Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Mirror neurons in the brain play a role in empathy and understanding others' emotions. [SEP] Text: According to Pearlman, by modulating tension and release, rhythm acts on the observer as a generative aspect of his or her comprehension of a film, regardless of its genre, topic or quality. The role of the editor is to determine the timing, pacing, and trajectory phrasing of its movement, and spectators’ bodies respond to this rhythm [—] and SYNC up into a physiological phenomenon of feeling with (Pearlman ibid, p. 68). The film editor’s insights are supported by the conclusions of various researchers. For example, Gallese and Guerra (2013), as a result of discoveries in neuroscience, propose a novel approach to cinema that considers cognition but also incorporates the body expression. The triad: film, body and brain, can be a new basis for understanding film theory. With the advancement of new digital technologies for analyzing movies and individuals’ reactions to them (Shimamura 2013a), there opens a new approach in cognitive neuroscience, the embodiment of which is applied to film studies (Gallese and Guerra 2012). New disciplines are emerging: Neuroaesthetics (Chatterje 2012; Kirk 2012) and Psychocinematics (Shimamura 2013b). It seems worthwhile to take a closer look at our film editor’s conclusions, reached through professional experience and intuition. Are her conjectures supported in research outside the realm of cinema? If so, does that mean that this influencing-through-rhythm mechanism works outside the movie-watching experience? And finally, captivating notion: Maybe this isn’t an isolated phenomenon. Maybe people also communicate through rhythm in everyday life? The departure point for addressing these questions will be the notion of empathy. Next we will document the neuroscience behind this phenomenon, and finally, we’ll look at the synchronization processes based on mirror neurons and empathy. 2 Being in the shoes of others2. 1 EmpathyNeither animals nor humans are selfish, writes a known primatologist (2009). Empathy is an ancient trait, as old as maternal care; mothering based on being sensitive to and anticipating the needs of developing offspring is more successful than less responsive types of care. thus turns upside down the long-held notion of humans (and other animals) as competitive and supremely selfish, concerned only with their own survival and perhaps the survival of their offspring. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the synchronization processes based on mirror neurons and their relationship with empathy. It suggests that empathy is a fundamental aspect of human and animal behavior, supported by the notion that being sensitive to the needs of others is essential for maternal care, indicating a connection to understanding emotions. Additionally, the reference to neuroscience in relation to empathy and the mention of synchronization processes imply that mirror neurons are integral to experiencing empathy.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Captive breeding programs guarantee the successful reintroduction of species into the wild. [SEP] Text: In this regard, producers from different generations were bred in different combinations, including with unrelated founders, in order to obtain the maximum possible genetically diverse offspring, not burdened by the consequences of inbreeding. Crossbreeding of unrelated Siberian cranes in the modern captive population of the Siberian crane is more difficult to carry out each year, since three generations of relatives are already used in breeding. Out of 30 birds, four pairs (eight individuals) breed by themselves, this is one pair of founders in the OCBC and three pairs of producers from F1 and F2 in zoos. The remaining 22 individuals are kept in the OCBC in pairs, but they are crossed both by themselves and cross-bred using artificial insemination, involving birds from all generations in this process. At the same time, to increase the success of reproduction, each female is inseminated repeatedly, using the sperm of different male donors. Such measures are necessitated by a small amount of ejaculate, often insufficient for insemination of the female; low productivity (normally one chick per breeding season); complex sexual behavior; and sensitivity to external conditions and susceptibility to stress, which makes reproduction difficult in cranes in general, and in the Siberian crane in particular (Gee and Mirande, 1996; Kashentseva et al. , 2019). Insemination of females is carried out in the spring during the breeding season with a frequency of 2–3 days until the required number of eggs is obtained for artificial incubation or incubation by parents or adopt families. Prior to the introduction of molecular genetic methods in the breeding process of the Siberian Crane, in the case of successive insemination of a female with sperm from different donors, the male, the sperm of which was used two days before the laying of a fertilized egg, was considered the father of the chick. However, since the spermatozoa of cranes can remain viable for some time in the female reproductive tract (long-term storage ) (Maksudov, 2006), it is possible to establish paternity in chicks obtained as a result of multiple artificial insemination only using DNA analysis. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by detailing the challenges faced in the captive breeding of Siberian cranes, which suggest that successful reintroduction is not guaranteed. It highlights issues such as low productivity, a complex breeding process, and the difficulties of maintaining genetic diversity due to inbreeding. Thus, it implies that while breeding efforts are ongoing, successful reintroduction into the wild is complicated and uncertain.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Certain studies claim that biopesticides are universally safe for all environments. [SEP] Text: is an illustrative example of such a practice encroaching into both territories. Rather similar to the initial passage of audiovisual (AVT) research, studies on are developing from a largely descriptive nature to a deeper conceptualisation both by practitioners reflecting on their work and researchers applying theoretical frameworks borrowed and adapted from Translation Studies. So far the work conducted in has highlighted game-specific features in relation to other types of translation work. For example, they may be regulatory and operational constraints under which this practice is customarily performed, including age ratings as well as censorship implications and the severe limitation on the availability of contextual information, as is te case for Dubbing, subtitling and Voice-over practices where translators have partial access to the visual text or they translate preproduction material (Orero, 2005). ← 11 | 12 → This practise is also shared in game translation for games released under a sim-ship (simultaneous shipment) model where localised games are released together with the original game. In a sim-ship model, translators work with a product under development. In translation research contexts, three key facets of modern games, i. e. technological, socio-cultural, and its didactic dimensions, are starting to attract scholarly attention. Research may be directed towards implications of new types of user interface, sophisticated use of cinematics or audio channel, and the use of games to learn languages to name but a few. Similarly, socio-cultural issues are increasingly addressed by researchers focusing on aspects of gamer culture, such as fan translation, and also a wide range of cultural transformation required beyond the verbal dimension during the localization process. We believe that a more systematic and interdisciplinary approach bringing together academics from different disciplines with various research backgrounds and methodologies, such as and Computing, Human Rights, is required to promote further meaningful advances in both game localization and accessibility and also to avoid duplication of efforts and ideas. The collection of papers we have assembled in this volume focuses on game translation and accessibility and includes some of those presented in the I on Translation and Accessibility in together with fresh contributions received from elsewhere that are relevant to the conference theme. Because of the emerging nature of the topic and the academia-industry mix of contributors, we have applied a strict academic convention to research-based contributions selection, while deciding to also include vaulable 1995. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim regarding biopesticides and their safety in various environments. Instead, it discusses translation practices in gaming, specifically mentioning game translation and various scholarly approaches, without mentioning biopesticides or their safety or applicability in different environments.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Mirror neurons in the brain play a role in empathy and understanding others' emotions. [SEP] Text: Instead the author finds huge amounts of empathy, cooperation, and concern amongst species, tribes and other groups, and families. It all starts with “emotional contagion,” which is a primitive form of true empathy. In essence, we are simply infected with others’ emotions or behavior. holds that cognitive empathy is a higher state that allows us to understand and actually feel the emotions of the others. This capacity arose long ago with motor mimicry and emotional contagion, after which, evolution brought small modifications, until our ancestors not only felt what others felt but also understood what others might want or need. This enhanced their ability to survive and propagate. 2. 1. 1 When empathy was discovered? Prior to the development of the notion of empathy, Theodor LippsFootnote 1 introduced the term Einfühlung or Einfühlungsvermögen (German: “feeling with” or “managing feeling with”), which referred to the tendency of perceivers to project themselves into the objects of perception and experience them as being “in” the object, so that they were “felt” as well as “seen” (Håkansson 2003). The term empathy per se was coined by Titchener,Footnote 2 in the process of developing Lipp’s concept of Einfühlungsvermögen (Håkansson 2003). 2. 1. 2 Empathy seen as an affective reactionIt seems that most definitions highlight the affective reaction as the backbone of empathy. This approach is well represented by Roy (2010), who posits that empathy is an essential part of emotions and is itself a specific emotion involving a feeling element of familiarity or connection and a bodily reaction of verbal or nonverbal communication. Empathy in general would mean feeling what the other person is feeling and “being in the shoes of the other. ”Eisenberg and Strayer (1990): “In our view, empathy involves sharing the perceived emotion of another—“feeling with” another” (p 5) or Roy (2010): “Empathy is an essential part of emotions and is itself a specific emotion involving a feeling element of familiarity or connection and a bodily reaction of verbal or nonverbal communication. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the concept of empathy, describing it as 'an essential part of emotions' and emphasizing the 'affective reaction' involved in empathizing with others. It mentions that empathy is intertwined with understanding what others feel, which aligns with the idea that mirror neurons contribute to such emotional understanding. The text also refers to cognitive empathy, which is linked to the ability to 'understand what others might want or need,' thus supporting the role of mirror neurons in facilitating empathy.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Captive breeding programs guarantee the successful reintroduction of species into the wild. [SEP] Text: We also showed the same mortality of embryos of both sexes and the absence of deviations in the secondary ratio (at the time of hatching) of males and females in the Siberian crane (Mudrik et al. , 2015a), which is a good indicator of the reproduction of this rare crane species in artificially created conditions. use of molecular genetic markers qualitatively increases the possibilities of controlling the process of breeding the Siberian crane and allows one to obtain the necessary information about the relationship of breeding birds, inbreeding, paternity, and gender of the offspring, including retrospectively. Thus, in the sixth issue of the (Kashentseva and Belterman, 2014), we made 16 paternity corrections and 15 gender corrections for birds included in previous editions of the Studbook. In general, according to our studies, the modern population of producers of the first and second generations in the captive population of the Siberian crane in Russia was formed in such a way that it retained a high level of heterozygosity characteristic of the founders; however, the loss of individual alleles and genetic relatedness in the generations of new producers were gradually increasing. The impoverishment of allelic diversity and an increase of the level of inbreeding affected the genetic structure of their offspring reintroduced into the breeding and migration sites of the western population of the Siberian Crane. As a result of natural decline and aging over the past decade, the founder population has decreased and become less productive, and some birds of 30–40 years of age have ceased to breed entirely. At the same time, the new generation of producers has not yet reached the peak of their reproductive capabilities and its potential may not be enough to obtain the required number of viable chicks for reintroduction and maintenance of the gene pool of the captive population of the Siberian crane, although genetic control over reproduction and efforts to improve the genetic quality of offspring in the existing conditions are constantly being made. In this regard, at present, the captive population of the Siberian crane in Russia needs to enrich the gene pool with new birds from nature or unrelated individuals from other breeding centers or zoos. At the same time, the conducted studies have shown the effectiveness of genetic monitoring of Siberian crane breeding, which should be continued in the future. 67. Bao, W. B. , Wu, S. L. , and Zhang, H. X. , Sex identification of seven species of cranes in China by PCR, J. Anim. Vet. Adv. , 2009, vol. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by illustrating the challenges faced by captive breeding programs for the Siberian crane. It highlights issues such as diminishing genetic diversity, increasing inbreeding, and the inadequacy of the current generation of birds to produce enough viable offspring for successful reintroduction. Therefore, while the text discusses the efforts in captive breeding, it emphasizes that these programs do not ensure guaranteed success in reintroduction due to these biological limitations.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Certain studies claim that biopesticides are universally safe for all environments. [SEP] Text: Müller also compares these translations with another fan translation by Anglophone fans, as well as the updated official English version, released in 2008. Müller’s analysis focuses on the following aspects: dialogue additions and omissions; the re-creation of play on words; the renaming of characters and terminology; censored items; the deliberate use of regional expressions, and the modification of a character’s speech style. He concludes highlighting the need for further studies exploring the interesting and growing phenomenon of game fan translations. As its title indicates, the paper in Localization, by Xiaochun Zhang, tackles terminology management in game localization, an issue that has been to date overseen. Zhang argues that terminology management can be extremely beneficial for the game localization industry and discusses the processes and methods of managing terms in industrial practice. She concludes with an assessment of the benefits of establishing an online video game public terminology. Stephen Mandiberg’s paper, Games, Localization, and Diaspora, approaches game localization from a cultural studies perspective. Mandiberg is critical about the way in which localization practices to date have failed to make games accessible to alternate populaces, such as communities in diaspora. After defining the concept of diaspora, he focuses on the example of the Chinese diaspora and argues that games localized for the Chinese locale are inaccessible to people from across the Chinese Diaspora, living in Hong Kong, Taiwan, Australia, or the United States. He proposes “omnilingual language implementation” in game localization as a solution ← 15 | 16 → to this problem, which would allow players to choose different language and dialect combinations or download language packs as required. Mandiberg also explores how crowdsourcing could contribute to solve this issue and facilitate the development of diasporic games. The following contribution, by és, on Offer in at an Undergraduate Level, claims that game localization training currently on offer at Spanish universities is insufficient, as most undergraduate degrees in Translation and Interpreting do not include this subject in their curricula, despite the growing industry need for trained localisers. After outlining a number of prerequisites for working in the game localization industry, Carreira and Arrés subsequently analyze the training currently on offer in Spanish universities. They also present the opinion of several localization professionals they interviewed about the training currently offered. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim regarding the safety of biopesticides in all environments. It discusses game localization and related educational aspects without mentioning biopesticides, safety, or environmental impacts.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Mirror neurons in the brain play a role in empathy and understanding others' emotions. [SEP] Text: Empathy in general would mean feeling what the other person is feeling and “being in the shoes of the other. ” [—] Empathy is closely related to intuition and, like intuition, helps in the understanding and recognition of emotions in others. Empathy is thus described as recognizing other people’s emotions through intuition and is marked by a feeling of connecting to the other person. ”Stotland (1969), Hoffman (1987), and Barnett et al. (1987) also delineated empathy in affective terms and conceptualized empathy as feeling a vicarious emotion that is congruent with, but not necessarily identical to, the emotion of another. 2. 1. 3 Cognitive and epistemological aspects of empathyIn the 1930s both MeadFootnote 3 (1967) and PiagetFootnote 4 (2008) emphasized the cognitive aspects of empathy, highlighting the ability to understand the other, beyond mere “feeling into. ” Mead, especially, saw children’s ability to role play as the key to their development. He put forward that meaning “arises in experience through the individual stimulating himself to take the attitude of the other in his reaction toward the object” (Mead ibid, p. 545). Piaget emphasized empathy as a cognitive function requiring an individual to de-focus on her or himself and imagine the role of another (Håkansson 2003). Bandura (1969, 1971) introduced the mechanism of vicarious learning, i. e. , an ability to emotionally learn by observation; he noticed that the two components of vicarious learning are firstly, the behavior of a model that produces reinforcement for a particular behavior, and secondly, positive emotional reactions aroused in the observer. and Singer (2006) also highlight the epistemological role of empathy, because by sharing the emotional state of others, we are well-equipped to develop a more precise and direct estimate of others’ plausible future actions. Also empathy provides knowledge about important environmental properties, as we emotionally learn by observation, e. g. , seeing someone being burned by a machine, we attach a negative “avoidance” value to the machine, without having experienced pain ourselves. In this sense empathy is an efficient computation tool for acquiring knowledge about the attributes of the world around us. 2. 1. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text supports the claim that mirror neurons are implicated in empathy and understanding of others' emotions. It discusses how empathy involves recognizing and feeling the emotions of others, suggesting cognitive mechanisms similar to those that mirror neurons may mediate. The mention of Bandura’s work on vicarious learning ties directly to the concept of understanding others through observation and emotional resonance, which can be associated with the functioning of mirror neurons.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Wildlife conservation is equally effective in every environment around the world. [SEP] Text: Figures AbstractRoads are a main threat to biodiversity conservation in the Amazon, in part, because roads increase access for hunters. We examine how increased landscape access by hunters may lead to cascading effects that influence the prey community and abundance of the jaguar (Panthera onca), the top Amazonian terrestrial predator. Understanding such ecological effects originating from anthropogenic actions is essential for conservation and management of wildlife populations in areas undergoing infrastructure development. Our study was conducted in Yasuní Biosphere Reserve, the protected area with highest potential for jaguar conservation in Ecuador, and an area both threatened by road development and inhabited by indigenous groups dependent upon bushmeat. We surveyed prey and jaguar abundance with camera traps in four sites that differed in accessibility to hunters and used site occupancy and spatially explicit capture-recapture analyses to evaluate prey occurrence and estimate jaguar density, respectively. Higher landscape accessibility to hunters was linked with lower occurrence and biomass of game, particularly white-lipped peccary (Tayassu pecari) and collared peccary (Pecari tajacu), the primary game for hunters and prey for jaguars. Jaguar density was up to 18 times higher in the most remote site compared to the most accessible site. Our results provide a strong case for the need to: 1) consider conservation of large carnivores and other wildlife in policies about road construction in protected areas, 2) coordinate conservation initiatives with local governments so that development activities do not conflict with conservation objectives, and 3) promote development of community-based strategies for wildlife management that account for the needs of large carnivores. Citation: (2018) When roads appear jaguars decline: Increased access to an Amazonian wilderness area reduces potential for jaguar conservation. 13(1): e0189740. Marco Apollonio, Universita degli Studi di : July 7, 2017; Accepted: November 30, 2017; Published: January 3, 2018Copyright: © 2018 Espinosa et al. This is an open access 1. Camera trap arrays in four sites in Yasuní ordered from low to high human access. A) Lorocachi; B) Tiputini; C) Keweriono; D) Maxus Road. in Yasuní primarily comprises evergreen tropical terra firme forest with canopy height between 25–40 m [31]. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by emphasizing that the effectiveness of wildlife conservation efforts can vary significantly by environment, particularly highlighted by research on jaguar conservation in the Amazon. It illustrates how increased access to hunting through road development negatively impacts jaguar populations, indicating that the specific ecological conditions and human influences in different regions, such as the Amazon, greatly affect conservation outcomes.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Some assert that using pathogens for pest control will never affect beneficial insects. [SEP] Text: Skip to main content Get published My account Search all SpringerOpen 1. 5 million types of fungi, of which nearly 400 species can infect animals and less than 400 species can infect humans. Nevertheless, some fungal diseases can result from opportunistic fungi. In general, a fungi cell wall is made up of chitin, 1,3-β- and 1,6-β-glucans, and proteins, together with other polymers. The cell wall composition is characterized by being so flexible and changes at regular basis during the cell separation. It was reported that the cell wall is associated with several hydrolytic enzymes, which are responsible for maintaining the cell wall flexibility beside their importance for crosslinking of polymers as well as cell division. However, fungi are eukaryotes, which mean that there are many common features in the structure of their cells together with those of humans. There are four types of antifungal agents that are commercially available: azoles, echinocandins, polenes, and pyrimidine analogs (Tawara et al. 2000). Continuous approaches have been developed to improve biological control as safe alternative to the use of fungicidal agents. Researchers found that many insects produce different compounds, which have antifungal activity. Numerous biologically active peptides have been produced by many insects and interestingly these peptides show wide biological activities as promising antibacterial, antifungal, and antiviral agents (Mishra and Wang 2012). Peptides showing promising antifungal activities include drosomycin produced by the common fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster (et al. 2003), termicin produced by termites (Khaleel et al. 2013), heliomycin produced by the tobacco budworm Heliothis virescens (Fehlbaum et al. 1994), gallerimycin isolated from the greater wax moth “Galleria mellonella” larvae (González-Santoyo and Córdoba-Aguilar 2012), and cecropins A and B from the giant silk moth Hyalopora cecropia (Schuhmann et al. 2003). In this review, the potential use of fungi and insects as biological control agents against each other was highlighted. Describing the history of using EPF, their killing mode, host range, and the factors affecting EPF virulence were studied. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim directly about the effects of using pathogens for pest control on beneficial insects. Instead, it discusses various aspects of fungi, their structure, antifungal agents, and the biological control capabilities of fungi and insects, without mentioning beneficial insects or contrasting the idea that pathogens will not affect them.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Mirror neurons in the brain play a role in empathy and understanding others' emotions. [SEP] Text: 4 Empathy as connectednessEmpathy relates to connectedness and to a sense of just knowing what another person is feeling, and is closely related to intuition (Roy 2010). Moreover, it can be defined as recognizing other people’s emotions through intuition and a feeling of connecting to the other person (Roy idem). Pavlovich and Krahnke (2012) document that empathy enhances connectedness through the unconscious sharing of neuro-pathways that dissolve the barriers between self and other. Gallese (2005, 2009) analyzes connectedness as embodied simulation. In his recent paper (Gallese 2014) he highlights the role of the bodily interaction indicating that the discovery of mirror neurons led to the proposal of an embodied approach to intersubjectivity; in that perspective intersubjectivity is being viewed as intercorporeality. 2. 1. 5 Empathy as a mixed affective and cognitive reactionEisenberg (2002) considered both emotional and cognitive factors and defined empathy as “an affective response that stems from the apprehension or comprehension of another’s emotional state or condition, and that is similar to what the other person is feeling or would be expected to feel” (p 135). Similarly, Davis (1996), Pavlovich and Krahnke (2012), and Ickes (1997) depict the emotional and cognitive aspects of empathy. 2. 1. 6 Moral aspects of empathyEmpathy plays a key role in contribution to altruism and compassion for others in physical, psychological, or economic distress. It provides feelings of guilt over harming someone and feelings of anger at others who do harm. Empathy is a pivotal factor in the parental behaviors that foster moral internalization in children. It is also a gateway to internalizing abstract moral principles (Hoffman 2001), especially in that it includes “ethical responsibility in the face of the Other” (Thompson 2001, p. 17). 2. 1. 7 Social aspects of empathyEmpathy is also a departure point for pro-social behavior and cooperation. People help others more when they report having empathized with them. On the contrary, individuals with empathy deficits are more likely to display aggressive, antisocial behavior toward others. Some say that lack of empathy during development results in lack of morality. However, empathy is not a necessary condition for taking pro-social action; it additionally requires sympathy to be a motivation for reaching out and helping (and Singer 2006). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the role of mirror neurons in the context of empathy. It mentions that the discovery of mirror neurons led to the proposal of an embodied approach to intersubjectivity, highlighting their significance in understanding others' emotions and enhancing connectedness. This supports the idea that mirror neurons play a role in empathy.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Wildlife conservation is equally effective in every environment around the world. [SEP] Text: Flood plains and swampy areas dominated by the palm Mauritia flexuosa occur along margins of the main rivers. Seasons are not marked. Annual rainfall is ~3,000 mm with >100 mm precipitation in all months. Mean monthly temperatures are 22–34°C [31]. Study design We hypothesized that in Yasuní: 1) abundance of large game is strongly influenced by landscape accessibility to hunters, and 2) reductions of large game cause local declines in jaguar density. Indigenous inhabitants in these areas generally do not hunt jaguars [19,32–34]. Based on this, we predicted that occurrence and biomass of prey would be lower in more accessible areas and that we would observe lower local densities of jaguars in these areas. To evaluate our predictions, we surveyed prey and jaguar populations in four sites in Yasuní with varying degree of access. Ordered from the least to the most accessible, these sites were Lorocachi [76°00’30”W, 1°42’23”S], Tiputini [76°00’07”W, 0°42’35”S], Keweriono [77°07’27”W, 1°00’49”S], and [76°26’49”W, 0°40’11”S] (Fig 1; Table 1). Download: PPTPowerPoint slidePNGlarger imageTIFForiginal imageTable 1. Hunter’s accessibility at four study sites in Yasuní. Accessibility is measured as distance (mean km ± SD) of camera traps to three sources of access: roads, rivers and settlements. (Fig 1A) is located near the adjacent to the southern border of Yasuní in the buffer area of the reserve and is accessible only by air. This site is inhabited by a Kichwa community of 120 people and a 300-person army base, both established in 1953. Army personnel are not allowed to hunt and are provisioned by Ecuador’s army. Protein demands of the Kichwa are met with poultry, fishing, and hunting. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by indicating that wildlife populations, such as large game and jaguars, are influenced by landscape accessibility to hunters in specific environments. It discusses the variability in abundance and density of wildlife in relation to accessibility, suggesting that conservation effectiveness is not uniform and can vary significantly based on environmental factors.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Some assert that using pathogens for pest control will never affect beneficial insects. [SEP] Text: History of using EPFAccentuation for the history of using organisms in the field is comparatively elusive, but it seems that the first earliest demonstration of the EPF was done by (1773–1856) who noticed that the larvae of the silkworm moth, Bombyx mori (Linn. ), suffered from a disease. According to the color of the conidial layer protrudes from insect cuticle, he named it the white muscardine (Zimmermann 2007). Further studies were then effectuated by the naturalist Balsamo-Crivelli, who described it as Botrytis bassiana, later changed to Beauveria bassiana (Rehner and Buckley 2005). This was the first microorganism recognized as animal pathogen; thereafter, many researchers had proofed that fungi could be used against pest insects (Audoin 1837; Pasteur 1874). However, (1845–1916), in Russia discovered the green muscardine when he investigated the wheat cockchafers and identified it as Entomophthora anisopliae, which changed subsequent to Metarhizium anisopliae (Vega et al. 2009). Main textFungi infection and mode of actionInfection process and mode of action of the EPF have been precisely defined in a considerable number of publications. Researchers unanimously documented 2 ways of spores’ mobility to infect their host insect, (Akbari et al. 2014) as a result of its small size, the conidia’s powdery clusters are easy to transport by air (Nolard 2004) or water (Hageskal et al. 2006) till meet its host, and (Almeida and Pokorny 2012) insect infected with fungus itself is considered to be a mechanical carrier that can easily transmit fungi to the intact individuals by direct friction (Ambethgar 2009) or by the excretion of viable conidia in their fecal droppings (Bruck and Lewis 2002). EPF percutaneously attack their hosts; hence, the infection pathway comprises the following 6 stages: adhesion of the spores; germination; penetration through integument, wounds, or trachea; hemolymph colonization, in the meantime, fungus attempts to overcome the host immune reactions; hyphal formation and proliferation; and sporulation and new conidia outgrowth (Leao et al. 2015). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it focuses on the historical usage and processes of entomopathogenic fungi (EPF) in pest control. While it mentions the infection process of insects by fungi and their mechanical transmission, it does not address the assertion regarding impacts on beneficial insects or provide any evidence to support or refute that claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Mirror neurons in the brain play a role in empathy and understanding others' emotions. [SEP] Text: 2. 1. 8 Kinesthetic empathy interaction (KEI)Sometimes strange things happen to one’s imagination, especially when one watches a dance performance. Spectators of dance, even while seated, often feel they are participating in the movements they observe and experience related feelings and ideas. This is called kinesthetic empathy interaction (KEI), delineated as movement empathy, a foundational technique of dance/movement therapy, in which practitioner and client move in synchrony. The other name used for this phenomenon is attunement. Spectators can internally simulate movement sensations of speed, effort, and changing body configuration (Hagendoorn 2004; Fogtmann 2007). However, some call this this bodily reaction “motor mimicry” and depict it as “primitive empathy,” see: Eisenberg and Strayer (1990). 2. 1. 9 The complex phenomenon of empathyEmpathy seems a complex phenomenon, having many dimensions: interactive, cognitive, affective, epistemological, moral, social, and collaborative—see Fig. 1:Fig. 1The phenomenon of empathyFull size image This leads us to a syndromic concept of empathy, seen as the ability, constructed by emotional, cognitive, behavioral and communicational competencies, to tune into the internal states of the others. 2. 1. 10 Defining empathySome authors propose that there are three primary aspects of empathy: an affective response to another person, a cognitive capacity to take the perspective of the other person, and some self-regulatory and monitoring mechanisms that modulate inner states evoked by the empathetic reaction (Thompson 2001). However, the variety of definitions of empathy have been vague or confusing; as a result, operational definitions of and measurement techniques for empathy vary greatly from one study to another (Gerdes et al. 2010, 2011; Segal et al. 2012). Empathy so defined could manifest itself regardless of the reaction of the other, including in those situations where the other doesn’t even observe our reaction. In other words: A person may express empathy more intensively with some people than with others, e. g. , some may empathize especially strongly with children of alcohol abusers or with social innovators struggling against all odds. The level of a person’s empathetic reaction may also vary according to the situation, e. g. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text supports the claim by discussing various aspects and dimensions of empathy, linking kinesthetic empathy interaction (KEI) to the empathetic response of individuals. The mention of internal simulation of movement sensations touches upon the mechanics that mirror neurons may be involved in, reinforcing the idea that such neural mechanisms are essential for understanding emotions and facilitating empathy.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Wildlife conservation is equally effective in every environment around the world. [SEP] Text: Kichwa in Lorocachi have no-hunt areas and limited harvest of Salvin’s curassow (Mitu salvini), Amazonian tapir (Tapirus terrestris) and white-lipped peccaries (Tayassu pecari) within their hunting area [35]. Our survey area was accessible only on foot and extended from 3 to 21 km from the community of Lorocachi. Based on maximum distances walked by Amazonian hunters from settlements or sources of access (i. e. , 8–9 km), we estimate that 70–80% of this survey area is out of reach of hunters [18,19]. site (Fig 1B) is located on the northern margin of Yasuní accessible only by the Tiputini River. Although this area is not inhabited, we observed ammunition, remains of hunting camps, and Waorani and Kichwa hunters while conducting our study (one and two occasions, respectively). As hunters have to travel 3–5 hours from their settlements by dugout canoes to reach this site, it is likely that hunting occurs sporadically. site (Fig 1C) is within the Reserve in the western portion of Yasuní, and includes the settlements of Apaika (10 inhabitants) and Keweriono (60 inhabitants) along the Shiripuno River. Apaika and Keweriono are 15 and 25 km from the Auca Road, respectively. All our survey area is accessible to hunters by foot, and hunting has been continuous in this area since establishment of Keweriono in 1989. Hunting is principally for subsistence purposes, but smoked bushmeat is occasionally traded along the [30,33]. Hunters from Apaika and Keweriono can get to the road on foot (6–8 hrs) or by traveling on the river (3–6 hrs). Road site (Fig 1D) encompasses hunting areas of four Waorani settlements (Guiyero, Tiwe, Ganketa and Timpoka) with a combined population of 70. All this area is accessible to hunters by foot and has been hunted continuously since settlements formed in the early 1990s after the road was constructed. Bushmeat extraction is greater at this site than our other study sites as Waorani along this road use wildlife as a commodity, trading approximately 35% of the total harvest at local markets [19]. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by illustrating that the effectiveness of wildlife conservation varies significantly between different environments. The details regarding the accessibility of hunting areas and the varying conservation practices among Kichwa and Waorani hunters demonstrate that conservation practices are not uniformly effective. For example, the text notes that in some areas, hunting is limited and takes place sporadically due to access difficulties, while in others, such as the road site indicated, hunting is continuous and more extractive. This variation highlights that conservation success and practices are context-specific, opposing the idea that they are equally effective worldwide.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Some assert that using pathogens for pest control will never affect beneficial insects. [SEP] Text: temperature, sunlight, and humidity, are among the most important abiotic factors, which profound influence on the growth and virulence of a pathogen. It is well known that temperature and relative humidity significantly influence the survival, germination, growth, and virulence of EPF (Bugeme et al. 2008; Mishra et al. 2015). Soil plays a key role in forming insect populations hence the inhabiting EPF. The communities of EPF differ from one location to another, for example, populations of EPF in the arable soils seem to be different than those in barren lands (Devi et al. 2006; Garrido-Jurado et al. 2011). Quesada-Moraga et al. (2007) detected EPF populations in a wide area of Spain, the EPF were isolated from 175 soil samples out of the 244, and only 2 species were found, B. bassiana and M. anisopliae. Clay content and pH degree were the 2 predictive factors for the prevailing of B. bassiana, while the content of organic matter was the influencing factor for the occurrence of M. anisopliae. The alkaline sandy soils found to be empty of any fungal species, whereas soil samples rich in organic matter with acidity contained a high density of EPF. Thus, various fungi species inhabit the soil for a part of their life cycle as it can provide a suitable shelter can provide protecting from unsuitable conditions (Toledo et al. 2008) in which the fungi producing conidia to build up their populations. Insects as antifungalMany peptides that showed antimicrobial activities have been isolated from various sources such as bacteria, fungi, and plants as well as animals. Those antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) vary greatly in their properties. AMPs have different molecular weight that range between 1. 3 and 30 kDa. They also showed a variable potency and a biological activity spectrum. Most AMPs are heat stable due to the existence of fewer amino acids (Laverty et al. 2011). Many antimicrobial peptides are cationic, named CAPs. More than 1000 CAPs have been fully characterized (Hale and Hancock 2007; Pasupuleti et al. 2012). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim regarding the effects of using pathogens for pest control on beneficial insects. Instead, it focuses on abiotic factors influencing the growth and virulence of entomopathogenic fungi (EPF) and provides details about soil composition and properties related to fungal populations. There is no mention or evidence concerning beneficial insects or whether pathogens impact them, making the text irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Mirror neurons in the brain play a role in empathy and understanding others' emotions. [SEP] Text: , some may be more prone to empathize in the context of natural disasters, others in the context of a performing art. Empathy might lead to action (“empathetic action”, Gerdes et al. 2011) but not necessarily (Hoffman 2001); it is, however, usually associated with intention to respond compassionately to another person’s distress (Thompson 2001). Empathy differs from compassion as compassion demonstrates caring for others, but it tends to be limited to feeling sorry for. It also differs from sympathy defined as “feeling an emotion triggered by seeing/learning of someone else’s distress which moves you to want to alleviate their suffering. ” (Baron-Cohen and Wheelwright 2004, p. 165). Empathy goes further, being an ability to see the world through others’ eyes, sensing and understanding their feelings in the same way as they do (Segal 2007). 2. 1. 11 Measuring empathyThe conceptualization of empathy, especially the embraced dimensions (cognitive, emotional, behavioral, etc. ), determines the measurement techniques, which differ in various studies, making it difficult to identify one, comprehensive approach (Gerdes et al. 2010). Currently, one of the two most popular assessments, the (EQ), designed to be short and easy to use, encompasses both affective and cognitive components (Baron-Cohen and Wheelwright 2004). Satisfactorily valid and reliable it is especially applicable to the field of mental health, i. e. , to the Disorder (Lawrence et al. 2004). The other approach developed in the social work field is called Index (EAI). It’s based on five dimensions: affective response, self–other awareness, perspective taking, emotion regulation, and empathic attitudes (Lietz et al. 2011; Gerdes et al. 2011) and as such, seems comprehensive, grasping all the critical components of empathy. What’s missing, however, is the kinesthetic interaction, a critical component for measuring SYNC (see later in this 2. 2 Can we learn empathy? We can definitely ingrain and enhance this capacity in small children. also (ibid) believes that empathy can be enhanced, as we do when we urge a child who is hogging all the toys to be more considerate of her playmates. 2. 2. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text supports the claim by discussing empathy as an ability to see the world through others' eyes, sensing and understanding their feelings in the same way as they do (Segal 2007). This aligns with the idea that mirror neurons are involved in understanding others' emotions, suggesting a neural basis for empathy. Furthermore, it provides a comprehensive conceptualization of empathy, highlighting its cognitive dimensions, which implicitly supports the role of mirror neurons in facilitating empathetic understanding.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Wildlife conservation is equally effective in every environment around the world. [SEP] Text: 8 fold changes in the total biomass of ungulates between low access and high access sites (Kruskal-Wallis X2 = 55. 69, df = 3, P < 0. 001, Table 3). For example, biomass of white-lipped peccaries was 15 and 46 times higher in Lorocachi and Tiputini, respectively, than in Maxus Road. Biomass of collared peccaries was 2–3 times higher in the two most isolated sites than in the most accessible sites (S3 Table). Biomass of non-ungulate prey species was similar among all 4 sites (Kruskal-Wallis X2 = 0. 84, df = 3, P = 0. 839; Table 3). Download: PPTPowerPoint slidePNGlarger imageTIFForiginal imageTable 3. Biomass of jaguar prey at four sites in Yasuní Biosphere Reserve. Data are the average of biomass indexes (kg/day) for camera trap stations at each site. Lorocachi and Tiputini are the most isolated sites and Keweriono and are the most accessible sites. observed a positive relationship of ungulate prey biomass with distance to settlements (r = 0. 71; P < 0. 001; HDI95 = 0. 61 to 0. 79; Fig 3A) and distance to roads (r = 0. 34; P < 0. 001; HDI95 = 0. 21 to 0. 48; Fig 3B), and a marginally significant relationship with access to rivers (r = 0. 19; P = 0. 06, HDI95 = 0. 02 to 0. 33; Fig 3C). Download: PPTPowerPoint slidePNGlarger imageTIFForiginal imageFig 3. Relationship between ungulate prey biomass and landscape accessibility measured as distance from camera trap stations (km) to settlements (A), roads (B) and rivers (C). Data points are an index of ungulate biomass (kg/day) at each station. Jaguar abundance in Yasuní Density estimates were based on a total of 59 captures that corresponded to 30 adult jaguars (18 males, 7 females and 5 un-sexed animals, S4 Table). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by providing empirical data on variations in ungulate biomass based on accessibility to certain sites. For instance, it states that the biomass of white-lipped peccaries was significantly higher in more isolated sites compared to more accessible ones. This implies that the effectiveness of wildlife conservation varies with environmental context, opposing the claim that it is equally effective everywhere.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Some assert that using pathogens for pest control will never affect beneficial insects. [SEP] Text: Naturally derived CAPs are formed of a positive charge between + 2 and + 9, due to the presence of a very few acidic residues, like aspartate or glutamate together with many of cationic amino acids including arginine or lysine and/or histidine (Yeung et al. 2011). The presence of hydrophobic residues, that constitutes about 30–50% of the whole peptide structure (such as tryptophan or branched amino acids such as valine), plays an important role in providing an amphiphilic structure upon the interaction with membranes (Qiu et al. 2018). This amphiphilic property, together with the existence of a large amount of positive charges, results in the effective antimicrobial activities of CAPs. Any change in the ratios of net charge and hydrophobicity will greatly affect the antimicrobial activity as well as the peptide spectrum towards various microorganisms. Increasing the antimicrobial activity could be increased by adjusting the lipophilic: charge as in the case of glycopeptides. Vancomycin is a glycopeptide that is effective against many methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus strains. Dalbavancin and oritavancin are vancomycin lipoglycopeptide derivatives that showed increased antimicrobial activity against vancomycin-resistant strains (Zelezetsky et al. 2005). The amino acids constituting the CAPs primary sequence are the main factor that affects the antimicrobial spectrum and broad structural diversity (Thomas et al. 2010). Although CAPs may have different secondary structures, they still share the same basic properties for developing amphipathic structures and being cationic under certain physiological conditions (Maloy and Kari 1995). The secondary structures of the peptides consist of amphiphilic β-sheet structures with two or three disulfide (stabilizing) bonds, together with an α-helical short segment or/and from 2 to 4 β-strands. The formation of disulfide bridges results from a large amount of cysteine found in the primary sequence. α-Defensin and β-defensin are two examples of naturally derived peptides in mammalian host defense system (Wilson et al. 2009). The structure of these peptides is a point of interest since the majority of hydrophobic moieties are found in one face of the helix structure. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text passes in relevance to the claim as it discusses the properties and activities of naturally derived CAPs (Cationic Antimicrobial Peptides) without addressing the claim regarding the impact of using pathogens for pest control on beneficial insects. There is no mention or implication of beneficial insects or the consequences of pathogen use in pest control within the provided text.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Mirror neurons in the brain play a role in empathy and understanding others' emotions. [SEP] Text: 1 Roots of EmpathySome are doing that work now. For example, (2005) is known for her program Roots of Empathy, which significantly reduces aggression among schoolchildren while raising social/emotional competence and increasing empathy. In the program a parent and infant engage with students in the classroom. A Roots of guides the children as they observe the relationship between baby and parent, helping them understand the baby’s intentions and emotions. Through this model of experiential learning, the baby serves as “teacher” and catalyst, helping children identify and reflect on their own feelings and the feelings of others. An longitudinal research on the impact of the Roots of Empathy program (Berkowitz and Bier 2007) documented that Roots of Empathy children demonstrated lasting: increase in social and emotional knowledge decrease in aggression increase in pro-social behavior (e. g. , sharing, helping, and including) increase in perceptions among ROE students of the classroom as a caring environment increased understanding of infants and parenting. 2. 2. 2 Immerse virtual reality embodiment reducing racial biasAlthough the act of merely observing in immerse virtual reality (IVR) the pain of other racial group representatives doesn’t stimulate sensorimotor empathic brain responses (measured using transcranial magnetic stimulation; Avenanti et al. 2010), it was noted that embodiment in IVR might reduce racial prejudice. Experiments with the embodiment of light-skinned participants in a dark-skinned virtual body (VB) significantly reduced participants’ implicit racial bias against dark-skinned people (Peck et al. 2013; Groom et al. 2009). Notably, however, other techniques, such as imagining the dark-skinned person’s perspective in real life, had no significant impact on racial bias (Groom et al. ibid). This means that IVR-embodiment into another’s VB may reduce racial (or political, interpersonal, and other) biases and merits further exploration in areas such as conflict resolution and peacemaking. 2. 3 Empathy helpsof Empathy program indicates that developing empathy as a means to prevent antisocial behaviors such as bullying and juvenile aggression also helps prevent later problems including dropouts, juvenile delinquency, and addiction. On a societal level, the ability to share other people’s emotional experiences and to react to them might facilitate social communication and create social coherence (and Singer idem). 2. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing initiatives like the 'Roots of Empathy' program, which emphasizes understanding the emotions of others, particularly through the interactions between infants and parents. This experiential learning approach helps children identify and reflect on their feelings and the feelings of others, thereby promoting empathy. Additionally, the text mentions that the ability to share other people’s emotional experiences facilitates social communication and coherence, reinforcing the role of empathetic understanding, potentially linked to the function of mirror neurons.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Wildlife conservation is equally effective in every environment around the world. [SEP] Text: A total of 13 jaguars were captured in Lorocachi (our most isolated study site), 6 in Tiputini, 8 in Keweriono and 3 in (our most accessible study site). Both, the spatially-explicit and the methods provided similar results. For SECR analyses, we achieved convergence for Nsuper and ψ at all sites but not for σ and λ0 (S5 Table). Density decreased from 5. 44 ± SD 2. 04 individuals/100 km2 in our least accessible site to 0. 29 ± SD 0. 26 individuals/100 km2 in our most accessible site (Fig 4; S6 Table). For the method we obtained effective trapping areas that varied from 458–486 km2 (S6 Table) and jaguar densities followed a similar pattern to SECR analyses, with a maximum density of 3. 91 ± SE 1. 11 and a minimum of 0. 65 ± SE 0. 26 individuals/100 km2 in our least and most accessible sites, respectively (Fig 4; S6 Table). The assumption of demographic closure for non-spatial models held for all four sites (S6 Table). Download: PPTPowerPoint slidePNGlarger imageTIFForiginal imageFig 4. Jaguar density estimates at four sites in Yasuní Biosphere Reserve. Sites are arranged from least accessible to most accessible. Error bars correspond to SD and SE for Bayesian-SECR and methods respectively. DiscussionWe show that facilitation of hunter access to a natural landscape can lead to development-induced impacts on predators and prey that end with reducing abundance of jaguar, the top predator of our study system. Our findings clearly support our first hypothesis that higher landscape accessibility (i. e. , proximity to settlements, roads and rivers) to hunters leads to reduction of prey. These results are consistent with studies that show hunting effort is higher near settlements or sources of access [18,19,63]. Occurrence and biomass of the two species of peccaries, the species most harvested by Waorani [19,32–34], along with tapir and two species of brocket deer, were reduced in areas highly accessible to hunters. This pattern was evident even though our study sites were within a large relatively intact forest where source-sink dynamics could have diluted our capacity to detect such patterns [17]. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by demonstrating that conservation effectiveness varies significantly depending on site accessibility and human impact. It notes that higher landscape accessibility to hunters negatively affects jaguar populations, indicating that conservation strategies must be adapted to local conditions rather than assuming uniform success across environments. This is evidenced by the density differences observed between accessible and isolated sites, directly undermining the notion that conservation is equally effective everywhere.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Some assert that using pathogens for pest control will never affect beneficial insects. [SEP] Text: However, the polar amino acids that play an important role in solubilizing the microbial membranes are located in opposite face of the helix (Schmidt and Wong 2013). Amphipathic α-helices are not able to form disulfide bridges due to the absence of cysteine (Shai 2002). Among the peptides found in nature are magainin that is isolated from the skin secretions of certain frog species named Xenopus laevis (Schäfer-Korting and Rolff 2018), also mellitin, which is obtained from honeybee venom (Laverty et al. 2011; Cardoso et al. 2018) as well as the cecropins, which is a group of the dipteran defense insect peptides (Almeida and Pokorny 2012). On the other hands, cyclic peptides are uncommon class of CAPs. These cyclic structures contain β-turn affected by just a single disulfide bond such as dodecapeptide obtained from bovine neutrophils (Price et al. 2019). Antifungal peptide groupsThe studies reported some peptides with antifungal activities, as they show their ability to suppress fungal growth or even reproduction. The antifungal peptides are classified on the basis of mechanism of action (Gelotar et al. 2013). The first group of fungal peptides is the amphipathic peptides. This group is widely distributed in nature and gains a lot of importance as antifungal compounds. They are membrane lytic peptides that are characterized mainly by the presence of both hydrophilic and hydrophobic residues. It has 2 surfaces, one is positively charged, while the second surface remained neutral (uncharged) (Fosso et al. 2015). Moreover, some of these peptides cause disturbance of the membrane structure without crossing the membrane itself (Leuschner and Hansel 2004). Additionally, the second group of peptides can disturb the synthesis of the cell wall and it also can disturb the glucan or chitin biosynthesis (Fernández-Carneado et al. 2004). The antifungal agents belong to these 2 structural groups of peptides are considered to be very effective and safe for immune-compromised patients (Desbois et al. 2010). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text discusses various types of antimicrobial and antifungal peptides and their potential effects on pathogens, but it does not mention anything related to pathogens' effects on beneficial insects. Therefore, it is irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Mirror neurons in the brain play a role in empathy and understanding others' emotions. [SEP] Text: 3. 1 Empathy preventsIndeed, empathy is identified as an essential ingredient for effective parenting, especially for the mother of a distressed infant, and as protection against the possibility of aggression (Dolan and Fullam 2007). Engaging empathic processes in children and adolescents results in reducing their aggression; this sort of empathy training may be useful for encouraging positive social behaviors (Björkqvist 2007). It also builds social intelligence and negatively correlates with direct types of aggression: physical and verbal (Kaukiainen et al. 1999). Moreover, there are better prospects for improved long-term prognosis of psychopathy if treatment is aimed at increasing the empathic reaction of children with psychopathic tendencies (James and Blair 2007). 2. 3. 2 Healing by empathyThere are also indications that empathy may be a curative factor in various disorders (Farrow et al. 2005); the authors proved that building empathy is useful for healing PTSD. Scanning the brain (fMRI) they found that PTSD patients, after a cycle of modified cognitive behavioral therapy aimed at understanding others and being more empathetic, demonstrate a significant increase in the neural response to social cognition tasks. These findings can be a gateway to an empathy-based therapy program for PTSD patients. And who hasn’t experienced the beneficial influence of benevolent medical care? Researchers also document the vital importance of the doctor-patient relationship and the role of empathy. Doctors should listen to their patients, communicate with them, and thus the physician and patient become partners in the healing process. This enables the process of healing by empathy (Adams 2010). Moreover, empathy is an important element of healthcare professional and patient communication and is a key feature of emotional intelligence. Health professionals should be trained to effectively implement empathy, in order to achieve the desired therapeutic results (Ioannidou and Konstantikaki 2008). A very special healing relationship based on empathy is the psychotherapeutic bond. Since the advent of Carl Rogers’ client-centered approach based on empathetic understanding (Rogers 2003), the results of much research indicate that empathy, in its contemporary understanding, is not only an essential part of the therapeutic alliance (Bergemann 2011), but also (or first and foremost) a curative factor per se (Staemmler 2011). Truly empathic therapists are also skilled inquirers, sensitively attuned to their clients and appropriately involved in the therapeutic process (Erskine et al. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the importance of empathy in understanding others' emotions and its relevance in various contexts such as parenting, aggression reduction, and psychotherapy. It mentions that engaging empathic processes can lead to improvements in social behaviors and emotional intelligence, which aligns with the idea that mirror neurons, associated with empathy, help in understanding these emotional responses.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Wildlife conservation is equally effective in every environment around the world. [SEP] Text: The lack of evidence for anthropogenic mortality of jaguars supports our conclusion that the negative relationship between jaguar density and human access likely results from reduction in prey when areas become accessible to hunters. Human access is superimposed on a heterogeneous landscape where other factors also contribute to differences in fauna among sites. Prey biomass, especially white-lipped peccaries, was particularly high in Tiputini. Across Amazonia, white-lipped peccaries are strongly associated with wetlands dominated by the palm Mauritia flexuosa [65,66]. Palm wetlands are more common at Tiputini and the heavily hunted site than at our other sites (15. 7% and 8. 3% of the area of trap arrays, respectively, vs. < 1%; [67]). The abundant palm forests may explain the high biomass of white-lipped peccaries in Tiputini where human hunting was low. In contrast, harvesting of white-lipped peccaries by Waorani on is intense (>50% of total biomass of harvested bushmeat; [19]), and the occurrence and biomass of this species was low in our surveys even though highly favorable habitat was present. Unexpectedly, although Tiputini had the highest occurrence and biomass of ungulates, this site did not have the highest jaguar density. Some plausible explanations include: 1) behavioral factors [68], for example, deterrence of other jaguars by a dominant male; 2) heterogeneity in detection probability [69] caused by differences in landscape composition across sites and not modeled because of limited data; and 3) edge effects associated with the location of this site at the reserve boundary [70]; during our research at Tiputini we observed commercial hunters entering our study area through the Tiputini River, and it is possible jaguars were poached for their parts in this area. Across the range of jaguars, a key challenge for understanding threats to jaguar populations is the logistical difficulty of obtaining robust density estimates. We followed recent recommendations for analysis of camera trap data for jaguars [62], but our estimates of jaguar density should be used with caution (e. g. , for comparison across studies) because, as with most studies, we were still limited by small samples sizes particularly at heavily hunted sites. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the variable effectiveness of conservation efforts in different environments. It highlights that the relationship between jaguar density and human access is influenced by local prey availability, habitat characteristics, and human hunting practices, which demonstrates that conservation outcomes are not uniform across different landscapes. The mention of high prey biomass in one area (Tiputini) but not in another despite favorable habitats illustrates the complexity of wildlife conservation and indicates that its effectiveness can vary significantly based on environmental factors.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Some assert that using pathogens for pest control will never affect beneficial insects. [SEP] Text: of Center (USA) has developed an interesting antimicrobial peptides data base (APD). Furthermore, the update of this antimicrobial peptide database (UAPD) provides very helpful information about 1228 peptides, among which 327 are considered antifungal agents (Wang et al. 2009). Examples for antifungal peptidesVarious biologically active peptides have been found in many insects (Table 2). Interestingly these peptides showed antibacterial and antifungal, as well as antiviral activities (Mishra and Wang 2012). It was reported that insects produce a huge number of different antifungal proteins to be protected against threatening fungal diseases. Many insects exert high antimicrobial activity towards Gram-positive bacteria; however, lower action was detected towards Gram-negative bacteria, fungi, or yeasts (Fu et al. 2009). So far, very few compounds with antifungal activities have been detected in insects. As examples, drosomycin produced from D. melanogaster (et al. 2003), gallerimycin isolated from the greater wax moth “Galleria mellonella” larvae (González-Santoyo and Córdoba-Aguilar 2012), and termicin produced from termites (Khaleel et al. 2013), as well as heliomycin has been found to be produced from the tobacco budworm Heliothis virescens (Fehlbaum et al. 1994). Table 2 Naturally occurring antifungal peptides originated from various insect sources (Schuhmann et al. 2003)Full size tableThe studies also showed the production of two types of cecropin from the giant silk moth Hyalopora cecropia. These were named that were found to be lytic linear peptides. These two peptides showed about 95% killing effect towards Aspergillus fumigatus and Fusarium oxysporum (Schuhmann et al. 2003). Plus, both peptides have shown a great antifungal activity in acidic medium (pH 5–6). However, only cecropin A has exerted antifungal activity at neutral pH. This could be attributed to variation in charge found at the two peptides C-terminus (Pushpanathan et al. 2013). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses antimicrobial peptides and their antifungal activities produced by various insects, without addressing the implications of using pathogens for pest control or their effects on beneficial insects.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Mirror neurons in the brain play a role in empathy and understanding others' emotions. [SEP] Text: 1999). The quality of the therapeutic relationship is seen as the best predictor of success in psychotherapy and is the backbone of empathetic facilitation of the client’s own problem-solving capacities (Bohart and Greenberg 1997). Immersing oneself in the experience of the other through an empathetic relationship enables sensitive interpretations that help clients access unconscious experience. Moreover, it becomes a gateway to co-constructing new understanding (Bohart ibid). A closer look at the psychotherapeutic relationship from the synchrony perspective is presented in this paper. 3 Empathy neuronsIn the early 1990s, Italian researcher Vittorio Gallese, part of Prof. Giacomo Rizzolatti’s group from the University of Parma, made a remarkable and quite unexpected discovery. One day, Gallese was working in a room with a macaque monkey with electrodes implanted in its brain. reached for his food, he noticed neurons begin to fire in the monkey’s premotor cortex—the same area that showed activity when the animal made a similar gesture (Iacoboni 2009; Society for Neuroscience 2008). How could this happen, when the monkey was sitting still and merely watching him? This opened the gateway to the discovery of mirror neurons, which revolutionized psychology, providing a unifying framework and helping explain a host of mental abilities that have, hitherto, remained mysterious (Ramachandran 2000). Mirror neurons provide, for the first time in history, a plausible neuropsychological explanation for complex forms of social cognition and interaction (Iacoboni 2009). Some use vivid names such as “empathy neurons” or “neurons,” to describe mirror neurons, holding that they dissolve the barrier between self and others (Ramachandran 2006). Neuroscience has begun to understand the mechanisms of visual processing that allow our brain to build a representation of what it sees in the world (Keysers 2011). 3. 1 Mirror neuronsexperiments were confirmed in many other settings, e. g. , researchers at UCLA found that cells in the human anterior cingulate, which normally fire when you poke the patient with a needle (“pain neurons”), will also fire when the patient watches another patient being poked (Ramachandran 2006). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the discovery and function of mirror neurons, which are described as providing a neuropsychological explanation for complex forms of social cognition and interaction, including empathy. The text refers to them as 'empathy neurons' and mentions how they dissolve the barrier between self and others, thus supporting the idea that mirror neurons play a role in empathy and understanding emotions.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Wildlife conservation is equally effective in every environment around the world. [SEP] Text: As a result of the large home ranges of jaguars and low densities, sample designs that record large numbers of individuals and have low variance estimates are rare [62]. For example, to date, the jaguar survey with the largest spatial extent covered 1,320 km2, deployed 119 camera trap stations, and only captured 10 individuals [71], which are fewer individuals than we recorded at our least accessible site (13 jaguars). If roads networks—and their associated colonization processes—continue to expand, the chances of conserving jaguars in Yasuní will be significantly reduced. Population viability assessments for jaguars indicate that a population of 650 individuals has a 97–100% probability of persisting for 200 years with minimal loss of heterozygosity [72]; this population number is similar to effective population sizes generally suggested for maintaining evolutionary potential in perpetuity [73,74]. If jaguar density across Yasuní (c. 18,000 km2) is similar to our highest estimates (3. 9–5. 4 individuals/100 km2), this area could have high probability of sustaining a large enough population (i. e. , 700–1,000 individuals) to meet these viability targets. However, maintaining this population requires addressing the problems of road expansion and associated hunting. Jaguar conservation efforts to date include identification of key areas for jaguar conservation across the species range ([5]) and an ambitious initiative to connect these JCUs through a regional network of biological corridors [75]. Our results point to the need to coordinate these initiatives with local governments so that development activities such as road building are minimal near JCUs and jaguar corridors. In addition to landscape-scale conservation initiatives, we also believe significant effort needs to be invested in the management of jaguar prey at local levels. For example, populations of white-lipped peccaries, one of the most important prey for jaguar, are threatened throughout their range by hunting and habitat loss [76,77]. However, current information on management alternatives for peccaries and other prey is limited. We conducted a rapid search in Web of Science using the keywords “peccary/ies + management”, and obtained 64 10. 1371/journal. pone. 0189740. s001(PDF) S1 Data. Datasets for site occupancy estimation of jaguar prey species in Yasuní Biosphere Reserve. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by providing specific examples of challenges in jaguar conservation, particularly the impact of road expansion and hunting on jaguar populations in Yasuní. It emphasizes that effective conservation in this region requires localized management of both jaguar populations and their prey, the white-lipped peccaries. This indicates that the effectiveness of wildlife conservation is highly context-dependent, varying significantly between different environments, which undermines the notion that conservation strategies are equally effective everywhere.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Some assert that using pathogens for pest control will never affect beneficial insects. [SEP] Text: Thanatin and drosomycin are examples of cysteine-rich peptides that are obtained from Podisus maculiveris and Drosophila melanogaster, respectively. Thanatin is a small non-hemolytic peptide that contains 21 residues. When thanatin is found in water, it constitutes an antiparallel sheet structure with a disulfide bridge (Lemaitre et al. 1997). Thanatin showed its ability to inhibit both A. fumigatus and F. oxysporum growth (Van der Weerden et al. 2013). On the other hands, drosomycin is a peptide formed of 44 amino acids and it has twisted three-stranded sheet structure stabilized by the presence of disulfide bonds. Drosomycin is very effective against F. oxysporum (and Walsh 2000). The antimicrobial peptides in response to fungal or bacterial infections are expressed in the insects’ fat body (which is equivalent to liver in the higher animals), while the peptides are then secreted into the hemolymph (equivalent to blood) (Chen et al. 1988). Drosophila showed 2 different pathways in this respect; first, the immune-deficiency pathway (IMD) that begins by Gram-negative bacteria, and second, the stimulation of the Toll-receptor path that was achieved by fungi, yeast, and mold as well as Gram-positive bacteria (Cooper and Eleftherianos 2017). Usually, the antimicrobial peptides produced from insects after bacterial threatening and that explains the occurrence of fewer antifungal molecules. In response to both in vitro and in vivo antifungal activity, insects can show high production of peptides (Taylor et al. 2008). Insect’s immunologyThe vital mechanisms controlling the insect immune response as well as their consequence on the human immunology have attracted the attention of many scientists recently. For any insect to resist various pathogens infection, innate immunity is required and important. There are many barriers that protect the insects. The insect exoskeleton prevents the trachea membrane and the stomodeum. Moreover, insects produce some antimicrobial peptides, which are secreted into hemolymph (Faye and Hultmark 1993). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not directly address the claim regarding the impact of using pathogens for pest control on beneficial insects. It discusses the properties and effectiveness of specific antimicrobial peptides such as thanatin and drosomycin in response to pathogens in insects, but it does not provide information or evidence regarding the effects of pathogens used for pest control on beneficial insect populations.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Mirror neurons in the brain play a role in empathy and understanding others' emotions. [SEP] Text: Other studies using different experimental methodologies and techniques have demonstrated in the human brain the existence of a mechanism directly mapping action perception and execution, defined as the (Gallese 2003, 2009). It appeared that during mere action observation there is a strong activation of premotor and posterior parietal areas: the same regions that are activated when we move, are also activated when we observe the same motor acts executed by others. The MNS in humans is not only involved in imitation of simple movements, but also in imitation learning of complex skills, in the perception of communicative actions, and in the detection of action intentions (Gallese 2009). Similarly, it was shown that mirror neurons are involved in our capacity to share emotions and sensations with others (Gallese 2003, 2006, 2009; and Singer 2006). Various findings suggest that multiple systems in the human’s brain may be endowed with neural mechanisms of mirroring for both the integration and differentiation of perceptual and motor aspects of actions performed by self and others (Mukamel et al. 2010; Keyserss and Gazzola 2010). Moreover, mirror neurons are involved in human communication, amplifying cognition of the speech of others and enhancing the ability to communicate in an unknown language (Hasson et al. 2012; Stephens et al. 2010). This MN mechanism also enables the observer to understand the intention behind an observed motor act, in addition to the goal of it (Rizzolatti and Fabbri-Destro 2008). Recapping, mirror neurons underlie the empathizing processes—triggering the same brain activation patterns when subjects observe emotions in others as when they feel their own emotions. This explains how we feel the emotions of others as if they were our own (and Singer 2006). 3. 2 Embodied simulationAccording to this perspective, to perceive an action is equivalent to internally simulating it. This implicit, automatic, and unconscious process of embodied simulation enables the observer to use his/her own resources to penetrate the world of the other without explicitly theorizing about it. A process of implicit, pre-reflexive action simulation automatically establishes a direct implicit link between the other and the observer (Gallese 2003). Footnote 5 The discovery of mirror neurons, responding both to action execution and observation, suggested an embodied approach to mental simulation. Embodied simulation is understood as a basic functional mechanism by which our brain/body system models its contact with the world; it constitutes a crucial functioning mechanism in social cognition. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by stating that mirror neurons are involved in the capacity to share emotions and sensations with others. It specifically explains that mirror neurons trigger the same brain activation patterns when individuals observe emotions in others, indicating a direct link to empathizing processes. This supports the assertion that mirror neurons play a significant role in understanding others' emotions.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Wildlife conservation is equally effective in every environment around the world. [SEP] Text: -19 PreprintsProtocolsVideosJournalsTools & a 10. 21203/rs. 3. rs-1001104/v2This work is licensed under a CC BY 4. 0 LicenseStatus:Under ReviewVersion 2posted 10You are reading this latest preprint versionShow more versionsAbstractBackground Human-wildlife conflict (HWC) is predicted to increase globally in the vicinity of protected areas and occurs in several different contexts and involves a range of animal taxonomic groups whose needs and requirements overlap with humans. Human-monkey conflict exists in different forms more in developing countries and ranks amongst the main threats to biodiversity conservation. Grivet monkeys (Cercopithecus aethiops aethiops) are any slender agile Old-World monkeys of the genus Cercopithecus. This study was conducted to investigate the status of human grivet monkey conflict and the attitude of local communities towards grivet monkey conservation in and around Wof-(WWNSF), Ethiopia from September 2017 to May 2018. Questionnaire survey (143) was used to study the human-grivet monkey conflict and its conservation status. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics and the responses were compared using a nonparametric Pearson chi-square test. of respondents from both gender (male = 67. 1%; female = 74. 1%) were not supporting grivet monkey conservation due to its troublesome crop damaging effect. There was significant difference in respondents perceptions towards grivet monkey conservation based on distance of farmland from the forest (χ2 = 12. 7, df = 4, P = 0. 013). There was no significant difference in the techniques used by villagers to deter crop raiders (χ2 = 14. 73, df = 15, P = 0. 47). There was significant difference in respondents expectations on the mitigation measures to be taken by government (χ2 = 40. 01, df = 15, P = 0. 000). Based on the questionnaire result, 42. 5 ± SD 8. 68 of respondents in all villages elucidated that the causes of crop damage was habitat degradations. encroachment of local communities in to the forest area and exploitation of resources that would be used by grivet monkey and enhanced crop damage by grivet monkey exacerbated the HGMC in the study area. As a result grivet monkeys have been killed relentlessly as a consequence of crop damage. This was due to negative energy developed in human perspective. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by describing human-wildlife conflicts that vary significantly based on specific geographic and social contexts, particularly in developing countries. It highlights that grivet monkeys are seen as problematic due to crop damage, and local communities in Ethiopia do not support their conservation because of the negative impacts they experience. This demonstrates that factors like human perception, habitat degradation, and local agricultural practices affect conservation efforts, implying that wildlife conservation effectiveness differs across various environments.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Some assert that using pathogens for pest control will never affect beneficial insects. [SEP] Text: The drosophila is an example that comprises a wide range of potent antifungal and antibacterial peptides including attacin, cecropin, diptericin, drosocin, and drosomycin as well as metchnikowin, where they are originated from the fat body. Additionally, there is a cellular response, characterized by the presence of hemocytes that resulted in the phagocytosis of foreign objects as well as microorganisms and other parasites (Brivio et al. 2010). Finally, this was followed by an activation of a proteolytic cascade in the hemolymph, which in turn resulted in the activation of phenol oxidase, the enzyme responsible for the melanin formation, which is finally deposited on the invading parasites. ConclusionThe history of using EPF, their killing mechanism, host range, and the factors affecting their virulence were studied to accomplish their use as biocontrol agents. Moreover, highlights on the role of insect’s immunology and some insect’s products as antifungal agents were presented focusing on peptides and their biological activities against fungi. Survey work should be undertaken in different geographical regions to isolate and identify virulent fungal pathogens. Antifungal peptides play an important role in protection against fungal infection via an innate defense mechanism. Utilizing different antimicrobial peptide creates a strategy for the production of low-cost antimicrobial agent. Additionally, more detailed studies are required to explain the configuration of these peptides that helps in supplying more information for computer simulation methods to figure out the antifungal mechanism at the atomic level. Availability of data and materials Not applicable. AbbreviationsEPF: Entomopathogenic fungi IPM: Integrated pest management AMPs: Antimicrobial peptides CAPs: Cationic antimicrobial peptides APD: Antimicrobial peptides data base UAPD: Updated antimicrobial peptide database (UAPD) IMD: Immune-deficiency pathway 0100. Univ. Sci. 19(3):277–285 2016. Insect pathogenic fungi as endophytes. In: RJ, editor. Advances in genetics. Academic Press; 135. (2018) Evaluation of the entomopathogenic fungi Metarhizium anisopliae, Beauveria bassiana, and Isaria sp. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text primarily discusses the properties and mechanisms of antifungal and antibacterial peptides and their role in insect immunology and pest control. However, it does not directly address or provide evidence regarding the claim that using pathogens for pest control will never affect beneficial insects. Thus, it is irrelevant to the specific claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Mirror neurons in the brain play a role in empathy and understanding others' emotions. [SEP] Text: Embodied simulation becomes a common underlying functional mechanism that enables one to feel the actions, intentions, feelings, and emotions of others, thus grounding our identification with and connectedness to others (Gallese 2008, 2009, 2011; Gallese and Sinigaglia 2011). We are implicitly aware of the encountered other’s similarity to us because we literally embody it. The very same neural base activated when our own actions are executed or emotions and sensations are subjectively experienced, is also activated when the same actions, emotions, and sensations are executed or experienced by others. Metaphorically speaking, through brain mirroring, “the other” becomes “self”, as her or his action is represented in our MNS system just as if we had taken the same action. The sharp distinction, classically drawn between “I” and “she” or “he” at the level of acting and experiencing emotions, appears to be much more blurred at the level of the neural mechanisms mapping it. The gap between the two perspectives is bridged by the way intentional relations are functionally mapped at the neural-body level (Gallese 2011). 3. 3 Mirror neurons dysfunctionsDysfunctional simulation mechanisms may underlie the social and communicative deficits seen in individuals with autism spectrum disorders (ASD), which are largely characterized by deficits in imitation, pragmatic language, theory of mind, and empathy (Williams et al. 2001; Oberman and Ramachandran 2007; Oberman et al. 2005; Gallese 2003, 2006; Iacoboni and Dapretto 2006; Oberman and Ramachandran 2007). The theory of mind was used to delineate a cognitive deficit underlying social impairment in childhood autism. It was documented that autistic children lack such a ‘theory,’ the implication of which would be that they would be unable to impute beliefs to others and to predict their behavior (Baron-Cohen et al. 1985; Frith and Happé 1994; Tager-Flusberg 2007). Compared to control groups they alone failed to attribute beliefs to others,Footnote 6 indicating that the dysfunction is independent of mental retardation and is specific to autism (Baron-Cohen et al. ibid). Findings suggest that most significant deficits of ASD children (as compared with mainstream representatives) is in performing tasks based on the theory of mind (Hamilton et al. 2007). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by explaining how embodied simulation allows individuals to feel the actions, intentions, feelings, and emotions of others, which indicates a connection to empathy. It mentions that the same neural mechanisms activated during one's own emotional experiences are also activated when observing others, suggesting this mirroring effect plays a significant role in understanding others' emotions. Additionally, the text discusses how dysfunctions in these mirror neuron systems are linked to deficits in empathy, particularly in individuals with autism spectrum disorders, which reinforces the idea that mirror neurons are integral to empathic understanding.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Wildlife conservation is equally effective in every environment around the world. [SEP] Text: Thus, awareness creation education program and feasible crop damage prevention techniques need to be implemented. Crop damageGrivet monkeyHuman-wildlife conflictLocal communitiesQuestionnaire surveyRespondents perceptionsFiguresFigure 1Figure 2IntroductionHuman-wildlife conflict (HWC) is predicted to increase globally and occurs in several different contexts and spans a range of animal taxonomic groups[1, 2]. Currently, HWC is a global issue that has adverse consequences for both humans and wildlife [3]. Conflict (HWC) arises from a range of direct and indirect negative interactions between humans and wildlife. This occurs when the needs and requirements of human and wildlife overlap, which usually results in costs to both the local residents and animals when the needs of one impact negatively on the other [1, 4]. The loss, degradation and fragmentation of habitats through human activities such as, logging, animal husbandry, agricultural expansion and developmental projects [5–7] intensify the conflict. Ecosystems and habitats alarmingly dominated by humans, which trigger species including primates compelled to exploit new human resources to survive [8, 9]. Human activities like logging, deforestation, hunting, agricultural expansion, and other such factors intensely affected primate populations [10]. Accordingly, primates and humans are always in potential conflict over crops due to primates’ renowned crop raiding behavior. Among wild animal species that cause damage to farmers’ yield and trigger HWC, primates take the top ranking [11]. The genera Cercopithicus, Papio and Macaca, particularly baboons and grivet monkeys are some of the most serious crop raiders because of their intelligence, adaptability, wide dietary range, complex social organization and aggression [6]. As human populations expand and natural habitats shrink, people and animals are increasingly coming into conflict over living space and food. Although feeding on cereal crops increases foraging efficiency and nutrient intake for primates, it is nuisance for farmers due to crop loss [12, 13]. Grivet monkeys (Cercopithecus aethiops) are slender agile monkeys of the genus Cercopithecus, inhabiting wooded regions of Africa and the most widely distributed of the guenon species, occur from Ethiopia to Senegal and from Sudan to [14]. So far, this species is considered to be a widely distributed and often common species in northern and central Ethiopia in altitude ranging from near sea level to approximately 3000 m a. s. l. [15]. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by highlighting that human-wildlife conflict (HWC) is a global issue that occurs in different contexts, implying that the effectiveness of wildlife conservation efforts may vary across environments. It discusses various human activities like logging and agricultural expansion that lead to habitat loss and increased conflict, suggesting that conservation effectiveness is impacted by specific local circumstances rather than being universally applicable.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Some assert that using pathogens for pest control will never affect beneficial insects. [SEP] Text: Trichoderma: a beneficial antifungal agent and insights into its mechanism of biocontrol potential 1865. Cook and Baker (1983) described genus Trichoderma as a common soil inhabitant and the conidiophores are terminating in phialides. Doi and Doi (1986) recognized 63 species under this genus and included some anamorphs of genus Hypocrea that were previously placed under genera Verticillium and Gliocladium, where each having irregularly branched conidiophores and elongated phialides. Bissett (1984) worked on subgrouping the species under genus Trichoderma into 5 sections, i. e. , Trichoderma, Longibrachiatum, Saturnisporum, Pachybasium and then the fifth new section of Hypocreanum arose. For more species identification, other criteria have also been used. Zamir and Chet (1985) applied enzyme electrophoresis for Trichoderma harzianum identification and isozyme polymorphism was demonstrated. Another diagnostic approach known as scanning electron microscope (SEM) was used (Hashioka, 1973), which revealed the presence of sheath material with epispore scars. Schlick et al. (1994) firstly used randomly amplified PCR fingerprinting (RAPD) to distinguish between gamma irradiated mutants and wild strains of T. harzianum that was found to be the most effective tool. Kindermann et al. (1999) used the nucleotide sequences of the internal transcribed spacer region one of rDNA to investigate phylogenetic relation among Trichoderma species of the section Pachybasium, which was found to be nonmonophyletic. The different species of the genus, Trichoderma/Hypocrea were difficult to be distinguished morphologically. It was even proposed to reduce taxonomy to only a single species, T. viride (Schuster and Schmoll, 2010). Nowadays, new species can be easily identified due to the development of TrichOKEY, where an oligonucleotide barcode and became a search tool. These are easily available online at www. isth. info (Druzhinina et al. 2005; and Kopchinskiy et al. 2005). Recently, according to Kamala et al. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it primarily discusses the genus Trichoderma and its various species, methods of identification, and categorization without addressing the specific assertion regarding the effects of using pathogens for pest control on beneficial insects.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Mirror neurons in the brain play a role in empathy and understanding others' emotions. [SEP] Text: Along with the development of the neuroscience of MN came a common conviction that internal simulation mechanisms, such as the mirror neuron system, are necessary for normal development of recognition, imitation, empathy, and language, and especially—the theory of mind (Meltzoff 2011). It became evident that mirror neurons are performing precisely the same functions that are disrupted in autism (Gallese et al. 2004; Ramachandran and Oberman 2006; Ferrari and Rizzolatti 2014). Research on motor functioning in ASD indicates that impairments to reaching and grasping emerge early in life and affect the planning and execution of motor programs (Sacrey et al. 2014). The functional properties of the mirror neuron system indicate that action understanding may be primarily based on the pivotal role of motor cognition that underpins one’s own capacity to act (Gallese et al. 2009; Rizzolatti and Fogassi 2014). Autistic children also experience severe problems with their facial expressions of emotions and their understanding of the expressions of others. They do not show automatic mimicry of the facial expression of basic emotions, as revealed by the study of muscle electrical activity, shown in electromyography (EMG recordings). This explains the lack of empathic engagement displayed by autistic children and seems to stem from defective embodied simulation, likely regulated by the MNS (Gallese 2009). Moreover, the autistic child’s observation of motor acts using the leg, hand and mouth usually activates relevant parts of the inferior frontal gyrus (IFG). However, the fMRI study revealed that there is also a significantly weaker activation in the IFG in children with autism as compared to typically developing children (Rizzolatti and Fabbri-Destro 2010). Other disorders were also found to be linked to the dysfunctions of MNS: the vulnerability of schizophrenia (Gallese 2003), depression (O’Connor et al. 2007), as well as other symptoms, e. g. echolalia (Williams et al. 2001). 3. 4 Modifying MNS? Analyzing the aforementioned Roots of Empathy program and its longitudinal impact, we see that it’s possible to modify the MNS, though presumably not beyond a certain age, up to which the brain maintains its mirror neurons’ plasticity. Surpassing this age threshold would then lead to gradual freezing of the brain’s plasticity, leaving us with the form of mirror neurons made by that time. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the role of the mirror neuron system (MNS) in cognitive functions such as empathy and the understanding of emotions. Specifically, it notes that mirror neurons are necessary for 'recognition, imitation, empathy, and language,' and highlights how their dysfunction can lead to issues in empathetic engagement, particularly in autistic children, who show problems with facial expressions and understanding others' emotions. This firmly supports the idea that mirror neurons contribute to empathy.