Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Natural selection drives evolution through differential survival. [SEP] Text: For both low and high correlations of LD phase, the amount of heterosis in the reference scenario was constant over generations but in other scenarios in which at least one breed was selected for CP, the amount of heterosis increased in each generation, which indicates that selection for CP resulted in greater heterosis and finally in improved performance of crossbred animals. Since heterosis depends on the difference in allele frequencies between the two breeds, these results suggest that selection for CP moves allele frequencies in the two breeds in opposite directions and causes divergence in allele frequencies between both breeds. Figure 6 Heterosis in crossbred individuals. (a) Results for a low correlation of LD phase between breeds A and B (r = 0. 2 for markers 1 cM apart). (b) Results for a high correlation of LD phase between breeds A and B (r = 0. 7 for markers 1 cM apart). The plotted heterosis values are means from 30 replicates. Sc. Ref: Selection criteria in both breed A and B was for purebred performance (P) and both breeds had Separate training sets. Sc. 1: Selection criteria in breed A was for crossbred performance (C) and selection criteria in breed B was for purebred performance and both breeds had separate training sets. Sc. 2: Selection criteria in both breed A and B was for crossbred performance and both breeds had separate training sets. Sc. 3: Selection criteria in breed A was for crossbred performance and selection criteria in breed B was for purebred performance and both breeds had a Common training set. Sc. 4: Selection criteria in both breed A and B was for crossbred performance and both breeds had a common training set. Full size image Table 3 Mean phenotypic average of breeds A and B in simulated scenarios Full size table Accuracy of selectionPrediction accuracy, i. e. correlation between the breeding values predicted by GS and the TBV obtained from simulation, ranged from 0. 69 to 0. 86 in the validation population (generation 1) across the different scenarios analysed (Figure 7). It should be noted that accuracies in Figure 7 always refer to the selection criterion. In other words, when selection is for purebred performance, accuracy is the correlation between TBVP and GEBVP, i. e. (r tbvp,gebvp ). Conversely, when selection is for CP, accuracy is the correlation between TBVC and GEBVC, i. e. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not directly address the claim regarding natural selection and differential survival. Instead, it discusses the impact of selection criteria on heterosis and allele frequencies in the context of breeding, which is unrelated to the broader principle of natural selection driving evolution.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Malnutrition remains a major issue in many low-income countries. [SEP] Text: We also searched the reference lists of relevant papers and contacted nutrition‐related organisations and researchers in this field. Selection criteria We planned to included any relevant randomised controlled trials (RCTs), controlled clinical trials (CCTs), controlled before‐and‐after studies (CBAs), and interrupted time series (ITS) that evaluated specially formulated foods for the treatment of moderate acute malnutrition in children aged between six months and five years in low‐ and middle‐income countries. Data collection and analysis Two authors assessed trial eligibility and risk of bias, and extracted and analysed the data. We summarised dichotomous outcomes using risk ratios (RR) and continuous outcomes using mean differences (MD) with 95% confidence intervals (CI). Where appropriate, we combined data in meta‐analyses using the random‐effects model and assessed heterogeneity. The quality of evidence was assessed using GRADE methods. Main results Eight randomised controlled trials, enrolling 10,037 children, met our inclusion criteria. Seven of the trials were conducted in Africa. In general, the included studies were at a low risk of bias. There may have been a risk of performance bias as trial participants were aware which intervention group they were in, but we did not consider this likely to have biased the outcome measurement. We were unable to assess the risk of reporting bias in half of the trials and two trials were at high risk of attrition bias. Any specially formulated food versus standard care ‐ the provision of food increased the recovery rate by 29% (RR 1. 29, 95% CI 1. 20 to 1. 38; 2152 children, two trials; moderate quality evidence), decreased the number dropping out by 70% (RR 0. 30, 95% CI 0. 22 to 0. 39; 1974 children, one trial; moderate quality evidence), and improved weight‐for‐height (MD 0. 20 z‐score, 95% CI 0. 03 to 0. 37; 1546 children, two trials; moderate quality evidence). The reduction in mortality did not reach statistical significance (RR 0. 44; 95% CI 0. 14 to 1. 36; 1974 children, one trial; low quality evidence). Lipid‐based nutrient supplements versus any blended foods (dry food mixtures, without high lipid content), at full doses ‐ there was no significant difference in mortality (RR 0. 93, 95% CI 0. 54 to 1. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by detailing a study that focuses on the treatment of moderate acute malnutrition in children in low- and middle-income countries. It discusses the evaluation of specially formulated foods to improve health outcomes, which highlights the significant presence and impact of malnutrition in those settings.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Organic farming has no environmental impact since it doesn't use synthetic inputs. [SEP] Text: If organic seed supply for a certain crop is sufficient, as assessed by the national seed expert group, a category I classification can be considered. A category I classification provides, to some extent, production and marketing reliability for organic seed suppliers and stimulates investment in the organic seed sector. However, for many crop species, especially those not analysed in this study due to a lack of data, the choice of organic-quality cultivars remains limited, making it imperative to scale up organic seed production and breeding for organic farming. The lack of seeds from organic production is also associated with financial and bureaucratic burdens, as organic seed production is at higher risk and needs to comply with the organic certification in addition to the seed certification (Döring et al. , 2012; Winter et al. , 2023). Additional parameters, such as a comparison of grain market prices for organic seed supply and a longer period for the regression analysis, should be considered in future studies. Author ContributionsConceptualization, F. S. ; methodology, F. S. and B. R. ; software, B. R. and F. S. ; data curation, B. R. ; writing—original draft preparation, F. S. and B. R. ; writing—review and editing, F. S. and B. R. ; supervision, A. G. ; project administration, F. S. ; funding acquisition, F. S. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript. FundingThis research was funded by the Horizon 2020 Research and Innovation program through the project under grant agreement No. 727230, and by the Secretariat for Education, Research, and Innovation under contract number 17. 00090. Data AvailabilityThe data used to support the findings of this study are available from the corresponding author upon request. Conflicts of InterestThe authors declare no conflict of interest. The funders had no role in the design of the study; in the collection, analyses, or interpretation of data; in the writing of the manuscript; or in the decision to publish the results. 2011. Bilanz Ökolandbau. [2013. Bilanz Ökolandbau. [2014. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the limitations and challenges of organic seed supply, including the need for organic certification and the risk involved in organic seed production. This implies that organic farming, while avoiding synthetic inputs, has its own systemic problems which may affect the environment, thereby suggesting that organic farming does have an environmental impact.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Natural selection drives evolution through differential survival. [SEP] Text: (r tbvc,gebvc ). Hence, this comparison shows whether selection for CP is, or is not, more difficult than selection for purebred performance. Figure 7 Accuracy of selection in breeds A and B in five scenarios. (a) and (b) Results for a low correlation of LD phase between breeds A and B (r = 0. 2 for markers 1 cM apart) (c) and (d) Results for a high correlation of LD phase between breeds A and B (r = 0. 7 for markers 1 cM apart). The plotted accuracies are means from 30 replicates. Sc. Ref: Selection criteria in both breed A and B was for purebred performance (P) and both breeds had Separate training sets. Sc. 1: Selection criteria in breed A was for crossbred performance (C) and selection criteria in breed B was for purebred performance and both breeds had separate training sets. Sc. 2: Selection criteria in both breed A and B was for crossbred performance and both breeds had separate training sets. Sc. 3: Selection criteria in breed A was for crossbred performance and selection criteria in breed B was for purebred performance and both breeds had a Common training set. Sc. 4: Selection criteria in both breed A and B was for crossbred performance and both breeds had a common training set. It should be noted that accuracies in this Figure are correlations between the selection criterion and the EBV of interest. Thus, when selection is for purebred performance, accuracy is the correlation between GEBVP and TBVP, while when selection is for crossbred performance, accuracy is the correlation between GEBVC and TBVC. Full size image For a low correlation of LD phase, Figures 7a and 7b show that accuracy of selection for breed A was greater in the reference scenario (in which breed A was selected for purebred performance) than in the other scenarios (in which breed A was selected for CP. Accuracy of selection in breed B (Figure 7b) was also greater when selection in this breed was for purebred performance (reference scenario and scenarios 1 and 3) than when selection was for CP (scenarios 2 and 4). Thus, predicting GEBVC based on purebred data is more difficult than predicting GEBVP on such data. For a high correlation of LD phase (Figure 7c and 7d), accuracies ranged from 0. 78 to 0. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim about natural selection and evolution directly. Instead, it discusses selection criteria and accuracies in specific breeding scenarios, which do not relate to the broader concept of natural selection driving evolution through differential survival.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Malnutrition remains a major issue in many low-income countries. [SEP] Text: 62; 6367 children, five trials; moderate quality evidence), progression to severe malnutrition (RR 0. 88, 95% CI 0. 72 to 1. 07; 4537 children, three trials; high quality evidence), or the number of dropouts from the nutritional programme (RR 1. 14, 95% CI 0. 62 to 2. 11; 5107 children, four trials; moderate quality evidence). However, lipid‐based nutrient supplements significantly increased the number of children recovered (RR 1. 10, 95% CI 1. 04 to 1. 16; 6367 children, five trials; moderate quality evidence), and decreased the number of non‐recovering children (RR 0. 53, 95% CI 0. 40 to 0. 69; 4537 children, three trials; high quality evidence). LNS also improved weight gain, weight‐for‐height, and mid‐upper arm circumference, although for these outcomes, the improvement was modest (moderate quality evidence). One trial observed more children with vomiting in the lipid‐based nutrient supplements group compared to those receiving blended food (RR 1. 43, 95% CI 1. 11 to 1. 85; 2712 children, one trial; low quality evidence). Foods at complementary doses ‐ no firm conclusion could be drawn on the comparisons between LNS at complementary dose and blended foods at complementary or full dose (low quality evidence). Lipid‐based nutrient supplements versus specific types of blended foods ‐ a recently developed enriched blended food (CSB++) resulted in similar outcomes to LNS (4758 children, three trials; moderate to high quality evidence). Different types of blended foods ‐ in one trial, CSB++ did not show any significant benefit over locally made blended food, for example, Misola, in number who recovered, number who died, or weight gain (moderate to high quality evidence). Improved adequacy of home diet ‐ no study evaluated the impact of improving adequacy of local diet, such as local foods prepared at home according to a given recipe or of home processing of local foods (soaking, germination, malting, fermentation) in order to increase their nutritional content. Authors' conclusions In conclusion, there is moderate to high quality evidence that both lipid‐based nutrient supplements and blended foods are effective in treating children with MAM. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the challenges of malnutrition in children, specifically mentioning moderate to high-quality evidence for the effectiveness of lipid-based nutrient supplements and blended foods in treating malnutrition. The difficulties in improving local diets and the need for such interventions suggest that malnutrition is indeed a persistent issue in contexts that would likely include low-income countries.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Organic farming has no environmental impact since it doesn't use synthetic inputs. [SEP] Text: Summary of German organic farming acreage and number of derogations on the use of non-organic seeds of winter and spring barley and spelt(ha)Number ofderogationsOrganicarea (ha)Number ofderogationsOrganicarea (ha)Number ofderogations20088500177135006671800011120091100050125009621000402010950044135008022000332011850079140001392050077201285006714500106180007720139000611450068175004720148500451250064170001152015110007016000822500015720161300053170001002900056201718000108190002912700037Table A3. Summary of German organic farming acreage and number of derogations on the use of non-organic seeds of oat, triticale and maizeYearOatTriticaleMaizeOrganicarea (ha)Number ofderogationsOrganicarea (ha)Number ofderogationsOrganicarea (ha)Number ofderogations200823500571210003114500152200921000101240001425000284201021500802500012344004302011230001772400018940003342012235003202250024345002742013255009024000116870013820142450058250001849300162015300005427000511100025201628000129260003861200022201733000399310001161300021Table A4. Summary of German organic farming acreage and number of derogations on the use of non-organic seeds of field bean and pea and lupine(ha)Number ofderogationsOrganicarea (ha)Number ofderogationsOrganicarea (ha)Number ofderogations20085800266910037386001632009600090550018578006620108600865800236950056201186001046000186900012320127800874800108700014420137900207410014265001092014990017247007169001152015125007551004589001352016120001416100123950018920171500056700012111000163Table A5. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by presenting detailed data on organic farming practices in Germany, including information on the use of non-organic seeds through derogations. The existence of 'derogations on the use of non-organic seeds' implies that organic farming may still impact the environment by allowing certain non-organic practices, therefore challenging the notion that organic farming has no environmental impact.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Natural selection drives evolution through differential survival. [SEP] Text: 88 in the first generation, which suggests that when the correlation of LD phase between breeds is high, there is a smaller difference in accuracy between purebred and crossbred selection (r tbvp,gebvp ~ r tbvc,gebvc ). Finally, for both low and high correlations of LD phase, prediction accuracy declined over generations in all scenarios. Accuracies of additive and dominance effectsThe accuracies reported above are correlations between TBV and GEBV and include both additive and dominance components of the breeding values per se. In order to compare the accuracy of estimates of additive and dominance effects separately, both true and estimated breeding values of an individual were partitioned into components due to additive and dominance effects. Table 4 includes accuracies of estimated breeding values, as well as accuracies of the additive and dominance components of estimated breeding values for low and high correlations of LD phase between the two breeds. It should be noted that accuracies of estimated breeding values in Table 4 always refer to the selection criterion. In other words, when selection in a breed is for purebred performance, accuracy is the correlation between TBVP and GEBVP. Conversely, when selection in a breed is for CP, accuracy is the correlation between TBVC and GEBVC. Generally, in all scenarios, accuracies of estimated breeding values due to additive effects were greater than accuracies of estimated breeding values due to dominance effects. These differences in accuracies were clearer for scenarios in which selection within a breed was for CP (e. g. breed B in scenarios 2 and 4 in Table 4). However, when selection in a breed was for purebred performance, accuracies of estimated breeding values due to additive and dominance effects were not very different (e. g. breed B in the reference scenario and scenarios 1 and 3). In summary, for both selection criteria, accuracies of estimated breeding values were as high as accuracies due to additive effects. However, when selection within a breed was for purebred performance, accuracies due to dominance effects were higher than accuracies due to dominance effects for selection on CP. The same trend was observed with a high correlation of LD phase between the two breeds [See Additional file 1]. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the concept of natural selection or its role in evolution. Instead, it discusses the accuracy of estimated breeding values and the effects of additive and dominance components in breeding scenarios. Therefore, it is irrelevant to the claim about natural selection driving evolution.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Malnutrition remains a major issue in many low-income countries. [SEP] Text: Although lipid‐based nutrient supplements (LNS) led to a clinically significant benefit in the number of children recovered in comparison with blended foods, LNS did not reduce mortality, the risk of default or progression to SAM. It also induced more vomiting. Blended foods such as CSB++ may be equally effective and cheaper than LNS. Most of the research so far has focused on industrialised foods, and on short‐term outcomes of MAM. There are no studies evaluating interventions to improve the quality of the home diet, an approach that should be evaluated in settings where food is available, and nutritional education and habits are the main determinants of malnutrition. There are no studies from Asia, where moderate acute malnutrition is most prevalent. model is widely used and taught in evidence-based health care as a strategy for formulating questions and search strategies and for characterizing clinical studies or meta-analyses. PICO stands for four different potential components of a clinical question: Patient, Population or Problem; Intervention; Comparison; Outcome. See more on using PICO in the Cochrane Handbook. Plain language summary available in English Español Specially formulated foods for treating children with moderate acute malnutrition in low‐ and middle‐income countries Moderate acute malnutrition (MAM) affects around 10% of children under five years of age in low‐ and middle‐income countries. Different food strategies have been used for the nutritional recovery of children with MAM, such as lipid‐based nutrient supplements or blended foods, which can be provided in full dose or in a low dose as a complement to the usual diet. However, there is no definitive consensus on the most effective way to treat children with MAM. We searched eight electronic databases and three trials registers (in October 2012 for all except Embase, which was searched in August 2012). We also searched the reference lists of relevant papers and contacted nutrition‐related organisations and researchers in this field. We found eight relevant randomised controlled trials, enrolling 10,037 children under five years of age. All but one study was conducted in Africa. The risk of bias in the studies was generally low, though two studies had a high dropout rate. The participants were aware which intervention group they were in and this may have influenced their behaviour but we thought it unlikely it would have influenced the results since the outcomes measured were objective ones. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing moderate acute malnutrition (MAM), which affects around 10% of children under five years of age in low- and middle-income countries. It highlights the challenges in treating malnutrition in these regions, emphasizing that there is no definitive consensus on the best approaches for addressing this issue, indicating that malnutrition continues to be a significant concern.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Organic farming has no environmental impact since it doesn't use synthetic inputs. [SEP] Text: Brief communicationMarch 20, 2024Sciences and Sustainability; Issue 1addShow moreremoveShow lessReceivedDecember 21, 2023AcceptedMarch 08, 2024PublishedMarch 20, 2024Academic editorsDr. 935Views2,536Sciences and Sustainability; Issue 1 21, 2023AcceptedMarch 08, 2024PublishedMarch 20, 2024Academic editorsDr. this 2024. H. , & Rappleye, J. (2024). Exploring inconsistencies in environmental impact assessments of organic farming, 1(1). Hikaru, and Jeremy Rappleye. “in Assessments of Organic Farming” 1, no. 1 (2024). doi:10. 20935/AcadEnvSci6192. VancouverKomatsu H, Rappleye J. Exploring inconsistencies in environmental impact assessments of organic farming. 2024;1(1). H. and Rappleye, J. (2024) “Exploring inconsistencies in environmental impact assessments of organic farming. ” Sciences and Sustainability, 1(1). doi: 10. 20935/AcadEnvSci6192. Publication dates & DOIReceivedDecember 21, 2023AcceptedMarch 08, 2024PublishedMarch 20, 2024DOI Related 4. 0/ the growing popularity of organic farming, persistent questions surround its environmental effects. A 2017 meta-analysis suggested elevated acidification and eutrophication potentials per unit of agricultural production for organic farming relative to conventional farming. However, a recent 2023 meta-analysis contradicted these findings. This brief communication 1. global expansion of organic farming over the past two decades has been remarkable, with organic farmland areas increasing by approximately 500% [1, 2]. This growth trend remains steadfast, as many countries, both high-income nations like the [3] and middle-income countries such as Argentina, India, and Mexico, have implemented policies to encourage organic farming [2]. This policy shift reflects a prevailing academic and public perception that organic farming aligns with pro-environmental values and contributes to sustainability [4–6]. However, the pro-environmental stance of organic farming is a subject of scientific scrutiny. Although organic farming generally exhibits lower environmental impacts per unit of land area, it requires more land to produce equivalent quantities of agricultural products compared to conventional farming [7–9]. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by highlighting that there are inconsistencies in environmental impact assessments of organic farming. It mentions that while organic farming usually shows lower environmental impacts per unit of land area, it requires more land to produce the same amount of agricultural products compared to conventional farming. This indicates that organic farming does have environmental impacts, contradicting the claim that it has 'no environmental impact.'


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Natural selection drives evolution through differential survival. [SEP] Text: Table 4 Partitioning accuracies of breeding values due to additive and dominance effects for a low correlation of LD phase Full size table Response to selection in purebred animalsFigure 8 shows the response to selection in both purebred populations of breeds A and B over five generations. For a low correlation of LD phase between breeds A and B (Figures 8a and 8b), response to selection in both breeds in the reference scenario was higher than in the other scenarios, since selection in this scenario was for purebred performance. In the other scenarios, response to selection was lower for breed A than in the reference scenario, since in these scenarios the selection criterion was CP (Figure 8a). Figure 8b shows that response to selection for breed B in scenarios 3 and 4, which used a common reference population, was lower than in the other scenarios. Figure 8 Mean phenotype of purebred individuals. (a) and (b) Results for a low correlation of LD phase between breeds A and B (r = 0. 2 for markers 1 cM apart). (c) and (d) Results for a high correlation of LD phase between breeds A and B (r = 0. 7 for markers 1 cM apart). The plotted responses are means from 30 replicates. Sc. Ref: Selection criteria in both breed A and B was for purebred performance (P) and both breeds had Separate training sets. Sc. 1: Selection criteria in breed A was for crossbred performance (C) and selection criteria in breed B was for purebred performance and both breeds had separate training sets. Sc. 2: Selection criteria in both breed A and B was for crossbred performance and both breeds had separate training sets. Sc. 3: Selection criteria in breed A was for crossbred performance and selection criteria in breed B was for purebred performance and both breeds had a Common training set. Sc. 4: Selection criteria in both breed A and B was for crossbred performance and both breeds had a common training set. Full size image For a high correlation of LD phase between breeds A and B, response to selection for breed A was lower in scenario 2 than in the other scenarios (Figure 8c). Figure 8c also shows that for a high correlation of LD phase between breeds, the use of a common reference population to estimate marker effects improved the performance of purebred animals, i. e. scenario 3 performed better than scenario 1, and scenario 4 performed better than scenario 2. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses concepts related to breeding values, response to selection in purebred animals, and different selection criteria across scenarios without mentioning natural selection or its role in evolution. There is no reference or support for the idea that natural selection drives evolution through differential survival.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Malnutrition remains a major issue in many low-income countries. [SEP] Text: For four of the studies, we were unable to assess if the study authors reported all the outcomes they intended to measure. When any type of specially formulated food was compared to standard care (medical care and counselling without foods), the children treated with foods had a higher chance of recovering from moderate malnutrition (two studies), greater improvement in nutritional status (two studies), and a lower number of dropouts (one study). A reduction in mortality was not shown. When lipid‐based nutrient supplements (which are food with high energy density and high lipid content) at full dose were compared to blended foods at full dose (which are dry food mixtures without high lipid content), there was no difference between these two types of foods in terms of number of deaths (five studies), children progressing to severe acute malnutrition (three studies), and children dropping out (four studies). However, lipid‐based nutrient supplements increased the number recovered by 10% (five studies), decreased the number of children non‐recovering (three studies), and slightly improved the nutritional status among the recovered. One study observed more children vomiting when given lipid‐based nutrient supplements compared to blended foods, but this was not reported by the other studies. No other side effects were reported. Few studies evaluated foods at complementary dosage (i. e. foods given in low quantity, just to complement the diet and not to fully substitute it), and no conclusion could be drawn from these studies. When specific foods were compared to each other, a type of corn‐soy blended food called CSB++ compared to lipid‐based nutrient supplements resulted in similar outcomes, while results of another blended food (CSB pre‐mix) versus lipid‐based nutrient supplements were unclear. In one study, CSB++ did not show any significant benefit over locally‐made blended foods, for example, Misola. No study evaluated the impact of improving adequacy of local diet, such as local foods prepared at home according to a given recipe or of home processing of local foods (soaking, germination, malting, fermentation) in order to increase their nutritional content. In conclusion, there is moderate to high quality evidence that both lipid‐based nutrient supplements and blended foods are effective in treating children with moderate acute malnutrition. Although lipid‐based nutrient supplements (LNS) led to a clinically significant benefit in the number of children recovered in comparison with blended foods, LNS did not reduce mortality, the risk of default or progression to SAM. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the effects of various types of food and nutrient supplements on children with moderate malnutrition, providing evidence of continued challenges in treating malnutrition. It highlights that moderate to high quality evidence shows lipid-based nutrient supplements and blended foods are effective in treating children with moderate acute malnutrition, indicating that malnutrition is an ongoing issue that requires effective interventions.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Organic farming has no environmental impact since it doesn't use synthetic inputs. [SEP] Text: As a result, researchers have increasingly turned their attention to measuring environmental impacts per unit of agricultural production. This shift in focus has unearthed conflicting findings across various cases. Organic farming had lower environmental impacts for some cases, whereas the opposite was true for other cases [10]. These findings have cast doubt on the efficacy of policies aimed at promoting organic farming. Meta-analysis provides a valuable means to distill general conclusions from the diverse results of individual case studies. One pivotal contribution to this ongoing discourse is Clark and Tilman’s meta-analysis [7]. This meta-analysis was far more comprehensive than previous ones [11, 12], scrutinizing 164 publications to examine multiple environmental impacts of organic farming. Their findings, including a 13% higher acidification and a 37% higher eutrophication potential compared to conventional farming, have been widely disseminated in academia. Just after the publication of Clark and Tilman’s paper [7], prominent academic journals such as the Health [13] introduced Clark and Tilman’s findings [7], highlighting the limitations of organic farming in reducing environmental impacts. Subsequent academic review papers often relied on Clark and Tilman’s findings [7] regarding the effectiveness and limitations of organic farming in reducing environmental impacts [14, 15]. However, a recent meta-analysis by Boschiero et al. [16] has presented findings that contradict those of Clark and Tilman [7]. Analyzing 77 previous publications, Boschiero et al. [16] report comparable or reduced environmental impacts for organic farming compared to conventional farming for acidification and eutrophication. The same was the case for most environmental other impact indicators except land use and ionizing radiation. et al. [16] acknowledge the disparities between their results and those of Clark and Tilman [7], they refrain from delving into the origins of these distinctions. Boschiero et al. [16] merely suggest that the discrepancy might be partly explained by the difference in the considered agricultural products. Boschiero et al. [16] considered only plant-based agricultural products, whereas Clark and Tilman [7] considered both plant-based and animal agricultural products. These discrepant findings have generated a pressing need for a comprehensive understanding of the underlying causes and implications. This study seeks to unravel the source of these disparities and eventually suggests that researchers should incorporate Boschiero et al. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by presenting a nuanced view of organic farming's environmental impact. It discusses varying findings from different studies, highlighting how organic farming can have lower environmental impacts in some cases while indicating that it can also have higher acidification and eutrophication potential compared to conventional farming. This evidence undermines the claim that organic farming has no environmental impact, showing instead that it can vary significantly depending on specific conditions and farming practices.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Natural selection drives evolution through differential survival. [SEP] Text: In conclusion, for both low and high correlations of LD phase, selection for CP generated a loss in response to selection in purebred animals. DiscussionThe purpose of this study was to evaluate the potential benefit of GS within purebred lines, when the objective is to improve performance of crossbred populations at the commercial level and phenotypic information is collected only on purebred animals. We compared response to selection in crossbred animals in five scenarios, where individuals were selected either on GEBVP or GEBVC, and marker effects were estimated either from two separate purebred reference populations or a combined purebred reference population. In a two-way crossbreeding system, we found that selection for GEBVC increased response in crossbred animals compared to selection for GEBVP. We also investigated the effect of the correlation of LD phase between the two pure breeds on the consequences of combining both reference populations. The results revealed that, for a high correlation of LD phase, combining both populations into a single reference population increased response to selection in crossbred animals. Persistence of LD phaseThe value of SNPs effect estimated for populations other than the reference population depends on the persistence of LD phase between the reference population and the other population [28]. For example, a SNP that was identified as being in LD with the QTL in one breed may not be in LD with the QTL in another breed. The level of LD is more likely to be different between two populations when these populations have diverged for many generations and the effective population size becomes small, and when distance between the SNP and the QTL is large, since these factors will either break down LD in the ancestral population or create new LD within the subpopulation [3,26]. For a low correlation of LD phase, combining data from both breeds to estimate marker effects (scenarios 3 and 4) had no effect on the accuracy of GS. It has been reported that using multiple breeds to predict GEBV can be effective to increase the size of the reference population and in turn increase accuracy of selection [29]. However, the benefit of combining reference populations depends on the size of the reference population, since there is a diminishing return relationship between size and accuracy of reference populations. Hence, if the reference population is small, combining populations may help when the correlation of LD phase is sufficiently high but will have a limited benefit or may even be detrimental when the reference population is large. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim directly and focuses on selection processes in breeding and the effects of linkage disequilibrium. Although it discusses selection and genetic evaluation, it does not provide information on natural selection or its role in evolution, making it irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Malnutrition remains a major issue in many low-income countries. [SEP] Text: Summary of findings: Specially formulated foods vs Standard care Specially formulated foods compared with standard care for treating children with MAM Patients or population: children with MAM Setting: low‐ and middle‐income countries Intervention: specially formulated foods (± counselling and medical care) Control: counselling and standard medical care without food provision comparative risks* (95% CI) Relative effect (95% CI) No of Participants (studies) Quality of the evidence (GRADE) Assumed risk Corresponding risk Standard care 554 per 1000 715 per 1000 (664 to 765) RR 1. 29 (1. 20 to 1. 38) 2152 (2 studies) Moderate1 ⊕⊕⊕⊝ Not recovered 111 per 1000 107 per 1000 (82 to 141) RR 0. 97 (0. 74 to 1. 27) 1974 (1 study) Low2 ⊕⊕⊝⊝ Defaulted 185 per 1000 55 per 1000 (41 to 72) RR 0. 30 (0. 22 to 0. 39) 1974 (1 study) Moderate3 ⊕⊕⊕⊝ Weight gain, total Mean weight gain ranged from 0. 69 to 0. 83 total kg Foods increased mean weight gain of 0. 18 kg (0. 04 to 0. 33) 178 (1 study) Low4 ⊕⊕⊝⊝ WHZ final Mean final WHZ ranged from ‐1. 6 to ‐1. 98 z‐scores Foods increased mean final WHZ of 0. 20 z‐scores (0. 03 to 0. 37) 1546 (2 studies) Moderate1 ⊕⊕⊕⊝ MUAC gain Mean MUAC gain ranged from 9 to 11 total mm Foods increased mean MUAC gain of 0. 62 mm (‐1. 38 to 2. 61) 178 (1 study) Very low4 ⊕⊝⊝⊝ HAZ final Mean final HAZ ranged from ‐2. 9 to ‐3. 6 z‐scores Foods increased mean final HAZ of 0. 23 z‐scores (‐0. 07 to 0. 54) 1546 (2 studies) Low5 ⊕⊕⊝⊝ *The basis for the assumed risk (e. g. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing a study on specially formulated foods for treating children with moderate acute malnutrition (MAM) in low- and middle-income countries. The comparative analysis of different interventions and their effects on nutritional outcomes, such as weight gain and specific growth metrics, provides evidence that malnutrition is a significant health issue within these populations. The mention of interventions being targeted in low- and middle-income settings supports the idea that malnutrition is prevalent in these regions.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Organic farming has no environmental impact since it doesn't use synthetic inputs. [SEP] Text: ’s [16] findings into their investigations, potentially necessitating a reconsideration of agricultural policies and dietary choices to align with updated environmental impact assessments. 2. Materials and methods 2. 1. Considered agricultural products In this study, our initial focus was to investigate whether the disparities in findings between Clark and Tilman [7] and Boschiero et al. [16] could be attributed to differences in the selected agricultural products for analysis. and Tilman [7] considered both plant-based and animal products, Boschiero et al. [16] exclusively examined plant-based products. To address this, we isolated data for plant-based products from Clark and Tilman’s [7] database and conducted a comparative analysis to determine if the disparities in the findings could be resolved by this treatment. The data for our analysis were acquired from the respective website of each paper. Our analysis focused on five environmental impact variables, consistently examined in both Clark and Tilman [7] and Boschiero et al. [16] using the Assessment. These variables included acidification, eutrophication, climate change, energy use, and land use. The primary variable of interest was the percentage denoting additional environmental impacts of organic farming in comparison to conventional farming. A positive percentage indicated a greater environmental impact for organic farming, while a negative percentage signified a reduced impact. 2. 2. Averaging methods Subsequently, we delved into an investigation of whether differences in the findings could be attributed to varying averaging methods employed by the two studies. and Tilman [7] and Boschiero et al. [16] utilized averaging methods to derive representative values for their datasets, acknowledging the asymmetrical distribution of the data. Clark and Tilman [7] calculated the logarithm of the ratio of environmental impacts for organic farming relative to conventional farming, using a base of 2. They then computed the arithmetic mean of these logarithmic values, which were then transformed back into the original scale. In contrast, Boschiero et al. [16] determined the median instead of the mean of the original values. Our analysis commenced by demonstrating the asymmetric distribution of the logarithmic values derived by Clark and Tilman [7], suggesting that Boschiero et al. ’s [16] choice of employing a median value might be a more appropriate approach. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the environmental impacts of organic farming in comparison to conventional farming. It explicitly states that a positive percentage in their findings indicates a greater environmental impact from organic farming, while a negative percentage signifies a reduced impact. This implies that organic farming does have some measurable environmental impacts, thereby contradicting the claim that it has no environmental impact.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Natural selection drives evolution through differential survival. [SEP] Text: For a high correlation of LD phase, combining animals from the two breeds in the training set improved the accuracy of selection in scenarios 3 and 4. These results are consistent with those of de Roos et al. [30], who concluded that across-population evaluations were preferred to within-population evaluations when the populations were closely related, marker density was high, or the number of animals with phenotypic records was small. Non-additive effects and response to selectionIt has been argued that dominance is the likely genetic basis of heterosis [7], therefore explicitly including dominance in the GS model may be an advantage when selecting purebred animals for CP, i. e. it may increase heterosis. In this study, we assumed dominance variance to be one third of the additive genetic variance. This ratio resulted in 10 to 15% of loci showing overdominance. When overdominance is present, crossbred performance is maximized if alternate alleles are fixed in the two purebred populations. In fact with overdominance, allele substitution effects may have opposite signs in the parental breeds, depending on allele frequencies in the two breeds. In this case, the two parental breeds are expected to be fixed for alternate alleles of overdominant QTL, which increases the frequency of favourable heterozygotes in crossbred progeny and can explain the benefit of selection based on GEBVC. However, it should be noted that existence of overdominance is not the only driver of divergence in allele frequencies in parental breeds. It has been shown that partial dominance can play a role in influencing changes in allele frequencies and have favourable effects on heterosis, especially when the number of QTL that affect the trait is large [31]. Genotype-by-environment and genotype-by-genetic interactionsIn our simulation, we assumed that the additive and dominance effects of the QTL alleles were similar in both breeds. For some QTL, which have been traced to known mutations, the alleles do act reasonably similarly in different breeds and populations [32]. However, this assumption is violated when there are QTL-by-environment interactions or QTL-by-genetic background interactions (epistasis). With substantial QTL-by-environment interactions or epistasis, it will be less advantageous to combine populations in a training set, because marker effects will differ between populations [30]. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim directly. Instead, it discusses genetic selection, dominance, heterosis, and the interaction of quantitative trait loci (QTL) within animal breeding. There is no mention of natural selection or differential survival in the context of evolution, making the text irrelevant to the claim about natural selection.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Malnutrition remains a major issue in many low-income countries. [SEP] Text: 08 z‐scores (‐0. 02 to 0. 17) 3048 (3 studies) Moderate1 ⊕⊕⊕⊝ MUAC gain Mean MUAC gain ranged from 0. 13 to 0. 24 mm/day LNS increased mean MUAC gain of 0. 04 mm/day (‐0. 00 to 0. 08) 3730 ( 2 studies) Moderate1 ⊕⊕⊕⊝ Height gain Mean height gain ranged from 0. 13 to 0. 21 mm/day LNS increased mean height gain of 0 mm/day (‐0. 03 to 0. 03) 3730 (2 studies) High ⊕⊕⊕⊕ *The basis for the assumed risk (e. g. the median control group risk across studies) is provided in footnotes. The corresponding risk (and its 95% confidence interval) is based on the assumed risk in the comparison group and the relative effect of the intervention (and its 95% CI). CI: Confidence interval; RR: Risk Ratio; MD: mean difference grades of evidence High quality: Further research is very unlikely to change our confidence in the estimate of effect. Moderate quality: Further research is likely to have an important impact on our confidence in the estimate of effect and may change the estimate. Low quality: Further research is very likely to have an important impact on our confidence in the estimate of effect and is likely to change the estimate. Very low quality: We are very uncertain about the estimate. Downgraded by 1 for inconsistency (high heterogeneity of results among trials) of the condition Undernutrition encompasses chronic malnutrition (stunting), acute malnutrition (wasting), and deficiencies of micronutrients. Moderate acute malnutrition (MAM), also called moderate wasting, affects around 10% of children under five years of age in low‐ and middle‐income countries (Black 2008). In absolute numbers, this means that between 40 to 55 million children in the world are suffering from MAM (Black 2008; Kerac 2011). There is variation in the prevalence of MAM in children under five years of age in low‐ and middle‐income countries, and on a regional basis within the same countries. However, South‐is estimated to have the highest point prevalence (19%) and the highest absolute number of affected children (30 million children). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by providing statistical evidence regarding undernutrition, specifically stating that moderate acute malnutrition (MAM) affects around 10% of children under five years of age in low- and middle-income countries. It further mentions that this translates to approximately 40 to 55 million children worldwide suffering from MAM, highlighting the significant issue of malnutrition in these regions.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Organic farming has no environmental impact since it doesn't use synthetic inputs. [SEP] Text: The level of asymmetry was assessed using Peason’s second skewness coefficient calculated from the mean, median, and standard deviation [17]. We subsequently examined whether the disparities in findings could be mitigated when applying Boschiero et al. ’s [16] averaging method. 2. 3. Sample size To address the possibility that disparities in findings were influenced by sample size, our next investigation examined the impact of sample size on the differences between Clark and Tilman [7] and Boschiero et al. [16]. Although both studies reviewed a substantial number of papers (164 and 77, respectively), it was evident that Clark and Tilman [7] frequently encountered constraints in sample size due to the scarcity of paired studies that directly compared environmental impacts between organic and conventional farming. To assess the potential errors associated with a smaller sample size, we performed a resampling procedure using Boschiero et al. ’s [16] data. This procedure involved 5,000 iterations through bootstrapping with replacement [18]. The resulting distribution of 5,000 medians and the subsequent calculation of a 95% interval for these medians provided insights into the potential errors linked to limited sample size. Importantly, we confirmed that doubling the number of resampling iterations to 10,000 did not significantly alter the results. 3. Results 3. 1. Considered agricultural products The additional environmental impact percentages calculated by Clark and Tilman [7] for organic farming, compared to conventional farming, were as follows: +13% for acidification, +37% for eutrophication, −4% for climate change, −15% for energy use, and +56% for land use (Table 1). Notably, the values for acidification and eutrophication deviated considerably from the results reported by Boschiero et al. [16]. and Tilman [7] reported positive values, Boschiero et al. [16] presented negative values for these categories. Even when restricting the analysis to plant-based products, the values for acidification and eutrophication remained positive (Table 1). This adjustment did lead to a reduction in the disparity between Clark and Tilman [7] and Boschiero et al. [16] for acidification but an increase for eutrophication. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by presenting data that shows organic farming has positive environmental impacts in certain areas, specifically indicating increases in acidification (+13%) and eutrophication (+37%) compared to conventional farming. This suggests that organic farming does have a measurable environmental impact rather than having no impact at all.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Natural selection drives evolution through differential survival. [SEP] Text: In addition, with genotype-by-environment (G × E) interaction and epistasis, the main complication is that the dominance model does not fully explain the incomplete genetic correlation between crossbred and purebred individuals (r pc ). In fact, an incomplete genetic correlation between purebred and crossbred performance can be due to both non-additive effects (dominance and epistasis), and G × E interaction. In our simulation, the correlation between TBVP and TBVC (r tbvp,tbvc ) was 0. 66 and 0. 7 on average for low and high correlations of LD phase between two breeds, respectively, which was purely due to dominance and differences in allele frequencies between the two purebred lines. In this study, we focused on using purebred data to improve CP. In fact, selection at the purebred level reduces the need for the crossbred testing that is required for CCPS, thereby saving important test resources and enabling the short generation intervals of purebred selection. However, Dekkers and Chakraborty [33] discussed the benefit of GS for improving CP and suggested that it may be limited if marker effects are estimated from purebred nucleus data since the resulting EBV are strictly relevant to the studied population and environment only and may not help much to improve selection for CP if substantial G × E and genotype-by-genetic (G × G) background interactions are present. In this study, we considered the G × G due to dominance and not that due to differences in the physical environment. In principle, one could use a dominance model and multitrait analysis to partition the purebred-crossbred genetic correlation into a component due to dominance and a remaining component due to G × E and epistasis. However, accurate partitioning would require a small standard error of the estimated purebred-crossbred genetic correlation, and thus very large datasets [34]. In this study, directional dominance was simulated since dominance coefficients (h i ) were normally distributed with a positive mean, N(0. 5, 0. 1). Consequently, dominance effects (d i ) were on average greater than 0 (d > 0). However, in the statistical model used to estimate the genetic effects associated with each marker, dominance effects were considered as random unknown effects with a mean of 0. The simulation of dominance effects that are on average greater than 0 has two consequences. First, the overall average trait value may increase. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim because it discusses genotype-by-environment interaction, dominance, and genetic correlations without addressing the concept of natural selection or its role in evolution. There is no mention of survival, evolutionary processes, or how natural selection might influence genetic traits.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Malnutrition remains a major issue in many low-income countries. [SEP] Text: A prevalence rate above 15% has been recorded in several countries in East, Central, and West Africa, and rates of over 10% are reported in some countries in the (2013; WHO 2013). Time trends in the prevalence of MAM have shown important improvements in some regions of the world, notably (Fernandez 2002; Lima 2010; Stevens 2012), while in many other countries the prevalence still remains unacceptably high (2013; WHO 2013). The incidence of acute malnutrition in low‐ and middle‐income countries is usually more prominent in the first years of life when children have a high demand for nutrients and there are limitations in the quality and quantity of their diets, including inadequate breastfeeding practices (Shrimpton 2001; Black 2008; Paul 2011). Children in their first few years of life are also more susceptible to recurrent infectious diseases such as diarrhoea, which adversely affect metabolism, appetite, and nutritional status. Being exposed to inadequate food intake and recurrent infections, children in low‐ and middle‐income countries can easily enter a vicious circle of weight loss, increased susceptibility to infections, and ever‐worsening nutritional status (Guerrant 2008). Acute malnutrition is also strongly associated with HIV and tuberculosis (TB). Both diseases compromise the nutritional status leading to malnutrition, which in turn aggravates the severity and the clinical course of HIV and TB (Donald 2007; Papathakis 2008). Acute and chronic malnutrition can coexist in the same child. However, acute and chronic malnutrition are not necessarily associated on a geographical or ecological basis, that is, countries with a similar stunting prevalence can have a several‐fold difference in the prevalence of wasting (Black 2008; 2013; WHO 2013). Consequences of moderate acute malnutrition Moderate acute malnutrition (MAM) has a strong impact on child mortality and morbidity in developing countries. Malnutrition impairs immune function (Leke 1996) and for this reason children with malnutrition are more vulnerable to infections, more prone to severe diseases, and present a higher mortality risk. Children with MAM have an estimated three‐ to four‐fold increased risk of overall mortality compared to well‐nourished children (Caulfield 2004; Black 2008). Cause‐specific mortality risk in low‐ and middle‐income countries for children with MAM is increased for common infections such as pneumonia (odds ratio (OR) 4. 2; 95% confidence interval (CI) 3. 2 to 5. 5), measles (OR 3. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by providing detailed statistics and discussions around the prevalence of malnutrition in low- and middle-income countries. It mentions that rates above 15% have been recorded in parts of Africa and emphasizes that, despite improvements in some regions, many areas still face unacceptably high rates of malnutrition. It also highlights the severe consequences of moderate acute malnutrition, such as increased mortality risk and susceptibility to infections, further illustrating that malnutrition is a critical issue affecting the health of children in low-income countries.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Organic farming has no environmental impact since it doesn't use synthetic inputs. [SEP] Text: Consequently, the difference in the considered agricultural products did not account for the disparities in findings between the two meta-analytical studies. 3. 2. Averaging methods Peason’s second skewness coefficients were 0. 65, 0. 11, 0. 27, −0. 21, and 1. 64 for acidification, eutrophication, climate change, energy use, and land use, indicating pronounced asymmetry for acidification and land use. The asymmetry for acidification and land use was also obvious in the frequency distributions for these variables (Figure 1), suggesting the use of medians instead of means would be more appropriate. Using medians instead of means resulted in a shift, with the value for acidification becoming negative, while eutrophication remained positive (Table 1). This adjustment in averaging methods partially elucidated the disparities in findings between Clark and Tilman [7] and Boschiero et al. [16]. Table 1 Additional environmental impact percentages for organic farming in comparison to conventional farming and Tilman [7] Boschiero et al. [16] Original (all products, mean) n Plant-based products Median n Median[25th, 75th percentiles] n Acidification +13% 26 +6% −4% 12 −9%[−49%, +39%] 75 Eutrophication +37% 20 +64% +48% 8 −3%[−43%, +32%] 122 Climate change −4% 44 −20% −5% 23 −20%[−59%, +14%] 121 Energy use −15% 33 −15% −19% 18 −15%[−42%, +23%] 67 Land use +56% 37 +38% +15% 24 +31%[−18%, +65%] 52 This table includes the original values reported by Clark and Tilman [7], alternative values calculated by the author using different methods, and the corresponding figures from Boschiero et al. [16]. Figure 1 Frequency distributions of samples for (a) acidification and (b) land use, based on the logarithmic ratio in organic farming compared to conventional farming, utilizing data derived from Clark and Tilman [7]. 3. 3. Sample size The distribution of median values for eutrophication, derived from Boschiero et al. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by providing quantitative data on the environmental impacts of organic farming compared to conventional farming. It states various metrics of environmental impact such as acidification, eutrophication, climate change, energy use, and land use with specific percentages indicating differences attributable to organic farming. For instance, it shows a +13% impact on acidification and +37% on eutrophication for organic farming, which directly contradicts the claim that organic farming has no environmental impact.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Natural selection drives evolution through differential survival. [SEP] Text: Determinants for the evolution rate of enhancer sequencesTo understand the source of the selective forces acting on heart enhancers, the factors potentially associated with the evolution rate of enhancer sequences, and the properties of heart enhancers, were investigated. Two types of enhancer characteristics were examined: enhancer pleiotropy and the properties of neighboring genes. As mentioned in Methods, enhancer regions that only functioned in a single tissue were defined as specific enhancer regions, while all others were defined as pleiotropic enhancer regions. Initially, specific enhancer regions were found to have a significantly higher D (P < e-300, Mann-test, Figure 3A) compared to pleiotropic enhancer regions. These results indicated that specific enhancer regions had a faster rate of sequence evolution. Furthermore, higher D/d4 (P = 6. 7e-16, U test, Figure 3D) ratios of specific enhancer regions suggests that the faster evolution rate observed is due to a fixation bias, rather than a mutation bias. To avoid redundancy, analyses based on D/di were not conducted. Previous studies reported that pleiotropic [41], or housekeeping protein coding genes [42], are subject to more stringent selective constraints. Similarly, the evolution of pleiotropic enhancer regions could be constrained by having a role in the development of a wide range of biological systems. As a result, mutations in these enhancer regions would have greater deleterious effects. These hypotheses are consistent with the patterns observed in Figure 3A and 3D. Figure 3Correlations between the evolutionary rates of mouse enhancers and enhancer properties: the tissue-specificity of the enhancers (A, D), essentiality of the adjacent gene (B, E), and the expression level of the adjacent gene (C, F). Evolutionary rates are represented by D (A-C) or D/d4 (D-F). Spearman's rank correlation coefficient is (C) 0. 040 (P <10-3) and (F) 0. 046 (P <10-4) for the unbinned data. The values of upper quartile, median, and lower quartile are indicated in each box, whereas the bars outside the box indicate semi-quartile ranges. Pairwise comparisons showing significant differences in D or D/d4 are connected with gray lines (*0. 01<P≦0. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim directly about natural selection driving evolution. Instead, it delves into the factors affecting the evolution rate of enhancer sequences and illustrates characteristics of specific and pleiotropic enhancers without discussing the broader implications of natural selection and differential survival in evolutionary theory.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Malnutrition remains a major issue in many low-income countries. [SEP] Text: 7; 95% CI 2. 5 to 5. 5), malaria (OR 3. 0; 95% CI 1. 0 to 8. 9), and diarrhoea (OR 2. 9; 95% CI 1. 8 to 4. 5) (Black 2008). Moreover, if not adequately supported, children with MAM can rapidly progress towards severe acute malnutrition (SAM), which is a life‐threatening condition (Garenne 2009). In absolute numbers, most malnutrition‐related deaths occur in mildly or moderately malnourished children, who represent the larger proportion of total children in comparison with those who are severely malnourished (Pelletier 1995; Black 2008). It is estimated that about one in six (14. 6%) child deaths per year in low‐ and middle‐income countries are attributable to acute malnutrition. Of these, 4. 4% are due to severe acute malnutrition, and 10. 2% to moderate acute malnutrition. In terms of disease‐adjusted life years (DALYs), moderate and severe acute malnutrition together account for 14. 8% of the total DALYs in children under five years of age. Investing in malnutrition is therefore essential to reduce child mortality, and achieve the Goal (MDG) 4 (Black 2008; Waage 2010). As acute malnutrition also increases the health risk associated with HIV and TB, interventions that aim to reduce malnutrition may have an impact on these specific diseases (MDG 6) (2006). Malnutrition can adversely affect cognitive and social aspects of child health. Hunger is associated with reduced attention and low interest levels and malnourished children have poor cognitive performance that can ultimately compromise their ability to learn, their education, and their overall development (2006). Reaching an acceptable nutritional status is recognised as a fundamental prerequisite in order to improve educational attainment (MDG 2) (2006; Stein 2008; Martorell 2010; Waage 2010). From an economic perspective, malnutrition leads to direct losses in terms of physical productivity, indirect losses due to poor cognitive development and schooling, and a loss in resources from increased healthcare costs (2006). Interventions that aim at reducing malnutrition have the potential to reduce poverty and to develop national economies (MDG1) (2006; Waage 2010). Malnutrition has a bidirectional relationship with social exclusion and poverty. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by providing extensive evidence on the impact of malnutrition in low- and middle-income countries. It outlines that malnutrition leads to significant child mortality rates and highlights the proportion of deaths attributable to acute malnutrition. Furthermore, it discusses the relationship between malnutrition and poverty, emphasizing that interventions aimed at reducing malnutrition are essential for improving health outcomes, educational achievement, and economic productivity in these regions.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Organic farming has no environmental impact since it doesn't use synthetic inputs. [SEP] Text: It is thus crucial to the critical importance of reassessing the potential of organic farming for mitigating environmental impacts based on Boschiero et al. ’s [16] updated data and findings, although we acknowledge that organic farming is not always an effective solution. authors declare no financial support for the research, authorship, or publication of this 5221. doi: 10. 1038/nplants. 2015. 221 2 Willer H, Schlatter B, Tráníček J. The world of organic agriculture: statistics & emerging trends 2023. Frick and Bonn: FiBL & IFOAM; 2023. Available from: 3 European Commission. Organic farming in the EU: a decade of organic growth. European Union. 2023. Available from: 4 Eyhorn F, et al. Sustainability in global agriculture driven by organic farming. Nat Sustain. 2019;2:253–55. doi: 10. 1038/s41893-019-0266-6 5 Food and of the United Nations. Organic agriculture. Food and of the United Nations. 2023. Available from: 6 Gamage A, et al. Role of organic farming for achieving sustainability in agriculture. Farming Syst. 2023;1(1):100005. doi: 10. 1016/j. farsys. 2023. 100005 7 Clark M, Tilman D. Comparative analysis of environmental impacts of agricultural production systems, agricultural input efficiency, and food choice. Lett. 2017;12:064016. doi: 10. 1088/1748-9326/aa6cd5 8 Jouzi Z, et al. Organic farming and small-scale farmers: main opportunities and challenges. Ecol Econ. 2017;132:144–54. doi: 10. 1016/j. ecolecon. 2016. 10. 016 9 Seufert V, Ramakutty N. Many shades of gray—the context-dependent performance of organic agriculture. Sci Adv. 2017;3:e1602638. doi: 10. 1126/sciadv. 1602638 10 Meier MS, et al. Environmental impacts of organic and conventional agricultural products - are the differences captured by life cycle assessment? J Environ Manage. 2015;149:193–208. doi: 10. 1016/j. jenvman. 2014. 10. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by stating that organic farming is not always an effective solution for mitigating environmental impacts. It suggests that organic farming should be reassessed for its potential regarding environmental consequences, indicating that it does have some impact rather than having none.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Natural selection drives evolution through differential survival. [SEP] Text: 05 and ***P≦0. 001 by Mann-test). Full size imageEnhancers tend to regulate neighboring genes that are within several kilobases [9]. Therefore, we also investigated the association between the evolution rate of enhancer regions and the properties of adjacent genes (e. g. , the closest coding gene in the mouse genome). The median distance for adjacent genes was found to be 49. 7 kb. It is important to note that the adjacent gene of an enhancer may not be the same gene used to compute d4 or di, since the calculation of d4 and di require the presence of a one-to-one ortholog in another genome. For enhancer regions with an adjacent gene that is considered to be essential, a significantly smaller D (P = 3. 83e-6, U test) was observed compared to enhancer regions adjacent to a non-essential gene (Figure 3B). These results suggest that faster rates of evolution occurred in the latter case. It has previously been shown that genomic regions with high gene density have low mutation rates [43]. Moreover, highly expressed genes, which tend to be essential [24, 44], are located in gene-dense genomic regions [45]. Thus, we expected that genomic regions enriched with essential genes would have a lowered mutation rate which potentially explains Figure 3B. As expected, a smaller D for enhancer regions with an adjacent gene that is essential was observed, while no significant difference in D/d4 was observed for enhancers with an adjacent essential gene versus a non-essential gene (P = 0. 27, U test, Figure 3E). In addition, enhancer regions with a highly expressed adjacent gene tended to evolve faster than enhancer regions adjacent to a weakly expressed gene (Spearman's rank correlation coefficient σ of D vs. the expression level of the adjacent gene = 0. 040, P = 1. 9e-4; Figure 3C, for U test). A slightly more significant positive correlation was found between D/d4 and the expression level of an adjacent gene (Spearman's σ = 0. 044, P = 9. 8e-5; Figure 3F, for U test), suggesting that embryonic enhancers near weakly expressed genes are subject to a more biased selective force. The results remained unchanged when gene expression levels were defined by the maximum expression signal detected for the 61 mouse tissues analyzed (Additional file 5). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim regarding natural selection driving evolution through differential survival. Instead, it focuses on the evolution of enhancer regions and their relationship with adjacent genes but does not directly connect these observations to the overarching concept of natural selection.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Malnutrition remains a major issue in many low-income countries. [SEP] Text: The prevalence of malnutrition is often two or three times higher, sometimes even many times higher, among those who are more socioeconomically deprived, even within the same geographical area (2006; 2013). The treatment of malnutrition is, therefore, also a matter of social justice and equity. Description of the intervention A framework developed by Children's Fund () recognises the basic and underlying causes of undernutrition, including environmental, economic, and sociopolitical contextual factors, with poverty playing a central role (Black 2008). Addressing general deprivation and inequity would result in substantial and long‐term reductions in undernutrition and should be a global priority. Food interventions aim to reverse inadequate food intake and also aim at improving knowledge, attitude, and practices related to a healthy diet. Two broad approaches are used. Where there is adequate access to foods needed for feeding children but lack of knowledge of how best to use them, nutritional counselling on how to improve domestic diet is given to families on the assumption that this will improve the diet of children. In emergency contexts, where food availability is inadequate to meet the nutritional needs of children, improving local diet may not be practicable and externally provided food rations are given (Briend 2009). Interventions to improve family foods include the use of special recipes made with locally available ingredients and home processing of foods, such as soaking, germination, malting and fermentation, to increase their nutritional content. However, a recent review of programmes implemented by a considerable number of agencies or donors, international non‐governmental agencies (NGOs), paediatric associations, and local governments has highlighted that in general, for the treatment of MAM, there is a greater emphasis on providing food supplements than on delivering adequate dietary counselling in order to improve local diet habits (Ashworth 2009). This may be due to a generally greater emphasis on treatment programmes utilising external resources (such as ready‐to‐use foods), rather than on prevention programmes focusing on behavioural change, and to greater attention given to short‐term outcomes instead of long‐term impacts of intervention (Ashworth 2009). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the prevalence of malnutrition among socioeconomically deprived individuals, mentioning that it is often two or three times higher in these groups. It emphasizes the role of poverty in undernutrition, which is a defining feature of many low-income countries, and calls for addressing deprivation and inequity as a global priority. This aligns with the claim that malnutrition is a significant issue in low-income settings.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Organic farming has no environmental impact since it doesn't use synthetic inputs. [SEP] Text: 006 11. A meta-analysis of the differences in environmental impacts between organic and conventional farming. J. 2009;111:1098–119. doi: 10. 1108/00070700910992925 12. Does organic farming reduce environmental impacts? - a meta-analysis of European research. J Environ Manage. 2012;112:309–20. doi: 10. 1016/j. jenvman. 2012. 08. 018 13 Health. Sustainable food for a sustainable planet. 2017;1:E123. doi: 10. 1016/S2542-5196(17)30066-9 14 Meeken E, Qaim M. Organic agriculture, food security, and the environment. Resour Econ. 2018;10:4. 1–4. 25. doi: 10. 1146/annurev-resource-100517-023252 15 Giampieri F, et al. Organic vs conventional plant-based foods: a review. Food Chem. 2022;383:132352. doi: 10. 1016/j. foodchem. 2022. 132352 16. Comparison of organic and conventional cropping systems: a systematic review of life cycle assessment studies. Assess Rev. 2023;102:107187. doi: 10. 1016/j. eiar. 2023. 107187 17. Measuring skewness: a forgotten statistic? J Stat Edu. 2011;19:2. doi: 10. 1080/10691898. 2011. 11889611 18 Peck R, Devore JL. Statistics: the exploration and analysis of data. Boston (MA): Brooks/Cole; 2011. 19 Ritchie H. Is organic really better for the environment than conventional agriculture? in Data. 2017. Available from: 20 Lazzaris S. We are going organic. But it’s no silver bullet. Foodunfold. 2022. Available from: Available from: and ways forward for related research. Sustain Sci. 2021;16:2087–99. doi: 10. 1007/s11625-021-01018-6 23 -mat. 1. 5-Degree lifestyles: targets and options for reducing lifestyle carbon footprints. Hayama: Institute for Strategies; 2019. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by referencing various studies that analyze the environmental impacts of organic farming. For example, it mentions a meta-analysis examining whether organic farming reduces environmental impacts, indicating that the topic is complex and nuanced. This challenges the notion that organic farming has no environmental impact simply because it avoids synthetic inputs, suggesting that there are environmental considerations beyond the use of synthetics.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Natural selection drives evolution through differential survival. [SEP] Text: However, at the present stage, it remains unclear whether expression levels of an adjacent gene directly, or indirectly, affect D/d4. Determining the cause of such an effect needs future studies. Local genomic and regulatory characteristics do not explain the rapid evolution of heart enhancersAs described in the Introduction, studies of protein evolution have shown that unanticipated confounding factors can influence the identification and the interpretation of determinants for coding DNA evolutionary rates. Therefore, variations in the evolution rates of different embryonic tissues can result from factors indirectly related to the tissue factor. In the present study, enhancers from the forebrain, midbrain, limb, and heart did not only differ in the tissue types from which they were identified, but also in several of their general properties that influenced D as well as D/d4. For embryonic heart enhancers, they typically were not pleiotropic (Figure 4A), and they tended to be physically close to highly expressed genes (Figure 4B). Since both tissue-specific enhancers and enhancers near highly expressed genes have been associated with fast evolution rates due to natural selection (Figure 3D and 3F), these biases could also contribute to the rapid evolution of embryonic heart enhancers. Figure 4Properties of heart enhancers. Heart enhancers include more specific enhancers (A) and enhancers adjacent to highly expressed genes (B). (A) The numbers in boxes represent the number of enhancers in a group. (B) The values of upper quartile, median, and lower quartile are indicated in each box, whereas the bars outside the box indicate semi-quartile ranges. Pairwise comparisons with significantly different expression levels of the adjacent gene are connected with gray lines (*0. 01<P≦0. 05 and ***P≦0. 001 by (A) × 2 test or (B) Mann-test). FB, forebrain; MB, midbrain; LB, limb; HT, heart. Full size imageTo determine the role of enhancer pleiotropy and proximity to highly expressed genes, D (Figure 4A) and D/d4 (Figure 4B) values were compared for enhancers of the embryonic forebrain, midbrain, limbs, and heart, after controlling for the aforementioned two biases. To control for tissue specificity, only specific enhancers were examined. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses the characteristics of embryonic heart enhancers and their potential evolutionary rates without directly relating to the mechanism of natural selection or differential survival. It mentions factors influencing evolution rates but does not establish a direct link to natural selection driving the process.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Malnutrition remains a major issue in many low-income countries. [SEP] Text: A possible side effect of food supplements in children with MAM, in particular, foods with high lipid content, is rapid weight gain, which has been recognised as a risk factor for adult adiposity, obesity, and metabolic syndrome (Uauy 2002; Ekelund 2006; Victora 2007; Gordon‐Larsen 2012; Adair 2013). Homemade foods, especially those with high water content, may be at risk of being contaminated by germs and lead to other harms such as diarrhoea. At a population level, strategies with great investment in externally provided supplementary foods can be detrimental by creating dependence on external donors, or by resulting in a waste of money if results are not achieved or not sustained in the long term. Given the high prevalence of MAM in many low‐ and middle‐income countries, sustainability of local strategies will necessarily need to take account of cost‐effectiveness and feasibility of different options, such as locally produced foods versus imported foods, and the integration of food strategies into complex intervention packages. Why it is important to do this review There is no definitive consensus on the most effective way to treat children with MAM. To our knowledge, this is the first systematic review comparing all the different types of foods for the treatment of children with MAM. Previous narrative reviews evaluated dietary counselling and other food interventions for children with MAM (Ashworth 2009; 2009). systematic review (Sguassero 2012) evaluated supplementary feeding but not directly in comparison with other foods as we do in this review. Another ongoing Cochrane systematic review is evaluating nutritional education as an intervention provided in association to supplementary food (Sguassero 2007). Many other reviews have evaluated micronutrient interventions and this is outside the scope of our review. One other Cochrane review evaluated school feeding for school‐aged children, which is an older age group than the one included in our review (Kristjansson 2007). review is evaluating foods for the treatment of children with SAM (Schoonees 2011). Many of the countries with a high burden of MAM are in a state of emergency or chronic hunger. Given the poor feasibility and acceptability of randomised controlled trials (RCTs) in emergency contexts, we have also allowed the inclusion non‐randomised controlled clinical trials (CCTs), controlled before‐and‐after studies (CBAs), and interrupted time series (ITS) studies. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by highlighting that many low- and middle-income countries have a high prevalence of moderate acute malnutrition (MAM) and outlines concerns regarding food strategies in these regions. It mentions that many of these countries are in 'a state of emergency or chronic hunger,' which directly relates to the ongoing issue of malnutrition in low-income contexts.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: The majority of the world’s coffee comes from small, independent farmers who rely on sustainable practices. [SEP] Text: [11, 15] GAP was introduced by FAO and implemented in many agricultural producing countries [16]. GlobalGAP is one of the well-known GAP standards in the world for pursuing high quality food safety for the agricultural food producer countries. [1] GlobalGAP standards are widely accepted by international markets such as EU and USA markets. [9] However, the strictness and difficulties of the GlobalGAP standard could not be satisfied for Thai farmers’ GlobalGAP practical implementation. Thailand is one of the agricultural countries which adopted the GAP concept to increase the competitiveness, food security, and standardization of Thai agricultural products. With standard and framework developed, GAP could satisfy the demand of international markets for high quality safe food. Coffee is one of the sensitive agricultural products for the export market. [12] Therefore, GAP was chosen as an important public standard to increase coffee farmers’ competitiveness and guarantee food safety for domestic consumption and the export markets. It needed a globally acceptable standard as the minimum requirement for exporting and guarantees the food safety for exported agricultural commodities. [1] However, Thai coffee farmers still encountered problems such as lack of technical knowledge and experience on GAP practical implementation. The inefficiency of GAP implementation showed the low level of farmers’ understanding of GAP. [5] Thai farmers’ adherence to conventional farming methods was the challenge for GAP extension institutions in promoting the standard procedure for the farmers, which could improve the farmers’ perception of the GAP standards. However, the practical GAP inspection procedures and limitations of extension services were also causes of farmers’ low GAP understanding of GAP and led to poor practical implementation in the past [1]. Therefore, the current problems might be caused by the inefficiency of extension services provided by the Ministry of Agriculture and Cooperative (MOAC) authorities [2]. In Thailand, the coffee market condition did not directly encouraged the farmers to participate in the GAP theme. Not only was there a public standard for coffee commodities, there appeared to be a private standard provided by the beggest local private coffee processing company. This private standard provided higher coffee price than general coffee for their members, but the farmers were required GAP certification as their membership qualification. In addition, GAP coffee products could be sold at the same price as the ordinary coffee. This means only nominal GAP certification was demanded from the local coffee farmers. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by highlighting that Thai coffee farmers encounter challenges in implementing GlobalGAP standards, which are designed to ensure quality and safety, and that many farmers still adhere to conventional farming methods. This suggests that not all coffee farmers engage in sustainable practices and that the difficulties in certification and adherence point to a lack of reliance on sustainable methods by the majority of coffee producers.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Natural selection drives evolution through differential survival. [SEP] Text: One possible underlying cause for a more relaxed purifying selection on heart enhancer is that during mouse embryogenesis, heart development begins and finishes earlier than brain and limb developments. If all enhancer sequences identified in [9] are functional regulatory DNA sequences at E11. 5, these enhancers are regulating late-stage heart organogenesis but early-stage organogenesis of the brain or limbs. Mutations resulting in abnormal organ development at a later stage of organogenesis could bring a milder defect than those resulting in defects occur at an earlier stage, and therefore are more tolerable to the organism. Our finding that heart enhancers tend to be positively selected is particularly intriguingly. In the future, it would be interesting to determine whether heart enhancers have been repeatedly shaped by positive selection because they are also involved in other developmental processes associated with morphological or physiological diversity. With the increasing abundance of functional genomic data and phenotypic data for mouse genes, such investigations will be feasible when a more complete set of spatial and temporal p300 ChIP-Seq data for mouse embryos and other species becomes available. Abbreviations d 4 : substitution rate of fourfold degenerate sites d i : substitution rate of intron sites D : sequence divergence of enhancer regions FB: forebrain MB: midbrain LB: limb HT: heart. 7358. 10. 1073/pnas. 0910339107. 216. 36. 10. 1016/j. cell. 2008. 06. 030. 701. 10. 1038/322697a0. 665. 10. 1002/1521-1878(200007)22:7<657::AID-BIES8>3. 0. CO;2-2. 502. 10. 1038/nature05295. 13. 10. 1242/dev. 036160. 657. 10. 1038/nmeth1068. 810. 10. 1038/ng. 650. 858. 10. 1038/nature07730. 735. 10. 1038/ng0910-734. 21. Genome Res. 2001, 11 (10): 1651-1659. 10. 1101/gr. 198201. 1050. 10. 1101/gr. 3715005. 281. 10. 1038/332278a0. 10. 1371/journal. pgen. 1000071. 108. 10. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not directly address the claim regarding natural selection and evolution. It discusses heart enhancers and their positive selection in relation to organ development without explicitly linking to the concept of differential survival as a driver of evolution.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Malnutrition remains a major issue in many low-income countries. [SEP] Text: evaluate the safety and effectiveness of different types of foods for children with moderate acute malnutrition (MAM) in low‐ and middle‐income countries. To assess whether foods complying or not complying with WHO nutritional specifications (WHO 2012) are safe and effective. for considering studies for this review Types of studies Randomised controlled trials (RCTs) (including cluster‐randomised controlled trials), quasi‐randomised trials, non‐randomised controlled clinical trials (CCTs), controlled before‐and‐after studies (CBAs), and interrupted time series (ITS) studies. We had two minimum criteria for inclusion of CBAs. Contemporaneous data collection: we included the study if the data in the experimental and control sites were collected in the same time frame. Appropriate choice of control site: we included studies using a second site as control if the study and control sites were comparable with respect to setting and population. We had two minimum criteria for inclusion of ITS designs. Clearly defined point in time when the intervention occurred: we included the study if it reported that the intervention occurred at a clearly defined point in time. At least three data points before and three after the intervention: we included the study if three or more data points before and three or more data points after the intervention were recorded, and if a repeated measure analysis was carried out. ITS studies that ignored secular (trend) changes and that performed a simple t‐test of the pre‐ versus post‐intervention periods without further justification were excluded. Types of participants Children in low‐ and middle‐income countries aged 6 to 60 months with moderate acute malnutrition, treated either in hospital, a community clinic, or at home. Moderate acute malnutrition (MAM) is defined as weight‐for‐height (WFH) between ‐3 and ‐2 standard deviations from the mean or between 70% and 80% of the mean, or mid‐upper arm circumference (MUAC) between 115 and 125 mm, and no oedema (Black 2008; WHO 2012). Studies of children with very special needs such as neoplasm or organ transplants were excluded. Types of interventions type of food used for children with moderate acute malnutrition. All of the categories listed below could be included (2009). Improved adequacy of local diet: local foods prepared at home according to a given recipe; home processing of local foods (such as soaking, germination, malting and fermentation). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the safety and effectiveness of different types of foods for children with moderate acute malnutrition (MAM) specifically in low‐ and middle‐income countries, indicating that malnutrition is a significant concern for this demographic. The focus on interventions for children suffering from MAM underscores the ongoing issue of malnutrition in these settings.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: The majority of the world’s coffee comes from small, independent farmers who rely on sustainable practices. [SEP] Text: GCFs possibly practiced and learned GAP by themselves after getting GAP information from the extension offices which affected the level of their GAP perception positively. The market condition has not encouraged the farmers to continuously produce GAP-based coffee. Only certification was needed for them. The farmers were more familiar with their conventional farming methods (18. 7 years) than GAP approaches (1. 4 years). They adopted GAP approach only for getting the certificates by complying only with the contents strictly inspected by the inspectors. Previously they adopted their conventional methods for their practical farming which often conflicted with GAP approach (such as chemical use method). The results of farmers’ GAP experiences negatively affected the GCFs’ GAP understanding indicating the inefficiency and strictness of inspection services that contributed to the situation. Although the GAP extension and promotion procedures were important factors for the development of farmers’ GAP understanding, the lack of GAP extension discouraged practical implementation. Therefore, GCFs’ perception of GAP understanding declined whenever they acquired more experiences on GAP. This means there were an option for the farmers to adapt their conventional farming methods with the GAP approaches, which have been discouraged by the limitation of inspection services. However, farmers’ self-confidence positively affected their GAP understanding which was supported by the social learning theory of Bandura [3]. Both theory and practicality of GAP knowledge was promoted by DOAE officers enhancing farmers’ self-confidence. If farmers had better understanding of GAP content due to the efficiency of GAP advertising methods, they may increase their efforts for implementing GAP. GCFs had an advantage in increasing GAP understanding through their practices in their respective area. GCFs become disinterested with GAP after they were certified because GAP certification cannot be directly used as marketing tools from the buyer side. Subsequently, GAP can be effectively implemented on the GCFs by conducting specific workshop or group training program. Continuous training programs should be provided to certified-GCFs to remind them about GAP. It will also maintain their GAP self-confidence which supports their intention to implement GAP. Extension officers only strongly encouraged and provided many services supporting farmers at the GAP start period. The certified local coffee farmers got 2 years certificates. However, the poor status of GAP inspection was the main constraint due to its limitation on budget and human resources, which resulted in the lack of continuous inspection services. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the challenges faced by small coffee farmers (referred to as GCFs) regarding their adoption of Good Agricultural Practices (GAP). It highlights that these farmers often rely on their conventional methods, which may not align with sustainability practices, and that their interest in GAP is primarily driven by the need for certification rather than a commitment to sustainable farming. The text notes that the market condition does not encourage continuous production of GAP-based coffee and indicates issues like the inefficiency of inspection services, which further discourages sustainable practices among these farmers.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Natural selection drives evolution through differential survival. [SEP] Text: 1038/nature07175. 1504. 10. 1093/nar/8. 7. 1499. 254. 2070. 1155. 10. 1093/molbev/msi101. 2080. 10. 1093/molbev/msl076. 968. 116. 2048. 10. 1093/molbev/msl081. 43. 2784. 10. 1073/pnas. 0610797104. 10. 1186/gb-2008-9-9-r142. 538. 10. 1101/gr. 1970304. 381. 10. 1016/j. tig. 2007. 05. 006. 6067. 10. 1073/pnas. 0400782101. 2007. Res. 2007, 35 (Database issue): D610-617. 1591. 10. 1093/molbev/msm088. 960. 10. 1126/science. 1160342. 1144. 10. 1038/ng2104. 668. 10. 1101/gr. 4866006. 710. 10. 1093/oxfordjournals. molbev. a026153. 311. 10. 1146/annurev-genom-082908-150001. 1891. 10. 1534/genetics. 106. 060269. 239. 340. 10. 1093/oxfordjournals. molbev. a004086. 10. 1371/journal. pcbi. 1000413. 2004. 10. 1101/gr. 1649303. 2. Author informationAuthors and AffiliationsDivision of Biostatistics & Bioinformatics, Institute of 350, Taiwan, ROCBen-& Meng-Pin WengAuthorsBen-Yang LiaoView author publicationsYou can also search for this author in PubMed 1. Evolutionary rates of enhancers. Rates of evolution calculated for mouse enhancers of embryonic forebrain (FB), midbrain (MB), limb (LM), and heart (HT), included D (A), normalized evolutionary rates D/d4 (B) or D/di (C), and neutral substitution rates d4 (D) or di (E). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim regarding natural selection driving evolution through differential survival. Instead, it appears to be a collection of references and numerical data without providing any relevant context or discussion about natural selection or evolution.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Malnutrition remains a major issue in many low-income countries. [SEP] Text: 0 W/H < %70 and > 80% median WHZ <‐2 and > ‐3 WHZ < ‐2 and > ‐3 W/H < 70% > ‐80% median and MUAC >11 • Reference growth standards WHO 2006 and NCHS 1977 NCHS/2006 WHO 2006 NCHS • Age (months) 6 to 35 6 to 59 6 to 59 6 to 60 65 to 110 cm in length (proxy for age 6‐60) • Breastfeeding NR Mixed (65%) Mixed (65%) • • Acute complications Excluded • • • Study site Community • • Level of food insecurity • Prevalence of wasting Medium (11% to 15%) Medium (9. 2%) NR Low (< 5%) Medium (11%) • Prevalence of stunting Moderate (39%) High (55%) Sjöblom 2006 High (42%) Low (< 30%) High (59%) • Prevalence of HIV Low (1. 2%) Low (1. 6%) Low (1. 7%) NR Low (0. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text provides statistical data on the prevalence of wasting and stunting in different population groups, indicating various levels of food insecurity and nutritional challenges. It corroborates the claim that malnutrition is an ongoing issue in low-income countries by highlighting medium to high rates of stunting (up to 59%) and wasting (up to 15%), which are clear indicators of malnutrition.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Certain types of seaweed farming can reduce methane emissions in livestock when used as a feed additive. [SEP] Text: Prior to experiment initiation, cows were transitioned to a basal diet by feeding three intermediate diets (grass hay replaced by corn in each subsequent diet) fed for 7 d each. The basal diet consisted of 60% dry-rolled corn (DRC), 20% corn silage, 15% MDGS, and 5% supplement (DM basis; Table 1). Dietary ingredients for the primary diet (corn silage, and supplement) were added to a Ranger (American Calan, Inc. , Northwood, NH), mixed, and fed as a total mixed ration (TMR) once daily with a target refusal rate of 5%. The top-dress containing Alga 1. 0 was hand-mixed and added immediately after TMR delivery; where a small indentation was formed in the feed delivery, in which top-dress was placed to reduce the cattle’s ability to sort. Each period included 16 d of ad libitum diet adaptation, followed by 4 d of total collection where diets were fed at 100% of the previous 6 d intake to limit refusal. Table 1. Open in new tab Ingredient and nutrient composition of finishing diet including 0, 69, or 103 g/d of Alga 1. 0 fed to Jersey cows Ingredient. Percent of Diet DM1. Dry-rolled corn60Corn silage20MDGS215Supplement35 Fine ground corn2. 203 Limestone1. 68 Tallow0. 125 Urea0. 60 Salt0. 30 Trace mineral premix0. 05 Vitamin ADE0. 015 Rumensin-9040. 0165 Tylan-4050. 011Ingredient. Percent of Diet DM1. Dry-rolled corn60Corn silage20MDGS215Supplement35 Fine ground corn2. 203 Limestone1. 68 Tallow0. 125 Urea0. 60 Salt0. 30 Trace mineral premix0. 05 Vitamin ADE0. 015 Rumensin-9040. 0165 Tylan-4050. 0111All treatments received the same basal diet with the addition of Alga 1. 0 as a top-dress (0, 69, or 103 g/d) mixed with MDGS at 0. 454 kg DM/cow daily. 1. 0 inclusion was approximately 0. 77% and 1. 2% of diet DM for 69 and 103 g/d consumption on average, respectively. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text provides detailed information about the dietary composition fed to cows, including the addition of Alga 1.0, but does not address the specific claim regarding the effect of seaweed farming on methane emissions in livestock. As such, it does not provide any evidence or insight that would corroborate or contrast with the claim.