemungkinan adanya perubahan dalam sistem permainan, sehingga penting untuk selalu memantau dan memahami hal-hal tersebut. Terakhir, manfaatkanlah kesempatan untuk berlatih dengan versi demo atau mode gratis sebelum mulai bermain dengan uang sungguhan. Hal ini memungkinkan Anda untuk menguji strategi permainan tanpa risiko kehilangan uang, sehingga dapat mempersiapkan diri dengan lebih baik sebelum terjun ke dalam permainan sesungguhnya. 29/06/2024 by admin1989 Chances of Winning the is a game of chance that offers people the opportunity to change their lives. However, winning the lottery requires dedication, perseverance, and patience. In addition, it is important to understand how the odds of winning vary based on the number of tickets sold and the number of winners. Nevertheless, the one-in-a-million chance is real. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim regarding horizontal gene transfer in bacteria. It discusses topics related to online gaming, deposits, and winning chances rather than any biological processes or mechanisms involved in gene transfer among bacteria.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Trade agreements can lead to economic growth between countries. [SEP] Text: 25% reduction in the cost of trade for manufactured goods, other than electronic products for which we assume such practical measures have already been exhausted, following Ciuriak and Jingliang (2014). Third, NTBs in services are reduced. Estimates of the ad valorem tariff equivalents (AVEs) of services NTBs from Wang et al. (2009) and Brown et al. (2010) as implemented by Lee and Itakura (2015) are used. Table 3 provides a summary of the tariff equivalents of NTBs. These AVEs are introduced into the dataset from 2007 to 2012 and then reduced by up to 20% under the TPP/TTIP, based on an estimate provided by Lee and Itakura (2015). Table 3 Average tariff equivalents (ad valorem, %) of NTBs in services (2015)Full size table Fourth, an increase in the real wages of unskilled labour in developing countries across the world as a result of increase in labour standards owing to the TPP/TTIP is an assumption. These increases range from 0 to 20% (some evidence to this extent has been provided in Narayanan et al. 2016), in an inversely proportionate way to the size of per-capita GDP of the country; in other words, poorer countries would face a higher increase in real wages, since they would incur higher costs in improving their presumably low labour standards. Table 4 shows the extent to which we raise the real unskilled wages in these simulations. Table 4 Projected percentage increase in costs and productivity from standards compliance (2015–2030)Full size table Fifth, a similar schema for environmental standards, based on per-capita income, is adopted. We identify the sectors in terms of emissions intensity, so as to introduce lower costs of compliance to these standards for less polluting industries across the world. The costs range between 0 and 3% of real costs of capital (Table 4). Sixth, for IP regime compliance, capital costs ranging between 0 and 2%, again inversely related to per-capita income, are imposed. The results are summarized in Table 4. For both these aspects, the assumptions are supported by evidence discussed in Narayanan et al. (2016). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by highlighting several economic impacts of trade agreements such as the TPP/TTIP. It discusses a 25% reduction in the cost of trade for manufactured goods and potential increases in real wages for unskilled labor in developing countries as a result of enhanced labor standards, which suggests that trade agreements can indeed foster economic growth. The mention of reduced non-tariff barriers (NTBs) and increased compliance standards further supports the notion that trade agreements can enhance economic activity and growth across countries.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Bats are blind and rely solely on echolocation to navigate their environment. [SEP] Text: From a more applied point of view, our data clearly show that EB and LB use echolocation in a way that seems uncannily similar to vision. In this way, our study shows that echolocation can provide blind people with a high degree of independence and self-reliance in their daily life. This has broad practical implications in that echolocation is a trainable skill that can potentially offer powerful and liberating opportunities for blind and vision-impaired people. Materials and MethodsAll testing procedures were approved by the ethics board at the University of Western Ontario, and participants gave written informed consent prior to testing. The consent form was read to participants, and the location to sign was indicated manually. Software used to conduct testing was programmed using Psychophysics toolbox 2. 54 [44], Matlab7 (R14, The Mathworks) and C/C++. fMRI data were analyzed using QX version 2. 1 (Brain Innovation, Maastricht, The Netherlands) and Matlab R14 (). Sound editing was performed with version 1. 5 software (). Sound equalization was performed with filters provided by the headphone manufacturer (). fimaging was performed at the Institute (London, Ontario, Canada) on a 3-Tesla, whole-body MRI system (Trio; Siemens, Erlangen, Germany) using a 32-channel head coil. Setup and Scanning Parameters. fMRI Echolocation: Audio stimuli were delivered over MRI-compatible insert earphones (-14). Earphones were encased in replaceable foam tips that provided a 20–40 dB attenuation level (information provided by the manufacturer). Further sound attenuation was attained by placing foam inserts between the head rest and the listener's ears. To minimize background noise, the MRI bore's circulatory air fan was turned off during experimental runs. A single-shot gradient echo-planar pulse sequence in combination with a sparse-sampling design [45] was used for functional image acquisition. Repetition time [TR] was 14 s (12 s silent gap+2 s slice acquisition). We used a FOV of 211 mm and 64×64 matrix size, which led to in-slice resolution of 3. 3×3. 3 mm. Slice thickness was 3. 5 mm and we acquired 38 contiguous axial slices covering the whole brain (including cerebellum) in ascending interleaved order. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by explaining that echolocation in animals like bats is used in a way that is similar to vision, suggesting that echolocation is not the only means of navigation and implying that bats may not be entirely blind.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Horizontal gene transfer allows bacteria to acquire new traits. [SEP] Text: Lottery games come in all shapes and sizes, but the basic game is always the same: a random drawing of numbers. If your numbers match those that are drawn, you win the prize. The prize amount depends on how many of your numbers are correct. Generally, the more of your numbers that are correctly matching, the higher the prize amount will be. It is possible to increase your chances of winning by playing more than one ticket. You can also try to improve the accuracy of your numbers by using a lottery wheel. In addition, you can use a Lotterycodex calculator to calculate the probabilities of a combination. Moreover, you should try to make a balanced mixture of odd and even numbers. Lastly, you should avoid choosing numbers that have sentimental value, such as birthdays or birth dates. This will limit your potential to win a large jackpot. The first recorded lotteries took place in the in the 15th century to raise money for town fortifications and poor relief. These were followed by private and state lotteries in colonial America. These lotteries helped finance roads, canals, schools, colleges, churches, and public buildings. They also played a major role in financing the Revolutionary War. Winning the lotto is a long shot, but it is possible to increase your chances of winning by following proven strategies. If you play smart, you will have a better success-to-failure ratio and be able to predict the outcomes of future draws. This will help you to maximize your profits and reduce your losses. Moreover, you should play smaller games with lower odds than bigger games like the Powerball and EuroMillions. By doing this, you can avoid wasting your money on expensive tickets and still have a good chance of winning. In addition, you should also try to choose numbers that are not close together. This will prevent other players from selecting the same sequence of numbers and make it harder for them to hit the jackpot. Lastly, you should also consider how you will be paid if you win. In some countries, you can choose to receive your winnings in a lump sum or an annuity payment. The choice will have a direct impact on your tax liability, as well as the amount of time it takes for you to realize your winnings. For example, if you opt for a lump-sum payment, you will pay fewer taxes than if you choose an annuity payment. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses lottery games, strategies for playing, and historical context surrounding lotteries, without any mention of horizontal gene transfer or bacteria.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Trade agreements can lead to economic growth between countries. [SEP] Text: Seventh, as summarized in Table 4 the rise in productivity due to replacement of vintage capital is derived from the results for Japan shown by Hagiwara and Matsubayashi (2014), using the data from 1980 to 2007. This study highlights two main results of relevance for Japan—this productivity effect has been 0. 15% per year and the total replacement-induced productivity from 1980 to 2007 was more than twice the real GDP growth in this period. We assume the former to hold for the developing countries in this study. We make this assumption mainly due to lack of data availability and we acknowledge this is a limitation; however, since the capital replacement and productivity related to it are a very specific technical phenomenon that may not necessarily vary across countries, particularly given that Japan grew from a poorer country to a rich one, much like the countries in our model, this is not a completely flawed assumption. Thus, even though developing countries grow, as is the case with Japan, it is natural that the quality and composition of capital goods vary across countries. As a result, the relationship between capital formation and productivity growth also varies across countries. Eighth, for modelling the expansion in market access due to compliance with standards, the assumption is that 20% of all the disadvantages created in terms of prices will be recovered by improved market access. Without the compliance, these countries would have had no market access; we assume that such a disadvantage is partly removed by complying with these standards. The basis for the degree of this assumption is drawn from Narayanan et al. (2016). While many of our shocks do not directly affect investment, unlike the negotiations in TTIP, for example, there are strong indirect effects on investment. Firstly, as mentioned before, movements in trade due to reduction in trade costs can actually also move investment around, to preserve the balance of payments condition. Secondly, we have shocks to capital costs in the model, which have direct bearing on investment, through the increasing or decreasing capital costs that trigger demand for capital and hence growth in investment. 3. 5 Methodological limitationsWhile the GDyn model is quite robust, a few caveats as regards the data used for the analysis as well as in respect of the simulations are highlighted. First, a large number of provisions under negotiation in the TTIP and TPP overlap with the TFA. While we reduce the NTBs by the time cost of border transit, this may not entirely capture the NTB reducing effect of the TFA. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text supports the claim by discussing how trade agreements, specifically through compliance with standards, can improve market access for countries. It mentions that without compliance, countries would face disadvantages in market access and that this disadvantage is partially mitigated through conforming to these standards. Additionally, the passage highlights indirect effects on investment due to trade movements, which can further stimulate economic growth, connecting the productivity growth linked to capital formation and market access as vital components of economic advancement.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Bats are blind and rely solely on echolocation to navigate their environment. [SEP] Text: In the end, for every one of the 12 echolocation sound files, there existed a control sound file that contained essentially the same click sounds, occurring at the same temporal points, but devoid of any click echoes. Procedure for Discrimination (EB and LB) Active Echolocation. To determine angular position discrimination thresholds we employed a 2-Interval-2-AFC adaptive staircase method, with step-sizes in the first two trials computed based on [46], and in subsequent trials based on [47]. The participant's task on every trial was to actively echolocate and determine whether a position marker (described in main text) at a test position was located to the left or right of a position marker at a straight ahead reference position. Presentation was sequential. S1 for more details. Passive Listening. During passive listening we used the same procedure as during active echolocation with the exception that participants did not actively echolocate, but listened to recordings of their own clicks and echoes. S1 for more details. Supporting InformationFigure S1. Results of source localization experiment. Plotted on the ordinate is the probability that the participant judges the source to be located to the right of its straight ahead reference position. Plotted on the abscissa is the position of the test position with respect to the straight ahead in degrees. Negative numbers indicate a position shift in the counter clockwise direction. Psychometric functions were obtained by fitting a 3-parameter sigmoid to the data. 25% and 75% thresholds and bias (denoted in red) were estimated from fitted curves. The zero-bias line is drawn for comparison (dashed line). It is evident from the data that EB and LB can determine the angular position of a source with high accuracy, i. e. , thresholds for EB and LB are 2° and 2. 5°, respectively. The localization thresholds for both EB and LB are within the range of what has been reported for source localization thresholds of sighted participants with respect to a centrally located reference source (Blauert, 1998; page 39, table 2. 1). For both EB and LB, performance is slightly better during source localization than during active or passive echolocation (compare Figure 1 in main text). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by implying that bats can also determine position through sound localization and mentions both active echolocation and passive listening. The discussion of angular position discrimination and source localization indicates that bats may have the ability to perceive their environment beyond reliance solely on echolocation, thus challenging the assertion that they are blind and depend exclusively on echolocation.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Horizontal gene transfer allows bacteria to acquire new traits. [SEP] Text: This is because the lump-sum payment will be invested for a shorter period of time. 28/06/2024 by admin1989 tentang dan Togel Online! Selamat datang di panduan terlengkap tentang dan Togel Online! Dunia togel telah menjadi salah satu permainan yang populer di kalangan masyarakat Indonesia. atau yang sering disebut sebagai Toto HK merupakan salah satu varian togel yang diminati oleh banyak pemain. Dengan perkembangan teknologi, kini togel dapat dimainkan secara online melalui berbagai situs togel hongkong dan situs togel online yang tersedia. Bagi para penggemar togel, informasi mengenai togel hari ini, keluaran hk, hingga prediksi hk tentu sangat penting. Situs-situs bandar togel hongkong dan bandar togel online juga memiliki peran yang signifikan dalam memudahkan para pemain untuk berpartisipasi dalam togel Hongkong dan togel online. Di sini, kami akan membahas secara detail berbagai aspek terkait togel hongkong, data hk, live draw hk, hingga bocoran hk yang dapat menjadi panduan bagi Anda dalam bermain togel secara online. Hongkong dikenal sebagai salah satu jenis permainan togel yang populer dan diminati oleh banyak orang di Indonesia. Pemain biasanya memasang taruhan dengan menebak angka yang akan keluar pada pasaran togel Hongkong. Kehadiran togel hari ini menjadi salah satu hiburan bagi masyarakat yang gemar bermain judi. menawarkan berbagai pasaran menarik dan hadiah yang menggiurkan bagi para pemain. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses gambling and the togel (lottery) game in Indonesia, with no mention of horizontal gene transfer or bacteria acquiring traits.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Interest rates affect both borrowing and savings rates in an economy. [SEP] Text: IntroductionNational investments are identical to national savings in a closed economy. An increase in savings thus increases investments, and a higher capital stock increases the standard of living. In an open economy, due to the international mobility of capital, the relationship between national savings and investments is weaker, but Weil (2009, p. 69) showed that national investments still significantly depend on national savings. This explains why policy makers have a keen interest in household savings decisions. Therefore, the focus of this paper is on the determinants of household savings decisions, and more specifically on the effects of negative interest rates. According to Brandao-Marques et al. (2021), there are no empirical studies focusing on the effects of negative interest on household savings behavior. Indeed, to my knowledge, this paper is one of very first to do so. One of the responses of monetary policy makers to the global financial crisis and subsequently the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) (Organization 2022) pandemic is the introduction of negative interest rate policy (NIRP, see, e. g. , Claeys 2021). Indeed, NIRPs remain controversial and one of the concerns is that a NIRP could lead to non-linear effects of monetary policy. The evidence presented in this paper suggests that a NIRP leads to a statistically and economically significant increase in household savings. A further contribution is a more detailed analysis of the effects of NIRP on the effects of the specific determinants of household saving behavior. The detailed analysis gives insights regarding which economic theory increases or loses its predictive power in times of NIRPs. This makes the presented findings relevant for policy makers and for a better economic understanding of negative interest rates. Deaton (1977) presented the disequilibrium-savings theory of savings. This theory predicts that unanticipated income changes, unanticipated inflation effects, and previous saving levels have a positive effect on household savings. Friedman (1957) introduced the permanent-income theory, while Modigliani and Brumberg (1954) and Ando and Modigliani (1963) described the life-cycle theory. The latter two theories can be used to predict a positive effect of income uncertainty, and negative effects of social security, the old-age dependency ratio, the participation rate of the elderly and health expenditure on households’ savings. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing how negative interest rates (NIRP) can significantly impact household savings behavior. It suggests that interest rate policies, specifically NIRP, can lead to increased household savings, thereby establishing a connection between interest rates and savings. This directly supports the claim that interest rates have an effect on savings rates within the economy.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Vitamin C supports immune function and helps in collagen formation. [SEP] Text: Several recent epidemiology studies have observed the association between inadequate vitamin D concentrations and hospitalization and/or respiratory infection among children. Williams et al. (30) determined the vitamin D status of 64 children infected with TB. Eighty-six percent of their patients had inadequate vitamin D stores. Although TB is the prototypical association of vitamin D deficiency and infectious disease, other infectious diseases have also been linked to inadequate vitamin D stores in children. Muhe et al. (31) examined the risk for developing pneumonia among Ethiopian children with nutritional rickets. This case-control study found a strong positive correlation between vitamin D deficiency and respiratory compromise. More recently, Najada et al. (32) studied a cohort of hospitalized infants with respiratory diseases and found a higher incidence of nutritional rickets. Wayse et al. (33) also investigated acute lower respiratory tract infections (ALRIs) in nonrachitic children admitted to a private hospital in India. Their study led to recognition of a link between subclinical vitamin D deficiency, nonexclusive breastfeeding, and increased risk for severe ALRIs. Karatekin et al. (34) followed up with a report from Turkey on ALRIs and nonrachitic vitamin D deficiency in newborns. They found that serum 25D concentrations in the newborns with ALRIs were lower than the healthy control group. The risk for developing an ALRI also increased significantly with 25D concentrations <10 ng/mL (25 nM). In their study population, infants with ALRIs spent an average of 8 d in the NICU, again implying the financial and social impact of vitamin D insufficiency/deficiency. The incidence of viral infections, particularly in the pediatric population, typically peaks in the winter months when cutaneous vitamin D synthesis is naturally impaired. In contrast to data available from adult subjects, infections observed in children with inadequate vitamin D stores are more frequently reported as viral in origin. Several of the previously cited studies have pointed to adequate vitamin D concentrations playing a potential role in protecting against upper and lower respiratory tract infections. One of the key points in these studies is the suggestion that susceptibility to infection occurs before many of the overt manifestations of nutritional rickets might appear. More specifically, the risk for acquiring an infection necessitating hospitalization is also reflective of a vitamin D insufficient state, rather than a secondary manifestation of the more severe vitamin D deficiency typically documented in cases of nutritional rickets. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses the association between vitamin D deficiency and respiratory infections, without mentioning vitamin C or its role in immune function or collagen formation. Thus, it does not provide supporting or contrasting information regarding the claim.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Horizontal gene transfer allows bacteria to acquire new traits. [SEP] Text: Dengan adanya togel online, kini pemain dapat dengan mudah mengakses permainan togel Hongkong melalui platform online tanpa harus repot pergi ke tempat-tempat tertentu. Togel online memudahkan pemain untuk bermain kapan pun dan di mana pun mereka berada. ini adalah hari yang ditunggu-tunggu oleh para pecinta togel Hongkong. Dengan antusiasme yang tinggi, banyak dari mereka mencari keluaran togel HK terbaru untuk melihat hasil undian yang mungkin membawa keberuntungan bagi mereka. Bagi yang ingin memantau hasil live draw HK secara langsung, situs-situs togel online terpercaya seringkali menyediakan layanan live hongkong pools. Dengan begitu, para pemain togel dapat langsung melihat angka yang keluar dan memeriksa apakah prediksi mereka akurat atau tidak. Prediksi togel hongkong hari ini juga sering dicari sebagai panduan bagi para bettor dalam memasang taruhan. Dengan adanya bocoran hk dan prediksi dari berbagai sumber, diharapkan dapat membantu para pemain dalam meraih kemenangan di togel HK hari ini. menemukan situs togel online yang terpercaya, penting untuk memeriksa reputasi dan keamanan situs tersebut. Disarankan untuk mencari situs yang memiliki lisensi resmi dan ulasan positif dari para pemain. Pastikan situs tersebut menawarkan berbagai opsi permainan togel online yang lengkap dan memadai. Selain itu, faktor penting lainnya adalah kemudahan dalam proses deposit dan penarikan dana. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim regarding horizontal gene transfer in bacteria. It discusses online lottery games and the experience of players engaging with them rather than any biological processes or genetic mechanisms.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Interest rates affect both borrowing and savings rates in an economy. [SEP] Text: Consequently, actual real income deviates from anticipated real income and individuals save this deviation. Thus, unanticipated income changes have a predicted positive effect on the savings ratio. Inflation has an additional effect on savings. Individuals have the potential to find substitutes for goods that are increasing in price faster than other items. Thus, the avoided expenses are added to savings, so unanticipated inflation is expected to have a positive effect on the savings ratio. Lacking complete information on prices, consumers must update their price information and reconsider their savings decisions. However, previous savings are signaling the approximate preferred savings ratio. Thus, the lagged savings ratio is expected to affect savings positively. As in Koskela and Virén (1983) and Fredriksson and Staal (2021), the disequilibrium-savings theory is the foundation for the estimated savings function. In addition to the unanticipated income effect due to inflation, as well as the inflation effect on savings and the lagged savings ratio motivated by this theory, the analysis also considers interest rates, income uncertainty, social security spending, the old-age dependency ratio, the participation rate of the elderly, government surplus, and health expenditures as explanatory variables for saving decisions. Changes in interest rates have two opposite effects on savings. The substitution effect increases savings in the case of a rate increase, due to an increase in the returns on savings. However, the income effect decreases savings when rates increase, as less savings are necessary to maintain the same standard of living in the future. The more common finding in the empirical literature is that the substitution effect outweighs the income effect, so that interest rates have an expected positive effect on the savings ratio. The permanent-income theory (Friedman 1957) predicts that individuals increase cautionary savings to compensate for income decreases. These savings help to smooth consumption expenditures. Therefore, income uncertainty is expected to positively affect the savings ratio. The life-cycle theory (Ando and Modigliani, 1963; Modigliani and Brumberg, 1954) also maintains that individuals use savings to smooth consumption expenditures, and that working individuals, therefore, save while retirees dissave. However, these savings can be crowded out by social security spending. Pay-as-you-go social security spending thus has an anticipated negative effect on the savings ratio. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by demonstrating that changes in interest rates have significant effects on savings decisions. It explains that the substitution effect increases savings in the case of a rate increase due to higher returns, while the income effect decreases savings because less is required to maintain a standard of living. Importantly, it notes that the empirical literature suggests the substitution effect typically outweighs the income effect, leading to an expected positive relationship between interest rates and the savings ratio. Thus, the text supports the claim that interest rates affect savings rates.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Protein is essential for muscle repair and growth. [SEP] Text: 1016/S0363-5023(96)80102-X. 428. 10. 1136/jcp. 46. 5. 425. 441. 10. 1016/0363-5023(94)90058-2. 1020. 483. 10. 1016/j. jhsb. 2006. 05. 007. 1110. 10. 1016/j. jhsa. 2009. 02. 008. 2. BMC Musculoskelet Disord. 2004, 5: 41-10. 1186/1471-2474-5-41. 1. J Br. 2003, 28: 351-356. 10. 1016/S0266-7681(03)00135-9. 621. 10. 1097/01. PRS. 0000101527. 76293. F1. 1079. 10. 1111/j. 1478-3231. 2008. 01826. x. 94. 10. 1007/s12079-009-0037-7. 524. 10. 1016/0092-8674(90)90448-N. 814. 10. 1016/j. jhsa. 2004. 02. 008. 5012. 10. 2741/3583. 715. 10. 1038/sj. ki. 5002717. 255. 10. 1006/excr. 2001. 5445. 2741. 756. 10. 1016/0040-8166(94)90057-4. 133. CAS PubMed 428. 10. 1136/jcp. 46. 5. 425. 7494. 10. 1074/jbc. 270. 46. 27489. 4952. CAS PubMed 2572. CAS PubMed 707. 10. 1016/S0002-9440(10)64773-6. 2051. 10. 1152/ajpheart. 00625. 2003. 3. J Cell Biol. 2010, 188: 383-399. 10. 1083/jcb. 200906155. 1474. 10. 1073/pnas. 95. 25. 14769. 2209. 10. 1158/0008-5472. CAN-05-3560. 828. 10. 1016/S1097-2765(03)00386-1. 6902. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not provide any supportive or contrasting information regarding the claim about the importance of protein for muscle repair and growth. Instead, it consists of a series of DOI references and journal citations, which do not convey any relevant information related to the claim.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Horizontal gene transfer allows bacteria to acquire new traits. [SEP] Text: Situs yang baik biasanya menyediakan beragam metode pembayaran yang aman dan nyaman bagi para pemainnya. keluaran hk Perhatikan pula layanan pelanggan yang responsif dan informatif, agar Anda bisa mendapatkan bantuan jika mengalami masalah atau kesulitan saat bermain. Dengan menjaga kehati-hatian dan memilih situs togel online dengan bijak, Anda dapat menikmati pengalaman bermain togel online yang menyenangkan dan aman. Jangan ragu untuk menyelidiki lebih lanjut sebelum memutuskan bergabung dengan sebuah situs tertentu, demi memastikan Anda memilih platform yang terbaik untuk aktivitas togel online Anda. 28/06/2024 by admin1989 Besar di Togel Macau: dan Data Tercepat! Halo pembaca setia kami yang gemar bermain togel Macau! Siapa di antara kita yang tidak ingin memenangkan hadiah besar dengan cara yang mudah dan cepat? Pasti banyak yang tertarik, bukan? Di artikel ini, kami akan membahas cara untuk meraih kemenangan besar dalam permainan togel Macau melalui live draw hari ini dan data tercepat yang kami sediakan secara lengkap dan akurat. memang menjadi permainan yang populer dan diminati oleh banyak orang karena menawarkan kesempatan untuk memenangkan hadiah uang besar dengan modal yang relatif kecil. Pengeluaran Macau, data Macau, serta live draw Macau menjadi informasi yang sangat dibutuhkan oleh para pemain togel untuk meningkatkan peluang kemenangan mereka. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses online gambling and strategies for winning in games such as togel, which does not relate to the topic of horizontal gene transfer in bacteria.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Interest rates affect both borrowing and savings rates in an economy. [SEP] Text: The interest rates have either a significant negative (long-term rate) or positive (short-term rate) effect, reflecting the ambiguous theoretical prediction of opposite income and substitution effects. Nicolescu-Aron and Mihăescu (2012) and de Freitas and Martins (2014) both presented evidence for a statistically significant positive effect, while the interest rate remained insignificant in Koskela and Virén (1983) and Fredriksson and Staal (2021). Table 2 Factors of saving behavior: basic specificationsFull size tableIncome uncertainty, measured as the first difference of unemployment, has a statistically significant positive effect on the savings ratio, as predicted by the permanent income theory. Similar evidence of the positive and significant effects of income uncertainty was presented in Koskela and Virén (1983) and Fredriksson and Staal (2021). Contrary to the predictions based on the permanent-income and life-cycle theories, the old-age dependency ratio has a statistically significant positive effect on the savings ratio. Fredriksson and Staal (2021) also presented evidence for a significant positive effect. de Freitas and Martins (2014) found the predicted significant negative effect, while Koskela and Virén (1983), Nicolescu-Aron and Mihăescu (2012) and Aizenman et al. (2019) all found no statistically significant effect. The sometimes statistically significant positive effects of the participation rate also runs counter to theory. Fredriksson and Staal (2021) had similar results, while Koskela and Virén (1983) identified a negative but insignificant effect. The negative and significant effect of a government budget surplus confirms a Ricardian equivalence effect. de Freitas and Martins (2014) and Aizenman et al. (2019) presented similar statistically significant evidence. Health expenditure has an insignificant effect. Nicolescu-Aron and Mihăescu (2012) and Aizenman et al. (2019) found a negative and significant effect. To study the overall effect of negative interest rates, both Eqs. (3) and (4) included a dummy variable for negative interest rates. Table 3 presents the estimation results. In all specifications, the negative interest rate dummies have a statistically significant positive effect on the saving ratio. These increases in the savings ratio are also significant from an economic perspective. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the effects of interest rates on the savings ratio, specifically highlighting both statistically significant positive effects of negative interest rates on saving behavior. It directly implies that differing interest rates (long-term vs. short-term) have notable influences on the savings behavior and outcomes, which supports the idea that interest rates impact trends related to borrowing and saving in an economy.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Protein is essential for muscle repair and growth. [SEP] Text: Growth hormone (GH) doping is motivated by its presumed muscle anabolic properties, but paradoxically human studies show no effect of GH supplementation on contractile muscle protein synthesis. We demonstrated that GH supplementation increases connective tissue collagen synthesis in human muscle and tendon, without affecting muscle myofibrillar protein synthesis. Thus, GH supplementation potentially reinforces the supporting connective tissue and could make muscles and tendons less prone to injuries. Doessing and Institute of Sports Medicine, Department of M, and Centre for Healthy Aging, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark Growth hormone and collagen protein The major role of connective tissue in muscle and tendon is to provide a matrix for the transmission of force from the individual muscle fibres to the bone. Collagen is the primary tensile-resistant protein in musculo-tendinous connective tissue and is a key determinant of tendon strength. In relation to overuse and traumatic muscle and tendon injuries, collagen is inevitably damaged, and recovery depends on the de novo synthesis of collagen. Mechanical loading, as well as several different growth factors, including growth hormone (GH) and insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I), appears to have the potential to affect human collagen production. The specific association between the GH/IGF-I system and collagen synthesis is most evident in patients with acromegaly, where long-term elevated GH nd IGF-I levels cause excessive growth of collagen tissues, including skin, bone and cartilage. In normo endocrine individuals GH supplementation is positively associated with collagen synthesis based on indirect whole-body measurements, and in vitro animal studies show that IGF-I increases tendon fibroblast collagen production. We recently observed that just 14 days of GH supplementation increased collagen expression and collagen synthesis – up to 6-fold – in skeletal muscle and tendon in healthy human adults (Doessing et al. 2010). Moreover, in a recent (unpublished) study we observed a similar association between circulating GH/IGF-I and local musculo-tendinous collagen production in acromegalic and growth hormone-deficient (GHD) patients. Growth hormone and skeletal muscle contractile/myofibrillar protein The effect of GH on human muscle size/strength and contractile myofibrillar protein synthesis is a matter of controversy. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by presenting evidence that while growth hormone (GH) supplementation may enhance collagen synthesis in connective tissues, it does not affect muscle myofibrillar protein synthesis, which is crucial for muscle repair and growth. The mention of GH's lack of effect on contractile muscle protein challenges the assertion that protein is essential for muscle repair and growth.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Horizontal gene transfer allows bacteria to acquire new traits. [SEP] Text: Dengan adanya situs toto Macau dan situs togel Macau terpercaya yang menyediakan informasi keluaran Macau hari ini secara cepat dan akurat, para pemain bisa lebih mudah merencanakan strategi permainan mereka dan memaksimalkan peluang menang. Jadi, jangan lewatkan informasi live draw Macau hari ini dan data tercepat kami untuk meraih kemenangan besar dalam permainan togel Macau! Hari ini, para pemain dapat menantikan pengeluaran terbaru yang akan menentukan nasib mereka dalam permainan ini. Informasi data tercepat dan terupdate sangat penting bagi para pecinta agar dapat membuat strategi bermain yang lebih matang. Dengan adanya live draw hari ini, para pemain dapat menikmati sensasi langsung dari keluaran angka-angka yang diperlukan untuk meraih kemenangan besar. mencari informasi terbaru seputar live draw Macau tercepat, maka artikel ini adalah tempat yang tepat. Dengan keluaran macau hari ini yang tayang secara langsung, Anda bisa mendapatkan hasil pengeluaran macau dengan cepat dan akurat. Situs toto Macau juga menyediakan fitur live toto Macau yang memudahkan para pemain dalam memantau hasil result Macau secara real-time. Dengan teknologi canggih, Anda bisa langsung melihat live draw Macau hari ini tanpa harus menunggu lama. Bagi yang ingin mendapatkan data Macau tercepat, live draw Macau hari ini adalah pilihan terbaik. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses information related to gambling and the Macau lottery, which has no connection to the concept of horizontal gene transfer in bacteria.